Sotira: A Neolithic Settlement in Cyprus [Reprint 2016 ed.] 9781512819687

Citation preview

MUSEUM

MONOGRAPHS

SOTIRA By

PORPHYRIOS

DIKAIOS

w i t h contributions by J. Lawrence Angel

F. E. Zeuner and A. Grosvenor Ellis

M. Stekelis

S. P. Dance

PUBLISHED

THE

BY

UNIVERSITY

UNIVERSITY

OF

MUSEUM

PENNSYLVANIA

PHILADELPHIA 1961

Price:

$7.50

P l e a s e send orders for Museum Monographs T h e U n i v e r s i t y Museum 33rd and Spruce Streets P h i l a d e l p h i a 4, P e n n s y l v a n i a

to:

PREFACE

T h e p r e s e n t report c o m p l e t e s a t r i l o g y w h i c h the w r i t e r has d e v o t e d to the t h r e e pre-copper cultural

stages

in C y p r u s as r e v e a l e d

r e p o r t s on t h e f i r s t a n d t h i r d h a v i n g a l r e a d y a p p e a r e d c a v a t i o n s , t r i a l s on other

Site A w h i c h has r e v e a l e d a c u l t u r a l

phase perhaps

Erimi,

A p a r t from these three main

s i t e s h a v e h e l p e d to f i l l out t h e p i c t u r e , p a r t i c u l a r l y

A n a c c o u n t of t h e e x c a v a t i o n s

main

by e x c a v a t i o n a t K h i r o k i t i a , S o t i r a ,

slightly

ex-

Kalavasos

in a d v a n c e of t h a t of

c a r r i e d o u t f o r t h e D e p a r t m e n t of A n t i q u i t i e s at

Sotira.

Kalavasos

in 1 9 4 7 a n d of t r i a l s e l s e w h e r e w i l l a p p e a r in d u e c o u r s e t o c o m p l e t e p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h e r e s u l t s of t h e w r i t e r ' s r e s e a r c h on the p r e - c o p p e r c u l t u r e s It is t o t h e E x p e d i t i o n

in

Cyprus.

o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y M u s e u m of t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f P e n n s y I v a n i a t o

that I owe the great p r i v i l e g e of c o n d u c t i n g on t h e i r b e h a l f the e x c a v a t i o n s here T h e e x p e d í t i o n , w h i c h h a d , o v e r a p e r i o d o f y e a r s , e x c a v a t e d so s u c c e s s f u l l y

a series

s i t e s c e n t e r e d on C u r i u m and r a n g i n g b e t w e e n L a t e C y p r i o t e and E a r l y C h r i s t i a n , t h a t i t w o u l d f o r m a u s e f u l c o m p l e m e n t to t h e i r r e s e a r c h e s borhood were also

investigated.

if a p r e h i s t o r i c

s i t e in t h e

t e n d e d to me t h r o u g h t h e D i r e c t o r o f A n t i q u i t i e s , M r . A . H . S. M e g a w , C . B . E . , t o t h e e x c a v a t i o n s on b e h a l f of t h e C u r i u m

expedition.

s i n c e 1931, w h e n under Dr. B. H. H i l l

it b e g a n i t s C y p r u s e x c a v a t i o n s

work at Sotira w a s a h a p p y c l i m a x to t h a t

s t a g e of K h i r o k i t i a , w h i c h

that

staff and work

at L a p i t h o s .

My

knowledgeofCyprus

study of its m a t e r i a l r e m a i n s h a v e thus t h r o w n

follows.

considerable

l i v e d and w o r k e d before the m a s t e r y

C y p r u s h a s l o n g b e e n k n o w n to h a v e p l a y e d an i m p o r t a n t r o l e , a f t e r t h e

o f m e t a l s a n d i n p a r t i c u l a r o f c o p p e r , in t h e e v o l u t i o n o f h u m a n c u l t u r e . c o v e r y and e x c a v a t i o n of p r e - c o p p e r

conduct

is e a r l i e r , and t h a t of E r i m i w h i c h

new l i g h t on t h e s e e a r l y i n h a b i t a n t s of C y p r u s , w h o metals.

ex-

association.

T h e i m p o r t a n c e o f S o t i r a l i e s in t h e f a c t t h a t i t f i l l s p a r t o f t h e g a p in our T h e e x c a v a t i o n and d e t a i l e d

river was

It w a s w i t h p a r t i c u l a r p l e a s u r e

i n v i t a t i o n for I had been a c q u a i n t e d w i t h t h e E x p e d i t i o n ' s

between the c u l t u r a l

neigh-

Sotira, which

k n o w n f r o m the w r i t e r ' s r e p o r t on E r i m i , w a s t h e r e f o r e c h o s e n a n d an i n v i t a t i o n w a s

I accepted this

of

decided

E r i m i w a s the n e a r e s t , b e i n g on the east bank of the

K o u r i s , but it had a l r e a d y been i n v e s t i g a t e d and t h e r e s u l t s p u b l i s h e d .

Curium

described.

of

discovery

But the recent

dis-

s i t e s has s h o w n t h a t C y p r u s w a s the seat of a h i g h l y

d e v e l o p e d c u l t u r e in t h e L a t e S t o n e A g e a l s o , and c a n n o t but h a v e p l a y e d a p a r t in t h e early progress of c i v i l i z a t i o n

in the M e d i t e r r a n e a n .

and e x t e r n a l c o n n e c t i o n s of t h e s e p r e - c o p p e r h a v e t h r o w n a f l o o d of l i g h t on t h e i r

Though we know

internal development.

jectively

^

Fina!

Excavations

Report at

on

Erimi"

the

Excavation

i n Report

of of

the

iii

i s t h e p u r p o s e of t h e p r e s e n t

a N eol i th ic Department

Settlement of

con-

b e b e t t e r k n o w n b u t in t h e

t h e e x c a v a t o r has a d u t y to m a k e a v a i l a b l e to o t h e r s t h e m a t e r i a l he f i n d s , and as c o m p l e t e l y as p o s s i b l e ; and t h i s

Khirokitia, "The

origins excavations

T h e day w i l l come w h e n the

n e c t i o n s of p r e - c o p p e r C y p r u s w i t h s u r r o u n d i n g c o u n t r i e s w i l l meantime

l i t t l e of t h e

s t a g e s of c u l t u r e in C y p r u s , r e c e n t

Antiquities

in

Cyprus. 1936,

Oxford, part

ob-

report.

1.

1953;

T h e C u r i u m E x p e d i t i o n not o n l y i n v i t e d me to c o n d u c t t h e e x c a v a t i o n but a l s o the f u n d s for t h e w o r k a n d u n d e r t o o k t h e p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h e p r e s e n t r e p o r t .

provided

I take this

op-

p o r t u n i t y to e x p r e s s my g r a t i t u d e to the e x p e d i t i o n , to i t s D i r e c t o r , t h e l a t e D r . B . H . a n d to i t s F i e l d D i r e c t o r , t h e l a t e M r . G e o r g e M a c F a d d e n .

Hill,

T h a n k s a r e a l s o d u e to D r .

F r o e l i c h R a i n e y , D i r e c t o r of t h e U n i v e r s i t y M u s e u m , w h o g a v e o f f i c i a l s a n c t i o n to t h e p r o ject a n d a l w a y s g a v e me h i s w h o l e h e a r t e d

support.

T h e e x c a v a t i o n w o u l d not

however

h a v e m a t e r i a l i z e d w i t h o u t the c o n s e n t a n d s u p p o r t o f t h e D i r e c t o r of A n t i q u i t i e s , M r . A . S. M e g a w , w h o k i n d l y a g r e e d to l e n d my s e r v i c e s a n d t h o s e o f my a s s i s t a n t s e x c a v a t i o n s t h e m s e l v e s a n d for t h e s u b s e q u e n t w o r k o n t h e f i n d s . to the s u c c e s s

of t h e u n d e r t a k i n g b y h a n d l i n g a d m i n i s t r a t i v e

H.

b o t h for t h e

Mr. M e g a w

contributed

p r o b l e m s a n d a l s o by

giving

me m u c h v a l u a b l e a d v i c e d u r i n g t h e e x c a v a t i o n s a n d in t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of t h e p r e s e n t report. A t t h e b e g i n n i n g of the e x c a v a t i o n s , M r . J . S . L a s t w a s r e l e a s e d from o t h e r w o r k

for

the C u r i u m E x p e d i t i o n to j o i n o u r t e a m for a s h o r t p e r i o d , d u r i n g w h i c h he p r e p a r e d t h e field plan ( P I . 4).

D u r i n g the w h o l e d u r a t i o n of the e x c a v a t i o n s

I w a s a s s i s t e d by Mr.

K a k o u l l i s G e o r g h i o u , S e n i o r M u s e u m A s s i s t a n t in t h e C y p r u s M u s e u m , w h o a c t e d a s

fore-

man a n d p h o t o g r a p h e r a s w e l l a s e x p e r t d i g g e r w h e r e v e r h i s s e r v i c e s w e r e r e q u i r e d .

To

him a l s o I o w e a l l t h e p h o t o g r a p h y of t h e f i n d s a n d v a l u a b l e a s s i s t a n c e of the p l a t e s .

W i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n of M r . L a s t ' s

in t h e

preparation

f i e l d p l a n , a l l the s u r v e y i n g a n d the f i n a l

d r a w i n g o f t h e p l a n s a n d s e c t i o n s a s w e l l a s o f t h e f i n d s w e r e c a r r i e d o u t by M r . M a r k o u , S u r v e y o r of t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f A n t i q u i t i e s . a s m a n d h a r d w o r k of t h e s e t w o a s s i s t a n t s .

T o the late M r . G e o r g e A n a s t a s i o u ,

M u s e u m A s s i s t a n t , w h o a c t e d a s f o r e m a n at t h e b e g i n n i n g of t h e w o r k a n d l a t e r r e c o n s t r u c t e d m a n y of the v a s e s

I am a l s o

Elias

M u c h i s o w e d to the u n f a i l i n g

enthusiSenior

skilfully

indebted.

T h a n k s a r e a l s o d u e to D r . J . L a w r e n c e A n g e l of t h e I n s t i t u t e of A n a t o m y , J e f f e r s o n ical C o l l e g e for h i s report on the s k u l l s ( A p p e n d i x the flint i m p l e m e n t s ( A p p e n d i x

E l l i s for s t u d y i n g t h e a n i m a l b o n e s

to D r . S . P . D a n c e for s t u d y i n g the s h e l l s ( A p p e n d i x

for i d e n t i f y i n g t h e m a t e r i a l of s t o n e t o o l s a n d

4),

(Appendix

a n d to M r . C . P . M a n g l i ' s

ornaments.

D u r i n g t h e e x c a v a t i o n s , a l l the s t a f f s t a y e d at t h e h u m b l e v i l l a g e o f S o t i r a the i n h a b i t a n t s o f w h i c h s h o w e d c o - o p e r a t i o n , k i n d n e s s a n d h o s p i t a l i t y .

(Pis. been

s c h o o l e d by t h e C u r i u m E x p e d i t i o n , a n d from E n k o m i , w h e r e a s i m i l a r g r o u p h a d b e e n in the e x c a v a t i o n of t h e L a t e B r o n z e A g e t o w n s i t e . faithful and v a l u a b l e

3,7)

L a b o r e r s were re-

c r u i t e d l o c a l l y but the t r a i n e d e x c a v a t o r s c a m e from E p i s k o p i , w h e r e many h a v e

a n d to t h e i n h a b i t a n t s a n d t h e

Med-

to D r . M . S t e k e l i s for h i s s t u d y of

2 ) , to M r s . S t e k e l i s for d r a w i n g t h e m ( P i s . 1 1 6 - 1 1 8 ) , to

P r o f e s s o r F. Z e u n e r and M i s s A . G r o s v e n o r 3),

1);

T o all t h e s e " u n k n o w n

trained

warriors"

v i l l a g e a u t h o r i t i e s of S o t i r a w e e x p r e s s our t h a n k s for their

assistance.

L a s t l y , I w i s h to e x p r e s s my g r a t i t u d e to D r . G . R o g e r U n i v e r s i t y M u s e u m a n d to the E d i t o r M i s s G e r a l d i n e

Edwards, Associate

v a l u a b l e t i m e on p r e p a r i n g t h e t y p e s c r i p t a n d p l a t e s f o r the P r e s s a n d for a l l t h e w o r k c o n n e c t e d w i t h the p r i n t i n g of the p r e s e n t

IV

Curator,

B r u c k n e r for s p e n d i n g m u c h of t h e i r Monograph.

supervising

CONTENTS page PREFACE

iii

INTRODUCTION The Discovery

1 of the Site

1

D e s c r i p t i o n of t h e S i t e

1

The Excavated

Areas

2

M e t h o d s of E x c a v a t i o n and P u b l i c a t i o n

4

SECTION

I, D E S C R I P T I O N

OF T H E

EXCAVATED

C h a p t e r I, A r e a V

REMAINS

IN A R E A S V A N D

I

6 6

Phase I

6

H o u s e s 36 — 3 7

6

House 36

6

House 37

8

F i n d s f r o m H o u s e 36

9

F i n d s from H o u s e 37

10

H o u s e s 2 9 , 38, 39, and 40

10

House 29

10

H o u s e 38

12

H o u s e 39

14

House 40

16

F i n d s from House 29

17

F i n d s f r o m H o u s e 38

18

F i n d s f r o m H o u s e 39

19

F i n d s from House 40

21

P h a s e II

21

House I and A s s o c i a t e d Remains

21

F i n d s from House 1

27

F i n d s f r o m H o u s e 1A

30

F i n d s from A n n e x 6

31

House 3

34

F i n d s from H o u s e 3

36

House 5

41

F i n d s from H o u s e 5

44

H o u s e s 7, 10, and 1 1

50

House 7

50

F i n d s from H o u s e 7 House 9

54 57

F i n d s from House 9

59

v

page Phase

III

6 0

House 2

6 0

Finds

from House

2

^

H o u s e s 4 and 34

6 3

House 4

6 3

House

6 4

34

Finds from House 4 Finds

^

from H o u s e 34

House 8 and Annex

6 6

8A

House 8

6 7

Annex

6 8

8A

Finds

from H o u s e 8

Finds

from Annex

House Finds House

8A

10 from House

®

7

7 1

10

7 3

11

7 4

Finds

from House

11

House

12 a n d A n n e x

House

12

7 8

Annex

16

7 9

78 16

•

Finds

from House

12

8 0

Finds

from A n n e x

16

8 2

House

13

Finds

from H o u s e

13

8 8

Finds

from H o u s e

13A

9

House

14 a n d A n n e x

House

14

9 1

Annex

15

9 3

8 4

Finds

from House

14

Finds

from A n n e x

15

House

17

Finds

from House

House

18

Finds

from House

Houses House

®

15

9 3 9 7 9 7

17

9 9 9 9

18

1 0 1

19 a n d 20

1 0 4

19

1 0 4

House 20

1 0 6

Finds

from H o u s e

19

1 0 7

Finds

from House 20

1 0 8

House 2 1 F i n d s from H o u s e 21

^ ^

H o u s e s 2 2 , 23, and 35

1 1 2

v i

page H o u s e 22

112

H o u s e 23

1 14

House

115

35

F i n d s from H o u se 22

115

Finds

from House 23

116

Finds

from House

35

116

House 24

117

Finds

from H o u s e 24

118

House 25

118

Finds

from House 25

119

H o u s e 26 (and finds)

120

House 27

120

Finds

122

from House 27

House28

122

Finds

fro m H o u s e 28

123

House

30

123

F i n d s from H o u s e 30

124

H o u s e 31 Finds House

31A

Finds

from

Houses

31 . .

126

31A

127

127 House

32 a n d 33

128

House

32

129

House

33

130

Finds from

House

32

131

Finds from

House

33

132

House

34A

134

Finds

from H o u s e 34A

135

Phase The

IV

1 3 6

Retaining

C h a p t e r 2, A r e a The

125

from House

Remains

Wall

136

I

139 in A r e a

I

141

H o u s e 41

141

Finds

142

from H o u s e 41

The Graves Grove

142

1

'43

Grave 2

143

Finds

from Grave 2

143

Grave

3

144

Finds

from Grave

3

144

Grave 4

144

Finds

144

from Grave 4

v ii

page Grave 5

145

Grave 6 and 7

145

Grave 8

145

F i n d s from Grave 8

146

Grave 9

146

F i n d s from Grave 9

146

G r a v e 10

146

G r a v e 11

147

G r a v e 12

147

F i n d s f r o m G r a v e 12

147

S E C T I O N 2, S U M M A R Y

OF A R C H I T E C T U R A L

AND OTHER

C h a p t e r 1, A r c h i t e c t u r e The Houses:

EVIDENCE

148 148

T y p e s , O r i e n t a t i o n , and C o n s t r u c t i o n

148

P o s t - s u p p o r t s and p o s t - h o l e s

149

The

149

house

types

O r i e n t a t i o n of h o u s e s

155

Connected houses

155

M e t h o d of c o n s t r u c t i o n

156

Doorways

157

Floors

157

B u i l t - i n E q u i p m e n t and A s s o c i a t e d

Finds

Hearths

158 158

E n c l o s e d a r e a s on f l o o r s

160

Other grinding installations

161

Flint flaking installations

162

Troughs

162

Paved areas

162

P l a t f o r m s or b e n c h e s

163

Pits

163

F i n d s on f l o o r s

165

C a t a l o g u e of f i n d s c o l l e c t e d o u t s i d e the h o u s e s

168

C h a p t e r 2, D i s c u s s i o n of the F i n d s

172

Pottery

172

Combed ware

172

Bowls

172

Jugs

176

D i s t r i b u t i o n of the combed w a r e

178

R e d - o n - w h i t e and c o m b e d ware

179

Bowls

179

Jugs

180

Red-on-wh ite ware

181

Bowls

182

Jugs

182

viii

page D i s t r i b u t i o n of red-on - w h i te w a r e

183

Red

184

lustrous

ware

Jar

184

Large

bowls

. .

S m a l l b o w Is

185 185

Jugs

185

Distribution

of red l u s t r o u s

ware

186

Red-on-red ware

186

D i s t r i b u t i o n of red-on-red

ware

186

Ked slip ware

186

Distribution

186

of red slip ware

Black

combed ware

187

Plain

white ware

187

Coarse ware

187

Distribution Objects

of

of coarse

ware

188

Stone

188

Stone v e s s e l s : Distribution

bowls

of

188

stone b o w l s

^ 89

Stone celts

190

Distribution

of c e l t s

192

Small stone c e l t s Distribution

192

of s m a l l

stone celts

193

Flaked stone celts Distribution

193

of flaked stone

celts

194

Stone c h i s e l s

194

Distribution

195

of c h i s e l s

Stone pestles

195

Distribution

196

of stone p e s t l e s

Stone grinders

197

D i s t r i b u t i o n of g r i n d e r s

198

Hammerstones

198

D i s t r i b u t i o n of h a m m e r s t o n e s

199

Stone querns

199

P o l i s h i n g or b u r n i s h i n g

pebbles

199

D i s t r i b u t i o n of p o l i s h i n g or b u r n i s h i n g p e b b l e s Stone ornaments Distribution

200

of ornaments

201

Stone figure

201

Miscellaneous Objects

of

Bone

objects and

o f s t o n e or c l a y

Antler

2 0 2

Bone tools D i s t r i b u t i o n of bone t o o l s Antler picks Distribution

202 202

^ ^

and handles of picks

S E C T I O N 3, C H R O N O L O G Y ,

and h a n d l e s

SUMMARY,

204

AND

ix

CONCLUSIONS

205

Chapter

1, C h r o n o l o g y

205

T h e P h a s e s at S o t i r a The Sotira C u l t u r e

205

in R e l a t i o n t o E a r l i e r a n d L a t e r C u l t u r e s

209

Absolute Chronology

213

Table showing cultural to E a r l y C y p r i o t e

s e q u e n c e s and c h r o n o l o g y

from N e o l i t h i c

IA

(Bronze) Age I

216

C h a p t e r 2, Summary and C o n c l u s i o n s

2l8

Phase

I

218

Phase

II

219

Phase

III

220

Phase

IV

221

APPENDIX

I:

NEOLITHIC

CRANIA

FROM

SOT I R A - b y

J. L a w r e n c e A n g e l

223

Discussion Table

1:

227 Individual

M e a s u r e m e n t s of N e o l i t h i c

II S k u l l s f r o m

Sotira,

South Cyprus Table

2:

a f t e r p. 2 2 6

I n d i v i d u a l M e a s u r e m e n t s a n d I n d i c e s o f S k u l l s of 3 6

occipital

d e f o r m a t i o n ) and of 3 C h i l d r e n

Khirokitia,

from N e o l i t h i c

a n d of 1 A d u l t from C h a l c o l i t h i c APPENDIX

2:

THE

Adults

of b o t h S e x e s (10 w i t h c l e a r to e x t r e m e a r t i f i c i a l

FLINT

IMPLE MENTS-by

1A

E r i m i i n S o u t h C y p r u s . . a f t e r p. 2 2 6

M. S t e k e l i s

230

D e s c r i p t i o n of t h e f l i n t a r t i f a c t s APPENDIX

3:

ANIMAL

APPENDIX

4:

THE

INDEX

CATALOGUED

LIST

OF

BONES-by

SHELLS-by

F.

232

E. Z e u n e r and A . Grosvenor

Ellis

235

S. P . D a n c e

237

OBJECTS

239

OF HOUSES

246

REFERENCES

247

PLATES

253

Plate

1

Plate 2 Plate 3

Map of C y p r u s w i t h N e o l i t h i c and C h a l c o l i t h i c M a p S h o w i n g A r e a of S o t i r a a n d

Sites.

Surroundings.

T h e S o t i r a H i l l S e e n f r o m t h e N o r t h ; T h e S o t i r a H i l l Seen f r o m t h e S o u t h e a s t w i t h Modern V i l l a g e at the

Plate 4

T h e S i t e of Sotira S e t t l e m e n t S h o w i n g

Plate 5

Area

Plate 6

A r e a III P l a n ;

Plate 7

Area

I:

General Plan and Area

IV

Foot. Excavated

Areas.

Section.

Plan.

IV w i t h H o u s e W a l l s ; A r e a III w i t h S t o n e W a l l s ; Area V

Excavation,

Seen from t h e

Plate $

Area V:

General

Plate 9

Area V:

Section.

South.

Plan.

x

during

P l a t e 10

Area V:

Plate

T h e C e n t r a l P a r t of A r e a V S e e n f r o m t h e S o u t h w i t h F l o o r s of P h a s e

I I

General Plan Showing

Phases.

T h e W e s t P a r t of A r e a V w i t h F l o o r s o f P h a s e Plate

12

G e n e r a l V i e w of A r e a V w i t h F l o o r s of P h a s e

I I I or III.

P l a t e 13

P l a n s a n d S e c t i o n of H o u s e 3 6 ; P l a n of H o u s e

P l a t e 14

P l a n of H o u s e s 2 9 , 3 8 , 3 9 , 4 0 ; P l a n s a n d S e c t i o n of H o u s e

Plate

P l a n s a n d S e c t i o n of H o u s e 3 8 , P l a n of H o u s e 4 0 .

15

37.

P l a t e 16

P l a n s and S e c t i o n s of H o u s e

39.

Plate

P l a n s a n d S e c t i o n s of H o u s e

1 and P l a n S h o w i n g A d j a c e n t

17

P l a t e 18

P l a n s a n d S e c t i o n of A n n e x

P l a t e 19

P l a n s a n d S e c t i o n s of H o u s e

II;

IV.

29.

Houses.

I A ; P l a n s a n d S e c t i o n of A n n e x

6.

3.

P l a t e 20

P l a n s a n d S e c t i o n of H o u s e 5 .

P l a t e 21

P l a n s a n d S e c t i o n s of H o u s e

P l a t e 22

P l a n s a n d S e c t i o n of H o u s e 9; P l a n s a n d S e c t i o n of H o u s e 2 .

P l a t e 23

P l a n s a n d S e c t i o n of H o u s e 4 ; P l a n s a n d S e c t i o n of H o u s e

Plans24

P l a n s a n d S e c t i o n of H o u s e 8 a n d P l a n w i t h A d j a c e n t A n n e x

7. 34,

P l a n of H o u s e s 4 a n d 3 4 .

P l a t e 25

8A.

P l a n s a n d S e c t i o n of H o u s e

10; P l a n s a n d S e c t i o n of H o u s e

11;

16; P l a n s a n d S e c t i o n of H o u s e

12 a n d

Plan

13; P l a n s a n d S e c t i o n of H o u s e

14 a n d

Plan

P l a n of H o u s e s P l a t e 26

10, I I , 7.

P l a n s a n d S e c t i o n of A n n e x with A d j a c e n t A n n e x

P l a t e 27

16.

P l a n s a n d S e c t i o n of H o u s e with Adjacent House

15.

P l a t e 28

P l a n s of H o u s e

P l a t e 29

P l a n s a n d S e c t i o n s of H o u s e

P l a t e 30

8A;

P l a n s a n d S e c t i o n of A n n e x

15; P l a n s a n d S e c t i o n of H o u s e

17.

18.

P l a n s a n d S e c t i o n of H o u s e 19 a n d P l a n w i t h A d j a c e n t H o u s e P l a n s a n d S e c t i o n of H o u s e

21.

P l a t e 31

P l a n s a n d S e c t i o n of H o u s e

20.

P l a t e 32

P l a n s a n d S e c t i o n of H o u s e s 2 2 a n d 3 5 .

20;

P l a t e 33

P l a n s a n d S e c t i o n s o f H o u s e s 2 3 a n d 2 4 ; P l a n s of H o u s e s 2 7 a n d 2 8 .

P l a t e 34

P l a n s a n d S e c t i o n of H o u s e 2 5 ; P l a n s a n d S e c t i o n of H o u s e

P l a t e 35

P l a n s a n d S e c t i o n of H o u s e 31 a n d P l a n s of H o u s e

P l a t e 36

P l a n s a n d S e c t i o n of H o u s e 3 2 ; P l a n s a n d S e c t i o n of H o u s e

P l a t e 37

P l a n s a n d S e c t i o n of H o u s e 3 4 A ; P l a n s of F l o o r s

P l a t e 38

Graves

in A r e a P l a t e 39

House

P l a t e 40

33.

I a n d II of H o u s e 41

I. E x c a v a t e d in A r e a

I.

1, F l o o r I, S e e n f r o m t h e S o u t h ; H o u s e 1, F l o o r I I , S e e n from t h e

S o u t h ;; H o u s e C u p stone. House

30.

31A.

1, , F l o o r I I I , S e e n f r o m t h e S o u t h w e s t ; H o u s e 1

2 , F l o o r I: G e n e r a l V i e w from t h e N o r t h .

II

H o u s e 2 , F l o o r I I : on

t h e l e f t , t h e H e a r t h ; H o u s e 3 w i t h F l o o r II ( F o r e g r o u n d ) . F l o o r I I I , S e e n from t h e

1, F l o o r

H o u s e 3,

South.

H o u s e 4 , F l o o r 1; H o u s e 5 , F l o o r I I , w i t h V a s e s ( 1 0 3 — 1 0 5 ) b e f o r e t h e P l a t e 41

D i s c o v e r y of t h e S t o n e I d o l ; H o u s e 5 , F l o o r I I I w i t h V a s e ( 1 0 5 ) a n d S t o n e I d o l ( 1 0 6 ) in situ; Q u e r n in

situ.

H o u s e 5, F l o o r III, the N o r t h w e s t C o r n e r

with

P l a t e 42

H o u s e 5, F l o o r II, N o r t h w e s t C o r n e r ; H o u s e 5, F l o o r II; H o u s e 5, F l o o r I I , C l o s e r V i e w of V a s e s ( 9 6 - 1 0 2 ) ; H o u s e 5, D e e r A n t l e r s

in

D e b r i s on F l o o r 11. P l a t e 43

H o u s e 5 , F l o o r I I , w i t h S e c t i o n A —A S h o w i n g D e b r i s ; H o u s e 5, F l o o r I I I , S e e n f r o n t h e W e s t ; H o u s e 6, F l o o r I I , D e e r A n t l e r ( 1 0 8 ) in situ;

H o u s e 7, F l o o r I I , w i t h J u g s ( 1 1 9 - 1 2 0 ) in situ;

H o u s e 7,

Floor

I I , B u i It T r o u g h . P l a t e 44

H o u s e 7 , F l o o r I I ; H o u s e 7 , F l o o r I I , F I i n t - w o r k i ng I n s t a l l a t i o n ;

House

7 , the N o r t h S e c t i o n of F l o o r I I ; H o u s e 7, F l o o r I I , C e l t ( 1 2 2 ) a n d H a n d l e in P l a t e 45

situ.

H o u s e 7, F loor D and T r o u g h

S e é n from the S o u t h w e s t ; H o u s e 8 , F l o o r I, Q u e r n E in situ;

H o u s e 8 , F l o o r I I , S e e n f r o m the S o u t h ,

House

9 , F l o o r I, S e e n from the S o u t h . P l a t e 46

H o u s e 9 , F l o o r I I , S e e n f r o m t h e S o u t h ; H o u s e 11, F l o o r I; H o u s e

11,

F l o o r I I , S e e n from the W e s t ; H o u s e 12, F l o o r I; H o u s e 12, F l o o r

II,

S e e n from the P l a t e 47

Northwest.

H o u s e 12, F l o o r I I , Mud D e p r e s s i o n ( I ) ; H o u s e 12; Mud w i t h

Impres-

s i o n s of T h i n B r a n c h e s on F l o o r I I ; H o u s e 13, F l o o r I I , S e e n from t h e West; H o u s e 13, S e c t i o n A - A ;

H o u s e 13A with F l o o r III; H o u s e

14,

F l o o r I. P l a t e 48

H o u s e 14, F l o o r I I ; H o u s e 14, F l o o r II a n d P a r t of F l o o r I; H o u s e

15,

F l o o r I I , P i t W e s t of the H e a r t h ; H o u s e 15, F l o o r I I , S e e n from t h e W e s t ; H o u s e 16, F l o o r I I , S e e n f r o m t h e S o u t h w e s t . P l a t e 49

H o u s e 17, F l o o r I I I , from the W e s t ; H o u s e s 17, 3 0 , 3 1 , F l o o r I I , from the N o r t h ; H o u s e 17 w i t h F l o o r I; H o u s e 18, F l o o r I, from t h e S o u t h .

P l a t e 50

H o u s e 18, F l o o r I I , from the W e s t ; H o u s e 18, F l o o r I I , from t h e S o u t h ; H o u s e s 19 a n d 2 0 w i t h F l o o r I I , from the S o u t h ; H o u s e 2 2 , F l o o r

II,

from the S o u t h w e s t ; H o u s e 2 1 , F l o o r I I , from t h e S o u t h ; H o u s e s 2 9 a n d 13 w i t h 17 in B a c k g r o u n d , from the W e s t . P l a t e 51

H o u s e 3 0 , F l o o r I I , from t h e W e s t ; H o u s e 2 8 , V a s e ( 1 3 8 ) in situ;

House

3 1 , F l o o r I I ; A c c e s s t o P l a t e a u a n d H o u s e 3 2 , F l o o r II ( B a c k g r o u n d ) ; H o u s e 33, F l o o r II; F l o o r III U n d e r l y i n g H o u s e 33. P l a t e 52

H o u s e s 3 5 , 2 0 , 19, F l o o r I I , f r o m the S o u t h ; H o u s e 2 4 , F l o o r I I , from t h e S o u t h ; H o u s e 2 9 , w i t h F l o o r I I I , from t h e N o r t h ; H o u s e 3 4 A

P l a t e 53

H o u s e 3 8 , F l o o r I I I ; H o u s e 3 8 , F l o o r I V ; H o u s e 3 8 , H e a r t h on F l o o r I V ; H o u s e 38 with O v e r l y i n g R e m a i n s ; H o u s e 38, " R e t a i n i n g Abutting against Fallen

P l a t e 54

(Foreground).

Wall"

.Superstructure.

H o u s e 39 w i t h O v e r l y i n g W a l l s ; H o u s e 3 9 , S t e p p e d D o o r w a y and F l o o r H o u s e 3 9 , E a s t Wall O v e r l a p p e d by " R e t a i n i n g W a l l " ; H o u s e 39, S t e p p e d D o o r w a y w i t h F l o o r I V ; C o m p l e x of H o u s e s 2 9 , 3 8 , 3 9 .

P l a t e 55

H o u s e 2 9 a n d " R e t a i n i n g W a l l " ; H o u s e 4 0 w i t h F l o o r 111 a n d S t e p p e d Doorway; Retaining

P l a t e 56 P l a t e 57

Wall.

A r e a I w i t h G r a v e s in situ;

A r e a I, G r a v e I; A r e a I, G r a v e 2.

A r e a I, G r a v e 3 ; A r e a I, G r a v e 4 ; A r e a I, G r a v e 5 ; A r e a I, G r a v e 8 ; A r e a I, G r a v e 11: A r e a I, G r a v e

12.

III;

Plates

58-

70

Combed

Plates

71-

74

Red-on-white

and C o m b e d Ware (pp.

Plates

75-

79

Red-on-white

Ware (pp.

Plates

80-

82

Red Lustrous

Ware (pp.

1 84 ff.)-

Plate

83

Red Lustrous

Ware (pp.

184 f f . ) ;

Plate

84

Black

V/are (pp.

186); C o a r s e

Plate

85

Plates

86-

Plate

88

Limestone

Plate

89

Flaked

Plate

90

Stone O r n a m e n t s

Plate

91

Stone

C o a r s e Ware (p. Vase

187);

Plain

White

Red-on-red

Ware (p.

Ware (pp.

Y/are (p.

187 f f . ) .

186);

Red

Slip

187).

187).

Shapes. Bowls

Celts

Pebble;

(p.

179 f f.).

181 f f . ) .

C o m b e d Ware (p.

Ware (p.

87

172 f f . ) .

(pp.

(pp.

1 88 ff.); Stone Cel ts (pp.

193 f f . ) ; P e s t l e s

Hammerstone

Figure

and

(pp.

(pp.

Two

(pp.

1 90 ff.).

195 ff-) a n d a

Polishers

(p.

Limestone

198).

200 ff.).

201 ff.); M i s c e l l a n e o u s

Stone and C l a y

Objects

202).

Plate

92

Plates

93-

Stone

Bowl

Shapes

Plate

96

Plates

97-

Plate

99

Plate

100

Stone Querns

Plate

101

Hammerstones

Plate

102

Stone O r n a m e n t s

Plate

103

Stone

(pp.

(pp.

188 f f . ) .

95

Stone C e l t s

Stone C h i s e l s

(pp.

194 f f . ) .

98

Stone

(pp.

195ff.) and M i s c e l l a n e o u s

Pestles

Stone Grinders

190 f f . ) .

(pp. (pp.

199 f f . ) ; H a m m e r s t o n e s

(p.

198), Stone (pp.

(p.

Tools

Polishers

200 ff.) and

Perforated Discs

Clay

(p.

202).

197 ff.). (pp. (pp.

Figure

(pp.

and M i s c e l l a n e o u s

198 f f . ) . 199 ff.). 201 ff.).

Objects

of Stone

202).

Plates

1 0 4 - 105

Bone

Plate

106

Antler

and Other

Model

of H o u s e

Plates

1 0 7 - 111

Finds

from

House

5.

Plates

1 1 2 - 114

Finds

from H o u s e

7.

Plate

115

Finds

from G r a v e s

Plates

1 1 6 - 118

Flint

Plates

1 1 9 - 122

Human

Picks

Objects

and Handles in C y p r u s

(pp.

Skeletal

Remains

202 ff.).

202 ff.);

Museum

in A r e a

Implements

(pp.

(pp.

(p.

1.

232 ff.). (pp.

223 ff.).

XIII

Iron A g e 154).

Terracotta

and

INTRODUCTION

THE

DISCOVERY

OF

THE

SITE

T h e S o t i r a s e t t l e m e n t w a s f i r s t n o t i c e d on the s a m e d a y in F e b r u a r y , 1934 on w h i c h the K h i r o k i t i a s i t e w a s d i s c o v e r e d ( K h i r o k i t i a , p. 1). O n that d a y I s e t out to t r a v e l to S o t i r a w h i c h , a s the c r o w f l i e s , l i e s 4 m i l e s n o r t h w e s t of the s i t e of C u r i u m on the L i m a s s o l c o a s t and w h i l e on the w a y t h e r e I had f i r s t n o t i c e d K h i r o k i t i a . T h e r e a s o n for my v i s i t to the v i l l a g e of S o t i r a w a s that it w a s on my l i s t of v i l l a g e s p o s s e s s i n g p e r e n n i a l s p r i n g s . For, h a v i n g n o t i c e d that m o s t of the p r e - c o p p e r s i t e s d i s c o v e r e d u n t i l t h e n w e r e s i t u a t e d in the p r o x i m i t y of p e r e n n i a l s p r i n g s , I had d r a w n up a l i s t of a l l modern v i l l a g e s k n o w n to p o s s e s s s u c h s p r i n g s and d i r e c t e d my s e a r c h a c c o r d i n g l y . T h i s method y i e l d e d r e m a r k a b l y good r e s u l t s , a n d in a l m o s t a l l c a s e s a s i t e of the p r e - c o p p e r p e r i o d ( s o m e t i m e s a s i t e of the C o p p e r A g e a l s o ) w a s s p o t t e d in the v i c i n i t y of the s p r i n g s a n d of the p r e s e n t d w e l l i n g s . P I . 1 s h o w s a map of C y p r u s w i t h a l l t h e p r e - c o p p e r s i t e s s o far d i s c o v e r e d . T h i s map i n c l u d e s a l s o s i t e s d i s c o v e r e d s i n c e the p u b l i c a t i o n of Khirokitia. T h e s p r i n g at S o t i r a l i e s at the c e n t e r of the v i l l a g e , in a t i n y s q u a r e , w h e r e the inh a b i t a n t s g a t h e r a f t e r the d a y ' s t o i l . It is here that a f t e r so m a n y c e n t u r i e s the w o m e n f o l k of S o t i r a s t i l l c o m e for w a t e r , c a r r y i n g j a r s on t h e i r s h o u l d e r s in the t r a d i t i o n a l m a n n e r . T h i s s p r i n g i s not the o n l y o n e w i t h i n or near the v i l l a g e . T h e r e i s a s e c o n d s p r i n g ( K l i o u f a s ) e m e r g i n g from a c a v e a t a s m a l l d i s t a n c e to t h e s o u t h of the v i l l a g e , and a t h i r d o n e (Sk I i o t e r t c h a ) i s s u i n g from a n o t h e r c a v e s o m e w h a t f u r t h e r a w a y to the n o r t h .

DESCRIPTION

OF

THE

SITE

T h e o n l y a c c e s s to S o t i r a ( P I . 2) i s a r o u g h r o a d b r a n c h i n g off near the v i l l a g e of K a n dou from the a s p h a l t road c o n n e c t i n g t h e E r i m i b r i d g e o v e r the r i v e r K o u r i s w i t h the w i n e v i l l a g e s and the r e s o r t of P l a t r e s . T h e f i r s t g l i m p s e the t r a v e l l e r g e t s of the s i t e is from t h i s b r a n c h road at a p o i n t o v e r l o o k i n g both t h e v i l l a g e a n d t h e l a r g e b a s i n in w h i c h v i l l a g e a n d s i t e l i e ( P I . 3 a - b ) . T h e l a t t e r a p p e a r s a s a c o n i c a l h i l l s t a n d i n g at a s h o r t d i s t a n c e to the n o r t h w e s t o f the v i l l a g e . T h e p r o m i n e n c e of the h i l l i s e v e n b e t t e r a p p r e c i a t e d w h e n o n e s t a n d s on i t s s u m m i t and l o o k s a r o u n d . It a p p e a r s a s an i s o l a t e d h i l l o c k d o m i n a t ing a w i d e v a l l e y r i n g e d by h i l l s . S u r e l y i t s s t r a t e g i c p o s i t i o n m u s t h a v e a t t r a c t e d the att e n t i o n of the e a r l y s e t t l e r s a n d may h a v e b e e n o n e of the d e c i s i v e f a c t o r s w h i c h led them to s e t t l e on it. T h e h i l l of K h i r o k i t i a i s not d i s s i m i l a r a l t h o u g h r o u n d i t s feet f l o w s a r i v e r ; and a n o t h e r s e t t l e m e n t of the S o t i r a p e r i o d , n a m e d K o u p h o v o u n o s , l i e s on a h i l l e a s t of S o t i r a n e a r the a s p h a l t road l e a d i n g to P l a t r e s . T h i s p r e f e r e n c e f o r i s o l a t e d h i l l s w a s f i r s t n o t i c e d by Mr. J . S . L a s t of the C u r i u m E x p e d i t i o n . T h e v i e w from the s u m m i t of the h i l l , w h i c h b e a r s the name of T e p p e s ( f r o m the T u r k i s h T e p p e m e a n i n g h i l l , o f t e n u s e d a l s o in T u r k e y ) , i n c l u d e s a l l the s o u t h e r n c o a s t l a n d of

1

SOTIRA

2

Cyprus

from L i m a s s o l

Museum

and e v e n further e a s t a c r o s s the A c r o t i r i

Monographs

p e n i n s u l a to C u r i u m ,

A p o l l o H y l a t e s h e i g h t s , a n d f u r t h e r w e s t t o t h e h i l l s w h i c h f o r m t h e b o u n d a r y of district.

S i t e s f r o m w h i c h s o m u c h of t h e c o a s t a n d o f t h e h i l l c o u n t r y e x t e n d i n g to the

s u m m i t of T r o ' d d o s ( P I . 7 c ) c a n be s u r v e y e d a r e n o t f r e q u e n t in

Cyprus.

A l t h o u g h from a d i s t a n c e the S o t i r a h i l l a p p e a r s c o n i c a l , a c l o s e r e x a m i n a t i o n , a l l y l o o k i n g d o w n from t h e s u m m i t , b r i n g s ( P I . 4).

It i s c l e a r t h a t t h e s o u t h a n d

to l i g h t c o n s i d e r a b l e v a r i a t i o n in t h e

southeastern

tion, apart from the s u m m i t i t s e l f , w h i c h These

the

Paphos

especi-

slopes

s l o p e s a r e t h e m o s t s u i t a b l e for

habita-

i s a f l a t p l a t e a u 5 0 m. in l e n g t h a n d 4 0 m. in w i d t h .

s l o p e s a p p e a r a s a s u c c e s s i o n of f a i r l y e x t e n s i v e p l a t f o r m s

starting

immediately

s o u t h of t h e p l a t e a u a n d s u c c e e d i n g e a c h o t h e r to t h e s o u t h a n d s o u t h e a s t w a r d , e n d i n g t h e f o o t of t h e h i l l w h e r e t h e e x c a v a t e d A r e a

I l i e s ( P i s . 5, 5 6 a ) .

The east slopes

s t e e p e r b u t a r e b r o k e n up b y l o n g n a r r o w t e r r a c e s , t h e r e s u l t o f r e c e n t w o r k .

O n the

t h e s l o p e i m m e d i a t e l y b e l o w t h e p l a t e a u i s n o w a s t e e p s c r e e n of s t o n e s from t h e ing w a l l " ( p p .

136 f f . a n d P I . 55) but b e l o w the s c r e e n are g e n t l e r s l o p e s m e r g i n g

t e r r a c e s , but

into

g r a d u a l l y i n t o the f l a t g r o u n d There

O n the w e s t the s l o p e s are fairly s t e e p forming

further d o w n more e x t e n s i v e p l a t f o r m s s u c c e e d e a c h other and s u r r o u n d i n g the

this

slopes

i n h a b i t e d , a s p a r t of t h e n o r t h s l o p e m a y a l s o h a v e b e e n .

slope must have suffered c o n s i d e r a b l e damage, perhaps

the m i d d l e o f t h e c a r o b d i s t r i c t .

consolidat-

plateau. group1

l i m e s t o n e a r e a k n o w n a s the " D h a l i "

in

I n d e e d the p r e v a i l i n g tree is the c a r o b , w h i c h ,

together

w i t h t h e l e s s f r e q u e n t o l i v e , d o t s b o t h t h e s l o p e s of t h e h i l l a n d t h e s u r r o u n d i n g

country

( P i s . 3, 7, 1 1 ) .

S l o p e s a n d p l a t e a u are a l s o c u l t i v a t e d for c e r e a l s , a l t h o u g h the s u r f a c e

littered with l i m e s t o n e

b o u l d e r s p l o u g h e d up from h o u s e w a l l s

THE Work w a s

under the

AREAS excavation

s c a l e w o u l d be j u s t i f i e d , a n d , if s o , to d e t e r m i n e w h i c h a r e a

promised

A p r e l i m i n a r y r e p o r t o n t h e s e t r i a l t r e n c h e s w a s p u b l i s h e d in t h e University

Bulletin,

J u n e 1 9 4 8 , V o l . 1 3 , N o . 3, p p . 1 6 ff.

T h e results were satisfactory,

Museum

particularly

o n the p l a t e a u ( A r e a V ) , w h e r e s y s t e m a t i c e x c a v a t i o n s w e r e c a r r i e d o u t in 1 9 5 1 a n d with s u p p l e m e n t a r y

campaigns

on a s m a l l e r s c a l e

r e p o r t a p p e a r e d in t h e University

Museum

Bulletin,

is

surface.

s t a r t e d in 1 9 4 7 w i t h a s e r i e s o f t r i a l d i g g i n g s to c h e c k w h e t h e r

on a s u b s t a n t i a l best.

EXCAVATED

in

I I I ( s e e pp.

in t h e form of a l a n d -

s l o p e s a n d a r r e s t i n g f u r t h e r e r o s i o n of the north e d g e of the

T h e S o t i r a h i l l l i e s i n the M i o c e n e

the

However,

s l i d e , f o l l o w i n g w h i c h the b u i l d i n g of the " r e t a i n i n g w a l l " t o o k p l a c e , t h e r e b y ing t h e d a m a g e d

narrow

hillock.

t h e d i s a s t e r a t t r i b u t e d to a n e a r t h q u a k e w h i c h o c c u r r e d o n F l o o r II d u r i n g P h a s e 84 ff.)

others

hillock

disappear

is e v i d e n c e that b e s i d e s the p l a t e a u a n d the s o u t h a n d s o u t h e a s t e r n

north edge w a s a l s o

north

"retain-

e v e n l o w e r , w h i c h e x t e n d n o r t h w a r d to j o i n t h e s a d d l e b y w h i c h a n o t h e r m u c h l o w e r to t h e n o r t h i s l i n k e d to t h e s i t e .

at

are

in 1 9 5 4 a n d September

1956.

A

second

1952,

preliminary

1 9 5 2 , V o l . 1 7 , N o . 1, p p .

4 9 ff. Area I

( P i s . 5 , 5 6 a ) , w h i c h l i e s o n t h e l o w e r s o u t h e a s t s l o p e s , w a s b e g u n in 1 9 4 7

a t r e n c h 1 8 m. in l e n g t h a n d 3 m. in w i d t h . ' See CV

F.

(1949),

R. PI.

S. 1.

Henson

and others

i n Quarterly

It y i e l d e d a r c h i t e c t u r a l r e m a i n s a n d t w o Journal

of

the

Geo

logical

Society

of

London,

as

graves Vol.

3

INTRODUCTION

( 1 - 2 ) but the t h i c k n e s s pending the r e s u l t s

of the deposit appeared meager and work

in o t h e r t r e n c h e s .

area of 240 square meters A r e a II

was

simply

most n e g a t i v e r e s u l t s .

in w h i c h

a trial

17 m. i n l e n g t h a n d

in l a y e r s o f a t o t a l

tery w h i c h a p p e a r e d to be f r o m d e s t r o y e d d w e l l i n g s spread

during recent

Area

III

The

was

l a y e r s on e i t h e r similar

Here a thick

s i d e of the

wall

were

laid

however

(Pis.

9m.

laid

bare at K h i r o k i t i a

6b a n d 7a)

lies

s t o p p e d at t h e t o p m o s t

(Area V) had d e v e l o p e d

destruction

in

or

width,and

its west

side.

and c o n f u s i o n

and

be the r e m n a n t of a b u i l t

(K hirok

i t i a , p. 1 8 6 ) , o r

road-

alternatively

south

of t h e p l a t e a u .

since

Excavation

Here rounded

in the m e a n t i m e t h e s y s t e m a t i c

satisfactorily

houses

of t h e s e h o u s e s

was

excavation

and rendered the e x c a v a t i o n of

of

these

superfluous.

Area V

(Pis.

7c,8,

11, 12) c o v e r s a l m o s t t h e w h o l e o f t h e p l a t e a u .

Here a trial

2 6 m. i n l e n g t h a n d 2 m. w i d e w a s d u g i n 1 9 4 7 d u r i n g t h e s a m e s e a s o n t h a t t r i a l I — IV w e r e d u g . the s e t t l e m e n t ,

H a v i n g n o t i c e d t h a t the a r c h i t e c t u r a l were better preserved than

larger area here w i t h a v i e w settlement.

The

parative flatness, Systematic

work was therefore

turned to t h i s

initiated

had been

phases

laid

bare.

of the s e t t l e m e n t .

on t h e p l a t e a u

of the ground w a s

investigation

1952

In A r e a V a l t o g e t h e r

forty houses were excavated

This

material

tants of this stage and the the decision

providing

later one m a i n l y

invaluable

of certain

links

to o p e n up a l a r g e a r e a of t h e s e t t l e m e n t defined

area and not h a v i n g

When t h e s e o p e r a t i o n s t i o n as an a n c i e n t

had been c o m p l e t e d

monument.

p o r t a n d o b t a i n an i m p r e s s i o n the K h i r o k i t i a

for our

Visitors also

architec-

of the

Khirokitia

amply

part of the

m i g h t be m u c h l e s s

suffered from erosion

and

re-

inhabi-

cultural

have justified

in one p a r t i c u l a r

pro-

season

discovered.

hill productive,

terracing

research. the w h o l e area was e x p r o p r i a t e d for

can thus inspect the remains described

of a p r e h i s t o r i c

settlement which

1954

life and a c t i v i t i e s

These results

s p r e a d o u r e f f o r t s on s e v e r a l a r e a s m o s t of w h i c h

The plateau being a well

re-

stratigraphicaI

y i e l d i n g a mass of m a t e r i a l ,

between the earlier

com-

end

1956 we

of w h i c h forms the main part of t h i s

r e p r e s e n t e d by E r i m i .

appeared to offer the best p o s s i b i l i t i e s

the

s e a s o n s at the

It w a s d u r i n g t h e

h a s t h r o w n a f l o o d o f l i g h t on t h e d a i l y

settlement,

of

is i t s

necessary.

In 1 9 5 4 a n d

I was further e x a m i n e d w i t h the r e s u l t t h a t more graves were

tural, ceramic, and other, the detailed presentation

rather than

and other c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

here d u r i n g the 1951 and

square meters

successive

on t h i s , t h e h i g h e s t p a r t of

of the r e m a i n s

n o t e r r a c i n g or l e v e l l i n g

part of the s i t e for s u p p l e m e n t a r y

blems a f f e c t i n g the that A r e a

stratigraphy

better preservation

o w i n g to w h i c h

remains

trench

trenches

in a n y o t h e r p a r t t e s t e d , w e d e c i d e d to o p e n up a

to a study of the

reason for this

of w h i c h a t o t a l area of 2 0 0 0

port.

al-

pot-

destroyed.

immediately

floor

in l e n g t h , 1 . 2 0 m .

abutting against

It m a y h o w e v e r

bare in 1947 in an a r e a of 84 s q u a r e m e t e r s .

the p l a t e a u houses

curved wall

of the w a l l .

to the ' ' m a i n r o a d "

IV

much

and w h i c h had been w a s h e d down

showed considerable

it m a y be p a r t of a l a r g e h o u s e m o s t l y Area

d e p t h of 1 m., we c o l l e c t e d

l a i d bare w i t h p a r t s of h o u s e w a l l s

o f f e r e d no c l u e to the f u n c t i o n way

139).

10 m . i n w i d t h , w h i c h y i e l d e d

terracing.

f P I s. 6a a n d 7 b ) .

0 . 7 0 in t h i c k n e s s

suspended

H o u s e 41 and ten more g r a v e s w e r e l a i d b a r e (p.

trench

However,

was therefore

We r e t u r n e d t o i t i n 1 9 5 4 , w h e n w e o p e n e d u p a n

settlement

is p r e s e r v e d

complementary

as an a n c i e n t

preserva-

in t h i s

re-

in m a n y r e s p e c t s

monument.

to

Museum

SOTIRA

4

METHODS

OF

EXCAVATION

AND

Monographs

PUBLICATION

H a v i n g d e c i d e d to l a y b a r e t h e p a r t o f t h e s e t t l e m e n t s i t u a t e d o n t h e s u m m i t o f t h e

hill

we e x p a n d e d o n e i t h e r s i d e o f t h e o r i g i n a l A r e a V t r i a l t r e n c h u s i n g t h e s a m e g r i d o f 2 - m e t e r squares.

A l l f i n d s c o l l e c t e d f r o m t h e s u r f a c e to t h e l e v e l w h i c h c o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d a s t h e

t o p m o s t f l o o r w e r e c o l l e c t e d by s q u a r e s a n d a s s i g n e d a l e v e l d e t e r m i n e d f r o m a z e r o 3 3 2 . 2 5 m. a b o v e s e a l e v e l o n t h e e a s t r o c k y e d g e o f t h e p l a t e a u .

point

A s s o o n as h o u s e

walls

and f l o o r s w e r e i d e n t i f i e d t h e f i n d s w e r e c o l l e c t e d a c c o r d i n g t o h o u s e s a n d f l o o r s ,

the

l e v e l o f w h i c h m a y be s e e n on t h e s e c t i o n t h r o u g h e a c h h o u s e , t h e f i n d s o c c u r r i n g i n between floors being kept separately.

layers

H o w e v e r , t h e g r i d w a s a l w a y s r e t a i n e d and put

o p e r a t i o n in c a s e s w h e r e f i n d s w e r e c o l l e c t e d

in s p a c e s b e t w e e n h o u s e s .

Houses

into

were

n u m b e r e d in t h e o r d e r o f d i s c o v e r y w h i l e e x c a v a t i o n w a s p r o c e e d i n g a n d t h e f l o o r s in t h e m were n u m b e r e d from top to b o t t o m , F l o o r I b e i n g t h e

topmost.

D u r i n g e x c a v a t i o n the e v i d e n c e w a s s t u d i e d both h o r i z o n t a l l y ,

i. e. on t h e f l o o r s ,

v e r t i c a l l y o n s e c t i o n s l e f t t h r o u g h t h e h o u s e s i n o n e or t w o d i r e c t i o n s at r i g h t a n g l e s .

In t h a t w a y w e w e r e a b l e to c h e c k t h e p r e s e n c e of f l o o r s or

l a y e r s a n d a l s o t o d e t e c t t h e c o n n e c t i o n of f l o o r s a n d h o u s e w a l l s .

and

c r o s s i n g each other intermediary

A s soon as the

whole

of a f l o o r w a s l a i d bare it w a s s u r v e y e d a n d t h e n p h o t o g r a p h e d from t h e t o p of a t a l l

double

l a d d e r so t h a t a p i c t u r e w a s s e c u r e d o f t h e w h o l e o f t h e f l o o r a n d o f t h e h o u s e w a l l s

to

w h i c h it b e l o n g e d .

A f t e r m a k i n g a d e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n of a f l o o r and r e c o r d i n g in the in-

v e n t o r y a l l the o b j e c t s , i n c l u d i n g s h e r d s ( f o u n d on it t h e o b j e c t s w e r e r e m o v e d . e x c a v a t i o n to t h e d e e p e r l e v e l s w a s

A f t e r t h e d e e p e s t f l o o r of a g i v e n h o u s e w a s r e a c h e d e x c a v a t i o n under that f l o o r .

If an e a r l i e r f l o o r w a s l a i d b a r e , e x c a v a t i o n w a s c a r r i e d o u t in t h e

that earlier floor belonged. deposit

the

proceeded to the

w a y as for t h e u p p e r f l o o r s w i t h s p e c i a l c a r e t o i d e n t i f y t h e a r c h i t e c t u r a l d u g to b e d r o c k

Later

resumed. layers same

r e m a i n s to

which

If no f l o o r w a s o b s e r v e d , a s u f f i c i e n t l y w i d e t r i a l t r e n c h

was

so t h a t s h e r d a n d o t h e r m a t e r i a l m i g h t b e g a t h e r e d a n d t h e n a t u r e o f t h e

studied.

A p a r t from s e c t i o n s

within

e a c h d w e l l i n g or o t h e r u n i t , s h o w i n g t h e s u c c e s s i o n of

and of the l a y e r s b e t w e e n therr^we r e s e r v e d other s e c t i o n s

in the narrow s p a c e s

the d w e l l i n g s , t h u s e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e s t r a t ¡graph i ca I c o n n e c t i o n

floors

between

b e t w e e n them and

eventually,

t h e g e n e r a l s t r a t i g r a p hi c a I s t r u c t u r e o f t h e w h o l e s e t t l e m e n t .

F i n a l l y we drew a section

r u n n i n g t h r o u g h t h e w h o l e o f A r e a V in a n o r t h — s o u t h d i r e c t i o n

in o r d e r to i l l u s t r a t e t h e r e -

l a t i v e p o s i t i o n of the house w a l l s ( P i s .

8,9).

It w i l l be s e e n t h a t t h e p r e s e n t p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h e r e s u l t s i n c l u d e s a d e t a i l e d t i o n , p h a s e by p h a s e , o f e a c h o f t h e d w e l l i n g s

laid bare.

fact t h a t t h i s is the f i r s t t i m e t h a t a s e t t l e m e n t of the Sotira c u l t u r a l vated and p u b l i s h e d .

stage has been

It i s a c t u a l l y t h e k e y s i t e f o r t h i s c u l t u r e in t h e s a m e w a y a s

k i t i a a n d E r i m i a r e f o r t h e e a r l i e r a n d l a t e r stagers r e s p e c t i v e l y .

The architectural

a r e t h e r e f o r e f u l l y d e s c r i b e d in t h e h o p e t h a t t h i s a c c o u n t w i l l f o r m a s u f f i c i e n t l y i v e d o c u m e n t a t i o n a n d , to a c e r t a i n m e a s u r e , a g u i d e f o r f u t u r e w o r k on t h e s a m e stage.

descrip-

T h e w a r r a n t f o r t h i s l i e s in t h e excaKhiroremains extenscultural

T o a i d t h e reader a n d p r o v i d e a g e n e r a l c o n s p e c t u s of t h e s e t t l e m e n t and of the

the i n h a b i t a n t s

l i v e d , I have c o m p i l e d in S e c t i o n 2 a s u m m a r y of a l l t h e a r c h i t e c t u r a l

other e v i d e n c e d e r i v e d from the d e t a i l e d e x a m i n a t i o n and d e s c r i p t i o n of the

way

and

individual

dwellings. Section 2

a l s o p r o v i d e s a c l a s s i f i c a t i o n and t y p o l o g i c a l d e s c r i p t i o n of the

finds-pot-

INTRODUCTION

tery,

stone and bone t o o l s , e t c . - a n d

e a c h c l a s s of

successive

3, d e v o t e d to c h r o n o l o g y ,

p h a s e s of the s e t t l e m e n t ,

t h e s e q u e n c e of p r e - c o p p e r c u l t u r e s This

last

is s h o r t for t h e

ogy of a l l the pre-copper 31 3 f f .

also the d i s t r i b u t i o n

in t h e v a r i o u s p h a s e s

of

object.

T h e f i r s t c h a p t e r of S e c t i o n ing the

indicates

5

Finally,

g i v e s , first, the e v i d e n c e

regard-

,the p o s i t i o n of the Sotira culture

in C y p r u s a n d , f i n a l l y , a t e n t a t i v e a b s o l u t e

simple

cultures

secondly

r e a s o n t h a t a f u l l e r d i s c u s s i o n of t h e a b s o l u t e

i n c l u d i n g t h a t of Sotira has a p p e a r e d

the s e c o n d chapter

in t h i s

section

provides

i n Khirok

a general

in

chronology. chronol-

itia,

pp.

summary and

con-

clusions. ^ The possible ing c o u n t r i e s

connections

is a d i f f i c u l t problem,

In t h e f i r s t p l a c e l i t t l e isms

are t r a c e a b l e

pre-copper

is k n o w n

not only

cultures

been

reproduced, was

more c o m p l e t e

such c o n n e c t i o n s

in t h i s

i n Khirok

it ia,

publication

if i l l u s t r a t i o n s

by t h o l o s a n d f l o o r by f l o o r ,

but a l s o

which

has p r e s e n t e d a d i l e m m a . f l o o r by f l o o r

s i b l e to s h o w t h e m a s s e s of c e r a m i c

finds

in l i n e d r a w i n g s

best the s u c c e s s i v e

by f l o o r

(Pis.

107—114).

of t h e

finds

This

were

method

stone vessels line

and

drawings,

and other

and a f u l l p h o t o g r a p h i c

illustraimpos-

coverage

in m a n y c a s e s

su-

following

in

these

houses

important finds,

supplement The

Plates

.1 p e in

Cyprus

116-118

latter plates present the most

and reference to t h e s e p l a t e s

in Swedish

is i n s e r t e d

Expedition

typical

in t h e l i s t

house.

Cyprus

im-

earliest

5 8 - 1 0 6 and

1 See a l s o m y Stone

ilfloor

w h i l e a f f o r d i n g to a c e r t a i n e x t e n t a p i c -

These plates

of e a c h

g i v i n g t h e r e a d e r an

of the d e c o r a t e d t y p e s , f r o m t h e

ty po I og i c a I ly a r r a n g e d .

the description

only have reproduced the f i n d s

method has the d o u b l e a d v a n t a g e of

settlement.

illustrate the finds as t h e m o s t

a n d in t h e s e c a s e s

of the p o t t e r y , e s p e c i a l l y

p h a s e to t h e e n d of the

as w e l l

phases

assemblages

ture of the e v o l u t i o n

which

A similar

I have t h e r e f o r e c o m p r o m i s e d by s e l e c t i n g two r e p r e s e n t a t i v e h o u s e s w h i c h

lustrate

pression

would

it w o u l d h a v e been

of t h e s e f i n d s f l o o r by f l o o r w o u l d h a v e been far too c o s t l y and p e r h a p s perfluous.

The report

in e a c h h o u s e

These were illustrated with

in t h e p r e s e n t c a s e

later

is r e f e r r e d . ^

supplemented the photographic But

reasons. parallel-

in t h e e a r l i e r a n d

i l l u s t r a t i n g t h e f i n d s t y po I o g i c a 11 y .

t y p o l o g i c a 11 y .

surround-

in d e t a i l f o r t w o

w h e r e , h o w e v e r , the f i n d s c o n s i s t e d of o n l y a f e w

t i o n s of the f i n d s a r r a n g e d

in

secondly, whatever

to w h i c h t h e r e a d e r

showing the finds

and a s m a l l n u m b e r of bone i m p l e m e n t s .

tholos

and,

i n t h e c a s e of t h e S o t i r a c u l t u r e

in a d d i t i o n t o t h e p l a t e s

u s e d i n Khirokitia

tools

w h i c h has not been e x a m i n e d

about

have been cited

I l l u s t r a t i o n of t h e f i n d s have

b e t w e e n the Sotira c u l t u r e and its c o n t e m p o r a r i e s

v o l . I V , 1 A ( 1 9 6 1 ) , pp 1. f f .

of

Section 1 D E S C R I P T I O N O F THE E X C A V A T E D R E M A I N S I N A R E A S V A N D I

C h a p t e r 1: A R E A V

The

stratigraphicaI

t i o n of t h e i n d i v i d u a l that four d i s t i n c t ment,

Phase

e v i d e n c e from Area V , w h i c h

houses

phases

has therefore been p o s s i b l e

to a s s i g n

another of t h e s e four p h a s e s . excavations

Each

phase

in t h e d e v e l o p m e n t

represents

remains uncovered

p l a c e , are t h e r e f o r e d e s c r i b e d

scription

is f o l l o w e d

S e c t i o n 2 g i v e s a s u m m a r y of a l l the a r c h i t e c t u r a l

The

serial

by a n a c c o u n t o f t h e r e m a i n s f o u n d i n A r e a

numbers a s s i g n e d to the i n d i v i d u a l

an i n d e x of h o u s e s

order and the main r e f e r e n c e

Since the description

position, reference

of any h o u s e has

In v i e w

in e a c h c a s e

is i n e v i t a b l y

already

house

V, the only

area

This

I, w h i c h f o r m s a n

de-

independ-

gathered

been indicated

in t h i s w a y

PI. two houses

is

in t h i s

report.

or s u c c e s s o r s

strati(as

the

w h e r e t h e s t r a t i gra ph i ca I p o s i t i o n

a cross reference

is

provided.

I 36-37

1 3a—b complex.

Indeed, their walls

merge living

r o o m. HOUSE ( P I . 8).

This

house lies

STR A T I G R A P H I C A L

EVIDENCE:

36

in s q u a r e s G - l

This

To

arranged

be s e e n t h a t H o u s e 3 6 w a s t h e k i t c h e n a n d H o u s e 3 7 t h e

s t r u c t u r e s to the w e s t of it w e r e later

sys-

given.

a p p e a r t o b e l o n g to a t w o - r o o m e d

into one a n o t h e r and it w i l l

serial order

is p r e f a c e d b y a n a c c o u n t o f i t s

To avoid repetition,

HOUSES

POSITION:

in

discovery

in w h i c h t h e h o u s e s are

made to its predecessors

PHASE

minor

it

of t h e a d o p t i o n of t h e c h r o n o l o g i c a l

has been p r o v i d e d ,

of e a c h i n d i v i d u a l

may be) and to its n e i g h b o r s .

These

in A r e a

p h a s e by p h a s e .

in t h e o r d e r o f t h e i r

it h a s n o t b e e n p o s s i b l e t o f o l l o w t h a t

them

facilitate reference,

been r e t a i n e d .

houses

t e m in d e s c r i b i n g

case

settle-

houses.

have

graphical

shown

period and

and other e v i d e n c e

during the e x c a v a t i o n s

in s e r i a l

descriphas

of the Sotira

a distinct building

ent unit.

the i n d i v i d u a l

in t h e

e a c h o f t h e h o u s e s w h i c h h a v e b e e n f o u n d t o o n e or

The architectural took

in d e t a i l

in S e c t i o n 3 o n chronology,

(I — I V ) c a n b e d i s t i n g u i s h e d

I being the e a r l i e s t .

where extensive

is e x p l a i n e d

and is a l s o s u m m a r i z e d

1 3 - 1 5 where House

15 a n d t h e

built.

is s e e n on s e c t i o n A - A

6

(PI.

13a) w h i c h

runs

EXCAVATED

REMAINS:

AREA

V,

PHASE

I

7

through the h o u s e in a n o r t h - s o u t h d i r e c t i o n , but e x t e n d s s o u t h w a r d to the north w a l l of H o u s e 5 a n d n o r t h w a r d to the s o u t h w a l l of H o u s e 13. T h u s t h i s s e c t i o n g i v e s the p o s i t i o n of H o u s e 36 r e l a t i v e to t h e h o u s e s o v e r l y i n g a n d a d j o i n i n g it. T h e c e n t r a l part of the s e c t i o n i s o c c u p i e d by H o u s e 36, the north a n d south w a l l s of w h i c h r e s t on b e d r o c k , on w h i c h r e s t s a l s o the o r i g i n a l floor of the h o u s e ( F l o o r I V in the s e q u e n c e ) . On t h i s o r i g i n a l f l o o r we o b s e r v e a l a y e r of y e l l o w s o i l 12 — 30 cm. in t h i c k n e s s , on w h i c h a new f l o o r ( I I I ) w a s m a d e . A t t h i s s t a g e a s e v e r e c o n f l a g r a t i o n o c c u r r e d , b r i n g ing d o w n in f l a m e s the w h o l e of the s u p e r s t r u c t u r e of the h o u s e and l e a v i n g a t h i c k l a y e r of c h a r c o a l a n d a s h e s m i x e d w i t h burnt c l a y , e v i d e n t l y from the w a l l s and roof. T h e same c o n f l a g r a t i o n o c c u r r e d in the a r e a north of the h o u s e , where we o b s e r v e a s i m i l a r l a y e r of a s h e s a n d c a r b o n i z e d matter r e s t i n g on a l a y e r of y e l l o w s o i l i m m e d i a t e l y o u t s i d e the n o r t h w a l l of the h o u s e , a n d f a r t h e r north r e s t i n g d i r e c t l y on the b e d r o c k . T h e n e x t e v e n t f o l l o w i n g the b u r n i n g of H o u s e 36 w a s the e r e c t i o n of H o u s e 5, the north w a l l of w h i c h a p p e a r s on the e x t r e m e left of the s e c t i o n . T h i s w a l l w a s b u i l t in a f o u n d a tion t r e n c h dug in a l a y e r of dark s o i l a b u t t i n g a g a i n s t the s o u t h w a l l of H o u s e 36. T h i s l a y e r r e s t e d on b e d r o c k a n d r e a c h e d the top of the s t o n e w a l l of H o u s e 36. T h e third and l a s t e v e n t w a s the e r e c t i o n o f H o u s e 15 the w e s t w a l l of w h i c h s e a l s the f o u n d a t i o n trench dug for the w a l l of H o u s e 5. T h e north w a l l of H o u s e 15 r e s t s on the burnt l a y e r in H o u s e 36, a s d o e s its o r i g i n a l floor ( I I ) . On t h e c o n f l a g r a t i o n l a y e r north of H o u s e 36 w e n o t i c e a l a y e r of w h i t e s o i l w i t h g r a y s t r e a k s o f a s h e s w h i c h m u s t r e p r e s e n t P h a s e II. It is on top of t h i s l a y e r that the s o u t h w a l l of H o u s e 13 w a s b u i l t . T h i s c o n f i r m s the e v i d e n c e o b s e r v e d i n s i d e H o u s e 13 that between the c o n f l a g r a t i o n l a y e r a n d the e r e c t i o n of the h o u s e there i n t e r v e n e d another s t r u c ture, H o u s e 13A w h i c h i l l u s t r a t e s P h a s e II. T o the t h i r d and l a s t s t a g e s are to be a t t r i b u t ed the two f l o o r s of H o u s e 13, r e s p e c t i v e l y . It t h e r e f o r e a p p e a r s that w e h a v e t h r e e d i s t i n c t s t a g e s in the h i s t o r y of H o u s e 36 and of the o v e r l y i n g r e m a i n s . T h e e a r l i e s t s t a g e (I) is r e p r e s e n t e d by H o u s e 36 w h i c h , after an i n t e r n a l r e - a r r a n g e m e n t , w a s d e s t r o y e d in a fire w h i c h b r o u g h t down in f l a m e s the w h o l e of its s u p e r s t r u c t u r e a n d a l l the s t r u c t u r e s in the s p a c e north of it, w h i c h w e r e p r o b a b l y of l i g h t nature i n v o l v i n g much b r u s h w o o d . F o l l o w i n g the c o n f l a g r a t i o n , H o u s e 5 w a s b u i l t ( P h a s e II) south of H o u s e 36 a n d later ( P h a s e III) H o u s e 15 w a s b u i l t p a r t l y on the ruins of H o u s e 36, its w a l l s e a l i n g a l s o the f o u n d a t i o n t r e n c h for the w a l l of H o u s e 5. Further north, y e t a n o t h e r H o u s e 13 w a s a l s o b u i l t on a l a y e r o v e r l y i n g the c o n f l a g r a t i o n layer and c o i n c i d i n g w i t h H o u s e 1 3 A , a l s o of P h a s e II, b u i l t on the same c o n f l a g r a t i o n l a y e r . T h u s the three s t a g e s in the s e q u e n c e are c o n f i r m e d in the w h o l e of t h i s a r e a . A R C H I T E C T U R A L D E S C R I P T I O N : T h e ground p l a n of the h o u s e is that of an i r r e g u l a r c i r c l e . W h i l e the northern h a l f of it h a s l i t t l e i r r e g u l a r i t y , on the s o u t h w e s t the l i n e bec o m e s l e s s c u r v e d g i v i n g an e f f e c t of c o m p r e s s i o n . H o w e v e r it is c l e a r that the i n t e n t i o n of the b u i l d e r s w a s to p r o d u c e a r o u g h l y c i r c u l a r s t r u c t u r e . T h e w a l l i s b u i l t o f l i m e s t o n e b o u l d e r s in the u s u a l s t y l e , v i z . w i t h l a r g e r s t o n e s a l o n g t h e s i d e s a n d s m a l l e r o n e s in b e t w e e n . H o w e v e r in many c a s e s l a r g e r s t o n e s o c c u p y the w h o l e t h i c k n e s s ( 3 5 - 5 0 c m . ) of the w a l l . On the e a s t the w a l l m e r g e s into the w e s t w a l l of H o u s e 37 w h i c h i s r e c t a n g u l a r with r o u n d e d a n g l e s , thus proving c o - e x i s t e n c e of rounded and r e c t a n g u l a r s t r u c t u r e s . It is p o s s i b l e that Ho u se 36, in w h i c h a h e a r t h and a n e n c l o s e d a r e a were found on the o r i g i n a l f l o o r , w a s the k i t c h e n a n d w o r k s h o p for H o u s e 37 w h i c h i t s e l f w a s p r o b a b l y u s e d for s l e e p i n g

8

SOTIRA

and other

Museum

Monographs

purposes.

