Settlement and Economy in Neolithic Northern France 9780860541998, 9781407330402

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Settlement and Economy in Neolithic Northern France

John M. Howell

BAR International Series I 57

1983

B.A.R.

122 Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England

GENERAL EDITORS A. R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D. R. Walker, M.A.

B.A.R.-S157, 1983: 'Settlement and Ec onomy in Neolithic Northern France' © John M. Howell, 1983 The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860541998 paperback ISBN 9781407330402 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860541998 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

C ys-la-Commune 1 .

P lussulien

2 . 3 .

L a H oguette, M ont J oly

F ontenay-le-Marmion

1 9.

C uiry-les-Chaudardes

2 0. 2 1.

M enneville L es M ournouards

4 .

M acs

2 2.

C oizard

5 .

V ernon

6 .

F ort-Harrouard

2 3. 2 4.

B arbuise-Courtavent N oyen-sur-Seine

7 .

M arcilly

2 5.

C haumont

8 .

E teauville

9 .

C erny

A rmeau C heny A ugy & S te P allaye

1 0.

V idelles

2 6. 2 7. 2 8.

1. 1 2.

C ampigny E taples

2 9. 3 0.

C hassey M arcilly-sur-Tille

1 3.

L umbres

1 4.

C orbehem

1 5.

L a C haussge T irancourt

1 6.

C atenoy

1 7.

J onqui res

3 1.

G onvillars

3 2.

D achstein

3 3. 3 4.

R eichstett L es H autes-Bruy res

3 5.

P ortejoie

3 6.

B ardouville

3 7.

L gry

A BSTRACT A n

e xamination

o f

t hree

a reas

o f

n orthern

F rance

h as

b een

c onducted t o e xamine t he c hanges i n s ettlement p attern a nd e conomy, a nd t o t est t he m odel o f N eolithic e xpansion d eveloped i n P oland b y J anusz K ruk:

( i) b etween t he A isne a nd t he M arne,

e ast o f

( ii) t he S eine e stuary, ( iii) t he L oing v alley. A fter e nvironmental a nd c hronological a nalysis, s imple s ite f or

e ach

a rea,

d escriptions

o f

t he

l ocation

a nd

S oissons, a d etailed t ypologies

m aterial

o f

t he

m ajor s ites, a nd c orrelations w ith e nvironmental c ategories w ere m ade. T he b iases w ithin t he m aps w ere a lso e xamined. D etailed e xaminations o f a reas o f m ore d ense s ettlement w ere t hen c onducted. T he e cological

e arliest

N eolithic

( Bandkeramik)

z one a long t he f irst

o ccurred

i n

t erraces o f m ajor r ivers.

a

n arrow

T he

s ites

w ere o rganised i n s mall h amlets, w ith e vidence o f i nternal s hifting f or r ebuilding. T he e conomy h as b een r econstructed a s a f ixed-plot h orticulture.

C attle

w ere

t he

d ominant

d omesticate.

I n

t he

l ater

B andkeramik, s ettlement a lso a ppeared o utside t his z one o n t he p lateau-edge/promontories. T his b imodal d istribution p ersisted i nto t he m iddle N eolithic. S mall h amlets w ere r eplaced b y c entralised d efended,

d itched

e nclosures.

T he

n umber

o f

c attle

i ncreased.

I n

t he l ate N eolithic, t his p attern w as b roken. S ettlement o ccurred o n p reviously u nfavourable s oils a nd t he s ites w ere o rganised i n a n e xpansive, o pen s ettlement-system w ith a c ommunal b urial f ocus: E xpanded V illage P attern. T his c hange h as b een l inked w ith i nvention

o f

t he

p lough .

I ts

l ongevity

a nd

s tability

a scribed t o a s wine-herding e conomy i n c ontrast . t o w ool i n a reas o f g reater s ocial c hange a nd m etallurgy.

h ave

t he t he b een

p roduction

Z USAMMENFASSUNG

d ie u nd

D rei G ebiete i m N orden F rankreichs s ind u ntersucht w orden, u m Ä nderungen i n d en S iedlungs- u nd Ö konomievorbilden z u p rüfen, d as v on J anusz K ruk i n P olen e ntwickelte M uster v on d er

n eolitischen E rweiterung a uf d ie P robe z u s tellen . D iese G ebiete s ind: ( i) d ie G egend z wischen d er A isne u nd d er M arne, ö stlich v on S oissons; ( ii) d ie M ündung d er S eine; ( iii) d as L oingtal . A uf e ine g ründliche U ntersuchung d er U mgebung u nd d er C hronologie f olgten e infache T ypologien d er B eschreibungen d er L agen u nd

F undstätten f ür j edes G ebiet, d es S toffes d er H auptfundstätten, u nd

e ine Ü berprüfung d er a uf d ie U mwelt b ezogenen W echselbeziehungen. U nrechte N eigungen i nnerhalb d er K arten s ind a uch u ntersucht w orden . D arauf f olgte e ine g ründliche E rforschung d er G ebiete m it d en d ichtesten B esiedlungen. M an b egegnet d as f rüheste N eolithikum ( Bandkeramik) i n e inem k leinen Ö kologischen G ebiet d ie e rsten T errassen v on d en H auptflüssen e ntlang . D ie F undstätten b estanden a us k leinen W eilern, m it S puren v on i nnerörtlichem P latzwechsel d es U mbaus w egen .

M an

h at

d ie

Ö konomie

a ls

e ine

G artenbaukunst

m it

f esten

G rundstücken r ekonstruiert. R inder g alten a ls H aupthaustiere. I n d er s päteren B andkeramikzeit e ntstanden N iederlassungen a uch a usserhalb d ieser G ebiete, a uf d em R ande d es P lateaus o der a uf G ebirgsvorsprüngen . D iese z weispaltige G liederung d auerte b is z um M ittelneolithikum f ort. K leine W eiler w urden d urch z entralisierte, d urch G raben v erteidigte E infriedungen e rsetzt. D ie A nzahl v on R indern n ahm z u . D ieses M uster w urde i m S pätneolithikum e rsetzt. M an b esiedelte b is j etzt u ngünstigen B oden u nd d ie F undstätten w urden z u e inem M uster v on a usdehnenden, o ffenen N iederlassungen m it e iner z entralen B egräbnisstätte o rganisiert: d as M uster ' erweitertes D orf'. D ieses W echsel i st m it d er E rfindung d es P fluges i n Z usammenhang g ebracht w orden . D ie D auerhaftigkeit u nd S tabilität d ieses M usters s ind e iner Ö konomie d er S chweinezucht z ugeschrieben w orden, w ogegen e ine Ö konomie d er S chafzucht i n G ebieten v on g rösseren f ortgeschrittenere M etallurgie

s ozialen Ä nderungen z u f inden i st.

ii

u nd

v on

F RENCH A BSTRACT O n

a e xamine

t rois

r egions

d u

n ord

d e

l a

F rance

p our g tudier

d es c hangements d e l 'organisation g conomique e t s patiale p our v erifier l e m odale d e J anusz K ruk: ( i) l a r egion e ntre l 'Aisne e t l a M arne,

ä l 'est d e

S oissons,

( ii)

l 'estuaire d e l a S eine,

( ii)

l a

v allge d u L oing. A pras l 'analyse, d e p oint e n p oint, d e l 'environnement e t d e l a c hronologie, o n a f ait d es t ypologies d es g isements, l es d escriptions d es e mplacements e t l a c ulture m aterielle,

e t

c ontemporaine.

l es

c orrelations

L 'analyse

d eformations p .e.

d e

l es

r egions

t rouve

u ne

z one

o ü

s e

d es

l 'grosion,

a vec

d es a ntiquaries.

O n

a

a

d evoilge

s eulement

r econstruit

s ites. s e

a ux p remieres

l 'economie

l es

E nfin o n a e xamine

( Bandkeramik o u R .R .B .P.)

g troite,

f leuves. L 'organisation d es s ites c onsiste a vec l es i ndications d e r econstructions e t p lace.

l 'environnement

e lle-mame

l a d ensitg p lus g rande d es

L e n golithique a ncien g cologique

c artes

t rouve d ans

t errasses

d es

e n d es p etits h ameaux p etites c hangements d e c omme

u ne

p hase

d e

l 'horticulture p ermanente. L es b oeufs d ominent d ans l 'analyse d e l a f aune d omestique. A u f in d u n golithique a ncien, o n t rouve l es s ites a u

d ehors

d e

c ette

p lateaux. C ette n golithique m oyen.

z one,

s ur

l es

p romontoires

r gpartition b imodale L es g rands e nclos a vec

e t

l es

p ersiste f osses e t

b ords

d es

p endant l e l es d efenses

o nt s uccgdgs a ux p etits h ameaux e t l e p ourcentage d es b oeufs s 'a multiplie. A u n golithique r ecent, c e m odale d e r epartition s e c hange r adicalement. L es s ites s e t rouvent a ux s ols p eu r iches e t l 'organisation t ombes. l ie

a vec

C ette

s patiale s ystame

l 'apparition

e st

g tendue

a vec

u n

c entre

c ommunal

j 'appelle L e V illage E tendu.

C e

c hange

d e

e t

l a

l a

c harrue.

L a

s tabilitg

- l es s 'est

l ongevitg

d e l a s ystame p ar c ontraste

s e s ont l iges a vec u ne g conomie f ondge s ur l e p orc a vec l es e conomies f ondges s ur l a l aine d ans l es

r egions

t rouve

o ü

o n

l es

d gveloppements

mgtallurgie.

i v

s ociales

c omplexes

e t

l a

P REFACE T he t hesis

s ubject

a t

S t.

o f

t his

J ohn's

b ook

w as

C ollege,

f irst

O xford

a nd E conomy i n N eolithic N orthern A uden m ay b e t empted t o a dd: c oncerning w hich h e h as p rove: t he l ucky m an !

n ot

p resented

u nder F rance'.

m uch

t o

t he

a s

t itle

T hose s ay

a D .Phil. ' Settlement

f amiliar

t hat

h e

w ith

c an

( Archaeology) I n t he i ntervening p eriod, I b enefited f rom m any s uggestions a bout a spects o f t his w ork a nd s ome c hanges h ave b een i ncorporated i n t he r evised t ext. I w ould h owever l ike t o u se t his o pportunity t o c omment o n t hree p oints. F irst, t he r esearch b ehind t he b ook w as b ased o n t he m odel d eveloped b y J anusz K ruk o f t he P olish A cademy o f

S ciences,

K rakow

( 1973).

W hen

t he

r esearch

w as

c ommenced

o nly

t he s hort E nglish s ummary a t t he e nd o f t he P olish v olume w as a vailable t o t he E nglish r eader. I ts a pplication t o o ther a reas w as n ot

r igorous e ven a lthough i t p rovided a g ood g eneral

f ramework i n

w hich t o s et E uropean s ettlement s tudies ( see e .g. W hittle, 1 977a). S ince t he p ublication o f t he f ull t ext i n t ranslation b y t he w riter a nd

N icholas

S tarling

m ethods h ave b een m ade S oc., 1 981), a nd K ruk m any

a spects

o f

t he

( 1980a),

a n umber

o f

c riticisms

o f

K ruk's

( see e .g. W hittle's r eview i n P roc . P rehist. h imself h as g one o n t o e xplore a nd d evelop

o riginal

r esearch

( 1980b).

I nevitably ,

a fter

a lmost t en y ears t here a re l ikely t o b e s ome c hanges t o a ny m odel. N evertheless, K ruk's o utline o f t he s ettlement d ynamics o f h is a rea r emains t he m ost c oncise a nd c oherent m odel o f s ettlement c hange i n N eolithic E urope a nd a s s uch i s i deal f or r igorous a reas.

t esting i n o ther

M y s econd p oint c oncerns t he q uality o f t he d ata a nd i n p articular t he e conomic d ata. B iases w ithin t he d ata h ave b een e xamined i n t he t ext. Y et d espite t his t here i s s till a n o verwhelming s ense o f f rustration t hat t he o verall q uality i s b etter. R ecent w ork b y L ewis B inford, a nd c ontinuing w ork b y D utch, h ave s hown t he f ull p otential o f e conomic i nformation t he s ophisticated a nalyses t hat u nderstanding o f w hat a b one n orthern F rance s uch a nalyses

n ot t he a nd

c an n ow a dd s ignificantly t o o ur a ssemblage r eally s ignifies. I n c ould n ot b e c onducted o n t he

g enerally p oor d ata. T his i s a t emporary p henomenon. w estern E urope w ill t he f ull r esults o f e xcavations i n t he A isne, O ise a nd S eine m ake s uch a d ramatic

I n n o a rea o f s uch a s t hose i mpact. U ntil

t hen I h ave m ade u se o f s uch d ata a s a re a vailable. S imilarly, i t c annot b e d enied e ven b y t he m ost e nthusiastic F rancophile t hat s ettlement

e vidence

c onducting t his m y s houlder a t ( publication

i n

F rance

h as

b een

p oor

a nd

n eglected.

W hile

r esearch I m ust c onfess t o l ooking e nviously o ver t he w ealth o f A ndrew S herratt's d ata i n H ungary

f orthcoming)

a nd

N icholas

S tarling's

e vidence

i n e ast

G ermany ( Oxford t hesis f orthcoming). H owever, i t s eemed e ssential t o t ry t o u ndertake r esearch o n t he F rench d ata. L eaving a side t he i ntellectual c owardice w hich o ften o vertakes t he a rchaeologist f aced w ith p oor i nformation, t here w as a l ong-term m ethodological p oint. I n a n a rea s uch a s n orthern F rance w here t he q uantity o f d ata i s g reat b ut i ts o rganisation p oor i t i s e ssential t o

e stablish

a b asic

f ramework o f

r egional

p atterns b efore

f eeding

i n

t he m ore s pecific e vidence o f r ecent s uperb-quality e xcavations a nd f ield-surveys. I f t he d ata a re o f a b ad a nd t he b iases q uantified. T here c an,

q uality t his c an b e s tated a fter a ll, b e n o g reater

c ompliment t o a r esearcher i f a s a r esult o f h is i dentification o f a reas o f g ood a nd b ad d ata, h is o wn w ork i s o ut o f d ate w ithin a f ew y ears. My t hird p oint c oncerns t he m otor o f c hange i n p rehistoric s ociety. I n t his w ork e conomic/environmental f actors a ppear t o h ave b een t he d etermining f orces f or c hange, o r i n t he c ase o f t he l ate N eolithic f or l ack o f c hange. I n v iew o f r ecent t heoretical w ork t his m ay s eem ' old h at'. W hen r esearch w as u ndertaken a V ade M ecum t o t he v iews o f t he S tructuralist s chool o f a rchaeology h ad n ot y et b een p ublished e ven a lthough m any o f t heir v iews w ere b ecoming w ell-known. T he r ecent w ork i ncluded u nder I an H odder's e ditorship i n S tructural A rchaeology ( Cambridge) h as p roved m ost s timulating. D espite t his, a nd b ecause t hcre i s a d ifference b etween s timulation a nd a greement, I h ave r esisted t he t emptation t o t inker w ith s ome a spects o f t he o riginal i nterpretation a nd s hamelessly p resent m y v iews i n t he f ull k nowledge t hat I s hall p robably b e c riticised f or, a mong o ther t hings, a n e lement o f R eductionism . T his i s n ot t he m ost s uitable p lace f or a d iscussion o f t he i mportant a nd c urrent p hilosophical w orks w hich a re a t l east m aking a rchaeology a t hinking m an's d iscipline, b ut I w ould l ike t o c lose t his p reface w ith a q uotation f rom B rian M agee's b ook o n K arl P opper: w e,

I nsofar a s a ny p rocess o f d irection i s a t w ork i t i s i n o ur i nteraction w ith e ach o ther, a nd w ith o ur

p hysical

e nvironment..,

w ho

m ove

h istory

p urposes i t e mbodies a re o ur p urposes. i s m eaning w e g ive i t.

f orward.

A ny

A ny m eaning i t h as

J ohn M . H owell S t J ohn's C ollege O xford S pring 1 982

A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS I w ould a dvice;

b ut

l ike

t o

I w ould

A ndrew S herratt

t hank l ike

a ll t o

o f

t he

e xpress

( Ashmolean M useum,

f ollowing f or m y

g reatest

t heir h elp a nd

g ratitude

t o

D r

O xford), my s upervisor.

B ritain D r B .

B ender

Mr D .

B ritton ( Dept.

M .

( Dept.

D r P .H. N .J.

N ye

S tarling

D r A .

( Dept.

( Dept.

o f A rchaeology,

o f A rchaeology,

A dam

( Univ.

o f P aris I )

C onstantin

( CNRS,

P aris)

C .

G albois

M ordant

( Grpemt.

( CNRS,

A rch.

O xford)

D urham) O xford)

C ardiff)

J .-P. R emoule ( Univ. o f P aris I ) D r. L . G achon ( Ministry o f A griculture, M .J.

L ondon)

O xford)

( Dept.

F rance M lle. D .

C oll.,

O xford)

o f A gricultural S cience,

( Queen's C ollege,

Whittle

U niv.

o f E thnograophy & P rehistory,

N ick F reidin ( Keble C ollege,

M r M artin J ones

C

o f A nthropology,

C lermont-Ferrand)

d e F ontainebleau)

P aris)

R ene P arent D r J .G . Mme.

R ozoy

M ireille T ers

G uy V erron ( Dir.

C irconscription S eine-Maritime)

G ermany D r W . S chwellnus

( Köln)

P oland D oc. d r.

J .

G urba

d r.

A . Xokowski

d r.

h ab.

J .

( UMCS,

( UMCS,

Kruk

L ublin)

L ublin)

( Academy o f

S ciences, K rakow)

A ustralia P eter B ellwood

( ANU)

F inally, I w ould l ike t o t hank S teve C ope, S t J ohn's C ollege, O xford, who t yped b oth t he o riginal t hesis o n which t his b ook i s b ased,

a nd

t his

v ersion.

v ii

W ork i n n orthern F rance w as c onducted i n J anuary 1 979, J uly-August 1 979 a nd A ugust-September 1 980 . Iw ould l ike t o t hank t he f ollowing i nstitutions f or f unding t hese v isits T he D ept.

o f E ducation a nd S cience;

V aughan C ornish M eyerstein f und,

B equest, O xford

I w ould a lso l ike k ind a ssistance:

t o

O xford;

t hank

t he

S t. J ohn's C ollege, t he

Z aharoff

f ollowing

f und,

O xford; O xford;

i nstitutions

f or

t he t he

t heir

A shmolean L ibrary, O xford; B alfour L ibrary, P itt-Rivers M useum, O xford; B ibliothaque N ationale, P aris; B odlean L ibrary, O xford; B ritish M useum ( Natural H istory); F ointanebleau M useum ; I nstitute G gographique N ationale, P aris; O rlgans M useum ; O xford; S ervice d u S ol d e l 'Aisne

v iii

S t.

J ohn's

C ollege,

N OTES 1 .

R adiocarbon d ates

D ates

q uoted

i n

t he

t ext

h ave

f ollowed

t he

c onvention

o f

B C

t o

i ndicate c orrected d ates, a nd b c t o i ndicate u ncorrected d ates. N o l ist o f d ates a ppears. T he b ar-diagrams i n c hapters 2 a nd 3 h ave b een b ased o n d ates p rovided b y W hittle ( 1977) a nd G uilaine ( 1976). 2 .

M easurements

A ll m easurements i n t his t hesis a re m etric. 3 .

A bbreviations

L ists o f a bbreviations u sed i n t his t hesis c an b e f ound i n t he l ist o f F igures a nd a t t he b eginning o f t he B ibliography.

i x

CONTENTS PRINCIPAL NEOLITHIC SITES IN NORTHERN FRANCE

ABSTRACT

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG

RESUME

PREFACE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

NOTES

CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION Introduction THE DISTRIBUTION MAP PROBLEMS OF ANALYSIS A. Human biases (i) Fieldwork intensity (ii) Agricultural activity (iii) Subsequent settlement and activity B. Natural biases (i) Erosion and deposition C. Chronological problems SITE SETTLEMENT DEFINITION PROCESSES FROM PATTERNS THE METHODS OF ANALYSIS NEOLITHIC FRANCE AND SETTLEMENT STUDIES The study areas (i) the southern Aisne (ii) the Seine estuary (iii) the Loing valley CHAPTER TWO: THE ATLANTIC AND SUBBOREAL ENVIRONMENTS Introduction THE ATLANTIC PERIOD (i) the valleys (ii) the valley slopes (iii) plateaux and interfluves (iv) sea-level change - THE SUBBOREAL (i) the valley bottoms (ii) the valley slopes (iii) plateaux and interfluves SEA-LEVEL CHANGE CLIMATE (i) the Atlantic climate (ii) the Subboreal climate SOIL-FORMATION AND GEOMORPHOLOGY (i) valley bottoms (ii) valley slopes (iii) plateaux and interfluves

i

ii

iii iv

V

vii ix X xv

1 2 3 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 7

7 8 11 11 12 13 13 14 15 16 16 19 19 20 21 22 23 23 24

25 26 27 28 29 29 30

S OIL F ERTILITY ( i) v alley b ottom ( ii) p lateaux C omment C HAPTER T HREE:

3 2 3 2 3 2 3 4

T HE N EOLITHIC C HRONOLOGY O F N ORTHERN F RANCE

I ntroduction T HE EARLY N EOLITHIC ( i) t he e arly B andkeramik

3 5 3 6 3 6 3 6

( ii) t he l ater B andkeramik ( iii) t he a ppearance o f B andkeramik i n N ormandy ( iv) t he a bsolute c hronology T HE M IDDLE N EOLITHIC

3 8 4 1 4 1 4 2

( i) M ichelsberg ( ii) T he C hassgen

4 3 4 4

( iii) F lint a nd s tone ( iv) A rrowheads ( v) A xes

4 5 4 6 4 6

( vi) t he a bsolute c hronology T HE L ATE N EOLITHIC

4 7 4 7

T YPE-FOSSILS

4 9

( i) P ottery ( ii) G rand-Pressigny f lint

4 9 4 9

( iii) d aggers a nd b lades ( iv) a rrowheads ( v) s cies-ä-encoche

5 0 5 0 5 0

( vi) a xes ( vii) m etal ( viii) o rnaments ( ix) a ntler

5 0 5 1 5 1 5 1

( x) B eakers ( xi) T ombs ( xii) t he a bsolute c hronology

5 1 5 2 5 2

C HAPTER F OUR : T HE A ISNE-MARNE S TUDY A REA I ntroduction R ELIEF A ND G EOLOGY (0 T he S oissonais

5 4 5 6 5 6 5 6

( ii) T he O urcq ( iii) T he B rie HYDROLOGY C LIMATE

5 7 5 7 5 7 5 7

S OIL-TYPES M ODERN LAND-USE A ND V EGETATION D ISTRIBUTIONAL B IASES A ND T HE Q UALITY O F T HE D ATA

5 9 6 0 6 0

(0 L ocal c ollectors ( ii) M aterial c ollected b y R eng P arent ( iii) T he A isne p roject

6 0 6 0 6 1

( iv) T he M arne v alley ( v) O ther b iases B ANDKERAMIK S ETTLEMENT

6 1 6 2 6 2

T he S ites L OCATIONAL R EGULARITIES

6 2 6 7

(0 I ntroduction

6 7

( ii)

6 7

S ite-location

x i

( iii) S ite-size ( iv) L ength o f o ccupation ( v) T he s ettlement z ones

6 8 6 9 6 9

( vi) S ite-hierarchies ( vii) P opulation a nd i nternal c olonisation ( viii) C hanges i n t he n ature o f t he e vidence MIDDLE N EOLITHIC S ETTLEMENT

7 0 7 1 7 2 7 3

T he S ites L OCATIONAL R EGULARITIES (0 I ntroduction ( ii) S ite-location

7 3 7 5 7 5 7 5

( iii) S oil ( iv) O rganisation L ATE N EOLITHIC S ETTLEMENT

7 6 7 6 7 8

I ntroduction T he s ites L OCATIONAL R EGULARITIES ( i) I ntroduction

7 8 7 8 8 2 8 2

( ii) D istance t o w ater S OILS T HE S TRAY F INDS (0 S oils ( ii) D istance t o w ater

8 2 8 3 8 3 8 4 8 4

F LINT E XTRACTION S ITES F UNERARY S ITES

8 5 8 6

( i) I ntroduction ( ii) L ocational p references ( iii) O rientation ( iv) S oils ( v) D istance t o w ater UNSPECIFIED S OM S ITES ( i) L ocational p refernces ( ii) S oils ( iii) D istance t o w ater UNIDENTIFIED ' NEOLITHIC' S CATTERS G ENERAL C HARACTERISTICS ( i) L andscape z ones ( ii) S oils ( iii) S ite-size a nd s ite-hierarchies

8 6 8 7 8 7 8 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 8 9 8 9 8 9 8 9 9 0

I . N ogent l 'Artaud I I. T anniAres

9 1 9 2

I II. S erches I V. T he O urcq ( i) O verall d istribution ( ii) S ite-size a nd s ite-hierarchies

9 2 9 3 9 4 9 4

( iii) ' Vaux', N euilly-St.-Font ( iv) C ierges, C aranda ( v) F 8re-en-Tardenois ( vi) R ozet-St.-Albin M ODELLING T HE E XPANDED V ILLAGE P ATTERN C HAPTER F IVE:

T HE

S EINE E STUARY

9 5 9 5 9 5 9 6 9 6 9 9

I ntroduction H ISTORY O F ARCHAEOLOGICAL R ESEARCH

1 00 1 00

T HE E NVIRONMENTAL B ACKGROUND

1 01

x ii

G EOMORPHOLOGICAL C HANGES I N T HE T HE S ITES 1 . B andkeramik 2 . T he M iddle N eolithic 3 .

S HORE-LINE

( i) D iscussion T he L ate N eolithic (0 S ettlements ( ii) S tray f inds ( iii) ' Evolved' i ndustries ( iv) F unerary m onuments

S ETTLEMENT R EGULARITIES (0 L andscape z ones ( ii) R elationship t o s oil-types

1 01 1 02 1 02 1 03 1 03 1 04 1 05 1 07 1 08 1 08 1 08 1 08 1 09

D ISCUSSION (0 T he S ettlement m odel

1 10 1 10

( ii) F lint m ining C ONCLUSIONS

1 13 1 13

C HAPTER S IX :

T HE L OING VALLEY

1 16

I ntroduction H ISTORY O F R ESEARCH G EOGRAPHICAL D ESCRIPTION

1 17 1 17 1 18

T HE

1 19 1 19 1 20 1 21 1 21

S ITES 1 . B andkeramik ( i) T he s ettlement p attern ( ii) T he n ature o f t he e vidence 2 . T he M iddle N eolithic

(0 D iscussion ( ii) T he M ontmorencian 3 . T he L ate N eolithic (0 D iscussion ( ii) E xploitation a nd m anufacturing s ites ( iii) T he E xpanded V illage P attern C ONCLUSIONS C HAPTER S EVEN : T HE B ANDKERAMIK I ntroduction N ORTHERN F RANCE ( i) T he Y onne ( ii) L ater B andkeramik S ettlement ( iii) T he P lain o f C aen ( a) F unerary m onuments ( b)

S ettlement s ites

( iv) T he S omme C OMPARISONS W ITH B ANDKERAMIK A REAS O UTSIDE F RANCE ( i) T he D utch L imburg ( ii) T he U ntermaingebiet

1 22 1 22 1 22 1 25 1 26 1 28 1 28 1 31 1 32 1 34 1 35 1 36 1 37 1 38 1 38 1 39 1 39 1 39 1 40

( iii) T he A ldenhoven p lateau T HE E CONOMIC E VIDENCE

1 40 1 40

(0 A nimals ( ii) C ereals ( iii) C learance p hases

1 40 1 42 1 43

D ISCUSSION A ND C ONCLUSIONS

1 43

C HAPTER E IGHT:

T HE M IDDLE N EOLITHIC

I ntroduction C OMPARISONS W ITH O THER F RENCH A REAS ( i) T he S eine ( ii) T he O ise ( iii)

1 47 1 49 1 49 1 49

S outh-west F rance

1 50

C OMPARISONS W ITH A REAS O UTSIDE F RANCE (0

1 46

S outhern E ngland

1 51 1 51

( ii) N ew Z ealand T HE ECONOMIC E VIDENCE

1 51 1 52

D ISCUSSION A ND C ONCLUSIONS

1 53

A MODEL F OR C HANGE

1 54

THE E ND O F T HE M IDDLE N EOLITHIC

1 55

C HAPTER N INE:

T HE LATE N EOLITHIC

1 56

I ntroduction

1 57

C OMPARISONS W ITH O THER A REAS O F T HE P ARIS B ASIN ( i) T hil ( Marne) ( ii) T he M arais S t.Gond ( iii) T he C entral P aris

B asin

C OMPARISONS W ITH O THER R EGIONS O F E UROPE ( i)

B rittany

( ii)

1 59 1 60 1 61 1 62 1 63 1 63

S witzerland

1 65

( iii) T he N etherlands ( iv) S outhern B ritain

1 66 1 67

T HE E CONOMIC E VIDENCE

1 68

( i) A nimals

1 68

( ii) C ereals ( iii) S ummary

1 71 1 71

RAW MATERIAL EXPLOITATION

1 72

M ETALLURGY S UMMARY A ND C ONCLUSIONS

1 73 1 73

( i) T he Macro-scale

1 73

( ii) T he M icro-scale

1 74

C HAPTER T EN:

C ONCLUDING R EMARKS

I ntroduction T HE S OCIAL S ETTING

1 78 1 79 1 79

T HE M ESOLITHIC C ONTRIBUTION

1 81

T HE R ELIABILITY O F T HE E VIDENCE

1 82

B IBLIOGRAPHY

1 84

x iv

F IGURES F igure

1 .1

D istribution

F igure F igure F igure

1 .2 1 .3 1 .4

D istribution o f l oess i n F rance ( after F . N . F rance a nd t he s tudy r egions M ap o f t he A isne-Marne s tudy a rea

F igure F igure

1 .5 1 .6

M ap o f t he S eine e stuary s tudy a rea M ap o f t he L oing s tudy a rea

.1 F igure 2

D istribution m ap o f p ollen a nalyses

F igure F igure F igure

2 .2 2 .3 2 .4

o f s ites a ccording i n t he A isne

t o

a mateur

c ollectors

B ordes)

C 14 d ates o f v egetation p eriods T he p ollen d iagram f rom V idelles F our N ormandy p ollen d iagrams

F igure 2 .5 F igure 2 .6 F igure 2 .7 .8 F igure 2 .9 F igure 2 .10 F igure 2

T he t hree m ain v egetation z ones D ol-de-Bretagne ( after M orzadec-Kerfourn) R ainfall i n N . F rance M agny's m aps o f t he m ovement o f t he p olar f ronts L ocational d iagram o f B andkeramik s ites i n t he A isne

.11 F igure 2

B elloy a nd L a P ortelette

F igure 3 .1

C hronological

F igure 3 .2 F igure 3 .3 F igure 3 .4

B andkeramik a rtefacts ( after B ailloud) C erny a rtefacts ( after B ailloud) E arly N eolithic C 14 d ates

F igure 3 .5 F igure 3 .6

M iddle N eolithic p ottery ( after B ailloud, a nd F itte) M iddle N eolithic f lints ( after B ailloud,

F igure 3 .7 .8a F igure 3

a nd F itte) J onquiares ( after B lanchet a nd F itte) N ougier's C ampignian c hronology I

F igure 3 .8b F igure 3 .9 F igure 3 .10

N ougier's C ampignian c hronology I I M iddle N eolithic C 14 d ates S OM a rtefacts ( after B ailloud)

F igure 3 .11 F igure 3 .12

T he d istribution S herratt) S OM C14 d ates

F igure 3 .13

B andkeramik v ase-support f rom H autes-Bruyares

D istribution o f Q uercus I lex ( after A gache e t a l)

s equence

o f

G rand

P ressigny

F igure 4 .1

L ocation m ap o f t he s tudy a rea

F igure 4 .2

M ap o f b road r elief a reas T he h ydrological n etwork S oil t ypes L oess i n t he A isne-Marne P resent d ay a fforestation/overall s ites a s a d ensity d iagram

F igure 4 .3 F igure 4 .4 F igure 4 .5 F igure 4 .6

a nd B lanchet a nd B lanchet

f lint

d istribution

S ites p lotted a ccording t o a mateur c ollectors

.7 F igure 4 .8 F igure 4 F igure 4 .9 F igure 4 .10

T he v arying i ntensities o f f ieldwork C ys-la-Commune: l ocational d iagram C ys-la-Commune: h ouses a nd a rtefacts

F igure 4 .11 F igure 4 .12 F igure 4 .13

C ys-la-Commune: s ettlement s hift C uiry-les-Chaudardes: l ocational d iagram C uiry-les-Chaudardes: h ouses a nd p ottery

F igure 4 .14 .15 F igure 4

C uiry-les-Chaudardes: M issy-sur-Aisne

XV

s ite p lan

( after

o f

.16 F igure 4 .17 F igure 4

V ailly/Chassemy V illeneuve: l ocational d iagram

.18 F igure 4 .19 F igure 4 F igure 4 .20

V illeneuve: h ouse p lans a nd p ottery P ernant F lints f rom N euily S t.Front

F igure 4 .21 F igure 4 .22 .23 F igure 4

O verall d istribution o f B andkeramik s ites P ercentage o f B andkeramik s ites i n l andscape D rift g eology i n t he A isne v alley

F igure 4 .24 F igure 4 .25 F igure 4 .26

L ocational p reference o f B andkeramik s ites E xaggerated c ross-sections C hronology i n t he v alley

F igure 4 .27 F igure 4 .28 F igure 4 .29

L and a vailability D eclining p opulation i n t he C ouvrelles

F igure 4 .30 F igure 4 .31 F igure 4 .32

S ermoise-Missy-Ciry V illeblain B ourg-et-Commin

F igure 4 .33 F igure 4 .34 F igure 4 .35

C ancevreux M aizy T roissy a nd V incelles

F igure 4 .36 F igure 4 .37 F igure 4 .38 F igure 4 .39 F igure 4 .40

O verall d istribution o f m iddle N eolithic s ites P ercentage o f s ites i n L andscape z ones D istance t o w ater o f B andkeramik s ites/Middle N eolithic s ites G roupings o f m iddle N eolithic e nclosures i n t he A isne N ogent l 'Artaud

F igure 4 .41 .42 F igure 4 F igure 4 .43

J anvier, M onthurel C ierges L a C roix J ean L ebert

.44 F igure 4 F igure 4 .45 F igure 4 .46

V aux, N euilly-St.-Front S oils a t V aux L a M ontagne, L img

F igure 4 .47 F igure 4 .48 F igure 4 .49

M ontazine L a C ouvronnerie, V illers A gron

F igure 4 .50 F igure 4 .51 F igure 4 .52

ate N eolithic s ettlements O verall d istribution o f l O verall d istribution o f l ate N eolithic t ombs O verall d istribution o f l ate N eolithic a rrowheads

F igure 4 .53 .54 F igure 4 F igure 4 .55

O verall d istribution o f l ate N eolithic a xes O verall d istribution o f l ate N eolithic s catters f " Neolithic" s ites O verall d istribution o

F igure 4 .56

i n l andscape z ones - l ate P ercentage o f s ites N eolithic P ercentage o f s ites i n l andscape z ones - s catters

F igure 4 .58

z ones

l ater B andkeramik

G oussancourt

F igure 4 .60

Neolithic" P ercentage o f s ites i n l andscape z ones - " s ites T he d istribution o f C ampignian s ites i n r elation t o

F igure 4 .61 F igure 4 .62

t he s ites a t R omigny-Lh6ry R omigny-Lhgry T anniares

F igure 4 .63 .64 F igure 4 F igure 4 .65

F lints a t T anniares S erches O verall d istribution

F igure 4 .66

O urcq L ocational p references o f O urcq s ites

.59 F igure 4

x vi

o f

l ate

N eolithic

s ites

i n

t he

F igure 4 .67

S oil a ssociations/distance s ites i n t he O urcq

F igure 4 .68 F igure 4 .69 F igure 4 .70

P arent's m odel o f t he r egular s pacing o f s ites O urcq l ate N eolithic s ites a ccording t o s ize V aux: l ocational d iagram

.71 F igure 4 .72 F igure 4 F igure 4 .73 .74 F igure 4

V aux f lints F are-en-Tardenois: l ocational d iagram S oils a t F are-en-Tardenois R ozet S t.Albin: l ocational d iagram

.75 F igure 4 F igure 4 .76

S oils a t R ozet S t.Albin F lints a t R ozet S t.Albin M odelling t he E xpanded V illage P attern

F igure 5 .1 F igure 5 .2

L ocation m ap o f s tudy a rea L ouis C ayeux's N eolithic

F igure 5 .3 F igure 5 .4 F igure 5 .5

L oess a t t he S eine e stuary A nnual r ainfall S oil m ap o f t he S eine e stuary

F igure 5 .6 F igure 5 .7 F igure 5 .8

S chematic s ections t hrough t he p eat a t L e H avre E stuary a vailable w ith a d rop i n s ea-level o f 5 t o 1 0m A lteration t o d rift g eologies i n t he A tlantic a nd

F igure 5 .9 F igure 5 .10

S ubboreal p eriods P ollen p iecharts o f D ubois' d iagrams D istribution o f m iddle N eolithic s ites

F igure 5 .11 F igure 5 .12 F igure 5 .13

D istribution o f l ate N eolithic s ettlements L illebonne L e N ouveau M onde

F igure 5 .14 F igure 5 .15 F igure 5 .16

Y port M ontivilliers L e H avre

F igure 5 .17 F igure 5 .18 F igure 5 .19

O ther s ettlement l ocations O ther s ettlement l ocations M ontgeon

F igure 5 .20 F igure 5 .21 F igure 5 .22

M anneville-sur-Risle D istribution o f s tray l ate N eolithic f inds D istribution o f E volved i ndustries

F igure 5 .23 F igure 5 .24 F igure 5 .25

D istribution o f F unerary m onuments P ercentage o f s ites i n l andscape z ones: s ettlements P ercentage o f s ites i n l andscape z ones: o ther s ites

F igure 5 .26 F igure 5 .27 F igure 5 .28

G odet L e H avre f lints A reas w here n o N eolithic s ettlement h as b een f ound

F igure 6 .1 F igure 6 .2

L ocation m ap o f L oing L a V ignette: c umulative

t o

w ater

f requency

o f

l ate N eolithic

g raph

c ollections .3 F igure 6 F igure 6 .4 F igure 6 .5 F igure 6 .6 F igure 6 .7 F igure 6 .8 F igure 6 .9 F igure 6 .10 F igure 6 .11 F igure 6 .12

M egalithic s ites i n t he L oing v alley N emours D istribution o f B ankeramik s ites D istribution o f m iddle N eolithic s ites D istribution o f l ate N eolithic s ites B ezigny-Bagneaux P rgfontaines: l ocational d iagram F lints f ound a t P rgfontaines T he d istribution o f l oess a t P rgfontaines F lints f ound a t

B eauregard

x vii

( after N ouel)

o f

d ifferent

F igure F igure F igure F igure

6 .13 6 .14 6 .15 6 .16

S oils a t B ezigny-Bagneaux S oils a t P rgfontaines M oret S oils a t M oret

.17 F igure 6 F igure 6 .18

M ontbouy B lock d iagrams o f m iddle a nd l ate N eolithic s ettlement l ocations

F igure 6 .19 F igure 6 .20 F igure 6 .21 F igure 6 .22

D istribution o f G irolles f lint M ontmorency

F igure

7 .1

( after N ougier)

V erriares S enlisse B andkeramik s ites i n t he Y onne I

.2 F igure 7 .3 F igure 7 .4 F igure 7

B andkeramik s ites V idelles P lain o f C aen

F igure 7 .5 F igure 7 .6 F igure 7 .7

D ensity o f N eolithic s ites i n N ormandy J ort p rofile S omme ( after B ender)

F igure F igure F igure

D utch L imburg m ap ( after B akels) W hittle's d iagram o f e xpansion o ff t he D utch l oess U ntermaingebiet B andkeramik ( after S ielmann)

7 .8 7 .9 7 .10

i n t he Y onne I I

.11 F igure 7 F igure 7 .12 F igure 7 .13

U ntermaingebiet R össen U ntermaingebiet M ichelsberg D ohrn-Ihmig's m ap o f t he A ldenhoven

F igure 7 .14 .15 F igure 7

D omesticated a nimal c hart P ie-chart o f p ercentages e arly N eolithic s ites

F igure 8 .1

B ar c hart 1 974

F igure 8 .2

S eine e nclosures

F igure 8 .3 F igure 8 .4 F igure 8 .5

S eine e nclosures I I S ites i n t he O ise D assie's m ap o f e nclosures i n S W F rance

F igure 8 .6

P ie-chart o f p ercentages m iddle N eolithic s ites

F igure

M odel f or c hange

8 .7

o f

n umber

o f

o f

s ites

d omesticated i n p eriods

a nimals

i n

a t

B ailloud,

I

o f

d omesticated

a nimals

o n

F igure 9 .1 F igure 9 .2

T hil M arais

F igure 9 .3 F igure 9 .4 F igure 9 .5

R azet c emetery p lan ( after B ailloud) S ites i n t he C entral P aris b asin ( after P eek) S oils i n t he C entral P aris b asin

F igure 9 .6 F igure 9 .7 F igure 9 .8

B rittany m ap ( after G iot) D ominant d omesticated a nimals i n t he l ate N eolithic P ie c harts o f p ercentages o f d omesticated a nimals o n

.9 F igure 9 F igure 9 .10

l ate N eolithic s ites M ap o f d istribution o f D olerite ' A' i n F rance D e L aet's s ettlement m aps f or t he L ow C ountries

F igure 9 .11

V aux

S t.Gond

F igure

1 0.1 1 0.2

S ummary d iagram M esolithic g roupings i n F rance

F igure

1 0.3

T he m esolithic a t

F igure

t he l ower L oing

( after R ozoy)

A BBREVIATIONS O N F IGURES B nk

B andkeramik

s .p s .b.1 s .b.calc s .b.eutr

s ol s ol s ol s ol

r endz a lluv s .1

r endzina a lluvium s ol l essivg

s .b

s ol b run

p odzolique b run l essivg b run c alcaire b run e utrophe

C HAPTER ONE:

I ntroduction

I ntroduction T HE D ISTRIBUTION MAP P ROBLEMS O F ANALYSIS A .

Human b iases ( i) F ieldwork i ntensity ( ii) A gricultural a ctivity ( iii)

S ubsequent

s ettlement

B .

N atural b iases

C .

C hronological p roblems

a nd a ctivity

( i) E rosion a nd d eposition

S ITE S ETTLEMENT D EFINITION PROCESSES F ROM PATTERNS T HE METHODS O F ANALYSIS N EOLITHIC F RANCE A ND S ETTLEMENT S TUDIES T he

s tudy a reas ( i) t he s outhern A isne ( ii) t he S eine e stuary ( iii) t he L oing v alley

I NTRODUCTION A rchaeology

n eeds

i ntegrated

a nd

d ynamic

s patial

s tudies

b ecause i nformation c omes f rom t he i nterplay o f d ifferent f ields o f o bservation a nd b ecause i n a rchaeology, s ystems h ave n o e xistence e xcept i n t heir p roximity, f low a nd c ontact p atterns. ( Clarke, W ithin

t he

c ontext

o f

E uropean

p rehistoric

s tudies,

1 977, t he

8 )

m ost

s uccessful i ntegration a nd a nalyses o f s patial i nformation h ave b een a chieved i n e astern E urope. T he e arly w ork o f J an G urba ( 1961) o n t he d istribution o f N eolithic s ites o n t he L ublin l oess u plands a nd W islanski's s tudy o f t he P olish l owlands ( 1969) p rovided a f oundation f or t he i nterpretation o f a rchaeological d istributions i n t erms o f t he s ocio-economic d evelopments o f p rehistoric ' cultures'. U nder t he p articular i nfluence o f C larke's A nalytical A rchaeology ( 1968) J anusz K ruk a nd w orkers a t t he A cademy o f S ciences, K rakow, h ave b een s o s uccessful i n t he i ntegration o f s patial, e conomic, s ocial a nd e nvironmental d ata t hat t heir w ork o n t he M iechow u plands h as b ecome t he c lassic m odel f or t he d evelopment o f t he N eolithic i n E urope ( Kruk, 1 973). I t i s t his m odel w hich t his w ork s eeks t o t est i n n orthern F rance. T he

h istory

o f

t his

m ove

f rom

' the

s tudy

o f

t hings...

t o

t he

s tudy o f t he r elationship b etween t hings' ( Clarke, 1 977, 5 ) h as b een f ully d ocumented b y C larke ( op.cit.). D espite h is o bjections t hat w hile s ite t ypologies, p atterns a nd d istributions h ave b een w ell-researched, t here h as b een n o c orresponding a nalysis o f s ystems a nd t heir s tructural p rinciples, t he r ecent i ntegration o f t hese s tudies w ithin a n a nthropological f ramework h as s hown t he g reater l evel o f a nalysis t hat c an b e a chieved b y t hese m ethods ( Sherratt, 1 972; 1 980; K ruk, 1 973; 1 980a). T he a ims h ave a lso b een m ore c losely d efined. A s C larke w rote: W hen p rehistoric c ommunities s ited t heir s ettlements ( whether p ermanent a nd m ulti-purpose o r s easonal a nd s pecial-purpose), t hey w ere t aking i nto a ccount t he m ultiplicity o f r equirements n ecessary f or t heir o ptimal l ocation.., t his e nables t he a rchaeologists t o s tudy t he r egularity

o f

s ite

d istributions

t he p articular c onstraints c orrelation w ith t he s ites.

a nd

t o

t ry

o perating

a nd a nd

d efine t heir ( 1978,

1 24)

a nd m ore s pecifically, K ruk h as w ritten: ..the t races l eft b y p rehistoric s ettlement f orm a s ystem o f i nformation a bout a ctivities, w hich w ere a imed a t m astering t he e nvironment a nd e xploiting i ts p ossibilities... I n o ther w ords, t he m ain o bjective o f r esearch

i nto

p rehistoric

s ettlement

i s

t o

r econstruct

t he m ethods d etermining l and o rganisation a nd t hereby t o o btain d etails r elating t o t he e conomic a ctivity a nd w ay o f l ife o f t he p opulation. ( 1978,

2

1 25f.

T he

c orrelation

o f

s ettlement

p atterns

w ith

t heir

e cological

c ontext s tems f rom t he r ealisation t hat s ites w ere i n a d ynamic r elationship w ith t heir e nvironments a nd e ach o ther. B ut w hile t he r ecognition t hat s ettlement p atterns m ight b e a u seful a rchaeological t ool w as a ccepted b y F ox ( 1932), t heir a ctual a pplication t o t he a nalysis o f s ettlement s ystems i s n ot a dvanced ( Flannery, 1 976). T HE D ISTRIBUTION M AP ' You c an't f ool h im o n s ettlement p atterns,' s aid t he S keptical G raduate S tudent, l ooking o ver h is s houlder. ' There's n othing h e l ikes b etter t han a l ot o f b lack d ots o n a m ap.' ( Flannery, T he

m ain

t ool

o f

t his

a pproach

i s

t he

1 976,

d istribution

1 61)

m ap.

A s

S herratt r emarks: O ne

o f

t he

r ecently w as

p uzzling t he

f eatures

c ontrast b etween

o f

a rchaeology

t he

c arefully

u ntil

c ompiled

d istribution m aps, p ainstakingly a ccumulated d ot b y d ot a nd t hen l eft u nexamined a s i f t his a ctivity c onstituted a n e nd i n i tself, a nd t he c asually d rawn ' blanket m aps' o f ( e.g.) ' Europe i n t he T hird M illennium' w ith t heir a ll-embracing c ultural b oundaries c overing w idely d ifferent k inds o f t erritory a nd o ften w ith i nexplicable b lank a reas

c overing whole c ountries. ( 1972)

K ruk h as i llustrated a n umber o f s tages t hrough w hich a nalysis o f t hese m aps m ay p roceed ( 1978). T he f irst i s t he r ecognition o f t he t otal a rea o f d istribution a nd t he r egularities w ithin t his. I n t he c ase o f t he B andkeramik, f or e xample, t his c onsists o f t he C entral E uropean l oess u plands w ithin t he b road c limatic l imits o f 4 80-600mm . a nnual r ainfall a nd a n A tlantic a verage t emperature o f 1 1-15 °C . T his s ort o f m ap p rovides t he l east i nformation. O nly t he m ajor r ivers c an b e s hown a nd t he s ubtleties o f p edology a re l argely i gnored. T he s ize o f t he d ot o n t he m ap m ay b e e quivalent t o 5 km . o r m ore o n t he g round. W ithin t his o verall a rea o f s ettlement, m ore c ompact g roups c an b e d etected t he S iedlungskammern - e ach w ith i ts o wn c oherent s ystem o f e cological d eterminants. D espite t he s ize o f m any o f t hese u nits ( the D utch L imburg i s a bout 5 2km . a cross w hile t hat a round t he N eckar i s a bout 3 2km .) i t a llows t he b asic c orrelation o f s ettlement p reference w ith b road e nvironmental c ategories a nd a n a nalysis o f t he m ajor p rocesses i nvolved. A r ecent e xample o f t his i s D ohrn-Ihmig's w ork o n t he m iddle a nd l ower R hine

( 1979).

A t a f urther l evel, K ruk h as d istinguished m icro-regions w here d etailed s urvey h as b een c onducted. I t i s a t t his l evel t hat t he u se o f, f or e xample, n earest n eighbour a nalysis h as i solated s ettlement c lusters. U sing m aps a t a s cale o f 1 :50,000 o r e ven 1 :25,000 d etailed c orrelations w ith e nvironmental d ata a nd t he a nalysis o f r esource p otential c an b e u ndertaken. T he t endency o f s ites t o m ove o ver d ifferent p eriods b etween d ifferent l andscape

3

z ones c an b e o bserved. T he f inal s tage i s t he i ndividual s ettlement w ith i ts m icro-environment.

a nalysis

o f

e ach

I n C larke's t erminology, t hese s tages r efer t o a nalysis a t t he m acro-level o f s ite-site a nd s ite-environment r elationships ( 1977). T he e ase w ith w hich t hese p atterns c an b e r ecognised, q uantified a nd c orrelated w ith t he e nvironmental d ata h as b een g reatly f acilitated b y t he u se o f s tatistical t echniques f ully d ocumented b y H odder a nd

O rton

t he C ambridge 1 967).

( 1976)

s chool

o f

a nd ' New

r ooted

i n

t he

G eography'

l ocational m odels

( Chorley

a nd

o f

H aggett,

P ROBLEMS O F A NALYSIS O ne

o f

t he m ost

p ertinent

q uestions

r aised b y F lannery i n h is

d iscussion o f s ettlement a nalysis ( 1976) i s ' how d o y ou k now t hat y ou h ave a n a dequate s ample o f s ites?', a nd, w e m ay a dd t o t his, ' how d o y ou k now t hat t his s ample a ccurately r eflects t he g eneral t rends o f t he p rehistoric p attern?'. I n t he f irst c ase, i n a reas w here a rchaeological r esearch h as b een c onducted a t a ll, i t h as r evealed t he l arge t o m iddle-sized s ettlements a t t he e xpense o f t he s maller s ites, a nd i t h as b een t he a im o f r ecent r esearch p rojects t o r edress t his b alance. T he T eotihuacans o f p rehistoric E urope a re g enerally w ell-mapped a nd h ave s erved a s f 2s1 f or m ore d etailed r esearch . I n t hese c ases s tatistical s ampling t echniques c an b e u sefully a pplied ( Cherry e t a l., 1 978). T he a ppearance o f n eat s ettlement c ells a cross m uch o f N eolithic E urope ( the S iedlungskammern) p redefines t he n atural a reas i n w hich t hese t echniques m ay b e a pplied a nd p rovides a b asis f or t he c omparison o f m odels o riginated i n o ne a rea w ith a nother. T he b ias w ithin h uman a nd n atural.

t he

d istribution m ap

A .

c an b e

s plit i nto t wo -

H UMAN B IASES

( i) F IELDWORK I NTENSITY T he i nsufficiency o r v arying i ntensity o f f ieldwork w as a p roblem r ecognised b oth b y K ruk ( 1973) a nd b y H amond ( 1980). T he l atter d emonstrated c learly i n t he l ower R hine t hat t he g reatest n umber o f a rchaeological d iscoveries c ame f rom a reas a round t he m ain a rchaeological c entres a nd a s imilar b ias c an b e o bserved i n t he a rea b etween t he A isne a nd t he M arne w here t he s patial p atterning o f f inds b y d ifferent P arent's s urvey ( 1971) i s m utually w here

e xtensive

s urveys

h ave

b een

a mateur c ollectors p rior t o e xclusive ( Figure 1 .1). E ven

c onducted,

d ifferences

i n

c onditions a nd e ven t he w eather h ave a n u neven e ffect o n r ecovery o f s ettlement e vidence. W here t his t ype o f w ork h as

s oil t he n ot

b een c onducted, m ore a nd m ore f inds w ill i nevitably, b ut c asually, b e r ecovered o ver t ime. H odder a nd O rton's a nalysis o f t he p attern o f B ronze A ge f inds i n n orth G ermany b etween 1 876-1920 a nd 1 921-1964 ( 1976, 2 4) s uggests t hat ' although t he f actors i nfluencing t he r ecovery o f a rtefacts c hange o ver t ime, t he o verall p attern o f f inds d oes n ot v ary s ignificantly' u nless a dditional f ieldwork i s c onducted. T he d iscovery o f c hance a gricultural, u rban o r i ndustrial d evelopment d oes n ot

4

f inds b y p roduce a

t rue s ample a nd i n m ost c ases t he d istribution m ap h as b een p roduct o f a n e ase o f o bservation a nd a n e ase o f a ccessibility. T he u se o f m odern s urveying t echniques a nd m agnetic d istribution

s urvey h ad m aps. Y et

h elped t hese

s uch a s a ir-photography

t o i nfill t echniques

t he g aps o n s ome a lso h ave s evere

l imitations ( see C lark, 1 969 a nd A itken, 1 969). p hotography i s p otentially m ore u seful i n t he w ide s urvey, s oil, c rop a nd s easonal f actors i nfluence t he i t

i s

g enerally

a ble

t o

r ecover

o nly

t he

While a ira rea i t c an r esults, a nd

s ubstantial

s ettlement

t races. E xcavation h as r evealed a n a bsence o f t hese f or m uch o f t he l ater N eolithic. ( ii) A GRICULTURAL A CTIVITY U ntil

t he

m ore

r ecent

i ndustrial

d evelopment

o f

n orthern

F rance, t he m ain a gent i n t he r ecovery o f p rehistoric s ettlement e vidence w as a gricultural a ctivity, b ut i t s eems l ikely t hat d ifferent f orms o f a griculture h ave p roduced d ifferent r esults. L and u sed e xclusively f or p astoral a ctivities s eems l ikely t o p roduce l ess i nformation t han l and u nder a rable, a nd d eep p loughing i s m ore p roductive t han s hallow . T his m ay b e e specially r elevant f or

n orthern

F rance

w here

t he

a mount

o f

l and

u sed

f or

a rable

a griculture h as f allen t his c entury f rom 4 4.7% t o 3 4.5% ( Pinchemel, 1 969, 2 61). T his p attern i s e ven m ore i nteresting r egionally. I n t he A isne, f or e xample, c . 1 9-27% o f t he t otal a rea o f t he D epartment i s a lways u nder g rass a nd c . 4 3-55% u nder a rable. I n t he L oing v alley ( Gätinais) l ess t han 8 % o f l and i s u nder g rass a nd m ore t han 5 0% u nder a rable, w hile i n t he l ower S eine ( Pays d e C aux) 2 7-37% i s u nder g rass a nd 3 5-45% u nder a rable ( op.cit., 2 83). T his e vidence w ould s uggest t hat f ewer f inds s hould b e e xpected f rom t he S eine t han f rom t he G ätinais a lthough t esting t his a ssumption i s h ampered b y t he v aried i ntensity o f f ieldwork u ndertaken i n t hese a reas. T he p remise t hat a ll o f t hese r egions w ere e qually a vailable a nd s uitable t o p rehistoric c ommunities a lso n eeds v erification. C onversely, o f c ourse, c ontinued p loughing e ventually d estroys s ites a nd w hile t his m ay b e n oticed w here s ites a re l arge w ith d eep d eposits, s easonal w ay. ( iii)

i t

m ay

n ot

e mplacements.

w here E ven

s ites l arge

a re t umuli

s mall h ave

o r

w ere

t emporary

d isappeared

i n

t his

S UBSEQUENT S ETTLEMENT A ND A CTIVITY

S ubsequent s ettlement a nd a ctivity m ay h ave t wo e ffects. F irst, i t m ay d estroy a s ite a ltogether. T his t hreat h as n ot b een l imited t o r ecent u rban d evelopment a nd m ay h ave b egun s oon a fter t he s ite w as a bandoned. T he e xtent o f l ater B ronze A ge a nd I ron A ge a ctivity m ay h ave b een s ignificant i n t his r espect.

I n t he

t owns,

a

d ough-nut m odel e xists w here f ew s ites a re k nown f rom t he o ld t own, d eveloped b efore a rchaeological r ecording, b ut a l arger n umber i s k nown f rom t he m ore r ecently d eveloped s uburbs. T his i s t he c ase w ith H arfleur-Le H avre. T he d irectly

s econd e ffect i s o ne o f m asking. A o ver a n e arlier m ay r eveal o nly t he

l ater l ater

s ite p laced m aterial o n

f ieldwalking. I n t his c ase, d eep p loughing o r e xcavation m ay r eveal t he e arlier s ite. T his i s n oticeable a mong t he B andkeramik g roups

5

o f

w estern

E urope

w here

f ieldwork

h as

s hown

t hat

t he

n umber

o f

s ingle p eriod s ites i s l arge. E xcavation o f t he A ldenhoven p lateau a nd t he H ambach f orest, K öln, h as s hown t hat m ost o f t hese s ites p rove t o h ave h ad a l onger e xistence ( Dr. W . S chwellnus, p ers. c omm . ) B .

N ATURAL B IASES

( i) E ROSION A ND D EPOSITION T he

e ffect

o f

d eforestation

a nd

c ontinued

a gricultural

a ctivity h as b een t he i nevitable i ncrease o f s urface e rosion o ften o ver l arge a reas. T he m echanics o f t his p rocess h ave b een d ealt w ith b y L imbrey ( 1979). S uch e rosion i s n ot e ven a cross t he l andscape a nd s ome a reas a re m ore s usceptible t han o thers. L ight s oils w ill m ore e asily b low a way t han h eavy, a nd v alley s lopes a nd r iver e dges a re l ikely t o e rode m ore q uickly t han t he p lateaux . T his l eads t o t he d estruction o f s ome s ites a nd t he p reservation o f o thers b eneath a ccumulations o f h ill-wash a nd c olluvium . I n t his r espect, a n e rosional b ias a lso b ecomes a p reservational b ias. T he e ffect o f t his s elective e rosion h as o ther r amifications. O ne o f t he m ain r esults o f r ecent s ettlement s tudies i s t hat d ifferent l andscape z ones a ppear t o h ave b een e xploited a t d ifferent p eriods. A b road o ver-simplification o f t he N eolithic w ould s uggest t hat v alley-bottoms w ere u sed i n t he e arlier p hases, t hat i n t he m iddle N eolithic, s ettlement s pread t o t he e dge o f t he i nterfluve a nd i n t he l ater N eolithic m oved d eeper o nto t he i nterfluves ( Kruk, 1 973). S ince, t herefore, d ifferent l andscape z ones a re d ifferentially a ffected b y e rosion, i t i s l ikely t hat t his b ias w ill b e r eflected i n c ultural t erms a lso. p rehistoric d emography. C . F rom

a t emporal

T his

i s

a n

i mportant

p oint w hen a ssessing

C HRONOLOGICAL P ROBLEMS p oint

o f

v iew,

t he

m ain

a ssumption

i n

a n

a nalysis o f s ettlement c hange i s t hat v ariations i n t he o bserved p atterns c an b e e quated w ith d istinct c hronological p hases b ased o n c hanges i n m aterial c ulture. T hese c hanges d o n ot o ccur a t r egular i ntervals a nd t he p eriods a re o f u neven l engths. I n F rance, f or e xample, t he r apid c hange o f p ottery s tyles w hich f orms t he b asis o f t he c hronology f or t he p ost-RRBP ( Later B andkeramik) g roups c an b e

c ontrasted w ith

t he

h omogeneity o f C hassgen w are

o r m ore. T he u se o f s tone t ools a s more h azardous. A s C hang r emarked:

o ver 5 00 y ears

d iagnostic t ype-fossils

i s e ven

a p ile o f i ndustrial w aste a ccumulated b y t en f lint k nappers i n o ne d ay a nd a p ile a ccumulated b y o ne f lint k napper i n t en d ays w ould b e v ery d ifficult i f n ot i mpossible t o d istinguish ( 1972, A g ood

e xample

o f

t his

i s

p rovided

b y N ougier's w ork i n

v alley ( 1950a). D espite w hat, e ven n ow , w ould b e w ell-conducted s ettlement a nalysis i n t he c ontext e nvironmental c onfigurations o f i nterpretation o f c hanges i n t he t ypology d eveloped i n h is m ore

6

1 0)

t he L oing

c onsidered a o f t he l ocal

t he v alley, N ougier b ased h is s ettlement p atterns o n t he f lint c lassic w ork L es C ivilisations

C ampigniennes

e n

E urope

O ccidentale

( 1950d).

