Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Pottery from the Field Survey in Northwestern Cyprus, 1992–1999 9781407311678, 9781407341378

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MALISZEWSKI

In addition, he is the author, co-author, editor and co-editor of: New Light on the Bronze Age Ceramics from H. Schliemann’s Excavations at Troy: Studies on the Munich and Poznań Collections within the Anatolian-Aegean Cultural Context (BAR S2119, Oxford 2010), Polis-Pyrgos Archaeological Project. II. Post-Prehistoric Ceramics and Chalcolithic to Iron Age Ground Stone Artefacts from the Field Survey in Northwestern Cyprus, 1992–1999 (forthcoming), and Cyprus: History, Culture, Literature (Warsaw 2013, in print; in Polish).

BAR S2547 2013

Dr hab. Dariusz Maliszewski’s main area of research is Aegean archaeology, in particular Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Cyprus, as well as Bronze Age Troy and its relationship with the neighbouring areas. For many years he has been conducting a field survey in the northwest of the ‘Island of Aphrodite’. The results of this field work and artefact studies, including finds from Troy, were published in Anatolian Studies, Archeologia, Meander, Nowy Filomata, Report of the Department of Antiquities Cyprus and Thetis.

POLIS-PYRGOS ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT I

Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Pottery from the Field Survey in Northwestern Cyprus, 1992–1999

CHALCOLITHIC AND BRONZE AGE POTTERY

In the present volume Dariusz Maliszewski discusses the material from an extensive field survey conducted by the Polis-Pyrgos Archaeological Project. This is pioneer publication of the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age pottery from the neighbouring area of Polis tis Chrysochous (Polis), formerly ancient Marion and Arsinoe. The entire assemblage is datable to a period from the beginning of the 4th to the second half of the 2nd millennium B.C. On the basis of the data examined, and despite several limitations, it has been possible to identify ten Chalcolithic and twenty-nine Bronze Age sites, and thus to generate the first picture of prehistoric occupation in northwestern Cyprus, which should no longer be perceived as a terra inhabitata in that time. In a broader perspective, this book not only reveals an island case study, but also provides useful data for scholars involved in research in the Eastern Mediterranean.

B A R Maliszewski 2547 cover.indd 1

Dariusz Maliszewski

BAR International Series 2547 2013

22/08/2013 10:20:37

POLIS-PYRGOS ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT I

Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Pottery from the Field Survey in Northwestern Cyprus, 1992–1999 Dariusz Maliszewski

BAR International Series 2547 2013

ISBN 9781407311678 paperback ISBN 9781407341378 e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9781407311678 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

BAR

PUBLISHING

To staunch friends of the project (in alphabetical order)

Dimos Christou, Nicosia Maria Chrysanthou, Nicosia Agnieszka Czeczot-Maliszewska, Warsaw Carolyn Eliott-Xenophontos, Pano Lakatamia Pamela and †Ralph Goodman, Paphos The Greek Cypriot Brotherhood, London Nancy Hocking, London Stelios Kasapis, Nicosia Ilias Lambidi, Steni Halina and †Grzegorz Maliszewscy, Augsburg Valerie and Nikos Michaelidis, Neo Chorio Iwona Michałowski, Augsburg R. Scott Moore, Indiana Ara Nigogossian, Neo Chorio David Paerlman, Paphos Loukis Papaphilippou, Nicosia Alison and †Martin Rennie, Paphos Mirosława Romanowski, Berlin Nancy Serwint, Tempe Efklidis Stylianou, Argaka Loukas Telemachou, Nicosia Evangelos Tsangaridis, Kato Pyrgos Anastazja Tsiarkezou-Lambidi, Steni Jennifer M. Webb, Melbourne Costas Xenophontos, Pano Lakatamia





Contents

INTRODUCTION1 I. DATA AND SURVEY METHOD

5

II. CHALCOLITHIC9 1. Early Chalcolithic–Middle Chalcolithic 11 1.1. Glossy Burnished 11 2. Early Chalcolithic–Late Chalcolithic 15 2.1. Coarse Painted Parallel Line 15 2.2. Red Monochrome Painted 16 2.3. Red-on-White22 3. Middle Chalcolithic–Late Chalcolithic 23 3.1. Red and Black Stroke-Burnished 23 3.2. Spalled26 4. Late Chalcolithic 28 4.1. Coarse Painted Monochrome 28 4.2. Coarse Painted Tartan 29 III. BRONZE AGE 1. Early Cypriot–Middle Cypriot 1.1. Red Polished with a Black/Dark Interior 1.2. Red Polished III 1.3. Red Polished III-IV 1.4. Red Polished 1.5. Red Polished? 2. Early Cypriot–Late Cypriot 2.1. Drab Blue Core 2.2. Drab Blue Core Coarse 3. Late Cypriot 3.1. Base Ring 3.2. Monochrome 3.3. Plain White Wheelmade II? 3.4. White Slip I 4. Bronze Age? 4.1. Red Brown 4.2. Red Matt 4.3. Red Matt Coarse

35 37 37 38 39 40 43 45 45 54 63 63 65 66 67 69 69 70 71



IV. PREHISTORIC OCCUPATION IN LIGHT OF THE SURVEY POTTERY

75

1. Chronological and Spatial Distribution 75 1.1. Chalcolithic75 1.2. Bronze Age 75 2. Concluding Remarks, Problems and Prospects 76

References

79

ABBREVIATIONS

87

TABLE

89

DIAGRAMS

93

MAPS

95

DRAWINGS

101

PHOTOGRAPHS

143

VIII

INTRODUCTION

The material presented here is derived from an extensive survey conducted by the PAP in 1992–1994, 1996–1997, and 1999 in the area between the western bank of the Chrysochou River and Kato Pyrgos in northwestern Cyprus (Map 1).

106 ground stone objects have been selected for the final publication. Two Bronze Age Senet gaming boards have been published separately (Maliszewski 2010). Numerous large saddle querns were excluded from our research due to limited space at the project store house. They remain in the field awaiting processing. Moreover, twelve non-diagnostic chipped stones have not been included.

This is the first comprehensive publication of ceramics and ground stone artefacts from the neighboring area of Polis tis Chrysochous (Polis), formerly ancient Marion and Arsinoe. The pottery constitutes the bulk of the material. It is presented here in their chronological order. The main task of each contribution is to present the artefacts recorded in its local, regional and whole island context, as far as possible. However, the poorly preserved nature of surface finds, necessarily limits the extent of this research. Comparative studies also depend on the availability of other survey data and excavated material from the survey area. In the case of the Bronze Age pottery, for example, such comparative studies have been almost impossible. Therefore, I consider it important to document as thoroughly as possible material recovered from this remote area, which is poorly known relative to other parts of Cyprus. Because of this and the number of artefacts, the material is presented in two volumes. The second volume will contain post-prehistoric ceramics, Chalcolithic to Iron Age ground stone artefacts, as well as contribution on the environment and resources (Maliszewski (ed.) in print). Publication in two volumes will allow a more comprehensive and richly illustrated corpus of the survey material.

From the very beginning my intention was to unify all contributions according to one format. This, however, proved difficult, since the authors are from different countries and schools of archaeology, and these differences are visible in the main texts and descriptions of objects. Nevertheless, the structure of both volumes is generally similar. Likewise, drawings are not all exactly in the same style, because six draftspersons were employed over the years. There are intentional differences in the presentation of profiles of pottery fragments (left or right), as the longest profile was chosen in each instance. It should be noted also that within some Bronze Age and Iron Age pottery sherds there are small inclusions, which have been tentatively identified as red ochre. This needs to be confirmed by thin section analysis (see volume II, chapter VI). Additionally, petrographic studies, Neutron Activation Analysis and lead isotopic analysis of sherdage are required. They will provide detailed information on the mineralogy of the fabrics, help identify clay beds and techniques of production, and perhaps shed light on the context and organization of pottery manufacture in the PAP survey area. The high cost of such analyses unfortunately prohibited their use at this time.

From 2420 items recovered during survey the most diagnostic 800, including 679 pottery sherds, ten terracotta figurine fragments, three terracotta lamps, one terracotta tile, one piece of roofing material or try and

I am deeply grateful to Dr Dimos Christou, the former Director of the Department of Antiquities, Republic 1

of Cyprus for issuing the license to conduct the field survey and for his constant assistance. I wish to thank the contributors for their dedicated work, and I am especially obliged to Dr Carolyn Elliott-Xenophontos (Nicosia) and Dr Jennifer M. Webb (Archaeology Program, La Trobe University, Melbourne) for their help in the final stage of the editing of the first volume, including useful advice and revision of the English. I am also very pleased to thank my wife Agnieszka Czeczot-Maliszewska for assistance over many years and for help with the layout of the volumes. My thanks also go to draftspersons Dr Carolyn Elliott-Xenophontos, Ewa Gumińska (Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Warsaw), Lidia Kobylińska (The State Archaeological Museum, Warsaw), Małgorzata Łuczkiewicz (Institute of Archaeology, University of Warsaw), and Magdalena Tonkiel (Academy of Fine Arts, Warsaw). Many of the pencil and inked pottery drawings, however, as well as all photographs and plates of illustrations were prepared by myself. Finally, I owe special thanks to Ms Josephine Joseph-Stylianou (Cyprus Geological Survey, Nicosia) for providing me with the excellent physiographical and geological maps, which enrich both volumes. The fieldwork and study seasons would not have been possible without financial help from the Greek Cypriot Brotherhood (London) and many individual sup­porters. Last, but not least I am grateful to Mr Loukis Papaphilippou, Honorary Consul General of the Republic of Poland in Nicosia, for a grant for study seasons in 2010 and 2011 in Cyprus, which enabled me to complete the project. Also I owe my thanks to Professor Dr Małgorzata Borowska and Dr Przemysław Kordos (Faculty “Artes Liberales”, University of Warsaw), Directors of the research project Cyprus: History, Culture, Literature, for the financial aid, which allowed me to visit the island. Villa Avalon, Starzno August 22, 2012.

2

3

4

I.  DATA AND SURVEY METHOD

Once more it should be stated that the contributions in both volumes are the pioneer documentation of material from this mainly coastal area of c. 80 km2 (Map 1), which covers a time span from the Chalcolithic to the modern era. Since no architectural remains have been recorded in the survey area the ceramic and ground stone artefacts constitute the main body of data. They allow us to propose a tentative chronology and to discuss patterns of occupation in this remote and to date poorly investigated region of northwestern Cyprus.

(tombs), along with the mapping of their boundaries and the collection of diagnostic ceramics and stone artefacts. The small number of field walkers enabled control of the collecting procedure and this helped in the selection of representative/diagnostic material and identification of the context from which it came. Of some ninety recorded sites, as many as sixty-seven produced datable pottery objects (Table). The rest are mainly cemeteries, usually looted, where no artefacts were visible on the ground. Undoubtedly some material remained inside the tombs, but our survey license did not allow excavation. There is, however, considerable potential for the future, if these cemeteries survive in good condition. Settlements were recognized on the basis of scatters of pottery sherds and ground stone artefacts, as well as environmental features. Very often havara outcrops containing tombs provided evidence for the existence of settlements in the vicinity. However, estimates of settlement size are problematic due to the lack of systematic analyses of the density of finds. This also made it difficult to define functional aspects of the sites. Nevertheless, even data from an extensive, non-systematic field survey, together with topographic analysis allows an estimation of site size, based on the concentration of material on the ground and within distinctive micro-units. The extent of cemeteries was defined by the number of preserved tombs, but this may not reflect their original size as many tombs had been destroyed by erosion, as well as animal and human activity. It should be added that the terrain during the time of the fieldwork was in good condition, since Turkish villages were minimally re-settled after the events of 1974 and human activity in the region was not intensive. However, there were

The material published here also sheds some light on the interrelationship between the data collected and the survey methods. Over the years the survey strategy remained the same during the seasons 1992–1994, 1996–1997, and 1999. The main survey units were based on detailed 1:5000 topographical maps. They were chosen according to environmental criteria, namely visually promising ‘look-out’ topographical micro-units (isolated small plateaus, hills, ridges) and valleys rich in sources of drinking water and arable land. Prior to the fieldwork published and unpublished data from the survey area were analyzed, as well as information collected from local people about sites, especially cemeteries. This strategy was productive, as already during the first season it became clear that water was the most important factor in the establishment of settlements while outcrops of havara (secondary limestone) were crucial for cemeteries 1. In light of this, our investigations may be defined as constituting an extensive, non-systematic archaeological survey. Stress was placed on the methodical recording of sites and the location of archaeological features 1 Maliszewski 1994, 171–74.

5

Data and survey method

several limiting factors, namely scarcity of manpower, time and low ground visibility as fields were often covered by high thorny bushes or crops, in many cases preventing survey. Despite these difficulties, the extensive field survey brought to light a variety of pottery types, which – along with terracotta figurines, lamps and ground stone artefacts – attest to a long sequence of occupation in the area 2. There is, however, a total lack of preChalcolithic material 3. 2 For a discussion of the post-prehistoric ceramics and the Chalcolithic to Iron Age ground stone artefacts see Maliszewski (ed.) in print. 3 So far, only one possible aceramic settlement at ArgakaAnephani has been recorded, but its precise date is unknown – Maliszewski 1995, 313.

6

7

8

II.  CHALCOLITHIC

The PAP pottery fragments were collected mainly from settlements that are characterized by high concentrations of other material attributable to the Chalcolithic period (Map 2) 4. The ceramic assemblage discussed below falls within the broad time frame of the beginning 4th millennium to c. 2400 B.C. 5.

RMP ware from Lemba-Lakkous, including two from Period 1, attest a manufacturing variant of the ‘luting area’ technique 8. The pottery was examined according to sherd type, fabric, surface treatment and type/location of decorative motifs. In the case of body fragments it was only possible to distinguished approximately whether they belong to open or closed vessels. The thickness of body sherds allows the general size of pots to be determined, i.e. ≤ 0.5 cm for small vessels and more than that for larger ones. Those features noted on pottery from the PAP survey have been compared and correlated with assemblages recorded at excavated and well-published stratified settlements. Ceramic material from other field surveys has also been taken into consideration, in particular similar pottery from western Cyprus.

For the purpose of this study ninety-eight of the best preserved and most diagnostic sherds have been selected (Diagrams 1, 2). The PAP pottery is handmade, but due to the small size of the fragments it was not possible to distinguished between the varying techniques of pinching, slab-building and coil-building. Evidence from Kissonerga-Mosphilia indicates that small vessels, especially bowls were made from small slabs of clay by pinching while medium and large vessels were made by coiling. Other elements (spouts, lugs, bases) were added after the vessel body had been built up to the rim 6. At MCh–LCh Lemba-Lakkous Periods 1–3 the ‘luting collar’ technique was applied for the attachment of a spout, i.e. directly onto the pot wall (A-38, 47, 48), while some examples from Kissonerga-Mylouthkia have the spout apparently pushed through the vessel’s wall 7. Flanged bases, such as A-9, were made by the ‘bedding trench’ technique, and three examples of

The morphological types of the pottery are limited, but are typical of the period and region. Open shapes are dominated by the hemi, deep and spouted bowls (Types 2, 3, 17), as well as the tray (Type 4). Closed forms include holemouth, holemouth storage jar, flask, collared storage jar, storage jar, and bottle (Types 5, 6, 7, 23, 24, 35) 9. These pottery types derived mainly from settlements. At ECh–Ph Kissonerga-Mosphilia Periods 3–5 such vessels were found within buildings and pits context, but some forms (Types 2, 6, 7) also derived from graves and tombs of Periods 3B–?5 10. At MCh–LCh LembaLakkous Periods 1–3 the majority of pottery was recovered in buildings and pits, though bowls Types 5,

4 I wish to thank to Professor Dr Edgar J. Peltenburg and Dr Diane L. Bolger for remarks on the PAP Chalcolithic pottery at the initial stage of my research. However, all views presented here concerning this material are my own. 5 The absolute chronology used here follows Peltenburg 1998, 240–58; id. 2003, 258–60: LN (c. 4500–3800 B.C.), ECh (c. 3800–3500 B.C.), MCh (c. 3500–2900 B.C.), LCh (c. 2900–2400 B.C.); Webb, Frankel 2010, 186 and table 1: Philia (c. 2350–2250 B.C.). 6 Bolger 1998a, 144; Bolger, Shiels 2003, 164–65; Stewart 1985, 267–68. 7 Stewart 1985, 268.

8 Ibid., 269. 9 Typology of pottery after Bolger 1998a, 97–99. 10 Ibid., 124–32; id. 1998b, 166–69.

9

Chalcolithic

7 and 24 were also found in graves 11. Buildings and pits at ECh–MCh Kissonerga-Mylouthkia Periods 2–3 included similar forms 12.

pottery it became apparent that one problem was the differentiation between Sp and RBB pottery, as they are related in fabric terms. However, Sp has a blue core and a strong presence of limestone filler in the paste, while the surface of RBB has dark strokes and burnishing.

The development of forms may be observed at Kissonerga-Mosphilia and reflects increasing technological advancement and functional variation from LN to EC. The main feature during Periods 1B–2 is the limited repertoire of shapes (bowls, holemouths, flasks, bottles), with spouts being the only vessel attachment. In contrast, Periods 3–4 provide a large corpus of open and closed forms, with storage jars appearing for the first time in Period 3. In other words, the increase in diversity of morphological types indicates a greater need for a wider range of vessels required for diverse functions, especially food preparation, storage and cooking. That need attests growing levels of sedentism, division of labor and craft specialization. From the disturbed and incomplete Period 5 at KissonergaMosphilia come only a limited number of vessel types. Forms identified within the PAP survey sherdage, although restricted, fit with this general picture.

In view of such limitations, this contribution focused on a preliminary discussion of the survey pottery in chronological order, subdivided alphabetically within each period. In total eight pottery styles have been recognized among the survey material. They are related to seven of twenty ware categories identified at Kissonerga-Mosphilia, the only site in Cyprus noted so far with ceramic development from the late 5th millennium to the Philia culture of the mid-3rd millenium B.C. Ware identification and attribution of this pottery is based on macroscopic features observed through a hand lens and by comparison with ceramic material from Lemba-Lakkous, Kissonerga-Mosphilia and Mylouthkia, as well as with sherdage from several other sites surveyed by the CPSP and LAP. The PAP survey pottery reveals three distinct traditions. Pottery related to GB, RBB, RMP and Sp constitutes the largest monochrome group. To the patterned tradition represented by RW can be attributed a few extremely abraded fragments. The coarse ware tradition is represented by sherds associated with CP-mono and CP-tartan wares. Half of a hemibowl, A-22, heralds a new pottery style defined by an atypical combination of CP fabric and extremely sophisticated RW painted decoration of quite narrow, regular parallel lines running down to the base. On account of this unusual decorative motif it has been classified tentatively as a hitherto undocumented CP-pl (Diagrams 1, 2). This piece is unparalleled in ceramic material from excavated and surveyed sites in western Cyprus 15.

At LCh Lemba-Lakkous Period 3 the common occurrence of storage vessels bears evidence for a prolific production (holemouth storage jar: Type 6; storage jar: Type 24) in CP and RBB wares, that may be explained as a response to increasing storage needs and possibly dissatisfaction with RMP and RW wares 13. The specialization and relationship between two wares and certain forms may also be observed at KissonergaMosphilia: holemouth storage jar (Type 6), flask (Type 7), conical bowl (Type 10), spouted holemouth (Type 18), baggy holemouth (Type 19), collared jar (Type 20), collared storage jar (Type 23), and bottle (Type 35) were manufactured almost exclusively in Sp ware and only in LCh Period 4. In the same period, Type 6 was recorded in CP wares and Types 7, 10, 18, 19 in RBB ware 14. The PAP pottery comprises related, but not identical, wares known from western Cyprus, i.e. the ceramic material examined compares in general terms to wares and styles elsewhere. Bearing in mind this dissimilarities (mainly in fabric), it was decided to apply pottery terms instead ware types. The widely used general pottery terminology has been accepted in order to ovoid unnecessary diversification of categories. During this stage of research on the PAP

The most common decorative techniques employed on Chalcolithic pottery were painting, burnishing, polishing, incising, and relief 16. Painting, as at ECh–LCh Kissonerga-Mosphilia Periods 2–3, comprises of various line motifs and appears on RW and CP survey 15 At MCh–LCh Lemba-Lakkous Periods 2–3 the possibility of mixed ceramic traditions had already been evidenced by two items, i.e. a storage jar (RMP and RBB) and one sherd (RBB and RW), of which the fabrics and surface treatments are of different wares – Stewart 1985, 154, 254, 270. Another example is a hybrid of RBB and RMP wares from Miliou-Rhodaeos, namely a bucket shaped vessel with relief knob decoration and a highly glossy surface – Peltenburg et al. 1981, 45. 16 Bolger 1998a, 145.

11 Stewart 1985, 63–67, 154–56. 12 Bolger, Shiels 2003, 141–58. 13 Stewart 1985, 255. 14 Bolger 1998a, 98–99; id. 1998b, 122–23, 156–60.

10

Early chalcolithic–middle chalcolithic

material. One type of RW along with CP wares survived into Period 5 of that site 17. In its LCh Period 4 different decorative techniques appeared and thus it marks the most significant break in the cultural sequence there. On the other hand, simple red monochrome paint was in use in Periods 3–4 as is evident in the case of RMP ware from Kissonerga-Mosphilia and from survey pottery. Although earlier examples of incision and relief decoration exited, they occurred mainly in Period 4. Relevant in this context is a RBB body sherd with a knob in relief (A-68). Finally, burnishing was employed for both practical (compacting the outermost layer of clay) and aesthetic purposes. The burnishing technique is exemplified by RBB, but above all by GB survey pottery with its highly glossy surface that is often crazed and may sometimes resemble glazing; the latter could also be polished with leaves or a cloth to achieve a dull sheen instead of distinct burnishing strokes. Burnishing was carried out with pieces of shell, bone, wood or sherds, with the most effective tools being very finegrained beach or river pebbles (basalt or diabas), that left a visible streaking effect on the sherdage examined. Crucial too was the leather-hard stage of the clay, a texture required for a high-gloss burnish, and this would indicate a planned production sequence. On the body sherds discussed below burnishing marks are still visible and are a typical feature of pre-firing treatment, but which are lost in firing temperature above 800˚C. This indicates that GB pottery from the survey, likely that from Kissonerga-Mylouthkia, was not fired in high temperature 18. Examples of high-gloss burnished pottery belong to a long and widespread tradition of early pottery production in the Near East, including that of 6th millennium Hacılar in Anatolia 19. Secondary evidence provided by pots themselves (differential firing of the surface, mottled effects, irregular rims, soft clay bodies) is indicative of the absence of built kilns in Cyprus prior to the LC. Fire pits, hearths and open fires would have been utilized for a firing process, by which a temperature of 482˚C could be achieved – high enough for firing even harder LCh RBB and Sp pottery 20.

– based on the formal features of the vessels themselves, their size, overall shape (open, closed) and other relevant traits. In the PAP assemblage, vessels were recognized for food preparation/service (multi-purpose hemibowl and deep bowl: Types 2, 3; spouted bowl for preparation of liquid or semi-liquid foods such as yoghurt: Type 17; flask and/or bottle for liquid service: Types 7, 35) 21, liquid storage (medium size flask for short-term storage and transport: Type 7; large size holemouth storage jar and collared storage jar for long-term storage: Types 6, 23), and dry storage (portable holemouth of medium size for small scale/short term storage: Type 5; stationary storage jar for longer-term use: Type 24, and perhaps cooking tray: Type 4). Each of these forms may have served as temporary storage containers, and bowls of standardized size and shape as measures for the distribution of bulk foods 22.

1. Early Chalcolithic–Middle Chalcolithic 1.1. Glossy Burnished GB pottery is limited to the Steni-Stavros settlement (PAP.97-1) 23. For the purpose of this contribution the most diagnostic sherds were selected – twenty-one in toto – that constitute 81.5% of GB pottery recognized by the PAP survey. The fabric is medium hard and compact, occasionally soft, with very high to sparse concentrations of grey, white or brown mineral aplastics, and a few to some organic inclusions. The fabric colour is pink, brown, pale brown, seldom pale yellow, grey, light grey, light reddish brown or light brown 24. The core is medium to very rough, occasionally porous, usually grey, light grey, dark grey, pale yellow, pale brown, pink, rare brown, very pale brown or light olive grey. The paint is thin, pink, brown, strong brown, very pale brown, reddish brown, dark greyish brown to red, yellowish red or red to reddish yellow. Both surfaces are usually even, smooth, and very highly burnished.

Six functional categories were distinguished within the pottery of Kissonerga-Mosphilia and Mylouthkia

21 Unfortunately, among the PAP material there are only pieces of rims and necks. Therefore, their precise attributions to one of these two forms seems impossible as the main diagnostic fragment is the base – pointed for a flask and flat for a bottle. 22 Bolger 1998a, 123–24; id. 1998b, 164–65; Bolger, Shiels 2003, 152. 2 3 Maliszewski 1999a, 80 fig. 1, 86 and fig. 8; id. 1999b, 340 fig. 1, 346, 347 fig. 2; id. 2007, 93 fig. 4.27, 95; id. et al. 2003a, 353 fig. 2:13, 354–55, 356 fig. 3:1–4. 24 Colour designations refer to Munsell Soil Color Charts 1994, determined in natural light, open shed.

17 Ibid., 103. 18 Ibid., 145; Bolger, Shiels 2003, 166; Fournier 1977, 36. For more details on the experimental replication of GB pottery see Bolger, Shiels 2003, 162–68. 19 Matson 1965, 206; Tite et al. 1982, 114. 20 Bolger 1998a, 145. For various aspects of the painting, burnishing and firing technique of Lemba-Lakkous CP, RBB, RW and RMP wares see Stewart 1985, 269–70.

11

Chalcolithic

The fabric texture and surface treatment of GB pottery are very consistent. The main feature of the latter is the extremely high degree of lustre executed with smooth-faced tools. A major inconsistency is the wide range of fabric and core colours.

Period 4 31. The hemibowl, deep bowl and flask in several pottery styles, including GB, were recorded at Kissonerga-Mylouthkia in ECh, ECh Period 2 and in the early phase of MCh Period 3 32, but the bottle was noted exclusively in RW only at the latter period 33. Apart from the bottle, MCh–LCh Lemba-Lakkous Periods 1–3 produced the forms mentioned above in various wares, but not in GB 34. The hemibowl and flask in GB, as well as in RMP ware, were recorded in the hinterland of Palaipaphos 35. Miliou-Rhodaeos yielded hemibowl in RW ware 36.

As one of the principal wares, GB has been recorded in its standard shape repertoire in the transitional LN to ECh. It occurs for the first time at KissonergaMosphilia in limited amounts in Sequence A in the LN–ECh Periods 1/2. It was mainly produced and utilized in Sequences F and G in ECh Period 2, but was also recorded as declining ware in Sequence B of MCh Period 3A 25. It should be added that in Period 3A the small GB assemblage have mostly likely been re-deposited 26. GB ware in standard Fabric B is well known at Kissonerga-Mosphilia in ECh Period 2 27. At Kissonerga-Mylouthkia highly burnished GB pottery in Fabrics A to G was produced in ECh and ECh Period 2, as well as in the early phase of MCh Period 3 28. GB ware was also present at Miliou-Rhodaeos 29, a site discovered by the LAP, and at nine other sites surveyed by the CPSP in southwestern Cyprus 30.

The flanged base (A-9; Type C) supplemented tray (Type 4) production in GB pottery. This is a new morphological feature since only the deep tray (Type 31) had been recorded at Kissonerga-Mylouthkia Periods 2–3 in various pottery styles, including occasionally GB 37. It should be pointed out that Type 4 with a flanged base (Type C) at this site is mainly associated with Co 38, as well as at ECh–LCh Kissonerga-Mosphilia Periods 2–4 39 and MCh–LCh Lemba-Lakkous Periods 1–3 40. The flanged base A-9, due to thicker wall, could be associated with Co examples (Type 4) dated to MCh–LCh Mosphilia Periods 3–4 41. Miliou-Rhodaeos also produced this type of tray in Co + paint 42. The raised base (A-8; Type I) is from a hemibowl, which was recorded in GB and other pottery at Kissonerga-Mylouthkia Periods 2–3 43 and in several wares, but not GB, at MCh KissonergaMosphilia Period 3 44. This contrasts with the absence of this base type at MCh–LCh Lemba-Lakkous Periods 1–3 45. The flat base in GB pottery (A-7; Type A) is from a hemibowl (Type 2), that occurs at KissonergaMosphilia in small number in RWB, perhaps already in LN Period 1B 46, in GB ware in ECh Period 2 47 and commonly in other wares in Periods 2–5 48.

On the evidence provided mainly by rims, several GB pottery shapes could be identified among the PAP survey material: hemibowl (A-5, 6; Type 2), deep bowl (A-1, 2, 3, 4; Type 3), and flask or bottle (A-19, 20, 21; Type 7 or 35). They are typical of the limited morphological repertoire of that ware from Kissonerga-Mosphilia, where two shapes demonstrate a long continuity in many other wares, namely Type 2 (LN Period 1B to Philia Period 5) and Type 3 (LN Period 1B to LCh Period 4). The only exceptions are the new flask (Type 7) introduced inter alia in GB ware in the ECh Period 2 and in many other wares during MCh–LCh Periods 3–4, as well as the bottle (Type 35) in GB ware recorded only in ECh Period 2, but in two other wares in MCh Period 3A and LCh

31 Bolger 1998a, 95, 97–99, 108; id. 1998b, 122–24, 128–30, 132–33, 141–45, 152–58, 160–61, 163, 166–69. 32 Bolger, Shiels 2003, 133, 137–51, 154–57. 33 Ibid., 134, 139–40, 150–51. 34 Stewart 1985, 13–15, 63–64, 66, 154–56, 251–52, 256, 261–62. 35 Guldager Bilde 1993, 10, 12. 36 Peltenburg et al. 1981, 44–45. 37 Bolger, Shiels 2003, 134. 38 Ibid., 133–35. 39 Bolger 1998a, 97–99, 107. 40 Stewart 1985, 253, 259, 262. 41 Bolger 1998a, 98. 42 Peltenburg et al. 1981, 43 and fig. 4.7. 43 Bolger, Shiels 2003, 133–34. 44 Bolger 1998a, 99–100. 45 Stewart 1985, 258–59. 46 Bolger 1998a, 96, 104–105. 47 Ibid., 95, 97, 99, 108. 48 Ibid., 97.

2 5 Bolger 1998a, 102, 107. 26 Ibid., 111. 27 Ibid., 95, 97, 108. For preliminary reports see Peltenburg 1982, 89–90; id. et al. 1980, 3. 28 Bolger, Shiels 2003, 135–37, 141–51, 154–57. For preliminary reports see Peltenburg 1979, 81; id. 1982, 89–90; id. et al. 1979, 33–34; id. et al. 1980, 3; id. et al. 1983, 11–12. 29 Peltenburg et al. 1981, 42–43, 45–46 (fabric and forms similar to Kissonerga-Mylouthkia material); id. et al. 1983, 11. 30 Guldager Bilde 1993, 10, table 1.

12

Early chalcolithic–middle chalcolithic

At Kissonerga-Mylouthkia a wide variety of horn lugs types occurred in many pottery styles, including GB pottery 49, but at Lemba-Lakkous and KissonergaMosphilia only in other MCh–LCh wares/pottery 50. The short, massive and slightly diagonal horn lug with a rounded top (A-16), a part of medium to large size vessel, has no close formal parallels among types distinguished at those sites.

colour of fabric and rough, gritty and a bit porous core is pale yellow (2.5Y 7/3); the surface uneven, but smooth.

A-4 PAP.97-1.P19.

D. 40 cm. Fabric medium hard; high concentration of greyish and whitish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.6 cm; the fabric colour is very pale brown (10YR 7/4) to pink (7.5YR 7/4); the core rough, gritty and a somewhat porous, very pale brown (10YR 7/4); the surface uneven, but smooth. Published: Maliszewski et al. 2003a, 355, 356 fig. 3:3.

Three very fragmentary preserved tubular necks (A-19, 20, 21) are difficult to comment and thus are not illustrated. They, however, could belong to shapes with tubular spouts manufactured in various, usually later pottery/wares – for instance at Lemba-Lakkous, KissonergaMosphilia and Kissonerga-Mylouthkia 51, but only the two latter sites yielded one form, i.e. spouted platter (Type 32) in GB 52. Finally, eight body fragments (A-10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18) from large vessels are of special interest due to the exceptionally high standard of the exterior and interior treatment, i.e. very lustrous and highly burnished.

Hemibowl, rim

A-5 PAP.97-1.P20.

D. 26 cm. Fabric medium hard and compact; a few brownish and whitish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm; the colour of fabric and slightly rough core is pale yellow (2.5Y 8/3); the surface uneven, but smooth. Published: Maliszewski et al. 2003a, 355, 356 fig. 3:4.

A-6 PAP.97-1.P23.

Open form

D. 28 cm. Fabric medium hard and compact; high concentration of brownish and greyish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm; the fabric and a bit rough, slightly gritty and porous core colour is very pale brown (10YR 8/4); the surface even and smooth.

Deep bowl, rim

A-1 PAP.97-1.P4.

D. 19 cm. Fabric medium hard and compact; high concentration of white, greyish and brown mineral aplastics ≤ 0.3 cm in the core; a few organic inclusions ≤ 0.7 cm; the fabric colour is light grey (2.5Y 7/2); the core somewhat rough, slightly gritty and a little porous, light grey (2.5Y 7/2); the surface even and smooth. Published: Maliszewski et al. 2003a, 354–55, 356 fig. 3:2.

Flat base

A-7 PAP.97-1.P11.

D.? T. 2.0 cm. Fabric medium hard; very high concentration of dark greyish ≤ 0.6 cm and some whitish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm; on the surface some organic inclusions ≤ 1.0 cm; the fabric colour is pink (7.5YR 7/4); the core rough and very gritty, grey (5Y 5/1); the surface even, the exterior very smooth, the interior slightly gritty. Paint thin, reddish brown (5YR 5/4), partly preserved on the burnished exterior. Published: Maliszewski et al. 2003a, 354, 356 fig. 3:1.

A-2 PAP.97-1.P9.

D.? Fabric soft, gritty, partly burnt-out; high concentration of greyish, whitish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.25 cm and a very few organic inclusions ≤ 1.0 cm; the colour of fabric and rough, gritty core is brown (7.5YR 5/4); the surface even and smooth.

Raised base

A-3 PAP.97-1.P18.

A-8 PAP.97-1.P7.

D.? Fabric medium hard; high concentration of greyish and white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.4 cm; the

D.? T. 1.3 cm. Fabric medium hard; very high concentration of dark greyish ≤ 0.3 cm and some white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm; on the surface some organic inclusions ≤ 1.0 cm; the fabric colour is brown (7.5YR 5/4); the core very rough and very gritty, dark grey (10YR 4/1); the surface even, the exterior smooth, the

49 Bolger, Shiels 2003, 134. 50 Bolger 1998a, 100; id. 1998b, 124–25; Stewart 1985, 257–58. 51 Bolger 1998a, 98–99; Bolger, Shiels 2003, 134; Stewart 1985, 252, 256. 52 Bolger 1998a, 99; Bolger, Shiels 2003, 134.

13

Chalcolithic

interior very gritty. Paint thin, yellowish red (5YR 4/6), partly preserved on the burnished exterior, but on the interior almost totally worn.

whitish and greyish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.25 cm; the fabric colour is pink (7.5YR 7/4); the core straight, slightly porous and gritty, light olive grey (5Y 6/2); the surface even and very smooth. Paint thin, strong brown (7.5YR 5/8), on both very highly burnished surfaces.

Tray, flanged base

A-9 PAP.97-1.P10.

D.? T. 1.6 cm. Fabric medium hard; very high concentration of dark greyish ≤ 0.6 cm and some whitish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm; on the surface some organic inclusions ≤ 1.0 cm; the fabric colour is brown (7.5YR 5/4); the core very rough and very gritty, dark grey (10YR 4/1); the surface even, the exterior smooth, the interior very gritty. Paint thin, yellowish red (5YR 4/6), almost totally worn on the burnished exterior.

A-14 PAP.97-1.P28.

Uncertain form

A-15 PAP.97-1.P29.

T. 0.9 cm. Fabric hard; high concentration of whitish and greyish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm; the fabric colour is pink (7.5YR 8/4); the core straight, somewhat porous and gritty, grey (5Y 5/1); the surface even and very smooth. Paint thin, on the exterior strong brown (7.5YR 5/8), on the interior yellowish red (5YR 5/8); both surfaces very highly burnished.

T. 1.1 cm. Fabric medium hard and compact; some greyish and white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.3 cm on the surface, and some greyish, white ones ≤ 0.2 cm in the core; the fabric colour is pink (7.5YR 7/4); the core rough, a bit porous and gritty, pink (7.5YR 7/4) with very dark grey (10YR 3/1) narrow and irregular strip in the middle; the surface even and very smooth. Paint thin, red (2.5YR 4/8), on both very highly burnished surfaces partly worn.

Open vessel of large size, body fragment

A-10 PAP.97-1.P14.

T. 1.0 cm. Fabric medium hard, burnt-out; sparse concentration of greyish and white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm; the fabric colour is light brown (7.5YR 6/4); the core a bit rough and gritty, grey (10YR 5/1); the surface even and very smooth. Paint thin, reddish brown (5YR 4/3), better preserved on the very highly burnished exterior.

Open or closed vessel of medium to large size, diagonal horn lug

A-11 PAP.97-1.P15.

A-16 PAP.97-1.P24.

T. 1.2 cm. Fabric medium hard, burnt-out; high concentration of whitish and greyish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.6 cm; a few organic inclusions ≤ 0.8 cm in the core; the fabric, as well as a very rough and gritty core grey (2.5Y 5/1); the exterior somewhat uneven, but very smooth, the interior even and smooth. Paint thin, brown (10YR 4/3), well preserved on the very highly burnished exterior, on the interior badly worn.

L. 4.0 cm. T. 3.6 cm. Fabric medium hard and compact; high concentration of greyish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.1 cm and in the core ≤ 0.3 cm; the fabric colour is very pale brown (10YR 8/2); the core straight, gritty and slightly porous, very pale brown (10YR 8/2); the surface even and smooth. Paint almost totally worn except some brownish vestiges on the vessel’s interior (Munsell colour determination impossible); the profile circular.

A-12 PAP.97-1.P21.

T. 1.0 cm. Fabric medium hard and compact; sparse concentration of greyish, brownish and white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.1 cm on the interior, and ≤ 0.2 cm in the core; the fabric colour is light reddish brown (2.5YR 7/4); the core straight, gritty and porous, pink (7.5YR 7/3); the surface even and very smooth. Paint thin, red (2.5YR 4/8) to reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6), on both very highly burnished surfaces partly worn.

Open or closed vessel of large size, body fragment

A-17 PAP.97-1.P12.

T. 1.2 cm. Fabric medium hard; very high concentration of white and greyish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm; a few organic inclusions ≤ 0.4 cm in the core; the fabric colour is very pale brown (10YR 7/3); the core slightly rough, somewhat porous and gritty, grey (10YR 5/1); the exterior even and very smooth, the interior uneven and slightly gritty. Paint thin, dark greyish brown

A-13 PAP.97-1.P27.

T. 0.9 cm. Fabric hard; high concentration of 14

Early chalcolithic–late chalcolithic

(10YR 4/2) to red (2.5YR 4/8), partly preserved on the very highly burnished exterior.

rounded base and painted on both sides derives from the Dhroushia-Aroaphna tomb (PAP.99-18) 53.