As explained

in t h e d e s c r i p t i o n

of t h e s tra ti g r a p h i c a I e v i d e n c e ,

the house

possessed

t w o f l o o r s w h i c h in t h e g e n e r a l

s e q u e n c e of the d e p o s i t at t h i s p o i n t are n u m b e r e d

IV, the

f l o o r of the house.

was

latter b e i n g the o r i g i n a l

Floors

s u b s e q u e n t l y b u i l t p a r t l y on the site of H o u s e Floor

IV

was

l a i d on t h e r o c k

ll-l

b e l o n g to H o u s e

yellow-white

mud.

The

s u r f a c e a n d w a s of y e l l o w - w h i t e

type, a low

circular

i n d i c a t i n g the e x i s t e n c e

use.

semicircular

e v e ^ f r o m other grinding.

instances

wares (691), were the only o b j e c t s c o l l e c t e d III:

v i o u s floor thus r a i s i n g the internal

level.

12-30

slip

was

p l a c e d on the

stones

in

the

supports, w h i l e near the may h a v e b e e n a

seen at the

north

rudimen-

l e v e l of t h i s

tubular

function.

pre-

this

wall abutting w i t h its two ends a g a i n s t the

from a f r a g m e n t of a c o m b e d w a r e b o w l w i t h

In t h e l a y e r b e t w e e n

as wall

s i m p l y t h e s u r f a c e of

w h e t h e r the area e n c l o s e d p e r f o r m e d the o r i g i n a l

f i n d s w e r e c o l l e c t e d on the

and red

V a r i o u s groups of small

w a l l , w h i c h h a d b e e n a f e a t u r e of t h e p r e v i o u s f l o o r , w a s s o , b u t it is d o u b t f u l

How-

and the house

cm. t h i c k

T h e new floor was

w a l l a r e c t a n g u l a r area 30 x 25 c m . w i t h t r a c e s of c a r b o n i z a t i o n T h e t o p of t h e s e m i c i r c u l a r

wall

by

its use.

w e r e u s e d for s u c h w o r k

part of the floor may i n d i c a t e the p o s i t i o n of w o o d e n

tary hearth.

its

floor.

soil

layer, was uneven, and sloped towards the south. central

of

worn

of a d e p r e s s i o n and

s h e r d s , of r e d - o n - w h i t e

on t h e

A s e x p l a i n e d , a l a y e r of y e l l o w

built

were much

in it to s h o w

in t h e c o r n e r b e t w e e n t h e e n c l o s u r e Two

at

support.

1 . 3 0 x 0 . 9 0 m. w a s e n c l o s e d found

we know that such enclosed areas

N o r t h of t h i s a r e a

w a s a low p l a t f o r m of s t o n e s 60 c m . a c r o s s .

Floor

area

but n o t h i n g was

Approximately

62 cm. a c r o s s

depression

but the platform was burnt at the center A d j o i n i n g the w e s t w a l l an almost

mud.

for a c e n t r a l

platform

s u r f a c e of t h e h e a r t h a n d t h e c e n t r a l

a low w a l l 30 cm. high and 23 cm. t h i c k ,

and

which

36.

the center w a s a c i r c u l a r pit 22 cm. a c r o s s , w h i c h e v i d e n t l y w a s S o u t h of it w a s the h e a r t h of the u s u a l

III

15

west

floor

al-

Apart

spout (690) and a bone tool (674)

no

floor.

this floor and Floor

of v a r i o u s w a r e s (713) and a few

flints

II o f t h e o v e r l y i n g

(714) were

House

15 a n u m b e r o f

sherds

collected.

H O U S E 37 P I . 13b POSITION:

( P I . 8).

This

adjoins

1 3 - 1 4 ) and is c o n n e c t e d w i t h it.

the

preceding

It h a s a l r e a d y

house

on

the

east (squares

the two houses join each other, a fact w h i c h shows that they are c o n t e m p o r a n e o u s that they formed a two-roomed

structure,

and H o u s e 36 t h e k i t c h e n and

workshop.

STR A T I G R A P H I C A L e r e c t e d on t h e r e m a i n s bedrock a gradual

EVIDENCE:

(PI. 27b)

H o u s e 37.

The north wall

but t h e s o u t h w a l l r e s t s on the red s o i l o v e r l y i n g slope southwards.

On the north the b e d r o c k

est occupation

lime spots

(Phase

I) a n d t h i s

It is t h e r e f o r e is c o n f i r m e d

clear that

latter rests

on

shows south

and overlying the

in o r d e r to l e v e l

H o u s e 37 b e l o n g s

by t h e s t r a t i g r a p h i c a I

room

was

the b e d r o c k , w h i c h here

N o d o u b t t h e l a y e r in q u e s t i o n w a s s t r e w n

g r o u n d b e f o r e e r e c t i n g the h o u s e .

of t h e

14

w a s u s e d a s f l o o r , b u t on t h e

a f l o o r w a s made on a t h i n l a y e r o f s o i l c o n t a i n i n g w h i t e s o i l on t h e b e d r o c k .

shows that House

of

and

the present house b e i n g probably the l i v i n g

Section A - A

of t h e d e s t r o y e d

J-L

been noted that at one p o i n t the w a l l s

red

up the

to the

p o s i t i o n of t h e

earlire-

EXCAVATED

l a t e d H o u s e 36-

REMAINS:

AREA

V,

PHASE

9

I

T h e l a y e r o v e r l y i n g t h e f l o o r o f H o u s e 3 7 c o n s i s t s o f a s h e s , or a s h e s

mixed with yellow-white

s o i l , a n d t h e c o n d i t i o n of t h e f l o o r s h o w s t h a t t h e h o u s e w a s d e -

s t r o y e d in a c o n f l a g r a t i o n , t h e s a m e o n e w h i c h d e s t r o y e d t h e a d j o i n i n g H o u s e 36 and i n d e e d a l l t h e h o u s e s of P h a s e

I.

T h e n e x t p h a s e ( I I ) is r e p r e s e n t e d by t h e e r e c t i o n of H o u s e 5, the n o r t h w a l l of w h i c h (extreme

left of the s e c t i o n ) r e s t s

in a f o u n d a t i o n t r e n c h d u g in t h e d e b r i s f r o m t h e

g r a t i o n a n d s e a l e d by a l a y e r o f w h i t i s h c l a y . resting

in a s h a l l o w

duces Phase

III.

f o u n d a t i o n t r e n c h d u g in t h e l a y e r o f c l a y j u s t m e n t i o n e d .

House

confla-

T h e n H o u s e 14 w a s e r e c t e d , i t s s o u t h

14 h a d t w o f l o o r s ( l - l l ) on t h e

earlier

c u r r e d , e v i d e n c e d b y a l a y e r o f a s h e s and y e l l o w - w h i t e

intro-

of w h i c h a d e s t r u c t i o n

s o i l and some stones.

A

ARCHITECTURAL

II o f H o u s e

DESCRIPTION :

stonework

synchro-

14.

T h e g r o u n d p l a n is r e c t a n g u l a r w i t h r o u n d e d a n g l e s ,

the long a x i s being o r i e n t e d a l m o s t e a s t - w e s t . w i t h the east

oc-

similar

d e s t r u c t i o n o c c u r r e d on t h e s e c o n d o f t h e t h r e e f l o o r s o f H o u s e 5, w h i c h s h o w s t h e nism of the latter floor w i t h Floor

wall

This

T h e w e s t w a l l of the h o u s e was b u i l t

jointly

w a l l of H o u s e 36 a f a c t w h i c h p r o v e s t h e c o n n e c t i o n of the t w o h o u s e s .

The

has s u f f e r e d m u c h , but it is c l e a r from t h e p r e s e r v e d parts t h a t it w a s b u i l t

usual s t y l e , w i t h

t w o r o w s of s t o n e s , o n e

the i n t e r s t i c e s .

However the south w a l l shows a different c o n s t r u c t i o n , namely with

in t h e

i n t e r n a l , t h e o t h e r e x t e r n a I, w i th s m a l l e r s t o n e s

s t o n e s o c c u p y i n g the w h o l e t h i c k n e s s of the w a l l .

Its a v e r a g e t h i c k n e s s

in

larger

is 30 — 50 cm. a n d

a l t h o u g h in s o m e p a r t s t w o s u p e r i m p o s e d c o u r s e s a r e p r e s e r v e d / i n m o s t p a r t s o n l y o n e course has

survived.

T h e s i n g l e f l o o r of H o u s e 37 w a s f e a t u r e l e s s e x c e p t for t r a c e s of f i r e , a f a c t

which

c o n f i r m s t h e i m p r e s s i o n o f t h o r o u g h d e s t r u c t i o n o b t a i n e d a l s o in o t h e r n e i g h b o r i n g However the layer between

houses.

F l o o r I I I o f H o u s e 14 a n d t h e f l o o r of H o u s e 37 or t h e

bedrock

c o n t a i n e d a number of s h e r d s of v a r i o u s wares (667), f l i n t s (710), a stone c h i s e l (711), and a limestone(?)

sling-bullet

(712). FINDS

Between 713.

Combed

wore:

intersecting ning

8 fragments

parallel

obliquely

rim

(inside)

and

multiple

from

inside

with

3 from 714.

Five

over

bands

(inside) ware:

and

painted

multiple

Coarse of

gray

ware:

and

broad

bands slip

8 fragments flint,

and

L.

of

wavy

bands

on

the

and

lustrous

from

bowls.

running

bands

inside

with

23

run-

and

to

out

(d — e ) . wavy

broad red

parallel

bands 20

the

(outside)

multiple

fragments,

and

bands

parallel

( f ) , or w i t h

broad

ware:

(inside)

at an a n g l e inside

decorated

straight

Red

3.5—3

lines

bands

and w a v y

running

wavy

bowls

36

straight

straight

others

multiple from

III of

broad

groups

(outside)

(g).

Floor with

multiple

bands

( c ) , or w i t h

straight wavy

brown

with

2 fragments

white

and

decorated

straight

combed

36

15 a n d

( a ) , or w i t h

(outside)

multiple

intermediary

jugs.

bowls

and with

flakes

from

HOUSE

House

(outside)

rim

with

FROM

II o f

wavy

(outside)

combed

lines the

(b), or

Red-on-white bands

Floor

bands

on

from

the

bowls,

cm.

a- e On 674.

Pointed

bone

690.

Combed

ware:

arranged ilarly

tool,

upper

fragment

horizontally

arranged

on

or

the

part

flat,

of b o w l

inside,

lower

with

obliquely L.

17 c m .

Red-on-white side)

bands

ware:

.1

fragment

painted

in

bright

from

red

(PI.

III

part

tubular

(outside)

On 691.

Floor

(PI.

Floor a bowl: 76).

somewhat spout,

and

rounded,

decorated

with

straight

L.

with

4.7

cm.(

multiple

or w a v y

PI.

105).

straight

multiple

bands

bands sim-

61). IV straight Red

slip

parallel

ware:

(inside)

1 fragment

or c o n v e r g i n g from

a jug.

(out-

10

SOTIRA

FINDS Between 667.

Combed broad, bands it

ware:

(b),

or

(outside)

such

fragments,

bands

with

bands

on

the and

with

wavy

multiple bands

Seven

flakes

711.

Chisel

with

andesite.

and

Limestone

4.1

ball:

22

wavy

inside

(f).

Jugs

(i).

blade

with

or

37

14

ond

3 from

with

decorated

jugs.

with a

ware:

Bowls

(inside)

parollel broad

from

Red-on-white

bedrock

single

running

multiple

1 frogment

fragments

cm.(PI.

and

of

light

edges,

to

the

wavy

decorated

or

twin

rim

bands

(inside)

on

multiple

straight

jug

broad

with

1 fragment

the

from

a

single,

or

straight

pendent

outside

(g),

red

with

(outside)

or

band jug

and

wavy

(h)

bands.

combed

with

from

triple

over

broad

paral-

gray

oblique

flint.

cutting

edge,

rounded

butt(

surface

ground,

96).

bullet

(?),

D.

HOUSES

2.2

cm.

29,

Pis.

POSITION:

bowls,

(a),

Monographs

(j).

faces

sling

HOUSE

House

bands

or

ware;

of

from

inside

63),

bands

FROM III

Pi.

point

convex

L.

the

combed

in b r o w n

710.

on

multiple

(c — e ^ ( c ,

Red-on-white

lel

712.

25

straight

Floor

Museum

(Pis.

38,

14-16,

91,

39. a n d

103).

40

5 2 - 5 5

( P I . 8). T h e s e f o u r h o u s e s , w h i c h form a c o m p l e x , are s i t u a t e d along

n o r t h w e s t e d g e o f t h e p l a t e a u in s q u a r e s

E—L

8—11.

the

T h i s p o s i t i o n is a p r i v i l e g e d

s i n c e it c o m m a n d s the s u r r o u n d i n g c o u n t r y a n d , b e y o n d i t , a v i e w of t h e Tro'odos

one

range.

B u t , a t t h e s a m e t i m e , t h e h o u s e s a t t h i s p o i n t w e r e m u c h m o r e e x p o s e d to s t r o n g

winds,

e s p e c i a l l y d u r i n g w i n t e r , t h a n a n y o t h e r h o u s e s o n t h e p l a t e a u or i n d e e d o n a n y p a r t o f t h e hill.

T h e s t u d y of the s t r a t i f i c a t i o n

s h o w e d that there were more f r e q u e n t

destructions

a l o n g t h i s p a r t o f t h e p l a t e a u a n d t h a t t h e l a s t d i s a s t e r w h i c h o c c u r r e d , a t t h e t i m e of I I , i. e . i n P h a s e

o r i g i n a l ground w h i c h o b l i t e r a t e d the northern parts of the houses of all p h a s e s . s t r u c t i o n of t h e " r e t a i n i n g w a l l " s t a n d i n g here were buried, edge and

Floor

I I I , n o t o n l y d a m a g e d t h e h o u s e s b u t a l s o p r o d u c e d a s u b s i d e n c e of t h e ( s e e p . 136), u n d e r w h i c h t h e n o r t h p a r t s o f t h e

The

con-

houses

is a n o t h e r e v i d e n c e of the p r e c a r i o u s c o n d i t i o n of the

northern

slopes.

W h i l e t h e s e four h o u s e s form a c o m p l e x ,

it s h o u l d be n o t e d

that each unit

possesses

an i n d e p e n d e n t d o o r w a y , w h i c h m a y i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e y d i d n o t b e l o n g t o t h e s a m e

family.

T h e y may i n d e e d h a v e p o s s e s s e d c o m m u n i c a t i n g d o o r s g i v i n g i n t e r n a l a c c e s s from one to a n o t h e r , b u t t h i s c a n n o t b e e i t h e r p r o v e d or d i s p r o v e d , f o r t h e s i m p l e r e a s o n t h a t o n l y south p a r t s of the u n i t s h a v e been l a i d bare. on t h e f l o o r s i s n o t

For the same reason the e v i d e n c e

the

revealed

conclusive.

Of the four h o u s e s f o r m i n g the c o m p l e x , t w o (29 and 39) are c o m p l e t e u n i t s , the other t w o (38 and 40) m a k e use o f t h e w a l l s of t h e f i r s t t w o s t r u c t u r e s .

H o u s e 38 l i e s

H o u s e s 3 9 a n d 2 9 w h i l e H o u s e 40 a d j o i n s t h e l a t t e r h o u s e o n t h e e a s t .

between

It is p o s s i b l e

that

the o r i g i n a l p l a n w a s t h a t of a t r i p a r t i t e c o m p l e x ( i . e. H o u s e s 39 a n d 2 9 f o r m i n g t h e t w o e n d s w i t h H o u s e 38 t h e l i n k b e t w e e n t h e m ) a n d t h a t H o u s e 4 0 w a s HOUSE P i s .

14b,

added somewhat

later.

29

52c,

54e

T h i s i s t h e e a s t e r n m o s t u n i t of t h e o r i g i n a l t r i p a r t i t e c o m p l e x .

O n l y the southern part was laid

bare, the northern h a l f being under the c o l l a p s e d d e b r i s from the s u p e r s t r u c t u r e and the m a s s of the " r e t a i n i n g STRATIGRAPHICAL f i c a t i o n in H o u s e s 27

wall." EVIDENCE:

This

is seen on t h e same s e c t i o n on w h i c h the

a n d 2 8 a l s o a p p e a r s ( s e e p . 121 a n d P I . 1 4 b ) .

T h e part

strati-

concerning

EXCAVATED

REMAINS:

H o u s e 29 a p p e a r s on t h e l e f t s i d e o f t h e s e c t i o n .

AREA

V,

PHASE

The sequence

I

is a s f o l l o w s :

A-B

w a l l o f H o u s e 2 9 w h i c h r e s t s on t h e b e d r o c k , on w h i c h i t s f l o o r ( I I I ) a l s o r e s t s . time after the original

w h i c h a c c u m u l a t e d on t h e o r i g i n a l whitish

soil containing

the c o l l a p s e

floor.

The collapse

level

(House

13A)but

c o l l a p s e o c c u r r e d on t h e f l o o r of H o u s e

Following

the " r e t a i n i n g w a l l "

f o l l o w i n g t h e e a r l y c o l l a p s e on F l o o r

i t s t r a c e s do n o t a p p e a r on t h i s s e c t i o n .

A new

II) t h i s e v e n t b e i n g e v i d e n c e d by t h e

and Floor

I of H o u s e

13 w e r e c o n s t r u c t e d .

I I I , a r e in no d i r e c t c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e

a n d t h e y t h e r e f o r e h a v e b e e n a t t r i b u t e d to i t .

Al-

in t h a t n a r r o w

stage

underlying

s p a c e over part of the

The layer between Floors

II a n d I i s

house

composed

s o i l , p o s s i b l y from mud w a l l s , t h u s c o r r o b o r a t i n g t h e s e c o n d c o l l a p s e n o t i c e d

F l o o r II o f H o u s e

13.

In c o n c l u s i o n , t h e a b o v e e v i d e n c e s h o w s t h r e e s u c c e s s i v e

P h a s e I, t h e e a r l i e s t , w i t h H o u s e 2 9 , P h a s e II w i t h H o u s e ARCHITECTURAL

DESCRIPTION:

shows that the ground plan was f o r m i n g an a n g l e .

somewhat

II.

The south

half

i r r e g u l a r : w h i l e the w e s t p o r t i o n of t h e w a l l up a n d t h e n

T h e w a l l was w e l l b u i l t w i t h s t o n e s and stood to a m a x i m u m

of t h e l o w e r , s t o n e , p a r t o f t h e w a l l .

Both the east and west portions curve inwards,

if t h e s u p e r s t r u c t u r e w e r e o f m u d , m i g h t s u g g e s t a d o m i c a l r o o f . showed several post-holes

flat.

It is t h e r e f o r e p o s s i b l e t h a t the

w a l l s c u r v e d i n w a r d s so a s t o r e d u c e a p p r e c i a b l y t h e s p a n t o b e T h e d o o r w a y w a s on the s o u t h w e s t and w a s 70 cm. w i d e . and mud w e r e a c c o m m o d a t e d

H o w e v e r the

height a fact origi-

i n c l u d i n g a c u p s t o n e w h i c h means that the roof

c a r r i e d o n b e a m s a n d w a s in a l l p r o b a b i l i t y

was

outside

roofed.

T h r e e s t e p s b u i l t of

stones

in t h e t h r e s h o l d , e a c h s t e p m e a s u r i n g 2 3 or 2 5 c m . in w i d t h .

T h u s t h e g r o u n d l e v e l o u t s i d e t h e h o u s e w a s 50 c m . h i g h e r t h a n the o r i g i n a l

floor.

T h r e e f l o o r s (I — I I I ) h a v e b e e n e n c o u n t e r e d b u t a s a l r e a d y m e n t i o n e d o n l y t h e number of sherds (813).

shows

bends

h e i g h t o f 1 . 4 0 m. ( t h i c k n e s s 4 4 c m . ) a n d i t m a y by a s s u m e d t h a t t h i s w a s t h e o r i g i n a l

( I I I ) b e l o n g s to the o r i g i n a l

13.

A s a l r e a d y m e n t i o n e d t h e w h o l e o f t h e n o r t h h a l f of

a curve suggesting a c i r c u l a r ground plan, the east portion straightens northwards

on

stages:

1 3 A , and P h a s e III w i t h H o u s e

the h o u s e w a s p a r t l y o b l i t e r a t e d by t h e d i s a s t e r at t h e t i m e of F l o o r

which

preFol-

E and the e a r l y w a l l A , w h i c h b e l o n g to the

H o u s e 29 yet t h e y r e p r e s e n t the l a t e o c c u p a t i o n

nal floor

In

l a y e r ( F ) o f s t o n e s a n d d e c o m p o s e d m u d m o r t a r r e s t i n g on t h a t f l o o r .

lowing that disaster

(C)

l a y e r (D) of

l a t t e r h o u s e w e i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e r e w a s an

13 ( F l o o r

though the two floors ( l l - l ) between w a l l

of w h i t i s h

short layer

E b e i n g the e a s t w a l l of t h i s new s t r u c t u r e .

d e s c r i b i n g the s t r a t i g r a p h ica I e v i d e n c e of t h i s

s e n c e of a t h i c k

i s e v i d e n c e d by a t h i c k

lumps of mud and a few s t r e a k s of c a r b o n i z e d m a t t e r .

a new h o u s e , 13, w a s e r e c t e d ,

intermediary building

A

e r e c t i o n t h e mud s u p e r s t r u c t u r e c o l l a p s e d on a t h i n g r a y i s h

isthe

structure.

earliest

In t h e l a y e r b e t w e e n t h i s f l o o r a n d b e d r o c k w e r e a

F o l l o w i n g the c o l l a p s e of the floor a new h o u s e (13) w a s

erected

p a r t l y on the s i t e o f t h e d e s t r o y e d h o u s e but the p a r t b e t w e e n t h e e a s t w a l l of H o u s e

13

a n d t h e e a s t w a l l o f t h e c o l l a p s e d h o u s e w h i c h h e r e w a s e x c e p t i o n a l l y h i g h , c o n t i n u e d to b e u s e d a n d t h e t w o f l o o r s (11,1) s c r i p t i o n of the Floor

III

c l e a r e d in t h i s n a r r o w

space have been i n c l u d e d

w a s made c a r e f u l l y w i t h mud m o r t a r .

In t h e s o u t h p a r t , o n t h e r i g h t

s i d e of t h e d o o r w a y as one e n t e r s , t h e r e w a s a p i e c e of r o c k o u t c r o p u s e d as a with a depression

18 c m . a c r o s s a n d

probably post-holes ( B - C ) the south w a l l . port the r o o f . round.

It

in t h e d e -

house.

15 c m . in d e p t h .

1 3 - 1 5 cm. a c r o s s and

Both the " c u p s t o n e "

E a s t of i t w e r e t w o c i r c u l a r

84

cm.

across

pits

10 c m . in d e p t h , o n e o f t h e m b e i n g

a n d t h e p i t s m u s t h a v e b e e n u s e d for p o s t s to

In t h e s o u t h e a s t c o r n e r w a s a c i r c u l a r p i t c u t i n t h e r o c k , w i t h

measured

hand

cupstone

and

80

cm.

in

depth

and

contained

stones

fallen

near supall

debris

12

SOTIRA

from the mud s u p e r s t r u c t u r e ,

Museum

s i m i l a r to t h a t in t h e r e m a i n d e r of t h e h o u s e .

w e s t w a l l w a s an a n d e s i t e q u e r n ( 2 6 x 15 c m . ) l y i n g on a t h i n short d i s t a n c e n o r t h e a s t of the q u e r n part, the northern part being hearth was a slightly

Monographs

Near

the

s t o o d the hearth of w h i c h w e c l e a r e d only the

under the f a l l e n mud d e b r i s and the " r e t a i n i n g

r a i s e d p l a t f o r m of y e l l o w

south-

layer o v e r l y i n g the floor.

wall."

mud 54 c m . a c r o s s w i t h a c e n t r a l

m e t e r 20 c m . and d e p t h 8 c m . ) the w a l l s of w h i c h w e r e b l a c k e n e d by f i r e .

The

pit

(dia-

The floor

yielded

a n u m b e r of s h e r d s of v a r i o u s w a r e s ( 6 0 0 ) a n d a s m a l l e r n u m b e r of s u c h s h e r d s w e r e in t h e p i t ( 6 0 1 ) , in t h e s o u t h e a s t

(237, 500), a perforated limestone disc

and two b l a d e s and a s m a l l Floor

II

i m p l e m e n t of f l i n t

w a s of t h e u s u a l y e l l o w

the

(217), a bone

tool

w a s of y e l l o w - w h i t e

On

it t h e f o l l o w i n g o b j e c t s

(604 — 5), t w o f l a k e s

of

floor,

I y i e l d e d a n u m b e r of s h e r d s of v a r i o u s w a r e s

beaten earth.

stone celt (190), two pebble-grinders of v a r i o u s w a r e s

(236),

A fragment

13 c m . ) a n d a s m a l l g r i n d e r (8 c m . a c r o s s ) w e r e t h e o n l y f i n d s o n t h i s

I

is wares

E m b e d d e d in the f l o o r t h e r e w a s a c u p -

14 c m . a c r o s s , w i t h p e r f o r a t e d b o t t o m .

layer between the latter and F l o o r F/oor

h o u s e (13) w h i c h

s h e r d s of v a r i o u s

(709).

beaten soil.

s t o n e 50 x 45 c m . , w i t h a d e p r e s s i o n a quern ( L .

(II) of the o v e r l y i n g

l a y e r , a n u m b e r of o b j e c t s w e r e c o l l e c t e d :

(499, 602, 708), two s h e l l s

found

corner.

In t h e l a y e r b e t w e e n t h i s f l o o r a n d t h e f l o o r actually the demolition

A

southern

but

(603).

were found: a

of f l i n t ( 6 0 6 ) , a n d a few

sherds

(191). H O U S E 38 P i s . 15a, 53, 5 4 e

STRATIGRAPHICAL

EVIDENCE:

u n d e r l y i n g r e m a i n s (p. 84 and P I .

This

15a).

n a l e r e c t i o n of H o u s e 38 w i t h F l o o r age it w a s r e p a i r e d ( F l o o r

i s s e e n on S e c t i o n A - A t h r o u g h H o u s e 13 a n d t h e

The description

IV belongs

III), f o l l o w i n g

c o n f l a g r a t i o n w h i c h p u t an e n d to P h a s e

a new h o u s e (13) w a s b u i l t ,

ARCHITECTURAL tripartite

DESCRIPTION:

c o m p l e x , to w h i c h

section

I.

it was d e s t r o y e d

i n t r o d u c i n g P h a s e III and e v e n t u a l l y

Sub-

IV.

units

being curved

It is p o s s i b l e t h a t a it d i s a p p e a r e d

w h i c h a c c o r d i n g t o t h e s t r a t i g r a p h ic a I e v i d e n c e

in

occurred

III.

T h e maximum h e i g h t of the c u r v e d w a l l stones.

floor ( I V ) the i n n e r f a c e of t h e w a l l

that the curved w a l l

is 80 cm. and i t s t h i c k n e s s 60 cm.; it is b u i l t

F o l l o w i n g t h e p a r t i a l d e s t r u c t i o n o b s e r v e d on the was thickened,

ner c o u r s e s r e s t e d on s o m e of the c o l l a p s e d note

built

u n i t of a

O n t h e s o u t h t h e h o u s e is b o u n d e d by a

b o u n d e d the h o u s e a l o n g the n o r t h , but if s u c h a w a l l e x i s t e d

both large and small

Phase

dam-

the

II, was

s t a t e d t h i s h o u s e is t h e c e n t r a l

w a l l the t w o ends of w h i c h abut on t h e w a l l s of H o u s e s 29 a n d 39-

a t t h e t i m e o f P h a se

in

in a n e w c o l l a p s e .

H o u s e 40 w a s added later, the other t w o o r i g i n a l

the d e s t r u c t i o n and the s u b s i d e n c e

origi-

After a partial

A new house (13A) marking Phase

As already

H o u s e s 29, on the e a s t , a n d 39 on the w e s t .

similar wall

shows t h a t the

which the house was destroyed evidently

on t h e r e m a i n s of H o u s e 3 8 b u t s h o r t l y a f t e r w a r d s sequently

of t h i s

to t h e e a r l i e s t p h a s e (I).

w h i c h is p r o v e d by the fact t h a t the

s t o n e s r e s t i n g on F l o o r

showed a marked inward

IV.

to

inclination. indicate

O n t h e w e s t o f t h e g a p a r o u n d p i t 2 5 c m . a c r o s s a n d 16 c m .

depth was probably the position The house possessed

in-

It is i n t e r e s t i n g

On t h e s o u t h e a s t w e o b s e r v e d a g a p in the u p p e r c o u r s e s of t h e w a l l , w h i c h may the p o s i t i o n of the d o o r w a y .

of

original

of t h e d o o r p o s t on w h i c h the door

in

swung.

t w o f l o o r s , w h i c h in t h e s e q u e n c e r e c e i v e d n u m b e r s

III and IV,

the

EXCAVATED

REMAINS:

l a t t e r b e i n g the o r i g i n a l f l o o r of the h o u s e . y i e l d e d a n u m b e r of s h e r d s Floor

IV,

AREA

V,

PHASE

13

I

T h e l a y e r b e t w e e n F l o o r IV and bedrock

(812).

of y e l l o w i s h m u d , s h o w e d i n t e r e s t i n g f e a t u r e s from b o t h the a r c h i t e c t u r a l

and the d o m e s t i c p o i n t s of v i e w .

T h e s u p e r s t r u c t u r e w a s of c o u r s e s u p p o r t e d by the c u r v e d

w a l l a n d t h e w a l l s of H o u s e s 2 9 a n d 3 9 but t h e r e e x i s t e d a l s o i n t e r n a l s u p p o r t s .

These

w e r e a f r a g m e n t a r y c u p s t o n e ( A ) ( l e n g t h 3 5 c m . , h e i g h t 12 c m . , w i t h t w o d e p r e s s i o n s 12 c m . d e e p a n d r e s p e c t i v e l y 15 a n d 13 c m . a c r o s s ) , a n d a c o m p l e t e c u p s t o n e ( B ) ( l e n g t h 39 c m . , w i d t h 30 c m . , h e i g h t

18 c m . , w i t h a d e p r e s s i o n 18 c m . a c r o s s a n d 8 c m . d e e p ) a t the n o r t h -

e a s t a n g l e of t h e h e a r t h .

This

s e c o n d c u p s t o n e r e s t e d on the s t o n e c u r b

surrounding

the

hearth and may have s e r v e d the latter. O f the d o m e s t i c f e a t u r e s the m o s t i m p o r t a n t w a s the h e a r t h ( C ) w h i c h w a s o n e of the m o s t m o n u m e n t a l d i s c o v e r e d in the w h o l e e x c a v a t e d a r e a .

It s t o o d in the w e s t e r n part of

t h e f l o o r a n d c o n s i s t e d of a mud p l a t f o r m 76 c m . a c r o s s w i t h a c e n t r a l p i t ( 2 6 c m . a c r o s s a n d 8 c m . in d e p t h ) in w h i c h the f i r e w a s m a d e .

T h e mud p l a t f o r m w a s f o u n d p r o v i d e d w i t h

a c u r b of s t o n e s e x c e p t on t h e s o u t h e a s t , w h e r e it m a y h a v e e x i s t e d o n c e .

A m o n g the

s t o n e s on t h e w e s t w a s a l i m e s t o n e s l a b 60 c m . l o n g a n d 40 c m . w i d e , w h i c h w a s u s e d a s a bottom for a p i t f o r m e d for the s u c c e e d i n g f l o o r .

later

On t h e n o r t h w e s t t h e r e w a s a

s u b s i d i a r y h e a r t h ( D ) a t t a c h e d to the m a i n h e a r t h a n d p r o b a b l y u s e d for c o o k i n g .

It w a s

c o m p o s e d of a s l a b , p l a c e d a t a l e v e l 2 5 c m . l o w e r t h a n t h a t of t h e m a i n h e a r t h a n d s u r r o u n d e d b y a r a i s e d c u r b of mud a n d s m a l l s t o n e s .

In t h i s s u b s i d i a r y h e a r t h c a r b o n i z e d

m a t t e r w a s f o u n d a n d t h e s l a b s h o w e d t r a c e s of f i r e . S o u t h e a s t of the h e a r t h t h e r e w a s a c i r c u l a r p i t ( E ) , 50 c m . a c r o s s a n d 20 c m . d e e p , w i t h s i d e s t a p e r i n g to the b o t t o m a n d l i n e d w i t h p e b b l e s . g r i n d e r ( 7 9 1 ) d a m a g e d b y f i r e w e r e f o u n d in

In t h e p i t a p e s t l e ( 7 9 0 ) a n d a

situ.

In t h e n o r t h e a s t p a r t o f the f l o o r a n a r e a 1 m. a c r o s s w a s e n c l o s e d b y a low w a l l 3 6 c m . in h e i g h t a n d 21 c m . t h i c k .

O f t h i s a r e a o n l y p a r t w a s c l e a r e d , t h e n o r t h e r n part b e i n g , to-

g e t h e r w i t h t h e r e s t of t h e f l o o r , u n d e r the c o l l a p s e d d e b r i s a n d t h e " r e t a i n i n g w a l l . " i s t h u s d i f f i c u l t to u n d e r s t a n d i t s u s e .

It

S o u t h o f the p a r t i t i o n w a s a g r o u p of s t o n e s f o r m -

ing a s m a l l p l a t f o r m , p e r h a p s a b a s e for a s t o n e s u p p o r t , 5 0 c m . a c r o s s a n d 2 5 c m . h i g h . A b o u t 1 m. north of t h e h e a r t h , in t h e part of the f l o o r u n d e r l y i n g t h e f a l l e n d e b r i s from the s u p e r s t r u c t u r e a n d the m a s s of s t o n e s o f the " r e t a i n i n g w a l l , " w h e r e a t r i a l t r e n c h w a s d u g , a q u e r n w a s l y i n g on t h e f l o o r w i t h s m a l l s t o n e s a l l a r o u n d k e e p i n g it in p o s i t i o n . T h e n o r t h p a r t of the q u e r n g o t b r o k e n and d e t a c h e d but t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e s u r r o u n d i n g s t o n e s r e m a i n e d in p o s i t i o n , a l t h o u g h at a l o w e r l e v e l , e x a c t l y a l o n g the l i n e w h e r e the s u b s i d e n c e o c c u r r e d ( s e e s t r a t i g r a p h i c a l e v i d e n c e in H o u s e 13, p. 8 4 ) .

T h i s p i e c e of

e v i d e n c e c o r r o b o r a t e s t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f f e r e d in t h a t r e s p e c t , v i z . t h a t a s u b s i d e n c e o c c u r r e d d u r i n g P h a s e I I I a n d t h a t , s o o n a f t e r , the r e t a i n i n g w a l l w a s b u i l t , b u r y i n g the pres e r v e d r e m a i n s ( i n c l u d i n g t h e b r o k e n q u e r n ) a l o n g t h e n o r t h e d g e of t h e p l a t e a u . be d i f f i c u l t to i m a g i n e t h e b r o k e n q u e r n r e m a i n i n g in situ e x p o s e d for a l o n g t i m e a f t e r t h e Floor

III:

It w o u l d

h a d t h e e d g e a n d the s l o p e b e e n

subsidence.

T h e l a y e r b e t w e e n t h e p r e v i o u s f l o o r a n d t h e p r e s e n t o n e c o n s i s t e d of d e -

If we take into c o n s i d e r a t i o n the floor ( I I I in the s e q u e n c e ) of H o u s e 1 3 A , w h i c h w a s b u i l t on the r e m a i n s of H o u s e 38, the f l o o r s of the latter h o u s e s h o u l d r e c e i v e the numbers I V and V in the s e q u e n c e . H o w e v e r F l o o r I I I w a s not t r a c e d on the a c t u a l r e m a i n s of H o u s e 38, due to the partial d e s t r u c t i o n of H o u s e 13A p o s s i b l y at the time when H o u s e 13 w a s being b u i l t . F o r t h i s r e a s o n the f l o o r s of H o u s e 38 r e c e i v e d numbers III and I V ( s e e p. 84 and P I . 2 7 a ) .

SOT IRA

14

bris, mostly of small were also a number

stones of

d a m a g e to t h e w a l l s , usual yellow

tral

post

same

sherds of various

wares

base

damage to the w a l l s ,

(802) and t w o c e l t s

(A) of

mud,

axis

30cm.

the roof w a s

across,

a post-hole

(B)

(803 — 4). made.

long

layer

by

small

and

15cm.

there

Following

T h i s w a s of domestic.

stones. wide

the the

p r o v i d e d by an a p p r o x i m a t e l y

surrounded

20cm.

Monographs

in t h i s

s h o w e d a n u m b e r o f f e a t u r e s b o t h a r c hi t e c t u r a I a n d

for the m e t h o d of s u p p o r t i n g

north—south

south

some partial

the house was repaired and the present floor

mud and

Evidence

indicating

Museum

Almost

was

cenon

found

the

near

the

w a l I.

Of the d o m e s t i c central

features

the h e a r t h

(C) may be m e n t i o n e d

s u p p o r t ( A ) a n d r e p l a c e d t h e h e a r t h on t h e p r e v i o u s

der t h e s t o n e s a n d o t h e r d e b r i s . T h e p i t in w h i c h t h e f i r e w a s cm. across

w i t h a d e p t h of

appeared also

made w a s

10 c m .

in t h e a r e a a l l

The enclosed area

It w a s a v e r y

in t h e

The

around the

its s i d e s

b e i n g b u i l t of p e b b l e s

p l a t f o r m on t h e p r e v i o u s

mud p l a t f o r m 76 cm.

were burnt and

part of the floor

continued

thus reducing

the

stone boulder and, near

and mud; the slab w h i c h

t o be i n u s e b u t t h e

and 22 cm. deep) was

had b e e n at the

u s e d as bottom for the p i t .

A t a s h o r t d i s t a n c e north of t h e p o s t - h o l e ( L . 4 5 c m . , W. 2 4 c m . , a n d H t .

it, a limestone

In t h e

layer

(805), flints

pebble probably

overlying

(806, 808),

Floor

shell

27

Ashes

e n c l o s e d area to a mere

shaped,

side of the

hearth

(B) there

stones

bordering

l a y on t h e f l o o r a

19 c m . ) w i t h o n e f a c e f l a t a n d t h e o t h e r

u s e d as a p e s t l e

III t h e f o l l o w i n g

objects

(807), and miscellaneous

parpit

S o u t h e a s t of the pit a t r i a n g -

ular slab 42 cm. long a n d 29 cm. w i d e w a s p l a c e d on the f l o o r w i t h f l a t its south side.

un-

across.

it c o n t a i n e d a s h e s .

a r o u n d p i t (52 cm. a c r o s s

floor was

the

hearth.

northeast

Near the w e s t w a l l

I t s t o o d e a s t of

south part of the platform and measured

sides

t i t i o n was t h i c k e n e d w i t h mud and p e b b l e s , 52 c m . a c r o s s .

low c i r c u l a r

in t h e

first.

floor which remained buried

limecurved

(785).

were collected:

bone tools

various

sherds

( 8 0 9 - 8 1 1).

H O U S E 39 P i s . 14a, 16, 54 This part

is the w e s t e r n m o s t

in t h e d e s t r u c t i o n

u n i t of t h e c o m p l e x

and subsidence which, according

e v i d e n c e , o c c u r r e d at t h e t i m e o f F l o o r s u r v i v e d to w a r r a n t

EVIDENCE:

of t h e h o u s e w o u l d

show

section

obliterated

A~A

s i d e s of t h e s e c t i o n .

in t h e d e s t r u c t i o n

(PI.

16) w h i c h

above

slope.

Following

that

the

center

together

A) w h i c h with

in t h e d o o r w a y .

on a s t e p w h i l e the rock

its original

(See S e c t i o n

floor.

[Tholos 47]), although

wall the

soil ( L a y e r

thus r a i s e d the l e v e l

surbehind

s l o p e in the bedrock

B) and of t w o

immediately

surface

l a y e r s of

was yellow-

o n t h e s o u t h of the h o u s e

T o f a c i l i t a t e e n t r y to the h o u s e t h e r e w e r e

B-B,PI.

16. This

with

mentioned.

t h e b u i l d i n g of t h i s

by t h e p l a c i n g o f a f i l l i n g o f b r o w n

soil (Layer

p. 1 7 6

runs

b u t in a w a y

A section through

since the north wall disappeared

stands exactly

under Inv. Nos. 801 and 800 r e s p e c t i v e l y . ) kitia,

other house

s h o w s t h a t t h e h o u s e w a s e r e c t e d on a s t e p p e d s l o p e of the b e d r o c k

1 m. in c o m p a r i s o n steps

north

H o w e v e r , e n o u g h of the

i s s e e n on s e c t i o n

only the s o u t h wall

In p a r t i c u l a r , t h e s o u t h w a l l

forms an abrupt

white

This

t o a p p e a r on b o t h

the north part o f the h o u s e The

lost all the

t o t h e s t r a t i gr a p h i ca I a n d

III.

e a s t p o r t i o n o f t h e h o u s e in a n a l m o s t n o r t h — s o u t h d i r e c t i o n

permits the house w a l l

face.

II a n d P h a s e

its other u n i t s ,

description.

STR A T IG R A P H I C A L through the

and, like

Layers

A and B y i e l d e d

is r e m i n i s c e n t

it m a y be a n a r r a n g e m e n t

sherds

of K h i r o k i t i a

by three

grouped

tholoi

d i c t a t e d by the s p e c i a l

(Khiro• posi-

EXCAVATED

t i o n of the h o u s e

on

another doorway

s l o p e of t h e r o c k .

floor r e s t s on b e d r o c k

s u c c e e d e d by a s e c o n d a r y

floor was

in use a d e s t r u c t i o n

d e n c e d by a l a y e r c o n t a i n i n g and by a t h i c k flagration

AREA

V,

PHASE

It i s p o s s i b l e

upper

recalls

and 37 of P h a s e

laid directly

accompanied carbonized

on t h e

matter

immediately

mostly

of t h e

occurred.

overlying

This

which

While

event

mud.

as

this

is

the secondary

stones and decomposed

may be a t t r i b u t e d

floor.

l a y e r of l i m e s o i l ,

in H o u s e 3 8 a n d t h e a r e a s o u t h of i t , a s w e l l

I, a n d c o n s e q u e n t l y

possessed

s u r f a c e of t h e f i r s t .

by a c o n f l a g r a t i o n

l a y e r of f a l l e n d e b r i s ,

the one

level

a n d is c o m p o s e d of a t h i c k

mud floor

15

I

that the house

on t h e n o r t h w h e r e t h e t h r e s h o l d w o u l d be a t t h e

The original was

a stepped

REMAINS:

evi-

floor

This

con-

in H o u s e s

29,

to t h e s a m e e v e n t w h i c h put an

36,

end

t o t h a t p h a se. On t h e r e m a i n s its w e s t wall built partly

of the d e s t r o y e d h o u s e a new h o u s e (13) w a s e r e c t e d , e v i d e n c e d

w h i c h r e s t s on t h e d e m o l i t i o n

House

House

with House 13A.

Here

as 29) r e m a i n e d

We k n o w h o w e v e r

P h a s e II i s n o t r e p r e s e n t e d

in r u i n s f o r a s h o r t

38 and 29, w h i c h

was

form

part

f r o m t h e s t r a t i gra ph i c a I e v i d e n c e d e s c r i b e d

13 t h a t t h e l a t t e r b e l o n g e d

i. e. a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f P h a s e

h e r e by

13 w a s a l a r g e h o u s e a n d

on t h e s i t e o f H o u s e 37 b u t a l s o on t h a t o f H o u s e s

of t h e s a m e c o m p l e x . nection

layer.

to P h a s e

Phase

in

13 w a s

Phase

built,

con-

II b e i n g r e p r e s e n t e d

and we m u s t a s s u m e t h a t H o u s e 39 (as

t i m e , i. e. d u r i n g

III, H o u s e

III,

II, a n d that soon

by

well

afterwards,

i t s w e s t w a l l m a d e to r e s t on

those

ruins. On t h e r i g h t hand s i d e of t h e s e c t i o n t h e e a s t w a l l its outer c o u r s e s f o r m i n g a s l o p e w h i c h T h e s e c o m e up a n d o v e r l i e

also the

evidence that the retaining

wall

superstructures

Houses

The

38 and

13, a f a c t w h i c h

wall

and a subsidence

overlaps

indicates

wall

of H o u s e

later than the destruction

collapsed

retaining

by t h e s t o n e s of t h e " r e t a i n i n g

broken end of the w e s t

was built

of all the houses

of t h e p l a t e a u .

of H o u s e 39 a p p e a r s ' d e s t r o y e d ,

is o v e r l a p p e d

directly

that it was

the

13.

of H o u s e

This

with wall."

is

clear

13 w h e n

the

occurred along the north courses

of

built immediately

the

east

after the

edge

wall

of

destruction.

S e c t i o n B —B ( P I . 1 6 ) s h o w s t h e s t e p p e d d o o r w a y a n d i t s r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h i n t e r n a l a n d e x ternal

levels.

ARCHITECTURAL

DESCRIPTION:

The

south part, which

t h a t t h e g r o u n d p l a n t e n d s to be r e c t a n g u l a r The west wall

was

m a i n e d in

yet

wall was

situ

b u i l t of s m a l l

but at two p o i n t s ,

stones

for the upper

interesting

inward

The

was

floor.

was a protective

as w e h a v e

height, the two upper ones

was 56 cm., the t h i r d

lowest step was a simple

was nevertheless

1.20 m., the t h i c k n e s s

l o w e r o n e s p r o j e c t e d on the i n s i d e

steps

The

for the lower

stones

parts

was used

for

wide

smaller.

feature was the doorway, which,

the w a l l but the t w o

stones.

larger

re-

surviving

35-40

c m . ; a n d on t h e

south

inclination.

s t e p s of u n e q u a l

w i d t h of t h e u p p e r

of t h e o r i g i n a l

somewhat

Most of the

shows walls.

composed it

T h e b l o c k on the s o u t h w e s t w a s 75 cm. h i g h and 86 cm.

maximum h e i g h t of the w a l l

it s h o w e d a m a r k e d An

courses and

and curved

which

to r e c o n s t r u c t t h e l i n e of t h e w a l l .

b u t t h a t on t h e e a s t w a s c o n s i d e r a b l y

T h e r e were four

stones

east and southwest, a large block framed w i t h s m a l l

the lower part of the w a l l .

The

but with much-rounded angles

much damaged and a l t h o u g h many of the it w a s d i f f i c u l t

is t h e o n l y part s u r v i v i n g ,

secondary

somewhat

(PI.

block and its

16), w a s

stepped.

within the thickness

and were wider.

step w a s 87 cm. a n d w a s

Thus

while

b u i l t of

l o w e r part was buried

the

material

step

which

Round the topmost step

in p l a n a n d b u i l t o f t w o r o w s

of s t o n e s

s e t in

of

several

in t h e

mud floor covered the upper surface of the

h i g h e r t h a n t h e r e s t of t h e f l o o r .

curb semicircular

seen

shaped

mud.

there

Museum

SOHRA

16

As already

mentioned, the house p o s s e s s e d t w o floors, numbered

quence, the latter being the Floor soil.

IV:

Monograph

I I I a n d I V in t h e

se-

earlier

T h i s w a s o f e x c e p t i o n a l t h i c k n e s s ( 2 0 - 2 5 c m . ) a n d w a s c o m p o s e d of

lime

It i s a c t u a l l y t h e o n l y f l o o r o f s u c h t h i c k n e s s a n d q u a l i t y f o u n d in t h e e x c a v a t e d

In t h e s o u t h e a s t c o r n e r t h e r e w a s a c u p s t o n e ( A ) e m b e d d e d in t h e f l o o r . i n l e n g t h a n d 3 3 c m . in w i d t h a n d t h e N o r t h w e s t of it w a s a round a n d e s i t e

depression

was

area.

It m e a s u r e d 4 3 c m .

14 c m . a c r o s s a n d 12 c m . d e e p .

s t o n e ( B ) 2 1 c m . a c r o s s a n d 15 c m . h i g h , a l s o

d e d in t h e f l o o r , i t s u p p e r f a c e b e i n g s l i g h t l y h o l l o w e d .

embed-

It i s p o s s i b l e t h a t t h i s w a s a p o s t

b a s e , t h e c u p s t o n e b e i n g a n o t h e r o n e ; i n f a c t t h e y a r e on t h e s a m e N . W. —S. E . axis.

diagonal

A t a s h o r t d i s t a n c e s o u t h o f B w a s an o b l o n g p i t (10 c m . a c r o s s and 8 c m . deep)

b a b l y for a n o t h e r s u b s i d i a r y

pro-

post.

A t a s h o r t d i s t a n c e w e s t o f B w a s t h e h e a r t h , w h i c h w a s f o u n d d e s t r o y e d , a n d of only the central

s

pit where the f i r e w a s made was t r a c e a b l e .

It w a s 20 c m .

which

across.

In t h e l a y e r b e t w e e n t h i s f l o o r a n d t h e f o l l o w i n g o n e a n u m b e r o f s h e r d s ( 7 9 2 ) w e r e

col-

I ected. F/oor

III

w a s of y e l l o w

mud but s h o w e d e v e r y w h e r e t r a c e s of f i r e e v i d e n t l y due to the

c o n f l a g r a t i o n w h i c h destroyed the house. p o s e d p o s t ba se ( B ) w a s not v i s i b l e ,

T h e c u p s t o n e c o n t i n u e d to be u s e d b u t t h e

w h i c h c o u l d mean t h a t it w a s n e v e r u s e d as

sup-

such.

A b o u t 1 m. n o r t h w e s t of t h e d o o r s t e p w a s a r o u n d p i t ( E ) 6 5 c m . a c r o s s a n d 2 0 c m .

deep

in w h i c h a f e w f r a g m e n t s o f p o t t e r y ( 7 8 8 ) , a p e s t l e ( 7 8 6 ) , a n d a g r i n d e r ( 7 8 7 ) , a s w e l l a s a few stones, were lying

in situ.

T h e f i l l i n g of t h e p i t c o n s i s t e d of d e b r i s , m o s t l y

p o s e d mud a n d c arbon i zed m a t e r i a l

s i m i l a r to t h e o t h e r d e b r i s f i l l i n g t h e h o u s e .

decomNear the

s o u t h w a l l w a s a q u e r n 2 5 c m . l o n g a n d 16 c m . w i d e b u t in a s t a t e o f d e c a y d u e t o

contact

w i t h f i r e , perhaps d u r i n g the c o n f l a g r a t i o n .

stone

N o r t h e a s t of t h e p i t w a s a f r a g m e n t a r y

tray ( 7 8 9 ) , a n o t h e r f r a g m e n t o f w h i c h was f o u n d a t a s h o r t d i s t a n c e w e s t of the In t h e c a r b o n i z e d l a y e r o v e r l y i n g ous sherds (793, 795, 796), t w o c e l t s

F l o o r III t h e f o l l o w i n g o b j e c t s were c o l l e c t e d : (794, 797), and a grinder (798).

o v e r l y i n g the c a r b o n i z e d layer y i e l d e d a number of sherds HOUSE P ! s.

POSITION:

pit.

14a,

15b,

vari-

The demolition

layer

(799).

40 and

55b

T h i s h o u s e l i e s i n s q u a r e s J —M 8—9 a l o n g t h e n o r t h e d g e o f t h e

plateau.

O n l y the south part of it has been l a i d bare, the north part l y i n g under the ' ' r e t a i n i n g

wall."

H o w e v e r , j u d g i n g f r o m t h e o t h e r h o u s e s a l o n g t h e s a m e e d g e , i. e . H o u s e s 2 9 , 3 8 , a n d 39, w h i c h a p p e a r t o b e l o n g t o t h e s a m e c o m p l e x , w e m a y a s s u m e t h a t t h e n o r t h p a r t of t h e house was destroyed

in t h e d i s a s t e r w h i c h p u t a n e n d t o P h a s e

the s u b s i d e n c e o f the n o r t h e d g e and sfopes of the p l a t e a u .

III and p r e s u m a b l y

caused

It w a s t h e n c o v e r e d by t h e

re-

t a i n i n g w a l I. S TR A T I G R A P H I C A L

EVIDENCE:

T h i s a p p e a rs on S e c t i o n A - A

c u s s e d in c o n n e c t i o n w i t h H o u s e s 27 and 29.

4 0 b e l o n g s to P h a s e I, as do a l l t h e h o u s e s o f t h e ARCHITECTURAL

DESCRIPTION:

(PI.

(PI.

14b) already

It e m e r g e d f r o m t h a t d i s c u s s i o n t h a t

15b).

dis-

House

complex. In

vi ew

of

the

f ac t th at

th e hou se

f o r m s p a r t o f a c o m p l e x o f f o u r h o u s e s a n d t h a t in i t s e r e c t i o n u s e w a s m a d e o f t h e e a s t w a l l of H o u s e 2 9 , t h e g r o u n d p l a n w a s r o u g h l y h o r s e - s h o e

shaped.

However since only

the

s o u t h p o r t i o n of t h e h o u s e has b e e n l a i d bare t h e r e c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e p l a n b e c o m e s

diffi-

cult.

curve

The south wall

is s o m e w h a t

s t r a i g h t but s h o w s on the e a s t a sharp n o r t h w a r d s

EXCAVATED

REMAINS:

AREA

V,

PHASE

17

I

t h e w h o l e g i v i n g t h e i m p r e s s i o n of a n e l o n g a t e d , r o u g h l y r e c t a n g u l a r p l a n w i t h r o u n d e d angles.

T h e w a l l i s 55 cm. t h i c k and 80 c m . h i g h a n d i s b u i l t m a i n l y of s m a l l

A d o o r w a y a p p e a r s on t h e s o u t h .

stones.

It i s 1 . 7 0 m. in w i d t h b u t a l o n g t h e e a s t i n n e r h a l f o f

t h e o p e n i n g t h e m u d t h i c k n e s s r e d u c e s t h e a c t u a l d o o r w a y to 8 0 c m . of the o p e n i n g w a s t h e a c t u a l d o o r w a y i s s u g g e s t e d

That this western

part

by the p r e s e n c e of a s t e p f o l l o w e d by a

s e c o n d low s t e p of m u d , s h a p e d on t h e f l o o r i n s i d e t h e d o o r w a y .

T h e o u t e r s i d e of t h e d o o r -

w a y i s b o u n d e d b y a row o f s t o n e s w h i c h form a p r o t e c t i v e c u r b a l o n g t h e t h r e s h o l d . O n l y o n e f l o o r w a s e n c o u n t e r e d , a n d i t s n u m b e r in t h e s t r a t i g r a ph i c a I s e q u e n c e i s

III;

F l o o r s II a n d I b e l o n g e d to H o u s e 2 7 a n d r e s t e d o n t h e r e m a i n s o f H o u s e 4 0 . Floor

III

(PI.

1 5 b ) w a s o f y e l l o w i s h m u d but s h o w e d t r a c e s of f i r e e v e r y w h e r e .

Evi-

d e n c e for the s u p p o r t of t h e s u p e r s t r u c t u r e c o m e s from a c u p s t o n e e m b e d d e d in t h e f l o o r on t h e a x i s r u n n i n g t h r o u g h t h e w e s t e r n p a r t of the d o o r w a y . a c r o s s a n d the d e p r e s s i o n

w a s 13 c m . a c r o s s a n d

T h e e a s t p a r t o f the f l o o r w a s e n c l o s e d thick.

T h e c u p s t o n e m e a s u r e d 30 c m .

10 c m . in d e p t h .

b y a c u r v e d s t o n e w a l l , 9 0 c m . h i g h a n d 40 c m .

N o e v i d e n c e r e g a r d i n g t h e u s e o f the e n c l o s e d a r e a w a s b r o u g h t to l i g h t .

In t h e w e s t

p a r t o f the f l o o r a d e p r e s s i o n 8 0 c m . a c r o s s w a s l a i d b a r e , i t s s i d e s b e i n g b u i l t of

stones.

T h e d e p t h w a s 20 c m . a n d t h e f i l l i n g c o n s i s t e d of d e c o m p o s e d m u d of t h e s a m e q u a l i t y t h a t f i l l i n g t h e w h o l e of t h e

as

house.

A n u m b e r of s h e r d s ( 8 1 4 ) w e r e t h e o n l y f i n d s c o l l e c t e d on t h e f l o o r . FINDS

190.

Triangular and

191.

celt,

polished

Combed bands

ware: 1 jug

fragments,

605. 606.

fragment,

Grinder,

an o b l o n g by

Grinder,

on o v a l - s h a p e d

Two

flakes

flaking

pebble

pecking, 9.5 cm.

band

3 from

with one

(PI.

of brown

L.

pebble

ring flat

12.5 cm.

with

Combed on the

ware: inside

flint,

L.

4.2,

ple w a v y bands ment

bands

jugs

(c).

on t h e o u t s i d e , (made

tangles

up

Coarse

with

Perforated central

2 37. 602.

holes

Limestone Combed broad

disc

of

ware:

vertical

2 from ware:

|ugs.

2

limestone, encircled

8 fragments, slightly

it ( c ) .

and multiple

(b).

Red

wavy

Red-on-white

lustrous

ware:

5

1 fragment.

ends,

wavy

2 from

minimum

c flipped areas

combed

ware:

on the i n s i d e bands Bowls

3owl

artificial

on t h e c o n v e x

(d).

multiple bands

fragment

Red-on-white bands

on the other include

with

and brood

1 bowl

parallel

faces;

with

Red

a fragment

bands multi-

multiple

ware:

in r e d p a i n t

(e).

wavy

( b ) , or w i t h 1 jug

wavy frag-

in f i l l e d

lustrous

ware:

rec8

from the rim w i t h part

fragments. ll-lll

thin w i t h i r r e g u l a r l y incompletely

by

|ugs.

narrow

broad and narrow

and converging

and a third one

object

inside

99).

straight

Floor 217.

ground

I - II

1 from a b o w l ,

broad red b a n d

6 from b o w l s ,

spout (f).

on the

the o t h e r c u r v e d ;

(PI.

Surface

cm.

e d - o n - w h i te a n d

side

ware: and

edge.

oil t h e o u t s i d e

bands

bands

(?) t o u c h i n g

flattened

3.5

decorated

from 4 s h e r d s ) ,

(*>) o n o n e

fragments, open

3 fragments, (a);

cutting

5 c rn. ( P 1. 9 4 ) .

99).

Floor 603.

wavy

Coarse

side

curved

L.

straight

with

jugs.

diabase.

twin

broad

29

slightly

visible,

from b o w l s ,

straight

2 from b o w l s ,

L.

butt a n d

from

( a ) , or t r i p l e

shaping diabase,

pointed

scars

3 fragments

on the i n s i d e

ware: 604.

flat with

but few

FROM HOUSE On Floor I

bored.

two h o r i z o n t a l

edges;

two

communicating

D. 6.3 cm, ( P i s .

chipped

91,

103).

rings,

5 from

L.

jugs.

5.5

cm.

3 from

bowls,

bands

p e n d e n t from the rim on the i n s i d e

Bowls

decoroted

with

single

and triple

wavy

of

SOHRA

18

bands

running

obliquely

verging

neor

or

multiple

with

the

base

straight

1 bowl fragment, ground

(h);

from

inside

rim

on

out

(b).

bands

straight

(PI.

the and

(d),

parallel

Combed

ning

of

(c);

Red

ment with

combed slip

1

of

s ion s o f

the

with

on

multiple single

bands

pointed

wavy

(e— g ) . in

bands

straight

con-

band

(c),

Red-on-white

bright

red

on

ware:

white

triple

9

straight

a

jug.

in

except

ware:

(b),

for of

a band

straight

probably

ware:

or

with the

and

The

round

intended spout

of

for

inside 1

jug

combing

include

a

(e). frag-

(f).

bands

on

a single (b),

the

wore:

before

4

including

run-

broad-and-

on

the rim

bowl

6 fragments

rim

bowls

parallel

narrow

bands

wavy

combed

added

jugs.

with

straight

from

paint

from

1 tubular

Coarse

decorated

multiple

pendent

brown

21

a pair

bands

Bowls

with

Red-on-white

bowls,

with

or

and

(d).

dots

surface

jug.

blackened

outside

from

(a)

a

(a),

surface

round

lustrous

from

inside

the

band

from

(c)

inside; but

jugs.

with

Red

impres-

matting.

Combed (bowl)

with with

s

III

bands

Floor 813.

or

wavy

bands

1 from

the

and

outer

Red

1 fragment

the

straight

bands

the

Floor

inside,

fragment

superficially.

ware:

on

fragments,

bowl

surface

on

triple

30

blackening

blackened

multiple

converging

bowls,

horizontally

wavy

ware:

wore:

bonds

rim

with

triple

lustrous

Combed

the

running

decorated with

3 from

straight

from

bands

jug

fragments,

multiple

fragment

601.

4

obliquely

narrow

(a),

decorated

Monograph

76).

ware:

groups

outside

Jugs

or w i t h

or

On 600.

the

Museum

ware: bands.

11 I - b e d r o c k

2 fragments,

1 from

a

Red

ware:

15

lustrous

jug

and

1 from

fragments

a

bowl.

from

Multiple

a spouted

straight

bowl.

or

Coarse

wavy

ware:

2

f ra g m e n t s.

FINDS

FROM

HOUSE

Demolition 8 05,

Combed with (c)

ware:

broad or

6 fragments,

wavy

multiple

wavy

bands

(d).

Red

flint,

Shell, Eight

blades

of

buff-gray

809.

Bone

handle

of

tool:

810.

Threading

811.

Bone

two

being

the

flint,

7.5,

of

bone:

rough

flat;

L.

or

second

at

eye-hole

one

flat,

interior

eye-hole).

hammers tone,

convex;

Combed

ware:

or

broad

wavy

(e),

or

from

with

bowls,

Jugs

ware:

8.5

11

decorated

inside

decorated

fragments,

with

6 from

and

broad

bowls,

out straight

5 from

jugs.

cm.

the

cm.

pecking

a

pebble

due

to

of

12 f r a g m e n t s ,

end

bands

multiple 11

from

inside straight jugs.

and

out

(f) or

Floor

Coarse

9.2 is

(Pis.

near cm.

104,

broad (PI.

105).

end;

one

face

polished,

105).

concave

(this

being

due

to

a

second

III

flint

(?),

flat on

with

one

one

face.

edge L.

straight

18

and

the

cm.

l l l - I V

(a — d ) ;

ware:

L.

limestone,

bowls,

wavy

cm.

105).

hammering

from

8.3

which

(PI.

hard

4

L.

eye-hole

bone.

broad

5.6

end.

curved,

of

near L.

cm.

Floor 802.

Bowls

(a — b ) .

13.5-5

articulation

instrument

destroyed

Pestle

jugs.

three

lustrous

L.

On 785.

2 from

or

cm.

needle:

portly

bowls,

brown

807.

other

from of

808 a —h .

7

of

4

groups

Two

D.

flakes

in

806 a - b .

the

blade

bands

38

layer

8

from

jugs

bands

jugs.

Bowls

decorated (g).

7 fragments

with

Red

decorated broad

lustrous

including

ware:

(h)

with

straight

with

16

straight or w a v y

fragments,

impression

bands 5

of

matti ng. 803.

Lower scars

804.

part from

Unfinished

of

celt

flaking; celt,

a

w ith

convex

onde site . L. flat

river

sides 5

pebble

and

curved

cutting

edge.

Surface

ground

but

showing

cm. showing

flaking

along

part

of

edge

of

one

face,

ande-

E X C A V A T E D REMAINS: AREA V, PHASE I s ite. L . 9

cm. On

790.

Pestle

or h a m m e r s t o n e ,

pecking

along

Grinder L.

10

damaged

by

Floor

a river pebble with

p a r t of t h e e d g e s ;

mering flint; a n d e s i t e . 7 9 1.

L.

15

traces

Combed ware: bands

of t r i p l e b ow I s ,

shaping;

on f a c e s ,

k i d n ey - s h a p ed

probably

due

to

ham-

cm.

fire; elongated

3 fragments,

on the o u t s i d e

in p l a n ,

one

face

flat,the other convex;

andesite.

wavy

bands

2 fro m

2 from b o w l s ,

parallel

Bowl

on the i n s i d e

(b).

Red

decorated

(a);

lustrous

with

multiple

jug d e c o r a t e d

ware:

with

groups

8 fragments, 6

from

jugs.

ware

triple

1 from a jug.

also

or c o n v e r g i n g

F IND S Combed

|V — b e d r o c k

and probably

Demolition with

artificial

(pecking)

cm.

wavy

799.

IV minimum

of u s e

Floor 812.

19

from

wavy

bowls

bonds red

inside,

bands

broad red

(d) from a jug,

bands

brood

with

(b).

combed

multiple

layer

straight and

at right a n g l e s ,

over with

meeting

39

carbonized

Red-on-white

meeting

bands

HOUSE

overlying

decorated

inside

bowl (c), outside

FROM

layer

straight

bands

combed painted

bands.

at a n a n g l e .

Red

inside

ware:

and out (a),

in r e d - b r o w n

Red-on-white

lustrous

or

1 f r a g m e n t from

ware:

on w h i t e ware:

a ground;

1 fragment

7 fragments

from

b ow I s . C o rbo n i z e d 793.

Combed with

ware:

broad

inside

a n d out ( c ) .

Jugs

groups

( e ) , or w i t h

single

multiple

|ugs.

Coarse

wavy

wavy

bands

decorated broad

bands

bowls,

Celt

with

(h).

(?) o u t s i d e

with triple

wavy

bands

Red

11 f r a g m e n t s

one face

jugs.

Bowls

bands

outside

straight by

bands

side

lustrous ware:

from b o w l s

decorated

(d),

or w i t h

( f ) , or w i t h (i) with

sides

double

of q u a d r u p l e single

bands

3 from b o w l s ,

impression

wavy

bands

bonds

twin wavy

10 f r a g m e n t s ,

including

on b o t h

( a ) , or w i t h

( b ) , or w i t h g r o u p s

side

butt r o u n d e d ;

a n d on t h e a r e a of the

Combed ware: with

flat and the other curved;

edge damaged,

edges

single

liquely

inside

band running

vertically

pendent

the rim

from

ple w a v y

bands

ple straight bands bands

( n ) , or w i t h

white and painted

bands

in (g),

7 from

of m a t t i n g

on

ware:

wavy

or l i n e s

fragments

(r).

ware:

from

jugs,

part of m i n i a t u r e

The

1 bowl

bands

combed

ground

latter

highly

inside

(p).

sherd may

polished.

bands

bowls,

Coarse

a n d (u —w) s h e r d s

with

(k),

ware:

from

broad w a v y

Jugs

wavy

two

or

wavy

of

bands wavy

bands (o).

from

lustrous

matting.

(s)

(I),

wavy

band,

and combed including

with

multi-

Red-oninside jugs,

a n d at t h e s i d e

Black

multioblique,

decorated

fragments

circles

50 fragments

impressions

band

of t w o ( i ) , or w i t h

with triple

jugs.

ob-

straight

on the o u t s i d e

to t h e r e d - o n - w h i t e 50

single

or w i t h t w i n

ware:

sides

obliquely

a n d o u t ( e ) , or w i t h

with multiple combed

on b o t h

running

( m ) , or w i t h m u l t i p l e

of c o n c e n t r i c

belong

36 from

with

and out (g).

in g r o u p s

Red-on-white groups

inside

individually

outside

on

on the exterior f u n n i n g

vertically

bands

alternating

bands

or w i t h s i n g l e

bands

running

broad wavy

bands

decorated

alternating

(c),

bands

fragment,

86 f r a g m e n t s ,

bowl

straight

similar

straight bands

b r o a d b o n d on w h i t e

lustrous

Bowls similar

( h ) , or w i t h

c o r a t e d w i t h a brood band (q), or w i t h bands

27 from

and

shaping;

grinding

cm. jugs.

or s i n g l y

artificial

but s h o w i n g

and out (a), or w i t h multiple

but p e r h a p s

with minimum

smooth

12.5

( d ) , or w i t h t w i n w a v y

in p a i r s

bonds

broad

combed

pebble

from t h e rim on t h e i n s i d e

( j ) , or w i t h s i n g l e

wavy

river

naturally

or m u l t i p l e w a v y

(f), or w i t h m u l t i p l e

straight broad

or w i t h t r i p l e

inside

(b), or w i t h

single

inside

combed

ly o n t h e i n s i d e single

36 from b o w l s ,

broad band

from t h e rim a n d

surface

blode- a n d e s i t e . L .

63 fragments,

straight

from t h e rim on the

Red

6 from

and multiple wavy

base.

cutting 795.

multiple

ware:

7 from

inside

inside

the

and

band

bands

or w i t h

794.

13 f r a g m e n t s ,

straight

layer

de-

brood

style. ware: lower

2

SOTIRA

20

796.

Combed

ware:

51

straight

bands

pendent

multiple broad

straight

bonds

groups wavy bands

Jugs

worn • jugs from

7 9 7.

decorated and 49

inside

ones

ones

with with

inside

straight

parallel

rings

Celt,

unfinished, • surface

Grinder

area

on

wavy

Pestle,

smooth

the

ware:

4 from

painted (k).

running

with

jugs.

Bowls,

in r e d o n

Red

25 fragments

groups

including

and

78

e —m

triple wavy

out

wavy

bands

surface

ground

wore:

and

of

multiple

triple

white

lustrous

with

straight

obliquely

inside

( h ) , or

or

with

( d ) , or w i t h bands

multiple

(a),

(b), or

( c ) , or w i t h

wavy

in p a i r s

bowls,

bands

band

(damaged)

with

the o u t s i d e

outside

inside

multiple

combed

face

pebble

; andesite.

circular outline

drop-shaped,

787.

Stone

788.

Combed

L.

grinder,

which

bands

inside

much

(j), or

with

fragments,

with

29

impressions

and out

painted

the

side,

flat f a c e s ; grinding;

ing

bonds

Two

(b, c);

combed chain

and round

14 f r a g m e n t s ,

Combed

from

ware:

white

the

pie

ware:

wavy

band

48

on

bands the

decorated

made

and

(e).

distance

on

L.