I t

i s

c lear

t hat

N ougier's c hronology w ill n o l onger s uffice ( see b elow) a nd a lthough a r evised c hronology h as r evealed t hat h is d ivision o f t he e vidence i nto ' une p hase d e g arnissage d es p lateaux' f ollowed b y ' une

p hase

d e

r emplissage

d es

p lateaux'

i s

b roadly

c orrect

t he

s tark c ontrasts i n s ettlement m ovement h e t ried t o d emonstrate a re n o l onger o bservable a nd m any o f h is s ites c ontain m aterial o f b oth t he m iddle a nd l ater N eolithic. S ITE-SETTLEMENT D EFINITION A t a b asic l evel, t he d istribution o f a rtefacts a cross a s ite m ay b e g rouped i nto r ecognisable s catters b ased o n h ut f loors, w orking a reas o r r ubbish a reas. W here t hese a re n ot o bvious t he u se o f t echniques s uch a s n earest-neighbour a nalysis m ay m ake t his c learer. S imilarly, a t t he l evel o f t he s ite, i t i s n ecessary t o d ecide w hat t he d ata r ecovered b y f ieldwork r eally r epresents i ndividual s ettlements, s trung-out v illages o r d ifferentially e roded l arger s ites. W hile D eetz's d efinition o f a s ite w ill b y i ts s implicity a dequately s erve t o d istinguish w here h uman s ettlement o ccurred ( 1976, 1 1) i t d oes n ot d efine when a s ite b ecomes a s ettlement. A s F lannery r emarks ( 1976), a s ite t ypology b ased o n s ize, f unction, f eatures e tc. i s n ecessary. I n t heir a nalysis o f t he R oman F enlands, S alway e t a l. ( 1970) g rouped s ites s eparated b y l ess t han 1 52.4m . i nto s ettlements. T hese t hen a llowed t he r ecognition o f s ettlement c lusters. I n t he l ower R hine, H amond c hose 1 00m , a s t he c ritical d istance f or h is B andkeramik s ites ( 1978; 1 981), r elaxed w hen f indspots w ere i ndicative o f s ettlement o f t he s ame p eriod. A f urther r ule w as m ade t hat e ach f ind-spot w ithin

a s ite

m ust

o ccupy

t he

s ame

t opographic

p osition

i n

t he

l andscape. T he e stimation o f s uch d istances a nd t he f ormation o f a s ite ' shopping-list' ( Chang, 1 972) m ust d epend b oth o n t he e nvironmental c onstraints o f s uch a n a rea a nd t he i ndividual c ultural p references. E ven w ithin a c ulture t here i s l ikely t o b e a w ide v ariation o f s ettlement s ize a nd t ype p articularly w here s ettlement h ierarchies a re s trongly d efined. T his, t herefore, p recludes a r igid s ite d efinition. I n a ddition, t here i s t he p roblem o f d eciding w hether t he m aterial r epresents t he p eriodic t he s ame s ettlement o r t he o verlap o f s uccessive o ccupied.

I n

a ll

t hese

c ases,

s hifting o f s ettlements

p erhaps

s easonally

p roduce a dopted r easons

t he c ontrolling d ata. T hrough t his a nalysis t he w riter h as a f lexible a pproach t o t he d efinition o f s ites, b ut t he f or a malgamating f indspots i nto o ne s ite a re s tated e ach

e xcavation

m ust

t ime. P ROCESSES F ROM P ATTERNS I n v iew o f t he p roblems o utlined a bove, i t m ay a ppear t hat a ny d erivation o f s ettlement p rocess f rom s ettlement p attern i s t oo s peculative a nd i nsecure. M ost

p atterns

e vidence.

A n

A s o ne o f K inglsey A mis'

a re

i llusions

o bserver

s eeing

b ased r ed

a nd

o n

7

i nsufficient

b lack

c oming u p a lternately s ix t imes e ach m ight

c haracters s ays: a t

r oulette

c onclude

h e'd

f ound a p attern... o f p attern.

T hen

r ed

c omes

u p

t wice

r unning.

E nd

( 1963,

1 20)

T o a l arge e xtent, t hese o bjections a re o ffset b y a n o pen a nd a ware a ssessment o f t he q uality o f t he d ata. K ruk's a ssessment o f f ieldwork i ntensity i n h is o wn a rea i llustrates t his ( 1973, 3 9). W here n o o rdered f ieldwork h as b een c onducted, t he d ata a re u sed a s a ' control' o n t he a reas i n w hich h e h ad c onducted h is o wn r esearches. I n t his p articular c ase, t here w as n o s ignificant d istortion b etween t hese d ata a nd t hose o btained b y d etailed f ieldwork e ither i n r egard t o p ercentage o f s ites o r p eriods r epresented. I f t his e ncouraging f or t he w ell-researched a reas.

p roves t o b e a g eneral p attern i t i s a nalysis o f s patial m aterial i n l ess

S herratt's p essimism a t t he l ack o f a n a nthropological f ramework a moung E uropean p rehistorians h as p roved m ore a nd m ore i ll-founded K ruk ( 1973; i nstrumental

( 1972,

4 19) a nd b oth h is o wn w ork ( 1980;

1 981),

t hat o f

1 980a) a nd f or e xample W islanski ( 1969) h ave b een i n s howing h ow s uch a n i ntegration m ight b e a chieved.

K ruk o ptimistically r ecords: d ue t o t he r ecorded, i t

m apping h as b een

o f a ll n eolithic p ossible t o d etect

s ites s o f ar c oncentrations

o f s ettlements a nd o f w astes t hat e xisted i n t his a rea i n t he n eolithic, t o d efine p recisely t he d istribution o f p articular c ultures a nd t o i nterpret ( both i n t erms o f q uantity a nd q uality) t he c haracter o f s ettlement. ( 1973, T o t hat e nd,

2 46)

t his w ork i s a lso d irected. T HE M ETHODS O F A NALYSIS

T wo f orms o f s ettlement a nalysis c an b e o bserved s ite-catchment, a nd a m ore r egional s tudy. T he t heoretical b asis o f t he f ormer h as b een s tated a dequately e lsewhere ( Vita-Finzi a nd H iggs,

1 970;

J arman,

1 972)

b ut

c an

b e

s ummarised

b y

t he

f ollowing

q uotation: t he

f urther

t he

a rea

i s

f rom

t he

s ite,

t he

l ess

i t

i s

l ikely t o b e e xploited a nd t he l ess r ewarding i ts e xploitation ( unless i t i s p eculiarly p roductive) s ince t he e nergy i n m ovement t o a nd f rom t he s ite w ill t end t o c ancel t he o n

o ut

t hat

d erived

f rom

t he

r esource...

a nalysis o f s ubsistence a ctivities m ust t his l ocalised a rea r ather t han o n

p hysiographic v egetational, t he s ite r ests.

c limatic

z ones

t herefore, c oncentrate t he b road

w ithin

w hich

( Vita-Finzi a nd H iggs, l and

T he b asic m ethodology c onsists o f t he e xamination o f c ategories ( arable, r ough-grazing e tc.) w ithin, f or

c ommunities, a djustments c hi-squared

a c ircle

o f

5 km .

a round

t he

s ite.

1 970)

t he b road s edentary

D espite

r ecent

t o t his m ethod t o a llow f or t errain a nd t he u se t ests t o a ssess t he s ite l ocation i n r elation

8

o f t o

r esource

d istributions

t hroughout

t he

a rea,

a n umber

o f

o bjections

c an b e m ade t o t his f orm o f r igid a nalysis. W ebley

( 1972)

m aintains

t hat

' in

m ost

c ases

e conomic

c onsiderations o f r esource a vailability a nd p opulation s ize w ill b e t he p rimary f actors c ontrolling s ite l ocations' ( p.169) a nd t hat t he i mportance o f s ubsistence a ctivities i s s uch t hat t he p attern o f e conomic e xploitation c an b e d erived f rom t he p ercentages o f l and-use t ypes i n t he c atchment a rea. Y et a s F lannery p oints o ut t o

d raw

c onclusions

a bout

s ettlement

c hoices

p urely

t he b asis o f p ercentage o f v arious l and t ypes m isleading u nless i ndependently d erived d ata i nstitutions

a re

p robably g ives w ithin w alking

a vailable.

S ite-catchment

o n

c ould b e o n t hese a nalysis

u s a g ood r ough s ketch o f t he r esources d istance o f a v illage. W hat i t d oes n ot

g ive u s i s a s ketch o f t he n etwork o f i nterrelationships b y w hich t hose r esources w ere m anipulated. ( 1976,

1 03)

I n t he A merican s outh-west, f or e xample, m any a griculturally d ependent P ueblo s ites h ave l ess t han 1 0% a rable l and w ithin t heir 5 km. t erritories a nd i n t he S an L orenzo a rea t he l argest s ite h as t he s mallest a mount o f g ood l and a round i t ( Flannery, 1 976). S ite-catchment d oes n ot t herefore t ake i nto a ccount t he i ntensity w ith w hich t he l and was c ultivated o r t he p opulation s upported b y t hat l and. T he r elative i mportance o f l and-use c ategories w ithin t he s ite t erritory d oes n ot c orrelate w ith t he i mportance o f a nimal o r c ereal e xploitation . I n a ddition, n either s ite t ypologies n or t he r estrictive i nfluence o f n eighbouring c ommunities a re s ufficiently c onsidered. T he m ethod a lso t akes l ittle a ccount o f n on-economic f actors s uch a s d efence. A f urther p roblem i s p resented b y t he r eliability o f t he r econstruction o f t he m icro-environment c ontemporary w ith t he s ite a nd b y t he u se o f m odern l and-use c ategories f or p rehistoric p atterns. O ther o bjections h ave b een r aised b y C larke ( 1968), H odder a nd O rton ( 1976) a nd E arle a nd C hristenson ( 1980) a nd n eed n ot b e d etailed h ere. H owever, t he m ost i mportant d ifference b etween t he t ype o f a nalysis o utlined a bove a nd t hat e xemplified b y K ruk ( 1973) i s t hat t he s ites a nd c atchment a reas a re c onsidered i n i solation a nd

s eldom

g ive

a n

i dea

o f

t he

b roader

p atterns.

A s

H odder

a nd

O rton c omment: a f ruitful a pproach w ould b e t o c onsider d etailed s urveys o f s ites i n s mall a reas ( Kruk, 1 973) s o t hat t he t otal s ite p attern c ould b e r elated t o t he t otal s oil p attern i n e ach s tudied a rea . ( 1976) T hree e xamination

a reas i n

h ave

F rance

b een

s elected

( described

f or

b elow).

h as b een b ased o n t he a vailability o f a reas. I n t he f irst p art o f t he

T o

t his

l atter

a c ertain

k ind

e xtent

o f t his

d etailed s ite m aps i n t hese b ook ( Chapters 1 -3) t he

c ontemporary e nvironment a nd c hronology a re e xamined a s a p relude t o t he d etailed a nalysis o f t he i nformation c ontained w ithin t he m aps. I n t he f inal p art ( Chapters 7 -10) t he h ypotheses g enerated b y l argely

g eographical

p rinciples

9

a re

a nalysed

w ithin

t heir

a rchaeological-anthropological

f ramework.

T he

a nalysis

i tself

h as

i nstance, a s ite-typology c onsisted o f a s imple

h as b een d ivision

a ttempted. i nto ( i)

b een c onducted a t t wo b asic l evels. I n U sually

t he f irst t his h as

s ettlements ( ii) f unerary m onuments ( iii) s tray f inds o f ( a) a xes a nd ( b) a rrowheads, a nd, ( iv) s ites a ttributed t o t hat p articular p eriod w ithout f urther a mplification b y t he a uthor c oncerned. T hese h ave b een p lotted o ut a nd c orrelated w ith e nvironmental c ategories s uch a s s oil-type a nd l andscape z ones. T he b asic r egularities a re t hereby e stablished a nd a reas i n w hich m ore d etailed a nalysis c an b e c onducted a re d iscerned. T he m odern s hape o f t he l andscape h as b een u sed t hroughout u nless o bviously a ltered b y m an ( motorways, c anals e tc.) a s h ave m odern s oil t ypes. T his d oes n ot u nreasonable i n v iew o f t he c onclusions r eached i n C hapter 2 . A t

a s econdary

l evel,

a m ore

r egions o r g roups o f s ites r egularities b etween s ites b etween e ach o ther. I t i s

d etailed

e xamination

o f

s eem

s pecific

h as b een u ndertaken t o e xamine t he a nd t heir m icro-environments, a nd a t t his l evel t hat s ite-catchment

a nalysis c ould h ave b een u sed. I t h as b een r ejected f or t he f ollowing r easons. T he d istribution o f B andkeramik f inds i n t he A isne v alley r eveals t hat a ll t races o f t his g roup, f rom s trayf inds t o s ettlements, a re l ocated o n t he f irst t errace i n t he v alley b ottom ; a reas d efined b y t he f requent m eanders o f t he r iver. I t i s t hese a reas w hich f orm t he b asic u nits o f e conomic e xploitation. T o i mpose a 5 km. c ircle o n t hem w ould h ave t hree e ffects: ( 1) i t w ould i nclude w ithin t he c ircle m ore t han o ne a lluvial u nit a nd m ore t han o ne s ite, ( 2) i t w ould i nclude v alley s lopes a nd p art o f t he p lateau o n w hich n o B andkeramik r emains h ave e ver b een f ound, ( 3) i t w ould i mply t hat t he a mount o f l and o n t he l ower t errace w as i nsufficient t o m eet t he n eeds o f t he c ommunities l ocated

t here.

I t

w ill

l and a vailable p er z ones. I n c ontrast,

b e

s hown

t hat

i n

c ommunity w as m ore t he l ate N eolithic

a ll

c ases,

t han ( SON)

t he

a mount

o f

a dequate i n t hese p attern r eveals a n

E xpanded V illage P attern w here s ettlement c onsists o f i ndividual h uts ( represented b y f lint s catters) w idely s paced a cross t he l andscape b y a s m uch a s s everal k ilometers a nd c entred o n a t omb o r g roup o f t ombs. I n t his c ase, w here i s t he c ircle t o b e d rawn? I f i t i s a round t he t omb s ome o f t he m ore d istant h uts w ill b e e xcluded a nd w ill b ecome m eaningless. A more u seful a pproach i s t o d ecide h ow m uch l and w ould b e n ecessary t o i f

t hat

s upport

o ne h ut

a nd

s ee

i s a vailable a round i t.

Two m ethodological p oints a rise o ut

o f

t his.

F irst,

t he

a reas

o f e conomic a nd s ettlement a ctivity a re a ssumed t o b e d efined b y t he d istribution o f a rtefacts o f t hat p articular c ulture. W ithin t his, t he s ite t ypology m ay o ffer f urther i ndications o f t he e xploitation p attern ( e.g. i n t he S OM p attern o f a rrowheads o n s lopes i n

a nd a xes

a nalysing a n

o n

t he

a rea

p lateaux).

o f

5 km .

S econd,

a round

t here

a s ite

f or

s eems a ll

l ittle p oint t he

e conomic

p ossibilities w hen e xcavation a nd t he l ocational c ontext h ave r evealed t he o utline s tructure a nyway. A s F lannery p oints o ut, i t i s m ore s ensible t o f ar a way m ust t hey

s ay ' from t he a vailable h ave c ome f rom ' ( 1976)

1 0

f oodstuffs o n s ite h ow a lthough c learly t his

m ethod i s n ot w ithout i ts d rawbacks a lso, m ost s pectacularly i n t he p oor s urvival r ate o f e conomic e vidence o n s ite. U sing t hese m ethods, t he w riter h as a imed t o s how n ot o nly t he b road o utlines o f c hange i n t he s ettlement p attern o f t he n orthern F rench N eolithic b ut a lso t he m ore d etailed c hanges i n e conomic p ractises a nd s ettlement t ypes. T here i s n ot s ufficient e vidence f or a ny o ne r egion t o s tand o n t he b asis o f i ts o wn d ata a nd i n C hapters 7 -10 t he m ore g eneral n orth-west E uropean c ontext h as b een e xamined.

N EOLITHIC F RANCE A ND S ETTLEMENT A g lance a t t he u neven a pplication i n

a vailable E urope o f

a nd t he

S TUDIES

r ecent l iterature s hows t he t ype o f a nalysis o utlined i n

t he p revious s ections. I n v iew o f t he w ork o f N ougier i n t he 1 950s t his i s u nexpected. M uch o f h is a nalysis i s i ndebted t o a s eries o f e xchanges w hich t ook p lace a t t he C ongras I nternational d 'Anthropologie e t d 'Archgologie b etween 1 871 a nd 1 930 where t he i mportance o f c artography f or a rchaeology w as f ully r ecognised. D espite D elvaux's a ttempts i n 1 887-88 t o p roduce a rchaeological m aps w ith g eological

u nderlays

a t

a s cale

o f

1 :20,000

i t w as

o nly

i n 1 924 t hat O ctobon m anaged t o o rganise a c artographic p roject f or F rench a rchaeological r emains. B ehind t his l ay t he i nfluence o f t he g eographer

P ierre

D gffontaines,

w ho,

w ith

M atieglu,

h ad

a lready

s een t he i mportance o f m aps f or p rehistory a t t he 1 927 C ongras h eld i n A msterdam . S ince N ougier, h owever, t he m ajor t hrust o f F rench p rehistory

h as

b een

d irected

t owards

t he

s ynthesis

o f

m aterial

c ulture ( e.g. B ailloud, 1 964) a nd e ven t he r ecent v olumes o f L a P rghistorie F ran ça ise ( Guilaine, 1 976a) d o n ot r adically d epart f rom t his t radition. B ailloud's m ain w ork ( op.cit.), f or e xample, c ontaines e ight m aps o f a n i nferior c artographic s tandard. A n umber

o f

r ecent

p rojects

s how

s ome

d evelopment

f rom

t his

p osition. R oger A gache i s p roducing t he r esults o f h is a irp hotographic s orties i n m ap f orm a nd O livier B uchsenschutz h as b een c ompiling a c omputer-based d ata b ank o f s ite-location i nformation ( 1975) f or t he C her a nd I ndre. S econd, t he e xtensive e xcavations i n t he A isne v alley ( URA 1 2, v arious y ears) h ave d rawn a ttention t o t he v ariations i n t he s ettlement p attern i n t he v alley a nd o n i ts e dges. T hird, a s mall s ettlement i nformation 1 950a). N one o f t his

n umber o f a reas a lready h ave p ublished ( Parent, 1 971; B ender, 1 968; N ougier, d isguises t he p oor q uality a nd u neven

d istribution o f t he d ata c ompared w ith a reas e ast o f t he R hine. B ut t he r ecent l arge e xcavations o f t he A isne v alley p roject ( URA 1 2, o p.cit.), t he M ordant b rothers ( 1972; 1 977) a nd o thers ( Blanchet a nd

F itte,

1 978)

a llow

t he

u se

o f

e xcavated

m aterial

a s

c ontrol t hat i s c omparable i n w estern E urope o nly t o t hat i n t he b rowncoal m ining a reas o f t he A ldenhoven p lateau . T HE S TUDY A REA ( Figure A lthough

N orthern

F rance

a d ata a chieved

1 .3)

r epresents

t he

m ost

w esterly

e xpansion o f t he n orth-European p lain, t he r olling l andscape o f m uch o f t he e ast P aris b asin i nvites c omparison w ith t he l oess

1 1

u plands o f K ruk's o wn r esearch a rea ( 1973). W ithin t hese b road c ategories t here i s m arked d ifferentiation. N ewell h as s uggested ( 1973) t hat t he e cological a nd c ultural d istinction b etween e ast a nd w est E urope i s o f s ome i mportance i n t he w ay N eolithic s ocieties a dapted t o, f or e xample, t he h eavy A tlantic f orests a nd t he s pecialised m esolithic c ommunities w hich i nhabited t hem . T hus, w hile B ailloud's m ore r ecent w ork ( 1976) m ay s uggest t hat K ruk's m odel c an b e a pplied t o F rance, t here e xists t he p ossibility o f d etecting w ays i n w hich c ommunities w ith s imilar m aterial a nd t echnological a bility a dapted t o d ifferent e nvironments. U nlike m any o f t he B andkeramik a reas i n t he r est o f E urope, n orthern F rance i s n ot i n p rehistoric t erms a n a rea o f l oess-based s ettlement. F igure 1 .2 s hows h ow d issected t he l oess p atches a re a nd h ow t hey a re l ocated f urther o n t o t he i nterfluves a nd i n d rier c onditions t han, f or e xample, t he w ide e xpanses o f B elgium a nd t he D utch L imburg . T he

d ominating

i nfluence

o f

t his

a rea

i s

t he

s ubstantial

s yncline o f t he P aris b asin i tself, t he c entre o f w hich c onsists o f g ently u ndulating p lateaux o f T ertiary s trata d ipping t owards t he c entre. T he c oncentric r ings o f t his s yncline a re a c lear f eature o f b oth t he g eological a nd p edological m aps. T he m ain c ontrast i n r elief i s p rovided b y t he h igh e xpanses o f t he p lateaux a gainst t he v alley-floors o f q uite s ubstantial r ivers. T he h ydrographic n etwork i s w ell-defined. T oday, t he p lateaux a re l argely u nder a rable c ultivation w hile p asture, m eadowland, m arket g ardens a nd w oods f ollow t he a lluvial d eposits. L ighter f orest s till s urvives o n t he s eries o f s and d eposits. M uch o f t his a rea f alls w ithin t he A tlantic s ub-province o f t he E uro-Siberian v egetation z one a lthough t he e astern b asin s hows s ome C entral E uropean i nfluence ( Pinchemel, 1 969).

F or m ost

o f

t his

r egion

t he

r ainy

s easons

a re

l ate

s ummer

a nd a utumn. T he e xtensive l imon c over h as p roduced l arge e xpanses o f B rown F orest S oils n ow c haracterised b y s ols b runs l essivgs a nd i n s ome c ases p odzols. V alley s lopes a nd t he w ide a rc o f t he C hampagne t end t o b e c overed b y c halk r endzinas. I n N ormandy, t he S eine e stuary i s o f c ourse d ominated b y t he p roximity o f t he s ea. P recipitation i s h igher. A p astoral e conomy ( bocage) h as t raditionally b een p ractised o n t he b rown-earth c overed p lateau. ( i) T HE

S OUTHERN A ISNE

T he

f irst

r egion

( Figure

1 .4)

a nalysed

l ies

b etween

t he

m ajor

v alleys

t he A isne a nd t he M arne t o t he e ast o f S oissons. I t c ontains l arge e xpanses o f a lluvium-covered g ravel a ssociated w ith t hese r ivers a nd t heir t ributaries. I t

o f

t herefore t erraces l ies j ust

o ff t he m ajor w ine-producing a reas o f t he C hampagne. B rown F orest S oils p redominate, b ut i n t he c entre o f t he r egion p odzolised s oils o ccur o n t he s and d eposits o f t he T ardenois. I t i s f rom t his f ormation t hat a lmost a ll t he m esolithic f inds h ave b een r ecovered. T o t he s outh t he B rie c halk i s c overed b y a n i mpermeable c lay-withf lints a nd t he s oil i s w aterlogged. F orests s till o ccur o ver m uch o f t his a rea. t o

T he a rchaeological s equence o f t his a rea i s n ow w ell k nown d ue t he w ork o f t he A isne v alley p roject. A n umber o f c ollectors

h ave

b een

a ctive

s ince

t he

l ast

c entury

1 2

a nd

t heir

w ork,

t ogether

w ith h is o wn, w as p ublished b y P arent ( 1971). T he m esolithic s ettlement o f t he T ardenois h as b een t he f ocus o f F rench m esolithic s tudies f or s ome t ime ( Rozoy, 1 976). ( ii) T HE O ne

S EINE E STUARY o f

t he

( Figure

1 .5)

m ajor p roblems

i n

a n

e stuarine

a rea

i s

t he

e ffect

o f s ea-level c hange o n t he a rchaeological r emains. T he c hange b etween p eat m arshes i n p eriods o f r ising s ea-level a nd m ud-flats i n p eriods o f f alling s ea-level a lso, o f c ourse, s eriously a ffect t he e conomic r esources a vailable. T he f ormation o f s ea-peat o n t he c oasts a llows a g reater p reservation o f p ollen f or e nvironmental r econstruction.

I t

i s

i n

t his

r egion

t oo

t hat

f lint

o utcrops

a re

m ore f requent a nd m uch o f t he s tudy i n t his a rea h as b een c onfined t o t he t ypological a nalyses o f t he v ast s urfaces o f f lint t ools l eft w here m ining h as o ccurred. t he

T he l andscape t o t he w est o f t he S eine e ast b y t he d epths o f i ts v alleys. T o

c ontrasts w ith t hat t he e ast ( the P ays

t o d e

C aux), m ost o f t he v alleys a re s mall a nd d ry a nd t he a rea f orms a n h omogeneous c halk a nticline. T he w estern v alleys a re a lmost a t s eal evel a nd d ivide t he a rea i nto d istinct b locks o f u pland. I n e astern N ormandy, t he m ain s imilarities a re w ith P icardy t o t he n orth a nd i t s hares a s imilar c over o f l imon a nd c lay-with-flints. T he a rea i s a lso h igher ( 205m . a t Y vetot) a nd t he r ainfall o ften e xceeds 8 00mm . p er y ear. A griculturally t he a rea h as n ot s een v ast d evelopment i n r ecent y ears a nd, a s o ne w riter r emarked, t he P ays d e

C aux

a ppear

t ransformations

t o

h ave

e scaped

( Pinchemel,

m any

1 969).

o f

t he ,

n ineteenth

P astoralism r emains

c entury

t he d ominant

e conomy. T he

h istory

o f

a rchaeological

r esearch

i n

t his

a rea

c an

b e

t raced b ack t o 1 824 w hen t he S ociete d 'Antiquaires d e N ormandie w as f ounded a nd i t w as s oon a fter t his t hat t he f irst s ynthesis o f m aterial w as p ublished i n t he A bbe C ochet's L a S eine I nferieure, h istorique e t a rcheologique o f 1 864. T hroughout m ost o f t his c entury t he a rea h as b een d ominated b y t he s tudy o f t he C ampignian ( Nougier, 1 950a). M ore r ecently, t wo s yntheses o f m aterial h ave b een p ublished ( Bender, 1 968; W atte, 1 970) a nd G uy V erron h as m ade s ubstantial c ontributions t o t he s tudy o f t his a rea ( 1976b). ( iii) T HE L OING V ALLEY ( Figure T he

t hird

s tudy

a rea

1 .6)

l ies

t o

t he

s outh

o f

P aris

a long

t he

r iver L oing. I t w as h ere t hat m uch o f t he m aterial o n w hich N ougier m ade h is c lassic s tudy o f t he C ampignian w as r ecovered ( Nougier, 1 950d) a nd t he a rea h as b een w ell-mapped. A mateur c ollectors h ave a lso b een a ctive. T he a rea c an b e d ivided i nto t hree b road g eographical z ones. T o t he n orth, t he r iver r uns t hrough a n a rea o f s and o utcrops a round F ontainebleau. T he v egetation c over c onsists m ostly o f f orest. S mall d enuded o utcrops o f s andstone-chert o ccur a nd t he a rea h as p roduced e vidence o f M ontmorencian i ndustries. T o t he w est o f t he r iver, t he l and f orms p art o f t he B eauce. T o t he e nd,

i t f orms

p art

o f

t he

B rie.

T he

b elow .

1 3

d etails

o f

t hese

a re d iscussed

C HAPTER TWO:

T he A tlantic a nd

S ubboreal e nvironments

I ntroduction THE A TLANTIC P ERIOD ( i) t he v alleys ( ii) t he v alley s lopes ( iii) p lateaux a nd i nterfluves ( iv) s ea-level c hange THE

S UBBOREAL (0 t he v alley b ottoms ( ii) t he v alley s lopes ( iii) p lateaux a nd i nterfluves

S EA-LEVEL C HANGE C LIMATE (0 ( ii)

t he A tlantic c limate t he

S ubboreal c limate

S OIL-FORMATION AND G EOMORPHOLOGY (0 v alley b ottoms ( ii)

v alley s lopes

( iii) p lateaux a nd i nterfluves S OIL F ERTILITY (0 v alley b ottom ( ii) p lateaux C omment

I NTRODUCTION ( Figure 2 .1) F rom t he b eginning o f c ivilisation, t he e xploitation t he e nvironment h as b een a f undamental a ctivity p rimitive s ocieties. T his o bvious f act e xplains w hy

o f o f i n

a ny r esearch c oncerning p rehistoric s ettlement t he r econstruction o f t hat e nvironment i s s o i mportant. ( Kruk, 1 973, 1 32) T he e nvironmental d iversity o f a reas s uch a s n orthern F rance h inders t he a pplication o f m ore g eneralised s equences ( Tansley, 1 965; G odwin, 1 956; P ennington, 1 974; P lanchais, 1 976) a nd o ne m ust b e w ary o f u ncritical e xtrapolation o f e vidence f rom o ther a reas. F aegri a nd I versen ( 1964) h ave p ointed t o t he l imitations o f p ollen a nalysis i tself, a nd i ts a pplication, i n m ore g eneral t erms, a nd C outeaux ( 1977) h as e xpressed t he g reatest p essimism a t t he q uality o f t he r esults: l a p lupart d es a nalyses p olliniques n ous s emblait l e r esultat d e t els m elanges o u c ontaminations q u'il e st e xclu d 'affirmer q ue l es e nsembles p olliniques i dentifies s ont c ontemporains d es n iveaux a rcheologiques d ont o n l es e xtrait. ( p.289) I n a ddition, t he r elationship b etween t he t otal w ooded a rea a nd t he t otal a rboreal p ollen, a nd b etween c limate a nd a rboreal p ollen a re r arely v ery c lear. N otwithstanding t hese o bjections, t he m ost u seful r ecent s tudies h ave b een b ased o n t he e cological i ntegration o f e daphic, h ydrological a nd c limatic f actors w ith t he p ollen , s eed a nd w ood s tudies f or a reas a round t he s ource o f t he a nalysis i tself ( Planchais, 1 970; K ruk, 1 973; B akels, 1 978). A s F aegri a nd I versen r emark: t he f ormer v egetation t ypes o f a s and a nd o f a c lay a rea d iffered j ust a s t he r ecent v egetation d iffers a nd t heir p ollen d iagrams w ill d iffer c orrespondingly . A part f rom t he p eculiarly e stuarine c onditions o f t he l ower S eine, t he s tudy a reas h ave t hree m ajor g eographical z ones: ( 1) r iver v alleys ( 2) v alley s lopes, a nd ( 3) t he p lateaux a nd i nterfluves, a lthough t here i s a v ariety o f e nvironments p resent i n e ach . I n p articular, t he v alleys m ay b e d ivided i nto ( i) t he a rea o f r egular i nundation ( ii) t he l ower a lluvial t errace a nd ( iii) t he h igher t erraces o f o lder a lluvium . T he p reservation o f p ollen w ithin t hese z ones i s n ot e qual. O n t he p lateaux a nd i nterfluves o t he p reservation o f p ollen. I t t he l imon i s g enerally u nsuitable t eds a nd i n t he m ore m arshy a reas i s o nly i n a ncient l akes o r r iver b hat c ores m ay b e s uccessfully o f, f or e xample, t he S olognais t lso u nsuitable f or p reservation o btained. T he v alley s lopes a re a a nd i n a ny c ase m uch e rosion h as u sually t aken p lace. I n t he v alley b ottoms, h owever, t he m ore m oist s oils a nd t he p reservation a fforded b y h ill-wash a nd c olluvial d eposits h ave e nsured t hat s ome p ollen d oes s urvive ( Firmin, 1 976). A long t he w est c oast o f F rance, p ollen i s p reserved i n t he b ogs w hich f ormed a s a r esult o f r ising s ea-level d uring a nd a fter t he B oreal, a nd, t he c onstruction o f t umuli a nd m egalithic m onuments h as a lso s ometimes p reserved p ollen i n a p alaeosol b eneath t he m ound e .g. T reompan, I le C amn

1 5

( Morzadec-Kerfourn, 1 969). T his g enerally p oor p icture h as e nsured t hat m any a nalyses h ave b een o btained f rom a reas r emote f rom a ny p rehistoric s ettlement a nd t hat t hey a re o ften o ver-influenced b y t he v egetation o f t he b og w hich h as p reserved t hem . T he n umber o f a nalyses i s i n a ny c ase s mall. A s a r esult i t i s i mpossible t o u tilise r esults f rom t he s tudy p icture h as b een a ttempted.

a reas

a lone

a nd

a m ore

g eneral

T HE A TLANTIC P ERIOD T he B andkeramik s ettlement o f F rance ( including t he R ubang R 6cent d u B assin P arisien ( RRBP) a nd t he l ater B andkeramik g roups) f alls e xclusively w ithin G odwin's p ollen z one V ila - t he A tlantic. A vailable C 14 d ates f rom t he n orth o f F rance i ndicate t hat t he b eginning o f t his p eriod l ies i n t he f irst h alf o f t he s ixth m illennium b .c., a nd i ts e nd, i n m any c ases r epresented b y t he e lm d ecline, i n t he l ater p art o f t he f ourth m illennium ( Figure 2 .2). ( i) T HE V ALLEYS F ive

a nalyses

a re

a vailable

f rom

t he

l ower

t errace

o f

t he

A isne. A ll a re b ased o n p ollen o btained f rom t he s ediment o f p its a nd p ost-holes. A t V illeneuve-St.-Germain ( Aisne) t he p ercentage o f a rboreal p ollen v aries b etween 5 a nd 1 9% w hile a t A rmeau ( Yonne) a nd E scolives-Ste.-Camille ( Yonne) t he p ercentages a re 5 a nd 3 r espectively. A rmeau i s d ated t o t he R RBP b oth b y p ottery a nd a d ate o f 4 ,200 b .c .: E scolives i s t ypologically s imilar. V illeneuve h as b een a ssigned t o a p eriod i mmediately a fter t he R RBP ( Constantin, p ers.comm .). A t C uiry-les-Chaudardes ( URA 1 2, 1 976) a s equence o f p ollen c ounts i s n ow a vailable f or t he w hole o f t his p eriod. P it 7 6 ( RRBP) s hows a s imilarly s light d egree o f a fforestation t o A rmeau - 5 .18% - a nd a d ominance o f C ompositae. H ouse 8 , d ated t o S oudsky's C ulture d e l 'Aisne I , a nd p robably t herefore n ot l ong a fter P it 7 6, s hows 1 2.5% a rboreal p ollen a nd a g reater v ariety o f t rees i ncluding w alnut. d ominant a nd c ereals a re r epresented, a lbeit

C ompositae a re p oorly ( 0.86%).

s till T here

i s a lso a s uggestion o f i ncreased h umidity i n t he p resence o f w ater p lants a t 3 .45% a nd a lder a t 2 .16% . T his p icture c ontinues w ith h ouse 1 12, d ated t o t he C ulture d e l 'Aisne I I, a lthough w alnut d isappears a long w ith p ine a nd e lm . F inally, h ouse 1 49, ( Culture d e B eaurieux) s hows a d ecrease i n t he a rboreal p ollen t o 6 .4% a nd b oth a lder a nd t he w ater p lants a re n ot a s w ell r epresented. C ereals n ow a ttain 2 .15% . M enneville ( Aisne) ( house 3 5) h as p roduced t wo a nalyses. T hey d iffer f rom t hose d iscussed a bove i n h aving a g reater p ercentage o f a rboreal p ollen - 2 3.8% a nd 2 0.36% r espectively. T he a mount o f C ompositae v aries b etween 4 8 a nd 5 2% a nd c ereals a re w ell r epresented a t 5 .56% . L ime a ccounts f or t he g reatest p ercentage o f t rees

( 8.83%)

a nd

s uggests

a m ixed

o ak v egetation.

V egetables

a nd

o ther p lant r emains w ere a lso r ecovered. W hile t he r eliability o f s oil-derived p ollen i s g reatly i nferior t o t hat d erived f rom p eat, a nd t he p ollen r ain r ecovered f rom a rchaeological f eatures m ay r eflect o nly t he i mmediate e nvironment o f t he f eature, t he l ow p ercentage o f a rboreal p ollen c annot

b ut

r eflect a d eforested e nvironment

1 6

i n t he v icinity o f

t he

s ites.

T he

l ight,

b alloon-shaped

g rains

o f

p ine,

f or

e xample,

a re

s o e asily t ransported t hat F aegri s uggested t hat u nless t hey a ccount

a nd I versen ( op.cit.) h ave f or a pproximately 1 0% o f t he

t otal

t o

a rboreal

p ollen,

i t

i s

u nwise

i magine

a ny p ropinquity

o f

t he s pecies t o t he s ource o f t he a nalysis. T he t otal n umber o f p ine g rains f rom a ll t hree p its a t V illeneuve a mounts t o f our. O f t he o ther t rees r epresented, l ime a lone i s a n aturally l ow p ollen p roducer. I t i s l ikely, t herefore, t hat t he p ollen d iagrams r eflect a r eal s ituation. O ak i s e ntirely a bsent f rom E scolives, p resent i n o nly o ne p it a t V illeneuve a nd o nly s lightly a t A rmeau ( 0.29%), w hile h azel n ever e xceeds 7 % . I f t hese r esults a re c ompared w ith t hose f rom R eichstett t o t he n orth o f S trasbourg, l ocated s imilarly i n r egard t o t he a lluvial t errace, t he o pen n ature o f t his l andscape i s a gain c onfirmed. T he d ominant s pecies o f n on-arboreal v egetation a re t he C ompositae, a nd m ore s pecifically t he C ichoriae. T his g roup h as b een e quated w ith a p astoral o r m eadow v egetation i n c ontrast t o t he a rable a ssociations o f t he G raminae ( Heim, 1 977). A s imilar p icture w as

r ecognised b y H oremans e t a l.

( 1967)

i n

a l ater c ontext. T he S ON ( late N eolithic) t omb a t M arolles ( Seinee t-Marne) s ituated 2 00m . f rom t he S eine p roduced t wo d iagrams w ith o nly 1 0% A .P. H oremans c onsidered t his t oo s mall a p ercentage t o h ave b een a chieved i n t he i mmediate v icinity o f t he t omb a lone: i i

f aut

p lutöt

a dmettre

q u'en c et

e ndroit

l a

f orgt n 'est

j amais d escendue j usqu'au f leuve m gme. E ven i f r ecourse i s m ade t o t he l ength o f o ccupation i n t his a rea w itnessed b y t he p resence o f B andkeramik g roups ( Mordant, 1 970) i t i s i nstructive t hat f orest r egrowth a ppears n ot t o h ave o ccurred e ither b efore t he t omb's c onstruction o r i n t he d iagram a ssociated w ith i ts a bandonment. M oreover, a way f rom t he v alley b ottoms, o ther B andkeramik s ites d o n ot s how t he s ame e xtent o f d eforestation . A t O rmeignes, i n B elgium, t he s ite i s s ituated o n a s lope o n t he e dge o f a l imon c overed d epression w ith a w ater-table a t 2 .70m . T he a rboreal p ollen c ount i s 3 0.18% w ith l ime a nd h azel d ominant. C ereals a re w ell-represented a t 7 .69% a s a re v egetables ( 2.37%) ( URA 1 2, 1 977). I n n atural c onditions o ne m ight e xpect a lder t o c olonise t his z one. I n t his c ase o ur a nalysis w ould s how t hat i t i s o nly b y t he e nd o f t he l ife o f t hese s ites t hat d eforestation h as t aken p lace. I ndeed, b oth H eim ( op.cit.) a nd F irmin ( 1976) h ave i nterpreted t heir r esults a s i ndicating t he s tate o f t he c leared l andscape a nd B akels ( 1978) h as s imilarly i ndicated a p reference f or a n o riginally w ooded v alley b ottom i n t he D utch L imburg c overed b y a n a lder c arr o r b y a n a lder-lime. K ruk ( 1973) h as p ointed t o t he f act t hat m eadow l andscapes a re a r are n atural p henomenon . T hey r equire a nnual c onditions o f s ufficient s everity t o p revent n ormal f orest g rowth a nd w hile i t i s p ossible t o a chieve t his a rtificially b y m aintained g razing p ressure, i t i s u nclear w hether t his w ould o ccur n aturally i n e quilibrium w ith g razing f rom J ones, p ers.comm.). U nless d eliberately k ept

w ild a nimals ( Martin o pen, m eadow t ends t o

r evert t o a n a lder d ominated l andscape; b oth r equiring a w atert able n ot f ar b elow t he s urface. N evertheless, w here i t d oes o ccur n aturally i t i s f ormed o n a lluvial v alley d eposits, i s w ell-aerated a nd

n aturally

f ertilised,

a nd

c arries

1 7

a

l uxuriant

m oist-loving

g rowth.

A t

a ny r ate,

t he

e vidence

f rom M enneville

( Aisne)

s uggests

t hat i f f orest c over d id r each d own t o t he l ower t erraces i t c onsisted o f a l ight l ime-based, m ixed o ak ( URA 1 2, 1 977) a nd n ot a n a lder c arr. T his p icture m ay, h owever, b e i nfluenced b y t he l ocation o f t he s ite a t t he e ast e nd o f t he A isne v alley j ust o n t o t he c halk m assif o f t he C hampagne. D espite

t hese

t heoretical

o bjections,

t here

i s

g rowing

e vidence t hat m eadow c ommunities m ay h ave b een a n atural A tlantic v egetation. B arker a nd W ebley ( 1978) d iscussing a s imilar s ituation i n s outhern B ritain m aintain t hat: t he a ssertion t hat r iver v alleys i n n eolithic t imes c onsisted a lmost e ntirely o f t hick f orests.., i s s urely a n o versimplification. r iverine h ay m eadows.

T here

c ould w ell h ave b een n atural ( p.

1 65)

A nalysis o f t he d eposits a ssociated w ith t he h ouse a t C uiry-lesC haudardes h as s uggested t hat t hese a reas w ere c overed w ith a c hernozem-like s oil

( URA 1 2,

1 976),

a s uggestion e choed b y B ailloud

( 1976) a nd b y B oureux a nd C oudart ( 1978). I f t his i dentification i s c orrect i ts u sual a ssociation w ith a n o pen l andscape d oes a t f irst g lance a ppear t o b ear o ut t he r esults o f t he p ollen a nalysis. I t i s, h owever, s urprising a nd n eeds t o b e c onsidered f urther. T he c haracteristic A - C p rofile o f t he c hernozem, w ith a t hick h umus l ayer

a nd

a bundant

C aCo3

a ccumulation

i s

g enerally

t aken

t o

b e

t he p roduct o f a reas w ith c old w inters a nd a rid s ummers, a nd, a r ainfall o f l ess t han 6 50mm . p er a nnum . A t rue c hernozem i s a d ry s oil a nd r arely t he p rimary h ost o f f orest. I t d oes n ot s eem l ikely t hat t his w ould h ave f ormed i n t he c onditions o f t he A tlantic i n n orthern F rance. T he l ocation o f t he r ecent a lluvial t errace n ext t o t he p ermanent z one o f i nundation e nsured t hat i n m any p arts o f t he P aris b asin i t w as s ubjected t o f looding . F igure 2 .9 s hows t hat B andkeramik p ost-holes a nd p its a re b oth c ut i nto f lood d eposits a nd c overed b y t hem . L imbrey ( 1975, 1 98) h as s hown t hat i n t hese c ases a f orm o f s oil k nown a s ' meadow c hernozem' c an o ccur w ith a d eveloped B w h orizon a nd g leying. D uchaufour ( 1965) h as d escribed t hese s oils i n m ore d etail a nd h as p ointed o ut t hat a lthough f requently i nundated i n w inter, t he w ater-table i s o ften s o l ow i n s ummer t hat r oots d o n ot r eceive s ufficient w ater. W hile t hese s oils a re r ich i n b lack h umus, c arbonated a nd g ritty ( and t herefore c hemically f ertile), t hey a re p hysiologically d ry. T he e xtremes o f e nvironments n ecessary f or m eadow t o b e m aintained a re t herefore, p resent. I t i s i nteresting t o n ote t hat t he s trong p olymerisation o f t he c alcified humus r ecovered f rom t he s oil a t M arolles ( Horemans e t a l., 1 967) s uggested t hat i t t oo w as c hernozemic. T hat t he f ormation o f a c lassic c hernozem w as m ost u nlikely i n a n A tlantic c limate w as r ealised b y H oremans.

E xplanation w as f ound i n

h uman i nterference b y m eans o f r efuse s preading e tc. o n a s ol b run c alcaire, o r s ol h umique s imilar t o t hat c urrently i n p lace. P uissegar's ( 1976) a nalyses o f t he s nail e vidence a t C uiryl es-Chaudardes c onfirms t his p icture a nd s hows t he o verwhelming p resence o f o pen-types. T he h igh p ercentage o f m eadow s pecies

1 8

( e.g. V allonia p ulchella a nd c ostata) s hould a lso b e n oticed, a s s hould t he v irtual a bsence o f a quatic s pecies. W hile, a s E vans p oints o ut ( 1972), t here i s n o e quivalent i n m alacology t o t he p alynological N .A .P./A .P . r atio, t he i mpression o f a n o pen l andscape i s f urther c onfirmed b y t he r ealisation t hat s ome o f t he s pecies a ssigned b y P uissegar t o f orest o r s emi-forest g roups o ccur e qually w ell i n o pen e nvironments ( e.g. I omatic e legans). C lausilia b identata, a ssigned t o t he f orest g roup, i s a s E vans d emonstrates a lways p resent o n a rchaeological s ites. I n t he r egion b etween t he A isne a nd

t he M arne,

S auvage

( 1954)

h as s hown t hat t he V esle a nd t he O urcq a re i ndeed c haracterised b y a n a lder-dominated l andscape. H owever, t hese r ivers l ack t he t errace f ormations o n w hich B andkeramik s ettlement i s l ocated, a re s maller, f illed w ith r ecent a lluvium a nd c overed w ith p eat. T hey a lso g enerally d ate t o t he S ubboreal. A ll o f t hese f actors m ay h ave o verinfluenced t he v egetation i n f avour o f a lder. W hile a n a lder c arr m ay p erhaps h ave c haracterised t he b ottoms o f m ore m inor v alleys, b y t he t ime t hey h ave d escended i nto t he f lood-plains o f t he m ajor r ivers t his w ould a ppear t o h ave t hinned o ut i nto a n atural m eadow v egetation. ( ii) T HE V ALLEY S LOPES T he a bsence o f p ollen f rom t he s lopes o f t he m ajor v alleys m akes t he v egetational r econstruction d ifficult. T here i s a n a nalysis f rom t he e dge o f am ore m inor v alley a t V idelles ( Essonne) d ated t o t he C erny g roup ( Figure 2 .3). T he s ite i s l ocated o n t he e dge o f a s mall v alley w ith a n arrow s trip o f a lluvium r unning a long i ts

b ottom,

a nd u nconsolidated

s lopes

o f

s cree,

m arls,

s and

a nd c hert. T he i nterfluve b ehind t he s ite i s c overed w ith l imon. T he p ollen d iagram r eveals a s equence f rom t he A tlantic t o t he S ubatlantic a nd i s b ased o n p ollen o btained f rom s ediment l odged i n a l arge f issure 3 .50m . d eep. A m ore a fforested e nvironment i s r evealed t han t hose e xamined a bove. T he d ominant t ree i s b irch, c losely f ollowed b y a lder a nd a s hrub l ayer c omposed p rincipally o f h azel. O ak a nd p ine a re s parsely r epresented. T his c ombination s uggests t hat t he s lope w as c overed w ith a b irchwood. T here i s a lso a c onsistent i f l ow p ercentage o f a quatic a nd d amp-loving p lants. T he s lopes o f t he A isne a re m ore g entle t han t hose a t V idelles a nd a re c omposed o f t he u pper t errace f ormations o f t he v alley. T hey a re c overed w ith a c onsolidated s and o r c olluvium n ow e ither p odzolised o r c overed b y a r endzina. B irch, a h eavy p ollen p roducer, i s n ot r epresented a t a ll i n t he v alley b ottom d iagrams. I t i s m ore

l ikely t hat a l ighter l ime-hazel v egetation w as p resent.

. (iii) P LATEAUX A ND I NTERFLUVES T hree

b road

r egimes

c an

b e

d ominated r espectively b y l ime, T he

d ominance

o f

l ime

i n

d efined

i n

o ak a nd a lder t he

A tlantic

t his

l andscape

z one

( Figure 2 .5). v egetation

h as

b een

s uggested f or s outhern B ritain ( Godwin, 1 956) a nd B elgium ( Munaut, 1 967) a nd h as b een f ully d iscussed b y B akels ( 1978). P lanchais h as s hown h ow i ts p ollen i s c onsistently f iltered r educing i ts a ppearance

i n

t he

p ollen

r ecord

1 9

( 1970).

I n

w estern

E urope,

t herefore, l ime w as p robably m ore f requent t han t he d iagrams s uggest a nd m ay h ave f ormed s tands o f l ime f orest o n s andy g round a nd b een a s ignificant c omponent o n t he l oess-limon ( Iversen, 1 973, 6 5). I n t he P aris M ontbani ( Aisne). d ominate i n t he

b asin t his p icture i s c onfirmed a t C oincy O ak i s p oorly r epresented a nd h azel a nd

u ndergrowth.

L ime

i s

a lso

p resent

a t

( Guillet, 1 970), A ppeville ( Elhai, 1 9589), L 'Archet P oigny ( Jalut, 1 966) a nd B ar ( Mullenders, 1 960). T he

d omination

o f

o ak

c an

b e

s een

a t

V ernier

S t.

a nd i vy

G orgon

I

( Jalut,

1 967),

( Elhai,

1 959),

B ellengreville ( Elhai, o p.cit.), B rasparts ( Van Z eist, 1 963), P ourville ( Schiedel Bucket, 1 960), P oigny ( Jalut, 1 966) a nd G izeux ( Planchais, 1 967). I n t he e astern P aris b asin t he A tlantic d evelopment o f o ak i s s low ( Planchais, 1 976) a nd Q uercus s essiliflora i s l ikely t o h ave b een b etter r epresented t han o n t he c oastal m argins.

I n

g eneral,

t he

d ominant o ak w ould a ppear

t o h ave

b een Q . p edunculata, t he p reference o f w hich f or d eeper, d amp h eavy s oils m ay h ave e nsured a m ore w idespread d istribution.

a nd

A lder d ominated d iagrams a re i n m any w ays u nrepresentative o f a w idespread v egetation t ype s ince t hey o ver-represent t he g rowth o n t he e dge o f t he b og t o t he e xclusion o f m ore g eneral v egetation . M ost A tlantic d iagrams s how a n i ncrease o f a lder a s a r esult o f t he g reater h umidity o f t he p eriod. A t M ur-de-Sologne, P lanchais ( 1970) h as i nterpreted t he a lternation i n t he d iagram b etween a lder a nd b irch a s t he d ominant b ogside t ree i n c rude c limatic t erms. T he d rier c onditions o f t he B oreal a nd S ubboreal f avoured b irch . T he t hick, t angled a lder r egime i s d ifficult o f a ccess b ut e asy t o c lear a nd f illed w ith n atural f ruits s uch a s b rambles. I t i s o nly l ikely t o h ave b een t he d ominant g rowth i n a reas a s m arshy a s t he S olognais a nd t he A tlantic c oastal b ogs. T hese t hree t ypes a re i llustrated i n F igure 2 .4. T he

d iagrams

g reater d egree

o f

o btained

f rom

a fforestation

t he

w estern

( Figure

P aris

2 .3).

T he

b asin

a rboreal

s how

a

p ollen

c ount r arely f alls b elow 7 0% . M ixed o ak i s t he d ominant r egime w ith a h igher p ercentage o f o ak i tself a nd o ften a s ignificant p ercentage o f p ine, e lsewhere i n d ecline e .g. l e m arais V ernier ( Elhai, 1 959). E lm a nd l ime a re p oorly r epresented. A s m ight b e e xpected, a lder d ominated d iagrams a re f requent a long t he c oasts a nd

i n

t he

d amp

s yncline

o f

t he

P ays

d e

B ray.

A t

S oumount

I

( Frileux a nd H uault, 1 971) a lder a ttains 8 0% . T his p icture i s a lso r eflected a t G ath6mo a nd f urther s outh a t P etit-Mars, i n t he L oire e stuary ( Planchais, 1 976). R egional v ariation i s v isible i n B rittany w here t he a cidic n ature o f t he v olcanic s ubstrate a nd i ts h igher e levation i ncreased t he d ominance o f o ak ( Van Z eist, 1 963; 1 964). E lm, a sh a nd l ime a re l ikely t o h ave b een p resent o n t he l ower s lopes a nd h azel m aintains i ts p lace i n t he s hrub l ayer. T here i s l ittle d evelopment o f a lder, o ther t han i n s ynclines. ( iv)

S EA-LEVEL C HANGE I n

t he

e stuarine

a nd

r iverine

d eposits,

e specially

o f

p eat,

t he e xtent o f c hanging s ea-level i s u nclear . P eriods o f r ising s eal evel w ould h ave p roduced l arge a reas o f s and a nd m ud o n w hich s alt-meadows a nd m ud-flats c ould d evelop. C onversely, i n p eriods o f f alling

s ea-level

f resh-water

b ogs

2 0

w ould

h ave

f ormed,

s eparating

a reas

o f

c oastal

f ishing

f rom

d ry

l and

b y

l arge

s tretches

m arsh . A s T ers ( 1976) p oints o ut, t rees a re o nly l ikely a ppeared s hortly b efore t he m aximum o f e ach r etreat. T he

p roblem

o f

s ea-level

c hange

a nd

t he

q uestion

o f

t o

o f

h ave

w hether

p eriods o f r egression a re v isible w ithin a g eneral i f d iscontinuous t ransgression h ave b een t he s ubject o f m uch d ebate. F or t he p resent, i t s hould b e n oted t hat r ecent a ccounts h ave t ended t o s upport G oudie,

t he v iew t hat r egression p hases d id o ccur ( Tooley, 1 978; 1 977) a lthough E lhai c ould n ot f ind e vidence o f t his i n

N ormandy ( 1963). T he s udden a ppearance o f f reshwater p lants a nd a lder a t A ppeville w as s een i n t erms o f a l ocal g eomorphological e vent r ather t han a r egression p hase. O nly t he s equence a t l e M arais V ernier s hows a nything l ike t he i ntercalation o f p eat a nd m ud n otcied b y J elgersma ( 1966) f urther n orth . E lhai ( op.cit.) h as a gain r esorted t o g eomorphology i n t he f orm o f s and-bar f ormation t o

e xplain

t his

s equence.

T he

1 :80,000

g eological

m ap

o f

e stuary d escribes t he v alley d eposits a s ' limons a vec l its t ourbes', s uggesting a gain t hat t he e stuary h ad b een s ubject

t he d e t o

m arine f luctuations. H owever, t he c ore t aken b y T ers e t a l. ( 1971) o n t he n orth s ide o f t he e stuary r evealed t hat t he e ntire A tlantic s equence a t L e H avre w as m issing, a lthough i t w as c lear t hat s altm eadows

h ad

n ot

f ormed

b y

c .

5 ,750

b .c.

T he

p assage

b etween

t he

B oreal a nd t he A tlantic i s m arked b y t he c hange b etween t he b lue c lay a nd a p eaty d eposit. F urther i nland, p eat w as b eginning t o f orm i n t he B oreal e .g. B elloy-sur-Somme, a lthough o nce a gain t he m ain g rowth b egins w ith t he A tlantic ( Nilsson, 1 960). T he e xtent o f t his g rowth s eems o nly t o h ave i ncluded t he l ower i nundation a reas o f t he v alley b ottoms. B oth o f t he s ondages a t B elloy o n t he l ower t errace r eveal n o s ign o f e dge ( Salomonsson, 1 960)

p eat a lthough t hey a re p lanted o n a nd a s imilar s ituation e xists

i ts f or

L ongpr6-les-Corps-Saints ( Somme) ( Fagnart a nd V aillant, 1 979). M oreover, t he f amous B elloy B andkeramik p ot f ound n ear A lthin's s ite c ame f rom ' la p artie s uperieure d 'un b ane d e t uf q ui s 'gtend s ous l a t ourbe d u m arais d e B elloy-sur-Somme'. l ikely t o h ave f ormed a fter t he N eolithic. t he B oreal p eat c overed o nly t he l owest B andkeramik o ccupation, a s e lsewhere, w as

T his p eat i s

F igure 2 .11 s hows t hat t errace a nd t hat t he c onfined t o t he l ower

t errace c overed b y t ufa w hich e xtended o ver t his p eat f ormation . S OM m aterial i s a ssociated w ith a l ater t ufa d evelopment. T he f ormation o f t he t ufa c an b e d ated t o c . 3 ,500 b .c. a t t he m aximum o f t he t ransgression ( Agache e t a l., 1 963). B reuilpont a nd L gry a re f ree o f p eat a s w ell. F rom t he e vidence a t L ong ( Somme) ( Nilsson, 1 960) a m ixed o ak r egime w ould a ppear t o h ave b een d ominant, i n w hich l ime a chieved 3 0% o f t he a rboreal p ollen. T HE S UBBOREAL T he t ransition f rom t he A tlantic t o d istinguished b y G odwin ( 1956) o n t he b asis o f

t he S ubboreal w as t he e lm d ecline. I n

F rance, a n umber o f d ated e xamples s uggest t hat t his o ccurred d uring t he l ast h alf o f t he f ourth m illennium b .c. ( e.g . L ornel, P as-de-Calais, 5 090±90 b .p. ( 1v.765)). W here e lm i s n ot p resent a s imilar d ecline h as b een n oticed i n l ime ( Paquereau, 1 964). T he S ubboreal i ncludes b oth t he m iddle N eolithic ( Chassgo-Michelsberg) a nd t he l ater N eolithic

( SOM)

( see F igure

2 1

2 .2).

O ne

o f

t he

m ost

i ncreased e vidence c an b e H uault, u sing

s alient

f eatures

o f

t his

o f h uman i nterference w ith t he

p eriod

i s

t he

v egetation .

T his

s een i n t he i ncrease o f c learance p hases ( Frileux a nd 1 971), t he d evelopment o f m ore e xtensive c learance s ystems

f ire

( Morzadec-Kerfourn,

1 976)

a nd

t he

i ncrease

o f

c ereal

p ollen i n t he p alynological r ecord ( Roux a nd L eroi-Gourhan, 1 964). T his c ontrast w ith t he A tlantic w as g iven m ore i ntensity b y t he d ramatic a ppearance o f t he e lm d ecline a nd i ts i nterpretation f ollowing T roels-Smith ( 1960) i n a nthropogenic t erms. I t s eems c lear t hat o ne o f t he m a jor d ifficulties i n r ecreating t he n atural e nvironment

o f

t his

p eriod

i s

t he

m asking

e ffect

h uman

a ction

h as

p roduced. L opping o f e lm f or f odder w ould, i n i tself, b e v irtually i ndistinguishable f rom a n atural c limatic d eterioration a lthough t he w idespread s patial a nd t emporal d istribution o f t his p henomenon s uggests a u nity o f d evelopment s urprising i n i ts h omogeneity. T he d iscovery t hat t he e lm d ecline o ccurred a lso i n t he m ountains o f G ermany w ith n o i ndication o f h uman i nterference a rgues f or a n atural o rigin i n p art a t l east T he

w ork

o f

S auvage

( Frenzel,

( 1954)

a nd

1 966).