A-18 PAP.97-1.P30.

In terms of its careful design and the high quality of execution of the decoration, this vessel stands out from the Chalcolithic patterned tradition. Such painted pattern is unknown at other sites of that period in western Cyprus, and perhaps even on the entire island. On account of its quality, this unique spectacular example has of necessity been classed temporarily as separate type of CP-pl. Nevertheless, it seems that its decoration derives from a tradition of parallel lines motifs used on RW pottery/ware 54 and therefore it has dating possibilities.

T. 2.1 cm. Fabric medium hard; clay well levigated and homogenous; the fabric colour is very pale brown (10YR 7/4); the core straight and somewhat porous, grey (2.5Y 6/1); the exterior somewhat lumpy and very smooth, the interior uneven, but smooth. Paint thin, strong brown (7.5YR 4/6), on the very highly burnished exterior. Bottle or flask, neck

A-19 PAP.97-1.P6.

The hemibowl (A-22; Type 2) adds to the morphological repertoire of CP wares used mainly for production of holemouth storage jars, but holemouths and flasks were also recorded 55. The only bowls, though deep, have been recorded in CP-mono at KissonergaMosphilia 56. At Lemba-Lakkous imprecisely described CP bowls occurred rarely 57. At both those sites, as well as at Kissonerga-Mylouthkia, Kouklia-Liskiovouno A and Miliou-Rhodaeos similar hemibowls have been noted in other wares, but only at Lemba was the base specified as being flat 58.

Tubular. D. 9.0 cm. T. 1.2 cm. Fabric medium hard; high concentration of white and greyish mineral aplastics  ≤ 0.1 cm, and in the core dark grey and white ones ≤ 0.3 cm; the fabric colour is pink (7.5YR 7/4); the core rough, gritty and slightly porous, grey (5Y 5/1); the exterior even and very smooth, the interior uneven and slightly gritty. Paint thin, strong brown (7.5YR 5/6), on the very highly burnished exterior.

A-20 PAP.97-1.P22.

Tubular. D. 9.0 cm. T. 1.2 cm. Fabric medium hard; high concentration of white and a few greyish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.1 cm, and in the core high concentration of white and a few grey mineral aplastics ≤ 0.25 cm; the fabric colour is very pale brown (10YR 8/3); the core rough and gritty, light grey (2.5Y 7/1); the exterior even and very smooth, the interior uneven and slightly gritty. Paint thin, brown (7.5YR 5/4), partly preserved on the very highly burnished exterior.

Open form Hemibowl, large fragment

A-22 PAP.99-18.P17.

D. c. 34 cm. Fabric medium hard; high concentration of greyish mineral aplastics 0.1–0.2 cm and on the interior a very few ≤ 0.6 cm; the fabric colour is reddish brown (5YR 5/4); the core rough, a bit porous and very gritty, very dark grey (1 for gley 3/); the surface even and very smooth. Slip thin, pale yellow (2.5Y 8/2). Paint thin and matt, reddish brown (5YR 5/4) to yellowish red (5YR 5/6). The painted decoration consists of poorly preserved rim line on the interior, as well as very regular, parallel and converging to the base narrow lines with clear edges on both surfaces,

A-21 PAP.97-1.P31.

Tubular. D. 5.0 cm. T. 1.5 cm. Fabric medium hard; some white and a few greyish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.1 cm, and in the core some grey and a very few white ones ≤ 0.1 cm; the fabric colour is light grey (2.5Y 7/2); core a bit rough and gritty, grey (2.5Y 6/1); the exterior even and very smooth, the interior uneven and slightly gritty. Paint thin, brown (7.5YR 4/4), partly preserved on the highly burnished exterior.

53 Maliszewski 2007, 93 fig. 4.18, 95; id. et al. 2003a, 353 fig. 2, 360, 363 fig. 6; id. et al. 2003b, 8 fig. 1, 14 fig. 8, 15. 54 Bolger 1998a, 105; id. 1998b, 129; Bolger, Shiels 2003, 135; Stewart 1985, 263. 55 Bolger 1998a, 96, 98, 120–21; Stewart 1985, 254–55, 262. 56 Bolger 1998a, 121. 57 Stewart 1985, 253. 58 Bolger 1998a, 97; Bolger, Shiels 2003, 133; Guldager Bilde 1993, 12; Peltenburg et al. 1981, 45; Stewart 1985, 252.

2. Early Chalcolithic–Late Chalcolithic 2.1. Coarse Painted Parallel Line Half of a vessel with a plain thin rim, slightly concave 15

Chalcolithic

more diagonal on the interior and better preserved on the exterior; these lines are cross-hatched on the exterior of the base. Published: Maliszewski et al. 2003a, 360, 363 fig. 6.

A to G 61. The PAP pottery seems closer, to some degree, to RMP-A and RMP-B from Kissonerga-Mosphilia, because of such features as the fabric, texture, surface treatment and fabric/paint colours. RMP-A was produced mainly in Fabric D, but also in E and F, and was introduced in MCh Sequences A and B in Period 3A, but declined in Period 3B. In Sequence F it also declined from MCh–LCh Periods 3B/4, but Sequence F had a strong presence in ECh–MCh Periods 2/3A, increasing as Period 3A progressed. The RMP-B is strongly represented in Sequence A in Period 3B, which in Sequence C increased in Periods 3B/4, but decreased in Sequence D in Periods 3/4 and 4. There is weak presence of this ware in Sequence E in Period 4, but it is absent in Period 3A of Sequence F. RMP-B reoccurred in the Philia Period 5 of Sequence A as result of disturbance 62.

2.2. Red Monochrome Painted It was recorded at least at two sites, namely the Yialia-Mosphilo settlement (PAP.92-1) and the Magounda-Mersinoudhia settlement/?s (PAP.93-5, PAP.93-5.1–4) 59. Included in the discussion of this assemblage are thirty-one of the most diagnostic sherds that constitute 12% of RMP pottery recorded by the PAP. It should be pointed out that here the monochrome, slightly red-painted fragments are only generally related to the RMP wares recorded at Lemba-Lakkous and Kissonerga-Mosphilia, as well as to RMP pottery from Kissonerga-Mylouthkia. In adition, RMP ware somewhat similar in fabric and forms to that of LembaLakkous, is also known at Miliou-Rhodaeos 60.

The coarse fabrics are medium hard, with very coarse and granular texture, seldom compact; there is very high concentration of greyish, brownish or some white mineral aplastics and usually some organic particles. The fabric colour is reddish brown and yellowish red, but also greyish brown, red or light brown. The core is rough, very dark grey, occasionally red and greyish brown. The paint is thin, matt, reddish yellow, red, yellowish red or light brown. Both surfaces are uneven, crumbly and gritty.

Within the PAP pottery repertoire two groups of fabrics have been distinguished. The fine fabrics are medium hard and compact, occasionally medium soft, and have often granular texture, high concentration of greyish, grey, dark grey brownish or white and some brownish mineral aplastics, as well as some mica particles and usually some, rarely a lot of organic particles. The fabric colour is light yellowish brown, brown, reddish yellow, seldom reddish brown, yellowish brown or light red. The core is from very rough to medium, usually very dark grey, dark grey, but occasionally brown and yellowish brown, red, red to brown, light brown, black, reddish yellow, pale yellow, olive grey or yellowish red. The paint is thin, matt, red, brown, seldom yellowish red or reddish brown. Both surfaces are even, smooth, and crumbly; one or both surfaces are sometimes slightly burnished.

In terms of fabric, this small group of heavy and coarse sherds represents a very coarse variant of RMP pottery, which bears only some of the features seen in RMP-A, B. It seems more close to the RMP-massive recorded at MCh–LCh Kissonerga-Mosphilia Periods 3–4 63. The fragments discussed here could also be a local, coarser variant quite similar to the RMP ware well represented in MCh–LCh Periods 1–3 at Lemba-Lakkous 64. The closest fabric parallel derives from the MCh PrastioAyios Savvas tis Karonis Monastery, where coarse and gritty RMP ware has been noted 65. The CPSP also recorded a coarse and rather poor fabric of RMP ware 66. On the other hand, it cannot be excluded that some of the PAP sherds could perhaps be of heavy eroded CP wares.

The attribution of heavy abraded sherds to a particular ware is difficult, mainly due to the poor condition of the paint, which survived only as very small specks adhere to the surface. Rather finer, at least in term of the surface treatment, RMP pottery occurred already in the ECh and during the early phase of the MCh Period 3 at Kissonerga-Mylouthkia, where it was produced in Fabrics

61 Bolger, Shiels 2003, 135–39, 145–51, 154–58. 62 Bolger 1998a, 96–97, 102–103, 111–12, 114–16; id. 1998b, 132. 63 Id. 1998a, 96, 99, 116, 120–21. 64 Stewart 1985, 13–14, 63–65, 154–55, 249, 261. 65 Rupp et al. 1999, 37, 41–49. 66 Guldager Bilde 1993, 12.

59 Maliszewski 1994, 168 fig. 2, 172–73; id. 1999c, 13–14, 17 fig. 2; id. 2007, 93 fig. 4.2.4–8, 95; id. et al. 2003a, 353 fig. 2, 355, 356 fig. 3:5–6.8–11, 357, 358 fig. 4:1–2, 359. 60 Peltenburg et al. 1981, 43, 45.

16

Early chalcolithic–late chalcolithic

Included among the recorded RMP pottery in this rich repertoire of Chalcolithic forms there are mainly diagnostic rims, bases and spouts of several typical open shapes, namely deep bowl (A-23, 24, 25; Type 3), hemibowl (A-46; Type 2), spouted bowl (A-38, 47, 48; Type 17), storage jar (A-39, 40, 41, 42, 49; Type 24), storage jar or holemouth (A-43; Type 5 or 24), as well as a single closed form – the flask or bottle (A-44; Type 7 or 35).

RMP ginger variety also came to light at MiliouRhodaeos 78, as well as in RW ware at MCh PrastioAyios Savvas tis Karonis Monastery and the latter site also produced the storage jar in RMP ware 79. Finally, sites in the hinterland of Palaipaphos yielded the spouted bowl in RBB and possibly the holemouth in RMP wares 80. Rim fragment parallel to the deep bowls (A-23, 24) in RBB ware was also identified among the survey sherdage from the CPSP 81.

The ECh and the early phase of MCh Period 3 of Kissonerga-Mylouthkia yielded deep bowl, hemibowl and flask in RMP pottery 67, but the spouted bowl (ECh, the early phase of MCh Period 3) was almost only made in this pottery and storage jar (ECh, ECh Period 2, the early phase of MCh Period 3) almost exclusively in it 68. Moreover, a holemouth in different pottery was recorded in the same periods, but in RMP during ECh–MCh 69. At Kissonerga-Mosphilia RMP-A and B were used for manufacturing the hemibowl and deep bowl in MCh Period 3 70. The spouted bowl in RWBL already occurred there in ECh–MCh Periods 2/3A and subsequently along with the storage jar was manufactured in several wares during MCh–LCh Periods 3–4 71, including Type 24 in RMP-A and B, and Type 17 in RMP-B in Period 3 72. The holemouth type appeared there in ECh Period 2 and became more commonly in MCh–LCh Periods 3–4 in various wares including RMP in Period 3 73. The flask in RMP-A and B is evidenced in Period 3 74, but the bottle perhaps only in RMP-A during Period 3A 75. The hemibowl and flask in RMP ware are known at MCh–LCh Lemba-Lakkous Periods 1–3 76. Moreover, spouted bowls, storage jars and holemouths in RMP and other wares were noted there at the same time 77. Holemouth vessels in the

Two bases were recorded – diagnostic fragments of a deep bowl. At Kissonerga-Mosphilia the most common type is flat base (A-26; Type A) and occured in every ware type 82. The same holds true for the entire occupation of Lemba-Lakkous, but as a part of a deep bowl only in RW ware in MCh Period 2 83. The raised base (A-27; Type I) is known in small number from KissonergaMosphilia also in RMP wares 84, at Lemba-Lakkous as Type B in different wares, but only one example was mentioned as part of the LCh Period 3 RBB deep bowl 85. Two other raised base fragments (A-36, 37) are attributable to the hemibowl, the most common shape at Kissonerga-Mosphilia, also known from LembaLakkous. To the same form can be ascribed seve­ral flat base fragments (A-32, 33, 34, 35; Type A), a type associated at MCh Lemba-Lakkous Period 2 with hemibowls in RW ware, which was popular at Kissonerga-Mosphilia 86. Among other diagnostic fragments, as mentioned above, are spouts detached from bowls. They are tubular (A-38, 48; Type A), not the carinated upright type, resembling the examples represented in the ECh and in the early phase of MCh Kissonerga-Mylouthkia Period 3, including a bowl in RMP pottery of MCh date 87. Such fragments, mainly in RMP ware, were frequently found popular in MCh–LCh Lemba-Lakkous Periods 1–3 88. Moreover, Kissonerga-Mosphilia yielded bowls with spouts (Type A) most commonly in three wares, including RMP, but

6 7 Bolger, Shiels 2003, 133, 137–39, 145–46, 149–51, 154–57. 68 Ibid., 134, 141–46, 148–51, 154–57. 69 Ibid., 133, 137–39, 141–46, 149–51, 155–57. 70 Bolger 1998a, 96–97, 112, 115; id. 1998b, 123, 142–43, 154. 71 Id. 1998a, 98, 107–108; id. 1998b, 122, 128–29, 133, 143, 152–55, 157, 159–60, 162, 166–69. 72 Id. 1998a, 98, 112, 115–16, 120; id. 1998b,123, 143, 152, 154. 73 Id. 1998a, 96, 98, 108, 111–12, 115–16, 118–21; id. 1998b, 122, 124, 128–29, 133–34, 143–44, 154–56, 158–60, 166–68. 74 Id. 1998a, 96, 98, 111, 115; id. 1998b, 123–24, 142–43, 152, 154, 166. 75 Id. 1998a, 96, 99, 111, 115; id. 1998b, 123, 142, 168. 76 Stewart 1985, 63, 66, 154, 156, 252, 256. 77 Ibid., 13–15, 63–64, 66, 68, 70, 154–56, 159, 252–55, 258, 261–62.

78 Peltenburg et al. 1981, 43. 79 Rupp et al. 1999, 43–44, 49–50. 8 0 Guldager Bilde 1993, 13. 8 1 Ibid., 15. 8 2 Bolger 1998a, 99. 8 3 Stewart 1985, 154, 252, 258–59, fig. 58.2. 8 4 Bolger 1998a, 100. 8 5 Stewart 1985, 14, 259, fig. 55.3. 8 6 Bolger 1998a, 97, 99–100; Stewart 1985, 154, 252, 258. 8 7 Bolger, Shiels 2003, 134, 138, 145–46, 150–51, 153, 156–57, figs 49.3, 59.7; Peltenburg at al. 1980, 2 fig. 1.13, 3–4. 8 8 Stewart 1985, 70, 159, 258.

17

Chalcolithic

from the general description it is hard to judge whether they are carinated or not 89. There is however an illustrated example of a spout – not carinated – in an unknown ware from MCh–LCh Periods 3–4 90, as well as the RWBL bowl already mentioned with evidently carinated spout from ECh–MCh Periods 2/3A 91. A slightly bent spout in RBB ware is also known from the CPSP survey 92. To this type can be attributed item A-47.

and bichrome fabrics 97. Vertical loop handles (Type KK) at Kissonerga-Mosphilia Period 5 were attributed to the RP (Philia) jug handle as being its standard feature, also known from Philia-Vasiliko cemetery and other sites of similar date, but they were pushed through the vessel wall 98. However, the fabric of A-43 appears too hard and too gritty to be classified as RP (Philia) and only its central part survived. Therefore, bearing in mind all these limitations, it seems safer to attribute it to the fine Chalcolithic RMP pottery, though its EC origin cannot be definitively excluded. A rim and base ring (A-25, 28) could date to the EC period to judge from their extremely well executed surface. Finally, a thick body sherd (A-45) could be ascribed to a large Chalcolithic vessels.

Of special interest is the well-developed ring-type base that was not distinguished among the ceramic material from Lemba and Kissonerga. The PAP survey brought to light five examples of bases from hemibowls (A-28, 29, 30, 31, 46), which instead of the raised area have a flat or slightly raised zone for most of the base’s surface, and a distinctively marked base ring. This feature is best attributed to a new Type J that became typical later in the Bronze Age 93.

Fine fabric Open form

Two unique ledge lugs from a medium to large vessel were recorded among the PAP material. They are unknown at Lemba-Lakkous and Kissonerga-Mosphilia 94, but could be related approximately to the horizontal ledge lug known at the first site and to the horizontal ear lug (Type M) from the latter 95. However, the PAP fragments are heavy, much longer and massive, and thus can be classified tentatively as a horizontal concave ledge lug (A-50; Type LL) and horizontal ledge lug (A-51; Type MM). There are two more distant parallels to A-51 in the ECh and in the early phase of MCh Kissonerga-Mylouthkia Periods 2–3 96.

Deep bowl, rim

A-23 PAP.92-1.P35.

D. 34 cm. Fabric medium hard and compact; high concentration of greyish and some white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.3 cm; some organic inclusions ≤ 0.35 cm; the fabric colour is light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4); the core rough, a bit porous and very gritty, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) to dark grey (5Y 4/1); the surface even and smooth, especially the exterior. Paint thin, matt, red (2.5YR 5/8) to yellowish red (5YR 5/8), partly preserved on the burnished exterior. Compare: Guldager Bilde 1993, 15, fig. 6 A-40 (shape).

Vertical loop handles with a uniformly round section were in use before the Bronze Age in other parts of the island, as evidenced by examples from the recently excavated transitional MCh–LCh Politiko-Kokkinorotsos hunting station. Handles recorded there were not plugged in the vessel’s wall, thus differing from the Philia material, but were attached to the exterior wall of large storage jars and holemouths in monochrome

A-24 PAP.92-1.P36.

D.? Fabric medium hard and compact; high concentration of greyish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.1 cm and organic filler  ≤ 0.9 cm; also high concentration of greyish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.1 cm and a few organic inclusions ≤ 0.4 cm in the core; the fabric colour is light red (2.5YR 4/8, 5/6, 6/8); the core rough and gritty, very dark grey (2.5Y 3/1); the surface even and smooth. Paint thin, matt, light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3) on the exterior and red (2.5YR 4/8) on the interior; both surfaces burnished. Published: Maliszewski et al. 2003a, 355, 356 fig. 3:5. Compare: Guldager Bilde 1993, 15, fig. 6 A-40 (shape).

8 9 Bolger 1998a, 100. 9 0 Ibid., fig. 61.4. 91 Ibid., 107–108, fig. 59.4, pl. 25.2. 92 Guldager Bilde 1993, 13, fig. 6 A–34. 9 3 This adds to the typology of base types already in use – Bolger 1998a, 99–100; Stewart 1985, 258–59. 9 4 Bolger 1998a, 100–101; id. 1998b, 124–25; Stewart 1985, 257–58. 9 5 Bolger 1998b, 124, 154 (RMP-B of MCh Period 3B), 154–55 (RW wares of MCh Period 3), 160 (RBB ware of LCh Period 4); Stewart 1985, 257. 96 Bolger, Shiels 2003, fig. 58.12.14.

97 Webb et al. 2009, 198–99, 202, 204 and figs 18–19, 205 fig. 20. 98 Bolger 1998a, 101, 122; id. 1998b, 124–25.

18

Early chalcolithic–late chalcolithic

A-25 PAP.93-5.4.P7.

A-29 PAP.93-5.P42.

D. 10 cm. Fabric medium hard and compact; high concentration of greyish, some white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.3 cm and some organic inclusions ≤ 0.7 cm; the fabric colour is brown (7.5YR 5/4); the core rough and gritty, olive grey (5Y 5/2); the surface even and smooth. Paint thin, matt, red (2.5YR 5/6), partly preserved on the burnished exterior, but on the interior visible only in several spots.

D. 17 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; sparse concentration of brown, grey and a few white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.05 cm; a few organic inclusions ≤ 0.15 cm in the core; the fabric colour is brown (7.5YR 5/4); the core rough and gritty, grey (2.5Y 4/1); the surface even and very smooth. Paint thin, yellowish red (5YR 5/8), on both very highly burnished surfaces. Flat base

A-30 PAP.93-5.P43.

A-26 PAP.93-5.4.P3.

D. 5.0 cm. Fabric medium hard and compact; high concentration of greyish, white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.4 cm and organic inclusions ≤ 1.7 cm; the fabric colour is brown (7.5YR 5/4); the core rough and gritty, dark grey (5Y 4/1); the surface even, but somewhat gritty.

D. 8.0 cm. Fabric medium hard and compact; high concentration of grey mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 on the interior and in the core, where also are visible very few white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.1 cm; some organic inclusions ≤ 0.6 cm on the exterior and interior of the core; the fabric colour is yellowish red (5YR 5/6); the core rough with some voids, gritty, yellowish red (5YR 5/6); the surface even, the exterior very smooth, the interior slightly gritty. Paint thin, matt, red (2.5YR 4/6), partly preserved on the highly burnished exterior. Published: Maliszewski et al. 2003a, 355, 356 fig. 3:6.

A-31 PAP.93-5.3.P10.

D. 5.0 cm. Fabric medium hard and compact; high concentration of greyish and some white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm; a lot of organic particles ≤ 1.0 cm on the surface, but less in the core; the fabric colour is light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4); the core rough and gritty, very dark grey (5Y 3/1); the exterior even and smooth, the interior even, but somewhat gritty. Paint thin, matt, yellowish red (5YR 4/6), poorly preserved on the exterior.

Raised base

A-27 PAP.93-5.1.P5.

D. 6.7 cm. Fabric medium hard and compact; high concentration of greyish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.5 cm and organic filler ≤ 1.1 cm on the surface, but less organic particles in the core; the fabric colour is light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4); the core rough and gritty, dark grey (2.5Y 4/1); the surface even and smooth. Paint thin, matt, yellowish red (5YR 5/6), partly preserved on the exterior and much less on the interior; both surfaces highly burnished.

Flat base

A-32 PAP.92-1.P42.

D. 6.0 cm. Fabric medium hard and compact; high concentration of greyish and some white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm; a few organic inclusions ≤ 0.5 cm on the exterior and in the core; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (5YR 6/6); the core rough and gritty, reddish yellow (5YR 6/6); the surface even, but the exterior somewhat gritty and the interior smooth. Paint thin, matt, yellowish red (5YR 5/6), preserved on the burnished interior.

Hemibowl, base ring

A-28 PAP.93-5.P39.

D. c. 10 cm. Fabric very hard and compact; quite well levigated clay; sparse concentration of grey and a few white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.3 cm, mainly on the interior and in the core, but less on the exterior; some organic particles ≤ 0.8 cm mainly on the exterior and in the core; the fabric colour is brown (7.5YR 5/4); the core rough and somewhat gritty, dark grey (5Y 4/1); the surface even and very smooth, especially the exterior. Paint thin, reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4), partly preserved on the burnished exterior.

A-33 PAP.93-5.P40.

D. 10 cm. Fabric medium hard and compact; high concentration of greyish, some brownish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.3 cm and some organic inclusions ≤ 0.8 cm; the fabric colour is light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4); the core rough and gritty, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4); the surface even, but the exterior smooth and the interior somewhat gritty. Paint thin, matt, perhaps reddish brown (5YR 5/4), visible in one spot on the exterior.

19

Chalcolithic

A-34 PAP.93-5.P41.

even and smooth. Paint thin, matt, red (2.5YR 4/6), well preserved only on hard, compact, smooth and burnished exterior. Published: Maliszewski et al. 2003a, 356 fig. 3:8, 357.

D. 6.0 cm. Fabric medium hard and compact; high concentration of greyish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm and a few organic inclusions ≤ 0.4 cm; the fabric colour is pale yellow (2.5Y 7/3); the core straight and gritty, pale yellow (2.5Y 7/3); the surface even, but the exterior smooth and the interior a bit gritty. Paint thin, matt, perhaps reddish brown (5YR 5/4), visible in one spot on the exterior.

Storage jar, rim

A-39 PAP.92-1.P38.

D. 40 cm. Fabric medium hard and compact; high concentration of greyish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.3 cm and some organic filler ≤ 0.6 cm; a very few organic inclusions ≤ 0.4 cm in the core; the fabric colour is brown (7.5YR 5/4); the core rough and gritty, very dark grey (2.5Y 3/1) to (7.5YR 5/4); the surface even and smooth. Paint thin, matt, red (2.5YR 5/6), partly preserved on the interior. Published: Maliszewski et al. 2003a, 356 fig. 3:9, 357.

A-35 PAP.93-5.P44.

D. 16 cm. Fabric medium hard and compact; high concentration of greyish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm; a lot of organic inclusions ≤ 1.1 cm on the surface, but less in the core; the fabric colour is yellowish brown (10YR 5/4); the core rough and gritty, dark grey (2.5Y 4/1); the surface even and smooth. Paint thin, matt, perhaps red (2.5YR 5/8), preserved in several spots on the exterior.

A-40 PAP.93-5.1.P1.

Raised base

D. 18 cm. Fabric hard and compact; high concentration of dark grey mineral aplastics ≤ 0.1 cm and organic filler ≤ 1.2 cm on the surface, but less organic inclusions in the core; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6); the core rough and gritty, dark grey (5Y 4/1); the surface even and smooth. Published: Maliszewski et al. 2003a, 356 fig. 3:10, 357.

A-36 PAP.92-1.P40.

D. 5.0 cm. Fabric medium hard and compact; high concentration of greyish, some white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm and some organic inclusions ≤ 1.1 cm; the fabric colour is light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4); the core rough and gritty, brown (7.5YR 5/4); the surface even and smooth. Paint thin, matt, partly preserved on both surfaces, yellowish red (5YR 4/6) on the exterior and reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) on the interior; poorly visible burnishing marks on the interior.

A-41 PAP.93-5.2.P9.

D.? Fabric medium hard and compact; high concentration of greyish, some white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.25 cm and organic inclusions ≤ 0.7 cm on the surface, but less in the core; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (5YR 6/6); the core rough, somewhat porous and gritty, dark grey (5Y 4/1); the surface even and smooth. Paint perhaps brown (7.5YR 5/4), almost totally worn on both surfaces.

A-37 PAP.93-5.P48.

D. 8.0 cm. Fabric medium hard and compact; high concentration of greyish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm and some organic inclusions ≤ 2.2 cm; the fabric colour is light reddish brown (5YR 6/4); the core rough and very gritty, very dark grey (5Y 3/1); the surface even and smooth. Paint thin, matt, perhaps yellowish red (5YR 5/6), visible in several small spots on the exterior; the interior burnt-out.

A-42 PAP.93-5.3.P5.

D. 46 cm. Fabric medium hard; high concentration of greyish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.5 cm and some organic inclusions ≤ 1.5 cm on the interior, and in the core; the fabric colour is light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4); the core rough and very gritty, red (10R 5/8) to red (2.5YR 5/6); the surface even and smooth. Paint thin, matt, red (2.5YR 5/6), partly preserved on both surfaces.

Spouted bowl, spout

A-38 PAP.92-1.P156.

Tubular uprigh. L. 2.1 cm. Fabric medium soft; high concentration of grey mineral aplastics ≤ 0.3 cm on the exterior and in the core; a few organic inclusions  ≤ 0.6 cm in the profile; the fabric colour is light brown (7.5YR 6/4); the core rough and gritty, light brown (7.5YR 6/4) with narrow dark grey strip (5Y 4/1) in the middle of its profile; the surface

Uncertain form Storage jar or holemouth, vertical handle

A-43 PAP.93-5.P93.

L. 6.8 cm. Fabric medium hard; high concentration

20

Early chalcolithic–late chalcolithic

Spouted bowl, spout

of grey mineral aplastics ≤ 0.4 cm and a few white mineral inclusions in the core; the fabric colour is yellowish red (5YR 5/6); the core rough and very gritty, black (2.5Y 2.5/1); the surface slightly lumpy, but very smooth. Paint thin, matt, red (2.5YR 4/6); very highly burnished; the profile oval.

A-47 PAP.93-5.P94.

Tubular carinated. L. 10.2 cm. Fabric medium hard and very coarse; very high concentration of greyish, brownish and some white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.6 cm, and some organic inclusions ≤ 1.7 cm; the fabric colour is red (2.5YR 5/6); the core very rough and gritty, red (2.5YR 5/6); the surface uneven and gritty. Paint thin, matt, perhaps reddish yellow (5YR 6/6), very poorly preserved in some spots on the exterior. Published: Maliszewski et al. 2003a, 357, 358 fig. 4:1. Compare: Bolger 1998a, fig. 61.6 (shape).

Bottle or flask, rim

A-44 PAP.93-5.3.P3.

D. 10 cm. Fabric medium hard and compact; high concentration of greyish and brownish mineral aplastics  ≤ 0.3 cm; some organic inclusions ≤ 0.8 cm on the surface and less in the core; the fabric colour is light red (2.5YR 6/8), reddish brown (5YR 5/4) and light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4); the core rough and gritty, dark grey (5Y 4/1); the surface smooth, but the exterior even and the interior uneven. Paint thin, matt, brown (7.5YR 4/4), poorly preserved on the burnished exterior. Published: Maliszewski et al. 2003a, 356 fig. 3:11, 357.

A-48 PAP.93-5.4.P4.

Tubular uprigh. L. 4.9 cm. Fabric medium hard; high concentration of greyish, brownish and some white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.4 cm, and a few organic inclusions ≤ 1.5 cm; the fabric colour is reddish brown (5YR 5/4); the core very rough and gritty, very dark grey (10YR 3/1); the surface even, but somewhat gritty. Paint thin, matt, red (2.5YR 4/6), partly preserved on the exterior. Compare: Bolger 1998a, fig. 61.4 (shape); Stewart 1985, fig. 52.7 (shape).

Vessel of large size, body fragment

A-45 PAP.93-5.P50.

T. 0.9 cm. Fabric medium hard and compact; high concentration of greyish, some brownish and whitish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.4 cm, and some organic inclusions  ≤ 1.8 cm; the fabric colour is brown (10YR 5/3); the core rough and gritty, very dark grey (5Y 3/1); the surface even and smooth, especially the exterior. Paint thin, matt, red (2.5YR 5/8), partly preserved on the exterior.

Storage jar, rim

A-49 PAP.93-5.1.P2.

Hemibowl, base ring

D.? Fabric medium hard and very coarse; very high concentration of greyish, brownish and some white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.5 cm, and some organic inclusions ≤ 1.4 cm; the fabric colour is greyish brown (2.5Y 5/2); the core very rough, gritty and slightly porous, very dark grey (2.5Y 3/1); the surface even, but very gritty. Published: Maliszewski et al. 2003a, 357, 358 fig. 4:2, 359.

A-46 PAP.93-5.1.P6.

Uncertain form

Coarse fabric Open form

D. 12 cm. Fabric medium hard and compact; high concentration of greyish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.1 cm and organic filler ≤ 0.8 cm in the core; a lot of mineral particles on the surface, but less organic ones; the fabric colour is light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4); the core very rough, a bit porous and gritty, very dark grey (2.5Y 3/1); the surface even and smooth, especially the exterior. Paint thin, matt, red (2.5YR 5/6), partly preserved on the exterior.

Vessel of medium to large size, horizontal concave ledge lug

A-50 PAP.93-5.4.P11.

L. 11.2 cm. Fabric medium hard; high concentration of greyish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.4 cm and some organic inclusions ≤ 0.7 cm on the surface, and a few organic particles in the core; the fabric colour is light brown (7.5YR 6/4); the core very rough and gritty, greyish

21

Chalcolithic

brown (2.5Y 5/2); the surface even and smooth. Paint thin, matt, light brown (7.5YR 6/4), partly preserved on the exterior; the profile half oval.

in Fabrics C to F 103. It was recorded in very small numbers only in Sequence F in ECh–MCh Periods 2/3A; four other vessel shapes were also produced in that ware 104. Of interest within the broad category of RW pottery recorded at Kissonerga-Mosphilia are conical bowls produced exclusively in RWPB; only one example (KM 3259) is known in RWL 105. At Kissonerga-Mylouthkia RW pottery in Fabrics A to G was produced during the ECh, ECh Period 2 and the early phase of MCh Period 3; several forms were recorded, including hemibowl 106.The same decorative patterns (motifs M13 and M23) 107 were recorded, as mentioned above, at Kissonerga-Mosphilia. Moreover, there are similarities in rim dashes and some forms between Kissonerga-Mylouthkia and Miliou-Rhodaeos materials 108. At Lemba-Lakkous RW was a secondary ware recognized in the MCh–LCh Periods 1–3 with its peak in Period 2 (> 10 %), but hemibowls with a flat base occurred 109. The parallel broad bands and lines similar to the pattern on A-53 have been distingiushed as motif 1a at that site 110, as well as the RW ware from PrastioAyios Savvas tis Karonis Monastery 111. In this context should be noted that in the course of the CPSP fieldwork only a few sherds were classified as RW ware 112. Two very small pieces (A-53, 54) are perhaps parts of an imprecisely defined bowl.

Horizontal ledge lug

A-51 PAP.93-5.1.P4.

L. 5.9 cm. Fabric medium hard and compact; high concentration of greyish, a few white mineral inclusions ≤ 0.2 cm and some organic inclusions ≤ 1.1 cm; the fabric colour is brown (7.5YR 5/4); the core very rough and gritty, very dark grey (2.5Y 3/1); the surface uneven, but smooth. Paint thin, matt, yellowish red (5YR 5/6), partly preserved; the profile half oval.

2.3. Red-on-White Five wares within this general rubric term were distinguished at Kissonerga-Mosphilia, produced from the LN to MCh 99. RW pottery is very rare among the PAP prehistoric sherdage and only three pieces were recorded. They come from the MagoundaMersinoudhia settlement/?s (PAP.93-5, PAP.93-5.4) and the Ayia Marina-Lourka tou Emir Ali two tombs (PAP.94-10) 100. Fabrics are hard, medium hard and compact, with high concentration of rounded brownish, greyish or white mineral aplastics and organic filler. The fabric colour is brown or light brownish grey. The core is medium rough, grey, very dark grey or light brownish grey. The slip is thin, matt, pale yellow to very pale brown or light grey. The paint is thin, matt and red. Both surfaces are even and very smooth.

Open form Hemibowl, flat base

A-52 PAP.93-5.4.P2.

D. c. 8.0 cm. Fabric medium hard and compact; high concentration of rounded brownish, greyish and white limestone mineral aplastics ≤ 0.5 cm in the core, some of them visible on the exterior; the fabric colour is brown (7.5YR 5/4); the core rough and gritty, light brownish grey (2.5Y 6/2); the surface even and very smooth. Slip thin, on the exterior pale yellow (2.5Y 8/2), on the interior very pale brown (10YR 8/3). Paint thin, matt, red (2.5YR 4/8), on

Due to their poor state of preservation, the fragments discussed here can only be ascribed to the general RW pottery. Nevertheless, among the PAP finds there is one flat base fragment (A-52; Type A), most likely from a small hemibowl (Type 2), a type manufactured in many wares including RWPB 101. The example described here is decorated with intersecting broad bands or parallel lines (motifs 4 or 8), that seem similar to that of RWPB from Kissonerga-Mosphilia 102. At that site it was made mainly in standard Fabric G, but also

103 Ibid., 96–97, 112. 104 Ibid., 96, 103, 112. 105 Ibid., 96, 117. 106 Bolger, Shiels 2003, 133–35, 139, 141–51, 154–58. 107 Ibid., 135. 108 Peltenburg et al. 1981, 44–45. 109 Stewart 1985, 13–14, 63–65, 154–55, 258, 261. 110 Ibid., 157–58, 250–51, 262–63. 111 Rupp et al. 1999, 42, 44 fig. 22:2.5, 45, 47, 49–50. 112 Guldager Bilde 1993, 9.

99 Id. 1998a, 96, 102–19. 100 Maliszewski 1994, 168 fig. 2, 173; id. 1995, 312 fig. 1, 313 (tentatively as PAP.94-9.B); id. 1999c, 14–15, 17 fig. 2; id. 2007, 93 fig. 4.4.8, 95; id. et al. 2003a, 353 fig. 2, 358 fig. 4:3, 359. 101 Bolger 1998a, 97, 99. 102 Ibid., 96, 105, 113–14.

22

Middle chalcolithic–late chalcolithic

both surfaces. It seems to be decorated with motif of parallel bands or lines. Published: Maliszewski et al. 2003a, 358 fig. 4:3, 359. Compare: Bolger 1998a, 111, fig. 59.5 (shape).

fracture, grey, dark grey, light red to pale yellow or pale brown to bluish. The slip is thin, rare matt, red, red to dark greyish brown or dark grey. Both surfaces are usually even and very smooth, sometimes crazing due to heavy burnishing; one or both surfaces often highly burnished with visible individual, parallel burnishing marks.

Uncertain form Bowl of medium to large size, body fragment

The sherds described below, judging from their fabric and surface treatment, are related to the RBB ware of Lemba-Lakkous and Kissonerga-Mosphilia.

A-53 PAP.93-5.P87.

T. 0.7 cm. Fabric hard and compact; some white, grey mineral aplastics ≤ 0.05 cm on the interior and in the core; high concentration of organic filler  ≤ 1.4 cm, mainly on the interior and in the core; the fabric colour is brown (7.5YR 5/4); the core somewhat rough and gritty, grey (5Y 5/1); the surface even and very smooth. Slip thin, pale yellow (2.5Y 8/2), partly preserved on the exterior. Paint thin, matt, red (2.5YR 4/6), on the exterior. Decoration difficult to recognize.

At MCh–LCh Lemba-Lakkous the strong presence of RBB ware 114 was recorded in Period 3, but it occurred less frequently in Period 2 and only a few sherds came from Period 1 115. RBB ware sherds appeared intrusively in very small numbers in Sequence E of MCh Kissonerga-Mosphilia Period 3B. It came to light there for the first time as the main ware in Sequences C, D, G of LCh Period 4. The strong presence of this new ware was also noted in Sequences A and B of perhaps Period 5 of the Philia horizon. This tentatively indicates that in western Cyprus at least it overlapped chronologically with the LCh culture 116. Miliou-Rhodaeos also produced RBB ware, which fabric and some forms are similar to Lemba-Lakkous material 117. In addition, its degenerate variants have been recorded at sites located in the hinterland of Palaipaphos 118.

A-54 PAP.94-10.P5.

T. 0.7 cm. Fabric hard and compact; clay well levigated; a few organic inclusions ≤ 1.0 cm on the interior and in the core; the fabric colour is light brownish grey (10YR 6/2); the core rough and gritty, black (1 for gley 2.5/); the surface even and very smooth. Slip thin, light grey (2.5Y 7/2), on both surfaces. Paint thin, matt, red (2.5YR 4/8), on the exterior and partly preserved on the interior. Decoration difficult to recognize.

The PAP survey recorded only one definite vessel form in RBB pottery, namely storage jar (A-55). The cylindrical neck and plain rim (A-56, 57) seem attributable to the flask (Type 7) or bottle (Type 35).

3. Middle Chalcolithic–Late Chalcolithic 3.1. Red and Black Stroke-Burnished Fourteen diagnostic sherds attributable to RBB pottery derived from at least three sites, i.e. the MagoundaMersinoudhia settlement/?s (PAP.93-5, PAP.93-5.2), the Yialia-Phassera settlement (PAP.94-8), and the Dhroushia-Aroaphna tomb (PAP.99-18) 113. This number represents 93% of the total assemblage of RBB pottery from the PAP field survey.