32

al p a i n t e d bands from

in

Combed broad

another

combed

combed

(?)

broad

circle

7 from

(q,

ware:

bands

out

single

pecking

in r e d o n inside

straight

on

o

top and

with

bot-

several

multiple

multiple

combed

side

wavy

by

side

fra g m e n t s , w i t h

a single

fragments

on

broad w a v y

of

the o u t s i d e

in

or w a v y

wavy

bowl (f).

(d).

broad band;

with

Red

at

intersect-

lustrous

ware:

and

jugs.

Coarse

ware:

Trial

trench

south

inside

group

with

multiple

wavy

ground

combed

over

ground

ware:

(o, p).

Red

19 f r a g m e n t s

of

broad

and out

single

wavy

or

in

bands with

including

single

wavy

pairs

wavy

from 22

2 fragments

Jugs at

a

bands

bands

(l,m).

Red-

in p a i r s

band

ware:

m u 11 i •

(c — f). bands

combed

2 fragments lustrous

single

straight

narrow

slightly

singly

with

(a), or w i t h

single

(i), or w i t h

but c o m b e d

Red-on-white

on w h i t e

with

broad

in p a i r s

decorated

the o u t s i d e

bands

less

band

groups

white

Bowls on

alternating

bands

fragment (n).

jugs. bands

( g ) , or w i t h

broad

band

painted

slip

decorated

bands

with

ware:

straight

wavy

bands

1 bowl

on the

over

bands

band

(h), or w i t h wavy

wavy

3 1 from

thin

similar

wore:

and

jugs

on

addition-

with

broad

fragments,

with

3 fragments, ware:

inside

and

ware:

7 fragments

(d).

2 from

wavy

Red

lustrous

including

House

a bowl,

bonds

2 fragments

of

1 from

inside

from a b o w l , ware:

(e) w i t h

39:

Layer

a jug.

and out broad

(b);

of

Bowl

parallel

10 f r o g m e n t s ,

impression

A decorated

jug, m u l t i p l e

6 from

matting.

bands

with

stroight

pendent

bowls,

4 from

straight bands

from the jugs.

15

impression

r).

(a), m u l t i p l e

Red-on-white

of

lll-IV

bowls, of

straight

(j), or w i t h

red or b r o w n

of matting

broad

( k ) , or w i t h

and

bowls,

pairs

multiple

and

the o u t s i d e

17 f r o m

and

(b), or w i t h

singly

on-white

inside

single

in g r o u p s

exception

cm.

cm.

inside

combed

with the

11

o u t ( a ) , or w i t h

up from

the s u r f a c e

and

combed

one

jugs.

the o u t s i d e

from o n e

D.

Bowls

and

twin

Red-on-red

on

with

pecked

smoothing;

jugs.

inside

part of jug

5 from

tray,

rim

with

pointed

fragments,

band

on

cm.

2 from

decorated

ground

of rings

dots

of stone

straight

surface andesite.

natural

D. 5

bowls,

Floor

broad

part of t h e e d g e

III

with

andesite.

jugs

9 from b o w l s ,

fragments

Floor

around

cm.

and

3 from

obliquely

in red o n

vertical

7

shows

a river pebble

spherical;

running and

with flaking

L.

cm.

5 fragments,

Red-on-white bands

being

16

almost

ware:

straight bands

801.

with

each other

a tr i a n g ul a r f I a t r i v e r

each

tom; andesite.

792.

straight

decorated

on

bands

the i n s i d e

(e), or

On

789.

on

Bowls

obliquely

wavy

broad

2 from

Coarse

jugs.

the rim o n

bands

touching

jugs.

naturally

of a l m o s t

central

786.

and

(?)

6 fragments,

from

slightly

p e n d e n t from

similar

19 from

or r u n n i n g

and

the rim o u t s i d e

ware:

of c o n c e n t r i c

bowls,

inside

Monographs

matting.

face 798.

the

straight

decorated

bowls

the rim

bands and

and

Red-on-white

groups

on

from

outside

outside

(f, g ) .

of

pendent

32 from

from

bands

of t r i p l e w a v y bands

(i).

fragments,

Museum

(c). rim

Coarse

EXCAVATED

REMAINS:

AREA

Layer 800.

Combed

wore:

straight

or w a v y

wavy

bands

17 f r a g m e n t s , bands

running

running

obliquely

and

(d,

out

combed (i).

Jugs

in g r o u p s

(k,

painted

a neck

from

on

sherd)

bowls,

24

pendent from

obliquely

from

decorated

ware: white or

(g),

the the

ground

¡ugs.

rim

with

single

and

21

II

(b), other

straight

bond

out (¡);

bands

(I).

6 fragments

or w i t h

decorated Red

with two

wavy

similar broad 41

bands inside bands

wavy

bands

bands

straight

ware:

broad

bands

multiple

Bowl,

lustrous

including

wavy

(f), or w i t h

twin

narrower

multiple

multiple

¡ugs.

with

single

(h), or w i t h

2 from

jugs

decorated or w i t h

in

parallel

redbands

fragments,

(m, n) w i t h

17

impressions

matting.

FINDS

FROM On

814.

(a),

and out

a bowl,

(?) b a n d s

Bowls

and out

straight

1 from

ware:

I AND

or w i t h

(c),

broad

triple

wavy

Coarse

out

and

¡ugs.

inside inside

and

inside

7 from

rim

inside or w i t h

PHASES

B

bowls,

3 fragments,

straight

from

from

t h e rim

of three

Red-on-white

brown

of

e).

10 f r o m

V,

Combed

ware:

band

on

the outside;

from

t r o u g h - s h ap e d

tal

bands

on

4 fragments, ¡ugs, spout

light ground

HOUSE

Floor

1 from a bowl, multiple

of

bowl,

(d).

Red

3 from

straight outside

1

AND Pis.

POSITION:

(PI.

8)

t i o n on the p l a t e a u .

and

narrow

Red-on-white

inside

9 fragments,

straight ware:

red-on-white

(a),

5 from b o w l s ,

vertical 1 fragment horizon-

4 from

¡ugs.

II

ASSOCIATED 1 7

Bowl,

(b — d ) .

lustrous,

ware:

PHASE

HOUSE

a ¡ug.

bands

red

lustrous

40

III

REMAINS

39

T h i s h o u s e c o v e r s s q u a r e s l - M 2 0 - 2 3 and o c c u p i e s a c e n t r a l

posi-

S t r u c t u r a l l y it is t h e m o s t s o l i d l y b u i l t o f a l l the h o u s e s , a f a c t w h i c h ,

c o u p l e d w i t h i t s p r i v i l e g e d p o s i t i o n , r e n d e r s t h i s h o u s e one of t h e most p r o m i n e n t in the whole

layout.

STRATIGRAPHICAL

EVIDENCE:

T h i s i s seen on S e c t i o n A - A ( P I . 17) w h i c h r u n s

t h r o u g h t h e s h o r t a x i s of the h o u s e in a n o r t h - s o u t h d i r e c t i o n .

On top of t h e b e d r o c k , t h e

s u r f a c e of w h i c h is u n e v e n and shows s e v e r a l p i t s , t h e r e is a l a y e r o f red s o i l o f u n e q u a l thickness. was b u i l t .

T h i s may be c o n s i d e r e d as t h e o r i g i n a l s u r f a c e of t h e ground on w h i c h the h o u s e T h e s t o n e w a l l on e i t h e r s i d e r e s t s on t h i s s o i l , b u t w i t h an i n t e r m e d i a r y t h i n

c o u r s e of w h i t i s h c l a y , e v i d e n t l y i n t r o d u c e d to p r o v i d e a f i r m s u r f a c e on w h i c h to b u i l d the wall.

F o l l o w i n g t h i s o p e r a t i o n a l a y e r of w h i t e c l a y c o n t a i n i n g v e i n s of a s h e s w a s p a c k e d

i n the i n t e r i o r of the h o u s e , f i l l i n g t h e i n e q u a l i t i e s of t h e red s o i l and p r o v i d i n g a hard l e v e l s u r f a c e on w h i c h the o r i g i n a l f l o o r ( I I I ) w a s made. t h e f o l l o w i n g one

(II)

c o n s i s t s of g r a y i s h s o i l w h i c h may be e x p l a i n e d as the r e s u l t of n a t -

u r a l a c c u m u l a t i o n d u e to t h e u s e of F l o o r I I I . floor (I) c o n t a i n e d a few T h e s u r f a c e of F l o o r ing-up

T h e l a y e r b e t w e e n t h i s f l o o r and

T h e l a y e r b e t w e e n F l o o r II and t h e t o p m o s t

s t o n e s and a s h e s , s u g g e s t i n g t h a t some d e s t r u c t i o n had o c c u r r e d .

I , w h i c h g a v e the i m p r e s s i o n of b e i n g the r e s u l t of t i d y i n g and l e v e l -

of d e b r i s , c o r r o b o r a t e s t h e same o b s e r v a t i o n made in m a n y o t h e r h o u s e s (e. g. t h e

a d j o i n i n g H o u s e 5 ) , w h e r e , m o r e o v e r , t h e l a y e r from t h e d e m o l i t i o n w a s g e n e r a l l y

thicker.

R e s t i n g on F l o o r I, e s p e c i a l l y in the n o r t h e r n part o f t h e h o u s e , is a t h i c k l a y e r of l i m e s t o n e b o u l d e r s e v i d e n t l y c o l l a p s e d from the n o r t h w a l l a f t e r the h o u s e w a s a b a n d o n e d . S e c t i o n B - B ( P I . 17) is the e x t e n s i o n n o r t h w a r d o f the p r e v i o u s one and c o n n e c t s the p r e s e n t h o u s e w i t h H o u s e 5.

Here the b e d r o c k is a l s o u n e v e n and is c o v e r e d by the same

r e d s o i l as i n s i d e t h e h o u s e .

T h e n o r t h w a l l of H o u s e 1 r e s t s on t h e same w h i t e c l a y

22

SOHRA

Museum

c o u r s e a l r e a d y o b s e r v e d , b u t t h e s u r f a c e of t h e r e d s o i l seems to penetrate

of w h i t i s h mud m i x e d w i t h a s h e s o v e r l i e s the red s o i l t h e w a l l of H o u s e

1.

suggesting

On S e c t i o n C - C

(PI.

i l l u s t r a t e s the

clearly

later than the placing

at the p o i n t where

layers between

it c o m e s from burnt mud w a l l s

The

layer containing

floor (III).

A s i m i l a r but more s e v e r e c o n f l a g r a t i o n

t h e p r e v i o u s l y d e s t r o y e d h o u s e s or i n t h e i r n e i g h b o r h o o d , is an i m p o r t a n t

landmark

The above stratigraphical

evidence

shows

DESCRIPTION:

t a n g u l a r w i t h the longer a x i s

therefore

orientation offered the best c o n d i t i o n s protected the inhabitants more a d v a n t a g e

that

east-west,

a second

House

17, 39)

the on first

being

in H o u s e to

1.

Phase

I.

is a p p r o x i m a t e l y looking

rec-

south.

This

in w i n t e r , a n d

range.

It h a d

also

one

command-

Cyprus.

T h e n o r t h and s o u t h wal Is are a l m o s t p a r a l l e l

but t h e e a s t and w e s t w a l l s

shorter than the north.

follow a slightly

the ones

there-

landmark

in t h a t t h e p e r s o n c o m i n g o u t o f t h e m a i n d o o r f a c e d a w i d e a n d

s t r a i g h t , but in many p a r t s

in

This

1 belongs

and the main façade

from t h e north w ind c o m i n g from t h e T r o o d o s

what to the south, making the south w a l l

under-

m o s t of

case.

m a r k e d t h e e n d of P h a s e

in r e l a t i o n to t h e s u n , e s p e c i a l l y

ing v i e w of the sea and the s o u t h c o a s t of

1 is

were built, either

as in t h e p r e s e n t

The ground plan ( P i s .

oriented

It a p p e a r s

II, a c o l l a p s e a l s o e v i d e n c e d

II, b e i n g s u b s e q u e n t to the f i r s t c o n f l a g r a t i o n w h i c h ARCHITECTURAL

brush-

and new

which destroyed

in t h e h i s t o r y of t h e s e t t l e m e n t ,

the c o l l a p s e of s e v e r a l h o u s e s a t t h e t i m e of F l o o r

to

layer

has been n o t i c e d

houses b u i l t on the p l a t e a u and that f o l l o w i n g the d i s a s t e r new h o u s e s

disaster

used

in t h i s

were burnt down

I there occurred a severe conflagration,

lysoil

i n t e r i o r of t h e h o u s e

w e r e b u i l t on t h e i r r u i n s ; e . g . , 14 b u i l t o n 3 7 , a n d 15 o n 3 6 ( s e e p . 9 1 ) . Phase

t h e red

and f r o m a l i g h t r o o f e v i d e n t l y of

n o r t h w e s t p a r t of A r e a V w h e r e h o u s e s r e s t i n g on t h e b e d r o c k

fore that during

1 and House 9

clay and ashes w a s

in the

lay-

trench.

House

p r e s e n c e of a s h e s

mud and a s h e s

of

against

T h a t this c o n f l a g r a t i o n occurred before the e r e c t i o n of House

p r o v e d by t h e f a c t t h a t t h e lies the o r i g i n a l

lumps

of t h i s

it a b u t s

l a y e r of a s h e s a n d l u m p s of c l a y o v e r l y i n g

It t h e r e f o r e a p p e a r s t h a t a l a y e r of l u m p s o f w h i t e

indicates that

which

of

layer and a b u t s on the north face

in i t s c o n s i s t e n c y

l e v e l up the area both i n s i d e a n d o u t s i d e the h o u s e .

w o o d d e s t r o y e d by f i r e .

l a y e r of a s h e s

layer consisting

d i s t u r b a n c e by the c u t t i n g of a f o u n d a t i o n 17) w h i c h

ing s o u t h of i t , w e n o t i c e a s i m i l a r of the r o c k .

A thick

T h e s o u t h w a l l of H o u s e 5 w a s b u i l t

er, a f a c t e v i d e n c e d by the d i f f e r e n c e that w a l l , thus

shows a thin

u n d e r s o m e of the s t o n e s of t h e w a l l .

Monographs

wavy

The walls

converge

are not

line; the a n g l e s are rounded

some-

entirely

inside

and

out. T h e s t o n e w a l l 52 c m . t h i c k , w h i c h f o r m e d t h e f o u n d a t i o n

for the

superstructure,

is

built

of l i m e s t o n e b o u l d e r s a n d i s p r e s e r v e d t o a h e i g h t o f 5 4 c m . o n t h e n o r t h , 4 2 c m . o n t h e 26 cm. on the s o u t h ( a n d 25—20 cm. on the e a s t . outside and i n s i d e

T h e larger b o u l d e r s are p l a c e d along

lines of the w a l l , the i n t e r s p a c e s

is o n l y g e n e r a l l y a p p l i e d ,

being filled with pebbles.

larger boulders being sometimes

placed

This

in i n t e r s p a c e s ,

placed along the inside and o u t s i d e

l i n e s of the w a l l are very

T h e face of t h e w a l l

seen on the i n s i d e of the n o r t h s e c t o r

shows that the courses

were not bedded h o r i z o n t a l l y .

T h e b u i l d i n g of t h e w a l l

is c o n t i n u o u s

w h i c h as a l r e a d y m e n t i o n e d are r o u n d e d ; t h u s t h e d i f f i c u l t the a n g l e s was o v e r c o m e . or o v a l h o u s e s ,

Surely

such methods

e x a m p l e s of w h i c h o c c u r at

the

w i t h b u i l d i n g of

the

unequal. of

boulders

angles,

p r o b l e m of b o n d i n g t h e w a l l s

show a c q u a i n t a n c e

at

circular

Sotira.

T h e south f a c a d e of the house w a s p r o v i d e d w i t h a It w a s f o r m e d of t w o s t r a i g h t w a l l s

including

method

while

s i z e s of t h e b o u l d e r s

west,

the

p o r c h b u i l t at t h e t i m e of F l o o r

meeting the south wal I of the house at right angles

II. at

EXCAVATED

REMAINS:

AREA

V,

PHASE

II

23

p o i n t s not d i s t a n t from the s o u t h e a s t and s o u t h w e s t a n g l e s . T h e length of the w e s t w a l l i s one meter; of the e a s t w a l l , 1.41 m.; the t h i c k n e s s , 4 5 - 5 2 c m . ; and e a c h w a l l is now comp o s e d of a s i n g l e c o u r s e . E v i d e n t l y t h e s e w a l l s were meant to support a l i g h t roof s h e l t e r ing the s p a c e in front of the main d o o r w a y of the h o u s e , a l t h o u g h no t r a c e of the e n t r a n c e h a s been o b s e r v e d , e v i d e n t l y b e c a u s e the t h r e s h o l d w a s s h a p e d in the mud part o v e r l y i n g the stone f o u n d a t i o n , w h i c h h a s now d i s a p p e a r e d . T h e d i s t a n c e between the two w a l l s is a l m o s t 4 m. w h i c h g i v e s the width of the p o r c h . T h e r e w a s near the w e s t w a l l a t r i a n g u l a r s l a b 72 c m . long a n d 56 cm. w i d e w i t h the upper s u r f a c e s l i g h t l y h o l l o w e d and w i t h a round d e p r e s s i o n ( 1 0 c m . in d i a m e t e r ) w h i c h p r o b a b l y r e c e i v e d a v e r t i c a l post s u p p o r t i n g the roof of the p o r c h . A n o t h e r s i m i l a r s u p p o r t , in the same a x i s , w a s i n c o r p o r a t e d in the e a s t w a l l , its p o s i t i o n b e i n g s e e n in a round g a p 17 cm. in d i a m e t e r , o b s e r v e d in t h i s w a l l . It is p o s s i b l e that the roof of the p o r c h e x t e n d e d s o u t h w a r d , a p o s s i b i l i t y s u g g e s t e d by a r e c t a n g u l a r c u p s t o n e a n d by a c u p s t o n e and p o s t - h o l e , r e s p e c t i v e l y 2 . 5 0 m. and 3 m. south of the w a l l of the h o u s e . A p p r o x i m a t e l y c o i n c i d i n g w i t h the e r e c t i o n of the p o r c h , two a n n e x e s ( 1 A and 6) were b u i l t in the a r e a north of the m a i n h o u s e . A n n e x 1A w a s a l m o s t h o r s e - s h o e s h a p e d , its w e s t w a l l m e e t i n g the north w a l l of the main h o u s e at right a n g l e s , w h i l e the e a s t w a l l w a s shorter, a l l o w i n g for an o p e n i n g or d o o r w a y . T h e w a l l of the a n n e x is b u i l t of a c o u r s e of l i m e s t o n e b o u l d e r s and mud and is a p p r o x i m a t e l y 50 cm. t h i c k . It is not c e r t a i n that A n n e x 6 b e l o n g e d to H o u s e 1, a s it l i e s in the s p a c e between t h i s h o u s e and H o u s e s 7 and 9 a n d its w a l l a b u t s on the e a s t w a l l of the latter. T h e ground p l a n of t h i s a n n e x i s that of a s e g m e n t of a c i r c l e and its w a l l (25 — 40 c m . t h i c k ) i s c u r v e d , its e a s t end r e m a i n i n g 7 5 cm. short of the n o r t h w e s t w a l l . T h e r e is e v i d e n c e that w h i l e A n n e x 1A w a s a w o r k s h o p , A n n e x 6 w a s p e r h a p s a k i t c h e n . T h r e e s u c c e s s i v e f l o o r s , I —III, w e r e e n c o u n t e r e d in the main h o u s e , F l o o r III being the e a r l i e s t ( s e e P I . 17). In the l a y e r between F l o o r I I I and the bedrock a number of s h e r d s of v a r i o u s w a r e s w e r e c o l l e c t e d (669) ( P I . 8 3 ) . Floor III ( P i s . 17 and 3 9 c ) w a s c o m p o s e d of mud of g r a y - w h i t e c o l o r w i t h parts of y e l l o w - w h i t e or red s o i l . S t r u c t u r a l l y the main f e a t u r e on the floor is a c u p s t o n e ( A ) r e s t i n g on the f l o o r and w e d g e d w i t h s m a l l s t o n e s a l o n g m u c h of its o u t l i n e . It m e a s u r e s 62 c m . in l e n g t h , 50 cm. in w i d t h , and 10 cm. in t h i c k n e s s . In its upper f a c e it h a s a c i r c u l a r d e p r e s s i o n (diameter 25 c m . ) w h i c h must h a v e r e c e i v e d a w o o d e n p o s t . T h i s c u p s t o n e is on the same e a s t —west a x i s with two p o s t - h o l e s s i t u a t e d near the interior f a c e of the w a l l ( D , d i a m e t e r 21 and depth 8 c m . , L , d i a m e t e r 33 cm. at t h e t o p and 13 cm. at the bottom where it is l i n e d w i t h p e b b l e s ) . We h a v e t h e r e f o r e a l i n e of roof s u p p o r t s on the e a s t - w e s t ( l o n g ) a x i s of the h o u s e but 80 cm. south of the c e n t r a l a x i s . A t a d i s t a n c e of 1.20 m. n o r t h e a s t of c u p s t o n e A , is a d e p r e s s i o n ( G ) 31 cm. a c r o s s , w i t h a l i m e s t o n e s l a b at the bottom and other s m a l l e r s l a b s a l l a r o u n d , set on e d g e a n d sloping somewhat downwards. West of it is a f l a t l i m e s t o n e s l a b (26 cm. l o n g , 21 cm. w i d e ) w i t h a round d e p r e s s i o n on the u p p e r f a c e ( E ) . It is tempting to c o n s i d e r the d e p r e s s i o n G a s another m a i n p o s t - h o l e a l m o s t at the c e n t r a l a x i s of the h o u s e but a g a i n not at the c e n t e r . E may be a b a s e for a minor s u p p o r t . S u c h minor s u p p o r t s e x i s t e d in v a r i o u s parts of the floor and are e v i d e n c e d by h o l e s ; e . g . ( I ) near the n o r t h e a s t w a l l (diameter 26 c m . and d e p t h 14 c m . ) ; near the n o r t h w e s t c o r n e r , three p o s t - h o l e s ; and at a short d i s t a n c e south of p o s t h o l e D n e a r the e a s t w a l l , a n o t h e r p o s t - h o l e ( C ) ; near a quern ( Q ) , a h o l e w i t h diameter of

SOTIRA

24

2 6 c m . a n d d e p t h of 8 c m .

It a p p e a r s t h e r e f o r e

Museum

that the roof was

posts ( A , D, L ) s t a n d i n g 80 cm. s o u t h of the c e n t r a l s t a n d i n g free or near t h e s t o n e Daily (N).

life

small

by the

hearth, which

is t h e a c t u a l

a c r o s s a n d 10 c m . d e e p , f i l l e d w i t h c a r b o n i z e d of f i r e w e r e f o u n d .

These

84 cm.

II.

Being

life was also

illustrated

by t h e

pebbles and

On i t s s o u t h s i d e ,

at

some p e b b l e s

stone was

paved with

in v a r i o u s

keeping

it may

parts of the

depression

w i t h mud and p e b b l e s ,

may have

circular

sides

in its upper

b e e n u s e d as the g r i n d e r ' s

In a r o u n d p i t ( M ) n e a r t h e w e s t w a l l ly b l a d e s , and a f e w a n d e s i t e

area K s o u t h w e s t

t h e r e w e r e in situ

floor. the

in d e p t h ) w i t h a q u e r n seats

Near the north w a l l

in d e p t h ) , i t s

for g r i n d i n g g r a i n w h i c h w a s t h e n s t o r e d The

of

well

Near

lined with

is

face.

in t h e p i t ;

(60

during

another

mud-mortar.

partly o v e r l a p p i n g the i n t e r i o r of the p i t , we f o u n d a s a n d s t o n e

used

mak-

limestone

it in p o s i t i o n .

slabs may have been used as

in p l a n ( 1 0 0 x 6 6 c m . ; 25 c m .

Q is n o t far from the p i t .

clay

skins.

s i d e ; near the quern a few

x 46 cm. and 25 cm. t h i c k ) w i t h a c i r c u l a r this

l u m p s of

p r o b a b l y at t h e t i m e of

m.(maximum)across,

w h i l e the pit p r o b a b l y r e c e i v e d the ground g r a i n .

pit (J), semicircular

cm.

which originally formed a

n o r t h e a s t c o r n e r ( H ) w a s a n o b l o n g p i t ( 7 7 x 5 0 c m . , a n d 10 c m . grinding,

d e p r e s s i o n 50

floor

and

1 . 1 0 m. in l e n g t h w i t h a m a x i m u m w i d t h

p r e s e n c e of q u e r n s

A t Q t h e r e w a s a q u e r n ( 54 x 37 c m . ) w i t h x 30 c m . ) on i t s e a s t

part of t h e

so n e a r t h e h e a r t h a n d a d j o i n i n g t h e s o u t h w a l l ,

h a v e b e e n u s e d a s a s e a t c o v e r e d w i t h m a t s or Daily

three

supports

h i g h , b u i l t of mud

fireplace, a circular

into the depression,

S o u t h e a s t of the h e a r t h is an a r e a 1.05 slabs.

in t h e s o u t h w e s t

m a t t e r on w h i c h

T h e w h o l e of the h e a r t h m e a s u r e s

or c o n g l o m e r a t e

lies

appear to be m a t e r i a l s

curb for the f i r e p l a c e a n d w e r e later t h r o w n ing F l o o r

a x i s a n d by o t h e r

raised platform 70 cm. a c r o s s and 9 cm.

s t o n e s ; at the s o u t h e a s t end

bearing traces

s u p p o r t e d by a line of

wall.

is i l l u s t r a t e d f i r s t

It is a l o w , s l i g h t l y

east-west

Monographs

slab

(60

It is p o s s i b l e

that

in f a c t , t h e

of the p i t ( 5 0 c m .

quern

across),

paved

seat. seven f l a k e s of f l i n t (239),

most-

river pebbles evidently

b r o u g h t t h e r e t o be s h a p e d as

chisels.

Other f l i n t implements were found near the w e s t w a l l

(240) and not far a w a y a s m a l l

celt

(241).

Northwest P

of t h e p a v e d a r e a a f r a g m e n t a r y

and in

pit

ment.

E a s t of c u p s t o n e A , a n u m b e r of s h e r d s

of c o m b e d

a part of a d e e r ' s a n t l e r

ware and a fragment

floor (244).

Other o b j e c t s

Floor

II

(Pis.

(243) probably

of a tubular its antler

17 a n d 3 9 b ) :

The

is on an a v e r a g e

10 c m . i n t h i c k n e s s

ral a c c u m u l a t i o n

on Floor

III.

haft

T h e new floor, w h i c h the previous western walls

found,

imple-

f r o m ¡ug

bases

a part of a d e e r ' s antler

the

(306), a shell

(784). floor and the p r e s e n t

one

c o l o r , e v i d e n t l y t h e r e s u l t of

natu-

It c o n t a i n e d a n u m b e r of s h e r d s ( 3 0 8 , 3 1 0 ) , s t o n e and

flint

to e x i s t . T h e Similarly

stone pendant (315), and two s h e l l s rammed

soil and was b l a c k e n e d The

side post-holes

main

supports

which were

s o m e of t h e p o s t - h o l e s

of t h e h o u s e d o n o t a p p e a r .

b y f i r e in

on t h e p r e s e n t

in l i n e w i t h

on

support north-

if t h e s e p i t s n e a r

the

which

f l o o r on w h i c h t h e y

floor two new

p o s t s ( R , S) i n t h e n o r t h p a r t a n d a t h i r d o n e ( V ) i n t h e s o u t h e a s t

many

( A , G) s e e n

t h e y r e c e i v e d t h i n p o s t s t h e p l a c e of

f l o o r as on the o r i g i n a l

On t h e o t h e r h a n d , w e o b s e r v e

(316).

along the north and

It is to be a s s u m e d t h a t

interpreted as p o s t - h o l e s ,

m a y n o t be a s c l e a r l y o b s e r v a b l e o n t h i s first erected.

were

layer between the previous

was of y e l l o w i s h

floor continued

w a l l s are c o r r e c t l y

u s e d as t h e h a n d l e of a s t o n e

structural and other re-arrangements.

A do n o t a p p e a r on t h i s f l o o r .

bowl (242) was

including two fragments

a n d is of g r a y i s h

i m p l e m e n t s ( 3 0 9 , 31 1 - 3 1 4 ) , a f r a g m e n t a r y

parts, s h o w s both

(B),

limestone

s p o u t of red l u s t r o u s b o w l , w e r e g r o u p e d on

f o u n d on the f l o o r

(307), and a stone c h i s e l w i t h

miniature

were

freestanding

c o r n e r of t h e f l o o r .

The

EXCAVATED

REMAINS:

AREA

V,

PHASE

25

II

d i a m e t e r of t h e s e p o s t - h o l e s i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 10 c m . a n d t h e y a l l w e r e p r o v i d e d w i t h s m a l l s t o n e s or p e b b l e s p l a c e d round the p o s t . It is t h e r e f o r e p o s s i b l e that new s u p p o r t s w e r e e r e c t e d w h i l e o t h e r s e i t h e r s t i l l s t o o d or w e r e d i s p e n s e d w i t h . It is to be o b s e r v e d that in the c o u r s e of the l i f e of t h e s e s t r u c t u r e s s u b s i d i a r y s u p p o r t s may h a v e been p r o v i d e d w h e r e roof b e a m s s h o w e d w e a k n e s s due to i n c r e a s e d w e i g h t from the r o o f . On the other h a n d , it is p o s s i b l e t h a t w i t h the m a k i n g of a new f l o o r o p p o r t u n i t y w a s t a k e n to r e m o v e a n y d e f e c t s of the roof a n d , w i t h t h e s e , s u b s i d i a r y s u p p o r t s w h i c h w e r e not n e c e s s a r y a n y l o n g e r . Of the h e a r t h ( N ) of the p r e v i o u s f l o o r , the c i r c u l a r pit c o n t i n u e d to be in u s e , the low platform c o n n e c t e d w i t h it on F l o o r I I I h a v i n g been c o v e r e d by the new f l o o r . T h e p l a t f o r m of s l a b s s o u t h e a s t of t h e h e a r t h on F l o o r I I I w a s o b l i t e r a t e d , and i n s t e a d a new one ( T ) , 1 m. a c r o s s , w a s b u i l t at a s h o r t d i s t a n c e to the s o u t h w e s t , w i t h s m a l l e r s l a b s among w h i c h w a s a q u e r n . T h u s the c o r n e r d e v o t e d to the h e a r t h on the p r e v i o u s floor c o n t i n u e d to be u s e d for the s a m e p u r p o s e , a l t h o u g h it w a s s o m e w h a t a l t e r e d . G r i n d i n g c o n t i n u e d in t h e s a m e p a r t s of the f l o o r a s p r e v i o u s l y . T h u s the quern at H w a s s t i l l in u s e but the pit a s s o c i a t e d w i t h it w a s f i l l e d . A t a short d i s t a n c e to the north a s t o n e p e s t l e w a s l y i n g on t h e f l o o r . T h e quern a t Q of t h e p r e v i o u s f l o o r w a s a l s o s t i l l in u s e but the p i t w a s f i l l e d ( J ) and the g r i n d s t o n e n e a r it c o v e r e d . A r e a K in the northw e s t part of the h o u s e c o n t i n u e d to be u s e d . A p a r t from e x i s t i n g f e a t u r e s of d o m e s t i c c h a r a c t e r new o n e s w e r e e s t a b l i s h e d : in the s o u t h e a s t c o r n e r of the h o u s e a f r a g m e n t a r y s t o n e t r a y ( d i a m e t e r 35 c m . ) w a s p l a c e d in the f l o o r w i t h s t o n e f a s t e n i n g s a l l round ( U ) , w h i l e a n u m b e r of s l a b s w e r e p l a c e d on the f l o o r not far from the e a s t w a l l ( X ) . B e t w e e n p o s t - h o l e s R a n d S a c u b e of mud (W) (30 x 27 c m . and 17 c m . in h e i g h t ) w a s p l a c e d on the f l o o r . I t s u s e i s o b s c u r e but it may h a v e s e r v e d as a seat. A f r a g m e n t a r y m i n i a t u r e s t o n e c h i s e l ( 8 ) , a c e l t ( 5 8 ) , a n d three f l i n t b l a d e s w e r e found on v a r i o u s p a r t s of the f l o o r .

(59-61)

Floor I ( P i s . 17 a n d 3 9 a ) : T h e l a y e r b e t w e e n the p r e c e d i n g f l o o r and the p r e s e n t one w a s on an a v e r a g e 10 — 12 c m . , but the n u m b e r of b o u l d e r s on F l o o r I, or in m a n y c a s e s p e n e t r a t i n g into the l a y e r b e t w e e n t h i s f l o o r a n d F l o o r I I , a s w e l l a s the g e n e r a l u n t i d y a p p e a r a n c e of F l o o r I, s u g g e s t e d a c o l l a p s e of the s u p e r s t r u c t u r e , f o l l o w i n g w h i c h much of the deb r i s w a s c l e a r e d a w a y a n d t h e i n t e r i o r of the h o u s e l e v e l l e d to form a new f l o o r . S i m i l a r c o n d i t i o n s s e p a r a t i n g F l o o r s I a n d II w i l l be o b s e r v e d in o t h e r h o u s e s , w h e r e , h o w e v e r , the i n t e r m e d i a r y l a y e r w a s much t h i c k e r a n d s h o w e d more c l e a r l y the c o l l a p s e of the s u p e r s t r u c t u r e . It is t h e r e f o r e p o s s i b l e that th e d e stru c ti on e v i d e n c e d on F l o o r II w a s l e s s s e v e r e in s o m e h o u s e s , or that t h e c l e a r a n c e w h i c h f o l l o w e d it w a s more t h o r o u g h . Many s h e r d s , c o m b e d , red l u s t r o u s , r e d - o n - w h i te, e t c . ( 3 8 2 ) a n d t h i r t y f l i n t f l a k e s a n d b l a d e s ( 3 8 3 ) w e r e f o u n d in t h i s i n t e r m e d i a r y l a y e r . Some of the s t r u c t u r a l a n d d o m e s t i c f e a t u r e s on F l o o r II were b u r i e d under the interm e d i a r y l a y e r , o t h e r s w e r e r e - u s e d , w h i l e a n u m b e r of new o n e s a p p e a r for the f i r s t t i m e on the new f l o o r . T h u s the m a i n s u p p o r t ( A ) a n d t h e p o s t - h o l e ( R ) c o n t i n u e d to be u s e d , a n d the p l a t f o r m in the s o u t h w e s t c o r n e r w a s not c o v e r e d , nor w a s the s t o n e t r a y in the s o u t h e a s t . N e a r the l a t t e r w a s i n t r o d u c e d a l i m e s t o n e s l a b ( 2 8 x 22 c m . ) w i t h p e c k e d s u r f a c e i m b e d d e d in the floor w i t h s t o n e s a l l r o u n d ( Y ) . I t s u s e i s not c l e a r , but p e r h a p s it w a s for p o u n d i n g or g r i n d i n g , a l t h o u g h it m a y h a v e b e e n a b a s e for a p o s t . It i s a c t u a l l y on the s a m e north — s o u t h a x i s a s the m a i n s u p p o r t ( A ) . In the n o r t h w e s t c o r n e r a g y p s u m s l a b , a l m o s t c i r c u l a r , 3 5 cm. a c r o s s , w a s s e t w i t h m a n y s t o n e s a l l a r o u n d it. A g a i n , i t s f u n c t i o n i s

26

SOHRA

obscure.

In t h e w e s t e r n

Museum

Monographs

p a r t m a n y g r o u p s o f s t o n e s w e r e l e f t on t h e f l o o r , w h i l e o t h e r s

t h e e a s t p a r t of t h e h o u s e w e r e a r r a n g e d i n a s e m i c i r c l e , as in m a n y o t h e r h o u s e s t o be d e s c r i b e d l a t e r .

probably defining a separate

in area

T h e finds c o l l e c t e d on the floor were: a

n u m b e r of s h e r d s f o u n d in t h e a r e a e a s t o f t h e m a i n s u p p o r t ( A ) , a s t o n e c e l t ( 5 7 ) n e a r t h e north w a l l , and a pestle.

In t h e l a y e r o v e r l y i n g t h e f l o o r , g o o d n u m b e r s o f s h e r d s

various wares ( 3 2 3 - 4 , 327, 329), various flint

implements

(17), and a part of a d e e r ' s a n t l e r (326) w e r e c o l l e c t e d .

(325, 328, 330), a stone

of

pendant

S o m e of t h e s e m a y a c t u a l l y h a v e

be-

l o n g e d to t h e f l o o r , at l e a s t to the s o u t h p a r t of i t , and h a v e been d i s t u r b e d d u r i n g

modern

cultivation.

boulders,

T h e n o r t h p a r t of t h e f l o o r w a s c o v e r e d by c o n s i d e r a b l e

q u a n t i t i e s of

w h i c h e v i d e n t l y came down from the n o r t h s t o n e w a l l w h e n it c o l l a p s e d after the f i n a l d o m e n t of the The

aban-

house.

Porch

( P I . 3 9 a , b):

A s m e n t i o n e d in t h e a r c h i t e c t u r a l d e s c r i p t i o n , t h e s o u t h

ç a d e of t h e h o u s e w a s p r o v i d e d a t t h e t i m e of F l o o r s t r a i g h t w a l l s a b u t t i n g a g a i n s t t h e w a l l of t h e h o u s e . in w i d t h and 1 . 5 0 in d e p t h , and the r o o f w h i c h the two s t r a i g h t w a l l s was a triangular

on e i t h e r s i d e .

fa-

II w i t h a p o r c h c o n s t r u c t e d of t w o T h e d i m e n s i o n s o f t h e p o r c h a r e 4 m.

m u s t h a v e b e e n l i g h t w a s m a i n l y s u p p o r t e d by

B e t w e e n the two w a l l s

but nearer the w e s t one,

there

s l a b o f l i m e s t o n e ( 7 2 x 5 6 c m . a n d 13 c m . t h i c k ) , t h e u p p e r f a c e o f w h i c h

w a s s l i g h t l y h o l l o w e d a n d had at the c e n t e r a r o u n d d e p r e s s i o n bably r e c e i v e d a t h i n post w h i c h h e l p e d to support the roof. been incorporated

10 c m . a c r o s s .

Another wooden

This

pro-

post must

have

i n t h e e a s t w a l l a s t h e r e w a s in t h e f o u n d a t i o n a r e c t a n g u l a r g a p 17 c m .

w i d e in w h i c h t h e p o s t r e s t e d .

It is p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e l i g h t r o o f e x t e n d e d f a r t h e r s o u t h ,

where

at a s h o r t d i s t a n c e f r o m t h e e a s t w a l l of t h e v e r a n d a h t h e r e w a s e m b e d d e d in t h e f l o o r a rectangular

sandstone

s l a b (56 x 32 c m . ) w i t h a r o u n d d e p r e s s i o n ,

face, probably to r e c e i v e another post.

17 c m . a c r o s s ,

in the upper

A f o u r t h p o s t w o u l d h a v e b e e n s e t i n a h o l e , 18 c m .

a c r o s s , a t a s h o r t d i s t a n c e s o u t h w e s t of t h e p r e c e d i n g

post.

A t t h e s i d e of t h e e a s t w a l l o f t h e p o r c h t h e r e w a s a p i t ( 1 1 0 x 8 2 c m . a n d 30 c m . in d e p t h ) , i t s b o t t o m p a v e d w i t h f l a t l i m e s t o n e , p r o b a b l y for s t o r i n g g r a i n . in t h e p o r c h , a s w e l l a s t h e r e c t a n g u l a r

sandstone

by f i r e , p r o b a b l y d u e t o t h e b u r n i n g o f t h e r o o f .

The triangular

s l a b and the area around it, w a s

slab

blackened

T h e u p p e r p a r t o f a s t o n e c e l t r e - s h a p e d as

a p e s t l e (25) w a s f o u n d on t h e f l o o r b e t w e e n t h e t r i a n g u l a r

s l a b a n d t h e w e s t w a l l of t h e

porch. The Floor

of A n n e x 1A

were c o v e r e d w i t h p e b b l e s .

( P I . 18a) w a s made of rammed y e l l o w - w h i t e s o i l but m a n y parts of it T h e r e were four p o s t - h o l e s

s u p p o r t s for the roof e v i d e n t l y r e s t e d .

( 1 0—1 5 c m. a c r o s s ) i n w h i c h

wooden

T w o o f t h e s e w e r e in t h e n o r t h e r n p a r t , a t h i r d

south-

w e s t of t h e c e n t e r , and a f o u r t h at t h e ¡ u n c t i o n of t h e w e s t w a l l w i t h t h e n o r t h w a l l of

House

1.

T h e y a l l had pebbles round t h e rim.

In t h e s o u t h e a s t p a r t o f t h e f l o o r t h e r e w a s a q u e r n

( 4 5 ) a n d i n t h e c e n t r a l p a r t t h e r e w e r e a n u m b e r o f s t o n e g r i n d e r s or p e s t l e s a l i m e s t o n e mortar (34), a limestone

(35, 37, 39, 41),

p e b b l e p r o b a b l y u s e d as a h a m m e r s t o n e

f i n i s h e d c h i s e l ( 4 2 ) , t w o b l a d e s o f f l i n t ( 3 8 , 4 3 ) , a n d in t h e

southwest

part a

( 3 6 ) , an u n hammerstone

(40). Digging

u n d e r t h e f l o o r r e v e a l e d a s t r a i g h t w a l l ( 1 . 8 0 m. in l e n g t h a n d 33 c m . in t h i c k -

n e s s ) w i t h a n o r t h — s o u t h d i r e c t i o n a b u t t i n g o n t h e n o r t h w a l l of H o u s e was a post-hole,

12 c m . a c r o s s , w i t h a f e w s t o n e s

south of it.

l o n g e d t o an e a r l i e r a n n e x of e v e n l i g h t e r c o n s t r u c t i o n .

I.

E a s t of it t h e r e

No doubt these remains

West of t h e s t o n e w a l l there

o n t h e f l o o r p a r t o f a b o w l of c o m b e d w a r e a n d a s p o u t of r e d l u s t r o u s w a r e ( 6 5 ) .

be-

were

In t h e

fill-

EXCAVATED

ing between

the

two

floors

(636), two hammerstones ous flints The

(637-8),and

Floors

of

REMAINS:

the f o l l o w i n g

objects

Annex

6

V,

PHASE

were collected:

( 6 4 0 - 1), a c h a l c e d o n y

shells

AREA

pebble

27

II

sherds

for p o l i s h i n g

of v a r i o u s

pottery

wares

(?) (639),

vari-

(642-3). (PI.

18b):

Two

floors

were encountered,

Floor

II b e i n g

the

earlier. Floor

lh.

regarding east

This

the

and c e n t r a l

short distance and south The soil

was

method parts

between well

(438),

a fragmentary

show

The

sherds

that

between

III w a s

Pendant, Combed wavy

bands

6 from 324.

flat, ware:

probably

southwest

Combed with

II a n d

ware: ware:

combed

technique

jugs.

325 a — i.

9 flint

III c o n s i s t e d wares

326.

Part

327.

Combed (a) on

of

deer's

shows

combed

the

inside;

5 from

bowls,

broad

31

bands

9 fragments,

in

on

9.5,

the

of

white of

(?)

(439). were

found

floor

col-

in the f l o o r to s u p p o r t of v a r i o u s

the floor

wares

a number of

which

may

have

Traces

been

it.

scattered

sherds

of

of the

annex.

post-holes,

of fire w e r e n o t i c e d

on it w e r e a f e w g r o u p s

of s m a l l

on

slabs

them

L.

5.5

4,

pendant

434),

(234).

1

picrolite. jugs.

bands

L.

3.7

Bowls

(a).

Red

cm.

(Pis.

decorated lustrous

90,

102).

with

wars:

multiple 14

fragments,

9 from

jugs.

wavy

combed

on

Bowls

bands

(c,

the o u t s i d e

lustrous

ware:

33

decorated d).

and

on

both

Red-on-white red-on-white

examples,

sides

with with

18 f r o m b o w l s ,

15

3,

bowls,

the

3

cm.

bands of

showing

11

from

whole

surface

are

the

Red-on-white part

3.5,

cm.

20 from

single

(d)

mud

(432,

fragments.

multiple Red

5, 5,

covering

shows

top;

of f l i n t

I

2 from 7

b i t s of y e l l o w i s h

flakes

fragments.

4.5,

jugs.

(c)

jugs, (e).

and tiny

(435), and a bone

Floor

similar

ware:

from b o w l s ,

(pick),

(b) the

b);

13

4.7,

bands

of

pottery

it a n t e d a t e d the e r e c t i o n

HOUSE

to

near

with

inside

fragments,

5 from one

(238).

and bits

of t h e p r e v i o u s

sherds

of ashes

FROM

20 f r o m b o w l s ,

(a,

ware:

while

43c),

collected.

pottery

bowls,

Coarse

bands

antler

ware:

3 from jugs

jugs.

2 fragments

L.

(PI.

post-holes,

( 4 3 0 — 1, 4 3 3 ) , v a r i o u s

perforated

and out;

Coarse

flakes,

plan,

29 f r a g m e n t s ,

combed from

in

wavy

bowl

and 2 s h e l l s

set

a light roof.

finds

for p o l i s h i n g

5 fragments, 8 from

multiple

posts

corners,

covered with

but the o n l y

possibly

inside

bowls,

but

(108)

ashes

for p o l i s h i n g

(230),

Only

At a

parts.

Floors

oval

fire.

encountered,

and

limestone

pits, evidently

(447) were

Surface 17.

a pebble

many thin

north-

of p o s t s .

(436, 440, 443 — 4), a number

in u s e at t h e t i m e

with

FINDS

32 3 .

wares

evidence

in t h e

antler

I contained

In t h e l a y e r o v e r l y i n g

s h e r d s of v a r i o u s

of c h a l c e d o n y

and coarse

Floor

small

by t h e a c t i o n of

southeast

in v a r i o u s

many

(109)

no

stones

of t h e e x i s t e n c e

a bone needle

of f l i n t

There was

of s m a l l

a f r a g m e n t of d e e r ' s

(442),

the roof

erected

p o r t i o n of t h e f l o o r ,

layer

pestle

soil.

groups

of v a r i o u s

in i t m a n y

found (44).

space was

stones,

and i n c l u d e d a pebble

were

bowl

pendant (232a),

roof was

in the

that this

other

of

soil and

II, a F l o o r

pits

the eastern

lustrous

(446) and two flakes

Floor

round

there was

II a n d t h e s u c c e e d i n g

blackened

whole floor

Under

and

a new

light colored

but a few

be an i n d i c a t i o n

center

It is p o s s i b l e

north part was

wares

stone

of y e l l o w

parts.

l a p s e d and t h a t

Two

may

red

Floor

rammed

the roof

(437, 441, 445), a stone

I was

in v a r i o u s

various

of t h e

as a n u m b e r

of f l i n t

Floor

usual

floor

of it a f r a g m e n t a r y

layer

flakes

on the

of t h e

northwest

or m u d a s

The

of the

of s u p p o r t i n g

ring

on

ware: and

Bowls

the

outside.

Red

connected of

decorated

outside

3 fragments

disc

impression

jugs. on

matting.

and

lustrous

both

sides;

single

on

broad

bands

ware:

10

from

jugs,

(a) and

(b)

with

short

band.

fragments, with

Coarse

ware:

28

SOTIRA

328.

(o)

329.

C o m b e d

F l a k e

from

of

dork

ware:

b o w l s ,

330.

(a)

F l a k e

56.

C o m b e d

4

of

gray

3

flint,

L.

f r a g m e n t s ,

from

jugs.

b r o w n

flint,

6

cm.

1 from

R e d L .

with

m u l t i p l e

vertical (b);

groups

2

cm.

and

m e e t i n g

from

mat 25.

at

disc

or

jugs.

Upper

part

of

p e s t l e

by

Stone

b e l o w

the

(e),

1 from

disc

C o m b e d with other

w a v y

side

by

with

groups

bands the

break.

or

w i t h

L .

cm.

b a n d s . a

the

w h i t e 30 383.

meter

7

at

L.

quartz,

L .

3.4 1.5

(n)

F l a k e

(PI.

of

116).

F l a k e

of

flint,

with

(g)

gray

hinge

flint,

L .

2,4

d o w n

o n e

flint,

L .

of

edge; 3.5

B l a d e

gray

(dd)

cm.

a

flint,

on

s i n g l e

on

the

b a n d s

broad

jugs

of

i n s i d e and

brood

f r a g m e n t s ,

b a n d s

(c);

hori-

c o m b e d at

(with

f r a g m e n t s

sides

b r o a d

m e e t i n g

b a n d s

w i t h

11

both

g r o u p s

R e d - o n - w h i t e

ware:

L . of

of

right

c o m b i n g )

c u r v e d

b o n d s

5

b o w l s ,

of

from

b a s e

(?)

w i t h

a

L .

5

3.8

L.

2

(y)

116).

cm.

(w)

t h i n n e d F l a k e of

light

4.3

cm.

a

b l o d e

gray

( cc) of

L.

(o) L.

2.4

gray

L.

or

and

(g),

or

p e c k e d

use

as

a

s u r f a c e

natu-

w a v y

or

from

the

b a s e

ones

disc

or

58

from

and

the

the

ring

a

jug. a

(m)

m u l t i p l e n e c k

and

( ? ) t o u c h -

painted

¡ugs.

or

T w o

ring

neck

(?)

b a n d s (j),

straight

with

of

a l o n g

(?)

b o w l s ,

straight w a v y

with

over

or

b a n d s

1 from

i n s i d e

s i d e s

(c),

s i n g l e

w a v y

c o m b e d

both

rim

w a v y

with

the

on

the

or

b o w l s ,

on

bands is

from

m u l t i p l e

from

vertical

7.7

of

of

cm.

(PI.

fragment L .

(I)

on

C o a r s e

flint

3.2

of

light

a

blade (v)

gray

flint;

(x)

the

w a r e :

retouch flake cm.

d o w n of

b u l b a r

(z)

brown

(ee)

gray

of

flint,

L .

a

5 x 7

(knife),

c m . (r)

of

gray

t r a p e z o i d of

gray

r e t o u c h light

b r o w n

flint,

L .

cm.

(bb)

cm. tip

4

flake

of

c m .

cm.

having

5

3

cm.

L. 5

flint,

L.

h i n g e

F l a k e

gray

c m .

gray

2.1

L .

blade of

e d g e s ;

B l a d e

L .

on

face

F l a k e

two

flint,

(t)

dia-

2.1

t r a n s l u c e n t

n o t c h ,

E n d - s c r a p e r

L.

flint,

flint,

cm.

flint,

dark

of

edge,

b r o w n

F r a g m e n t

of

b r o w n

with

L.

116).

F l a k e

brown

flint,

cm.

5

of

lustrous

gray of

gray flint,

F l a k e

of

5.5

L .

(j)

F l a k e

cm.

thick

(f) light

F l a k e

b r e c c i a t e d

dark

brown

(q)

L .

n i b b l e

of

of

of

cm.

cm.

one

3.8

flint,

on

of

1.8

3.4

cm.

cm.

C o r e

F l a k e

F l a k e

L.

flint,

B l a d e 4

L .

(h)

2.3

(b)

(d)

flint, cm.

L .

flint,

cm.

c m .

F r a g m e n t

gray

Scraper

light

e d g e s ;

m u l t i p l e

(k),

3

(p)

quartz,

F l a k e

5.3

flint;

(i),

from

6.8

b r o w n

chipping,-

dark

for

d e c o r a t e d

band

painted

band

brown

(u)

with

w a v y

broad

30

of

(s)

L.

surface

b o w l .

flint,

B l a d e

by of

broad

light

cm.

s ic k I e - b l a d e ;

and

other

L.

flint,

B o w l s p e n d e n t

a n g l e

jugs, of

flint,

cm.

gray

two

jugs.

an

(o),

broken,

flint,

of

along

b a n d s

f r a g m e n t s ,

t r a n s l u c e n t gray

c u r v e d ; r e s h a p e d

II

b a n d s

at

from

a

flake

of

4

a

tip

brown

of

dark

other

ends

of

other w a s

95).

f l a k i n g

broad

f r a g m e n t s ,

b a s e

the celt

d e c o r a t e d

o u t s i d e

s h o w s

gray

flint,

L .

the

flat, the

w a v y

broad

ware:

88

on

F l a k e

of

(PI.

fragment

F r a g m e n t

2

cm.

i n s i d e ,

broad

from

from

is

fragment

cortex;

F l a k e

flint,

bulb

cm.

(q)

light

fracture,

p r o b a b l y

and

s i c k l e - b l a d e

F l a k e

each

fragments

the

C o r e (i)

a

section;

(aa)

of

red-brown

dark

has

(Pis. 89,

1 and

single

straight

jug

ware:

with

(k)

of

(p)

3

c l o s e

o n e s

(d).

i n c l u d i n g

w i t h

26

(f)

with

the 4

m a d e

cm.

spout

c o m b e d

band

near

B l a d e

cm.

F r a g m e n t

f r a g m e n t s ,

95).

are

a n g l e s ,

flint,

cm.

L.

On

pebble

m u l t i p l e

c o m b e d

n)

w a r e :

from

(c)

2.8

and

b r o a d

e n d - s c r a p e r

fracture,

(m)

(r)

cm.

L.

with

the

b e t w e e n

face

cm.

F l o o r s

J u g s

nearly

9

b o w l s ,

or

tubular

lustrous

gray

b),

t o u c h i n g

(m,

(n).

right

R e d

of

P i g m y

flint,

A

b a n d s

horizontal

F l a k e

(e)

w a v y

bands

first

(a,

m u l t i p l e

f r a g m e n t s

field.

(e)

d a m a g e

L .

(PI.

from

length.

R e d - o n - w h i t e

f r a g m e n t s ,

(a)

or

e).

R e d - o n - w h i t e

s h o w s ing

(d,

w h o l e

(h ),

38

one

After

triangular

7.5

b o n d s

the

broad

6

d e c o r a t e d

vertical

f r a g m e n t s

butt,

A n d e s i t e .

f r a g m e n t s ,

bands

b o w ]

(f);

s p a c e

b o w l s

flaking.

u n f i n i s h e d ;

64

of

(I).

of

jug

and

i n s i d e

from

rounded

m u l t i p l e

side

a

the

lustrous

narrow

a n d e s i t e .

a l o n g

in

4

u n s m o o t h e d the

s m a l l

w a r e :

b a n d s

flint,

B o w l s

and

Red

fragments

w i t h

p e c k i n g

straight

o u t s i d e

(h).

w a r e :

cm. w a r e :

b o w l .

c o v e r e d

b a n d s

ware:

B e t w e e n 382.

¡ugs.

s u r f a c e

w a v y

w h i t e

disc

a

r e d d i s h - b ro w n

from

of

rim

in

2.6

lustrous

1 4

the

e n c l o s i n g 19

of

L.

Monographs

(i — I ) .

celt

s m o o t h ;

on

has

from

w h o l e

groups

R e d - o n - w h i t e

ring

m u c h

celt,

rally

(f)

f r a g m e n t s

b o w l s ,

bonds

b o w l

over;

C o a r s e

s h o w i n g

bonds

1 from

angle.

(g),

i m p r e s s i o n s

but

57.

an

parallel

straight

c o m b e d

w i t h

flint, R e d

F l a k e

the

gray

jugs.

Floor

from

of

from

2

(b)

bands:

o u t s i d e

o b l i q u e of

24

straight

the

f r a g m e n t s ,

a n g l e s

and

or

(a);

of

group

ware:

f r a g m e n t s ,

w a v y

b a n d s

zontal

6

28

2

ware:

On w a r e :

F l a k e

b o w l ,

slip

3.7

fb)

-Museum

4.2

cm.

F l a k e

(PI.

116).

broken,

of

E X C A V A T E D REMAINS:

gray

flint,

4.2

L.

6 cm.

(ff)

Blade

of g r a y

flint,

Lower

p a r t of m i n i a t u r e

ly c u r v e d , 58.

Celt,

surface

small,

straight,

sides

surface

convex, pecked

Pointed

b l a d e of l i g h t

60.

Knife

light

61.

Flake-blade

308.

Combed

of

chisel

with

faces

L.

wavy

gray

flint,

of l i g h t b r o w n ,

L.

8,7

edge

from

red-on-white.

bowls

(a)

fragment,

flint,

L.

3.1

(h)

with

(f) F l a k e

2 from

combed;

jugs;

(p)

fragments

from

Pointed

of

down

edge,

one (j)

flint, 312.

313.

L.

L.

L.

4 from

jugs,

flint,

Small celt,

flat,

consisting

original

surfoce

Small

L.

of gray

flint,

L.

and 93).

(a — e) j u g s ,

d o u b l e or

q u a d r u p l e or

from

bowls,

lustrous

fragment, L.

L.

3.1 c m .

(g)

Flake

jugs.

chalky white

multiple

quintuple

outside

combed

,

ware:

27

3.5 cm.

(c)

Primary

of

red-brown

(e)

Flake

of r e d - b r o w n

surface

shows

wavy

(r,

s).

fragments

flint,

L.

2.8

116).

flint,

Flake

L.

down

3.4 cm.

2.8

cm.

flint,

(n) F l a k e

(c —

frag1 from

35

11 c m . ( P I . L.

of b r o w n f l i n t , Flake

L.

2.8

2

fragments.

L.

of g r a y

cm. (I)

of l i g h t g r a y

116).

5.5 L.

light brown flint, (i)

later

ware:

of b r o w n f l i n t ,

(e) F l a k e

of g r a y

92

Red-on-white ware:

fragment,

sides

l a r g e red b a n d s ,

one edge,

Flake

ware:

3 fragments,

with

bands.

(c)

L.

ware:

on both

the i n c i s i o n s ;

lustrous

slip

Coarse

retouch

decorated filling

Red

and combed

L . 4.5 cm,

(k)

Bowls

substance

chalk.

(g) B l a d e

of g r a y

one

andesite. brood

shaping achieved

butt and c u r v e d

cutting

f a c e of the c u t t i n g L.

6.3 c m . ( P I .

butt, and o b l i q u e by flaking ;

cm.

4.2

cm.

retouch flint,

Flake

flint,

L.

of

L.

5.2

brown

3

cm.

edge,

edge,

minimum

faces

artificial

uneven,

being

the

95). cutting

grinding

edge;

visible

surface

uneven

in p a r t s ; a n d e s i t e .

with L .

94).

with

c on v e x

surface

sides,

pointed-rounded

ground and

butt a n d a l m o s t

p o l i s lied; a n d e s i t e .

L.

contour

straight cutting-edge

2.0 cm. ( P I .

and

which

is

96).

flat f a c e s ;

picrolite.

L.

2.3 cm

(Pis.

102).

(o, b)

2 shells:

( a ) Cordium

edule

Lin., On

239.

small

6 c m . CP I .

fragments.

cm.

38 f r o m

(PI,

P a r t of o r n a m e n t ( p e n d o n t ?) w i t h i r r e g u l a r 90,

edge

L.

cm.

along

sides,

slight-

cm.

Red

flake,

2.8

flint,

with rounded

of f l a k i n g

parallel

artificial

(q)

flint,

flint,

4

13

a gray-white

cm.

3 cm.

o f the p e b b l e ;

celt, with

Chisel

Flake

L.

with

9 cm.

4.2

6.5

fragment,

broad bands

(h) F l o k e

triangular,

shaping

L.

is

cm.

brown

L.

cm.

fragments

Red-on-white

has

which

III

ware:

flint,

filled

of r e d d i s h

flint,

2

(a, b) w i t h w h i t e

30 from j u g s .

9 L.

1 jug fragment.

flake,

2.2

bands

cutting

s t r a i g h t or w a v y

(k , I)

51 f r o m b o w l s ,

wavy

3 cm.

of b r o w n

with

(b) P r i m a r y

gray

flint,

brown flint,

of l i g h t gray

d a ma g o d ;

316.

of d a r k

of b r o w n

3.8 cm.(m)

Floke

7.2 c m . ( P I .

315.

5 cm.

bonds;

blade

light

Flake

minimum 314.

L.

L.

flint,

II a n d

Coarse

F r a g m e n t of a knife of light gray

(f) F l o k e

(o)

jugs.

edge,

andesite.

11 f r o m b o w l s ,

ware:

p a r t of r i n g or d i s c ;

bowls,

knife

Floors jugs,

ware:

(o) from a b o w l

shows

(b) 3 o c k e d b l a d e

cm.

fine

62 from b o w l s ,

bowl,

(d)

Diameter

cm.

(d) P r i m a r y

89 f r a g m e n t s ,

or m u l t i p l e

f) f r o m a |ug h o v e ments,

flint,

3.1 c m .

of r e d - b r o w n

ware:

single

19 f r o m

to t h e c u t t i n g

edge,

translucent

from

Red-on»white

gray L.

cm.

Flake

Combed

(a)

flint,

96).

butt e n d r o u n d e d ,

(f — j ) f r o m b o w l s

(n — q r i m s ) ,

F l a k e of d a r k

flake, cm.

6

Red-on -white and combed

inside

converging

serrated; broken.

somewhat

17 f r a g m e n t s ,

or s t r a i g h t b a n d s .

bands.

311.

( g g ) C o r e of g r a y

II

1.3 c m . ( P I .

flattened,

Between

310.

5 cm.

but g r o u n d ot the c u t t i n g

brown flint; one

ware:

Floor

sides

ground; a n d e s i t e .

59.

309.

L.

29

cm. On

8.

A R E A V, P H A S E II

(a)

Pointed

L.

14.3

bulbar

knife

cm. ( P I . face.

L.

blade 116).

of

light brown

(b) K n i f e

11.7 cm.

Floor

trunculus

blade

Lin.

III

flint; fine retouch

b l a d e of

(c) Broad

(b) M u r e *

light

brown

down

o n e e d g e of the b u l b a r

flint; retouch

of l i g h t b r o w n

flint,

L.

on both e d g e s

11 c m .

of

(d) N o t c h e d

face. the blade

SOTIRA

30

Museum

Monographs

of b r o w n f l i n t , L . 9 . 2 c m . ( P I . 1 1 6 ) . ( e ) P o i n t e d b l a d e o f l i g h t b r o w n f l i n t , L . 8 . 8 c m . ( f ) P o i n t e d b l a d e of l i g h t b r o w n f l i n t ; t i p b r o k e n , L . 8 . 6 c m . ( g ) E n d - s c r a p e r of r e d d i s h brown flint; b r o k e n ; L . 5.5 c m . ( P I . 116). 240.

(a) P o i n t e d , partly r e t o u c h e d

b l a d e of l i g h t b r o w n f l i n t ; t i p b r o k e n ; L .

14.4 c m .

(PI.

116).

(b) P o i n t e d b l a d e of redd i s h - b r o wn f l i n t , L . 8 c m . 241. 242.

S m a l l c e l t , t r i a n g u l a r with r o u n d e d butt, c u r v e d c u t t i n g e d g e , s t r a i g h t s i d e s . e d g e s p e c k e d , c u t t i n g e d g e d a m a g ed ; a nd e s i te . L . 7 c m . ( P I . 9 4 ) . Fragmentary

miniature bowl, elongated

face smoothed; limestone;

L . 6 cm.

in p l a n , b a s e r o u n d e d ,

(PI.

sides

curving

Faces

ground,

inward,

sur-

92).

243.

P a r t of d e e r ' s a n t l e r ,

244.

C o m b e d w a r e : ( a ) p o r t of b a s e o f j u g ( ? ) , f l a t w i t h r o u n d e d e d g e s , c o m b e d v e r t i c a l b o n d s e n d i n g a b o v e b a s e ; ( b ) p a r t of b a s e of j u g ( ? ) , f l a t w i t h r o u n d e d e d g e s , d o u b l e c o m b e d v e r t i c a l b a n d s e n d i n g a b o v e b a s e ; ( c ) s h e r d from t h e s i d e of a j u g ( ? ) , d o u b l e b a n d ; f r a g m e n t s of o t h e r v e s s e l s , f o u r f r o m b o w l s , t h r e e f r o m j u g s . R e d l u s t r o u s w a r e : ( d ) f r a g m e n t f r o m t h e s i d e o f a j u g ( ? ) , ( e ) f r a g m e n t of t u b u l a r s p o u t of b o w l .

u s e d a s h a n d l e o f s t o n e or f l i n t t o o l .

L.

(PI.

106).

306.

P a r t of d e e r ' s a n t l e r ,

307.

S h e l l , Conus

784.

Miniaturestone chisel 96, 106).

669.

C o m b e d ware: 3 f r a g m e n t s from b o w l s d e c o r a t e d with m u l t i p l e s t r a i g h t b a n d s pendent

Med i terraneou

13 c m . s Brug.,

L . 2.3

cm.

m o u n t e d on d e e r ' s a n t l e r ; e d g e d a m a g e d ; a n d e s i t e .

Between

Floor

III and

L . 9 cm.

(Pis.

Bedrock from

t h e r i m i n s i d e a n d o u t ( a ) , or w i t h c l o s e s t r a i g h t b a n d s o u t s i d e , a n d s i n g l e s t r a i g h t a n d w a v y b a n d s i n s i d e ( b ) , or w i t h m u l t i p l e w a v y b a n d s i n s i d e ( c ) . R e d l u s t r o u s w a r e : 12 f r a g m e n t s , 4 from b o w l s , 8 from j u g s . P l a i n w h i t e w a r e : 1 f r a g m e n t from n e c k of jug ( d ) . ( P I . 8 3 ) . FINDS

FROM On

HOUSE

Floor

IA

I

34.

Mortar, being a flat, e l o n g a t e d 91, 103).

35.

O v a l p e b b l e u s e d a s p o u n d e r : t r a c e s o f u s e ( p e c k i n g ) on t w o f a c e s , ( P I . 99).

36.

Limestone (PI. 98).

37.

Grinder, elliptical 18 c m . ( P I 9 9 ) .

38.

S i c k l e b l a d e of b r o w n f l i n t , L . 9 c m .

39.

P e b b l e , c l u b - s h a p e d w i t h no a r t i f i c i a l

pebble, elliptical

p e b b l e h o l l o w e d on o n e f a c e ; l i m e s t o n e .

L.

11.3 cm.

andesite,

L.

10.5

in p l a n ; both e n d s f l a t t e n e d by p e c k i n g ; p e s t l e ( ? ) ; L .

in p l a n , w i t h c o n v e x f a c e s ; s u r f a c e h a s (PI.

scars

(Pis. cm.

11.3

cm.

from f l a k i n g ; a n d e s i t e .

L.

116).

shaping; probably o pestle; andesite.

L . 9.5 c m .

(PI.

98). 40.

H a m m e r s t o n e , r o u n d in s e c t i o n , u p p e r a n d l o w e r f a c e s Diameter 7 cm. ( P I . 100).

41.

O v a l p e b b l e u s e d a s p o u n d e r ; one f a c e and part of the e d g e p e c k e d ; one s i d e d a m a g e d ; base. L . 9.7 cm. ( P I . 99).

dia-

42.

C e l t w i t h b e g i n n i n g of s h a p i n g cm. ( P I . 95).

6.7

for o c h i s e l ( ? ) , f l a k i n g

43.

P o i n t e d f l a k e of b r o w n f l i n t , L . 5 . 2

45.

Quern (?), s a n d s t o n e ,

micro-dolerite.

a l o n g both e n d s ; a n d e s i t e .

L.

cm.

L. 29.cm.(P|. Between

636.

flat; s u r f a c e p e c k e d ;

100). Floors

I and

II

C o m b e d w a r e : 8 5 f r a g m e n t s , 6 4 f r o m b o w l s , 21 f r o m j u g s . B o w l s d e c o r a t e d w i t h s i n g l e s t r a i g h t b a n d s r u n n i n g s l i g h t l y o b l i q u e l y f r o m r i m d o w n w a r d s o n t h e i n s i d e ( a ) , or w i t h s t r a i g h t b a n d s r u n n i n g v e r y o b l i q u e l y on t h e o u t s i d e a n d w i t h m u l t i p l e w a v y b a n d s p e n d -

31

E X C A V A T E D REMAINS: A R E A V, PHASE II ent from the rim multiple

on t h e

i n s i d e ( b ) , or w i t h

s t r a i g h t or w a v y

straight

bands

on the

multiple

wavy

bands

ple wavy

bands

( i ) , or w a v y

inside

wavy

(g).

and

Jugs

broad bands

bowls,

79 from

ware: 637.

(a)

8

Flint

brown

flint,

(f)

flint,

Flake

Primary flint,

4 cm.

2.5

L.

L.

(f)

cm. (k)

hinge

fracture.

2.2

gray

cm.

L.

639.

Chalcedony

Hommerstone,

641.

Chalcedony

642 a-b.

2 fossil

of g r a y

2.8

pebble

flint, (p)

L.

Osírea

fragmentary;

ware:

pendent

from the rim L.

ware:

straight

Jugs

447.

red

wavy

1 from a j u g .

Bowls:

164 f r a g m e n t s ,

(m).

85

from

Coarse

Flake

(g)

horizontally

decorated

with

with multiple

wavy

Gray

ware:

lustrous

L.

flint,

L.

L.

2 cm.

pottery

shape;

L.

(e)

(?),

cm.

flint,

L.

L.

flint,

L.

flint,

(h)

4.5

( c ) C o r e of

of g r a y 3 cm.

flint

cm.

reddish

(burnt),

(h) F l a k e

of

L.

2.5 cm.

(m) F l a k e

(o) F l a k e of l i g h t g r a y

L.

2.2 cm.

5.3 cm.

L.

(q) F l a k e 9.5

(PI.

limestone.

with an a r t i f i c i a l

of g r a y

gray

(j) F l a k e of l i g h t brown flint,

(s) Chert core,

damaged;

(b)

L . 2.5 cm.

4.5 cm.

flint flake, 2.5

(e) F l a k e

flint,

Flake

flint flake,

(1) B u r n t

116).

retouched

cm.

flint,

3 cm.

(PI.

of l i g h t g r a y

4.5

cm.

Burnt

9 cm.

F r a g m e n t of

L . 5 cm.

Flake

L.

3.5

of l i g h t b r o w n

flint,

8.5 cm.,4.5

of

flint;

of g r a y

flint,

cm.

101).

Diameter

shaping.

L.

L.

7 cm. (PI.

8 cm.

(PI.

100).

101).

cm. Lin.;

( b ) Cassis

s ule ssa

Brug.;

(c)

Frag-

cm. Floor

m a d e up f r o m and out (a).

15 f r a g m e n t s ,

bands

(i)

L.

L.

(c)

II

several Red

fragments

Twin

ware:

lustrous

s t r a i g h t or w a v y

s p o u t of b o w l :

bands

tro u gh - s h o p ed

cm. ANNEX Floor I

8 from b o w l s ,

multiple

on the bands

broad straight

(f).

broader

straight bands

i n s i d e (b), or w i t h

single

Red

2 fragments

from

(a) B l a d e of l i g h t gray flint (broken); of b u f f f l i n t , L . 3 . 5 c m .

jugs.

Bowls

but wavy

decorated

converging

on the o u t s i d e multiple

bands

lustrous

6

7 from j u g s .

on the o u t s i d e a n d s i m i l a r

( a ) , or w i t h h o r i z o n t a l ranged

rim

straight

i n s i d e and out

13 f r o m j u g s .

of l i g h t g r a y

of g r a y

flint,

( a ) M u r e * trúncalos

inside

11

flint,

Flake

(b) F l a k e

2.5 cm.

face.

of g r a y

flint,

4 cm.

L. 4.5-4.2

p a r t of b o w l

the rim,

Combed

ware:

3 from b o w l s ,

116).

3 cm.

L.

FINDS FROM S u r fa c e to

row

lustrous

of b r o w n

On

446.

horizon-

( h ) , or m u l t i p l e

3 from b o w l s ,

(PI.

flint,

irregular

L.

(?).

Flake

of brown

flattened

hammerstone(?);

one

cm. (g)

for p o l i s h i n g

of g l o b u l a r

shells,

L.