Mullenders

( 1960)

h as

s hown

t hat t he g reater e cological u nity o f t he l owland a reas a nd l onger h istory o f s ettlement t here m akes t hem u nsuitable d etecting o ther t han m ajor c limatic c hanges. W hile c hanges i n

t he f or t he

m icro-climate w ere s urely f requent, t he ' catastrophe' p oint w here t he m acro-climate w as a lso a ffected w as n ot e asily r eached. I n m ountain r egions, h owever, o n t he b oundaries o f e cological z ones w here d ynamic e quilibrium w as a chieved m ore r arely, s uch c hanges a re l ikely t o b e m ore n oticeable. T his c an b e s een i n t he A rdennes w here a t t he b eginning o f t he S ubboreal a lder d ecreases a nd o ak i ncreases. T he o bserved

T here i s a lso a l owering o f t he t ree-line.

d egree

o f

c learance

s ynchronisation p hases

m ust

b etween

a lso

b e

t he

e lm

d ecline

a nd

q uestioned.

D espite

t he

a pparent c orrelation b etween t he C 14 d ates, t he d iagram f rom T rgompan, I le C am , h as r evealed t hat t he e lm d ecline i s l ater t han, a nd u nrelated t o, t he c learance d etected f rom t he p alaeosol b eneath t he c airn ( Morzadec-Kerfourn, 1 976). M oreover, a t P oigny ( Jalut, 1 966) t he e lm d ecline b ears n o r esemblance t o t he s harp c learance p hases i n t he d iagrams w hich s how m arked d iminutions i n t he e lm a nd o ak c urves. T he

s patial

v ariations. I t i s B rasparts I ( Van

d istribution

o f

t his

p henomenon

r are f or e xample i n w estern Z eist, 1 963), a nd, i n t he

r eveals

w ide

B rittany a part f rom V ilaine v alley t he

S ubboreal i s m arked b y a d ecline i n l ime a nd t he d evelopment o f a sh a nd f ield m aple ( Acer c ampestre) ( Kerfourn, 1 965). S imilarly, i n t he G ironde t he e lm d ecline i s r eplaced b y a l ime d ecline a nd a n i ncrease i n x erothermic M editerranean t ypes. N o e lm d ecline w as n oted i n t he M arais V ernier

( Elhai,

1 960).

( i) T HE V ALLEY B OTTOMS o f

T he m ajor c hange i n t he v alley b ottoms i s t he i ncreased g rowth p eat. T his c an b e s een i n t he A isne a t C uiry-les-Chaudardes

w here t he f lora o f a n S OM p it o n t he s ame s ite a s t he e arlier B andkeramik s ettlement r evealed a ' zone m argcageuse' ( URA 1 2, 1 974). T his i ncrease i n p eat g rowth c an a lso b e s een i n t he S eine

2 2

e stuary a nd i n t he S omme. A l ayer o f p eat s eparating m iddle f rom l ate N eolithic c an b e s een a t L a P ortelette ( Bourdier, 1 969) ( Figure 2 .11) a nd L e P errey, L e H avre. M ost o f t hese f ormations s eem t o b e t he r esult o f s ea-level f luctuations. T he v egetation s hows l ittle m ajor c hange f rom t he A tlantic a nd a lthough t here i s a g eneral d ecrease i n t he p ercentage o f o ak p resent ( Planchais, 1 969) a m ixed o ak ( Sandouville)

r egime d ominates a nd P ort A utonome

a t M arais d e l 'est d e l a S eine ( Le H avre). I n t he C lgon e stuary,

a lder i s a lso p resent. I n t he S omme, h owever, t he s ite o f L ong r eveals a d ecrease i n t he m ixed o ak c omponent a nd a n i ncrease i n h azel w ith a sh a nd f ield m aple p resent ( Nilsson, 1 960). T he d iagram f rom t he S OM t omb a t M arolles b ears a s triking r esemblance t o t hose o btained f rom t he B andkeramik s ites. I n a ll c ases t he C ompositae d ominate, i n a n o pen m eadow l andscape w ith u p t o 8 0% C ichoriae ( Horemans, 1 967). T he m eadow c haracter i s c onfirmed a t G ermignyl 'Eveque i n t he M arne ( Baumann a nd T arrate, 1 979). A s imilar p icture i s p resented a t a B eaker c ontext a t C hamps-sur-Yonne ( Poplin e t a l., 1 976). ( ii) T HE V ALLEY S LOPES T he v egetational s equence r evealed a t V idelles u ndergoes s ome c hange ( Figure 2 .3). I n t he f irst p lace t he a mount o f a fforestation i ncreases: t he A .P. t otal i s n ow 9 2.5% . P reviously t his h ad b een c haracterised b y h azel a nd b irch . I n t he S ubboreal t he d ominant t rees a re l ime a nd h azel. A fter t he c learance p hase a ssociated w ith t he S ON o ccupation t here i s a n i ncrease i n b irch . ( iii) P LATEAUX A ND I NTERFLUVES A r egression

o f

a lder

c an

b e

s een

a t

M ur-de-Sologne

w here

P lanchais ( 1970) s aw t he c orresponding i ncrease i n b irch a s e vidence o f a d rier c limatic r egime, a nd J alut ( 1967) h as p ointed t o

a

s imilar

i ncrease

i n

b irch

a t

d ifficult t o t ell whether t his i s t he r apid c olonisation o n t o s andy s oil

l 'Archet; r esult a fter

a lthough

i t

i s

o f c limatic c hange o r t he f irst c learances

which o ccur a t t his t ime. D iagrams d ominated b y l ime m aintain t heir c omposition. A t M ontbani, f or e xample, l ime a nd h azel a re d ominant a lthough b oth a lder a nd b irch a re s till p resent. I n t he V ilaine v alley

l ime

i ncreases.

T hose

d iagrams,

h owever,

c haracterised

i n

t he A tlantic b y o ak n ow s how c onsiderable v ariation. A ppeville, f or e xample, s hows a n i ncrease o f o ak a nd b eech ( Elhai, 1 959) a nd i t h as a lready b een o bserved t hat a round L e H avre m ixed o ak c ontinues t o p redominate. O n t he o ther h and t here a re w hich n ow s how a n i ncrease i n a lder. T his i s

a n umber o f d iagrams t he c ase a t C ess f Ares

a nd M ontbavin ( Aisne) f or e xample a nd a lso a t P oigny. s hows

T he d iagram f rom t he s ite a t N euvy-en-Dunois ( Eure-et-Loir) t he e xtent o f c learance a round a p lateau s ite. T wo d iagrams

r evealed a n A .P. t otal o f 1 1-26% . O f t his h azel a nd l ime w ere t he m ain c omponents. T he C ichoriae a gain m ade u p b etween 4 5 a nd 6 5% o f t he n on-arboreal p ollen ( N .A .P .) ( Masset, 1 968). A s imilar d eforestation c an b e s een a t t he a ll e c ouverte o f G uiry-en-Vexin ( Girard, 1 968) w here t he A .P. w as 9 .9% . H azel w as a gain t he m ain c omponent. C ereals w ere a lso p resent. T hese r esults c ontrast w ith

2 3

t he

d iagrams

f rom

t he

t ombs

o f

T inqueux,

G ourhan, 1 962) N oisy-sur-Ecole a nd t he s ite 1 962) where t he A .P . v aried b etween 7 5 - 3 0% .

M ournouards a t

V idelles

( Leroi( Roux,

I n g eneral, h owever, t here i s l ittle r adical d ifference i n t he v egetation b etween t he A tlantic a nd S ubboreal. W hat d oes s eem t o b e a pparent i s t he g reater i nfluence o f l ocal e cological f actors. Whereas i n t he A tlantic t hree b road r egimes c ould b e d efined w ithin a g enerally m ixed-oak f orest, t he S ubboreal s ees t he e mergence o f m ore r egional p atterns w ith t he r emoval o f t he b road i nfluences a nd r estraints o f t he c limatic o ptimum . T he i nfluence o f m an c an a lso b e d etected. T he e ffect o f t his r egionalisation c an b e s een i n t he d iagrams f rom N ormandy ( Figure 2 .4). S EA-LEVEL C HANGE T he e ffects o f c hanging s ea-level c an b e m ore c learly s een i n t he S ubboreal. G iot h as p ointed t o t he n umber o f s ubmerged B reton m egaliths ( 1968) b ut a c learer e xample c an b e s een i n t he S omme a t L a P ortelette ( Bourdier, 1 969; T ers, p ers.comm .) ( Figure 2 .11). T owards 3 ,200-3,000 b .c. t he s ea-level w as a t i ts m aximum a nd t he s eries k nown a s t he s ables b leus i nfgrieurs w ere d eposited . I t i s a t t his t ime t hat C hassgen o ccupation o ccurs b oth o n a nd i n t his d eposit a s t hin l enses. F ollowing t his o ccupation a f all i n s eal evel e ncouraged t he g rowth o f p eat, t he b eginning o f w hich i s d ated t o 2 700*150 b .c. W ith t he s ubsequent r ise i n s ea-level t he s ables b leus s uperieurs w ere d eposited a ssociated a long t he S omme w ith a r ich c halcolithic i ndustry ( Agache e t a l., 1 963). B ronze a ge m aterial i s a ssociated w ith t he

F urther n orth a round B oulogne M ariette ( 1971) h as s hown t hat C hass6en s ea-level w as a t a pproximately 3.50m . ( N .G .F .). A t

t he

W imereux, f or e xample, m arshy c lay b eneath t he o f

f ormation o f a t ufa.

t he

S OM

o ccupation

C hassgen p ottery w as p eat o f t he s ubmerged a t

H ardelot,

h owever,

r ecovered f rom t he f orest. B y t he t ime t he

s ea-level

i s

a t

1.50m . T he n ature a nd f requency o f t hese o scillations h ave b een m uch d iscussed. D elibrias a nd G uillier ( 1971) m aintain t hat t he r ate o f i ncrease d ecreased a fter c . 5 ,000 b .c. T ers ( 1976) a nd M orzadec-Kerfourn r egression p hases

( 1974) o n t he o ther h and a re c lear t hat d id o ccur. W ithin t he S ubboreal T ers h as

r ecognised s everal s uch p hases. A verage l evel b elow N GF

D ate b .c.

T ype-site

P hase

15m 8m 12m

5 ,350 4 ,250 3 ,550

S t. M arc B rghec T rgompan

R egression T ransgression R egression

5m 8m 2m

3 ,050 2 ,550 1 ,400

B retignolles A rgent o n C amiers

T ransgression R egression T ransgression

T he e ffect o f c oastal

o f t hese w ould h ave b een t o i ncrease g reatly t he a reas a nd e stuarine z ones a vailable f or e xploitation. I n t he

a reas o f l agoonal a nd t idal f lats t here w ould h ave b een v ariations b etween s alt m arshes a nd r eed s wamps a nd f reshwater b ogs, while, i n t he m ajor r ivers t hick f luvatile c lay l ayers a lternated w ith p eat.

2 4

I n a nd

t he V endge R 6

w ith

a f all t he

b elow 15m .

m ainland.

A t

w ould u nite a m ore

t he

d etailed

i slands o f C lgron l evel,

M orzadec-

K erfourn h as s hown t he d egree o f c hange p ossible w ithin e ven a s mall e stuary a t D ol-de-Bretagne ( 1974) ( Figure 2 .6). I n t he A tlantic t he b ay f ormed p art o f a n i ntertidal z one i n w hich m arine s ands w ere d eposited. B ut, a s t he d iminished a nd p eat w as b eing e stablished w hich, b y t he S ubboreal

s peed o f t he t ransgressions f ormed, s hore-cordons w ere i solated t he b og. F inally c .

1 950-1650 b .c. m arine i nfluence w as a gain p resent. D espite t hese g eomorphological c onstraints, n oted a lso b y E lhai ( 1963) s he i s c lear t hat r egression p hases d id o ccur ( 1) c . 5 ,250 b .c. ( 2) c . 3 ,550 b .c. ( 3) c . 1 ,850 b .c . T he c urve f or t his e stuary i s s hown i n F igure 2 .6. T his a bundance o f i nformation c ontrasts w ith t hat a vailable f or t he A tlantic. H uault ( 1971) h as d emonstrated t hat i n t he

L gzarde,

a

t ributary

o f

t he

S eine,

A tlantic

d eposits

w ere

c haracterised b y t he f ormation o f s ea-peat b ut t hat t he s ubsequent d rop i n s ea-level h as c aused d own-cutting a nd i ts a lmost c omplete e rosion.

T his c an a lso b e s een a t R edon i n B rittany . C LIMATE

T he p resent c limate o f n orthern F rance i s a m ixture o f m aritime a nd c ontinental f low i n w hich t he m aritime i nfluence i s b y f ar t he s trongest ( Pedelaborde, 1 957). I t i s t herefore a c limate o f s ome v ariation: l a t rame d e n otre c limat a pparait a lors e xtrgmement c apricieuse ( op.cit., S pring

i s

c haracterised

b y

p rotracted

a nticyclones

a nd

3 51)

f eeble

w esterly c yclones m aking i t b oth a c old a nd c loudy s eason. M arch t ends t o b e c alm a nd t o m ark a b reak i n t he c old s pell w ith t emperatures o f c . 6 °C. C ontinental i nfluences a re a t t heir s trongest. A pril h owever h as a p ronounced m aritime c haracter a nd o ften s ees t he r eturn o f m ore ' arctic' w eather f rom t he n orth o r n orth-west. M ay h as f requent c ontinental a nticyclones a nd a t emperature o f c . 1 3 °C . S ummer i s r elatively c alm a nd i s d ominated b y m aritime a nticyclones. J une i s t he t raditional m onth t o s ummer w ith a h igh p ercentage

o f n orth-westerly a ir

f low .

B y J uly h owever

t he n umber o f w esterly c yclones h as i ncreased. T he h ottest a nd m ost h umid m onth i s A ugust b ut i t i s a lso a p eriod o f s tormy w eather a s b oth w esterly a nd s outhern c yclones i ncrease. T he f ormer p ersist t hrough t o w inter w hich i s g enerally o vercast a nd s ombre. D ecember h as t he h ighest n umber o f c ontinental a nticycolnes o f a ny m onth a nd t emperatures

o f

c .

3 °C .

T owards

t he

e nd

o f

s ombre c yclonic p eriod a round C hristmas f requent ( Weihnachtstief). J anuary i s t he

t he

m onth

p revailing

w inds

a re

g enerally

i s

a

w hen s now o r r ain i s c oldest m onth a t c . 2 °C

b ut b y F ebruary t he w estern i nfluence h as d ecreased a nd d e l a b elle s aison' c an b e s een ( Pedelaborde, 1 957). T he

t here

f rom

t he

' une p ousge s outh-west

a lthough i n t he A isne v alley, f or e xample, t he m ain r ain-bearing w inds a re f rom t he n orth a nd n orth-west a nd t he c ontinentality o f w inter e ncourages e asterlies. B oth t he S eine a nd L oire b asins h ave a bout 7 0 d ays o f f rost p er y ear a nd i n t he o n b etween 1 0 a nd 2 0 d ays p er y ear. I t i s

2 5

P aris b asin s now f alls r arely h eavy e nough t o

b lock t ransport. T he a verage r ainfall i s a bout 6 00mm . p er y ear a lthough t here a re i solated p atches i n, f or e xample, t he A isne d gpartement

w here

i t

f alls

b elow

t his

( Figure

e stuary i n t he s tudy a rea t o t he n orth a nnual r ainfall o n t he p lateau i s a s m uch b y f ar t he d riest s eason . I n t he c entre m onthly t otal i s 3 6mm . a lthough i t i s b etween 5 0-75mm . I n t he s ummer t he w hole

2 .7).

A t

t he

S eine

o f t he r iver t he a verage a s 9 00-1,200mm . W inter i s o f t he b asin t he a verage s urrounded b y a n a rea o f b asin h as a bout 7 5-100mm .

I n t he A isne, t he m aximum o f r ain o ccurs i n t he a utumn a s h eavy s howers a nd t he l ong w inter t ends t o l ead t o w ater-logging, s udden f looding a nd a c onsequently l arge s ummer e vaporation. S everal f actors a ffect t his p attern . D istance f rom t he s ea, o f c ourse, i ncreases t emperature a s a ltitude d ecreases i t. A s a g eneral r ule t emperature d ecreases b y 1°C f or e very 2 00m . i ncrease i n h eight. L atitude i s a lso i mportant a nd i n t he s outh o f F rance t he g rowing s eason i s u p t o 1 4 m onths e arlier t han i n t he n orth . ( i) T HE A TLANTIC C LIMATE B akels' r ecent a nalysis o f t he A tlantic c limate i n t he D utch L imburg s uggests t hat t he a verage a nnual t emperature w as h igher b y a bout 2°C ( 1978). T his w as b ased o n t he w ork o f I versen w ho u sed t he d istribution o f t hermophilous p lants s uch a s m istletoe, i vy a nd h olly t o c alculate a s imilar r ise i n t emperature f or t he w armest m onths o f A tlantic D enmark. I vy, f or e xample, r equires a n a verage w inter t emperature o f 1 .5 °C . D egerbol a nd K rog h ave u sed t he d istribution o f t he p ond t ortoise i n a s imilar f ashion ( 1951) a nd c omparable r esults b asis r ainfall w as

h ave a lso

b een a chieved i n c entral G ermany. O n t his g reater t han a t p resent b y b etween 8 a nd

2 2% . I n F rance, L emge ( 1953) r ecorded a t emperature r ise o f 2 -3°C f rom h is a nalysis o f t he c hanges i n t he o ak t reeline o n t he M assif C entral a nd P lanchais ( 1970) h as c ome t o a s imilar c onclusion a s a r esult o f h er w ork o n t he d istribution o f Q uercus I lex. T he p resent d istribution o f t his s pecies i s m arked i n F igure 2 .10. F rom t he l ate B oreal o nwards a nd p articularly d uring t he A tlantic t his s pecies w as f ound a s f ar n orth a s t he S eine e stuary. I ts p resence w as

n ot

w idespread

b ut

s poradic

a nd

J alut

( 1967)

h as

s hown

t hat,

f or e xample, i t o ccurred i n o nly o ne o f t he t wo c ontemporary b ogs i n t he R ambouillet f orest. T he t olerance o f t his t ree l ies i n t he r ange

1 3-14 °C a nd 4 00-700mm .

a verage a nnual r ainfall.

T his s uggests

a n i ncrease i n n orthern F rench t emperatures d uring t he A tlantic o f 2 -3 °C a lthough n ot a s ignificant i ncrease i n r ainfall. T he i ncreased h umidity w as d emonstrated a t M ur-de-Sologne i n t he v ariation i n a lder a nd b irch ( 1970) a nd i n e astern E urope S tarkel h as s hown t hat t he f luvial d eposits r eveal p eriods o f h eavy r ain o f l ong d uration ( 1966). T he f ormation o f p eat b ogs a t t his t ime h as a lready b een n oted. T his

i mpression

o f

a w armer

a nd

m ore

h umid

c limatic

o ptimum

h as b een c onfirmed b y L amb ( 1971) a nd i t i s g enerally a greed t hat a t t his p eriod t he m ain b elt o f s ummer d epressions, t he m ain a nticyclonic b elt a nd t he p olar f ronts w ere f urther n orth ( Gribbin, 1 978; M agny, 1 979). T his w ill h ave p laced n orthern F rance u nder t he i nfluence o f s ubtropical a nticyclones e specially i n t he s ummer w ith

2 6

l ittle p enetration o f t he p olar a irstream . O ne r esult o f t his w ould h ave b een m ore d ays o f s unshine i n t he s ummer m onths. V ariations w ithin t his p attern h ave b een o bserved a lthough s equences a s d etailed

a s

t hat

e stablished

b y

M iskovsky

a t

C häteauneuf-les-

M artigues ( 1974) a re r are. B akels ( op.cit.) h as p ointed t o t he i nfluence o f t he M isox o scillations i n t he A lpine s equence b etween 5 ,500 a nd 4 ,500 b .c. c onsisting o f t hree c old s pells, b ut, f rom t he p oint o f v iew o f t he N eolithic t he P iora o scillations a re m ore r elevant - 3 ,400 - 3 ,000 b .c. T ers ( 1977), f or e xample, h as l inked t hese w ith t he c limatic d eterioration a ssociated w ith h er A rgenton l ow s ea-level a nd i t i s a t t his t ime t hat t he e lm d ecline c an b e o bserved ( Frenzel, 1 966). T he e vidence t herefore p oints t o a c old s pell a t t he e nd o f t he A tlantic a pproximately c ontemporary w ith t he l ater B andkeramik a nd e arliest C hassgo-Michelsberg. T his i s g iven f urther w eight b y t he o xygen i sotope w ork i n t he s outh o f F rance w hich s hows a l.,

( ii) T HE a nd

a c older

p eriod

f rom 3 ,500 b .c.

( Lumley d e,

e t

1 976). S UBBOREAL C LIMATE

I n c ontrast, t he S ubboreal h as b een s een a s a p eriod o f d rier c ooler c limate ( Chaline, 1 972). I t w as t his p icture w hich l ed

G radmann t o p ropose h is S teppenheidetheorie. F renzel ( 1966), h owever, s uggests t hat d espite m inor f luctuations, a m ajor c hange d id n ot o ccur u ntil t he e nd o f t his p eriod, d espite i ncreasing c ontinentality. I n c ontrast, i n e astern E urope, S tarkel ( 1966) s aw a m arked d ifference b etween t he p eriods, w ith t he f ormation o f b rown a nd b lack e arths a t t his t ime a s. a r esult o f d ecreased c hemical w eathering. P eat b ogs b ecame p eriodically d essicated. O scillations i n p recipitation c an b e o bserved i n t he s and b eaches o f t he K oskowickie l ake, S ilesia, a t 2 ,850 a nd 2 ,500 b .c. M agny ( 1979) h as s hown t hat i n t he J ura t his p eriod s ees a d rop i n t he t ree l ine f rom 1 ,300m . t o 6 00m . a nd a n i ncrease i n b eech a nd f ir. T he e xtension o f f ir a nd i vy, h owever, s uggests t hat r ainfall, f ar f rom d ecreasing, i ncreased. I n g eneral, M agny m aintains t hat t emperatures d ecreased b y 1 -2 °C w hile r ainfall i ncreased 1 0-15% . T hree p eriods o f p oor c limate c an b e o bserved a t 3 ,500, 2 ,400 a nd 1 ,600 b .c. T his i dea s uggested i n G uilane

o f a c old a nd w et S ubboreal h as a lso b een ( 1976) f or t he P yrenees a nd t he M assif

C entral. T his c ontradicts t he w ork o f B lytt a nd S ernander ( 1876; 1 908) i n n orthern E urope w here t he e vidence d oes s uggest a d rier c limate. T he s olution t o t his p roblem m ay l ie

i n a s hift

i n t he

a tmospheric

c irculation. T he m ost i mportant f eature f or r ainfall i s t he p osition o f t he p olar f ront. I n t he A tlantic i t h as b een s uggested ( above) t hat t his l ay t o t he n orth o f i ts p resent p osition. M agny ( 1979) c laims b ringing w ith

t hat w ith i t c older

t he S ubboreal i t m oved f urther s outh t emperatures a nd m ore r ain. B ehind t he

f ront, t he m ain i nfluence w ould h ave b een p olar a nd c ontinental c old a nd d ry - i n a dvance o f t he f ront c old a nd w et ( Figure 2 .8). T his v iew c ontrasts w ith t hat p roposed b y P edelaborde f or a w arm a nd d ry S ubboreal i n t he P aris b asin ( 1957) a nd a lso w ith t he s equence f rom L ongetraye, H aute-Loire ( Elouard e t a l., 1 974) w hich s howed a h umid a nd t emperate A tlantic a nd a d ry, s tormy S ubboreal. I n C entral E urope, F renzel's a ssertion t hat m ajor c limatic c hanges

2 7

d id

n ot

o ccur

a t

t he

b eginning

o f

t his

p eriod

d eserves

r epetition

( 1966). T he i ntercalation o f s oil h orizons w ith p eriods o f t ravertine f ormation i n s pring l evels h as s uggested t hat o scillations b etween w etter a nd d rier c limates w ere f requent ( Jäger, 1 967) a nd L ozek h as c onfirmed t his i n S lovakia ( 1967). T he e mergence o f d istinct r egional p atterns h as b een c ommented o n b y K ruk ( 1973). S OIL F ORMATION A ND G EOMORPHOLOGY T he

a nalysis

o f

t he

d egree

t o

w hich

m odern

s oil

c ategories

r epresent p ostglacial s oiltypes i s c hampioned b oth b y p essimists a nd o ptimists. L imbrey ( 1979), f or e xample, s tates t hat t he a mount w e k now a bout t he d evelopment a nd c onditions o f s oils u nder t he m ixed o ak f orest o f t he A tlantic p eriod i s m inimal.., w e n eed t o r emember t hat w e j ust d o n ot h ave e ither t he s oil c over o r t he s hape o f t he l andscape o f p rehistoric a nd e arly h istoric t imes. ( p.

2 2ff)

T his v iew h as a lso b een s hared b y E vans ( PPS, 1 978, 1 85). O n o ther h and, B arker a nd W ebley ( 1978, 1 63) h ave m aintained t hat: b y a nd l arge, t here h as b een v ery l ittle c hange i n t he n ature o f t he s oils p ostglacial, w ith t he c olluvial d eposits. T his r egard t o t his,

s ince t he e arly p art o f e xception o f a lluvial a nd

t he s ome

s ection i s a n a ttempt t o e xamine t hese v iewpoints t he A tlantic a nd S ubboreal o f F rance. P reparatory

h owever,

i t

w ill

b e

n ecessary

t o

e xamine

t he

t he

e xtent

i n t o o f

g eomorphological c hanges w ithin t he l andscape z ones. T he o utlines o f t he c hanges t hat h ave o ccurred i n t he v alleys h ave b een i llustrated b y K ruk ( 1973) f or L ittle P oland. M orand ( 1966) h as a lso e xamined t his i n r egard t o t he L oing a t F ontainebleau a lthough h e d oes n ot b reak d own t he c hanges w ithin t he p ostglacial i tself. W ithin t his p eriod t he m ajor e ffect h as b een c aused b y m an. L imbrey ( op.cit.) h as d etailed t he t ypes o f c hanges t hat a ctivities l ike c learances,

l opping,

m anuring

d ivided i nto t hree b asic d eposition o f c olluvium, c hange, a nd, ( iii) n etwork, a lthough a griculture

w e

e tc.

c ould

h ave

c ategories (0 ( ii) i ncreased

h ad.

c hanges i n r iver r egimes a nd ' for t he e arlier s tages

m ay o nly h ave

e ffects o f l imited e xtent'

( p.

t o

c onsider

T hese

c an

b e

i ncreased e rosion a nd i lluviation a nd s oil

t hese

t he o f

h ydrographic p rehistoric

p rocesses

a s

l ocal

2 4).

S ome e vidence i s a vailable f or d ating t he b eginning o f t he d eposition o f t his c olluvium . F igure 2 .9 s hows t hat B andkeramik s ites o f t he A isne v alley a re d ug e ither i nto g ravel o r f lood l oam . T he a ppearance o f c olluvial d eposits d oes n ot o ccur u ntil a fter t he B andkeramik p eriod. T his p rovides a t erminus p ost q uem . C oudart ( 1978) h ave d rawn a d istinction b etween t he

B oureux a nd c hernozemic

s oils f ormed, i n t heir o pinion i n t he A tlantic, a nd t he ' colluvium ä m atrice t chernoziomienne' a nd b rown c olluvial s oils f ormed a t t he e nd o f t his p eriod a nd i n t he S ubboreal r espectively. T his i s n ot c onsistent t hroughout t he v alley a nd a t C uiry-les-Chaudardes t he B andkeramik a nd S OM p it-fills a re s imilar. N o c hange f rom t he e arlier p attern c an b e o bserved a t t he m iddle N eolithic e nclosures

2 8

o f C oncevreux a nd M enneville. O n t he o ther h and, i t i s p ossible t o e stablish a t erminus a nte q uem f or t he d eposition o f m uch o f t his c olluvium. A t M issy, f or e xample, s tructures 3 a nd 4 a re d ug t hrough a l ayer o f c olluvial d eposit. T hese a re d ated t o t he l ater I ron A ge ( La T ane). S imilarly, a t M enneville t he t ops o f t he p rotohistoric p its h ave c lear t he p lateau ( URA 1 2, 1 977).

e vidence

o f

l oess

r edeposited

f rom

( i) VALLEY B OTTOMS D iscussion

o n

t he

n ature

o f

t he

N eolithic

s oil

c over

i n

t his

z one h as b een u ndertaken e arlier. T o s ummarise, t he e vidence o f a c hernozemic s oil i n t he p its o f t he A isne s ettlements a nd a t t he S ON t omb o f M arolles ( Seine) s uggests t hat a f orm o f m eadow c hernozem w as p resent. I n a ddition, H oremans e t a l. ( 1967) h ave s hown t hat t his c hernozemic c haracter i s a lso o btained b y m ucks preading o n a s ol b run c alcaire o r s ol h umique - s oils which s till c haracterise t hese m icro-regions. A s trong p edological c ontrast m ay b e m ade b etween t he o ld a nd n ew t erraces. T he f ormer, a lthough l ight a nd e asy t o w ork, t oday r equire c learance o f s tone b efore c ultivation m ay p roceed. M oreover w here C aCO3 h as a ccumulated a s a B w h orizon, i t o ften f orms ' un p oudingue i mpenetrable' ( Pedelaborde, 1 961, 3 9). W here t his c oncretion i s a bsent t he s oil i s p orous a nd d ry,

s uffering e xtreme d aily t emperatures.

I t i s a lso

l ow i n c lay. N evertheless, t hese g enerally Würmian f ormations a re d issected b y o ld r iver-channels o f g reater f ertility a nd h ave a w ater-table o f l ess t han 3 .00m . I n c ontrast, t he r ecent a lluvial f ormations p resent a r ich, a griculturally . ideal s oil w ith a h igh c lay c ontent a nd b inding, a lthough t hey a re s ubject t o w inters pring f looding. ( ii) VALLEY S LOPES T he c haracteristic s oil o f t he s lope i s t he r endzina. S ince t hey d o n ot d epend o n b road c limatic d ivisions f or t heir d istribution t hey h ave b een c lassified a s I ntrazonal. T he m ost d ominant f actors a re l ocal. W hile t hey u sually f orm o n s lopes a nd o n t he c olluvium a t t he b ase o f s lopes, i n F rance t here i s a b road s weep o f t hese s oils a long t he c alcareous b and o f t he C hampagne. T hey a re d ry a nd g enerally t hin b ut c an s upport a rable a griculture a lthough t hey a re n ow b etter u sed f or v ines. S everal r easons a re s uggestive f or b elieving t hese s oils t o h ave b een l argely u naltered b y m an. F irst, t he e xtent o f t he a rc o f r endzina o n t he C hampagne w here human e xploitation o nly r eally b egan w ith t he l ate N eolithic s uggests t hat w e a re d ealing w ith a s oil-type t oo w idespread t o s imply b e t he p roduct o f h uman i nterference. S econd, t he e xcavation a t E teauville ( Nouel e t a l., 1 965) r evealed t hat t he N eolithic s oil p reserved t here w as n ot s ignificantly d ifferent f rom t he m odern b rown r endzina a round t he s ite. N evertheless, i t i s c lear t hat s ome s maller a reas p articularly o n t he c olluvial d eposits a t t he f oot o f v alley s lopes c an o nly h ave f ormed a fter t he c olluvium h ad b een d eposited. F ew

r esults

a vailable. L agnel,

o f

s oils

p reserved

b eneath

c airns

o r

T he m ost d etailed i s t hat f rom L a H oguette

1 972)

a ssociated

w ith

a l ater

2 9

B andkeramik

b arrows

a re

( Caillaud a nd a nd

C hassgen

o ccupation. T he p alaeosol c onsists o f a c layey c ontaining s ome l imestone a nd i ron p recipitates. S ome w ere r ecovered f rom i t. T he s oil h as b een d escribed

b lack l ayer a nimal b ones a s r endzina-

l ike, b ut i t i s n ot a t ypical r endzina a nd i t h as b een s uggested t hat i t o wes i ts c haracter t o t he s craping u p o f s oil f or t he c airn c onstruction. ( iii) P LATEAUX A ND I NTERFLUVES M uch

o f

t he

n orthern

F rench

p lateau

i s

c overed

w ith

B rown

E arth F orest S oils o verlying l oess. T hese n ow c onsist o f s obs b runs l essiv6s. T he d ating o f t his l essivation i s c rucial t o t his a nalysis, s ince b y l eaching o ut t he c lay i nto a B h orizon i t h as e ncouraged e xtensive e rosion. L essivation w ill o ccur n aturally w here n on-climax v egetation a ppears. I ndeed, D uchaufour ( 1948) h as s uggested t hat f orest g rowth f avours l essivation b y i ts r oot s tructure a nd i ts s hadow w hich d iminishes e vaporation. O n p oorly d rained s oils t he d ecrease o f r oot-absorbed w ater c aused b y d eforestation i s l ikely t o h ave p roduced a r ise

i n t he w ater-table

a nd g leying. N evertheless o ne o f t he m ost s ignificant i nfluences i s m an; i n t his c ase w ithin t he c ontext o f s trong r ainfall, h umidity a nd u ncontrasting s easons. D uchaufour ( 1965) h as s uggested t hree w ays i n w hich h uman i nfluence c ould h ave b een d ecisive ( i) r epeated a nd b rutal d eforestations ( ii) f requent b urning ( iii) c learing o f f orest l itter a nd u ndergrowth . T he d ating p ostglacial b y

o f t his l essivation h as b een F edoroff ( 1966) a nd M orand

f irmly p laced i n t he ( 1966) b ut w ithout

f urther p recision. B ordes ( 1954) h as a lso ' s hown t hat t he g reat a lteration i n h is ' loess r gcent I II' i s p ost-glacial. F rom t he s ection a t E vereux, h owever, h e h as s uggested t hat t his p rocess b egan w ith t he c limatic o ptimum . I t i s c lear f rom t he f ormation o f t he B h orizon t hat t he c lay l ayer c an b e d ated t o t he m iddle N eolithic. N eolithic r emains o ccur o n t his l ayer a nd a re c overed b y a c olluvium f ormed f rom i t l a l ehmification a d onc t outes

c hances

d 'être

a nterieure

a u N golithique a h aches p olies ( p. T he

a bsence

o f w idespread

s ettlement

i n

t he l ate N eolithic s uggests a s trong f ormation o f t his l essivation. T he

m iddle

N eolithic

e nclosure

a t

t his

l andscape

c limatic N oyen

z one

i nfluence ( Seine)

a lso

3 91)

b efore i n

t he

s hows

l essivation. S ince t his a ffects b oth t he a rchaeological f eatures a nd t he s urrounding s oil i t t oo m ust p ost-date t he m iddle N eolithic o ccupation ( Mordant,

1 977) a nd i n t he e ast o f F rance

( Lorraine) t he

d ifficulty o f d istinguishing a rchaeological f eatures f rom t heir s urrounding s oil c an b e a ttributed t o t he i ntense l ehmification b oth

h ave

u ndergone

a fter

t he

p eriod

o f

B andkeramik

o ccupation

( Heim, 1 977). I t i s p ossible t hat a t a l ocal l evel w here m iddle N eolithic d eforestations a nd b urning w ere e vident ( Roux, 1 967; M orzadec-Kerfourn, 1 969) t his f ormation o ccurred e arlier. T he i ncreased r ainfall o f t he P ays d e C aux m ay h ave h astened t his p rocess t here a lso. B ut i t i s w ith t he m aximum e xtension o f

3 0

p rehistoric

c ereal

c ultivation,

p erhaps

a s

l ate

a s

t he

S ubatlantic

t hat t he m ajor e ffect o f h uman a ctivity c an h ave b een f elt. T he G uillet

f ormation

o f

p odzols

h as

a v aried

( 1970) h as s hown t hat b efore t he

h istory .

I n

L orraine,

S ubatlantic t he s oil w as a

s ol b run l essivg o n a lluvium . T he i nfluence o f S ubatlantic p astoral a ctivities h as b een s een a s r esponsible f or t he p resent p odzolisation. I n t he F ontainebleau r egion, M orand ( 1966) h as s hown t hat t he f ormation o f p odzols f rom b rown s ands o n c alcareous g ravel o ccurred a fter 1 500 b .c. A t C oincy ( Aisne) ( Hinout, 1 964) t wo p hases o f s oil-change c an b e o bserved. I n t he f irst p lace t here i s a p ronounced z onation i n t he C h orizon ( sand) w hich s eems t o h ave o ccurred a fter t he T ardenoisian o ccupation i n m ore s evere c limatic c onditions.

T he

a bove t his m esolithic

a re t hree l ayers o ccupation. C1 4

s ite i tself o ccurs i n t he B 2 h orizon ( iron-pan) a nd o f p odzols c learly l ater d ating s uggests a l ate

t han t he A tlantic

f ormation p erhaps e xtending i nto t he S ubboreal. T he d eposition o f s and o n t he n earby s ite a t M argcage-sous-le-Geant o ccurs b efore t he f ormation o f t he b og which h as b een d ated 1 ,310±200 b .c. T he s peed o f t hese t ransformations i s d ifficult t o g auge. B ut, i n B ohemia t he r eplacement o f a n atural f orest s oil o n l oess b y o ne o f P ine a nd P icea c aused a c hange f rom a f orest b rown e arth t o a p odzol i n l ess t han 2 00 y ears ( Duchaufour, T o s ummarise, b eginning t o a ppear.

t herefore, F irst, t he

1 965).

a n umber o f r egularities a re i ntense l essivation p resent a cross

m uch o f n orthern F rance w ould s eem t o h ave s low b eginnings a t t he A tlantic/Subboreal. T wo f actors i nfluence . t his. F irst, i t i s a t t his

p eriod

t hat

i n

w estern

E urope,

a t

l east,

t he

c limate

b ecame

w etter. M agny ( 1979) s uggested a f igure o f 1 0-15% i ncrease. A s trong c limatic c ause i s t herefore l ikely. S econd, i t i s w ith t he S ubboreal t hat m an's e xpansion o ut o f t he v alley b ottoms b egins. I n t hese c ases, c lay i lluviation a nd a s tructural f ailure w ithin t he s oil l eading t o e rosion a nd h eavier s oil d eposition i n t he r ivers w ould h ave b een s tarted. T his p rocess i ntensified a s c learings b ecame p ermanent. F urther e vidence f or a l ate d ating o f t his p henomenon i s p rovided b y t he c olluvial d eposits r eaching t he v alley f loors. B oureaux a nd C oudart ( 1978) s uggest t hat t his b egan a t t he e nd o f t he A tlantic b ut t he m ajor p eriod b etween t he m iddle N eolithic a nd t he I ron A ge.

o f d eposition P odzolisation

i s i s

m ore s ecurely d ated a nd G uillet ( 1970) a nd M orand ( 1966) p oint t o i ts f ormation d uring t he B ronze A ge. T his w ould a ccord w ell w ith D upuis' h ypothesis ( 1952) t hat i n t he G ätinais a nd B eauce p odzols f ormed

a s

a

s econdary

s tage

i n

t he

p rocess

o f

l essivation .

D eforestation c reated a cidification o f t he s oils a nd a r ise i n t he w ater-table ( an a sphyxiated t errain) b ut w here a s econdary g rowth h ad b een

a llowed

t o

f orm,

p odzolisation

h as

o ccurred,

s lowed

d own

o nly b y c onstant m anuring. A ll o f

t his e vidence

r elates

t o

t he

l arge

s cale.

A t

t he

l evel

o f t he m icro-region c hanges a re s imply n ot r ecognisable f or a rchaeological p urposes. T his d oes n ot o f c ourse i mply t hat t hey w ere n egligable. S ignificant a lteration m ay h ave o ccurred i n t he l ate R andkeramik w hen t he p ollen r ecord i n t he A isne s uggests t hat t he c olonisation o f h ydrophilous

3 1

s pecies o ccurred.

S OIL F ERTILITY S ince p resent d ay c ultivation p ractices r ely h eavily o n t he c ontinuous a pplication o f i ndustrial f ertilisers, i t s eems a ppropriate a t t his s tage t o i nquire i nto t he l evels o f f ertility o f t hese s oils u nder c ontinuous c ereal c ultivation w ithout a rtificial a dditives. T he

m ost

w ell-known

e xperiments

a re

t hose

a t

R othamstead

( Cooke, 1 976) w here a fter t hree d ecades o f c ontinuous c ropping w ithout f ertiliser t he y ield w as s till 7 0% o f t hat o btained i n t he f irst t hree y ears. E xperiments i n N igeria a nd t he Y ucatan h ave c onfirmed t his f or t ropical c limates a lso ( Wibert, 1 961). R othamstead l ies o n a l eached b rown s oil ( sol l essiv6) b ut a n umber o f s tudies h ave r ecently b een p ublished o n aw ide r ange o f E uropean s oil-types. I ) V ALLEY B OTTOMS J ürgens a nd L ong ( 1976) h ave r eported o n t he r esults o f e xperiments c onducted b etween 1 940 a nd 1 974 o n t he a lluvial s and t erraces o f t he R hine a t B .A .S .F . A ktiengesellschaft. T wo t ypes o f c rop h ave b een s own e very y ear , w inter w heat a nd s pring b arley . T he r esults i ndicate t hat i n j ust o ver t hirty y ears t here h as b een a d ecrease i n f ertility o f 1 5% i n t he c ase o f w inter w heat a nd o f 8 % i n t he c ase o f t he s pring b arley . I n n either c ase w as f ertilisation u sed. i i) P LATEAU I n t he N etherlands, L ande C remer ( 1976) c onducted a n e xperiment o n a c ereal c rop w ith a nd w ithout c ow d ung, b ut w ith a s imple r otation . T he r esults a re e xpressed i n t erms o f t he h umus c ontent. T he s oil i s a s ol a rgilo-sablonneu . 1 950 1 953 1 955 1 957 1 958 1 960 1 961 1 963 1 964 1 965 1 966

w ith c ow-dung 1 .5 1 .7 1 .5 1 .7 1 .7 1 .6 1 .6 1 .9 2 .09 1 .84 1 .94

w ithout c ow-dung 1 .5 1 .9 2 .0 1 .8 2 .0 2 .0 2 .0 2 .25 2 .41 2 .24 2 .25

W ithout f ertilisation t he t wo-stage r otation w as s ufficient p revent a d ecline i n f ertility a nd i ndeed i ncreased i t.

t o

I n C zechoslovakia, B aier e t a l. ( 1976) h ave c onducted s imilar e xperiments o n t hree d ifferent s oil-types. O nce a gain a t wo-stage r otation w as e mployed, w ith r ed c lover . T he r esults a fter 1 5 y ears s how t he f ollowing d ecline f rom a n o riginal 1 00% . T he c rop i s s pring b arley

3 2

S oil D egraded c hernozem o n l oess H ighly d egraded c hernozem o n l oess B rown s oil o n g neiss

H eight 1 82m . 2 63m . 6 20m .

w ith m anure 8 6.7% 8 6.5% 6 5%

w ithout m anure 7 2.4% 7 3.3% 4 1.1%

T hese r esults s how a m ore d ramatic f all i n f ertility a lthough a ll a re i n c limatically u nfavourable r egions. T he d egraded c hernozem i s i n t he a rid r egion a round P ohorelice, t he h ighly d egraded c hernozem i n a n a rid r egion a raound C aslav, a nd t he b rown e arth i n a n e levated, h umid r egion a round L ukavec . T he d ecline o f 5 9% w ithout f ertilisation h ere i s n ot u nexpected. A f urther e xperiment w as u ndertaken b y W eite a nd T immerman ( 1976) i n e ast G ermany a round H alle/Saale. N o r otation w as p ractised a nd a c ereal c rop w as s own. T he s oil i s a s ob g laise d iluvial.

T he r esults a re g iven b elow . w ith m anure

w ithout m anure

1 879-83 1 884-88 1 889-93

2 8 .3 2 7 2 3 .9

2 7.8 2 1.7 1 7.6

1 894-98 1 899-03 1 904-08

2 7.7 2 6.9 2 5.7

1 9.7 1 7.2 1 4.1

1 909-13 1 914-18 1 919-23

2 5.3 2 0.4 1 9.3

1 3.8 1 0.9 8 .7

1 924-28 1 929-33 1 934-38 1 939-42 1 944-48 1 949-53

2 6.3 2 6.6 2 6.1 2 7.3 2 1.7 2 9.6

1 2.4 1 2.1 1 2.6 8 .5 1 1.8 1 2.7

F igures e xpressed a s g rain y ield q /ha

1 878 1 912 1 922 1 929 1 949 1 953 1 958

C arbon w ith m anure

N itrogen w ithout m anure

1 .24 1 .48 1 .61 1 .64 1 .66 1 .68 1 .69

1 .24 1 .12 1 .15 1 .12 1 .12 1 .14

w ith m anure

w ithout m anure

0 .095 0 .114 0 .126 0 .125 0 .125 0 .132

0 .095 0 .086 0 .088 0 .086 0 .085

A n umber o f i nteresting r esults e xperiments. F irst, i t i s q uite c lear

a re t hat

a pparent f rom t he f ertility o f

t hese s oils

i n r egard t o c ontinuous c ropping h as u sually b een u nderestimated b y a rchaeologists, a nd s econd, a s imple t wo-stage r otation e ven w ithout m anure i s s ufficient t o i ncrease f ertility . T he H alle/Salle e xperiment i n p articular i ndicates t hat i f t hese r esults a re s een i n t he c ontext o f a p eriod o f m ore t han 4 0 y ears, t he s harp d rop i n f ertility o f a bout 3 0% e vens o ut a nd t hen h ardly d eclines a t a ll s ubsequently . T wo f urther g eneral p oints s hould b e m ade a t t his

3 3

s tage ( 1) what h appens w hen a rable l and i s c onverted i nto g rassland?, a nd, ( 2) w hat h appens t o a reas o nce u nder c ultivation a nd t hen l eft t o g o w ild?. I n a nswer t o t he f irst q uestion, C ooke ( 1976) h as s hown t hat w hen a rable l and i s c onverted i nto m eadow, t here i s a n i ncrease i n v egetable m atter, c arbon a nd n itrogen, a nd a n a ccumulation o f f ertility w ithin t he s oi... w hen, h owever, g rassland i s b roken u p a nd c onverted i nto a rable, t hen a c umulated f ertility r apidly d iminished. T he f ollowing t able f rom t he W oburn e xperiment c onfirms t his A ge o f g rassland % o f N itrogen 0 y ears 0 .12 1 0 y ears 2 0 y ears 3 8 y ears

0 .15 0 .16 0 .20

2 00 y ears

0 .25

T he

s econd

q uestion

m ay

b e

a nswered

b y

r eference

t o

t he

R othamstead e xperiments. I n 1 883 a c ultivated p lot w as a llowed t o b ecome w ilderness. T he p ercentage o f N itrogen i n t he s oil w as 0 .108. T wenty y ears l ater i t h ad r isen t o o nly 0 .145 b ut b y 1 964 i t w as g eater t han t he p lot o f w heat w hich h ad b een r eceiving 3 5t/ha. o f m anure e very y ear s ince

1 843. C OMMENT

T he a nd-burn

t wo c entral m odels o f p rehistoric a griculture a re s lashs widdening a nd f ixed-plot h orticulture. U ntil r ecently,

t he d ominant m odel f or t he e arly N eolithic h ad, a fter t he e xcavations o f S oudsky ( 1966) a t B ylany, b een s een i n t erms o f s hifting a griculture w ith a r otation o f s ettlement l ocation. T he c ause o f t his w as a scribed t o s oil e xhaustion d ue t o c ontinuous c ropping. I n t he l ight o f t he r esults a bove i t c an b e s een t hat e ven i n t he c limatic c onditions p resent t oday, s oil e xhaustion i s n ot a s erious c ause o f y ield d ecline. T his i s m ore l ikely t o a rise t hrough i nsufficient w eeding ( see b elow c hapter 7 ). W hile K ruk ( 1973) a nd Whittle ( 1977) h ave s hown t hat s oil f ertility w as e asily m aintained i n t he n arrow n iche o f t he l ower g ravel t erraces, r ich i n a lluvium, i t i s i nteresting t o n ote t hat t he s ame i s t rue f or s oils m ore u sually a ssociated w ith t he p lateau . M oreover, i t i s n ot h ard t o i magine e ven f or t he e arly B andkeramik, t hat s imple f ertilisers s uch a s d ung w ere s pread o n p lots. T he e ffect o f t he a ddition o f f armyard m anure c an b e s een f rom t he s tatistics a bove. I n a c limate e ven m ore f avourable t o a griculture t han t he t he e nhanced f ertility o f t he s oil c an r eadily b e a ssumed.

3 4

p resent,

C HAPTER T HREE:

T he N eolithic C hronology o f N orthern F rance

I ntroduction T HE E ARLY N EOLITHIC ( i) t he e arly B andkeramik ( ii) t he l ater B andkeramik ( iii) t he a ppearance o f t he B andkeramik i n N ormandy ( iv) t he a bsolute c hronology T HE MIDDLE N EOLITHIC ( i) M ichelsberg ( ii) T he C hassgen ( iii)

F lint a nd s tone

( iv) A rrowheads ( v) A xes ( vi) t he a bsolute

c hronology

T HE LATE N EOLITHIC T YPE-FOSSILS ( i) P ottery ( ii) G rand-Pressigny f lint ( iii) d aggers a nd b lades ( iv) a rrowheads ( v) s cies-ä-encoche ( vi) axes ( vii) m etal ( viii) o rnaments ( ix) antler ( x)

B eakers

( xi) T ombs ( xii) t he a bsolute

c hronology

I NTRODUCTION U ntil o ur m aterial i s l ocated i n t his f ramework ( time a nd s pace) n o d iscussion o f p rocesses h as a ny d egree o f s ecurity. ( Nandris,

1 972)

T he e xamination o f N ougier's w ork i n t he L oing a nd t he g eneral c omments m ade i n t he i ntroductory c hapter e mphasise t he n eed f or t he a ccurate p eriodisation o f t he s patial i nformation c ontained i n a d istribution m ap. Y et, t he d ata f rom w hich s uch c hronological i nformation i s o btained a re n ot c onsistent i n e ither t ype o r i n q uality. C14 d ating h as i n s ome a reas d one m uch t o s mooth o ut t his u nevenness, b ut, i t i s i tself d ependant o n f actors s uch a s p reservation, s ize o f t he s tandard d eviation, i ntimacy o f a ssociation a nd t he p roblems o f c alibration ( Waterbolk, 1 971). I n t he a bsence o f a r eliable a nd w idely a pplied e xternal d ating t echnique t he p eriodisation o f e ach ' cultural' g roup m ust i nevitably d epend o n t he r ecognition o f o ne o r m ore t ype-fossils. W hile R ozoy ( 1976) h as r ecently d escribed t his m ethod a s i tself a f ossil o f a rchaeological m ethodology, t he e xtrapolation o f t imes pan f rom r ecurrent a ssociations r emains t he o nly m ethod o f p eriodisation i n t his a rea. F or m uch o f t he N eolithic o f n orthern F rance, c hronologies a re b ased o n f lint a rtefacts o btained f rom f ield s catters o ften w ithout e xcavation . I n t hese c ases, t he a bility t o d istinguish c hronological c hange f rom , f or e xample, f unctional d ifferentiation i s s everely r educed. S ome a rtefacts a re b etter t han o thers. B arbed-and-tanged a rrowheads f or e xample h ave n ot b een f ound o utside t he l ater N eolithic a nd E arly B ronze A ge. B ut t he m easure o f a greement o n t he s ensitivity o f p articular a rtefacts a s t ype-fossils i s n ot g reat. T his h as m eant, a s O ctobon r emarked ( 1932) t hat t he s ites a re ' comme l a p lupart d es s tations n golithiques... T he

U RA

d ifficiles ä r attacher a ux t ypes c lassiques'. 1 2

( Aisne

v alley)

p roject

h as

r ecently

( 1977)

r eclassified a ll c ultures f ormerly a ssigned t o t he N eolithic a ccording t o a P an-European s tandard. T hus t he R RBP a nd t he l ater B andkeramik g roups a re c lassed a s N eolithic. R össen I II a nd M ichelsberg a re s een a s C halcolithic. T he s cheme i s e ssentially t hat m iss

o f M üller-Karpe ( 1968) b ut t his G ermanic r igidity s eems t o t he p oint t hat t hese t erms i mply m ore t han j ust a p osition i n

a c hronological s cheme. B esides t he o bvious a rtefactual a bsence o f c opper i n t he F rench M ichelsberg t here a re m ore i mportant e conomic a nd s ocial d ifferences w ith a reas o f c opper p roduction a nd u se, b ased, f or e xample, o n t he a vailability o f r ecyclable w ealth . F or t his r eason t he s cheme h as n ot b een a dopted h ere a nd t he m ore t raditional e arly, m iddle a nd l ate N eolithic c lassification h as b een r etained. T HE E ARLY N EOLITHIC ( i) T HE E ARLY B ANDKERAMIK ( Figure 3 .2) T he

e arliest

N eolithic

o f

t he

P aris

b asin

i s

r epresented

b y

s ettlements a nd c emeteries o f t he B andkeramik ( RRBP) a long t he w ide, m a jor r iver v alleys. I n c ontrast t o t he A ldenhoven p lateau a nd e ven A lsace ( Gallay, 1 970) t heir p eriodisation r emains

3 6

i mprecise

a nd

b ased

o n

p ottery

p arallels

w ith

t hose

a reas

t o

t he

e ast o f a pparently g reater c hronological r esolution: l e c omparaison a vec c e q ui e xiste p lus a l 'est d emeure l a s eule s ource p ossible d e d atation r elative p our l a R ubang d u B assin P arisien. ( Bailloud, 1 974, 4 03) T he n ature o f t his c olonisation b y i ntrusive L orraine

a nd

p erhaps

s ettlement h as b een s een a s d irect i mmigrant g roups f rom t he R hine-Main,

A lsace,

w hich

W hittle

( 1977)

s uggested

t ook

t he f orm o f s mall s uccessive g roups r ather t han o ne l arge s cale i nvasion. T he r ecent d iscovery o f L imburg w are i n t he A isne v alley ( Cuiry-les-Chaudardes) a nd t he c ontinuity o f t his l ink t hrough B elgium ( Omalian) i nto a p hase c ontemporary w ith t he G rossgartach g roups o f t he R hine ( Constantin e t a l., 1 978) s uggests h owever t hat t he a rc o f B andkeramik s ettlement w hich r uns f rom t he D utch L imburg t o t he L oire s hould b e t reated a s a u nitary s ettlement p henomenon. T he

s equence

o utlined

i n

F igure

3 .1

i s

c ulled

f rom t he

w orks

o f v arious a uthors a nd r epresents t heir c hronological c onclusions f or a reas w here t he i nformation i s o f a h igher q uality. I t i s b ased o n p ottery a nd r eflects t he a ssumption t hat p ottery s tyles c hanged i n a l inear m anner. D espite i ts o ver-rigidity, i t i s a u seful s etting a gainst w hich t o c ompare t he F rench e vidence. M eierA rendt's s cheme ( 1966) h as b een c riticised b y S angmeister ( 1973) f or i ts l ack o f o verlap b etween t he p eriods b ut, d espite t he a ppearance o f M eier-Arendt I II ( Thionville, M oselle) a nd I V m aterial i n t he e ast o f F rance ( Decker a nd G uillaume, 1 974b), t he P aris b asin s ites i nvite c omparison o nly w ith p eriod V a nd H inkelstein. T his c an b e s een a t A rmeau a nd M enneville w ith i ncised c hevrons a nd i mpressed n eckbands, w hile m ore s pecifically H inkelstein p arallels c an b e s een i n t he c omb-impressed b and C heny a nd C haumont w hich a lso s how t he t ypical b reak-up p ointi ng b ands i nto s hort s egments. D ecoration l acks s pirals

a t o f o r

m eanders a nd e xcept a t C uiry t here a re n o c omb-impressed c hevrons. A bove a ll, h owever, t he b ands o f p ointi ng o n t he n eck, b etween t he n eck a nd h andles a nd t he o ccurrence o f g arlands p rovide t he b est p arallels. C omb d ecoration i s o f c ourse i n u se. W hittle ( 1977) f ollowed M eier-Arendt ( 1966) i n d rawing c omparisons w ith t he P laidt g roup p articularly i n r egard t o C hoisy-le-Roi a nd B elloy-surS omme. T he F rench d ecoration i s h owever m ore r estrained. P laidtt ype d ecoration i s n ow s een t o b e m ore w idespread i n w estern E urope t han w hen o riginally d efined. R egional d ifferences w ithin t he P aris b asin a re r are, b ut t he Y onne w are l acks t wo-teethed c omb p oinconnge a nd p ossesses b ands o f t riangles p oor a nd P erforated

f illed

w ith

i ncised

l ines.

h emispherical b owls a nd l ugs a nd a pplied b uttons

T he

r epertoire

o f

s hapes

i s

b ottle-forms p redominate. o ccur. T hevenot a nd C arrg

( 1976) h ave m ade s pecific p arallels f or t his a rea w ith A lsace e .g. M erxheim . A f urther g roup m ay p erhaps b e o bserved i n t he n orth-west t hrough t o P icardy. C onstantin's r ecent w ork o n p ottery-fill ( 1976; p ers.comm .) a nd t he r ecognition o f L imburg w are h as s uggested t hat t he l inks a ssignment

w ith B elgium o f B elloy a nd

t herefore b e n oted

a nd t he N etherlands w ere c lose. T he S t.-Jans-Capell t o t he O malian s hould

s eriously ( Bender,

3 7

1 968).

I n r egard t o h ouse-plans, a s light t ypological v ariation d oes o ccur . W hile m ost h ouses a re a s B ailloud ( 1976) r emarks r ectangular w ith f ive r ows o f p osts 2 0/30m . b y 6 /8m . t here a re a n umber o f t rapezoidal e xamples ( e.g. C harmoy ( Th6venot a nd C arr , 1 976)). T his f eature i s n ot c onsistent e nough t o b e o f a ny g reat c hronological a ssistance. ( ii) T HE L ATER B ANDKERAMIK G ROUPS ( Figure 3 .3) T he u nilinear c hronological m odel o f t he g roups w hich f ollow t his h omogeneous p hase o f B andkeramik o ccupation a nd t he f ailure t o r ealise t hat i n m ost a reas t his p eriod s ees t he e mergence o f d istinct r egional s tyles, h as l ed t o s ome c onfusion . O verlaps o f p eriods s hould n ot b e s urprising. H inkelstein I w are o ccurred w ith t he l atest H inkelstein

B andkeramik a t K öln-Lindenthal a nd R odgen w hile I I a nd G rossgartach a re a ssociated w ith L BK a t R ixheim

a nd P lanig. A t G rossgartach i tself h ut 2 h as a ssociations o f H inkelstein, G rossgartach a nd R össen ( Meier-Arendt, 1 975). S imilarly, i n F rance, H ouse 2 25 a t C uiry-les-Chaudardes s hows a m ixture o f R RBP/Hinkelstein, G rossgartach I I, R össen I ( S-profiled, i ncised) s tyles ( URA 1 2, 1 976). T he p eriod b efore t he e mergence o f t he S ondergruppen o f R össen I II a nd t he M ichelsberg g roups m ay n ot t herefore h ave b een o f l ong d uration. B oth

B ailloud

a nd

S oudsky

d rew

a rtificial

d ivisions

t o

d istinguish t his p hase f rom t he R RBP a t o ne e nd a nd t he M ichelsberg c ulture a t t he o ther. O f t he t wo, B ailloud's s cheme i s t he s impler ( 1964). H is G roupe d e M enneville c an b e p laced b y i ts r elief b uttons a nd i ncised d ecoration c ontemporary w ith g roups s uch a s B ischof f ingen, L ingolsheim a nd S trasbourg ( Gallay, 1 970). I n F rance, t he s equence a t J onquieres a lso w ith C hassgen w are a nd t he

s uggests s ome c ontemporaneity E r-Lannic s tyle o f B rittany

( Blanchet a nd P etit, 1 972). I n t he i ntervening p eriod, t he m ain f ocus o f h is i nterest w as o n t he C erny g roup a lthough i t i s n ow c lear t hat t his i s b ut o ne o f a n umber o f r egional s tyles a ppearing a t t his t ime. I n t he Y onne, f or e xample, t he r egional c haracter o f t he RRBP i s m aintained i n t he A ugy-Ste.-Pallaye g roup, w hile i n t he L oir-et-Cher, B ailloud h as d efined a M arcilly g roup a nd a nother r elated p henomenon i n t he B eauce ( 1971a; 1 976). T hese g roups p rovide l ittle a ssistance i n e stablishing a d etailed a nd f irm c hronology. A dditionally, t here h as b een a t endency t o c lass a ny p ottery f rom t his p eriod n ot s howing s pecifically r egional c haracteristics a s C erny a nd t his h as l ed t o a n i mprecise a nd e verw idening d efinition o f t his a ll-embracing g roup. T he w ide c hronological c atchment o f t he C erny g roup c an b e s een i n i ts p ottery a ssociations. D iscreet p lastic d ecoration a nd p ointill6 r ather t han i ncised t echniques h ave b een s een a s a n i ndication o f G rossgartach i nfluence ( Bailloud, 1 976). S imple i mpressions a round t he r im, w avy z ig-zag l ines, ' sun-rays' a round t he b oss, a nd g arlands, m aggots, r epoussge d ots, t riangles a nd g rooves h ave a ll b een s een a s e vidence o f R össen d ecoration ( Bailloud, 1 971a; 1 973a; 1 974; 1 976). T he p ottery f rom N ermont a nd t he t erracotta b racelets a t H autes-Bruyeres a nd C hamps s eem t o c onfirm t his. S ome p ottery, h owever, e xhibits t he r epoussge b uttons o f t he M enneville g roup ( e.g. B arbuise-Courtavent: P iette, 1 974).