The occurrence of the storage jar and flask in various wares at different sites has already been mentioned in earlier sections. At Lemba-Lakkous bowls and flasks are typical forms in RBB ware 119. At the same site flask and spouted bottle (called there spouted flask) in RBB are well attested in MCh–LCh Periods 1–3, while the storage jar in Periods 2–3 120. The flask and storage jar in RBB ware were produced in LCh KissonergaMosphilia Period 4. That site also yielded the spouted bottle (Type 12) of the same ware and date 121.

Fabrics are hard to very hard, compact with sharp and bricky/angular fracture; there is usually high concentration of angular grey, grey bluish or reddish mineral aplastics including infrequent chert and some organic inclusions. The fabric colour is reddish yellow, red or light red. The core is medium rough with sharp

114 Stewart 1985, 262. 115 Ibid., 13–14, 63–65, 154–55, 249–50. 116 Bolger 1998a, 95, 102–103, 120–23. 117 Peltenburg et al. 1981, 42–43, 45. 118 Guldager Bilde 1993, 13–15. 119 Stewart 1985, 262. 120 Ibid., 13–15, 154–56, 159, 249, 252, 254–56, 262. 121 Bolger 1998a, 95, 98, 120; id. 1998b, 160.

113 Maliszewski 1994, 168 fig. 2, 173; id. 1995, 312 fig. 1, 313; id. 1999c, 13–14, 17 fig. 2; id. 2007, 93 fig. 4.3–4.6.18, 95; id. et al. 2003a, 353 fig. 2, 358 fig. 4:7–8, 361–62; id. et al. 2003b, 8 fig. 1, 14 fig. 8, 15.

23

Chalcolithic

Small body sherds (A-58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68), with thickness of 0.4–1.1 cm, indicate small to larger vessels. Of special interest is a fragment decorated with a low knob in relief (A-68). Knobs are not common on pottery from Lemba-Lakkous, but are also associated with RBB ware. They appear usually below the rim of bowls, as well as below the spouts on spouted flasks 122. A much richer repertoire of relief decoration was noted at Kissonerga-Mosphilia. The most popular were circular knobs situated on the exterior, near the rims of usually smaller vessels, primarily on LCh Period 4 bowls types and most commonly in RBB ware 123. A bucket with relief knobs in the hybrid RBB and RMP ware also came to light at Miliou-Rhodaeos 124. Open body sherds therefore were more likely decorated with relief than closed forms and only on the exterior of the vessel. At KissonergaMosphilia the possible chronological overlap of RBB ware and RP (Philia), as well as the popularity of relief decoration – especially knobs – indicate links with similarly decorated RP jugs from Philia culture sites, namely Philia-Vasiliko, Vasilia-Evriman and Nicosia-Ayia Paraskevi 125.

inclusions ≤ 0.3 cm in the core; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (5YR 7/6); the core straight, sharp and gritty, grey (5Y 6/1); the surface smooth, the exterior even, but the interior uneven. Slip thin, red (2.5YR 5/8), on the burnished exterior. Published: Maliszewski et al. 2003a, 358 fig. 4:7, 361–62. Neck

A-57 PAP.93-5.P17.

D. c. 11 cm. Fabric hard and compact; high concentration of grey-bluish, some white and reddish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.5 cm, and some organic inclusions  ≤ 0.6 cm on the interior; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (5YR 7/8); the core rough, sharp and gritty, grey (5Y 6/1) with bluish tint in the middle of the profile; the surface even, the exterior very smooth, the interior somewhat gritty. Slip thin, red (2.5YR 5/8)  – almost orange, on the highly burnished exterior, but the interior is totally worn with some mineral particles stretching out. Vessel of medium to large size, body fragment

Open form

A-58 PAP.93-5.P19.

Storage jar, rim

T. 0.7 cm. Fabric hard and compact; high concentration of greyish, reddish and a few white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.5 cm, and some organic inclusions ≤ 0.4 cm on the interior; the fabric colour is light brown (7.5YR 6/4); the core somewhat rough, sharp and gritty, grey (5Y 6/1) with bluish tint; the exterior even and very smooth, the interior uneven, but smooth. Slip thin, matt, with yellowish red (5YR 4/6) darker strokes visible on the yellowish red (5YR 5/6) lighter background on the burnished exterior.

A-55 PAP.93-5.P37.

D. 21 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; sparse concentration of grey, brown mineral aplastics ≤ 0.05 cm and some organic inclusions ≤ 0.7 cm; the fabric colour is red (2.5YR 5/6); the core rough, sharp and gritty, greyish brown (2.5Y 5/2); the surface even and very smooth. Slip thin, red (2.5YR 4/6) on the exterior and mainly brown (7.5YR 5/4) on the interior; both surfaces slightly burnished.

A-59 PAP.93-5.P20.

Uncertain form

T. 0.8 cm. Fabric hard and compact; some grey, white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.3 cm and some organic inclusions ≤ 0.7 cm on the surface; the fabric colour is light red (2.5YR 6/8); the core somewhat rough, sharp and gritty, grey (5Y 6/1) with bluish tint; the surface even, the exterior very smooth, the interior smooth. Slip thin on the burnished exterior, with yellowish red (5YR 4/6) darker strokes on the yellowish red (5YR 5/8) lighter background.

Bottle or flask, rim

A-56 PAP.93-5.P22.

D. c. 4.0 cm. Fabric hard and compact; medium concentration of grey mineral aplastics and a few organic

122 Stewart 1985, 252, 262, 266. 123 Bolger 1998a, 95, 97–98, 120–21, 145, figs 78, 79; id. 1998b, 161–62. 124 Peltenburg et al. 1981, 44 fig. 5.7, 45. 125 Dikaios 1962, 166, 168 fig. 80.21; Stewart 1988, 18–20, 142 pl. I.2–3.8, 143 pl. II.3.8, 171 fig. 1.5.

A-60 PAP.93-5.P25.

T. 0.6 cm. Fabric hard and compact; some grey mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm and a few organic inclusions ≤ 0.3 cm

24

Middle chalcolithic–late chalcolithic

on the surface, but in the core high concentration of grey mineral aplastics ≤ 0.3 cm and a few organic inclusions ≤ 0.6 cm; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (5YR 7/6); the core somewhat rough, sharp and gritty, grey (2.5Y 5/1); the surface smooth, the exterior even, but the interior uneven. Slip thin, matt, with very dark grey (10YR 3/1) strokes on the red (2.5YR 5/8) background; the exterior burnished.

but light reddish brown (5YR 6/4) on the interior; the core rough, sharp and gritty, grey (2.5Y 5/1) with yellowish tint in the middle of the profile; the surface even, the exterior very smooth, the interior smooth. Slip thin, red (2.5YR 4/8) to dark grey (5YR 4/1), on the burnished exterior.

A-65 PAP.96-5.P42.

T. 0.8 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; high concentration of reddish, grey mineral aplastics ≤ 0.5 cm and a few organic inclusions ≤ 0.6 cm on the interior and in the core; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6); the core rough, sharp and gritty, dark grey (5Y 4/1); the surface even, the exterior extremely fine worked and very smooth, the interior smooth. Slip thin, with very dark greyish brown (10YR 3/2) strokes on the red (2.5YR 5/8) background very well preserved on the exterior, less on the interior; both surfaces burnished, but the exterior highly.

T. 0.5 cm. Fabric hard and very compact; clay well levigated; some grey, a few white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.05 cm and some organic inclusions ≤ 0.4 cm on the surface, but in the core a lot of grey and some white mineral aplastics 0.15 cm, as well as a few organic inclusions ≤ 0.4 cm; the fabric colour is light brown (7.5YR 6/4) on the exterior and light red (2.5YR 6/8) on the interior; the core rough, sharp and gritty, light bluish grey (2 for gley 7/1 5PB); the surface even and very smooth. Slip thin, on the exterior with dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) patches on the strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) background, on the interior red (2.5YR 4/8); both surfaces highly burnished.

A-62 PAP.93-5.P49.

A-66 PAP.99-18.P7.

A-63 PAP.93-5.2.P5.

A-67 PAP.99-18.P11.

A-64 PAP.94-8.P5.

A-68 PAP.99-18.P12.

A-61 PAP.93-5.P46.

T. 1.0 cm. Fabric hard and compact; high concentration of grey-bluish, reddish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.8 cm and some bigger ones on the surface; some organic inclusions ≤ 0.5 cm; the fabric colour is light red (2.5YR 6/6); the core rough, sharp and gritty, very pale brown (10YR 7/4) with bluish tint in the middle of the profile; the surface even, the exterior very smooth, the interior smooth. Slip thin, red (2.5YR 5/6) to very dark greyish brown (10YR 3/2), on the highly burnished and crazing exterior.

T. 0.5 cm. Fabric very hard and compact; clay well levigated; some grey mineral particles ≤ 0.05 cm and some organic inclusions ≤ 0.5 cm on the surface; in the core a few white mineral aplastics 0.05 cm and organic inclusions ≤ 0.2 cm; the fabric colour is light reddish brown (2.5YR 6/4); the core straight, sharp and gritty, light reddish brown (2.5YR 6/4); the surface even and very smooth. Slip thin, red (2.5YR 4/6), on the exterior with brown (7.5YR 4/2) patches and red (2.5YR 4/6) ones on the interior; both surfaces highly burnished.

T. 0.7 cm. Fabric hard and compact; sparse concentration of greyish, reddish and white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.15 cm, as well as organic inclusions ≤ 0.5 cm; the fabric colour is light red (2.5YR 7/6); the core rough, sharp and gritty, light red (2.5YR 7/6) with pale yellow (2.5Y 7/3) tint in the middle of the profile; the surface even, the exterior very smooth, the interior smooth. Slip thin, red (2.5YR 5/8), on the burnished exterior.

T. 0.4 cm. Fabric very hard and compact; clay well levigated; some grey mineral aplastics ≤ 0.05 cm and a few organic inclusions ≤ 0.5 cm on the surface, as well as a few white mineral inclusions 0.05 cm in the core; the fabric colour is light reddish brown (2.5YR 6/4); the core straight, sharp and slightly gritty, grey (1 for gley 6/) with bluish tint; the surface even and very smooth. Slip thin, red (2.5YR 4/6) with brown (7.5YR 4/2) patches on both highly burnished surfaces.

T. 1.1 cm. Fabric hard and compact; high concentration of greyish, reddish and some white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.1 cm on the exterior; sparse organic inclusions ≤ 0.5 cm on the interior and in the core; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) on the exterior,

T. 1.0 cm. Fabric hard and compact; high concentration of reddish, grey-bluish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.15 cm and a few organic inclusions ≤ 0.2 cm on the interior and in the core; the fabric colour is light red (2.5YR 6/6); the core rough, sharp and gritty, light red (2.5YR 6/6);

25

Chalcolithic

the exterior even and very smooth, the interior uneven and gritty, with three ribs – marks of finger modelling and shaping. Slip thin, red (2.5YR 5/6), on the highly burnished and crazing exterior decorated with knob in low relief. Published: Maliszewski et al. 2003a, 358 fig. 4:8, 362.

At MCh Kissonerga-Mosphilia Period 3A the earliest shapes in Sp were hemibowls, flasks, trays and storage jars. During Period 3B also deep bowls, but primarily holemouths and holemouth storage jars. The most common forms in its LCh Period 4 were deep bowls, with platters and hemibowls being less popular. A limited range of closed shapes was made that included holemouths, storage jars, holemouth storage jars, collared storage jars, as well as perhaps spouted holemouths and flasks. The 4:1 ratio of closed to open vessel sherds indicates that Sp was employed mainly for medium and large size restricted vessels 128. This important Chalcolithic site yielded eleven shapes in toto in Sp.

3.2. Spalled Twelve selected sherds were examined from at least five sites, namely the Magounda-Mersinoudhia settlement/?s (PAP.93-5, PAP.93-5.2–4) and the YialiaPhassera (PAP.94-8) settlement, as well as the Ayia Marina-Lourka to Emir Ali (PAP.94-10) and DhroushiaAroaphna (PAP.99-18) tombs 126. This number represents 11% of the Sp pottery recorded in the course of the PAP field survey.

Unfortunately, the PAP pieces are very poorly preserved and therefore it was possible to distinguish only a few uncertain shapes. Their characteristics have been described in previous sections and here only one open form is mentioned, namely the deep bowl with inside cut rim (A-69; Type 3), and the closed collared storage jar (A-70, 71 129, 72; Type 23). Among other possible forms there are also open and closed shapes, namely the bowl (A-73), hemibowl (A-74; Type 2), flask or bottle (A-75, 76; Type 7 or 35), holemouth storage jar (A-77; Type 6) and, judging from body sherds, medium to larger size vessels (A-78, 79, 80).

Fabrics are medium hard, with high concentration of large size white limestone, grey or bluish-reddish mineral aplastics and organic particles. The fabric colour is brown. The core is medium rough to almost smooth, light reddish brown to grey. Both surfaces are usually even, smooth, slightly cracked, pock-marked, and red to pink; one or two surfaces are often slightly burnished with visible individual burnishing marks. Metallic sound while shaking. The fabric of the PAP sherds bears several typical features of Sp, i.e. a usually high concentration of greyish, brownish and reddish mineral aplastics, a rough and sharp core, and the surface slightly cracking and pock-marked with burnishing marks. However, there is a major inconsistency, namely an unusually small amount of white limestone particles and organic filler.

MCh–LCh Kissonerga-Mosphilia Periods 3–4 produced in Sp deep bowls, hemibowls, only two collared storage jars, flasks, fragments of bottles, and holemouth storage jars 130. The latter form was recorded in other wares at MCh–LCh Lemba-Lakkous Periods 2–3 131. MCh Prastio-Ayios Savvas tis Karonis Monastery also yielded holemouth storage jars in RMP ware 132.

Sp, in terms of fabric, is related to RBB, but the main difference is its blue core and strong presence of limestone filler in the paste. It was introduced at KissonergaMosphilia in small amounts in MCh Period 3A and increased in frequency during 3B. Manufacturing continued and Sp became a major ware in Sequence G of the LCh Periods 4 and 4/5. Several sherds of Sp derived mainly from graves of the Philia horizon Period 5 127.

Open form Deep bowl, rim

A-69 PAP.94-10.P2.

D. 20 cm. Fabric hard and compact; high concentration of brownish, greyish and a few white mineral

128 Ibid., 96–98, 114–15, 118–19, 121. 129 The approximate large diameter of A-71 is confusing for a closed form, but the rim is very straight and thus difficult to measure. 130 Bolger 1998a, 96–99, 121; id. 1998b, 122–24, 152, 156–58, 160, 166–67. 131 Stewart 1985, 13–15, 64, 154, 254–55, 261. 132 Rupp et al. 1999, 43, 49.

126 Maliszewski 1994, 168 fig. 2, 173; id. 1995, 312 fig. 1, 313 (PAP.94-10 tentatively as PAP.94-9.B); id. 1999a, 80 fig. 1, 84; id. 1999b, 340 fig. 1, 345; id. 1999c, 13–15, 17 fig. 2; id. 2007, 93 fig. 4.3.4.7–8.18, 95–96, 98 fig. 5.11; id. et al. 2003a, 353 fig. 2, 360 fig. 5:1–4, 362–63; id. et al. 2003b, 8 fig. 1, 14 fig. 8, 15. 127 Bolger 1998a, 94, 96, 102–103, 111, 114–15, 118, 120–23.

26

Middle chalcolithic–late chalcolithic

Uncertain form

aplastics ≤ 0.05 cm in the core, and a few on the exterior; in the core there also are a few bigger mineral inclusions ≤ 0.2 cm and on the exterior a few organic inclusions ≤ 0.5 cm; the fabric colour is pink (5YR 7/4); the core straight, sharp and gritty, bluish grey (2 for gley 6/1 10B); the surface even and smooth, especially the interior; the worn exterior very dark greyish brown (2.5Y 3/2) and the well preserved burnished interior red (2.5YR 4/6). Published: Maliszewski et al. 2003a, 360 fig. 5:1, 362. Compare: Bolger 1998a, figs 58.5, 79.10 (shape).

Bowl, rim

A-73 PAP.93-5.P18.

D. 16 cm. Fabric hard and compact; sparse concentration of grey mineral aplastics ≤ 0.1 cm in the core and on the interior; a lot of organic filler ≤ 0.7 cm in the core and on the surface; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (5YR 7/6); the core straight, sharp and gritty, grey (5Y 6/1); the surface even, smooth and crazing, yellowish red (5YR 5/6); the exterior burnished.

Closed form

Hemibowl, rim

Collared storage jar, rim

A-74 PAP.93-5.P21.

A-70 PAP.93-5.2.P3.

D.? Fabric hard and compact; sparse concentration of grey angular mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm in the core; some organic inclusions ≤ 0.4 cm on the exterior and in the core; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6); the core straight, sharp and gritty, grey (5Y 5/1); the surface even and smooth, reddish yellow (5YR 6/8); both surfaces burnished.

D. c. 24 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; sparse concentration of grey mineral aplastics ≤ 0.1 cm and a lot of organic inclusions ≤ 0.8 cm; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (5YR 6/8); the core straight, sharp and slightly gritty, grey (5Y 6/1) with bluish tint; the surface even and smooth, very dark grey (5Y 3/1).

Bottle or flask, rim with part of neck

A-71 PAP.93-5.3.P7.

A-75 PAP.94-8.P6

D. c. 44 cm? Fabric hard and compact; some grey, white mineral aplastics mainly ≤ 0.05 cm and a few 0.2–0.3 cm in the core, and some on the surface; a few organic inclusions ≤ 1.0 cm in the core and on the exterior; the fabric colour is yellowish red (5YR 5/6); the core straight, sharp and gritty, grey (5Y 5/1) to light olive grey (5Y 6/2); the surface even and smooth, reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4) to black (2.5Y 2.5/1).

D. 5.0 cm. Fabric hard and compact; high concentration of greyish, brownish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.3 cm and some organic inclusions ≤ 0.5 cm; the fabric colour is very pale brown (10YR 7/4); the core rough, sharp and gritty, dark grey (5Y 4/1); the surface even, but the exterior smooth and the interior gritty, yellowish red (5YR 5/8) to very dark grey (10YR 3/1); the very worn exterior burnished. Published: Maliszewski et al. 2003a, 360 fig. 5:2, 362.

Rim with a part of neck

A-76 PAP.94-10.P1.

A-72 PAP.99-18.P16.

D. 10 cm. Fabric hard and compact; clay well levigated; some greyish, brownish and white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm, and organic inclusions ≤ 1.1 cm; the fabric colour is light brown (7.5YR 6/4) on the exterior and light brownish grey (2.5Y 6/2) on the interior; the core rough, sharp and gritty, bluish grey (2 for gley 5/1 10B); the surface smooth, the exterior even, but the interior lumpy, very dark greyish brown (10YR 3/2) to red (2.5YR 4/8); both surfaces burnished. Published: Maliszewski et al. 2003a, 360 fig. 5:3, 362–63. Compare: Bolger 1998a, 119, fig. 68.3 (shape, ware); Stewart 1985, fig. 56.4 (shape).

D. c. 18 cm. Fabric hard and compact; high concentration of greyish, reddish and some white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm, and organic inclusions ≤ 1.5 cm, as well as a few organic ones 0.5 cm in the core; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (5YR 7/6); the core rough, sharp and very gritty, dark grey (2.5Y 4/1); the surface even and smooth, reddish yellow (5YR 6/6), red (2.5YR 5/6) and dark grey (7.5YR 4/1); both surfaces burnished. Published: Maliszewski et al. 2003a, 360 fig. 5:4, 363.

27

Chalcolithic

Holemouth storage jar, rim

well-preserved fragments, presumably from the same vessel found at the Dhroushia-Aroaphna tomb (PAP.99-18) 133.

A-77 PAP.93-5.P26.

D.? Fabric hard and compact; some grey, white mineral aplastics mainly ≤ 0.05 cm and a few 0.1–0.2 cm on the surface; the organic filler ≤ 1.0 cm on the exterior and in the core; the fabric colour is pale brown (10YR 6/3); core straight, sharp and gritty, dark grey (1 for gley 4/); the surface even and smooth, yellowish red (5YR 4/6), partly preserved on both burnished surfaces.

The fabric is medium hard, with sparse greyish, brownish mineral aplastics and high concentration of large size organic filler on both surfaces. The fabric colour is brown. The core is rough and black in the middle of the profile. The paint is thin, matt and red. Both surfaces are even and smooth. Due to the scarcity of finds it is difficult to present a more detailed discussion of the character and occurrence of CP-mono pottery in northwestern Cyprus, but parallels occurred in small numbers at LCh Kissonerga-Mosphilia Sequence D in Period 4, which then increased in Sequence E of the same period. It appeared in small amounts in Sequence B of perhaps Philia Period 5 and in Sequence G clustered in Periods 4–5 134.

Vessel of small to larger size, body fragment

A-78 PAP.93-5.P23.

T. 0.6 cm. Fabric hard and compact; sparse concentration of greyish, reddish and a few white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm, and a few organic inclusions ≤ 0.6 cm on the surface; in the core a lot of white mineral aplastics 0.4 cm and some organic inclusions ≤ 0.6 cm; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (5YR 6/6); the core rough, sharp and gritty, few voids, grey (5Y 6/1); the surface even and smooth, with dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) strokes on reddish brown (5YR 5/4) background partly preserved on the exterior.

T. 0.8 cm. Fabric very hard and compact; some grey, white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.3 cm and some organic inclusions ≤ 0.8 cm on the surface; the fabric colour is light red (2.5YR 6/8); the core rough, sharp and very gritty, grey (2.5Y 6/1) with bluish tint; the exterior even and smooth, the interior uneven and very gritty; the highly burnished exterior colour is from red (2.5YR 5/6) to reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) with horizontal reddish brown (5YR 4/3) stroke.

The rim A-81 and body fragment A-82 are chara­cteristic of the storage jar (Type 24) recorded, as mentioned above, in a single pottery style at Kissonerga-Mylouthkia and in several wares at Kissonerga-Mosphilia, but not in either CP ware 135. At the latter site, among the storage jars only somewhat related holemouth storage jars (Type 6) were manufactured exclusively in LCh Period 4, but only in Sp and both CP wares. In addition, there were also flasks, deep bowls and holemouths among CP-mono forms 136. Similar examples of storage jars in CP wares derived mainly from MCh–LCh Lemba-Lakkous Periods 2–3 137, which along with items A-81 and 82 confirm the production of the storage jar in these wares outside Kissonerga.

A-80 PAP.94-8.P3.

Open form

A-79 PAP.93-5.4.P8.

T. 0.8 cm. Fabric hard; high concentration of white (perhaps limestone), grey and bluish-reddish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.4 cm; the organic filler ≤ 2.0 cm on the interior and less ≤ 0.7 cm in the core; the fabric colour is brown (7.5YR 5/3); the core rough, sharp and very gritty, light reddish brown (5YR 6/3) to grey (10YR 5/1) in the middle of the profile (one fourth of it); the exterior even, somewhat gritty, slightly cracked and pitted, the interior uneven and gritty; the burnished exterior colour is red (2.5YR 4/8) to pink (5YR 8/3), poorly preserved.

Storage jar, rim

A-81 PAP.99-18.P1.

D. 24 cm. Fabric medium hard; high concentration of organic filler ≤ 1.4 cm on the surface, sparse greyish and brownish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.1 cm on the interior; the fabric colour is brown (7.5YR 5/4); the core very rough and gritty, black (1 for gley 2.5/); the surface

133 Maliszewski 2007, 93 fig. 4.18, 95; id. et al. 2003a, 353 fig. 2, 358 fig. 4:4, 359–60; id. et al. 2003b, 8 fig. 1, 14 fig. 8, 15. 134 Bolger 1998a, 96, 103, 121, 123. 135 Ibid., 121. 136 Ibid., 96, 98, 121. 137 Stewart 1985, 13–15, 65, 154–56, 254–55, 262.

4. Late Chalcolithic 4.1. Coarse Painted Monochrome CP-mono pottery is only represented by two large, 28

Late chalcolithic

even, the exterior smooth, the interior somewhat gritty. Wash of worn, thin, matt, red paint (10R 4/8), on the exterior. Published: Maliszewski et al. 2003a, 358 fig. 4:4, 359–60.

fabric and forms of CP-tartan from Lemba-Lakkous has parallels at Miliou-Rhodaeos 141. At KissonergaMosphilia this ware was employed exclusively for the production of holemouth storage jars, mainly in Sequence E of LCh Period 4, while in Sequence G it clustered in Periods 4–5. It was produced only on very limited scale in Sequence D in Period 4, as well as in Sequence B of perhaps Philia Period 5 142.

Body fragment

A-82 PAP.99-18.P13.

The recorded rims (A-83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88) are everted or plain and are therefore similar to storage jars at Lemba-Lakkous, as well as to holemouth storage jars and storage jars from Kissonerga-Mosphilia. As mentioned above, Kissonerga-Mylouthkia also produced the storage jar with a plain rim. The attribution of the discussed sherds to vessel shapes was thus problematic, but they have been assigned to the storage jar (Type 24) due to less globular profile of the lower end of the rims. This form was not manufactured in CP wares at Mosphilia, but in LCh Period 4 they were used there for somewhat related holemouth storage jars 143. The PAP survey examples have thus widened the geographical distribution of Type 24 in CP-tartan pottery. It was also recorded at Lemba-Lakkous in LCh Period 3 144. Some of the PAP sherds are decorated with diagonal and vertical parallel strokes, different from the standard tartan motif; but they are vessels’ fragments, of which other parts would have been decorated with the typical pattern.

T. 1.6 cm. Fabric medium hard; high concentration of organic filler ≤ 4.0 cm on the interior and very sparse much smaller particles in the core; some greyish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.4 cm on the interior and in the core; the fabric colour is brown (7.5YR 5/4); the core very rough and gritty, black (1 for gley 2.5/); the surface even, the exterior smooth, the interior slightly gritty. Paint thin, matt, red (10R 4/8) to over-burnt very dark grey (2.5Y 3/1), on the exterior.

4.2. Coarse Painted Tartan Sixteen well-preserved sherds from the MagoundaMersinoudhia (PAP.93-5) and Yialia-Phassera (PAP.94-8) settlements, and the Dhroushia-Aroaphna tomb (PAP.99-18) have been selected for discussion here 138. This number represents 33% of CP-tartan pottery recorded by the PAP field survey. Fabrics are medium hard, with high to sparse concentrations of greyish and white limestone aplastics, as well as organic filler. The fabric colour is reddish brown, brown, occasionally yellowish red or reddish yellow. The core is coarse, sometimes porous, dark and very dark grey, rare brown or yellowish red. The slip is thin, matt, usually pale yellow, very rare reddish brown, light grey or yellowish brown. The thin, matt painted pattern of yellowish red, reddish brown, red, strong brown or dark brown cross-hatched or diagonal parallel strokes. Both surfaces are usually even and very smooth, especially the exterior.

The neck fragment from a collared storage jar (A-89; Type 23) is of interest since this form is unknown at Kissonerga-Mylouthkia and Lemba-Lakkous, though it occurred in other wares, not CP-tartan, at LCh Kissonerga-Mosphilia Period 4 145. So, A-89 added to better understanding of the production of collared storage jars in CP-tartan pottery outside of LembaKissonerga sites cluster. It should be supplemented that typologically imprecisely described handleless, large storage vessels in CP (including tartan?) appeared at Miliou-Rhodaeos 146, closely situated to the PAP survey area.

At Lemba-Lakkous CP-tartan ware was recorded mainly in LCh Period 3 and only a few sherds occurring in Period 2, but none in Period 1 139. In this phase thick-walled holemouth vessels and storage jars were decorated with smeared criss-cross strokes 140. The

The diagonal, massive horn lug with flat end (A90; Type E) from a medium to large vessel was

138 M  aliszewski 1994, 168 fig. 2, 173; id. 1995, 312 fig. 1, 313; id. 1999c, 13–14, 17 fig. 2; id. 2007, 93 fig. 4.3–4.18, 95; id. et al. 2003a, 353 fig. 2, 358 fig. 4:5–6, 361; id. et al. 2003b, 8 fig. 1, 14 fig. 8, 15. 139 Stewart 1985, 13–14, 63–65, 154–55, 254–55, 261–62. 140 Ibid., 156, 251, 253–55, 262.

141 Peltenburg et al. 1981, 44–45. 142 Bolger 1998a, 96, 98, 102–103, 120–23. 143 Ibid., 96, 98, 121. 144 Stewart 1985, 13–15, 155–56, 254–55, 262. 145 Bolger 1998a, 96, 98, 121. 146 Peltenburg et al. 1981, 45.

29

Chalcolithic

A-86 PAP.99-18.P2.

recorded in various wares at MCh–LCh LembaLakkous Periods 1–3 and Kissonerga-Mosphilia Periods 3–4; at the latter site it was one of the most common handles, occurring also in a smaller size that links it with small bowls 147. Finally, body fragments (A-91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98) decorated with tartan design are from large storage vessels, possible from holemouth storage jars (Type 6).

Open form

D. 20 cm. Fabric medium hard; high concentration of organic filler ≤ 1.5 cm, as well as greyish and brownish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.4 cm; the fabric colour is light brown (7.5YR 6/4); the core rough and gritty, pale brown (10YR 6/3); the surface even and gritty. Slip thin, matt, very worn, pale yellow (2.5Y 8/4), on the exterior. Paint on the exterior almost totally worn. Compare: Stewart 1985, 254, figs 49.9, 55.8 (shape).

Storage jar, rim

A-87 PAP.99-18.P15.

D. 40 cm. Fabric medium hard; high concentration of organic filler ≤ 1.5 cm on the interior and in the core; at the latter also sparse greyish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.1 cm; the fabric colour is brown (7.5YR 5/4); the core rough and gritty, black (1 for gley 2.5/); the surface even and smooth, especially the exterior. Slip thin, matt, pale yellow (2.5Y 7/4), on the exterior. Paint thin, matt, yellowish red (5YR 5/6, 5YR 5/8), on the exterior. Decoration of cross-hatched, broad strokes on the exterior.

A-83 PAP.93-5.P1.

D. 32 cm. Fabric medium hard; sparse greyish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.1 cm in the core and organic filler ≤ 1.4 cm on the interior; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (5YR 7/6); the core straight and gritty, dark grey (5Y 4/1); the surface even and very smooth, especially the exterior. Slip thin, matt, pale yellow (5Y 8/2), on the exterior. Paint thin, matt, yellowish red (5YR 4/6) to reddish brown (5YR 4/4), on the exterior. Decorated with diagonally parallel, broad strokes on the exterior.

A-88 PAP.99-18.P22.

D. 34 cm. Fabric medium hard; high concentration of organic filler ≤ 1.2 cm and a few greyish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.1 cm; the fabric colour is brown (7.5YR 5/4); the core rough and very gritty, in the middle very dark grey (5Y 3/1); the surface even, the exterior smooth, but the interior somewhat gritty. Slip thin, matt, very worn, reddish brown (5YR 5/4), on the exterior. Paint thin, matt, red (2.5YR 5/8), on the exterior. Decoration of very worn pattern (perhaps strokes) on the exterior.

D. 40 cm. Fabric medium hard; high concentration of organic filler ≤ 0.5 cm on the interior and in the core; at the latter sparse greyish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.1 cm; the fabric colour is brown (7.5YR 5/4); the core rough and gritty, very dark grey (1 for gley 3/); the surface even and smooth, especially the exterior. Slip thin, matt, very pale brown (10YR 8/4) on the exterior and very poorly preserved red (10R 5/8) on the interior. Paint thin, matt, yellowish red (5YR 5/8), on the exterior. Decoration of diagonally parallel, broad strokes on the exterior. Compare: Stewart 1985, 254, fig. 49.6 (shape).

A-85 PAP.94-8.P1.

Closed form

A-84 PAP.93-5.P35.

D. 34 cm. Fabric medium hard; high concentration of organic filler ≤ 4.2 cm, a lot of greyish and white lime particles ≤ 0.5 cm on the interior, and in the core; the fabric colour is reddish brown (7.5YR 4/3); the core rough, gritty and a bit porous, very dark grey (5Y 3/1); the exterior even and very smooth, the interior uneven and gritty. Slip thin, matt, light grey (5Y 7/2), on the exterior. Paint thin, matt, red (2.5YR 4/6), on the exterior. Decoration of broad, diagonally parallel strokes on the exterior. Published: Maliszewski et al. 2003a, 358 fig. 4:5, 361.

Collared storage jar, neck to shoulder

A-89 PAP.93-5.3.P8.

T. 1.9 cm. Fabric medium hard; high concentration of greyish, brownish and some white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.3 cm on the interior, and in the core; a lot of organic inclusions ≤ 1.6 cm on the surface and in the core; the fabric colour is yellowish red (5Y 5/6); the core rough and very gritty, dark grey (5Y 4/1) with bluish tint; the surface uneven and gritty. Compare: Bolger 1998a, 119, fig. 68.8 (shape).

147 Bolger 1998a, 100; id. 1998b, 124–25, 154–55, 160; Stewart 1985, 69, 160.

30

Late chalcolithic

Uncertain form

of cross-hatched, broad strokes on the exterior. Published: Maliszewski et al. 2003a, 358 fig. 4:6, 361.

Vessel of medium to large size, horn lug

A-94 PAP.93-5.P90.

A-90 PAP.93-5.P45.

T. 0.8 cm. Fabric medium hard; sparse greyish mineral aplastics ≤ 1.0 cm in the core; very few organic inclusions ≤ 1.0 cm on the interior and in the core; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6); the core rough, porous and gritty, very dark grey (5Y 3/1); the surface even, the exterior very smooth, the interior slightly gritty. Slip thin, matt, pale yellow (5Y 8/2), on the exterior. Paint thin, matt, changed, strong brown (7.5YR 4/6), on the exterior. Decoration of crosshatched, broad strokes on the exterior.

L. 2.1 cm. Fabric medium hard; very high concentration of greyish, brownish and some white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.8 cm, as well as a lot of organic inclusions ≤ 1.4 cm; the fabric colour is yellowish red (5YR 5/6); the core rough and very gritty, dark grey (5Y 4/1); the surface uneven and gritty; the profile oval. Compare: Stewart 1985, 258, fig. 50.4 (but slightly more vertical).

Vessel of large size, body fragment

A-95 PAP.93-5.P92.

A-91 PAP.93-5.P9.

T. 1.4 cm. Fabric medium hard; high concentration of organic filler ≤ 3.6 cm, sparse mineral greyish and brownish aplastics ≤ 0.5 cm on the interior, and in the core; the fabric colour is brown (7.5YR 5/4); the core rough, porous and gritty, very dark grey (1 for gley 3/); the exterior even and very smooth, the interior uneven and gritty. Slip thin, matt, pale yellow (2.5Y 8/3), on the exterior. Paint thin, matt, red (2.5YR 4/8), on the exterior. Decoration of broad, vertically parallel strokes on the exterior.

T. 1.6 cm. Fabric medium hard; high concentration of organic filler ≤ 1.5 cm, as well as sparse greyish and mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm, and a few 0.3 cm on the interior and in the core; the colour of the fabric and the rough, gritty core is brown (7.5YR 5/4); the exterior even and very smooth, the interior somewhat uneven and gritty. Slip thin, matt, pale yellow (5Y 8/4), on the exterior. Paint thin, matt, yellowish red (5 YR 5/8) to strong brown (7.5YR 5/6), on the exterior. Decoration of broad, vertically parallel strokes on the exterior.

A-96 PAP.93-5.P96.

T. 1.4 cm. Fabric medium hard; high concentration of organic filler ≤ 3.0 cm, sparse greyish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.4 cm on the interior and in the core; the fabric colour is brown (7.5YR 5/4); the core rough, porous and gritty, very dark grey (10YR 3/1); the surface smooth, but the exterior even and the interior a bit lumpy. Slip thin, matt, yellowish brown (10YR 5/8), on the exterior. Paint thin, matt, reddish brown (5YR 4/4), on the exterior. Decoration of broad, vertically parallel strokes on the exterior.

A-92 PAP.93-5.P88.

T. 1.4 cm. Fabric medium hard; sparse mineral yellowish, greyish, pinkish aplastics ≤ 1.0 cm and some ≤ 0.3 cm, and a few organic inclusions ≤ 1.5 cm on the interior and in the core; the fabric colour is yellowish red (5YR 4/6); the core rough and gritty, yellowish red (5YR 4/6) with very dark grey tint (2.5Y 3/1) in the middle of the profile; the surface even, the exterior very smooth, the interior slightly gritty. Slip thin, matt, pale yellow (2.5Y 8/2), on the exterior. Paint thin, matt, strong brown (7.5YR 5/6), on the exterior. Decoration of cross-hatched, broad strokes on the exterior.

A-97 PAP.99-18.P14.

T. 1.8 cm. Fabric medium hard; clay quite well levigated; sparse concentration of organic filler ≤ 0.5 cm on the interior and in the core; the fabric colour is brown (7.5YR 5/4); the core rough and gritty, black (5Y 2.5/1); the surface even and very smooth, especially the exterior. Slip thin, matt, reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6), on the exterior. Paint thin, matt, reddish yellow (10R 5/6), on the exterior. Decoration of broad, vertically parallel strokes on the exterior.

A-93 PAP.93-5.P89.

T. 1.2 cm. Fabric medium hard; sparse greyish, brownish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm and high concentration of organic filler ≤ 2.0 cm on the interior, and very sparse in the core; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (5YR 7/8); the core rough and gritty, dark grey (5Y 4/1); the surface even, the exterior very smooth, the interior a bit gritty. Slip thin, matt, pale yellow (2.5Y 8/2), on the exterior. Paint thin, matt, dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) to strong brown (7.5YR 4/6), on the exterior. Decoration

A-98 PAP.99-18.P18.

T. 1.8 cm. Fabric medium hard; clay quite well levigated;

31

sparse concentration of organic filler ≤ 0.8 cm on the interior and in the core; the fabric colour is brown (7.5YR 5/4); the core rough and gritty, black (5Y 2.5/1); the surface smooth, the exterior even and the interior slightly lumpy. Slip thin, matt, reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6), on the exterior. Paint thin, matt, weak red (10R 5/4), on the exterior. Decoration of broad, diagonally parallel strokes on the exterior.

32

33

34

III.  BRONZE AGE

The PAP pottery fragments discussed here are derived mainly from settlements (Map 3). Tombs, however, also yielded some sherds 148. The entire assemblage is roughly datable to the time span from the second half of the 3rd to the second half of the 2nd millennium B.C. 149.

to identify. On the other hand, there are several fragments, which bear marks of a tournette (B-67, 70) and turntable (B-77, 84, 115, 160, 161, 180). Vertical and horizontal handles of different shape, size and profile were plugged into the vessel wall after it had been built up to the rim (B-9, 29, 38, 39, 42, 43, 45, 47, 51 59, 91, 181); this innovation was introduced to Cyprus in the Philia period and later commonly used in various EC–MC wares 150.

Since this is the first comprehensive publication of Bronze Age pottery from field survey in the northern part of the Paphos District I have presented as many items as possible. For the purpose of this study 187 of the best preserved and the most diagnostic pottery fragments have been selected (Diagram 3). The main problem in identifying this material has been the lack of stratified parallels since there have not been any systematic excavations of Bronze Age sites in this part of Cyprus. On the other hand, some analogous finds are known from looted tombs and there are some parallels with material from western and southwestern Cyprus, as well as the rest of the islanD. The only exception seems to be the BR and WS, which conform to types well known in other parts of Cyprus.