(n) F l a k e

used

5.3

of gray

of l i g h t g r a y

Combed below

Red

of light brown flint,

cm.

Flake

ment not i d e n t i f i e d

65.

(n).

4.3 cm.

4 cm.

flint,

Flake

of g r a y

L.

L.

L.

Flake

(d) F l a k e

2.2 cm.

(r)

640.

3 shells,

4 fragments,

16 f r a g m e n t s ,

(d)

L.

brown (k)

flint,

(i)

Flake

flint,

3 cm.

3.2 cm.

Flake

brown L.

L.

2.5 cm.

4.2 flint,

of r e d d i s h

flake,

( a ) C o r e of l i g h t

L.

of g r a y

F r a g m e n t of b l a d e

L.

of

from the

1 f r a g m e n t f r o m a b o w l : r i n g of

retouch on the bulbar

cm.

light gray

5 cm.

flint,

groups

pendent

bands

with multi-

fragments. k n i f e of l i g h t

b l a d e of

brown

wavy

( d ) , or

b r o a d g r o u p s of

bands

ond

multiple

on the o u t s i d e

intersecting

wavy

wore:

or w i t h

some of them combed over with multiple

ware:

ware:

flint,

(j)

643.

slip

b a n d s on the o u t s i d e

r i n g ( ? ) on t h e i n s i d e ( I ) , or b a n d s

at r i g h t a n g l e s

Red

bands

and multiple

and combed

Red-on-white

meeting

jugs.

wavy

a n d o u t (f), or w i t h

and red b a n d s

on the o u t s i d e ,

straight

a n d o u t ( e ) , or w i t h

w i t h g r o u p s of b r o a d

. F r a g m e n t of b l a d e of l i g h t gray L.

638.

inside

Red-on-white

(k).

bonds

vertical

inside

on the o u t s i d e

decorated

(j) b a n d s .

b a n d s on the i n s i d e Jugs:

single

from the rim on the i n s i d e ( c ) ,

s i m i l a r or s l i g h t l y

obliquely

bands

p o i n t on b a s e on t h e o u t s i d e , broad vertical

pendent

p e n d e n t from the rim

running

tal and v e r t i c a l on the i n s i d e

bands

and multiple bands

Coarse

7 fragments, ware:

19

single

on the

wavy

nar-

inside

bonds

ar-

p e n d e n t from t h e rim

(d), or with m u l t i p l e

ware:

with

bands

straight bands

2 from

bowls,

(e).

(e),

5 from

or

jugs.

fragments.

retouch on bulbar face, L . 6 cm.

(PI.

116).

(b)

Flake

SOHRA

32

On 44.

Combed with rim

wore:

single (b),

20

fragments,

broad

or

with

straight

multiple

side

and

multiple

ment

is

blackened

ed

with

20

fragments,

and

broad

the

jugs

bowls, a

straight

a fragment

fragment

jugs.

from

(e,

the

f)

11

from

Gray

and or

of

a

of

Bone

needle,

232a . Fragmentary side; 436.

L.

pendant,

flat,

originally

andesite.

Combed with

flat,

ware:

broad

38

to

base

rim

downwords

outside

with

(b),

and

other

bowls,

28

ware:

3

or

bands with

(c),

or

groups

of

of

438.

Polisher,

a rounded,

ports

grinding

and

440.

Combed with

443.

81

flat

bands

bands

(PI.

(g,

slip

jugs. of

h).

Red

the

This

fragdecorat-

lustrous

ware:

spout

(i),

7 fragments, 7 fragments

straw

on

the out-

Jugs

tubular

ware:

Coarse:

fine

65).

surface.

a fragmentary

on

5

from

including

the

underside.

hole

bored

II

(?)

in

5 from

plan;

(e),

at

or

suspension

parallel

with

wavy

(i).

from

bands

fragments,

arranged

(d)

(f).

lustrous 15 f r o m

both

one

60),

from from

on

the

or

with

multiple

decorated

with

single

simultaneously

ware:

bowls,

sides

obliquely

horizontally

(PI.

Jugs

combed

on

simultaneously

arranged

inside

bands Red

decorated

combed

bands

bands

angles

straight

24

Bowls

bands

parallel

right

bands

ware:

jugs.

straight

straight

multiple

with

bands

bands

bands.

lustrous

ware:

on

12 f l a k e s

the

(h),

or

8 2 f r a g m e n t s , 54 9

from

jugs.

from

Coarse

pestle

with

Surface

partly

Combed

ware:

single Jugs

multiple

65

from

ware:

107

bowls,

24

including

jugs.

(v) ware:

jugs.

with 20

sides,

bands

fragments, from

37

(a),

with (I,

59

jugs.

multiple

and

(j),

or

other with

(?).

(o)

68

3 from

16

multiple

visible

in

from

from

jugs.

fragments

decorated

on

both

bands

c),

or

wavy

of

(b,

bands

straight

a

R e d - o n - w hi t e:

fragments,

bowls,

Bowls straight

groups

1 fragment

ring

ware:

brown

fragments,

Broad

from of

(d),

139

flint,

or

L.

from

or

single m),

some

jug;

Red

71

slip

including

with

(I —

combed

a jug

jugs. 20

Jugs

wavy

from

from

ware:

(q)

or

bands

1 fragment

bowls,

(e —i).

(k),

broad

sides with

(p);

Gray

fragments, 8

impressions

of

bowls,

impressions

of

toward

bowls,

or 48

ware:

cm.

one

end;

one

face

flat the

other

curved.

cm.

broad

from

fragments,

9

28

from

straight bands

multiple

(r—t),

white

7—3

multiple

bands

Plain

L.

narrowing

Andesite.

bands

of

pecking

(base).

straight

decorated

rim

ware:

10 f r o m

41

groups

combed

ware:

shaping:

cm.

bands

Coarse

and

pecked.

straight

ments

buff,

straight

the

artificial

99).

bowls,

with

bands —part

underside

of gray,

from

3.5

broad

lustrous

jugs.

(PI.

6;

or

from

13 f r a g m e n t s ,

12 f r o m

L.

40

and

minimum

8 cm.

(a),

straight

wavy

Red

with

L.

pendent

single

multiple

parallel

bowls,

pebble

Brug.,

Red-on-white

Combed

(d)

lustrous

sides from

flint.

fragments,

straight

wavy

bands.

(d — i ) .

inside

Red

from

I and

straight

multiple

in o t h e r s .

n)

with

444.

gray

with

Stone

of

rim

(j).

straight

both

pendent

105).

multiple

meeting

with

slip

sulcosa

ware:

matting

442.

Red

decorated

from

or

straight

and

Cassis

multiple

441 a - I.

brown

narrow

over

the

(g),

wavy include

impression

bowls,

narrow

groups

bands

the

on

bands

102).

with

of

multiple

on

jug

elliptical

90,

from

or

small

(PI.

s

fragments.

5 flakes

2 shells.

with

jugs.

437 a — e.

439 a - b .

33

groups

from

bands

from

(Pis.

(a),

broad

pendent

broad

cm.

fragments,

single

bands

straight

3.7

straight

rim

wavy

L.

Bowls

decorated

straight

exceptionally

Floors

9.3cm.

Bowls

triple

with

multiple

(k ) w i t h

curved,

or

fragments

Between 230.

an

a

2

bowl

jugs.

with

horizontally

jugs.

a neck

from or

(c),

with

from

lustrous:

base

59),

has

Monograph

I

11

inside

arranged

bands

bowls,

(PI.

bands

bands

Floor

bowls,

(a)

the o u t s i d e

9 from

2 from

bands

wavy

wavy on

9 from

Museum

(j)(or

wavy

broad from

jugs.

bands twin

bands

Bowls (b,

jugs.

Red from

decorated

or

straight

(n —q).

bands .meeting

3 fragments

c),

slip

on

multiple narrow

bands

Red-on-white at

an

ware:

angle 32

both

wavy

(k),or

ware:

(u).

5

Red

Coarse

ware:

Bowls

decorated

4

frag-

lustrous

fragments,

jugs.

sides

bands

8

from

fragments

matting.

7 from

bowls,

13

from

jugs.

on

both

sides

EXCAVATED

with

multiple

bands (g,

h)

or

8 445

Jugs

wavy

straight from

straight

fc —e ) .

parallel

fragments,

4 flakes

of

bands. (I),

slip

ware:

4 from light

or

bowls,

buff

with

and

with

A R E A V, P H A S E

wavy

single wavy

broad

jugs.

inside

broad

ware:

14 f r a g m e n t s , 4 from

ones

straight

Red-on-white

bonds

Red

outside

decorated

(i —k)

bowls.

bonds

REMAINS:

(o,b),

bands

2 fragments

bands

12 f r o m

Coarse

(m).

ware:

or

or

from

multiple

with

bowls

wavy

multiple

straight

decorated

lustrous

2 from

7

with

(f),

Red

bowls,

33

II

ware:

jugs.

Gray

with

10

fragments

lustrous

ware:

fragments.

flint,

a-d. 646.

Fragment curving

of

red-on-white

bands

of

red

bowl:

paint.

outside,

L.

5.2

On 108.

Part

of

deer's

109.

Part

of

red

238.

Limestone sides.

antler,

lustrous bowl,

Surface

L.

22

bowl

shallow

outside

cm.

up

with

Floor

(PI.

made

(?)

rings;

inside,

straight

or

slightly

and

II

106).

from

fragments,

irregular

coarse

concentric

cm.

outline,

Ht.

19

thick

unsmoothed,

cm.

walls,

inside

flattened

smoothed.

bose,

and

Diameter

convex

12.5

cm.

(PI.

88). Between 234.

Bone

pendant,

holes 430.

side

Combed

by

triple

from

the

with

single

34

from

Plain

fragments Combed with from of

narrow 76

433.

3 from

of

Combed

37

jugs.

brown

ware:

single

with

straight

92

narrow

from

rim

downwards

x).

Jugs

ments, from

(p —r), single

76

jugs.

fragments.

or (u),

jugs.

similarly from Red

(i,

jug

slip

wavy

or

with

bands

ware:

2

wavy

bands twin

(k,

suspension

(d,

on

e).

brood

Jugs

straight

Red

decorated (i),

or

ware:

bands,

ware:

a bowl,

2 from

jugs.

Gray

jugs.

Bowls

decorated

55 2

lustrous

with 5

parallel

lustrous 1 from

sides

pendent

bands

Red-on-white

o).

both

bands

straight

I).

with (n,

decorated

3 fragments,

bowls,

bowls,

20

(a),

or

bands

on

with

or

similar

outside

straight

with

bands

39

from

jugs.

and

1

and

frag-

from

ware:

4

4 from

h),

or

bands groups

Red-on-white

over.

Red

11 f r a g m e n t s ,

bowls,

c),

obliquely

with

(k,l).

sides

(b,

arranged

combed

wore:

both

intersecting

(g,

bands

(?)

on

2 fragments

single

of w a v y slip

on

bands

bands

discs

Red

9 fragments,

ware:

wavy

broad

groups

red

bands

multiple

the

single

j),

from

or o t h e r

(d),

ware:

Coarse

multiple

pattern

(m);

bowls,

sides;

fragments.

with

lustrous

44

bands

parallel

ly

3 from

a

from

broad

downwards

or w i t h

such

Bowls

with

decorated

similar

bands

bands

fragments,

straight

rim

(t),

from

straight

5 from

lustrous

8

from

jugs.

Plain

fragment.

flint.

from

bowls,

with

from

Gray

ly

bands

24

67),

wavy

3 from

2

or

jugs.

or

multiple

Bowl Red

wore:

decorated

2 fragments.

with

broad

or

PI.

downwards

parallel

fragments,

jugs.

straight

1 fragment

wore:

8 flakes

rim

(e),

Jugs

straight,

combed:

white

from

or

(g,

with

from

(a),

(c),

jugs.

5 fragments,

Coarse

22

multiple

Jugs

21 from

parallel

(f).

4 from

III

convex

105).

bowls,

(f-h)

with

fragments,

bands

inside

bowls,

432 a-h.

44

or

and

downwards

straight

(m).

ware:

downwards

the

(j),

bowl,

jugs.

multiple

rim

a

rim

bands

II

with

104,

15 f r o m

broad

outside

white

ware:

on

ware:

bands

bowls,

from

straight

with

and

and

with

Floors concave

(Pis.

from

straight

1 from

inside

cm.

bands

or

straight

ments,

or

(b),

4.8

fragments,

broad

fragments,

431.

37

L.

vertical

rim

multiple

jugs.

side,

ware:

with

both

rectangular, slightly

(h),

bands

or

or

(e —g),

elsewhere

or

(i),

or o t h e r

multiple

multiple

straight

or

multiple

70

ware:

(v)

decorated

from 23

(y)

wavy on Gray

fragments,

from

neck,

lustrous 10 f r o m

wavy

with and ware:

bowls,

bands bands

Jugs

straight (z).

Red

ware: broad

(s),

sides or

arranged arranged

obliqueoblique-

with or

Coarse

2

bands

ware:

13 f r o m

single

singly

5 fragments, parallel

lustrous jugs.

both (d),

decorated

17 f r a g m e n t s , 13 f r o m

on

bands

simultaneously

Red-on-white

sides

decorated single

straight

(k — o ) .

combed

bands.

wavy

multiple

bands

bands

Bowls

and

multiple

with

wavy

of

jugs.

straight

with or

both

fragment

jugs.

48

with

(j),

decorated:

slip

bowls,

(a — c ) ,

with Bowls

bowls,

from

146

from (w, frag-

bowls, ware:

4 6

SOTIRA

34

434 a — e.

5 blade

fragments

435.

Polisher

of b u f f and d u l l

of c h a l c e d o n y ,

pink

L. 5.5.cm.

flint,

(PI.

POSITION:

( P I . 8).

Monographs

L . 8.5 — 3 cm.

101).

HOUSE Pis.

Museum

3

19 a n d

40.

T h i s h o u s e l i e s to t h e e a s t o f H o u s e 5 , in s q u a r e s L - N

the passage between the two houses being o n l y

1 m. w i d e .

p o s i t i o n in t h e w h o l e l a y o u t o f t h e p l a t e a u a n d t h e y

15-18,

3oth houses occupy a good

s e e m to b e l o n g to a s i n g l e

undertak-

i n g ; t h i s is c o n f i r m e d by t h e s t r a t i g r a p h i ca I e v i d e n c e . STRATIGRAPHICAL

EVIDENCE:

This

is seen on S e c t i o n A - A

t h r o u g h t h e h o u s e in a n o r t h — s o u t h d i r e c t i o n .

The bedrock

( P I . 19) w h i c h

s l o p e s to the s o u t h and

c o v e r e d by t h e u s u a l red s o i l , on w h i c h t r a c e s of c a r b o n i z a t i o n are n o t i c e a b l e , on t h e s o u t h .

runs

T h e p r e s e n c e o f t h e c a r b o n i z a t i o n , c o u p l e d w i t h an o v e r l y i n g

is

especially

l a y e r of a s h e s

m i x e d w i t h l u m p s of w h i t i s h c l a y , t e s t i f i e s t o t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f a c o n f l a g r a t i o n b e f o r e t h e house was erected.

T h i s r e m i n d s us of s i m i l a r e v i d e n c e i n H o u s e 1 a n d a l s o o f t h e c o n -

f l a g r a t i o n w h i c h d e s t r o y e d a n u m b e r o f h o u s e s o f P h a s e I, e. g . 2 9 , 3 6 - 3 9 , f a r t h e r west.

north-

T h e n o r t h w a l l o f H o u s e 3 r e s t s on t h e r e d s o i l , b u t on a b e d d i n g c o u r s e o f w h i t e

c l a y , w h e r e a s t h e s o u t h w a l l r e s t s on t h e c a r b o n i z e d l a y e r , a g a i n on an i n t e r m e d i a r y of w h i t e c l a y .

T h e o r i g i n a l floor of the

layer

h o u s e ( I I I ) w a s made on a t h i n l a y e r of s o i l

l e v e l e d the ground and sealed the c a r b o n i z e d

layer.

It i s e v i d e n t t h a t H o u s e

which

3 was

built

a f t e r t h e c o n f l a g r a t i o n w h i c h p u t a n e n d to a l a r g e n u m b e r o f h o u s e s o f P h a s e I; i t t h e r e f o r e b e l o n g s to P h a s e I I .

Section B - B

(PI.

19) o f f e r s

supplementary evidence.

It i l l u s -

t r a t e s the s t r a t i f i c a t i o n b e t w e e n the w e s t w a l l of H o u s e 3 and the e a s t w a l l of H o u s e 5 a n d s h o w s t h a t b o t h w a l l s r e s t on t h e s a m e c a r b o n i z e d l a y e r w h i c h o v e r l i e s t h e r e d c o v e r i n g the bedrock.

The original

soil

f l o o r of t h e h o u s e w a s f o l l o w e d by t w o m o r e ( I I — I ) ,

a n o r m a l w a y , to judge from the i n t e r m e d i a r y

layers w h i c h show natural a c c u m u l a t i o n .

in It

i s to be n o t e d t h a t , w h i l e i n o t h e r h o u s e s F l o o r I w a s s e p a r a t e d f r o m F l o o r I I by a t h i c k demolition

l a y e r d u e to s u d d e n w i d e s p r e a d d a m a g e , h e r e t h e r e i s no s u c h e v i d e n c e ,

may i n d i c a t e t h a t the h o u s e s u r v i v e d the d i s a s t e r u n d a m a g e d .

However, a quantity

stones

f o u n d on F l o o r II a l o n g t h e n o r t h w a l l o f t h e h o u s e m a y i n d i c a t e a p a r t i a l

at t h a t

time.

ARCHITECTURAL

DESCRIPTION:

but it s h o w s c e r t a i n i r r e g u l a r i t i e s . nor even s t r a i g h t .

The south wall

The ground plan (Pis.

which of

destruction

1 9 , 4 0 ) , is r o u g h l y

rectangular

T h u s n e i t h e r t h e l o n g nor t h e s h o r t w a l l s a r e

parallel,

is the b e s t b u i l t and the s t r a i g h t e s t , t h e w e s t w a l l

c o n v e x , the n o r t h one less c a r e f u l l y b u i l t a n d w a v y .

The east wall

is i n c o m p l e t e l y

is

pre-

s e r v e d , a l t h o u g h t h i s w o u l d be e x p l a i n e d i f t h e d o o r w a y w a s h e r e , a s s e e m s p r o b a b l e . t h e angles are rounded.

All

T h e s t o n e w a l l is c o m p o s e d of l i m e s t o n e b o u l d e r s p l a c e d in t w o

r o w s , i n t e r n a l and e x t e r n a l , the i n t e r s p a c e s b e i n g f i l l e d w i t h s m a l l e r s t o n e s .

In m o s t

cases

the s t o n e s u s e d e x t e r n a l l y are of l a r g e r s i z e , a n d in some p a r t s a l a r g e s t o n e o c c u p i e s whole thickness.

b u t i t is p o s s i b l e t h a t o r i g i n a l l y t h e w a l l w a s h i g h e r ; i t s t h i c k n e s s

is 40 — 50 cm.

As already stated, three superimposed f l o o r s were encountered, the e a r l i e s t Floor

III.

being

In t h e l a y e r b e t w e e n t h e l a t t e r f l o o r a n d t h e b e d r o c k a n u m b e r o f s h e r d s o f

ous w a r e s (668) and t h r e e f l a k e s of f l i n t (692) w e r e F / o o r III

the

A t p r e s e n t o n l y t w o c o u r s e s a r e p r e s e r v e d , t o a t o t a l h e i g h t o f 30 c m . ,

vari-

collected.

( P i s . 19, 40) w a s made of t h e u s u a l y e l l o w - w h i t e s o i l and y i e l d e d

evidence

EXCAVATED

REMAINS:

AREA

V,

PHASE

II

35

r e g a r d i n g the method of s u p p o r t i n g the roof. A c u p s t o n e ( E ) 36 cm. l o n g , 29 cm. w i d e , a n d a s c h i s t s l a b ( G ) 54 cm. l o n g , 27 cm. w i d e a r e on the s h o r t c e n t r a l a x i s of the h o u s e a n d a p p e a r to h a v e been the b a s e s for a main roof beam. A s e c o n d p a r a l l e l beam r e s t e d on two u p r i g h t p o s t s ( A a n d B ) , the f i r s t r e s t i n g in a c u p s t o n e and the s e c o n d in a p o s t - h o l e . T h e r e w a s a n o t h e r p o s t b a s e near the s o u t h w a l l ( D ) w h i c h c o n s i s t e d of a f l a t l i m e s t o n e s l a b , 24 x 2 2 c m . , w i t h two c a v i t i e s in in i t s upper f a c e , 5 and 4 c m . a c r o s s , w i t h p e b b l e s a l l r o u n d . A h e a r t h w a s found at a s h o r t d i s t a n c e s o u t h w e s t of the c e n t e r of the f l o o r . It w a s b u i l t of y e l l o w i s h mud, a s u s u a l , and w a s c i r c u l a r , m e a s u r i n g 90 c m . a c r o s s and 15 cm. in h e i g h t . T h e upper f a c e w a s d a m a g e d , a n d of the u s u a l pit in w h i c h the f i r e w a s made nothing r e m a i n e d , but the c e n t r a l a r e a of the h e a r t h w a s burnt red. T h e hearth w a s in an a r e a at the four a n g l e s of w h i c h p o s t s had s t o o d . S o m e of t h e s e p o s t s ( A and E ) b e l o n g e d to the m a i n s c h e m e of roof s u p p o r t s but o t h e r s , I a n d K , w e r e p r e s u m a b l y p l a c e d s p e c i a l l y for the h e a r t h a r e a . I w a s a d o u b l e p o s t - h o l e , J w a s a s l a b 32 c m . in l e n g t h . T h i s r e m i n d s us of a s i m i l a r a r r a n g e m e n t in H o u s e 2 w h e r e four p o s t s s t o o d at the four a n g l e s of the hearth a r e a ( s e e p. 61 ). N e a r the s o u t h e a s t c o r n e r of the f l o o r w a s a pit ( F ) , 80 c m . l o n g , 6 5 cm. w i d e , and 20 cm. d e e p , in w h i c h a f l a t a n d e s i t e quern (32 x 20 c m . ) a n d a s m a l l number of s t o n e s were f o u n d ; a l s o a m i n i a t u r e l i m e s t o n e bowl ( 2 4 8 ) a n d the t u b u l a r s p o u t of a red l u s t r o u s bowl ( 2 4 9 ) . T h e f i l l i n g of the pit c o n s i s t e d of g r a y i s h s o i l w i t h s p o t s of w h i t e s o i l . A t the w e s t s i d e of the pit w a s a p o s t - h o l e ( C ) 15 c m . a c r o s s , w i t h p e b b l e s a l l a r o u n d and i m m e d i a t e l y a d j o i n i n g it a n o t h e r pit in w h i c h a quern (19 x 15 c m . ) w a s l y i n g in situ. N o r t h of P i t F w a s a n o t h e r quern of a n d e s i t e on the f l o o r (19 x 15 c m . ) a n d near it a m i n i a t u r e l i m e s t o n e bowl ( 2 4 7 ) . Other f i n d s on t h i s f l o o r w e r e : f l i n t b l a d e ( 2 4 6 ) n e a r the north w a l l , part of d e e r ' s a n t l e r ( 2 4 5 ) near the n o r t h w e s t c o r n e r , bone n e e d l e ( 2 2 2 ) , and two s m a l l lumps of red p i g m e n t ( 2 2 3 ) . Floor II ( P i s . 19, 40): T h e l a y e r b e t w e e n the p r e v i o u s f l o o r and F l o o r II w a s 1 0 - 1 5 cm. in t h i c k n e s s and c o n s i s t e d of l i g h t c o l o r e d s o i l c o n t a i n i n g a number of s h e r d s of d i f f e r e n t w a r e s ( 3 6 0 ) and 15 f l a k e s of f l i n t ( 3 6 1 ) . F l o o r II w a s l a i d on t h i s l a y e r a n d c o n s i s t ed of the u s u a l y e l l o w - w h i t e p a c k e d s o i l . T h e p r e v i o u s h e a r t h w a s r e p a i r e d by the a d d i t i o n of a new t h i c k n e s s of mud on the upper s u r f a c e but a new h e a r t h , 6 5 cm. a c r o s s , of the s a m e m a t e r i a l , w a s a l s o b u i l t i m m e d i a t e l y n o r t h e a s t of, a n d t o u c h i n g the s i d e of the e x i s t i n g rep a i r e d h e a r t h . T h e pit of the new h e a r t h w a s f u n n e l - s h a p e d , m e a s u r i n g 30 cm. a c r o s s and 15 c m . in depth. I t s w a l l s w e r e h a r d - b a k e d a n d b l a c k e n e d by f i r e a n d the f i l l i n g c o n s i s t e d of c a r b o n i z e d matter. N e a r the e a s t w a l l w a s a l i m e s t o n e s l a b ( H ) , 33 cm. in l e n g t h , w i t h mud a l o n g s i d e i t s north e d g e a n d a few p e b b l e s a l o n g the e a s t and n o r t h w e s t of it. Not far from the north w a l l w a s a quern ( K ) 50 c m . long a n d 19 c m . w i d e , e m b e d d e d in the floor w i t h a few p e b b l e f a s t e n i n g s a l o n g the e d g e . West of the quern t h e r e w a s a l a r g e boulder 54 x 2 6 cm. p r o b a b l y u s e d a s a s e a t d u r i n g g r i n d i n g . A d j o i n i n g the w e s t w a l l w a s an a r e a p a v e d w i t h s a n d s t o n e s l a b s a n d m e a s u r i n g 6 5 cm. a c r o s s . N e a r i t s north e d g e were two t u b u l a r s p o u t s of c o m b e d b o w l s ( 2 2 0 ) a n d at a s h o r t d i s t a n c e to the w e s t three b l a d e s of flint (221). T h e e a s t part of the f l o o r w a s c o v e r e d w i t h c o n s i d e r a b l e n u m b e r s of f l i n t and s t o n e imp l e m e n t s : c e l t s , 7 0 - 7 2 , 84, 8 9 , 1 5 7 - 9 , 3 6 2 - 6 , of w h i c h many w e r e u n f i n i s h e d , s h o w i n g that the a c t u a l s h a p i n g of c e l t s w a s done in the h o u s e ; f l i n t s , 6 8 - 9 , 7 3 - 4 , 7 6 - 8 1 , 87, 9 1 - 2 , 2 2 1 , 3 5 6 - 7 , 3 6 7 ; s e v e n c o r e s ( 1 6 2 , 3 5 8 ) , s h o w i n g t h a t s h a p i n g of f l i n t i m p l e m e n t s a l s o w a s

SOHRA

36

c a r r i e d o u t in t h e h o u s e , w h i c h

Museum

Monographs

i s p r o v e d by t h e p r e s e n c e o f h a m m e r s t o n e s , o n e of

d o n y (374) and a s e c o n d of a n d e s i t e ( 3 7 3 ) ; a n d s t o n e c h i s e l s ,

(71, 85). P o t t e r y

chalce-

making

i l l u s t r a t e d by a p o l i s h e r ( 3 7 5 ) a n d i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e q u e r n a l r e a d y m e n t i o n e d , t w o o f s m a l l s i z e ( 1 6 0 - 1 ) w e r e f o u n d in t h i s

p a r t of t h e h o u s e .

( 6 7 , 3 7 0 - 1 ), a h a m m e r s t o n e ( 3 7 2 ) , t w o g r i n d e r s

Other finds

include three

pestles

( 3 6 8 - 9 ) , a f r a g m e n t of a l i m e s t o n e b o w l ( 3 3 8 ) ,

t w o stone p e n d a n t s (86, 90), a p e r f o r a t e d s t o n e d i s c (75), a p e r f o r a t e d stone (83), s h e l l s ( 8 2 , 3 5 9 ) , a n d m a n y s h e r d s f r o m v a s e s of v a r i o u s w a r e s ( 2 2 0 , 3 3 7 , 3 5 5 ,

several

360).

T h e l a y e r b e t w e e n t h i s f l o o r a n d F l o o r I w a s of g r a y i s h s o i l a n d c o n t a i n e d m a n y

objects:

f l i n t s (340, 351, 354), a f l i n t core ( 3 4 4 ) , a p o t t e r y p o l i s h e r of c h a l c e d o n y (347), two p r o b a b l y u s e d as p e s t l e s ( 3 4 9 , 3 5 3 ) , t w o s h e l l s ( 3 4 2 , 3 4 5 ) , a n d g r e a t n u m b e r s o f (339, 343, 346, 352, 376). Floor

Many of t h e s e may a c t u a l l y

I ( P I . 19) w a s m a d e of g r a y i s h

soil

T h e h e a r t h o r i g i n a l l y c o n s t r u c t e d on F l o o r

was

more

belong to F l o o r

pebbles

sherds

II.

b u t in p a r t s w a s c o v e r e d w i t h y e l l o w i s h

III a n d r e p a i r e d at t h e t i m e of F l o o r

II

earth.

continued

t o be in u s e , b u t i t s s u r f a c e w a s f o u n d m u c h d a m a g e d e v i d e n t l y o w i n g t o c u l t i v a t i o n . the north w a l l w a s a b e l t of s t o n e s of t h a t w a l l at t h e t i m e of F l o o r Floors

I a n d II a n d F l o o r

in no o r d e r , p r o b a b l y t h e r e s u l t of a p a r t i a l

II.

Actually

these stones penetrated

into the layer

I abuts a g a i n s t them but does not cover them.

a f r a g m e n t of a s e c o n d o n e

Along

destruction

w e r e f o u n d a l o n g t h e e d g e of t h e s t o n e s .

between

A quern (161) and Near the west

wall

w a s a p o s t - h o l e 10 c m . a c r o s s , w i t h s m a l l s t o n e s a l l r o u n d , a n d f a r t h e r s o u t h a g r o u p o f s l a b s p l a c e d on t h e f l o o r .

N o t far o f f , a f r a g m e n t a r y c e l t ( 3 4 1 ) , a g r i n d e r ( 3 5 0 ) , a p o t t e r y

p o l i s h e r of c h a l c e d o n y ( 3 4 8 ) , a n d a s t o n e c h i s e l ( 1 3 ) , w e r e f o u n d in lying Floor I the following objects were found: perforated disc (378), shells ( 3 8 0 - l ) , a n d

FROM

Surface Combed (a) on

ware:

the

27 f r a g m e n t s ,

inside

a broad

straight

broad

straight

horizontal

from

the rim;

bond

flat

and

base

vertical trous

with

378.

Perforated

379.

Flakes

380.

Shell,

381.

Dentolium

of

on

58

Cassis

(broad

perhaps

side;

(j)

of

limestone,

or b r o w n su/coso

shell:

flint,

Brug.,

ribbed,

band).

from

L. L.

from

161.

Chisel

of

elongated

ground;

andesite.

Quern,

elongated,

21.5

cm.(PI.

100).

form L.

3.8

with

28

flat.

4

inside,

and

with

to

wavy Jugs

combed ware:

horizontal jugs.

Diameter

.

straight

multiple

ones

decorated

with

1 fragment

ware:

91, brown

bands. 27

d)

(e)

pendent multiple (h)

rings

parallel

sides: (c,

one;

concentric

(?)

of

both

sides;

from

(Pis.

Core

the

on

both

2 fragments

Coarse

5 cm.

on

ware:

(?) v e s s e l ;

from

decorated

bands

combed

jugs, on

(i)

base,

Red

lus-

fragments.

103). flint,

L.

3 cm.

(d).

cm. sp.

with

convex

cm.

(PI.

face

the

the outside.

7 . 5 - 3 c m. (a - c , e - j )

Denfalium

one

¡ug

Bowls

straight

Red-on-white

bowls,

On 13.

on

a wide-mouthed

faces

jugs.

perpendicularly

and on

bands

fragment 30

running

(377).

3

7 from

Red-on-white

from

over-

I

(b) m u l t i p l e

outside,

multiple

inside

Floor

bowls,

bands

g. ( g ) .

fragments,

disc pink

the

HOUSE

to

band;

e.

flange

bands

ware:

on

wavy

bands,

painted

from

multiple

bands

(f) fine

s t r a i g h t or w a v y outside

and

20

straight

In t h e l a y e r

m a n y s h e r d s of v a r i o u s w a r e s

FINDS

377.

situ.

v a r i o u s f l a k e s a n d a c o r e of f l i n t ( 3 7 9 ) , a

flat

?,

L.

Floor sides,

2.3

cm.

I pointed

butt,

and curved

cutting

edge;

surface

96). and

the other

curved;

surface

pecked;

andesite.

L.

E X C A V A T E D REMAINS:

341.

Celt frogment, (PI.

b e i n g o flat p e b b l e

A R E A V, P H A S E

with edges

Polisher

350.

Oval cm.

of c h a l c e d o n y ,

pebble, (PI.

L . 5 cm.

somewhat

(PI.

ware:

66 s h e r d s ,

e.g.(o — e ) ; f r a g m e n t (e) is (f—i)

show

wavy

3 from b o w l s ,

1 from

Red-on-white

340.

17 flakes

S h e l l , Cassis Combed

¡ug.

inside

Red

The

bowls

wore:

meeting

wavy

with broad

2 fragments

(I).

single

low

ware:

pendent

zigzags parallel

Curved

outside and painted with

walls.

Coarse

ware:

13

¡ugs.

Bowls

d e c o r a t e d on both

shows

broad bands 18 f r o m

344.

C o r e of g r a y

345.

S h e l l , Cassis

346.

Combed

with

bands

wavy

and oblong

reserved

or s i n g l e d i s t a n t b a n d s

(m) i s r e d i n s i d e ; o u t s i d e

shows

broad vertical

jugs.

Red

flint, L . 4 sulcosa

ware:

Red-on-white

between.

slip ware:

Brug.,

wavy

bands

8 fragments

L . 4.5

bands

wavy

ones

wavy

b a n d o n the i n n e r f a c e .

combed outside; ones

31 from ment

they

combed) bands

connected shows

show

running

broad b a n d s

Coarse

347.

P o l i s h e r or r u b b e r of c h a l c e d o n y , Pebble of limestone, naturally

351.

4 flakes

of buff, gray, a n d

352.

Combed

ware:

jugs decorated combed,

23 f r a g m e n t s ,

from

fragments.

Red

Red

ware:

L . 9 cm.

(g).

Red-on-whlte

inside painted bands 1 5 from b o w l s , 8 from

are not

(k) h a s

2 fragments:

parallel

broad

combed painted

(I), a t u b u l a r

5 1 f r a g m e n t s , 20 from

including

from b o w l s :

bowls,

1 frag-

(p — t , P I . 8 4 )

from

underside. 101).

used as a pestle,

3 from j u g s .

L.

11.2 cm.

(PI.

98).

cm. Bowls

d e c o r a t e d on both

( c ) or m u l t i p l e w a v y

(d, e)

sides bands;

b a n d s ( I ) , or w i t h g r o u p s o f d o u b l e w a v y ,

and combed ware: Gray

with

fragmentfromajug,hasaring

1 f r a g m e n t from a b o w l ,

(with c o m b i n g ) on w h i t e g r o u n d (h). jugs.

flattened,

s t r a i g h t (d, e ) , or

f r a g m e n t s ( i , |) a r e

10 f r a g m e n t s

26 fragments

s t r a i g h t or w a v y

straight parallel

Two

lustrous ware:

( P i s . 89,

sides and

p l a i n b a n d b e t w e e n , and

ware:

slip ware:

smooth, probably

15 f r o m b o w l s ,

bowls.

(m) ( P I . 7 9 ) , a

of matting on the

s t r a i g h t (a, b), or s i n g l e with single

d e c o r a t e d on both

to t h e p l a i n b a n d ;

brown flint. L . 4.3; 3.2; 2.4; 2.2

18 f r a g m e n t s ,

parallel, bands

8

78)

from

straight combed bands

(c) part of b a s e , s l i g h t l y

Red-on-white

and other rings.

b a n d s (o).

Bowls

with narrow

straight bands;

349.

exactly

ware:

are d e c o r a t e d with multiple

perpendicularly

the b a s e of a b o w l w i t h i m p r e s s i o n s

with multiple

jug.

50 f r a g m e n t s , 32

Coarse

(b) b r o a d

4 fragments

i n c l u d i n g (n) part of n e c k .

combed

1 from a

from combed

f r a g m e n t (q, P I .

b a n d s , d o u b l e or t r i p l e , b u t the g r o u p s

on b o t h s i d e s .

bowl, s h o w s

with a rectangle

jugs,

Jugs

and combed ware:

inside

from a s m a l l

Jug

ware:

from b o w l s .

32 from j u g s .

t h e f i r s t at a n a n g l e ;

(f), or w i t h w a v y

with multiple bands

(and then spout

meeting

Red-on-white

lustrous

p e n d e n t from the rim;

multiple

broad bands

ware:

band pendent

cm.

23 from b o w l s ,

multiple single

Red

bonds

and combed

inside with broad b a n d s ,

( o , p); ( p ) i s r e d o u t s i d e .

in

Jugs

cm.

55 fragments,

(a) w i t h m u l t i p l e

ware:

bands

painted

s p a c e (g).

(i), or s t r a i g h t

Red-on-white

cross

sides

wavy

from the rim (c, d), s t r a i g h t on o u t s i d e a n d w a v y

(f), s i n g l e

( k , I).

bands.

Fragment

and broad combined with multiple

bands

straight parallel

(m).

combing

cm.

5 f r a g m e n t s , 4 from b o w l s ,

multiple

inside

fragments.

over with

have broad

fragments,

b a n d on the jug f r a g m e n t

and

Bowls

Jugs

4

cm.

(j), or m u l t i p l e w a v y

from b o w l s :

Red-on-white

t h e rim a n d c o m b e d o v e r ; (n) is c o m b e d o u t s i d e

(g, h).

L. 9

sides,

134 f r a g m e n t s , 8 5 from b o w l s , 49 from j u g s . in p l a n ,

(a), s i n g l e v e r t i c a l

bands

(e, P I . 6 0 ) , s i n g l e

d e c o r a t e d on both

g i v i n g a p l e a s a n t effect.

e. g., (f).

6 8 f r a g m e n t s , 44 from b o w l s , 2 4 from

at r i g h t a n g l e s

bowls,

Diabase.

are red o u t s i d e a n d r e d - o n - w h i t e ( b r o a d b a n d s )

L . 4.5

bands

Bowls

on the o u t s i d e

flint, L . 7 - 2 . 5

Brug.,

intersecting

(b), m u l t i p l e

decorated

27 from j u g s .

1 f r a g m e n t (n), red l u s t r o u s

lustrous

sulcosa

ware:

inside

bowls,

and red-on-white outside

of g r a y or b r o w n

single

bands

sm o o th : gr i n d er ( ? ) .

l-ll

blackened

(o) ( P i s . 81, 87), r o u n d e d

34 2.

with

39 from

partly

and combed:

on the i n s i d e . of b o w l

naturally

m u l t i p l e or s t r a i g h t b r o a d b a n d s

(¡, k), or c o m b e d

side

cm.

99).

Combed

the

L . 6.5

101).

flattened, with surface

Floor

34 3.

c h i p p e d or p e c k e d ; a n d e s i t e .

94).

348.

339.

37

II

lustrous ware:

Red

lustrous

19 f r a g m e n t s ,

16 f r o m

not outware: bowls,

SOTIRA

38

3 from 35 3.

jugs.

Limestone 98).

Red

slip

pebble,

wore:

naturally

1 fragment smooth;

M u s e u m Mon o graph

from

a jug.

probably

used

Coarse as

ware:

a pestle,

L.

4

fragments.

8.2 cm.

(PI.

354.

3 f l a k e s of g r a y a n d b r o w n f l i n t , L . 6; 5 . 5 ; 3 . 5

644.

R e d - o n - w h i t e w a r e : f r a g m e n t o f b o w l , o u t s i d e , p a r a l l e l r e d b a n d s ; i n s i d e , c h a i n of ed r i n g s a n d at the s i d e r e d b a n d s m e e t i n g at an a n g l e , L . 9 . 5 c m . On

67.

Pestle,

Floor

cm.

13.5 cm.

connect,

II

c y l i n d r i c a l but f l a t t e n e d ; rounded e n d s , c o n s t r i c t e d near one end; s u r f a c e

or g r o u n d . L .

pecked

(PI.97).

68.

P o i n t e d b l a d e of l i g h t b r o w n f l i n t , L . 9 . 6

69.

F ra g m e nt o f s i c k le b l a d e o f l i g h t b r o w n f l i n t , L . 7 . 5

70.

C e l t w i t h c o n v e x s i d e s , o n e f a c e f l a t , the other c u r v e d ; butt p o l i s h e d , c u t t i n g e d g e s u r f a c e p a r t l y c h i p p e d or g r o u n d ; a n d e s i t e . L . 8 . 2 c m . ( P I . 9 4 ) .

71.

Celt, flat with c o n v e x L . 4.7 cm. (PI. 94).

72.

L o w e r p a r t of s m a l l c e l t , w i t h c o n v e x s i d e s a n d s l i g h t l y c u r v e d c u t t i n g e d g e ; s u r f a c e but c h i p p e d a n d d a m a g e d ; a n d e s i t e . L . 3.5 cm. ( P I . 94).

73.

P o i n t e d k n i f e b l a d e of b r o w n f l i n t ,

L.

13.2 cm.

74.

P o i n t e d blade of light brown flint,

L.

11.4

75.

P e r f o r a t e d d i s c of l i m e s t o n e ; r o u g h l y c i r c u l a r h o l e t h r o u g h t h e c e n t e r d r i l l e d f r o m b o t h Diameter 6.5 cm. ( P i s . 91, 103).

76.

P o i n t e d b l a d e of l i g h t g r a y f l i n t , L . 7.8

77.

P o i n t e d f l a k e of g r a y f l i n t , L . 7 . 3

78.

cm.

K n i f e b l a d e ( b r o k e n ) of g r a y f l i n t , L . 6 c m . K n i f e b l a d e ( b r o k e n ) of g r a y f l i n t ,

L . 9.5 cm.

81.

S i c k l e b l a d e of l i g h t g r a y f l i n t ,

L.

84.

andesite. ground

117).

cm. faces.

cm.

E n d - s c r o p e r of l i g h t g r a y f l i n t ,

83.

(PI.

curved;

cm.

80.

12 s h e l l s , (a — c ) Cassis sulcosa B r u g . ; ( i ) Fusus

cm.

s i d e s , r o u n d e d butt, s t r a i g h t c u t t i n g e d g e ; s u r f a c e g r o u n d ;

79.

82 a—I.

L.

6.2cm.

10.5

(PI.

117).

cm.

sulcosa B r u g . ; (f — g ) Purpura s p . ?; ( k ) Purpura haemastoma

P e r f o r a t e d s t o n e , e l l i p t i c a l in p l a n , s l i g h t l y c e n t e r , c o m p l e t e d from the b a c k ; l i m e s t o n e .

l i o t r a o s f o m o L i n . ; (h, i) Cassis L i n . ; ( I ) Cardium edule Lin.

flat; funnel-shaped perforation through L . 11. c m . ( P i s . 91, 103).

the

C e l t with c o n v e x s i d e s , c u r v e d f a c e s , narrow flat butt, curved c u t t i n g edge partly d a m a g e d ; s u r f a c e p e c k e d b u t g r o u n d i n t h e a r e a of t h e c u t t i n g e d g e ; a n d e s i t e . L . 12 c m . ( P I . 9 3 ) .

85.

S t o n e c e l t , t r i a n g u l a r , f l a t w i t h s t r a i g h t butt a n d c u t t i n g e d g e ; s u r f a c e g r o u n d , p a r t l y maged; a n d e s i t e . L . 3.5 c m . ( P I . 94).

86.

P e n d a n t , a l m o s t e l l i p t i c a l in p l a n , f l a t , w i t h t w o s u s p e n s i o n h o l e s o n e t h r o u g h the and another near the e d g e ; p i c r o l i t e . L . 3.3 cm. ( P i s . 90, 102).

87.

C u r v e d knife blade of light gray flint, L .

88.

O r n a m e n t , a l m o s t r e c t a n g u l a r in p l a n w i t h f l a t f a c e s ; h o l e b o r e d in the t h i c k n e s s from o n e of the n a r r o w s i d e s a n d s u s p e n s i o n h o l e t h r o u g h the w a l l . L . 3 . 5 c m . ( P i s . 9 0 , 1 0 2 ) .

89.

C e l t , f l a t w i t h c o n v e x s i d e s , r o u n d e d b u t t , c u r v e d c u t t i n g e d g e ; s u r f a c e p e c k e d or g r o u n d , c h i p p e d i n p a r t s . L . 10 c m . ( P I . 9 3 ) .

90.

da-

center

10 c m .

U n f i n i s h e d pendant (?); pebble with flat, curved f a c e s , portly ground; p i c r o l i t e . ( P i s . 90,

L . 7 cm.

102).

91.

B l a d e of l i g h t b r o w n f l i n t , r e t o u c h e d , L . 8 . 6

92.

B l a d e of c h a l c e d o n y ,

157.

s

L . 8.6

cm.

cm.

C e l t , n e a r l y f l a t w i t h s i d e s s t r a i g h t or c u r v e d ; b u t t a n d c u t t i n g e d g e r o u n d e d , o n e f a c e e d g e s f l a k e d , the other n a t u r a l l y s m o o t h ; a n d e s i t e . L . 14.5 cm. ( P i s . 89, 95).

and

EXCAVATED

158.

Celt

with

convex

the o t h e r 159.

Celt

with

other 160.

and

straight

L.

22.5

162.

Pyromidal

220.

2 tubular straight from

221.

(a)

337.

core

rim

Knife

Combed has

wavy

multiple side

wavy

wavy

vertical

gray

bands:

meeting

flat

bands.

face

naturally

10 c m .

(Pis.

flat

89,

and

smooth,

95).

edge; one face flatand naturally

and

the other

flint;

convex;

smooth,

the

surface

pecked;

ande-

8.2

19 f r o m

(a)

shows

on

the

center

(f, g).

(b)

down

bands (d)

the ware:

e d g e on

jugs.

Bowls

pendent part

ware:

from

59

face.

light

pendent

rim;

fragments,

with 41

is

cm.

L.6.8 sides

red

several

is a t u b u l a r

bowls

11.4

flint,

on both

(b)

with

L.

gray

decorated the

58)

multiple

bands

bulbar of

of a base

(e) ( P I .

3 fragments

lustrous

from

Spout:

wavy

cm.

the

blade

is

interior;

(c) 9

Pointed

6 from

wavy

bowls.

multiple

13 c m . ;

one

(c)

inside;

on

Red

Fragment:

cm.

bowls,

117).

(c) of c o m b e d

12 c m . ;

retouch L.

(PI. rim

length.

(a)

Red-on-white

or o b l i q u e

cm. the

L.

flint,

bands

at the

9.5 from

the w h o l e

brown

of

wavy

L.

outside,

light

multiple

bands

flint,

25 f r a g m e n t s ,

multiple

and

one

L.

39

II

95).

completely

fragment

along

and

of

ware:

gray

bands

Blade

cutting

89,

PHASE

edge;

andesite.

butt and (Pis.

V,

100).

b) a n d

inside

(b)

face

AREA

cutting

flaked;

12 c m .

one

light

(af

blade

117).

with

of

or w a v y

the

(PI.

with

butt and

are

rounded

L.

cm. (PI.

spouts

side

sides,

diabase.

elongated

site.

rounded

part of one

flaked;

Quern,

sides,

REMAINS:

outside

groups

of

spout. Jugs

broad

bands

from b o w l s ,

show

on

18

in-

from

i u 9s • 338.

Fragment

355.

Combed with

single

( b ) , or

with

ly f r o m broad

the

from

( a ) , or

wavy

multiple

bands

similarly

other

multiple

(d),

or w i t h

bands

29

spaced

Red-on-white

inside

wavy

bowls,

widely

jugs.

bands

parallel

from

bands;

jugs,

(p)

(Pis.

(a)

Broad

blade

of

light

brown

flint;

retouch

(b)

Broad

blade

of

light

brown

flint,

L.

L.

light

knife

7 cm.

L.

blade

of buff

L.

(I)

Blade

flint,

b l a d e of

light

(broken)

of

Blade

4.4

cm.

gray

gray

L.

of

4.2

flint of

(f)

down

cm.

(n)

(broken), L.

4.2

light

brown

(a)

Flake

5 cm.

of

flint,

of

gray

flint,

5 s h e l l s , (a - c) Cassis

Celt

with

ting

edge;

convex surface

cm.

Knife

flint,

L.

of buff, 4cm.

L.

core 4.5

su/cosa

sides, flaked

one

of gray

with

slightly

single

wavy

10 f r a g m e n t s , straight

3

bowl

from

parallel

enclosing

87 f r a g m e n t s ,

Coarse

(h),

outside

(I)

(o) r i n g

rim

oblique-

ware:

small

edges

L.

of

with

flat

ware:

9

Flake

4.6

pink,

(t)

disc

54

base

and

fragments

cm.

L.

L.

10.3

flint,

(k)

(m)

cm.

of

(g)

Blade

light

of

Fragment

flint,

L.

4.5

cm.

brown

flint,

L . 4.4

cm.

of

brown

brown

brecciated

flint,

6 cm.

(e) C o r e

L.

flint, brown

of

L.

(o)Knife (q)

Blade cm.

flint,

(kk)

gray

flint,

brown

knife

L . 4.2

2.6 cm.

(c) Core of gray

gray blade

light

of a

brown

light

cm.

cm.

Knife

of

of

9.3

7.7

of

flint, L.

4.6

faceflint,

End-scraper

L.

cm.

Flake

gray,and

gray

flint, L.

4.9

(broken)

cm.

bulbar

(e)

flint,

brown

L.

(broken)

blade

the

light brown

7.8 cm.

light

(p)

of

of

brown

(broken),

(b) A s y m m et r i c a I c o r e o f

(d) A s y m m e t r i c a l

(f) C o r e

(r)

bands

(j) c o m b e d

ware:

sides

below

Jugs:

jugs.

Blade

light

blade

2.5

both (c)

edges, of

flint

Knife L.

cm.

on

3 flakes

gray

( g ) , or

of r i n g ;

from

wavy

a bowl

lustrous

from

both

are decorated

from

part

on

band

(q).

both

(h-j)

light

and

fragment

9 cm.

blade

Jugs

straight

bands.

Red

5 fragments

matting

Knife

6.9cm.

flint,

(broken)

of

retouch

117),

flint,

8 cm.

(s)

blade,

(PI.

brown

flint,

impressions

357 36 v a r i o u s f l a k e s o f s m a l l s i z e , a-z, m e t r i c a l c o r e of b r o w n f l i n t , L . a a - j j.

362.

87),

one

with

band

decorated

horizontal

multiple

Red-on-white

parallel

others.

including

of

359 a - e

81,

ware:

(e).

1 fragment

straight with

straight

multiple

combed).

(PI.92).

Bowls

( c ) , or w i t h

bands

with

straight

(n)

the ring

lustrous

wavy

sides.

flint,

Gray

with

4 cm.

jugs.

a multiple

combed:

also

(k)

cm.,W.

10 f r o m

placed

( f ) , or

and

(perhaps

Bowls:

connecting

4.5

with

diverging

(d ) C u r v e d

358.

L.

bands

bands.

(m)

wavy

bowl,

19 f r o m b o w l s ,

parallel

7 from

bands; and

limestone

broad rim

(i)

rim of

29 f r a g m e n t s ,

red-on-white

bowls,

356.

the

straight

or w a v y and

from

ware:

Asym-

flint,

5.1

L.

L.

cm.

cm. Brug.,

face

(d)Murex

flat and

or p e c k e d ;

the

andesite.

sp.;

other L.

( e ) Ostrea

curved, 14 c m .

(?).

pointed (Pis.

88,

butt, 94).

and

curved

cut-

cm.

SOTIRA

40

363.

Colt

with

surface 364.

365.

S

m a

celt

flaked;

Small

celt,

other

Small

with

flat,

Knife

blade

368.

Grinder,

of

(PI.

Grinder,

elongated,

of use

on

Pestle,

flat,

cylindrical

stone.

L.

Hammerstone, Andesite

flint,

cm.

plan

with

8

convex

one

face

face;

(PI.

butt

butt 5.5

and

89,

and

edge;

one

curved

(PI.

face

cutting

edge;

93).

naturally

smooth,

the

cutting

edge;

one

face

naturally

smooth,

95).

and

curved

cm.

faces;

flat,

the

diabase.

(PI.

traces

cutting

edge;

one

face

naturally

95).

of

use

on

both

faces;

diabase.

Diameter

other L.

convex

13.5

cm.

artificial

flattened;

but

uneven;

(PI.

shaping;

minimum

minimum

artificial

shaping;

99). andesite.

artificial

L.

shaping,

13 c m .

but

(PI.

surface

98).

pecked;

lime-

98).

elongated,

pebble,

Hammerstone

flat,

flat;

traces

elongated,

of u s e ;

traces

limestone.

of use

L.

17.5

(hammering

?) o n

cm.

(PI.

both

faces.

101). L.

10

cm.

of

chalcedony,

triangular,

flat;

one

face

L.

6 cm.

smooth,

the

other

flaked.

L.

9

cm.

101).

375.

Polisher,

flat,

376.

(a) Sherd

from

b o w I,

rectangular;

chalcedony.

combed

multiple

jug;

wavy

bands,

Floor

ll-lll

(PI. L.

101).

7.5

cm.

(b)

Sherd

from

red

lustrous

L . 5 cm .

Combed with

ware:

broad

bands

40

similarly bands

others

running

(k).

single

with broad

band

broad

bands

bowls

and

fragments

of

side

32

knife

flint,

L.

6

L.

4.5

L.

2.5

(e)

L.

3.2

cm.

(o)

of

ware;

or s i n g l y slip

(c)

flint,

(i)

gray

flint,

Flake

flake,

needle

(Pis.

104,

with

flat

head;

(I)

(i,

from

¡), or w i t h

a bowl,

Red

ware:

lustrous from

below

band

single

red

(f).

inside;

76

Jugs

jugs,

44

lustrous

eye-hole

223.

2 small

lumps

Portion

of deer's

of

246.

Flake-blade

247.

Miniature

red

from ware:

both

edges.

of white 3.8

cm.

L.

5.5

flint, (m)

(f) cm.

L.

L.

chert,

Flake (h)

(k)

floke,

cm.

cm.

(PI. (d)

117) •

Point

(hinge-fracture)

Flake,

3 cm.

Primary

10.5

L. 4.9

burnt,

Core

L.

3.5

of

gray

cm.

of

L. 4 cm. (n)

flint,

of

of buff-pink

bowl,

L.

15 c m .

flint,

elongated

L.

Floor bored

(PI.

11

5

(b) gray

light (i) L.

Primary

brown Flake

5.5

the two

faces.

L.

7 cm.

(incomplete).

106)

.

cm.

in p l a n w i t h r o u n d e d

base, convex

sides,

and

thick

walls.

cm.

flake,

III from

pigment.

antler,

wavy (?)

outside,

from

105).

245

simi-

ring

on t h e

fragments, Gray

(c),

and

multiple

forming

2 fragments

bowls.

the rim bond

and

band

sides

closer

straight

multiple

narrow

ware:

fragments

bands

single

on both

and

cm. On

Bone

L.

flint,

of gray 3

(e) or

(g), or w i t h bands

narrower

straight

vertical

single

decorated

with

Red-on-white

down

L. 4 cm. L.

or

fragments.

Flake

of b r o w n

cm.

Primary

28

21

retouch

cm.

of gray

Flake

(n).

ware:

ware:

chert; 5.5

wavy bands

bands.

Bowls

(a),

or w i t h

1 fragment

wavy

jugs.

horizontal

converging

(m),

Flake

(g)

core

of L.

with

single

Red

Coarse

blade

cm.

flint,

Globular

side

of

interior),

multiple

with

14 f r o m

from t h e rim

groups

(c,

(d), or

combed

¡ugs.

flint,

cm.

(I)

other

of

over

jugs.

brown

flint,

gray

by

from

from

Curved

Flake

and

combed

pendent

straight

groups

Red-on-white

bowls,

(b), or w i t h

each

perpendicularly

(h ), or w i t h

a broad

26 from

bands

arranged

crossing

decorated

bands

fragments,

vertical

or w i t h larly

222.

butt,

10.5 cm.

99).

(PI.

of

rounded

L.

cutting

(Pis.

gray

slightly

13 c m .

373.

(a)

cm.

b o tt Ie - s ha p o d ; m i n i m u m

372.

361.

curved

5.7

with

and

flat L.

95).

L.

flat

Pestle,

360.

sides, L.

butt

(PI.

narrow

andesite.

Monographs

99).

370.

374.

uneven,

andesite.

light in

curved

8 cm.

convex

flaked;

371.

(PI.

L.

but

unfinished;

sides,

triangular

circular

11 c m .

flat

is

andesite.

the other

367.

traces

convex

flat

celt,

faces

the celt

andesite.

flaked;

smooth,

369.

sides,

but

with

other

the 366.

'l

convex

pecked

Museum

EXCAVATED

limestone. 248.

Miniature

L.

6 cm.

bowl,

shallow

with

249.

Tubular

spout

668.

Combed

ware:

(PI.

circular

sides of

plan,

with

round

to b o t t o m ,

lustrous

bowl,

or w i t h wavy

from

multiple

bands

ware: 692.

4 fragments,

pendent

1

3 flakes

the rim

wavy

(d).

Red

3 from (a) on

bands

on

lustrous

III

base,

to

bowls,

PHASE

convex

41

II

the

inside

ware:

20

sides,

Diameter

rising,

L.

and

5.5

8 cm.

thick

cm.

(PI.

a jug.

or

(c).

with

Jugs

fragments,

58).

Bowls

similar

decorated 13 f r o m

decorated bands with

bowls,

with

inside

of gray

and

( P I . 8).

brown

flint,

L.

3.5 — 2.1

20,

N o r t h of i t l i e s H o u s e

w h i l e on t h e s o u t h i s H u t 6 , w h i c h stage.

therefore appears

(b)

multiple

jugs.

Coarse

cm. 5

4 1-43.

15-18.

l e f t on e i t h e r

14 w i t h a p a s s a g e o f h a l f a m e t e r

i s an a n n e x , p e r h a p s

It w i l l be s h o w n t h a t H o u s e

connected with House

between,

1, a n d w a s

14 o n t h e n o r t h i s a l s o l a t e , a n d

it

t h a t at t h e t i m e w h e n H o u s e 5 w a s e r e c t e d t h e s p a c e n o r t h a n d s o u t h

free a l t h o u g h i t is p o s s i b l e STR A T I G R A P H I C A L

that lighter structures may have stood

EVIDENCE:

This

is f i l l e d w i t h a l t e r n a t i n g o b l i q u e

(PI. 20)

T h e s u r f a c e of the b e d r o c k

e v e n a n d in p a r t s w a s c o v e r e d by t h e u s u a l red s o i l .

was

there.

m a y be s t u d i e d on S e c t i o n A - A

r u n s t h r o u g h t h e h o u s e in a n o r t h — s o u t h d i r e c t i o n . deep step w h i c h

of

wavy

out

T h i s h o u s e o c c u p i e s a c e n t r a l p o s i t i o n in s q u a r e s H - K

1 m. or l e s s . later

twin

and

groups 7 from

It l i e s b e t w e e n H o u s e 3 o n t h e e a s t a n d H o u s e 12 on t h e w e s t , t h e p a s s a g e s

b u i l t at a

interior

92).

fragment.

HOUSE

side being

walls;

(Pis.88,

Bedrock 1 from

the o u t s i d e ,

Pis.

POSITION:

V,

limestone.

slightly

Floor

bands

AREA

92).

in

tapering

red

REMAINS:

On the south the bedrock

which

was very

un-

shows a

l a y e r s of a s h e s a n d w h i t e m u d .

Ashes

are met w i t h b e y o n d t h e step a n d a c t u a l l y u n d e r l i e b o t h the n o r t h a n d s o u t h w a l l s .

Floor

I I I s e a l s t h e s e m i x e d l a y e r s w h i c h c l e a r l y t e s t i f y to a c o n f l a g r a t i o n b e f o r e t h e e r e c t i o n the h o u s e .

E v i d e n c e of a s i m i l a r c o n f l a g r a t i o n o c c u r r e d in t h e l a y e r under H o u s e s

o f P h a s e II a l r e a d y d e s c r i b e d , a n d a l s o h o u s e s of P h a s e

in a s s o c i a t i o n

I (e. g. 29, 3 6 - 3 9 ) , w h i c h e n t i t l e s

of

1 and 3

w i t h t h e d e s t r u c t i o n of a n u m b e r of

us t o a t t r i b u t e H o u s e 5 to P h a s e

II.

T h e d e p o s i t b e t w e e n t h e o r i g i n a l f l o o r ( I I I ) a n d t h e f o l l o w i n g one ( I I ) is e v i d e n t l y t h e res u l t o f n a t u r a l a c c u m u l a t i o n , b u t on F l o o r

II w e n o t i c e a t h i c k

l a y e r of d e b r i s

including

s t o n e s , d e c o m p o s e d m u d c o n t a i n i n g s t r a w , a n d e v e n g r a y v e i n s w h i c h m a y be d u e to d e c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h i n b r a n c h e s or r e e d s w h i c h c a m e d o w n f r o m t h e r o o f .

The same layer

con-

t a i n e d t w o d e e r ' s a n t l e r s w h i c h m u s t h a v e f a l l e n w i t h t h e w a l l s , on one of w h i c h t h e y probably The (see

p.

suspended (PI.

42d).

s t r a t i g r a p h i c a I p o s i t i o n o f H o u s e 5 i s a l s o m a d e c l e a r o n S e c t i o n A — A o f H o u s e 36 7)

where

we

see

d u g in a l a y e r o f g r a y i s h I.

were

H o w e v e r , on S e c t i o n

in a f o u n d a t i o n

trench

s o i l a b u t t i n g a g a i n st t h e w a l l o f H o u s e 3 6 w h i c h b e l o n g s t o

that

Phase

3-B

the north w a l l of the house was b u i l t

of H o u s e

1 ( P I . 1 7 ) t h e s o u t h w a l l of H o u s e 5 is seen t o rest

i n a f o u n d a t i o n t r e n c h d u g in t h e l a y e r a b u t t i n g a g a i n s t t h e w a l l o f H o u s e

1, w h i c h

a t t r i b u t e d to P h a s e II.

1 and that

This

w o u l d m e a n t h a t H o u s e 5 is l a t e r than H o u s e

fore i t m i g h t e v e n b e l o n g to P h a s e I I I .

Nevertheless

it is d i f f i c u l t t o d e n y the

from the s e c t i o n through the h o u s e as w e l l as t h a t from S e c t i o n A — A through II.

been

there-

evidence

H o u s e 36, and

w e m u s t a s s u m e t h a t i f H o u s e 5 w a s e r e c t e d l a t e r t h a n H o u s e 1, t h e d i f f e r e n c e s m a l l a n d t h a t t h e y b o t h b e l o n g to t h e s a m e g e n e r a l P h a s e

has

in t i m e

was

Museum

SOTIRA

42

ARCHITECTURAL

DESCRIPTION:

r e m i n d s one of H o u s e pearance, while wall

1, a l t h o u g h

or d i m e n s i o n s .

west wall, straighter

20, 42).

H o u s e 5 is one of t h e best b u i l t

it does not equal the latter e i t h e r

The ground plan

the n o r t h and w e s t w a l l s is c o n v e x ,

(Pis.

is r o u g h l y

are reasonably

Similarly

continuous

a n g l e , w h e r e the w e s t end of t h e south w a l l

abuts against

The

the south wall,

t h a n t h e e a s t , is a l s o o b l i q u e a n d t h u s n o t p a r a l l e l to the n o r t h w a l l .

the a n g l e s are rounded and b u i l d i n g a p p e a r s

northeast outer angle stone wall

cm. w i t h

four

is n o t

east

It i s m o r e o v e r n o t p a r a l l e l

direction.

to

the

although

However,

w i t h the e x c e p t i o n of the the west wall.

ap-

Thus

s t r a i g h t and meet at r i g h t a n g l e s , the

in a N E - S W

and

in q u a l i t y , g e n e r a l

square but it l a c k s r e g u l a r i t y .

less regularly built, and somewhat w a v y .

being slightly oblique

Monographs

southwest

Moreover,

the

rounded.

is 4 0 - 5 0 c m . in t h i c k n e s s

a n d is p r e s e r v e d to a m a x i m u m h e i g h t of

s u p e r i m p o s e d c o u r s e s a l o n g the n o r t h and w e s t w a l l s .

c o u r s e s a r e p r e s e r v e d a n d in s o m e p l a c e s o n l y o n e .

Elsewhere only

T h e method of b u i l d i n g the w a l l

flat limestone

stones

o c c u p y i n g t h e w h o l e t h i c k n e s s of the w a l l

stones

s i d e by s i d e w i t h

con-

s i s t s of p l a c i n g t w o r o w s of stones ( m o s t l y in the i n t e r s p a c e s , but larger

slabs)

60

two

smaller do

occur. Three successive floors, tion A —A,PI.

20).

jects were collected: (693,

I I I —I, w e r e e n c o u n t e r e d ,

In t h e l a y e r b e t w e e n t h e l a t t e r sherds of v a r i o u s w a r e s

Floor

III b e i n g t h e e a r l i e s t (see

floor and the bedrock

(670, 694), a flaked

celt

(695), various

Floor

III

the center

( P I s. 2 0 a nd 4 3 ) w a s made of y e l l o w - w h i t e

central

mud or r a m m e d s o i l .

is not quite clear.

support.

N o r t h w e s t and

with

small

The

15 a n d 2 0 c m .

support the t w o post-holes

subsidiary

is a n o t h e r

fastenings, Daily central

but

life

it is p r o b a b l y a f o u r t h

(PI.

43).

platform of mud and small wall north

a round the

is a r o w of s t o n e s

several bowl

other fragments The upper

mud,

East of t h e c e n t r a l

supposed measuring

support (D)

At a short distance

l o n g a n d 31 w i d e , w i t h

small

sloping

is

from

w i t h , in t h e n o r t h e r n p a r t , a n i c h e 70 c m . l o n g a n d 40

wide.

slabs

fragmentary

31 cm. h i g h a n d 26

v a s e s w e r e f o u n d in t w o m a i n

layers.

66, 86), and part of a red of vases

lustrous bowl

( c o m b e d or red lu s t r o u s

be d e s c r i b e d in t h a t c o n t e x t .

(96-102)

I.

stones, mostly flat

same layer

Immediately

w h i c h m a y b e l o n g to

outside

a

included

idol (106, P i s .

It i s t h e n c l e a r t h a t t h i s

limestone,

this

same

91,

Floor

enclosure

was

i n c l u d i n g t h e s t o n e i d o l , d u r i n g the t i m e of

II a n d p e r h a p s e v e n o f F l o o r

rectangular area paved with

The

1 0 3 - 4 ) and a l i m e s t o n e

layer included vases and stone tools

and other o b j e c t s ,

(105c).

cm. In

The earlier included

of c o m b e d w a r e ( 1 0 5 a , P i s . 5 9 , 8 6 ) , t h e l o w e r p a r t of a j u g of the

( P I . 42) and w i l l

III and

by a c u r v e d w a l l

s t o n e s and a b u t t i n g at b o t h e n d s a g a i n s t t h e w a l l of t h e h o u s e .

u s e d for s t o r i n g v e s s e l s of F l o o r s

s o u t h w e s t of the

T h i s m a y be a s e a t .

corner of the f l o o r is e n c l o s e d

b u i l t of s m a l l

ware (105b, P i s .

II

be

stone

rim.

fragmentary

102).

lies

30 cm. a c r o s s . (C).

is a t r o u g h of l i m e s t o n e 41 c m .

The northeast

enclosure

stones

seem to

p i t w i t h no

I t i s an a l m o s t c i r c u l a r p l a t f o r m o f y e l l o w - w h i t e

94 c m . a c r o s s , w i t h a c e n t r a l d e p r e s s i o n

Farther

small

line

post-hole.

is e v i d e n c e d f i r s t by the h e a r t h ( B ) w h i c h

support

the east

northwest

of

across

T h e t h r e e a r e n o t in

a n d w h i l e D m a y be a b a s e f o r a m o r e or l e s s c e n t r a l Farther

south

m a y be t h e b a s e o f a

s o u t h e a s t o f it a p p e a r t w o p o s t - h o l e s

stones around part of the w h o l e c i r c l e .

supports of some kind.

evidence

At a short distance

is a g r o u p o f s t o n e s w i t h mud a r o u n d p a r t of i t ( D ) w h i c h

respectively,

thick,

obflints

696).

r e g a r d i n g t h e m e t h o d of s u p p o r t i n g t h e r o o f

a low

Sec-

the f o l l o w i n g

use

the e n c l o s u r e was a

on t h e e a s t e n d of w h i c h

there

EXCAVATED

REMAINS:

AREA

V,

PHASE

w a s a q u e r n ( J ) 3 5 by 3 2 c m . a n d in it a s t o n e p e s t l e ( F ) ( 2 5 0 ) .

43

II

A t a s h o r t d i s t a n c e to t h e

s o u t h w a s a n o t h e r p e s t l e ( 2 5 1 ) on t h e f l o o r . T h e n o r t h w e s t e r n c o r n e r of t h e room w a s a l s o e n c l o s e d by a l o w w a l l of s t o n e s , 20 c m . in h e i g h t a n d 30 t h i c k

( P I . 41).

In the e n c l o s e d s p a c e t h e r e w a s a l a r g e q u e r n , 6 2 by 30

c m . , s t a n d i n g on i t s e d g e a g a i n s t t h e w e s t w a l l , a n d n o r t h of it a s m a l l e r q u e r n .

In t h e

s p a c e i m m e d i a t e l y to the e a s t a n d s o u t h of t h i s e n c l o s u r e t h e f o l l o w i n g o b j e c t s w e r e f o u n d on t h e f l o o r :

p e s t l e ( 2 5 4 ) , h o a r d o f red j a s p e r p e b b l e s ( 2 5 5 ) , f l a k e of buff f l i n t ( 2 5 6 ) ,

lite ornament (257), and a small celt (258).

picro-

Farther e a s t was another celt (252), while a

p e s t l e ( 2 5 3 ) a n d a s h e l l ( 4 0 5 ) w e r e a l s o on t h i s f l o o r a n d , n e a r the north w a l l , a n o t h e r q u e r n , 30 by 19 c m . T h e l a y e r b e t w e e n t h i s f l o o r a n d t h e f o l l o w i n g o n e ( I I ) w a s 10 c m . in t h i c k n e s s and of g r a y i s h c o l o r ; it c a n be c o n s i d e r e d a s t h e r e s u l t of n a t u r a l a c c u m u l a t i o n .

was

H o w e v e r it

c o n t a i n e d g r e a t q u a n t i t i e s o f s h e r d s of v a r i o u s w a r e s ( 3 9 3 , 3 9 5 , 4 0 6 ) , m a n y f l i n t s ( 3 9 4 , 3 9 6 , 4 0 7 ) , a p o t t e r ' s p o l i s h e r of c h a l c e d o n y ( 3 9 7 ) , a s h e l l ( 4 0 4 ) , a n d a f r a g m e n t a r y b o n e n e e d l e (187). Floor

II

( P i s . 20, 42):

A l t h o u g h a n u m b e r of f e a t u r e s o b s e r v e d on the p r e v i o u s f l o o r

c o n t i n u e d to be u s e d , n e w s t r u c t u r a l a n d o t h e r f e a t u r e s w e r e c o n s t r u c t e d , g i v i n g the

impres-

s i o n of a t h o r o u g h r e a r r a n g e m e n t .

(K),

A t a p p r o x i m a t e l y the c e n t e r t h e r e w a s a p o s t - h o l e

36 x 20 c m . , s u r r o u n d e d w i t h s m a l l s t o n e s .