3 8

T he s urvival l ater.

o f

S oudsky's

C erny

s cheme

w are w as

a longside

b ased

o n

C hassgen

t he

w ill

e arliest

b e

r esults

e xamined o f

t he

A isne v alley e xcavation a s a n h omogeneous s ettlement u nit ( URA 1 2, 1 972). T he m ain d ivision w as i nto t he R RBP, C ulture d e l 'Aisne I -II, C ulture d e B eaurieux, a nd t he C ulture d e C haudardes. T he f irst e quates w ith B ailloud's R RBP g roup. T he l ast i s c ontemporary w ith M ichelsberg I V ( in L üning's s cheme) a nd t he C hassgen . I n b etween, t he c ulture d e B eaurieux r eplaced B ailloud's M enneville g roup a nd t he c ulture d e l 'Aisne r eplaced C erny, r unning f rom H inkelstein I I t o R össen I I. T he i nternal c hronology o f t his g roup w as e stablished o n t he b asis o f h ouse-plans a nd d ivided i nto ( 1) r ectangular o r s lightly t rapezoidal ( 2) b oat-shaped ( bowed s ides) ( 3) t rapezoidal. S oudsky s aw t hese g roups n ot a s d istinct e ntities b ut a s t he c ontinuous o ccupation o f a v alley a midst c hanging p ottery s tyles. A lmost

a

d ecade

l ater,

f urther

w ork

i n

t he

A isne

h as

t ransformed t hese s chemes. B ut, p erhaps t he m ost s ignificant f eature o f t he n ew c hronology i s t he r ealisation t hat s ettlement w as n ot c ontinuous a nd t hat t wo m ajor p eriods o f e xternal c ontact c an b e r ecognised. C onstantin ( 1976) h as s hown t hat f ollowing R RBP t here w as n o b reak i n s ettlement o r c ultural c ontacts. T he a rc o f B andkeramik s ettlement n oted e arlier c ontinued w ith t he g roup n amed a fter t he s ite o f V illeneuve-St.-Germain ( Aisne). T he p ottery i s c haracterised b y a f iller o f c rushed b urnt b one a nd i ncised d ecoration i n t he L imburg-style. S chist b racelets a re a lso p resent. S uch a c ultural c onfiguration i s s trengthened . b y t he r ecognition o f a s imilar g roup i n B elgium - t he g roupe d e B licquy ( Constantin e t a l., 1 979). I n t he A isne, i t a lso o ccurs a t B erry-au-Bac ( Boureux, 1 975) a nd s ites h ave b een r ecovered i n t he O ise e .g . M oru ( Blanchet a nd F itte, 1 978). I t m ay a lso b e p ossible t o a ssign t he P ontavert h ouses t o t his p hase t ogether w ith t he M enneville c amp w hich b y i ts p ointed, d itch-profile s uggests e nclosures o f t he A ldenhoven. T he

n ext

p hase

i n

t he

p arallels

v alley

a ppears

w ith t o

b e

t he

G rossgartach

c ontemporary w ith

R össen I II, B ischeim a nd M ichelsberg . T his i s m ost c lear a t M issy ( Aisne) w here a t ypical R össen c igar-shaped h ouse h as b een r ecovered ( Constantin, p ers.comm .). A t B erry-au-Bac t he b ottoms o f t he d itches a nd t he h ouses i nside t he e nclosure c ontain m aterial o f R össen I II-character w ith l ater m aterial i n t he t op o f t he d itches. C oncevreux, M issy a nd B ourg-et-Commin a lso p rovide e vidence o f l inks w ith B ischeim a nd M ichelsberg . I t i s t o t his p hase t hat t he G roupe d e M enneville c an b e a ssigned. T he a rc o f d istribution t hrough t o B elgium i s a gain p reserved, t hrough G ivry a nd E ntzheim . a reas

T hese t wo o utside

p eriods F rance.

s how T he

a r emarkable m easure o f c ontact w ith M ichelsberg m aterial, f or e xample,

c onsists n ot o f i ndividual t raits c asually c ompared b ut f or e xample o f c lassic T ulpenbecher i n t he c ontext o f M ichelsberg-type d itched e nclosures. B etween t hese t wo p eriods t he v alley r eveals a n a bsence o f

s ettlement

p articularly

o f

t he

C erny

g roup

o r

o ne

o f

i ts

r egional e quivalents. T his m ay b e b iased b y t wo f actors. F irst, t he C erny g roup i s s o i mprecisely d efined t hat i t m ay b e o bscured b y t he

d etail

o f

t he

A isne

s equence.

3 9

S econd,

C erny

s ites

m ay

b e

l ocated i n l andscape

z ones o ther t han t he v alley f loors.

T his w ould

b e c onsistent w ith t he p icture a t V idelles f or e xample a lthough i t i s c lear t hat t his i s b y n o m eans t he g eneral r ule. I f t his s equence i s c orrect, h owever,

i t p roduces a n i nteresting h iatus a nd

a t t he s ame t ime m akes m ore s ense o f t he r egionalisation a pparent i n t he c eramic e vidence a t t his t ime. T he c essation o f t he p rocesses w hich p roduced t hese c lose l inks a nd a s hift o f s ettlement e mphasis a way f rom t he v alley b ottoms m ay h ave i ncreased t he i solation o f t he l ater B andkeramik g roups i n F rance. I n c ase t he a ppearance o f r egional g roupings i s n ot s urprising.

t his

T he s tone i ndustry a llows a l ess p recise d efinition. A mong t he R RBP g roups t he i ndustry i s p oor b oth i n q uality a nd q uantity a nd h as b een l ikened b y B ailloud ( 1974) t o t he u pper p alaeolithic . I n t he Y onne, h owever, t he e xcavation o f A rmeau p roduced a n a bundant l ithic a ssemblage o f b urins, p olyhedric n uclei, s crapers a nd p iercing a symmetrical a rrowheads a nd t his v alley i s a lso d istinctive i n t he h igh p ercentage o f h ardstone t ools r ecovered. T he a rrowheads r emain t he d istinctive f eature o f t he a ssemblage. B oureux a nd B ailloud ( 1972; 1 974) h ave c ommented o n t he g enerally m icrolithic c haracter o f t he i ndustry. T o a c ertain e xtent t his i s a p roduct o f t he r arity o f f lint i n t he z ones o f B andkeramik s ettlement. T he

t heory

o f

a s ubstantial

m esolithic

c ontribution

t o

t his

i ndustry a ppears t o b e w ithout e vidence i n n orthern F rance. T his i s n ot s o i n t he D utch L imburg where N ewell h as c oncluded t hat: a lmost

e very

t ype

f ound

i n

t he

L imburg

i ndustry

m orphologically a nd t echnologically i dentical i mmediately r elated t o t he s ame c haracteristic r epresented i n m esolithic c ontexts.

i s o r t ype ( 1970)

B esides a s imilarity i n t he u se o f m icro-burin t echnique, t he a rgument f or m esolithic c ontact h as r ested o n t he ' pointe d e t ype D anubien'. T he s imilarity b etween t hese a nd m esolithic p oints h as b een a dequately e xplained b y P arent ( 1971) a s f ortuitous a nd t he o riigns o f t he m esolithic p ieces a re a ssociated w ith t he

' pointe d e

S onchamp'. M oreover, s ince t hese e lements o ccur i n t he O malian, K öln-Lindenthal a nd a t L angweiler 9 w here t hey f ormed p art o f

a t a n

i ntensive s tudy t here i s n o r eason t o d oubt t hat t hey w ere a p art o f t he R RBP f lint a ssemblage f rom t he b eginning. I n g eneral, t herefore, t he f lint i ndustry o f t he R RBP a ppears t o r epresent a p hase i solated b oth f rom t he l ithic t radition w hich p receded i t a nd a lso f rom t hose w hich w ere t o f ollow . F or

t he

p ost-RRBP

g roups

B ailloud's

w ork r emains t he m ajor l ithic s tudy ( 1964).

a nalysis

o f

C erny

f lint

T he d gbitage a ppears t o

c onsist o f f lakes o n w hich s crapers a re t he t ools m ost f requently m ade. A f ew s mall p icks, r etouched p ieces a nd l eafed p ieces d o o ccur a s w ell a s t ranchets, a lbeit s mall. T he m ajor c hange i s i n t he a rrowhead. T he t ypical D anubian p oint i s r eplaced b y t ransverse t ranchet a rrowheads, n ormally r ectangular i n s hape. S ome m icrolithic s ites a re k nown e .g . P incevent a nd C annes-Ecluse. A t E cures a s ubstantial i ndustry o f a bout 4 00 p ieces w as f ound. T hese i ncluded c ores, a typical t ranchets a nd s ickle e lements. S chist

L a )

b racelets w ere a lso r ecovered c onfirms t his p icture ( Piette,

( Fardet, 1 947). B arbuise-Courtavent 1 974). A xes a re o f a R össen t ype a s

c an b e s een a t A itre-Bisson ( Edeine a nd L efebre, d iscussion o f t he C ampignian w ill f ollow l ater, i t t hat

t he

c haracter

o f

t hese

i ndustries

V idelles a nd t he N ormandy s ites. i llustrate t his.

P icks,

i s

i n

t his

1 969). W hile a s hould b e n oted t radition

e .g.

t ranchets a nd l eafed p ieces

( iii) T HE A PPEARANCE O F T HE B ANDKERAMIK I N N ORMANDY T he s equence i n N ormandy c alls f or s ome c omment a t t his p oint. While t o t he n orth o f t he P ays d e B ray, R RBP s ettlement, a s a n e xtension o f t he O malian, c an p erhaps b e s een a t B elloy a nd S t.-Jans-Capell, i n N ormandy i tself m ost B andkeramik s ettlement s eems t o f all i nto t he p ost-RRBP p eriod. L gry, f or e xample, s hows a n i ncrease i n p lastic d ecoration a nd a d ecline i n o ther t ypes w hich s uggests a c ontemporaneity w ith A ugy-Ste.-Pallaye a nd r elated g roups ( Verron e t a l., 1 975). A t t he B r che-au-Diable, E deine h as a ssigned m ost o f t he s ettlement t o C erny ( 1965a). I n s ondage X VII, h owever, a t t he b ase o f t his l ayer a p ot o f a ' ruban6 t ardif' w as r ecovered. E deine c ompared t his w ith t he m aterial f rom L ongrais, w hich b y i ts C ampignian a ssociation i s l ikely t o b e l ater t han t he R RBP. L e P innacle, J ersey, i s c ertainly o f t his l ate d ate. L a H oguette p oses a m ore c omplicated p roblem i f o nly f or t he a ssociation o f B andkeramik a nd m egalithic a rchitecture. T he e xcavators a ssigned t he m aterial t o t he RRBP b ut B ender ( 1968) h as s uggested t hat t he d ecoration o nly s ite t hat h as a ny r eal u nderlies

t he

C erny.

C omb

i s r eally l ater. s tratigraphy a nd

d ecoration

i s

M acs, J ort i s t he a l ayer c ertainly

p resent

a nd

t he

f lint

i ndustry i s g enerally i n a n R RBP t radition. S chist b racelets w ere h owever p resent a nd o nce a gain a d ating w ith t he V illeneuve g roup s hould b e e nvisaged. ( iv) T HE A BSOLUTE C HRONOLOGY ( Figure

3 .4)

T he n umber o f C /4 d ates f or t he R RBP i n t he P aris B asin i s n ot l arge. T he o ldest d ate c omes f rom L es L ongrais ( 4450±160 b .c.; G if 2 315) a nd s eems t oo e arly f or w hat i s a p ost-RRBP i ndustry . A rmeau h as p roduced a d ate o f 4 ,150 b .c. ( GrN 6 781) a nd a n umber o f f ifth m illennium d ates h ave c ome f rom A lsace. T he d ate o f 4 ,030±150 b .c. ( Ly 1 057) f rom l e S ue, A rlempdes, s hould p erhaps a lso b e i ncluded h ere a lthough n o a rchaeological r emains w ere r ecovered f rom t he h earth ( Radiocarbon, 1 978, 4 3). F ourth m illennium d ates a re a ssociated w ith C hichery a nd R eichstett. T hese d ates s uggest a f loruit

f or

t he R RBP f rom t he

l ast

q uarter

o f

t he

f ifth m illennium

t o t he f irst q uarter o f t he f ourth m illennium a nd a t otal s pan f rom t he s econd h alf o f t he f ifth m illennium t o t he f irst h alf o f t he f ourth - b etween 5 00 a nd

1 ,000 y ears d uration.

T he s ucceeding p hase c ontains a l arger n umber o f d ates. T hese s how l ittle o verlap w ith t he R RBP. T he e arliest i s f rom M ont J oly a t 3 830±150 b .c. ( Gif 2 319) a lthough t he m ain f loruit w ould a ppear t o l ie i n t he l ast h alf o f t he f ourth m illennium . T he d ate o f 2 ,790±120 b .c. ( Gif 7 20) f rom V idelles m ay b e a l ittle l ate. L a H oguette h as p roduced a d ate o f 3 ,610±b.c. ( Ly s trengthen t he e arlier a rgument f or t he c ultural

4 1

1 31) w hich m ay a ssociations o f

t his s ite. T his a part, h owever, t he C 14 d ates d o n ot a llow a d etailed c hronology o f t he v arious g roups p resent. F or w hat i t i s w orth,

B ailloud's

B eauce/Augy-Ste.-Pallaye

g roup

i s

d ated

a t

S onchamp t o 2 990±120 b .c. ( Gif 3 557) a lthough t he a ssociation w ith t he p ottery i s u nclear a t t his s ite. T hese d ates c ompare f avourably w ith t hose l isted b y W hittle ( 1977) f or t he R össen c ulture. T HE M IDDLE N EOLITHIC ( Figures 3 .5;

3 .6;

3 .7)

I n c ontrast t o t he e arly N eolithic, t he c hronological s equence o f t he m iddle a nd l ate N eolithic g roups i s b ased a lmost e ntirely o n c hanges i n t he f lint t ools. E ven w here p ottery d oes o ccur i n a ssociation i t a llows o nly a n a pproximate d ivision i nto a m iddle ( Chassgen a nd M ichelsberg) a nd l ate ( SOM) p hase. W hile c limate a nd p edology h ave t ended t owards t he c omplete e rosion o f c eramic r emains, t he e vidence o f t he s ites e xcavated t o d ate s uggests t hat C hassgen w are d oes n ot a llow a d ivision i nto a f ine c hronology. A rnal's i dea o f a n e arlier A s tyle c haracterised b y 1 0-20% d ecorated

w are,

f lütes-de-Pan

a nd

f ine,

s onorous

p ottery,

a nd

a

l ate B w ithout

s tyle w ithout d ecoration, i s a s m any h ave p ointed o ut s tratigraphical f oundation i n t he n orth ( Arnal, 1 960;

R iquet,

1 953;

A ucune

B ailloud,

o bservation

1 974). s tratigraphique

P arisien n e p ermet d 'y f onder u ne

f aite

d ans

s ubdivision

l e

B assin

i nterne

d u

C hassgen e n p hases 6 volutives. ( Bailloud,

1 974)

M ore r ecent w ork h as p ointed t o t he r egional v ariation v isible e ven w ithin t he p ottery, b eneath a d eceptively u niform f oundation o f c ommon t ypes ( Phillips, 1 972a; C ourtin e t a l., 1 976). I t i s t hese v ariations which a ppear a s d istinct r egional g roups i n t he f irst q uarter o f t he t hird m illennium . I n t he n orth o f F rance, h owever, t hese g roups h ave b een l ess e asy t o d efine e xcept i n t erms o f

t he f lint a ssemblage w here, a

c ommon

p ottery

c onsiderable

a s B ender r emarked

t radition

d ifferences

t ended

t o

p articularly

m ask i n

t he

t he

v ery l ithic

i ndustry. ( 1968,

8 7)

L eaving a side t he o bviously s outhern F rench t raits s uch a s t he f lüte-de-Pan f rom N oyen ( Bailloud, 1 974), t he C hassgen n ature o f m uch o f n orthern F rance i s b ased o n t he s implicity o f c ommon p ottery f orms r ather t han c omplex t raits. T here i s a g reat s imilarity b etween C hassey, C ortaillod, M ichelsberg a nd TRB . I t w as t his c ommon s tock w hich W hittle s aw a s t he h eritage o f t he l ater B andkeramik g roups

( 1977).

i nto n orthern F rance p enetration n or t he

T he g lib m odel o f a C hassgen p enetration

n either r easons

' Mediterranean i nfluences' o f a n s trong B andkeramik i nfluences. s uggested t hat a reas m ay a ct a s

e xplained t he f or s upposed

n ature o f t hat ' usurping ' b y

a rea p reviously c haracterised b y S hennan ( 1978) h as r ecently f luctuating b uffer z ones i n t he

t ransmission o f c ultural i nfluences: a t o ne t ime r eflecting t he m aterial o f o ne g roup a nd a t a nother r eflecting a d ifferent g roup. B ut, b efore i t i s s uggested t hat t he P aris b asin o ccupied a s imilar

4 2

p osition, i t s hould b e n oted t hat p ure v irtually n on-existent i n n orthern F rance.

C hassgen

l evels

a re

( i) M ICHELSBERG

o f

T he s equence i n t he A isne d emonstrates t he r e-intensification R henish t raits a t a R össen I II/Michelsberg p eriod, a nd p rior t o

t hese e xcavations B ailloud h ad s uggested t hat t he M ichelsberg c ulture m ight w ell h ave b een m ore p revalent e specially i n t he Y onne. T he p lats- -pain a lso p ointed i n t his d irection. T his M ichelsberg i nfluence t akes t hree f orms. I n t he f irst p lace a n umber o f s ites e xist i n t he D gpartements d u N ord a nd P icardie, s tretching d own t o t he A isne, w hich a re a t t he s outherly e xtensions o f t he w ell-established B elgian M ichelsberg g roup. A t C orbehem ( Pas-de-Calais), t he T uplenbecher a re o f L üning's f orm 1 t ype 5 a s f ound a t B oitsfort a nd S piennes. D emolon a nd H utrelle ( 1975) h ave a ssigned t his a ssemblage t o a M ichelsberg I II p hase o f L üning's c hronology. O n a m ore g eneral s cale t hey h ave i dentified t wo m ain M ichelsberg p hases b ased o n p ottery. T he f irst, r ecognised a t G ivry ( Belgium) a nd M enneville ( Aisne) p arallels E ntzheim-BischeimM ichelsberg I a nd i s d ated a t G ivry t o 3 ,360±120 b .c. ( GrN 6 021). T he s econd p hase i s d ated t o 3 ,050±120 b .c. ( Lv 5 24) a nd 3 ,070±90 b .c. ( Lv 5 25) a t M ont K emmel a nd 3 ,470 1 -7 5 b .c. ( GrN 4 674) a t S piennes. T his d ecorative i nnovation, l ocalised t o e pi-Rössen g roups, c an b e s een i n t he A isne w here M ichelsberg w are o ccurs a t C uiry-les-Chaudardes, M issy, B ourg-et-Commin a nd B erry-au-Bac. C hassgen p arallels e xist a t C oncevreux b ut a re s o g eneral t hat t hey c ould w ell b e M ichelsberg. S oudsky ( URA 1 2,.1973) c alled t his g roup t he C ulture d e C haudardes a nd d ated i t t o L üning's p hase I V. I t s hould b e r emembered t hat i t w as t his a rea t hat h ad s imilarly c lose l inks w ith t he n orth i n t he B andkeramik a nd w ith t he V illeneuve g roup. T he B ailloud

s econd

m anifestation

r emarked

( 1974,

i s

4 18)

c entred t here

i s

o n a n

t he

Y onne,

a bsence

o f

w here

a s

t ypical

C hassgen a ssemblages a nd w here a r egional c haracter h ad b een a pparent t hroughout t he e arly N eolithic. T he t hird m anifestation i s a m ore g eneral m ixture o f t raits b est d escribed a s C hassgoM ichelsberg. T his c an b e s een a t J onquiares a nd N oyen. T he f ormer s ite i s p articularly i nstructive i n t he m ixture o f s tyles r epresented. M ichelsberg t raits c an b e s een i n t he M enneville-type r epouss6 b uttons a nd w ell r epresented b y e stimate

t hat

t here

t he b aking p lates a lthough t he C hassgen i s v ase-supports. B lanchet a nd P etit ( 1972) w as

o ne

f ragment

o f

t hese

p er

2 m2 .

I n

a ddition, s ome o f t he d ecoration s eems t o b e b est p aralleled i n t he B reton E r-Lannic g roup. T he s ite a t N oyen h as p roduced M ichelsberg t raits,

p articularly

t he

s mall

f lared

n eck

f requent

o n

p ots

a t

M ayen. T he

e xistence

o f

a s trong

M ichelsberg

p resence

i n

n orthern

F rance s hould c ause l ittle s uprise. T he r egional n ature w as e stablished b y S collar i n 1 959 a nd Whittle ( 1977) h as p ointed t o t he c ommon f oundation o f B andkeramik a ntecedents i n e ach o f t hese S iedlungskammern. Y et a part f rom t he s ites i n t he n orth-west t he A isne, p ure M ichelsberg s ites a re n ot a bundant. T hree d ates a re a vailable, f or t he C ulture d e C haudardes a t C uiry.

4 3

a nd C14 T he

e arliest

o f

t hese

a ppears

t o

b e

c ontaminated

b ut

t he

o ther

t wo

s uggest a d ate a t t he t ransition f rom t he f ourth t o t hird m illennia b .c. ( 4,130±50 b .c., B in 1 690; 3 ,170±70 b .c., B in 1 692; 2 ,920±110 b .c., G if 4 114). ( ii) T HE C HASSEEN ( Figure 3 .7) T he

a ppearance

o f

t he

C hasseen

i n

n orthern

F rance

i s

a rchaeologically u nclear, b ut i t s eems t o s tart a s o ne a lternative t o t he r ange o f w ares a vailable t o e pi-Rössen g roups a nd s hows m uch a ffinity w ith t hem e ven i n d ecorative t raits ( e.g. t he r epousse b uttons). T his i s c learly t he c ase a t J onquiares ( Blanchet a nd P etit, 1 972). S uch c ultural m elanges c an a lso b e s een a t G ros B ois ( Balloy),

F ort-Harrouard, L ievin a nd L umbres a lthough t he l atter i s

p redominantly M ichelsberg. I n N ormandy, t he s ituation i s s omewhat c learer a nd t he s tratigraphical c ontemporaneity o f C erny a nd t he C hasseen

c an

b e

s een

a t

L a

H oguette

( Bender,

1 968)

a nd

M ace .

A t

L umbres, a n umber o f B andkeramik s herds w ere f ound i n t he e arliest C hasseen l evels a lthough t his d oes n ot a ppear t o h ave b een t he c ase a t B rache au-Diable w here E deine c laims a s tratigraphical d istinction b etween t he C erny a nd C hasseen l ayers ( 1965a). D espite t his, t he e mphasis o f C hasseen a ssociations l ie t herefore w ith t he l ater B andkeramik g roups, a nd s imilarities w ith S OM a nd l ater s tyles d o n ot s tand o ut. I s i t p ossible t o s ee t he c lassic C hasseen o f t he P aris B asin a s a s hort-lived a nd e arly d ecorative p hase, m uch a s A rnal s uggested ( 1960)? T his i dea i s g iven f urther w eight b y t he d ating o f o ne o f t he s alient f eatures o f t he n orth F rench C hasseen - t he v ase-support, b earing i n m ind t hat t he d istribution o f t hese o bjects h as r ecently b een e xtended i nto t he s outh ( Phillips, 1 975a). T hey h ave n ot b een f ound i n g reat n umbers: B ailloud m entions o nly 1 5 s ites ( 1964) a nd t he l arge n umbers f rom N oyen ( Mordant, 1 977), J onquiares ( op.cit.), a nd F ort-Harrouard ( Philippe, 1 936, 1 937) a re t herefore u nusual. N evertheless, a s a h ighly i ndividualistic p ottery m edium i t m ight b e e xpected t hat i t w ould b e a u seful c hronological i ndicator. T wo f orms e xist ( 1) a nnular w ith f lat e dges a nd w ithout a c entral d ip, a nd ( 2) c up-shaped. T hey a re d ecorated i n s everal r egional s tyles a nd o ccur b oth o n s ettlements a nd i n t ombs. C hronologically, t wo g roups c an a lso b e s een. T he f irst d ates t o t he e nd o f t he f ourth m illennium a nd t he b eginning o f t he t hird. I t i s d ated a t J onquiares t o 3 ,170±130 b .c. ( Gif 2 019). I n B rittany, t hey a re d ecorated i n t he E r L annic s tyle w hich l 'Helgouach h as d ated 3 ,700 - 3 ,200 B .C. ( 1979) w hile i n t he s outh o f F rance a t B aux-deP rovence a l evel c ontainig a v ase-support w as c ut i nto a C ardial l ayer a nd d ated 3 ,050±250 b .c. T he e xample f rom H autes-Bruyares w ould s uggest t hat t hese o bjects w ere d ecorated w ith B andkeramik d ecoration a s w ell ( Laville a nd M ansay, s econd g roup o ccurs i n t he c entre-ouest. I t o ccurs b .c.

a t

( Gif

V eillon, 1 889).

T almont-St.-Hilaire

T he

C hasseen

i n

t his

m iddle o f t he t hird m illennium b y B urnez

w ith a rea

1 897, i s n ot

f ig .14). 1 T he w ell d ated b ut

a d ate h as

( 1976,

b een

o f

2 ,400±130

d ated

t o

t he

3 13).

R ecent w ork a t C ompiagne h as r evealed a d etailed s equence f rom t he l ater B andkeramik t o t he C hasseen ( Blanchet a nd D ecormeille, 1 980). H ere a lso t here i s e vidence i n t he p ottery d ecoration t hat

4 4

t he

r elationship

b etween

t he

C hassgen

a nd

t he

l ater

B andkeramik

g roups w as c lose. M aterial f rom b oth s eem t o b e m ixed i n s tructure 6 . T he e arlier C hassgen p hase c losely r esembles J onquiAres a nd i s a ssociated w ith t he c onstruction o f t he d itched e nclosure. T he s equence i n B urgundy i s a lso i nstructive. T hevenot a nd C arr g( 1976) h ave p ointed t o t wo d istinct p hases. T he f irst i s a ssociated w ith ' Rössen' t raits a nd c an b e s een a t C hassey i tself. A fter t his t he C hassgen a ppears i n t he Y onne, o n

n e

p eut

ä c e

j our

i ndividualiser

a lthough t hey r emark .

d ans

c ette

r ggion

d 'ensembles c hassgens b ien c aractgrisgs. ( Thevenot a nd C arr , T he

s econd

p hase

i s

a m ore

c lassic

C hassgen

a s

1 976)

s een,

f or

e xample, a t S t.-Rgmy. I n t he N orth-east o f B urgundy a l ocal M ichelsberg o ccurs a nd C hassgen d ecoration g ives w ay t o p lastic c ordons. T his c an b e s een a t C hassey ( Thevenot, 1 969). T he v ases upports a re

f ound i n t he e arlier,

C hassgen l evels

r ather t han t he

l ater l ocal m iddle N eolithic l evels. I n t he O ise i t i s p ossible t hat t he a bsence o f d ecorated p ottery f rom s ome p romontory s ites e .g. S t. M aximin/Canneville, m ay a lso b e c hronologically r elevant ( Blanchet a nd D ecormeille, 1 980). A ll o f t his w ould s uggest t hat t he v ase-support a nd p erhaps C hassgen d ecorated w are i n g eneral m ay b e r estricted t o a p hase a t t he b eginning o f t he m iddle N eolithic a fter w hich t he m ajor a ffinities a re a gain w ith t he n orth a nd t he R hine i n M ichelsberg w are. A s a lready m entioned, t he t wo p ottery s tyles a re i mportance, w are

i s

s imilar i n t heir c ommon t ypes. f or M ordant ( 1972) h as s hown that

C hassgen

i n

c haracter

a nd

t he

T his i s o f s ome a t N oyen t he f iner

p lainer

w are

M ichelsberg.

A lthough B ailloud ( 1974) h as d enied t hat l arge s cale m ovements o f p ottery t ook p lace, a n i mmediate m odel i s p rovided b y P eacock's w ork o n t he E nglish N eolithic ( 1969). T he p referred o ccurrence o f f ine

w are

o n

t he

l arge

d itched

e nclosures

w ill

b e

c ommented

o n

r egional

v ariation

a s

l ater. ( iii) F LINT A ND S TONE ( Figure 3 .6) L ithic c eramic i n t he

i ndustries

a re

a s

( Bender, 1 968). T his d ifference b etween

C ampignian

a rea

( Thevenot

s ubject

t o

c an b e s een i n n orth-west B urgundy a nd t he m ore

a nd

C arr ,

1 976).

S econd,

F rance a nd w idespread

t here

i s

t he

p roblem o f t he C ampignian i tself. I n ( 1950d) T hese

L es

C ivilisations

N ougier

a re

p roposed

i llustrated

i n

C ampigniennes

e n

a f ive-fold

d ivision

F igures

a nd

3 .8a

E urope

3 .8b.

o f

O ccidentale

t he

T he

C ampignian.

t ype-sites

o f

e ach p hase w ere: P re-Campignian C lassic C ampignian

A ubel M ontiAres, L ongprg-les-Corps-Saints, J ust d es M arais

P ost-Campignian C halcolithic C ampignian

G irolles S piennes,

T he

c onfusion o f t he

s cheme

c an b e

H ardivilliers,

S t.

C ampigny

s een b y t he p resence o f C hassgen

e lements i n a ll o f h is p eriods a nd o f S OM f rom t he p ost C ampignian o nwards. C ampignian i ndustries a lso o ccur w ith C erny m aterial a s

4 5

w ell.

M ore r ecent w ork h as s hown t hat

t he C ampignian i s a t echnique

o f f lint e xploitation a nd w orking, r ather t han a c ultural p henomenon ( Cauvin, 1 971) a nd o ccurs a cross m any a reas o f E urope a t d ifferent t imes a s g roups b ecome a ssociated w ith e xtensive f lint d eposits. I n B ritain t hese i ndustries a re r epresented a t s ites s uch a s H ackpen H ill i n n orth W iltshire ( Ashmolean M useum). O ther c ontinental g roups i nclude t he L engfeld i ndustry i n B avaria a nd t he s ites o n t he e dge o f t he f lint-bearing l imestone o f t he L essini M ountains, n orthern I taly ( Barfield, 1 971). I n o rder, t herefore, t o r eestablish a u seful c hronology i t w ill b e n ecessary t o l ook a t i ndividual a rtefacts s eparately. T he m ost p otentially d iagnostic a re t he a rrowheads. ( iv) ARROWHEADS B ailloud's w ork s uggested t hat ( 1974) t he C hassgen m ight b e c haracterised b y t wo t ypes o f a rrowhead; p iercing a nd t ranchet. T he f ormer a re g enerally a mygdaloid w ith a s traight, c oncave o r c onvex b ase. B ifacial w orking i s g eneral. A f ew t riangular a rrowheads a re a lso o ccasionally f ound. T he p ercentage o f p iercing a rrowheads i s n ot u sually h igh a nd r eaches 9 0% o nly i n t he s outh-east a nd B urgundy. F ort-Harrouard h as p roduced o ne o f t he b est c ollections o f t hese i mplements ( Philippe, 1 936, 1 937). T he a ssociation o f t hese o bjects w ith t he C hassgen i s a mply a ttested ( Bailloud, 1 974; P arent, 1 971) b ut t heir d ating t o t his p eriod i s n ot e xclusive. R are e xamples h ave b een f ound i n a n S OM c ontext e .g. S t. T hierry ( Marne) ( Junot a nd V essely, 1 975). S imilarly t ranchet a rrowheads a re f ound b oth i n t he C erny c ulture a nd t he S OM . B ailloud h as s uggested t hat t here i s a d ifference o f s hape b etween t hese p eriods. T hose f ound i n C erny c ontexts a re s een a s p redominantly r ectangular, t hose i n C hassgen c ontexts t riangular, a nd t hose i n S OM c ontexts t rapezoidal. B ut, w hether t his c onclusion i s b ased o n a r igorous a nalysis o f a ll a vailable a rrowheads i s u nclear a nd B ender h as s uggested t hat i f a d istinction d oes e xist t hen i t i s o ne o f i ncreasing s ize ( 1968). S everal f actors m ay a ffect t his. F irst, t here i s a w ide v ariation i n t he n umber o f a rrowheads r ecovered f rom e ach p eriod. F ewer e xamples a re k nown f rom C erny t han f rom t he C hassgen. S econd, t he f inds c ome f rom d ifferent c ontexts - s ettlements i n t he C hassgen a nd t ombs i n t he S OM . W ith t he l ate N eolithic, t he v ariety o f t ypes o f a rrowhead i ncreased a nd t hey o ccurred a s s tray f inds p articularly o n a reas o f f ormer m esolithic

s ettlement.

T he

v ariety

o f

t heir

f orms

i s

d iscussed

b elow. ( v) A XES A l arge n umber o f p olished f lint o r o f s tratigraphies a nd t hem s ufficiently m anufacture.

f lint s catters h ave p roduced a xes e ither o f h ardstone. B ut, i n t he a bsence o f l ong

C 14 a ssociations i t i s d ifficult t o e ither o n t he b asis o f s hape o r

p eriodise p lace o f

P arent c oncluded t hat

l a f orme d es h aches p olies e st p arfois f ort d iversifige ä l 'interieur d 'un m @me

g isement

4 6

a ussi

s erait-il

i mprudent

d 'en

c hercher

u n

r egle

a bsolue

p ermettant

d e

j uger

l e

d egre d 'evolution d e c es p iaces. ( 1971, a nd

a s imilar

p essimism

w as

e xpressed

b y

V illes

( 1975).

2 63)

D espite

t his, t here a re a n umber o f i ndications t hat c ertain f orms m ay b e r estricted t o t he l ater N eolithic. I n t he s outh A isne, f or e xample, P arent h as s uggested t hat t his w as t he c ase w ith t he l arge a xes ' avec u n l eger m eplat s ur l es b ords t ranchants q uelquefois o blique', a nd a lso f or t he C heyennes a xe w ith i ts l ong a nd n arrow e dges, m ore o r l ess s quared. A m ore f limsy q uantitative d ivision c an a lso b e m ade. W hile, a s B ailloud ( 1974, 1 976) p oints o ut, S OM i s p rimarily a f lint r ather t han a h ard-stone c ulture, v ariety o f r ocks u sed d oes i ncrease o ver t ime. T his i s

t he t he n ot

s urprising i n v iew o f t he l arge s cale d issemination o f p roducts i n G rand-Pressigny f lint f or e xample ( see b elow). I t i s l ikely t hat i t i s w ith t his p eriod t hat t he b lack ' grenue' a xes c ome i nto c irculation a nd t hat j ade a chieves i ts w idest d istribution. T hese a xes a nd t hose i mitating m etal f orms a re t he o nly d istinguishing f eatures s eparating t his c lass o f a rtefact i n t hese p eriods. C hasseen r edistribution o f h ardstone i s, o f c ourse, e xtensive. L objois ( 1961) h as p ointed t o t he p resence o f ' dolerite A ' a xes i n t he n orth A isne f rom t he f actory-site a t P lussulien ( C-du-N) a nd L e R oux ( 1971) h as s hown t hat b etween c . 3 ,500-3,000 b .c. w orking o f t his s tone w as o n a v ast s cale. B ut i t i s a fter 2 ,500 b .c . a nd t he i nnovation

o f

f ire-splitting

t hat m assive p roduction i s w itnessed,

g radually k illed-off b y t he e nd d issemination o f m etal p roducts.

o f

t he

m illennium

w ith

t he

( vi) T HE A BSOLUTE C HRONOLOGY ( Figure 3 .9) M any

o f

t he

p ertinent

C14 d ates

h ave

a lready

b een

g iven

i n

t he t ext. Whittle ( 1977) h as a lso d iscussed t he c hronology a nd a l ist o f C14 d ates a ppears a s a n a ppendix o f L a P rehistorie F rançaise ( Guilaine, 1 976). T he d ates h ave b een d isplayed a s a n O ttaway-diagram i n F igure 3 .9 w ith t hose f rom n eighbouring m iddle N eolithic g roups. T hese s uggest a f loruit f rom c . 3 ,400-2,700 b .c. T HE L ATE N EOLITHIC ( Figure 3 .10) T he

l ate

N eolithic

o f

n orthern

F rance

i s

r epresented

b y

t he

S OM c ulture s till l argely a s d efined b y C hilde a nd S anders ( 1950). T he g eographical r estriction o f t his g roup t o N orthern F rance, l et a lone t he v alleys o f t he S eine, O ise a nd M arne, h as b een w idened t o i nclude i dentical g roupings o f a rtefacts a nd t omb-types f rom t he D utch L imburg t o S witzerland, a nd m any a ttempts h ave b een m ade t o e stablish t he n ature o f t he r elationships b etween S OM a nd i ts e quivalent - t he H orgen c ulture ( Scollar, 1 961; I tten,

S wiss 1 970;

B ailloud, 1 974). P reparatory t o a n e xamination o f t he d etailed a rtefactual b asis o f t he c hronology t he w riter w ould l ike t o s tress a gain t he o verall p attern o f s ettlement i n w estern E urope a nd i ts c ontinuity t hroughout t he N eolithic, p articularly i n r egard t o t he S iedlungskammern n oted e arlier. I t i s t rue t hat t hese c ells d o n ot h ave

a l ong-lived

i nternal

p attern.

T he

D utch

L imburg

s ettlement

c ell d oes n ot s urvive b eyond t he B andkeramik a nd t hat a round L ake C onstance i s r ecognisable o nly f rom t he l ater B andkeramik o nwards.

4 7

O verall, h owever, t he m iddle N eolithic p attern i s b ased o n t hese f ormer a reas o f s ettlement a nd i t w as t he c ommon t radition i n e ach a rea t hat W hittle s aw a s t he o rigin o f t he s imilarity o f m any a spects o f t heir m aterial c ulture ( 1977). T he t wo m ost c losely d efined a reas a re B elgium ( De L aet, 1 968) a nd S witzerland ( the P fyn g roup).

T his

r egional

p attern

h ad

b een

a nticipated

b y

S collar

( 1959). T o

t he

w est

o f

t he

R hine,

t he

s ettlement

c ell

i s

e ssentially

t he a rc o f l owland p lain f rom t he L ow c ountries t o t he L oire. T his u nity h as b een o utlined a bove. I t h as a lso b een s uggested t hat t he M ichelsberg e lement o f t he n orthern F rench N eolithic s hould b e s een i n r elation t o t he B elgian g roup. I t s hould c ome a s n o s urprise t herefore t hat t his a rea i s u nited b y a s imilar m aterial c ulture i n t he l ate N eolithic a lso. T he r ecognition o f t his u nity i s n ot a s o bvious a s i n t he e arlier p eriods b ecause a s o thers h ave p ointed o ut i t i s a t t his p eriod f rom t he

v alley b ottoms

o n

t o

t he

i nterfluves

B ailloud ( 1976) a nd t hat e xpansion a way a nd

p lateaux o ccurs.

T he C hampagne, f or e xample, i s e xtensively s ettled f or t he f irst t ime, a nd a s imilar e astward s hift c an b e s een i n B elgium ( De L aet, 1 974). T he u nderlying s tability c an h owever b e c learly t han i n t he a rea o f t he H orgen c ulture. T he

m iddle

N eolithic

p attern

o f

d etected;

S witzerland

n o

m ore

s hows

a

c omplementary d istribution o f t wo t ypes o f p ottery - P fyn i n t he e ast a round t he f ormer B andkeramik a rea a nd C ortaillod i n t he w est. B ut b y t he l ate N eolithic, b oth a reas a re c haracterised b y a ssemblages w hich b y t heir f lower-pot v ases,.flint a nd b one/antler w ork e tc. s how c lose s imilarities t o t he S OM . T hey h ave b een s hown t o l ie b etween P fyn - C ortaillod a nd C orded w are c hronologically. E choes o f t he P fyn - C ortaillod d istribution m ay p erhaps

s urvive i n

t he d istribution o f H orgen a nd t he S aöne-Rhöne g roup 1 976). I tten i n h er m onograph s aw a n i nvasion a s

( Bocquet, t he o nly

e xplanation f or t he a ppearance o f t his g roup w ir k önnen i hr A uftreten h eute n ur m it e iner E inwanderung i n d ieses G ebiet e rklären. d .h. a us F rankreich b ietet M öglichkeit a n.

D ie H erkunft a us d em W esten, s ich n ach w ie v or a ls e inzige ( p.67)

H owever, t he i dea t hat H orgen w as M ichelsberg g roup h ad a lready b een

t he s uccessor t o t he l ocal a dmitted i n 1 961 b y S collar

( p.521). D e

L aet

( 1974)

h as

p roduced

e vidence

o f

a s imilar

n ature

i n

t he L ow c ountries a nd i t i s c lear f rom h is d escription a nd t hat o f M arign ( 1967) t hat d espite s ome r egional v ariations e specially i n t he M euse t he m aterial c ulture e ssentially c onforms t o t he C hilde S anders f ormula.

A c lose

l ink w ith M ichelsberg p ottery i s e asier t o

e stablish h ere. U sing V erheyleweghen's p eriodisation a t S piennes ( 1966) i t a ppears t hat S OM a rtefacts o ccur a longside M ichelsberg i n p hase

I II

a nd

e ventually

s ucceed

t hem

i n

p hase

I V.

D e

L aet

h as

s uggested a s imilar s tratigraphy f or F urfooz a nd t he M euse v alley ( 1967). T here i s n o e vidence t hat t he P aris b asin s ites a re o lder t han

t he

B elgian

a nd

t here

i s

c ertainly n o e vidence

e xpansion.

4 8

o f

a n ortherly

T his e xtended s urvey o f t he s tability o f t he S OM p henomenon i n w estern E urope h as b een m ade n ecessary b y t he a ttempts o f a uthors t o c arve o ff a spects o f t he C hilde-Sanders f ormula a nd s earch f or p articular p arallels w ithin t he d iverse r epertoire o f m aterial c ulture w hich f orms t he l ate N eolithic o f E urope. T his i s m ost a cute

i n

r egard

t o

t he

v ariety

o f

c ollective

t ombs

p resent

( see

D aniel, 1 967). Y et a s D e L aet s hows, t he e ssential f eatures ( 1967) o f t his p eriod a re a lready p resent i n t he m iddle N eolithic. T his i s n ot

t o

s uggest

a m odel

o f

s imultaneous

d evelopment

i n

i solation.

T he p revious s ections h ave i llustrated t he e xtent t o w hich c ontact w as a chieved i n t he r edistribution n etworks o f r aw m aterials a nd f inished

p roducts.

t he G rand a bove t he

T he

l ate

N eolithic

P ressigny d istribution. r egional v ariations o f

s ees

t he

e pitome

o f

t his

i n

I t d oes, h owever, s uggest t hat p articular a spects o f m aterial

c ulture t he o verall s ettlement p attern a nd s imilarities i n w estern E urope c an b e s een w ithin t he f ramework o f a c ommon a ncestry e ven i nto t he l ate N eolithic. T YPE-FOSSILS T he m ain p urpose

o f

t his

( Figure 3 .10)

s ection i s

t o e stablish

t ype-fossils

w hich w ill a llow t he s ecure p eriodisation o f s ites a nd p articularly f lint-scatters. T he s ame p attern h as t herefore b een f ollowed h ere a s i n t he s ection o n t he m iddle N eolithic. ( i) P OTTERY T he p ottery f ound i n t he B ailloud g rossier

S ON i s b oth h omogeneous

a nd p oor.

r emarks, a lmost e very d escription o f i t h as u ed t he t o t he e xtent t hat t his i n i tself h as b ecome t he

A s

w ord m ain

a ttribute. T he m ain t ype i s t he f lower-pot v ase. I t h as a s lightly r aised n eck a nd w idens o ut t o i ts m aximum w idth s hortly b elow t his. T he b ase s hows a p rotruding f oot. L ugs a nd h andles a re a bsent a s i s p olishing a nd,

i n g eneral,

d ecoration.

T he m ajor

t his p ottery i s t herefore i ts s implicity a nd, w ith o ther a reas h ave b een l argely m eaningless. ( ii) G RAND-PRESSIGNY F LINT T he m ost

( Figure

c haracteristic a s

s uch,

o f

p arallels

3 .11)

c haracteristic f lint a rtefacts o f t he l ater N eolithic

a re t he d agger b lades a nd s ickle p ieces i n t he h oney-coloured, i ron-rich f lint f rom t he v alleys o f t he C laise a nd C reuse a t G rand P ressigny ( Indre-et-Loire). T he d aggers a re f inely r etouched a nd t he e dged b lades a re a lso c opied i n o ther f lints. C lark ( 1950, 2 50) s uggested t hat t he e xploitation o f t his s ource b egan i n t he C hassgen b ut t here i s n o e vidence o f t his. T he f lint o ccurs e ither a s s tray f inds o r i n s ettlements a nd t ombs. I ts g reatest c oncentration i s i n t he a llges c ouvertes o f t he S eine a nd O ise a nd i t i s n ot a bundant i n P icardy. T he s ettlement l ocations i nclude b oth 1 962)

s mall a nd

s catters a lso

C anneville

t he

( Osie)

s uch

a s

l arger

( Daniel,

L a

L oubati re

s ettlements 1 970).

T he

o f

( Indre)

( Charbonnier,

F ort-Harrouard

l atter

s ite

I I

c ontains

a nd m uch

C hassgen m aterial b ut t he o ccurrence a t F ort-Harrouard s hould r aise a n ote o f c aution. F or, d espite d ifficulties o f d ating, F ortH arrouard I I s houle b e c ontemporary w ith w hat e lsewhere i s t he E arliest

B ronze

A ge.

R ecent

w ork

o n

4 9

t he

c ontext

o f

t his

f lint

i n

t he

N etherlands

s uggests

b efore t he a ppearance o f b eakers ( Lanting, e t a l.,

t hat m etal. 1 973).

i ts

m aximum

I t

o ccurs

d istribution o nly

w ith

o ccurred

P FB

a nd

A 00

( iii) DAGGERS A ND B LADES T he

m ost

c haracteristic

f lint

i mplements

a re

t he

l ong

f lint

d aggers a nd r etouched b lades. W hile t he s ame e xcellence o f f lint t echnique s een i n t he n orth E uropean ' dolktid' a rtefacts i s n ot r epeated h ere, t hese i mplements s how a s hophisticated u se o f f ine r etouch . T hey o ccur b oth o n s ettlements a nd i n t ombs. T he r etouch i s u sually u niface e ither c overing t he w hole i mplement o r m ore o ften j ust e dging a c entral, u nworked a rea. S ome b lades h ave a r egular c ross-section a nd a re k nown a s c hocolate b ars. T hese p ieces c an a ttain 2 5cm . i n l ength, a nd w ith t he k nives t hey m ake u p a lmost a ll t he i mplements m ade o n b lades i n t his c ulture. ( iv) ARROWHEADS S ome o f t he c haracteristcs o f t he a rrowheads h ave a lready b een m entioned a bove. I n s ummary t herefore t he m ost f requent a rrowhead r emains t he t ranchet b ut t he d iversity o f t ypes r eaches i ts m aximum . O f t hese t he b arbed-and-tanged a rrowheads a re t he m ost s ecure c hronologically a nd i t i s p ossible t o m ake a d istinction b etween t hose o ccurring i n t he S OM a nd t hose o ccurring i n t he E arly B ronze A ge. l es f laches a ppartiennent

ä p gdoncule e t p ar c ontre ä u ne

a ilerons r gcurrents... p hase p lus r gcent; l es

f laches ä p gdoncule e t a ilerons 6 quarris a ppartiennet ä l a c ivilisation d es g oblets c ampaniformes. ( Bailloud, 1 974, 1 90) A lso o ccurring, a rrowheads. ( v)

h owever,

a re

t riangular,

l eaf,

l ozenge

a nd

t anged

S CIES-A-ENCOCHE T hese

s poke-shaves

o r s ickle-blades w ere u sed b y P arent a s

a n

i mportant t ype-fossil ( 1971, 2 74). T hey a re m ade o n f lakes, a re o blong a nd h ave a p ronounced n otch a t e ach e nd. T he s ides a re e ither s traight o r c onvex a nd o ne a t l east i s c overed w ith a brupt r etouch . T hey a re s ometimes f ound i n G rand P ressigny f lint. T heir a ssociation w ith S OM c an b e s een i n t he t ombs o f t he P etit M orin. ( vi) A XES A n umber

o f

S OM

a xe-types

h ave

a lready

b een

d istinguished

a bove, p articularly t he C heyennes a xes. T his i s a lso t rue o f t he l arge, w orked f lint a xes w hich s eem t o r each t heir w idest d istribution a t t his t ime. T he m ost c haracteristic f eature, h owever, i s t he w ide v ariety o f r ock-types f ound a t t his p eriod. S chist b racelets o nce a gain b ecome w idespread a cross t he L ow C ountries a nd j ade i s n ot i nfrequent. I t o ccurs m ost n otably a t t he t omb o f l 'Homme-Mort, T inqueux, M arne w ith a C 14 d ate o f 1 960±200 b .c. ( Csy 3 60). I t a lso o ccurs a t B arbuise, L gry a nd H oulbecC ocherel. M other-of-pearl, s erpentine a nd d olerite A a re a lso

5 0

f ound. e .g.

T he

f irst

N ogent

c opper

l 'Artaud,

o bjects

C ongy,

b egin

t o m ake

t heir

a ppearance

t oo

M esnil-sur-Oger I I a nd C ourjeonnet.

( vii) METAL T he

f irst

m etal

o bjects

i n

t he

c opper b eads i n a l imited number o f a t anged

d agger

f rom

l es

M ureaux

P aris

b asin

S OM t ombs.

o ccur

( Bailloud,

1 974).

i s

c onfirmed

b y

t he

p overty

o f

h ammered

B eaker

a lso o ccur a t Mureaux a nd C oppi res. T here i s n o m etal w orking w as p ractised i n t he P aris b asin a t t his

a s

I n a ddition t here i s

i ts

s herds

e vidence t hat t his t ime a nd

' Early

B ronze

A ge'.

B ailloud s aw t he m etal a s a R henish i mport ( 1974, 2 17). W herever i t o riginated t he m etal a ppears a s o ne a mongst t he many ' exotic' i tems o f p ersonal

o rnamentation a ppearing a t

t his

t ime.

( viii) ORNAMENT B ailloud's

e xhaustive

d escription

o f

t he

j ewellery

a nd

d ecoration n eeds n o a mplification ( op.clt.). B oth i n q uality q uantity t he i ncrease i s s triking. T he m ain t ypes a re

a nd ( 1)

p erforated a xe-amulets - a lways i n a f oreign r ock, ( 2) p endants i n t he s hape o f s kittle m ade o ut o f h orn, ( 3) p erforated i tems i n b one a nd m other-of-pearl,

( 4) p erforated t eeth ( 5) p erforated

b eads, a nd, ( 7) b racelets p erhaps i n i vory. ( ix)

s chist,

b one,

a nd,

a t

A rgenteuil

2

A NTLER A ntler

b oth

i n

s hells ( 6)

s leeves

s ettlement

a re

s ites

o ne

a nd

o f

t he m ost

t ombs.

O nce

c haracteristic

a gain

B ailloud's

f eatures

o f

d escription

i s m ore t han a dequate. T he m ost c ommon t ype i s t he s leeve w ith a t ransverse p erforation a nd t he l ist o f t ombs o n w hich t hey o ccur i s e normous.

T hey h ave a lso b een f ound a s

s trays a nd f rom d redging t he

m ajor r ivers. A nother f eature i s t he o ccurrence o f a xes m ade o f a ntler. T hey h ave t ransverse p erforation a nd t he b utt i s f requently c arved

i nto

t he

s hape

o f

a s

s leeves,

t heir

c ontext

t he

a b utton. i s

While

t hey a re

e ntirely

S OM

n ot

e .g.

a s

a bundant

S t-Etienne-du-

V auvray ( Eure). ( x)

B EAKERS I n t he c entral P aris b asin B eakers a re a r are p henomenon.

O nly

o ne s ingle-grave, o ure a ssemblage i s k nown, a t t he f arm o f C hampagne, A ugy, Y onne, where a y oung a dult a nd c hild w ere b uried w ith t hree B eakers a nd t hree f ine b arbed-and-tanged a rrowheads. T his

a ssemblage

g roup

w ith

e ither

c opper

d aggers

o r

b eads

a lso

o ccurs a t E pone, F eucherolles ( archer's w rist g uard), F ollainville a nd M ureaux. A ll o f t hese, h owever, o ccur a s n ormal d eposits w ithin S OM a s

a llges w ell,

A illicourt

c ouvertes.

B eakers

p articularly ( Ardennes).

a t T he

h ave

Y port

b een

f ound

e vidence

w ould

t o t he a cceptance o f i ndividual a spects o f t he t hat

i ndigenous t he

l ocal

B eaker

c ontext.

p resence

i s

I n

o n

s ettlement

( Seine-Maritime) s eem t he

N ormandy,

m ore

i ntense

a nd

t herefore

s ites

R emillyt o

p oint

B eaker a ssemblage

t here a nd

i s

s ome

i n

e vidence

b arbed-and-tanged

a rrowheads w itf l s quare-sides a re m ore c ommon. T wo i ndividual t ombs o ccur a t B erni res-sur-Mer ( Calvados). T his p henomenon m ust s urely

5 1

b e

l inked

w ith

t he

s trong

p resence

o f

B eakers

i n

B rittany

( Giot,

1 960a). ( xi) T OMBS T he f inal t ype-fossil o f t he S OM i s i ts t ombs. D aniel h as d escribed t hese i n g reat d etail a nd e xamined t heir b ackground i n w estern E urope ( 1967). E ssentially s ix t ypes o ccur. a ll e c ouverte: t he m ost e laborate o ccur i n t he s outhern O ise w here t hey c onsist o f a l arge r ectangular m onument c overed b y s tone s labs.

T he

t ombs a re

d ug i nto a t rench b eneath g round-level.

p artitions w ith s mall c ircular e ntrances h ypogges: o n t he

C hampagne

S tone

( port-holes) a re f requent.

t hese a re d ug i nto t he c halk b ut i n

t he O ise t hey c haracteristically o ccur o n t he s ides o f v alleys. T he w alls o f t he t rench a re e ither l eft w ithout r evetment o r h ave d rys tone w alling. p its: t hese a re a f eature o f t he s outh A isne w here a n umber o f l arge s ilos c ontain i nhumations ( Parent, 1 971). s imple d olmen, A ll a re

o f

t hese

c ollective.

n atural r ock s helters a nd c offins a lso o ccur. a re

T he

c haracterised

n umber

o f

b y

t he

s keletons

r ite

v aries

o f

i nhumation

f rom

l ess

d ozen t o o ver 2 00,

p articularly i n t he a ll es c ouvertes.

( xii) T HE A BSOLUTE

C HRONOLOGY ( Figure 3 .12)

T he e vidence

a nd

t han

a

i nternal c hronology o f t he S OM i s b ased s olely o n t he o f V idelles. I n t he l ower l evels a ntler s leeves ' ä t alon'

o ccur w hile i n t he u pper l evel t hey a re ' ä d ouille t ransversale'. T he f ormer a re n ever f ound i n t ombs. I t h as a lso b een s uggested t hat t he e arlier p hase p ossesses c hannel d ecoration o n t he p ottery . T his s omewhat f limsy d istinction w as u sed b y I tten ( 1970) t o p ostulate a n e arly n on-megalithic S OM w hich t hen i nvaded S witzerland. T he c hronological s ignificance o f t his t ypological c hange c annot b e e valuated f rom o ne s tratigraphy . T he

C1 4

d ates

s uggest

a f loruit

t hird m illennium u ntil t he m iddle o f

f rom t he

q uarter o f

t he

s econd m illennium b .c.

t he

l ast

b ut

t here a re a n umber o f d ates i ndicating t hat t he a ppearance o f t he S OM c an b e d ated t o t he e nd o f t he f irst q uarter o f t he t hird m illennium ( 2800 - 2 600 b .c.). A s e ver i n u sing d ates t hat a re t aken f rom f unerary m onuments u sed o ver t o f ind t he d ates a ssociated w ith t he i tself.

T he w eight

o f

t he

d ates

a l ong p eriod, i t i s r are c onstruction o f t he t omb

i ndicates

m onument.

5 2

t he

p eriod

o f

u se o f t he

F OOTNOTE N o.1

( Chapter T hree)

L aville a nd M ansay's e xcavations a t l es H autes-BruyAres

( 1897)

i n t he S abliAre B erivalle u ncovered a m ixed a ssemblage, c ontaining m aterial f rom t he e arly t o m iddle N eolithic. S OM f inds i nclude G rand P ressigny f lint. B andkeramik o ccupation i s e videnced b y p ottery b earing m aggctt d ecoration, w avy l ines a nd t hree-pronged c omb d ecoration. A mongst t he f inds f rom t his e arly e xcavation w as a f ragment o f p ottery b earing a r ow o f b uttons a nd s ome i mpressed d ecoration. I t h as b een p lausibly r econstructed s upport. I t i s i llustrated i n F igure 3 .13.

5 3

a s

p art

o f

a v ase-

C HAPTER F OUR :

T he A isne-Marne

s tudy a rea

I ntroduction R ELIEF A ND G EOLOGY ( i) T he S oissonais ( ii) T he O urcq ( iii) T he B rie HYDROLOGY C LIMATE S OIL-TYPES M ODERN LAND-USE AND VEGETATION D ISTRIBUTIONAL B IASES AND T HE Q UALITY O F T HE DATA ( i) L ocal c ollectors ( ii) M aterial c ollected b y R end P arent ( iii) T he A isne p roject ( iv) T he M arne v alley ( v) O ther b iases *

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

B ANDKERAMIK S ETTLEMENT T he s ites L OCATIONAL R EGULARITIES (0 I ntroduction ( ii) S ite-location ( iii) S ite-size ( iv) L ength o f o ccupation ( v) T he s ettlement z ones ( vi)

S ite-hierarchies

( vii) P opulation a nd i nternal o rganisation ( viii)

C hanges i n t he n ature o f t he e vidence

M IDDLE N EOLITHIC S ETTLEMENT T he

S ites

L OCATIONAL R EGULARITIES ( i)

I ntroduction

( ii) S ite-location ( iii) S oil ( iv) O rganisation LATE N EOLITHIC S ETTLEMENT I ntroduction T he

s ites

L OCATIONAL R EGULARITIES ( i)

I ntroduction

( ii) D istance t o w ater T HE

S TRAY F INDS ( i) S oils ( ii) D istance

t o W ater

F LINT EXTRACTION S ITES

F UNERARY S ITES ( i)

I ntroduction

( ii) L ocational p references ( iii) O rientation ( iv)

S oils

( v) D istance

t o w ater

U NSPECIFIED S OM S ITES L ocational p references ( ii)

S oils

( iii) D istance t o water U NIDENTIFIED

' NEOLITHIC'

S CATTERS

G ENERAL C HARACTERISTICS ( i) L andscape ( ii) ( iii) I .

a nd

s ite-hierarchies

l 'Artaud

T anniares

I II. I V.