The pottery was examined according to style/ware, vessel type, fabric, surface treatment and the type and location of design motifs. In regard to the fabric it is interesting to note that small inclusions of red ochre were tentatively identified in several fragments of DBC, DBCC, PWWM II?, and RMaC pottery. Body fragments were mainly ascribed to open or closed vessels and on the basis of thickness their general size was given, i.e. ≤ 0.7 cm for small, 0.8–1.0 cm for medium and over 1.0 cm for large vessels. Among recorded morphological types are open shapes, namely bowls, deep hemibowls, hemibowls, small bowls, spouted bowls, and trays, and closed shapes, including closed globular vessels, jugs, spouted jugs, juglets, pithoi, storage vessels and tripod pots.

The majority of sherds are of handmade, but due to their small size exact manufacturing techniques, i.e. pinching, slab-building and coil-building, are difficult

It should be added that PAP sherds may belong to fabrics related, but not identical to categories of pottery known from western and southwestern Cyprus. Despite various dissimilarities (mainly in fabric) between the PAP assemblage and other ceramic material, however, the generally accepted ceramic terminology

148 First of all, I am very grateful to Dr Jennifer M. Webb and Professor Dr David Frankel, as well as Dr Ellen Herscher for their comments on the PAP Bronze Age pottery. However, all views expressed in this contribution are my own. 149 The absolute chronology used here follows Webb, Frankel 2010, 186 and table 1: Philia (c. 2350–2250 B.C.), EC I–II (c. 2250–2100 B.C.), EC III–MC I (c. 2100–1900 B.C.), MC II (c. 1900–1800 B.C.), MC III (c. 1800–1700 B.C.) and Steel 2004, 13 table 1.1., 15–18, 210–13: MC III–LC I (c. 1700–1400 B.C.), LC IIA–C (c. 1400–1200 B.C.), LC IIIA (c. 1200–1100 B.C.), LC IIIB (c. 1100–1050 B.C.).

150  Bolger 1998a, 101, 122; id. 1998b, 124–25; Coleman et al. 1996, 243; Frankel, Webb 1996, 137–41, 159; Herscher 2003, 147–50, 153.

35

Bronze age

has been used here in order to ovoid an unnecessary multiplication of fabric names. Only in the case of wholly unparalleled pottery have new names been introduced, namely RMa, RMaC and RBr.

and burnishing (B-23), puncturing (B-26), and puncturing and incision (B-161). Handles are decorated with slipping and incision (B-9, 39, 40, 42, 47, 50, 51, 52, 53, 172, 181, 182, 183), slipping, impressing and incision (B-44, 45, 46, 48, 56, 59, 94, 173, 174), slipping and horned projection (B-54, 61, 90, 95, 176), slipping and impressing (B-38, 58, 60, 62, 92), slipping (B-29, 43, 175, 177), slipping and burnishing (B-7, 153, 154, 155), impressing (B-91, 99, 100), slipping, incision and burnishing (B-11, 157), slipping, incision and knob (B-55, 57), slipping, burnishing, incision and knobs (B-79), slipping, horned projection and burnishing (B-8), slipping and incision filled with white filler (B-10), slipping, impressing and burnishing (B-12), slipping, impressing and puncturing (B-49), slipping, relief and puncturing (B-19), horned projection, incision and impressing (B-93), impressing, incision and puncturing (B-98), incision (B-41), as well as knob (B-143?).

Despite these limitations the pottery recovered by the PAP may be compared and correlated with assemblages recorded at some excavated and well published stratified settlements, as well as those derived from cemeteries and field surveys. The pottery is presented in chronological order, subdivided alphabetically within each period. Its identification and attribution is based on macroscopic features observed through a hand lens and on comparison with ceramic material from other sites. The PAP Bronze Age assemblage includes material identified as BR, DBC, DBCC, Mon, PWWM II?, RBr, RMa, RMaC, RP III and IV, RP, RPBDI, and WS (Diagram 3). It is related to pottery from settlements and cemeteries excavated in western Cyprus and beyond. An important corpus of comparative material was also produced by several sites surveyed by the CPSP and LAP. Broadly speaking three manufacturing traditions are represented, namely fine monochrome decorated with burnishing, impression, incision, slipping and relief (BR, DBC, PWWM II?, RBr, RMa, RP III and IV, RPBDI), fine slipped and painted (WS I), as well as coarse (DBCC, Mon, RMaC).

The usually poorly preserved slip was apparently applied with a brush. Burnishing was employed to compact the outermost layer of clay and for aesthetic purposes. This pre-firing treatment, as in the Chalcolithic, was done using sherd burnishers or tools of shell, bone or wood, but the best were very finegrained basalt and andesite beach or river pebbles, which left a streaking effect observable on some sherdage. Some fragments show visible burnishing marks, which indicate that vessels were fired below 800˚C, because they are lost at higher temperatures 151. Impressed, incised and punctured motifs could be achieved with simple, sharp tool made of antler, bone, wood or even metal, but large shallow impressions were made by the potter’s finger. Two pieces with incised filled decoration show that both red and white filler was used for this purpose. Slips were probably applied by dipping vessels in a liquid slip, as typical for WS and BR, although slips were also applied to the latter with a brush. Plastic decoration includes projections on handles and knobs on body sherds and handles. Relief is characteristic of body sherds and sometimes made of different clay than the parent vessel.

Slipping was the most common decorative technique observed (B-2, 4, 27, 28, 32, 33, 36, 63, 66, 73, 77, 78, 81, 103, 104, 105, 110, 112, 113, 144, 145, 147, 148, 168, 169, 170, 178, 184). Also popular are combinations of two or three techniques, namely impressing and relief (B-117, 121, 129, 138, 139, 186), slipping and burnishing (B-1, 3, 5, 13, 14, 17, 18, 20, 21, 24, 25, 31, 34, 35, 65, 80, 150, 151, 156), slipping and incision (B-6, 64, 84, 159, 180), slipping and relief (B-67, 69, 74, 75, 115, 116, 119, 141, 152, 187), slipping, impressing and relief (B-68, 70, 71, 76, 118, 122, 123, 124, 130, 179), as well as relief (B-125, 126, 127, 132, 133, 135, 136, 137). Less common are incision (B-120, 140), slipping and painting (B-163, 164, 165, 166, 167), and relief and incision (B-131, 134, 142, 162). Some sherds are decorated with slipping, burnishing and relief (B-158), slipping and knob (B-72, 128), and slipping, incision and burnishing (B-16). Single pieces bear marks of burnishing (B-171), slipping, burnishing, puncturing and incision filled with light red filler (B-15), slipping, impressing

According to comparative research, the diversity of morphological types, as well as vessel size, suggests 151 Bolger 1998a, 145; Bolger, Shiels 2003, 166; Fournier 1977, 36; Vaughan 1987, 281.

36

Early cypriot–middle cypriot

a range of functions and possibly also a division of labor and craft specialization. In all, seven functional categories were distinguished, namely for long-term dry food and liquid storage (pithos), short-term dry food storage (globular vessel, medium and large-sized vessel), short-term liquid storage and transport (jug), preparation/service (bowl, medium size bowl, multipurpose hemispherical bowl, deep hemispherical bowl), preparation/service/cooking (basin), cooking (tripod pot), liquid service (spouted jug, ?juglet), eating and drinking (small bowl). Nevertheless, it cannot be excluded that the larger of these forms served as temporary storage containers. Additionally, there is a group of vessels generally classified as small, medium and large-sized, which could have been multi-functional.

and complex patterns. Moreover, in northern Cyprus small bowls are typically fired black on the interior and the upper part of the exterior 157. EC RP from western/southwestern Cyprus is rare and derived mainly from looted tombs, chance discoveries and rescue fieldwork, with only a small amount of material from systematic excavations 158. This has been ascribed to depopulation of this area in the EC period. It has also been suggested that the Chalcolithic culture lasted longer in this region than elsewhere and is partly contemporaneous with that of EC in other parts of the island 159. Even following more recent investigations, this part of the island appears to have been less densely populated in EC than the rest of Cyprus 160. These aforementioned problems along with a lack of excavated well stratified settlements in the western part of the island, allow only a tentative classification and chronology of the RP pottery from the PAP field survey.

1. Early Cypriot–Middle Cypriot This section is primarily concerned with the handmade RP pottery from the field survey. This material was difficult to identify as it differs significantly from the EC–MC RP ware in use in other parts of the island. RP was initially distinguished as an EC fabric at the beginning of the 20th century and subsequently identified as continuing into the MC period on the basis of material from new excavations 152. At the same time it was classified into broad chronological groups from RP I to RP IV 153. Although this is one of the most detailed typologies of EC–MC pottery, it is important to realize that there were significant regional and local variations, which reflect the history, nature and extent of RP forms and techniques of production. EC I–II RP from the central lowlands and south coast developed along different lines from that of the north. In the first two areas fabrics are typically hard and gritty, and vessel surfaces have intentional, but unpredictable mottled effects 154. Incised decoration is rare 155. On the north coast RP I-II vessels are made of softer clays with few inclusions, well suited to the fine incision, which was the preferred technique of decoration 156. Within the RP tradition, apart from the quality of fabrics, there are also differences in surface treatment depending on vessel function. For instance, larger vessels often have simple incised decoration, while juglets, flasks and small bowls made of finer (often more calcareous) clays have more sophisticated

1.1. Red Polished with a Black/Dark Interior The five below listed sherds came to light at the Magounda-Mersinoudhia (PAP.93-5.4) and SaramaTerracha (PAP.93-8) settlements, and the PolisTouloupos (PAP.93-2), Chrysochou-Koutsomavro (PAP.99-6.1), and Choli-Spilios (PAP.99-11) cemeteries 161. The fabric is medium to very hard and compact. The clay is well levigated, with a few grey or brown mineral aplastics and occasional organic particles. The fabric colour is brown, pale brown or very pale brown 162. The core is rough, straight, smooth or gritty, and grey, light grey, light olive grey or light yellowish brown. The slip is extremely thin because of heavy wear, matt and red or yellowish red on the exterior, but black, dark greyish brown or very dark grey on the interior. Both surfaces are even and very smooth; one or both surfaces are often burnished. 157 Frankel, Webb 2012, 1381. RP wares were fired at temperatures under 750˚C – Barlow 1991, 51. 158 Catling 1962, 153; Herscher 1981, 80–81; id. 2003, 146–52; MacLaurin 1980, 245–58; Maliszewski 1996, 199–201; McCarthy et al. 2009, 66. 159 Guldager Bilde 1993, 5 with further references. 160 Ibid., 5–6, 14–18. To this should be added an EC tomb at EmbaLimnarka discovered in March 1996 northwest of Paphos. 161 Maliszewski 1994, 168 fig. 2, 173; id. 1996, 201, 208–209; id. 1997, 68, 70–71, 74 map 2, 79; id. 1999c, 14–15, 17 fig. 2; id. 2007, 93 fig. 4.8, 95–96, 98 fig. 5.16–17.21.31; id. et al. 2003a, 353 fig. 2; id. et al. 2003b, 8 fig. 1, 11, 13. 162 Colour designations refer to Munsell Soil Color Charts 1994, determined in natural light, open shed.

152 Åström 1957, 172, 274; Myres 1914; Stewart 1962, 210, 272–73. 153 Gjerstad 1926, 89–91; Myres, Ohnefalsch-Richter 1899, 36–46; Stewart 1962, 225–30, 303–48; Stewart 1988. 154 Frankel, Webb 2006, 104–105; Georgiou et al. 2011, 280–88. 155 Frankel, Webb 2012, 1381. 156 Stewart, Stewart 1950.

37

Bronze age

The RPBDI pottery is represented by fragments from small bowls (B-1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Various types and sizes of bowls have been broadly recognized in various wares at other EC–MC sites 163. Within the PAP area the Argaka EC Tomb ap 9/90 produced RPBT bowls, which seem similar to these sherds in fabric, as well as in surface colour and treatment 164. Two other bowls came to light in Yialia village; one has a black top. RPBT pottery was also found in the EC–LC MagoundaKattouveri tomb 165. Moreover, unallocated tombs in the Chrysochou Bay territory produced bowls with black interiors, matt or lightly burnished, including examples with black tops. Generally, aplastics and organic inclusions recorded in pottery from that area are similar to the sherds listed here 166. The latter seem related to the RP II recognized in different parts of Cyprus, including the southwest 167. Fragments of EC I open vessels with a black, highly polished interior have also recently came to light at the PrastioMesorotsos site 168. On the other hand, the surface of B-1 seems similar to RP III from Pyrgos-Mavroraki, but this remains uncertain due to its small size and poor state of preservation 169. Surfaces with dark grey areas related to that on B-1 have been observed on EC–MC RP and RPM from Sotira-Kaminoudhia and Episkopi-Phaneromeni, indicating irregular firing conditions 170.

(10YR 4/2); both surfaces burnished. Compare: Belgiorno 1998, 22 S 17 (with mottled exterior).

B-2 PAP.93-5.4.P1. T. 0.45 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; sparse concentration of grey mineral aplastics ≤ 0.05 cm and a few organic inclusions ≤ 0.04 cm on the exterior and in the core; the fabric colour is brown (10YR 5/3); the core rough and gritty, light yellowish brown (10YR 5/3) on the exterior and very dark grey (2.5Y 3/1) on the interior; the surface even and very smooth. Slip thin, matt, yellowish red (5YR 5/6), partly preserved on the exterior; the interior dark grey (2.5Y 3/1). B-3 PAP.93-8.P10. T. 0.6 cm. Fabric medium hard and very compact; a few grey, brown mineral aplastics ≤ 0.01 cm on the exterior and in the core; in the latter a few organic particles ≤0.2 cm; the fabric colour is very pale brown (10YR 7/4); the core straight and slightly gritty, grey (2.5Y 5/1); the surface even and very smooth. Slip thin, red (2.5YR 4/8), partly preserved on the burnished exterior, the interior very dark grey (2.5YR 3/1). B-4 PAP.99-6.1.P10.

T. 0.55 cm. Fabric medium hard and compact; clay very well levigated; the fabric colour is very pale brown (10YR 7/4); the core straight and smooth, light olive grey (5Y 6/2); the surface even and very smooth. Slip thin, matt, red (2.5YR 5/6) to yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) on the almost totally worn exterior and very dark grey (2.5Y 3/1) on the interior.

Open form Small bowl, body fragment

B-1 PAP.93-2.P23.

T. 0.5 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; clay well levigated and homogenous; the fabric colour is very pale brown (10YR 7/4); the core straight and smooth, light grey (5Y 7/1); the surface even and very smooth. Slip thin, the exterior red (2.5YR 4/8) with dark grey (5YR 4/1) patches, the interior dark greyish brown

B-5 PAP.99-11.P28. T. 0.6 cm. Fabric medium hard and compact; clay very well levigated; the fabric colour is very pale brown (10YR 7/4); the core straight and slightly gritty, grey (5Y 6/1); the surface even and very smooth. Slip thin, red (2.5YR 5/6) on the partly worn exterior and black (2.5Y 2.5/1) on the interior; both surfaces burnished.

163 For instance Coleman et al. 1996, 249, 252, 254, 258–60; Frankel, Webb 1996, 117–30; Herscher 2003, 146, 148–49, 154–64. 164 EMP II, 93 inv. no. 3141; Maliszewski 1996, 199–200; Papageorghiou 1991, 800. 165 Maliszewski 1996, 201. 166 MacLaurin 1980, 248–51, 253, figs 123:1–13, 124:1–5, 128:1–2. 167 Guldager Bilde 1993, 16; Kehrberg 1982, 68; Merrillees 1978, 21; Stewart 1962, 227. 168 McCarthy et al. 2009, 66. 169 Belgiorno 1998, 22 S 17. 170 Herscher 1981, 80–81; id. 2003, 147–48.

1.2. Red Polished III Among the RP fragments only two from the Chrysochou-Koutsomavro cemetery (PAP.99-7) are identifiable as RP III 171. 171 Maliszewski 2007, 96, 98 fig. 5.17; id. et al. 2003b, 8 fig. 1, 11.

38

Early cypriot–middle cypriot

1.3. Red Polished III-IV

These seem to be related to, but do not comprise all features of RP III, which is known, together with its mottled variant, from southwestern and other parts of Cyprus 172. In the first area it occurs at numerous sites of the CPSP, mainly in the Dhiarizos valley, as well as at Episkopi-Phaneromeni, which was occupied in the EC I–II and MC periods 173. Additionally, RP III in the PAP area was recovered in the EC–LC MagoundaKattouveri tomb 174.

Five RP III-IV sherds come from the Sarama-Aishetou (PAP.93-1), Magounda-Kokkinokambos (PAP.93-6.1), and Sarama-Pernarka (PAP.93-7) settlements, as well as the Choli-Spilios cemetery (PAP.99-11) 177. Fabrics are mostly medium hard and compact; the clay is well levigated or contains high to sparse concentration of grey, reddish or white aplastics and occasionally a few organic particles. The fabric colour is pale yellow, reddish yellow or yellowish red. The core is straight, somewhat rough, slightly gritty, very pale brown, reddish yellow or light brownish grey. The slip is extremely thin because of heavy wear, matt, yellowish brown, reddish yellow or red. The surface is even and smooth to very smooth or a bit gritty, sometimes lightly burnished.

According to the size and thin profile both pieces belong to small vessels. The body sherd B-6 is from a bowl with incised double zig-zag decoration. A bowl with a similar horizontal motif is known from nearby Magounda 175, while on closed vessels it was quite common in the adjacent southwestern and south coast regions 176. The vertical handle B-7 with round profile is probably from a juglet.

A precise attribution of B-8, 9, 10, 11, 12 seems impossible, but their fabrics suggest either RP III or IV. Previously these were considered to have been as manufactured roughly at the same time, with RP IV continuing into LC I 178. RP III is now, however, considered earlier than RP IV, but there was some overlap and the latest occurrence of the latter probably dates to the MC III/LC IA transition 179. In western Cyprus, including the PAP area, RP IV was recognized at the MC III settlement of Kissonerga-Ammoudhia A and MC III/LC IIC–IIIA Kouklia-Marchellos B. It has also been found at the Kissonerga-Skalia, PrastioMesorotsos, and Episkopi-Phaneromeni settlements 180, and in isolated tombs of EC/MC III at Goudhi-Loures, EC/MC III/LC at Magounda-Kattouveri, MC III at Mesoyi-Katarraktis and Kissonerga-Kambos tis Appis, as well as in the MC III cemetery of KissonergaAmmoudhia B 181.

Open form Bowl, body fragment

B-6 PAP.99-7.P45.

T. 0.4 cm. Fabric medium soft and compact; clay very well levigated; the fabric colour is very pale brown (10YR 8/4); the core straight and smooth, very pale brown (10YR 8/4); the surface even and very smooth. Slip extremely thin because of heavy wear, matt, reddish brown (5YR 5/4), partly preserved mainly on the interior. Decorated with horizontally incised double zig-zag.

Uncertain form Juglet, vertical handle?

B-7 PAP.99-7.P46.

L. 2.7 cm. T. 1.4 cm. Fabric medium hard and very compact; clay very well levigated; the fabric colour is pale yellow (2.5Y 7/4); the core smooth, light olive grey (5Y 6/2); the surface even and very smooth. Slip extremely thin because of heavy wear, red (2.5YR 4/6), partly preserved; highly burnished; the profile nearly round.

The horizontal handles (B-9, 10), of which the first is a rod plugged into the vessel wall and the latter a wishbone handle, appear to belong to medium and smallsized bowls. Handle B-8, with a projection, is perhaps also from a small bowl. Bowls with wishbone handles, both plain and incised with parallel lines, related to 177 Maliszewski 1994, 168 fig. 2, 173; id. 1996, 206–208; id. 1997, 71, 73, 74 map 2, 79; id. 1999c, 14–15, 17 fig. 2; id. 2007, 96, 98 fig. 5.7.21.29.30; id. et al. 2003a, 353 fig. 2; id. et al. 2003b, 8 fig. 1, 13. 178 Åström 1972a, 78–83; Guldager Bilde 1993, 6, 19–20; Swiny 1981, 58, 59 table 1, 85–86. 179 For a recent discussion see Frankel, Webb 2007, 59–60. 180 Herscher 1981, 81; McCarthy et al. 2009, 66. 181 Maliszewski 1996, 200–201, 203, 210–12, 230.

172 Guldager Bilde 1993, 6, 16–17; Stewart 1962, 228; Swiny 1981, 57. 173 Georgiou et al. 2011, 294; Guldager Bilde 1993, 6; Swiny 1986, 103. 174 Maliszewski 1996, 201. 175 MacLaurin 1980, 253, 719, fig. 132:7. 176 Ibid., 174, 177, 179, 181, 219–20, 228, 236, 242, 704, 710, figs 90:6, 91:2, 92:3, 107:4, 109:2, 114:7, 118:1, 119:2.

39

Bronze age

B-10 PAP.99-11.P37. W. 3.05 cm. Fabric medium hard and compact; clay very well levigated; the fabric colour is pale yellow (2.5Y 7/3); the core straight and slightly gritty, very pale brown (10YR 7/4); the surface even and very smooth. Slip thin, matt, from yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) on the upper side to reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) on the lower, partly preserved. Decorated with four vertically incised parallel lines and one short diagonal line – all with white filler (10YR 8/1); the profile flat.

B-10 are known from western/southwestern Cyprus, including the Chrysochou Bay area, Magounda, Kissonerga-Ammoudhia, and Erimi 182. There is no published parallel for B-8, but horn-shaped projections are quite common on vertical handles 183. The vertical handles with round profile (B-11, 12) pro-bably belong to medium-sized jugs. B-12, like B-9, was pushed through the wall of the vessel at the lower end. Handles with round (B-11, 12), flat (B-10) and roughly oval (B-8, 9) profiles are typical of RP IV recorded by the CPSP 184. Incised or impressed lines on handles were also common during the MC period in Cyprus 185. Two diagonally incised lines on B-9, 11 are related to motif A and two impressed ones on B-12 are similar to motif C on handles from the CPSP sites 186. They are also related to patterns on RP vessels from looted tombs at Magounda situated within the survey area; one example came to light in the vicinity of Paphos 187. In general, RP incised handles are common in western Cyprus 188 as elsewhere in EC III and MC.

Closed form Jug, vertical handle

B-11 PAP.93-1.P7.

Bowl, horizontal handle

L. 3.7 cm. Fabric very hard and compact; high concentration of black and some grey mineral aplastics ≤ 0.1 cm; the fabric colour is light brown (7.5YR 6/4); the core gritty, light grey (5Y 7/2); the surface even and very smooth. Slip thin, red (2.5YR 5/6). Decorated with three deeply incised parallel diagonal lines; highly burnished; the profile nearly round.

B-8 PAP.93-1.P4.

B-12 PAP.93-7.P1.

Open form

L. 5.7 cm. Fabric hard and compact; high concentration of black, grey and a few white mineral aplastics  ≤ 0.3 cm; the fabric colour is yellowish red (5YR 5/8); the core somewhat rough and gritty, light brownish grey (10YR 6/2); the surface even, but a bit gritty. Slip thin, red (2.5YR 5/8), and flaking. Decorated with two deep diagonally impressed broad, short lines; slightly burnished; the profile round. Compare: Belgiorno 1998, 22 S 17 (RP III); Guldager Bilde 1993, 30, fig. 13 A-118 (ware, decoration).

L. 10 cm. Fabric medium hard and compact; clay well levigated; sparse concentration of greyish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.05 cm; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (5YR 7/6); the core medium rough, very pale brown (10YR 8/4); the surface even and smooth. Slip thin, from red (10R 5/8) to dark greyish brown (10YR 4/2). Decorated with a horn-shaped projection; burnished; the profile oval.

B-9 PAP.93-6.1.P1.

L. 4.7 cm. Fabric medium hard and compact; sparse concentration of reddish, white, grey mineral aplastics ≤ 0.05 cm, as well as a very few organic particles; in the core fewer inclusions; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6); the core slightly rough and gritty, grey (5Y 6/1); the surface even, but somewhat gritty. Slip thin, matt, red (2.5YR 4/6). Decorated with two diagonally incised short, parallel lines; the profile oval.

1.4. Red Polished Thirteen sherds from the Sarama-Terracha settlement (PAP.93-8) and the Yialia-Mosphilo (PAP.92-1), YialiaKafkalles/Shehidadhes (PAP.92-2), Polis-Touloupos (PAP.93-2), Choli-Spilios (PAP.99-11, PAP.99-11.1), Tera-Teratsokambos (PAP.99-14), and MagoundaMersinoudhia (PAP.94-3) cemeteries are RP pottery, but could not be identified more precisely 189.

182 MacLaurin 1980, 178, 180, 252–54, 697, 699, 717–19, 722, figs 92:11, 124:2–3.5, 132:5–8, 133:3–4.6, 134:5. 183 Ibid., 722, 725. 184 Guldager Bilde 1993, 19. 185 Åström 1972a; Stewart 1962. 186 Guldager Bilde 1993, 29–30. 187 MacLaurin 1980, 252, 257, 714, 723–24, figs 129:4, 131:4, 135:13. 188 Ibid., 723–25.

189 Maliszewski 1994, 168 fig. 2, 172–73; id. 1995, 312 fig. 1, 314; id. 1996, 198–99, 201, 208–209; id. 1997, 68, 70–71, 74 map 2, 79; id. 1999c, 13–15, 17 fig. 2; id. 2007, 95–96, fig. 5.3–4.16.20–21.31; id. et al. 2003a, 353 fig. 2, 355, 356 fig. 3:7; id. et al. 2003b, 8 fig. 1, 13–14.

40

Early cypriot–middle cypriot

Fabrics are for the most part hard and compact; with a high to sparse concentration of brown, brownish, grey, greyish, reddish and white aplastics and few, medium or many organic particles. The fabric colour is yellow, reddish yellow, pale yellow, brown, pale brown or very pale brown. The core is rough, sometimes straight, porous, gritty, grey, dark grey, light grey, bluish grey, light brownish grey, brown, very pale brown or reddish yellow, occasionally with a dark grey or reddish brown strip in the middle of the profile. The slip is extremely thin because of heavy wear and matt, red, yellowish red, reddish yellow, brown or yellowish brown. The surface is usually even, occasionally uneven, very smooth to lumpy, slightly to very gritty, sometimes with crazing and often burnished.

of B-20 and especially B-21 it is difficult to find very close parallels, but similar jugs have been found at looted tombs within the survey area, namely at Goudhi, Yialia, Magounda and other anonymous sites adjacent to the Chrysochou Bay, as well as the rest of western Cyprus 194. B-16 came from a robbed tomb in the Yialia area, which has produced jugs of this type, including one closely similar example 195. Other formal parallels are to be found among fabrics from southwestern Cyprus, namely RPPu of late MC and DPBC dated to MC 196. The nearly round profile of handle B-19 suggests an earlier MC date, as noticed in the case of RP IV 197. The common surface treatment is slipping and burnishing, sometimes to a very high luster (B-15, 17, 18, 23, 24). A limited number of decorative motifs resemble those on EC–MC pottery elsewhere. For instance, on B-15, 19 there are deep punctures made with a pointed tool within the narrow band and on the ridge in low relief; the motif on the first item is framed below by a filled incised line. Single rows of punctures occur often on vessels in Cyprus, and in particular from the western region and the survey area 198. For instance, a bowl with decoration similar to that on B-15 and jugs with punctured ridges resembling B-19 have been found in the vicinity of the Chrysochou Bay 199. Punctured lines, distinguished as motif O in the CPSP publication, are also recorded on DPBC in southwestern Cyprus, as well as in other regions on DP and west coast RP pottery 200. A related pattern is also attested on a EC III–MC II DPBC tankard from Sotira-Kaminoudhia, at the base of the neck and on the angular, horned handle 201. Finally, the two rows of deeply incised short parallel lines on B-16 and the impressed broad lines on B-23 correspond well with MC decorative traditions. The first motif is especially common across the island 202.

Pottery similar in fabric, surface treatment and colour to rim fragments B-13 and 14 is known from the EC Tomb ap 9/90, recovered during rescue excavations at Argaka village, c. 1.5 km north of Magounda 190. A hemispherical bowl close to B-14 was recognized among RP vessels from a looted tomb at the Magounda area 191, while both shapes represented by these rims have come to light at other Chalcolithic and EC sites across the island. Moreover, the fabric of B-20 closely resembles that of sherds from the EC Emba-Limnarka tomb discovered in March 1996 northwest of Paphos 192. RP also was recorded within the survey area at isolated tombs at Goudhi-Loures and Magounda-Kattouveri, as well as at Kissonerga-Ammoudhia settlement and cemetery 193. B-14 belongs to a small bowl, while the spouts (B-20, 21), neck fragments (B-16, 17, 18) and the vertical rod handle (B-19) come from medium to large-sized jugs. The vertical lug handle B-22 seems to be from a medium-sized bowl. Body sherd B-15, judging from the wall thickness, is from a small bowl, while B-23, 24, 25 are from medium to large-sized vessels.

194 MacLaurin 1980, 246, 250–52, 255–56, figs 120:5, 121:1–6, 125:1–3, 129:2.4, 134:3, 135:4. 195 Ibid., 250, fig. 127:2. 196 Guldager Bilde 1993, 18–19, 24. 197 Ibid., 19. 198 MacLaurin 1980, 189, 247–48, 250–51, 255, 257, 564, 717–18, figs 120:5–7, 121:2, 122:2–3, 124:4, 125:2, 130:2, 134:1–2.4–5, 135:2–5.8. 199 Ibid., 717–18, figs 121:1.8, 124:1. 200 Åström 1972a, 83–84, fig. XXIII.2.4–5; Guldager Bilde 1993, 29; Herscher 1976, 15, pl. II.5; MacLaurin 1980, 189, 248, 564 no. 1, 717. 201 Herscher 2003, 153, 172 fig. 4.7, 175, 199 cat. no. P72. 202 MacLaurin 1980, 562, 717–18.

Shapes and technological innovations diagnostic of the EC–MC periods include the beak-spouted jug (B-20, 21), the rod handle (B-19), and the round-sectioned handle (B-22). Due to the fragmentary preservation 190 EMP II, 93 inv. no. 3141; Maliszewski 1996, 199–200; Papageorghiou 1991, 800. 191 MacLaurin 1980, 247, fig. 123:8. 192 In October 1996 I examined this material in the Paphos Museum thanks to the kindness of Mr Takis Herodotou, former Director, whom I wish to thank. 193 Maliszewski 1996, 200–201, 203, 210.

41

Bronze age

Open form

core a few organic particles and some mineral inclusions ≤ 0.15 cm; the fabric colour is pale yellow (2.5Y 7/3); the core medium rough, light grey (2.5Y 7/2); the surface smooth, the exterior lumpy and the interior even. Slip thin, yellowish red (5YR 5/6), partly preserved on the exterior. At the neck-base three pairs of deeply incised parallel short lines arranged in two horizontal rows; the exterior slightly burnished. Compare: Guldager Bilde 1993, 18–19, 24, figs 7 A-61, 9 A-84 (shape).

Deep bowl, rim

B-13 PAP.94-3.P2.

D.? Fabric medium hard; some greyish, brownish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.1 cm and organic inclusions ≤ 1.2 cm; the fabric colour is brown (7.5YR 5/4); the core rough and gritty, brown (7.5YR 5/4) partly with dark greyish (5Y 4/1) strip in the middle of the profile; the surface even and smooth, the exterior compact. Slip thin, red (2.5YR 4/8) to brown (7.5YR 5/4), partly preserved on the exterior, as well as the crazed interior; both surfaces burnished.

B-17 PAP.93-2.P1.

With part of the shoulder. D. c. 4.5 cm. T. 0.7 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; sparse concentration of white chalk mineral aplastics ≤ 0.4 cm stretching out on the exterior and in the core; on the interior and in the core grey mineral particles of the same size and a very few organic inclusions ≤ 0.3 cm; the fabric colour is very pale brown (10YR 7/4); the core medium rough, bluish grey (2 for gley 5/1 10B); the surface very smooth, but the exterior lumpy and the interior uneven. Slip thin, red (2.5YR 5/6), well preserved on the highly burnished exterior, cracked and flaking.

Hemispherical bowl, rim

B-14 PAP.94-3.P1.

D. 14 cm. Fabric medium hard; some greyish, brownish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm and organic inclusions ≤ 1.0 cm; the fabric colour is brown (7.5YR 5/4); the core rough and very gritty, brown (7.5YR 5/4), partly with reddish brown (2.5YR 5/4) narrow strip in the middle of its profile; the surface even and smooth, especially the exterior. Slip thin, brown (7.5YR 4/4), partly preserved on the compact exterior, as well as the crazed interior; the exterior burnished. Published: Maliszewski et al. 2003a, 355, 356 fig. 3:7.

B-18 PAP.99-14.P13.

D. 9.0 cm. T. 1.1 cm. Fabric medium hard and compact; some grey and a few white mineral aplastics  ≤ 1.5 cm, some organic particles ≤ 0.5 cm; the fabric colour is yellow (10YR 7/6); the core medium rough, grey (5Y 5/1); the exterior somewhat lumpy, but very smooth, the interior very lumpy and a bit gritty. Slip thin, red (2.5YR 4/6), well preserved on the highly burnished exterior.

Bowl, body fragment

B-15 PAP.93-2.P21.

T. 0.7 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; clay almost perfectly levigated; the fabric colour is very pale brown (10YR 7/4); the core straight and smooth, very pale brown (10YR 7/4); the surface even and very smooth. Slip thin, red (2.5YR 4/8), very poorly preserved on the highly burnished exterior. Decorated with horizontal narrow band of punctured dots above an incised horizontal line; the latter incrusted with light red filler (2.5YR 6/8).

Vertical handle

B-19 PAP.99-11.1.P2.

With a part of the neck to shoulder. D. c. 18 cm. L. 8.2 cm. T. 0.6 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; high concentration of reddish, brown and some white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.1 cm, mainly on the surface and less in the core; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (5YR 6/6); the core rough and very gritty, grey (5Y 5/1); the surface even, but very gritty. Slip thin, matt, red (2.5YR 5/8), very poorly preserved on the body’s exterior and on its upper interior. Decorated with two sets of narrow diagonal ridges in low relief with five punctured dots on each; the profile nearly round.

Closed form Jug, neck

B-16 PAP.92-1.P157. With a fragment of the rim to the shoulder. D. c. 8.0 cm. T. 1.1 cm. Fabric medium hard; sparse concentration of greyish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.05 cm and a few burntout organic particles ≤ 0.2 cm on the surface; in the 42

Early cypriot–middle cypriot

Spouted jug, spout

organic inclusions ≤ 0.5 cm on the interior and in the core; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6); the core rough, slightly porous and gritty, from grey (5Y 5/1) to reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6); the surface even and smooth. Slip thin, red (2.5YR 4/6), well preserved on the highly burnished exterior.

B-20 PAP.93-2.P2.

D. c. 5.0 cm. Fabric hard and compact; sparse concentration of grey and some white mineral aplastics  ≤ 0.3 cm; in the core a few organic particles ≤ 0.5 cm; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6); the core medium rough, grey (1 for gley 5/) with bluish tint; the surface lumpy, but very smooth. Slip thin, red (2.5YR 4/8), partly preserved on the exterior and on the interior only on the upper part of the spout; both surfaces burnished.

B-25 PAP.99-11.P53.

T. 1.3 cm. Fabric medium hard and compact; clay well levigated; some grey mineral aplastics ≤ 0.01 cm and organic inclusions ≤ 0.3 cm, mainly on the interior and less in the core; the fabric colour is very pale brown (10YR 7/4); the core straight, from very pale brown (10YR 7/4) to light brownish grey (2.5Y 6/2); the surface even and smooth. Slip thin, reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6), well preserved on the burnished exterior.

B-21 PAP.93-8.P1.

D. 2.9 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; clay quite well levigated; very sparse concentration of reddish and greyish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.05 cm; the fabric colour is very pale brown (10YR 7/4); the core medium rough, very pale brown (10YR 7/4); the surface uneven, but very smooth. Slip thin, reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6), on the lightly burnished exterior.

1.5. Red Polished? This group consists of eleven sherds from the MagoundaMersinoudhia (PAP.93-5.3–4), Argaka-Stavli (PAP.94-5), and Choli-Kapitanisses (PAP.99-10) settlements, the Chrysochou-Koutsomavro (PAP.99-7) and Choli-Spilios (PAP.99-11, PAP.99-11.1) cemeteries, and a tomb at Ayios Isidhoros-Teratsoudhia (PAP.99-21) 203.

Uncertain form Vessel of medium size, lug handle

Fabrics are usually very hard and very compact; with very high to sparse concentration of brown, brownish, grey, greyish, red, very dark red, white or yellowish mineral aplastics; the clay is sometimes well levigated. The fabric colour is light brown, very pale brown, reddish yellow or reddish brown. The core is rough, straight, gritty, occasionally smooth and sandwich-like, and grey, olive grey, reddish yellow, yellowish brown, very pale brown or light brownish grey. The slip is extremely thin because of heavy wear, matt, grey, red, light red, weak red, yellowish red, reddish yellow or very pale brown. The surface is usually even, slightly lumpy, smooth to very smooth, somewhat gritty; sometimes burnished.

B-22 PAP.99-14.P18.

L. 2.0 cm. T. 2.2 cm. Fabric soft; very high concentration of white, grey, brown mineral aplastics and a lot of organic inclusions ≤ 0.5 cm; the fabric colour is very pale brown (10YR 7/4); the core rough and gritty, dark grey (5Y 4/1); the surface even, but gritty; the profile round. Body fragment

B-23 PAP.93-2.P20.

T. 0.8 cm. Fabric hard and very compact; clay well levigated; a very few brown, grey mineral aplastics ≤ 0.05 cm on the interior and in the core; the fabric colour is very pale brown (10YR 7/3); the core rough and gritty, very pale brown (10YR 7/3); the exterior even and very smooth, the interior uneven and slightly gritty. Slip thin, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4), on the highly burnished exterior. Decorated with two broad parallel horizontal and one vertical impressed line.

Small mineral inclusions of red ochre there were noted in two pieces (B-29, 33) and in terms of fabric all seem to be similar to RP pottery. The sherds are poorly preserved, but slip is present on the majority while burnishing is visible only in several cases. Rim diameter and thickness indicate different vessel types. Two open shapes can be distinguished, namely

Vessel of large size, body fragment

203 Maliszewski 1994, 168 fig. 2, 173; id. 1995, 312 fig. 1, 313; id. 1996, 202; id. 1997, 73, 74 map 2, 79; id. 1999c, 14–15, 17 fig. 2; id. 2007, 93 fig. 4.7–8, 95–96, 98 fig. 5.5.17.21; id. et al. 2003a, 353 fig. 2; id. et al. 2003b, 8 fig. 1, 11–13, 15.

B-24 PAP.92-2.P1.

T. 1.1 cm. Fabric medium hard and compact; clay well levigated; some grey mineral aplastics ≤ 0.1 cm; some 43

Bronze age

a small deep bowl (B-26) and a medium-sized hemispherical bowl (B-27, 28). Two other rims belong to globular vessel (B-31) and a jug (B-32), the only medium-sized closed forms in this group. The horizontal handle inserted into the vessel body (B-29) is also from a small bowl. A similar attribution cannot be excluded for another possibly horizontal handle (B-30). Body sherds B-33, 36 are slipped on both interior and exterior and apparently from small-sized bowls. Finally, two other sherds (B-34, 35) are body fragments from medium to large vessels of uncertain form.

red mineral aplastics ≤ 0.3 cm on the exterior and in the core; the fabric colour is reddish brown (7.5YR 6/6); the core slightly rough and gritty, grey (10YR 5/1); the surface even, but somewhat gritty. Slip thin, matt, reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6), partly preserved on the interior. Compare: Guldager Bilde 1993, 16, fig. 7 A-46 (shape).