S o u t h e a s t o f it w a s a n o t h e r p o s t - h o l e , 2 0 c m .

a c r o s s , a t the c e n t e r o f a n a l m o s t s e m i c i r c u l a r a r e a b u i l t of m u d , 1 m. a c r o s s .

A

p o s t - h o l e w i t h s t o n e s a l l a r o u n d w a s f o u n d in t h e s o u t h w e s t c o r n e r o f t h e f l o o r .

The

third pre-

s e n c e of t h e s e p o s t - h o l e s , w h i c h d o not o c c u r on t h e o r i g i n a l f l o o r , i s e v i d e n c e of s t r u c t u r a l r e a r r a n g e m e n t s i n v o l v i n g t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of n e w s u p p o r t s for the r o o f . a r r a n g e m e n t s a l s o took p l a c e in o t h e r r e s p e c t s .

T h o r o u g h re-

T h u s two n e w h e a r t h s w e r e b u i l t ( L , M),

t h e f i r s t n o r t h w e s t a n d the s e c o n d n o r t h e a s t o f the h e a r t h on F l o o r I I I , w h i c h c o n t i n u e d in use.

T h e s e c o n d hearth w a s h o w e v e r b u i l t later than the f i r s t after t h i s floor had been

for s o m e t i m e .

used

B o t h t h e s e h e a r t h s ( P I . 4 3 ) a r e of t h e u s u a l t y p e , i . e. a c i r c u l a r p l a t f o r m

of m u d w i t h a c e n t r a l d e p r e s s i o n in w h i c h t h e f i r e w a s m a d e .

N o t far from the s o u t h w a l l a

p i t w a s d u g 77 c m . a c r o s s a n d 1 0 — 1 5 c m . in d e p t h , i t s s i d e s c o v e r e d w i t h mud. p i n g t h e e a s t s i d e of t h e p i t w e r e t h r e e l i m e s t o n e s l a b s s l o p i n g e a s t w a r d s .

Overlap-

They

to h a v e f a l l e n t h e r e from s o m e h i g h e r p o s i t i o n w h e r e t h e y h a d o r i g i n a l l y b e e n

appeared

placed.

T h e e n c l o s e d a r e a in t h e n o r t h e a s t e r n c o r n e r o f the h o u s e c o n t i n u e d in u s e a n d m o r e p o t s a n d o t h e r d o m e s t i c o b j e c t s w e r e p l a c e d in it.

T h u s various fragmentary v a s e s

found (96, 97, 99, 100) a s well a s a quern (101) and a grinder (98, P I . 42).

were

A g a i n s t tHe

o u t e r s i d e o f the c u r v e d w a l l e n c l o s i n g t h i s a r e a a n a d d i t i o n w a s b u i l t c o v e r i n g t h e p r e vious platform.

A c o n v e x l i m e s t o n e s l a b ( N ) in two p i e c e s w a s f r a m e d w i t h a r i m of s t o n e s

t h u s p r o d u c i n g a k i n d of b u i l t t r o u g h .

W e s t o f it w e r e t w o g r i n d e r s ( 4 0 0 - 1 ) on t h e f l o o r a n d

farther s o u t h a s m a l l quern (403) and a p e s t l e (398). In t h e n o r t h w e s t c o m e r a c i r c u l a r w a l l of s t o n e s w a s b u i l t a g a i n s t t h e e x i s t i n g sure, round an a r e a found

( P I . 42).

enclo-

4 0 c m . a c r o s s in w h i c h t h e n e c k of a jug of c o m b e d w a r e ( 1 0 7 ) w a s

A t a s h o r t d i s t a n c e to t h e n o r t h t h e r e w a s a q u e r n .

It w a s in t h e a r e a e a s t

of the e n c l o s u r e , w h i c h w a s c o v e r e d w i t h s h e r d s , t h a t t h e t w o d e e r ' s a n t l e r s a l r e a d y m e n t i o n e d w e r e f o u n d t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e c o l l a p s e d d e b r i s from t h e s u p e r s t r u c t u r e .

A l o n g the

s o u t h p a r t of t h e e a s t w a l l t h e r e w a s a r a i s e d b e n c h b u i l t of s t o n e a n d mud w i t h a r e c t a n g u l a r d e p r e s s i o n ( 7 6 x 50 c m . ) s h a p e d in i t s w e s t s i d e a n d l i n e d w i t h s t o n e s .

It w i l l be re-

SOTIRA

44

colled t h a t a

s i m i l a r n i c h e e x i s t e d i n t h e r o u g h w a l l f o u n d in a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e s a m e

t i o n on F l o o r s i t t i n g or

M u s e u m W o n o g raph

s

posi-

I I I a n d i t is p o s s i b l e t h a t b o t h t h a t w a l l a n d t h e p r e s e n t b e n c h w e r e m e a n t f o r

sleeping.

A p a r t from the stone t o o l s and other o b j e c t s a l r e a d y d e s c r i b e d , the f o l l o w i n g w e r e a m o n g v a r i o u s s t o n e s on t h e f l o o r :

celts

( 4 1 0 - 2 , 416), a grinder (399) near the

found

southeast

w a l l , a s t o n e c h i s e l (413), a h a m m e r s t o n e (402), a number of f l i n t s (409, 415), a

miniature

l i m e s t o n e bowl (174), a stone ornament ( 4 1 7 ) , a large number of sherds (408, 4 1 8 - 9 ) ,

and

t w o s h e l Is ( 4 1 4 ) . A s a l r e a d y m e n t i o n e d the l a y e r b e t w e e n t h i s f l o o r a n d t h e f o l l o w i n g one (I) c o n s i s t e d d e b r i s f r o m t h e c o l l a p s e of t h e s u p e r s t r u c t u r e w h i c h s e e m s t o h a v e o c c u r r e d s u d d e n l y F l o o r II h a d b e e n in u s e f o r s o m e t i m e .

A p a r t from t w o d e e r ' s a n t l e r s ( P I . 42) t h e

o b j e c t s w e r e c o l l e c t e d among the d e b r i s :

celts (426), several

Floor

I

following

f l i n t s (421, 427), s h e l l s

4 2 4 ) , a n d a g o o d n u m b e r of s h e r d s of v a r i o u s w a r e s ( 4 2 0 , 4 2 3 , 4 2 5 ,

d e r s or s m a l l e r

II.

the

Most parts of the floor were covered w i t h

s t o n e s , or w i t h s o i l o f t h e u s u a l y e l l o w - w h i t e q u a l i t y .

covered with ashes.

Other parts

boul-

were

T h e o n l y s t r u c t u r a l f e a t u r e o b s e r v e d on t h e f l o o r w a s a p o s t - h o l e

s m a l l s t o n e s a l l a r o u n d , in t h e s o u t h e a s t e r n part of t h e f l o o r , but if t h e h o u s e w e r e s t r u c t e d o t h e r p o s t s w o u l d p r o b a b l y b e f o u n d t o h a v e r e s t e d o n s o m e of t h e s t o n e s the f l o o r .

T h u s a s l a b at a short d i s t a n c e

base for a c e n t r a l s u p p o r t .

with

reconleft of

s o u t h e a s t of t h e c e n t e r may h a v e s e r v e d as a

A l l the d o m e s t i c f e a t u r e s on the p r e v i o u s f l o o r w e r e

obliterated

b y t h e c o l l a p s e b u t i n t h e n o r t h e a s t e r n c o r n e r , w h e r e p r e v i o u s l y t h e v a s e s of t h e

household

w e r e k e p t , f r a g m e n t s of v a s e s ( 3 3 ) i n c l u d i n g p a r t of a c o m b e d b o w l ( 3 3 a ) w e r e f o u n d , i n g t h a t the i n h a b i t a n t s had n o t f o r g o t t e n t h a t t h i s w a s the proper c o r n e r for the In t h e o p p o s i t e c o r n e r t w o g r i n d e r s w e r e f o u n d , b u t t h e q u e r n s u s e d o n F l o o r buried.

(422,

428).

( P I . 20) w a s m e r e l y the l e v e l e d s u r f a c e of the d e b r i s w h i c h r e s u l t e d from

c o l l a p s e of t h e s u p e r s t r u c t u r e o n F l o o r

of

after

show-

utensils.

II w e r e

now

H e r e a n d t h e r e w e c o u l d r e c o g n i z e s t o n e s g r o u p e d or a r r a n g e d in s o m e o r d e r , e . g .

a l o n g t h e w e s t w a l l and in t h e s o u t h w e s t c o r n e r , p e r h a p s i n d i c a t i n g t h a t an e f f o r t w a s t o r e c o n s t r u c t t h e o l d i n t e r n a l f e a t u r e s of the h o u s e , b u t of c o u r s e w i t h much l e s s

made

care.

S h e r d s w e r e f o u n d s c a t t e r e d on t h e w h o l e o f t h e f l o o r a n d w e r e g r o u p e d u n d e r c a t a l o g u e

No.

429. FINDS

FROM

HOUSE On

33.

Combed

ware:

up from

several

fused ple

bands.

wavy

of bowl cal,

28 f r a g m e n t s , fragments:

Other

bands with

fragments

(outside)

groups

straight,

parallel

bands

reserved 7 from 429.

jugs

Combed

(h,

in t h e

side

a bowl, ware:

ground

one

slip

Jugs:

from a jug. edges

a bowl,

wavy

(e).

Jugs bands

P a r t of b o w l vertically

decorated

Tubular with

groups

groups

almost

of

of

multi(d) verti-

bands

multiple

circular

12 f r a g m e n t s ,

con-

spout

groups of combed

(g), or w i t h

ware:

made

with

b a n d (b) or w i t h

(c).

from a jug w i t h

lustrous

7 from

bands

Fragment

(c) ( P I . 59).

10 f r a g m e n t s , 5 f r o m

'S c o n c a v e o u t s i d e

Red

straight

downwards

(e), or w i t h

wavy

86)

combed

5 from

space bowls,

(k).

1 from twin

deeply

1 fragment

79).

with

rim

length.

(a) ( P I .

surface

(inside)

slightly

ware:

(j) ( P I .

jugs,

sides, from

its

rather

twin

part of neck

8 fragments, (a).

along

107-111)

19 f r o m

convex

obliquely

engraved

Reserved

white

with outlined

lustrous

bands

(Pis. 1

are d e c o r a t e d

(f), or w i t h

including

ware:

ent from the rim from

i).

lines

bowls,

base,

arranged

of w a v y

s t r a i g h t a nd p a r a l l e l wavy

9 from

flat

5

Floor

(b).

jugs.

of c o m b e d

Jug: bowls,

pattern 5 from

Bowl:

multiple

Red-on-white bowl:

broad

consisting jugs.

The

ware:

wavy

straight of c u r v e d

bowls

bands

pend-

2 fragments, bands bands

include

one

on the (d).

a base

inRed

which

E X C A V A T E D REMAINS: A R E A V, PHASE II Between

Floors

I and

45

II

420.

C o m b e d w a r e : 9 7 f r a g m e n t s , 5 3 f r o m b o w l s , 4 4 f r o m j u g s . B o w l s d e c o r a t e d on b o t h s i d e s , w i t h s i n g l e b r o a d s t r a i g h t b a n d s p e n d e n t f r o m t h e rim i n s i d e ( a ) , or w i t h m u l t i p l e w a v y b a n d s p e n d e n t f r o m t h e rim i n s i d e a n d o u t s i d e ( b , c ) , or w i t h t w i n w a v y p a r a l l e l b a n d s o u t s i d e a n d s t r a i g h t b r o a d a n d w a v y s i n g l e b a n d s i n s i d e ( d ) , or w i t h w a v y m u l t i p l e b a n d s a n d others running p e r p e n d i c u l a r l y to t h e f i r s t ( e ) , o r w i t h i r r e g u I a r w a v y b a n d s o u t s i d e a n d o t h e r s a l t e r n a t i n g with broad s t r a i g h t bond i n s i d e (f). J u g s d e c o r a t e d with s i n g l e (g) ( P I . 6 8 ) or d o u b l e s t r a i g h t b a n d s ( h ) , or m u l t i p l e s t r a i g h t b a n d s e a c h c o m b e d i n d i v i d u a l l y (i — k ) , or w i t h m u l t i p l e w a v y b a n d s c o m i n g d o w n t h e n e c k a n d s h o u l d e r ( I ) , or w i t h v a r i o u s w a v y m u l t i p l e b a n d s (m — p ) . R e d - o n - w h i t e a n d c o m b e d w a r e : 1 f r a g m e n t from a bowl (q): outside c o m b e d , i n s i d e b r o a d b a n d s on w h i t e g r o u n d a n d c o m b e d o v e r w i t h m u l t i p l e w a v y b a n d s . R e d - o n - w h i t e w a r e : 5 f r a g m e n t s , 1 from b o w l , 4 from j u g s . B o w l : o u t s i d e red s l i p , i n s i d e v e r t i c a l b a n d on w h i t e g r o u n d ( r ) . P a r t o f s h o u l d e r o f j u g ( s ) w i t h h o r i z o n t a l b r o a d p a r a l l e l b a n d s ; (t) d e c o r a t e d w i t h b r o a d b a n d a n d r i n g s ; (u) ( P I . 79) part of b a s e ( f l a t ) w i t h two concentric rings. Red lustrous ware: 111 f r a g m e n t s , 64 f r o m b o w l s , 4 7 f r o m j u g s . R e d s l i p w a r e : 37 f r a g m e n t s , 17 f r o m b o w l s , 2 0 f r o m j u g s . C o a r s e w a r e : 38 f r a g m e n t s .

421 a-f.

6 f l a k e s of g r a y a n d b r o w n

422.

S h e l l , Cardium

423.

C o m b e d w o r e : 77 f r a g m e n t s , 5 0 f r o m b o w l s , 2 7 f r o m j u g s . B o w l s d e c o r a t e d on b o t h s i d e s w i t h o u t s i d e m u l t i p l e w a v y b a n d s a r r a n g e d o b l i q u e l y f r o m rim d o w n w a r d s a n d i n s i d e s i n g l e b r o a d b a n d a l s o o b l i q u e ( a ) or s t r a i g h t ( b ) or w a v y m u l t i p l e b a n d s ( c ) p e n d e n t f r o m or s t a n d i n g b e l o w t h e r i m ; or w i t h m u l t i p l e w a v y b a n d s h o r i z o n t a l to t h e r i m o u t s i d e or p e n d e n t f r o m it i n s i d e ( d ) ; or w i t h s t r a i g h t b r o a d b a n d s a l t e r n a t i n g w i t h m u l t i p l e w a v y b a n d s ( e ) ; or w i t h o t h e r m u l t i p l e w a v y b a n d s (f, g). J u g s d e c o r a t e d w i t h m u l t i p l e w a v y b a n d s r u n n i n g from n e c k d o w n t h e b o d y ( h ) , or w i t h m u l t i p l e w a v y a l t e r n a t i n g w i t h s t r a i g h t b a n d s ( i ) , or w i t h w a v y b a n d s p e r p e n d i c u l a r to a s i n g l e s t r a i g h t b a n d ( j ) , or w i t h b r o a d g r o u p s of w a v y b a n d s (k) ( P I . 69). R e d - o n - w h i t e and combed ware: 1 f r a g m e n t from a jug ( I ) : b r o a d b a n d s s o m e of w h i c h are c o m b e d o v e r . R e d - o n - w h i t e w a r e : 7 f r a g m e n t s , 6 from j u g s , 1 f r o m a b o w l . Jugs: b r o a d b a n d s ( m , n ) , or b r o a d s t r a i g h t p a r a l l e l b a n d s ( o ) , or b r o a d b a n d s r e a c h i n g t h e b a s e w i t h o t h e r s j o i n i n g t h e f i r s t ot an a n g l e ( p ) . T u b u l a r s p o u t f r o m a b o w l ( q ) ( P I . 7 5 ) , w i t h p a r a l l e l r i n g s or p a t t e r n c o n s i s t i n g of i r r e g u l a r f a d e d d e s i g n s s e p a r a t e d by n a r r o w plain spaces. R e d l u s t r o u s w a r e : 54 f r a g m e n t s , 25 from b o w l s , 29 from j u g s . R e d s l i p w a r e : 2 3 f r a g m e n t s , 16 f r o m b o w l s , 7 f r o m j u g s . C o a r s e w a r e : 18 f r a g m e n t s .

sp.

9

.

flint, L . 6 — 3 . 7 c m .

D i a m e t e r 3 cm.

424.

S h e l l , Co ss is

425.

C o m b e d w a r e : 87 f r a g m e n t s , 45 from b o w l s , 42 from j u g s . B o w l s d e c o r a t e d on both s i d e s : w i t h m u l t i p l e s t r a i g h t b a n d s on the o u t s i d e a n d b r o a d s t r a i g h t b a n d s on the i n s i d e ( a ) , or w i t h m u l t i p l e w a v y b a n d s p e n d e n t f r o m t h e r i m on b o t h s i d e s ( b ) , or w i t h w a v y m u l t i p l e b a n d s s t a r t i n g f r o m t h e r i m a n d r u n n i n g o b l i q u e l y o n b o t h s i d e s ( c ) , or w i t h o t h e r m u l t i p l e w a v y b a n d s ( d —f), o r w i t h a b r o a d s t r a i g h t b a n d a n d w a v y m u l t i p l e b a n d s on e i t h e r s i d e ( g ) . J u g s d e c o r a t e d w i t h m u l t i p l e s t r a i g h t b a n d s c o m b e d s i n g l y ( i ) , or w i t h m u l t i p l e w a v y b a n d s ( j , k ) , or w i t h c o n f u s e d w a v y b a n d s ( I ) , or w i t h w a v y a n d s t r a i g h t b a n d s s i d e b y s i d e ( m ) . R e d - o n - w h i t e and combed ware: 1 fragment from a bowl (h), o u t s i d e , s i n g l e v e r t i c a l band a n d m u l t i p l e w a v y b a n d s ; i n s i d e , b r o a d red b a n d c o m b e d o v e r and c h a i n of r i n g s in red p a i n t a n d c o m b e d o v e r w i t h m u l t i p l e w a v y b a n d s . R e d - o n - w h i t e w a r e : 4 f r a g m e n t s from jugs: s t r a i g h t b r o a d b a n d s ( n , o ) o r b r o a d b a n d s a n d r i n g ( p ) or c o n n e c t e d r i n g s ( q ) . Red l u s t r o u s w a r e : 60 f r a g m e n t s , 2 7 from b o w l s , 33 from j u g s w h i c h i n c l u d e a f r a g m e n t a r y n e c k (r) ( P I . 8 3 ) a n d a f r a g m e n t of a v e s s e l w i t h a n g u l a r s i d e s a n d a k i n d of o u t l e t ( ? ) ( s ) . C o a r s e ware: 14 f r a g m e n t s ; i m p r e s s i o n s o f t h i n s t r a w o n t h e u n d e r s i d e ( t ) .

su / c o s a B r u g . ,

L . 4.2

cm.

426.

C e l t , f l a t , b e i n g a p e b b l e of r o u g h l y t r i a n g u l a r s h a p e ; one f a c e f l a k e d ; a n d e s i t e . ( P I . 95).

427.

1 b l a d e f r a g m e n t and 1 f l a k e of b r o w n f l i n t , L .

428.

C o m b e d w a r e : 2 2 f r a g m e n t s , 6 f r o m b o w l s , 16 f r o m j u g s . B o w l s d e c o r a t e d w i t h s i n g l e s t r a i g h t b a n d s from rim d o w n w a r d s ( a ) , or w i t h t w i n s t r a i g h t b a n d s ( b ) , o r w i t h m u l t i p l e w a v y b a n d s ( c ) . J u g s d e c o r a t e d w i t h m u l t i p l e s t r a i g h t b a n d s (e, f). R e d l u s t r o u s w a r e :

3.5

L . 7.2

cm.

cm.

SOTIRA

46

10

fragments,

impressions 783.

Deer's

1 from of

a

bowl,

matting

antlers

(see

and

9 from (h)

jugs.

with

Appendix

3),

Combed

ware:

side,

groups

one

a

on

pendent (c)

p.

a bowl

(PI.

70)

and

Coarse flat;

of

jug

bands,

second

ware:

red;

fragments of

inside,

(g)

Fragment to

bases

of

(g)

with

several

(a)

red;

of

broad

on

of

narrow

of

vertical

bowl

rim

to

base,

from

multiple

made

up

(e)

the

Sherd

rim.

side

wavy

from

horizontally,

of

either

bands,

up

or

groups

pendent

out-

converging

Part

from

al-

rim;

made

arranged

59)

bordered

the

groups

bowl,

inside,

bands

groups

group

but

(PI.

combed

bands

short

bands

bands

missing; of

similar of

wavy

straight

with

with Part

(d)

finely

a

part

level

by

(f)

single

bands,

long

first.

from

straw

base,

but

the

case

86)

similar

wavy

jugs

the

59,

outside

to

bands

at

one

irregular

broad

horizontal

in

is

decorated

inside, rim

fragments

which

(Pis.

fragments;

w a v y

with

chopped

spout

outside,

single

multiple

from of

base,

(b)

from

(?)

of

cm.

from

bands

converging

to

bands; 38

end

rim

obliquely;

up

including

II

top

from

preceding;

wavy

fragments,

straw.

or

bowls;

matting

(b,

the c)

shape

on

the

of ihe

base

underside

of

is

completely

the

bases

(c,

85).

Grinder, ing

at

crescent

three

Combed

the

base;

middle

from

the

wavy

of

Fragment

the

base

converge; tern

on

of

(b)

of

the

Fragment

the

lower

ring

the

a

andesite.

of

PI. with

from

Fragments

of

jug

with

to

a

ring

which

is

almost

in

of

99).

concave

at the

wavy

with

groups

side

by

base,

to

bands of

side

edge

level

of

pendent

straight

but

not

or

paral-

ring. convex

defining its

(peck-

(PI.

reaching

ones

jug;

shaping

cm.

slightly

another jugs

13

bands

vertical

base,

ring

L.

flat

bands

part

flattened

rim

pattern

wavy

artificial

wavy

the of

of

a

small

slightly

shoulder

group

with

with

or

between

the 67)

from

second

(?)

bands

from

bowl

jug

straight

jug

bands

base

minimum

smooth;

part

1 fragment

encloses but

convex;

(e,

a

Fragmentary

inside

other

naturally

similar

(c—e)

parallel

the

multiple

of

from

ware:

flat,

surface

Fragment

neck,

straight

the

of

groups

(f)

wore:

face

vertical

body,

Red-on-white

broad

one

edges);

horizontal

Red-on-white side,

the

groups

bands,

lel.

of

(a)

sides;

the

shaped,

parts

ware:

convex

100.

of

the

similar

as

19

thin

reconstructed

spout

diameter

made

groups

impressions

PI.

of

with

the

bowl

Floor

B o w l

arranged

outside

straight

short,

or

ware: of

Monographs

235,

bands

inside,

slightly

Fragment

vertical

99.

of

or

fragments;

from

w a v y

below;

rim

Part

86)

tubular

probably

the

straight

from

one;

one

shape

62)

58,

with

multiple

and

from

(PI.

broad

of

longer

top

fragments;

98.

(Pis.

hemispherical

towards

97.

(a)

most

Coarse

impressions

On 96.

Museum

turn

the

sides, base;

encloses

obliterated.

plain

some

a disc.

Diameter

22

rim.

of

Out-

the

bands

Similar

cm.

pat-

(Pis.

75,

87). 101.

Stone

102.

Pestle,

bean-shaped,

being

bottom;

andesite.

9

Combed

ware:

103.

quern;

jugs,

groups

including 104.

from

jugs. from

decorated

from

bowls

Red

slip

Combed walls

regularly; ed

from

part

of

the

up

19 (a) of

part

2 fragments

from

bowls

enclosing

bonds

by

discs

(b)(PI.

76).

with

groups

wavy

bands

groups

of

wavy

large

part

of

(Pis.

59,

many

as

groups

of

their

ends

jug,fragmentary

with

12

86)

a

Part

shaping;

of

pecking

wavy

or

ware:

(h,

on

top

and

i).

bands

Red from

but

straight

or

inside

from

wavy (f,

vertical

chain

29

rim

(a);

from

jugs

(d, g)

lustrous

of

bowls,

e) (f,

(j).

be-

10

bands PI.

ware:

fragments

bands

rings

pend-

62).

14 (Pis.

fragments 80,

87).

jugs. from

Outside, arranged

pendent

flattened

the

the

83).

a vertical

(c)

from

up

(PI.

with

on

3 fragments

fragments,

reconstructed clay.

(c)

with

straight

made

7 from

cm.

39

bands

ware:

inside

76),

bands

bowl of

21

obliquely

bowl

bowls, of

Ht.

vertical

multiple

vertically

slightly

(PI.

wavy

lustrous

decorated

(a)

single

bowl,

Red

neck,

Combed

layers

multiple

of

arranged

from

four or

artificial

jugs;

62).

with

fragments,

as

2 from

(PI.

jug

with

with

inside, rim

a

decorated

including

ware:

of

rings

or

ware:

made

part

of

rim,

wavy

minimum

98).

(b)

straight

Jugs

(PI.

100).

with

bowl,

Bowls

the

(PI.

bands

ware:

ent

cm.

cm. pebble

1 from

a chain

broad

a

double

Red-on-white tween

4.5

3 fragments, of

upper

with

L.

L.

the

and

105.

andesite.

from

either

the

concave

many

multiple rim. base;

fragments:

wavy

horizontally (b)

(Pis.

multiple

thick

bands

drawn

as

66, wavy

if

86)

ir-

suspendL o w e r

bands

ar-

EXCAVATED ranged

vertically

P a r t of b o w l Limestone lower 107.

Combed bands

174.

399.

ware:

Miniature

with

andesite.

Grinder,

circular

401. 4 02.

sides

neck

elongated

circular andesite.

with

single

similarly

with

ing w i t h bands

one face

in p l a n ;

inner

legs,

(PI.

ware:

from

(c)

jugs.

with

flattened

L.

chest

Ht.

s t r a i g h t - s i d e d,

16.5 c m .

single

(Pis.

vertical

91,

broad

68). base,

convex

8 cm.; W. 6.5 cm. in s e c t i o n ;

sides,

(Pis.

surface

88,

and

thick

92).

naturally

surface

flat;

smooth

pecked;

or

andesite.

s u r f a c e g r o u n d or p e c k e d ;

andesite.

faces;

traces

of u s e o n b o t h f a c e s ;

surface

naturally

(PI.99). flat;

surface

pecked;

convex;

surface

chalcedony.

25 from b o w l s ,

D i a m e t e r 4.5

bands

single

g r o u p s of s t r a i g h t b a n d s

running obliquely

broad

Jugs

placed

1 from b o w l , 5 from

another

rectangle

another

r i n g or d i s c

Broad

f l i n t ,

Red

Celt with original (PI.

L.

convex

decorated

during the jugs.

cm.

3.5

outside

by

60 f r a g m e n t s , L.

bands

side (q).

touching

Red

4 1 from b o w l s ,

4.5 cm.

(b-d)

3 broken

slip

a ring

ware:

19 f r o m

to

broad

6 8 ) , or

ware:

Jugs:

with

the

6 frag-

straight

m e e t i n g at right a n g l e s a n d

parallel

78), or r i n g s s i d e

ware:

with

b r a n c h e s on

Red-on-white

broad band.

mul-

alternat-

extending

(k) ( P I .

of t h i n

bands

bands

bands

bands

cm. sides

or w i t h

bands alternating

impression

red, inside

b a n d s ( n ) , or b a n d s straight

of d o u b l e w a v y

g r o u p s of w a v y

16.5

on b o t h

to t h e r i m ( c ) ,

s t r a i g h t or w a v y shows

L.

g r o u p s of w a v y

s h a p i n g of t h e v e s s e l .

Bowl

7 8 ) , or t w o

(p) ( P I .

lustrous

multiple

b a n d s (I, m); (k)

zigzag

(o) ( P I .

parallel

w i t h g r o u p s of s t r a i g h t n a r r o w

b l a d e of buff f l i n t ( b r o k e n ) ,

average

diabase.

Bowls

f r o m t h e r i m ( d ) , or w i t h

s t r a i g h t b a n d ( e ) , or i n s i d e w i t h

decorated

face, evidently

from b o w l s .

pecked;

19 f r o m j u g s .

b a n d s p e n d e n t f r o m t h e r i m ( a ) , or w i t h g r o u p s

b r o a d b a n d s or p a r a l l e l

enclosing

enclosing 4

fragments

jugs.

blades

of b u f f o n d

brown

cm.

sides and faces,

f l a k i n g not s m o o t h e d ;

narrow

cutting

butt, and c u r v e d

edge ground

cutting edge;

but m u c h d a m a g e d ;

surface pecked

andesite.

L.

15

but cm.

93).

Celt,

almost flat,

around cutting edge

also

Small

unfinished,

edge);

sides

being a pebble

straight tapering

rounded; andesite.

flat

L.

c e l t ; one f a c e n a t u r a l l y

curved cutting edge; andesite. Unfinished,

L.

10 c m .

L . 5.3 cm.

( a ) Ostrea

(PI.

with

minimum artificial

towards

(Pis.

88,

the butt w h i c h

shaping

(pecking

is r o u n d e d ;

cutting

93).

smooth,

the o t h e r f l a k e d ; c o n v e x

6.5 cm.

(PI.

flat, triangular celt; one

edge; andesite.

sides,

rounded

butt,

95).

surface naturally

smooth, the other flaked

around

the

94).

414.

2 shells,

415

4 f l a k e s of l i g h t b r o w n f l i n t ( a , c - e ) , a v e r a g e

416.

outline,

of j u g ; no n e c k l i n e ;

both f a c e s

( j ) , or w i t h g r o u p s of c o n v e r g i n g

ments,

4.5

semicircular

flat ond the other c u r v e d ;

flat, the other

o t h e r g r o u p s of m u l t i p l e w a v y

413.

lustrous

98).

in p l a n , f a c e s

47 f r a g m e n t s ,

broad

the b a s e ( i ) .

412.

Red

10 f r a g m e n t s

to d i s t i n g u i s h

7 cm.

in p l a n ,

convex

a r r a n g e d ( b ) , or w i t h

tiple wavy

411.

shoulder

limestone.

Diameter 9 cm.

circular

Quern, elongated,

410.

18.5 c m .

ware:

100).

Combed ware:

(a)

47

99).

in p l a n ,

403.

a —

H t.

slip

II

99).

smooth;

Hommerstone,

with

incision

Ht.

(PI.

r o u n d e d but e l o n g a t e d

408.

409

and

11.5cm.

(PI.

(PI.

head

vertical

in p l a n w i t h o n e f a c e

Grinder,

(PI.

Red

t a p e r i n g to t h e t o p , e l l i p t i c a l L.

10 c m .

11 c m .

fragments.

downwards,

bowl,

Pestle,

L.

sides;

s m o o t h or p e c k e d ;

pecked;

Grinder,

t h e e d g e of t h e b a s e .

fiddle-shaped;

fragmentary

shallow

Diameter 400.

Flat, convex

from n e c k

surface

A R E A V, P H A S E

fragments.

idol.

running

walls; 398.

6

port w i t h

102).

and r e a c h i n g

m a d e up f r o m s e v e r a l

Coarse ware: 106.

REMAINS:

sp. ?; (b) not i d e n t i f i e d .

L.

5.2;

4.7

cm.

L . 4 . 5 c m ; b l a d e of buff f l i n t ( b r o k e n ) ( b ) ,

cm.

Celt, edge;

one face

flat, the other

slightly

one face flaked probably

curved;

convex

sides, damaged

for r e s h a p i n g a f t e r d a m a g e ; a n d e s i t e .

butt, L.

curved

8 cm.

cutting

(PI.

95).

L.

SOTIRA

48

417.

Pendant, one

418.

Combed with

ware:

42

(b —d),

which

belong

bands

ent

from

the

Jugs of

broad of is 2

and

combed was

with

much

Combed ly

a

over;

the

over

with

either

75

Jugs (j)

is

(k)

(PI.

ware: broad

24

from

Red-on-white

and

wavy

wavy

with

from

the

straight

and

34

from

combed

ware:

-shaped L.

two

393.

Fragmentary Combed with

ware:

straight

ranged

in

41

groups

wise

(c),

decorated

or

multiple

jugs. each

other

16

Coarse 2

and

flakes

(o,

PI.

72).

two

fragments brown

(b),

(d), a

sharper

from

red

straight

or

from

are

combed

band

waves,

combed and,

on

character.

straight

narrow

lustrous

ware:

58

frag-

29

bowls,

25

from

from

the

ring band

outside

(o,

enclosing combed

p).

filled

over

spaces

between

with

with

with

L.

them

(w)

from

side

but be

Red or

rim

base

closer

or

with

of

(I)

inside,

single by

6

side or

from (q)

decorated lustrous

with

Red-on-

rings

(PI.

with

for

(x)

(?)

wavy 2

76),

bands

or

from

or

with

meeting

brood 19 (PI.

mending

flanged

(e). with

wovy

70).

bowls,

ware:

bridge-spout bowl

or

or m u l t i p l e

with

evidently

finer

(g),

ar-

other-

multiple

(PI.

sides

bands

and

converging

68),

(s),

Jugs

tubular

cm.

arranged

outside;

angles

(t).

below

bands

8 fragments,

(v).

bored

3

right

wavy

with

arranged

both

w a v y

separately

combed

bands

fragment

(PI.

on

single

may

over

ware:

at

wavy

hole

(h)

decorated

with

bands

combed

combed

bands

or

single

which

all

Bowls

(a),

similar

tool

bowls

bonds

jugs. rim

(f)

band

meeting

average

of

with

2 fragments

wide

on

pattern,

part

with

or w i t h

each

broad

or

bonds

bands

including

flint,

matting

or

careful

III

from

Red-on-white

bowl:

and

the

fragments a

of

on

(d),

105).

to

broad

connected from

II

25

vertical

wavy

plain

rings

including 2

or

(I), Red

fragments,

painted

bowls,

fragments

broad

leaving

light

4

(m),

54

(n).

sides

very

which

85).

oblique-

pendent

unidentifiable

bands

side

pattern,

(PI.

parallel

with

of

ware:

parallel

zigzags,

with

with

1 fragment

ware: of

or

with

bowls

ware:

ware: ground

( n - p )

(r),

(u),or

from

engraved

pattern

ware:

both

a triangular with

which bands

(¡) ( P I .

bands

neck

others

has

band

broad

its

jug:

jug,

on

or

of

ware:

" n e c k . "

running

(b),

of

with

wavy

impressions

Floors

bands

broad

parallel

decorated

inside

bands slip

bands

Bowls

rings

band

white

wavy

single

with

ore

part

a neck

base

wavy

bands

combed

of a

74).

4 . 3 c m .

running

w h i c h

multiple

combed

on

straight

or

L.

16 from

bands

two

with

straight

and

painted

needle,

fragments, of

with

(i-k),

white

bone

multiple

Jugs bands

394.

flat

of

straight

of

h);

same

part

combed

(PI.

the

double

or

with

Between 187.

of by

slip

fragment

cm.

(g, and

rim

thin

multiple

alternating

touching

Red

pattern;

8.7

over

ring

jugs.

bands

the

with

consisting

Coarse

decorated

very

white

broad

flat

bands

ware'.

on

band

means

jugs.

wavy

from of

wavy

bands

jugs:

of

3 fragments,

wavy

bands

from

part

with

shoulder

Bowls and

groups

Red-on-white

vertical

crossed

jugs.

painted

include

and

bands

combed

bowls:

from

walls

pend-

multiple

wavy

by

from

5

thick

pendent

with

or

(?)

multior

a pattern

latter

sides

with

and

bands and

the

bowls,

outside

bands

multiple

broad

from

ends,

narrower

outside

w a v y

a double

bands

2 fragments with

the

or

(e),

(i).

24

broad

jugs;

6 from

both

both

of

decorated

fine

a rectangle

from

(?)

on

(c),

horizontally

3 fragments

bands.

bowls,

inside

bands

band

t o u c h i n g l T

multiple

from

is

Red-on-white

which

on

groups

obliquely

and

vertical

ware:

a bowl

multiple

vertical

ware:

of

thin

over

near

decorated

with

which

parallel

4

fragments,

singly

the

74),

bowls,

Coarse

11

of

(g).

with

bowls,

Red-on-white

with

wavy

bands

connected

from

vertically

a neck

parallel or

on

two

straight

combed

decorated

multiple

(m),

with

arranged

other

and

or

arranged

Red-on-white

disc

5

B o w l s

arranged

bands

(h);

wavy

one

51

bands

(a),

bands jugs.

(i)-

fragments,

oblique

bands

side,

ments,

sides

straight

(f). one

outer

fragments,

jugs.

extremely

holes

Monographs

102).

alternating

bands

of

suspension

90,

outside

wavy

side,

ware:

bands

jug:

the

either

lo w e r p a r t

wavy wavy

9

multiple

on

the

fragments

the

and

and

several

3 from

wavy

broad

slip

inside

combing

from

with

of

(Pis.

bands

bowl

groups

Red

outside

with

with

curved;

cm.

bowls,

multiple

including

ware:

the

or

4.7

straight

s a m e

groups

concave

faded.

the

slightly

L.

from

with

rings

sides

broad

with

(e),

over

ware:

vertical

on

the

to or

combed;

concentric

fragments

with

up

39

with

65),

decorated

lustrous

or

inside

waves

low

but

rim

made

two

Red

(PI.

jug

ground

with

picrolite.

fragments, (a),

wavy

Part

but

rebored;

bands

ple (f).

645.

rectangular and

single

ones

419.

flat

damaged

M u s e u m

parallel

fragments, 81).

Red

(y).

edge

(z).

E X C A V A T E D REMAINS: A R E A V, P H A S E II

49

395.

C o m b e d war©: 55 f r a g m e n t s , 31 from b o w l s , 24 from j u g s . B o w l s d e c o r a t e d on both s i d e s w i t h s t r a i g h t v e r t i c a l b a n d s p e n d e n t from t h e rim ( a ) , or w i t h s i n g l e b r o a d b a n d s a r r a n g e d o b l i q u e l y from the rim s i d e w a y s i n t e r i o r ( b ) , or w i t h m u l t i p l e w a v y b a n d s ( c , d ) . J u g s d e c o r a t e d w i t h s i n g l e v e r t i c a l b a n d s m e e t i n g at an a n g l e ( h ) , or w i t h t w i n s t r a i g h t or w a v y b a n d s ( i ) , or w i t h m u l t i p l e s t r a i g h t or w a v y b a n d s e n g r a v e d r a t h e r d e e p l y ( j ) , or w i t h m u l t i ple w a v y b a n d s a l t e r n a t i n g with s i n g l e s t r a i g h t band ( k ) . R e d - o n - w h i t e and c o m b e d ware: 3 f r a g m e n t s , 2 from b o w l s , 1 from a j u g . B o w l s c o m b e d o u t s i d e a n d p a i n t e d i n s i d e w i t h b r o a d b a n d s ( I ) or w i t h r i n g s t o u c h i n g e a c h o t h e r ( m ) . T h e f r a g m e n t from a jug (n) l i a s b r o a d v e r t i c a l p a r a l l e l b a n d l i g h t l y c o m b e d o v e r . R e d - o n - w h i t e w a r e : 2 f r a g m e n t s from j u g s d e c o r a t e d w i t h b r o a d p a r a l l e l b a n d s (o) or c o n c e n t r i c r i n g s ? ( p ) . R e d l u s t r o u s w a r e : 50 f r a g m e n t s , 2 8 from b o w l s , 22 from j u g s . F r a g m e n t of s m a l l d e e p b o w l ( q ) ( P i s . 8 1 , 8 7 ) . R e d s l i p w a r e : 7 f r a g m e n t s , 5 from b o w l s , 2 from j u g s . C o a r s e w a r e : 7 f r a g m e n t s i n c l u d i n g f r a g m e n t from b a s e of b o w l ( r ) .

396.

8 f l a k e s of p i n k and b r o w n f l i n t , L . 7 . 5 — 3 c m .

397.

Polisher:

404.

S h e l l , C e r i t h i u m s p . , L . 3.5 cm.

p e b b l e of c h a l c e d o n y , L . 5 c m .

406.

C o m b e d w a r e : 71 f r a g m e n t s , 36 from b o w l s , 35 from j u g s . B o w l s d e c o r a t e d on both s i d e s w i t h s t r a i g h t b a n d s p e n d e n t from t h e rim ( a ) ( P I . 6 5 ) , or p a r a l l e l to the rim ( b ) , or w i t h w a v y m u l t i p l e b a n d s a l s o p e n d e n t from the rim ( c ) , or w i t h m u l t i p l e w a v y b a n d s r u n n i n g obl i q u e l y from the rim ( d ) , or w i t h g r o u p s of f i n e w a v y b a n d s ( e ) . J u g s d e c o r a t e d w i t h s t r a i g h t b a n d s c o n v e r g i n g t o w a r d s t h e b a s e of the n e c k ( f ) , or w i t h t w i n s t r a i g h t b a n d s ( g ) , or w i t h b r o a d g r o u p s of m u l t i p l e w a v y b a n d s ( h — I ) . R e d - o n - w h i t e w a r e : 2 f r a g m e n t s , 1 from a b o w l , 1 from a j u g : s t r a i g h t p a r a l l e l (m) or c o n v e r g i n g ( n ) b a n d s . R e d l u s t r o u s w a r e : 94 f r a g m e n t s , 58 from b o w l s , 36 from j u g s . R e d s l i p w a r e : 4 f r a g m e n t s from b o w l s . C o a r s e w a r e : 17 f r a g m e n t s .

407.

9 flakes

of brown

flint,

average

L.

3.5

On

cm.

Floor

III

250.

P e s t l e , c y l i n d r i c a l but w i t h s l i g h t l y f l a t t e n e d n a r r o w r o u n d e d top a n d f l a t b o t t o m ; p e c k e d ; d i a b a s e . L . 27 cm. ( P i s . 89, 97).

surface

251.

P e s t l e with c o n c a v e s i d e s , c i r c u l a r s e c t i o n , rounded top, and f l a t bottom; s u r f a c e d a m a g e d n e a r t h e b o t t o m ; a n d e s i t e . L . 11 c m . ( P i s . 8 9 , 9 8 ) .

pecked;

252.

C e l t w i t h c o n v e x s i d e s , n a r r o w b u t t , a n d c u r v e d c u t t i n g e d g e ; s u r f a c e s m o o t h e d by p e c k i n g but f l a k i n g s t i l l v i s i b l e ; g r o u n d in the a r e a of t h e c u t t i n g e d g e ; a n d e s i t e . L . 12 c m . (PI.93).

253-

P e s t l e , e l l i p t i c a l in p l a n but w i t h n a r r o w f l a t top a n d b r o a d e r b o t t o m ; s u r f a c e but s t i l l s h o w i n g p i t t i n g ; a n d e s i t e . L . 1 6 . 5 c m . ( P I . 9 7 ) .

254.

P e s t l e , a l m o s t c o n i c a l w i t h s l i g h t c o n s t r i c t i o n a r o u n d the m i d d l e ; s u r f a c e p e c k e d ; s i t e . L . 17 c m . ( P I . 9 7 ) .

255.

G r o u p of p e b b l e s of red j a s p e r

256.

F l a k e of buff f l i n t , L . 10.5 cm.

257.

U n f i n i s h e d o r n a m e n t ( ? ) r e c t a n g u l a r ; o n e e n d r o u n d e d ; b e g i n n i n g of b o r i n g on f l a t e n d ; p i c r o l i t e . L . 5.5 cm. ( P i s . 90, 102).

258.

S m a l l c e l t , t r i a n g u l a r , f l a t , with one flat f a c e , the other c o n v e x ; rounded butt and c u r v e d c u t t i n g e d g e ; s u r f c c e g r o u n d but s t i l l s h o w i n g i n i t i c l f l a k i n g ; a n d e s i t e . L . 4 . 5 c m . ( P I . 94).

405.

S h e l l , Cassis

670.

C o m b e d w a r e : 10 f r a g m e n t s , 6 from b o w l s , 4 from j u g s . B o w l s d e c o r a t e d i n s i d e w i t h m u l t i p l e s t r a i g h t b a n d s ( a ) , or w i t h s t r a i g h t t w i n b a n d s i n s i d e a n d w a v y o n e s o u t s i d e ( b ) , or w i t h c l o s e s t r a i g h t b a n d s i n s i d e a n d m u l t i p l e w a v y o u t s i d e ( c ) , or w i t h m u l t i p l e w a v y b a n d s p e n d e n t from t h e rim o u t s i d e ( d ) , or w i t h w a v y b a n d s t w i n i n s i d e or multiple outside (e).

sulcosa

smoothed ande-

(?).

Brug., L . 5 cm. Between

Floor

III and

Bedrock

SOTIRA

50

Jugs ple

decorated

wavy

bands

on

the

lustrous 2 flakes

of

Combed

wore:

twin

of

single

wavy

(k).

flint, 24

(a),

multiple

Red-on-white

outside

straight

1 fragment bands

ments, Celt, L.

the

16 a

from

7 cm.

(a)Blade

(PI. of

a

7 from

river

with with

wavy from

on

Coarse

ond

bands

(g),

or

a bowl:

broad

outside

(i).

the

ware:

2

s

multired Red

fragments.

bowls or

bands

on

the

band

band

face

bands

with or

meeting wavy

inside

pendent

from

ware:

naturally

(f).

Jugs (i),

straight with

76).

rim

(n).

3 fragments

with at

twin

right

straight

on

bands

the

lustrous

from

wavy

angles

obliquely

outside;

smoothed,the

with with

some

from

Red-on-white

Red

or

alternating or

broad

straight

(e),

decorated

one

running

single

and

outside

a brush

(PI.

the

the wavy

bands

(m)

obliquely

on

with

outside

single a

decorated

with

running

Coarse

one

or

decorated

bands

inside

" c o m b "

bands

(I),

ones

(h),

flexible

from

Bowls wavy

wavy

wavy

bands

wavy

jugs.

multiple

slightly

base

jugs.

pebble,

(?)

bands

jugs.

from

with

and

wavy

wavy

plain

multiple

12

or

outside

the

bowl:

narrow

bowls,

triangular

of

intersecting

from

c),

3 fragments

outside

leaving

or

single

1 fragment

7 from

bowls,

(b,

twin

(j),

or

Monograph

cm.

from

" c o m b e d "

(f), ware:

or

bowls,

straight

with

wore:

on

broad

L.4.2

bands

other

broad

from

12

bands

combed

single

close

or

bands each

intersecting ond

or

(g),

and

or outside

straight

bands

straight

11

average

(d),

straight

combed

fragments,

inside

touching

ware:

696.

and

fragments,

inside

groups multiple

695.

buff

bands

bands

18

broad

Red-on-white

inside

694.

bands

single

(h).

ware:

693.

broad

with

bands

Museum

rim

ond

combed

inside,

ware:

very

22

frag-

bowls.

other

flaked;

andesite.

95).

buff

flint

broken,

L.

4.5

cm.;

HOUSES

T h e s e t h r e e h o u s e s form a t r i p a r t i t e s t u d y o f t h e st ra t i g r a ph i ca I e v i d e n c e was erected and then during Phase

7,

(b,

c)

10,

2 flakes

and

of

brown

flint,

average

L.

3.5

cm.

11

c o m p l e x and f i l l the a r e a w e s t of H o u s e

w i l l show that o r i g i n a l l y ,

i. e . in P h a s e

III the other t w o h o u s e s w e r e a d d e d .

f o r m a t r i a n g l e w i t h H o u s e s 7 and 10 at i t s b a s e a n d H o u s e

The

The three

11 a t t h e a p e x .

l a t t e r h o u s e a b u t s o n H o u s e 7 on t h e e a s t a n d on H o u s e 1 0 o n t h e w e s t .

1.

II, House 7 structures

T h e w a l l of t h e

A p i e c e of w a l l

be-

t w e e n t h e l a t t e r t w o h o u s e s b o u n d s H o u s e 11 o n t h e s o u t h a n d c o n f i r m s t h e l i n k i n g o f t h e three

structures.

In v i e w

of t h e f a c t t h a t H o u s e s

i n c l u d e d under t h a t p h a s e (see pp.

10 a n d 11 b e l o n g t o P h a s e I I I t h e i r d e s c r i p t i o n h a s 71-77). HOUSE Pis.

POSITION but w h i l e

( P I . 8):

21,

43,

7 44

45

T h i s h o u s e is s i t u a t e d w e s t o f H o u s e

1 in s q u a r e s F - l

in t h e l a t t e r h o u s e a n d t h e o t h e r r e c t a n g u l a r h o u s e s t h e l o n g a x i s l i e s

in t h i s c a s e i t s o r i e n t a t i o n STRATIGRAPHICAL

EVIDENCE:

This

i s s e e n on S e c t i o n A - A

o v e r l a i d by the u s u a l r e d s o i l e x c e p t

f i l l e d w i t h a s h e s or w i t h w h i t i s h red s o i l w h i c h no d o u b t w a s c e s s i o n from F l o o r thickness,

soil.

( P I . 21) w h i c h The bedrock

II a n d

runs uneven

for c e r t a i n d e p r e s s i o n s w h i c h are

B o t h t h e w a l l s a n d t h e o r i g i n a l f l o o r ( I I I ) r e s t on the a n d t h e l a y e r b e t w e e n t h e m , 15 -

The

20 cm.

s o i l m i x e d w i t h a s h e s a n d s m a l l p i e c e s of m u d m o r t a r , a l l o f

m a y be i n t e r p r e t e d a s t h e r e s u l t o f n a t u r a l a c c u m u l a t i o n o n F l o o r I I I . tween Floors

is

l e v e l e d at t h e t i m e of t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e h o u s e .

I I I t o F l o o r II w a s n o r m a l

contained

19-22, east-west,

is N W - S E .

t h r o u g h t h e h o u s e d i a g o n a l l y from t h e n o r t h t o the s o u t h c o r n e r s . a n d is g e n e r a l l y

been

sucin

which

T h e l a y e r h o w e v e r be-

I w a s m u c h t h i c k e r (30 c m . ) a n d of a d i f f e r e n t n a t u r e .

It w a s of

stones

a n d d e c o m p o s e d m u d c o n t a i n i n g s t r a w a n d a p p e a r s t o be t h e r e s u l t o f a c o l l a p s e o f t h e superstructure. the general

A s i m i l a r c o l l a p s e w a s o b s e r v e d in many o t h e r h o u s e s , thus

i m p r e s s i o n of a s u d d e n d e s t r u c t i o n a t a t i m e w h e n F l o o r

corroborating

II w a s in u s e .

Floor I

EXCAVATED

REMAINS:

AREA

V,

PHASE

II

51

is the r e s u l t of l e v e l i n g of the d e b r i s , some of w h i c h no doubt w a s c l e a r e d out. S e c t i o n B - B ( P I . 2 1 ) s h o w s the s t r a t i f i c a t i o n b e t w e e n the w e s t w a l l of H o u s e 1 a n d the e a s t w a l l of H o u s e 7. B o t h w a l l s r e s t on the red s o i l of the b e d r o c k w i t h an i n t e r m e d i a r y c o u r s e of l i g h t c o l o r e d mud a n d the l a y e r b e t w e e n the w a l l s a b u t s on their e x t e r n a l f a c e s on either s i d e . We may t h e r e f o r e c o n s i d e r the t w o h o u s e s a s c o n t e m p o r a r y and b e l o n g i n g to P h a s e I I , to w h i c h H o u s e 1 h a s a l r e a d y been a t t r i b u t e d . ARCHITECTURAL DESCRIPTION: T h e ground p l a n ( P I . 2 1 ) is r o u g h l y r e c t a n g u l a r w i t h rounded a n g l e s , but p r e s e n t s c e r t a i n i r r e g u l a r i t i e s . T h u s , w h i l e the w e s t w a l l is f a i r l y s t r a i g h t , the north one is c u r v e d and where it j o i n s the e a s t w a l l the a n g l e b e c o m e s e x c e p t i o n a l l y rounded. T h e n the e a s t w a l l b e c o m e s s t r a i g h t but o b l i q u e in r e l a t i o n to the w e s t w a l l . T h e south w a l l i s rather s t r a i g h t but s h o w s a g a p at e a c h end. T h e g a p on the w e s t c o r r e s p o n d s with what a p p e a r s to be a t h r e s h o l d i m m e d i a t e l y on e n t e r i n g . It is a l a r g e rounded s a n d s t o n e s l a b , 63 c m . a c r o s s , w i t h s m a l l e r s l a b s t o g e t h e r making a t o t a l w i d t h of 1.10 m. for the w h o l e t h r e s h o l d . T h e inner e n d s of the w a l l s on e i t h e r s i d e t o u c h the t h r e s h o l d with the end of the w e s t w a l l at a r i g h t a n g l e but that of the south w a l l o b l i q u e , t h u s making the d o o r w a y w i d e r than the a c t u a l w i d t h of the t h r e s h o l d . T h e g a p on the s o u t h e a s t a n g l e c o r r e s p o n d s with a c i r c u l a r pit on the o r i g i n a l floor of the h o u s e i m m e d i a t e l y on e n t e r i n g . It c o u l d t h e r e f o r e h a r d l y be a d o o r w a y but it might h a v e been an opening for some other p u r p o s e , perhaps a w i n d o w . It is to be o b s e r v e d that the e n d s of the w a l l s on e i t h e r s i d e are o b l i q u e , c o n v e r g i n g i n w a r d s and l e a v i n g a v e r y narrow o p e n i n g , 75 cm. in w i d t h , w h i c h w a s p r o b a b l y the w i d t h of the w i n d o w . T h e stone w a l l is b u i l t in the u s u a l w a y , i. e. w i t h l a r g e r s t o n e s on e i t h e r s i d e and s m a l l e r o n e s in the i n t e r s p a c e s but m u c h i r r e g u l a r i t y c a n be o b s e r v e d e v e r y w h e r e . It is w e l l p r e s e r v e d to a maximum h e i g h t of 6 0 c m . w h i c h d i m i n i s h e s g r a d u a l l y t o w a r d s the south f o l l o w i n g the s l o p e of the g r o u n d . It is h o w e v e r p o s s i b l e that a l o n g the northern h a l f of the h o u s e the stone w a l l w a s h i g h e r . T h e s t o n e s w e r e not p l a c e d in r e g u l a r l y s u p e r i m p o s e d c o u r s e s w h i c h , w h e r e the w a l l s are b e s t p r e s e r v e d , may be a s many a s f i v e or s i x . T h r e e s u c c e s s i v e f l o o r s w e r e e n c o u n t e r e d , F l o o r III b e i n g the e a r l i e s t ( s e e S e c t i o n B — B). Floor III ( P i s . 2 1 , 4 5 ) w a s p a r t l y y e l l o w - w h i t e mud and p a r t l y p e b b l e s from the bedr o c k i m m e d i a t e l y u n d e r n e a t h . T h i s floor y i e l d e d important e v i d e n c e c o n c e r n i n g the method of s u p p o r t i n g the r o o f . T h e r e w a s a l m o s t at the c e n t e r a p o s t - h o l e ( A ) 37 cm. a c r o s s a n d 7 — 8 cm. in d e p t h , l i n e d w i t h mud a n d w i t h p e b b l e s a l l a r o u n d ; on e i t h e r s i d e of t h i s c e n t r a l p o s t and on the N E - S W a x i s t h e r e were two other p o s t s r e s t i n g in c u p s t o n e s ( B , C ) . B w a s of l i m e s t o n e with a c o a r s e s u r f a c e (42 x 30 c m . ) and w a s imbedded in the floor w i t h p e b b l e s a l l around a s f a s t e n i n g s ; the pit t a p e r e d d o w n w a r d s and m e a s u r e d 15 cm. a c r o s s and 12 c m . in depth. C w a s a l i m e s t o n e s l a b (30 x 2 5 c m . ) w i t h twin h o l e s on the upper s u r f a c e m e a s u r i n g 8 - 1 0 cm. a c r o s s and 6 c m . in d e p t h ; it a l s o w a s i m b e d d e d in the floor w i t h a few pebb l e s a l l around. T h e r e is a s e c o n d row of s u p p o r t s ( D — F ) on an a x i s a l m o s t p a r a l l e l to the f i r s t one but the s u p p o r t s did not a l w a y s c o r r e s p o n d to t h o s e of the f i r s t row, and moreover D w a s not in l i n e w i t h E and F . D , a c u p s t o n e , w a s an a n d e s i t e r i v e r b o u l d e r , 40 x 2 0 c m . , with p e c k e d s u r f a c e a n d h a v i n g on top a s h a l l o w d e p r e s s i o n 8 cm. w i d e and 2 c m . in d e p t h ; it w a s imbedded in the floor w i t h p e b b l e s a l l a r o u n d . E w a s a g r o u p of flat s a n d s t o n e pebb l e s w h i l e F w a s a p o s t - h o l e 11 c m . a c r o s s with p e b b l e s a l l around set in p l a c e with mud. D o m e s t i c l i f e w a s e v i d e n c e d f i r s t by two h e a r t h s .

O n e ( G ) w a s near the n o r t h e a s t e r n

SOTIRA

52

w a l l of the house.

Museum

It w a s c i r c u l a r a n d b u i l t of m u d , w a s 8 0 c m . a c r o s s a n d h a d a

s h a p e d p i t a t t h e c e n t e r 2 8 c m . a c r o s s a n d 15 c m . in d e p t h . e n e d by c o n t i n u o u s white

use of fire.

spots, showing that

ing F l o o r

II.

We s h a l l

hard-

T h e f i l l i n g c o n s i s t e d of e a r t h of i n d i f f e r e n t c o l o r w i t h

some

its use w a s i n t e n t i o n a l l y d i s c o n t i n u e d

see t h a t a f t e r

p r o b a b l y a t t h e t i m e of

its d i s u s e a row of f l a t s t o n e s

was

the hearth.

p e b b l e w e d g e d in i t e v i d e n t l y t o r e d u c e t h e d e p t h p o s t - h o l e 2 0 x 11 c m . a n d

12cm.

West of the

and offer a flat

b e l o n g s t o t h e m a i n s c h e m e of r o o f s u p p o r t s

o p e n i n g over t h e area of the h e a r t h .

In o t h e r h o u s e s

probably

andesite

base for the p o s t . These

The

posts with

post

supported the roof around

(e. g. H o u s e 2) w e n o t i c e d

four

A second hearth (H) was and 14 c m .

in d e p t h ,

found near the east w a l l .

in w h i c h the

This hearth

ing o b j e c t s were antlers (262-3),

was

p l a s t e r e d a n d the w a l l s

in a s e m i c i r c u l a r

found:

It w a s a c i r c u l a r

l o w e r p a r t o f a ¡ug w a s f i t t e d e x a c t l y

ing for the p i t ; t h e e d g e s a l l a r o u n d w e r e of f i r e .

in f r o n t o f t h e h e a r t h w e r e

In t h e s o u t h e a s t

ish color w i t h o c c a s i o n a l

s o i l a n d a few pebbles

stones.

imbedded

12 c m . a c r o s s , a n d a t h i r d o f s i m i l a r roof

across

implement

in i t .

Round

follow-

size farther west.

deer's

(261). 13 c m .

in

i t s r i m w a s a c u r b o f m u d of

There was a second Both these

small

pits

may be

s o u t h e a s t of h e a r t h G , w h e r e a l i m e s t o n e

( M ) , w h e r e a q u e r n a n d n e a r it a p e s t l e (269) w e r e

lying

in situ.

and near the w e s t w a l l , w a s a s l a b c o v e r e d w i t h hard mud and s u r r o u n d e d On the slab a few

Farther

it,

post-holes

supports.

G r i n d i n g w a s c a r r i e d o u t in t w o p l a c e s :

(N).

yellow-

p i t w e s t of

33 x 2 7 c m , , s u r r o u n d e d by v a r i o u s g r i n d e r s , w a s f o u n d ( L ) , a n d in the n o r t h w e s t e r n of the f l o o r

lin-

action

In t h i s a r e a t h e

corner of the f l o o r w a s a round pit (K) 56 cm. a c r o s s and

depth, filled with ordinary

for s u p p l e m e n t a r y

pit 26 cm.

so as to f o r m a

s t o n e c h i s e l ( 2 5 9 ) , u n f i n i s h e d o r n a m e n t ( 2 6 0 ) , t w o p a r t s of

the s e c o n d b e i n g a h a n d l e of a t o o l , and a f l i n t

placed

needed.

of the jug s h o w e d

area e n c l o s e d by s t o n e s .

an

such

s u p p o r t s , o n e a t e a c h a n g l e o f t h e h e a r t h a r e a ; b u t in t h e p r e s e n t c a s e t h e h e a r t h w a s n e a r t h e w a l l of t h e h o u s e a n d t h u s o n l y t h e s u p p o r t s

in-

hearth The

a c r o s s and h a d an

10 c m . i n d e p t h h a d p e b b l e s a l l a r o u n d .

mak-

placed a l o n g the

p o s t s , t h e f i r s t ( I ) r e s t i n g i n a c u p s t o n e a n d t h e s e c o n d ( J ) in a p o s t - h o l e .

c u p s t o n e w a s o f l i m e s t o n e 34 x 2 7 c m . w i t h a d e p r e s s i o n

C which

The

funnel-

s i d e s of the p i t were

ner f a c e of t h e w a l l of t h e h o u s e , s o m e of w h i c h o v e r l a p p e d were two

Monographs

sherds, a small

celt, and some light brown

s o u t h e a s t ( 0 ) w a s a l i m e s t o n e t r o u g h , 42 c m . s q u a r e , a l s o

Farther

slab,

corner south,

by s t a n d i n g

pigment were surrounded

by

slabs

found. standing

s la b s or s t o n es . Various

o b j e c t s w e r e c o l l e c t e d on the f l o o r :

in t h e c e n t r a l

part, a pointed bone

(264), a bone needle (265), a stone p e n d a n t (266), a perforated d i s c flint (268).

Farther northwest

a blade of f l i n t (270) was found.

fragment o f bone n e e d l e ( 2 3 5 ) , bone pin ( 2 3 1 ) , v a r i o u s and a g o o d number As already in t h i c k n e s s

of s h e r d s of d i f f e r e n t w a r e s

stated, the layer between

and c a n

be i n t e r p r e t e d

Floor

(448,

shells

tool

(267), and a blade

Other

stray finds

of

were:

(450, 453), various flints

(452),

451).

III and t h e f o l l o w i n g f l o o r (II) w a s

as t h e r e s u l t of n a t u r a l

accumulations

c o n t a i n e d a n u m b e r o f s h e r d s o f v a r i o u s w a r e s ( 4 5 4 ) a n d 39 b l a d e s

15-20

on F l o o r

and other f l i n t

cm.

III.

It

implements

(455). Floor

II

( P I . 21) w a s of y e l l o w i s h r a m m e d

s o i l and s l o p e d up t o w a r d s the east

Structurally the house continued as before, with little alteration. B and D, c o n t i n u e d

i n u s e a n d i t m a y be a s s u m e d t h a t a l t h o u g h

s u p p o r t s o b s e r v e d on F l o o r the later floor.

III w e r e not v i s i b l e , t h e y c o n t i n u e d

The two main

wall.

supports,

some of t h e o t h e r b a s e s in u s e i n c o n j u n c t i o n

H o w e v e r , a new p o s t - h o l e appears near the e a s t w a l l

of

with

(P) and s o u t h e a s t

of

EXCAVATED

REMAINS:

AREA

V,

PHASE

53

II

E a n o t h e r s u p p o s e d h o l e for a p o s t . A more i m p o r t a n t s t r u c t u r a l a l t e r a t i o n c o n c e r n s the n o r t h w a l l w h i c h w a s s l i g h t l y e n e d i n t e r n a l l y w i t h m u d a n d s m a l l s t o n e s w h i c h w e r e p r o v i d e d w i t h a f a c i n g of slabs.

thick-

limestone

T h e a d d i t i o n a l t h i c k n e s s c o v e r e d m o s t o f the h e a r t h w h i c h s t o o d a g a i n s t the n o r t h

w a l I on F loor

III.

F r o m the v i e w p o i n t of d a i l y l i f e , F l o o r II s h o w e d a m u c h g r e a t e r w e a l t h of e v i d e n c e , particular several

q u e r n s a n d g r i n d e r s a s w e l l a s m a n y o v a l or r o u n d r i v e r p e b b l e s

w e r e b r o u g h t i n p r o b a b l y to be s h a p e d a s g r i n d e r s or t h e l i k e .

in

which

T h i s f l o o r s h o w e d an in-

c r e a s e d a c t i v i t y in t h e g e n e r a l r h y t h m of d a i l y l i f e a n d g a v e t h e i m p r e s s i o n t h a t t h e h o u s e w a s i n h a b i t e d by a c t i v e

agriculturalists.

A new h e a r t h w a s b u i l t in the s o u t h e a s t c o r n e r of t h e f l o o r ( R ) not far from t h e h e a r t h ( H ) on t h e p r e v i o u s f l o o r . h e i g h t and 90 cm. a c r o s s .

second

It w a s a r o u n d p l a t f o r m b u i l t of y e l l o w i s h m u d , 15 c m .

in

T h e s i d e s of t h e c e n t r a l p i t (21 c m . a c r o s s a n d 7 c m . in d e p t h )

were b l a c k e n e d and hardened by the continuous u s e of fire. e s t a b l i s h m e n t d e v o t e d to f l i n t f l a k i n g ( P I . 4 4 ) .

In t h e n o r t h e a s t c o r n e r w a s an

T h i s c o n s i s t e d of a n a n d e s i t e b o u l d e r

im-

b e d d e d in t h e f l o o r a n d n e a r it a l i m e s t o n e s l a b p l a c e d o n a s o m e w h a t h i g h e r g r o u n d , p r o b a b l y the s e a t o f t h e f l i n t - w o r k e r .

N e a r t h e a n d e s i t e b o u l d e r we f o u n d in situ

a limestone

h a m m e r w i t h t r a c e s of u s e ( 1 2 3 ) , s e v e r a l f l i n t c o r e s ( 1 2 4 ) , a n d a g r o u p of red p e b b l e s F a r t h e r w e s t w a s a r o u g h l y s e m i c i r c u l a r a r e a , 6 2 c m . a c r o s s , b u i l t of m u d , w i t h g r i n d e r s near it.

(125).

several

T h e r e m a i n d e r o f the a r e a a l o n g the n o r t h w a l l w a s c o v e r e d w i t h q u e r n s

a n d g r i n d e r s or a n d e s i te r i v e r p e b b l e s p r o b a b l y i n t e n d e d for s h a p i n g a s g r i n d e r s or o t h e r similar tools. (PI. 44).

F a r t h e r w e s t , in the c o r n e r , t h e r e w e r e two f r a g m e n t a r y j u g s of

c o m b e d w a r e (1 1 9 , 1 2 0 ) ( P I . 4 3 ) a n d , a t a s h o r t d i s t a n c e to t h e s o u t h , a c e l t w i t h i t s h a n d l e of d e e r ' s a n t l e r ( 1 2 2 ) ( P I . 4 4 ) a n d , not far a w a y , the b o n e h a n d l e ( 1 1 8 ) of a f l i n t or s t o n e plement.

In t h e s a m e a r e a a b l a d e of f l i n t ( 1 2 6 ) a n d a s t o n e a m u l e t ( 1 2 1 ) a s w e l l a s

a n d e s i t e pebbles were

im-

many

found.

A l m o s t t h e w h o l e o f t h e a r e a a l o n g the w e s t w a l l w a s o c c u p i e d by a s l i g h t l y r a i s e d f o r m , 20 c m . h i g h , b u i l t o f s t o n e s a n d m u d .

plat-

A t its s o u t h e a s t e d g e w a s the l i m e s t o n e t r o u g h

( 0 ) w h i c h w a s o r i g i n a l l y p l a c e d on F l o o r I I I w i t h s t a n d i n g s l a b s r o u n d it a n d n e a r it on the s o u t h w e s t an a n d e s i t e b o u l d e r a n d a g r i n d e r .

V a r i o u s b l a d e s of f l i n t ( 1 1 5 - 1 1 7 ) a n d a f r a g -

m e n t o f r e d l u s t r o u s b o w I ( 1 1 4 ) w e re f o u n d in the c e n t r a l p a r t of t h e f l o o r , w h i l e in t h e a r e a a l o n g the e a s t w a l l the f o l l o w i n g o b j e c t s were c o l l e c t e d :

flint blade

(110), miniature

stone

c h i s e l ( 1 1 1 ) , s t o n e c e l t ( 1 1 2 ) , f r a g m e n t s of c o m b e d j u g ( 1 1 3 ) , a n d , n o r t h of t h e h e a r t h , a s t e a t i t e c h i s e l ( i n t e n d e d f o r o r n a m e n t ?) ( 2 2 9 ) .

L a s t l y , e a s t of the h e a r t h and near the p o s t -

h o l e P w a s a q u e r n of s a n d s t o n e , 50 x 2 0 c m . , t u r n e d u p s i d e d o w n . f l o o r w e r e g r o u p e d u n d e r N o . 4 5 6 ; t h e s e a r e of v a r i o u s

M a n y s h e r d s on t h e

wares.

A s a l r e a d y s t a t e d in c o n n e c t i o n w i t h the s tra t i g r a ph i c a I e v i d e n c e , t h e l a y e r F l o o r II a n d F l o o r

between

I c o n s i s t e d of s t o n e s a n d mud Gnd w a s t h e r e s u l t of a s u d d e n

of t h e s u p e r s t r u c t u r e w h i c h e v i d e n t l y o c c u r r e d w h i l e F l o o r II w a s s t i l l in u s e .

collapse This

is cor-

r o b o r a t e d by the g e n e r a l a p p e a r a n c e o f t h i s f l o o r on w h i c h s o m u c h w a s f o u n d in situ, the i m p r e s s i o n of l i f e s u d d e n l y i n t e r r u p t e d .

mum t h i c k n e s s b u t it c a n be a s s u m e d t h a t the d e b r i s f r o m t h e d e s t r o y e d s u p e r s t r u c t u r e o r i g i n a l l y have been thicker.

must

S o m e p a r t o f it m u s t h a v e b e e n c l e a r e d a w a y s o o n a f t e r t h e

d i s a s t e r and before the h o u s e w a s r e c o n s t r u c t e d and a n e w floor made.

A n u m b e r of s h e r d s

of v a r i o u s w a r e s ( 4 5 7 ) a n d a k n i f e b l a d e o f f l i n t ( 4 5 8 ) w e r e c o l l e c t e d in t h e d e m o l i t i o n Floor

giving

T h e d e m o l i t i o n l a y e r w a s o n l y 3 5 c m . in m a x i -

I w a s t h e l e v e l e d s u r f a c e of t h e d e b r i s .

Many parts were c o v e r e d with

layer.

stones,

SOTIRA

54

Museum

Monographs

w h i c h m a y h a v e b e l o n g e d to v a r i o u s new f e a t u r e s but b e i n g s o n e a r t h e s u r f a c e t h e y s u f f e r e d from t h e c u l t i v a t i o n of t h e a r e a .

have

N o r i s t h e r e e v i d e n c e r e g a r d i n g t h e m e t h o d of

s u p p o r t i n g t h e n e w r o o f a l t h o u g h c e r t a i n g r o u p s of s t o n e s m a y i n d i c a t e t h e p o s i t i o n of p o s t s . O f t h e p r e - e x i s t i n g f e a t u r e s i n t h e h o u s e p r o b a b l y o n l y t h e p i t of t h e h e a r t h w a s u s e d .

A

n u m b e r of s t o n e t o o l s f o u n d on t h e f l o o r c o r r o b o r a t e d t h e h y p o t h e s i s of r e c o n s t r u c t i o n

and

the m a k i n g of a n e w f l o o r .