S ite-size

N ogent

I I.

z ones

S oils

S erches T he O urcq

( i)

O verall d istribution

( ii)

S ite-size

( iii) ( iv) ( v) ( vi)

' Vaux', C ierges,

a nd

s ite-hierarchies

N euilly-St.-Font C aranda

F are-en-Tardenois R ozet-St.-Albin

M ODELLING T HE EXPANDED V ILLAGE PATTERN

5 5

I NTRODUCTION ( Figure 4 .1) T he s tudy a rea i s l ocated b etween t he r iver A isne ( to t he e ast o f S oissons a nd t o t he w est o f t he C hampagne) a nd t he r iver M arne, f rom t he m eanders b elow C hâteau-Thierry t o a p oint a bout 2 5km . w est o f E pernay. I t i ncludes t he u pper r eaches o f t he O urcq a round F 6 'ree n-Tardenois. I n a rea, t he s tudy a rea m easures a pproximately 2 ,200 k m2. I t w as c hosen f or e xamination f or t hree r easons. F irst, t he a rchaeological i nvestigation w as h ighly a dvanced w ith t he w ork o f P arent ( 1971), r ecent w ork i n t he A isne i tself ( URA 1 2, 1 974-77) a nd a s olid f oundation o f a ntiquarian i nterest d ating b ack t o t he l ast c entury. S econd, t he a rea i s t ypical o f t he h ighly d issected l andscape o f t he P aris b asin w ith d eep v alleys a nd e xtensive m onotonous h igh p lateau. T hird, t he a rea h as b een t he f ocus o f r esearch n ot o nly f or t he N eolithic b ut t he m esolithic a lso. T he h istory o f t his r esearch i s, a s i n m any a reas o f n orthern F rance, l inked w ith k een a mateur c ollectors. T he b iases i n t heir c ollecting t echniques w ill b e e xamined b elow . T hree

m ajor

p eriods

o f

a rchaeological

a ctivity

c an

b e

s een.

T he f irst o ccurred a round t he t urn o f t he c entury b etween 1 890 a nd 1 910 w hen l ocal w orkers s uch a s V auvill6 a nd D oyen w ere a ctive. T he s econd p hase d ates t o t he t hird q uarter o f t he p resent c entury, b etween 1 950 a nd 1 970. T his i ncludes t he w ork o f L acroix ( 1955, 1 956), H inout ( 1967), B oureux ( 1965), a nd P arent h imself ( 1971). T he t hird p hase c onsists o f t he e xcavations i n t he A isne v alley b y U RA 1 2 a nd t he U niversity o f P aris I ( 1973-1977). s ites w ere d iscovered b etween 1 910 a nd 1 950. •

O nly

3 % o f

t he

R ELIEF AND G EOLOGY ( Figure 4 .2) T hree d istinct a reas o f r elief (0 T HE T he

c an b e

s een i n t his r egion.

S OISSONAIS S oissonais

l ies

t o

t he

n orth

o f

t he

r iver

O urcq

a nd

e xtends a s f ar a s t he c halk m assif o f t he C hampagne a bout 6 0km . t o t he e ast o f S oissons. T he g eology i s c hiefly T ertiary l imestone a lthough a v ariety o f d eposits a re r evealed b y t he d owncutting o f s treams. I ts m ost c haracteristic f eature i s t he h eavily d issected a ppearance o f t he p lateau p roducing i solated b locks r ather t han l arge, c ontinuous e xpanses. T hey a re r ich, l oess-covered a nd n ow s upport a g ood a rable e conomy. T hey r each a m aximum o f 1 90-210m , ( N .G .F.). W ithin t he p lateau t he s lopes a re p oor a nd l ittle e rosion i s p resent, b ut t he e dges o f t he p lateau o ften h ave s lopes o f 5 0-60% p articularly w here t hey a re n orth f acing . P romontories a re f requent. I n t hese a reas e rosion h as b een i ntense, e ncouraging a c onvex-shaped v alley p rofile. U nlike t he C hampagne, t he s lopes o f t he S oissonais d o n ot u sually c arry v ines. T he r iver A isne m eanders t hrough t his r egion i n a w ide f lat p lain o f f requent t ributaries o f w hich t he l argest

1 -2km . I t i s j oined b y i s t he V esle. I n t he

A isne t he d rainage i s g enerally g ood b ut i n t he m inor v alleys p oor d rainage i s e videnced b y t he a ccumulation o f p eat.

5 6

( ii) T HE O URCQ T he O urcq v alley o ccurs a t

t he j unction o f a n umber o f

r elief

a reas. I ts u pper c ourse c uts t hrough t he B eauchamp s and d eposits w ith a s teep c ourse. T his i ncludes t he a rea o f t he T ardenois w ith i ts g ently s loping s andy p lains a nd o ccasional s andy h ills. J ust b efore t he r iver r eaches F are-en-Tardenois i t e nters t he c halk a nd t he c haracter o f t he l andscape c hanges. T his i s t he O rxois a nd r epresents t he e roded s urfaces o f t he S t.Ouen l imestone s eries. I t i s c haracterised b y a v ariety o f l ight s oil t ypes o n g entle s lopes a nd a n umber o f v alleys. T he O urcq i tself h as c ut i nto t he g eology v ery

o bviously

a nd

i ts

f loodplain

i s

n ow

e dged

b y

l imestone

c liffs. A bove t his t he g entle s lopes h ave c reated l arge a reas o f a lmost f lat t errain. T his f orms a p seudo-plateau b efore t he p lateau p roper i s r eached. ( iii) T HE B RIE T o t he s outh o f t he O urcq l ies t he B rie. A l ayer o f c lay a bove t he l imestone h as e nsured p oor d rainage o ver a reas o f e xtensive p lateaux a nd t he s oil i s n ow h eavily h ydromorphised. T hick f orest a nd i solated f armsteads a re c haracteristic. T he m ain c ontrasts i n r elief a re p rovided b y t he p lateau a t a h eight o f 2 20-230 m . ( N .G .F.) a nd t he M arne w hich m eanders t hrough t his f ormation a t a h eight o f 6 0m . ( N .G.F.). T he w estern p art o f t his a rea i s r eally t o b e i ncluded w ith t he I le-de-France r ather t han t he C hampagne. E normous e rosion o f t he T ertiary s trata h as o ccurred. S treams c ut b ack d eeply a nd v ines a re f reqently p lanted a long t he s teep h illsides. I n t he M arne i tself t he t errace f ormations a re m ore d istinct t han i n t he A isne. T he u pper t erraces a re c overed i n h eavy c lay,

t he

m iddle

t erraces

i n

a c lay-limon

a nd

t he

l ower

t erraces

w ith a s andy-loam . H YDROLOGY ( Figure 4 .3) T he t wo m ain w ater c atchments a re t he A isne a nd t he M arne w ith t he O urcq p laying a s ignificant

r ole

i n

t he

c entre

o f

t he

r egion.

B oth o f t he m ain r ivers a re j oined b y n umerous t ributaries b ut f ew o f t hese a re s ubstantial a nd f ew e asily p enetrable. T he l argest i s t he V esle. T he d issected n ature o f m uch o f t his l andscape h as p roduced a c omplex h ydrographic n etwork ( Figure 4 .3). T his i s m ost a ccentuated i n t he n orth o f t he r egion. I n t he s outh a m ajor h ydrographic f eature i s t he e ngorgement o f t he p lateau.

A n umber o f

s pring-lines a re e vident. A long t he A isne, o ne o ccurs a t 1 30-135m . ( N .G .F.) b etween t he L aon c lay a nd t he Y pres s and. A nother o ccurs a t

t he b ase

o f t he C uisian s ands. C LIMATE

O ne

o f

t he m ost

i nteresting

i s t he s trong c ontrast T his c an b e o bserved

b etween i n t he

f eatures

o f

t he

c limatic

p attern

t he p lateau a nd t he r iver v alleys. r ainfall, t emperature a nd e vapo-

t ranspiration r ates; T he r ainfall p attern s hows a n a verage a nnual r ainfall o f + 700mm . f or t he p lateau. 3 s eries o f a nalyses a re a vailable f or t his r egion ( 1) M arne ( 2) A isne, a nd ( 3) F are-enT ardenois. T he d riest p eriod o f t he y ear i s, i n a ll c ases, J anuary t hrough t o A pril/May b ut t he M arne v alley a ppears t o r emain d rier

5 7

l onger t han t he s urrounding p lateau . T he r everse i s t rue f or t he A isne. T he r ainy m onths a re A ugust t o N ovember. I n t he A isne a nd t he M arne t he p eak o f t his r ainfall i s i n l ate a utumn b ut a t F are t he r ainfall r emains f airly c onstant f rom M ay o nwards. T he f igures s how t hat t he a utumn r ain f alls i n f ewer d ays - a s h eavy s howers. T he e ffect o f t he l ong c ontinuous w inter r ain c an b e s een i n f requent w ater-logging a nd w inter-spring f loods. TATISTICS I N T HE A ISNE - MARNE R AINFALL S F 5 4 5 8 5 4 4 4 8 5 5 3 4 8 4 0 5 3 5 7

P LACE F are lateau A isne p M arne p lateau alley M arne v asin P aris B

M 5 4 4 3 4 7 4 2 3 9

A 4 9 3 6 5 5 4 1 4 0

M 7 1 5 7 5 9 5 6 4 1

J 6 2 5 2 6 1 5 5 5 8

J 6 1 5 8 6 1 5 4 6 0

A 6 6 6 1 7 5 5 8 6 5

S 6 4 5 9 5 9 5 8 5 1

O 5 6 5 1 6 6 5 0 5 8

N 7 9 5 2 8 0 6 3 5 7

D 5 8 6 3 7 0 6 8 6 3

i n m m .

I n r egard t o t emperature, t he v alley b ottoms a re c . 1 °C h otter o ver t he y ear. T he h ottest m onths a re J une, J uly a nd A ugust. N ot s urprisingly i t i s a t t his t ime t hat t he h ighest e vapotranspiration r ate o ccurs. T his i s g reater i n t he v alleys t han o n t he p lateaux . I n t he M arne t he a nnual w ater d efecit i s 2 33mm . f or t he v alley a nd 1 55mm . f or t he p lateau. T he e ffect o f t his o n s oil-types c an b e s een i n t he L essivation f igure w orked o ut o n t he A ubert-Hgruin f ormula a nd i nterpreted b y D upuis ( Salm n e t.al., 1 974). A f igure o f 1 85mm .+ l eads t o p odzolisation, o f 1 15-185mm . t o l essivation a nd l ess t han 1 15mm . t o t he f ormation o f s ols b runs. T he f ollowing f igures h ave b een o btained f or t he M arne a nd t he A isne. M arne s oil-type l imons

v alley 1 41mm .

p lateau 2 15mm .

c lay s and

0 79mm . 2 31mm .

1 26mm . 3 31mm .

A isne s oil-type l imons c lay f ine s and s and

v alley 1 27mm . 0 71mm . 1 73mm . 2 12mm .

p lateau 1 80mm . 1 03mm . 2 40mm . 2 80mm .

T he g eneral c limatic c haracteristics a re A tlantic w ith a p redominance o f w esterly a nd n ortherly w inds e xcept i n w inter a nd p eriods o f d ryness. I t i s g enerally t emperate a nd h umid a lthough p eriods o f e xcessive d ryness a nd c old d o o ccur. T he a verage n umber o f d ays o f s now i n t he P aris b asin i s 1 0-20 w hile t hat o f f rost i s 7 0. T he e xtent t o w hich t his p icture w ill h ave b een a ffected b y t he d ifferent r egimes o f t he A tlantic a nd S ubboreal i s d ifficult t o e valuate u ntil t he o verall c yclonic a nd a nticyclonic p attern i s e stablished. T here i s l ittle d oubt t hat t he c auses o f t he v alleyp lateau d istinction .a re g eomorphological i n o rigin. I t i s, t herefore, l ikely t o h ave b een a f eature o f t he p rehistoric p attern. T he o verall s tructure o f t he c limate i n t he P aris b asin i s a lso u nlikely t o h ave c hanged a lthough i t i s p ossible t hat w ith a h eavier

r ainfall

t he

s ubtleties

5 8

o f

t he

p resent

m ap

m ay

h ave

b een

o bscured.

A s

a n

o rder-of-magnitude

f igure

t he

f ollowing

s eems

a

r easonable e stimate o f t he A tlantic a nnual f igure i n t he A isne

A isne v alley A isne p lateauu W ith

a t emperature

p resent r ainfall

A tlantic r ainfall

6 25.4 7 10.11

c .719 c .816

i ncrease

o f

1 -2°C t he

a nnual

a verage w ould

a ppear t o h ave b een a bout 1 2°C. I f t he i nfluence o f s ubtropical a nticyclones w as m ore p revalent i n n orthern F rance a t t his p eriod t he i ncreased t emperature w ould h ave b een d istributed m ore i n t he s ummer m onths. T his i s l ikely t o h ave e vapotranspiration r ates a nd t he l essivation r ate.

i ncreased

t he

S OIL-TYPES T he

p rincipal

s oil-types

a re

i llustrated

i n

F igure

4 .4.

T he

p ercentages o f s oils p resent a re a s f ollows: r endzina s ol l essivg

1 1% 5 6%

a lluvium h ydromorphy

1 4% 1 4.2%

s ol b run c alcaire s ol p odzolique a nd s ol b run p odzolique T his c ompares P aris b asin

w ith

t he

2 .4% 2 .4% f ollowing

p ercentages

r endzina

1 7%

s ol l essivg a lluvium

5 7.5% 9 %

s ol b run c alcaire s ol p odzolique/podzol s ol b run e utrophique p eat T he r endzinas h ave s lopes. T hey h ave a n

f or

t he

c entral

6 % 5 .8% 3 % 0 .7%

f ormed o n e xcessive

t he e dges o f d rainage d ue

p lateaux a nd t he t o t heir g reat

p ermeability . W here t he s tructure i s g ood t hey a re r e-classified a s c alcareous o r e uthrophic b rown s oils. E rosion h as b een m ost a ctive h ere.

O n t he p lateau, m ost

s oils a re b rown e arths.

T hey a re h eavily

d egraded a nd l essivated. A f ragipan h orizon i s o ften p resent, a nd t he e xistence o f l akes a lso i ndicates i mpermeability. O n t he e dges o f t he p lateau, l essivated b rown s oils h ave b een e roded d own t o t he c lay-accumulation l evel a nd a re n ow r eally s ols b runs. W hile t hese s oils a re o ften d ry " la m ajorit6 d es s ols l imoneux d es p lateaux p ossedent r abattre m ars"

a u d gbut

( Pgdelaborde, T he

d u p rintemps u ne n appe p erchge q u'il

s uffisament

p our

p ermettre

l es

t ravaux

d es

c onvient d e l e

m ois

d e

i llustrated

i n

1 961).

d istribution

o f

l oess

i n

t his

r egion

i s

F igure 4 .5. T he w inter-spring f looding g enerally c auses a r ise o f b etween 1 a nd 5 m etres b ut i n s ome p arts o f t he P aris b asin t here i s a p eriodicity o f l arger f loods w hich c over m ost o f t he l ower t errace

( Pgdelaborde,

o n t his

f ormation.

1 961).

T he

w ater-table

5 9

l ies

a t

a bout

2 .50m .

T he d iscussion o f t he w ays t he

N eolithic h as

t hese

s oil t ypes h ave

b een u ndertaken i n

c hapter

2 .

c hanged

I t m ight,

s ince

h owever,

b e w orth n oting t hat t he c onditions f or e xtensive l essivation a re s till p resent i n t his a rea a nd p resumably t he p rocess h as n ot c eased. l ikely

I n t o

r easonable

v iew

o f

t he

h ave

b egun

t o

a ssume,

c onclusions o nly

w ith

r eached

t he

t herefore,

i n

m iddle

t hat

c hapter

2 t his

i s

N eolithic.

I t

s eems

p lateaux

w ere

m ore

t he

f avourable t o a griculture t han n ow . M ODERN L AND-USE AND V EGETATION The S oissonais i s l argely d evoted t o c ereal p roduction a nd t he l andscape i s t herefore c haracterised b y o pen f ields. F orests a re r estricted

a lmost

e xceptions

a re

b ehind

t he

w ithout

t he

e xception

F orat

m esolithic

i solated p atches o f

a t

d e

s ite

D öle o f

t o

t he

r unning

M ontbani,

maximum 6 km 2 . a t

v alley

a long

s ides.

t he

T he

i nterfluve

M ont-Notre-Dame,

H artennes

a nd

t he

a nd

B ois

d u

S t.Jean b etween S oissons a nd t he O urcq. T o t he s outh o f t he O urcq f orests a re m ore f requent. T he B ois d e T ournelle, B ois d e C hätelet, F orat

d e

F are

f orest f rom c ontinues t o a cross t his

a nd

o f

V erdilly

f orm

a n

a lmost

u nbroken

e xpanse

V illeneuve-sur-Fare d own t o C hâteau-Thierry. t he e ast w ith t he F orat d e R is, B ois M euniare

t he M arne,

t he

B ois

a fforestation c an b e

d e

C onda/Forat

d e V assy.

T he

e xtent

I t

i s o f

p ossible t he

t o

d ata

i n

o f

s een i n F igure 4 .6.

D ISTRIBUTIONAL B IASES A ND T HE Q UALITY O F T HE D ATA ( Figure 4 .6;

q uality

o f

T his a nd,

m ake t his

f our

d istinctions

r egion

( 1)

m aterial

i n

r egard

t o

c ollected

4 .7) t he

b y l ocal

c ollectors ( 2) m aterial c ollected b y R ena P arent ( 3) t he i ntensive f ieldwork a ssociated w ith t he A isne p roject, a nd ( 4) t he p resent w riter's e xamination o f t he a ir c over f or t he M arne v alley a nd i ts e dges. ( i) L OCAL C OLLECTORS F igure c ollector.

4 .7 T he

e xclusiveness. r esults

s hows m ost

T his

t he

r esult

i n t he L ower R hine

g iven f rom a n e arly

d istribution

o bvious

s tage

i s

f eature n ot

t he

i t

i s

s ites

t his

u nexpected

( 1981) b ut t o

o f

o f

i n

a ccording

i s

t heir

v iew

o f

t o

m utual

H amond's

i mportant i n t he w eight

O urcq v alley b y t he

c ollection o f

D oyen. ( ii) MATERIAL C OLLECTED B Y R ENE P ARENT

e arly

R ena P arent's w ork i n t he A isne b egan i n t he l ate 1 950s 1 960s w ith t he p ublication o f l ocal c ollections

p rehistoric

m aterial.

S ince

t hat

t ime,

t he

m ain

e mphasis

o f

a nd o f h is

w ork h as b een d irected t owards t he e xcavation o f t he m esolithic s ites o n t he T ardenois ( e.g. P arent, 1 967). M uch o f t his w ork w as c onducted a s a l ocal a mateur b ut t he t wo v olumes o f a nalyses o f a ll t he p rehistoric r emains i n t his s tudy a rea w ere p ublished a fter s ubmission t o t he U niversity o f T oulouse. H is w ork i ncluded t he c ollection o f i nformation a lready p ublished o r e xtant i n p rivate c ollections a nd a lso h is

o wn f ield i nvestigations.

6 0

I n b e

a nalysing

a cknowledged

n umber o f a re a re

t he

a bove

P arent n umber

c ollected h e

t hat

s ites k nown i n t he

a dded b y h is r evealed b y

d ivided

m aterial a ll

i nto

h as

b y

P arent

( 1971)

s ignificantly

s tudy a rea.

A n a dditional 4 5% o f

s quares

o f

a cknowledged

4 km 2 . a nd

t he

number

o f

t he

s ites

p re-Parent

b ias

t owards

t hose

a reas

P arent

t hat

n o

T his

i s c onfirmed.

a nd

d istinction

p re-Parent

c an

b e

s ites

o bserved

w ith

b etween

w here

t he

t he

i nformation

n ull

t wo

a nd

i ncrease i n t o b ear o ut

w as a lready p resent, e specially a round Fre-en-Tardenois. s quared t est w as c onducted o n t he n umber o f 4 km 2 . c ontaining

m ust

c atalogue. B ut, a n umber o f i nteresting f eatures t he d istribution o f h is s ites. I f t he m ap i s

s ites c ounted, i t w ill b e o bserved t hat t he o f s quares w ith s ites i s o nly 1 9% . T his t ends

P arent's

i t

i ncreased

A c his quares

h ypothesis

d istributions.

P re-Parent P resent P arent

P resent

A bsent

T otal

3 0

1 4

4 4

A bsent 4 9 T otal 7 9 C hi-squared = 0 .460

3 0 7 9 4 4 1 23 1d egree o f f reedom

S ignificance p = 0 .5 N ull h ypothesis c onfirmed. T here

i s n o g reat

b ias

t o t he a rea a round t he v illage i n w hich

h e l ives. O nly 1 3% o f h is s ites a f urther 1 6% o ccur a round t he a nd

O ulchy-le-Chäteau,

a nd

o ccur w ithin a r adius o f 1 0km. b ut t owns o f B rgny, C ugny-les-Crouttes

i nfill

a g ap

i n

D oyen's

c ollection

a t

t he c onfluence o f t he O urcq a nd t he P ouperaine m arshes. A f urther 1 1% o f h is s ites o ccur i n a reas o f d ense m esolithic o ccupation ( his p rimary

f ield

o f

r esearch)

e arlier p eriod, e xtraction a rea L acroix

( 1955,

a nd w ere

r ecovered w hile

a nd 8 % o f s ites a re l ocated o f R omigny-Lhgry a lready k nown 1 956).

P arent's

s urvey

w as

n ot

e xamining

t he

a round t he f lint f rom t he w ork o f

t herefore

i ntensive

a nd while h e h as i ncreased t he n umber o f s ites p resent h e b roken t he b ias i nherited f rom t he c ollections o f

h as n ot e arlier

a ntiquarians. ( ii) T HE A ISNE P ROJECT T he p roposed

c onstruction o f

a c anal

t o

r un

t he

l ength o f

t he

A isne v alley i n t he e arly 1 970s p osed a t hreat t o t he w hole v alley b ottom z one. Two f orms o f r esearch h ave b een u ndertaken. M ichel B oureux h as r epeatedly made a erial s orties a long t he v alley a nd i ts e dges, t he r esults o f w hich a re p ublished i n t he U RA 1 2 v olume f or 1 977. I t i s a s a r esult o f t his w ork t hat t he B andkeramik a nd m iddle

N eolithic

h as b een t he

s ites

e specially w ere

c ontinuing e xcavation o f

r evealed.

t hese

T he

s econd

p hase

s ites.

( iv) T HE MARNE V ALLEY T he p overty

i mpressive o f

V arennes', n ear

t o

t he

t he

D ormans, p ot

r esults

M arne.

o f

O ne

t he

A isne

p roject

B andkeramik

s ite

i s

c ontrast k nown,

w ith a t

t he ' Les

a nd a C hassgen s ettlement m ay w ell h ave e xisted

d redged

f rom

t he

r iver

a t

C hgny.

D uring t he

s ummer

o f 1 980 t he w riter u ndertook a n e xamination o f c over, a vailable w ith t he I nstitute G gographique N ationale a t P aris ( at a s cale o f

6 1

1 :30,000) f or t he M arne v alley a nd i ts s urrounding e dges. O nly t wo p ossible s ites w ere d iscovered a nd t he r esults a re i ncluded i n t he s ite-descriptions b elow . T his r esult i s u nimpressive b ut c onfirms t he g eneral a bsence o f p hotogenic s ites i n t his a rea . A s

a r esult

o f

t he

i nformation

a bove

a m ap

h as

b een p roduced

o f t he v arying i ntensities o f f ield-work i n t his s tudy a rea ( Figure 4 .8). ( v) O THER B IASES o f

W ith s uch l arge e xpanses o f f orest p articularly t o t he t he O urcq i t m ight b e e xpected t hat t he d istribution o f

s outh f inds

w ould b e a dversely a ffected i n t hese a reas. F igure 4 .6 s hows t he t otal d istribution o f f indspots i n t he s tudy a rea m apped a s a d ensity d iagram i n 4 km 2 . s quares. T he m ajor c oncentration i s i n t he c entre-west o f t he d iagram a nd a long t he l ine o f t he O urcq, w ith a nother i n t he c entre-east a round t he e xploitation a rea o f R omignyL hgry. F igure 4 .6 i llustrates t hose 4 km 2 . s quares h aving a t l east 2 5% f orest w ithin t hem . A part f rom t he s outh-east w here P arent n ot m ap t he s ites t here i s n o c orrelation b etween t he d iagrams. O nly 9 % o f s quares h ave f orest a nd n o f indspots.

d id t wo

B esides t he o bvious b lank a reas s uch a s t hose w ith t owns, a n umber o f a reas r emain t otally d evoid o f s ettlement. T hey a re m arked o n F igure 4 .6. T hey a ll c onsist o f a reas o f p lateau i nterior, a nd a re d ry. P rehistoric s ettlement m ight n ot t herefore b e e xpected. M ost o f t hese a re c oncentrated i n t he s outh-west o f t he d iagram b ut

m ost

o bvious

e xtends b etween t he R u d e t he O urcq a nd t he A isne.

i s

t he

S avi res

t hin b and

a nd

o f

i nterfluve

t he R u d e G orgeats,

w hich

b etween

B ANDKERAMIK S ETTLEMENTS T he s ites ' Les V arennes', D ormans C anton: D ormans, A rrond.: E pernay R eferences: B ailloud ( 1974, 4 7); G audron T he s ite w as d iscovered i n 1 880 q uarrying. I t l ies o n t he l ower t errace o nly

s ite

o f

t his

p eriod

t o

c ome

( 1953);

C hertier

( 1974a)

a s a r esult o f o f t he M arne a nd

f rom

t he

M arne

g ravel i s t he

w ithin

t he

b oundaries o f t he s tudy a rea. T he s ite c onsists o f a c emetery o f i nhumations i n p its. T hese t ake a v ariety o f f orms. E very t omb h ad g rave-goods i ncluding s crapers, k nives, p ottery a nd a p olished f lint a xe m ade f rom a f lint p ebble f rom t he r iver, b ut a ll t he f inds h ave b een l ost. T he p its a re 1 .20m. d eep a nd 1 -2 m etres a part b ut

t hey

a re

n ot

a rranged

i n

a ny

r egular

E -S w ith t he d eceased f acing s outh. c emetery w as 5 0m 2 . G audron ( 1954)

o rder.

A ll w ere

o riented

T he t otal a rea c overed b y t he t hought t hat t he p ottery w as

B eaker a nd i t h as b een s uggested t hat t he e ntire c emetery m ay b elong t o t he S OM . N evertheless, b oth B ailloud a nd C hertier ( op.cit.) a ssigned i t to t he B andkeramik a nd p ointed t o t he P laidt g roup

f or t he

d ecoration.

6 2

C ys-la-Commune C anton: B raine, A rrond.: S oissons R eferences: U RA 1 2 ( 1973-1977); B oureux a nd C oudart ( 1959); B ailloud ( 1974); B oureux ( 1965)

( 1978);

J ouill6

L ambert C o-ordinates x ...689,875 y ...189,625 z ...46 F igures 4 .9; 4 .10; 4 .11 T he g eographical l ocation o f t his s ite c an b e s een f rom F igure 4 .9. I t o ccurs o n t he l owest t errace o f t he r iver A isne a nd c overs a bout 6 5 h a. S ettlement t races a re n ot c ontinuous a cross t his a rea a nd a number o f f oci c an b e i dentified. ( 1) T wo s lightly a nd a t

' Les L ongues R aies' h ouses w ere t rapezoidal

l east

1 8m .

e xcavated i n 1 965 a nd 1 966. T he e arliest i s i n s hape, o riented a pproximately e ast-west,

i n

l ength.

T he

s econd h ouse

l ay a bout

2 00m .

f rom

t he f irst. I t s hared t he s ame o rientation a nd i s a lso s lightly t rapezoidal. T wo c onstruction p its r an a longside. T he p ottery h as b een d ivided i nto t hree p hases b y B oureux a nd C oudart ( 1978). P hases A a nd B a re a ssociated w ith t he e arliest h ouse a nd P hase C w ith t he l ater. T he m ain d istinction i s t hat t he d ecoration i n P hase

C i s

m ore

l adders. C omb i ncisions a nd

d ense

C uiry-les-Chaudardes y oung

a nd

i ncision

i s

d ecoration p redominates. g rooves a lso o ccur. A ll ( pit

l imited

t o

t riangles

a nd

H achured b ands w ith w ide o f t his i s p aralleled a t

2 30) w ith S oudsky's

C ulture d e

l 'Aisne.

T wo t ombs w ere a lso r ecovered f rom t his l ocation. O ne w as o f a w oman r esting o n h er l eft s ide. T he t omb h ad b een c oloured

w ith r ed o chre. A mong t he g rave-goods w ere s pondylus s hells, g reenstone b racelets a nd a p ottery w ith p lastic d ecoration, f inely i ncised t riangles, l adders a nd p oin ym inge b ands. C omb d ecoration w as m uch i n e vidence. ( 2)

' Le P aradis'

S everal p its w ere e xcavated i n t he ( 1959) i n a dvance o f g ravel e xtraction . a bundant. T he p ottery w as r ounded w ith

l ate 1 950s b y J ouill6 T he m aterial w as n ot f unicular h andles a nd

h orizontal p erforations. A f ew s herds h ad c omb d ecoration. d ate w as o btained f rom b one o f 3 ,520±300 b .c. ( So 5 7). ( 3)

A C 14

' Mont-sous-Pain'

E xcavations

w ere

c onducted

h ere

b etween

1 968

a nd

1 971

a s

a

r esult o f g ravel e xtraction. A n umber o f p its w ere r evealed b ut n o d efinite s tructures. T he m aterial i ncludes a s chist b racelet, a f ragment o f a n h exagonal, p erforated s chist o bject a nd a m iniature v ase w ith t wo l ugs. P lastic d ecoration w as a lso p resent a nd t he p ottery h ad a c rushed b urnt-bone f iller. A ll o f t his s eems t o p oint t o a d ate i n t he V illeneuve g roup p hase r ecognised b y C onstantin ( 1976). ( 4)

g oods

' Bac d e C havonne'

A nother r ed o chre g rave w as c onsisted o f p earl p lates.

e xcavated

6 3

h ere.

T he

m ain

g rave

( 5)

' Les C arrgs',

S oupir

A s tray s hoe-last c elt m ade o f g neiss w as n ow m arshy a rea o f t he r iver e dge. C uiry-les-Chaudardes C anton: N eufchätel-sur-Aisne,

A rrond.:

r ecovered f rom t his

L aon

R efernces: U RA 1 2 ( 1973-1977); S oudsky ( 1976) L ambert C o-ordinates x ...702,40 y ...187,55 F igures 4 .12; 4 .13; 4 .14 T his i s t he m ost e xtensively e xcavated B andkeramik s ite i n n orthern F rance. T he t hree m ajor a reas o f e xcavation a re ' Les F ontinettes', ' Les G ravelines', a nd, ' Le C hamp T ortu'. T hese a re i llustrated i n F igure 4 .14. A s w ith t he o ther B andkeramik s ites l ies o n t he f irst t errace o f t he A isne a t a m eander. O ccupation o n

t his

s ite

h as

t o t he l ate N eolithic ( SOM). a ssigned t o t he R RBP i n 1 976

b een A t a nd

d ividing i nto t hree o r f our p hases

t raced

f rom t he

l east e ight S oudsky s aw

( Soudsky,

i t

R RBP t hrough

h ouses c ould b e t hese a s f urther

1 976).

A f urther t hree

p hases w ere r ecognised s ucceeding t his. W ith t he C ulture d e B eaurieux t wo t rapezoidal h ouses a nd a f ence/palisade w ere r ecovered, a nd M ichelsberg m aterial c onsisting o f p its, s ilos a nd a r ectangular e nclosure c luster i n t he s outh-west c orner. T wo f urther h ouses w ere e xcavated i n 1 976 ( Houses 2 25 a nd 2 45) a nd a nother t hree i n 1 977. I n t otal 1 1 h ouses c an b e a ssigned t o t he R RBP o r t he C ulture d e l 'Aisne. T his o ccupation t ends t o p eter o ut t o t he n orth-west a long w ith t he b and o f c lay ( flood m aterial) w ith which t he

r est o f t he

s ite i s a ssociated.

S tructure 2 41 p roduced a n umber

o f s herds o f w hat s eems t o b e L imburg w are. M issy-sur-Aisne C anton: V ailly-sur-Aisne, A rrond.: S oissons R eferences: U RA 1 2 ( 1977; 1 978); C onstantin ( pers.com .) L ambert C o-ordinates x ...679,500 y ...187,125 z ...46 F igure 4 .15 T he 4 .15.

g eographical

p osition

o f

t his

s ite

i s

s hown

i n

F igure

O nce a gain t he s ite l ies o n t he l ower t errace o f t he A isne.

T he o riented

s ite w as e xcavated i n 1 977 a nd r evealed o ne l onghouse W NW/ESE. T he b uilding i s 3 1.5m . l ong a nd t he p ost-holes

a re o ver 1 .5m . i n d iameter. U nlike o ther l onghouses f rom t he v alley t his o ne i s c igar-shaped w ith a n a psidal c onstruction a t o ne e nd. N o d iagnostic m aterial w as r ecovered. T he p arallels f or t his s uggest a d ate c ontemporary w ith t he G roupe d e M enneville, a nd m ore s pecifically w ith t he R henish h ouses o f H iltrop 2 ( Brandt-Beck, 1 954)

a nd

B eiringsen-Rudolph

( Günter,

1 976).

T he

s ite

i s

o ccupied

a lso i n t he m iddle N eolithic. V ailly-sur-Aisne/Chassemy C anton: V ailly-sur-Aisne, A rrond.: S oissons R eferences: B ailloud ( 1974); U RA 1 2 ( 1973, 1 977); L ambert C o-ordinates x ...683,40 y ...188,80 F igure 4 .16

6 4

G ardez

( 1931)

T he

c omplex

o f

f indspots

f ound

i n

t his

s ettlement

z one

i ndicates a t otal s ettlement a rea o f c . 3 0 h a . F igure 4 .16 r eveals t he n ow f amiliar s ite l ocation o n t he l ower t errace o f t he r iver . A s w ith C ys-la-Commune a n umber o f c oncentrations h ave b een m apped. ( 1)

' Les R enaches',

E xcavation

w as

C hassemy

c onducted

h ere

b etween

1 969

a nd

1 971

b y

M .

B oureux. A n umber o f s ettlement t races w ere r ecovered i ncluding ut n o d efinite h ouse-plans. A l ithic i ndustry p its a nd p ost-holes b urins, a symmetrical, p iercing a rrowheads a nd c ontained s crapers, b howed c omb d ecoration a nd i ncision. T wo t ombs c ores. T he p ottery s ravel e xtraction . T he f irst w as a d ouble w ere d estroyed b y g chre a nd t he s econd was a c hild a ccompanied b y i nhumation w ith r ed o a n ecklace o f C ardium s hells. ( 2)

' Les L ongues R aies',

A n umber p rincipally a t

o f t he

C hassemy

f ind-spots h ave c ome f rom t his l ocation, G ravier B ernard a nd t he G ravier P ipari. T he

f ormer p roduced t wo t ombs a nd a p ottery w ith t riangular m otifs a nd a n i nfilling o f i ncisions. T he p arallels f or t his a re w ith C ys-laC ommune. A t t he l atter, g enerally s terile p ost-holes n evertheless r evealed

a h ouse

w ith

t he

Y

a rrangement

o f

p ost-holes

i n

t he

c entral s ection. ( 3)

' Les C orniaux', V ailly-sur-Aisne

A s mall C erny-style p ot w as f ound h ere a s a s tray-find b efore t he l ast w ar. I t w as s pherical i n f orm w ith a r aised n eck a nd t hree h andles,

o ne o f w hich c arried a p oin v )nng d ecoration .

( 4) M iscellaneous G ardez ( 1931) e xcavated a t omb i n t his v icinity b efore t he w ar b ut i ts e xact p osition i s n o l onger k nown . C iry-Salsogne C anton: B raine, A rrond.: S oissons R eferences: B ailloud ( 1974): U RA 1 2 ( 1976, 1 977) L ambert C o-ordinates x ...681,8 y ...188,10 z ...44 F igure 4 .16 ( 1)

' La B ouche a V esle'

A n umber

o f

t ombs

w ere

r ecovered

i n

t he

l ast

c entury

d uring

g ravel e xtraction s omewhere o n t he l ower t errace o f t he r iver. S ome s herds s howed p oin9onn4 d ecoration a nd f unicular h andles i ndicating a p ost-RRBP d ate. ( 2)

' Bras d 'Housse'

E xcavations l ocation o f

b y

t he

' Neolithic'

A isne

p roject

h ave

r evealed

p its

a t

t his

d ate.

V illeneuve-St.-Germain C anton: S oissons, A rrond.: S oissons R eferences: B ailloud ( 1974); B oureux

6 5

a nd

C oudart

( 1978);

U RA

1 2

( 1976-77) L ambert C o-ordinates x ...674,625 y ...187,600 z ...42 F igures 4 .17;

4 .18

F igure 4 .17 s hows t hat t he s ite i s l ocated t errace o f t he A isne t o t he s outh o f a l arge l oop

o n i n

t he l ower t he r iver.

N eolithic a nd I ron A ge f inds h ave b een r ecovered f rom ' Les G rands G raves' e xcavated b y URA 1 2 ( op.cit.). T he w ater-table i n s ummer i s 2 .50m. d eep a t t his p oint. T hree R andkeramik p hases c an b e i dentified. T he f irst t wo c onsist o f o ne r ectangular h ouse e ach a nd t his i s f ollowed b y a t hird p hase o f t wo t rapezöidal h ouses 5 0m . a part. T he d ecoration o n t he p ottery i s i llustrated i n F igure 4 .18. C onstantin ( 1976) h as d rawn p arallels b etween t his w are, i n i ts t racer d ecoration a nd i ts b urnt a nd c rushed b one f iller, a nd t he B licquy-group o f B elgium . T his h as f ormed h is V illeneuve g roup n ow r ecognised i n o ther p arts o f t he P aris B asin a s w ell ( e.g. M oru ( Blanchet a nd F itte, 1 978)). S chist b racelets w ere a lso r ecovered, m ade

o f

A rdennes

b e a l arge

s chist.

O ne

o f

' maison d e r gunion'

t he

r ectangular

( URA 1 2,

h ouses

a ppears

t o

1 973).

V ieil-Arcy/Pont-Arcy C anton: B raine, A rrond.: S oissons R eferences: B ailloud ( 1974); B oureux ( 1972) A t omb w as e xcavated b y G ardez a t t he b eginning o f t he c entury s omewhere o n t he l ower a lluvial t errace b ut i ts e xact p osition i s n ot c lear. I t w as o riented n orth-south a nd p roduced a p ot w ith f unicular h andles, a b ead n ecklace, a nd, i n a p it s ome f ew m etres a way, d omestic b ones a nd s mall f lints. A s econd t omb w as d iscovered a t ' La B oise', V ieil-Arcy. I t c ontained a n i nhumation a nd n o g raveg oods.

I t w as e xcavated i n

1 966 b y B oureux .

P ernant C anton: V ic-sur-Aisne, A rrond.: S oissons R eferences: B ailloud ( 1974); U RA 1 2 ( op.cit.); T uffreau ( 1971) L ambert C o-ordinates x ...660 y ...187,625 z ...42 F igure 4 .19 T wo f ind-spots h ave b een r eported f or t his s ite, ' Les

G revettes'.

F igure

4 .19

s hows

t he

p osition

o f

' Culfroy' a nd t hese

a reas

i n

r egard t o t he r iver, a nd o nce a gain i t c an b e s een t hat t hey l ie o n t he l ower a lluvial t errace, a nd i n p articular o n a s pit r epresented b y t he 4 0m. ( 1)

c ontour.

' Les G revettes'

T uffreau e xcavated a p it h ere i n 1 968 ( 1971) 1 .30m . i n d iameter a nd 0 .30m. d eep. T he m aterial r ecovered w as p oor b ut w as c ertainly ' Bandkeramik'. T he e xcavator p aralleled i t w ith C ys-laC ommune a nd V ailly-sur-Aisne. S ome e conomic e vidence w as r ecovered i n t he f orm o f 4 4 b one f ragments. T hese r epresented B os t aurus L ., S us d omesticus L . a nd O vis a ries L .; a ll a dults. ( 2)

' Culfroy'

B oureux e xcavated a h ouse, F igure

4 .19.

T he

h ouse

i s

t he p lan o f w hich i s i llustrated i n 2 2m .

6 6

l ong

a t

l east

a nd

s lightly

t rapezoidal. m aterial i s

C onstruction p its w ere f ound a t t he e ast a lmost n on-existent b ut a c omb d ecorated

e nd. T he s herd, a

s craper a nd b roken b lades w ere r ecovered. O sly-Courtil C anton: V ic-sur-Aisne, A rrond.: R eferences: P arent ( 1971) B andkeramik

r emains

B allastiare D esmarat.

a re

S oissons m entioned

h ere

b y

P arent

f rom

t he

c ommented

o n,

N o f urther i nformation i s g iven. L OCATIONAL R EGULARITIES

( i) I NTRODUCTION T he

b ias

t owards

t he

A isne

h as

a lready

b een

b ut, P arent ( 1971) a lso s uggested t hat t wo s ites i n t he O urcq m ight b e B andkeramik a s w ell: ' R la d e V aux', N euilly-St.-Front a nd ' Le C oeur d e M esnil', R ozet S t.Albin. O n f urther e xamination i t i s c lear t hatthese a re T ardenoisian a nd t hey h ave t herefore b een o mitted. F igure4.20 s hows t he a rtefacts o riginally c onsidered B andkeramik. T he s ection o f t he A isne u nder e xamination e xtends f rom P ernant, l ess t han 1 0km . t o t he w est o f S oissons, t o C oncevreux, 3 5km. t o t he e ast. T hree t errace f ormations a re v isible. T he u pper t wo d o n ot a ppear t o h ave b een s ettled u ntil t he B ronze A ge. T he B andkeramik R iss-Würm t errace. ( ii)

s ettlement

i s

l ocated

o n

t he

l ower

S ITE-LOCATION ( Figure 4 .21) T he

l ocation

b ottom z one

i s

a s

o f

B andkeramik

t rue

o f

t he

r emains

t o

s tray-finds

a s

t his o f

n arrow

t he

v alley

s ettlements.

T he s ite-descriptions s how t hat t here a re n o e xceptions t o t his. F igure 4 .22 e xpresses t his d iagramatically. T he a lluvial t errace c onsists

o f

a s andy-gravel

d issected

b y

f ertile

c hannels

m eanders a nd i s c overed i n p laces b y s preads o f t errace i s a bout f ive m etres a bove t he r iver a nd t he

a nnual

f loods.

T his

i s

n ot

a n

a rea

o f

o f

f ormer

f lood l oam . T he t herefore a voids

l oess-based

s ettlement

a nd i t h as e arlier b een s uggested t hat t he t errace w as w ith a m eadow c hernozem o r s ol b run c alcaire/sol h umique,

c overed b earing

a n o pen m eadow v egetation a t t he t ime o f i ts s ettlement. F igure 4 .23 s hows t he d istribution o f t his f ormation t hroughout t he v alley. T he m ost i mportant f eature o f t his i s t he w ay t he t errace i s b roken u p i nto s eparate, s elf-contained u nits b y t he m eanders o f t he r iver. I t i s t hese u nits w hich f orm t he m icro-regions o f B andkeramik s ettlement. T hey v ary i n s ize f rom l ess t han 2 00 h a . t o i n e xcess o f 4 00 h a. F ifteen u nits c an b e o bserved i n t he s ection o f t he r iver e xamined h ere. O f t hese 8 0% h ave t races o f s ettlement o f t he e arly a nd m iddle N eolithic p rovided e vidence o f B andkeramik n egative a reas e xist. T he V illeneuve-St.-Germain a nd i s

a nd j ust o ver h alf ( 53%) h ave s ettlement a lone. T wo l arge,

f irst s tretches f rom n ow c overed b y t he t own

P ernant t o o f S oissons

a nd i ts s uburbs. H eavy ' g ravel e xtraction t o t he w est o f t he t own h as r emoved m uch o f t he l ower t errace. T he s econd a rea l ies t o t he w est o f t he M ichelsberg s ite o f B ourg-et-Commin o n t he o ther s ide o f t he r iver t o P ont-Arcy a nd C ys-la-Commune.

6 7

A s i n s outhern P oland, t he s ites a re l ocated o n a reas p eriodically r efertilised b y f looding ( Kruk, 1 980a) e ven i f t hey l ie

a bove

t he

a rea

a nnually

f looded.

F igure

4 .24

i llustrates

t hat

i n s ome c ases t he s tructures h ave b een c ut i nto f lood-deposit a nd i n o thers a re c overed b y i t. I n a ddition, t he s ites t ake a dvantage o f t he r ich, c lay s oils o f f ormer m eanders. T his i s r eflected i n t he f requency w ith w hich s ites a re l ocated o n a reas c alled ' Les L ongues R aies' o r a c orruption o f t his. I t i s t hese d eposits w hich p rovide t he m ud f or t he h ouse w alls a nd f or t he l ocally m ade p ottery ( Constantin, p ers.comm .) ( e.g. C ys-la-Commune, V ailly-surA isne/Chassemy). T he a verage d istance t o w ater i s d ifficult t o m easure w here s ites s how e vidence o f s hifting b ut t aking a m easurement f rom t he g ross s ite c entre i s c . 5 00m . T he m ore d etailed l ocation o f e very s ite c an b e s een i n t he f igures a ssociated w ith t hem. F igure 4 .25 s hows t he m uch e xaggerated c rosss ections o f t hese s ites a nd r eveals m ore c learly t heir l ocation o n t he l ower t errace. W ith t he e xception o f C hassemy, t here i s n o p reference f or s mall r ises o r e minences w ithin t he t errace. ( iii)

S ITE-SIZE T he

a rea

c overed

b y

t he

s ites

v aries

c onsiderably.

C ys-la-

C ommune, f or e xample, i s 6 5 h a. b ut a ll o f t his d oes n ot, o f c ourse, c ontain t races o f h abitation. B esides t he a rea c overed b y t he b urials, i t m ust b e r emembered t hat t he L ongues R aies h ouses w ere s eparated b y 2 00m . T he r ationale b ehind t reating t hese f inds pots a s o ne s ite c an b e s een i n t he c hronological e vidence f or t he l inear s hifting o f t he s ettlement p resumably a s h ouse t imbers r otted a nd f ell i nto d isuse. T his i s i llustrated i n F igure 4 .11. T he e arliest m aterial a ppears t o c ome f rom t he t wo s lightly t rapezoidal h ouses a t ' Les L ongues R aies' w hile t he s chist b racelets, t he m iniature p ot a nd t he o ther a rtefacts f rom ' Monts ous-pain' a re c learly i n t he t radition o f t he V illeneuve g roup. ' Le P aradis' h as p roduced t he C 14 d ate a lready m entioned. T he w ider e xtension n orth, a t

o f t his s ite c an b e s een i n t he t omb, f urther t o t he ' Bac d e C havonne' a nd t he g neiss s hoe-last c elt f rom t he

n ow m arshy a rea a t h a.

T he s ite T here i s

' Les

C art-6 s',

S oupir.

a t V ailly/Chassemy i s e ven l arger, c overing a bout 8 0 n ot r eally s ufficient i nformation t o d iscern t he

d irection o f t he s ettlement s hift h ere a lthough b oth ' Les L ongues R aies' a nd ' Les R enaches' a re e arlier t han ' Les C orniaux '. A t C uiry-les-Chaudardes t he s ite w ould a ppear t o b e a bout 2 0 h a. F igure 4 .14 s hows t he a mount e xcavated b y 1 977 w ith a n i nset o f t he a rrangement o f h ouses i n t he c entral s ection. M any o f t he s tructures a re d ifficult t o a ssign t o p articular p hases a nd a n o verall

p attern

o f

d irections

( Constantin a nd C oudart, t hat i t w as n ot l inear.

o f

p ers.comm .),

s hift t he

c annot e vidence

b e s o

e stablished f ar

s uggests

A ll o f t hese f igures o f s ite s ize h ave b een b ased o n m aximum e xtension o f t he s ite t hroughout t he B andkeramik a nd

t he a re

t herefore g rossly i n e xcess o f t he a rea s ettled a t a ny o ne t ime. C uiry, f or e xample, h as b etween 5 - 8 h ouses i n t he R RBP d ivided i nto t hree o r f our s ub-phases ( Soudsky, 1 976) a nd a t V illeneuve t he l argest n umber o f h ouses i n a ny o ne p hase i s t wo. T his d istinction

6 8

m ay, o f c ourse, b e m ore a pparent t han r eal i n t he s ense t hat t he t otal s ettlement o r e ven t he h eart o f i t m ay n ot y et h ave b een r evealed. I t m ust, h owever, b e a dmitted t hat, C uiry a part, t he s ettlements o f t he A isne w ould a ppear t o c onsist o f n o m ore t han o ne o r t wo h ouses a t a ny o ne p hase. ( iv) L ENGTH O F O CCUPATION p hase

E ven i f a h iatus i n t he s ettlement o f t he v alley o ccurred a t a c ontemporary w ith t he m iddle-late R assen, t he o ccupation

b efore a nd a fter t his g ap i s l ikely t o h ave b een l ong-lived a nd c ontinuous. T here i s n o e vidence f or a c yclical r otation o f s ites i n a n e xtensive p attern a s v isualised a t B ylany ( Soudsky, 1 966). A t C uiry, t he o ccupation l asted f rom t he R RBP t hrough t o a p hase c ontemporary w ith R össen T T a nd f rom S oudsky's C ulture d e B eaurieux t o M ichelsberg I V i n L üning's s cheme. O n t he e vidence o f t he C1 4 d ates p resented i n C hapter 3 n either o f t hese p eriods i s l ikely t o h ave b een c onsiderably l ess t han t hree o r f our h undred y ears. S imilarly, a t C ys-la-Commune t he m aterial s uggests o ccupation i n a n R RBP p hase, a V illeneuve g roup p hase a nd t hen c ontinues d own t o t he C 14 d ate o f 3 ,400±300 b .c. T he t otal s pan o f t his o ccupation m ay w ell b e a s m uch a s e ight h undred y ears. I n c ontrast, V illeneuve a nd M issy s how s horter p eriods o f o ccupation . A t V illeneuve, t he t hree o ccupation p hases d etailed a bove m ay h ave l asted o nly b etween 1 00 a nd 2 00 y ears. T his i s b ased o n t he f igures p rovided b y B akels f or t he d ecay r ates o f t ree-types ( 1978). A t M issy, t he c igar-shaped h ouse i s b est d ated w ith a l ate p hase, p erhaps c ontemporary w ith t he M enneville g roup/Entzheim a nd o ccupation o f t his s ettlement z one c ontinues i nto t he m iddle N eolithic w ith a d itched e nclosure n earby. A l ifespan o f s everal h undred y ears a gain s eems r easonable. A lthough t he s equence a t V ailly/Chassemy i s i mprecise i t t oo b egins w ith t he RRBP ( the Y -arrangement o f p ost-holes) a nd c ontinues t hrough t o t he C erny-type p ot w hich i s b est p laced w ith t he l ate C ulture d e l 'Aisne. F igure 4 .26 c hronological d ivision o f s ites i n t he v alley.

i llustrates

t he

( v) T HE S ETTLEMENT Z ONES T he v ariation .

s ize A ll

o f

t he

s ettlement

c alculations

h ave

z ones

b een

s hows

b ased

o n

c onsiderable t he

a mount

o f

a vailable l ower t errace i n e ach o f t he t errace-units d efined b y t he m eanders i n t he r iver. T he s mallest i s a t V illeneuve-St.-Germain ( 125 h a.) a nd t he l argest i s a t M issy w hich e xtends o ver 5 00 h a. B etween t hese

f igures

l ie

t hose f or

t he V esle

c onfluence - 3 75 h a.

- C uiry-les-Chaudardes - 2 70 h a. - a nd C ys-la-Commune - 2 30 h a. T he p hysical d escription o f t hese z ones h as b een g iven a bove a nd i t m ust b e s tressed t hat a ll f inds o f t hese p eriods a re e xclusive t o t hese z ones. I t i s f or t his r eason t hat t hey m ust b e t aken a s t he b asic u nits o f B andkeramik s ettlement a nd e conomic e xploitation. I n a ssessing w hether s ufficient

f or t he

t he

a mount

o f

l and

a vailable

i n

t hese

s upport o f a B andkeramik c ommunity,

z ones

i s

i t i s u seful

t o e xamine t he r esults o f O lsanica ( Milisauskas, 1 980) a nd B ylany ( Soudsky, 1 966). A t t he f ormer, t he s ite c onsisted o f 7 - 8h ouses a t a ny o ne t ime d istributed o ver 5 0 h a. M ilisauskas s uggested t hat t he l ikely p opulation w ould b e i n t he r egion o f 1 00 p eople i n 1 6 1 7 f amilies. U sing t he m odel o f a s table s ettlement b ut s hifting

6 9

fields he suggested that the total area of land required would be 100 ha. if the site was entirely wheat-dependant. At Bylany (Soudsky and Pavlu, 1972) a figure of 24 families per phase has been estimated consisting of 50 adults and 100 children. The total land required to supply wheat to a community of this size was worked out from figures obtained for nineteenth century Russian peasants and assumed a slash-and-burn method of cultivation with shifting settlement. evertheless, the total land required came to only 60 - 63 ha. In using these figures at all it must be remembered that many of the assumptions on which the results were based are no longer adequate. Far from depending on wheat, it has been argued that these communities were practising an intensive fixed-plot horticulture in which vegetables and pulses played a significant if not the dominant role. Rotation of fields is likely to have been minimal (Kruk, 1973; 1980). The regenerative fertility of the lower terrace zones has already b2en demonstrated. In addition, while the overall site-�1ze in the Aisne might invite comparison with Olsanica and Bv] any hey renerally consist of no more than a few houses in any one phase. In Figure 4.27 an attempt has been made to evaluate the relationship between gross site-size and amount of land available within the micro-region. This has been based on Milisauskas' calculations, notwithstanding the objections raised above. No acco int has been take"1. of unoccupied space between the houses. For the purpose of this analysis the maximum area_ covered by the archaf'olo�dcal remains has been taken as uncultivable. At sites such as Villeneuve where the actual traces of settlement cover only 2 ha. a hypothetical extent of 25 ha. has been allowed. Despite these adjustments, the figure shows that the amount of land required on these bases never exceeded the amount of land available within the zones of terrace defined by the river. Since these figures represent in all cases a maximum, the amount of land available is likely to have been greatly in excess of the amount required. (vi ) SITE-HIERARCHIES An obvious hierarchy based on number of houses cannot be detected. Cuiry-les-Chaudardes gives the impression of being a village community but even here when the 7-8 houses of the RRBP period are divided up into Soudsky's three or four sub-phases the average of houses decreases sharply. This was recognised by SAP (1975) and noted by Hamonu 1)81) in the Merzbach valley at first sight, an L.B.K. settlement appears to have a high density of housing. However, on assigning each house to its respective ceramic phase, the village becomes a hamlet comprising farmsteads seperated by distances in the order of 100m. (Hamond, 1981) There is no apparent correlation between the size of the micro­ region and the size of the site although this is not unexpected since it has been demonstrated that in no micro-region was the total available land deficient for the support of the settlement. There is, however, a correlation between gross site-size, and

70

l ength

o f

o ccupation.

T his

r esult

i s

i n

s ome

w ays

i nevitable.

T he

l onger a s ite o ccupied a m icro-region, t he w ider w as t he a rea c overed b y i ts s hifting. I f a n h ierarchy i s t o b e d etected i t c an o nly b e d one o n t he b asis o f t he g ross-size/duration o f t he s ites. T hree s ites s tand o ut i n t his m anner: C ys-la-Commune, C uiry-lesC haudardes a nd V ailly/Chassemy . K ruk ( 1973) h as s uggested t hat i n s outhern P oland s ites s uch a s t hese w ere s urrounded b y s mall s catters

o r

o utlying

t emporary

c amps

e xploiting

m ore

d istant

a reas. S uch s catters a re n ot p resent i n t he A isne. B efore i t i s s uggested t hat s ome o f t he s horter-lived s ites a cted i n t his w ay, i t

s hould

b e

r emembered

t hat

s ites

s uch a s V illeneuve-St.-Germain,

a lbeit s mall, l ast f or 1 00-200 y ears. T hey a re s ettlements i n t heir o wn r ight a nd n ot o utlying c amps. I n t his, t he p icture i s n ot d issimilar t o t he M erzbach w here h amlets o f t he t ype d iscussed a bove a re b ut p art o f m uch l arger s ettlements e xtending l inearly o ver s everal k ilometres ( Hamond, 1 981). ( vii) P OPULATION A ND I NTERNAL C OLONISATION O n

t he

b asis

t hree m ain p hases,

o f

t he

n umber

o f

s ites

p resent

p lus t he m iddle N eolithic,

i n

e ach

o f

t he

t he f ollowing p attern

i s p roduced

T he

P hase R RBP V illeneuve

% o f s ites 1 1 - 1 4 2 2 - 2 4

L ater G roups M iddle N eolithic

2 2 4 3

RRBP

o ccupation

i s

r estricted

t o C uiry-les-Chaudardes,

C ys-la-

C ommune a nd p ossibly t he e arlier p hase o f V illeneuve a nd V ailly/ C hassemy. V illeneuve g roup m aterial h as b een f ound a t V illeneuve, C ys-la-Commune a nd C uiry-les-Chaudardes. I n t he l ater B andkeramik, V illeneuve a nd P ernant n o l onger c ontain s ettlement, a t M issy a nd C iry a ppears t o c ommence. o f

b ut

s ettlement

S everal p roblems p revent t he u se o f t hese f igures a s a n i ndex p opulation. F irst, t here i s n o r eal e vidence t hat s ites a re

s trictly c ontemporary o ther t han i n t erms o f p hases o f s everal h undred y ears. S econd, v ariations i n s ite-size h ave n ot b een t aken i nto R RBP o f

a ccount. A s t hey s tand, t he f igures s uggest t hat b etween t he a nd t he m iddle N eolithic t here w as a n i ncrease o f p opulation

t he

o rder

o f

t hree

t imes.

T his

m ay

b e

l inked w ith

t he

g reater

c olonisation o f t he a vailable m icro-regions. H owever,

t he

w riter

w ould

l ike

t o

s uggest

a

d ifferent

e xamination o f t he a vailable d ata. T he f ollowing a ssumptions h ave b een m ade ( 1) t hat t he n umber o f f amilies p er h ouse i s t wo ( after S oudsky a nd P avlu, o p.cit.), ( 2) t hat a f amily c onsist o f s ix p eople ( after M ilisauskas, o p.cit.), ( 3) t hat t he e xcavated a rea i s a t rue r eflection o f t he r elevant p roportion o f h ouses t o e ach p eriod

a t

e ach

s ite,

a nd

( 4)

t hat

w here

n o

e vidence

o f

h ouse

s tructures c omplements t he e vidence o f s ettlement, a s ite t he s ize o f C uiry-les-Chaudardes i s i magined. I nevitably t hese f igures p rovide o nly a n o rder o f m agnitude t o t he l evels o f p opulation i n t he v alley a t

t his p eriod.