B-28 PAP.99-11.1.P12.

D. 23 cm. T. 0.5 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; sparse concentration of brown, red and grey mineral aplastics ≤ 0.1 cm, mainly on the surface, but less in the core; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (5YR 6/6); the core rough and gritty, reddish yellow (5YR 6/6); the surface even and smooth. Slip thin, matt, yellowish red (5YR 5/6), partly preserved on both surfaces. Compare: Guldager Bilde 1993, 16, fig. 7 A-46 (shape).

Rims B-27 and 28 have formal parallels within the PAP survey area, from unknown sites adjacent to the Chrysochou Bay and Magounda village, as well as in every region of the island 204. Similar shapes in other wares are also known from southwestern Cyprus: B-27 and 28 are paralleled among vessels of RPBT II of EC II–MC II, B-32 in DPBC from the end of MC and B-31 in LC BR 205. B-26 is decorated with a single horizontal row of small punctures made with a triangularshaped tool. This is a diagnostic motif of RP vessels in Cyprus, including its western part and the survey area 206. The oval profile of handles B-29 and 30 207 also suggest a Bronze Age date.

Bowl, horizontal handle

B-29 PAP.99-10.P7.

Handle/body fragment. L. c. 1.0 cm. T. 0.5 cm. T. of the body 0.6 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; clay well levigated; very sparse concentration of very dark red ochre, some grey and brownish, and a few white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.1 cm, but much less in the core, where very dark red particles do not occur; the fabric colour is light brown (7.5YR 6/4); the core straight and somewhat gritty, grey (5Y 6/1) with bluish tint; the body’s exterior even and smooth, the interior uneven and slightly gritty. Slip thin, matt, red (2.5YR 5/6), partly preserved on the body’s exterior; the profile oval.

Open form Deep bowl, rim

B-26 PAP.99-11.P43.

D. 12 cm. T. 0.45 cm. Fabric very hard and compact; clay very well levigated; the fabric colour due to modern burning difficult to recognize; the core somewhat rough and smooth, light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/3); the surface even and smooth. Decorated with a horizontal line of five small punctured triangles below the rim.

Horizontal handle?

B-30 PAP.99-21.P1.

L. 1.2 cm. T. 1.5 cm. T. of the body 0.4 cm. Fabric very hard and compact; clay well levigated; a few greyish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (5YR 6/8); the core rough and slightly gritty, grey (5Y 5/1); the surface even and smooth; the profile oval.

Hemispherical bowl, rim

B-27 PAP.94-5.P18.

D. 23 cm. T. 0.4 cm. Fabric medium hard and compact; high concentration of brownish, grey, some white and

Closed form

204 MacLaurin 1980, 246–47, 253, figs 123:1.3–4.9–11.13, 132:5–7, 133:1–3. 205 Guldager Bilde 1993, 16, 24, 27–28. 206 MacLaurin 1980, 189, 247–48, 250–51, 255, 257, 564, 717–18, figs 120:5–7, 121:2, 122:2–3, 124:4, 125:2, 130:2, 134:1–2.4–5, 135:2–5.8. 207 Guldager Bilde 1993, 29.

Globular vessel, rim

B-31 PAP.93-5.3.P2.

D. c. 25 cm. T. 0.6 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; sparse concentration of grey, brown and some

44

Early cypriot–late cypriot

yellowish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.1 cm, mainly on the exterior, less on the interior and in the core; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (5YR 6/6); the core slightly rough and gritty, reddish yellow (5YR 6/6); the surface even and very smooth. Slip thin, matt, light red (2.5YR 6/8), very badly preserved on both burnished surfaces. Compare: Guldager Bilde 1993, 27–28, fig. 12 A-107 (shape).

aplastics ≤ 0.05 cm; the fabric colour is very pale brown (10YR 8/3); the core rough and gritty, grey (5Y 5/1) to very pale brown (10YR 8/3); the surface even and smooth. Slip thin, red (2.5YR 4/8), well preserved on the burnished exterior.

B-36 PAP.99-13.P47. T. 0.75 cm. Fabric hard and compact; clay very well levigated; some grey mineral aplastics ≤ 0.1 cm on the surface and less in the core; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (5YR 6/8); the sandwich-like core straight and smooth, light brownish grey (2.5Y 6/2); the surface even and smooth. Slip very poorly preserved on both surfaces (Munsell designation impossible).

Jug, rim

B-32 PAP.93-5.4.P9.

D. 18 cm. T. 0.55 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; high concentration of brown, grey and some white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.05 cm, mainly in the core and less on the surface; some organic inclusions ≤ 1.1 cm; the fabric colour is reddish brown (5YR 5/4); the core rough and gritty, light olive grey (5Y 6/2); the surface slightly lumpy, but very smooth. Slip thin, matt, yellowish red (5YR 5/6), partly preserved on both surfaces. Compare: Guldager Bilde 1993, 24, fig. 10 A-85 (shape).

2. Early Cypriot–Late Cypriot 2.1. Drab Blue Core The assemblage consists of forty-four sherds recorded at numerous settlements, namely Yialia-Photies (PAP.92-3), Sarama-Aishetou (PAP.93-1), Magounda-Mersinoudhia (PAP.93-5.2–3), Magounda-Kokkinokambos (PAP.93-6, PAP.93-6.1), Sarama-Pernarka (PAP.93-7), ArgakaStavli (PAP.94-5), Pelathousa-Kiladhia (PAP.96-5), and Goudhi-Sies/Phinikin (PAP.99-13); and one fragment from the Polis-Touloupos cemetery (PAP.93-2) 208.

Uncertain form Vessel of small size, body fragment

B-33 PAP.99-7.P1. T. 0.6 cm. Fabric hard and compact; clay well levigated; very sparse concentration of grey, a few very dark red ochre and white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm on the surface; some grey and brownish particles in the core; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6); the sandwich-like core straight and gritty, very pale brown (10YR 7/3); the surface even, but somewhat gritty. Slip thin, matt, weak red (10R 4/4), very fragmentary on both surfaces.

Fabrics are very hard to hard and compact; with very high to sparse concentration of few black, brown, brownish, dark grey, very dark grey, greyish, light red, reddish, dark red, white or yellowish, and in one case pinkish and orange, mineral aplastics; occasionally some to few organic particles; the clay is rarely well levigated. The fabric colour is often reddish yellow, but also brown, light brown, light yellowish brown, very pale brown, grey, dark grey, light grey, red, light red, yellowish red or light yellowish red, and in one case pink. The core is rough, straight, from slightly to very gritty, occasionally smooth, sandwich-like in four examples, usually grey with a bluish tint, light grey with a bluish tint or light bluish grey, but also grey, dark grey, very dark grey with a bluish tint, light grey, light yellowish brown, light brownish grey or light olive grey. The very worn slip is thin, matt, brown, light brown, very pale brown, dark brown, strong brown,

Vessel of medium to large size, body fragment

B-34 PAP.99-10.P18. T. 0.8 cm. Fabric medium hard and compact; clay very well levigated; a few grey mineral aplastics ≤ 0.05 cm; the fabric colour is very pale brown (10YR 7/4); the sandwich-like core, rough and slightly gritty, light brownish grey (2.5Y 6/2); the surface even and very smooth, the exterior a bit cracked. Slip thin, from red (2.5YR 4/8) to reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6), partly preserved on the burnished exterior.

208 Maliszewski 1994, 168 fig. 2, 172–73; id. 1995, 312 fig. 1, 313; id. 1996, 201–202, 206–208, 228; id. 1997, 68, 70–71, 73, 74 map 2, 79–80; id. 1999a, 80 fig. 1, 84; id. 1999b, 340 fig. 1, 345; id. 1999c, 14–15, 17 figs 2–3; id. 2007, 93 fig. 4.6–7, 95–96, 98 fig. 5.2.5.7–8.11.16.29–30; id. et al. 2003a, 353 fig. 2; id. et al. 2003b, 8 fig. 1, 13.

B-35 PAP.99-10.P40. T. 1.8 cm. Fabric medium hard and compact; sparse concentration of greyish and some brownish mineral 45

Bronze age

greyish brown, very dark greyish brown, reddish brown, yellowish brown, light yellowish brown, red, reddish yellow, yellowish red or pink in one case. Burnishing is preserved on several examples. The surface is even or uneven, smooth, sometimes lumpy, gritty or pitted.

comparable with “Fabric type 1” – one of three standard variants of DPBC distinguished in the Palaipaphos area, where it was not restricted to the manufacturing of specialized shapes, but used for a broad repertoire of open and closed vessels 213.

The PAP DBC pottery is related to DPBC recognized in southwestern Cyprus as a variant of DP. The main difference is that on several PAP sherds there are burnishing marks instead of an even polishing, but this could be a result of their state of preservation. Similar burnish marks producing a medium surface luster similar to that on RBB ware, were, however, noticed on hard-fired DPBC from the CPSP. The reason for the absence of a polished slip is unknown. It could be a result of different surface treatment or of firing above 800˚C 209. There are also sherds, which lack the distinctive bluish core, but this feature has also been noted in DP assemblages from EC–MC Kissonerga-Ammoudhia/Mosphilia/Skalia, the Palaipaphos area, Sotira-Kaminoudhia, AlambraMouttes and Marki-Alonia 210.

The closest fabric parallels for B-53, 59, 60, 63, 78 are known from Argaka village, where in one tomb two burials furnished with EC/LC pottery were discovered in the course of rescue excavations. Among numerous vessels from the EC Tomb ap 9/90, there is a small spouted jug with a long, narrow neck, very close in fabric, including the surface colour and treatment 214. Among pithos fragments there are two with possible marks of a tournette (B-67, 70) and very distinctive, deep wheel marks are present, as noted above, on the body sherd B-77. Other pieces seem to be handmade. Handles show their method of attachment, namely they are rods inserted through the vessel wall (B-38, 39, 42, 43, 45, 47, 51, 59). Similar handles are attested at Marki-Alonia and Sotira-Kaminoudhia 215.

Generally, despite considerable variation in fabric and surface treatment, this is a very homogenous assemblage, visually very unlike other pottery. Most sherds have a thick to very thick blue-grey core with thin exterior margins of oxidized clay, which suggests that vessels were fired in reducing conditions in an open fire, followed by rapid cooling in the air 211. In terms of fabric and surface treatment, the only different examples are of good to very good quality (B-38, 68) and of reddish yellow fabric (B-47, 57). DP and DPBC with a similar coloured fabric is recorded in the south and west coast regions, and probably at Marki-Alonia, where 5YR 5/6 was the most common DP fabric colour 212. There also are several sherds with small inclusions of red ochre (B-38, 58, 68, 69, 72, 75). Of special interest is body fragment B-77, with distinctive rib-like, very regular wheel marks on its interior, which indicate a wheelmade technique unusual for that ware. In general the characteristics of the group (fine, hard, compact fabric, with occasional organic material) seem roughly

The only recognized open form within the PAP assemblage is a small bowl represented by wishbone handle B-37. The remaining fragments are from closed vessels. The diameter of rims B-64, 65, 66 and neck B-67 indicate pithoi. The flat out-turned rim B-64 has only one close parallel, at LC II Myrtou-Pigadhes (Group I) 216. The common pronounced out-turning rim B-66 (Group II) has two roughly analogies at LC IIC–IIIB Enkomi and LC IIIA:2–LC IIIB:1 Kition 217. The dimensions of spouts suggest a medium-sized jug (B-63) and a spouted bowl (B-78), both probably of small size. The first shape is attested in RP from the PAP survey area, namely from Magounda and Yialia villages and the territory adjacent to the Chrysochou Bay 218. The tubular spout B-78 has parallels among RP spouted bowls from Magounda and the Paphos

209 Guldager Bilde 1993, 22–23; Rice 1987, 429; Rye 1981, 114. Sometimes visible burnishing marks are recorded at SotiraKaminoudhia – Herscher 2003, 153. 210 Coleman et al. 1996, 304; Frankel, Webb 1996, 156; id. 2006, 140; Graham L., personal communication; Guldager Bilde 1993, 22; Herscher 2003, 152; Peltenburg et al. 1983, 49, 51. 2 11 Rye 1981, 117–18. 212 Frankel, Webb 2006, 140; Graham L., personal communication; Guldager Bilde 1993, 22; Herscher 2003, 153; Herscher, Fox 1993, 70; Peltenburg et al. 1983, 49, 51.

2 13 Guldager Bilde 1993, 23. 214 EMP II, 93 inv. no. 3141. 215 Frankel, Webb 1996, 159 cat. no. P4348, fig. 7.22; Herscher 2003, 153, 203 cat. no. P137, fig. 4.7. 216 Pilides 2000, 12–13, 57 cat. no. 19, 58 fig. 12:26. 217 Ibid., 29, 45, 73 fig. 17:87, 74 cat. no. 136, 84 fig. 20:133, 88 cat. no. 238, 94 cat. no. 287, 96 fig. 24:179. 218 MacLaurin 1980, 246, 249, 251, figs 120:2, 121:7–8, 125:4–7, 129:1.

46

Early cypriot–late cypriot

area 219. The form is also known in different wares at other EC–MC sites 220.

dot and impressed line (B-49), two ribs, impressed groove and incised lines (B-59), and finger impressions and an impressed groove (B-62). These patterns have several analogies on other handles and are related to the following motifs: B-38 to A, B-42, 60 to H, B-53 and 56 to E, and B-62 to K – recorded on MC to LC I wares, including DPBC, from the Kouklia area 225. Three dia-gonally incised lines and two short or long lines on handles are known on RP from Magounda and the vicinity of Paphos 226. Similarly decorated RP handles are also common at other sites in the survey area, as well as the rest of western Cyprus 227. B-38 and 39 have general parallels at Marki-Alonia, both on the handle and body of DP vessels 228. Carelessly executed slashed and punctured decoration is also evident on domestic pottery from MC Alambra-Mouttes 229.

The plain vertical handles are attributable to medium (B-38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 55, 57) and large-sized (B-43, 46, 53, 56, 58, 59, 60, 62) jugs while the horned angular handles (B-54, 61) belong to storage vessels. Among the former one is double (B-55) and another a flat broad band, oval in profile (B-58). There are two horizontal handles (B-37, 79), of which the latter is very large. Handles have round, oval, semi-oval, and kidney-like profiles. RP bowls with wishbone handles similar to B-37 (with oval profile) are known from western Cyprus, including Kissonerga-Ammoudhia, as well as Magounda village and the Chrysochou Bay within the PAP survey area 221. A number of body fragments can be regarded as belonging to pithoi (B-68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77) since their thickness is comparable to that of MC and LC storage jars at Ambelikou-Aletri, Kalopsida, Marki-Alonia, Myrtou-Pigadhes, Nitovikla 222, and Alambra-Mouttes; for vessels from the latter settlement this dimension was not given, but it can be deduced from the height of the “The large amphorae (“pithoi”) (…)” 223. There is, finally, one sherd from a small vessel of uncertain form, namely the thin body fragment B-80.

Two plain handles, B-54, 61, have small horned projections, while one incised handle, B-79, is furnished with two knobs; the latter is similar to an undated storage jar fragment from Toumba tou Skourou 230. Vertical horned angular handles B-54, 61 are characteristic mainly of RP, but also of DP storage vessels from the territory adjacent to the Chrysochou Bay, including Yialia and Magounda villages 231. A late EC–MC DP storage vessel with this type of handle was recorded at Kissonerga-Ammoudhia and in Degenerate RBB at Mosphilia 232. Angular horned handles also occur on late EC/early MC RP storage vessels from SotiraKaminoudhia, Marki-Alonia and Alambra-Mouttes settlements 233. Similar handles appear on tankards of EC III DPBC at Sotira and of MC BlC from Episkopi-Phaneromeni 234.

Apart from slipping, DP was decorated with other techniques, which are well evidenced in other parts of Cyprus 224. The PAP sherdage is, however, dominated by handles. There is only one rim with an incised groove on the top (B-64). The most common motifs on handles are incised lines, arranged vertically (B-47, 50, 52, 53), diagonally (B-40, 41, 79), or in a zig-zag (B-39, 51). There are also sherds decorated with impressed (B-58, 60) and incised grooves (B-42), as well as impressed double zig-zag lines (B-38). Seven combinations of techniques and motifs are represented on handles: impressed grooves and incised lines (B-44, 46, 56), knobs with incised slightly wavy (B-55) and vertical (B-57) lines, an impressed groove, lines and incised lines (B-45), impressed and incised lines (B-48), a punctured

Pithos body fragments are mainly decorated with a horizontal rib/ridge in low (B-67, 68, 74, 77) or high 2 25 Guldager Bilde 1993, 29–30. 226 MacLaurin 1980, 252, 257, 714, 723–24, figs 129:4, 131:4, 135:13. 227 Ibid., 723–25. 228 Frankel, Webb 1996, 159 cat. nos P3733, P4348, fig. 7.22. 229 Coleman et al. 1996, 260, 304. 230 Pilides 2000, 15–16, 17 fig. 6:4, 61 cat. no. 39. 231 MacLaurin 1980, 247, 249–50, 252–53, 722–23, 725, figs 122:2–4, 127:1–2, 130:1–4, 131:1–2. 232 Graham L., personal communication; Peltenburg et al. 1983, 48, 49 cat. no. 1, 50 fig. 13:4, 52 (it is linked with MCh RBB). 233 Coleman et al. 1996, 117, 119, 249, 252–53, 270 cat. no. F23, 271 cat. no. F28, 282 cat. no. F121, 283 cat. no. F130, 311 cat. no. F578, 315 cat. no. F602, figs 55–56, 60–61, 68, 70; Frankel, Webb 1996, 141 cat. no. P3752, fig. 7.15; Herscher 2003, 148–49, 190 fig. 4.16, 191, 193, 203–204 cat. no. P141. 234 Herscher 1981, 81, 84 fig. 4–5; id. 2003, 153, 172 fig. 4.7, 175, 199 cat. no. P72.

2 19 Ibid., 252, 256–57, figs 133:2, 135:10–11. 220 For instance Coleman et al. 1996, 253, 286, 293; Frankel, Webb 1996, 126; Herscher 2003, 161–64. 221 MacLaurin 1980, 249, 252–53, 255, 722, figs 124:2–3.5, 132:7–8, 133:3.6, 134:5. 222 Frankel, Webb 2006, 129–30; Pilides 2000, 1–3, 5. 223 Coleman et al. 1996, 282–83. 224 Frankel, Webb 1996, 156–58.

47

Bronze age

Initially, DP was attributed to MC 246 and considered to be a chronological indicator of this period. In western Cyprus DP has more recently been recorded at the EC–MC Kissonerga-Skalia settlement and Ammoudhia cemetery. In the Palaipaphos hinterland DP and DPBC have both come to light at the EC–?LC I PrastioMesorotsos settlement and possible burial ground 247. Generally DPBC was recorded by the field survey in constant and very large numbers at MC and perhaps EC sites while during early LC it seems to be replaced or at least outnumbered by RP IV 248. In the PAP area DBC came to light in an EC/LC I tomb at Argaka village 249. The occurrence of DP in MC along with its possible continuation into LC IA is confirmed by material from the tomb of Mesoyi-Katarraktis in the west, the settlements of Episkopi-Phaneromeni and KalavasosLaroumena in southwest/south-central Cyprus, as well as other sites 250. MC tombs at Kalavasos also produced DPBC, but it represents only 0.5% of the assemblage 251. In addition, DP from the Middle Cemetery at ParamaliPharkonia can be ascribed to EC/early MC 252, while an EC III date cannot be excluded at nearby EpiskopiPhaneromeni and Sotira-Kaminoudhia settlements 253. In the Episkopi area DPBC is almost absent from EC and early MC sites, but in late MC represents 25% of the total, which indicates its later presence here 254. DP material is also known from late EC II, EC III and MC I deposits at Marki-Alonia, and at the early MC copper-mining site at Ambelikou-Aletri 255. Possible antecedents of this ware have been identified at the LCh Erimi-Bamboula settlement 256. Such a lengthy period of production allows for considerable regional and chronological variation in fabric, shape, and decoration. In sum, bearing in mind all features of the PAP DBC, which fit with EC–LC material from other sites, and the limitations of material recovered during field survey, a general date range of EC to early LC I can be suggested.

relief (B-75), in low relief with finger impressions (B-70), in high relief with finger impressions (B-76), also at the junction of neck and body (B-68), or as a band in low relief with finger impressions (B-71) and knob (B-72). Bands with finger impressions were distinguished as motif S, common on EC III to LC wares from the CPSP, but mainly on DPBC 235. Bands and ridges, either plain or finger impressed, occur on DP/DPBC at EC III Sotira-Kaminoudhia 236, as well as at EC–MC Kissonerga-Skalia/Ammoudhia, Marki-Alonia, MC Alambra-Mouttes and MC–LC Myrtou-Pigadhes, Toumba tou Skourou, Nitovikla, and Sanidha-Moutti tou Ayiou Serkou 237. Relief knobs, also on the upper body, have parallels in RP from western Cyprus and in DP of EC III–MC I at Marki-Alonia and elsewhere 238. It should be added that incised and relief decoration similar to, but differing in some details from the PAP material, is typical of RP from looted tombs in western Cyprus, including the project survey area 239. The area of Magounda village, in particular, yielded RP storage jars with finger impressed ridges 240. Generally, relief, incised and impressed decoration is common in the Paphos District and all over the island in the later EC and MC periods 241. Until relatively recently DP remained poorly known 242. Fieldwork has now brought to light more material in southwestern and western Cyprus 243, which seems to be its area of origin 244. Similar or identical DP vessels have been found at Marki-Alonia (almost certainly imports), and in small quantities at other sites in central Cyprus including Alambra-Mouttes 245. 2 35 Guldager Bilde 1993, 29, 31–32. 236 Herscher 2003, 153, 199 cat. no. P109, 203 cat. no. P137, 169 fig. 4.6, 172 fig. 4.7. 237 Coleman et al. 1996, 282–83; Crewe et al. 2008, 112; Graham L., personal communication; Peltenburg et al. 1983, 48, 49 cat. no. 5, 50 fig. 13:1, 53; Pilides 2000, 3, 5, 7, 12–16, 17 fig. 6:1, 47, 54 cat. no. 2, 55 fig. 11:6, 58 fig. 12:31, 59 cat. no. 36, 100 cat. nos 328, 333, 335, 101 fig. 26:215.220.222; Webb, Frankel 1996, 146–47. 238 Frankel, Webb 1996, 157–59; id. 2006, 140; MacLaurin 1980, 721–22. 239 MacLaurin 1980, 247–48, 250–53, 255–56. 240 Ibid., 252, fig. 131:1–2. 241 Ibid., 714, 721–22, 725. 242 Åström 1972a, 83–84; Stewart 1962, 270. 243 Guldager Bilde 1993, 21–26; Herscher 1976, 11–12; id. 1981, 81; Herscher, Fox 1993; MacLaurin 1980, 715; Peltenburg et al. 1983, 48–49; Swiny 1979b, 234–37; id. 1981, 58, 84–85; Swiny (ed.) 1982, 180. 244 Guldager Bilde 1993, 23; Morris 1985, 25; Peltenburg et al. 1983, 48; Swiny 1979a, 36. 245 Coleman et al. 1996, 260, 303–304; Frankel, Webb 1996, 155–60; id. 2006, 140.

2 46 Åström 1972a, 83–84, 190. 247 Crewe et al. 2008, 112–17; Graham 2008; id. 2012; Guldager Bilde 1993, VIII, 4; Hadjisavvas 1977, 225; MacLaurin 1980, 716; McCarthy et al. 2009, 66; Peltenburg et al. 1983, 48, 51–53. 248 Guldager Bilde 1993, 22. 249 Maliszewski 1996, 199–200; Papageorghiou 1991, 800. 250 Herscher 1976, 11, 14; id. 1981, 81; id. 2001, 16, 18; Herscher, Fox 1993, 69–71; Karageorghis 1965, 59–60; Swiny 1979b, 235; id. 1981, 59; Todd 1993, 90 table 1, 91. 251 Cullen, Wheeler 1986, 128, 131. 252 Herscher, Swiny 1992, 75. 253 Herscher 2001, 16; id. 2003, 153, 497; Herscher, Fox 1993, 70; MacLaurin 1980, 768, fig. 94.1; Swiny 1981, 59, 84; id. 1985, 17. 254 Herscher 1976, 13; Swiny 1981, 59, 84–85; id. 1986, 103. 255 Merrillees 1984; Frankel, Webb 2006, 140; id. 2012, 1382–83. 256 Heywood et al. 1981, 37–38; Swiny 1985, 17–18.

48

Early cypriot–late cypriot

In the case of the pithoi similarities in rim profile, body sherd thickness and decorative motifs suggest a MC–LC date and a variety of inter-site relationships. These may include trade in a specific commodity or commodities, perhaps also in medium-sized closed containers 257, and/or the activity of itinerant potters.

the fabric colour is yellowish red (5YR 5/6); the core rough and gritty, light grey (5Y 7/1) with bluish tint; the surface even and smooth. Slip thin, matt, brown (7.5YR 4/3). Decorated with one deeply incised set of two and one of three parallel, diagonal lines; the profile oval.

Open form

B-41 PAP.93-6.P1.

L. 7.2 cm. Fabric hard and compact; high concentration of grey, white and reddish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.4 cm, with some in the core; the fabric colour is yellowish red (5YR 5/6); the core straight and gritty, light grey (5Y 7/1) with bluish tint; the surface even, but gritty and a bit pitted. Decorated with two incised parallel diagonal lines; the profile oval.

Bowl, wishbone handle

B-37 PAP.93-7.P7.

L. 2.5 cm. Fabric hard and compact; high concentration of brown and grey mineral aplastics ≤ 0.05 cm, but in the core there are only grey ones; the fabric colour is very pale brown (10YR 7/4); the core straight and slightly gritty, light bluish grey (2 for gley 7/1 10B); the surface even and smooth; the profile oval.

B-42 PAP.93-6.P2.

L. 5.8 cm. Fabric hard and compact; clay well levigated; sparse concentration of grey, some brown and white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm on the surface, and a few grey in the core, also a few organic inclusions ≤ 0.7 cm; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6); the core straight and gritty, grey (5Y 6/1); the surface even, but gritty and slightly pitted. Slip thin, matt, very pale brown (10YR 8/4), very poorly preserved. Decorated with deeply incised narrow, central vertical groove; the profile roughly oval.

Closed form Jug, vertical handle

B-38 PAP.93-1.P2.

L. 6.9 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; sparse concentration of red ochre, grey and a few white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.1 cm; in the core very dark red particles do not occur; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6); the core sandwich-like, grey (2.5Y 6/1) with bluish tint; the surface even and smooth. Slip thin, matt, red (2.5YR 5/8), very badly preserved. Decorated with two pairs of impressed short parallel diagonal lines, likely forming a zig-zag; the profile nearly round. Compare: Guldager Bilde 1993, 29, fig. 13 A-116 (decoration).

L. 10.1 cm. Fabric very hard and compact; clay very well levigated; the fabric colour is very pale brown (10YR 7/4); the core straight and gritty, light grey (5Y 7/1) with bluish tint; the surface even, but slightly gritty. Slip thin, matt, greyish brown (10YR 5/2), partly preserved; the profile oval.

B-39 PAP.93-1.P3.

B-44 PAP.93-6.P8.

B-43 PAP.93-6.P7.

L. 7.9 cm. Fabric hard and compact; sparse concentration of grey, brownish and black mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm, with some in the core; the fabric colour is light brown (7.5YR 6/4); the core straight and gritty, light grey (5Y 7/1) with bluish tint; the surface even, but gritty. Slip thin, matt, reddish brown (5YR 4/4), very badly preserved. Decorated with impressed vertical shallow groove and deeply incised vertical line in it; the profile oval.

L. 7.5 cm. Fabric very hard and compact; high concentration of very dark grey, greyish, white and reddish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm; the fabric colour is light brown (7.5YR 6/4); the core rough and gritty, light grey (5Y 7/1) with bluish tint; the surface even and smooth. Slip thin, matt, reddish brown (5YR 5/4). Decorated with incised pattern of three sets of parallel diagonal double lines, likely forming a zig-zag; the profile oval.

B-40 PAP.93-5.3.P9.

B-45 PAP.93-6.P9.

L. 5.3 cm. Fabric very hard and compact; sparse concentration of grey and white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm;

L. 10.3 cm. Fabric hard and compact; high concentration of grey, some reddish and white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm, but in the core only some grey particles;

257 Frankel, Webb 2012, 1386.

49

Bronze age

B-50 PAP.93-7.P8.

the fabric colour is reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6); the core rough and gritty, light grey (5Y 7/1) with bluish tint; the surface uneven, gritty and somewhat pitted. Slip thin and matt, strong brown (7.5 YR 4/6), partly preserved. Decorated with impressed broad and shallow vertical groove, with three and two deeply incised and impressed short parallel lines on each side; the profile roughly kidney-like.

L. 4.2 cm. Fabric very hard and compact; some grey and white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.1 cm on the surface; the fabric colour is light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4); the core straight and gritty, grey (5Y 6/1); the surface even and smooth. Slip thin, matt, reddish brown (5YR 4/4). Decorated with five parallel vertically incised lines of different length; the profile oval.

B-46 PAP.93-6.1.P4.

B-51 PAP.93-7.P9.

L. 5.1 cm. Fabric hard and compact; high concentration of grey, some white, a few red and yellowish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.6 cm; in the core yellowish ones do not occur; the fabric colour is light red (2.5YR 6/8); the core rough and very gritty, light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/3); the surface even, but gritty. Slip thin and matt, very pale brown (10YR 7/3), very badly preserved. Decorated with one impressed shallow vertical groove and two deeply incised vertical and parallel lines: one in the middle of the groove, the other beside it; the profile roughly kidney-like.

L. 7.9 cm. Fabric very hard and compact; sparse concentration of grey, brownish, reddish and light mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm on the surface and a few in the core; in the latter there are no reddish ones; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (5YR 6/8); the core rough and gritty, grey (5Y 5/1) with bluish tint; the surface even and smooth. Slip thin, matt, red (2.5YR 5/6), poorly preserved. Decorated with one set of two and one of three parallel diagonally incised lines of different length, likely forming a zig-zag; the profile oval.

B-52 PAP.94-5.P2.

B-47 PAP.93-6.1.P5.

L. 5.8 cm. Fabric very hard and compact; sparse concentration of white, grey and brown mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm; the fabric colour is brown (7.5YR 5/4); the core straight and gritty, grey (5Y 6/1) with bluish tint; the surface even and smooth. Slip thin, matt, brown (7.5YR 5/4), very poorly preserved. Decorated with two parallel vertically incised lines; the profile oval.

L. 9.0 cm. Fabric hard and compact; clay well levigated; some grey, brownish and a few white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.1 cm, but less in the core; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (5YR 6/8); the core straight and gritty, grey (2.5Y 6/1) with light bluish tint; the surface even, but gritty and a bit pitted. Slip thin, matt, reddish brown (5YR 4/4), partly preserved. Decoration of three vertically incised lines; the profile roughly oval.

B-53 PAP.94-5.P3.

B-48 PAP.93-7.P2.

L. 6.0 cm. Fabric very hard and compact; some grey, brown mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm on the surface and a few in the core; the fabric colour is light yellowish red (5YR 6/6); the core rough and gritty, grey (5Y 6/1) with bluish tint; the surface even and smooth. Slip thin, matt, reddish brown (5YR 4/4). Decorated with three deep parallel diagonally impressed short lines and two incised longer ones; the profile round.

L. 4.0 cm. Fabric hard and compact; very high concentration of white, grey, brownish and reddish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.35 cm; the fabric colour is light red (2.5YR 6/8); the core rough and gritty, dark grey (2.5Y 4/1); the surface even and smooth. Slip thin, matt, brown (10YR 5/3). Decorated with four deeply incised parallel vertical lines; the profile semi-oval. Compare: EMP II, 93 inv. no. 3141 (the fabric, surface colour and treatment).

B-49 PAP.93-7.P4.

B-54 PAP.94-5.P4.

L. 4.4 cm. Fabric very hard and compact; high concentration of black, white, grey and brownish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6); the core rough and gritty, grey (5Y 6/1); the surface even, but slightly gritty. Slip thin, matt, red (2.5YR 5/8). Decorated with impressed short diagonal line and punctured dot; the profile round.

L. 7.6 cm. Fabric very hard and compact; high concentration of brown, a few red and grey mineral aplastics ≤ 0.5 cm, but a few in the core; the fabric colour is light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4); the core rough and very gritty, light brownish grey (2.5Y 6/2); the surface uneven and slightly gritty. Slip thin, matt, brown (7.5YR 5/4), very badly preserved. A horned projection; the profile roughly round. 50

Early cypriot–late cypriot

B-55 PAP.94-5.P5.

Slip thin, matt, brown (7.5YR 5/2), partly preserved. Decorated with two parallel vertical ribs incised with one line on the top, separated by centrally impressed shallow groove; the profile oval. Compare: EMP II, 93 inv. no. 3141 (the fabric, surface colour and treatment).

L. 4.4 cm. Fabric very hard and compact; sparse concentration of grey, brownish and white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.1 cm, but in the core a few grey and white ones; the fabric colour is very pale brown (10YR 7/3); the core straight and gritty, grey (2.5Y 6/1) with bluish tint; the surface uneven and slightly pitted, but smooth. Slip thin, matt, brown (7.5YR 5/4), very poorly preserved. Decorated with knob and two sets of roughly horizontally incised parallel weaving lines: in one three and in the other two; the profile roughly kidney-like.

B-60 PAP.96-5.P12.

L. 7.5 cm. Fabric medium hard and compact; some grey, black and a few reddish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.3 cm; the fabric colour is light red (2.5YR 6/6); the core rough and gritty, grey (5Y 6/1) with bluish tint; the surface even and smooth. Slip thin, matt, greyish brown (2.5Y 5/2), very poorly preserved. Decorated with very deeply impressed central vertical groove; the profile kidney-like. Compare: EMP II, 93 inv. no. 3141 (the fabric, surface colour and treatment).

B-56 PAP.94-5.P7.

L. 6.0 cm. Fabric hard and compact; sparse concentration of grey, brownish and some white mineral aplastics  ≤ 0.2 cm, but less in the core; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (5YR 6/6); the core rough and very gritty, light olive grey (5Y 6/2); the surface even, but gritty. Slip thin, matt, very pale brown (10YR 8/4). Decorated with broad impressed vertical groove and deeply incised parallel vertical lines: one in the middle and two beside it; the profile roughly kidney-like.

B-61 PAP.96-5.P16.

L. 7.4 cm. Fabric very hard and compact; high concentration of grey, some brown and white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.4 cm; in the core some grey and white along with bluish ones; the fabric colour is very pale brown (10YR 7/4); the core rough and very gritty, grey (1 for gley 6/) with bluish tint; the surface uneven and gritty. Slip thin, matt, brown (7.5YR 5/4), poorly preserved. Low horned projection; the profile roughly round.

B-57 PAP.96-5.P6.

L. 6.1 cm. Fabric medium hard and compact; sparse concentration of grey, brownish and a few white mineral aplastics ≤ 1.0 cm; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (5YR 7/6); the core straight, gritty and somewhat pitted, light grey (2.5Y 7/2); the surface uneven, but smooth. Slip thin, matt, light brown (7.5YR 6/4), very poorly preserved. Very low knob with centrally incised vertical line; the profile roughly tear-like.

B-62 PAP.96-5.P92.

L. 7.6 cm. Fabric very hard and compact; sparse concentration of grey, brownish and white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.3 cm; in the core also a few burnt-out organic particles ≤ 0.4 cm; the fabric colour is brown (7.5YR 5/4); the core straight and gritty, light olive grey (5Y 6/2); the surface very uneven, but smooth. Slip thin, matt, brown (7.5YR 5/4), very poorly preserved. Decorated with centrally impressed shallow vertical groove with two finger impressions on both sides; the profile semi-oval.

B-58 PAP.96-5.P8.

L. 7.8 cm. Fabric very hard and compact; high concentration of red ochre, as well as greyish, brownish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm on the surface and some in the core; the fabric colour is light brown (7.5YR 6/4); the core rough and gritty, grey (1 for gley 5/) with bluish tint; the surface even, but gritty. Slip thin, matt, brown (7.5YR 5/4), very badly preserved. Decorated with two impressed very shallow, vertical grooves; the profile oval.

Spouted jug, spout

B-63 PAP.93-6.P3

H. 5.6 cm. T. 1.0 cm. Fabric hard and compact; clay well levigated; few dark and light mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm; the fabric colour is pink (7.5YR 6/4); the core straight and smooth, light grey (5Y 7/1) with bluish tint; the surface even and smooth. Slip thin, matt, greyish brown (10YR 3/2), poorly preserved on the exterior and in the upper side of the interior.

B-59 PAP.96-5.P11.

L. 7.5 cm. Fabric hard and compact; high concentration of white, grey mineral aplastics ≤ 0.4 cm on the surface and some in the core; the fabric colour is red (2.5YR 5/8); the core straight and gritty, light grey (5Y 7/1) with bluish tint; the surface uneven and gritty. 51

Bronze age

B-68 PAP.93-7.P18. T. 1.3 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; sparse concentration of red ochre and grey aplastics, and some white ones ≤ 0.2 cm, but much less in the core; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (5YR 7/6); the sandwich-like core straight and gritty, grey (5Y 6/1) with bluish tint; the surface even, but slightly gritty and a bit pitted. Slip thin, matt, greyish brown (10YR 5/2), poorly preserved on the exterior. At the junction of neck and body a broad horizontal ridge in high relief with four finger impressions. Compare: Guldager Bilde 1993, 24, fig. 9 A-82 (fabric, decoration).

Compare: EMP II, 93 inv. no. 3141 (the fabric, surface colour and treatment). Pithos, rim

B-64 PAP.93-1.P1.

D. 32 cm. Fabric hard and compact; sparse concentration of red, greyish and a few white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm on the surface; some greyish ones and a few organic particles in the core; the fabric colour is light grey (2.5Y 7/2); the core rough and very gritty, light grey (1 for gley 7/) with bluish tint; the surface slightly lumpy, but smooth. Slip thin, matt, yellowish red (5YR 5/8), partly preserved on both surfaces. The flat top decorated with incised narrow, shallow groove.

Body fragment

B-65 PAP.93-7.P15.

B-69 PAP.93-1.P8. T. 1.9 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; high concentration of red ochre, some grey and a few white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.3 cm, and a few organics ≤ 1.4 cm on the exterior; in the core only grey mineral particles; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6); the core rough and very gritty, grey (1 for gley 5/) with bluish tint; the surface smooth, but the exterior even and the interior uneven. Slip thin, matt, very pale brown (10YR 7/4), very poorly preserved on the exterior. Decorated with a narrow horizontal ridge in low relief.

D. 44 cm. Fabric hard and compact; high concentration of brown, some grey and white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm, but less in the core; the fabric colour is very pale brown (10YR 7/3); the core rough and very gritty, grey (5Y 6/1) with bluish tint; the exterior uneven, but smooth, the interior even, slightly gritty and pitted. Slip thin, matt, strong brown (7.5YR 5/6), on the exterior; burnished.

B-66 PAP.96-6.P51.