T h u s , n e a r t h e w e s t w a l l t h e r e w a s a q u e r n w h i l e in v a r i o u s

p a r t s of t h e f l o o r s t o n e t o o l s - t w o g r i n d e r s ( 5 , 7 ) , a c e l t ( 4 ) , a n d p e s t l e ( 6 ) - w e r e in situ.

to it, w e r e c o l l e c t e d : of v a r i o u s w a r e s

s t o n e p e n d a n t ( 2 1 ) , v a r i o u s f l i n t f l a k e s ( 4 6 1 ) , a n d a n u m b e r of

(459,

FROM

HOUSE

Surfa ce

459.

Pendant,

flat,

lite.

1.8 c m .

L.

(Pis.

ware:

( i n s i d e ) or w a v y

ple,

from

ware:

with

wavy

bands.

ware:

rim (c) ( P I .

straight

6 0 ) , or w i t h

on the i n s i d e

(g).

decorated

to a s t r a i g h t

ments,

(f) w i t h

hole

bored

(a,

similar

with multiple

from o n e s i d e ;

multiple

placed

12 f r o m

bands

Red

on

picro-

slip ware:

in-

Red-on-white

vertical

straight with

1 *rom b o w l .

decorated bands

below

(j).

(c, d).

with

both

and combed over

multi-

Coarse

on both

pendent

sides

from

the

t h e rim on t h e o u t s i d e

( e , f) or w i t h

bands

sides

bands

underside.

straight

( h ) , or w i t h

wavy

bands

jugs,

Bowls

horizontally

bands

multiple

jugs.

multiple

wavy

straight

from

of m a t t i n g

wavy

painted

obliquely

10 f r o m j u g s .

b ) , or w i t h

bands

wavy

2 fragments

impression

d e c o r a t e d on both

multiple

on t h e o u t s i d e

arranged

ware:

(d), or w i t h t r i p l e

Bowls

( a ) , or w i t h

(e) h a s

16 f r o m b o w l s ,

b a n d ( i ) , or w i t h

15 f r o m b o w l s ,

bands

decorated

lustrous

bands

with

suspension

and broad b a n d s

Red

including

vertically Jugs

Jugs

26 f r a g m e n t s ,

broad

112-114)

1

3 from j u g s .

multiple

from a b o w l

the rim d o w n w a r d s

single

cular

63).

1 fragment

5 fragments

Combed

2 from b o w l s ,

(outside)

(b) ( P I .

ware:

slightly

(Pis.

Floor

102).

5 fragments,

side and outside

460.

90,

straight

bands

7

to

triangular with rounded corners;

Combed

and combed

sherds

460). FINDS

21.

lying

In t h e l a y e r o v e r l y i n g t h e f l o o r t h e f o l l o w i n g o b j e c t s , s o m e of w h i c h m a y b e l o n g

such Red

multiple bands

from

perpendi-

ware:

jugs.

and

bands

running

lustrous

3 fragments

wavy

27

frag-

Coarse

ware;

6 f r a g m en ts . 461 a-g.

7 flakes

of b r o w n

flint,

L.

7.7—3

cm,

On 4.

Celt,

with convex

sides,

small

in the a r e a of the c u t t i n g 5.

Grinder, (PI.

flat,

elongated

Floor

butt, and

edge which in p l a n ;

is

cutting

damaged;

surface

pecked

edge;

andesite.

but portly

surface

L.

pecked

8 cm.

ground;

(PI.

but

polished

93).

diabase.

L.

11.5

cm.

99).

6.

Pestle

7.

Grinder

(?) being

457.

Combed

ware:

(?) being

a river

pebble;

a river

drop-shaped;

with multiple bands

wards

on the

bands

bands

from j u g s ,

inside

combed

groups s i d e by

broad

from b o w l s ,

Jugs

vertical

4 from

jugs.

with

Gray

lustrous

bands

bands

Bowls

decorated

arranged obliquely

(c —e).

multiple

(¡_k).

Jugs

straight

Red-on-white

broad bands

19 f r o m

ware:

11 c m .

8.5 cm.

(PI. (PI.

98). 98).

II

from rim d o w n w a r d s ;

34 from b o w l s ,

21 f r a g m e n t s

wavy

bands

L. L.

on both

u n d e r t h e r i m on t h e o u t s i d e

wavy

( f ) , or w i t h

decorated

bands

53 fragments,

C o a r s e ware:

multiple

of m u l t i p l e side

I and

andesite.

flat; a n d e s i t e .

23 from j u g s .

horizontally

multiple wavy

5 from b o w l s .

ware:

arranged

smooth;

one face

Floors

32 from b o w l s ,

( a ) , or w i t h

( h ) , or w i t h

inside with trous

bands

( b ) , or w i t h o t h e r

straight wavy

55 f r a g m e n t s , wavy

surface

pebble drop-shaped; Between

cal

I

straight

(I — n ) ;

o u t s i d e red

jugs.

Red

2 fragments,

i n c l u d i n g a f r a g m e n t of b a s e

slip

down-

with

broad

( g ) , or w i t h

broad

ware:

8 fragments,

bowls

d e c o r a t e d on

lustrous ware:

(o,

p).

1 from a

impressions

of

3 the

Red

9 fragments,

1 from a bowl,

(q) w i t h

from rim

decorated

bands

sides

and with verti -

lus5

jug.

matting

E X C A V A T E D REMAINS: A R E A V, P H A S E II

on t h e u n d e r s i d e , 458.

Knife

blade

and a small

of b u f f f l i n t

fragment with

(broken),

L.

4.2

On 110.

Bladejight

111.

Miniature

chisel

L.

(PI.

112.

2 cm.

Celt,

gray

114.

with

still

lustrous

everted

bowl

rim.

light gray

117.

Blade

of

gray

of t o o l ,

part of

120.

86).

Jug

of c o m b e d

upwards around 121.

ware,

the body in

Stone

the

celt

pointed celt 123. 124.

Pebble

8

Steatite chisel

inside

with multiple white ware: the b a s e

90,

L.

7

18 f r o m bands

Combed

bands

outside (c). bands

3 fragments

ware:

with

single

with

similar

in t h e

curved

straight

bands

b a n d on the

groups

parallel

The

(Pis.

sides,

celt

66,

tapering all

86).

3 cm.

is flat with

cm.

(Pis.

rounded butt, L.

Handle

6

quad-

vertically

picrolite.

andesite.

of

19 c m .

with neck

arranged

34 c m .

sides;

Ht.

L.

and

(Pis.

convex

damaged.

sides, L.

of

sides.

L.

ends

and a n g l e s ,

18 c m .

diameter

(Pis.

4 cm.;

89,

used

as

101).

globular

c o r e of

buff

broad

flat butt and

12 f r o m j u g s .

with

multiple

lower

interspaces

(h) ( P I . Floors

from

straight

cutting

bands

broad

on both

single

arranged

straight

s t r a i g h t ( e ) , or w a v y

II a n d 23 from

rim d o w n w a r d s wavy

decorated

sides

broad horizontally

bands

alternating

bands

(f, g).

Red-on-

broad vertical

bands

reaching

79).

and multiple

and multiple

wavy

single

part of j u g l e t w i t h

42 from b o w l s ,

bands

multiple

decorated

including

Bowls

from the rim a n d ( i n s i d e )

( a , b ) , or w i t h Jugs

on the o u t s i d e inside

cm.

bowls,

( d ) , or w i t h

55 f r a g m e n t s ,

broad

Ht.

with rounded

?), flat with

pendent

Between 454.

sides;

Globular

bands

edges

polished.

102).

wavy

multiple

and rings

thickness;

106). on two

for o r n a m e n t

30 f r a g m e n t s ,

wavy

both

flaked;

rectangular

(broken),

(Pis.

multiple

and

and

jasper.

flint

(intended

band and w a v y both

from

edges

its

surface

convex

sherds. wavy

straight almost

flint (a, c, d), a v e r a g e

229.

Combed ware:

sides,

the e d g e of the b a s e .

missing.

of b u f f

Blade

with (outside)

arranged

cm.

G r o u p of red p e b b l e s ;

456.

is

(chipping)

125.

3.5 cm.

convex

through

flat base and

of u s e

126.

gray

bonds

cm.

each other;

but found d e t a c h e d .

almost

cores

of l i g h t

with

limestone,

ground

cm.

longitudinally

hole bored

(PI.

(b),diameter

7

opposite

(?) w h i c h

28 cm.

3 symmetrical

L.

of m u l t i p l e

of h a n d l e

L.

flat b a s e ,

up of s e v e r a l

edge;

surface

cm.

small

cutting

7

straight

raised,

made

suspension

multiple Ht.

Groups

to b a s e

edge;

94).

worn.

and reaching

straight

traces

L.

missing.

h o f t e d on d e e r ' s a n t l e r

of h a r d

edge.

andesite.

cm.

7

vertically

of a f l a t c h i s e l

edge;

hommerstone; flint

8

arranged

fragmentary, is

shape

butt, and

8.2 cm.

edge;

87).

perforated

grooves

from n e c k

straight cutting 90, 102). 122.

straight cutting

straight cutting

ware:

slightly

one edge, L.

rectangular,

arranged

but the top

Amulet

small

(PI.

partly

81,

jug ( ? ) of c o m b e d w a r e :

bands

67,

along

flint (broken),

decorated with horizontal ( P i s . 104, 105). Lower

distinct, L.

flint retouched

butt, and

7.7 cm.

surface

flint (broken),

of g r a y

ruple wavy

butt, and

j u g of c o m b e d

(Pis.

of

119.

of

with

Blade

light

narrow

Ht. 5 cm.

Blade

handle

cm.

L.

to s h o u l d e r :

116.

Bone

(r).

II

rounded

sides,

115.

118.

straw

cm.

Floor

10.2

andesite.

and shoulder

from n e c k

P a r t of red slightly

L.

sides,

convex

visible,

Part of the n e c k vertically

convex

of

96).

triangular

but f l a k i n g 113.

flint (broken), with

impressions

55

wavy

bands

III jugs. inside bands

Bowls

decorated

on both

( a ) ; or on t h e o u t s i d e on the

on the o u t s i d e

inside

sides

(b);

( c ) ; or w i t h

(d, e), the latter

or single

example

SOTIRA

56

Museum

Monograph

s

( e ) b e i n g s l i g h t l y b l a c k e n e d ; or w i t h t w i n w a v y b a n d s ( f ) ( P I . 6 0 ) o n t h e o u t s i d e ; or w i t h m u l t i p l e w a v y b a n d s a r r a n g e d on t h e i n s i d e o b l i q u e l y f r o m t h e r i m d o w n w a r d s ( g ) , or h o r i z o n t a l l y o u t s i d e a n d o b l i q u e l y i n s i d e ( h ) ; or w i t h g r o u p s of m u l t i p l e w a v y b a n d s o u t s i d e a n d i n s i d e ( i ) ; or w i t h m u l t i p l e w a v y b a n d s r u n n i n g p e r p e n d i c u l a r l y t o a b r o a d v e r t i c a l o n e ( j ) . J u g s d e c o r a t e d w i t h s i n g l e b r o a d s t r a i g h t b o n d s (k ), or w i t h g r o u p s of s t r a i g h t b a n d s ( I ) , or w i t h t w i n w a v y b a n d s ( m ) , or w i t h m u l t i p l e w a v y b a n d s (n — p ) . R e d - o n - w h i t e a n d c o m be d w a r e : 1 f r a g m e n t f r o m a j u g t q ) : c o m b e d b a n d s a n d p a i n t e d r i n g s . Red-on-white w a r e : 6 f r a g m e n t s , 2 from b o w l s , 4 f r o m j u g s . B o w l s : b r o a d b a n d s on t h e i n s i d e (r, s ) . J u g s : b r o a d b a n d s a n d r i n g s c o n n e c t e d w i t h s t r a i g h t b a n d s (t, u ) . l e d l u s t r o u s w a r e : 56 f r a g m e n t s , 2 9 f r o m b o w l s , 2 7 from j u g s . R e d s l i p w a r e : 9 f r a g m e n t s , 4 f r o m b o w l s , 5 f r o m j u g s . G r a y l u s t r o u s w a r e : 18 f r a g m e n t s , 14 f r o m b o w l s , 4 from j u g s . C o a r s e w a r e : 12 fragment s. 455.

f a ) K n i f e b l a d e of l i g h t b r o w n f l i n t , L . 1 0 c m . ( P I . 1 1 7 ) ; ( b ) k n i f e b l a d e of b u f f f l i n t ' b r o k en), L . 7 c m . ( P I . 1 1 7 ) ; ( c ) b l u n t e d b a c k - b l a d e of b u f f f l i n t ( b r o k e n ) , L . 6 c m . ' P I . 117); ( d , e) k n i f e b l a d e s of b u f f a n d l i g h t b r o w n f l i n t r e t o u c h e d o n t h e b u l b a r f a c e , L . 5 . 6 c m . a n d 5 c m . , ( f ) e n d s c r a p e r of g r a y f l i n t , L . 7 . 7 c m . ( P I . 1 1 7 ) ; ( g ) L a m e e c a i / / e e of l i g h t g r a y f l i n t , L . 6 . 5 c m . ( P I . 1 1 7 ) ; (h — I) b l a d e s o f b u f f , g r a y , a n d b r o w n f l i n t , L . 7 . 4 — 4 . 5 c m . ; (m — z , a a — j ¡, I I ) f l a k e s o f b r o w n , g r a y , a n d b u f f f l i n t , L . 5 . 6 — 3 . 1 c m . ; ( k k a n d m m ) a s y m m e t r i c a l c o r e s of g r a y f l i n t , L . 3 . 7 , 5 . 5 c m . On

Floor

III

231.

B o n e p i n w i t h r e c t a n g u l a r or r o u n d e d s e c t i o n ,

235.

( a ) F r a g m e n t of n e e d l e , f l a t , t h i n , e l l i p t i c a l e y e - h o l e , L . 3 . 2 c m . ( P i s . 1 0 4 , 1 0 5 ) ; ( b ) p a r t of b o n e p o i n t e d t o o l w i t h e d g e s of b o n e s e e n o n t h e r e v e r s e ( L . 4 . 3 c m . ( P I . 1 0 5 ) .

259.

L . 8.5 cm.

C h i s e l w i t h one f a c e f l a t , the other c o n v e x ; c o n v e x edge; surface ground; andesíte.

L.

3.7 cm.

(PI.

(PI.

105).

s i d e s , rounded butt, and curved

260.

U n f i n i s h e d ornament (?); flat, rectangular with ends rounded.

L . 4 cm.

261.

K n i f e b l a d e of b u f f f l i n t t r i m m e d on t h e b u l b a r f a c e ,

(PI.117).

262.

P a r t of d e e r ' s a n t l e r , L . 7 . 5 c m .

(PI.

263.

P a r t of d e e r ' s a n t l e r u s e d a s a p i c k ,

P o i n t e d bone tool with t h i c k top; p o i n t e d port

265.

( a , b) 2 f r a g m e n t s of b o n e t o o l s , L . 4 , 3 . 5 c m . ( P i s .

L.

102).

14.5cm. missing.

L . 6.7 cm.

(PI.

105).

104,105).

P e n d a n t , d r o p - s h a p e d ; s u s p e n s i o n h o l e bored from both s i d e s ; p i c r o l i t e . 90,

267.

L . 6 cm.

( P i s . 90,

106).

264. 266.

cutting

96).

L . 3.7 cm.

(Pis.

102).

P e r f o r a t e d d i s c , b e i n g a flat p e b b l e ; p e r f o r a t i o n at c e n t e r bored from both s i d e s . 4 . 7 c m . ( P i s . 9 1, 1 0 3 ) .

Diameter

268.

B l a d e of b u f f - y e l l o w f l i n t , L .

269.

Pestle, conical; surface pecked; andesite.

10 c m .

270.

B l a d e of l i g h t brown f l i n t , L . 7 c m .

448.

Combed ware: 19 f r a g m e n t s , 15 f r o m b o w l s , 4 f r o m j u g s . B o w l s d e c o r a t e d o n b o t h s i d e s w i t h m u l t i p l e s t r a i g h t ( a , b) or w a v y b a n d s p e n d e n t f r o m t h e r i m ( c ) , or a r r a n g e d o b l i q u e l y f r o m r i m d o w n w a r d s ( d ) , or h o r i z o n t a l l y ( e ) . T h e l a t t e r h a s , o n t h e i n s i d e , b a n d s a r r a n g e d o b l i q u e l y . J u g s d e c o r a t e d w i t h s i n g l e s t r a i g h t b r o o d b a n d s ( f , g ) , or w i t h m u l t i p l e w a v y b a n d s ( h ) . R e d l u s t r o u s w a r e : 31 f r a g m e n t s , 1 f r o m a b o w l a n d 3 0 f r o m j u g s i n c l u d i n g a f r a g m e n t w i t h i m p r e s s i o n of t h i n b r a n c h e s o n t h e i n s i d e f a c e ( i ) a n d a p a r t of n e c k ( j ) ( P I .

(PI.

L . 9.5 cm.

(PI.

97).

117).

83). 449.

B l a d e f l a k e of d u l l p i n k f l i n t , L . 6 . 3

450.

2 shells,

cm.

451.

C o m b e d w a r e : 3 9 f r a g m e n t s , 33 f r o m b o w l s , 6 f r o m j u g s . B o w l s d e c o r a t e d on b o t h s i d e s w i t h t w i n s t r a i g h t b a n d s f r o m r i m d o w n w a r d s ( a ) , or w i t h m u l t i p l e s t r a i g h t b a n d s p e n d e n t f r o m t h e r i m ( b ) , or p a r a l l e l to t h e r i m ( c ) , or m e e t i n g a t r i g h t a n g l e s ( d ) / or w i t h m u l t i p l e w a v y b a n d s a r r a n g e d o b l i q u e l y f r o m r i m d o w n w a r d s ( e ), o r w i t h o t h e r m u l t i p l e w a v y b a n d s ( f , g ) , or w i t h z i g z a g b a n d s ( h ) ( P I . 6 4 ) . J u g s d e c o r a t e d w i t h s t r a i g h t b a n d s ( i ) , or m u l t i p l e

T r o c h u s t u r b / n o t u s B o r n . , Spondylus

sp. ?

Diameter 5.2, 2.2

cm.

EXCAVATED

wavy

bands

inside

Red-on-white (I).

(m-o).

ware:

bowls,

2 from

Scraper

of

6.2

cm.(PI.

117);

(c)

flint,

L.

4.5

brown cm.;

(d,

Shells,

a,

brown

k)

Red

lustrous

jugs. flint,

3 from Coarse

L.

8.5

retouched 4.5 —2.5

2 blade

Murex

and

47 4

blade

fragments

trunculus

ware:

Lin.;

4

(PI. of

(h,

i)

of

buff

b,

Murex

PHASE

1 fragment

3 fragments

bowls, ware:

V,

ware:

ware:

cm.

cm.;

AREA

combed

Red-on-white

7 fragments,

(a)

light

453

bands

slip

2 from 452.

k).

red-on-white

painted Red

(j,

REMAINS:

fragments, from

jugs.

from 26

from a

a bowl,

bowl

from

Gray

57

II

with

bowls,

lustrous

outside

broad

21

from

ware:

4

combed,

vertical jugs, fragments.

fragments. 117);

gray

(b)

flint,

double L.

6.3

2 asymmetrical flint,

L.

2.5,

Irunculus,

end-scraper cm.;

cores 4.5 c,

(e-g,

of

brown

of j,

buff

l-m)

flint,

flint,

L.

6 flakes

of

diameter

3,

cm. Helix

c/ncfo

Mull.

• — c. HOUSE Pis.

POSITION:

( P I . 8)

22,

45,

9 46

T h i s h o u s e , a l t h o u g h not i m p o r t a n t , o c c u p i e d a p r i v i l e g e d

position

s o u t h of H o u s e 1, w h e r e t h e g r o u n d s l o p e s s o u t h w a r d s n o t f a r f r o m t h e s o u t h e d g e of t h e p l a t e a u in s q u a r e s

H-K

24 — 2 6 .

T h e p a r t of t h e a r e a c l e a r e d i m m e d i a t e l y s o u t h o f t h e

h o u s e s e e m s to b e f r e e o f s u b s t a n t i a l r e m a i n s a n d i t w o u l d a p p e a r t h a t i t s i n h a b i t a n t s e n j o y an u n i n t e r r u p t e d v i e w e x t e n d i n g to the south c o a s t . ground which slopes southwards

could

T h e p o s i t i o n of t h e h o u s e on

i s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e d a m a g e d o n e to t h e s o u t h p o r t i o n of

t h e s t o n e w a l l b y e r o s i o n , b u t t h e e x t e n t of t h e h o u s e m a y be j u d g e d f r o m r e m a i n s f o u n d on the floors. STRAT ¡ G R A P H I C A L House 1 (PI.

17).

EVIDENCE:

The bedrock

Section C - C

s h o w s the c o n n e c t i o n of t h i s h o u s e

p r e s s i o n d i s c e r n i b l e a t t h e p o i n t w h e r e t h e n o r t h w a l l of H o u s e 9 w a s b u i l t .

Both

r e s t on t h i s r e d s o i l w i t h a n i n t e r m e d i a r y c o u r s e o f w h i t i s h m u d to p r o v i d e a s o l i d f o r the m a s o n r y .

with

i s o v e r l a i d by a l a y e r o f r e d s o i l , w h i c h a l s o f i l l s a d e walls bedding

A l a y e r of a s h e s a n d l u m p s o f w h i t e c l a y r e s t s o n t h e r e d s o i l a n d a b u t s

a g a i n s t the stone w a l l s on e i t h e r

side.

A l l t h i s s h o w s t h a t t h e t w o houses are

S e c t i o n A —A ( P I . 2 2 ) w h i c h r u n s i n a n o r t h — s o u t h d i r e c t i o n i l l u s t r a t e s t h e

contemporary. stratifica-

t i o n i n s i d e t h e h o u s e , a l t h o u g h m o s t of t h e s o u t h p o r t i o n o f t h e h o u s e w a s d e s t r o y e d by e r o s i o n and c u l t i v a t i o n .

T h e n o r t h w a l l r e s t s on t h e r e d s o i l w h i c h c o v e r s the r o c k .

A

mixed layer was

s t r e w n e v i d e n t l y t o l e v e l up t h e g r o u n d o n w h i c h t h e o r i g i n a l f l o o r ( I I ) w a s

made.

later

This was

succeeded by Floor

a l a y e r , 15 c m . t h i c k , of s m a l l

I w h i c h i s s e p a r a t e d f r o m t h e p r e v i o u s f l o o r by

stones and y e l l o w i s h

soil.

T h e f a c t t h a t t h e h o u s e h a s t w o f l o o r s w o u l d n o r m a l l y s u g g e s t a t t r i b u t i o n to P h a s e

III.

In t h a t c a s e , F l o o r I w o u l d be d a t e d t o t h e t i m e a f t e r t h e d i s a s t e r n o t i c e d o n F l o o r M i n most of t h e h o u s e s .

However

i t w i l l b e s e e n ( p . 5 8 ) t h a t F l o o r I of t h i s h o u s e h a s a g r e a t

v a r i e t y of a r c h i t e c t u r a l a n d d o m e s t i c

features

incompatible with the post-disaster

conditions,

w h e n o n l y i m p r o v i z e d a r r a n g e m e n t s w e r e m a d e , a i m i n g a t a h u r r i e d r e c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e dwellings.

The care w i t h which

to the p r e - d i s a s t e r Floor

Floor

I w a s m a d e c a n be e x p l a i n e d o n l y if w e a t t r i b u t e

p e r i o d ; in o t h e r w o r d s ,

i f w e e q u a t e i t w i t h F l o o r II i n o t h e r

houses.

II i n t h i s h o u s e w o u l d t h e n be c o n t e m p o r a r y w i t h F l o o r I I I i n o t h e r s a n d t h e w h o l e o f

t h e h o u s e w o u l d h a v e t o be a s s i g n e d t o P h a s e I I . associated with House

1 (PI.

r a r y w i t h t h a t of P h a s e

II h o u s e .

This

is c o r r o b o r a t e d by S e c t i o n

17) d i s c u s s e d a b o v e , w h i c h

shows that House 9 is

C-C contempo-

T h e a b s e n c e b o t h o f a p o s t - d i s a s t e r f l o o r and of the

d e m o l i t i o n l a y e r s e a l i n g the f l o o r in use at t h e t i m e of the d i s a s t e r , w h i c h here w o u l d Floor

it

I, c o u l d b e e x p l a i n e d b y a s s u m i n g t h a t t h e y h a v e b e e n g r a d u a l l y r e m o v e d b y

usual be

plough-

i n g a n d e r o s i o n , w h i c h w e r e l i k e w i s e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e p o o r p r e s e r v a t i o n o f t h e h o u s e as a whole.

Museum

SOTIRA

58

ARCHITECTURAL

DESCRIPTION:

Monographs

( P i s . 2 2 , 4 6 ) A l t h o u g h t h e w h o l e of t h e s o u t h h a l f of

t h e s t o n e w a l l d i s a p p e a r e d , y e t e n o u g h r e m a i n s to s h o w t h a t t h e g r o u n d p l a n w a s lar w i t h r o u n d e d a n g l e s , t h e l o n g a x i s b e i n g o r i e n t e d e a s t - w e s t .

rectangu-

T h e north w a l l , w h i c h

w e l l p r e s e r v e d , c u r v e s in at t h e m i d d l e , w h i l e t h e p r e s e r v e d p a r t s of t h e e a s t a n d w e s t are p a r a l l e l .

T h e u s u a l m e t h o d of b u i l d i n g w a s e m p l o y e d :

of s t o n e s w i t h s m a l l e r s t o n e s general

f i l l i n g the i n t e r s p a c e s .

As

an

i n t e r n a l and an e x t e r n a l

in o t h e r c a s e s , h o w e v e r ,

m e t h o d i s n o t e v e r y w h e r e f o l l o w e d a n d in s o m e p a r t s e i t h e r

a l m o s t the w h o l e t h i c k n e s s

o f t h e w a l l or s m a l l e r o n e s w e r e u s e d .

is c o n t i n u o u s a l o n g the w h o l e

larger s t o n e s

The average thickness

of the w a l l There

row

this occupy

T h e p l a c i n g of the

l e n g t h of t h e w a l l i n c l u d i n g t h e a n g l e s a s in o t h e r

gularly superimposed.

is walls

stones

houses.

i s 6 0 c m . a n d it c o n s i s t e d of o n e or t w o c o u r s e s n o t r e -

is a d o o r w a y on t h e e a s t w h e r e t h e w a l l

f o r m i n g the n o r t h j a m b of t h e d o o r w a y .

shows a straight

The threshold is covered with small

stones

end

while

on t h e s o u t h s i d e o f t h e d o o r w a y t h e a r e a i s o c c u p i e d b y a r e c t a n g u l a r r o c k s u r f a c e not far from

w h i c h a r e o t h e r s i m i l a r o n e s o u t s i d e the

house.

T h e h o u s e had two s u c c e s s i v e f l o o r s , F l o o r

II b e i n g t h e e a r l i e r .

the latter floor and the b e d r o c k t h e f o l l o w i n g o b j e c t s were c o l l e c t e d : w a r e s (697), celt (698), flints (699), s h e l l s Floor

II

(Pis.

22, 46) w a s

In the l a y e r s h e r d s of

between various

(700).

m a d e p a r t l y of y e l l o w i s h s o i l a n d p a r t l y of s m a l l

pebbles.

E v i d e n c e c o n c e r n i n g t h e m e t h o d o f s u p p o r t i n g the s u p e r s t r u c t u r e c o m e s from t h r e e h o l e s (A — C ) a l m o s t a l o n g the c e n t r a l

long a x i s (east — w e s t ) .

by p e b b l e s a n d w a s 4 5 c m . from the w e s t w a l l .

The

T h e first (A) was

post-

surrounded

s e c o n d ( B ) is o b l o n g and h a s a few

p e b b l e s a r o u n d the w e s t r i m , w h i l e t h e t h i r d ( C ) h a s t w o s m a l l

s t o n e s on t h e e a s t .

North

o f p o s t - h o l e B i s a n o t h e r o n e of o b l o n g s h a p e w i t h a f e w p e b b l e s r o u n d part of i t s r i m . far f r o m t h e e a s t w a l l slightly

Not

i s a l i m e s t o n e s l a b ( D ) , 7 5 x 5 9 c m . , i m b e d d e d in the f l o o r but at a

l o w e r l e v e l w i t h a r a i s e d rim of p e b b l e s .

T h e p u r p o s e of t h i s f e a t u r e i s r a t h e r

ob-

s c u r e ; it m a y h a v e b e e n u s e d a s a t a b l e , a r o u n d w h i c h t h e o c c u p a n t s of the h o u s e s a t a n d had their meals. x 16 c m .

In t h e s p a c e b e t w e e n p o s t - h o l e s

S o u t h of D i s a s c h i s l

B a n d C w a s a q u e r n ( H ) of a n d e s i t e ,

s l a b ( E ) , 52 x 34 cm., w h i c h w a s p r o b a b l y u s e d a s a

In the n o r t h w e s t e r n c o r n e r a l i m e s t o n e s l a b , 5 2 x 3 7 c m . , w a s s o u t h of it w a s a s m a l l e r o n e , 3 4 x 2 7 c m . ( F ) . w i t h r i v e r p e b b l e s of l i m e s t o n e a n d a n d e s i t e . p i e c e of the r o c k floor.

i m b e d d e d in the f l o o r a n d

E a s t of t h e s l a b s w a s a n a r e a ( G )

s u r f a c e w h i c h w a s at a l e v e l s l i g h t l y h i g h e r t h a n t h e r e m a i n d e r of the

left e x p o s e d .

wall a s a backrest. a stone chisel Floor

I

(271) and three flint b l a d e s

on t h e f l o o r

were

(272).

( P i s . 2 2 , 4 5 ) w a s , a s u s u a l , of y e l l o w i s h r a m m e d s o i l a n d s h o w e d a g r e a t e r A l t h o u g h there are m a n y h o l e s w h i c h must

r e c e i v e d p o s t s t h e o r d e r or s y s t e m i n w h i c h t h e y w e r e p l a c e d i s n o t q u i t e c l e a r . long a x i s , two p o s t - h o l e s

in o t h e r h o u s e s . stones.

and

B e i n g n e a r the c o r n e r it w a s p r o b a b l y u s e d a s a s e a t w i t h t h e

A p a r t f r o m the q u e r n , the o n l y o b j e c t s f o u n d in situ

v a r i e t y of f e a t u r e s t h a n i t s p r e d e c e s s o r . central

paved

T h e n o r t h e a s t e r n c o r n e r w a s o c c u p i e d by a

T h e p r e s e n c e of t h e r o c k o u t c r o p h e r e m a y h a v e s u i t e d t h e b u i l d e r s of t h e h o u s e

was purposely

27

seat.

have

Along

( J , L ) m a y h a v e b e l o n g e d to a r o w o f s u c h p o s t - h o l e s

the as

T h e r e i s h o w e v e r at I a s l a b of s c h i s t , 5 0 x 3 2 c m . s u r r o u n d e d b y s m a l l

It i s p o s s i b l e t h a t t h i s w a s t h e p l a c e of a s u b s t a n t i a l

t h i c k a s t h e d i m e n s i o n s of t h e s l a b w o u l d s u g g e s t .

s u p p o r t , of c o u r s e not a s

It m u s t h o w e v e r b e e m p h a s i z e d t h a t if

t h i s w a s a s u p p o r t it w a s n o t o n t h e s a m e a x i s a s t h e p o s t - h o l e s ( J , L ) nor w a s it c e n t r a l . N o r t h of the s l a b I w e r e t w o m o r e r o u n d h o l e s p r o b a b l y for p o s t s ; a n d t h e r e e x i s t e d t h r e e more p o s t - h o l e s , o n e (M) n e a r the w e s t w a l l , a n o t h e r ( N ) n e a r the north, and a third

(0)

EXCAVATED

near t h e e a s t .

REMAINS:

AREA

V,

PHASE

59

II

A f o u r t h p o s t - h o l e ( P ) e a s t of t h e h e a r t h a n d a f i f t h o n e ( Q ) c u t i n t h e r o c k

o u t c r o p s o u t h o f i t m a y be c o n n e c t e d w i t h a s y s t e m o f r o o f s u p p o r t s n e a r t h e s o u t h s u c h as h a v e b e e n o b s e r v e d the p o s t - h o l e N, w h i c h Daily

in o t h e r h o u s e s , e. g. H o u s e 2.

is not far f r o m the n o r t h

The

hearth.

l i f e w a s e v i d e n c e d by t w o h e a r t h s , the f i r s t near the north w a l l and the

not far from t h e a circular

south w a l l .

T h e f i r s t w a s c i r c u l a r a n d w a s b u i l t of y e l l o w i s h

p i t at t h e c e n t e r 24 cm. a c r o s s .

hearth,

s a m e may be s a i d a b o u t

The

second

mud and h a d

s e c o n d h e a r t h w a s of s i m i l a r

construction

a n d m e a s u r e d 70 c m . a c r o s s , i t s p i t b e i n g 2 0 c m . a e r o s s . N e a r b o t h h e a r t h s w e r e a r e a s pa v e d with

slabs.

Other areas p a v e d w i t h s l a b s o c c u r r e d at S and T .

Near the east

where s e v e r a l p i e c e s of rock o u t c r o p a p p e a r , w a s a t r o u g h of hard l i m e s t o n e ing 53 cm. in l e n g t h a n d 30 c m . in

wall,

(R)

measur-

width.

T h e f o l l o w i n g o b j e c t s w e r e f o u n d on t h e f l o o r in situ:

near the north w a l l a pestle

in a s m a l l h o l e w i t h p e b b l e s a l l a r o u n d ; a c e l t (128) near t h e w e s t w a l l ; t w o more ( 2 2 7 — 8) f a r t h e r

s o u t h w e s t ; a s m a l l c e l t ( 1 2 9 ) n e a r t h e s l a b I; a c e l t ( 2 2 6 ) at a s h o r t

from the n o r t h e r n h e a r t h ; and t w o s h e l l s

FINDS

FROM

Surface Combed ware:

ware:

1 fragment

4 fragments,

deep

bowl

with

neck

of

jug.

a

from

2 from

flat

base

a jug:

bowls,

and

128.

Pestle site.

L.

Celt

with

ing 129.

14.5

Small

celt

Celt

L.

multiple

2 from

vertical

228.

sides

Celt

convex

with

convex

pecked

andesite.

L.

2 shells,

(PI.

sides,

face

L.

flat

6.4

other 10.5

and

sides,

cutting

Celt,

flat

with

somewhat

(PI.

around

convex

butt,

round

the

cutting

and

(PI.

ware:

lustrous from

1 fragment

a

small

from

the

middle;

surface

pecked;

ande-

edge;

surface

ground

but

show-

scars

straight

cutting

edge;

surface

ground

93).

curved; cm.

flattened cutting

Lin.

sides,

4 cm.

(PI.

272.

(a)

of

brown

flint,

697.

Combed

surface

(Pis.

88,

pecked

but

with

large

scars

from

94).

butt,

and

from

flaking

faces,

edge;

b , Cassis

small

curved

still

cutting

visible

in

edge;

parts;

surface andesite.

rounded

scars

from

butt,

and

flaking

straight

still

cutting

visible

in

edge;

parts;

broad

sulcosa

Floor

butt

Brug.

L.

5, 4.2

cm.

II

(slightly

damaged),

and

straight

cutting

edge;

94). L.

5.6

cm.,(b,

Between

ly

Red

93).

trunculus

L.

ware:

white

(a).

a fragment

93).

andesite. Blade

wavy

include

I

curved

rounded

edge;

On 271.

Plain

relief

cm.

L.

sides,

a, Alurex

broad

the

but ground

12 c m .

slightly

bowls

93).

flat,

faces

88,

in

and

andesite.

ground near (Pis.

butt,

16 c m .

andesite.

one

The

(b).

Floor

9 I

bands,

jugs.

ring

rounded

L.

convex

pitting; celt,

but

cm.

surface

647. a, b

with

shape:

Floor

collected.

97).

sides,

unsmoothed;

with

14

(PI.

andesite.

Unfinished

pecked

conical

cm.

convex

showing

flaking; 227.

elongated

pitting;

but 226.

of

HOUSE

to

On 127.

distance

(647).

In t h e l a y e r o v e r l y i n g t h e f l o o r a n u m b e r of s h e r d s ( 4 7 5 ) w e r e

475.

(127)

celts

1 fragment

from

c) b l a d e s

Floor

a bowl

II

and

decorated

outside

and

multiple

wavy

bands

pendent

decorated

with

multiple

wavy

bands

(?)

(b).

from

of

brown

flint

(broken),

L.

4.1

cm.

Bedrock with the

twin rim

straight

inside

(a);

bands

running

1 fragment

oblique-

from

a

jug

SOTIRA

60

698.

Colt, face

elongoted pecked

699.

(a)

700.

2 shells,

Knife

with

slightly

or g r o u n d

blade

of

Cassis

to

brown

convex

slight flint,

suicoso

edges,

polish; L.

Brug.?.

flat

(PI.

e a s t a n g l e of H o u s e

STRATIGRAPHICAL

brown

EVIDENCE:

This

flat butt;

sur-

flint,

L.

3.1

cm.

40

22-24,

its w a l l a l m o s t t o u c h i n g the

o n t h e n o r t h e a s t t h e w a l l of H o u s e

24 a b u t s a g a i n s t its

i s s h o w n on S e c t i o n A - A

t h r o u g h t h e h o u s e in a n o r t h - s o u t h d i r e c t i o n .

edge,

93).

2

and

8) It l i e s in s q u a r e s M - 0 1;

of

cutting

(PI.

III

HOUSE

POSITION:

10 c m .

Monographs

cm.

PHASE

22

curved

L.

(b) f l a k e

5.5-5

Pis.

faces,

andesite.

6 cm.; L.

Museum

( P I . 22) w h i c h

O v e r l y i n g the bedrock

south-

wall. runs

i s a t h i n l a y e r of r e d

s o i l w h i c h s h o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d a s t h e o r i g i n a l

s u r f a c e of the ground.

on t h i s s u r f a c e , w h i c h w a s p r e v i o u s l y

A p p r o x i m a t e l y at t h e c e n t e r of t h e f l o o r

leveled.

Floor

II w a s

made we

n o t i c e a p i t f i l l e d w i t h w h i t e c l a y , i t s p u r p o s e b e i n g t o p r o v i d e a s o u n d f o u n d a t i o n for a c e n t r a l p o s t , t h e t r a c e o f w h i c h w a s c l e a r l y v i s i b l e on t h e s u r f a c e of t h e

floor.

On the e a r l i e r o f t h e t w o f l o o r s t h e r e r e s t s a l a y e r 30 c m . t h i c k of y e l l o w

soil,

evidently

This

gives

j u d g i n g f r o m t h e q u a l i t y of t h e

layer

d e c o m p o s e d m u d , w i t h l u m p s in w h i c h f i n e l y c h o p p e d s t r a w w a s o b s e r v a b l e . e v i d e n c e of a c o l l a p s e o f t h e s u p e r s t r u c t u r e w h i c h ,

w h i c h r e s u l t e d , m u s t h a v e b e e n o n l y of m u d m o r t a r a n d p e r h a p s s u n d r i e d m u d b r i c k s c o m p o s i t i o n of w h i c h s t r a w w a s u s e d . the t o p , has been o b s e r v e d

T h i s c o l l a p s e on F l o o r

in o t h e r h o u s e s , w h e r e , h o w e v e r , t h e d e m o l i t i o n

in p a r t of d e c o m p o s e d m u d , i n p a r t of r u b b l e .

in t h e

II, the s e c o n d c o u n t i n g layer

from

consisted

F o l l o w i n g t h e c o l l a p s e , a n e w f l o o r (I) w a s

made thus s h o w i n g that the house was r e c o n s t r u c t e d .

The layer o v e r l y i n g

F l o o r I was

the

c u I t i v a t e d s o i I. T h e a b o v e e v i d e n c e s h o w s t h a t H o u s e 2 w a s b u i l t on t h e o r i g i n a l but has o n l y t w o f l o o r s as c o m p a r e d w i t h t h r e e in H o u s e 1 n e a r b y .

s u r f a c e of t h e g r o u n d

M o r e o v e r , F l o o r II

shows

t h e s a m e e v i d e n c e of c o l l a p s e as t h e e q u i v a l e n t f l o o r i n t h e a d j o i n i n g H o u s e 1, a f a c t

which

s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e t w o f l o o r s are c o n t e m p o r a r y .

S i n c e no F l o o r

III o c c u r r e d in H o u s e 2, we

a r e j u s t i f i e d i n a t t r i b u t i n g t h e l a t t e r t o t h e l a t e r p h a s e of H o u s e II i n t h a t h o u s e .

1, i . e . t o t h e t i m e of

Floor

We s h a l l s e e t h a t a g o o d m a n y o t h e r h o u s e s h a v e o n l y t w o f l o o r s , a f a c t

w h i c h i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e i r e r e c t i o n m a r k e d a new b u i l d i n g p h a s e , n a m e l y P h a s e III. e v i d e n c e of c o l l a p s e i n m o s t o f t h e s e h o u s e s a t t h e s t a g e o f F l o o r f a c t o r w h i c h c o m p e l s us t o c o n s i d e r t h e m ARCHITECTURAL

DESCRIPTION:

II i s a n o t h e r

The

important

contemporary.

( P i s . 22, 40) T h e g r o u n d p l a n is t h a t of a c i r c l e de-

p r e s s e d a l o n g the s o u t h w h e r e the w a l l w a s d e s i g n e d to o f f e r a c o n c a v e f a c e ; t h u s the n o r t h — s o u t h a x i s of the h o u s e is shorter t h a n t h e e a s t —west a x i s .

T h e s t o n e w a l l is

of l i m e s t o n e b o u l d e r s , u s u a l l y f l a t but of i r r e g u l a r s h a p e , p l a c e d in t w o r o w s , t h e being f i l l e d w i t h smaller

stones.

built

interspaces

H o w e v e r , t h i s m e t h o d i s n o t f o l l o w e d s t r i c t l y a n d in m a n y

c a s e s l a r g e r b o u l d e r s o c c u p y t h e w h o l e t h i c k n e s s of t h e w a l l , w h i l e w a l l w a s m a d e up e n t i r e l y of s m a l l

stones.

in o t h e r p l a c e s

T h e t h i c k n e s s of the w a l l v a r i e s

and 50 c m . , i t s m a x i m u m p r e s e r v e d h e i g h t 40 c m . ; w h e r e it is b e s t p r e s e r v e d the a r e p l a c e d r e g u l a r l y o n e a b o v e t h e o t h e r b u t in s o m e p a r t s t h e y

s h o w no s u c h

the

between

40

courses

order.

T h e r e is a d o o r w a y 5 0 cm. in w i d t h on t h e s o u t h e a s t w h e r e t h e w a l l s t r a i g h t e n s ,

giving

EXCAVATED

REMAINS:

AREA

a c c e s s to t h e e a s t p a r t of t h e h o u s e w h i c h , a s w i l l a n d in p a r t i c u l a r for g r i n d i n g . However,

farther w e s t the

there e x i s t e d another hearth area and the II ( P i s .

PHASE

be s e e n , w a s

south w a l l

main doorway

consists

61

III

preserved as a

Whether this w a s the main d o o r w a y

workshop

it i s d i f f i c u l t to

say.

of o n l y o n e c o u r s e a n d i t i s p o s s i b l e

corresponding

with the narrow

corridor between

that the

workshop.

Two floors were encountered, F/oor

V,

22, 4 0 ) w a s

Floor

II b e i n g t h e

earlier.

m a d e of r a m m e d y e l l o w i s h

s o i l , b u t red s o i l w a s u s e d here

and

there. At approximately

t h e c e n t e r w e n o t i c e d a c i r c u l a r a r e a 46 c m . a c r o s s , w h i c h a p p e a r s

be t h e s i t e of a c e n t r a l

wooden

post.

This was associated

w i t h a pit filled w i t h white

a l r e a d y m e n t i o n e d in c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e d e s c r i p t i o n of S e c t i o n A — A . the actual post w a s as practice followed

There were two c l e a r l y on t h e e a s t for g r i n d i n g . same

d e f i n e d a r e a s / o n e on t h e w e s t r e s e r v e d

The actual

for t h e h e a r t h a n d a n o t h e r

h e a r t h w a s c o n s t r u c t e d of y e l l o w i s h w h i t e

e l o n g a t e d w i t h a m a x i m u m d i a m e t e r of 80 c m .

l e v e l a s t h e s u r r o u n d i n g f l o o r but t h e c e n t r a l

part w a s

somewhat raised.

h a r d e n e d b y the a c t i o n of f i r e .

The

in t h e f l o o r .

it w a s on a l e v e l

and a l i m e s t o n e

small

cupstone

stone f a s t e n i n g s . '

rounded with small s t o n e s . a n g l e s of t h e h e a r t h a r e a l e t for t h e s m o k e . be e x p e c t e d

The

in t h i s

These

p o s t s are e v i d e n c e d

by t h r e e

were

Between

in h e i g h t ,

stood a raised platform

sloping southwards.

stood at the four

but r e g u l a r i t y

posts A and D there e x i s t e d

s i d e of w h i c h a q u e r n w a s which

the i n h a b i t a n t s

T h e n o r t h s i d e of t h e p l a t f o r m w a s stones.

Grinding was the purpose ( P I . 30cm.

two

b u i l t of s t o n e s but t h e replat-

l i m e s t o n e s l a b ( 4 2 x 2 5 c m . a n d 1 7 c m . th i c k ) a ga i n st t h e

leaning.

lifearound

c a r r i e d out m a i n l y

north

It i s e v i d e n t t h a t t h e p l a t f o r m w a s u s e d a s a b e n c h

s a t in f r o n t o f the h e a r t h a n d w a r m e d t h e m s e l v e s .

40b).

a few

B e y o n d the

A t t h e e a s t e n d of t h e

a n d t h e q u e r n , f o u n d n e a r t h e e a s t e d g e of t h e b e n c h , a n d i m m e d i a t e l y p l e t e t h e h o m e l y p i c t u r e of

a n out-

i s not to

1 . 2 0 m. in l e n g t h , 6 0 c m . in w i d t h a n d 30 c m .

mud m o r t a r m i x e d w i t h a f e w

form w a s a roughly r e c t a n g u l a r

floor

l i n e d or sur-

s u p p o r t e d t h e roof a r o u n d a n o p e n i n g to a l l o w

f o u r p o s t s do n o t f o r m a r e g u l a r q u a d r a n g l e

m a i n d e r w a s of y e l l o w i s h

was

post-holes

10-15 cm. a c r o s s and

It i s t h e r e f o r e c l e a r t h a t f o u r w o o d e n p o s t s

primitive architecture.

and

slab

( D ) f o u n d a t t h e s o u t h e a s t a n g l e a n d s t a n d i n g on t h e

s t o n e s h e l p i n g to d e f i n e t h e a r e a of t h e h e a r t h f r o m t h e r e s t of t h e f l o o r . northern posts ( A - B )

center

T h e a r e a of t h e h e a r t h a n d of t h e f l o o r im-

T h e three post-holes

and probably

was

blackened

s l i g h t l y h i g h e r t h a n t h e r e s t of t h e f l o o r a n d

w e l l d e f i n e d by p o s t s at the four a n g l e s . (A-C)

A t the

its w a l l s

s o u t h w e s t e d g e of t h e h e a r t h w a s o v e r l a p p e d by a

of s a n d s t o n e ( 4 6 x 40 c m . ) i m b e d d e d surrounding

mud a n d

T h e e d g e s w e r e at t h e

30 c m . a c r o s s , t a p e r i n g d o w n w a r d s ,

with

that

nowadays.

there was a circular d e p r e s s i o n

mediately

It i s i m p o s s i b l e

t h i c k a s 4 6 c m . b u t it m a y h a v e r e s t e d on a w i d e r w o o d e n b a s e , a

in m a n y p a r t s of C y p r u s

c i r c u l a r or s l i g h t l y

to

clay

t h e h e a r t h , t h e t o r i a of t h e

in t h e e a s t e r n

This arec was

The

on

limestone

n o r t h of p o s t A ,

slab com-

house.

p a r t of t h e h o u s e e s p e c i a l l y

reserved

for

s c r e e n e d f r o m t h e r e s t of t h e f l o o r by a l o w c u r v e d

in h e i g h t a n d a s m u c h in t h i c k n e s s ,

b u i l t of l i m e s t o n e b l o c k s

of s m a l l s i z e .

At

t h e c e n t e r of t h e f l o o r of t h e a r e a t h u s s c r e e n e d t h e r e w a s a q u e r n , 39 x 1 8 c m . , a n d n e a r on t h e s o u t h a l i m e s t o n e of t h e a r e a w a s

t r o u g h , 44 x 34 c m . , w i t h a f e w

paved with flat

stone f a s t e n i n g s .

I i me s ton e b I o c k s a n d h e r e m a y h a v e

wall,

about

T h e northern

sat those using the

it part quern

and the trough. This the

cupstone

is

square

depression

is

17cm.

and

measures

25 c m , e a c h

side

and

17cm.

in

height.

The

diameter

of

62

SOT IRA

In t h e

northern

measuring a grinder

p a r t of t h e f l o o r

37 cm. a c r o s s

near

and near

(673) and a f l i n t

implement

(62).

was

I

( P i s . 22, 40): A s

superstructure

swept

necessary

out to

occurred.

the level

Farther

a new f l o o r

It

south

was made.

mentioned,

while

the c u p s t o n e

on the p r e v i o u s

soil and c o v e r e d w i t h

floor

a coat

was

wall

floor was

space

area were

between

the

jug and a few

The

b e l o n g e d to a ¡ug

other

in u s e .

a stone

pendant

( 1 2 ) , an o v a l

Some

(64), was

may

Combed ments, has

rectangular,

90,

ware: has

Combed with

from

a

It i s

to

The

hearth

Floor

hole

projected were

wares

In

(331) and a few

of v a r i o u s

wares

flints

(333 — 4),

and a flint

arrow-

1.

HOUSE

to

however

yellow-white

part of the t h r e s h o l d .

sherds

a that

some of w h i c h

on o n e f a c e ( 3 3 5 ) ,

Floor

discovery,

possible

with

the

that

2

I

drilled

from

both

faces;

picrolite.

L.

4.3

cm.

on

bands.

bands

( a ^, o

large

another

arranged 7 from

5 from Jugs:

2 fragments

the

inside,

bowls,

with

jugs, from

jug,

piece also

vertically

bowls,

30

and

from

made

made

up

up

traces

jugs.

from

from of

several

several

single

Black

frag-

fragments,

wavy

lustrous

bands.

ware,

1

(c).

ware:

2 from

pebble

(b),

9 fragments, wavy

bands

fragments,

from

37 f r a g m e n t s ,

jug

ware:

all

bands;

multiple

ware:

Red-on-white

Oval

wavy

of wavy

multiple

parallel

suspension

5 fragments,

single

lustrous

fragment

a n d at

must have rested

filled

of d i f f e r e n t

been

102).

a group

Red

flat;

being

I yielded

FROM

Surface Pendant,

in w h i c h

have

In d o i n g s o ,

is c o n f i rmed by the

(E)

depression

belong

FINDS

(Pis.

made

f o u n d on the o u t e r Floor

pebble with

of t h e s e o b j e c t s

would

uncovered

A group of s h e r d s ,

a n u m b e r of s h e r d s

head (336).

were also

collapse

superstructure

top of the bench n o r t h of t h e h e a r t h

still

overlying

layer

mud which

u s e d as a b a s e for a p o s t .

(332) were c o l l e c t e d .

The

in u s e a

superstructure.

fire was made originally

of m u d .

fallen

of l i g h t e r c o n s t r u c t i o n .

the layer b e t w e e n the t w o f l o o r s

335.

same area

still

of the house,

of a p o s t - h o l e also

II w a s

t h a t m u c h of t h e

roof, probably

in w h i c h

Floor

a n d of t h e h e a r t h

the new f l o o r and w a s p r o b a b l y

c o m b e d and had

334.

( 5 cm.)

In t h e

of a c o m b e d

be u s e d f o r a n e w

center,

the new

was d i s u s e d , the cavity

was to

T h a t a new

n o r t h of t h e

to s u p p o r t

333.

raised

in the n a r r o w

the neck

is p o s s i b l e

screen w a l l

post helping

12.

a slightly

27 x 23 c m .

there were

of t h e t o p of the s t o n e

of t h e c u r v e d

at a s h o r t d i s t a n c e

above

already

if the same f o u n d a t i o n

top surface level

was

boulder

Monographs

(63).

Floor of t h e

there

it an a n d e s i t e

a r e a of t h e h e a r t h a n d the c u r v e d w a l l sherds

the w a l l

Museum

(d)

2 from

circular

bowls,

4 from

multiple from

bowls,

with

broad

jugs.

(c^

out

or

the

one

and

band

inside.

1 fragment

on

de-orated

straight

a broad

on

ware,

pecked

Bowls

(o),

with

bands

Plain

depression

jugs.

straight

on

face;

the

Red

from

a

on

both

wavy

sides

bands

outside

lustrous

(b).

and

ware:

wavy 4

jug.

andesite.

L.

5.5

cm.

(PI.

99). 336.

Arrowhead

with

concave

base;

tip

broken; On

64.

Combed wavy

ware:

bands

ments

from

(a)

Fragments

arranged jugs

of

vertically

indicating

part

jug

Floor

base

of

flattened Floors

331.

Combed with

ware:

straight

(width g)

or

2 cm.),

lustrous (f,

11 f r a g m e n t s ,

ware:

showing

wavy (e) 19

multiple

from

a

jug

fragments,

impressions

of

9 from bands

L.

3.2

cm.

(PI.

116).

in

shapp,

with

downwards.

broad

Red

group

lustrous

of

combed

ware:

8

frag-

(b).

I — 11

bowls, (a — c ) . multiple

6 from

bowls, on

flint.

oval neck base

shows matting

brown I

probably

from of

of

the

2 from

jugs.

Fragment wavy 13

Bowls

(d)

bands

from

outside

jugs. (base

decorated

shows covering Coarse ?).

a single the

on

whole

ware:

both

broad

sides

band

surface.

5 fragments,

Red 2

EXCAVATED

332

(•)

a - H.

light

Pointed

3.5

brown

cm.;

(g,

h)

blade

of

light

flint,

L.

4.4

(e)

2

flake

flakes

of

of

gray

flint,

cm.;

brown

gray

REMAINS:

(c)

L.

11.7

flake

flint,

flint,

L.

L.

2.8

AREA

of

2.8

cm.

gray

2.5

3 Ia d e f l a k e

63.

Combed

slip;

Bowl

sherd

673.

d)

Grinder,

fa)

with a

flint, of

the

vertical,

double

L.

9.5

(b)

4.5

flake

of

cm.;

fragment (d)

reddish

flake

brown

of of

knife gray

flint,

blade flint,

L.

3.5

of L.

cm.;

II

cm.

shoulder straight,

straight

116), L.

63

III

and

neck

broad

parallel

of

a

bands

bands

jug;

from

on

the

surface

neck

to

outside.

covered

shoulder; Red

with Ht.

lustrous

9

thin

pink

cm.

(b)

ware:

2

to

sherds

jug.

being of

Part

combed

from

Traces

buff-pink

ware:

brown

(c,

of

(f)

PHASE

cm.

F loor 62.

(PI.

flint,

cm.;

cm.,

V,

an

use,

andesite

as

if

from

pebble

naturally

pounding

hard

smooth

stone,

on

with the

one

face

convex

flat

side.

and

the

Diameter

other 11

convex.

cm.

(PI.

99).

HOUSES

T h e s e two

structures

H o u s e 34 s e r v i n g

a s an

form a two-roomed

4

and

complex,

HOUSE

( P I . 8)

This

It i s t h e e a s t e r n m o s t of a r o w the center.

23

4

and

4 1

h o u s e l i e s t o t h e e a s t of H o u s e of h o u s e s

across

3 in s q u a r e s N - Q

t h e m i d d l e of t h e p l a t e a u w i t h

H o w e v e r , t h i s c o u l d n o t be c o n f i r m e d

w e r e p o o r l y p r e s e r v e d and in H o u s e 4 i t s e l f

STRATIGRAPHICAL

s i n c e the r e m a i n s

both w a l l s and f l o o r s

EVIDENCE:

Section A - A

to l e v e l up the g r o u n d .

one r e s t s on t h i s a d d e d neighboring ones

layer.

While the north w a l l

Although

is f o r t h c o m i n g

and a t t r i b u t e

it to P h a s e

ARCHITECTURAL

Judging

poor p r e s e r v a t i o n floors

supporting

northeastern ous groups other

down,

the h o u s e w i t h any of

it w i t h t h e o t h e r h o u s e s

23, 41)

The wall

but there

of the h o u s e

in p a r t s

south the that

having two

floors

A l t h o u g h the w a l l

walls

is b u i l t

is a g e n e r a l

of t h e h o u s e

ispoor-

with rounded

corn-

we may a s s u m e t h a t the

northern

in a h o u s e o f t h e u s u a l

in t h e u s u a l

untidiness

Floor

is of the u s u a l y e l l o w - w h i t e

the roof w a s

rectangular

style,

w h i c h has been

rectangu-

i. e. w i t h increased

largby

generally.

slender.

II b e i n g t h e earth.

Indeed, only

earlier.

T h e e v i d e n c e c o n c e r n i n g the

one post-hole

part of the h o u s e w h e r e the rock o u t c r o p

o f p e b b l e s a l o n g t h e w a l l or o n o t h e r

post-holes.

laid

surface the

of the d e p o s i t , yet the fact

to h a v e b e e n r o u g h l y

(I—II) have been e n c o u n t e r e d ,

( P I . 23)

connecting

more r o u n d e d t h a n w o u l d be e x p e c t e d

er s t o n e s a l o n g t h e s i d e s ,

od of

(Pis.

plan appears

type with rounded angles.

II

us to e q u a t e

from the c u r v e of the n o r t h and w e s t

p a r t of t h e h o u s e w a s

Floor

no e v i d e n c e

s o i l or m u d w a s

in be-

III.

DESCRIPTION:

ly p r e s e r v e d , the g r o u n d

Two

considerably

was very uneven and that

r e s t s on t h e b e d r o c k

o w i n g to t h e s h a l l o w n e s s

the h o u s e has o n l y two f l o o r s e n t i t l e s

the

suffered

was

hereabouts

( P I . 23), w h i c h runs through the house

s h o w s that the s u r f a c e of the bedrock

fore b u i l d i n g t h e h o u s e a layer of e a r t h m i x e d w i t h y e l l o w — w h i t e evidently

lar

15-17. H o u s e 5 at

cultivation.

a north —south d i r e c t i o n ,

ers.

and

It i s p o s s i b l e t h a t b e t w e e n H o u s e 4 a n d t h e e a s t e d g e o f t h e p l a t e a u t h e r e

yet another house.

through

H o u s e 4 being the main structure

annex.

Pis.

POSITION:

34

meth-

c o u l d b e t r a c e d in t h e

is at the l e v e l of the f l o o r .

p a r t s of the f l o o r may

But

vari-

i n d i c a t e t h e s i t e of

Southwest of t h e u s u a l

of t h e c e n t e r of t h e f l o o r w a s

type, namely,

but the u s u a l

central

upper t h i c k n e s s while

pit

a circular

in w h i c h

of the h e a r t h .

in t h e n o r t h w e s t e r n

rangement

but d i f f i c u l t

large red

lustrous

wall

a d o u b l e row

was

e a s t area of the floor,

of

stones

small

floor,

layer between p a r t of a c e l t

Ftoor

I

it w a s

flints

objects

(390,

which

many

(18),

this

floor and another

Floor celt

poorly

I a number

(385), and

preserved and

(685).

collected:

lies

(PI.

8)

This

immediately

STRATIGRAPHICAL

In t h e

house

has a l r e a d y

EVIDENCE:

would

been

t i o n by t h e p l o u g h .

This

III

flints

wares

objects

in t h e

the center

south-

of

the

of v a r i o u s

(387) were

no f e a t u r e s . the

wares

(384),

collected.

The only find

surface and the floor

on

the

(389, 391), and a number

of

34

structure

A - A

( P I . 23) w h i c h

south wall

the o r i g i n a l

belonging

a t t a c h e d to

House

17-18.

that both the

preceded

or a n n e x

0 - Q

s e e n on S e c t i o n

As

in t h e

A curved wall

hand the

reaching

structure

to

floor

Phase

runs

of H o u s e 4 a n d

i l l ) of t h e

house.

III to w h i c h

c a s e of m a n y

was

the

House

supplementary

built with

latter,

4

houses,

its ends directed

probably

may h a v e been

( I , II) b u t t h e i r d e s c r i p t i o n of the h o u s e a n d may

of t h e

usual

of r e c t a n g u l a r

manner

yellow-white

pebble had been

II

the e x c e p t i o n

of H o u s e of a f e w

layer

wares

stones

of s h e r d s

(PI. 23) was

south w a l l

to a f f o r d a f l a t

paved with

one a number

simply

owing

to

a light

a flaked

h e r e be p r e c e d e d

to-

destrucshelter

southwest

soil.

boulder

Floor

celt (633),

In t h e

There was

support.

layer

various

flint

this

de-

fitting pebble cup-

floor and

the

collected.

in t h e n o r t h w e s t e r n

part

near

by p e b b l e s .

With

f o u n d on t h i s

floor.

surrounded

no o t h e r f e a t u r e s

I the f o l l o w i n g

part

E a s t of the

between

III

was

In t h e

It i s e v i d e n t t h a t t h e

(754) were

(42 x 40 c m . )

Floor

structure.

part there

in t h e f l o o r .

b a s e up and the d o m e d

for a w o o d e n

wares

by

to a d e s t r o y e d

In i t s

15 c m . a c r o s s .

seating

of p e b b l e s

between this floor and

(631),

was

( 8 5 x 55 c m . ) .

of y e l l o w - w h i t e

groups

soil.

placed with

of v a r i o u s

4 a limestone

other

will

have belonged

s h a p e , 29 x 24 c m . , e m b e d d e d

p a r t of t h e d e p r e s s i o n w h i c h in t h i s

s t o n e w a s an a r e a

various

of s h e r d s

in s q u a r e s

( P I . 23)

semicircular.

the e r e c t i o n

(PI. 23) was

lower

placed

In t h e

Other

(93)

23

shows

fill) which

On the o t h e r

a domed andesite

Floor

is

and

of H o u s e 4 but n o t n o w

a limestone cupstone

the

It l i e s

DESCRIPTION:

The house had two floors

following

implement

of a

north

sides.

which antedates

in t h e

ar-

corner the fragments part of t h e

the

cm.,

in s o m e k i n d o f

(216) near

layer between

t h e r e f o r e be c o n t e m p o r a r y ,

is r o u g h l y

the south w a l l

open at the

was

damage to

attributed.

ARCHITECTURAL the ground plan

pression

flint

showed

is a s u p p l e m e n t a r y

to the n o r t h .

34 r e s t o n a f l o o r

two h o u s e s

Flo o r

placed

was

across,

s l a b 46 x 44

to a r a i s e d b e n c h .

two

s h e r d s of v a r i o u s

the h o u s e a l m o s t n o r t h - s o u t h

t h a t of H o u s e

wards

through

1 m.

392).

POSITION:

The

lacking

the central

stone chisel

PI.

through

Along

of the h e a r t h ,

HOUSE

4 which

much damaged, It w a s

pebbles,

may have b e l o n g e d

(94) w e s t

(386),

stone chisel were

although

(388).

23, 41) w a s

a miniature

following

entirely

Monographs

mortar.

N o t far from t h e n o r t h w e s t

part of bone n e e d l e

lower

(Pis.

made was

l y i n g on t h e f l o o r .

celt

which,

of t h e h e a r t h w a s a l i m e s t o n e

p a r t of the h o u s e w e r e

and a n u m b e r of s h e r d s

In t h e

fire was

Northeast

(95) w e r e

are:

the hearth

p l a t f o r m of y e l l o w - w h i t e

to u n d e r s t a n d .

bowl

f o u n d on the f l o o r

the

Museum

SOHRA

64

were

implements

were

collected:

sherds

(632), and t w o

of

shells

(634).

EXCAVATED

F loor

REMAINS:

AREA

V,

PHASE

65

III

I ( P I . 2 3 ) w a s of t h e u s u a l y e l l o w - w h i t e s o i l , t h e o n l y f e a t u r e on it w a s a m i n i a -

ture l i m e s t o n e b o w ! ( 1 6 6 ) . FINDS FROM S u r f a c e to 389.

Combed with

wore:

groups

34 f r a g m e n t s ,

of broad

parallel,

straight

(f, g ) , or w i t h

wavy lel

bands

bands

bands

(¡, k).

from

wavy single

fragments

Red

with

bands

ware:

impression

Combed with

ware:

bonds

bands

ple wavy

bands

3 fragments tiple wavy combed, broad jugs.

inside

Red

9 flakes

63),

or w i t h

bands

from b o w l s :

bonds

placed

the

(i,

slip

by

of gray

10.4

with

Miniature straight L.

2.7

chisel,

cutting Cm.

edge

(PI.

over.

flint,

from

93.

3road

b l a d e of gray

94.

Small

celt,

andesite.

5.5-2.2

with

slightly

and broad

tubular parts

L.

3.1

flint,

L.

8

brush

7.2 cm.

80,

Combed ware:

rim.

ware: vertical

resembling

9 fragments, multiple

by

bands

bands

bands

forming

pendent

both

oblique

groups

sides,

broad

straight

between

red

from the rim (c). bands

(e,

Red-on-white

off the red p o i n t ; ware:

Jugs

f), or w i t h and

multi-

combed

ware:

Coarse

(k),

ware:

62 from b o w l s , 18

mul-

outside

1 f r a g m e n t from a b o w l

96 f r a g m e n t s ,

Floor

34

with

from

fragments.

I

convex

edges,

surface

ground but s t i l l

one face

Floor

flat and the other showing

convex,

flaking;

andesite.

II 104,

105).

pointed

butt,

on the flat f a c e and p r o b a b l y

ware,

surface combed

with

sides

is covered bands

3 from b o w l s , bands

bands

1 fragment

bands.

on

gray,

from the rim and c o m b e d o v e r w i t h

Red-on-white (?).

of buff,

decorated

orwith

straight

(h).

scraping

ware:

Bowls

straight

re-shaped

are

tapering

to a f l a t b a s e ;

by a red s l i p t u r n i n g seen;

burnished.

(a).

6 from

Jugs

jugs.

3owls

decorated

with

Ht.

cutting after

edge;

damage;

straight

to b r o w n ; 22 cm.

in

rim

and

some

Diameter

( c ) ( P I . 6 9 ) , or w i t h g r o u p s

from a b o w l ,

d e c o r a t e d on both

single

Jug

1 from

a bowl,

(h) broad

the o u t s i d e of w h i c h

19 f r o m b o w l s ,

1 from a j u g .

bands, 7 from

surface jugs.

Bowl

bands is

The

bowls

during

straight

(e).

plain

(g) o u t s i d e

blackened

straight

of m u l t i p l e

broad g r o u p of w a v y

p e n d e n t from the rim and c o m b e d o v e r w i t h m u l t i p l e

2 fragments,

26 f r a g m e n t s ,

wavy

pendent

(Pis.

from o n e a n o t h e r ( d ) , or w i t h band

14

87).

straight ware:

bowls,

ware:

94).

The

with

combed

12 f l a k e s

rim (a)

flat, the other c o n v e x ,

flaking

(PI.

s i n g l e or d o u b l e w a v y

vertical

(b-m)

50 from

Coarse

cm.

face

with

distance

cm.

bowl of red l u s t r o u s

marks

(Pis.

one

but s h o w i n g

spout below

36 c m . 388.

L.

jugs.

parallarge

cm.

flat butt;

flat,

triangular,

P a r t of large

multiple

straight

a n d f o o t of

96 f r a g m e n t s ,

bands

multiple

i), or w i t h

2 from

jugs.

of m u l t i p l e

jugs

L.

On Part of bone n e e d l e ,

95.

with

broad

leg

sides,

but thin

96).

18.

surface ground

(h,

2 with

of l o w e r

116);

below

broad

lustrous

2 fragments

elongated

on both

decorated

bands

jugs:

wore:

18 f r o m

of m u l t i p l e

produced

Red

(PI.

multiple

On 685.

cm.

single

combed

side (I).

and buff

wavy

from

decorated

b), or s i m i l a r

Jugs

Fragment

horizontally

groups

plain parts

ware:

multiple

lustrous

j), b r o a d b a n d s

painted and

side

(a,

(d, e).

1 from a b o w l ,

( d ) , or w i th g r o u p s

(g) a l t e r n a t i n g

bands,

L.

a n d on the i n s i d e

(b) ( P I .

broad parallel

Red

39 from b o w l s ,

bonds

on the o u t s i d e

broad with

392

straight

(o).

flint,

57 f r a g m e n t s ,

multiple

bands

(n).

Bowls

singly

matting.

390 fa) K n i f e b l a d e of l i g h t g r a y a — m . a n d brown flint. 391.

disc

3 fragments,

of

jugs.

3 fragments

enclosing

parallel slip

15 f r o m

broad and

ware:

4

but c o m b e d

of m u l t i p l e

Red-on-white

vertical

jugs.

bands

or g r o u p s

( I , m ) , or w i t h r i n g

figure (?): 46

19 f r o m b o w l s ,

parallel

(c) not e x a c t l y

HOUSE Floor I

band

sides alternating

bands

Red-on-white white;

bands

(f).

plain,

firing.

include a tubular

on the

some and

inside

Red-on-white

inside

Red

at

straight

lustrous

spout (i).

ware: Coarse

66

50TIRA

wore: 216.

Museum

Monographs

4 fragments.

Chisel, flat with convex

s i d e s , rounded butt, curved c u t t i n g edge (damaged);

a r o u n d to s l i g h t p o l i s h ; a n d e s i t e .

L . 3.5 cm. Floors

surface

(PI. 96).

l-ll

384.

C o m b e d w a r e : 28 f r a g m e n t s , 18 f r o m b o w l s , 10 f r o m j u g s . 3 o w Is d e c o r o t e d on b o t h s i d e s w j t h s i n g l e b r o a d b a n d ( a ) ; s i n g l e , d o u b l e , or t r i p l e s t r a i g h t b a n d s ( b , c ) , d o u b l e or t r i p l e w a v y b a n d s ( d ) ; or m u l t i p l e w a v y b a n d s p e n d e n t from t h e r i m ( e ) ; or w i t h b r o a d g r o u p s of wavy bands (f). Jugs w i t h f i n e broad m u l t i p l e groups a l t e r n a t i n g w i t h s i n g l e broad s t r a i g h t b a n d s (g) ( P I . 7 0 ) , or e v e n b r o a d e r g r o u p s ( h ) , or g r o u p s o f w a v y b r o a d b a n d s a l t e r n a t i n g w i t h s t r a i g h t ones ( i ) . R e d - o n - w h i t e and c o m b e d w o r e : 1 f r a g m e n t from a j u g : broad band c o m b e d o v e r w i t h a s i n g l e b a n d ( j ) . R e d l u s t r o u s w a r e : 28 f r a g m e n t s , 15 f r o m b o w l s , 13 f r o m j u g s . R e d s l i p w a r e : 21 f r a g m e n t s , 6 f r o m b o w l s , 15 f r o m j u g s . T h e b o w l s i n c l u d e a f r a g m e n t a r y t u b u l a r s p o u t ( k ) a n d t h e j u g s a f r a g m e n t of n e c k ( I ) ( P I . 8 4 ) .

385.

C e l t w i t h c o n v e x s i d e s , o n e f a c e f l a t t e r t h a n t h e o t h e r , b r o a d " b u t t " and n a r r o w s t r a i g h t cutting edge; s u r f a c e ground but p e c k e d round the " b u t t " ; c u t t i n g edge damaged, andes i t e . L . 8.5 cm. ( P i s . 88, 9 4 ) .

386.