7 1

P eriod & S ite RRBP C uiry

N o.

o f h ouses

F amilies

P eople

3

6

3 6

C ys V illeneuve

2 1

4 2

2 4 1 2

C hassemy

1

2

1 2

T otal

8 4

V illeneuve C ys

1

2

1 2

V illeneuve P ernant

2 1

4 2

2 4 1 2

C uiry

2

4

2 4

C hassemy

1

2 T otal

1 2 8 4

C ys

2

4

2 4

C uiry M issy

2 1

4 2

2 4 1 2

C iry V iel-Arcy O sly-Courtil

1 ? ?

2 ? ?

1 2 ? ?

T otal

8 4++

L ater

S tartin

( 1978)

h as

r ecently

s uggested

t hat

i t

t welve m en t o l ift t he c entral p ole o f o ne o f h ouse-construction w as e xistence o f s ingle s ettlements

w ould

h ave

t aken

t hese h ouses a nd t hat

t herefore c ommunal. T his a rgues a gainst t he h ouse s ettlements u nless n eighbouring

p articipated.

N evertheless,

s ince

t hese

f igures

a re

o nly a n a ttempt a t a n o rder o f m agnitude i t s eems b est t o r emain w ith t he n umber o f h ouses s uggested b y e xcavation. T he i mpression o f a c onstant f igures p eriods 5 00

y ears,

t he

B andkeramik 4 .28.

p opulation g iven b y t hese

T his

a t

V illeneuve 3 00

p icture

i nformation.

T he

y ears. t ies

g roup T he

a t

i n m ore

c olonisation

F ollowing

t his,

w hen

t he

R össen I I/Cerny m aterial

I t

2 00

r esults

i s

y ears

a re

a nd

t he

o f

b egan

t he

v alley

A isne

i f

t he

i ndicated

t he

i n

l ater F igure

a rchaeological i n

a

l ate

f ew s ites a nd a s mall s ucceeding V illeneuve p hase.

a ppears

t o

t here w as a d ecline

s how

a n

a bsence

o f

i n p opulation .

C HANGES I N THE NATURE O F T HE E VIDENCE s eems a ppropriate

t o

i llustrate a t

t his p oint

t he t ype o f e vidence t hat o ccurs o ver t his p eriod. t ombs,

i llusory

d uration o f t he b een a veraged a t

a ccurately w ith

B andkeramik/Hinkelstein p hase w ith p opulation. E xpansion o ccurred i n t he

( viii)

f igures

a re n ormalised a gainst t he l ength o f c oncerned. F or t his p urpose t he RRBP h as

t he m ain

s ource

o f

e vidence

f or

t he

t he

c hange i n

B esides p its a nd

R RBP a nd

t he V illeneuve

g roup c omes f rom t he p ost-holes o f t he l onghouses. T hese a re m any c ases o ver 1 .00m . w ide a nd a llow t he s ecure r ecognition

i n o f

h ouse-plans. M issy a part, t his p attern i s r are i n t he l ater B andkeramik g roups. A t B erry-au-Bac ( Aisne) t he e xcavation o f a d itched e nclosure h as s hown t hat a s eries o f s mall r ectangular h ouses

a nd

t he m aterial

a t

t he

b ottom o f

t he

d itch

c an b e

d ated t o

a R össen I II p hase. T he i mmediate c omparisons f or t hese h ouses w ith t he G oldberg b ut t heir v ery i nsubstantial n ature

a re a nd

i rregularity

t he

o nly

h ighlights

t he

d ifferences

7 2

b etween

t hem

a nd

e arlier

B andkeramik

h ouses.

I n

a ddition,

t he

e nclosure

a t

M enneville ( Aisne) s hows t hat i t i s a t a G rossgartach p hase t hat d itched, i n t his c ase p ointed-bottomed, e nclosures b egin t o o ccur. T he c auses o f t his c hange w ill b e e xamined l ater. M IDDLE N EOLITHIC S ETTLEMENTS T he ' La C arriare d e V assemy', C anton:

B raine, A rrond.:

s ites

C ouvrelles S oissons

R eference: U RA 1 2 ( 1977) L ambert C o-ordinates x ...683,20 y ...183,40 z ...155 F igure 4 .29 T he 5 .380km .

s ite i s l ocated o n a p romontory o verlooking t he s outh o f i ts c onfluence w ith t he A isne. A s mall

V esle, s tream

j oins t he V esle 1 ,600m . e ast o f t he s ite a nd f lows t o t he s outh o f t he p romontory. T he n earest w ater-source i s, h owever, 9 00m . t o t he n orth . T he p romontory i s e nclosed b y a s eries o f i nterrupted d itches w ith e xternal p alisade a nd h as a n a spect f rom n orth t o s outh-east. T he n earest e nclosure t o t his s ite l ies a t S ermoise, 4 km.

N .N .E.

' Les F ausses R ues', S ermoise C anton: B raine, A rrond .: S oissons L ambert C o-ordinates x ...680,30 y ...186,05 z ...135 F igure 4 .30 T he

e nclosure

o ccurs

o n a p romontory c .

8 80m .

f rom t he A isne.

I ts p rincipal a spect i s t o t he n orth-east o verlooking t he a lluvial e xpanse o f t he V esle-Aisne c onfluence. T he n earest w ater-source i s c . 6 00m . t o t he e ast i n a s mall v alley w hich d escends a long t he s outh-east s ide o f t he p romontory . T he n earest e nclosure i s a t M issy-sur-Aisne o n t he b ank i mmediately o pposite, a t a d istance o f 1 ,450m . V illeblain C anton: O ulchy-le-Château,

A rrond.:

S oissons

F igure 4 .31 T he

s ite o ccurs o n a p romontory o verlooking

t he

c onfluence

o f

t wo s treams which r un e ither s ide o f t he p romontory a nd t he C resle. I t i s t he m ost s outherly o f t he A isne e nclosures. T he s ite c onsists o f d itches a nd a p alisade. T he n earest w ater-source i s 3 75m .

away.

I ts a ttribution t o t he N eolithic i s t entative.

B ourg-et-Commin C anton: C raonne, F igure 4 .32

A rrond.:

L aon

T he ‚ e nclosure i s l ocated o n a n i solated b lock o f p lateau a bove t he A isne. I t i s c urrently C hass6o-Michelsberg p ottery .

u nder e xcavation a nd h as p roduced P arent ( 1971) n oted a s ite o n t he

h ighest p art o f t he p lateau c ontaining f oreign a xes a nd r ound-based p ottery.

T he

s oil i s

i s 6 25m .

a way.

d ifficult

a nd

7 3

s tony .

T he

n earest w ater-source

' Les C ardots', M issy-sur-Aisne C anton: V ailly, A rrond.: S oissons L ambert C o-ordinates x ...679,850 y ...187,500 z ...47 F igure 4 .30 T here i s l ittle i nformation o n t his s ite w hich w as d iscovered b y B oureux's a ir-photography ( URA 1 2, 1 977). I t l ies 5 00m . n orthw est f rom t he N eolithic h ouse e xamined e arlier. ' Les J ombras', C anton:

C oncevreux

N eufchätel-sur-Aisne,

A rrond.: L aon

L ambert C o-ordinates x ...705,60 y ...187,80 z ...50 F igure 4 .33 T he s ite o ccurs o n t he e dge o f t he A isne, o n a f ormer m eander, a nd i s l ocated o n t he l ower a lluvial t errace. A d itch r uns f or 3 80m . i n a s emi-circle b etween t he a rms o f t he m eander a nd a m aximum o f t wo p alisades f ollow t his i nternally. T he s ite h as b een e xcavated i n 1 976 a nd 1 977 ( URA 1 2, 1 977). T wo i nterruptions o ccur i n t he d itch . T he p ottery i s a g eneral C hassgo-Michelsberg . A C14 d ate w as o btained h ere o f 2 180±110 b .c. ( Gif 4 115) b ut t his i s c learly t oo y oung. T he e xcavators h ave p laced i t c ontemporary w ith C uiry-les-Chaudardes. M aizy-sur-Aisne C anton: N eufchätel-sur-Aisne,

A rrond .:

L aon

L ambert C o-ordinates x ...699,10 y ...187,90 z ...51 F igure 4 .34 T he

s ite

l ies

l ess

t han

2 50m .

f rom

t he

A isne

o n

t he

l ower

a lluvial t errace a nd c onsists o f a n e nclosure w ith i nterrupted d itches. N o i nternal p alisade w as v isible o n t he a ir-photograph. C uiry-les-Chaudardes C anton: N eufchätel-sur-Aisne, A rrond.: L aon L ambert C o-ordinates x ...702,40 y ...187,55 F igure 4 .12 T he

s ite l ies o n t he l ower a lluvial t errace o f t he A isne a bout

4 00m. f rom t he B andkeramik s ite b ut M ichelsberg

r iver. I t i s i dentical i n l ocation t o t he n oted e arlier. N o d itched e nclosure o ccurs h ere ( IV) m aterial i s f requent. C haracteristic a re

r ound, d eep s ilos. A p alisade i s a lso a ssociated w ith t his p hase a s i s a s quare, p ost e nclosure. T he s ite s eems t o c oncentrate i n t he s outh-west o f t he a rea e xcavated. ' Le P r gN otre D ame', C anivet, P ernant C anton: V ic-sur-Aisne, A rrond.: S oissons F igure 4 .19 T he, s ite

c onsists

o f

a n

e nclosure

w ith

t hree

u ninterrupted

d itches. C hezy-sur-Marne C anton: C harly, A rrond.: R eference: P arent ( 1971) N o s ite h as

C hâteau-Thierry

b een d iscovered

i n

t his

w as r ecovered f rom t he b ed o f t he M arne a t

7 4

a rea b ut

a C hassgen

t his p oint.

b owl

T roissy C anton: D ormans, F igure 4 .35 T his

A rrond.:

p ossible

s ite

E pernay

w as

d iscovered

b y

t he

w riter

o n

a ir

c over

a vailable a t t he I .G .N ., P aris. I t s eems t o i ndicate a s ection o f a n i nterrupted e nclosure w ith f our i nterruptions. T he s ite l ies o n t he a lluvium o f t he l ower M arne t errace. ( Ref: I .G .N . E pernay F 80 3 00H 2 913/2713/54) V incelles C anton: D ormans, F igure 4 .35

A rrond.:

E pernay

T his e nclosure w as a lso d iscovered o n a n a ir-photograph h oused w ith t he I .G .N ., P aris. I t i s l ess c onvincing t han T roissy b ut m ay s till b e a c ontinuous e nclosure a cross t he b end i n t he M arne a t t his p oint.

( Ref:

I .G .N .

E pernay F 80 3 00H 2 613/2713/52)

L OCATIONAL R EGULARITIES ( i) I NTRODUCTION A ll

b ut

o ne

o f

t he

s ites

l isted

a bove

( the

C hezy

b owl)

a re

' settlements'. S tray-finds, o r e ven f lint s catters s imply h ave n ot b een f ound. T his m ay b e d ue t o t he m asking e ffect o f t he C ampignian f ad es o n f lint s catters b ut e ven t his d oes n ot a ccount f or t he r estriction o f t he s ites t o t he v alley-bottoms a nd t o t he e dges o f t he p lateaux o n p romontories. O nce a gain, t he h eaviest c oncentration i s i n t he A isne. T he M arne v alley a nd i ts e dges h ave b een e xamined u sing n ormal a ir-cover a vailable w ith t he I .G .N . W hile t he v ariation i n f ieldwork a ctivity m ay b e p artly t o b lame f or t his p attern, i t i s t empting t o s ee t he h igh n umber o f s ites n ot o nly i n t he A isne b ut a lso i n t he s ection o f t he O ise w hich i t j oins a s t he c ontinuity, i n b oth a reas, o f i ntensive B andkeramik s ettlement; i n o ther w ords t o s ee t he A isne-Oise a s a m acro-region o r S iedlungskammer. T he e xistence o f l arge, e nclosed s ettlements a t t his p eriod i s a f eature o f m uch o f E urope ( Whittle, 1 977). I n s outhern

P oland,

M ilisauskas

a nd

K ruk

( 1978)

h ave

b een

a ble

t o

r elate t he s ite a t B ronocice t o a s eries o f s mall a nd m edium-sized s ites a round i t ( Kruk, p ers.comm .). T he e xistence o f t his s ort o f s ettlement d ynamic w ill b e e xamined l ater. ( ii)

S ITE-LOCATION ( Figures 4 .36;

4 .37)

Two g roups o f s ites c an c learly b e d iscerned - v alley-bottom a nd p romontory. T his i s r eflected i n a n e xamination o f t he d istances t o w ater i n e ach g roup. T he f ormer a verages a t 2 60m . a nd t he l atter a t 6 33m. T hese f igures h ave b een w orked o ut f rom t he c entre o f t he b ottom s ites.

s ites. A f urther t rend c an b e s een a mong t he v alleyM ost f requently t he r iver i s u sed a s o ne s ide o f a n

e nclosure, o r a t l east o ne a rc o f i t. T he s ites, t herefore, a ppear t o m ove c loser t o t he r iver t han i n t he p receding p eriod. I n c omparison w ith t he B andkeramik, 6 2.5% o f m iddle N eolithic s ites a re w ithin 2 00m . o f t he r iver a nd a ll w ithin 4 00m . 1 4% o f B andkeramik s ites a re w ithin 2 00m ., 4 4% w ithin 4 00m . a nd a ll w ithin 8 00m . T his i s e xpressed d iagramatically i n F igure 4 .38. T he o verall

7 5

• distribution 4 .37. ( iii)

a ccording

t o

l andscape

z one

c an

b e

s een

i n

F igure

S OIL T he

v alley

b ottom

s ites

a re

l ocated

o n

t he

s ame

s oils a s

t he

B andkeramik s ites. D iscussion o f t heir n ature w ill n ot b e r epeated h ere. T he p romontory s ites a re l ocated 7 5% o n s ols b runs o r s ols b runs l essivgs a nd 2 5% o n c alcareous b rown e arth . A t B ourg-et-Commin, t he e nclosure l ies o n a d etached s ection o f p lateau d ominating t he t errace b elow a nd t o the w est. T he s lopes o f t his f ormation c onsist o f s and b ut t he c entre o f t he p lateau i s m ore v aried a nd g rades d ifficult a nd s tony a nd b run c alcaire.

t hrough s andy-clay t o c lay. c onsists o f 2 5% c halk. T his

T he s oil i s i s n ow a s ol

W hile n one o f t he p romontory s ites a re s ituated o n t he b est s oils o f t he a rea, t hey a re c haracterised b y h igh g round-water f rom s prings

a nd

g ood

d rainage.

I t

i s

i n

t hese

a reas

t hat

s oils

h ave

b een e roded d own t o t he c lay i lluviation l ayer g iving e ffectively a s ol b run, a nd e rosion h as a lso e nsured t hat t he u nderlying c halkl imestone g eology h as h eavily i nfluenced t he s oil. B ehind t he s ites, l arge e xpanses o f s ol b run l essivg o ccur a s t he p lateau b roadens, b ut n o m iddle N eolithic a rtefacts h ave b een f ound i n t his l andscape

z one.

T he

p overty

o f

t he

s oil

c over

o n

t he

C ommin p lateau s uggests t hat t he p rimary i nterest o f n ot h ave b een i n t he p lateau-soils a nyway . W ith t he

B ourg-et-

t he s ite m ay e xception o f

V illeblain t he p romontory e nclosures a re c losely r elated t o t he a reas o f B andkeramik s ettlement. ' La C arriare d e V assemy', C ouvrelles, f or e xample, o verlooks t he f ormer s ite o f C iry-Salsogne a nd m ay b e a ssociated w ith s ome

' Neolithic'

p its a t

' Bras d 'Housse'

o n t he t errace b elow . T ogether w ith t he e vidence o f t he e nclosures i n t he b ottom o f t he v alley, t his s eems t o p oint t o m aintained i nterest i n t he B andkeramik m icro-regions a s t he f ocus o f e conomic a ctivity. v illeblain a nd S ermoise a rgue f or s ome e xtension o f t his p attern a s w ell, s ince n either i s a ssociated w ith t he t errace f ormations o f a l arge v alley. ( iv) O RGANISATION T he i ntegration o f t hese e nclosures w ith s maller s ites l ying a round t hem a nd e xploiting m ore d istant a reas h as b een s uggested f or o ther a reas ( Milisauskas a nd K ruk, 1 978; K ruk, 1 973). N o s uch e vidence c an b e f ound h ere. U sing b oth d ata c ompiled b y t he U RA 1 2 ( excavation a nd a ir s urvey) a nd t he i nformation o f P arent ( 1971) t he

p lateau

b etween

C ouvrelles

a nd

S ermoise

w as

e xamined.

I nformation f or a l ate N eolithic p attern b ased o n t he f unerary m onument o f S erches ( Figure 4 .61), o n t he w est s ide o f t he p lateau, w as a bundant a nd w ill b e e xamined l ater. F or t he m iddle N eolithic, h owever, o nly t wo p ossible s ites e xist, ' La P ointe d e l 'Aiguillon' a nd ' La,Grave'. T he f ormer h as b een d escribed b y P arent ( 1971) a s C ampignian w ith a bout 5 0-100 o bjects. I t l ies a t c . 1 65m . ( N .G .F .) a nd t o t he w est o f t he e nclosure. T he l atter s ite l ies a t a s imilar h eight, c . 8 00m . s outh-south-west. L ess t han 5 0 o bjects w ere r ecovered. N either o f t hese s ites a re s ecure i n t heir p eriodisation b ut

i f

t hey

c an

b e

d ated

t o

t his

7 6

p hase

t hey m ay s how a n e xtension

o f

s ettlement

a ctivity

a long

t he

p lateau

e dge.

a lso p erhaps b e s een i n t he L oing w here N ougier g reater d ensity o f s ettlement i nformation. T he

o verall

f eatures. F irst, i t i s c lear t hat t his

t ime.

d istribution

r eveals

a

T his

p icture

m ay

( 1950a) r ecovered a

n umber

o f

i nteresting

i f o ne e xamines t he a reas o f n egative s ettlement s ome B andkeramik s ites w ere n o l onger o ccupied a t

V illeneuve-St.-Germain

a nd

t he

t errace

a t

C hassemy

a re

t he b est e xamples, a nd o ne m ust a dd t o t his t he s ite o f C ys-laC ommune. T hese w ere t he a reas o f s ome o f t he m ost i ntensive B andkeramik a ctivity. E ven C uiry-les-Chaudardes produces n o m ore t han a f ew s ilos a nd p its, a nd t he a bsence o f a d itched e nclosure h ere s urprised t he e xcavators ( URA 1 2, 1 977). S econd, t he B andkeramik d istribution w as e ssentially e ven, d ependant o n w here t he t errace f ormations o ccurred. A s mall c oncentration o f s ites c an b e i dentified a round t he V esle/Aisne c onfluence b ut t his m ust s urely

b e

e xplained

b y t he

s ize

o f

t he

t errace

a t

t his

p oint

a nd

t he h ydrography. T he m iddle N eolithic p attern, o n t he o ther h and, r eveals a t endency t owards m ore r egional c oncentrations. I f t he s ites t o t he e ast o f t he s tudy a rea b ut s till w ithin t he A isne v alley a re i ncluded t his m ain g roups c an b e s een:

b ecomes m ore a pparent

( Figure

1 2 3

P ernant a nd t he w est ( largely u nexplored) M issy-Sermoise-Couvrelles-Ciry-Salsogne B ourg-et-Commin-Villers-Mäizy-Cuiry-Concevreux

4

B erry-au-Bac-Menneville

A n earest-neighbour

a nalysis

h as

b een

c onducted

t o

4 .39).

F our

e lucidate

t his

d ifference. A 6 27

n 1 0

p . 0143

r e 4 .1753

TO

B andkeramik

4 .1975

R 1 .0057

M iddle N eolithic

6 27

1 1

. 0175

3 .7749

3 .1272

0 .8284

T he a pplication o f t his t est b y H odder a nd O rton ( 1976) g roups

t o l inear s trands h as b een c riticised b ut t he v isual i mpression o f t hese

c an b e s een i n F igure 4 .39.

T he

a verage

d istance

b etween

s ites

l ies

b etween

2 a nd

2 .5km .

w ithin t hese g roups. S uch s pacing p rompts a n e xamination o f t he c ontemporaneity o f t he s ites. I n g roup I I S ermoise a nd C ouvrelles h ave p rovided n o d ating e vidence. I ndeed t he o nly d atable e nclosure h ere i s M issy which h as p roduced ' Michelsberg' m aterial. A s imilar p roblem i s a ssociated w ith G roup I II. C oncevreux h as g iven a d ate o f 4 ,130±110 b .c. ( Gif 4 115); c learly w rong i n t he c ontext o f a C hassgo-Michelsberg

p ottery

i ncluding

p lats-â-pan,

f lared

r ound

b owls e tc. a nd C uiry h as b een a ssigned t o a M ichelsberg I V d ate i n L üning's s cheme. F urther t o t he e ast, B erry-au-Bac a lone h as p roduced g ood d atable m aterial. T he e nclosure a nd t he q uadrilateral h ouses f ound i nside d ate t o R össen I II while M ichelsberg m aterial w as f ound i n t he t ops o f t he d itches. T he M enneville p ointedd itched e nclosure h as a lready b een c ompared t o t he G rossgartach e nclosure a t L angweiler . I II. W ithin t he v alley t hese l atter t wo c amps a re b y f ar t he e arliest. H owever, w hile t he e arliest c amps o ccur o n t he v alley b ottom n ot a ll v alley b ottom c amps a re e arly ( cf. C oncevreux). C onversely, n o p romontory e nclosure h as p roduced p re-Chassgo-Michelsberg m aterial i n t his v alley .

7 7

L ATE N EOLITHIC S ETTLEMENT I ntroduction 1 48 s ites N eolithic. O f

a re a ttributed b y P arent t hese 2 7 c an b e c lassed

( 1971) t o t he a s s ettlements.

l ater T his

d istinction h as b een b ased o n a q uantitative d ivision o f 1 0+ a rtefacts p er s ite a nd a lso o n t he b asis o f t he v ariety o f a rtefacts p resent. U nless c learly i n a f unerary c ontext o r s tray, p ottery h as a lways b een t aken a s e vidence o f a s ettlement. T he s ize o f t he s ite h as a lso b een u sed. 4 7 s ites c an b e a ttributed t o l ate N eolithic s tray f inds e ither s ingly o r i n s mall g roups, o f w hich 2 8 a re f inds o f a rrowheads a nd 1 8 f inds o f a xes. 2 3 s ites h ave f unerary a ssociations. T he r emaining 4 6 s ites a re a ssigned t o t his p eriod b y P arent w ithout f urther c lassification. I n g eneral, h owever,

P arent's

c riteria

f or d istinguishing

o n t he C hilde-Sanders f ormula f or t he

l ate

s ites a re

S OM e xamined e arlier.

b ased

7 s ites

c an b e a ttributed t o f lint w orking o r e xtraction . T ype o f s ite U nspecified S ettlements

3 0 1 8

F unerary A rrowheads

1 5 1 9

A xes E xtraction a nd w orking

1 3 5 T he

S ites

C uiry-les-Chaudardes C anton: N eufchätel-sur A isne, A rrond.: R eferences: U RA 1 2 ( various y ears) S ON

r emains

p articularly r ich

w ere

a ttested

i n f aunal

L aon

o n

r emains,

t his

s ite

n otably

f ish.

b y W hile

t wo

p its

n o

h ouse

p lan w as v isible a t omb h ad b een r ecovered f rom ' Le C hamp T ortu' c ontaining a t l east e ight a dults. T he o nly g rave-good ( ?) w as a b arbed-and-tanged a rrowhead b eneath t he c ervical v ertebrae o f o ne o f t he i nhumations. T he p its h ave p rovided g ood p ollen e vidence. ' Les G ravelles', N ogent-l'Artaud C anton: C harly-sur-Marne, A rrond.: R eference:

C häteau-Thierry

G uillaume a nd C hevallier ( 1956)

L ambert C o-ordinates x ...671 y ...139,8 z ...195 F igure 4 .40 T he

s ite

l ies

o n

t he

l eft

b ank

o f

t he M arne

o n

t he

n orthern

s lopes o f a n e xtended p romontory o verlooking t he M arne. T he s ite i s s pread o ver c . 2 5 h a. b ut i s c oncentrated o n t he w estern s ide i n a l inear s pread o f m aterial. 9 4 p ieces o f f lint w ere r ecovered b y s urface i nvestigations i ncluding: 1 0 p olished a xes, 5 t ranchets, 4 0 s crapers, 1 t ranchet a rrowhead a nd 1 b arbed-and-tanged a rrowhead, a nd m any b lades.

T he

s oil i s a s ol b run l essivg.

' Le T roncet', N ogent-l'Artaud C anton: C harly-sur-Marne, A rrond.: R eference:

G uillaume a nd C hevallier

7 8

C häteau-Thierry ( 1956)

L ambert C o-ordinates x ...674,6 y ...141,5 z ...195 F igure 4 .40 T he

s ite

i s

t he

s econd

l ate

N eolithic

s ite

t o

d ominate

t he

M arne a t t his p oint. I t l ies o n t he n orthern s lopes o f a n e xtended p romontory n ear t he s ummit b y t he f arms o f L e g rand a nd L e p etit T roncet. A bout 3 0 f lints h ave b een r ecovered i ncluding: 3 a xes, 1 t ranchet, 1 0 s crapers, 2 s cies-ä-encoches a nd a n umber o f b lades. T he s ite l ies a bout 5 .00m . ( N .G .F .) a bove t he s pring-line w hich r uns a t 1 90m . N .G .F . a t t his p oint. I t i s a bout 5 00m . f rom i ts n earest w ater-source. T he s oil i s a s ol b run l essivg . ' Moucherelle', R omeny C anton: C harly-sur-Marne, A rrond.: C hâteau-Thierry R eference: G uillaume a nd C hevallier ( 1956) L ambert C o-ordinates x ...672,2 y ...143,3 z ...195 F igure 4 .40 T his i s t he t hird o f t he s ites o verlooking t he M arne a t t his p oint a nd s hares a s imilar p osition a nd h eight t o ' Le T roncet' a nd ' Les G ravelles'. T he a rea o f m aximum d ensity c overs a bout 1 2 h a. b ut t he s ite a lso e xtends t o t he n orth b eyond t he f arm o f M oucherelle. T he f inds d iscovered i n 1 890 h ave n ow b een l ost b ut G uillaume a nd C hevallier r ecovered a n i ndustry i ncluding: 5 4 p olished a xes ( two i n s andstone-chert ( gras)), 1 7 t ranchets, 1 p ick, 1 h oe/adze, 9 2 s crapers, 4 s cies-ä-encoches, 3 j et s tones a nd 2 t ranchet a rrowheads. T he 1 890 c ollection i ncluded b arbed-andt anged a rrowheads. T he t otal c ollection a mounts t o c . 3 00 p ieces. T he a spect o f w ater s ources c ontours s how

t he s ite e xtends f rom s outh-west t o a re a vailable w ithin o ne k ilometre a d ry v alley a round t he p romontory.

t hin l oess o ver b run l essivg.

c lay a nd m arl.

T his

i s

n ow

s outh-east. N o t oday b ut t he T he s oil i s a

r epresented

b y

a s ob

' Janvier', M onthurel C anton: C ond6-en-Brie, A rrond .:Chäteau-Thierry R eference: B azin ( 1918) F igure 4 .41 T he s ite o ccurs o n t he e dge o f, a nd a ctually o n, t he p lateau a round t he f arm o f J anvier o verlooking t he S urmelin . T he n earest c urrently f lowing w ater-source l ies t o t he w est. T he s ite o ccurs a bove t he s pring-line. F inds h ave b een r ecovered f rom a bout 1 5 h a. s tretching a cross t he f ields t o t he n orth o f t he f arm . An umber o f a xes h ave a lso b een f ound o n t he s lope d own t o t he S urmelin b ut t hese m ay b e d ue t o h illwash a nd e rosion. O ver 2 40 w orked f lints h ave b een r ecovered i ncluding: l ozenge a rrowheads, j et, j ade a xes, f lint d aggers a nd a p erforated b ipennate a xe. M uch o f t his i ndustry h as a C ampignian c haracter . T he s oil i s a s ob b run l essivg o ver l oess a nd c lay w ith m arl. ' Cierges', C aranda C anton: F are-en-Tardenofs, A rrond.:Chäteau-Thierry R eference: P arent ( 1962) F igure 4 .42

7 9

T he s ite o ccurs w ith a f unerary m onument a t t he c onfluence o f t he C oupe a nd t he O urcq, s tretching f rom t he C oupe t o t he s andy r ise o f L 'Homme. I t o verlies a n e arlier m esolithic s ite. T he n earest w ater-source a rrowheads a nd i s a r endzina .

i s w ithin

1 00m .

J et

G rand-Pressigny f lint

h ave

p ieces,

b arbed-and-tanged

b een r ecovered.

T he

s oil

' La C roix J ean L ebert', C oulonges-en-Tardenois C anton: F are-en-Tardenois, A rrond.: C hâteau-Thierry R eference:

P arent

( 1961)

L ambert C o-ordinates x ...694,40 y ...164,52 z ...205 F igure 4 .43 T he s ite o ccurs a t t he h ead o f t he O rillon v alley a nd l ies o n a n arrow s trip o f i nterfluve j oining t wo l arger e xpanses o f p lateau. I t i s w ithin 5 0m . o f w ater a nd o ccurs b etween t he t wo s ources o f t he O rillon. T he s ite c overs a bout 3 h a. P arent a ssigned i t t o t he C ampignian b ut n o r eally d iagnostic a rtefacts o ccur. 1 2 p icks, s crapers, f lakes e tc. w ere r ecovered. ' L'Abre d e l a F osse', C ourmont C anton: F are-en-Tardenois, A rrond.:Chäteau-Thierry R eference:

P arent

( 1971)

T he s ettlement o ccurs o n t he e dge o f t he i nterfluve w hich s eparates t he L ourde a nd O rillon v alleys. I t i s w ithin 7 50m . o f w ater. I t o ccurs a bove t he s pring-line. T he i ndustry i s e ssentially C ampignian a nd i s i mported f rom R omigny. I t s hows a d egree o f w orking b etween t hat

o f t he

r ough-out a nd t he

f inished p roduct.

' Le B ois d e V aux', N euilly-St.-Front C anton: N euilly-St.-Front, A rrond.: C hâteau-Thierry R eference: P arent ( 1971) F igure 4 .44; 4 .45 T he s ite o ccurs a bove t he f arm o f V aux a t a h eight o f 1 25m . ( N .G .F.) a nd m ay b e a ssociated w ith a t omb a lso f ound t here. I t i s w ithin 5 0m . o f w ater. T he s ite l ies o n a t ributary o f t he O urcq. B urins, n otched r ecovered.

a nd

multiple-notched

b lades

a nd

s crapers

w ere

o f p lateau a t

1 35m .

' La M ontagne', L ime C anton: B raine, A rrond.: S oissons R eference: O ctobon ( 1932) F igure 4 .46 T he

s ite

o ccurs

a t

t he

s ummit

o f

a n

a rea

N .G .F . s tanding o ut s uddenly a bove Q uincy-sous-le-Mont i n a n a rea o f s teeply d efined r elief. T he a spect i s p redominantly s outh-east. T he s ite i s w ithin 6 00m. o f w ater. T he i ndustry i s C ampignian b ut i ncludes b arbed-and-tanged a rrowheads. ' Le G rimpet', C anton:

C ugny-les-Crouttes

O ulchy-le-Château,

R eference:

P arent

A rrond.:

( 1971)

8 0

S oissons

T he s ite o ccurs o n a n e levated s helf w hich r uns a long t he O urcq. O ther s ites l ie n earby. T he s ite c overs 2 h a . a nd c onsists o f c hert a nd j et p ieces, G rand-Pressigny f lint, j aspoid s craper , a nd f lat-based S ON p ottery. ' Montazine', S auvigny-sur-Ardre C anton: V ille-en-Tardenois, A rrond.:

E pernay

R eference: L acroix ( 1956) F igure 4 .47 T he s ite o ccurs o n t he s outh s ide o f t he h ill a nd o n i ts h ighest s lopes a t 2 05m . N .G .F. a bout 5 00m . f rom t he p resent f arm . T he n earest w ater-source i s w ithin 5 00m . o f t he s ite. I t i s l ocated o n a g ently s loping a rea. A bout 5 h a . h ave b een e xamined. L acroix d istinguishes e leven c oncentrations o r ' huts' w ithin t he a rea . T he f lint i s w ell-finished a nd i mported f rom R omigny, 6 km . a way . T he f inds i nclude: 1 01 t ranchets, 4 0 s crapers, 2 s cies-ä-encoches, 1 l aurel, 4 3 t ranchets a nd 4 2 b arbed-and-tanged a rrowheads, a nd 1 4 p olished a xes. O ther s ettlements o ccur a t: ' Au d essus d e l a P rairie d u V ez', C anton:

N euilly-St.-Front,

' Les F ontaines', C anton:

L icy-Clignon

A rrond.:

C hâteau-Thierry

R ozet-St.-Albin

N euilly-St.-Front,

A rrond.:

C hâteau-Thierry

' Montbani', M ont-Notre-Dame C anton: B raine, A rrond.: S oissons ' La R ochelle', O ulchy-la-Ville C anton: O ulchy-le-Chäteau, A rrond.:

S oissons

' Le C amp d e P ommiers', P ommiers C anton: S oissons, A rrond.: S oissons O stel C anton:

S oissons,

A rrond.:

' La F ontaine d u C hat', C anton:

D ormans,

S oissons

L euvrigny

A rrond.:

E pernay

F igure 4 .35 ' La G rande B orne', C anton:

R onchäres

F äre-en-Tardenois,

A rrond.:

C hâteau-Thierry

' Froidvent', E tampes-sur-Marne C anton:

C hâteau-Thierry,

A rrond.:

' Le P arc', C ourtemont-Varennes C anton: C ond6-en-Brie, A rrond.: ' Aux C ailloux', C anton: B raine,

C hâteau-Thierry

C hâteau-Thierry

B lanzy-les-Fismes A rrond.: S oissons

' La C ouvronnerie', G oussancourt C anton: F äre-en-Tardenois, A rrond.: F igure 4 .48

8 1

C hâteau-Thierry

' Le B ois d es G ras', V illers-Agron C anton: F are-en-Tardenois, F igure 4 .49 ' La F orte T erre', C anton:

B raine,

A rrond.:

C häteau-Thierry

S erches

A rrond.:

S oissons

A rrond.:

S oissons

F igure 4 .63 T anniares C anton: B raine, F igure 4 .61 L OCATIONAL R EGULARITIES ( i)

I NTROUDTCION

( Figure 4 .50)

T he o verall d istribution o f t hese s ettlements r eveals a s trong c oncentration a ccording t o T hierry. T he m ajor

r iver

t owards

t he

e ast.

I f

t he

s ites

a re

p artitioned

a rrondissement t he l argest n umber o ccur i n C häteaus hift o f d istribution i s e ssentially a way f rom t he v alleys

o f

t he

A isne

a nd

t he

M arne

t o

t he

O rxois

a nd

t he h eadwaters o f t he O urcq. T he o verall d istribution a ccording t o l andscape z one c an b e s een i n F igures 4 .56; 4 .57. 1 1% o f s ites n ow o ccur

i n

t he

3 7% o n t he

v alley

b ottom,

5 2% o n

t he

p lateau a nd

i ts

e dges,

a nd

s lopes o f v alleys.

L ocation P lateau e dge P lateau P romontory

1 8.5 1 8.5 1 4.9

S lope S lope

2 9.6 7 .4

( major v alley) ( minor v alley)

V alley b ottom

1 1.1

T he a spect o f t he s ettlements f acing b roadly s outh.

s hows

a

p redominance

f or

s lopes

A spect

A spect i rrelevant:

3 3%

( ii) D ISTANCE T O WATER T he v ariation n ow

d istance

t o

b etween

5 0m .

f arthest

s treams. L imburg

f rom

While t here

c urrently ä nd

w ater

B akels i s

n o

l ie

b y

( 1978) r eason

a ctive i n t he N eolithic,

f lowing

1 ,000m .

t he

I n

t he

h as w hy

s ources

t he O urcq, c olluvial

s uggested s uch

c hannels t hat

c hannels

d istribution o f

8 2

r eveals many o f

s ites

f or

s hould s eems

a

t he o f

f ormer

t he h ave t o

w ide s ites D utch b een

s uggest

o therwise.

S ome o f

t he

s ites

a re

l ocated c .

s pring-line, b ut m any o thers a re

1 0m .

( N .G .F .) a bove t he

l ocated f urther o n t o t he p lateau .

S OILS T he o verall d istribution o f s oils i n t he s tudy a rea h as a lready b een g iven i n t he g eographical i ntroduction t o t his c hapter. I solated m aps o f s oil t exture h ave b een p ublished b y t he A gronomy S ervice a t L aon a t a s cale o f 1 :25,000, b ut t hey d o n ot c over t he w hole a rea . T he d istribution o f s ites a ccording t o s oils i s g iven b elow: A lluvium

8

S ol b run c alcaire 0 S ol l essivg; s ol b run l essivg 6 9 R endzina 2 0 S ol b run p odzolique; p odzolique

s ol 4

A C hi-squared t est h as b een c onducted o n t his d ata w ith t he n ull h ypothesis t hat n o d ifference c an b e d etected b etween t his p attern a nd o ne c onsistent w ith t he p roportions o f s oil-types p resent.

0 O -E 0 -E 2 0 -E 2

A ll. 8 % 1 5%

s b.c. 0 % 1 %

s .1/s.b.l. 6 8% 7 1%

r endz. 2 0% 1 1%

s .b.p./s.m . 4 % 2 %

7 1 4

1 1

3 9

9 8 1

2 4 '

. 933

1

. 126

7 .363

2

T otal = 1 1.422 4 d egrees o f f reedom N ull h ypothesis d enied a t p = 0 .02 T his

r esult

f actors.

i s

F irst,

n ot t he

u nexpected

o bserved

l ess t han t he e xpected f igure, t he r endzina t han e xpected. T HE

a nd

f igure

S TRAY F INDS

a nd

c an

f or

b e

t he

s econd

a ttributed

a lluvium i s 4 5% m ore

( Figures 4 .53;

a nd

4 0%

p redominance

o n

t he

v alley

s lopes.

T he

s ites

o ccur

t wo 5 0% o n

4 .54)

T he t opographical d istributions o f a xes a nd d istinctive. O f t he a xes, 6 0% a re l ocated o n t he e dges

t o

a lmost

a rrowheads p lateau o r

a rrowheads

r eveal

a re i ts a

f or t he v alley s lopes:

P lateau a nd e dges S lopes o f v alley

2 8.6% 5 3.8%

V alley b ottom U ndetermined

3 .6% 1 4.2%

T here i s a lso a t endency , f or a rrowhead s trays t o b e l ocated o n t he s ite o f f ormer m esolithic o ccupation . T his a ccounts f or 2 8.6% o f t hese f inds. T his p attern h as a lso b een n oted f or B ritain ( Tilley, 1 979).

8 3

( i)

S OILS T he f ollowing d istribution o f a rrowheads t o s oils c an b e s een: A lluvium S ol b run c alcaire S ol l essiv6 e tc . R endzina S ol p odzoilque e tc.

N umber 0 1

P ercentage 0 3

1 8 9

5 8 2 9 1 0

3

A C hi-squared t est h as b een c onducted o n t his d ata. A ll. 0 O -E 0 -E 2 0 -E 2

s b.c .

0 1 4 .34 . 744 4.34 . 256 1 8 .855 . 065

S .1 . 1 8 2 1.762 3 .762 1 4.152

4 .34

. 650 . 9 .163

. 004

r end. 9 3 .41 5 .59 3 1.348

s .p 3 . 744 2 .256 5 .089 6 .840

4d egrees o f f reedom p = 2 0 .998 n ull h ypothesis d enied a t 0 .001 A s imilar a nalysis h as b een c onducted o n t he a xes: 0 O -E 0 -E 2 0 -E 2

A ll. 1 2 .94 1.94 3 .763

s b.c. 1 . 504 . 496 . 246

s .l . 1 6 1 4.742 1 .3 1 .69

r end. 2 2 .31 .31 . 096

s .p. 1 . 504 . 496 . 246

1 .28

. 488

. 114

. 041

. 488

4d egrees o f f reedom p = 2 .449 n ull h ypothesis c onfirmed b y 0 .80 T he c lear d iscrepancy b etween t he l andscape z ones i n w hich t he a rrowhead a nd a xe s trays p redominate i s r eflected i n t he a nalysis o f l ocation a ccording t o s oil-types. W hereas t he a xe d istribution s hows n o s tatistically m eaningful d ifference f rom o ne produced b y a d istribution a ccording t o t he p roportion o f s oils p resent, t he a rrowheads r eveal t wo m ajor b iases. F irst, t hey a re a bsent f rom a lluvial z ones a nd s econd t hey p redominate i n a reas o f r endzina s oils a nd s ols p odzoliques/sols b runs p odzoliques. T his i s n ot u nexpected s ince r enzina s oils a nd v alley s lopes a re c od istributional. T he l ocation o f a rrowheads a bove f ormer m esolithic s ites, w hich w ere r estricted t o a reas o f s and o utcrops s uch a s t he T ardenois, m ay a ccount f or t heir o ccurrence o n p odzols. T his p attern s eems t o i ndicate t hat t he a reas o f p referred m esolithic h unting r emained s uitable f or N eolithic h unting . ( ii) D ISTANCE T O WATER T here i s n o c lustering o f t he d istribution o f d istance t o w ater m easurements a nd a lmost t he s ame p ercentage o f f inds o ccurs w ithin 5 00m . t o s ources a s o ccurs b etween ' 501 a nd 1 ,000m .

8 4

F LINT E XTRACTION S ITES The R omigny

f ocus a rea

o f

f lint

( Figure

e xtraction

4 .59;

4 .60)

i n

o ccurs e lsewhere. T he s ites e xploit S t.Ouen c halk. L acroix ( 1955, 1 956) t his a rea i n t he

t his

r egion

a lthough

i s

l ocal

t he

f lint

L hgryw orking

o utcrops o f f lint w ithin t he u ndertook a l arge s urvey o f

1 950s a nd a lthough s catters o f m aterial c over m ost

o f t he a rea b etween w ere r ecognised.

t he

t wo

v illages,

t hree

m ajor

c oncentrations

I - B ois P ierlot t o E nsemoigne ( 'Courzy', ' Toffart', ' Les V ignes') T he s ite c onsists o f b ifacially w orked a xes.

I t i s t he a rea o f

c rudest w orking a nd r ough-outs p redominate w ith h uge w aste-flakes. T he a xes a re o f t he o rder o f 10-115mm . l ong . O ther a rtefacts d o o ccur i ncluding n otched b lades, h ammers, k nives, b urins, s crapers, j et, p icks, t ranchets a nd t anged ' lance-heads'. I I - E ast o f I o n t he p lateau o f a nd

U nlike b roken

' Trembleau'

t he f irst a rea t he s ite h as a n a bundance a xes. P icks, d aggers, s cies-ä-encoches,

o f s crapers a nd t anged

p oints a re a lso p resent. I II - ' Pupion', T he

t hird

l km .

N E o f I I

L acroix

s ite

l ies

o n

t he

h eavy

b rown

s oils

o f

t he

p lateau-slopes a round ' Pupion'. T he m aterial i s e legantly f ashioned a nd c onsists o f a xes, u niface o bjects s uch a s ' lances' a nd a rrowheads. I V - ' Langueville' T his

a rea

c onsists

o f

p its

s unk

i nto

t he

c halk i n a n a ttempt

t o m ine d eeper d eposits. A lthough

d iagnostic

a rtefacts

a re

n ot

a bundant

t he

d ate

o f

t hese s ites w ould a ppear t o l ie i n t he l ater N eolithic. T his i s c ertainly t he c ase f or t he s cies-ä-encoches a nd t he l ance-heads. I n a ddition R omigny f lint o ccurs o n t he s ite o f ' Montazine', S auvignys ur-Ardre a nd i n a f unerary c ontext i n t he O urcq. T he o verall c haracter o f t hese a reas i s i nevitably C ampignian - t o s ay s uch i s o nly t o a dmit t hat f lint w orking h as t aken p lace h ere. P arent ( 1971) h as t ried t o i mpose a c hronological f ramework o n t his i n w hich t he r oughest a reas o f p roduction a re t he e arliest. B ut i t s eems t hat t hese s ites p rovide a c lear e xample o f d ifferent s tages i n

a rtefact

p reparation

A reas I V, I I a nd p rimary w orking

b eing

c onducted

o n

o r

n ear

t he

o utcrop.

I a ppear t o b e t he m ajor e xtraction z ones a reas f or r ough-outs, w hereas a rea I II

a nd i s

c haracterised b y f ine r etouch. T his d istinction i s c arried o ver i nto t he n etwork o f C ampignian s ites w hich r ing t he p lateau-edges o f t his a rea. F igure 4 .59 s hows t he d istribution . T he s ites r ing R omigny-Lhgry a t a r adius o f 1 1km . w ith a b oundary a t t he i nterfluve b etween t he O urcq a nd t he O rillon-Semoigne-Marne. P arent ( 1971) h ad a lready n oted t hat a t t hese s ites t he w orking w as i ntermediate r ough-out.

b etween

t hat

o f

t he

f inished . p roduct

8 5

a nd

t hat

o f

t he

F UNERARY S ITES (0 I NTRODUCTION S ome p roximity o f l ate N eolithic t ombs t o t he a rea o f e conomic e xploitation h as b een d emonstrated b y t he o ccurrence o f c ereal p ollen i n t heir p ollen d iagrams ( Leroi-Gourhan, 1 962: P oplin, 1 975; H oremans e t.al., 1 967). T o a c ertain e xtent, t herefore, t hey a re l ikely t o b e a b road i ndicator o f p rehistoric s ettlement p atterns. T his p icture h as a lso b een r ecognised i n n orthern S cotland ( Howell, 1 980). A f ull d escription o f t he m onuments o f t his s tudy a rea w as p rovided b y P arent ( 1971) a nd i s n ot r epeated h ere. T hey o ccur a s i ndividual t ombs a nd n ot a s c emeteries a nd t ake f our f orms - ( 1) d olmen

( 2)

a ll e

c ouverte

( 3)

c offins

( 4)

p its

o r

h ollows.

A l ist

w ith b rief c haracteristics i s g iven b elow . T ype

N ame

N o.

o f b urials

D olmen C hâteau d e B rasles, B rasles D olmen V aux, N euilly-St.-Front olmen L a P ierre M adame, R ozet-St.- D

U nknown U nknown U nknown

A lbin L a F ontaine B ouillante, M issy-sur-Bois

D olmen

U nknown

L a P ierre L aye, P ernant B ouzanleux, C houy

D olmen A llee c ouverte

U nknown c . 2 0

L 'Hommee,

A llee c ouverte A llee

3

L e C hätet,

C ierges A mbleny

L a F orte T erre,

S erches

L a P ierre L aye, V aurezis

c ouverte A llee c ouverte A llee c ouverte C offin

oche, B raine L a R C offin osse C hapelet, C hassemy L a F P it roncet, N ogent-l'Artaud L e T it ameau d e T aux, H artennes P A u h

2 c .

2 0

c .

2 0

4 2 2 00 U nknown

arenne, V erneuil L a C erme d e M izy, L euvrigny L a F L es B oves P atou, O ulchy-la-

P it P it P it

7 0 1 30 1o r 2

V ille L a Q ueue d u T ambour, N anteuil-Notre-Dame

H ollow

U nknown

l e B ois d e G ivray , H ollow B ruyares-sur-Fare L e B ovillon, V ichel-Nanteuil C ave

U nknown

L es B oves d e B eau M oulin, B reny C uity-les-Chaudardes

H ypogge

7 0

P it

8

S ous

I n a ddition a nother epogge w as E ssomes-sur-Marne b y M asset ( 1971). a nd 2 9 s keletons w ere r ecovered.

8 6

2 00

f ound a t M ontcourt, r ecently OM t ombs s urround i t N o k nown S

( ii) L OCATIONAL P REFERENCES I n ( 41%) W hile

c ontrast

t o

t he

s ettlements,

a l arger

p ercentage

o f

t ombs

a re f ound o n v alley s lopes p articularly o f m inor v alleys. t his i s b iased b y t he i nclusion o f t he p seudo-plateau a long

t he O urcq a s a v alley-slope, t he m ore c haracteristic l ocation o f f unerary m onuments i n t his r iver i s i n t he c alcareous t ufa, a s p its f acing o ut o f t he s harp b reaks i n s lope p roduced b y f luvial e rosion. I n a ddition, t ombs h ave b een f ound o n t he l ower r iver t errace a t C uiry-les-Chaudardes. T he e xample a t C hassemy o ccurs a t t he b ase o f t he s lope. T he o verall d istribution c an b e s een i n t he t able b elow a nd i n F igures 4 .51;

4 .56.

•P lateau

3 5%

P lateau e dge V alley s lope V alley s lope

( minor) ( major)

3 9% 2 2%

V alley b ottom T his

c learly

c ontrasts

6 1%

4 % t he

s ettlement

e vidence w hich s howed

5 2% o n

t he p lateau, o nly 3 7% o n v alley s lopes a nd 1 1% i n t he v alley b ottoms. I t r esembles m ost c losely t he a rrowhead d istribution. ( iii) ORIENTATION ( ASPECT F ROM E NTRANCE) C onsiderable v ariation e xists i n t he o rientation o f t hese t ombs, b etween n orth-east t o w est a nd s outh-east. A n e asterly a spect w as n ever f ound h owever.

( iv)

A s ummary i s g iven b elow .

S OILS W ith

s urprising

s uch t hat

a w eight

o f

6 0% o f

s ites

s ites

o n

o ccur

o n

t he

v alley

r endzina

s lopes a nd

i t

r elated

i s

n ot

s oils.

T he o verall p ercentages m irror a lmost e xactly t he b road l andscape d ivisions. A C hi-squared t est m erely c onfirms t his o bvious p attern a t a c onfidence

l evel o f g reater t hat 9 9.9%

8 7

0 O -E 0 -E 2 0 -E 2

s .b.1/hyd. 6 1 4.04 8 .04 6 4.6416

s .b.p./s.p. 0

r end . 1 2

s .b.c. 0

a lluv . 2

0 .48 0 .48 0 .2304

2 .2 9 .8 9 6 .04

0 .48 2 .8 0 .48 0.8 0 .2304 0 .64

4 .6041

0 .48

4 3 .6545 0 .48

0 .2285

( v) D ISTANCE T O WATER 4 2% 3 2% 2 6%

0 - 2 50m . 2 51 - 5 00m . 5 01 - 7 50m .

U NSPECIFIED S OM S ITES ( Figure 4 .54) T he s ites r ecorded b y P arent ( 1971) a s l ate N eolithic w ithout f urther c omment g enerally c onsist o f l ess t han 1 0 a rtefacts. M any m ay b e n o m ore t han s tray-finds b ut i n t he a bsence o f a n i ndex f or t his a rea i t w as i mpossible t o r econstruct t he a mateur c ollections a ny f urther. T he l ocational p reference o f t hese s ites r eveals a d istinct s hift t owards t he v alley s lopes, b ut t his i s o veri nfluenced b y t he a rea o f t he O urcq w here t he s ites o ccur o n w hat h as e arlier b een d escribed a s t he p seudo-plateau . T hese s ites h ave b een i ncluded u nder v alley s lopes b ecause t hey m erge i mperceptibly i nto t hese t o t he e ast o f F are-en-Tardenois. ( i) L OCATIONAL P REFERENCES W ithout O urcq s ites 9 .1% P lateau 2 2 .7% P lateau e dge 5 4.6% V alley s lope 1 3.6% V alley b ottom W ith O urcq s ites P lateau P lateau e dge V alley s lope V alley b ottom ( ii)

3 1.8%

4 .8% 2 1.4% 6 6.6% 7 .2%

2 6.2%

S OILS

a gain i nfluenced t he T h e C h i s q u a r e d t e s t s oil p attern i n f avour o f r endzina s oils. s n ot c onsistent w ith s erves o nly t o d emonstrate t hat t his p attern i t he p roportions o f s oil-types a vailable. T he

0 O -E 0 -E 2 0 -E 2

d istribution

o n

v alley

s lopes

h as

s b .1/hydr. 3 0 3 3.696 3 .696 1 3.6604

s b .p./s.p. 0 1 .152 1.152 1 .3271

r end. 1 5 5 .28 9 .72 9 4.4784

s .b .c. a ll. 1 2 1 .152 6 .72 0 .152 4 .72 0 .0231 2 2 .2784

0 .4054

1 .1519

1 7.8936 0 .02

3 .3152

C onfidence l evel 9 9.9%

8 8

( iii) D ISTANCE T O WATER 0 - 5 00m .

8 0%

5 01

2 0%

- 1 000m.

UNIDENTIFIED

' NEOLITHIC'

S CATTERS

( Figure 4 .55;

4 .58)

O f t he s ites l isted b y P arent, a n umber h ave b een m apped b y h im a s s imply N eolithic. T hese h ave b een o mitted f rom t he a nalysis a bove. T hese s ites a mount t o 4 2% o f a ll k nown s ites o f a ll p eriods i n t he s tudy a rea. T here i s l ittle t hat c an b e s aid o f t hese s ites. I nformation o n t he m aterial f ound o n t hem w as n ot a vailable, a lthough f ew o f t hem s eem t o c onsist o f m ore t han 1 0 p ieces o f f lint. I n t he L oing ( see C hapter 6 ) N ougier m apped s uch g roups o f f inds a s d ots o ver a l arge a rea o f t he p lateau a t B ezigny-Bagneau. T he r esults o f t his c an b e s een i n t he a ppropriate F igure ( 6 .8) a s t rickles o f m aterial r unning a way f rom s ettlement a reas. S uch i ntensive s urvey w as n ot p resent h ere b ut i t m ay b e p ossible t o s ee t hese s catters i n s imilar t erms. I f t hey a re d ivided a ccording t o t heir l andscape z one l ocation, i t c an b e s een t hat d istinct r esemblance t o t he p attern o f l ate N eolithic 5 6%

o ccur

o n

t he

p lateau,

4 0%

o n

t he

v alley-slopes

t hey s how a s ettlements.

a nd

v alley b ottoms. W hile l andscape l ocation m ust b e u sed a s m ethod w ith c aution, i t i s t empting t o i nfer t hat m any s ites m ight b e l ate N eolithic i n c haracter a nd d ate. s uggestion i s c orrect, t he p lateau z ones.

i t

c onfirms

t he i mportance a t

G ENERAL C HARACTERISTICS (0 L ANDSCAPE Z ONES ( Figures 4 .56;

( ii)

4 .57;

4 % i n

t he

a d ating o f t hese I f t his

t his p eriod o f

•

4 .58)

P lateau

S ett'ment 5 1.9%

A rr'heads 2 8.6%

A xes 6 0%

T ombs 3 5%

U nspec T otal 3 1.8% 4 1.46%

V alley s lope V alley b ottom

3 7% 1 1.1%

5 3.6% 3 .6%

4 0% 0 %

6 1% 4 %

5 4.6% 1 3.6%

S ett'ment

A rr'heads

A xes

T omb

U nspec T otal

A lluvium

2

0

1

2

2

7

S ol b run c alcaire

0

1

1

0

1

3

S ol l essivg e tc. R endzina

1 7

1 8

1 6

6

3 0

8 7

5

9

2

1 2

1 5

4 3

S ol p odzolique

2

3

1

0

0

6

4 9.2% 6 .46%

S OIL-TYPES

e tc. A c hi-squared t est h as b een c onducted o n t his m aterial

8 9

A ll l ate N eolithic s ites 0 O -E 0 -E 2 0 -E2

a ll. 7 2 0.44

s .b.c. 3 3 .5

s b.l. 8 7 1 02.49

r end . 4 3 1 6.06

s bp 6 3 .5

1 3.44 1 80.63

0 .5 0 .25

15.49 2 39.94

2 6.94 7 25.76

2 .5 6 .25

8 .83

0 .071

2 .341

4 5.190

1 .7857

N ull h ypothesis d enied a t 9 9.9%+ O ne

o f

t he

m ost

i mportant

r esults

o f

t he

d ensity o f

f inds

i n

t his

a rea i s t he d etail i t p rovides a bout s ite-types a nd t heir p articularised d istributions, a lthough a ll t ypes s how a p ronounced m ovement a way f rom t he v alley b ottoms. T he f irst d istinction t hat c an b e m ade i s b etween t he s ettlements a nd t he t ombs. T he f igures a bove s how t hat 6 1% o f t he t ombs a re o n v alley s lopes a s o pposed t o 3 7%

o f

s ettlements.

a griculture T anniAres).

T he

i mportance

o f

t he

p lateau

t o

S OM

w ill b e d emonstrated l ater ( around S erches, a nd S econd, a mongst t he s tray f inds t he d istribution

a ccording t o l andscape z ones o f t he a rrowheads m irrors t hat o f t he t ombs, w hile t hat o f t he a xes m irrors t he s ettlements. T he l ocation o f a lmost 3 0% o f t he a rrowheads o n t he s ite o f f ormer m esolithic o ccupation,

a nd

t heir

p redominance

o n

l ight

s oils

a way

f rom a reas

o f s ettlement s uggests t hat h unting m ay h ave p layed a n i mportant p art i n t he S OM e conomy . A f ew o ther g eneral c omments m ay b e m ade. W here s ettlements o ccur o n ' promontories' t hey a re l ocated n ot o n t he e dges a s i n t he m iddle N eolithic b ut o n o r n ear t he s ummit ( e.g. t he s ites a t N ogent l 'Artaud). 1 8.5% o f s ites o ccur f ully o n t o

t he

p lateau .

T he

a rea

w here

t his

i s

c learest

i s

a t

T anniAres

( examined b elow). T he d istribution o f t he d istance-to-water m easurements f or t he a xes s hows t hat t hey a lso o ccur f urther o n t o t he p lateau a nd a way f rom a reas o f h igh g round-water. A lmost 5 0% o f a xes o ccur o ver 5 01m . f rom w ater. T he o verall a ttraction o f s ettlements t o t he h ydrographic n etwork w as, h owever, n oted b y P arent ( 1971) a nd o ne o f t he c haracteristic p ositions o f s catters, p articularly i n t he O urcq, i s o n m id-slope o verlooking a t l east o ne w ater-course a nd m ore o ften t he c onfluence o f s everal. T he g eneral s ummary o f t his i nformation i s e xpressed d iagramatically i n F igures 4 .56; 4 .57; 4 .58 a nd s urrounding e nvironment. ( iii)

s uggests

a

v aried

e xploitation

o f

S ITE-SIZE AND S ITE-HIERARCHIES B y

f ar

t he

l argest

s ites

i n

t he

s tudy

a rea

a re

t he

a round N ogent l 'Artaud, a nd ' Janvier', M onthurel. T his i s m isleading. T he s ize o f t he f ormer g roup h as b een b ased g ross

t he

a rea o f a rtefact d istribution a cross

t he

p lateaux,

b ut

t hree p artly o n t he i t

i s

c lear t hat d istinct c oncentrations c an b e m apped ( see F igure 4 .40). I t i s u nclear w hether t his r epresents s everal c ontemporary o r o ne s uccessive o ccupation . A t ' Montazine', S auvigny-sur-Ardre ( Lacroix, 1 956) L acroix d istinguished e leven c oncentrations o r ' huts' - " huttes a ux m urs d e c layonnages" - s uggesting t he p ossibility o f m ore nucleated s ettlements. T he s ite s pread o ver 5 h a. W hile L acroix d id n ot p ublish a p lan i t i s c lear t hat i f a ll h uts a re c ontemporary o ne m ust t hink o f a v illage a bout t he s ame s ize

a nd

d ensity a s,

f or

e xample,

9 0

t he

I ron A ge

v illage

a t C rickley

H ill, n ot

G los.

( Dixon,

c ontemporary.

h a. i s l ikely

1 979);

W here

b ut

i t

i s m ore

i nformation

i s

l ikely t hat

a vailable

i n

t he h uts a re t his

a rea,

t he a verage s ize o f t he s ettlements. A t M ontazine t hat m any o f t hese ' huts' r epresent f lint-working

i nstead.