D. c. 36 cm. Fabric hard and compact; very high concentration of brown and grey, as well as a few red and white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.3 cm; in the core there are no red particles; the fabric colour is light grey (2.5Y 7/2); the core rough and very gritty, light grey (1 for gley 7/) with bluish tint; the surface even, but gritty and somewhat pitted. Slip thin, matt, very pale brown (10YR 7/4), on both surfaces.

B-70 PAP.93-5.2.P14. T. 1.7 cm. Fabric hard and compact; high concentration of grey, reddish, pinkish and white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm; additionally, a few yellowish particles ≤ 0.4 cm on the exterior; the fabric colour is dark grey (2.5Y 4/1); the core straight and gritty, light grey (5Y 7/1) with bluish tint; the surface even, gritty and somewhat pitted. Slip thin, matt, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4), poorly preserved on the exterior. Decorated with a narrow horizontal ridge in low relief with two finger impressions. Compare: Guldager Bilde 1993, 20, fig. 9 A-66 (decoration).

Neck

B-67 PAP.92-3.P11. With a fragment of the shoulder. D. 31 cm. T. of the body 1.8 cm. Fabric very hard and compact; some grey and brownish, as well as a very few white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6); the sandwich-like core straight and somewhat gritty, grey (5Y 6/1) with bluish tint; the surface even, slightly gritty and pitted, especially the interior. Slip thin, matt, pink (5YR 7/4), poorly preserved on the exterior. At the junction of neck and body a narrow horizontal rib in low relief. Compare: Guldager Bilde 1993, 18, fig. 7 A-55 (decoration).

B-71 PAP.93-5.3.P20. T. 1.0 cm. Fabric hard and gritty; high concentration of orange, greyish and white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.4 cm on the exterior, but a few in the core; the fabric colour is grey (5Y 4/1); the core straight and gritty, light grey (5Y 7/1) with bluish tint; the surface even, but the exterior very gritty and pitted, the interior smooth. Slip thin, matt, yellowish red (5YR 5/8), partly preserved on the interior. Decorated 52

Early cypriot–late cypriot

B-76 PAP.96-5.P20. T. 2.0 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; some grey, white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.1 cm on the exterior and a few in the core; the fabric colour is very pale brown (10YR 7/4); the core rough and very gritty, grey (1 for gley 6/) with bluish tint; the surface even and smooth, but the interior pitted. Slip thin, matt, very dark greyish brown (10YR 3/2), on the exterior. Decorated with a broad horizontal ridge in high relief with two finger impressions.

with a narrow horizontal band in very low relief with two finger impressions.

B-72 PAP.93-7.P19.

T. 2.1 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; some red ochre and a few grey mineral aplastics ≤ 0.1 cm, as well as some ≤ 0.7 cm organics on the exterior; only some grey particles in the core; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (5YR 7/6); the core straight and somewhat gritty, very thick, grey (5Y 6/1) with bluish tint; the surface smooth and pitted, the exterior uneven, the interior even. Slip thin, matt, red (2.5YR 4/8), preserved on the top of the knob in high relief.

B-77 PAP.99-13.P4.

D. 30 cm. T. 1.0 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; clay very well levigated; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6); the sandwich-like core straight and smooth, grey (5Y 6/1) with bluish tint; the surface even and very smooth. Slip thin, matt, dark brown, very poorly preserved on the exterior (Munsell determination impossible). Decorated with a broad horizontal ridge in low relief.

B-73 PAP.96-5.P3. T. 1.4 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; clay well levigated; a few grey mineral aplastics ≤ 0.1 cm on the exterior and some in the core; in the latter also a few white particles; the fabric colour is very pale brown (10YR 7/4); the core somewhat rough and slightly gritty, very thick, grey (5Y 5/1) with bluish tint; the surface even and smooth, but the exterior somewhat pitted. Slip thin, matt, brown (10YR 5/3), very poorly preserved on both surfaces.

Uncertain form Spouted bowl, spout

B-78 PAP.93-6.1.P2. Tubular. H. 6.9 cm. T. 0.5 cm. Fabric very hard and compact; some red, dark and light mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm; the fabric colour is light red (2.5YR 6/8); the core rough and gritty, grey (5Y 6/1) with bluish tint; the surface lumpy, but smooth. Slip thin, matt, greyish brown (2.5Y 5/2), on the exterior. Compare: EMP II, 93 inv. no. 3141 (the fabric, surface treatment and colour).

B-74 PAP.96-5.P4.

T. 1.0 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; sparse concentration of grey, some white, and a few dark red mineral aplastics ≤ 0.1 cm, as well as some organics ≤ 0.6 cm on the exterior; of those in the core there are some grey and a few white particles, and some organics; the fabric colour is very pale brown (10YR 7/4); the core straight, somewhat gritty and pitted, very thick, grey (1 for gley 6/) with bluish tint; the surface even and smooth, but the interior pitted. Slip thin, matt, reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6), very poorly preserved on the top of the ridge. Decorated with a broad horizontal ridge in low relief.

Storage vessel, horizontal handle

B-79 PAP.93-7.P3.

L. 10.9 cm. Fabric very hard and compact; high concentration of brownish, reddish and some grey mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm, but in the core a few grey and red ones; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (5YR 7/6); the core rough and very gritty, grey (5Y 5/1) with bluish tint; the surface lumpy and a bit gritty. Slip thin, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4), poorly preserved; burnished. Decorated with two knobs and a diagonally incised line on the top; the profile oval.

B-75 PAP.96-5.P14.

T. 1.5 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; sparse concentration of red ochre, grey, brownish and a few white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm, but less in the core; in the latter there is no red ochre; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (5YR 6/6); the core straight and gritty, grey (1 for gley 6/) with bluish tint; the surface even, but gritty and slightly pitted. Slip thin, matt, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4), very badly preserved on the exterior. Decorated with a broad horizontal ridge in high relief.

Vessel of small size, body fragment

B-80 PAP.93-2.P22.

T. 0.7 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; sparse 53

Bronze age

concentration of grey and reddish mineral aplastics  ≤ 0.05 cm, mainly on the exterior and in the core, but less on the interior; some organic inclusions ≤ 0.45 cm on the exterior and in the core; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6); the core straight and gritty, light bluish grey (2 for gley 7/1 5PB); the surface even and smooth. Slip thin, from very dark greyish brown (10YR 3/2) to greyish brown (10YR 5/2), on the highly burnished exterior, cracked and flaking.

is variously even, uneven, lumpy, gritty to very gritty, pitted or occasionally smooth. DBCC pottery is related to DBC, but sherds are very thick and coarse. Both features indicate fragments of pithoi or other storage vessels, usually manufactured in “Fabric type 3” in the hinterland of Kouklia 259. With regard to fabric fourteen items with small red ochre inclusions should also be mentioned (B-84, 86, 90, 91, 103, 115, 117, 119, 121, 122, 124, 128, 143, 146).

2.2. Drab Blue Core Coarse

Some light on manufacturing techniques is shed by rim B-84 and body fragment B-115, which have finger marks on the exterior, which suggest the turning of the vessel during manufacture. Of special interest is possible body sherd B-147 with potter’s finger-marks, parallel horizontal indications of slip application on the exterior, and possible coil joins 260. Only one handle B-91 was inserted as a rod through the vessel wall. Bases B-112, 113 have circular mat impressions. This feature is also present on large storage vessels at late EC Sotira-Kaminoudhia and EC–MC Alambra-Mouttes and Marki-Alonia, and would have facilitated moving bases from the potting surface to dry. It was a quite common technique used in Cyprus from the Neolithic and is well known in the Levant and the Aegean 261.

Sixty-seven sherds were collected at the YialiaPhoties (PAP.92-3), Sarama-Aishetou (PAP.93-1), Magounda-Mersinoudhia (PAP.93-5.2), MagoundaKokkinokambos (PAP.93-6, PAP.93-6.1, PAP.93-6.2), Argaka-Stavli (PAP.94-5), Yialia-Kokkineri (PAP.94-7), Pelathousa-Kiladhia (PAP.96-5), Choli-Kapitanisses (PAP.99-10), Goudhi-Sies/Phinikin (PAP.99-13), and Tera-Litharin (PAP.99-16, PAP.99-16.1) settlements, as well as at the Choli-Spilios (PAP.99-11.1) and TeraTeratsokambos (PAP.99-14) cemeteries, and DhroushiaAroaphna tomb (PAP.99-18) 258. The fabric is hard and compact to very hard and very compact; with a very high concentration to a very few brownish, brown, light brown, bluish, greyish, grey, light grey, grey bluish, greyish blue, bluish grey, reddish, red, very dark red, white or yellowish aplastics. The fabric colour is usually reddish yellow, but also light brown, very pale brown, light yellowish brown, light grey, light bluish grey or reddish yellow with orange tint, yellowish red and pink in only two cases. The core is rough and gritty to very rough and very gritty, porous in two cases, and mostly different shades of blue colour, but also bluish grey, light bluish grey, brownish grey, olive grey, light olive grey, light brown with a bluish tint, pale brown, very pale brown, light brownish grey, light yellowish brown, greyish brown, grey, grey with a bluish tint, light grey, light grey with a bluish tint, light brownish grey, dark grey, reddish yellow or pale yellow. The very worn slip is thin, matt and either brown, strong brown?, light brown, pale brown, reddish brown, yellowish brown, red, light red?, yellowish red, reddish yellow, pale yellow or pink in one case. The surface

On the basis of their diameter and thickness rims can be attributed to both medium (B-85, 86) and large-sized pithoi (B-81, 82, 83, 84, 87, 88, 89). While generally attributable to the pithos form, only two fragments have closer parallels. The rounded out-turning rim B-83 is roughly similar to items from Enkomi dated to LC IIC–IIIB (Group I) 262 and LC IIC (Group II-III) 263. The thickened, flat at the top rim B-87 seems to be comparable with a pithos type from LC IIC–IIIA AplikiKaramallos (Group I) 264. 2 59 Guldager Bilde 1993, 23. 260 Tentatively classified by me as body fragment B-147 is of special interest since it has no parallel in Cyprus – for consultation of that item I owe much thanks to Dr Ellen Herscher, Dr Despo Pilides and Dr Priscilla Schuster-Keswani. 261 Coleman et al. 1996, 243, 282–83 and cat. nos F121, F123, F124, F129, 324–25 and cat. nos G1, G2, G3; Herscher 2003, 148, 190 fig. 4.16, 191, 200 cat. no. P142; Webb, Frankel 1996, 146–47 and cat. no. P3255, fig. 7.19; id. 2006, 93, 129. 2 62 Pilides 2000, 44–45, 82 fig. 19:113, 83 cat. no. 207, 84 fig. 20:134, 88 cat. no. 239. 2 63 Ibid., 45, 90 fig. 22:157.162, 91 cat. no. 263, 92 cat. no. 268. 2 64 Ibid., 20, 60 fig. 13:42, 64 cat. no. 58.

258 Maliszewski 1994, 168 fig. 2, 172–73; id. 1995, 312 fig. 1, 313–14; id. 1996, 202, 206–207, 209–210, 228; id. 1997, 73, 74 map 2, 79–80; id. 1999a, 80 fig. 1, 84; id. 1999b, 340 fig. 1, 345; id. 1999c, 14–16, 17 figs 2–3; id. 2007, 93 fig. 4.6, 96, 98 fig. 5.2.5.7–9.11.18.20–21.30; id. et al. 2003a, 353 fig. 2; id. et al. 2003b, 8 fig. 1, 12–15.

54

Early cypriot–late cypriot

A possible horizontal handle B-143, perhaps with a knob, and vertical handle B-100 probably belong to medium-sized vessels. The remaining handles are large and very massive, and can be attributed to large pithoi (B-88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 101). Among these, vertical handles dominate, but there is a possibly horizontal strap handle (B-101). Of special interest are vertical handles with projections (B-90, 95) and plain (B-97), which are close to those of RP storage vessels in western Cyprus 265. Profiles are roughly rectangular, square, round, as well as oval, elongated oval, and kidney-like. It seems that vertical, slightly horned plain (B-90, 95) and decorated (B-93) handles, as well as other vertical ones, both patterned (B-91, 92, 94, 98, 99, 100) and undecorated (B-97) are of MC–LC IA date 266. Strap vertical (B-96) and horizontal (B-101) handles can be dated to the LC period; the first is characteristic of LC IIC pithoi (Group I B2) 267.

a wide variety of motifs, including finger impressions (B-91, 100), impressed grooves (B-92) and dots (B-99). Additionally, there are combinations of incised zig-zag and impressed groove (B-93), incised lines and impressed groove (B-94), incised lines and an impressed circle with a central punctured dot (B-98). Of these the latter is characteristic of western Cyprus with parallels at Kissonerga-Ammoudhia 272. Decorative patterns on handles are also related to those from the CPSP area and other parts of the island, namely those on B-91, 100 to motifs F, K, and N. Additionally, the decoration on B-92 is comparable to motif H, and that on B-98 to motif P. B-93 is an example of joined motifs A and H and B-94 of E and H. What is interesting is that two of them (O, P) were exclusively used as body decoration 273. B-99 has the same motif as a pithos rim (Group I) from LC IIIB Enkomi 274. A pattern similarly arranged to that on B-100, but punctured, is found on the loop handle of a EC III–MC II DPBC tankard from SotiraKaminoudhia 275. In sum, various EC–LC wares have such patterns, but in western Cyprus they are mainly found on DP, DPBC, and also RP 276. Vessels with incised handles in RP also were recorded in the survey area 277.

Judging from their dimensions, three bases (B-144, 145, 146) belong to medium-sized storage vessel while the rest belong to large pithoi (B-102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112). Flat bases are usually either slightly (B-107, 109, 145, 146), medium (B-102, 105, 106, 108, 110) or broadly flanged (B-103, 104, 111, 112). There are also flat examples (B-113, 114), of which the latter was certainly not flanged, and two can be classified as base ring (B-102, 144). B-104 is similar in fabric and shape to the base of a large storage vessel recorded by the CPSP 268 while B-105 and 106, as well as B-114 are similar to those from LC Analiondas/ Marki-Palaiokklisia 269. Finally, B-107, 109 and 145 resemble bases of MC RP pithoi from AlambraMouttes and those of Pi recorded at LC Analiondas/ Marki-Palaiokklisia 270.

Body fragments are decorated with knob (B-128), as well as incised horizontal, chevron and wavy lines (B-120, 140). The most common, however, was applied decoration, both in low and high relief, usually modeled by the use of the fingers in the still wet clay. In low relief there are both single and complex motifs, i.e. arched (B-116, 125) and horizontal parallel ribs (B-119, 127, 141), ridges with finger impressions (B-117, 139), a broad band with incised lines (B-134), a ridge with impressed short arched lines (B-121), a broad band with incised chevrons (B-131), a slightly grooved band (B-132), wavy lines and horizontal ribs (B-115). In high relief are horizontal ridges (B-136), also with finger (B-122, 123, 130, 138) and diagonal short lines (B-124) impressions, as well as incised zig-zag (B-142). Also there are wavy ridges (B-126), including example decorated with finger impressions (B-118), and horizontal broad bands (B-133, 135), with finger impressions (B-129) and ribs (B-137). Finally, the flange of base B-146 has a rib around the exterior.

The majority of the thick body fragments also are attributable to large pithoi 271; the only exception is B-132 from possible medium-sized vessel. The assemblage is richly decorated. The very large rim B-84 has an incised groove on the top and handles are decorated with 2 65 MacLaurin 1980, 723. 266 Pilides 2000, 4 fig. 1. For the occurrence of angular horned handles see comments on DBC. 267 Ibid., 6 fig. 2; Schuster Keswani 2009, 108 fig. 1 c, 111. 268 Guldager Bilde 1993, 25, fig. 11. 269 Buchholz 2000, 189 cat. no. 23, 190 fig. 3 h. 270 Ibid., 189 cat. no. 22, 190 fig. 3 e; Coleman et al. 1996, 117, 282 cat. no. F121, 312 cat. no. F592, figs 60, 68. 271 Pilides 2000, passim.

2 72 MacLaurin 1980, 717–18. 273 Guldager Bilde 1993, 29–31. 274 Pilides 2000, 45, 82 fig. 19:112, 83 cat. no. 199. 275 Herscher 2003, 153, 172 fig. 4.7, 175, 199 cat. no. P72. 276 MacLaurin 1980, 723–25. 277 Ibid., loc. cit.

55

Bronze age

These techniques and patterns of decoration on body fragments generally correspond well with those of MC–LC date. Unfortunately, however, only a few closer parallels have been recorded from the latter period. Body sherds with finger impressed bands and ridges (B-117, 122, 129, 130, 138, 139) have general analogies at LC IIA and IIC Myrtou-Pigadhes 278, LC II Maa-Palaiokastro, LC IIC Pyla-Kokkinokremos, LC Sanidha-Moutti tou Ayiou Serkou 279, and Toumba tou Skourou (date unknown) 280. The motif on B-136 is similar to that from Sanidha 281, while B-121 has a parallel at LC IA–IIIB Enkomi 282. Relief wavy and horizontal bands/lines also commonly occur on LC pithoi 283. In this context fragments B-115, 127 are especially interesting, since the wavy and horizontal bands/ridges were modeled separately, attached to the body and then smoothed out. The first one is decorated with lighter clay than the body – a practice, which in western Cyprus was common at LC II Maa-Palaiokastro and is also attested at Alassa, Analiondas, Enkomi, Hala Sultan Tekke, Kition, and Pyla-Kokkinokremos 284. The band decoration on B-133 seems to be similar to that recorded at LC Sanidha 285. The knob on the upper body fragment B-128 has parallels on RP jugs and storage vessels from western Cyprus 286.

survey pottery, accords generally with LC pottery and this is attested by several closer parallels. Observed features suggest different forms of inter-site relationships, including a trade in a specific commodity or commodities in both large and medium-sized closed vessels 289, and/or the activity of itinerant potters. Finally, it should be added that pithos fragments of Pi in western Cyprus were recorded at several settlements, namely LC Kissonerga-Yiorki and Yeroskipou-Asproyi A, as well as LC II–III Kouklia-Evreti A, Pomos and Souskiou-Paralonia/Stalies A. They also occurred at the LC II–III cemeteries of Kouklia-Marchellos C, Yeroskipou-Asproyi B, and within one temple – Kouklia-Site TA 290.

Closed form Pithos, rim

B-81 PAP.93-6.1.P6.

D. 38 cm. Fabric hard and compact; high concentration of grey, white and brownish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.4 cm; the fabric colour is light brown (7.5YR 6/4); the core rough and gritty, light grey (5Y 7/1) with bluish tint; the surface uneven, lumpy and very gritty, the interior pitted. Slip thin, matt, brown (7.5YR 4/4), very poorly preserved on both surfaces.

The relief ridge and band with finger impressions correspond well with those classified as decoration S, commonly occurring on EC III to LC wares, but in western Cyprus usually associated with DPBC 287. A similar rich repertoire of incised and relief patterns has been observed on RP pottery from looted tombs in western Cyprus, including the PAP survey area 288.

B-82 PAP.99-10.P31.

D. 52 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; high concentration of grey and a few brownish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.5 cm, mainly on the surface and less in the core; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6); the core rough and gritty, grey (5Y 5/1); the surface even, but gritty and pitted.

The DBCC assemblage, bearing in mind that it is subject to the same limitations as in case of the DBC

B-83 PAP.99-10.P37.

2 78 Pilides 2000, 12–13, 54 cat. no. 2, 55 fig. 11:6. 279 Karageorghis, Demas 1984, 46 cat. no. 65, 48, pls XIX, XLII; id. 1988, 200 cat. no. 255, pl. CCXLIII; Pilides 2000, 47, 100 cat. no. 328, 101 fig. 26:215. 280 Pilides 2000, 16, 17 fig. 6:1, 58 fig. 12:31, 59 cat. no. 36, 100 cat. no. 328, 101 fig. 26:215. 281 Ibid., 47, 100 cat. no. 338, 101 fig. 26:225. 282 Ibid., 44–45, 82 fig. 19:111, 83 cat. no. 198. 283 Ibid., 108; Schuster Keswani 1989, 14–17; id. 2009, 107–112; Steel, Janes 2005, 235 and fig. 5. 284 Karageorghis, Demas 1984, pl. XXIV; id. 1988, 191 cat. no. 12, 193 cat. no. 13, pl. CXLII; Pilides 2000, 24, 25 fig. 8:3, 108. 285 Pilides 2000, 47, 100 cat. no. 333, 101 fig. 26:220. 286 MacLaurin 1980, 721–22. 287 Guldager Bilde 1993, 29, 31–32. 288 MacLaurin 1980, 247–48, 250–53, 255–56, 714, 721–22, 725.

D. 34 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; high concentration of grey and a few white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.3 cm, mainly on the interior, less on the exterior and in the core; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6); the core rough and gritty, grey (5Y 6/1) with bluish tint; the surface even, the exterior smooth; the interior gritty and pitted.

B-84 PAP.99-13.P10.

D. 65 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; very

2 89 Frankel, Webb 2012, 1386. 290 Maliszewski 1996, 218, 222, 226, 228–29, 231, 237, 240.

56

Early cypriot–late cypriot

high concentration of red ochre and a few greyish, brownish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.45 cm, mostly on the surface, much less in the core; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (5YR 7/8) with orange tint; the core rough and very gritty, grey (5Y 6/1); the surface even, but very gritty. Slip thin, matt, pale brown (10YR 6/3), very badly preserved. Decorated with not deeply incised, narrow groove on the top.

concentration of red ochre, greyish and brownish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.3 cm on the surface and much less in the core; the fabric colour is very pale brown (10YR 7/4); the core rough and gritty, light grey (2.5Y 7/2); the surface uneven and pitted, but smooth. Slip thin, matt, brown (7.5YR 5/4), very badly preserved. Vertical part of the handle decorated with partly preserved horned projection; the profile roughly rectangular.

B-85 PAP.99-13.P13.

B-91 PAP.93-1.P6.

D. 23 cm. Fabric hard and compact; high concentration of brown, some reddish and greyish mineral aplastics ≤ 1.1 cm; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6); the core very rough, very pale brown (10YR 7/3); the surface even, but gritty and pitted.

L. 8.9 cm. Fabric very hard and compact; gritty, high concentration of red ochre and yellowish particles, some grey mineral aplastics ≤ 0.3 cm on the surface and some grey, bluish and white in the core; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (5YR 6/6); the core rough and gritty, light bluish grey (2 for gley 7/1 5PB); the preserved surface even, but medium gritty. Decorated with two parallel, vertical rows of two and one finger impressions; the profile due to half preserved piece difficult to define, but perhaps roughly quadrangular.

B-86 PAP.99-13.P17.

D. 24 cm. Fabric medium hard and compact; sparse concentration of brown, some red ochre, greyish and a few white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.65 cm, mainly on the surface and less in the core; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6); the core slightly rough and gritty, pale brown (5Y 6/1); the surface lumpy, slightly gritty and pitted.

B-92 PAP.94-7.P1.

L. 12.6 cm. Fabric very hard and compact; high concentration of grey and grey bluish mineral aplastics on the surface, and some grey ones in the core ≤ 0.4 cm; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (7.5YR 8/6); the core rough and gritty, grey (5Y 6/1) with bluish tint; the surface even, but pitted. Slip thin, matt, brown (7.5YR 5/4), very poorly preserved. Decorated with very shallow broad vertical groove impressed on the top; the profile roughly round.

B-87 PAP.99-13.P19.

D. 54 cm. Fabric hard and compact; sparse concentration of brown and some bluish grey mineral aplastics ≤ 0.4 cm; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6); the core rough and gritty, light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/3); the surface even, but gritty and somewhat pitted.

B-93 PAP.99-13.P1.

B-88 PAP.99-13.P23.

L. 11.5 cm. Fabric medium hard and very compact; high concentration of greyish, brownish and some reddish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.5 cm on the surface and less in the core; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6); the core rough and slightly gritty, grey (5Y 5/1); the surface lumpy and gritty. Horned projection and vertical pattern of incised double zig-zag on both sides, with impressed broad groove below; the profile of horizontal part oval and the vertical part kidney-like.

D. 40 cm. Fabric hard and compact; high concentration of brown, some grey and white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.3 cm; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6); the core rough and gritty, grey (5Y 6/1); the surface even, but gritty and slightly pitted.

B-89 PAP.99-13.P43.

D. 44 cm. Fabric hard and very compact; sparse concentration of grey mineral aplastics ≤ 0.3 cm; the fabric colour is light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4); the core rough and gritty, bluish grey (2 for gley 6/1 10B); the surface even, but slightly gritty, the interior pitted.

B-94 PAP.99-13.P8.

L. 14.2 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; sparse concentration of brown, some greyish and a few white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.3 cm on the surface and less in the core; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6); the core rough and gritty, greyish brown (2.5Y 5/2); the surface uneven and gritty. Slip? thin, matt, reddish

Vertical handle

B-90 PAP.92-3.P8.

L. 11.9 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; sparse 57

Bronze age

yellow (7.5YR 6/6), poorly preserved. Decorated with three vertically incised parallel lines on the top, including one in the impressed groove; the profile roughly rectangular.

horizontal parallel lines connected with one dot and line of four and two impressed dots on each of the sides; the profile oval.

B-100 PAP.99-13.P59.

B-95 PAP.99-13.P9.

L. 13.1 cm. Fabric medium hard and compact; clay well levigated; some brown and a few grey mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6); the core rough and gritty, greyish brown (2.5Y 5/2); the surface even and smooth. Slip thin, matt, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4). Vertical part of the handle has a horned projection; the profile oval.

L. 7.4 cm. Fabric very hard and compact; high concentration of brown and a few grey mineral aplastics ≤ 0.35 cm on the surface and less in the core; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6); the core rough and gritty, light brownish grey (10YR 6/2); the surface uneven and slightly gritty. Decorated on the top with four finger impressions, on one side with two finger impressions, and on the other with one; the profile roughly rectangular.

B-96 PAP.99-13.P18.

Horizontal handle

L. 4.4 cm. Fabric hard and compact; high concentration of brown, some red and bluish grey mineral aplastics ≤ 0.6 cm on the surface and less in the core; in the latter some white particles; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6); the core rough and gritty, grey (5Y 6/1) with bluish tint; the surface uneven, gritty and pitted; the profile elongated oval.

B-101 PAP.99-10.P3.

L. 8.4 cm. Fabric hard and compact; sparse concentration of brown and some red mineral aplastics ≤ 0.3 cm on the surface, some grey ones in the core; the fabric colour is light brown (7.5YR 6/4); the core rough and gritty, grey (1 for gley 6/) with bluish tint; the surface uneven, gritty and somewhat pitted; the profile rectangular.

B-97 PAP.99-13.P25.

L. 9.1 cm. Fabric hard and compact; sparse concentration of brown, some very dark red and grey mineral aplastics ≤ 0.4 cm on the surface and less in the core; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6); the core rough and gritty, grey (2.5Y 5/1); the surface lumpy and gritty; the profile oval.

Base ring

B-102 PAP.99-13.P16.

D. c. 20 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; high concentration of brownish, greyish, and white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.6 cm on the surface and some in the core; the fabric colour is light brown (7.5YR 6/4); the core rough and gritty, light bluish grey (2 for gley 7/1 5B); the surface even, but gritty and pitted, the exterior very worn, the interior slightly better preserved.

B-98 PAP.99-13.P26.

L. 10.2 cm. Fabric hard and compact; high concentration of bluish grey mineral aplastics ≤ 0.35 cm; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6); the core rough and gritty, grey (1 for gley 6/) with bluish tint; the surface uneven and gritty. Decorated with impressed circle with a central punctured dot and two deeply incised parallel lines; profile uncertain.

Flanged base

B-103 PAP.94-5.P13.

D. c. 14 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; clay well levigated; some grey and white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.3 cm on the surface and less in the core; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (5YR 7/6); the core rough, grey (1 for gley 6/) with bluish tint; the surface lumpy and somewhat pitted. Slip thick, matt, brown (7.5YR 5/4), on the exterior.

B-99 PAP.99-13.P42.

L. 6.1 cm. Fabric very hard and compact; high concentration of brown, some greyish and reddish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.5 cm on the surface and less in the core; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6); the core rough and slightly gritty, grey (5Y 6/1); the surface uneven, but smooth. Slip perhaps preserved in one spot. Decorated with pattern of originally four impressed dots arranged in three

B-104 PAP.96-5.P19.

D. c. 10 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; high concentration of grey, some red ochre and a few white

58

Early cypriot–late cypriot

B-110 PAP.99-13.P36.

mineral aplastics ≤ 0.8 cm on the surface and less in the core; in the latter there are no ochre particles; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (5YR 7/6); the core rough and gritty, grey (5Y 6/1) with bluish tint; the surface lumpy and gritty, the exterior pitted. Slip thin, matt, pink (7.5YR 8/4), on both surfaces. Compare: Guldager Bilde 1993, 25, fig. 11 A-94 (fabric, shape).

D. 15 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; sparse concentration of grey, brown and some reddish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.3 cm; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (5YR 7/6); the core rough and very gritty, light brownish grey (2.5Y 6/2); the surface uneven and very gritty. Slip thin, matt, reddish yellow (5YR 6/6), very poorly preserved on the exterior.

B-105 PAP.99-10.P13.

B-111 PAP.99-16.P31.

D. 18 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; very high concentration of brown, grey bluish and some white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.4 cm; the fabric colour is light grey (7.5YR 6/4); the core straight and gritty, grey (1 for gley 6/); the surface lumpy and gritty.

D. 29 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; very high concentration of grey, red, brown, and a few white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.4 cm; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (5YR 6/6); the core rough and very gritty, light olive grey (5Y 6/2); the surface even, but very gritty and pitted. Slip thin, matt, pale yellow (2.5Y 8/3), poorly preserved on the exterior.

B-112 PAP.99-18.P3.

D. c. 12 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; clay well levigated; some brown, reddish and a few grey mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm on the interior and less in the core; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (5YR 7/6); the core rough, bluish grey (2 for gley 6/1 5PB); the exterior slightly lumpy, but smooth, the interior even, smooth and somewhat pitted. Slip thin, matt, yellowish red (5YR 5/6), very poorly preserved on the exterior. On the exterior a mat impression of eight concentric circles with many small, oval depressions.

B-106 PAP.99-10.P54.

D. 22 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; clay well levigated; sparse concentration of greyish blue mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm, mainly on the interior and much less in the core; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6); the core rough and gritty, grey (5Y 5/1); the surface even, the exterior smooth, the interior slightly gritty and pitted.

B-107 PAP.99-13.P24.

Flat base

D. 23 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; very high concentration of bluish grey mineral aplastics ≤ 0.3 cm; in the core also some white and light grey; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6); the core rough and very gritty, light bluish grey (2 for gley 7/1 5B); the surface even, but gritty and pitted.

B-113 PAP.96-5.P17.

D.? T. 2.7 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; sparse concentration of brown and grey mineral aplastics  ≤ 0.3 cm on the surface and less in the core; the fabric colour is yellowish red (5YR 5/6); the core rough and gritty, grey (5Y 6/1) with bluish tint; the surface even, but gritty; the interior pitted. Slip thin, matt, brown (7.5YR 5/4), poorly preserved on both surfaces. On the exterior mat impression of ten concentric circles with many small, oval depressions.

B-108 PAP.99-13.P27.

D. 17 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; some brown, reddish, a few greyish and white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm on the surface and less in the core; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/2); the core rough, gritty and slightly porous, light brownish grey (2.5Y 6/2); the exterior somewhat lumpy, the interior even, slightly gritty and pitted.

B-114 PAP.99-10.P4.

D. 34 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; high concentration of greyish and reddish, some brownish, and a few white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.4 cm, mainly on the surface and less in the core; the fabric colour is light brown (7.5YR 6/4); the core straight and gritty, grey (5Y 5/1); the surface even, but gritty, the interior pitted.

B-109 PAP.99-13.P33.

D. 13 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; sparse concentration of grey and brown mineral aplastics ≤ 0.6 cm; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6); the core rough and gritty, grey (2.5Y 6/1); the surface slightly lumpy and gritty. 59

Bronze age

Body fragment

somewhat gritty; sparse concentration of grey and brown mineral aplastics, and a few red ochre and white particles on the surface, as well as higher concentration of grey and a few brown mineral particles in the core ≤ 0.5 cm; the fabric colour is light brown (7.5YR 6/4); the core rough and gritty, grey (5Y 6/1) with a bluish tint; the surface even and smooth. Slip thin, matt, reddish brown (5YR 4/4), very poorly preserved on both surfaces. Decorated with three parallel horizontal ribs in low relief.

B-115 PAP.92-3.P9.

D. c. 60 cm. T. 2.6 cm. Fabric medium hard; high concentration of brown, grey and white mineral aplastics, and some red ochre particles ≤ 0.45 cm; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (5YR 7/6); the colour of relief decoration is reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6), but slightly lighter than the fabric; the core rough and gritty, bluish grey (2 for gley 6/1 10B); the surface even, but gritty. Slip thin, matt, probably light red (2.5YR 7/8), visible only in one spot on the exterior. Decorated in low relief with two wavy lines bordered above and below by two sets of horizontal ribs (two and five).

B-120 PAP.93-6.2.P8.

B-116 PAP.92-3.P14.

T. 1.6 cm. Fabric hard and compact; sparse concentration of grey and a few brown mineral aplastics ≤ 0.4 cm; in the core only grey particles; the fabric colour is pink (7.5YR 8/4); the core rough and gritty, grey (5Y 6/1) with a bluish tint; the surface even, but slightly gritty and pitted. Decorated with an incised horizontal line below a triple chevron.

B-117 PAP.93-5.2.P11.

B-121 PAP.94-7.P6. T. 1.9 cm. Fabric hard and compact; high concentration of grey, some red ochre, white and brown mineral aplastics ≤ 0.7 cm on the surface; in the core there are only a few less grey and white particles; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6); the core rough and gritty, grey (5Y 6/1) with a bluish tint; the exterior even, but very gritty, the interior uneven, very gritty and pitted. Decorated with horizontal ridge in low relief with six parallel impressed short and slightly arched vertical lines.

T. 2.2 cm. Fabric hard and compact; sparse concentration of grey and brown, as well as a few red aplastics ≤ 0.3 cm; in the core fewer grey particles; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6); the core rough and gritty, grey (5Y 6/1) with bluish tint; the surface even, smooth and pitted. Slip thin, yellowish red (5YR 5/6), very worn on both burnished surfaces. Decorated with two parallel arched ribs in low relief.

T. 1.9 cm. Fabric medium hard and compact; very gritty, very high concentration of red ochre, grey, brown and some white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.8 cm on the surface and much less in the core; in the latter there are no ochre particles, but some organic inclusions ≤ 1.5 cm; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (5YR 6/6); the core slightly porous, rough and gritty, light grey (5Y 7/1) with a bluish tint; the surface even, but gritty and pitted. Decorated with a ridge in low relief with finger impression.

B-122 PAP.96-5.P5. T. 2.6 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; sparse concentration of red ochre, grey, white, and brown mineral aplastics ≤ 0.6 cm; in the core there are fewer grey and a few brownish particles; the fabric colour is very pale brown (10YR 7/4); the core rough and gritty, grey (5Y 6/1) with a bluish tint; the surface uneven and gritty. Slip thin, matt, brown (7.5YR 4/4), partly preserved on the exterior. Decorated with a horizontal ridge in high relief with three very deep finger impressions.

B-118 PAP.93-6.P16.

D. c. 47 cm. T. 2.2 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; somewhat gritty, sparse concentration of grey and bluish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.3 cm, mostly in the core and some on the surface; the fabric colour is yellowish red (5YR 5/6); the core rough, gritty and somewhat porous, light brown (7.5YR 6/3) with slight bluish tint; the exterior uneven and gritty, the interior even, smooth and very pitted. Slip thin, matt, reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6), on the exterior. Decorated with a wavy ridge in high relief with five finger impressions.

B-123 PAP.96-5.P10. T. 1.6. Fabric hard and compact; clay well levigated; very sparse concentration of grey and a few white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.4 cm; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (5YR 6/6); the core rough and gritty, grey (5Y 6/1) with a bluish tint; the surface even and smooth, slightly pitted. Slip thin, matt,

B-119 PAP.93-6.2.P5.

T. 2.3 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact, 60

Early cypriot–late cypriot

pale yellow (2.5Y 7/4), on the exterior. Decorated with a horizontal ridge in low relief with two finger impressions.

and pitted, especially the gritty interior, the exterior smooth. Slip thin, matt, reddish yellow (5YR 6/6), very poorly preserved on the exterior. Decorated with a knob in low relief.

B-124 PAP.96-5.P89. T. 2.0 cm. Fabric hard and compact; high concentration of red ochre, grey, some brown and a few white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.7 cm mainly on the exterior; in the core only grey and bluish particles; the fabric colour is very pale brown (10YR 7/3); the core rough and gritty, grey (5Y 6/1) with a bluish tint; the surface even, but gritty and pitted. Slip thin, matt, red (10R 5/6), partly preserved on the exterior. Decorated with a horizontal ridge in low relief impressed with four parallel short, approximately diagonal lines.

B-129 PAP.99-11.1.P20.

T. 2.4 cm. Fabric very hard and compact; sparse concentration of brown, grey and some white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.3 cm; in the core only some grey particles; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6); the core rough and gritty, grey (5Y 6/1); the surface even, but gritty and pitted. Decorated with a horizontal broad band in high relief with three finger impressions. Compare: Guldager Bilde 1993, 24, fig. 9 A-82 (decoration).

B-125 PAP.99-10.P1. T. 2.0 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; high concentration of brown, some red and grey, a few white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.55 cm; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (5YR 7/6); the core rough and very gritty, bluish grey (2 for gley 6/1 10B); the surface lumpy and gritty. Decorated with three horizontal, sharply defined arched ribs in low relief.

B-130 PAP.99-13.P3. T. 2.3 cm. Fabric very hard and compact; sparse concentration of brown mineral aplastics ≤ 0.5 cm; fewer in the core where some bluish particles are visible; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6); the core rough and gritty, light grey (2.5Y 7/1) thin strip in the middle of the profile, but exterior sides reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6); the surface uneven and gritty. Slip thin, matt, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4), on both surfaces. Decorated with a horizontal ridge in high relief with two finger impressions.

B-126 PAP.99-10.P25.

T. 2.8 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; high concentration of brown, some red and greyish, a few white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.6 cm; in the core fewer grey inclusions; the fabric colour is light brown (7.5YR 6/4); the core rough and gritty, grey (5Y 5/1); the surface even, but gritty. Decorated with two horizontal parallel curved ridges in high relief.

B-131 PAP.99-13.P7. T. 2.1 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; sparse concentration of grey, brownish and some white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.3 cm, but fewer in the core; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (5YR 7/6); the core straight and gritty, bluish grey (2 for gley 6/1 5PB); the surface lumpy and gritty, the interior pitted. Decorated with four horizontally incised chevrons on a broad horizontal band in low relief.

B-127 PAP.99-10.P36. T. 2.1 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; high concentration of grey and brown mineral aplastics ≤ 0.3 cm; in the core mainly grey; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6); the core rough and gritty, grey (5Y 5/1) with a bluish tint; the surface even, but gritty and somewhat pitted. Decorated in low relief with four parallel horizontal ribs applied as a thin layer of clay integrated with vessel body.

B-132 PAP.99-13.P20. T. 1.8 cm. Fabric hard and compact; sparse concentration of brown and some grey mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm, but fewer in the core; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6); the core straight and slightly gritty, light grey (2.5Y 7/2); the surface even, but gritty and pitted. Decorated with a horizontal band in low relief, slightly grooved in the middle.