L o w e r p a r t of c e l t , a l m o s t f l a t w i t h s i d e s c o n v e r g i n g to t h e c u t t i n g e d g e w h i c h i s c u r v e d ; s u r f a c e g r o u n d but s h o w i n g p i t t i n g ; a n d e s i t e . L . 4 c m . ( P I . 9 3 ) .

387 2 b l a d e s and 1 s m a l l f l a k e o f p i n k or b r o w n f l i n t , L . 7, 5, 2 . 5 a — c. FINDS 166.

Miniature limestone bowl, shallow, elliptical thick

wa l i s .

L . 5.4 cm.

(PI.

Combed ware:

34

in p l a n w i t h f l a t b a s e , c o n v e x

s i d e s , and

92).

Between 631.

F R O M HO USE On F l o o r I

cm.

Floors

I and II

40 f r a g m e n t s , 26 f r o m b o w l s ,

14 from j u g s .

B o w l s d e c o r a t e d on the

w i t h s i n g l e s t r a i g h t b a n d s at a d i s t a n c e f r o m o n e a n o t h e r , a n d on t h e o u t s i d e s t r a i g h t b o n d s ( a ) , or w i t h

inside

multiple

s t r a i g h t p a r a l l e l b a n d s i n s i d e a n d o u t ( b ) , or w i t h s i n g l e

b a n d s i n s i d e a n d m u l t i p l e w a v y b a n d s on t h e o u t s i d e ( c ) , or w i t h c l o s e s t r a i g h t ,

straight

oblique

b r o a d b a n d s on t h e o u t s i d e a n d g r o u p s of b r o a d w a v y b a n d s p e n d e n t from t h e r i m and m u l t i p l e wavy bands running h o r i z o n t a l l y slightly obliquely

( d ) , or w i t h g r o u p s o f m u l t i p l e s t r a i g h t b a n d s

i n s i d e a n d o u t (e) ( P I . 6 0 ) , or w i t h s i m i l a r g r o u p s on t h e o u t s i d e

m u l t i p l e w a v y b a n d s p e n d e n t f r o m t h e r i m o n t h e i n s i d e ( f ) , or w i t h m u l t i p l e w a v y i n s i d e and o u t ( g , h ) .

Jugs d e c o r a t e d with single straight

s t r a i g h t or s o m e w h a t w a v y from j u g s .

Bowls

or r i n g s (?) ( o , p ) .

bands (j, k).

b a n d s ( i ) , or w i t h

Red-on-white ware:

s t r a i g h t and c u r v i l i n e a r b a n d s ( I , m ) . R e d - o n - w h i t e and combed ware:

running and

bands

multiple

5 f r a g m e n t s 2 from b o w l s , 3

Jugs:

c u r v e d b a n d a n d r i n g (n)

p a r t of b o w l m a d e up f r o m

fragments;

o u t s i d e , b r o a d p a n e l s of r e d - b r o w n p a i n t l e a v i n g b e t w e e n t h e m s t r a i g h t b o n d s r e s e r v e d t h e w h i t e g r o u n d , the p a n e l s c o m b e d o v e r w i t h s i n g l e w a v y b a n d s ; i n s i d e , c o m b e d parallel tubular

b a n d s (q) ( P I . 7 3 ) . spout

(r).

Red lustrous ware:

Coarse ware:

67 f r a g m e n t s , 44 from b o w l s

in

straight

including

17 f r a g m e n t s i n c l u d i n g 3 w i t h i m p r e s s i o n s of

motting

(s —u) and o n o t h e r w i t h i m p r e s s i o n s of c h o p p e d s t r a w on t h e b a s e ( v ) ( P I . 8 5 ) . 632 8 f l a k e s and b l a d e f r a g m e n t s o f b u f f , g r a y , a n d b r o w n f l i n t , L . 7 . 2 - 2 . 5 c m . , (a, c - i ) ; a — s c r a p e r ( c o n c a v e ) a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a n g l e b u r i n , b u f f f l i n t , L . 6 cm. (b, P I . 118)633.

F l a k e d c e l t , b e i n g a p e b b l e w i t h o n e f a c e f l a t a n d t h e o t h e r c u r v e d but m u c h f l a k e d ; a n d e s i t e . L . 7.5 cm. ( P I . 9 5 ) .

634.

2 v a l v e s of s h e l l s ,

754.

C o m b e d w a r e : 8 f r a g m e n t s , 5 f r o m b o w l s , 3 from j u g s . B o w l s d e c o r a t e d w i t h m u l t i p l e w a v y b a n d s p e n d e n t from t h e r i m on t h e i n s i d e ( a ) , or w i t h m u l t i p l e w a v y b a n d s i n s i d e a n d o u t ( b — d ) , or w i t h w a v y b a n d s r u n n i n g h o r i z o n t a l l y o u t s i d e a n d v e r t i c a l l y i n s i d e (e) ( P I .

(a) Cardium

edule

Between

Lin.;

(b) Cardium

Floors

llandll!

edule

Lin.

L . 3 . 2 , 2 . 6 cm.

EXCAVATED

82).

Jugs

straight a

bowl

Red (i,

decorated

(g),or with

broad

lustrous

with

multiple

ware:

k) s h o w i n g

red

REMAINS:

multiple

wavy

24

(h).

meeting

fragments,

impressions

straight

bands

bands

of

AREA

straw

HOUSE

right

from or

8

(PI.

8)

House

17

(f),or

and

and from

A N N E X

with

combed

bearing jugs.

groups

ware:

some Coarse

of

triple

1 fragment

combing ware:

from

outside 15

(i).

fragments

24

8A

8

and

45

8 l i e s i m m e d i a t e l y to the south of H o u s e

w h e r e t h e g r o u n d s t a r t s s l o p i n g to t h e s o u t h a n d s o u t h w e s t . cluding Houses

neck

67

III

matting.

HOUSE

POSITION:

angles

bowls,

and

Pis.

on

PHASE

Red-on-white

at

7

bands

V,

7 in s q u a r e s E - H

22-25

It f o r m s p a r t of a c l u s t e r o f h o u s e s ,

1 , 7 , a n d 9 , w h i c h s u r r o u n d e d i t on a l l s i d e s .

H o w e v e r the space immediately

in-

to

t h e w e s t i s f r e e , H o u s e 2 0 s t a n d i n g a t a d i s t a n c e of a b o u t 4 . 5 0 m . b e y o n d t h e w e s t e r n w a l l of t h e present h o u s e , f a r t h e r d o w n on the s l o p e .

T h i s meant that the i n h a b i t a n t s were not e n t i r e l y

de-

p r i v e d of t h e v i e w o f t h e s e a on t h e s o u t h w e s t , p r o v i d e d t h e r o o f s of H o u s e 2 0 a n d p e r h a p s o f H o u s e 35 a l s o w e r e n o t t o o

high.

STRATIGR APHICAL

EVIDENCE:

the h o u s e in a n o r t h — s o u t h d i r e c t i o n . deep p i t .

T h i s i s s e e n on S e c t i o n A - A The bedrock

T h e o r i g i n a l red s o i l of t h e b e d r o c k

( P I . 24) w h i c h runs t h r o u g h

s l o p e s to the south, is u n e v e n , and c o n t a i n s a

s u r v i v e s o n s o m e o f t h e h i g h e r p a r t s b u t i t is c l e a r

t h a t b e f o r e a t t e m p t i n g to c o n s t r u c t t h e h o u s e a g e n e r a l t h e f i l l i n g of t h e d e e p p i t w i t h s o i l a n d r u b b l e .

leveling was undertaken, which

involved

T h e n o r t h w a l l r e s t s on the b e d r o c k , the south

is w a n t i n g a n d t h e o r i g i n a l f l o o r ( I I ) r e s t s on t h e l e v e l e d g r o u n d .

wall

T h e l a y e r b e t w e e n F l o o r II a n d

the f o l l o w i n g o n e i s 2 0 c m . in t h i c k n e s s a n d c o n s i s t s o f p l a i n y e l l o w i s h g r a y s o i l w i t h l u m p s of y e l l o w m u d , w h i c h m a y be t h e r e s u l t of t h e c o l l a p s e o f t h e s u p e r s t r u c t u r e .

If s o , w e m u s t a s s u m e

t h a t t h e w h o l e of t h e s u p e r s t r u c t u r e c o n s i s t e d o f m u d t o t h e e x c l u s i o n of s t o n e s a n d t h a t a f t e r t h e c o l l a p s e large q u a n t i t i e s of t h e f a l l e n mud w e r e c l e a r e d a w a y

before F l o o r I w a s made.

Since

t h e h o u s e h a s o n l y t w o f l o o r s , a n d s i n c e on t h e e a r l i e r o f t h e t w o , i . e. F l o o r I I , a c o l l a p s e w e a r e e n t i t l e d to a t t r i b u t e i t to P h a s e ARCHITECTURAL oriented

northwest

DESCRIPTION: to

southeast.

occurred,

III. ( P i s . 24, 45) The

stone

T h e ground plan i s o v a l , the long axi s being

wall

is

best

preserved

along

the

northern

part of t h e p e r i p h e r y , t h e southern part h a v i n g been d e s t r o y e d p o s s i b l y through e r o s i o n and c u l t i v a tion.

H o w e v e r , i t s u r v i v e d i n a f e w p o i n t s a n d t h u s i t s l i n e c a n be f o l l o w e d .

The wall

survived

to a m a x i m u m h e i g h t o f 3 0 c m . a n d w a s b u i l t i n t h e u s u a l m e t h o d o f p l a c i n g t w o r o w s , a n and an e x t e r i o r

o n e , w i t h s m a l l e r s t o n e s i n t h e i n t e r s p a c e s , b u t a s in o t h e r c a s e s l a r g e r

s o m e t i m e s o c c u p y the w h o l e t h i c k n e s s of the w a l l .

Near its e a s t e r n edge t h e r e w e r e two

12 c m . a c r o s s a n d 5 c m . i n d e p t h .

stones

O n t h e n o r t h e a s t t h e r e e x i s t e d a g a p in t h e

c o i n c i d i n g w i t h a p i e c e of rock o u t c r o p w h i c h w a s s m o o t h e d a n d u s e d as a t h r e s h o l d , being 60 cm.

interior

s m a l l h o l e s , one at e a c h a n g l e ,

approximately

In t h e s e , t h i n p o s t s for t h e d o o r j a m b s p r o b a b l y r e s t e d .

d o o r w a y o p e n e d on to t h e s p a c e b e t w e e n H o u s e s 8 a n d w i l l be d e s c r i b e d a s H o u s e 8 A .

T h e r e w a s p o s s i b l y another d o o r w a y g i v i n g a c c e s s to the

T w o f l o o r s , I and II, w e r e e n c o u n t e r e d , the l a t t e r being the e a r l i e r of the two. II and the b e d r o c k a number o f s h e r d s of v a r i o u s w a r e s (666) were

Floor earth.

II

evidence.

In t h e l a y e r

wall. between

collected.

( P i s . 2 4 , 4 5 ) w a s of f i n e q u a l i t y a n d w a s m a d e o f r e d d i s h s o i l m i x e d w i t h

Its surface was w e l l smoothed.

This

1, 7 , 8 , a n d 9 , w h i c h s e r v e d a s an a n n e x to H o u s e

space s o u t h w e s t of t h e h o u s e but it may h a v e d i s a p p e a r e d w i t h the d e s t r u c t i o n of the south

Floor

wall

its width

From the s t r u c t u r a l p o i n t of v i e w it y i e l d e d

yellowish

interesting

T h e r e w a s f i r s t a c u p s t o n e o f b a s a l t ( A ) i m b e d d e d in t h e f l o o r , 41 x 31 c m . , t h e d e p r e s -

68

SOTIRA

Museum

Monographs

s i o n b e i n g 22 cm. a c r o s s . A t a d i s t a n c e of 2 m. to the n o r t h w e s t t h e r e w a s a n o t h e r limes t o n e c u p s t o n e (33 x 23 c m . , d e p r e s s i o n 13 cm. a c r o s s ) r e s t i n g on t h e f l o o r ( B ) . T h e s e two c u p s t o n e s w e r e on the same a x i s , a l m o s t e a s t - w e s t , but not e x a c t l y the c e n t r a l a x i s , of the h o u s e . T h e i r f u n c t i o n must h a v e b e e n to r e c e i v e v e r t i c a l p o s t s s u p p o r t i n g a beam p l a c e d on the a x i s a b o v e m e n t i o n e d . A t h i r d s m a l l e r c u p s t o n e ( C ) , 23 x 19 c m . w i t h c a v i t y 10 cm. a c r o s s , i m b e d d e d in the f l o o r , w a s found at a s m a l l d i s t a n c e south of c u p s t o n e B T h i s may be the b a s e of a t h i r d s e c o n d a r y p o s t p r o b a b l y c o n n e c t e d w i t h the s u p p o r t of the roof over the h e a r t h . N e a r the south w a l l w a s the h e a r t h w h i c h w a s a c i r c u l a r p l a t f o r m of y e l l o w i s h mud 80 cm. a c r o s s but its s o u t h portion w a s d e s t r o y e d . T h e c e n t r a l c a v i t y w a s 16 c m . a c r o s s and its s i d e s w e r e h a r d e n e d and b l a c k e n e d by the f i r e . A l o n g the north w a l l a s e m i c i r c u l a r a r e a 1.60 m. a c r o s s w a s e n c l o s e d by a c u r v e d w a l l 32 c m . in t h i c k n e s s and 2 0 c m . in h e i g h t , b u i l t of s m a l l s t o n e s and a b u t t i n g at both e n d s a g a i n s t the h o u s e w a l l . A c c e s s to the enc l o s e d a r e a w a s p o s s i b l e through a n a r r o w o p e n i n g in the w a l l . S a v e for a few p i e c e s of l i m e s t o n e on t h e f l o o r , n o t h i n g w a s f o u n d in the e n c l o s e d a r e a to i n d i c a t e i t s u s e . B u t we know from other h o u s e s that e n c l o s e d a r e a s of t h i s k i n d w e r e u s e d for d o m e s t i c p u r p o s e s s u c h a s g r i n d i n g a n d the l i k e . Not far from the w e s t w a l l a quern ( D ) , 4 6 x 2 6 c m . , l a y on the floor a n d at i t s s i d e a l i m e s t o n e t r o u g h ( E ) , 47 x 41 c m . , o f p o l y g o n a l o u t l i n e . T h e f o l l o w i n g o b j e c t s were c o l l e c t e d on the f l o o r : s h e r d s of v a r i o u s w a r e s ( 4 6 2 , 4 6 7 ) , v a r i o u s f l i n t f l a k e s ( 4 6 3 , 4 6 8 ) , a h a m m e r s t o n e ( 4 6 9 ) , and the l o w e r part of s t o n e c h i s e l ( 1 5 0 ) . T h e l a y e r b e t w e e n F l o o r II and the f o l l o w i n g f l o o r c o n t a i n e d a number of s h e r d s ( 4 6 4 ) , a number of f l i n t s ( 4 6 5 ) , and a p e b b l e of h a r d l i m e s t o n e ( 4 6 6 ) p r o b a b l y u s e d a s a hammer. Floor I ( P I . 2 4 ) : If the layer b e t w e e n F l o o r s II and I i s c o r r e c t l y i n t e r p r e t e d a s the res u l t of the c o l l a p s e of the s u p e r s t r u c t u r e we must a s s u m e t h a t s o m e of the d e b r i s w a s c l e a r e d out b e f o r e the new floor w a s m a d e . T h e roof beam w h i c h had been s u p p o r t e d by c u p s t o n e s A a n d B on the p r e v i o u s floor w a s r e p l a c e d by a n o t h e r , r u n n i n g a c r o s s the n o r t h w e s t to s o u t h e a s t c e n t r a l a x i s of the h o u s e and s u p p o r t e d by two p o s t - h o l e s ( F and G ) . C u p s t o n e B on the p r e v i o u s floor may h a v e c o n t i n u e d in u s e but other p o s t - h o l e s ( I , J , a n d K ) w e r e f o u n d in v a r i o u s p a r t s of the f l o o r . M o r e o v e r , two p o s t - h o l e s w e r e found a l o n g the inner f a c e of the s o u t h w a l l , p r o b a b l y a d d e d to s u p p o r t rotted e n d s of " r a f t e r s " b e t w e e n beam a n d w e l l . It t h e r e f o r e a p p e a r s that in r e c o n s t r u c t i n g the h o u s e a roof s i m i l a r in form to the o r i g i n a l one w a s b u i l t . T h e s m a l l p o s t - h o l e ( H ) and the c i r c u l a r row of s m a l l p e b b l e s ( L ) n o r t h e a s t and n o r t h w e s t of the h e a r t h may h a v e s u p p o r t e d the roof a r o u n d the c h i m n e y o p e n i n g o v e r the f i r e . T h e hearth w a s a l s o c l e a r e d of the d e b r i s a n d p r o b a b l y r e - u s e d but the e n c l o s e d a r e a a l o n g the north w a l l and its e n c l o s u r e w a l l w e r e b u r i e d under d e b r i s . H o w e v e r the quern and trough ( D , E ) on the w e s t c o n t i n u e d to be u s e d ( P I . 4 5 ) . T h e o n l y f i n d s on t h i s f l o o r were 3 f l a k e s a n d a b l a d e of f l i n t ( 4 7 1 ) a n d a h a m m e r s t o n e ( ? ) ( 1 4 9 ) of h a r d l i m e s t o n e . In the layer o v e r l y i n g F l o o r I a number of s h e r d s ( 4 7 0 ) of v a r i o u s w a r e s were c o l l e c t e d . A N N E X 8A P I . 24 POSITION ( P I . 8): T h i s is the s p a c e b e t w e e n H o u s e s 1, 7, a n d 9 and c o v e r s s q u a r e s H - J 22 — 2 4 . A s a l r e a d y s t a t e d , the c o n n e c t i o n of t h i s s p a c e w i t h H o u s e 8 i s s h o w n by a d o o r w a y in the n o r t h e a s t w a l l of the latter a n d it m a y be a s s u m e d t h a t that s p a c e s e r v e d a s an a n n e x to the main h o u s e .

EXCAVATION

STRATIGR APHICAL A-A

( P I . 24)

EVIDENCE:

REMAINS:

AREA

V,

PHASE

69

III

T h e r e l a t i v e p o s i t i o n of t h i s a n n e x i s s e e n on S e c t i o n

which runs north—south.

We s e e on t h e s e c t i o n t h r e e s u p e r i m p o s e d

the e a r l i e s t of w h i c h ( I I I ) u n d e r l i e s t h e n o r t h w a l l of the a n n e x .

floors

T h i s s h o w s t h a t the e s t a -

b l i s h m e n t o f t h e a n n e x a s s u c h c o i n c i d e s w i t h F l o o r II w h e n H o u s e 9 w h i c h h a s o n l y t w o floors was also

built.

ARCHITECTURAL

DESCRIPTION:

(PI. 24)

T h e o n l y f e a t u r e w h i c h b e l o n g s to t h e a n n e x

i s a p i e c e of s t o n e w a l l r u n n i n g a l o n g t h e e a s t w a 11 of H o u s e 7 a n d r e a c h in g a I m os t t h e w e s t w a l l of H o u s e 1.

T h i s w a l l w a s b u i l t of t w o c o u r s e s of s t o n e s a n d w a s 2 . 6 2 m. in l e n g t h

a n d 32 c m . in t h i c k n e s s ;

it f o r m e d t h e b a c k w a l l of t h e a n n e x , i t s o t h e r w a l l s b e i n g

t h e w a l l s of t h e s u r r o u n d i n g h o u s e s .

simply

T h e e v i d e n c e on F l o o r I I , w h i c h c o r r e s p o n d s w i t h the

o r i g i n a l e r e c t i o n of t h e a n n e x , d o e s n o t s h o w h o w t h e r o o f w a s s u p p o r t e d a n d it may be a s s u m e d t h a t t h e e n d s of t h e r a f t e r s w e r e c a r r i e d by t h e w a l l s o f t h e s u r r o u n d i n g However, Floor

houses.

I s h o w e d s e v e r a l p o s t - h o l e s w h i c h m e a n s that the roof then wa s su pported a t

l e a s t p a r t l y by p o s t s .

T h i s r e c a l l s the m a n y p o s t - h o l e s o b s e r v e d on F l o o r I of H o u s e 8

w h e r e a n e w r o o f w a s m a d e p r e s u m a b l y a f t e r the d i s a s t e r on F l o o r I I .

It i s p o s s i b l e t h a t in

the a n n e x too a new roof w a s m a d e w i t h better s u p p o r t , to r e p l a c e an e a r l i e r o n e . F/oor

III

( P I . 2 4 ) w h i c h i s e a r l i e r t h a n t h e a n n e x s h o w e d a f e w r o u n d p o s t - h o l e s c u t in

the b e d r o c k .

T h e r e w a s o n e a t t h e c e n t e r of t h e s p a c e l a t e r c o v e r e d b y F l o o r I I ; a l s o two

a l o n g the w e s t s i d e .

T h e o n l y i t e m f o u n d on t h i s f l o o r w a s a t e r r a c o t t a o b j e c t of c o n i c a l

shape with c o n v e x base (153).

T h e l a y e r b e t w e e n t h i s f l o o r a n d F l o o r II c o n t a i n e d m a n y

s h e r d s ( 4 7 2 ) a n d a n u m b e r of f l i n t s Floor

II

(PI.

(473).

2 4 ) , w h i c h i s t h e o r i g i n a l f l o o r of t h e a n n e x , s h o w e d a c i r c u l a r p i t

a c r o s s a n d 1 5 c m . d e e p , in w h i c h l a y a f r a g m e n t a r y b o w l of c o m b e d w a r e ( 1 4 2 ) .

55cm.

On the w e s t ,

a n a r e a 4 0 c m . a c r o s s w a s b l a c k e n e d by f i r e a n d on t h e n o r t h t h e r e w a s a row of s m a l l O t h e r s h e r d s on t h e f l o o r i n c l u d e d c o m b e d , r e d - o n - w h i t e , a n d red l u s t r o u s w a r e s Floor

I

stones

(474).

( P I . 2 4 ) w a s o f t h e u s u a l y e l l o w r a m m e d s o i l a n d s h o w e d t h r e e p o s t - h o l e s , two

o n t h e n o r t h — s o u t h a x i s a n d a t h i r d w e s t of t h e n o r t h p o s t - h o l e .

T h e r e w a s in t h e e a s t part

a n a r e a 3 5 c m . a c r o s s b l a c k e n e d b y f i r e a s w e l l a s v a r i o u s g r o u p s of s t o n e s h e r e a n d t h e r e . T h e f o l l o w i n g o b j e c t s were found

in situ:

part of t e r r a c o t t a ring with c o m b e d pattern

stone g r i n d e r (27), c h a l c e d o n y p o l i s h e r (28), c e l t (29), and two f l i n t s FINDS

FROM

Surface 470.

Combed with broad

ware:

broad

and

multiple

r i m on t h e wavy (f) slip

30 f r a g m e n t s ,

single

wavy

i n s i d e and

bands

(PI.

both

from

bands

arranged

Red

1 fragment

a

bowls,

on t h e (d).

ware:

Hammerstone curved,

471 a —

L.

(?),

13.5

( b ) , or w i t h

on the o u t s i d e Jugs

with

ware:

single

decorated

wavy

bands

( c ) , or w i t h

decorated

being a hard

Floor

limestone

on both

pendent

g r o u p s of

with multiple

21

and

from b o w l s ,

from

the

multiple

straight 9 from

sides,

straight

(e) or

jugs.

wavy

Red

I

pebble,

elongated,

with one

face

flat and

theother

cm.

(a) 3 I ad e of l i g h t g r a y flirit, r e t o u c h e d a l o n g o n e f l a k e s of g r a y f l i n t , a v e r a g e L . 3.1 c m .

Combed

Bowls

b a n d s on the o u t s i d e

jug.

Between 464.

jugs.

wavy

30 f r a g m e n t s ,

On 149.

8

I

6 from

inside

obliquely

lustrous

from

HOUSE Floor

( a ) , or w i t h t w i n

inside and outside

6 8) b a n d s .

ware:

24

straight bands

to

(26),

(30).

52 f r a g m e n t s ,

straight

Floors

31 f r o m b o w l s ,

broad bands

on the

edge,

I and 21

inside

6.9 cm.

(PI.

117),

(b_d)

3

II

from (a),

L.

jugs.

Bowls

or w i t h m u l t i p l e

decorated straight

on both b a n d s (b,

sides c),

/Museum

S O T I R A

70

or

with

multiple

inside or

(d),

with

with

wavy

the

vertical

bonds

on-white (n),

or

bowl,

466.

and

(h).

meeting

ware:

bands

at

on

jugs.

Gray

10 f r a g m e n t s

the

outside,

obliquely

on

wavy

(?) (j),

angle

on

lustrous

including

or w i t h

the

inside

ware:

(p)

with

impression

Pebble

of hard

as

limestone,

hammerstone.

Lower

part

fitted

after

Combed

of

ware:

multiple

tiple

wavy

elongated

L.

14 c m .

20

on

inside

with

bands

slip

ware:

wavy to

or

(k — m ).

Red-

with

2 from

a

with

broad

3 fragments,

bowls,

or

(?)

(i),

decorated

(e),

(f),

multiple

bands

the

inside

perpendicularly

Bowls

2 from

cf

drop-shaped,

(PI.

bands

1 from

jugs.

a

Coarse

matting.

3

(a),

jugs;

broad

1 bowl

4 flakes

of b r o w n

467.

Combed

ware:

with

single

tally

on

flint.

23

broad

L.

fragments, band

on

by

pecking;

probably

with

jugs.

wavy

combed

oblique

flaking;

ware:

worn).

with

Bowls

bands rings

Red

blackened

(d, on

L.

Jugs

probably

2 cm. on

both

96).

sides with

a bowl:

mul-

inside

Red-on-white ware:

re-

(PI.

decorated

from

e).

lustrous rim

edge;

decorated

(b).

2 fragments

inscribed

(much

cutting

andesite.

ware:

6 fragments,

the outside

(f).

4

Coarse

or w i t h

multiple

on

the

inside

(d),

or w i t h

wavy

straight

a broad each

bond

other.

lustrous from

jugs.

of

combed

6 flakes

gray

469.

Hammerstone,

666.

Combed

flat

with

with

side

4 fragments

or w i t h

triple

wavy

broad

bands

from

jugs.

from

or q u a d r u p l e inside

and

of r i n g - s h a p e d

27.

Grinder,

28.

Polisher,

flat,

elongated,

being

line.

L.

8.5

Small

celt,

stand

straight

cm.

(PI.

triangular

(b), or

three

combed bands

from

7 from

and on

ware: and

a jug

bands

or w i t h

the outside

two

wavy

and

on

sides

horizon-

multiple

straight

multiple

wavy

the

inside

sides

straight

Gray

both

arranged

1 fragment

at the

with

jugs.

II

bands Red

FROM

combed L.

pebble

the other and

decorated

(c).

andesite.

a chalcedony

of and

decorated

(e).

Jugs

de-

from

a ¡ug

(g)

two

rings

parallel

lustrous

bands

bands

touch-

bands

wore:

(h).

3

frag-

(PI.

101).

cm.

Floor

bowls

wavy

(?) of

sherd on

bowls,

4.5 — 2

On Part

Bowls straight

fragments.

FINDS

26.

the

1 fragment

L.

out

a jug.

multiple

bands

multiple

Between ware:

of

groups

5 from

3

flint,

one

in

ware:

ware:

brown

with

Red-on-white

over

Coarse

whole

bands

1 from

or

straight

12 f r a g m e n t s ,

and

bowls, (a),

the

(f).

Red-on-white

ware:

468 a-f.

covering

bonds

cm.

from

(c),

(a),

and

inside

inside

with

and

22

the

the

ments

4 from

multiple

space

3.5-2.7

inside

Red

sides,

showing

bowls,

fragment

the

ing

still

bands

on

with

shaping

II

parallel

or with

circular

with

some

fragments.

463 a-d.

corated

but

Red-on-white

a jug

2 from

Floor

16 f r o m

bands

with

98).

straight

ground

fragments,

reserved

from

with

surface

(c).

outside

bowls,

ware:

chisel,

straight

bands

1 fragment from

stone

damage;

with

combed,

29.

or

wavy

Red

4 fragments,

On

462.

(o).

the

the

straight

a jug.

bands

on

on

(g),

multiple

1 from

rim

running

multiple

wavy

the

ones

outside bands

with

bowls,

multiple

from

single

the

decorated

2 from

and

pendent

( a _ c) 3 k n i f e b l a d e s o f b u f f f l i n t , L . 9 . 5 , 8 . 5 , 7 c m . ; ( d , k , j ) 3 osymmetricol cores ofgrayand brown flint, diameter 3 . 5 - 5 cm.; ( e - i , l - z ) 20 f l a k e s of l i g h t gray f l i n t , L . 5 . 5 - 3 . 5 cm.

used

150.

outside

short angle

at on

the bands

on

Jugs

3 fragments,

meeting

2 from

ware:

arranged

band

on

wavy

bands

outside

red

bands

multiple

wavy

bands

on

such

straight

with

multiple

bands

465 a-z.

or

Monographs

on

the

broad

outside ware:

ANNEX

8A

ware; cm.

chert.

L.

8 cm.

Bedrock with

lustrous

Floor

14

curved;

straight

(b),

bands

or w i t h

inside

groups

3 fragments,

of

1 from

and

out

multiple

a bow!,

2

I twin

wavy

(PI.

bands.

L.

9.5

cm.

99).

with

smooth

faces;

and

straight

cutting

flat,

with

irregular

triangular

out-

101). with

broad

butt

edge;

surface

ground

but

showing

EXCAVATED

unsmoothed 30.

(a)

Part

of

flaking

probably

flake-blade

of

REMAINS:

due

dull

to

buff

refitting flint, On

142.

Fragmentary bands

obliquely 474.

Combed with

bowl

arranged from

6

to

bands

wore

or

(e).

on

from or

Red-on-white

wore:

9

fragments,

ware:

3 from

Combed with or

ware:

single

with

(b),

outside

centric single

ment and 473

(a,

wavy

a

b,

bowl jugs.

d — n)

13

(k).

22

or

with

with

of

Terracotta L.

4

cm.

object (Pis.

of

91,

on

lustrous

ware:

ware: buff,

(PI.

rim 9

(o)

elongated

Floor

94).

cm.

multiple

(Pis. on

with

58,

bands

multiple

band

4

sides

wavy

with

straight

86).

both

twin

wavy

arranged

(f).

Red

fragments.

Bowls

pendent

wavy

the

white

jugs.

lustrous

L.

ware: (m,

6 — 2

core

from Red

of

n)

4

(a),

from

the

rim

the

the

rim

inside

decorated

cm.;

(g), a

ground

and

bowls,

32

black

(c)

or

with

jug

with

with from

multicon-

jugs. 1

1 from

diameter

single

combed

of

disc-scraper

flint,

and

with

impressions

brown

on

ware:

fragments,

with

sides

inside

from

and

both

the

bands

1 fragment

in

from

Jugs

on

on

below

e).

multiple

decorated bands

fraga

bowl

matting. of

buff

2.5

cm.

III

shape,

with

slightly

convex

ba s e — po I i s h er

(?).

103). HOUSE PI.

POSITION:

cm.

ware:

wavy

(d,

wore:

flint,

or

with

others

including

brown

conical

(PI.

3.5

bonds

decorated

horizontally

asymmetrical

23

c),

Coarse

f r a g m e n t s , 35

19

Gray

fragments

gray, and

117);

57

bowls,

jug

jugs.

sides

and

interior,

decorated

Jugs

single

reserved

(I).

cm.

[_.

III

and

combed

Red

a

from

both

(b,

(d).

meeting

broad

space

3.7

flint,

similar

height

Bowls

jugs.

arranged

circular

On 153.

rim

and

3 from

cm.;

from

and

outside

single

blackened

cm.

19

bands

L.

gray

fragments;

bands

from II

bands

wavy

26

wavy

6

the

of

exterior,

jugs.

downwards

bowls,

below

71

III

ondesite.

flake

base;

from

Floors

the

wavy

fragments,

flakes

on

to

1 fragment

from

(b)

several

rim

2

in

Coarse

5

or

from

bowls,

Red-on-white

pointed

band

diameter

(f),

(h — j ) .

(?)

bands

multiple

bonds

26

bands

straight

with

ware:

from

° — f l i n t ,

straight

bands

from 3

or

rings

slip

straight

with

broad

wavy

Red

or

(c),

straight

fragments,

broad

multiple

inside

ple

45

damage,

cm.,

diameter

rim

PHASE

II

multiple

from

Between 472.

up

bowls,

with

inside

2.5

from

Approximate 4

(a),

the

made

V,

after

L.

Floor

obliquely

base.

bands

obliquely

lustrous

combed

fragments,

straight

arranged wavy

rim

ware:

twin

of

vertically

AREA

10

25

( P I . 8) T h i s h o u s e I ies w e s t of H o u s e 7 in s q u a r e s C — F

1 9 — 2 2 , on g r o u n d w h i c h

s l o p e s w e s t w a r d s . F r o m t h i s s i t e o n e c a n g e t an i m p r e s s i v e v i e w of t h e h i l l s to t h e w e s t , b o t h near and d i s t a n t , and of t h e sea to t h e s o u t h and s o u t h w e s t . I m m e d i a t e l y n o r t h of t h e h o u s e and p a r t l y b o r d e r i n g i t s n o r t h w a l l t h e r e a p p e a r s a rock o u t c r o p , part of w h i c h w a s u t i l i z e d for H o u s e 32. T h e r e r e m a i n s , h o w e v e r , b e t w e e n the t w o h o u s e s , a p a r t of t h e o u t c r o p w h i c h s l o p e s w e s t w a r d s and has on e i t h e r s i d e of i t s w e s t end t w o c o n v e r g i n g p i e c e s of r o c k ( P I . 5 1 d ) .

T h e s p a c e b e t w e e n t h e con-

v e r g i n g r o c k s c o n t a i n s t w o r o u g h s t e p s b u i l t of s m a l l s t o n e s , g i v i n g the i m p r e s s i o n of a s t e p p e d acc e s s , w h i c h w a s p r o b a b l y u s e d by p e o p l e a s c e n d i n g t h e p l a t e a u from t h e w e s t . S T R A T I G R A P H I C A L

E V I D E N C E :

Section A - A

( P I . 2 5 ) r u n s t h r o u g h t h e h o u s e in a n

e a s t - w e s t d i r e c t i o n a n d s h o w s t h a t t h e e a s t w a l l o f t h e h o u s e r e s t s on t h e r e d s o i l lying the bedrock.

T h e w e s t w a l l w a s found to have been d e s t r o y e d .

r o c k has a d e e p d e p r e s s i o n w h i c h w a s p a r t l y r e d u c e d by a f i l l i n g of g r a y i s h s o i l and on w h i c h

the o r i g i n a l floor (II) was

made.

v e r y t h i n on t h e h i g h e r As already

The

layer between

s u r f a c e of t h e b e d r o c k

mentioned, House

bedstones,

T h i s o r i g i n a l f l o o r , on t h e h i g h e r s u r f a c e o f t h e

b e d r o c k , w a s m a d e p a r t l y o n t h e r o c k o u t c r o p a n d p a r t l y on a t h i n f i l l i n g w h i c h w a s ly l a i d t o l e v e l up t h e g r o u n d .

over-

On t h e w e s t t h e

Floor

evident-

II a n d t h e f o l l o w i n g f l o o r (I) w a s

but w a s t h i c k e r

in t h e

depression.

10 i s p a r t o f a t r i p a r t i t e c o m p l e x , t h e o t h e r t w o

being

SOTIRA

72

H o u s e s 7 a n d 11.

Of t h e s e ,

Museum

House 7 had three floors w h i l e

House

Monographs

11, l i k e H o u s e

10,

two only, a fact which

s u g g e s t s t h a t s o m e t i m e a f t e r t h e e r e c t i o n of H o u s e 7 a n d

at the t i m e w h e n

II w a s m a d e , t h e o t h e r t w o h o u s e s w e r e e r e c t e d t o f o r m t h e

complex.

Floor

Actually

House

10 l i e s w e s t of H o u s e 7 , w h i l e

House

b e t w e e n t h e m , t h e t w o e n d s of i t s w a l l a b u t t i n g on e i t h e r

tripartite

11 l i e s n o r t h o f t h e

s i d e on t h e o t h e r t w o

space

houses.

H o u s e 7 b e l o n g s t o P h a s e II a n d i t w o u l d b e r e a s o n a b l e t o a s s i g n t h e o t h e r t w o t o P h a se

ARCHITECTURAL

DESCRIPTION:

( P I . 25)

A l m o s t t h e w h o l e of t h e w e s t e r n

r o u g h l y s q u a r e , t e n d i n g t o be r o u n d e d .

but a l s o the e a s t w a l l , w h i c h the north w a l l

ly r e p r e s e n t s t h e

i n s i d e f a c e of t h e w a l l .

have not survived.

The

inside

and one

with

stones

small

stones

in t h e i n t e r s p a c e s .

b u i l t in r o u g h l i n e s

small

in t h e r o c k w i t h s m a l l

(D-E),

stones all around. but both are less

cm. across w i t h

pebbles all around w h i l e

Avn i n d e p e n d e n t

is

interest-

post-hole

is n e a r t h e

B

is a p o s t b a s e , a

There existed a second almost parallel line.

of

is

11

D

E i s 12 c m . a c r o s s w i t h m a n y p e b b l e s a l l

around

southeast corner (F) and two small ones ( G - H ) may be c o n n e c t e d .

As

a r e on

in o t h e r c a s e s , s u c h

post-

a l t h o u g h being near the hearth they may, t h e r o o f a r o u n d an o p e n i n g for the

I, t h e i r p u r p o s e b e i n g s o m e w h a t

occur

of

smoke.

m o r t a r as u s u a l a n d m e a s u r i n g 60 c m . a c r o s s . regular, measured 2 0 - 2 5

with obscure

l i k e G and H , be c o n n e c t e d w i t h the s u p p o r t s

T h e hearth w a s b u i l t a g a i n s t the east w a l l and was a c i r c u l a r

slab

There

h o l e s ( l - K ) , t h e f i r s t t o u c h i n g t h e e d g e of t h e h e a r t h and in l i n e

two (J, K) are farther north t h a n

cm. across, and

p l a t f o r m b u i l t of

T h e p i t in w h i c h t h e f i r e w a s

its sides

s h o w e d t r a c e s of f i r e .

i m b e d d e d in t h e f l o o r ( 3 4 x 3 0 c m . ) a n d s l i g h t l y

e l s e w h e r e n e a r h e a r t h s . e . g . in H o u s e

made

mudwas

West of t h e

hollowed.

rim

of

pebbles

and mud.

The maximum

an i r r e g u l a r p i t 60 x 40 c m . (M), in w h i c h limestone

ir-

hearth

Such

slabs

2.

N o r t h of the h e a r t h w a s a b u i l t t r o u g h ( L ) c o n s i s t i n g of a s l a b p l a c e d h o r i z o n t a l l y a

14

line

h o l e s m u s t h a v e c o n t a i n e d s u p p o r t s for t h e r o o f a r o u n d an o p e n i n g a b o v e t h e h e a r t h . are t h r e e more s m a l l

The

down-

T h e t h i r d (C) is a p o s t - h o l e

s u b s t a n t i a l t h a n t h o s e of t h e f i r s t

s i d e of t h e h e a r t h w i t h w h i c h t h e y

was a limestone

Here

exposed

s t o n e s a l l r o u n d ; it t a p e r e d

s t o n e s around m o s t of its p e r i p h e r y .

small

G and H; the other

Its

style

s i d e by s i d e .

soil but the rock outcrop where

i t s l o w e r d i a m e t e r b e i n g 30 c m . w h i l e t h e upper w a s 37 c m .

two post-holes

wall with

(A —C) a c r o s s t h e c e n t r a l e a s t - w e s t a x i s o f t h e h o u s e .

(A) was a cavity

cm. across w i t h

evident-

is b u i l t in t h e u s u a l f a s h i o n

T h e e v i d e n c e r e g a r d i n g t h e m e t h o d of s u p p o r t i n g the r o o f

a l i n e of t h r e e p o s t - h o l e s

slab with

presum-

t h i c k e r t o w a r d s the northeast where the

( P I . 25) w a s of the u s u a l y e l l o w i s h

first post-hole

of

possible

of t h e n o r t h w a l l r e a c h e s a s m u c h a s 8 0 c m .

u s e d as t h e f l o o r .

either

south wall

outside

i s a l s o d i f f e r e n t , i n v o 1 v i n g t h e u s e of s m a l l e r

rough

rounded

The direction

T h e w e s t w a l l a n d a l a r g e p a r t of t h e s o u t h

p r e s e r v e d p a r t of t h e

is 50 c m . but it b e c o m e s

the total t h i c k n e s s

wards,

somewhat convex.

the ground

H o w e v e r , a r o w o f s t o n e s a l o n g t h e s o u t h e d g e of t h e o u t c r o p

t w o r o w s of s t o n e s , o n e average thickness

ing:

h a l f of

shows that the

u s e d t o some e x t e n t as t h e f o u n d a t i o n on w h i c h t h e u p p e r p a r t ,

built.

II

preserved,

I n d e e d , not o n l y are the a n g l e s

survived complete, was

a b l y of mud, w a s

Flo or

is w e l l

s e e m s to h a v e b e e n a d a p t e d to t h e e d g e of t h e r o c k o u t c r o p a n d it is

that the latter was

was

houses

III.

stone w a l l d i s a p p e a r e d , but the eastern part, w h i c h plan was

had

probably

interior diameter

small

is 3 5 c m .

Farther west

and was

stones were found and, farther south, a

s l a b ( N ) , 60 x 4 0 c m . , s e t on t h e f l o o r .

m a i n f e a t u r e w a s a f l a t p i e c e of t h e r o c k o u t c r o p

In t h e s o u t h e a s t e r n in w h i c h

p a r t of t h e f l o o r

seven circular

pits had

the

been

EXCAVATED

hollowed,

REMAINS:

AREA

o n e of t h e s e m e a s u r e s 2 0 c m . a c r o s s a n d

pebble wedged

in t h e b o t t o m .

V,

PHASE

73

III

12 c m . in d e p t h a n d h a d a r o u n d

The other pits measured

10-14

cm. and were 7 cm.

andesite

deep.

S o u t h e a s t w a s a s a n d s t o n e quern ( P ) , 40 x 30 c m . , and f a r t h e r w e s t a n o t h e r q u e r n (Q) r o u n d e d by p e b b l e s . inclined

Farther north was another

built trough with

s l a b s f o r m i n g the r i m w h i c h w a s 50 c m . a c r o s s .

sur-

stones for the b o t t o m

In v i e w

of t h e p r e s e n c e

of

and two

q u e r n s and a b u i l t t r o u g h near the rock

s u r f a c e w i t h t h e c l u s t e r of p i t s w e m a y s u p p o s e

the

use.

l a t t e r w e r e u s e d for some d o m e s t i c

with

p e b b l e s and m e a s u r i n g 60 cm. a c r o s s

simply the

C, a s t o n e p e s t l e Other objects

The

querns

c o l l e c t e d on the floor

found

part of the f l o o r

here.

stones. I

In t h i s

following post-hole

c o r n e r of t h e f l o o r , t w o b l a d e f l a k e s

(275).

b l a d e s or f l a k e s o f f l i n t ( 4 7 9 ) ,

by t h e s a m e p o s t s as b e f o r e .

paved with

soil.

pebbles.

This

M o s t of the s t r u c t u r a l f e a t u r e s

may mark t h e p o s i t i o n of a p o s t .

in t h e s o u t h e a s t e r n

walls

Of the d o m e s t i c

covering

part of the h e a r t h . I n a d d i t i o n to

Pendant,

picrolite,

90,

Combed

ware: the

on

wavy (g). 37

FROM

crescent-shaped,

bands

20

fragments,

inside,

double

bands

arranged

wavy

(c —e).

Red-on-white fragments,

ware:

23

Jugs

HOUSE

from

bowls,

sherd

H o r s e sh o e - s h a p ed b o n e near

Pestle,

cylindrical

Chisel, L.

275.

89,

(a) L.

3.5

bored

from

both

sides.

L.

4 cm.

from

with cm.

cm.

the

rim

straight

a jug

¡ugs.

jugs.

with

Red

base

Bowls

obliquely

slip

of

on t h e bands

broad ware:

bowl

with

decorated

from rim

on

inside (h).

Red

5 fragments impression

sides,

(a), or

(b), or w i t h

(f), or m u l t i p l e

bands

both

downwards

wavy

bands

lustrous

from

ware:

bowls.

of m a t t i n g

with

multiple

Coarse

on

the

the

latter

pondant; end.

Floors

one

end

Diameter

but t h i n n e r

towards

I

and

pointed,

1.4

cm.

Floor

II the other

(Pis.

104,

broader

and t w o - h o r n e d ;

per-

105).

II

the top;

surface

pecked;

andesite.

L.

2.5

cm.

97).

Pointed 9.5

broad

from

14 f r o m

including

below

with

1 fragment

7 from

arranged

horizontally

On

274.

hole

(i).

foration

(Pis.

10 I

suspension

bowls,

bands

Between

273.

Floor

flat;

13 f r o m

wavy

decorated

ware:

10 f r a g m e n t s

underside

233.

various

102).

with,

double

wall

floor.

t h i s f l o o r a s t o n e p e n d a n t (14) and a n u m b e r of s h e r d s of

Surface to

4 8 1.

in-

the

collected. FINDS

(Pis.

features

p a r t of t h e f l o o r , t w o m o r e w e r e f o u n d n o t f a r f r o m t h e e a s t

layer overlying

to

cm.

s t a g e a row of s t o n e s w a s a d d e d a l o n g t h e

a n d a n u m b e r o f g r i n d e r s and f l a k e s o f f l i n t w e r e f o u n d s c a t t e r e d on the In t h e

(post-

N e a r t h e w e s t w a l l t h e r e w a s an a r e a 50

In f a c t , a t t h i s

ner f a c e of the n o r t h and n o r t h e a s t e r n

wares (481) were

contain-

found.

f l o o r do n o t a p p e a r b u t it is p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e r o o f c o n t i n u e d

the h e a r t h c e a s e d to be u s e d .

14.

shells

480).

layer a bone pendant (233) was

( P I . 25) was as u s u a l of y e l l o w i s h

be s u p p o r t e d

is

The

include various

were

that

paved

B was a stone c h i s e l (274); near

near post-hole

(273); and near the northeast

e t c . ) on the p r e v i o u s

querns

Two

is a n a r e a

l a y e r b e t w e e n t h i s f l o o r a n d the f o l l o w i n g one (I) c o n s i s t e d of g r a y i s h s o i l

Floor

across

M u c h of the n o r t h w e s t e r n

a n d a n u m b e r of s h e r d s o f v a r i o u s w a r e s ( 4 7 6 ,

ing a few

holes

(S).

s u r f a c e of the r o c k o u t c r o p .

o b j e c t s w e r e f o u n d on t h e f l o o r :

(477-8),

N o r t h w e s t of the rock o u t c r o p

convex (PI. knife (PI.

sides,

butt

broken

off,

straight

cutting

edge;

surface

ground;

andesite.

96). b l a d e of 118).

buff

flint,

L.

11 c m .

(PI.

118);

(b)

b l a d e of

light

gray

flint,

SOHRA

74

476.

Combed

ware:

59

single

side

and

somewhat

side

and

horizontal

on

the

or

twin,

inside

multiple

wavy

and

multiple

(h),

or

with

vertical over

bands

2

(p —r).

and

2

Shell

( C a s s is

f a -f f )

Blade

k

-

8.5

cm.

flakes 480.

Combed with

or ple (f), 14

with

or

or

other

bands

or

(m,

n)

18

which

a

wavy

from

but

surface

bands

bowls:

the

red

both

sherd or

including

with

single

broad

singly

large

(PI.

72)

bands

of

combed more

edge

on

of

and

red

vessel

paint

(j). with

combed

multiple

inside.

inside

of

band

combed

wavy

Similar

Red-on-white

the

with

converging

the

with

regular

or

groups

straight

of

inout-

(c),

with

outside

over

outside.

band

part

sides

the

on the

the

(k)

combed

curved

bands

(d),

a

are

both on

of

combed

paint

bands

wavy

on

bands

burnishing

covering

of

Bowl,

fragments

whole

vertical

dedorated straight

multiple

decorated

bands

are

jug.

blade

of

flint,

fragments,

(o).

ware: Jugs,

base

of

bow]

with

end-scraper

of

light

brown

4 broad

impression

L. 25

wavy

from

and

(?)

5 from

jugs.

bowl.

Red

and

on

(d).

dot

Jug,

in

Constructed

(a),

5

25

a or

outside

fragment from

half-ring

include

ware:

small

1 from rim

the

(g).

a tubular

fragments

HOUSE

( P I - 8)

sp.

(broken),

(i)

3 fragments

Bowls slip

cm.;

the

bands

ware:

?

(b)

flint

bowls,

from

bands

118);

brown

5.5 — 4

wavy

Lin.

cm. (PI.

light

multiple

bands

a

6.5

pendent

Red-on-white

caerulea

cm.

bands

multiple

bowls, from

12.5

brown

with

L.

L.

and

wavy

Patella

Brug.).

flint,

26

a

Pis. POSITION:

of

bands

outside

with

the

Jugs

inside

brood

Bowls

multiple

subsequent

f).

wavy

bands;

3 from

of

(c)

(e).

fragment

(e,

fragments

(I)

and

ware:

118);

parallel

from

4

by

jugs.

with or

covering

groups

(i),

wavy

a bowl,

buff

ware:

(b),

with

bands;

inside

s u/cos a

gray

multiple

wards

or

bands

or

(b),

blurred

outside

ware:

tentacles

of

(PI. of

inside but

and

fragments

Coarse

478.

-

outside

the

from

Monographs

(s).

479 a

wavy

pattern on

on the

(g),

wavy

slightly

matting shells

inside

bands

1 from

(a),

bands

multiple,

fragments,

29

bands

on

combed

similar

from

bands

multiple

multiple

bowls,

broad,

single

bands

ornamentation

of

ones

and

with

bands;

wavy

wavy

30

somewhat

wavy

Red-on-white

477 a - d .

fragments,

with

Museum

L.

core

¡ug.

7.5 of

Bowls

and

neck

¡ugs: Red

from

ones

with

(?)

Row

(h).

on

from

on

k)

straight

cm.

sides

rim

inside

19

6

4.4

both the

the

L.

j,

concentric

ware:

Gray

h,

diameter

vertical of

flint,

g,

down(c),

multitriangles

fragments,

lustrous

ware:

1

jugs.

11

and

46

in t h e f o r m o f a h o r s e s h o e , w i t h t w o e n d s o f i t s

o c c u p i e s t h e s p a c e n o r t h of t h e s e t w o , i. e . s q u a r e s E - H 50).

flint,

e,

decorated

lustrous

spout

(d,

obliquely

single

a b u t t i n g on t h e w a l l o f H o u s e 7 o n o n e h a n d a n d on t h a t o f H o u s e form a t r i p a r t i t e c o m p l e x (see p.

gray

arranged

of

cm.;

wall

10 o n t h e o t h e r , t h i s

1 7 - 2 0 and the three

house

together

T h e c o n n e c t i o n of the t h r e e s t r u c t u r e s is

further

c o r r o b o r a t e d by a p i e c e o f w a l l b u i l t in t h e p a s s a g e b e t w e e n H o u s e s 7 a n d 10 to b o u n d H o u s e 11 on t h e

south.

ST RA I I G RA P H I C A L

( s e e p.

E V I D E N C E :

7 2 ) , both t h i s h o u s e and H o u s e

A s a l r e a d y m e n t i o n e d in c o n n e c t i o n w i t h H o u s e 11 w e r e b u i l t d u r i n g

Phase

p a r t i t e c o m p l e x t h e e a r l i e s t c o m p o n e n t of w h i c h w a s H o u s e 7 b u i l t

in P h a s e I I .

The

g r a p h i c a l e v i d e n c e w i t h i n H o u s e 11 s e e m s t o c o r r o b o r a t e t h i s a t t r i b u t i o n t o P h a s e That evidence

i s s e e n o n S e c t i o n A —A ( P I . 2 5 ) w h i c h

north-south direction.

runs

strati-

III.

t h r o u g h t h e h o u s e in a

A l t h o u g h t h e n o r t h w a l l of t h e h o u s e r e s t s o n t h e r e d s o i l o f t h e b e d -

r o c k , the o r i g i n a l f l o o r r e s t s on a m i x e d l a y e r w h i c h w a s p l a c e d p r o b a b l y

intentionally

l e v e l up t h e o r i g i n a l g r o u n d a n d r a i s e i t t o t h e l e v e l o n w h i c h t h e n o r t h w a l l w a s T h e l a y e r b e t w e e n F l o o r s II a n d I i s 2 5 c m . in t h i c k n e s s a n d c o n s i s t s o f mud c o n t a i n i n g f i n e s t r a w . s u c h as w a s e v i d e n c e d Consequently

10

III as parts of a t r i -

House

to

built.

decomposed

It m a y t h e r e f o r e be t h e r e s u l t of a c o l l a p s e o f t h e s u p e r s t r u c t u r e ,

in o t h e r h o u s e s

also.

11 c o i n c i d e s w i t h t h e l a t t e r s t a g e o f H o u s e 7 , i. e . f r o m F l o o r I I

EXCAVATED

onwards, also

REMAINS:

AREA

V,

PHASE

75

III

s i n c e o n t h e e q u i v a l e n t f l o o r ( I I ) o f t h e l a t t e r h o u s e e v i d e n c e of a c o l l a p s e

was

observed. ARCHITECTURAL

DESCRIPTION:

(Pis. 25,46)

The

p l a n of the h o u s e is

irregular,

b e i n g d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e h o r s e s h o e s h a p e of t h e m a i n w a l l b u i l t f o r i t , b y t h e u s e of t h e w a l l s of H o u s e s

7 a n d 1 0 , a n d b y t h e p i e c e of w a l l b u i l t

in t h e n a r r o w p a s s a g e

between

them. T h e h o r s e s h o e w a l l h a s an a v e r a g e t h i c k n e s s

of 45 cm.

i. e . t w o r o w s of s t o n e s , o n e o u t s i d e a n d o n e i n s i d e . c o u r s e s but n o t r e g u l a r l y Two

successive

a n d i s b u i l t in t h e u s u a l

s u p e r i m p o s e d , the a v e r a g e h e i g h t b e i n g 35 — 40

floors were encountered,

Floor

II

( P i s , 2 5 , 4 6 ) , w h i c h w a s of d a r k y e l l o w

mud, yielded e v i d e n c e regarding

O n t h e w e s t t h e r e i s a l o w c i r c u l a r p l a t f o r m ( A ) , in

48 x 27 c m . , w i t h a c a v i t y

mud w i t h a few p e b b l e f a s t e n i n g s w i t h a t h i n l a y e r of b l a c k

In t h e

collected.

f l u s h w i t h t h e f l o o r , a n d b u i l t of m u d m o r t a r of d a r k y e l l o w - g r a y c o l o r . a cupstone,

cm.

I and II, the latter b e i n g the e a r l i e r .

l a y e r b e t w e e n F l o o r II a n d t h e b e d r o c k a n u m b e r of s h e r d s ( 7 0 1 ) w e r e m e t h o d of s u p p o r t i n g t h e r o o f .

12 c m . a c r o s s

r o u n d it.

style,

It i s c o m p o s e d of t w o or t h r e e

the

parts

A t the c e n t e r it h a d

a n d 14 c m . in d e p t h , i m b e d d e d

in t h e

It i s c l e a r t h a t t h e c u p s t o n e , w h i c h w a s

c a r b o n i z e d m a t t e r , w a s t h e b a s e of a w o o d e n p o s t w h i c h

covered must

h a v e c a u g h t f i r e from t h e n e a r b y h e a r t h at s o m e ti me, p r o b a b ly w h e n t h e roof c o l l a p s e d . f a c t t h e w h o l e of t h e f l o o r s h o w e d c a r b o n i z a t i o n . central cupstone

serving as post

In

T h e f e a t u r e of a c i r c u l a r p l a t f o r m w i t h

b a s e i s not c o m m o n but is p a r a l l e l e d in H o u s e 2 4

a

where

it s t a n d s at t h e c e n t e r of t h e f l o o r . O n t h e s a m e , a l m o s t e a s t - w e s t a x i s , t h e r e w a s a s e c o n d p o s t ( B ) w h i c h r e s t e d in a c i r c u l a r p i t 18 c m . a c r o s s w i t h , a r o u n d i t , a r i m o f m u d 11 — 18 c m .

in w i d t h a n d ,

in t h e

bot-

tom, two p e b b l e s . E a s t of s u p p o r t A , w a s t h e h e a r t h ( C ) .

T h i s w a s a round s h a l l o w

w i t h a c e n t r a l p i t 13 c m . a c r o s s ; t h e c a v i t y w a s

c a v i t y 50 cm.

across

l i n e d w i t h mud a n d a few p e b b l e s and

h a v e h a d a rim of s i m i l a r m a t e r i a l s w h i c h f e l l a n d f i l l e d t h e c a v i t y .

must

T h e p i t a n d m u c h of

t h e mud from the r i m s h o w e d a c t i o n of f i r e . N e a r t h e e a s t w a l l an a r e a ( D ) m e a s u r i n g inwidthwas

1 . 8 0 m. in l e n g t h a n d a m a x i m u m o f 1 . 4 0 m.

e n c l o s e d b y a I o w s em i c i r c u I a r w a l l b u i l t o f s m a l l

3 0 c m . in h e i g h t a n d 3 3 c m . in t h i c k n e s s .

limestone blocks,

measuring

It w a s p r o v i d e d a t t h e m i d d l e w i t h a n a r r o w

w a y 53 c m . in w i d t h , t h e t h r e s h o l d b e i n g of a f e w s t o n e s .

T h e f l o o r of t h e e n c l o s e d

w a s p a v e d w i t h m u d of t h e s a m e q u a l i t y a s t h e r e s t o f t h e f l o o r , b u t t h i c k e r , a n d i t s f a c e w a s more c a r e f u l l y s m o o t h e d .

A p a r t from a f e w s t o n e s on t h e f l o o r no o t h e r

w a s d i s c o v e r e d to t h r o w l i g h t on t h e u s e o f t h i s e n c l o s e d

thickness

area.

Its length w a s

1.88 m.( its

blocks

maximum

55 c m . , a n d i t s h e i g h t 3 0 c m . ; it s e e m e d i n t e n d e d t o e n c l o s e t h e n o r t h e a s t

of t h e f l o o r ,

l e a v i n g a n o p e n i n g b e t w e e n i t s s o u t h e n d a n d t h e w a l l of t h e e a s t

In t h e p a r t t h u s e n c l o s e d t h e r e w a s a c i r c u l a r a r e a ( E ) , 6 0 c m . o n e i t h e r s i d e of w h i c h t h e r e w e r e s l a b s .

acros

w h i l e the other w a s

i r r e g u l a r , 4 7 x 32 cm.

s l i g h t h o l l o w i n g on i t s u p p e r f a c e a n d w a s

part

enclosure.

cov ered with

pebbles,

T h e r e w e r e t w o l i m e s t o n e s l a b s on t h e e a s t

o n e of w h i c h w a s p e r f e c t l y r e c t a n g u l a r , 4 1 x 2 6 c m . , w i t h t r a c e s o f r u b b i n g o n i t s

round.

sur-

evidence

A g a i n s t t h e n o r t h w e s t w a l l a b u t t e d a p i e c e of s t r a i g h t r o u g h w a l l o f l i m e s t o n e s l i g h t l y c u r v e d and w i t h a n o r t h - s o u t h d i r e c t i o n .

The

(F),

surface

s l a b on t h e w e s t ( G , 33 x 2 8 c m . )

showed

i m b e d d e d in t h e f l o o r w i t h a f e w p e b b l e s

all

T h e r e w a s a s t o n e g r i n d e r s o u t h o f i t , w h i l e in t h e e a s t c o r n e r o f t h e e n c l o s e d

w a s a q u e r n 2 7 x 16 c m .

door-

area

W e s t of t h e c u r v e d e n c l o s u r e w a l l b y t h e h o u s e w a l l w a s a n

area ande-

SOT I R A

76

site pestle (277).

In t h e

s o u t h c o r n e r of t h e f l o o r w a s a l i m e s t o n e

p e b b l e s on e i t h e r

s i d e , near

36 c m . w i t h a f e w

sherds

(218), bone tool The

Museum

it a f r a g m e n t a r y

i n it ( 2 7 6 ) .

floor and the f o l l o w i n g

various

wares

Floor

I

(483,

the

buried under the

intermediary

layer

s o u t h e n d of t h e c u r v e d w a l l , ern p a r t of t h e f l o o r .

x 20 c m . ,

probably

of t h e t w o e n c l o s u r e w a l l s

few f r a g m e n t s

stones

floor a stone c h i s e l

bowls

on e i t h e r

side, all

( 1 3 1 ) w a s f o u n d in

ware:

or w i t h

obliquely and

situ.

(490) were

the

on

from

the

jugs.

or

Gray

26

pairs,

bands or

(d).

(e),

in

with

wavy

lustrous

fragment

including

10 f l a k e s

of

gray

(g)

and

from brown

from

jugs.

from

rim

Red

Combed

ware:

straight

parallel

horizontally ple

131.

wavy from

discs

(d)

Celt,

with

narrow

below

bands

ment

convex

8 fragments,

of

L.

a bowl,

upper L

circular

spaces

rim

Combed with

end

broad

3.3

ware:

straight

multiple single

multiple (d) the

(PI.

cm.

touching

71

broken

off

straight (PI.

and

the

cutting

69),

arranged

24

of

on

inside

first

at

surface

14 f r o m Coarse

matting

(PI. arranged

the

the

the w h o l e

jugs.

sides

(a)

bands

meeting

fragments,

impressions

both

inside

obliquely

ones

2 from

on

the

broader

covering

a bowl,

jugs.

from and

in

3owls

60),

rim

the

or

decorated

with

single

downwards

outside

ware:

on

of

bowls,

the

10

12

underside.

white

(c).

(inside)

Reserved

ground,

on

with

both

broad (b),

slip

or

sides

bands or w i t h

ware:

without

with

combed multi-

1

frag-

inscribed

32

from

Floors bowls,

(outside)

bands

arranged

obliquely

or

and

waves

multiple

bands

made

with

single

(e), or w i t h (g).

with

wavy

of

with

break

surface

and

39

from

bands

straight multiple

single

I

partly

but

smoothed

showing

trace

for

re-use;

of

flaking;

on

both

(a),

or

II

from

multiple

a softer

broad

groups Jugs

of the

ground

94).

fragments,

inside

surface

edge;

or w a v y

wavy

inside

on

other

straight

ware:

(a) ( P I .

inside

(inside)

wavy

band

3 from

reserved

and

bands

with

decorated

I

inside

Between 483.

the

of

cm.

Floor

bowls,

Bowls

downwards

bands

other

1 from

or o b l i q u e l y

the

24

In t h e s o u t h p a r t o f

79).

sides,

andesite.

from

wavy

lustrous

4 — 2.5

on the

(outside)

pendent

a jug: (PI.

rim

5 from

bands

its northern edge a

north was a slab,

(H).

inside

straight

3 fragments, base

the

and

narrow

On 130.

on

bands

(f).

flint,

the

west-

11

32

multiple

with

the

off the

I

obliquely

wavy

bands

ware:

Floor

bowls,

with

decorated

HOUSE

to

horizontally

multiple

Jugs

in the f l o o r

started from

screening

Farther

were

In t h e l a y e r o v e r l y i n g t h e f l o o r a n u m b e r

FROM

from

(b), or

with

and thus

up to

floor

collected.

arranged

arranged

outside

(c),

angles sherd

fragments,

bands such

outside

right

490 a - j.

58

straight

60),

of

superstructure,

A r o w of s t o n e s

( 1 2 0 x 80 c m . ) ; n e a r

imbedded

Surface Combed

visible.

and j u g s (130) w e r e f o u n d .

FINDS

with

flakes

leveled

on t h e p r e v i o u s

f r o m t h e c o l l a p s e of the mud

were still

proceeding to the s o u t h w e s t

s h e r d s (489) and f l a k e s of f l i n t

489.

objects:

layer w h i c h was

and d o m e s t i c ,

Here was a c a r b o n i z e d area

from c o m b e d

with

handle

( 4 8 6 ) , and a g o o d n u m b e r of s h e r d s

s u r f a c e of t h e i n t e r m e d i a r y

M o s t of t h e f e a t u r e s , b o t h s t r u c t u r a l

but the t o p s

bone

485).

( P i s . 25, 46) was

form a f l o o r .

pit 44 x

(482).

one (I) c o n t a i n e d v a r i o u s

of f l i n t ( 4 8 4 , 4 8 7 ) , c e l t ( 4 8 8 ) , 4 s m a l l r i v e r p e b b l e s

with

south a shallow

c o l l e c t e d on the f l o o r w e r e :

( 1 5 1 ) , bone n e e d l e ( 1 8 2 ) , v a r i o u s f l a k e s of f l i n t

layer between this

s l a b 24 x 2 6 c m .

c e l t (278), and farther

Other objects

Monographs

the

rim

parallel

" c o m b " band

on

bands

3owls

pendent

to t h e

the

straight

rim

from

outside

(b),

the

rim

or w i t h

the

outside

the

rim

on

and

the

multiple to

bands

each (h)

sides with

vertical

on

converging narrow

decorated

from

downwards

pendent

wavy

vertical

jugs.

bands

(c),

with

outside

wavy

other (PI.

wavy

or

ones

(f),

or

68), or

on with

with

E X C A V A T E D REMAINS:

narrow

vertical

on-white nected from

(?)

434 a

~

q

of

5-3.2

485-

ware:

broad

pendent the

from

the

ond

but

(e).

or with from

the

486 a - d .

4

487 a

c

•

488.

on

of 4.3

and

Bone

tool,

Bone

needle,

(Pis.

104,

Combed

jugs.

the

outside

(a),

or

multiple broad Red

(a,

c),

butt

flaked;

its

13

bowls,

including

23 ware:

fragments

(o — r). of

Bowls

decorated

straight

single

the

outside

and

triple

wavy

arranged

bands bands

band

for

L.

6.5

or

wore:

light

multiple

bands

and

brown

flint,

39

and

L.

wavy

two

ware:

11

(k). (I,

the

rim

single ones

straight

fragments,

including

sides:

bands

from

Gray

on

1 fragment

the

on

bands

(d) (g),

bowls,

28

lustrous

m) w i t h

on

band

arrangements

multiple jug

both

from

straight

vertical

small

on

straight

pendent

with

bands

with

of

combed

for

cm,, 3.5

curved

of

shaping cm.;

as

(b)

cutting

edge

7 cm.

(PI.

L.

Floor

bone

a

ware:

impressions

from

a

jug

(n):

chisels.

core

of

L.

light

4.5—3.5

brown

cm.

flint,

and

straight

or

irregular

sides;

95).

II

seen

thin,

wavy

Red

broken

or

on

the

flat,

reverse,

reverse

vertical

thin

of

L.

5.7

bone

not

cm. smoothed;

L.

6.7cm.

with

convex

flaking

due

to d a m a g e ;

5 flakes

of

and

brown

gray

Combed

ware:

out

fragmentary

lustrous

f ro m b o w I s .

2 fragments ware:

the

inside

4.3 —3

Floor

bowls:

trough-shaped

spout

23

14

fragments,

broad

6

length-

the

or w i t h

single

inside

combed

(PI.

cutting

sides

bands band

single

combed

on on

groups

(d 1 ( P I .

with

on

obliquely

or w i t h

with and

7 from

cm.

(PI.

(c),

over

both

wavy

inside

decorated

bowls,

curved cm.

arranged

Red-on-white

28.5

on

similar

bands

vertically

band

L.

and

of

62),

or

broad ware:

multiple

1 wavy

jugs. 97).

edge;

surface

ground

but

94).

cm.

II

and

Bedrock

decorated of

from

on Jugs

from

broad, L.

rim

(b),

almost

(e).

5

perforated

decorated

outside

straight

(g — i).

andesite.

sides,

L.

the

fragments,

Bowls the

inside

and

bands

andesite.

flint,

from

from

regularly

combed,

showing

on

ones

outside

pecked;

jugs.

narrow

wavy 12

6 from

on

sent ¡ c i r c u l a r ;

105).

o w i t h

combed

ware:

surface

section

104,

downwards

pendent

obliquely

outside

off,

rim

(a),

band

cross

(Pis.

bowls,

from

multiple

lustrous

tool; cm.

7 from

obliquely

or w i t h

club-shaped;

2.6

band

arranged

bowl,

stone

L.

broad

broad

(f),

from (j).

(a);

wavy

(f),

shoulder

and

and

Similar

bands

chosen

wanting;

f r o g m e n ts,

broad but

used

thickness.

and

Red

con-

lustrous

flakes

alternating

outside

(c).

15 f r a g m e n t s

and

Between 701.

bands

and

andesite.

eye-hole

outside

butt

and

lustrous

neck

probably

pointed,edges of

the

Pestle,

multiple

band

straight

ware:

pebbles

probably

ware:

wavy

with

obliquely

Red-on-white

broad

inside

bands

48 2 a — e.

Red-

or

combing.

edge

the

Celt,

12

side

k ).

m),

from

Gray

fragments,

under

(f - q )

20

jugs.

(j,

(I,

105).

single

fragment

2 78.

cm.;

28

the

from

the

Coarse

with

part

through

straight

277.

on

bands

bands

fragments,

on

(h— j).

flint

curved,

3 o ne handle

with

ware:

matting

wavy

broad

2 from

24

broad

part of

brown

cutting

151.

triple

43

bowl,

bowls,

straight

bands

river

unfinished,

with

with

77

cm.

182.

276.

multiple

jug:

obliquely

obliquely with

some

light

from

arranged

underside.

andesite

2 flakes

wise

with

a

a

Coarse

6.3-5

On

218.

or

ware:

1 from

of

L.

inside

with

jugs.

with

diameter

the

include

the

34

bands

or w i t h

from

bands

edges

cm

multiple

which

matting

Celt;

flint,

(i),

1 from

lustrous

jugs.

arranged

decorated

wavy

small

bands

similar

(b),

Jugs

jugs

broad

3 from

impressions

brown

alternating

5 fragments of

Red

3 fragments,

fragments, rim

and

inside

inside

63

straight

outside

on

with

singly

bowls,

inside.

bowis,

light

from

III

cm.

Combed with

of

the

combed 4

ware:

bowls

(a — e) 5 b l a d e s -

slip

3 from

bases

bands

fn) on

Red

6 fragments,

wavy

5 fragments,

rings

| ug s.

from

or

ware:

A R E A V, P H A S E

bowl bowls,

with

(?)

with

9 from

multiple

wavy

oblique jugs.

bands

bands

Coarse

on

ware:

inside the 2

and

inside

(b).

fragments

SOTIRA

78

HOUSE POSITION: an a n n e x . t o 16.

The

32 a n d

(PI.

8)

These

the first.

group

was

They

North

of the

ing H o u s e

are

actually

33 on t h e w e s t ,

but

latter there

15, w h i c h

houses

appear

described in t h e

in t h e

some free

were

12 a n d A N N E X are

situated

wedged

other

area

space

space

and

Monographs

16 together

as

north

House

of

between

was

houses

to be

Museum

left

of

second 11

in

Houses

5 and

House

12 a n d

round

east

the

it v a r i o u s

appears

squares

small

be

E - H

15 on t h e west

to

12-

east

and

of H o u s e

16.

structures,

includ-

annexes. HOUSE

12

P i s . 26, 46, and 47 STRATIGRAPHICAL east — w e s t

direction

the east

wall

but with

an

rests

this

The low

on the

(Floor

layer

wood

from

Floor

I I , an

event

which

built

shortly

before

with

parts

after

we

angles

gives

in

it

the

(Pis.

the

possible

and

shows

other

26, 46,

builder

to

say; the

eastern

on the

walls

Phase

the

fact

circle

and

bedrock

the

first

ashes.

level

the

be the

shows

floor

Eviground.

and c o n s i s t s may

of t h e

ground

of

yel-

result

of

superstructure

that

among

plan

along

mind

remains

was

an

House

12

on

was

III.