L acroix

d escribed

t he

s ite

( Campignian f ad es). T he f lint R omigny, s ome 6 km . a way. O utside

a s

h aving t ranchets

w as b rought o f t he s tudy

5

i t i s a reas

e verywhere

t o t he s ite f rom a rea o nly t wo s ites

p rovide c omparison. A t ' Prg-ä-Vaches', M orains ( Marne) ( Coutier, 1 928: B ailloud, 1 964, 2 73) a n umber ( undisclosed) o f h ut t races w as r ecovered 4 m . b y 5 m . a nd s eparated b y b etween 3 0 a nd 1 50m . E conomic e vidence a nd m any a rtefacts w ere a lso r ecovered. T he s ite d oes, h owever, o ccur i n a r egion o f p articularly d ense S OM s ettlement a nd t here a re s everal f actors w hich s uggest t hat t he a rea h as a s pecial s ignificance ( examined l ater). S econd, a t M ontivilliers ( SeineM aritime; a nd a lso e xamined l ater) a p articularly d ense c oncentration o f a rtefacts r ecognised b y f ield-survey h as b een e xcavated. C lear h abitation t races h ave b een r evealed b ut w ithout a d efinite p lan. I n t he b een f ound ( Verron,

3 00m 2 . e xcavated b y 1 979 o nly o ne h ut 1 979a, 5 13). T he g eneral i mpression

h ad i s,

t herefore, t hat a p icture o f s ettlements c onsisting o f n o m ore t han o ne o r t wo c ontemporary h uts, f armsteads w ith s urrounding w orking a reas, m ay n ot b e f ar w rong . T o e xamine t his f urther f our a reas w ithin t he s tudy a rea h ave b een s elected f or m ore d etailed e xamination ( I) N ogent l 'Artaud ( II) S erches ( III) T anniares a nd ( IV) t he O urcq. I - N ogent l 'Artaud T he

t hree

( Figure 4 .40)

s ites

o f

' Les

G ravelles',

' Le

T roncet'

a nd

' Moucherelle' h ave b een d escribed i n t he s ettlement s ection o f t his a nalysis. T heir p ositions a re i ndicated i n F igure 4 .40 a nd c learly c onfirm t he i mpression t hat w here S OM s ites o ccur o n p romontories t hey o ccur n ear t he s ummit. T hey a lso i ndicate t he d ispersed n ature o f t he s ettlement t races w ithin a rea.

C entral

t o

t his

d istribution,

o n

t he

s mall a rea a nd t he o ccupation

s lopes

b elow

' Le

T roncet' i s a c ollective t omb ( Lambert C o-ordinates: x ...673,3 y ...141,25 z ...125). A ccidentally d iscovered w hile b lasting i n 1 926, t he t omb c onsists o f a l arge p it i n w hich a bout 2 00 i nhumations h ad b een p laced. S ome g rave-goods w ere f ound b ut t hese w ere m inimal. T hey i ncluded a f lint d agger, a s chist p endant, t wo l imestone b eads a nd a p iece o f o xidised c opper, n ow l ost ( Guillaume a nd C hevallier, 1 956). T he c entrality a nd s tability o f t his m onument s uggests t hat i t s hould b e s een i n t erms o f a c entral o ssuary f or t he s urrounding s ites. T he z one o f s ettlement i s n ot h owever r estricted t o t he p lateau a nd G uillaume a nd C hevallier ( op.cit.) h ave r eported t he r ecovery o f S OM a rtefacts ( particularly a ntler-sleeves) s ection a round

f rom d redging i n t he M arne n earby. I n a 6 4km 2 . ' Moucherelle' i t i s a lso p ossible t o e xtend t he

s ettlement p attern i nto o ther l andscape z ones. T o t he w est, a s ite l ocated i dentically t o t he t hree d iscussed a bove o ccurs a t ' La C anaderie', C harly-sur-Marne. t he o ther t hree i n r egard t o f ieldwalking a nd l ies a t c .

T he s ite i s a bout t he s ame s ize a s t he n umber o f a rtefacts r ecovered b y

1 95m .

9 1

N .G .F.

o n a w ide p romontory.

I I T anniares T he

( Figures 4 .61;

4 .62)

a rea a round T anniares

r epresents

t he b est

s tudied

p lateau

r egion o f t his s tudy a rea, a nd s ome o f t he a rtefacts a re i llustrated i n F igure 4 .62. A ll t he f inds h ave b een b rought t o l ight b y p loughing a nd t he w atchful e ye o f a n e nthusiastic f armer. A l ong o ccupation i s r evealed f rom t he S OM t o t he B ronze A ge a nd s everal c oncentrations c an b e o bserved. B ut, a s P arent ( 1971) p oints o ut, t he d istribution i s e ssentially l inear a nd c ontinuous a cross t he c entre o f t he p lateau f rom ' Les M arroniers' t o t he s andy e minence o f ' La B utte a ux C ailloux'. A ll o f t hese s ites l ie o n s ols b runs l essivgs b ut t he t exture b ecomes m ore s andy t o t he s outhw est. D istance t o w ater s hows a w ide v ariation b etween l ess t han 5 00m . a t M arroniers a nd m ore t han 1 ,000m . a t t he ' Bois d e L aures'. T he a rea i s d ry t oday a nd t he a bsence o f a n a ctive s pring-line i s r eflected i n t he a bsence o f s tream-sources a t t he p lateau-edge. A ll o f t he f lint f ound i s i mported ( Parent, 1 971, 3 33) a nd f rom t he C ampignian n ature o f m uch o f i t, w as w orked o n s ite. T his m ay a ccount f or t he f requency o f f lint a xes a nd l arge n umbers o f w astef lakes. M arroniers a nd ' Le S uin' h ave p roduced a m ore d omestic i ndustry o f s crapers, b lades, s cies-ä-encoches, t ranchets, p olished a xes a nd a rrowheads. S ome a re o f f oreign s tone. T here

i s

d istribution

a

a nd

d ifference t he

b etween

s outhern.

w orked, f lint a xes, j ade r ecovered t ogether w ith

I n

t he

t he

n orthern

s outh,

e nd

a n umber

a nd s traight-sided E arly B ronze A ge

o f o f

t his l arge

a xes h ave b een b arbed-and-tanged

a rrowheads ( with s quared s ides). T his s eems t o i ndicate a c hronological s hift o f t he s ettlement f rom a m ore t raditionally S UM i ndustry a t t he n orthern e nd o f t he p lateau. O ne s hould n ote t he G rand-Pressigny

d agger

f rom

t he

n orth

a t

C hamp

L oby .

A f urther

e xtension o f t he d istribution c an b e s een i n t he S OM a xes a long t he e dges o f a s mall s tream d escending f rom B ranges t o t he M uze. E ven t his i s n ot t he w hole p icture. T o t he n orth-east b elow B ois d e Q uincy a nd Q unicy-le-Mont a nd o n t he s lopes o f a l ower ' tongue' s ticking o ut i nto t he V esle f loodplain t wo s tray f inds o f a rrowheads

w ere

r ecovered.

T his

i s

e ntirely

c onsistent

w ith

t he

g eneral p attern o f t his p eriod o utlined a bove. I II - S erches ( Figure 4 .63) A g ood s catters t o

e xample b oth o f t he r elationship o f s mall f unerary m onuments, a nd t o t he d issected

S OM f lint b locks o f

p lateau t hat c haracterise t he S oissonais, c an b e s een a t S erches. T he f unerary m onument i s a n a ll e c ouverte a t ' La F orte T erre'. I t i s l ocated o n t he e dge o f t he p lateau a lmost a t t he b reak i n s lope, o verlooking t he P reux, a s mall t ributary o f e xcavated i n 1 880 a nd h as b een d estroyed. A bout r ecorded

w ith

o ne

f lint

a xe

i n

a n

a ntler

t he A isne. I t w as 2 0 i nhumations w ere

s leeve

a nd

o ne

b arbed

a rrowhead c ontained w ithin a c omplete p ot. A s ettlement s ite i s l ocated n ext t o t he t omb w hich h as p roduced n umerous f lint, j ade a nd d iorite a xes. A round . t his s ite a nd s cattered a t d istances u p t o 2 4km . 4 .63.

a re a n umber o f o ther S OM s ites. T hese L ittle i nformation i s a vailable o n t hese

n ot c onsist o f m ore t han

1 00 a rtefacts.

9 2

a re s hown i n F igure s catters b ut t hey d o

A t

t he

h eart

o f

t his

d istribution

i s

a

s table,

f unerary

m onument. T he p attern o f s ites e xtending o ut a cross t he p lateau i s c haracteristic o f t he l ate N eolithic o f t his a rea a nd w ill b e o bserved a gain i n t he

O urcq.

I t

i s

b est

i nterpreted a s

a n E xpanded

V illage c entered m etaphorically i f n ot g eometrically o n w hat t he f irst p ermanent b urial a reas t o a ppear i n t he N eolithic o f P aris B asin. I V - T he O urcq

a re t he

( Figure 4 .64)

T he emphasis o f t he S OM d istribution i n t his r egion i s c learly c entred o n t he r iver O urcq. 4 6% o f a ll l ater N eolithic s ites a re c oncentrated w ithin 1 3% o f t he t otal s tudy a rea . A s h as b een s hown, t his a rea w as i ntensively s tudied b y D oyen a t t he t urn o f t he c entury a nd h as b een t he s ubject o f m uch w ork s ince ( Parwnt, 1 962; 1 971; 1 975) p rincipally i n r egard t o t he m esolithic o ccupation o f t he T ardenois, a nd a round C oincy. T he o verall l ocational p reference o f t hese s ites c an b e s een i n F igure 4 .64. T he g reatest n umber o f s ites o ccur e ither o n t he p seudo-plateau o r o n t he v alley s lopes, a nd o nly 1 3% o ccur o n t he p lateau p roper o r i ts e dges. T he d ivision o f t he s ites i nto s tray f inds d oes n ot r eveal a v ery d istinctive p attern h ere. T he n umber o f a xes i s v ery s mall. A mong t he a rrowheads 7 0% o ccur o n t he v alley s lopes, 2 0% o n t he p seudop lateau a nd 1 0% o n t he p lateau e dge. E ight f unerary m onuments l ie w ithin t he a rea o f t his d etailed s tudy. T hey a re ' Vaux', N euilly-St.-Front ' La P ierre M adame', R ozet-St.-Albin ' Cierges',

C aranda

' Les B oves P atou',

O ulchy-la-Ville

D olmen D olmen A ll e

N o i nformation N o i nformation 3 b odies

c ouverte P it M any ( no. u ndisclosed

' La Q ueue d u T ambour', N anteuil ' Le B eau M oulin', B reny

P it P it

? ?? 7 0 b odies

' Le B ovillon', V ichel-Nanteuil ' Givray', B ruyäres-sur-F re

P it

2 00 b odies

P it

M any ( no. u ndisclosed

T hey r eveal a n a bsolute p reference f or v alley s lopes a nd t he s harp b reak o f s lope a bove t he r iver w here t hey a re c ut i nto t he s oft t ufa. T his m eans t hat o ver 7 0% o ccur i n a reas o f r endzina s oils. O ne o ccurs o n c olluvium a nd o ne o n a l essivated l ie w ithin 2 50m . o f c urrently f lowing w ater. T he

p references

o f

t he

o verall

s een f rom

2 % 4 9% 9 %

R endzina S ol b run c alcaire

3 6% 4 %

d istance

t o w ater m easurements

c an b e

e xamined

c an

A ll

b e

A lluvium/colluvium S ol b run l essivg S ol b run

d istribution

e arth .

i n t he t able b elow a nd i n F igure 4 .66. T he h eavy b ias a way a lluvium/colluvium a nd t owards r endzina s hould a gain b e n oted.

T he

s oil

b rown

i n t wo w ays.

I f

c urrently f lowing s ources a re e xamined t he d istribution i s m ore w idely s paced b etween 1 00m . a nd o ver 1 000m . r evealing o nly a s light c lustering

a round

t he

1 01-400m .

9 3

l evel.

I f

t he

c learly

d efined

c olluvial b een

c hannels

a ctive,

o f

f ormerly

a r adically

a ctive

d ifferent

s treams

p icture

a re

i s

t aken

p roduced

o nly 6 % o f s ites l ie m ore t han 5 00m . f rom water. b e s een d iagramatically i n F igure 4 .66

T hese

a s

h aving

i n

which

f igures

c an

( i) O VERALL P ATTERN T he o verall d istribution i s s hown i n F igure 4 .64 t ogether w ith s ites f or w hich P arent c ould p rovide n o f irm d ating e vidence. M any, i f n ot a ll o f t hese a re l ikely t o b elong t o t his p eriod b ut t hey h ave b een o mitted f rom t he p rimary s tage o f t he a nalysis. O ne i mmediate i mpression o f t his m ap i s t hat t he w estern s ection o f t he v alley i s m ore d ensely c overed t han t he e astern . T he d ividing l ine l ies b etween B ruyares-sur-Fare a nd F are-en-Tardenois. A ll b ut o ne o f t he f unerary m onuments l ie i n t he w est t ogether w ith 6 0% o f t he o ther s ites. W hile t his d istribution c an b e a scribed t o t he c oncentration o f D oyen's w ork i n t his a rea i t i s s triking t hat t he d ivision b etween t he a reas o f d iffering s ettlement d ensity o ccurs w here t he v alley l eaves t he u pper h eadwaters a nd c uts t hrough t he S t.Ouen l imestone o f t he O rxois. T he p rimary r esult o f t his t opographically i s t he c reation o f l arge e xpanses o f w hat h as b een t ermed t he p seudo-plateau, a bove t he s harp b reak o f s lope w hich r uns e ither s ide o f t he r iver. S uch e xpanses o f g ently s loping, l ight s oil-covered l and a re a bsent t o t he e ast. T he a verage d istance b etween s ites i n t he e ast i s 1 ,050m . b ut t he s pacing i s n ot a s r egular a s P arent m ade o ut ( 1971) ( Figure 4 .67). T o t he w est, t he a verage s pacing i s 7 75m . r ising t o 1 ;075m . i f s ites a re c ombined w ith t heir n earest n eighbour. T his d oes n ot r educe t he d istinction b etween t he e ast a nd w est o f t he v alley h owever b ut l eaves t he w est w ith l arger, m ore e xpansive s ite. M oreover, o n t he b asis o f i solated f lint s catters t here i s n o m ethod o f e nsuring a bsolute c ontemporaneity b etween a ny o f t hese s ites. A n earest-neighbour a nalysis h as b een c onducted o n t he w hole v alley z one a nd o n t he e astern a nd w estern s ections s eparately . T he w estern s ection r eveals a m uch g reater t endency t owards c lustering. T he s ites a t t he e dge o f t he d istribution h ave b een e liminated a s s uggested b y H odder a nd O rton ( 1976).

S ome

W estern E astern

A 1 30km . 1 30km .

n 3 1 2 2

S r 2 5.55 2 5.25

p . 23076 . 16153

r e 1 .04083 1 .24403

. 79185 . 92258

O verall

2 60km .

5 4

5 2.80

. 20384

1 .10743

. 88291

o f

t he

c lusterings

a re

o bvious

a nd

w ill

b e

e xamined

i n

d ue

c ourse. ( ii)

S ITE-SIZE AND S ITE-HIERARCHIES

F igure 4 .68 s hows t he d istribution o f s ites a ccording t o s ites ize. T his h as b een b ased s olely o n t he n umber o f a rtefacts r ecovered. I nformation o n t he a rea o ver w hich t hese w ere s cattered w as r arely r ecorded a nd m any o f t he f inds t hemselves h ave n ow d isappeared. T he p roblems o f e rosion a nd f ieldwork h ave a ll b een s ignificant.

N evertheless,

t he

f igure

s hows

t hat

l arge

s catters

o f

e ven 1 00-1000 a rtefacts a re r are a nd t hat m ost s catters a verage a t b etween 5 0 a nd 1 00 a rtefacts. I solated f inds a re g enerally d istant

9 4

f rom t hese s ites. O n t his b asis, a s ite-hierarchy i s s imply n ot a pparent. O nce a gain t he o verall d istribution w ould s eem t o s uggest s mall s eparate ' huts' p erhaps e ven o f t emporary o ccupation. I n g eneral l ong-lived s ites e ither t end t o g reat d epths o f d eposits o r m ore

e specially

i n

w estern

E urope

t o

w ider

a reas

o f

s ettlement

t races. H ere, t he o bvious f eatures o f p ermanence a nd s tability i n t he l andscape a re r epresented b y t he c ollective t ombs a nd n ot t he s ettlements. S uccessive b urials h ave l ed t o t he a ccumulation o f 2 00 i nhumations a t V ichel-Nanteuil a nd 7 0 a t B reny . T heir r ole a s n odes o f s ettlement h as a lready b een s uggested i n • regard t o N ogent l 'Artaud a nd S erches. T wo f urther e xamples a re p rovided b y N euillyS t.-Front a nd C aranda . ( iii)

' VAUX ',

N EUILLY-ST .-FRONT

( Figures 4 .69;

4 .70)

A n a rea o f 2 4km 2 h as b een d rawn a round t he d olmen o f ' Vaux' a nd a ll s ites k nown i n t his a rea p lotted. T he t omb i tself a ppears, f rom n ineteenth c entury r ecords t o l ie o n a n a rea o f f lat g round a t t he h ead o f t he v alley t o t he s outh o f N euilly-St.-Front. I t o ccurred j ust b efore t he s teep s lopes w hich e ither s ide l ead u p t o t he p lateau a nd w hich e ven t oday a re c ut b ack b y n umerous s treamlets. T he a rea i s m arshy. T he t omb l ies i n w hat i s e ffectively a b owl o pen o nly t o t he n orth . D efinitely S OM s ites o ccur a round t his. A s a t S erches, o ne i s l ocated w ithin 5 00m . o f t he t omb a t t he b ase o f t he s teep s lope t o t he s outh-west. S ome o f t he f lints r ecovered f rom t his s ite a re i llustrated i n F igure 4 .68.

A n e qually d efinite

s ite o ccurs

1 ,250m .

n orth-east

( 'Le

G ras

d e M aubry'), a s ite s ituated o n m id-slope. A ll t he o ther s ites m arked h ave b een a ssigned t o t he S OM b y P arent w ithout f urther q ualification. A ll a re s mall s catters a nd w ith t he e xception o f o ne ( 'Le B ois d e D ammard') o ccur o n t he e dge o f t he p lateau . H ere, t he t omb a ppears n ot o nly t o b e n odal, b ut a lso c entral t o t he d istribution. T he p resence o f s mall s catters ( individual h uts) a round t his, s eems t o i ndicate a n E xpanded V illage c omplex i s t he c lassic e xample o f s uch a p attern . ( iv)

C IERGES,

t he

O urcq,

A s imilar

P attern.

T his

C ARANDA ( Figure 4 .42) p icture

e ven

c an

a lthough

e xpanses o f f lat-land a nd t he s lopes n ear t he r iver

b e t he

s een a t

C aranda a t

l andscape

i s

t he

h eadwaters o f

d ifferent

a nd

l arge

p lateau a re n ot p resent. N evertheless, i tself a re b etween 1 :25 a nd 1 :33. T he

t omb i s l ocated o n a s mall, l ow p romontory b etween t he C oupe a nd t he O urcq c onsisting o f a r endzina s oil b ut w ith m uch i nfluence f rom t he s and g eology b elow . T he t omb i s a n a ll e c ouverte. O nly t hree b odies a re r ecorded f rom i t. A s w ith S erches a nd V aux, a s ettlement s ite o ccurs n ext t o i t. J et s tones, b arbed-and-tanged a rrowheads, t ranchet a nd l ozenge a rrowheads a nd G rand-Pressigny f lint w ere r ecovered ( Parent, 1 962). W ithing 3 km . a round t he t omb s even s mall s catters h ave b een l ocated ( Figure 4 .42). T hey l ie o n m id-slope. ( v) i s

F ERE-EN-TARDENOIS

( Figures 4 .71;

4 .76)

T he a rea b etween C ierges a nd t he w estern s ection o f t he v alley w ithout f unerary m onuments, b ut n ot w ithout s ites. T his m ay b e

9 5

d ue t o t he o bliteration o f a ny s uch s ite i n t he a rea o f F are w here q uarrying a nd t he b uilding o f t he t own h ave r emoved l arge p ortions o f t he l andscape f rom e xamination. P arent ( 1971) p ublished a m ap o f t he N eolithic a nd m esolithic s ites i n t his a rea i n w hich h e c ontrasted t he d istribution o f t he t wo p eriods i n r egard t o s oilp reference. W hile t his c ontrast i s r eal i t i s m isleading t o s uggest t hat t he s tream a nd i ts w ide f lat b asin-like s tructure a cted a s a g enuine f ocus o f l ate N eolithic i nterest. T he S OM d istribution, f or e xample, l ies t o t he w est a nd s outh-west o f a l ine o f s and h ills w hich e nclose t his v alley. T hey o ccur o n t he f irst a ppearance o f t he p seudo-plateau. T he e ssential d ifference i s n ot t herefore e daphic b ut t opographic . M oreover S OM i nterest i n t he s tream i s m ore p articularly r estricted t o t he o ccurrence o f a rrowheads o n t he f ormer s ites o f m esolithic o ccupation a round t he C häteau o f F are. ( vi) R OZET-ST.-ALBIN ( Figures 4 .73: ' Vaux', p attern

o f

C ierges,

c entralised

N ogent t ombs

4 .74;

l 'Artaud

w ith

4 .75) a nd

s maller

S erches

s ites

r evealed

s urrounding

a

t hem .

T his p attern i s n ot a s o bviously c entralised i n r egard t o t he o ther f unerary m onuments o f t he O urcq, p articularly w here t hey h ave b een c ut i nto t he s harp b reak i n s lope a bove t he r iver. A t R ozet-St.A lbin t he S tretching

t omb i s a t t he w estern o ff t o t he e ast a p attern

e nd o f t he p seudo-plateau. o f i ndividual s mall s catters

c an, h owever, s till b e s een . S ome o f t he s ites a re p articularly r ich . ' Grimpet', C ugny-les-Crouttes, f or e xample, p roduced m uch f oreign s tone, G rand-Pressigny f lint, a nd f lat-based p ottery . S imilarly ' La R ochelle', O ulchy-la-Ville h as . produced n umerous a rrowheads, G rand-Pressigny f lint, v arious a xes, d omestic f lint i mplements, a nd a B eaker-type a rcher's w rist-guard. Y et d espite t his

a pparent

r ichness

t hey

d o

n ot

e xtend

o ver

m ore

t han

t wo

t o

t hree h ectares. T his

p attern

c an

a lso

b e

s een

a t

t he

M arne.

A s

a

f inal

e xample, o ne c an c ite t he f lint s catter o f ' La F ontaine d u C hat', L euvrigny ( Marne) ( Lorenzato a nd G uillaume, 1 964). T he s ite l ies o n t he s lopes o f t he M arne, o n t he 9 0m . t errace. F ew c haracteristic p ieces w ere f ound s crapers. T he s ite

b ut t hey i s a bout

w ide.

t he

6 00m .

a way

t o

e xcavation p roduced

i ncluded a xes, 1 00m . l ong b ut

n orth-west

i s

t he

a nd s mall b uttonn ot m ore t han 5 0m,

t omb

o f

M issy

w hich

o n

1 33 b urials.

M ODELLING T HE E XPANDED V ILLAGE P ATTERN

f lint

A c haracteristic l isting o f m aterial r ecovered f rom o ne o f t he s catters e xamined a bove d ivides i nto ( i) m aterial i n which

t he c ommunity w as s elf-sufficient a nd ( ii) m aterial t hat h ad t o b e i mported. W hile f oreign s tone d oes o ccur, i ncluding D olerite ' A ' f rom B rittany f or e xample, B ailloud ( 1974) m akes c lear t hat S OM i s e ssentially a f lint c ulture a nd t hat h ard s tone a rtefacts n oticeably f ewer i n n umber. T he s ource o f t his f lint i s l ocal. o f

t he

m ost

c haracteristic

e xtensive e xploitation R omigny-Lhgry a nd a lso

o f a t

f eatures

o f

t he

S OM

i s

t he

a re O ne

l ocal

f lint r esources. T his c an b e s een a t M anneville-sur-Risle a nd Y port a t t he

S eine e stuary. I t i s a t t his t ime t hat e xploitation o f t he f lint s ource a t G irolles r eached i ts m aximum ( see b elow). I mported

9 6

material

o ccurs

o rnaments, c andidates

a nd f or

o n S OM s ites

p redominantly i n

i n t hose o bjects b eing i dentified

t he

f orm o f p ersonal

which o n f ace v alue a re a s p restige g oods e .g.

P ressigny b lades. F or t he b ulk o f i ts r equirements t he w ere s elf-sufficient. T his i s e xpressed i n F igure 4 .76. I n

a ssessing

t he

a mount

o f

l and

r equired

t o

p rime G rand

s ettlements s upport

o ne

s ettlement a n e stimate h as b een m ade o f a m aximum o f t en p eople p er s catter o f f inds. T his h as b een i nterpreted i n t erms o f a n e xtended f amily g roup. S uch a f igure i s b orne o ut b y t he s mall s ize o f t he s ites o n e xcavation ( Watte, 1 976a;b;c). E arlier e stimates o f l and r equired t o s upport a n i ndividual h ave a veraged a round 1 - 1 4 h a. p er g roup o f s ix, b ut H assan ( 1981) h as s hown t hat i n a s widden s ystem , a s m any a s 2 75-300 p eople m ay b e s upported p er k m2. T he e xample h e q uotes f rom a P redynastic E gyptian c ontext s uggests a r equirement o f 1 64.25kg. o f w heat a nd b arley p er p erson p er y ear. I n t his a rea o f t he N ile o ne k m 2. p roduces S uch w ide d ifferences b etween t hese

1 0,020kg.

p er y ear.

f igures a re n ot

s urprising

i n v iew o f t he d ifferences i n e nvironments a nd a gricultural t echniques. I f t he l ower l imit o f, f or 1 0 p eople, 2 4 h a. i s a pplied t o t he s ites a t ' Vaux ', N euilly-St.-Front, t he a vailability o f l and i ndicates

t hat

a ll

s ites

c ould

h ave

e xisted

c ontemporaneously .

I f

t he u pper l imit i s a pplied o f 6 4 h a., c . 7 s ites c ould h ave e xisted c ontemporaneously. T hese f igures d o n ot o f c ourse t ake i nto a ccount o ther f ood s ources a nd t hey r epresent o pposing e xtremes. B ut e ven a t t he m ost e xtreme, t he s ize o f p opulation b f a n E xpanded V illage i s u nlikely t o h ave b een g reatly i n e xcess o f 1 00 p eople. A s a n o rder o f m agnitude t his w ould s uggest a d ensity o f a round ' Vaux' o f a t m ost 4 p ersons p er k m 2. I f o ne

p opulation a ssumes a

d uration o f 5 0-55 y ears f or t he c omplete c ycle o f p opulation o f a ny o ne s ettlement u nit o f t en p eople ( based o n a n a verage a ge o f d eath a t 3 1, p lus a n e xtra 2 0-25 y ears t o a llow f or t he y oungest m embers t o r each d eath) a d eposit o f 2 00 i nhumations i n a t omb w ould i ndicate a l ife o f 2 -300 y ears f or t he v illage i f b etween 4 a nd 6 s ites w ere o ccupied a t t he s ame t ime. o f 4 0-50 w ould t hereby b e i ndicated.

A n o verall V illage p opulation

T he e vidence o f l ayers o f c harcoal i n t he l ate N eolithic c learance p hases o f B rittany ( Morzadec-Kerfourn, 1 976) s uggests t hat a f orm o f e xtensive s lash-and-burn m ay h ave b een p ractised. T he o rganisation o f t his i n a f orm o f s widdening m ay p erhaps b e i nferred f rom t he s mall s ize o f t he s catters a nd t heir s hortd uration c ompared w ith t he m ore l engthy o ccupation e videnced b y t he b urial a reas. T he l ong l ife a nd s tability o f t hese t ombs c an b e s een f rom t he b est e xample, a t L a C haussee-Tirancourt o n t he S omme. M asset ( 1980) h as s hown t hat s everal p hases o f r econstruction o f t he t omb c an b e d iscerned, e ach a ssociated w ith t he c areful d eposition o f b ones i n o rdered a rrays. T he p revious i nhumations w ere h owever j umbled u p a t t he t ime o f t he r econstruction. A m inimum o f 3 50 b odies w as t omb. A s a t t he t omb o f V ers-sur-Selle t he a ppears t o h ave b een c aused b y i ts d eliberate t he

t hird m illennium. T he

i s

r ecovered f rom t his e nd o f t he m onument f iring a t t he e nd o f

a

e nvironmental

w ide

v ariation

e vidence b etween

o f 3 0

9 7

c hapter a nd

7 5%

2 h as A .P.

s hown i n

t hat

t he

t here

d iagrams

a ssociated

w ith

S OM

t ombs.

T his

i s

a lso

c onsistent

w ith

a n

e xpansive, c olonising s ettlement-system o f t he t ype s uggested a bove l ocated o n t he e dge o f t he f orest. T he d istribution o f a xes f urther i nto t he m ixed o ak f orest o f t he p lateau c onfirms t his. I n t his f orest-fringe e nvironment, t he e vidence o f a n e conomy h eavily d ependent o n p ig i s a lso c omplementary ( see c hapter 9 ). T he p ollen d iagrams f rom t he a reas o f f ormer m esolithic o ccupation s uggest a l ight c over o f l ime a nd h azel ( chapter 2 ).

9 8

C HAPTER F IVE:

The S eine E stuary

I ntroduction H ISTORY O F ARCHAEOLOGICAL R ESEARCH T HE ENVIRONMENTAL B ACKGROUND G EOMORPHOLOGICAL C HANGES I N THE S HORE-LINE T HE

S ITES

1 .

B andkeramik

2 .

T he M iddle N eolithic ( i) D iscussion

3 .

T he L ate N eolithic ( i) S ettlements ( ii) S tray f inds ( iii) ( iv)

' Evolved'

i ndustries

F unerary monuments

S ETTLEMENT R EGULARITIES ( i) L andscape z ones ( ii) R elationship t o s oil-types D ISCUSSION ( i) T he ( ii)

S ettlement model

F lint m ining

C ONCLUSIONS

9 9

I NTRODUCTION ( Figure 5 .1) T he

s econd

s tudy

a rea

c onsists

o f

t he

e stuary

o f

t he

S eine

a round L e H avre. T he f our c orners o f t he a rea a re m arked b y B gnerville-sur-Mer i n t he s outh-west, F 6camp i n t he n orth-west, F ultot i n t he n orth-east a nd I lleville-sur-Montfort i n t he s outhe ast. T he a rea e nclosed b y t hese p oints a mounts t o 2 300km 2 . I t w as c hosen f or p ossibility

t hree r easons. I n t he f irst p lace, i t o ffered t he o f s tudying a c hanging N eolithic s ettlement p attern i n

r elation t o

t he p articular c onditions o f

a n e stuary i n a p eriod o f

marine t ransgressions a nd r egressions, a nd o f r elating t his t o s ettlement o n t he p lateau b ehind. S econd, t he g reater a ccumulation o f p eat i n t his a rea h as e ncouraged p reserved i n i t, a nd t hird, t he a rea a rchaeological r esearch .

a nalysis o f h as a l ong

t he p ollen h istory o f

H ISTORY O F A RCHAEOLOGICAL R ESEARCH T he

S ocigt6 d 'Antiquaires d e N ormandie w as

l ocal w ork p rehistoric

f ounded i n

1 824 a nd

b y a mateurs s oon p roduced s yntheses o f t he k nown m aterial. T he e arliest o f t hese i s C ochet's w ork o f

1 864. T he s ites l isted b elow h ave b een g athered f rom t hree p rincipal s ources o f w hich t he m ost p rominent i s t he v arious a rticles p ublished b y L ouis C ayeux o ver t he p ast f ifty - s ixty y ears. M ost o f t hese h ave b een c onfined t o t he l arge n umber o f l earned j ournals p roduced i n N ormandy d uring t his p eriod. I t w ould b e n o e xaggeration t o c laim t hat f or t his p eriod C ayeux's i nterpretation o f a rchaeological m aterial h as v irtually g one u nchallenged. H is m ain c hronological f ramework w as i nevitably N ougier's C ampignian s equence ( 1950d). O n t he b asis o f t his, a rtefacts b rought t o h im a fter o ne o f h is w ell-attended l ectures w ere i ndividually a ssigned t heir p lace i n t he c hronology w ith l ittle h esitation. H is w hole a pproach w as c entered o n t he L e H avre e stuary a nd w hen h e w as a sked t o p roduce a s ynthesis o f t he N eolithic o n t he P ays d e C aux h e p roduced t he m ap i llustrated h ere a s F igure 5 .2 ( Cayeux, 1 957a). W hile C ayeux's c hronological s cheme m ay b e d oubted, t he v aluable c ontribution h e m ade i n p ublishing t he m aterial t hat s yntheses o f d ecades.

h e t he

T he m ost

e xcavated d eserves g ood m ention. M ore r ecent r egion h ave a ppeared o nly i n t he l ast t wo c omprehensive

i s

t he

w ork u ndertaken

b y

B arbara

B ender f or a P h.D . t hesis ( 1968) a t t he U niversity o f L ondon. W attg's m ore r ecent a ccount ( 1970) i s a lso u seful. U nlike t he A isne-Marne, n o s ingle i ndividual h as u ndertaken a f ieldsurvey o f t he a rea t o i nfill g aps i n t he s ettlement p attern a nd t he a nalysis b elow i s b ased s olely o n t he a ccumulated d istribution o f p ublished s ites a nd m useum c ollections. A number o f b lank a reas o ccur w here n o s ettlement t races a re p resent. T hese i nclude t he c entre o f t he P ays d e C aux w here a n a bsence o f s ources o f w ater m ight b e e xpected t o h ave d eterred s ettlement. A s imilar a rea l ies t o t he s outh o f t he r iver . T he m ain c oncentrations a re a round L e H avre i tself w here m uch o f t he i ndustrial d evelopment o f t he t own o ccurred o nly i n t he l ast c entury. A ntiquarian i nterest w as t herefore p resent d uring p eriod o f i ndustrialisation . O ther c oncentrations o ccur a long

1 00

t he t he

m inor t ributaries o f t he S eine a s C aux, t o t he e ast o f L e H avre.

t hey c ut d own t hrough t he P ays

d e

T HE E NVIRONMENTAL B ACKGROUND T he S eine e stuary c an b e d ivided i nto t hree m ajor l andscape z ones. F irst, t here i s t he e stuary i tself a nd t he f lood-plain o f t he

R isle.

T oday

t hese

a re

a rtificially

m anaged

t o

e nsure

t hat

s ilting d oes n ot o ccur a nd t he n orthern b anks o f t he S eine h ave b een b uilt-up w ith d ocks. T he o riginal m arshy c haracter o f t his a rea c an h owever b e s een f rom a reas s uch a s t he M arais V ernier. T o t he n orth o f t he r iver l ie t he P ays d e C aux . T he v alleys a re s mall a nd d ry, a nd t he l andscape i s a m onotonous c halk a nticline o f l oessic p lateau. T o t he s outh, h owever, t he p lateau i s l ower i n h eight ( N .G .F .) a nd l arge v alleys h ave p roduced a h eavily d issected l andscape: t heir f loodplains a re a lmost a t s ea-level. I n n either o f t hese t wo r egions h as a gricultural d evelopment b een s ignifcant i n t he l ast h undred t he B ocage.

y ears

a nd

t he

d ominant

e conomy

i s

s till

l argely

T he r ainfall p attern f or t his a rea s hows t hat i t h as t he h ighest r ainfall i n n orth-west F rance. M ost o f t his f alls o n t he P ays d e C aux a t a n a nnual a verage o f b etween 8 00mm . a nd 1 ,000mm . T his i ntense r ainfall h as e ncouraged t he l essivation o f a lmost t he e ntire s oil c over. I n t he s urrounding a reas t he a verage a nnual r ainfall i s b etween 7 00 a nd 8 00mm . ( Figure 5 .4). T he d istribution o f l oess i n t he a rea i s i ndicated o n F igure 5 .3. I t o ccurs a s h eavily b roken p atches a long t he p lateau. T he s oil c over i s a lmost e ntirely c omposed o f s ol b run l essivg, b ut a r ing o f r endzina s oils o ccurs o n t he v alley s lopes a nd b etween t he bas e o f t he L e H avre a nd t he s hore. T his c an b e s een i n F igure p ercentage o f s oil t ypes i s a s f ollows: R endzina P odzols

1 8% 3 %

S ol l essivg S ol b run l essivg A lluvium

4 % 6 5% 1 0%

c liffs a t 5 .5. T he

G EOMORPHOLOGICAL C HANGES I N T HE S HORE-LINE T he s equence f rom t he

S omme

( Ters e t.al.,

1 971) h as s hown t hat

C hassgen m aterial i s l ocated i n a nd o n t he d eposition o f t he s ables b leus i nfgrieurs b eginning 3 200/3000 b .c. T his i s i nterrupted b y a p eriod o f p eat g rowth b eginning a round 2 700 b .c. a nd i s f ollowed b y t he o ccupation o f l ate N eolithic g roups d uring t he p eriod o f t he d eposition o f t he s ables b leus s upgrieures. T his e quates w ell w ith t he s equence o f m arine t ransgressions a nd r egressions o utlined i n c hapter 2 . I t c an b e p aralleled a t t he D ol-de-Bretagne w here m arine s ands a re a lso d eposited i n t he A tlantic f ollowed b y a p eriod o f p eat g rowth a nd m arine c ordon f ormation i n t he S ubboreal ( MorzadecK erfourn, I n

1 969).

t he

S eine e stuary,

t his

p icture h as n ot b een a s c lear.

T his

h as p artly b een d ue t o a n a bsence o f A tlantic d eposits d ue t o t heir e xtensive d owncutting e ven i n t he m inor v alleys ( Huault, 1 977b). A

1 01

f urther r eason h as b een m aterial h e r ecovered

t hat C ayeux i nterpreted t he a rchaeological f rom b elow a s imilar p eat h orizon a s

m esolithic ( pre-Campignian). G uyauder h as h owever s uggested t hat s ome p eat w as b eginning t o f orm d uring t he A tlantic ( 1977). N evertheless, a n umber o f s ections t hrough t he l ower t errace a nd s hore o f L e H avre, a ssociated w ith a rchaeological s ites, c onfirm t he s equence f rom t he S omme. T he s ections a re d rawn s chematically i n F igure 5 .6 . T hese s ections c learly i ndicate t hat t he d eposition o f t he s and o r o chre s oil a t t he t op o f t he s ections d ates t o t he l ate N eolithic. B arbed-and-tanged a rrowheads a re a c onsistent f eature o f t hese l evels. T he p eat b elow t his e quates w ith t he e arly S ubboreal r egression. T his m eans t hat t he m aterial a ssigned b y C ayeux t o t he p re-Campignian i s l ikely t o e quate w ith t he m iddle N eolithic m aterial f ound i n a s imilar s tratigraphic p osition i n t he S omme. S uch a d ating i s s trengthened, b y a c omparison b etween t he p ollen d iagrams f rom t his p eat ( Dubois, 1 960) a nd t hat t aken f rom t he C hasseo-Campignian s ite o f L e N ouveau M onde, S t.-Nicholas-de-laT aille

( Cayeux,

F igures

1 970b).

5 .7 a nd

5 .8

s how t he e ffects

o f

s ea-level c hange.

T he

f irst f igure r epresents t he g reater e xpanse o f t he e stuary t hat w ould h ave b een p resent w ith a d rop i n s ea-level o f 5 a nd 1 0 m etres. T he s econd s hows t he a lteration t o t he d rift g eologies, a nd t herefore t he s ort o f s urfaces o n w hich m iddle a nd l ate N eolithic o ccupation w ould h ave o ccurred. A s C ayeux c oncluded: p ersonne n e d oute p lus q ue l e s ous-sol s ur l equel r epose l a b asse-ville d u H avre f ut l argement o ccupe ä l 'epoque neolithique

( tardif)

l orsqu'il

c onstituait

u n

v aste

m arais h erbs . ( 1955a,

5 57)

T he l imits o f t his m arine i nfluence c an b e s een i n t he n orth-west o f t he t own f rom S t.Roch s quare t o t he R ue d u P resident W ilson . M any

o f

t he

p ollen

d iagrams

a ssociated

w ith

t his

a rea

h ave

a lready b een e xamined i n c hapter 2 . T hey a re p resented a gain i n t he f orm o f p ie-charts a s F igure 5 .9. T hey i ndicate a n i ncrease o f a lder i n t he

S ubboreal - a n ot

u nsurprising

r esult

i n v iew o f

t he

e xtensive f ormation o f p eat. T he l oess a nd c lay-with-flints o f t he p lateau b ehind s eem t o h ave m aintained a l ight m ixed o ak f orest. T HE S ITES 1 .

T HE B ANDKERAMIK

N o n earest p lain

s ites o f t his e xamples a re

o f

C aen.

g roup h ave b een f ound i n t he s tudy a rea. a t B reuilpont ( Eure), L ery ( Eure) a nd

B andkeramik

m aterial

L umbres a nd C ampigny.

1 02

a lso

o ccurs

t o

t he

n orth

T he t he a t

2 .

T HE M IDDLE N EOLITHIC ( Figure 5 .10)

L e H avre A number o f s ites a t L e H avre h ave r evealed m iddle N eolithic o ccupation b eneath t he e arly S ubboreal p eat f ormation. T hey i nclude L e P errey ( Cayeux, 1 955a), A rmand-Barbas, a nd t he R ue A ugustinN ormand ( Cayeux, 1 957). C ayeux c lassified t hem a s p re-Campignian. H is j ustification i n s o d oing w as t he c lumsy n ature o f t he f lint w ork a nd t he p redominance o f m acrolithic p ieces. A f urther m iddle N eolithic s ite m ay b e l ocated i n t he F orat d e M ontgeon a t t he N orth C emetery. C ayeux ( 1970d) r ecovered a n i ndustry c ontaining 3 0% s crapers, a nd j et p ieces w ere a lso p resent,

2 6% C ampignian h eavy t ools. S cies h owever, a lthough t he p ottery w as

r ound-based. C ayeux ( 1959) a lso a ssigned t o t his p eriod t he s ites a t L a G rande-Mare, D ollemard a nd t he R ue M ichelet, L e H avre o n t he e dge o f t he

c lay s oils a t t he

L e N ouveau M onde, ( Figure 5 .13) C ayeux

o f t he

c liffs b efore t he

s hore.

S t.-Nicholas-de-la Taille

( Cayeux,

h as

f oot

1 968)

r eported

l ocation a ssociated w ith s tratigraphically d istinct ' La P etite F osse',

t he

e xcavation

o f

a n

i nhumation

a t

a C hassgo-Campignian i ndustry. f rom a l ater S ON o ccupation.

I t

t his i s

B reautg

A s mall s ite w as l ocated h ere c onsisiting o f c ores, s crapers, b orers a nd c lumsy t ranchets. I t t oo m ay d ate

f lakes, t o t he

m iddle N eolithic. Y port-Froberville ( Figure T he

5 .14) s ite

( Cayeux, i s

1 966)

f ully

d escribed

i n

t he

s ection

o n

t he

l ate

N eolithic. While m ost o f t he m aterial f ound d ates t o t his l ater p eriod, t here i s e vidence i n t he c lumsy n ature o f t he f lintworking i n s ome a reas c oupled w ith a m arked v ariation i n p atination t hat t he s ite w as f irst e xploited i n t he m iddle N eolithic. ( i) D ISCUSSION W ith s o f ew s ites o bviously i dentifiable a s m iddle N eolithic, n o o verall p icture o f t he s ettlement r egularities c an b e a chieved. T he e vidence f rom Y port a nd ' Le N ouveau M onde' S t.-Nicholas-de-laT aille s uggests t hat w here s ettlement o ccurred o n t he p lateau i t w as r estricted t o t he p lateau e dge. T his m ay a lso b e s een a t t he s ite i n t he F orgt d e M ontgeon. I n a ddition t o t his, i t i s c lear f rom t he s ites a t L e H avre i tself t hat m iddle N eolithic g roups o f t his a rea w ere i nvolved i n t he e xploitation o f m arine r esources. S ettlement o ccurs b oth o n t he n arrow b and o f c lays t hat r un a t t he f oot o f t he c liff b elow t he D uring t he p eriod c overed b y

u pper t own t he m iddle

g radually c overed b y p eat.

1 03

a nd o n t he s hore a rea. N eolithic t his a rea w as

I n d eciding w hether t his p aucity o f s ettlement i s m ore a pparent t han r eal s everal f actors n eed t o b e t aken i nto c onsideration. F irst, a m ore e xtensive o ccupation o f t he s hore m ay h ave o ccurred b ut t his w ould n ow b e h idden b elow t he p eat f ormation o f t he S ubboreal. I t i s o nly i n t he r are a reas w here d eep s ections h ave b een c ut t hat t he m iddle N eolithic m aterial h as b een f ound. S econd, t he i ndustries o f t his p eriod a re i mprecisely d efined a nd d iagnostic t ype-fossils a re n ot a bundant. C ayeux d efined h is ' preC ampignian' i ndustry o n t he b asis o f t he r oughest f lint w ork w ithout S uch a n m ixed

' forest f orms' m ade o n a l ocal g rey-black f lint ( 1959). i mprecise d efinition w ill n ot a id i n t he p eriodisation o f

a ssemblages

u nless,

a s

a t

Y port,

t here

i s

o ther

e vidence

t o

s upport i t, i n t his c ase i n t he f orm o f a d ifference i n p atination. T he t hird p oint c oncerns t he o verall g eomorphological l imitations o f t he a rea. W hile t he l andscape o f t he P ays d e C aux i s d issected a nd t he d ifference i n h eight b etween v alley-bottom ( of t he S eine) a nd t he p lateau i s a t l east a s g reat a s i n t he A isneM arne, s ettlement i s e ffectively l imited t o t he p lateau-edges a long t he S eine b y t he a vailability o f w ater. T he c entre o f t he P ays d e C aux c onsists o f a n e xpanse o f d ry s oils o n w hich l ittle N eolithic s ettlement o ccurs a t a ll. T his i s n ot n ecessarily a r estriction i mposed b y a gricultural r equirements. I t i s a fter a ll a n a rea h igh r ainfall. B ut, m ore b odily n eeds c annot b e s ustained r ainfall a lone. W ith t hese r estrictions, d ynamic m ovment

o f b y o f

s ettlement b etween l andscape z ones s hould n ot b e e xpected. O ne c onsequence o f t his i s t he o verlap o f m iddle a nd l ate N eolithic m aterial i n t he s ame s ettlement a reas. D ating t hese i s d ifficult. T he w idespread a ssumption t hat t he t ranchet . could b e u sed a s a d iagnostic t ype-fossil f or t he m iddle N eolithic h as b een s hown b y W atte ( 1976a; b ; c ) t o b e u nfounded. I n c ontrast t o t his, h owever, i t s eems l ikely t hat t he s ettlement o f t his a rea w as n ot i ntensive. O ne o f t he m ajor f eatures

o

m iddle

N eolithic,

C hasseo-Michelsberg,

s ettlement

i n

n orthern F rance i s i ts o ccurrence i n a reas o f p revious B andkermik s ettlement. T his r egional p attern w ill b e d iscussed m ore f ully l ater

( Chapter 8 ).

T he

S eine e stuary f alls b etween t wo s uch a reas -

t he P lain o f C aen, a nd, t he n orth-west ( from C ampigny a nd t he S omme t o t he B elgian b order). T he l ower S eine d id n ot o ffer t he s table n iches o f l ower-terrace a lluvium, r equired b y t he B andkeramik. T here w as t herefore n o f oundation o f s ettlement i n t his a rea a nd s uch m iddle N eolithic s ettlement a s t here i s, m ust r epresent a g radual e xpansion a way f rom t raditional s ettlement r egions i nto n ew a reas. E ven t he p romontories a long t he S eine o ffer n o t race o f a C hasseo-Michelsberg o ccupation . 3 .

T HE L ATE N EOLITHIC ( Figure T wo

t ypes

o f

s ite

h ave

5 .11) b een

d ated

t o

t he

l ate N eolithic.

T he

f irst i ncludes t hose s ites w here e xcavation r eports s how t hat l ate N eolithic a rtefacts w ere f ound. T he s econd c onsists o f t hose l isted b y B ender ( 1968), f ollowing C ayeux, a s ' evolved i ndustries'. T he c lassification o f a s catter a s ' evolved' w as b ased o n t he p resence o f l ate N eolithic t ypes, p articularly a rrowheads, a nd t he f ine r etouch e videnced o n m uch l ate N eolithic f lintwork . T he s ites h ave

1 04

b een

d ivided

i ndustries, t hese

i nto

( i) s ettlements,

( ii)

s tray f inds,

( iii)

e volved

( iv) t ombs.

T he s ame c lassification p rocedure h as b een u sed t o d istinguish t ypes o f s ites a s w as u sed i n t he A isne-Marne. T he

d istinction b etween s ettlements a nd e volved i ndustries a rtificial i n t he s ense t hat t hey b oth r epresent s catters a rtefact m aterial. I ncluded u nder s catters f or which m ore i nformation a vailable. ( i)

i s o f

s ettlements a re t hose f lint t han t he l abel ' evolved' w as

S ETTLEMENTS

' Les H auts C hamps', ( Figure 5 .12) T he

s ite

L illebonne

( Brognard, i s

1 919)

l ocated

o n

a p romontory

b etween

t he

B olbec

a nd

L illebonne r ivers a nd i s s ituated o n t he e dge o f t he p lateau . I ts a spect i s t owards t he s outh-west a nd i t l ies w ithin 6 00m . o f w ater a nd o ccurs a bove t he l evel o f t he s pring-line. A l arge a rtefact c ollection w as r ecovered i ncluding 6 3 b arbed-and-tanged a rrowheads, 2 t ranchet a rrowheads, 8 t ranchets, 1 a xe a nd 8 0 s crapers. T he s oil i s l oessic. ' Les C hamps N igaud', L illebonne ( Figure 5 .12) ( Brognard, 1 919) T he s ite o ccurs n ear t he s ummit o f t he h ill b etween t he R ue d u C ommerce a nd t he m arsh o f R adicätel t o t he s outh-west o f L illebonne. I ts n earest c urrent w ater s ource i s o ver l km . a way b ut a s teep v alley n ow m arked b y a f ootpath o ccurs w ithin 5 00m . T he a spect o f t he s ite i s p redominantly s outh-east. B rognard r ecovered 2 45 s crapers, 3 a xes, 3 4 t ranchets, b arbed-and-tanged a rrowhead.

9 t ranchet

a rrowheads

a nd

1

' Le N ouveau M onde', L illebonne ( Figure 5 .13)

( Cayeux,

T he

o ccurs

s ite

1 968) a t

g rid

r eference

x 205/y467.75,

4 km .

t o

t he

n orth-west o f ' Les C hamps N igaud' a t t he h ead o f a n ow d ry v alley. T he n earest c urrent w ater-source i s o ver l km . a way b ut t he s ite o ccurs a t t he l ikely l evel o f a f ormer s pring-line. I t i s l ocated o n

t he

p lateau-edge.

C ayeux

h as

C hassgo-Michelsberg o ccupation i s S OM c haracter.

d emonstrated

t hat

a n

o verlain b y a l ayer o f

e arlier

f lints

o f

' Tot', O cteville ( Bender, 1 968) T he s ite o ccurs a t t he v illage o f T ot o n t he p lateau o verlooking t he s ea. I t l ies a t t he h ead o f t he l ong a nd n ow d ry a rm o f a f ormer t ributary o f t he L gzarde. T he a spect i s t o t he s outh-east. A f inely r etouched i ndustry w as r ecovered h ere i ncluding b arbed-and-tanged a rrowheads, s crapers, c hisels. T he s oil i s l oessic.

1 05

' La G arenne',

S t.-Jouin-Bruneval

T he s ite o ccurs o n a s mall i nterfluve b etween t wo n ow d ry v alleys ( Ref: 2 20/443/105) a nd i s w ithin 2 00m . o f t he s ea-cliff. T he a rea h as b een m uch d amaged b y t he c onstructional w ork a t L e G rouin.

9 2M p ottery a nd a n a ssociated i ndustry a re r eported.

Y port-Froberville ( Figure 5 .14) T he

s ite

( Kuenegal, i s

1 933;

c omposed

C ayeux,

o f

a n

1 966)

e xtensive

s eries

o f

i ndividual

f ind-spots a nd w orking a reas s tretching o ver t he e astern s ide o f t he i nterfluve b etween Y port a nd V aucottes. I t s tretches a long t he u pper s lopes o f t he v alley a round t he B ois d es Q uarante A cres. T he n earest w ater-source i s t he s ea. K uenegal c laimed t o h ave r ecovered l arge p ieces o f d aub w ith t races o f b ranches t hrough t hem . A lmost c ertainly t he s ite h as s ome C hassgo-Campignian a ncestry. T his i s r evealed b y t he p resence o f a c oarser i ndustry ( Kuenegal's A ) o n t he s lope a bove t he w ooded v alley t o t he n orth o f t he Y port r oad . T his t ypological d istinction i s a lso r ecognisable i n a d ifference i n p atination b etween t hese f lints a nd t he l ater o nes. A f ragment o f a p ossible b aking-plate w as a lso r ecovered. T he b ulk o f t his s ite i s h owever l ate. A n A OC B eaker w as f ound a t L a B elle E toile o n t he n orth o f t he i nterfluve ( Lechevalier a nd Watt , 1 963) a nd a b arbed-and-tanged a rrowhead i n t he B ois d es Q uarante A cres. A f ull d omestic i ndustry i ncluding G rand P ressigny f lint c omes f rom a rea C . T he n umber o f b arbed-andt anged a rrowheads h ere c ontrasts w ith t he a rea a round L illebonne b y t he s mall n umbers i n w hich t hey o ccur. F lint e xtraction p its w ere f ound a t t he n earby s ite o f L a M are ( Bender,

1 968).

M ontivilliers-Harflerur-Rouelles ( Figure

5 .15)

( Wa ng

1 976a;

b ;

c )

R ather t han d etail e ach s ettlement i n t his a rea s ince t hey a re b oth n umerous a nd s mall t he d istribution m ap o f F igure 5 .15 c an s erve a s a n i ndication o f l ocation . O ne s ite d oes h owever d eserve f urther m ention; ' La G rande E pauville'. T his i s t he o n e e xcavated s ettlement s ite o f t his p eriod i n t he s tudy a rea. 3 00mz . w ere d ug b y W a ng b etween 1 977 a nd 1 979 a nd w ork i s c ontinuing. T he e xcavator h as s uggested t hat t he b ands o f f lint n odules r ecovered i ndicate a s mall t rapezoidal s tructure 1 2m . b y 9 m .: t he f lint n odules b eing t he f oundation o f w ooden l ies o n t he p lateau a bout 2 50m . f rom e xtensive f lint s catter. I t i s o ver

a nd d aub w alls. T he s ite t he e dge, i n a n a rea o f 5 00m . f rom a s ource o f

c urrently f lowing w ater. L e H avre ( Figures

5 .16;

T ogether

5 .19) w ith

t he

a rea

a lready

e xamined

a round M ontivilliers

t his a rea o f p lateau r epresents t he p rincipal f ocus o f l ate N eolithic a ctivity i n t his s tudy a rea. O ne o f t he m ajor c entres o f o ccupation i s t he F orAt . d e M ontgeon . T he l ate N eolithic c haracter o f t he B eaker

s ites i s w ell a ttested a nd b y G rand P ressigny

b y t he f lint.

1 06

p resence o f 9 IM p ottery , a S even m ajor c oncentrations

e xist i n t his a rea: ' Les ' L'Hippodrome', ' La H atraie', ' La

S apiniares', G rande M are',

' Les ' Ave.

F ortins', F och' a nd

' Rue d e F ranklin'. T he l atter t wo o ccur o n t he p eat o f t he l ower t own. T he o thers o ccur e ither o n t he p lateau o r o n t he p lateau e dge. M anneville-sur-Risle ( Figure 5 .20) ( Carrey,

1 909;

D eshayes,

1 880;

C outil,

1 908;

W a ng,

1 970) T here n ature

o f

i s

c onsiderable

t his

s ite.

T he

i mprecision

o verall

a bout

d istribution

t he o f

l ocation

a rtefacts

a nd

c overs

a lmost a ll o f t he p lateau a bove t he t own o f M anneville. M oreover i t i s a v ery r ich c ollection i ncluding G rand P ressigny f lint, a d iorite a xe-hammer a nd p olishers. D eshayes' a ccount r efers t o t he e xclusive d istribution o f t he f inds o n t he p lateau, n ever o n t he s ides o f v alleys. T hey c overed 9 32 h a. A s C outil r emarked ( op.cit., 6 6): v ous n e f aites p as d ix p as s ans r amasser u n s ilex p lus o u m om s b ien t ravaillg. N umerous s uggests

a rrowheads a nd t hat t he s ite

l arge m ight

r ough-outs a re a lso r ecorded. T his b e a f lint-extraction a nd working

a rea. I ndeed, s hafts w ith g aleries a t t he b ottom w ere r ecorded a t ' Cöte d e l a P ierre' a nd ' Petit V al'. A n a llge c ouverte w as l ocated a t ' Fosse-Cordi e, 3 00m. o n t he p ath t o F ournetot. O ther s ettlements T he

f ollowing s ites h ave b een c lassified a s s ettlements o n t he

b asis o f t he number a nd v ariety o f a rtefacts r ecovered. N otre-Dame-de-Gravenchon, L ower S eine ' La P etite F osse', H auteville ' Villequier', ' La V aleuse', G ray f arm ,

t errace

C auville C auville

E pouville

' Mare-des-Saules', F oucart ' St.Lgonard', F ecamp ' Mont

C anisy',

B en6ville

C ondg-sur-Risle ' Spring o f R ocheau D iable',

E quemauville

S t.Maclou M artinbusc S t.-Ouen-des-Champs V auliou V illerville-Trouville R icarville-Auzonville ( Figure 5 .17) ( ii)

S TRAY F INDS ( Figure 5 .21) B ender's

c atalogue

o f

s tray

f inds

i n

t he

a xes, a rrowheads o r o ther f lints w ere f ound. n ot r epeated h ere. T he d istribution o f t he F igure 5 .21.

1 07

a rea

s tates

w hether

H er l ist o f s ites s ites c an b e s een

i s i n

( iii)

' EVOLVED'

I NDUSTRIES

( Figure 5 .22)

S ites l isted b y B ender a s ' Evolved' h ave b een i ncluded i n t he a nalysis b elow . A f ull l ist a ppears i n B ender ( 1968) a nd i s n ot r epeated h ere. ( iv)

F UNERARY M ONUMENTS

( Figure 5 .23)

F our p ossible f unerary m onuments c an b e d ated t o t his p eriod. ( 1) a n a ll e c ouverte o n t he s ite o f M anneville-sur-Risle ( 2) a d olmen a t M ontivilliers ( 3) a s ingle i nhumation a t M ontgeon, ( 4) a p ossible t omb a t L illebonne

L e H avre

T he o verall d istribution o f t ypes o f s ite i s a s f ollows: S ettlements E volved i ndustries

2 8% 3 8%

S tray a xes S tray a rrowheads

2 5% 6 %

T ombs

3 % S ETTLEMENT R EGULARITIES

( i) LANDSCAPE Z ONE T he

l ocational p reference o f

t he

s ettlements

l isted

a bove

c an

b e s een i n t he t able b elow . T he a nalysis h as b een b ased o n a s ample o f 7 2% o f t he l isted s ettlements. 2 8% c ould n ot b e l ocated f rom p ublished i nformation w ith s ufficient a ccuracy . L andscape B each

z one

%o f s ites 4

V alley-bottom

0

V alley-slope P lateau P lateau-edge

2 2 4 3 3 1

P romontory T his

i s

0

e xpressed

d iagramtically

i n F igures

5 .24;

5 .25.

T aking

t he

f igures f or t he p lateau a nd t he p lateau-edge t ogether t hese l ocations a ccount f or 6 5% o f t he s ettlements. T he h igher p ercentage o f s ites o n t he p lateau i tself p arallels t he s imilar e xpansion i n t he A isne-Marne a t T he

t he

s ame p eriod.

' Evolved i ndustries'

s how a d ifferent p attern:

L andscape z one B each V alley-bottom

% o f 3 0

V alley-slope P lateau P lateau-edge

4 7 3 2 3 2

P romontory

s ites

3

T his i s b ased o n a s ample

o f

8 4%.