B-128 PAP.99-11.1.P6. T. 2.3 cm. Fabric very hard and compact; high concentration of grey and brown mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm; in the core also a few white ones; on the exterior some red ochre particles; the fabric colour is light brown (7.5YR 7/6); the core rough and gritty, olive grey (5Y 5/2); the surface even

B-133 PAP.99-13.P22.

T. 2.4 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; high concentration of grey bluish and some brown mineral aplastics ≤ 0.6 cm, but fewer on the exterior; the fabric 61

Bronze age

colour is reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6); the core quite straight, very gritty, sharp, light bluish grey (2 for gley 7/1 5B); the surface gritty, the exterior slightly lumpy, the interior even and pitted. Decorated with a horizontal broad band in high relief.

(7.5YR 6/6); the core rough and gritty, light brownish grey (10YR 6/2); the surface uneven, gritty and pitted. Slip thin, matt, reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6), very poorly preserved on the exterior. Decorated with a horizontal ridge in high relief with three deep finger impressions.

B-134 PAP.99-13.P29. T. 2.1 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; high concentration of white, grey, brown, and red mineral aplastics ≤ 0.6 cm, but fewer in the core; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (5YR 7/6); the core rough and gritty, grey (5Y 6/1); the surface even, but gritty and somewhat pitted. Decorated with a horizontal broad band in low relief incised with three diagonal parallel lines, of which one seems to be wavy.

B-139 PAP.99-13.P66.

T. 3.1 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; sparse concentration of bluish grey and some brown mineral aplastics ≤ 0.4 cm, but less in the core; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6); the core rough and gritty, light bluish grey (2 for gley 7/1 5B); the surface even and smooth. Decorated with a horizontal ridge in low relief with one finger impression.

B-140 PAP.99-14.P136. T. 1.4 cm. Fabric very hard and compact; sparse concentration of grey, a few white, brown, and reddish aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (5YR 6/6); the core rough and gritty, grey (5Y 6/1) with a bluish tint; the surface even, but gritty and pitted. Decorated with three horizontally incised parallel wavy lines.

B-135 PAP.99-13.P31.

T. 2.6 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; sparse concentration of brown and grey bluish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.3 cm, mainly on the interior, but fewer on the exterior and in the core; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6); the core rough and gritty, light bluish grey (2 for gley 7/1 5B); the surface even, but gritty. Decorated with a horizontal broad band in low relief.

B-141 PAP.99-16.P21. T. 2.3 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; sparse concentration of brown, grey and a few bluish grey mineral aplastics ≤ 0.4 cm on the surface; the fabric colour is reddish brown (7.5YR 6/4); the core rough and gritty, grey (5Y 5/1); the surface even, but slightly gritty. Slip thin, matt, perhaps strong brown (7.5YR 5/6), very poorly preserved only in two places on the exterior. Decorated with four sharp parallel horizontal ribs in low relief.

B-136 PAP.99-13.P39.

T. 2.5 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; high concentration of bluish grey and some brown mineral aplastics ≤ 0.3 cm, but very few in the core; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6); the core rough and gritty, light bluish grey (2 for gley 7/1 5B); the surface even, but gritty, the interior slightly pitted. Decorated with three horizontal parallel ridges in high relief.

B-142 PAP.99-16.1.P1.

T. 2.6 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; sparse concentration of greyish and brown mineral aplastics ≤ 0.4 cm; the fabric colour is pale brown (10YR 6/3); the core irregular and gritty, grey (5Y 5/1); the surface even, but gritty, the interior pitted. Slip thin, matt, reddish yellow (5YR 7/6), partly preserved on the exterior. Decorated with a horizontal ridge in high relief deeply incised with a horizontal zig-zag.

B-137 PAP.99-13.P40.

T. 3.1 cm. Fabric medium hard and compact; sparse concentration of grey and brownish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.3 cm, but fewer in the core; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6); the core rough and gritty, bluish grey (2 for gley 6/1 5PB); the surface uneven, gritty and somewhat pitted. Decorated with a horizontal broad band in high relief with two horizontal parallel ribs on the top.

Uncertain form

B-138 PAP.99-13.P54.

Vessel of medium size, horizontal handle

T. 2.3 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; sparse concentration of bluish and some brownish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.4 cm; the fabric colour is reddish yellow

B-143 PAP.99-14.P130.

L. 5.1 cm. Fabric very hard and compact; very

62

Late cypriot

3. Late Cypriot

high concentration of grey, brown, and some red ochre aplastics ≤ 0.75 cm; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6); the core rough and very gritty, dark grey (5Y 4/1); the surface uneven and very gritty. Decorated perhaps with a knob; profile uncertain.

3.1. Base Ring Eleven fragments were collected at the PolisTouloupos (PAP.93-2), Pelathousa-Karamanites (PAP.96-3), Chrysochou-Koutsomavro (PAP.99-7), and Choli-Spilios (PAP.99-11) cemeteries, as well as the Dhroushia-Aroaphna tomb (PAP.99-18) 291.

Base ring

B-144 PAP.94-5.P14.

The fabric is very hard and very compact, and the majority of sherds fired to an almost metallic quality; with, typically, a few to some brown, greyish, grey, reddish, red, white or yellowish mineral inclusions and rarely a high concentration of grey ones. The fabric colour is reddish yellow, but also light brown, reddish brown, red or very pale brown. The core is straight and smooth, sometimes slightly gritty and light brown, bluish grey, very pale brown, grey, light grey or dark grey. The slip is thin, matt, brown, very pale brown, greyish brown, dark greyish brown, very dark greyish brown, reddish brown, light grey or very dark grey. The surface is even, smooth to very smooth, occasionally slightly gritty; and highly burnished, if well preserved.

D. c. 7.0 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; high concentration of grey and light brown mineral aplastics ≤ 0.3 cm, mainly on the interior, much less on the exterior; in the core mostly grey particles; the fabric colour is light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4); the core rough and gritty, light grey (2.5Y 7/1); the surface lumpy, but smooth. Slip thin, matt, reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6), on both surfaces. Flanged base

B-145 PAP.99-10.P12.

D. 8.0 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; very high concentration of grey, some brown and white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm; the fabric colour is pink (7.5YR 7/4); the core rough and very gritty, grey (5Y 6/1); the surface even, but very gritty. Slip thin, matt, reddish yellow (5YR 7/6), partly preserved, but much better on the interior.

The majority are small handmade sherds (B-150, 151, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158), which in terms of fabric and surface treatment seem to be related to MSBR 292. Their hardness indicates that they could have been fired in kilns, such as the possible kilns for WS II excavated at Sanidha-Moutti tou Ayiou Serkou site 293, where it was possible to achieve an optimal temperature of 1000–1100°C 294. Petrographic studies suggest that BR I-II were produced in the island’s multiple regional centers 295.

B-146 PAP.99-10.1.P24/26/36.

D. 11 cm. Fabric very hard and compact; high concentration of red ochre and brown particles, some grey and a few white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.5 cm, mainly on the surface and less in the core; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6); the core rough and gritty, grey (5Y 6/1); the surface even, but very gritty; slightly ribbed flange.

Various shapes of BR I-II, one of the most important of the LC pottery wares, are known from different parts of Cyprus and were exported to the Eastern Mediterranean 296. It seems that the direct antecedent of BR was MC DP, at least in part 297. BR sherds from

Vessel?, body fragment?

B-147 PAP.93-6.2.P6.

T. 2.0 cm. Fabric very hard and compact; sparse concentration of grey and bluish aplastics ≤ 0.5 cm on the interior and in the core; the fabric colour is pink (7.5YR 7/4); the core rough and gritty, pale brown (10YR 6/3); the surface even and smooth, but the interior slightly pitted. Slip thin, matt, light brown (7.5YR 6/4), preserved only in one place on the exterior. Coil joins? visible in the section.

291 Maliszewski 1994, 168 fig. 2, 173; id. 1996, 201; id. 1997, 68, 70, 73, 74 map 2, 79–80; id. 1999a, 80 fig. 1, 84; id. 1999b, 340 fig. 1, 344–45; id. 1999c, 15, 17 figs 2–3; id. 2007, 95–96, 98 fig. 5.10.16–18.21; id. et al. 2003a, 353 fig. 2; id. et al. 2003b, 8 fig. 1, 11, 13, 15. 292 Vaughan 1987, 281–83, 285; id. 2001, 125 fig. 3. 293 Todd, Pilides 2001, 27–41. 294 Alupi et al. 2001, 19, 23–24. 295 Vaughan 1991, 122–23. 296 Åström 1972b, 137–98; Muhly 1982, 253–54. 297 Bryan et al. 1997, 37; Herscher 1981, 81.

63

Bronze age

the PAP field survey, like those of WS I, are rare, but derived from several sites. It should be noted also that in the northern part of the Paphos District BR I was recorded from single tombs at Argaka village, Magounda-Karidhin/Kattouveri, Yiolou-Moutti tou Kleovoulou 298, and Polis-Katsiaorena 299. BR II is known from a tomb at Dhroushia-Appiourka 300, while sherds generally defined as BR were found in isolated tombs at Magounda-Kattouveri and Kato Arodhes village 301. Finally, very generally described BR and BR I-II sherds are occasionally represented at Palaipaphos and in its hinterland. They were also recorded in small numbers at other sites in western Cyprus 302.

well levigated; a few greyish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6); the core straight and smooth, light grey (5Y 7/1); the surface even and very smooth. Slip thin, matt, greyish brown (2.5Y 5/2), only partly preserved on the exterior.

The rims B-148, 149, the first of which is somewhat everted, indicate open forms, namely small and medium-sized bowls. The only closed shape is a jug, evidenced by the everted rims B-150, 151, neck B-152, decorated with a narrow, horizontal rib in low relief, the vertical, in profile semi-oval flat strap handle B-157 with an X-shaped mark incised on the top, and body fragment B-158 with a roughly horizontal rib in low relief. Among uncertain forms there are the horizontal handles B-153, 154, perhaps from a small bowl, with oval and squarish profiles, and body fragment B-156 from a small vessel. The vertical strap handle with semi-oval profile, B-155, could be from a jug or juglet. Of these shapes jugs and juglets are typical for the beginning of LC. They represent the appearance of more standardized forms, following the transition from MC III and LC I 303. Subsequently, the standardized BR juglet replaced the production and circulation of almost all other small containers 304.

Closed form

B-149 PAP.99-11.P24.

D. 19 cm. T. 0.4 cm. Fabric very hard and compact; high concentration of grey mineral aplastics  ≤ 0.11 cm on the exterior and in the core; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (5YR 5/8); the core straight and smooth, grey (5Y 6/1); the surface even, but the exterior slightly gritty and the interior very smooth.

Jug, rim

B-150 PAP.96-3.P13.

D. 9.0 cm. T. 0.3 cm. Fabric hard and very compact; clay well levigated; a few grey and white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.05 cm; the fabric colour is reddish brown (5YR 4/3); the core straight and smooth, dark grey (5Y 4/1); the surface even and very smooth. Slip thin, very dark greyish brown (10YR 3/2), well preserved on both highly burnished surfaces.

B-151 PAP.99-11.P7.

Open form

D. 10 cm. T. 0.3 cm. Fabric very hard and compact; clay very well levigated; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (5YR 7/6); the core straight and slightly gritty, grey (5Y 5/1); the surface even and very smooth. Slip thin, matt, very dark greyish brown (10YR 3/2), partly preserved on both surfaces with poorly preserved burnishing.

Bowl, rim

Neck

B-148 PAP.99-7.P39.

B-152 PAP.96-3.P15.

D. c. 10 cm. T. 0.35 cm. Fabric very hard and compact; clay

T. 0.35 cm. Fabric very hard and compact; clay well levigated; some grey and reddish mineral aplastics  ≤ 0.05 cm; the fabric colour is light brown (7.5YR 6/4); the core straight and smooth, grey (10YR 5/1) in the middle of the section and light brown (7.5YR 6/4) on both sides; the surface even and smooth. Slip thin, matt, dark greyish brown (10YR 4/2), very poorly preserved on the exterior. Decorated with a narrow, horizontal rib in low relief.

2 98 Maliszewski 1996, 201, 239, 242. 299 Vaughan 1987, 81. 300 Maliszewski 1996, 233. 301 Ibid., 201, 233. 302 Guldager Bilde 1993, 27–28; Maliszewski 1996, 218–19, 224–27, 229–30, 233–34, 236–37, 240–42; Vaughan 1987, 79–83, 158–63. 303 Crewe 2007, 216; Frankel, Webb 2007, 106; Knapp 2008, 114; Maguire 2010, 171–72; Steel 2004, 163. 304 Maguire 2009b, 64; id. 2010, 172.

64

Late cypriot

Uncertain form

even and very smooth. Slip thin, very dark grey (10YR 3/1), well preserved. The top of the handle is decorated with an incised X-shaped mark and below it there is a horizontal, narrow and low rib marked by a lightly incised line; burnished; the profile is semi-oval flat.

Bowl, horizontal handle

B-153 PAP.96-3.P26.

L. 2.8 cm. T. 1.35 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; high concentration of grey and a few yellowish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.11 cm; the fabric colour is red (2.5YR 5/8); the core straight and smooth, light grey (5Y 7/1); the surface even and very smooth. Slip thin, brown (7.5YR 4/3), very badly preserved; burnishing poorly preserved; the profile oval.

Body fragment

B-158 PAP.93-2.P24.

T. 0.5 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; clay very well levigated; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (5YR 7/6); the core straight and smooth, bluish grey (2 for gley 6/1 10B); the surface even and very smooth. Slip thin to somewhat thick, brown (7.5YR 4/3), on both surfaces. Decorated with narrow, roughly horizontal rib in low relief; the exterior highly burnished.

B-154 PAP.96-3.P27.

L. 2.8 cm. T. 1.2 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; clay very well levigated; the fabric colour is very pale brown (10YR 7/3); the core straight and smooth, very pale brown (10YR 7/3); the surface even and very smooth. Slip thin, brown (7.5YR 4/3); burnished; the profile roughly square-like.

3.2. Monochrome A single everted rim and handle fragment was found at the Pelathousa-Karamanites cemetery (PAP.96-3) 305.

Vessel of small size, vertical handle

B-155 PAP.93-2.P25.

There are several different and regionally distributed LC I–II plain Mon wares with roots in the MC pottery repertoire 306, perhaps successors of the RP tradition of that period 307. The fabric of B-159 seems generally related to LC handmade plain, utilitarian wares manufactured in Cyprus, especially those of LC IA–IIA 308, but differs from the so-called CMo of LC IIC Apliki-Karamallos 309. On the other hand, its features seem to be close to the fabric recorded in the northern part of the island 310, where Pelathousa-Karamanites is also situated. Mon pottery was found in the refuse pit at nearby Pomos village and the Magounda-Karidhin tomb. It is also known from the Souskiou-Grijellati B cemetery in the southern part of western Cyprus 311. Many Mon sherds of different fabric and surface treatment, including burnishing, have also been found at

L. 2.8 cm. T. 0.6 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; clay well levigated; a few white, grey, and brown mineral aplastics ≤ 0.05 cm; the fabric colour is light brown (7.5YR 6/4); the core straight and smooth, grey (2.5Y 6/1); the surface even and very smooth. Slip thin, reddish brown (5YR 4/3), poorly preserved; burnishing badly preserved; the profile is semi-oval. Body fragment

B-156 PAP.99-18.P8. T. 0.35 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; some red, grey, and brown mineral aplastics ≤ 0.05 cm, mainly in the core and on the interior, less on the exterior; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (5YR 7/6); the core straight and slightly gritty, grey (5Y 6/1); the exterior somewhat lumpy, but smooth, the interior even and a bit gritty. Slip thin, very dark greyish brown (10YR 3/2), preserved on the burnished exterior.

305 Maliszewski 1997, 73, 74 map 2, 80; id. 1999a, 80 fig. 1, 84; id. 1999b, 340 fig. 1, 344; id. 1999c, 15, 17 fig. 3; id. 2007, 96, 98 fig. 5.10. 306 Pilides 1992; Russel 1991, 135–36. An initial description of these distinct fabrics was published in Sjöqvist 1940, 30 and subsequently Mon ware was distinguished by Åström 1972b, 90–111. 307 Russel 1991, 135. 308 Åström 1972b, 91, 700, chart. 309 Ibid., 103–104; Catling 1957, 32–34; Du Plat Taylor 1952, 159–60; Russel 1991, 134–36. 310 Pilides 1992, 292–93. 311 Maliszewski 1996, 231, 239–40.

Vessel of medium size, vertical handle

B-157 PAP.96-3.P14.

L. 3.9 cm. T. 0.6 cm. T. of the body 0.45 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; clay very well levigated; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (5YR 6/6); the core straight and smooth, grey (5Y 5/1); the surface 65

Bronze age

LC I–IIA Kalavasos-Ayios Dhimitrios; they bear a close resemblance to Apliki and CMo 312.

with the Pano Mandilaris fabrics I.A and I.B, B-161 with fabric III.A (PWWM II?), and B-162 with fabric III.A and III.B (PWWM II?) 317. B-160 seems also to be related to WGTP from Nitovikla 318. Additionally, the fabric colours of B-161 and 162 are similar to those of LC IIC pithoi from Kalavasos-Ayios Dhimitrios (Group I, mainly Form IA, but also IB1) 319.

B-159 is from a medium-sized handmade jug, the second most common shape, after the bowl, in Mon 313. It probably served for a number of purposes, including the fetching and storage of drinking liquids. The handle’s decoration is poorly preserved and could be limited to two incised parallel vertical lines on the top.

To date the LC pithos form has been recognized in different parts of Cyprus mainly in Pl and Pi 320. Of the three pieces the only closed form is evidenced by square-shaped pithos rim B-160 321. It has a close parallel in LC IIC pithoi from Kalavasos-Ayios Dhimitrios (Group I, Form IA), as well as from Myrtou-Pigadhes, Kition, and Apliki-Karamallos 322. The body sherds B-161, 162 are attributable to the same form. Their thickness is almost the same as that of pithoi recorded at MC Nitovikla and LC II Myrtou-Pigadhes 323. B-161 is decorated with a punctured pattern made with a round-edged multiple-toothed tool and related to motif T of late MC 324, as well as an incised wavy line bordered by one of perhaps two horizontal lines as on jars from LC IIA–B Enkomi 325. B-162 has a ridge in low relief with short, diagonally incised lines. Analogous examples of the latter decoration are known from Nitovikla, which produced pithoi with decoration regarded as MC, i.e. vertical or oblique incisions on the ridge 326. PWHM pithoi with the same pattern have also been recorded at Enkomi and Kalopsidha, as well as outside of Cyprus 327. Generally, the cultural context of the site, where DBCC and possible RP pottery has also been recorded, suggests that these sherds can be dated to the MC–LC periods.

Closed form Jug, rim

B-159 PAP.96-3.P28.

Rim with handle fragment. D. 9.0 cm. T. 0.8 cm. T. of the body 0.5 cm. Fabric medium hard and compact; some brown and grey mineral aplastics ≤ 0.1 cm; the fabric colour is pale brown (10YR 6/3); the core somewhat rough and gritty, very dark grey (5Y 3/1); the surface slightly lumpy, but very smooth. Slip? thin, brown (7.5YR 5/4), on both surfaces; the exterior burnished. Decorated with two parallel vertical incised lines on the top.

3.3. Plain White Wheelmade II? Three PWWM fragments came from the CholiKapitanisses settlement (PAP.99-10) 314. The fabric is medium hard and compact to very hard and very compact; with a very high concentration of brown, grey, reddish, very dark red or a few grey mineral particles. The fabric colour is very pale brown, reddish yellow or pink. The core rough, straight, smooth, gritty, pale yellow, very pale yellow or pink. The surface even and very gritty, in one case smooth.

The manufacture of PWHM was initiated in Cyprus as a regional phenomenon during the MC, but 317 Jacobs 2009, 92–93, 94 figs 1.4–5, 100, 102. 318 Pilides 2000, 3. 319 Schuster-Keswani 1989, 14–15; South 1984, 31. 320 Åström 1972b, 259–64; Pilides 2000; Jacobs 2009, 98, 100, 103; Schuster-Keswani 1989, 12–18. 321 For discussion of that item I owe my thanks to Dr Ellen Herscher, Dr Despo Pilides, and Dr Priscilla Schuster-Keswani. 322 Schuster-Keswani 1989, 14, fig. 16:2; id. 2009, 107, 108 fig. 1a, 109, 112; South 1984, 31–33, 34 fig. 6:1–2. According to Pilides 2000, 24, 26, 69 cat. no. 98, 77 fig. 18:98 also the rim of Group II dated to the end of LC IIC seems to be similar, but its previously published profile is quite different – Karageorghis, Demas 1984, 34 cat. no. 18A, pl. XLI. 323 Pilides 2000, 3, 5. 324 Guldager Bilde 1993, 32. 325 Pilides 2000, 7. 326 Ibid., 3. 327 Maguire 2009b, 26, 27 fig. 4, 34, 37.

The proposed tentatively attribution of the PAP pieces to PWWM II is based on visible wheel marks (except B-162), the distinctive pale fabric colour, form and decoration 315. The rim B-160 contains a lot of particles of red ochre. In terms of fabric many features of the sherds correspond with LC IIC–IIIA plain pottery from Alassa-Pano Mandilaris, which is related to that from Hala Sultan Tekke 316. For instance B-160 fits 312 Russell 1989, 5. 313 Pilides 1992, 291–97. 314 Maliszewski et al. 2003a, 353 fig. 2; id. et al. 2003b, 8 fig. 1, 12. 315 Åström 1972b, 225–66. 316 Hult 1978, 82 cat. no. N 1074, 90 fig. 158; Jacobs 2009, 96.

66

Late cypriot

3.4. White Slip I

its island-wide wheelmade production increased from LC I, also inspired by Levantine forms 328. Numerous variants of plain wares, common and widely distri-buted in the island, have been recorded at all types of LC sites, namely settlements, ceme-teries, cult places and even the manufacturing site of Sanidha-Moutti tou Ayiou Serkou, from Kouklia in the West to Enkomi in the East 329. In western Cyprus PWWM was recorded at the cemeteries of Kouklia-Asproyi B/Kaminia and Yeroskipou-Playeri 330, while PWWM II is known from the Peyia-Koutsouros settlement 331.

Five sherds were recovered from the PelathousaKaramanites cemetery (PAP.96-3) 332. To date this is the only WS I pottery recorded on the northern coast of the Paphos District. The fabric is very hard and very compact; the clay is very well levigated, occasionally with very few black, brown, white or brown mineral aplastics. The fabric colour is brown, reddish brown, grey or greyish brown. The core is straight and somewhat gritty, brown, very dark grey, grey or greyish brown. The slip is thin, matt, white, very pale brown or grey. Painted motifs are brown, strong brown, reddish brown, greyish brown or yellowish red. The surface is even and very smooth.

Closed form Pithos, rim

The fabric and slip of these handmade sherds are very homogenous. Their colours appear similar to those of both WS I and II. Future analysis may shed light on whether the slip is of the kaolinitic or smectitic material mainly used for WS I, or the micaceous (chloritic) material used for WS II 333. This may also indicate whether they were manufactured locally or imported from elsewhere on the island.

B-160 PAP.99-10.P56.

D. 50 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; very high concentration of very dark red ochre and a few grey mineral aplastics ≤ 0.5 cm; the fabric colour is pink (5YR 7/4); the core rough and very gritty, very pale brown (10YR 8/3) on the exterior and pink (5YR 7/4) on the interior. The surface even, but very gritty, very pale brown (10YR 8/3).

According to physico-chemical analyses of WS I sherds, mainly from a well at Kouklia-Teratsoudhia, the dark colour of decoration is related to the chronological differences between WS wares. In the case of WS I the dark motifs are produced by iron reduction at a maximum temperature between 900 and 1100°C 334. Visually the colour of the decoration on the PAP sherds fits with the results of this research. The fragments were decorated with a thin single-tipped brush 335. Unfortunately, the motifs are too small to reconstruct painting practices, but bowls were predominantly decorated while held in an upside down position and the brushstroke direction was right to left as indicated for the majority of WS wares. 336 The wavy line on B-151 was also painted in this position, but from left to right. Likely remains of LC kilns for WS II are known from the Sanidha-Moutti tou Ayiou Serkou site 337, which would have made it possible to achieve an optimal

Pithos of unknown form, body fragment

B-161 PAP.99-10.P34.

D. 26 cm. T. 1.2 cm. Fabric medium hard and very compact; very high concentration of reddish, brown, and grey mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (5YR 7/6); the core straight and very gritty, pink (5YR 8/4); the surface even, but very gritty. Decorated with punctured dots arranged in at least five diagonal rows and incised with three horizontal, parallel lines – two straight and one wavy.

B-162 PAP.99-10.P55. T. 1.3 cm. Fabric medium hard and compact; clay very well levigated; the fabric colour is very pale brown (10YR 8/4); the core straight and very smooth, pale yellow (5Y 8/2); the surface even and smooth. Decorated with a narrow horizontal ridge in low relief incised with eleven short, parallel diagonal lines.

332 Maliszewski 1997, 73, 74 map 2, 80; id. 1999a, 80 fig. 1, 84; id. 1999b, 340 fig. 1, 344; id. 1999c, 15, 17 fig. 3; id. 2007, 96, 98 fig. 5.10. 333 Alupi at al. 2001, 18–21. 334 Ibid., 15–24. 335 Eriksson 2001, 51; Vaughan 1987, 281. 336 Maguire 2009a, 44–47; id. 2010, 170–72. 337 Todd, Pilides 2001, 27–41.

328 Crewe 2007; id. 2009, 79–80; Schuster-Keswani 1991, 112–16. 329 Jacobs 2009, 91, 96; id. 2010, 75–83; Todd 2000, 305, 323; Todd, Pilides 1993, 112. 330 Maliszewski 1996, 233, 235, 241. 331 Ibid., 225.

67

Bronze age

temperature of 1000–1100°C 338. In light of this, such firing installations for WS I cannot be excluded.

In the rest of western Cyprus WS is recorded in small numbers at Peyia-Elia tou Vatani III, WS I–II at Peyia-Koutsouros and Yeroskipou-Playeri, and WS II at Maa-Palaiokastro 348.

The rim fragment B-163 may be assigned to a medium-sized bowl. The second rim fragment (B-164) and body fragments (B-165, 166, 167), which are of similar thickness, probably also belong to bowls of medium size.

Open form Bowl, rim

B-163 PAP.96-3.P9.

The simple decoration on this small group of sherds is dominated by single horizontal patterns, including a wavy line (B-163), a straight line (B-167) and a lattice band (B-165), but a combination of wavy and straight lines with a ladder pattern also occurs (B-164), as well as horizontal and diagonal ladders (B-166).

D. 20 cm. T. 0.4 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; clay well levigated; a few black and brown mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm in the core; the fabric colour is brown (7.5YR 5/4); the core straight and slightly gritty, brown (7.5YR 5/4); the surface even and very smooth. Slip thin, matt, white (5YR 8/1), on both surfaces. The edge of the rim is decorated with thin reddish brown (5YR 5/4) narrow horizontal line and a wavy line below it on the exterior.

Although rim motifs are key distinctive features of WS I, it is difficult to ascribe B-163 and 164 to any of the five groups distinguished by Mervyn R. Popham and later slightly modified by Kathryn O. Eriksson 339. Only the latter sherd seems to have parallels in KoukliaSite TA (Framed Wavy Line/Framed Cross-hatching) 340 and Ayia Irini Tomb 21 (Framed Wavy Line, Framed Ladder Band) 341, as well as at cEzbet Helmi settlement in Egypt (Framed Lozenge with Framed Metope below) 342; unfortunately, two other parallels from the Kouklia-Teratsoudhia well are not attributable to groups. That site also produced a fragment with similar decoration to B-154 343.

B-164 PAP.96-3.P11.

D.? T. 0.35 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; clay very well levigated; the fabric colour is brown (7.5YR 5/4); the core straight and gritty, brown (7.5YR 5/4); the surface even and very smooth. Slip thin, matt, white (5Y 8/1), on both surfaces. The exterior, upper part of the rim is decorated with a thinly painted horizontal pattern comprising a thin brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) wavy line, two broad parallel dark greyish brown (10YR 4/2) horizontal lines below and two broad brown (7.5YR 4/4) vertical lines below the lower horizontal line. Compare: Aloupi et al. 2001, 16 fig. 1 nos KK-B1 (shape, decoration; WS I), KK-G4 (shape, decoration; transitional WS I-II); Bietak, Hein 2001, 181 fig. 6, 184, 191 fig. 11 no. 7949; Eriksson 2007, 99, 100 fig. 21 (shape, decoration; WS I), 121 fig. 26 b–d (shape, decoration; WS I), 122 fig. 27 c (shape, decoration; WS I).

Bowls of WS I, broadly occurring in Cyprus as diagnostic pottery of LC I, were also exported to the Eastern Mediterranean and the Aegean 344. In the PAP area isolated tombs at Argaka produced PlWS and Magounda-Kattouveri yielded WS, while WS I and PlWS are known from the more southerly situated Yiolou-Moutti tou Kleovoulou 345. At both Palaipaphos and its hinterland WS I is scarce and considered a rare import 346; similarly generally defined PWS, WS and WS II were not abundant 347.

Body fragment

338 Alupi at al. 2001, 19, 23–24. 339 Eriksson 2001, 57; id. 2007, 53–54, 81; Popham 1972, 440. 340 Eriksson 2007, 81, 122 fig. 27 c. 341 Ibid., 81, 121 fig. 26 b–d. 342 Bietak, Hein 2001, 181 fig. 6, 184, 191 fig. 11 no. 7949; Eriksson 2007, 81, 99, 100 fig. 21. 343 Aloupi at al. 2001, 16 fig. 1. 344 Eriksson 2001, 50–52, 56–64; Popham 1972, 436–43. 345 Maliszewski 1996, 200–201, 242. 346 Guldager Bilde 1993, 27; Maliszewski 1996, 219–20, 230, 237; Popham 1972, 436–43. 347 Guldager Bilde 1993, 27; Maliszewski 1996, 218–19, 226–27, 229–30, 233–34, 236–37, 240.

B-165 PAP.96-3.P8.

T. 0.45 cm. Fabric medium hard and very compact; clay very well levigated; the fabric colour is reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4); the sandwich-like core straight and gritty, very dark grey (10YR 3/1) in the middle of the profile and reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4) on its exterior sides; the surface even and very smooth, especially the exterior. Slip thin, matt, very pale brown (10YR 8/2), on 348 Maliszewski 1996, 224–25, 241.

68

Bronze age

both surfaces. Decorated with a reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4) horizontal crosshatched band.

light brown, greyish brown, yellowish red or dark grey. The core is usually somewhat rough and gritty, grey or light to dark grey. The slip is thin, matt, perhaps pinkish grey or brown. The surface is either even or somewhat lumpy, smooth or a bit gritty, and occasionally slightly burnished.

B-166 PAP.96-3.P10.

T. 0.4 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; clay well levigated; a few white and grey mineral aplastics ≤ 0.05 cm in the core; the fabric and core colour is grey (5Y 6/1); the core straight and slightly gritty; the surface even and very smooth. Slip thin, matt, grey (5Y 6/1) on the exterior and white (5Y 8/1) on the interior. Decorated with two thinly painted yellowish red (5YR 4/6) broad horizontal lines with five short vertical lines in between. Compare: Aloupi et al. 2001, 16 fig. 1 no. KK-G6 (shape, decoration; WS I).

There is no parallel for this handmade fabric and the name RBr is tentatively applied here. The thin (0.4–0.65 cm) and slightly inturned rims are from small to medium-sized hemispherical bowls. B-4, which has horizontal patches of different colours on the exterior, was found with WS I sherds at the LC cemetery at Pelathousa-Karamanites. Other fragments (B-168, 169, 170) are from the multi-component settlement/?s at Magounda-Mersinoudhia, which yielded MCh to MC pottery and in light of both contexts a Bronze Age date is highly probable. Bowls similar to B-171 were found in tombs at nearby Yialia 350. Moreover, forms similar to B-168, 169, 170, 171 were recovered from looted tombs in the Chrysochou Bay territory, as well as Magounda village in the survey area. Such bowls are also known from other regions of the island 351.

B-167 PAP.96-3.P12. T. 0.3 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; clay well levigated; a few white and grey mineral aplastics ≤ 0.11 cm in the core; the fabric and core colour is greyish brown (10YR 5/2); the core straight and slightly gritty; the surface even and very smooth. Slip thin, matt, white (5Y 8/1), on both surfaces. Decorated with a narrow strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) horizontal line.

Open form

4. Bronze Age?

Hemispherical bowl, rim

The RBr, RMa, and RMaC pottery was initially considered as post-Bronze Age in date. During the course of our research, however, it became apparent that it shares various features with Bronze Age pottery from the PAP field survey. This material derived from sites containing Bronze Age pottery (Table). Due to a lack of close parallels, however, no more precise dating can be proposed for these three small assemblages. Examples are needed from well stratified sites before any definite conclusions can be drawn in this respect.

B-168 PAP.93-5.3.P1.

D. c. 15 cm. T. 0.4 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; sparse concentration of grey and a few white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm on the exterior and in the core; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) on the interior and light brown (7.5YR 6/4) on the exterior; the core is somewhat rough and gritty, light grey (5Y 7/1); the surface somewhat lumpy, but very smooth. Slip thin, matt, perhaps pinkish grey (7.5YR 7/2), very poorly preserved on the exterior.

4.1. Red Brown

B-169 PAP.93-5.3.P6.

Four sherds came from the Magounda-Mersinoudhia settlement/?s (PAP.93-5.3–4) and the PelathousaKaramanites cemetery (PAP.96-3) 349. The fabric is very hard and compact; with a sparse to high concentration of grey, brown or white mineral aplastics. The fabric colour is reddish yellow, brown,

D. 16 cm. T. 0.6 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; sparse concentration of grey mineral aplastics ≤ 0.05 cm on the exterior and in the core; the fabric colour is greyish brown (2.5Y 5/2); the core straight and slightly gritty, grey (5Y 6/1); the surface uneven, but smooth. Slip thin, matt, perhaps brown (7.5YR 5/4), poorly preserved on the exterior.

349 Maliszewski 1994, 168 fig. 2, 173; id. 1997, 73, 74 map 2, 80; id. 1999a, 80 fig. 1, 84; id. 1999b, 340 fig. 1, 344; id. 1999c, 14–15, 17 figs 2–3; id. 2007, 93 fig. 4.7–8, 95–96, 98 fig. 5.10; id. et al. 2003a, 353 fig. 2.

350 MacLaurin 1980, 250, fig. 128:1–2. 351 Ibid., 246–47, 252–53, figs 123:1.3–4.9–11.13, 132:1.5–8, 133:1–3.

69

Bronze age

B-170 PAP.93-5.4.P5.

All vertical handles with an oval or kidney-like profile (B-172, 173, 174, 175, 176) come from jugs. The vertical lug handle B-177 with round profile and the handmade flat base B-178 belong to medium-sized vessels.

D. 16 cm. T. 0.65 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; high concentration of brown, grey, and a few white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.05 cm; a few organic inclusions ≤ 0.5 cm on the interior and in the core; the fabric colour is dark greyish brown (10YR 4/2); the core slightly rough and gritty, grey (5Y 5/1); the surface even, but somewhat gritty. Slip thin, matt, perhaps brown (10YR 5/3), partly preserved on the interior.

Handle decoration is limited to a vertically impressed groove and incised parallel lines (B-173, 174), incised parallel diagonal and vertical lines (B-172), and a low projection (B-176). The decoration on B-172 is related to motif E while B-173 and 174 represent a combination of patterns E and H on different MC–LC wares 353. The projection fits with EC–MC traditions 354, and is quite common on RP and DP vertical handles from the Chrysochou Bay area, including Yialia and Magounda villages 355.

B-171 PAP.96-3.P30.

D. 24 cm. T. 0.5 cm. Fabric very hard and compact; sparse concentration of white and grey mineral aplastics ≤ 0.05 cm on the exterior and in the core; the fabric colour varies: the interior is yellowish red (5YR 4/6, 5/6), the exterior partly like the interior, but also dark grey (5Y 4/1) and brown (10YR 5/3); the core partly sandwich-like, rough and gritty, dark grey (5Y 4/1); the exterior lumpy, but smooth, the interior even and very smooth; both surfaces slightly burnished.

Closed form Jug, vertical handle

B-172 PAP.93-6.P10.

4.2. Red Matt

L. 4.0 cm. Fabric hard and compact; high concentration of white and grey mineral aplastics ≤ 0.3 cm on the surface and some in the core; the fabric colour is red (2.5YR 5/8); the core straight and gritty, light grey (2.5Y 7/1) with bluish tint; the surface even, but somewhat gritty. Slip thin, matt, greyish brown (10YR 5/2), very badly preserved. Decorated with three deeply incised parallel lines – one vertical and two slightly diagonal; the profile oval.

Seven sherds come from the Magounda-Kokkinokambos (PAP.93-6), Sarama-Terracha (PAP.93-8), ArgakaStavli (PAP.94-5), Pelathousa-Kiladhia (PAP.96-5), and Pelathousa-Arkotyrka (PAP.96-6) settlements, and the Pelathousa-Karamanites cemetery (PAP.96-2) 352. The fabric is usually hard and compact; with varied concentrations of mineral particles: many brownish, brown, grey, white; sparse grey, reddish, white; some grey, white and a few black, brownish, greyish, yellowish or white. The fabric colour is light brown, reddish brown, grey, red, reddish yellow or yellowish red. The core is straight, rough, gritty, usually grey, but sporadically grey with a bluish tint or light grey with a bluish tint. The slip is thin, matt, greyish brown, reddish brown, red or yellowish red. The surface is even, sometimes lumpy and pitted, and somewhat gritty to very gritty.

B-173 PAP.94-5.P6.

L. 4.2 cm. Fabric hard and compact; sparse concentration of grey and white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.3 cm on the surface and some in the core; the fabric colour is light brown (7.5YR 6/4); the core rough and gritty, grey (2.5Y 6/1); the surface even, but slightly gritty. Slip thin, matt, yellowish red (5YR 5/6). Decorated with vertical impressed groove and three incised parallel vertical lines; the profile kidney-like.

The name RMa was chosen, because of the various shades of red colour in both the fabric and surface treatment. This is, however, tentative since there are currently no parallels and it differs in some details from other PAP Bronze Age pottery.

B-174 PAP.96-2.P3.

L. 3.2 cm. Fabric hard and compact; sparse concentration of grey and some white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (5YR 6/6); the core

353 Guldager Bilde 1993, 30. 354 Herscher 1981, 80–81, 84 fig. 4–5; id. 2003, 153, 199 cat. no. P72, 172 fig. 4.7; MacLaurin 1980, 722, 725; Peltenburg et al. 1983, 48, 49 cat. no. 1, 50 fig. 13:4, 52. 355 MacLaurin 1980, 247, 249–50, 252–53, 722–23, 725, figs 122:2–5, 127:1–2, 130:1–4, 131:1–2.

352 Maliszewski 1994, 168 fig. 2, 173; id. 1995, 312 fig. 1, 313; id. 1996, 202, 208–209; id. 1997, 71, 73, 74 map 2, 79–80; id. 1999a, 80 fig. 1, 84; id. 1999b, 340 fig. 1, 345; id. 1999c, 14–16, 17 figs 2–3; id. 2007, 96, 98 fig. 5.5.7.10–11.31; id. et al. 2003a, 353 fig. 2.