The

in h i s

to

which

in p a r t i c u l a r

had

in

bedrock

of t h e

many

thickness

of a c o l l a p s e

47)

part

west

and

house

on t h e

ground

in o r d e r

of a s h e s

in

the

almost

original

houses,

is

straight,

that

the

in m a x i m u m

evidence

through

built

the

of t h e

II, t h a t

to be

V/hether

is not

two

covering

stripes

several

Floor

tending

the north.

between

This

was

containing

30 cm. and

runs

wall

Between

soil

straw

DESCRIPTION: wall

of

I is

fine

on

soil

mud.

16)

(PI.

the e r e c t i o n

II a n d

noticed

A - A

the w e s t

red

a layer

the roof.

of t h e

along

rounded

mediate

down

the disaster

ARCHITECTURAL

ser d e g r e e

notice

Floors

of the

of w h i t e

mud c o n t a i n i n g

decomposed

some

surface

laid

between

Section

that while

course

II) w e

layer was

decomposed

with

shows

intermediary

of t h e h o u s e dently

EVIDENCE:

and

is a l m o s t

the

west

a circle that

the

or a

circular

and to

a

les-

quadrangle

ground

plan

the a r c h i t e c t u r a l

is

inter-

traditions

at

Sot i ra. The

construction

stone,

an e x t e r n a l

course

a few

way,

exceptions

70 cm. Two

tween shell

wide,

floors,

Floor

parts;

on the

the floor

south

was

of

same

access

Floor of

II

general stones

occupying

gives

a number

first

The

second

(3)

is

post-hole It is

floor

style,

in t h e

the

whole

to the

annex

being

sherds

is

the

south

which

the roof

a round

pit

the

of

across

mud

i. e. w i t h

two

interspaces,

thickness (House

earlier

various

which

of the

rows

of

with

of

wall.

A

door-

16).

of the t w o .

wares

the

below

showed

shows

(702)

across

imbedded lies

and 5 cm.

in d e p t h

a straight

wall.

The

In t h e

and

a

layer

of the o u t c r o p

two

8 cm.

in d e p t h

the and

east has

with wall

a few

A

many almost

deeper

of the and

3

cut

in t h e

a few

stone

and

in

starting

was

post-holes

in t h e f l o o r

near

rock

fire

rock

post-holes

occur

as

follows:

in t h e

southeast

part

of the

floor

part. eastoutcrop.

fastenings. same

around

three

of

thus

south on an

is on t h e

pebbles

part

and

part

axis of

t h e c i r c l e. Other

be-

fragmentary

of the north

level by

of

edge level

of the

and

uncertain,

effects

level

the

is e v i d e n c e d

12 c m .

and

to the w e s t

because

was

cupstone

somewhat

16 c m .

bedrock

proceeding

a triangular (C),

of y e l l o w i s h

on t h e and

on a f i l l i n g

The

3-

stones

46, 47) w a s

supporting

axis.

as A and

smaller

encountered,

lower than

west

A third

the

with

wall

bedrock

it r e s t e d

of the

made

method

is of

one,

larger

north

were

26,

is 2 5 c m .

floor The

wall

collected.

(Pis.

II

from the c e n t e r

the

I— I I

stone

internal of

in the

II a n d t h e

(703) were

Floor

of the

a n d an

post-holes

E X C A V A T E D

appear

to

be

post-hole a built them

which

up t r o u g h

(J,

K)

The

by

hearth

shaped fire.

in a l i n e

(G)

in t h e

(I)

lay

a circular trough

wall

(H)

lay

pit

shaped

north

wall.

53

wall;

on

its

slabs

were

grinding

along

the

the

slabs.

and

As

wail

rest

tool

F/oor

/:

all

found

features debris

new

floor.

The

only

have

received

Domestic covered corner

was

mentary

life

with an

er o v e r l y i n g

on

the

one

was

the

The

Floor

floor

sible

that the

rounded

general

in the u s u a l

of

sloped

up to t h e

post-holes

E,

across,

contact

F,

and

of w h i c h

of

wall

near

G

is

is a

stone

floor

by

from

fashion

celts

by a

abutted

on the

50 cm.

level

(279,

in w i d t h

of the f l o o r several

280, 496),

low house

in

the

immediate-

stones

or

some of

them

principle

he a d a p t e d

but on the

east

of mud and

in t h e f l o o r ,

stone

mud-mortar some

along

chisel

one

of the

ashes.

the

in

same

The

wall

(232),

and the

with Floors

the

under

exception

the

were

a flint

area two

blade

area

few

50 c m .

mud,

(494),

here

stones

I

here

a

and

as r e s u l t i n g

layer.

It

from

enclosure

is

leveled

a post-hole

possible

up to f o r m (M)

a

which

roof. in t h e

there.

on

(498) were

southeast

In t h e

and there

the disaster

flints

provided

Floor

corner,

southwestern

II.

suppleIn t h e

lay-

collected.

16 T h e w a 11 e n c I o s i n g t h e a n n e x

the wall builder

the

was

flakes

of the top of t h e

across

established

an d 4 8)

the

II a n d

was

new

grinders

and

against

floor

the

following

(P I s . 26

to

of d e c o m p o s e d

groups of

intermediary

on t h e

hearth

(497)

which

was

of f l i n t

and theremainder

supported

A

next

In i t a n u m b e r

house

floor

there

dug

with

between

with

the

which

freely

soil

of t h e f l o o r

surviving

abut

pits

collected.

a circular

which

two

lined with

of

floor

layer

buried

sherds

sides

47).

aspect

pebbles.

of

this (PI.

a humble

DESCRIPTION:

which

average

also

a small

were

out of

on on t h i s

of

enclosed

of w h i c h

an o p e n i n g

the

a layer

Indeed,

posts

a number

two ends

1.40 m., w a s ends

(491).

of the

feature

with

went

by

small

with

were

495)

II w e r e

of the

architectural

corners,

and

two

enclosure.

ANNEX

the

fourth (H)

a pit, 22 cm.

a n d 2 7 x 17 c m . ) a n d

consisted

between

cleared

covered life

filling

wares

layer

evidenced

ARCHITECTURAL a horseshoe,

hearth

both

were

of t h e

superstructure

evidently

area that

There

raised with

(492-3,

was

m.

than cm.

1 m. a c r o s s

the

structural

ashes

proof

corner,

hard by the

at t h e b o t t o m

through

several

parts

interpretation

on

the

x 26

slabs

superstructure.

part of

1.80

higher

(49

The

various

26, 46 ) the

that

must

of

sherds

of t h e

the

merely

burnt

between

across,

possible

celts.

a pit

slightly

and

(Pis.

a destruction

of the

in t h i c k n e s s ,

cm.

south

was

explained,

corroborates

wall,

was

the collapsed

(183),

been

a

hearth

it.

It w a s

had

space

from

with

the

T h i s m a y sh o w t h a t t h e e n cl o s e d a r e a w a s a w o rk s h o p b o t h f o r

in t h e

sherds

cm.

of t h e s e situ.

floor.

objects

from

south

querns

of t h e

wall

already

probably

there

west

many

floor

semicircular, 30

for f a s h i o n i n g other

Other

(282),

bone

and

east

The

of mud 4 0 c m .

20-25

two

in

found

the

as t h e

which

Together

in w h i c h

in t h e n o r t h e a s t

floor.

mud

79

III

of A - C -

distance

part of the

In t h e

PHASE

an a r e a

occur

with

area was

was

On one

were

and

Near quality

which

found.

and

enclosed

enclosure,

grain

the north

roughly

in h e i g h t

floor,

unfinished,

to that

cover

at a s m a l l

(283).

in a m a s s

an a r e a ,

to the

ly o u t s i d e t h e

horns

V,

47).

cm.

Access

lined

they

post-holes

(L)

and ashes.

of g o a t ' s

On t h e

more

AREA

parallel

wall,

southeast

sides

a pair

stone w a l l

Three

in t h e

with

(PI.

is n o t

south

and a third

earth

(I)

the

stood.

floor

or t r a y

which

near

the

It c o n t a i n e d

which

(D-F)

is

REMAINS:

of the m a i n

had

in m i n d

circumstances.

a gap,

probably

house,

was

The a rough

the

stone

12.

It i s

rectangle wall

doorway

was to

form s poswith built

allow

80

SOTIRA

direct exit. Several

There was another doorway

superimposed

courses

Museum

connecting this

were preserved

Monographs

annex w i t h the main house,

in p a r t s b u t n o t p l a c e d

in r e g u l a r

12.

horizontal

l a y e r s. Two Floor

floors were encountered,

II w e r e v a r i o u s

Floor

II

sherds

giving

access

east corner (A) was west corner

In t h e

from H o u s e

two post-holes

near the east w a l l

direct exit

h o l e 20 cm. a c r o s s , cupstone a flat

shaped with

may have

the w h o l e

85 cm.

en for t h e m a i n soil,

layer

three of w h i c h w e r e a l o n g the w a l l ,

Other

bowl

I, 15 c m . i n t h i c k n e s s ,

c o n t a i n e d also a few

be t h e r e s u l t o f t h e c o l l a p s e o f t h e

superstructure

In t h e l a y e r

sherds of was

various

u s e d as

covered

overlying

Combed

ware:

straight

yellowish

and some gray

leveled

w e r e a number of s t o n e s

w i t h gray

soil.

in t h e w e s t

It i s t h u s

FROM

30

fragments, parallel

20 or

from

to

HOUSE F !oor

bowls,

converging,

10

possible

(526) were

(524, 527), a

12

I from

combed

jugs. one

3owls

by

one,

decorated

inside

and

on out

both (a);

on

the

Red

ware:

6

length lustrous

of

inside

(d);

or

include

the

Jugs

ware:

fragments.

the

Fragments spout.

14 f r a g m e n t s

obliquely

(g)

a tubular

decorated including

with

inside spout

and

out

of

bowl

multiple

tubular

spout

(e);

straight of

or

with

bowl

multiple multiple

(h) (k)

or

with bands

wavy wavy

wavy

(PI.

sides

or

arranged

(f).

that

collected.

i n s i d e a n d m u l t i p l e w a v y b a n d s o u t s i d e ( b , c ) ; or w i t h m u l t i p l e w a v y

vertically

layer

II.

the f l o o r a good number of sherds of v a r i o u s w a r e s

d i s h ( 5 2 5 ) , a n d a n u m b e r of f l i n t s

bands

out

of

part

straight broad bands and

It main

s u r f a c e of the

found

soil mixed with ashes.

Surface

inside

kitch-

w a r e s (529) and a k n i f e b l a d e and a number

The only features

FINDS

|).

from

collected.

floors.

of a l i m e s t o n e

along

of

stones,

as in t h e c a s e o f t h e

I ( P I . 2 6 ) w a s , as in t h e c a s e of the m a i n h o u s e , t h e the t w o

with

was built

c o n s i s t e d of

stones

t h e a n n e x w a s n o t r e c o n s t r u c t e d f o l l o w i n g t h e c o l l a p s e on F l o o r

497.

the

( 2 9 2 ) and n o t far

It t h e r e f o r e a p p e a r s t h a t t h e a n n e x

t h i s floor and Floor

of t h e f l o o r a n d t w o a r e a s

fragment

while

B o t h the p o s t - h o l e and

s t r a y f i n d s c o l l e c t e d on t h e f l o o r w e r e

(535).

In i t a n u m b e r o f s h e r d s o f v a r i o u s

Floor

the post-

house.

of f l i n t ( 5 3 4 ) w e r e

between

other

across.

scraper

between

may therefore flakes

is

above,

s t o n e s , at a s h o r t d i s t a n c e n o r t h o f t h e h e a r t h ,

p r o b a b l y d e c o m p o s e d mud w h i c h

house.

C

a g r o u p of s h e r d s of v a r i o u s w a r e s ( 2 9 1 ) i n c l u d i n g a n u m b e r b e l o n g i n g to a

(528) and a f l i n t

The

south-

On the

s u p p o r t e d t h e r o o f a r o u n d an o p e n i n g o v e r t h e h e a r t h w h i c h

jug of c o m b e d w a r e ( 2 9 1 e ) . wares

post-hole.

s l a b p l a c e d on t h e f l o o r a n d s u r r o u n d e d by a r a i s e d r i m of s m a l l e r

measuring

wall

In t h e

the south-

In t h e w e s t p a r t o f t h e f l o o r w a s o n e m o r e

S o u t h of t h e h e a r t h w e r e f r a g m e n t s o f a p a i n t e d - a n d - c o m b e d the north

in t h e

It i s 2 6 c m . a c r o s s a n d h a d a

was a cupstone with two round depressions.

sandstone

That

w h i c h , as s u g g e s t e d

S o u t h w e s t of it w a s a n o t h e r

small

the

s i d e of

each w i t h a ring of p e b b l e s a l l around.

f r o m t h e a n n e x t o t h e a r e a e a s t of i t .

it.

(717).

regarding

c o r n e r s , on e i t h e r

n o t f a r f r o m a g a p in t h e w a l l

b e i n g at a short d i s t a n c e from

southeast

below

hammerstone

12 t o t h e a n n e x , t h e r e w e r e p o s t - h o l e s .

s i d e of t h e g a p t h e r e w a s a g r o u p of f i v e p o s t - h o l e s

farther

collected

mud and s h o w e d a m p l e e v i d e n c e

southeast and southwest

f e w p e b b l e s on t h e r i m on t h e i n s i d e . other two

Objects

s h a p e d w i t h mud a n d w a s 25 c m . a c r o s s a n d 2 5 c m . d e e p .

there were a c t u a l l y

another post-hole permitted

II b e i n g t h e e a r l i e r .

( P i s . 26, 48) w a s of y e l l o w i s h

m e t h o d of s u p p o r t i n g t h e r o o f . doorway

Floor

(715, 718), flints (716, 719), a f r a g m e n t a r y

82).

bands

bands bonds (i,

Coarse

E X C A V A T E D REMAINS: A R E A V, P H A S E

493 a

~

c

End-scrcper '

L.

5-4.5

of l i g h t

brown

flint (a),

L.

492.

B o n e tool with e d g e s surface polished. L. Combed with

ware:

broad bands

brush; ple

or w i t h

bands

multiple

(n) ( P I .

over with cally;

bands

ware: rings

include

part of

side

( b ) ; or v e r t i c a l bands

bands

495.

the

(i).

Red-on-white

combed

Combed

ware:

ly on the

parallel

single

rim on the

parallel bands

bands

L.

and

out (g).

multiple

Jugs

4 from b o w l s ,

2 from

o u t s i d e and broad bands

band and disc Red

lustrous

1 fragment

( ? ) at t h e ware:

from a jug.

side

Coarse ware:

Small chisel,

somewhat

flattened, with

Bowls

ware:

(s) ( P I .

84),

(k,

I).

and,

inside,

sides

brood

a

with

wavy

2 from j u g s .

Red-on-white

wavy

bonds (f),

( h ) , or w i t h m u l t i p l e wavy

ar-

multiple

multiple

straight

or

bands

Bowl:

out-

(j).

Jugs:

bonds ware:

in-

group

bands

( c ) ; or w i t h

decorated

jug-s.

Bowls

6 1 ) , or w i t h

decorated

such

wavy

horizontally

bands Bowls

(h,

combed

3

fragments

multiple

i).

ones

multiple

inside

from

bands

and

combed

( j ) , or w i t h

over with jugs.

Gray

outrings

touching

( I ) , or w i t h (m).

on

inside

(?) on the

( k ) , or w i t h r i n g inside

the

oblique-

at the s i d e

Red-on-white

of t h e b a s e

combed

on the

wavy

with disc

sides

broader

pendent

on the o u t s i d e

26 from

on both

similar

on the o u t s i d e and

o v e r on t h e

bands

bands

bands

decorated

bands

40 from b o w l s , 84

on b o t h

f r o m t h e r i m on t h e

fragments.

23 from

(n), and broad

66 f r a g m e n t s ,

slip

short triple wavy

with

p a i n t on the o u t s i d e

On 232.

and

in r e d c o m b e d o v e r on the i n s i d e

in s o l i d

Jugs:

jugs.

cm.

jugs.

two parallel

(o).

27

multiple wavy

broad bands

with

bands

over with multiple wavy

over and disc

around

(o).

including

decorated

on the o u t s i d e ,

broad band and w a v y

on the o u t s i d e and bands

Bowls pendent

o n t h e o u t s i d e ( f ) , or o t h e r

combed

combed

Red

1 from a b o w l ,

arranged

s i d e and red bands

bands

81/ 8 7 ) .

verti-

Red-on-

band

25 from

fragments

a

combed

arranged

broad

multi6 7),

from

bands.

bowls,

jugs.

( b ) , or w i t h m u l t i p l e

bands

bands

decorated with

6 fragments,

rings

bands

from

or

soft

(i) ( P I .

parallel

bands

bands

on t h e i n s i d e (a) ( P I .

wavy

with a

tool

c o m b e d one by o n e on the o u t s i d e a n d

on the o u t s i d e

multiple

1 fragment

outside,

41

sides

parallel

decoroted with

wavy

combed with multiple

6 — 3.5

53 from b o w l s , bands

i n s i d e ( d , e ) , or w i t h s t r a i g h t

inside and

wavy

3 fragments,

flint,

i n s i d e ( c ) , or w i t h w a v y

the

from

Coarse ware:

brown

76 f r a g m e n t s ,

ware:

decorated

( g ) , or w i t h t w i n

wavy

light

ware:

b a s e (r) ( P i s .

s p o u t of b o w l

Jugs

over with

and

Bowl: 21

on both

from rim d o w n w a r d s ,

the rim a n d the s t r a i g h t b a n d s

inside

straight

and not quite

21

Tubular

multiple

Jugs

a pointed

broad v e r t i c a l

from rim d o w n w o r d s

between

(m — o ) .

jugs.

triple wavy

bond combed over,

bands

other.

with multiple

from rim d o w n w a r d s

and combed ware:

broad

with narrow

space

"combed"

paint

chisel;

from the rim (d),

bands with

a

bands

and oblique

pendent

ground connected

over

Coarse

31 f r o m b o w l s ,

and o u t s i d e (d).

vertical

of g r a y

ware:

c),

matting.

(a); or w i t h

straight bands

8 flakes

of

inside

and combed

flattened

3 from j u g s .

impression

rim

46 f r a g m e n t s ,

dish with

stroight

bands

in b r o w n

2 from

ware;

decorated

engraved

it; i n s i d e ,

I e n g t h of t h e s p o u t ( e ) .

multiple

jugs:

lustrous

bands

in t h e

with

broad

from

broad bands

inside

along

and w a v y

with

band

side combed

1 from a b o w l ,

Bowls

touch each

lines

like

narrower

on the i n s i d e

Red-on-white

arranged obliquely

vertically

wavy

a n d on the w h i t e

s i d e by

shallow

straight

broad bands

494 a-h.

the s i d e ,

52 fragments,

multiple

of s t r a i g h t

(¡ — m ) .

2 from b o w l s ,

Combed ware:

from

f l i n t (b,

end s h a r p e n e d

jugs.

band below

wavy

broad (15 cm.)

Red

small

with

side,

of gray

II

( a ) , or w i t h

(f) s h o w s

single

bands downward

(p, q).

10 f r a g m e n t s ,

bands

bands

3 fragments,

painted

wavy

2 flakes

narrower

38 f r o m

of the g r o u p s of b a n d s

bands,at

and vertical

ranged

(e — g).

broad bands

p a r t of b a s e of b o w l 493.

118);

and

( c ) , or w i t h m u l t i p l e

( h ) , or w i t h

wavy

wovy

52 from b o w l s ,

broad horizontal

73); o u t s i d e ,

inside,

white rim

wavy

I

from rim d o w n w a r d s

( b ) , or w i t h

on (g) the w a v e s

straight

bowl

bands

on t h e o u t s i d e

other multiple

Floors

of b o n e s e e n on the r e v e r s e ; 5.1 c m . ( P I . 1 0 5 ) .

90 f r a g m e n t s ,

straight

or c o n v e r g i n g wavy

(PI.

81

cm. Between

183.

7.5 cm.

III

broad

Jugs

decorated

multiple

bands

lustrous

ware:

fragments.

Floor

II

convex

sides,

and

curved

cutting

edge;

butt

end

SOT IRA

82

damaged; 279.

Small flaked

280.

281 a,

2

celt

natural

with

convex

in

of

the

buff

andesite.

with

has

ground

blades

ground;

unfinished

part

Small but

surface

celt,

edges

L.

of

smoothness sides,

area flint,

1.7

one of

the

cutting

L.

11,

10

cm.

face

butt,

(PI.

and

pebble,

rounded

of

Museum

96).

cutting

edge

andesite.

and

edge;

Monographs

broad

L.

on

5.7

straight

andesite.

L.

5.5

both

cm. cutting

cm.

sides

(PI.

flaked;

edge,

(PI.

un-

95). surface

pecked

93).

cm.

b.

282.

Blade

283.

Pair

of

491.

Combed

of

wavy

buff

multiple,

on

the

straight

arranged rim

individually groups

of

inside

on-white ware:

34

part

of

base

from

a

jug.

Celt,

the

fragments,

16

and

one

face

outside

inside

(b)

one

bowl,

bowls,

from on

with

the

on

bands

band,

Coarse

other

inside

rim

ware:

(k).

(d).

(h,

wavy i).

Red

6.5

Red-

lustrous

including

ware:

L.

bands

with

frogments

diabase.

decora-

wavy

(j).

white

bands

Jugs

combed

red

10

Plain

flaked;

bands

downwards

inside

of

multiple

parallel

multiple

outside

from

and

wavy

wavy

multiple

group

inside

of

with

with

broad

multiple

the

and

a

the

a group

f),

underside

with

on

bowls:

painted

jugs.

smooth

(e,

from

broad

the

or

with

one

outside

18

straw

63),

or

decorated

or

rim

irregularly

by

oblique

3owls (a),

below

(PI. (c),

2 fragments or

naturally

jugs.

the

combed

combed

of

from

on

outside

ware: a

12

horizontally

others

from

from

ones

and

vertical

impressions

triangular,

the

bands

1 fragment

with

on

combed with

bowls,

arranged

inside

outside

and

from

straight

bands

on

pointed

ware:

29

and

straight

Red-on-white

bands,

cm.

similarly

combed with

the

cm.

21

outside

from

(g).

11.5 L.

fragments,

pendent ted

496.

41

almost

ones

L.

horns,

ware:

bands

wavy

flint,

goat's

1

fragment

cm.

(Pis.

89,

95). Between 702.

Combed

ware:

straight

bands

wavy

bands

bond (f), (i,

on

or

ple

wavy

703.

triple

bands

from

the

(c,

(e),

with

or

wavy

(I — n ) .

or

with

twin

bands

(p),

ware: (o)

of

s h e l l , Rone

Combed

ware:

38

parallel

bands

inside

groups

of

11 a g / g ant

and

bands

on

straight

multiple

wavy

ia

wavy

or

with

Bowls inside

fragments,

bands

11

?)

outside

bands bands

from

and

bowls,

16

straight

inside

inside

and

or

out

with

from

multi-

jugs.

2 fragments

Coarse

ware:

broad

broad

band

(k),

ware:

(q).

twin

single

straight

wavy wavy

with

with

bands

Red-on-white

(circles

or

single

slightly

83).

decorated (b),

straight and

multiple

single 27

Lam.,

3

The

from

fragments

decorated

with

multiple band a bowl,

dark

red

bowls,

8

Fragment

with

wavy

combed

from

1 from

(m).

Jug:

from

jugs.

of

on

bands

single bands over a

(d,

the

e);

k).

with

rings

(?)

Red

slip

dish

in

from

and

wavy

flat

out,the (PI.

or

red

(n).

base,

low

with

bands

with

twin

(I).

rim

or

or

on

wavy

ware:

parallel

ware:

21

2

bands

the

(f);

1 fragment

Red-on-white

multiple bands

on

the

with

touching

wavy

and,

straight

or

with

obliquely

bands

ware:

or

twin

straight

straight

lustrous

from

or

with

(b);

waves

65);

outside

wavy

combed

inside Red

the

below

or and

single

on

multiple

2 fragments

outside

the

(c)

bands

worn;

decorated

on and

or

(h),

Bowls

inside

horizontally

outside

band

blackened

wavy

single

bands

bright

rim

outside

with

jugs.

wavy

the

Red-on-white

ware:

with

rim

or

multiple

Bowl

11

surface

arranged

outside

(j,

from

16 I

sing^«

outside

crossing

jug.

limestone

with

the

cm.

Floor

bowls,

or

from

6.5

A N N E X

to

pendent

the

inside

wavy

bands

Jugs

of

L.

FROM

from

(a);

bands

obliquely

the or

27

out

parts

running

multiple

and

wavy

with

arranged

broad

fragments,

multiple

other

wavy

525.

the

outside

or

^Pl.

curved

Surface

larly

h),

¡ugs.

on

b ow I s.

Fragment

each

or

bands

(g,

neck

Bedrock from

single

converging

FINDS

524.

7

(a),

wavy

lustrous a

and

inside

outside

from

II

bowls,

rim

three

Red

parallel

Floor from

d),

bonds with

1 fragment

straight

15

inside

decorated

include

jugs: fro m

the

inside

Jugs

latter

fragments,

pendent

on

the

with

j).

22

simi-

inside,

or

with

inside

(g).

bands

(i),

from

jug:

or

fragments, painted

fragments,

13

in from

jugs.

incurving

sides,

and

thick

walls;

surface

1

E X C A V A T E D REMAINS: A R E A V, P H A S E

unsmoothed. 526 a_d. 527.

4 blodes

L.

6 cm.

and other

Combed

ware:

flakes

inside

and out

of g r a y a n d b r o w n f l i n t .

on the

inside

and

faa),

liquely side

on t h e o u t s i d e

with

bands

groups

along

bands(i). inside

bands

( b ) , or w i t h m u l t i p l e

with

meeting

vertical bands

slip

ware:

two

with

bands

curvilinear

jugs.

Bowls

8 fragments, impressions

1 from

(p,

Combed

ware:

vertical

parallel

78 f r a g m e n t s , bands

( c ) , or w i t h m u l t i p l e one

by o n e ( e ) , or w i t h

outside I),

or b o t h (f— i ) .

in o n e c a s e

(n — p ) .

Red

fragments 534.

Knife

a

flint

"

h

-

straight

including

blade (b-h),

inside

brown flint (a), cm.

bands

Combed

ware:

the rim side

L.

on the

multiple

wavy

longing

to ( e ) . (?) r i n g s 3 from

single pale chain 528.

in r e d p a i n t

bowls,

Red-on-white

and

6 from

combed

Outside

straight vertical of r i n g s

bands

bands wavy

running at a bands

multiple

wavy

combed,

wavy

bands

parallel

bands

(I),

82 f r a g m e n t s ,

bands

or

48

from

82).

Red

13 f r a g m e n t s

of

including

with

and wavy

groups

multiple

straight

single

of w a v y

bands

bands

combed

wavy

bands

inside

(j) or m u l t i p l e

wavy

bands

4 fragments

(PI.

from

jugs:

40 from j u g s .

broad

Coarse

or (k,

bands

ware:

16

118);

7 flakes

of b u f f ,

gray, and

brown

II

(c),

includes

multiple

bands

from out-

up from f r a g m e n t s

fragments

of c o m b e d

jugs:

ground

pendent

from t h e r i m o n the

straight band and multiple

made from

wavy

pendent

or w i t h

90

on w h i t e

with bands

jug

6 fragments

painted

decorated

matting.

large part of

ware:

Bowls straight

or w i t h

bowls,

decorated

fragments

with multiple

bands.

linking

bands

(g,

jugs

converging

h).

Red

wavy

decorated many

bands

lustrous

with

of them ( f ) or

ware:

9

be-

confrag-

jugs. of b o w l

wavy

Inside painted wavy

22 from

vertically

tubular

pendent

and combed: bands in

similar

9 from j u g s .

from o n e a n o t h e r

from t h e rim b o t h i n s i d e

s p o u t the rim of w h i c h

from the rim a n d

broad

alternating

o u t s i d e or o b l i q u e l y

short distance pendent

bowls,

with

bands

short straight bands

31 f r a g m e n t s ,

in p a i r s

parallel or t w i n

with

ware:

ware:

on t h e i n s i d e

ware:

combed

straight

rim (o) ( P I .

ware:

jugs.

or with

39 from

Floor

red and c o m b e d over with multiple

Combed

inside

similar

(e); the group

out-

straight

II

b), or w i t h

b ) , or w i t h

Jugs:

Red-on-white

centric

away.

(d).

bands

ments, cut

horizontally

inside

and

8.2 cm.

from b o w l s

both i n s i d e a n d out (a,

and running

bands

292.

10 f r a g m e n t s

(a) ob-

broad and multiple

stroight

ware:

w i t h g r o u p s of t r i p l e

On 291.

twin

horizontal

cut-away

Coarse

29 from

( q , r) w i t h i m p r e s s i o n s

5-3

I

Red-on-white

of l i g h t

and running

multiple

with

with

lustrous

and out (d),

79 f r a g m e n t s ,

L.

combed

with

jugs.

Floors

wavy

(m).

ware:

Red

7 from

Jugs decorated

converging

lustrous

with

from j u g s :

connected

spout

and out (a,

bands

multiple

some

5 fragments

49 from b o w l s ,

both i n s i d e

inside

straight

ones

on the o u t s i d e

a n d o u t ( c ) , or o n t h e

decorated

( h ) , or w i t h

straight

q}.

Between 529.

obliquely

inside

with

by h o r i z o n t a l

1 f r a g m e n t from a b o w l (j) ( P I . 72): o u t s i d e

tubular

a bowl,

decorated

crossed

e a c h o t h e r ( d ) , or w i t h

Jugs

bands

p a t t e r n (m, n).

of m a t t i n g

bands

( k ) , or r i n g s

include

running

crossing

ware:

on e i t h e r s i d e

Bowls bands

from t h e rim on t h e

in r e d p a i n t ,

Red-on-white

ones

and

34 from

vertical

cm.

jugs.

bands

spout (e). ware:

9.7-3

vertical

wavy

bands

broad wavy

R e d - o n - w h i t e and combed from the r i m .

18 f r o m

pendent

straight

L.

straight

( ? ) or w a v y

l e n g t h of a t u b u l a r

decorated

straight

wavy

g r o u p of m u l t i p l e

pendent

bowls,

broad

straight

of m u l t i p l e

the

(f), or w i t h

37 from b o w l s ,

or w i t h

multiple

6 1), or w i t h m u l t i p l e

83

92).

55 f r a g m e n t s ,

bands (PI.

(PI.

III

vertical

with

5owls

inside

of with

single

(PI.

73).

straight straight

a n d o u t (b), or with

single

and out (c), o r w i t h m u l t i p l e w a v y

bands

p e n d e n t from the rim o u t s i d e

o r r u n n i n g o b I i q u e I y i n s i d e ( d ) , o r w i t h g r o u p s of m u l t i p l e w a v y

bands

with m u l t i p l e w a v y

(e).

Jugs

2 fragments, multiple wavy the w h i t e

decorated

1 from a bowl, bands;

ground;

1 from a j u g .

inside,

red dots

rings

painted

in t h e c r e s c e n t s

bands

Bowl:

in red (j). (k).

(f_i).

outside, Jug:

Red-on-white broad

bands

and combed

combed

broad band with

Red-on-white

ware:

in

vertical

ground

decorated

( c ) , or w i t h

both i n s i d e

band painted

pattern

paint on white

is

occasional

over

ware:

with

crescent

2 f r a g m e n t s from

in bowls

84

Museum

SOHRA

straight 22

parallel

fragments,

impressions 535.

Scraper

of

bands

17 of

on

from

the

outside

bowls,

5 from

and

Combed broad

gray

flint,

ware:

almost

circular,

straight

alternating wavy

or

multiple broad

diameter

from

ments,

8

Coarse

ware:

(q)

from

is

2 flakes

717.

Fragmentary of

of

cal

fragments,

or

with

pendent

bands

or

1 fragment ground

the

and

(j),

out

inside

(I).

Red

fragments

lustrous

including

ware:

m,

n,

with

of

rim

bands

(d,

inside

with

from

outside

a bowl and

(m).

Red-on-white

(n).

Red

lustrous

ware: ware:

with

bowls,

wavy

bands

ware:

Red

or

broad

inside

(d),

or

from

ware:

bowls,

matting

with

triple a

Red-on-white

lustrous

with

wavy

with

1 fragment

2 from of

single

(a),

decorated

(j).

frogments,

with

out

single

Jugs

bands I).

and

with

(e).

impression

jug

ware:

14

frag-

2 from

(m —o)

jugs.

or o f

straw

twin

straight or

(k)

or

with

vertical

or

vice

bands

2 fragments

from

fragments,

30

chipped

(I)

circle

a bowl

three

outside

bands (i).

areas

and

over

with

bowls,

broad

wavy

the

as

a

outside

arranged

re-

red

w i t h

below

narrow

and

wavy

obliquely

multiple

incombed

or

inside

and

verti-

bands

and

decorated

in

with

twin bands

brood

rim

Red-on-white

painted

with

straight

wavy

from

Jugs

bands.

combed

from

of

decorated

multiple

obliquely

wavy versa

wavy

Bowls with

pendent

arranged

dotted

red

bands

bands

multiple

(h),

or

groups

broad

wavy

jugs.

(a),

with

bands

with

cross-section;

98).

7 from

multiple

with

straight

47

(k,

4

decorated

inside or

combed

triangular (PI.

or

decorated

broad

with cm.

(b),

outside

multiple

twin

multiple

with

outside

(g),

(b),

inside

pattern

outside

multiple

with

and

(?)

or

out

or

bands

or

e),

horizontally

9.5

13 f r o m

wavy

and

ware:

some

Bowls

obliquely

with

slip

jugs.

but

bands

curvilinear Red

cm.

cm.

L.

? (c),

inside

groups

from

inside

wavy

and

bands

twin

(c),

over

elongated,

20

multiple

(f),

base. 4.2-3.3

inside

wavy

bowls,

L.

andesite.

and

of

from

(?);

and

inside

12

from

Red-on-white

jugs.

of

11

inside

combed

part

from

hammerstone,

inside

singly

rim

flint,

arranged

(g— i ) .

with 6

fragment

wore:

multiple

the

II

downwards

multiple

paint

fragments

bands

side

on

ware:

3.3

Floor

bowls,

rim

ones

and

bands

jugs

gray

flaking

Combed

straight

brown

bowls, 40

a

716 a, b.

sult

in

from

from

similarly

outside

wovy

band

2 frogments

(p);

with

bands

18

running

bands

triple (f)

fragments,

bands

bands

with

718.

29

straight

multiple

ones

Coarse

matting.

Below 715.

wavy

jugs.

Monographs

from

the

single

combed

the

out (?)

bands

rim

on

wavy

bands

wavy ware:

white inside

broad

parallel

bands

inside

and

17 f r o m

jugs.

Coarse

ware:

6

out

frag-

ments. 719 a - d .

Awl

of

brown

flint

(a),

L.

7.2

cm.

(PI.

118);

HOUSE Pis.

POSITION:

(PL

8)

27

3 flakes

of

brown

flint

(b-d),

L.

4.7-4.3

13

and

47

T h i s h o u s e l i e s a l o n g t h e n o r t h e d g e o f t h e p l a t e a u in s q u a r e s

9—12 b u t i t s n o r t h e r n h a l f is under the " r e t a i n i n g w a l l "

(p. 1 36).

F-J

In i t s o r i g i n a l c o n d i t i o n

c o m m a n d e d t h e v i e w n o r t h w a r d t o w a r d s t h e h i l l s as f a r as t h e s u m m i t o f T r o o d o s , b u t w e s t w a r d and s o u t h w e s t to the STRA T I G R A P H I C A L the

events

which (38), IV a

the

in

the

runs

through

south

the

bedrock.

layer

thick

of

house

of

which

wall House

stones

and

the

sequence, on

rests 38

on a

T h e b e s t i l l u s t r a t i o n of t h e h i s t o r y o f H o u s e 13, a s o f

followed from

its

north

rests a

on

layer

therefore

which

it

also

coast.

EVIDENCE:

wh i ch p r e c e d e d

cm.

of

to

erection, south.

bedrock.

Its

mixed

brown

illustrates

secondary

is

floor

given

This

original and

Phase

I.

(III)

was

by

section

On

Section shows

floor,

yellowish its

made.

which

this

(PI.

early is

soils

original On

A —A

an

numbered

overlying

floor floor

we

observe

rests

l a y e r of d e c o m p o s e d m u d d e b r i s , e v i d e n t l y t h e r e s u l t o f t h e c o l l a p s e o f t h e m u d

s t r u c t u r e of t h e h o u s e , a f t e r w h i c h i t w a s

abandoned.

27)

house

a super-

EXCAVATED

REMAINS:

AREA

In t h e s p a c e s o u t h of H o u s e 38 w e o b s e r v e a t h i c k

V,

PHASE

85

III

c a r b o n i z e d l a y e r r e s t i n g on the

r o c k w h i c h at t h e t i m e o f t h e e r e c t i o n o f t h e h o u s e w a s e v i d e n t l y u s e d a s a f l o o r a n d f o r e c o i n c i d e d w i t h t h e o r i g i n a l f l o o r ( I V ) as w e l l a s w i t h t h e s e c o n d a r y f l o o r ( I I I )

there-

within

the h o u s e . T h i s c a r b o n i z e d l a y e r is t h e r e s u l t of t h e b u r n i n g , p r e s u m a b l y of l i g h t

structures,

s o u t h o f H o u s e 38 a t t h e t i m e o f t h e c o n f l a g r a t i o n w h i c h p u t an e n d t o t h e h o u s e s o f

Phase

I and w h i c h w a s e v i d e n t l y the c a u s e o f the c o l l a p s e of the s u p e r s t r u c t u r e of H o u s e B u t w h i l e the burnt d e b r i s of t h o s e l i g h t s t r u c t u r e s f e l l on the b e d r o c k i n t e r i o r o f t h e h o u s e t h e m u d s u p e r s t r u c t u r e c o l l a p s e d on t h e s e c o n d a r y

38.

u s e d as f l o o r s floor.

bed-

This

in t h e corro-

b o r a t e s the e q u a t i o n of the b e d r o c k f l o o r w h i c h c o u n t s as F l o o r IV w i t h the s e c o n d a r y i n s i d e t h e h o u s e , a n d m e a n s t h a t w h i l e in t h e s p a c e s o u t h o f H o u s e 38 t h e b e d r o c k remained unchanged,

in t h e i n t e r i o r o f t h e h o u s e a s e c o n d a r y f l o o r w a s m a d e f o l l o w i n g

the c o n f l a g r a t i o n took

ment of H o u s e

layer a new house was erected ( 1 3 A ) .

T h e e r e c t i o n of t h i s

house

P h a s e II in t h i s a r e a a n d t o p o s t d a t e t h e f i n a l d e s t r u c t i o n a n d

abandon-

38.

H o u s e 1 3 A l a s t e d f o r a s h o r t t i m e , s i n c e on i t s f l o o r w e o b s e r v e a l a y e r o f mud w h i c h r e p r e s e n t s t h e c o l l a p s e d mud s u p e r s t r u c t u r e . It w a s o n t h i s

decomposed

T h i s marks the end of P h a s e

l a y e r t h a t H o u s e 13 w a s e r e c t e d , i n t r o d u c i n g P h a s e I I I .

This house

l a p p e d t h e r e m a i n s o f H o u s e 38 a n d o f 1 3 A t o t h e s o u t h o f i t , a n d h a d t w o f l o o r s , being the o r i g i n a l one.

layer of s t o n e s and l u m p s of mud.

over-

13 a n d f i l l i n g i t s i n t e r i o r w i t h a t h i c k

T h e a p p e a r a n c e of t h i s floor i n d i c a t e d h u r r i e d and h a p h a z a r d

d e s t r u c t i o n together w i t h the u n d e r l y i n g

reconthe

deposit.

O n t h e e x t r e m e r i g h t h a n d s i d e o f t h e s e c t i o n we n o t i c e a m a s s o f s t o n e s a b u t t i n g the s t r a t i f i e d r e m a i n s of the s u c c e s s i v e h o u s e s w h i c h here d i s p l a y a s l o p i n g edge l a p p e d d i r e c t l y by t h e s t o n e s .

T h e s e start from the l e v e l of F l o o r I

on

over-

and cover the s l o p e

on w h i c h F l o o r I V r e s t s , t h e n d e s c e n d s t i l l f a r t h e r c o v e r i n g

w h o l e of t h e n o r t h s l o p e of the p l a t e a u .

It s h o u l d be o b s e r v e d h e r e t h a t t h e n o r t h p a r t o f

f o u n d , but in i t s p l a c e w e r e the m a s s e s of s t o n e s m e n t i o n e d

not

above.

It s e e m s , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t at a c e r t a i n s t a g e an e v e n t o c c u r r e d w h i c h t o o k a w a y t h e o f t h e n o r t h p a r t o f t h e d e p o s i t h e r e f r o m F l o o r II d o w n w a r d s , c a r r y i n g a w a y a l s o t h e

III, and o f w h i c h the north part was m i s s i n g ,

mass of stone.

whole north

s u r f a c e on w h i c h t h e s t r u c t u r e s o f t h e e a r l i e s t p h a s e h a d r e s t e d .

e v e n t s e e m s to h a v e been s u b s e q u e n t to the e r e c t i o n o f H o u s e 13, w h i c h m a r k s t h e ning of Phase

This begin-

i t s p l a c e b e i n g t a k e n by t h e

It i s t h e r e f o r e t e m p t i n g t o a t t r i b u t e t h e e v e n t t o t h e s a m e d e s t r u c t i o n 1

which

b r o u g h t d o w n t h e s u p e r s t r u c t u r e s o f n e a r l y a l l t h e h o u s e s on t h e p l a t e a u d u r i n g P h a s e at t h e t i m e w h e n

F l o o r II w a s in u s e .

III,

T h i s d i s a s t e r , w h i c h a p p e a r s to h a v e o c c u r r e d

d e n l y and p r e s u m a b l y to have a f f e c t e d the w h o l e of the s e t t l e m e n t , may have a l s o l y i n g i t a n d r e p r e s e n t i n g a l l p h a s e s up to a n d i n c l u d i n g t h e b e g i n n i n g o f P h a s e In t h e c h a p t e r o n c h r o n o l o g y w e s e e t h a t t h e s e t t l e m e n t

sud-

carried

down the slope the w h o l e of the north edge of the p l a t e a u t o g e t h e r w i t h the d e p o s i t s

the

to

the

s u r f a c e on w h i c h t h e e a r l i e s t h o u s e o f t h e d e p o s i t ( H o u s e 3 8 ) r e s t e d w a s

part of the bedrock

in

II — I I I , a n e w f l o o r ( I ) w a s m a d e , i n d i c a t i n g a r e c o n -

s t r u c t i o n of o n l y t h e s o u t h p a r t o f t h e h o u s e , t h e n o r t h p a r t h a v i n g d i s a p p e a r e d d u r i n g

the edge of the bedrock

II

bring-

F o l l o w i n g the d e s t r u c t i o n w h i c h has been o b s e r v e d

p r a c t i c a l l y a l l t h e h o u s e s of P h a s e s s t r u c t i o n of t h e h o u s e .

II.

Floor

A f t e r a short time of use, a new severe d e s t r u c t i o n o c c u r r e d ,

ing d o w n t h e w h o l e of t h e s u p e r s t r u c t u r e of H o u s e

the b e d r o c k

which

place.

On t h e c a r b o n i z e d a p p e a r s to i n t r o d u c e

floor

floor

over-

III.

s u r v i v e d for a short time

after

d i s a s t e r , the h o u s e s h a v i n g been r e c o n s t r u c t e d h a p h a z a r d l y and h u r r i e d l y , F l o o r I

86

SOTIRA

illustrating this stone fallen

short revival.

Museum

Monographs

It w a s p r e s u m a b l y f o l l o w i n g t h e d i s a s t e r t h a t t h e m a s s of

from the s u p e r s t r u c t u r e s

was

g a t h e r e d and p l a c e d a l o n g the n o r t h edge of the

p l a t e a u , w h e r e i n a d d i t i o n to t h e g e n e r a l c o l l a p s e a l a n d s l i d e

s e e m s to h a v e t a k e n

place.

T h e a c t i o n of g a t h e r i n g t h e s t o n e s a l o n g t h e n o r t h e d g e of t h e p l a t e a u a n d c o n s t r u c t i n g a had a t w o f o l d e f f e c t :

it c l e a r e d t h e

s e t t l e m e n t of t h e m a s s e s of c o l l a p s e d m a s o n r y and t h u s made t h e i m m e d i a t e

c o m p a c t mass w h i c h we may c a l l the " r e t a i n i n g w a l l "

reconstruction

of t h e h o u s e s p o s s i b l e ;

if a l s o c o n s o l i d a t e d the n o r t h e r n s l o p e s of the h i l l w h i c h

have s u f f e r e d m o s t and w h i c h , if l e f t e x p o s e d , m i g h t have s u f f e r e d even g r e a t e r

seem to damage.

T h a t t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e " r e t a i n i n g w a l l " t o o k p l a c e at a t i m e s u b s e q u e n t t o II o f H o u s e

13, w h i c h b e l o n g s to P h a s e I I I , seems f a i r l y c l e a r .

that it t o o k p l a c e i m m e d i a t e l y

I have already

Floor

suggested

f o l l o w i n g t h e d i s a s t e r w h i c h o c c u r r e d w h e n F l o o r II w a s

u s e , b u t a n o t h e r p o s s i b i l i t y t o be c o n s i d e r e d i s t h a t t h e m a s s i v e " w a l l "

was

in

constructed

at a l a t e r t i m e , u n c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e e v e n t s w h i c h t o o k p l a c e at t h e t i m e o f F l o o r II a n d possibly

l o n g a f t e r t h e a b a n d o n m e n t of t h e s e t t l e m e n t , w i t h t h e o b j e c t of c l e a r i n g t h e

teau for c u l t i v a t i o n .

This

possibility

s e e m s to h a v e l e s s i n i t s f a v o r for t h e

pla-

following

rea son s: 1.

F l o o r I s e e m s to a b u t a g a i n s t the m a s s i v e w a l l , w h i c h m e a n s that it p o s t d a t e s e r e c t i o n o f t h e l a t t e r , b u t i t c a n n o t p o s t d a t e F l o o r II by l o n g b e c a u s e of t h e ty of t h e a s s o c i a t e d

2.

the

similari-

finds.

If t h e n o r t h f a c e o f t h e d e p o s i t r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e t h r e e s u c c e s s i v e p h a s e s h a d r e m a i n e d for a long time e x p o s e d after the presumed l a n d s l i d e o v e r l a i d by d e b r i s and e x t r a n e o u s soil

it w o u l d h a v e

w a s h e d down the slope.

become

Instead, the mass

of

s t o n e c o m p o s i n g t h e " r e t a i n i n g w a l l " a b u t t e d d i r e c t l y on t h e e x p o s e d f a c e o f t h e d e p o s i t , t h u s s h o w i n g that its c o n s t r u c t i o n took p l a c e i m m e d i a t e l y after the which exposed the 3.

The massive wall the plateau,

disaster

deposit. i s not c o m p o s e d of s t o n e s s i m p l y t h r o w n a n y h o w o v e r t h e edge of

but c o m p r i s e s a s e r i e s of s t r a i g h t w a l l s

s t a r t i n g f r o m t h e n o r t h e d g e of

t h e p l a t e a u a n d f o l l o w i n g t h e s l o p e in a n o r t h e r l y d i r e c t i o n t i o n of the " r e t a i n i n g w a l l , "

s e e p. 1 3 6 .

l i e w a l l s o f h o u s e s b e l o n g i n g to P h a s e

For a d e t a i l e d

Between these walls,

descrip-

s o m e of w h i c h

I I I , m a s s e s of s t o n e s w e r e p a c k e d

over-

together

w i t h w h i t e s o i l r e c a l l i n g in q u a l i t y t h a t u s e d for t h e m u d s u p e r s t r u c t u r e s o f

houses.

M o r e o v e r , a l l t h e c e r a m i c m a t e r i a l f o u n d in t r i a l e x c a v a t i o n s i n t h e b o d y o f t h e taining w a l l "

b e l o n g to the p e r i o d of the

"re-

settlement.

In c o n c l u s i o n , t h e s e c t i o n h e r e d e s c r i b e d h a s y i e l d e d e v i d e n c e of f o u r p h a s e s , e a c h representing a distinct' building period.

T h e e a r l i e s t p h a s e ( I ) i s i l l u s t r a t e d by H o u s e

38,

w h i c h was d e s t r o y e d and abandoned f o l l o w i n g the c o n f l a g r a t i o n w h i c h marked its close. P h a s e II H o u s e

F o l l o w i n g a n e w c o l l a p s e m a r k i n g t h e e n d o f P h a s e I I , H o u s e 13 w a s b u i l t o n t h e remains,

introducing

"retaining wall" i s t h e mo st

P h a s e I I I w h i c h e n d e d in a g e n e r a l d i s a s t e r .

previous

T h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e

a n d t h e r e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f H o u s e 13 w i t h F l o o r I m a r k P h a s e I V ,

which

recent.

We t h e r e f o r e h a v e f o u r p h a s e s w i t h a d e s t r u c t i o n m a r k i n g t h e e n d o f e a c h o f t h e three.

In

13A w a s b u i l t on t h e c a r b o n i z e d l a y e r and on t h e r e m a i n s of H o u s e 3 8 .

It s h o u l d h o w e v e r be m e n t i o n e d t h a t in o t h e r p a r t s o f t h e s e t t l e m e n t t h e

first

houses

e r e c t e d at the b e g i n n i n g of P h a s e II, and c o r r e s p o n d i n g to the e r e c t i o n of H o u s e 13A do n o t s h o w a s i m i l a r d e s t r u c t i o n o n F l o o r I I I .

C o n s e q u e n t l y , the destruction marking

here, the

end of P h a s e II h e r e i s a l o c a l o n e , p r o b a b l y d e r i v i n g from t h e p a r t i c u l a r p o s i t i o n of t h e

EXCAVATED

REMAINS:

AREA

V,

PHASE

III

87

h o u s e s on the north e d g e of the p l a t e a u . ARCHITECTURAL DESCRIPTION: ( P i s . 2 7 , 47) A l t h o u g h the n o r t h e r n part of H o u s e 13 s u f f e r e d d e s t r u c t i o n a n d w a s later b u r i e d under the m a s s of the " r e t a i n i n g w a l l / ' the rem a i n i n g s o u t h e r n part s h o w s that the g r o u n d p l a n w a s r e c t a n g u l a r w i t h r o u n d e d a n g l e s , the long a x i s b e i n g o r i e n t e d e a s t — w e s t . T h e w a l l s were b u i l t w i t h two r o w s of s t o n e s , o n e o u t s i d e , one i n s i d e , but t h e s e w e r e not a l w a y s s t r a i g h t , p a r t i c u l a r l y a l o n g the s o u t h w a l l w h i c h d i s p l a y s c o n s i d e r a b l e i r r e g u l a r i t y . T h e w a l l w a s p r e s e r v e d to a m a x i m u m h e i g h t of 26 cm. on the w e s t but on the south and e a s t i t s h e i g h t i s 40 cm. a n d the c o u r s e s are not regularly superimposed. A s a l r e a d y e x p l a i n e d , the h o u s e had two f l o o r s , the e a r l i e r b e i n g F l o o r I I . In the l a y e r s u n d e r l y i n g F l o o r II o b j e c t s were c o l l e c t e d a s f o l l o w s : b e t w e e n F l o o r II of H o u s e 13 a n d F l o o r I I I of H o u s e 1 3 A , s h e r d s of v a r i o u s w a r e s ( 7 0 8 ) , f l i n t s ( 7 0 9 ) , p e n d a n t ( 6 8 4 ) ; between F l o o r s I I I and I V ( b e d r o c k ) , s h e r d s of v a r i o u s w a r e s ( 7 0 4 ) , s t o n e g r i n d e r ( 7 0 5 ) , f l i n t s ( 7 0 6 ) , antler handle (707). Floor II ( P i s . 2 7 , 47) w a s of mud of y e l l o w c o l o r but w i t h o c c a s i o n a l red p a r t s a n d t r a c e s of fire here a n d t h e r e . T h e s u r f a c e of rhe f l o o r s l o p e d g e n t l y n o r t h w a r d s , p r o b a b l y o w i n g to an o r i g i n a l s l o p e in the ground but the n o r t h e a s t part s h o w e d a c e r t a i n s u b s i d e n c e p r o b a b l y due to the d i s a s t e r w h i c h brought down the s u p e r s t r u c t u r e on t h i s f l o o r . T h e floor y i e l d e d i n t e r e s t i n g e v i d e n c e r e g a r d i n g the method of s u p p o r t i n g t h e r o o f . T h e r e e x i s t e d a l i n e of p o s t s ( A — E ) a l o n g the c e n t r a l e a s t — w e s t a x i s of the h o u s e . T h e most important one r e s t e d in a c u p s t o n e ( A ) of s a n d s t o n e i m b e d d e d in the f l o o r w i t h a r i n g of p e b b l e s a l l round. T h e c u p s t o n e w a s 54 cm. in l e n g t h , 50 c m . in w i d t h , a n d the d e p r e s s i o n in it 21 cm. a c r o s s and 15 cm. d e e p . E a s t of it were two p o s t - h o l e s B a n d C , the s e c ond a d j o i n i n g the e a s t w a l l . B o t h h a v e p e b b l e s a l l round and m e a s u r e 23 a n d 13 cm. a c r o s s r e s p e c t i v e l y . W e s t of A is another p o s t - h o l e ( D ) , a l s o w i t h s t o n e s , but s o m e w h a t north of the l i n e of t h o s e a l r e a d y m e n t i o n e d ; that l i n e e x t e n d s to a fourth p o s t - h o l e ( E ) a d j o i n i n g the w e s t w a l l . If t h e s e p o s t s w e r e v e r t i c a l s u p p o r t s of a c e n t r a l beam a n d if the l a t t e r w a s not a b s o l u t e l y s t r a i g h t , a s a tree trunk m i g h t w e l l n o t be, its s u p p o r t s w o u l d not a l l h a v e been in l i n e , w h i c h m i g h t e x p l a i n why the p o s t - h o l e D i s s o m e w h a t north of the l i n e of the other s u p p o r t s . On the other h a n d , p o s t - h o l e D may not r e a l l y b e l o n g to the l i n e of s u p p o r t s of the c e n t r a l beam b u t may h a v e s u p p o r t e d s o m e t h i n g e l s e , .for e x a m p l e a w e a k r a f t e r . In f a c t there i s near it on the n o r t h w e s t a n o t h e r s m a l l p o s t - h o l e ( F ) . E v e n f u r t h e r n o r t h w e s t i s a n o t h e r round pit ( G ) 2 5 cm. a c r o s s , w i t h two p e b b l e s in it, p r o b a b l y a p o s t - h o l e for a s u b s i d i a r y support. A round f u n n e l - s h a p e d pit ( H ) w a s the h e a r t h . It m e a s u r e d 24 c m . a c r o s s a n d 10 cm. in depth a n d i t s s i d e s w e r e burnt hard by the a c t i o n of f i r e . It c o n t a i n e d a s h e s s e a l e d by a c o a t of y e l l o w i s h mud f l u s h w i t h the floor, i n d i c a t i n g t h a t at a c e r t a i n s t a g e it w a s d i s u s e d . I n d e e d , there i s a s e c o n d pit h e a r t h ( I ) on a r e c t a n g u I a r p l a t f o r m a l o n g the s o u t h e a s t w a l l of the h o u s e . T h i s p l a t f o r m w a s b u i l t of y e l l o w mud w i t h s t o n e s b o r d e r i n g i t s e d g e . O n it, a p a r t from the h e a r t h , t h e r e were two v e s s e l s - a jug of p a i n t e d a n d c o m b e d w a r e ( 2 8 4 ) a n d a b o w l of red l u s t r o u s w a r e ( 2 8 5 ) . T h e f i r s t s l i p p e d d o w n to the f l o o r p r o b a b l y a t the t i m e of of the co l l a p se. In the s o u t h w e s t c o r n e r w a s a platform of s t o n e s and mud on w h i c h w a s a l i m e s t o n e t r o u g h , 5 5 x 33 c m . , a n d , at a short d i s t a n c e to the e a s t , a g r o u p of s t o n e s . N o r t h w e s t of c u p s t o n e A w a s a l a r g e s a n d s t o n e q u e r n , 5 5 x 30 c m . , found u p s i d e d o w n on the f l o o r , w h i l e on the other s i d e of the c u p s t o n e w a s a p e s t l e . N e a r the quern on the e a s t w a s an o b l o n g

88

SOHRA

p i t , 70 x 46 c m . a n d 30 c m . d e e p , wi th a f e w w h i t e w a r e ( 3 0 5 ) w a s f o u n d in situ sherds (504).

Museum

stones bordering

Monographs

i t s r i m ; in i t a f i n e j u g of r e d - o n -

a l t h o u g h i t s n e c k w a s m i s s i n g ; w i t h it w e r e a number

of

T w o more p i t s w e r e found b e t w e e n D and E and near the l a t t e r were a few

grinders. T h e n o r t h e a s t c o r n e r o f t h e f l o o r w a s e n c l o s e d by a c u r v e d s t o n e w a l l 38 c m . t h i c k an o p e n i n g 5 5 c m . w i d e .

It a p p e a r e d , h o w e v e r , t h a t t h i s w a l l b e l o n g e d to t h e

H o u s e 2 9 a n d t h a t i t s t o p w a s l e f t e x p o s e d to s e r v e a s an e n c l o s u r e

with

underlying

s u c h a s o c c u r s in o t h e r

hou s e s . O t h e r f i n d s on t h e f l o o r i n c l u d e m a n y s h e r d s ( 5 0 1 - 2 ) , v a r i o u s f l a k e s a n d a c o r e of (503), and a fragmentary bone needle (214).

T h e f o l l o w i n g objects were collected

layer between this floor and the f o l l o w i n g one:

c e l t s (179, 506), v a r i o u s f l a k e s and

o f f l i n t ( 5 0 7 ) , a n d m a n y s h e r d s of v a r i o u s w a r e s Floor

I:

( P I . 27)

flint

in t h e blades

(505).

A l t h o u g h t h e h o u s e w a s n o t r e c o n s t r u c t e d o n t h e s a m e p l a n as b e -

f o r e t h e c o l l a p s e on F l o o r I I , y e t e v i d e n c e on F l o o r I s h o w s t h a t s o m e k i n d of r o o f w a s b u i l t , p e r h a p s m a k i n g use of w h a t r e m a i n e d of t h e w a l l s . are two f e a t u r e s

( A a n d B ) w h i c h m a y be p o s t b a s e s .

mud and s t o n e s

all round.

I n d e e d , s o u t h w e st o f t h e

center

T h e y b o t h are r o u g h l y c i r c u l a r

with

N o r t h o f A i s a p o s t - h o l e (M) 10 c m . a c r o s s , w i t h s t o n e s

all

round. Of the d o m e s t i c the s o u t h w e s t e r n

f e a t u r e s on t h e p r e v i o u s

w a l l w a s a q u e r n 25 c m . i n l e n g t h . stones, evidently form t h e f l o o r . flakes

and

f l o o r , o n l y the p l a t f o r m w i t h the trough (J)

c o r n e r o f t h e h o u s e c o n t i n u e d to be u s e d .

Combed

ware:

with

multiple

Red

lustrous

including

(PI.

76),

and

wavy the

(a)

a - h .

gray

179.

Small

FROM

17 f r a g m e n t s ,

ware:

14

fragment

or

red

red

band

10

of

bowl

the

L.

celt,

ground

of

gray

5 - 2 . 2

showing

wore:

straight

bands

on

outside

(b),

with

of

single

brood

wavy 72

109

or

straight

bands

from

L.

flat

with of

Bowls

ring

(?)

rim

of

multiple Coarse

matting

with

broad

below

(g),

the

outside

on

decorated

with

jugs.

impressions

below

7 cm.

(PI.

outside

twin

broad

or

from

from

(b-h)

or

(d)

(e,

f)

the Red

one

face;

bowls,

on

ware: the

bands

or w i t h and

on

both

wavy

sides

bands 22

(c,

underside

on

the

red

band

rings

(?)

d).

fragments (e).

inside

(f)

round

rim

below

rim

7 flakes

and

blade

fragment

of

68

(PI.

68),or

PI.

single

Red-on-white

bands

74), one

ware: and

II

and

from

(g)

curved L.

jugs.

bands

the

outside

on

multiple

with (PI

single

Jugs

band

Red

4

from

bands

from

ware:

(c).

lustrous

surface

94).

decoroted

pendent

wavy

70).

edge;

(PI.

wavy

2 fragments combed

cutting

5 cm.

Bowls

wavy

with or

slightly

andesite.

multiple

wavy

slip

and

butt

with

(e,

I

flat

on

from

multiple

to

jugs.

bowls.

41 (a),

bands

bands

perpendicular 34

118).;

Floors

narrow,

flaking

fragments,

the

straight

bowl,

2 fragments

4 from

decorated

and

horizontally

flint,

traces

Combed

groups

with

jugs.

decorated

bowls,

bowls

rim

from

jugs

cm.

triangular;

but

14

b);

from

from

round

running

(a,

13

I

(h).

End-scraper flint,

a base

HOUSE

Floor

bowls,

bands

3 fragments

band

in s ide

3 from

wavy

fragments,

from

ware:

with

or

Between

505.

with to

(509).

straight

Red-on-white

509

w h i c h were l e v e l e d

T h e o n l y f i n d s from t h i s f l o o r w e r e a number of s h e r d s (508) and a few

a scraper of f l i n t

On

on

in

south

T h e w h o l e of t h e e a s t part of the f l o o r w a s c o v e r e d

part o f t h e d e b r i s from the f a l l e n s u p e r s t r u c t u r e ,

FINDS

508.

E a s t of it and near the

with the

multiple

rim

decorated

alternating (?)

and

ware:

bowls.

Gray

fragments

from

on

the

with with

multiple 106

fragments,

lustrous jugs:

ware:

decora-

EXCAVATED

ted

with

over

broad

with

bands

multiple

Red-on-white side

with

concentric 506.

Celt,

edge;

a

-

v

(a,

c,

-

buff

flint,

214.

Part

of

284.

Jug

20

L.

5

red

sides

cm.

buff,

cm. , (PI.

(j,

of

part

tapering

groups

305.

of

Deep

bowl 80,

of

brown

jug,

neck

lustrous:

and

from

ring

Combed

ware:

a

504.

21

c - m )

Combed wavy

red

bands bowl,

at

side

8—3

m),

74).

the

or

in-

with

fragments.

damaged),

broken

cm.,

4

cm.

(b —d)

(Pis.

several

ware;

off

2

plain

104,

curved

and

cut-

later

knife

blades

of

1 05).

fragments.

bright

vertical

made

red

bands

spaces

up

from

ware:

23

(Pis.

bowl,

15

Globular,

(turning

combed

filled

to

lower

darker

over

with

several

ware: (h),

from

part 3

or

from

at of

broad

35

in

with

vertical

sherds.

with

shades) several

chains

of

Ht.

30 — 3 1

cm.

of

Globular

thickly

parallel

decorated

wavy

to

the

bands first

rectangle(?)

from

from

Bowl

angle

jugs:

and

part

jugs.

fragments

applied

groups

jugs.

an

fragments.

paint

and

zigzag

bands;

87).

filled

band

3

several

red

multiple

fragments

bowls,

ware:

from

77,

with

running

jug:

up

alternating

decorated

a

9

from

below rim

Jugs

11

jugs.

(I).

bowls,

the

(b),

rim

or

from

from

bands;

Gray

(e).

broad

ring(?)

sides

or

over

with

with

bands

at

lustrous

both

Red-on-white

combed

with

of

on

(b —d),

the

ware:

4

multi-

(g),

side

or

broad

(i).

Red

fragments,

i n c I u d i n g ( j ) ( P 1. 8 5 ) w i t h

groups

of

wavy

wavy

broad

parallel

bands

(h — k)

ware:

4

Bowls (a),

and

3

impressions

(f).

Red

combed

Jugs

1 from

from

of

fragments,

a

the

are

jug,

combed

of

9.7-2.8

from

bowls,

surface with

rings

Bowl:

running filled

5

L.

decorated

consistinn

such

jugs.

bands

flint,

similarly

other

from

buff

Jugs

pattern

of

22

with

bowl,

(?)

ware:

(?) 23

fragments, of

with

and

3 from

from

single

groups

decorated

wavy

bands

a distance with

lustrous

pattern

a

or

twin

wavy

at

e),

ware:

over

similar

fragments,

bands (d,

(g).

with

with

multiple

wavy

combed

bands

decorated

with

bands

bands

band

or

or

multiple

multiple

Red-on-white

outside,

slip

jugs.

outside

multiple

inside,

wavy

Red

it,

from

the

with

jugs.

Bowl:

22

on

with

decorated

a distance

multiple

10

parts

consisting

a

made

decoration

cm.

bands

from

Coarse

bowls,

part

16.5

disc(?)

the

(c).

13 f l a k e s

with

parallel

55

is

on

87).

with

paint

Jugs

wavy

straight

red

parts,

2

ware:

/"which

(I,

(PI.

1

con-

broad

added

jugs.

bands

red

Coarse

fragments.

fragments The

from

with

bands.

plain

decorated

bands

combed

(i)

underside.

from

multiple

red

1 from

(a).

fragments,

from

over the

Ht.

jug.

the

and

combed

(a,

a

31

12

38

disc.

horizontally

band

on

with

74,

ware;

ware

Red-on-white

inside

bowl,

ware:

L.

broad

fragmentary,

of

fragments,

on

verging

dots

body,

red-on-white

1 fragment

obliquely

frogments, from

L.

from

Pinkish

(Pis.

bands

multiple

26

running

another

of

bands

1 from

straw

straight

up

alternating cm.

ware;

enclosing

ware:

running

39

fragments,

and

chopped

one

503 a — m.

16 wavy

bands(f).

bowls,

bands

broad

bands

discs

I!

made

on

Buff-pinkish

vertical

ware:

and

lustrous

lustrous

enclosing

band

wavy

bands

with

one

brood

and

Bowls

Coarse

of

with

rings

jugs.

butt

part

polished.

base.

red;

bands, Ht.

missing,

ware:

combed

ple

502.

ring

multiple

straight

painted

base.

broad

base,

Combed

p). the

flint,

Floor

ware,

flattened

wavy

red

pecked;

or

94).

surface

combed

discs.

from

89

87).

flattened

with

thin;

narrow

multiple

(Pis.

on

and

Neck

enclosing

Small

a

paint.

rings

with

501.

to

(o,

(h),

concentric

15

to

III

118).

flat,

red-on-white

lustrous

285.

needle,

bands

of

decorated

pattern

and

On bone

Jugs

converging

(PI.

gray,

PHASE

wavy

bowls,

k).

or

V,

pattern

3 from

smoothed

10

of

multiple

curvilinear

naturally

flakes

L.

other

AREA

painted

fragments,

straight

ondesite.

e—v)

with

and

outside

or

with

surface

smoothed; 507

18

(n),

flat

over

bands

bands,

rings

almost

ting

combed

wavy

aware:

broad

REMAINS:

(a,

partly

groups of

(?)

5 b).

74).

red

lustrous;

(d). of

with

multiple

(PI.

ond

jugs.

enclosing

(c)

vertically

core

of

buff

Bowls

Red-on-white

outside,

rectangles

(D)

from

covered

of

rings

cm.;

red

combed and

wavy

bands

discs

connected

Red-on-white inside,

Jugs:

broad

narrow

bands

bands (f).

ware:

by 3

red

band

on

part

cm.

with

vertically;

rim

neck 12

of

in

two

the wavy

1 from

and

(e),

large

unpainted.

fragments,

ware:

multiple 2

left

means

round of

5.5

ware:

partly

running

Coarse

L.

decorated

and

paint

flint,

or

a

straight pattern

fragments.

90

SOT

236.

Pointed

bone

499.

Combed

ware:

straight

bands

on

the

side

rim

or

wards

(e),

groups

or

of

twin

and

part

ring

enclosing

ring

convex (PI.

1 fragment side

(?)

(m),

from

h),

a

Cos

s is

decorated bands with

su/cosa

with

(f).

and

multiple

or

Bowls

2 blades

of

8.2

2.5

cm.,

Brug.,

jug

2

by

ware:

or

(f).

part

105).

with

multiple

groups

and

wavy

ones

from

bands

with

(i,

3 fragments

from

jugs:

a

the

body

small

2 fragments,

of

bowl

1 with

a

rim

from

do w n -

converging

multiple broad 20

with

black

flattened

impressions

of

Bowls

decorated

with

bands

inside

bands

band

ware:

jug

with

out-

Red-on-white

with

lustrous

bands

the

pendent

j).

over

Red

on

the

combed

(n).

similar

bands

decorated

wavy

of

wavy

obliquely

Jugs

of

from

104,

multiple

band

side

include

fragments

light

4

(|)
- r " ; KormaHiti %CVa»üio„ Lapithos J(// \ Lar*«*»«i . - ^ r i s ^ . A JDHiorios*? K SUMi pos /Kxtrpaslto L-Myrtou KHrytiliou Petra tot* Limmtt ümrlokilow

Cape Andreas , A postolos

»Pontoj

-s-— ^AkantHou

.PhiomoMdhi 1

«

Ay. lakouos

^

Ambelikou

AAyJ.kolao VNeckhoHo •Ptriiferona Trimithoiua*

Phrcnarcs

•Dhoti

^Cophinou Shartitou •Alottiin si Kalauasosx *Maroni

Scaie jtwi H the Department

of

Ms S Surveys,

"fsb.

Cyprus,

éio3 Heights

in

feet.

bBZWiT H-bL-

M a p of C y p r u s

with N e o l i t h i c

and C h a i c o l i t h i c

Sites

Plate

1

Sonni

Scale-Miles

AREA Of MAP

Kamill, N'«"» 1 - ìTtufmn

Contours

m

feel

Zanajcr

;nau liraassol

.Sotiro 'opo

Katido!

tri

Episcopi KcUsji

Drawn

by

the

Department

of

Lands

i

Surveys,

Map

Plate

2

Cyprus,

Showing

Curium

193Ì

Area

of

So t i r a

and

S u r r o u n d in gs

a. T h e S o t i r a H i l l S e e n f r o m t h e

North

b.

Southeast

T h e Sotira H i l l Seen from the w i t h Modern V i l l a g e at the

Foot

Plate 3

T h e S i t e of S o t i r a S e t t l e m e n t S h o w i n g E x c a v a t e d

Plate

4

Areas

A r e a I: G e n e r a l P l a n a n d

Section

Plate

5

siagHagEgwf,-

c.

A r e a V d u r i n g E x c a v a t i o n Seen from the

South Plate

7

1-26

1-25 HOUSE

I — 2i

J-23

J

J-17

L-21 ij n i / c c

5

J - 16

J-15

Area V:

L-20

K - 19

i

ggSS

'• l- S '." ^ S k ^ v ^ T '- J . i ;

K — 13

J - 12

m^Tt'ij!!!!

iiilP K — 16

-22

K-U

J - 11

Section Plate 9

K-

T h e C e n t r a l P a r t of A r e a V Seen from t h e South w i t h F l o o r s of

b.

T h e W e s t P a r t o f A r e a V w i t h F l o o r s o f P h a s e Ml o r IV

Phase

Plate

11

.

»oViV Y ""'it %

,

.

I

I

—

J-fc

1

;v -

S E C T I O N

—

A - A

' a.

wiL