70

Bronze age

straight and gritty, light grey (5Y 7/1) with bluish tint; the surface even, but somewhat gritty. Slip thin, matt, red (2.5YR 5/6). Decorated with impressed vertical groove and three deeply incised parallel vertical lines; the profile kidney-like.

Yialia-Kokkineri (PAP.94-7) settlements, as well as the Choli-Spilios cemetery/?ies (PAP.99-11, PAP.99-11.1) 356. The fabric is hard and compact to very hard and very compact; with a very high concentration of black, brownish, brown, greyish, grey, very dark red or white aplastics, sparse occurrence of brownish, brown, grey, very dark red, some black, brown, grey, reddish, red, white and a few black, grey, very dark red or white mineral particles. The fabric colour is usually yellowish red, but also red, light yellowish brown or reddish yellow. The core is rough, gritty, in one case straight and porous, black, light grey with a bluish tint, brown, pale brown, light brownish grey, light yellowish brown, dark grey or light olive grey. The slip is thin, matt, reddish brown or red. The surface is lumpy, even, slightly to very gritty, pitted and sometimes cracked.

B-175 PAP.96-5.P9.

L. 4.3 cm. Fabric hard and compact; high concentration of grey and brownish, and a few black mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm on the surface and some in the core; the fabric colour is light brown (7.5YR 6/4); the core rough and gritty, grey (2.5Y 6/1); the surface even, but very gritty. Slip thin, matt, yellowish red (5YR 5/6); the profile oval.

B-176 PAP.96-6.P43.

L. 5.1 cm. Fabric hard and compact; high concentration of grey, brown and white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm; the fabric colour is yellowish red (5YR 5/6); the core straight and gritty, grey (2.5Y 5/1); the surface even, but slightly gritty and pitted. Slip thin, matt, reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4), very badly preserved. Furnished with a low projection; the profile oval.

RMaC is related to RMa, but much coarser and the name is tentative since there is no parallel fabric from the PAP field survey. Occasionally in the fabric there are visible particles of red ochre (B-185, 186). Additionally, the handmade (B-179, 184, 186, 187) and wheelmade (B-180) sherds, as well as rod handle (B-181), inserted though the pot wall, shed some light on the technique of production.

Uncertain form Vessel of medium size, lug handle

Judging from the straight rim B-179, a large tray is the only open form. A large or medium-sized jug is represented by the rim B-180, with part of an attached vertical handle and medium-sized jugs by vertical handles B-181, 182, 183, which are round and oval in profile. Of special interest is a medium-sized tripod jug, evidenced by the base with a leg, which is circular in profile (B-184). The horizontal lug handle with round profile B-185 and body fragments B-186, 187 belong to large vessels. B-184 is the usual shape of Bronze Age coarse cooking pot recorded in western Cyprus 357. The general or even EC date of that fragment can be confirmed by other finds from the cemetery, in which it was found.

B-177 PAP.93-8.P2.

L. 7.2 cm. Fabric very hard and compact; sparse concentration of grey, white, reddish and a few yellowish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.3 cm on the surface and some in the core; the fabric colour is reddish brown (5YR 5/4); the core rough and gritty, grey (5Y 5/1); the surface somewhat lumpy, but smooth. Slip thin, matt, reddish brown (5YR 5/6); the profile round. Flat base

B-178 PAP.96-5.P13.

D. c. 10 cm. T. 0.6 cm. Fabric very hard and compact; clay well levigated; a few brownish, greyish and white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm; the fabric colour is grey (10YR 5/1); the core straight and gritty, grey (1 for gley 6/) with bluish tint; the surface even, the exterior smooth, but the interior slightly gritty. Slip very thin, matt, reddish brown (5YR 5/4), on both surfaces.

Handles are decorated with incised diagonal parallel lines (B-181, 182, 183) while rim B-179 and body sherd B-186 have a broad horizintal ridge in low relief with a finger impression. An unusual and thus 356 Maliszewski 1994, 168 fig. 2, 172; id. 1995, 312 fig. 1, 313–14; id. 1996, 202, 209–210, 228; id. 1997, 73, 74 map 2, 79–80; id. 1999c, 15, 17 fig. 2; id. 2007, 96, 98 fig. 5.2.5.21; id. et al. 2003a, 353 fig. 2; id. et al. 2003b, 8 fig. 1, 13. 357 MacLaurin 1980, 257, fig. 135:13.

4.3. Red Matt Coarse Nine fragments were collected at the YialiaPhoties (PAP.92-3), Argaka-Stavli (PAP.94-5), and 71

Bronze age

very interesting hook motif in high relief is visible on the body fragment B-187. The pattern on B-179, 186 is comparable with decoration S while motifs on all handles are related to C, which are commonly associated with MC–LC, but also EC III wares 358.

of grey mineral aplastics ≤ 0.4 cm; the fabric colour is yellowish red (5YR 5/6); the core rough and gritty, pale brown (10YR 6/3); the surface even, but very gritty. Slip thin, matt, reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4). Decorated with two deeply incised diagonal parallel lines; the profile oval.

Open form

B-183 PAP.94-7.P3.

Tray, rim

L. 5.2 cm. Fabric hard and compact; high concentration of grey and white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.3 cm on the surface, and a few in the core; the fabric colour is yellowish red (5YR 5/6); the core rough and gritty, light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/3); the surface even, but somewhat gritty, cracked. Slip thin, matt, reddish brown (5YR 5/4). Decorated with four deeply incised diagonal parallel lines; the profile oval.

B-179 PAP.94-7.P4.

D.? Fabric hard and compact; high concentration of greyish, brownish and white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.3 cm on the surface, but less in the core; the fabric colour is light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4); the core rough and gritty, light brownish grey (2.5Y 6/2); the surface lumpy and very gritty. Slip thin, matt, reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4), on both surfaces. Decorated with a broad horizontal ridge in low relief with one finger impression in the middle.

Tripod pot, base

B-184 PAP.99-11.1.P3.

Closed form

With attached leg – L. 7.4 cm. T. of base 1.6 cm. Fabric very hard and compact; high concentration of brown, grey, as well as some reddish and white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.6 cm mainly on the exterior, less on the interior and in the core; the fabric colour is reddish yellow (5YR 6/8); the core rough, very gritty and slightly porous, black (2.5Y 2.5/1); the surface lumpy, very gritty and cracked in many areas. Slip thin, matt, red (2.5YR 5/6), preserved only in a several spots on the exterior; the profile of the leg is circular.

Jug, rim

B-180 PAP.94-7.P2. With a fragment of vertical handle. D. 25 cm. Fabric hard and compact; high concentration of grey, black, and white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.3 cm on the surface and some in the core; the fabric colour is yellowish red (2.5YR 4/8); the core straight and gritty, light grey (2.5Y 7/1) with bluish tint; the surface even, but very gritty and pitted. Slip thin, matt, red (2.5YR 4/6), on both surfaces. Decorated with four deeply incised diagonal parallel lines; handle profile oval.

Vessel of large size, horizontal lug handle

Vertical handle

B-185 PAP.99-11.P18.

Uncertain form

L. 7.0 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; sparse concentration of grey, brown, and a few white and very dark red ochre aplastics ≤ 0.8 cm; the fabric colour is yellowish red (5YR 5/6); the core rough and very gritty, brown (10YR 4/3); the surface very lumpy and very gritty; the profile round.

B-181 PAP.92-3.P15.

L. 4.8 cm. Fabric hard and compact; high concentration of white, grey, brownish, and a few black mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm; the fabric colour is red (2.5YR 5/8); the core straight and gritty, light grey (5Y 7/1) with bluish tint; the surface even, but very gritty. Slip thin, matt, red (2.5YR 4/6), partly preserved. Decorated with three parallel diagonal incised lines, two of which are deep; the profile round.

Body fragment

B-186 PAP.94-7.P5.

T. 2.1 cm. Fabric hard; high concentration of very dark red ochre, grey, and brownish mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm on the surface and much less in the core; the fabric colour is yellowish red (5YR 5/6); the core rough and gritty, light olive grey (5Y 6/2); the surface even, very

B-182 PAP.94-5.P1.

L. 4.6 cm. Fabric hard and compact; high concentration

358 Guldager Bilde 1993, 29–32.

72

Bronze age

gritty and crumbly. Decorated with a broad horizontal ridge in low relief with one finger impression in the middle.

B-187 PAP.99-11.P41. T. 1.9 cm. Fabric very hard and very compact; clay well levigated; some grey, brown, red, and a few white mineral aplastics ≤ 0.2 cm; the fabric colour is yellowish red (5YR 5/6); the core rough and gritty, dark grey (10YR 4/1); the surface even, but slightly gritty. Slip thin, matt, red (2.5YR 5/6), on both surfaces. Decorated with a hook motif in high relief.

73

74

IV.  PREHISTORIC OCCUPATION IN LIGHT OF THE SURVEY POTTERY

1. Chronological and Spatial Distribution

have been occupied even in the LN. To this should be added a possible Chalcolithic terracotta female cylindrical figu­rine from settlement 54 and numerous ground stone implements recorded at other sites 362. Dwellings (13, 15, 16, 17, 29) and possible burial ground 30 produced some pottery, which in western Cyprus may have continued into the Philia period. Moreover, 17 yielded EC and 15, 16 and possible cemetery 64 EC–LC pottery. Additionally, Chalcolithic pottery, along with much more scarce and dispersed possible Bronze Age material, came to light at settlements 16 and 17. Finally, several primarily Chalcolithic sites (14, 15, 16, 30, 39) yielded post-prehistoric data. Of special interest are the sites or rather cluster of multi-period settlements 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17. This indicates continuation of occupation, so far unrecorded in northwestern Cyprus.

1.1. Chalcolithic So far, in northwestern Cyprus, apart from MarionArsinoe and Ayios Kononas in the Akamas Peninsula 359, there have been no systematic excavations of any site. In regard to the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age periods this lack of excavated well-stratified settlements makes it difficult to assess the survey material, at a local, regional and inter-regional scale. However, the Chalcolithic pottery corresponds in many aspects with that from published investigations in the LembaKissonerga area, and there are also some parallels with material from other surveyed sites in western Cyprus. Moreover, some pottery related to RMP from the PAP survey has been recorded beneath modern Polis 360. The assemblages are in general characteristic of the Chalcolithic period, the only exception being one atypical example of CP-pl.

1.2. Bronze Age The processing of the Bronze Age pottery was extre­ mely complicated since in the entire Paphos District (c. 1500 km2), despite several past 363 and two recent excavation projects 364, there are still no settlements to provide a comprehensive stratigraphy of this period. EC–MC RP pottery from the survey area usually has a matt surface and is thus different from such pottery from other parts of Cyprus. In this respect we are dealing with regional material resulting from the isolation of the western part of the island. On the other hand, DBC, DBCC and WS I have more parallels. This material is supplemented by a fragmentary terracotta figurine, perhaps of LC date, from cemetery 44, as well as ground stone implements recorded at several

On the basis of collected material ten Chalcolithic sites have been recorded, including eight settlements (1, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 29, 39) and two possible cemeteries (30, 64) scattered at roughly the same low elevation in the coastal plain and a relatively short distance from the sea (Table 361; Map 2). In fact, more tombs were found without pottery visible on the ground, but of shapes typical for that period. Majority of sites are dated to ECh–LCh, including cemeteries, as well as settlements 1, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 and 29, but 39 could 359 Childs 1988; id. 1997; id. 1999; id. 2008; Fejfer (ed.) 1995; Gjerstad et al. 1935; Smith 1997. 360 Childs 1997, 37, 39; id. 1999, 234. I thank to Professor Dr Nancy Serwint for an opportunity to see these sherds. 361 For discussion of the post-prehistoric sites see Maliszewski (ed.) in print.

362 For comments on these artefacts see ibid. 363 For an overview of rescue and systematic fieldwork see Maliszewski 1996, 73–96; id. 1997, 68–73. 364 Crewe et al. 2008; McCarthy et al. 2009.

75

Prehistoric occupation in light of the survey pottery

settlements 365. What is interesting is that underneath modern Polis EC–MC RP and WP pottery has been recovered, the latter not attested by the PAP survey 366.

However, in this context it should be mentioned that thirteen Bronze Age sites yielded a pottery with aplastics consisting of red ochre (4, 9, 15, 20, 21, 28, 36, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59). This suggests, together with the long manufacturing tradition and broad distribution of this pottery within the survey area, that ochres were available in the region (Table; Map 3).

Apart from four Chalcolithic sites with Bronze Age ceramic components (15, 16, 17, 64) it was possible, despite the absence of well-dated comparative material, to attribute about twenty-three to the latter period, namely fourteen settlements (4, 9, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 26, 28, 36, 54, 58, 61, 62) and ten cemeteries (2, 3, 10, 25, 35, 50 51, 56, 57, 59). Primarily they are situated on the lower elevations of the coastal plain, but ten were identified much further inland, usually on higher elevations (Table; Map 3). On the basis of detailed comparative studies, settlements 9, 18, 19, 21, 26, 36 and 58 can be dated to EC–LC, 22 to EC–MC, and 4, 28 and 54 to MC–LC. Moreover, several contain either possible (4, 18, 22, 26, 28, 36, 37) or generally defined Bronze Age pottery (20, 54, 61, 62). Cemeteries 2, 3, 25, 50 and 59 produced EC–MC material while 51, 56 and 57 yielded EC–LC pottery. The burial ground 10 was used in EC/LC, and 35 and perhaps 44 (see volume II, item F-6) in LC. Pottery of generic Bronze Age type is known from burial ground 51 and possible 67. Finally, probable material of this period occurred at several cemeteries (34, 35, 56, 57). In total, at least twenty-nine sites include components dateable to the Bronze Age. It is worth noting that Iron Age and later components were also present on numerous sites (2, 4, 9, 10, 18, 21, 22, 51, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61).

The surveyed area produced about thirty-five prehistoric sites (1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 35, 36, 39, 50, 51, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 62, 64, 67), mainly multi-period of long duration, and only two settlements (20, 62) and two cemeteries (35, ?67) with one ceramic component (Table). No Neolithic material was recorded. This suggests a quite different picture of the earliest occupation than that known from the CPSP investigations in southwestern Cyprus, where multi-component sites were also in the majority. It should be added that even there LN sites were recovered only in two of four river valleys, namely Dhiarizos and Ezousas. The PAP survey brought to light ten sites with Chalcolithic components, of which four also produced Bronze Age pottery. A similar number of Chalcolithic sites, along with a majority of the Bronze Age sites, were also attested in the Dhiarizos and Ezousas valleys. On the other hand, the almost total absence of prehistoric occupation in the Chapotami and Xeropotamos Rivers drainage systems is difficult to explain 369. It seems that the state of preservation of the terrain and the often limited ground visibility determined the number of sites recorded during fieldwork. One should keep in mind that erosion, caused by weather, animals and human activity, may be responsible for the covering of sites by soil and their shifting. An excellent example of limited visibility is known from the vicinity of the Yialia-Photies settlement (PAP.92-3), where a rural CA–CC sanctuary, invisible during the survey due to intensive vegetation, was discovered in 2007 thanks to the construction of green-houses. On the other hand, the same human activity totally destroyed the MC–LC Yialia-Kokkineri settlement (PAP.94-7). Major prehistoric sites in the Dhiarizos and Ezousas valleys also do not exclude the existence of smaller ones in the Chapotami and Xeropotamos valleys. Such a phenomenon is in evidence at Lemba and Kissonerga, as well as in the LAP and PAP survey areas.

2. Concluding Remarks, Problems and Prospects The pottery collected at the sites noted above is dominated by local products. Imports from other parts of Cyprus are rare and perhaps include BR and WS I, which is not surprising in this isolated and remote area. A similar scarcity, restriction or even absence of imported pottery is evident in the Palaipaphos hinterland 367. No specialized analyses of ceramics or clay sources have been undertaken, but results obtained by the CPSP show that even a tentative picture of their production and raw material sources cannot be determined 368. 365 For a discussion of these artefacts see Maliszewski 2010; id. (ed.) in print. 366 Childs 1997, 39; id. 1999, 233. 367 Sørensen 1993, 187. 368 Ibid., 188.

369 Ibid., tables 2–5.

76

Concluding remarks, problems and prospects

The PAP survey yielded twenty-nine and the CPSP eighty-six sites with Bronze Age components 370. Comparing the results of these two surveys, there was little EC data, but an increasing trend in the MC–LC periods. In the PAP area there is no clear evidence confirming the transition from EC to MC and MC to LC 371, or for the existence of a major LC locality like Palaipaphos, but pithos fragments and saddle querns indicate several larger rural sites in two latter periods. In this context it should be remembered that while only stray LCh/EC–MC sherds have been found beneath ancient Marion, this indicates the earliest occupation of the low plateau adjacent to the Chrysochou Bay, topographically similar to that in the Palaipaphos area.

and the systematic excavation of the best preserved key settlements and cemeteries. Certainly, this will offer a more comprehensive view of many aspects of the prehistoric occupation of northwestern Cyprus, which should no longer be perceived as an archaeological terra incognita. In a broader perspective, this book is a step not only towards an island case study, but also provides useful data for scholars involved in research in the Eastern Mediterranean.

In sum, the PAP prehistoric material, despite an absence of indications of very early settlements, has brought to light evidence for later crucial, transitional periods from Chalcolithic to Bronze Age and from LC to Iron Age, as well as the MC data. Both phenomena have been scarcely noted by the CPSP. Moreover, the first transition, as well as an abundance of EC–MC and a total lack of LC pottery is evident at PrastioMesorotsos and Kissonerga-Skalia 372. The data show a rather even distribution of occupation on the coastal plain, along the rivers valleys. Inland sites at higher elevations have also been recorded, but still in the proximity of sources of drinking water (Maps 2, 3) 373. On the basis of the collected and examined data, despite several limitations, it has been possible to present the first general picture of prehistoric occupation in the PAP survey area. Hopefully, this will encourage other scholars to pay more attention to this still little investigated, remote part of the island. In studies of settlement patterns and artefacts numerous other factors should be considered, including the topography, resources, environmental preservation, and ground visibility. Detailed analysis of these elements and a comparison with the results of other surveys in and outside the island is a serious challenge for the future. Other important projects for the future include extensive field survey of the area further to the west and south of Polis, intensive data sampling from already identified sites, 370 Diacopoulos 2004, 68–69; Sørensen 1993, tables 2–5. 371 The latter transition is poorly represented in Sørensen 1993, tables 2–3, 5, but totally absent in McCarthy et al. 2009, 66–67, 72. On the other hand, both are well attested thanks to more recently re-examined CPSP data – Diacopoulos 2004, 73–77. 372 McCarthy et al. 2009, 67, 72; Sørensen 1993, tables 2–3. 373 Maliszewski 2007, 90–99.

77

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Stewart E., J. R. Stewart 1950, Vounous 1937–38. Field Report of the Excavations Sponsored by the British School at Athens (Skrifter Utgivna av Svenska Institutet i Rom XIV), Lund.

Todd I. A. 2000, Excavations at Sanidha, a Late Bronze Age Ceramic Manufacturing Centre, in G. K. Ioannidi, S. Ach. Hadjistilli (eds), Praktika tu Tritu Dietnus Kiprologiku Sinedriu (Lefkosia, 16–20 apriliu 1996), Tomos A’ Archaion Tmima, 301–25, Lefkosia.

Stewart J. D. 1985, Ceramics, in E. J. Peltenburg et al., Lemba Archaeological Project. I. Excavations at Lemba-Lakkous, 1976–1983 (Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology LXX.1), 59–70, 154–60, 249–70, Göteborg.

Todd I. A., D. Pilides 1993, Excavations at Sanida 84

1992, Report of the Department of Antiquities Cyprus, 97–146. Todd I. A., D. Pilides 2001, The Archaeology of White Slip Production, in V. Karageorghis (ed.), The White Slip Ware of Late Bronze Cyprus. Proceedings of an International Conference Organized by the Anastasios G. Leventis Foundation, Nicosia in Honour of Malcolm Wiener, Nicosia 29th–30th October 1998 (Contributions to the Chronology of the Eastern Mediterranean II), 27–43, Wien. Vaughan S. 2001, Colour Photographs of Base-ring Ware Fabrics, in P. Åström (ed.), The Chronology of Base-ring Ware and Bichrome Wheel-made Ware. Proceedings of a Colloquium held in the Royal Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities, Stockholm, May 18–19 2000 (Konferenser 54), 123–25, Stockholm. Vaughan S. J. 1987, A Fabric Analysis of Late Cypriot Base Ring Ware: Studies in Ceramic Technology, Petrology, Geochemistry and Mineralogy, University College London, London (unpublished Ph.D. Thesis). Vaughan S. J. 1991, Material and Technical Characterization of Base Ring Ware: A New Fabric Typology, in J. A. Barlow et al. (eds), Cypriot Ceramics: Reading the Prehistoric Record (University Museum Monograph 74), 119–30, Philadelphia. Webb J. M., D. Frankel 2010, Social Strategies, Ritual and Cosmology in Early Bronze Age Cyprus: An Investigation of Burial Data from the North Coast, Levant 42, 185–209. Webb J. M. et al. 2009, Excavations at Politiko Kokkinorotsos. A Chalcolithic Hunting Station in Cyprus, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 75, 189–237.

85

86

ABBREVIATIONS 1. Chronology

PWWM Plain White Wheelmade ware PWWM II Plain White Wheelmade II ware RBB Red and Black Stroke-Burnished pottery/ware RBr Red Brown pottery RMa Red Matt pottery RMaC Red Matt Coarse pottery RMP Red Monochrome Painted pottery/ware RMP-A Red Monochrome Painted A ware RMP-B Red Monochrome Painted B ware RMP-massive Red Monochrome Painted Massive ware RP Red Polished pottery/ware RP I Red Polished I ware RP II Red Polished II ware RP III Red Polished III ware RP IV Red Polished IV ware RPBDI Red Polished with a Black/Dark Interior pottery RPBT Red Polished Black Top ware RPBT II Red Polished Black Top II ware RP (Philia) Red Polished Philia ware RPM Red Polished Mottled ware RPPu Red Polished Punctured ware RW Red-on-White pottery/ware RWB Red-on-White Banded ware RWBL Red-on-White Band and Line ware RWL Red-on-White Lattice ware RWPB Red-on-White Parallel Band ware Sp Spalled pottery/ware WGTP White Gritty Thin Pithos ware WP White Painted pottery WS White Slip ware WS I White Slip I ware WS II White Slip II ware

BA Bronze Age By Byzantine CA Cypro-Archaic CC Cypro-Classical CG Cypro-Geometric EC Early Cypriot ECh Early Chalcolithic EH Early Hellenistic EM Early Modern LC Late Cypriot LH Late Hellenistic LN Late Neolithic LCh Late Chalcolithic LR Late Roman MC Middle Cypriot MCh Middle Chalcolithic Me Medieval Mo Modern Ph Philia R Roman

2. Pottery BlC Blue Core ware BR Base Ring ware BR I Base Ring I ware BR II Base Ring II ware CMo Coarse Monochrome wares Co Coarse ware Co + paint Coarse ware with paint CP Coarse Painted ware CP-mono Coarse Painted Monochrome pottery/ware CP-pl Coarse Painted Parallel Line pottery CP-tartan Coarse Painted Tartan pottery/ware DBC Drab Blue Core pottery DBCC Drab Blue Core Coarse pottery DP Drab Polished ware DPBC Drab Polished Blue Core ware GB Glossy Burnished pottery/ware Mon Monochrome pottery/wares MSBR Metallic Slip Base Ring ware Pi Pithos ware Pl Plain wares PlWS Plain White Slip ware PWHM Plain White Handmade ware PWS Proto White Slip ware

3. Projects CPSP Canadian Palaipaphos Survey Project LAP Lemba Archaeological Project PAP Polis-Pyrgos Archaeological Project

4. Various D. H. L. T. W. 87

diameter height length thickness width

88

92-1

92-1

92-2

92-3

92-4

92-8

92-9

92-10

93-1

93-2

93-3

93-4

93-5

93-5.1

93-5.2

93-5.3

93-5.4

93-6

93-6.1

93-6.2

93-7

93-8

93-9

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

PAP no.

89

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

C

C

C

S

C

C

C

C

S

C

C

S

Ts

●

●

●

●

●

●

ECh

●

●

●

●

●

●

MCh

●

●

●

●

●

●

LCh

Ch

●?

●?

●?

●?

Ph?

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

EC

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

MC

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

LC

●?

●

●?

●?

●?

●?

BA

●

●

●

●

●

CG

●

●

●

●

●

CA

●

CC

●

●

EH

●

●

●

●

LH

●

●

●

●

LR

●

●

●

●

R

●

●

By

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

Me

●

EM

●

●

●

Mo

Table. Period distribution for sites according to ceramic components (Ts – type of site, S – settlement, C – cemetery, ? – possible). For discussion of the post-prehistoric ceramics and the Chalcolithic to Iron Age ground stone artefacts see Maliszewski (ed.) in print.

90

99-4

99-5

99-6

99-6.1

99-7

99-8

99-9

99-10

99-10.1

99-11

99-11.1

99-13

99-14

99-15

99-16

99-16.1

99-17

99-18

99-19

99-20

99-21

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

PAP no.

91

C?

S

C

C?

C

S

S

C

C

S

C

C

S

S

S

C

ECh

●

MCh

●

LCh

●

●?

Ch

●?

Ph?

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

MC

EC

●

C

C

C

C

S

Ts

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

LC

●

●

●

●?

●?

●

●

BA

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●?

●

●

●

●

CA

CG

●

●

●

●

CC

●

●

●

●

●

EH

●

●

●

LH

●

●

●

●

●

●

LR

●

●

●

R

●

●

●

By

●

●

●

●

●

Me

●

●

EM

●

●

●

●

●

Mo

92

RMP. 258. 56% Cp-pl. 1. 0.2% Cp-mono. 2. 0.4% RW. 3. 0.6% RBB. 15. 3.2% GB. 27. 5.8%

Cp-tartan. 48. 10%

Sp. 109. 23.5%

Diagram 1. Sherd counts and percentages of the collected Chalcolithic pottery types from the PAP field survey. GB. 22. 81.5%

CP-tartan. 16. 33%

RMP. 31. 12% CP-pl. 1. 1% Cp-mono. 2. 2% RW. 3. 3% Sp. 12. 11%

RBB. 14. 93%

Diagram 2. Sherd counts and percentages of the published Chalcolithic pottery types from the PAP field survey. RP III. 2. 1.0% PWWM II? 3. 1.6% RBr. 4. 2.1% WS I. 5. 2.6%

Mon. 1. 0.5% DBCC. 67. 35.8%

RP III-IV. 5. 2.6% RPBDI. 5. 2.6% RMa. 7. 3.7% RMaC. 9. 4.8%

BR. 11. 5.9% RP? 11. 5.9%

DBC. 44. 23.5%

RP. 13. 6.9%

Diagram 3. Sherd counts and percentages of the collected and published Bronze Age pottery types from the PAP field survey. 93

Map 1. Cyprus with the marked names of localities, non-PAP archaeological sites and major geographical features mentioned in the text. 1. Apliki-Karamallos 2. Ambelikou-Aletri 3. Kato Pyrgos 4. Pomos 5. Yialia 6. Argaka 7. Magounda 8. Magounda-Kattouveri 9. Magounda-Karidhin 10. Polis tis Chrysochous (Polis)/Marion-Arsinoe 11. Polis-Katsiaorena 12. The Chrysochou Bay 13. Ayios Kononas 14. The Akamas Peninsula 15. The Chrysochou River 16. Goudhi-Loures 17. Dhroushia-Appiourka 18. Kato Arodhes 19. Miliou-Rhodaeos 20. Yiolou-Moutti tou Kleovoulou 21. Peyia-Koutsouros 22. Peyia-Elia tou Vatani 23. Maa-Palaiokastro 24. Kissonerga-Yiorki 25. Kissonerga-Kambos tis Appis 26. Kissonerga-Mylouthkia 27. Kissonerga-Mosphilia 28. Kissonerga-Skalia 29. Kissonerga-Ammoudhia 30. Lemba-Lakkous 31. Emba-Limnarka 32. Mesoyi-Katarraktis 33. Paphos 34. Yeroskipou-Playeri 35. Yeroskipou-Asproyi 36. The Ezousas River 37. The Xeropotamos River 38. The Dhiarizos River 39. The Chapotami River 40. Prastio-Mesorotsos 41. Prastio-Ayios Savvas tis Karonis Monastery 42. Souskiou-Paralonia 43. Souskiou-Stalies 44. Souskiou-Grijellati 45. Kouklia/Palaipaphos 46. Kouklia-Site TA 47. Kouklia-Teratsoudhia 48. Kouklia-Evreti 49. Kouklia-Asproyi 50. Kouklia-Kaminia 51. Kouklia-Marchellos

52. Kouklia-Liskiovouno 53. Paramali-Pharkonia 54. Sotira-Kaminoudhia 55. Episkopi 56. Episkopi-Phaneromeni 57. Erimi 58. Erimi-Bamboula 59. Alassa 60. Alassa-Pano Mandilaris 61. Pyrgos-Mavroraki 62. Sanidha-Moutti tou Ayiou Serkou 63. Kalavasos-Ayios Dhimitrios 64. Kalavasos 65. Kalavasos-Laroumena 66. Hala Sultan Tekke 67. Kition 68. Politiko-Kokkinorotsos 69. Analiondas/Marki-Palaiokklisia 70. Marki-Alonia 71. Alambra-Mouttes 72. Pyla-Kokkinokremos 73. Kalopsida 74. Enkomi 75. Nitovikla 76. Nicosia-Ayia Paraskevi 77. Philia-Vasiliko 78. Vasilia-Evriman 79. Myrtou-Pigadhes 80. Ayia Irini 81. Toumba tou Skourou

94

95

Map 2. The Chalcolithic sites recorded by the PAP field survey in northwestern Cyprus: ▲ – settlement, ■ – one tomb, ♦ – two tombs. 1. Ayia Marina-Lourka tou Emir Ali (PAP.94-10) 2. Yialia-Mosphilo (PAP.92-1) 3. Yialia-Phassera (PAP.94-8) 4-8. Magounda-Marsinoudhia (PAP.93-5, PAP.93-5.1-4)

9. Steni-Stavros (PAP.97-1) 10. Dhroushia-Aroaphna (PAP.99-18)

96

97



Map 3. The Bronze Age sites recorded by the PAP field survey in northwestern Cyprus: ▲ – settlement, ● – cemetery, ■ – one tomb. 1. Yialia-Kafkalles/Shehidadhes (PAP.92-2) 2. Yialia-Photies (PAP.92-3) 3. Yialia-Mosphilo (PAP.92-1) 4. Yialia-Kokkineri (PAP.94-7) 5. Argaka-Stavli (PAP.94-5) 6-8. Magounda-Kokkinokambos (PAP.93-6, PAP.93-6.1, PAP.93-6.2) 9-12. Magounda-Mersinoudhia (PAP.93-5.2-4, PAP.94-3) 13. Pelathousa-Arkotyrka (PAP.96-6)? 14-15. Pelathousa-Karamanites (PAP.96-2?, PAP.96-3) 16. Pelathousa-Kiladhia (PAP.96-5)

17. Polis-Touloupos (PAP.93-2) 18. Dhroushia-Aroaphna (PAP.99-18) 19-20. Chrysochou-Koutsomavro (PAP.99-6.1, PAP.99-7) 21. Ayios Isidhoros-Teratsoudhia (PAP.99-21) 22-23. Tera-Litharin (PAP.99-16, PAP.99-16.1) 24. Tera-Teratsokambos (PAP.99-14) 25. Goudhi-Sies/Phinikin (PAP.99-13) 26. Choli-Kapitanisses (PAP.99-10) 27-28. Choli-Spilios (PAP.99-11, PAP.99-11.1) 29. Sarama-Aishetou (PAP.93-1) 30. Sarama-Pernarka (PAP.93-7) 31. Sarama-Terracha (PAP.93-8)

98

99



100



A-1

A-2

A-3 A-4

A-5

A-6 A-7

A-8 A-9

A-22

A-16

A-23

101



102



A-26 A-25 A-24

A-28 A-27

A-30

A-29

A-31

A-32

A-33

A-34

A-35

103



104



A-36

A-37

A-39

A-38

A-40

A-41

A-44 A-43

A-46

A-42

105



106



A-48 A-47

A-50

A-49

A-52 A-51

A-56 A-68 A-55

A-70

A-69

107



108



A-72

A-71

A-73

A-75

A-74

A-76

A-77

A-81

A-83

A-84

109



110



A-85

A-86

A-87

A-88

A-89

A-90

111



112



B-9

B-8

B-11

B-10

B-13

B-12

B-14

B-16 B-15

B-17

B-19

113



114



B-22 B-20 B-21

B-27

B-23

B-26 B-28

B-30 B-31

B-29

B-32 B-37

115



116



B-38

B-41

B-39

B-42

B-40

B-44

B-46 B-45

B-48

B-47

B-49

117

B-50



118



B-53 B-52 B-51

B-56

B-55

B-54

B-58

B-57

B-59

B-60 B-61

119

B-62



120



B-65 B-63 B-64

B-66

B-68

B-67

B-70 B-69

B-74

B-72

B-71

B-75

121



122



B-78

B-76

B-77

B-81

B-79

B-82

B-84

B-83

B-85

B-86

B-87

123



124



B-88

B-90

B-89

B-93

B-91

B-92

B-96

B-94 B-97

125

B-95



126



B-100

B-101

B-102

B-104

B-103 B-105

B-106

B-108 B-107

127



128



B-109

B-111

B-110

B-112

B-114

B-113

B-115

129



130



B-117

B-116

B-118 B-120 B-119

B-121 B-122

B-123

B-125 B-124

131



132



B-126

B-128

B-129

B-127 B-130

B-133

B-131

B-134

B-132

133



134



B-136 B-135

B-138

B-137

B-139

B-141

B-140

B-142 B-143 135



136



B-144 B-145

B-146

B-149

B-148

B-147

B-152

B-150

B-154

B-153

B-155

B-157b

B-157a

B-158 B-159

B-160

B-161

B-162

137



138



B-163

B-166 B-164

B-165

B-168

B-169

B-171

B-170

B-172

B-174

B-173

139

B-175



140



B-178

B-176 B-177 B-179

B-180 B-182

B-181

B-185

B-183

B-184

B-186 B-187

141



142



A-8a A-7b

A-7a

A-10a

A-8b

A-11a

A-15a

A-12a

A-11b

A-15b 143

A-10b

A-12b

A-16



144



A-17b

A-17a

A-18a

A-18b

A-22b

A-27b

A-27a

A-26b

A-56a

A-42a

A-42b 145

A-56b



146



A-62a

A-62b A-64a

A-64b

A-68b

A-68a

A-69

A-72b A-71

A-75

A-76 147

A-77



148



A-78 A-79b

A-79a

A-80a A-83a

A-85b

A-80b

A-83b

A-87a

A-87b 149



150



A-91

A-88b

A-92a

A-94 A-95a

A-92b

A-95b

A-97b

A-96a

A-98a 151

A-96b

A-98b



152



B-3

B-7 B-9

B-13a

B-17b

B-22

B-13b

B-19

B-26 153

B-14b

B-20b

B-29a



154



B-29b

B-35a

B-35b

B-37 B-38

B-39

B-42

B-40

B-41

B-43

B-44 155

B-45



156



B-46 B-48 B-47

B-49

B-52

B-50

B-51

B-53 B-54

B-55

B-56 157

B-57



158



B-59

B-60

B-62

B-63a

B-58

B-61

B-65

B-63b

B-64

B-66

B-67 159



160



B-68

B-69

B-70

B-73

B-71

B-72

B-75

B-74a

B-74b 161



162



B-77a

B-78

B-77b

B-80

B-79

B-81a

B-81b

B-82

B-83 163



164



B-85 B-84a

B-86

B-88a

B-88b

B-91 B-92

B-90

B-93a

B-93b 165

B-93c



166



B-97 B-95 B-94

B-100 B-99 B-98

B-102b

B-102a

B-112

B-113 167



168



B-117

B-116

B-118b

B-118a

B-120 B-121

B-119

B-122

B-123 169

B-124



170



B-126

B-125

B-127

B-129 B-130

B-128

B-133

B-132 B-131

B-135

B-134 171



172



B-136

B-138

B-137

B-139

B-142

B-140

B-143

B-141

B-150

B-146

B-147 173



174



B-151

B-154

B-159a

B-155 B-161a

B-161b

B-167

B-162 B-165a

B-172a

B-172b 175

B-174a



176



B-174b

B-175b

B-176b

B-178b

B-182b B-180b

B-186b B-183b

B-187b

B-184 177



178



A-13 A-22a

A-26a

A-52a

A-47

A-52b

A-82

A-61

A-85a

A-72a

A-88a

A-93 179

A-97a



180



B-5a

B-6

B-5b

B-8

B-12b B-10

B-15

B-12a

B-11

B-17a B-20a B-14a B-16 B-23 B-18 B-27 B-28a

B-31

B-28b B-32 B-76

B-157

B-84b

B-115 181

B-159b



182



B-164

B-163

B-165b B-160

B-169

B-168

B-166

B-170

B-171b

B-171a

B-173

B-175a

B-178a B-176a

B-177

B-180a B-179 B-181 B-182a

B-185

B-186a

B-183a

B-187a 183

B-184

MALISZEWSKI

In addition, he is the author, co-author, editor and co-editor of: New Light on the Bronze Age Ceramics from H. Schliemann’s Excavations at Troy: Studies on the Munich and Poznań Collections within the Anatolian-Aegean Cultural Context (BAR S2119, Oxford 2010), Polis-Pyrgos Archaeological Project. II. Post-Prehistoric Ceramics and Chalcolithic to Iron Age Ground Stone Artefacts from the Field Survey in Northwestern Cyprus, 1992–1999 (forthcoming), and Cyprus: History, Culture, Literature (Warsaw 2013, in print; in Polish).

BAR S2547 2013

Dr hab. Dariusz Maliszewski’s main area of research is Aegean archaeology, in particular Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Cyprus, as well as Bronze Age Troy and its relationship with the neighbouring areas. For many years he has been conducting a field survey in the northwest of the ‘Island of Aphrodite’. The results of this field work and artefact studies, including finds from Troy, were published in Anatolian Studies, Archeologia, Meander, Nowy Filomata, Report of the Department of Antiquities Cyprus and Thetis.

POLIS-PYRGOS ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT I

Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Pottery from the Field Survey in Northwestern Cyprus, 1992–1999

CHALCOLITHIC AND BRONZE AGE POTTERY

In the present volume Dariusz Maliszewski discusses the material from an extensive field survey conducted by the Polis-Pyrgos Archaeological Project. This is pioneer publication of the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age pottery from the neighbouring area of Polis tis Chrysochous (Polis), formerly ancient Marion and Arsinoe. The entire assemblage is datable to a period from the beginning of the 4th to the second half of the 2nd millennium B.C. On the basis of the data examined, and despite several limitations, it has been possible to identify ten Chalcolithic and twenty-nine Bronze Age sites, and thus to generate the first picture of prehistoric occupation in northwestern Cyprus, which should no longer be perceived as a terra inhabitata in that time. In a broader perspective, this book not only reveals an island case study, but also provides useful data for scholars involved in research in the Eastern Mediterranean.

B A R Maliszewski 2547 cover.indd 1

Dariusz Maliszewski

BAR International Series 2547 2013

22/08/2013 10:20:37