1 6% o f

s ites

l isted

c ould n ot

b e

l ocated w ith s ufficient . accuracy. A mongst t he s tray f inds o nly 4 5% o f t he s ites l isted b y B ender ( 1968) c ould b e a dequately l ocated. M ost o f t hese ( 82%) c onsist o f a xes;

1 8%

a re

a rrowheads.

S ince

t hese

1 08

a rtefacts

a re

g enerally

t urned

u p

b y

t he

p lough e xact

p ositions

a re

r arely

r ecorded.

O nly

t he c ommune n ame, a t b est, i s a ttached . U sing t hose w hose p ositions w ere k nown t he f ollowing p attern w as r evealed: L andscape z one B each V alley-bottom

% o f s ites 2 5 0

V alley-slope

5 9

P lateau P lateau-edge

8 8

P romontory

0

T he a rrowheads w ere t oo f ew i n n umber t o p roduce a ny u seful r esult. T his r esult i s m ost i nteresting i n t he h igh p ercentage o f a xes o n t he b each. T his i s, h owever, b iased b y t he f inds f rom L e Havre i tself, d iscovered a s a r esult o f modern s ettlement ( gardening, r oad-works e tc.). ( ii) R ELATIONSHIP T O S OIL-TYPES T he

s oil

s tatistics

f or

t he

s ettlements

r eveal

t he

f ollowing

p attern A lluvium

2 9%

S ol l essivg R endzinas P odzols

4 % 4 6% 0 %

S ol b run l essivg

2 1%

A c hi-squared t est r eveals t hat

%o f s ites o n s oil-type

t his d istribution o f s ites d oes n ot

r eflect t he p ercentages o f s oil-types p resent 0

.

A lluvium 2 9

P odzol 0

S ol l ess. 4

S ol b run l ess. 2 1

R endzina 4 6

1 0

3

4

6 5

1 8

3 6.1

3

0

2 9.7

4 3.55

E 0 -E 2 E

4 d egrees o f f reedom p =112.35 N ull hypothesis d enied 0 .001 T he

u nexpected

v alues

f or

t he

r endzina

s oils

a nd

t he

s ol

b run

l essivg a re t he c ause o f t his p attern. O f

t he

t o a llow p attern: 0 E 0 -E 2

s tray

f inds,

o nly

t he

C hi-squared

a xes

w ere

t est

s ufficiently n umerous

a nalysis.

A

r evealed

A lluvium

P odzol

S ol l ess.

S ol b run l ess.

R endzina

0 1 0

5 3

5 4

3 8 6 5

5 2 1 8

1 0

1 .3

0 .25

1 1.2

6 4

4 d egrees o f f reedom C onfidence

t he

f ollowing

p =86.75

l evel 0 .001

W hile t here a re a gain m ore f inds o n t he r endzina t o t he e xclusion o f t he p lateau i t i s i nteresting t o n ote t he w ider v ariety o f s oil l ocations o f t he a xes c ompared w ith t he s ettlements. T he o bserved d istribution o n p odzols a nd o n t he s ol l essivg i s n ear t he e xpected

1 09

v alue. T his i s y et a nother i nto n ew l andscape z ones.

s ome

i ndication

o f

l ate

N eolithic

e xpansion

T he d ivision b etween E volved i ndustries a nd s ettlements w as i n w ays a rtificial. T hey b oth r epresent s catters o f p rehistoric

material.

A C hi-squared

t est

o n

t he

r elationship

o f

t hese

t o

s oil

i s g iven b elow

0 0 -E 2

A lluvium

P odzol

S ol

S ol b run l ess.

R endzina

0

0

7

l ess.

3 7

5 7

1 0

3

4

6 5

1 8

1 0

3

2 .25

1 2

8 4.5

4 d egrees o f f reedom p =111.75 C onfidence l evel 0 .001 C ombining t hese w ith t he s ettlements, h owever, d oes n ot s ignificantly a lter t his p attern. T he d istribution o f s ites o verall a lso

s hows

a c onfidence

l evel

o f

0 .001

t hat

t he

s ites

a re

l ocated

p referentially. T he w eighting t owards t he r endzina s oils a nd a way f rom t he s ol b run l essivg i s t he m ost o bvious i ndication o f t his. A mongst

t he

o ther s oil-types

s ignificantly f rom t he

t he

o bserved v alues

o ften d o

n ot

v ary

e xpected v alues.

A LL S ITES A lluvium

P odzol

S ol

S ol b run l ess.

R endzina

1 1 1 0

1 3

6 4

3 0 6 5

5 2 1 8

0 .1

1 .3

1

1 9

6 4

0 0 -E 2

l ess.

4 d egrees o f f reedom C onfidence T he

p referential

l ocation

o n

p =85.4

l evel 0 .001

r endzina

s oils

w as

n oted

a lso

i n

t he

o ne

o f

A isne-Marne. D ISCUSSION

D espite t he t his

a rea

s lopes

I n

b ut

A isne,

a ssociation

f eatures

i s

p lateau. t he

t he

c learest

t he

t his

a rea,

o f

t he

e vidence

t his o ccur

o f

s ites

l ate

i t

p rovides

r endzinas

p articularly p attern

w as

w ith

a re

a long

s een

r endzina

N eolithic

a t

f or

t he

n ot

l imited

t he

s oils,

s ettlement

o ccupation

p lateau

T annieres

p attern

t o

a s

a nd

t he

w ell. a t

o f

i ndicated. t ogether,

t he

p lateau

i n

T aking b oth t he

t he

P ays

d e

C aux

s ettlements a nd t he

6 9% o f s ites n ow o ccur o n t he

h as

i n t he

v alley

W hile

S erches,

o verall i mpression o f e xpansion w as i n p art m asked o ccurrence o f s ettlement i n o ther l andscape z ones. T he e xtent

o f

i n t he

b y t he g reater

a lready

b een

' Evolved i ndustries'

p lateau o r o n i ts e dges.

I n

m any l ocations s hown o n t he d etailed m aps ( Figures 5 .12 - 5 .20), t he o nly s ource o f w ater f or i rrigation w as t he h eavy r ainfall. ( i) T HE

S ETTLEMENT M ODEL

T he

m odel

b urial p lace, r eason

i s

t hat

o f

t he

.

E xpanded

V illage,

i s n ot a s e asy t o d efine d espite

t he

e xtent

o f

1 10

f ocused

i n t his t he

a rea

a

c ommunal

s tudy a rea.

o n

T he m ain

e xamined,

d efinitely

k nown l ate N eolithic f unerary m onuments n umber o nly t hree. T his m ay b e i ndicative o f t hree t hings: f irst t hat S OM s ettlement r eally w as n ot i ntensive i n t his a rea, s econd t hat t here i s a b ias i n t he r ecovery o f t hese s imply w rong. O ne

o f

t he

m onuments p roblems

o r i n

t hird

t hat

t rying

t he

t o

m odel

a nalyse

i tself

i s

p rehistoric

s ettlement i n a r egion w here t he o nly s ources o f i nformation a re a lready p ublished s ites a nd m useum c ollections, i s t hat t he o verall d istribution

o f

s ites

i s

o bviously

n ot

a vailable.

I n

t he

A isne-

M arne, t he i nfluence o f e arly c ollectors i n a ttracting s ubsequent r esearch t o t he a reas i n w hich t heir o wn c ollections w ere m ade h as a lready b een d emonstrated . I n t he S eine e stuary, t he i nformation p rovided b y B ender ( 1968) a nd b y W attg ( 1970) d oes n ot a llow a n e xplicit s tatement o f t hese b iases. N earest-neighbour a nalyses m ay w ell

i ndicate

c lusters

o f

s ettlement

b ut

i n

t he

a bsence

o f

i nformation o n t he s cope a nd e xtent o f p revious w ork i n t hat a rea i t i s d ifficult t o s ee p recisely w hat t hese w ould r epresent. I n t his s tudy a rea t he m ain s ettlement c oncentration i s L e H avre-Montivilliers a nd L illebonne. W ith r egard t o t he s econd p oint r aised a bove,

r estricted

i t i s

t o

c lear t hat

many m egaliths h ave b een d estroyed. O n t he p lain o f C aen, t he b arrows s tanding a t B ellengreville-Chichebouville w ere v isible a t l east u ntil 1 820 b ut a re n o l onger. E ven a t M anneville-sur-Risle w here a ntiquarian i nterest i n t he e xtenstive f lint s catters s tretches b ack t o t he b eginning o f t he c entury, t he l ocation o f t he a ll e c ouverte o n t he p lateau i s d ependant o n a r emark b y D eshayes ( 1880) a nd o n t he p lace-name. E ven t he d olmen a t M ontivilliers i s u npublished a nd n o i nformation i s a vailable O n i ts c ontents. I n t hese c ircumstances, t he r ecovery o f s imple c ommunal b urial p its s hould n ot b e e xpected. Two r easons f or t his p overty a re s uggested. F irst, u nlike t he e arlier B rittany m egaliths, S OM t ombs s uch a s t he h ypogges a re g enerally n ot b uilt a bove g round o r c overed w ith i mpressive c airns. I t c annot b e s tressed t oo h ighly t hat i n g eneral S OM b urial p laces a re n on-monumental i n c haracter. T heir d iscovery t herefore d epends o n a rable a gricultural a ctivity m ore t han f ield s urvey. I n t he P ays d e C aux, i t w as s hown i n c hapter 1 t hat 2 7 - 3 7% o f t he l and i s d evoted t o p astoral a griculture. S econd, t he s implicity o f t hese t ombs, e specially t he d olmen, h as m ade t hem e asy t o r ob. F inally, t he a rea o f d ensest l ate N eolithic s ettlement i n t his a rea i s a lso t he a rea o f m ost i ntensive r ecent i ndustrialisation. N evertheless, t here a re s till s trong i ndications t hat t he p attern o f s mall, s cattered s ettlements s een p articularly i n t he u pper O urcq i s a f eature o f t his s tudy a rea a lso.

O ne

o f

t he

a reas w here

t his

c an

b e

s een

c learest

i s

a t

M ontivilliers a nd t he v alley o f t he F ontaine w hich l eads n orth-west u p t o t he p lateau s ites i n t he F or f t d e M ontgeon ( Figure 5 .15). O n F igure 5 .15 t en s ites h ave b een p lotted, i ndicating a reas o f l ate N eolithic s ettlement. T his i ncludes t he d olmen o n t he e ast o f t he p lateau. F ew o f t he s ites a re v ery l arge. T he m ost e xtensive i s t hat a t L a G rande E pauville ( Watts, 1 976a; b ; c ) b ut e ven h ere e xcavation h as r evealed ' only o ne f limsy h ut i n o ver 3 00m 2 . T he a rea o f t he o ther s catters w as n ever i ndicated i n t he o riginal p ublication, t hese

s ites

b ut

t he

n umber

b y l andscape

o f

z ones

f inds

s hows

1 11

i s

t hat

s mall.

T he

s ettlement

l ocation o ccurred

o f

b oth

o n

t he

p lateau

i tself

a nd

o n

t he

v alley

s lopes.

A m ore

d etailed

e xample o f t he l atter l ocation c an b e s een a t G odet i llustrated w ith s ome o f t he m aterial r ecovered t here ( Figure 5 .26). T he s ites i n t he F orgt d e M ontgeon a re a lso s mall i n s ize a nd o ccur b oth o n t he p lateau a nd t he p lateau-edge ( Figure 5 .19). T hose o n t he p lateau-edge/valley s lopes t end t o s how a c ruder d egree o f f lint w orking b ut t his i s l ikely t o b e m ore a n i ndication o f t he p resence o f f lint o utcrops t han o f a c hronological o verlap o f p eriods. L es S apiniAres s hows h ow t hese s ites a re l ocated t o t ake a dvantage o f p lateau a nd l ow-lying m arshland D iagnostic l ate N eolithic f inds o ccur m ore o n t he t omb h as b een f ound i n t his a rea.

( Cayeux, 1 964a). p lateau s ites. N o

A s econd a rea o f s mall s catters i s l ocated a t L illebonne t o t he e ast o f M ontivilliers. S ix s ites a re p lotted o n F igure 5 .12. T hey s how a c lear s ettlement p reference f or a reas o f p lateau a nd o nce a gain w here p romontories a re o ccupied t he s ite i s l ocated n ear t he s ummit r ather t han a t t he p oint. N one o f t hese s ites h as b een e xcavated a lthough t he w ell-published s ite o f L e N ouveau M onde, S t.-Nicholas-de-la Taille l ies a f ew k ilometres t o t he w est. I n c ontrast t o t he a rea a round Y port, t he n umber o f b arbed-and-tanged a rrowheads i s h igh. N o t ombs h ave b een f ound i n t his a rea. H owever, u sing t he p revious l ocations o f t hese m onuments a s a p redictive l ocational-model i t m ight b e e xpected t hat a ny f unerary m onument w ould b e a way f rom t he m arshy d eposits o f t he L illebonne v alley i tself a nd f urther u p t he v alley s lopes. W hile n o r emains h ave b een f ound i t i s i nteresting t hat t o t he w est o f L illebonne a nd j ust o ff F igure

5 .12

b elow

S t.-Nicholas-de-laTaille,

T able d u M al D iner'. I n B rittany, i ndicator o f t he p resence o f a d olmen.

' La

t he

p lace-name

T able'

i s

a

i s

' La

f requent

W hile i t i s d ifficult i n p rehistoric t erms t o i ndicate a reas o f v arying s tandards o f l ife, t here a re s trong i ndications i n t he m aterial c ulture, t he s ettlement p attern a nd t he e conomic r emains, t hat t his s tudy a rea i s p eripheral t o t he S OM s ettlement t o t he n orth a nd t he s outh . o f t his i s t he s mall n umber o f f inds

m ain c oncentrations o f A n i mmediate i ndicator o f f oreign s tone. I n

p articular G rand P ressigny f lint i s l imited t o L e H avre a nd t he m ajor m ining a reas. I n t he A isne-Marne, a p attern o f s ettlement b ased o n l ong-lived c ommunal b urial p laces s uggested a s table s ettlement s ystem . T heir a bsence i n t he S eine e stuary m ay s uggest a l ess s table s ystem . : E conomic e vidence f rom t he s ites o n t he s hore a t L e H avre h as s hown t hat m arine r esources w ere e xploited a t t his t ime. S ome o f t he s ites f or e xample a re s hell-middens. A mongst t he b ones p reserved a re a n umber o f e xamples o f f rutti d i m are, s almon, s turgeon, o ysters a nd o ther s hell-fish ( Duteurtre, 1 932). O f t he l and a nimals i dentified a lmost a ll w ere w ild, i ncluding t he c attle. W hile t hese r esults a re n ot p ublished i n d etail, t he i dentifications s eem t o b e r eliable. T he e vidence o f t he f ish s uggests t hat t hese s ites r epresent a s easonal f acies o f o ccupation r estricted t o a p eriod b etween s pring a nd a utumn w hen t hese s pecies w ere l ocally a bundant.. M oreover, e ven t oday a reas o f l ow-lying m arsh i n t his a rea f lood a nd f reeze-over i n w inter. A more m obile p attern o f s easonal m ovement b etween t he s hore a nd t he p lateau m ight

w ell

b e

e nvisaged

f or

t his

1 12

s tudy

a rea.

T he

e vidence

o f

a griculture

a t

M ontivilliers

( Verron,

1 979a)

i ndicates

a n

a rable

c omponent i n t he e conomy a s w ell. E conomic e vidence - L e H avre L ocation D og C attle B oar/Pig G oat

S heep D eer H orse M arine

R ue d e P aris R ue V erdun X R ue E m .Renouf

X X X

X X X

M ontmorenc. A .-BarbAs L e P errey

X X X

X X

A ug.Normand S t.Roche

X

X X X

X X

X X X

X X X

X

X

X X

X X

X X

X

X

X

A c omparison m ay b e m ade w ith t he e stuary o f t he T hames. D evoy ( 1980) h as s hown t hat t here w as c ontinued o ccupation o f t he e merging m arsh a fter t he o ccupation r epresented b y E bbsfleet w are a t c . 2 700 b .c. T his c an b e s een i n t he n umerous a rrowheads, a xes a nd h earths f ound a long t his z one. S ettlement h owever a ppears t o h ave b een s easonal, b ased o n t he e xploitation o f w ild s pecies s uch a s c attle,

d eer a nd p ig,

a nd a v ariety o f c rustaceans a nd f ish

m an's i nfluence u pon t he e stuary's e nvironment a nd v egetation a t t his t ime m ay b e s een a s p urely l ocal, w ith p erhaps o ccasional c learances b urning o f t he f en w oods

a nd

p robably

i solated ( Devoy,

( ii)

1 980)

F LINT M INING I n a ddition t o

t he a ctivities r epresented ' b y t he e conomic d ata

a bove, t here i s c onsiderable e vidence i n t his s tudy a rea a s i n t he A isne-Marne, f or t he l ate N eolithic e xploitation o f f lint o n a n i ntensive s cale w ith p its. Many o f t he s hafts a re n o m ore t han s imple p its b ut g alleried m ines w ere p resent a t M anneville. I n t he a bsence o f w ork o n t he i dentification o f t his f lint, i ts d istribution t o h ave

h ad

i s

u nclear.

T he m aterial

a l ocal d istribution

t o

f rom Y port t he

s ites

a t

l east,

a long

t he

a ppears S eine

a t

t he e stuary. C ONCLUSIONS T he

e vidence

f or

d ramatic

s hifts

i n

t he

s ettlement

p atterns

b etween t he m iddle a nd l ate N eolithic i s n ot g reat. I n t he f irst p lace, t here a re f ew m iddle N eolithic s ites t o m ake a c ontrast p ossible a nd i n t he s econd, a reas s uitable f or s ettlement a re r estricted b y c urrently f lowing w ater s ources a nd f ormer c hannels. E ven t oday t he number o f v illages o n t he c entre o f t he P ays d e C aux i s s mall. T he d istribution o f a ll l ate N eolithic s ites s hows t heir r estriction t o e ither c urrent o r f ormer w ater-courses f or t hese v ery r easons. 1 F igure 5 .28 i llustrates t he a rea w here n o N eolithic s ettlement h as

s o

f ar b een r ecovered.

S imilarly,

r estrictions

w ere

i mposed o n t he a reas o f m arine e xploitation: t o t he n orth o f L e H avre t here i s b ut a n ärrow b each a nd s teep c liffs. E vidence f or s hell-middens b egins a gain t o t he s outh o f t he o nce f ashionable r esorts i n t he P roustian c ountry a round D eauville, w here t he l andscape i s n ot b roken b y c liff-formations.

1 13

What t hen a re t he e ssential d ifferences a nd s imilarities b etween t his a rea a nd t he A isne-Marne? L eaving a side t he a rguments f or c oastal o ccupation a nd t he s easonality i nferred f rom t his, t he e ssential d ifference l ies i n t he d ensity o f p opulation a nd w e m ay p erhaps i nfer f rom t his i ts p rehistoric d esirability . I t h as b een s hown t hat i n t he A isne-Marne t here i s a c ontinuing o ccupation f rom t he B andkeramik t o t he S OM . W ithin l ocational l imitations o f s ettlement i n e ach p eriod, t he d ensity o f o ccupation i s a s g reat h ere a s i n a ny o ther a rea o f t he P aris B asin a nd i nvites c omparison w ith, f or e xample, t he O ise a nd t he S eine. A t t he S eine e stuary, t his f oundation o f s ettlement i s a bsent, a nd e ven t he l ate alimpsest o f s ites n oted f or t he N eolithic d oes n ot s ee t he p urther n orth i n, f or e xample, t he O urcq. I n c ontrast t o a reas f f m arine r esources c annot b e s een a s N etherlands, t he e xploitation o f s ites o n t he s hore a t L e H avre i s i ntensive e ither. T he n umber o ue t o t he a bsence o f a n i ntensive s mall. T his m ay, p erhaps, b e d S eine e stuary; a n a bsence o f a n c oastal m esolithic a t t he E rteb011e-type p henomenon. While,

h ere

p articularly,

a nalysis

i s

t he

p risoner

o f

t he

q uality o f t he d ata, t wo e xplanations a re s uggestive f or t his l ate N eolithic p attern . F irst, a s i n t he A isne-Marne, l ate N eolithic s ettlement c ould b e s een a s t he i nternal e xpansion w ithin r egions o f p revious o ccupation: i nfilling n ew l andscape z ones. B ut, s econd, a nd m ore l ikely i n v iew o f t he p aucity o f e arlier s ettlement, t he e vidence m ay s uggest t hat t he p rocess o f c olonisation o f w hat m ust s till

h ave

b een

l argely

u nsettled

t hird m illennium b .c.

1 14

a reas,

c ontinued

e ven

i nto

t he

F OOTNOTE O NE:

C HAPTER F IVE

D etailed d iscussion a bout t he n ature a nd d ate o f t he d ry v alleys o f t he c halk p lains h as b een u ndertaken b y P hilippe P inchemel i n a s eminal s tudy ( 1954). E ssentially, t wo p henomena w ould a ppear t o e xist.

F irst,

i t

i s

c lear f rom t he d istribution o f

p lace-names, v illages a nd f or e xample o ld m ills t hat m any v alleys h ave b ecome ' dry' w ithin h istoric t imes. I n t hese c ases, i t i s m ore c ommon

f or

t he

s ource

o f

t he

r iver

o r

s tream t o

h ave m oved f urther

d own t he v alley t han f or i t t o h ave c ompletely d ried u p. S econd, P inchemel h as s hown t hat m any d ry v alleys m ay b e t he p roduct o f g lacial a nd p ost-glacial a ctivity: t hey m ay n ot h ave s ubsequently b een a ctive a t a ll. I n t his c ase, t he d istribution o f N eolithic s ites t o c hannels o f f ormer s treams m ay s uggest t hat w e a re d ealing w ith t he

f irst

c ategory o f d ry v alley .

1 15

' CHAPTER S IX:

The L oing V alley

I ntroduction H ISTORY O F R ESEARCH G EOGRAPHICAL D ESCRIPTION T HE S ITES 1 . B andkeramik (0 T he s ettlement p attern 2 .

3 .

( ii) T he n ature o f t he e vidence The M iddle N eolithic (0 D iscussion ( ii) T he M ontmorencian The L ate N eolithic ( i) D iscussion ( ii) E xploitation a nd m anufacturing s ites ( iii) The E xpanded V illage P attern

C ONCLUSIONS

I NTRODUCTION ( Figure 6 .1)

t he

T he t hird s tudy a rea c onsists o f t he v alley o f t he L oing, t o s outh o f F ontainebleau a nd M oret-sur-Loing. I t i s t he a rea

c overed b y t he t hree 1 :50,000 m aps ( published b y t he I nstitute G eographique N ationale ( IGN)) F ontainebleau ( 2417), C hâteau-Landon ( 2418), a nd, M ontargis ( 2419), b ut a lso i ncludes a s mall a rea f urther s outh a round M ontbouy. T he t otal a rea c overed b y t hese m aps i s i t t he

1 590km 2 . T here w ere t wo r easons f or c hoosing t his a rea. F irst, r epresents a d ifferent t ype o f e nvironment t o t hose s tudied i n S eine

e stuary

a nd

i n

t he

A isne-Marne,

o f N ougier's o wn f ieldwork a nd g eography, i t w as t he f irst

a nd

s econd,

h is i nterest i n a rea t o b e

a s

a r esult

s ettlement w ell-mapped

a rchaeologically . I n a ddition, i t w as N ougier's o wn w ork i n t his v alley w hich p rompted h is e xamination o f t he C ampignian ( 1950a). H ISTORY O F R ESEARCH P rior t he

w ar

t o

N ougier's

( 1950a),

t he

w ork,

w hich

a rchaeological

w as

l argely

s urvey

o f

c onducted

t his

a rea

b efore

h ad

b een

u ndertaken b y a n umber o f l ocal a mateurs ( e.g. C hevillon, 1 932), p rominent a mongst w hom w as t he A bbe N ouel ( 1948). T here a re t herefore a n umber o f s erious p roblems t o t he u se o f t heir i nformation . F irst, n one o f t heir s urveys w ere e xtensive o r d etailed, a nd s econd t he m ajority o f t heir c ollections h ave e ither b een d ispersed, l ost o r d estroyed, m any d uring t he w ar. T hird, m ost o f s o

t he l ocal c ollectors r etrieved m aterial f rom t he r ichest s ites t hat v arying a ccounts o f t he a ssemblages f ound t here a re n ow

r ecorded. A n e xample o f h ow t his a ffects c urrent i mpressions o f a s ite c an b e s een i n t he c ase o f t he M ontmorencian s ite o f L a V ignette t o t he n orth o f N emours. D iscovered b y a D octor D urand f rom t he n eighbouring t own o f B ourron,

i t h as b een p illaged f or t he

p ast 1 00 y ears. T arräte h as r ecently ( 1977) t ried t o r econstruct t he v arious c ollections b ut e ven h e m anaged t o l ocate o nly e leven. T his d id n ot i nclude N ougier's p rivate c ollection f or w hich a ccess h as s ince a lso p roved i mpossible. A s ummary o f t he s ix m ost s ubstantial c ollections i s g iven i n F igure 6 .2 e xpressed a s a c umulative p ercentage g raph o f t ypes f ound; a m ethod n ow much i n v ogue a mongst F rench l ithic s tudents. T he c omparison o f t he s hape o f t he g raphs i s u sed t o s tress t he s imilarity b etween s ites, p rimarily

i n

c hronological

t erms

a nd

t hen

i n

t erms

o f

s imilar

f unction. T he g raph o f t he v arious c ollections a t L a V ignette s hows t hat e ven t he s ame s ite m ay n ot p roduce c onsistent r esults. S aachi's c ollection d oes n ot e ven s how a s teep r ise i n t he p ercentage o f p rismatic f ragments f ound. T hese a re t he t ype-fossils o f t he M ontmorencian a nd a n i ncrease o n a ll g raphs a t t his p oint s hould b e e xpected. I t i s c lear t hat m any c ollectors w ere i nterested m ore i n t he f inely w orked p ieces t han i n t he c rude p ieces o f d ebitage. I mpressions o f t he n ature o f a s ite w ill, t herefore, v ary w ith t he n ature o f t he c ollection m ade. N ougier's w ork w as m ore t horoughly o rganised t han t his a nd a t B ezigny f or e xample h e t ells u s t hat h e s pent t hree m onths m apping t he o ne a rea a nd p lotting e ach g roup o f t en f inds ( 1950a). T he r esulting m aps c ontain t he m ost c ompact s ettlement i nformation i n

1 17

F rance. U nfortunately, a s erious h is d ata. N ougier b ased h is

p roblem a lso a rises i n t he u se o f p eriodisation o n h is f ive-fold

C ampignian c hronology: w ith a f ew e xceptions o nly f lint a nd s tone a rtefacts w ere r ecovered. S ince t his i s n ow s een t o h ave t reated a s c ontemporary a n umber o f d istinct N eolithic p hases, a r evised p eriodisation h ad t o b e a ttempted. I n t he a bsence o f a ccess t o N ougier's c ollection t he m ajor p ublication o n t he v alley c onsisted o f h is s lim v olume, r estricted s olely t o a n a nalysis o f t he s ettlement g eography a nd n ot t o i llustrating t he f lints. A s a c onsequence i t h as n ot b een p ossible t o e xamine t he w hole a rea c overed b y t he 1 :50,000 I GN m aps a nd o nly s elected a reas w ithin t his h ave b een a nalysed, w here i nformation o n t he a rtefacts f ound a t e ach s ite w as p ublished e lsewhere. T he v alue o f u ndertaking r esearch o n d ata s uch a s t hese c an b e s een i n t he i nformation p rovided o n t he l ater B andkeramik p attern, t he e xploitation o f t he f lint s ource a t G irolles, a nd t he g eneral c onfirmation o f t he E xpanded V illage P attern o bserved f or t he l ate N eolithic i n t he A isne-Marne. I n a ddition, i f a nything i s t o b e m ade o f t he a ccumulated s tore o f s ettlement e vidence i n n orthern F rance, t hese p roblems a re g oing t o h ave t o b e f aced a t s ome s tage. T he d ata f rom m ost o f n orthern F rance a re o f t his q uality . T he a reas e xamined h ave i ncluded ( 1) B ezigny-Bagneux ( 2) P rgfontaines ( 3) M ontigny , a nd ( 4) M oret. A number o f i ndividual s ites h ave a lso b een i ncluded e .g .

L a V ignette a nd N emours. G EOGRAPHICAL D ESCRIPTION

t he

T he L oing i s t he m ajor r oute t hrough t he G ätinais. T o t he w est l and f orms p art o f t he B eauce c haracterised b y m any o pen c orn-

f ields. T he m ain s oil-type i s a s ol b run l essivg . T he l oess c over i s p oor. T oday t his a rea n eeds c onstant f ertilisation a nd t he o nce f requent v ines a long t he s ides o f t he v alleys a re n o l onger p resent. T he d ominant e conomic a ctivity i s p astoralism o riented p articularly t owards m ilk p roduction. T o t he e ast o f t he r iver, t he l andscape f orms p art o f t he B rie a lthough i n a reas o f c lay a nd s and c over e xtensive s trategies t oday m aking.

T o

t he

f orest i s a lso p resent. T he m ain e conomic a re d irected t owards a piary, p oultry a nd c idern orth,

t he

L oing

c uts

d own

s eries o f s ands a round F ontainebleau . s andstone-chert p atches a re f requent a nd p odzolised. F inally, t o t he s outh-west c haracterised b y i mpermeable s ub-soils, T he c limate i s g enerally m ore h umid. T he o verall o ceanic a nd t he

t hrough

t he

S tampian

S mall, d enuded s and o r t he s oil i s n ow h eavily t he G ätinais i tself i s p odzols

a nd

s mall

l akes.

c limatic r egime o f t he v alley l ies b etween s emi-continental. T he f ollowing t able g ives

a nnual a verage r ainfall f or f ive t owns i n t he r egion T own P uisseaux

A v. A nn. 5 25mm

M ontargis

6 50mm

S t.-Martin L e C harme T oucy

6 80mm 7 00mm 8 00mm

R ainfall

1 18

t he t he

A more r egional d ivision b etween t he e ast, w est a nd l andscapes o f t he v alley s uggests t he f ollowing p attern . W est

5 50mm

E ast N orth

6 50mm 6 76mm

n orthern

A n a verage o f 1 17 d ays o f r ain o ccurs p er a nnum a nd s now i s r are. T he a verage a nnual t emperature l ies a round 1 1 d egrees C entigrade. A round

F ontainebleau s econdary g rowth o f

f orest

o n

p oor

s oils

h as e ncouraged p odzolisation. M uch o f t his c an b e d ated t o t he S ubatlantic ( Morand, 1 966). R endzinas a re a m ajor c omponent o f t he . cover b ut t hey a re g enerally t hin a nd p oor. T he m ajor s oil-type i s t he s ol b run l essivg c overing t he p lateaux . E xamples o f t he m ore d etailed s oil-pattern a round s pecific s ettlement a reas a re g iven i n F igures 6 .13, 6 .14 a nd 6 .16 T HE S ITES ( 1) B ANDKERAMIK T he v alley.

f ollowing

B andkeramik

s ites

h ave

b een

r ecovered

i n

t he

m useum

a t

B ourron - M ontigny-sur-Loing ( Bailloud, T he

1 962) f inds

F ontainebleau.

f rom A lmost

t his a ll w ere

s ite

a re

n ow

i n

c ollected b y D r.

t he

D urand

o f

B ourron.

T he p ottery s eems t o i ndicate a d ate i n t he l ater B andkeramik p eriod a nd m ore s pecifically i n B ailloud's C erny g roup. A f ew c lassic R RBP s herds w ere a lso p resent b ut t his s ort o f s urvival i s n ot u ncommon. D espite t he q uantity o f i nformation n o e xact f indspot w as r ecorded. I t i s l ikely t hat t he m aterial w as r ecovered f rom t he l ower

t errace

b etween

t he

v illages

o f

B ourron-Marlotte

a nd

M ontigny-sur-Loing . ' L'Etang d e M ontfort', C hâteau-Landon ( Figure 6 .9) ( Bailloud, 1 962) T he

s ite

l ies

i n

a q uarry

2 -

3 km .

t o

t he

s outh-east

o f

C hâteau-Landon, a long t he F usain . I t i s l ocated o n t he s ide o f a s mall s tream o n t he p lateau-edge. T hree t ombs h ave b een f ound. T he e arlier t wo c ontained f ive i ndividuals a nd t wo u ndecorated p ots w ith f unicular h andles. T he l ater t omb c ontained o ne i nhumation w ith t hree p ots s ome o f w hich b ore d ecoration. T hese s eem t o f it w ell i n a l ater B andkeramik c ontext a lso . ' Les J udris', S ouppes ( Figure 6 .9) ( Gallia P r aistoire,

1 977)

'T here i s l ittle i nformation o n t his s ite b eyond a r eport l ate R RBP f lintwork. T he s ite l ies o n t he p lateau e dge.

19

o f

' La G rotte d u T roglodyte', ( Figure 6 .4) T he

( Doigneau,

s ite

i s

N emours

1 884;

l ocated

D aniel,

6 00m .

s outh

1 975) o f

B eauregard

a t

t he

n orth-

e ast e xtremity o f a s mall g orge d escending t o t he L oing . T he c ave h as t wo c hambers. I t i s n ow i mpossible t o s eparate t he m ixture o f c ultural m aterial f ound t here i nto a ny s tratigraphically r elated p attern. T he s ite w as u sed o ver a l ong p eriod. B ailloud h as r ecognised p ottery C hassgen ( 1974).

o f

h is

A ugy-Ste.Pallaye

B eaumoulin, B ezigny ( Figure 6 .8) ( Robin a nd W ateau,

g roup

a nd

a lso

o f

t he

1 966)

T he s ite o ccurs o n t he e nd o f a p romontory o verlooking t he L oing. A r ich C ampignian i ndustry w as f ound h ere b y D oignon ( 1937) a nd N ougier r ecovered a l ate N eolithic l ancehead ( 1935). M ore r ecent w ork h as r ecovered a n umber o f s herds d ated t o t he g roup b y t heir p oi f lnn6e d ecoration a nd r epouss6 b uttons. ( i) T HE o f

C erny

S ETTLEMENT P ATTERN

T he c hronology o f t hese s ites i ndicates t hat t he c olonisation t he L oing b y B andkeramik g roups o ccurred d uring t he l ater

B andkeramik a ll i t h as

p hases. Where m aterial c an b e a ssigned t o a g roup a t s hown a ffinities e ither w ith A ugy-Ste.Pallaye o r w ith

C erny. T he m ost c haracteristic a rtefact i s t he t hree-handled j ug . I n c ontrast t o t he A isne, t he L oing v alley i s n ot c omposed o f a reas o f l ater g lacial t errace f ormation, b ut r ecent a lluvium , h igh i n c lay. F or m uch o f . ts l ength t he n atural v egetation m ust h ave b een d amp a nd f avourable t o a t hick a lder c arr . T he e xception t o t his i s t he l ower L oing n ear t he c onfluence w ith t he S eine. I t i s h ere, a t B ourron, t hat t he o nly s ite t o b e l ocated i n a p osition s imilar t o t he s ites i n m ore v aried.

t he A isne h as b een r ecovered. T he o ther l ocations a re T he s ite a t C hâteau-Landon i n p articular i s n ot o nly

o n t he e dge o f t he p lateau: i t i s l ocated a long a m inor s tream w hich l eads i nto w hat i s i tself a m inor t ributary o f t he L oing . T he o ccurrence o f a B andkeramik c ave-site i s a lso u nusual. T he r emaining s ites i llustrate s ettlement p ositiohä t hat c an b e p aralleled e lsewhere. ' Beaumoulin' f or e xample p osition o f a m idile N eolithic p romontory f ort

i s i n t he c lassic w hile t he s ite a t

S ouppes i s c omparable w ith V idelles. W hereas i n t he A isne a ll B andkeramik s ites w ere r estricted t o t he a lluvium t his i s t he c ase f or B ourron a lone i n t he L oing. T he o thers o ccur o n r endzinas o r s ols

b runs

c alcaires

a nd

t he

s ite

a t

S ouppes

a ppears

t o

b e

o n

a

p odzol. T he

s ignificance

o f

t his

p attern

i s

t wofold.

F irst,

i t

i llustrates t he e xpansion a way f rom t he m ajor v alleys w hich o ccurred a t t his t ime. T his m ay w ell h ave b een r esponsible f or t he a pparent p opulation d ecrease i n t he m ajor v alleys s uch a s t he A isne. I t i s a t t his t ime, f or e xample, t hat t he P lain o f C aen i s s ettled a nd t hat B ailloud's r egional p ottery s tyles a ppear ( 1971a). S econd, i t i llustrates t he i nternal e xpansion a nd c olonisation o f n ew l andscape z ones, p articularly t he p lateau. T his e vidence i s a bsent i n t he A isne.

1 20

e dges

o f

t he

( ii) T HE N ATURE O F T HE E VIDENCE W ithout e xcavation n o r emains o f h ouse-structures h ave y et b een f ound. T he n ature o f t he e vidence i s t herefore u neven. B ourron c onsists o f s tray p ots, C hâteau-Landon o f t hree t ombs a nd b oth B eaumoulin a nd S ouppes a re s catters o f f lint a nd p ottery . N emours i s a j umble o f s herds a nd o ther a rtefacts. E xact s ite s izes c an o nly b e g iven f or N emours w here t he s ite i s b ounded b y t he c ave w alls. I t i s l ikely f rom t he l ocation o f t he f inds a t B ourron a nd f rom t he p resence o f t wo s uccessive o ccupation p hases a t C hâteauL andon t hat t hese t wo s ites f it i nto t he p attern o f s mall,

i solated

h amlets n oted e lsewhere. T he s ite a t S ouppes i s a d ifferent m atter a nd a lthough n o s ite s ize i s i ndicated e ither i n t erms o f n umber o f a rtefacts

r ecorded

o r

t he

a rea

o ver w hich

t hey w ere

c ollected,

i t

i s c lear t hat a n e xtensive s ite w as n ot p resent. I n t he A isne, a nd e lsewhere i n t he l arge r iver-valleys, B andkeramik r emains h ave b een r ecognised T he L oing

i n t he c ontext o f s ubstantial s tructures a nd o f t ombs. p rovides t he e arliest e vidence o f t he r ecognition o f

s ites o f t his p eriod o n f lint s catters a lone - a p attern f amiliar f or t he m iddle a nd l ate N eolithic. T his i s n ot s imply a f ield p roblem o f s ite i dentification. I t i s i tself c hanging n ature o f t he s ettlement p attern.

i ndicative

o f

t he

( 2) T HE M IDDLE N EOLITHIC T he f ollowing m iddle N eolithic s ites h ave b een r ecognised. ' La G rotte d u T roglodyte', N emours ( Figure 6 .4) ( Daniel, 1 975) C hassgen p ottery w as f ound i n t he ' Mont-Gagnant ° , B agneaux ( Figure 6 .8) ( Robin a nd Wateau,

c ave, d iscussed a bove.

1 966)

T he s ite l ies o n a p romontory o verlooking t he L oing . t ype f lint w ork h as b een r ecognised f rom t his M ichelsberg-type b aking p lates ( plats-ä-pain). ' Montapot', B agneaux ( Figure 6 .8) ( Robin a nd W ateau, M iddle

N eolithic

m aterial

s ite. I t o ccurs f urther i s l ikely t o b e r elated. ' La V ignette' ( Tarrete, 1 977;

D oignon,

o n

t o

s ite

C hassgen-

t ogether

w ith

1 966) h as t he

a lso

b een

p lateau

r ecovered

f rom

f rom

' Mont G agnant'

t his b ut

1 937)

T he s ite o ccurs o n t he s outhern f lanks o f a k noll t o t he s outh o f t he F ontainebleau f orest. T he s ite i s c haracterised b y t he e xploitation o f t he s andstone-chert w hich o utcrops a t t his l ocation. T he d ating o f i t h as b een t he s ubject d iscussion. B oth T arrete a nd N ougier ( 1950d) l inked i t m iddle N eolithic.

1 21

o f m uch w ith t he

( i) D ISCUSSION T he e vidence o f

a m iddle N eolithic o ccupation i n t he L oing i s

s light. A s a t t he S eine e stuary, t here i s l ittle f oundation o f B andkeramik s ettlement t o p recede i t, a nd t he e stablishment o f t hese C hassgo-Michelsberg s ites m ay p erhaps b e s een a s t he c ontinuation o f t he e xpansion i nto n ew r egions s een, a bove, i n t he l ate d ate o f t he B andkeramik s ites o f t he L oing. T he l ocation o f t he

s ites a long t he p lateau-edge a nd

o n p romontories b ears o ut

t he

p attern e stablished i n t he A isne-Marne s tudy a rea. A t B ezignyB agneaux i t m ay b e p ossible t o s ee t he s catters . of m aterial r unning a long t he p lateau-edge f rom t he s ettlements a s s ome i ndication o f p rehistoric c ultivation a reas. T his w ould b e c onsistent w ith t he h ypothesis t hat m iddle N eolithic s ites, l ike e arly N eolithic s ites, w ere l ocated i n a reas o f h igh g round-water, i n t his c ase s pringl ines. I n t his s tudy a rea, t he s ites a ppear t o l ie o n r endzina s oils. I n t he a bsence o f a n o verall p attern o f m ore c omplexity t he r elationship

o f

t hese

s ites

t o

e ach

o ther

i s

d ifficult

t o

i nterpret. ( ii) T HE M ONTMORENCIAN D ifficulties w ith t he d ating o f t his p henomenon a re o f r ecent o rigin. D urand, D oigneau a nd N ougier a ll c oncluded t hat i t w as r elated i n s ome w ay t o t he C ampignian a nd t he e arliest N eolithic k nown a t t hat t ime. M ieg

d e

B oofzheim

( 1955)

w ho

s uggested

t herefore a ssigned i t t o I t w as o nly B ailloud a nd

t hat

i ts

a ssociations

w ere

m esolithic. T arr f te i n h is r ecent s urvey ( 1977) h as a gain s tressed i ts N eolithic a ssociations a lthough i t i s c lear t hat t he c hert w as e xploited b y h uman g roups w herever t hey c ame i nto c ontact w ith i t. E ssentially, i t i s a m anufacturing t echnique c onditioned b y t he n ature o f t he r ock. A l ocational a nalysis o f t he s ites l isted b y T arr f te s hows t heir p redominance o n p lateau-edges a nd u pper s lopes, w here t he m aterial o utcrops. 1 T he f inished p roducts a re, h owever, w idely d ispersed. L a V ignette s eems t o h ave f unctioned a s a w orking-site p rior t o t he d issemination o f t he f inished a rtefacts. S uch s ites a re a rtefacts t end N eolithic s ites

t he m ost d ifficult t o d ate s ince t he d iagnostic t o h ave b een e xported. T he p aucity o f m iddle i n t he v alley a nd t he w ide d istribution o f t he

c hert o n l ate N eolithic s ites t end t o s uggest a d ate f or a t l east t he m aximum o f e xploitation i n t he v alley i n t he l ate N eolithic. ( 3) T HE L ATE N EOLITHIC ' Les P ortes R ouges' ( Figure 6 .9) T he n umerous

a nd o ther l ocations, G irolles

( Gallia P rghistoire,

e xtraction l ocal

s ite

c ollectors

1 978,

o f G irolles b ut

4 75)

h as

b een e xploited h eavily b y

f ew e xcavations

h ave

b een

c onducted

o n s ite. T he m ajor c oncentrations e xtend f rom L es P ortes Rouges t o C orchien a nd C hanteloup. T hey o ccur o n t he s ides a nd p lateau e dges o f a m inor v alley . T ranchets a re n ot f requent o n t he s ite a nd p olished a xes a s o pposed t o w orked a xes a re a bsent. A n umber o f q uerns w ere r ecovered. E xcavations i n 1 977-78 d ue t o t he i nstallation o f a w ater p ipe u ncovered 6 00m 2 . o f t he s ite i n a 4 m . w ide t rench . T he h eaviest f lint d ensity o ccurred a t 0 .60cm . b elow

1 22

t he s urface. T hree e xtraction p its, p erhaps s hafts, w ere n oticed a s w ere n earby p atches o f b urnt f lints, a sh, c harcoal a nd w hat a re d escribed a s ' rare, a typical P rghistoire, 1 978, 4 75). T he

d istribution

o f

t his

s herds'.

f lint

c an

( Information:

b e

s een

i n

G allia

N ougier's

m ap

r eproduced a s F igure 6 .19. I t o ccurs r ight u p t o t he S eine a nd d ominates t he L oing. I t w as c learly b eing w orked i n t he l ater N eolithic: i t o ccurs w ith b arbed-and-tanged a rrowheads a t N emours ( Daniel, 1 975), a t B agneaux, a nd i ndeed a t P rgfontaines. T he o nly s uggestion o f a n e arlier e xploitation i s a t M ontabon, N argis where i t o ccurs w ith a s ingle-grave a s a f lint a xe a ssociated w ith a l eaf a rrowhead, a s craper, b urin, r etouched b lade a nd t wo s herds. B ailloud ( 1974) a ssigned t his t o t he C hassgen b ut g raves w ith t his c ombination o f g rave-goods d o o ccasionally o ccur i n t he S OM ( e.g . M ontiAvres,

S aint-Mammes).

P refontaines ( Figure 6 .9)

( Nougier,

1 950a;

N ouel,

1 940)

P rgfontaines i s a s mall v illage b etween C hâteau-Landon a nd M ontargis, l ying i mmediately t o t he s outh o f B ezigny-Bagneaux . I t o verlooks t he S t.-Jean s tream a t ributary o f t he F usain, i tself a t ributary o f t he L oing . T he m ain c oncentration i s a round t he v illage o f P rgfontaines a long t he s ides o f t he v alley a nd o n t o t he i nterfluve. T he s ettlement i s w idely d ispersed. A f ew i solated f inds e xtend t he d istribution t o t he s outh-west. T wo f urther c oncentrations o ccur, o ne o verlooking t he S t.Jean-Fusain c onfluence, a nd t he o ther e xtending a long t he e dge o f t he i nterfluve e ither s ide o f L a M iguernetterie. A n umber o f f inds h ave b een

r ecovered

f rom

t he

n orth

s ide

o f

t he

F usain.

A ll

o f

t hese

s ites o ccur o ff t he p lateau c entre a nd a long t he p lateau-edge. T hey t herefore a void t he l oess w hich e xists a s i solated p atches ( Figure 6 .11). F igure 6 .14 s hows t hat t he s ite o ccurs o n r endzinas o n t he s obs b runs o r s ols b runs l essiv6s. T he s oil i s d ry . A rchaeologically,

t he

s ite

h as

b een

e xplored

b y

a nd n ot N ougier

( 1950a) a nd b y N ouel ( 1940) a nd a l arge c ollection o f m aterial h as b een r ecovered. S ome o f i t i s i llustrated i n F igure 6 .10b. T his i ncludes 9 0 a xes a nd f ragments, c . 2 00 p icks a nd c . 1 50 t ranchets. O ver 2 00 s crapers w ere a lso r ecovered. T he g eneral c harcteristics o f t he i ndustry a re C ampignian, b ut d iagnostic a rtefacts a re p resent. A w ide r ange o f a rrowheads w as f ound i ncluding t ranchets, t anged, t riangular, l ozenge, l aurel-leafed a nd b arbed-and-tanged a rrowheads. A s cie-ä-encoche w as a lso f ound . T his c learly i ndicates a l ate N eolithic d ate. N ougier's c ollection i ncluded 1 00 f lint a xes, 1 50 a rrowheads, 4 00 p icks a nd 2 00 t ranchets, a s w ell a s j et p ieces ( 1950a). I t w ould s eem f rom t he f lint-working c haracter o f t his s ite t hat i t " t i ould n ot b e d ivorced f rom t he m ajor e xtraction a rea o f L es P ortes Rouges, G irolles,

5 km .

t o

t he

s outh-west.

B agneaux ( Figure 6 .8)

( Nougier a nd C hevillon,

1 933;

N ougier,

1 950a)

T he s ite l ies o n t he s ummit o f t he p romontory i n a p osition n ow f amiliar f or t he l ate N eolithic, o verlooking t he c onfluence o f a s tream

w ith

t he

L oing

t o

t he

s outh

•1 23

o f

N emours.

T he

s ite

a lso

e xtends d own t o t he t ip o f t he p romontory a nd f ollows r ound t he p romontory e dge. T he d istribution o f f inds s uggests t wo s trings o f a rtefacts, o ne a long t he p lateau e dge, a nd o ne a long t he p lateauc entre. S mall s catters f ollow t he i nterfluve-edge b ack a long s mall s treams. S ome a lso o ccur o n t he o ther s ide o f t he r iver. F inds f rom o ne o f t hese, B eauregard, a re i llustrated i n F igure 6 .12. T he s ite w as d iscovered i n 1 932 a nd t ook t hree m onths t o w alk. O ver 8 00 f lints w ere r ecovered, a ssigned b y N ougier t o C ampignian I V o n t he g rounds t hat f ew e xamples o f p olishing c ould b e f ound. L arge w orked a xes a re h owever f requent. T he s ummit o f t he p lateau ( known a s ' Mauny') h as p roduced b oth C ampignian a nd M ontmorencian a rtefacts a s w ell a s G irolles f lint ( Anonymous, B SPF , 1 944), a nd N ougier d escribed i t a s a ' veritable s tation m ixte a vec p ic-tranchet d e g rAs d e f acture V ignette a ssocies a d u P ostC ampignienne' ( 1950d, 1 89). ' Fromenceaux' o n t he e dge o f t he p lateau h as p roduced a f lint ' mace-head' o r c asse-tAte c entral p erforation ( Nougier a nd C hevillon, 1 933).

w ith

a

W ith t he e xception o f t he C hasseo-Michelsberg o ccupation a t M ont G agnant t he g eneral c haracteristics o f t he s ite i ndicate a d ate i n t he l ate N eolithic. A rrowheads a re r are b ut a f ew s cies-äe ncoches d o o ccur a nd D oignon r ecorded a r etouched ' lance-head' ( 1937, 1 65). P icks a nd t ranchets a re n umerous, p articularly f ine, w ell-worked p icks. S andstone-chert i s a bundant. A l arge n umber o f c ores w ere r ecovered. F rom F igure 6 .8 i t c an b e s een t hat t hese f inds t end t o b e g rouped i nto w ell-defined c ircular o r s ubcircular s preads. I n v iew o f t he e vidence f or f lint w orking o n s ite t hese m ay p erhaps b e i nterpreted a s i ndividual w orking a reas. T he

r elationship

o f

t he

s ite

t o

s oil-type

i s

s hown

i n

F igure

6 .13. B ezigny ( Figure 6 .8)

( Doignon,

1 937;

N ouel,

1 946;

N ougier,

1 935;

1 950a;

d )

I mmediately t o t he s outh o f B agneaux t wo d istinct s catters o f a rtefacts c an b e o bserved. O ne o ccurs o n t he s ummit o f t he p lateau a t B ezigny a nd t he o ther o n t he p romontory p oint a t B eaumoulin. B oth h ave p roduced r ich i ndustries i n a C ampignian t radition a nd D oignon i n 1 937 c ould s ee n o c hronological d ifference b etween t hem . A f unctional d ifference w as r ecognised b y N ouel ( 1946) who s aw B eaumoulin a s a p olishing w orkshop. N ougier r ecovered a ' lancehead' a nd a d ouble-notched a rrowhead ( 1935). B eaumoulin h as p roduced c lear e vidence o f l ate N eolithic o ccupation i n t he l ozenge,

l eaf,

T he c ommune o f M oret ( Figure 6 .15) ( Lioret, A number

f orm o f

a nd b arbed-and-tanged a rrowheads.

o f

f ind

1 923) s pots

h ave

b een

r eported

b oth o f

i ndividual

f inds .a nd m ore e xtensive s catters. T hree t ombs h ave a lso b een r ecorded. T he m ost e xtensive s catter o ccurs o n t he p romontory b etween t he S eine a nd t he L oing f rom S t.-Mammes t o L a C olonne. T he d omestic c haracter f inds o f s crapers,

o f t hese s ites i s s uggested b y t he f requent p oints, a xes, a nd q uerns. T he f ollowing s ites

h ave b een p lotted:

1 24

1T rou-aux-Renards 2 L a C olonne 3 4 5 6 7

L a C elle R avannes E tang d e M oret V allee d u C ygne L a G arde d e D ieu

S t

8 S t.Lazare 9M ontiavre T = f unerary m onument S = a rtefact

s catter

S t = s tray f ind M ontbouy ( Figure 6 .17) T he

( Chevillon,

f inal

a rea

o f

1 932)

i ntensive

m apping

i s

l ocated

f urther

s outh

i n t he L oing a round M ontbouy b etween B oisrecourt a nd L a B riare. T hree m ajor s ettlement c oncentrations h ave b een i dentified a s w ell a s a n e xtensive p attern o f s tray f inds. T he l atter a re n ot l isted i ndividually h ere. ( 1)

L a

B riare:

T he

s ite

o ccurs

e ast

o f

t he

r oad

f rom

t he

M ousseau m ill t o M ontbouy o n t he p lateau o verlooking t he B riare f arm . C hevillon d escribes i t a s C ampignian a nd p icks a nd t ranchets d o o ccur. O ther f inds i nclude s crapers, a xes a nd a l ate N eolithic a rrowhead. T he s ite i s s mall, c onsisting o f l ess t han 5 0 f inds. f rom

( 2) L a B riare a nd L e T etre: A bout 1 00 a rtefacts w ere r ecovered t his s ite i ncluding 1 0 a rrowheads o f v arious t ypes, p icks,

t ranchets a nd 3 9 s crapers. ( 3) O ver

B oisrecourt:

T his

i s

t he

l argest

o f

t he

t hree

s catters.

3 00 a rtefacts h ave b een r ecovered i ncluding 2 00+ s crapers,

a xes, 2 5 p icks, l ance-head.

1 06

t ranchets,

a s cie-ä-encoche,

a rrowheads

a nd

3 4 a

( i) D ISCUSSION T wo t ypes o f l ate N eolithic

s ettlement

s ystem a re i ndicated b y

t his e vidence ( i) s ites c onnected w ith t he e xploitation o f r aw m aterials o r t heir w orking a nd p olishing, a nd ( ii) c oncentrations o f g enuine s ettlement. T he l atter t ype i s r epresented b y t he s ites a t M oret

a nd M ontbouy.

T he t wo s ites n ear L a B riare a t M ontbouy h ave b een a malgamated o n

F igure

p robably p ossibly w ere

6 .17

t o

i ndicate

t he

o verall

z one

o f

s ettlement.

r epresents t he p eriodic s hifting o f t he s ame l ocal a reas o f f lint-knapping . R ough C ampignian

a bundant.

T he

s ite

s preads

f rom

t he

e dge

o f

T his

s ite a nd a rtefacts t he

L oing

f loodplain u p t he -s lopes o f t he v alley t o t he p lateau b ehind. B oisrecourt, o n t he o ther h and, i s l ocated o n a p romontory o verlooking t he L oing a bout t hree k ilometers t o t he n orth. I t o ccurs n ot o n t he ' point o f t he p romontory b ut f urther i nto t he i nterior. N either c oncentration i s m ore t han l km . f rom a s ource o f c urrently f lowing w ater. T he l andscape p osition o f t hese s ites i s i ndicated i n t he b lock d iagram i n F igure 6 .18 . T he d istribution o f t he s tray f inds s hows t hat o ccupation w as n ot r estricted t o t he

1 25

v icinity o f t hese c oncentrations. T wo o ccur o n t he v alley s lopes a nd f ive o n t he p lateau. T his c ompares w ell w ith t he e vidence f rom t he A isne. S ome o f t he s trays a re f ound o n t he c entre o f t he p lateau . T he

s lopes a round B oisrecourt a re c overed w ith s ol l essivg b ut

t he p lateau b ehind c onsists o f p odzols. T his i s a lso t rue t o t he n orth-east o f t he s tream r unning a long t his s ite, w here a n umber o f s tray f inds h ave b een f ound. T he s ite a t L a B riare e xtends a cross a v ariety o f s oils i ncluding r endzinas, s tray f inds d ivide a s f ollows r endzina p odzols a lluvium

s ol l essivg a nd p odzols.

T he

2 9% 5 7% 1 4%

A t M oret a ll b ut o ne s ettlements o r t ombs. p romontory o verlooking

o f t he s ites a re a ssociated e ither w ith T he i ndividual s ites i ndicated o n t he t he S eine t o t he e ast o f S t.Mammes a re

m isleading. O ccupational d ebris h as b een f ound r ight a cross t his p romontory a nd t hese s ites r epresent o nly p articular c oncentrations. T his i ndicates a p redominance o f s ettlement o n t he p lateau . O nly t wo o f t he s ites o ccur o n t he s lopes. T hese s ettlement p ositions a re a lso i llustrated i n a b lock d iagram ( Figure 6 .18). T he m ost c entral o f t he t ombs a t ' St.Lazare' i s l ocated o n t he m iddle s lopes o verlooking t he c onfluence o f t he O rvanne a nd t he S eine. I t c onsists o f a n a ll e c ouverte. A lthough m uch m aterial c ulture w as r ecovered, o nly t en i nhumations a re r eported ( Bailloud, 1 974, 3 03). O f t he o ther t ombs ' La G arde d e D ieu' i s a s tray s ingle i nhumation i n t he a lluvium o f t he S eine. T he n ow d estroyed a nd i ts e xact p osition u nknown. T he

s oil

c over

i s

s hown

i n

F igure

6 .16 .

t omb T he

a t

M ontiavre

i s

d istribution

o f

s ites m apped o n t o i t s hows a c lear p reference f or t he r endzina s oils. 6 7% o f s ites o ccur o n t his f ormation, a s o pposed t o 1% o n t he a lluvium, a nd 1 1% o n p odzols o f o ne s ort o r a nother. A C his quared t est o n t his s hows t hat t his d istribution d oes n ot r eflect t he p ercentages o f s oil-types p resent i n t he a rea a t a c onfidence l evel o f 0 .001

0 E 0 -E 2 E

O nce

A lluv .

R endzina

P odzols

S . Brun C alc.

B riare s lope c omplex

P eat

1 3 3

6 7 2 7

1 1 2 5

0 4

1 8

0 1

1 4.6

5 9.2

7 .8

a gain,

a

4 1 .1 , 5 d egrees o f f reedom N ull h ypothesis d enied a t 0 .001

p redominance

o f

s ites

o n

r endzina

1

s oils

i s

v alley i s G irolles.

T he

r esponsible f or t his p attern. ( ii) E XPLOITATION A ND MANUFACTURING S ITES T he

m ost

e xtensive m ining

s ite

i n

t he

d escription o f t he s ite h as a lready b een g iven a bove.

1 26

M aterial m ade

i n t his f lint i s u nknown b efore t he l ate N eolithic. T he s ite i s s hown o n F igure 6 .8 p lotted a t a d ensity o f t en f inds t o t he d ot ( culled f rom N ougier's s ettlement i nformation). T he m ain c oncentration o ccurs a round

t he

s ite o f

' Les P ortes

R ouges'

b ut

i t

c an b e s een t hat s ettlement a lso e xtends a long t he e dge o f t he p lateau t o t he n orth, a nd s mall c lusters o f o ccupation o ccur t o t he w est f urther o n t o t he p lateau . T he n earest l arge s ite i s r epresented b y t he t wo m ajor c oncentrations a t P rgfontaines. B oth o f t hese o ccur o n t he p lateau e dge o verlooking s mall s treams a lthough

o nce

a gain

m aterial

o ccurs

a way

f rom

t he

s ite

o n

t he

p lateau i tself. I n t he s ite d escription ( above) i t w as s hown t hat t he s ite w as c haracterised b y a rtefacts o f a C ampignian c haracter. O ver 6 00 p icks w ere r ecovered i n t otal a nd o ver 3 50 t ranchets. T he l ocation o f t his s ite a nd i ts f lint-working c haracter s uggests t hat i t m ay h ave a cted a s a w orking o r f inishing a rea f or t he m aterial p roduced a t G irolles.

N o p ercentages o f

c ompeting f lint

t ypes

h ave

b een p ublished e ither b y N ouel ( 1940) o r b y N ougier ( 1950). T he l ocation o f t hese s ites i n r egard t o t he s oil t ypes p resent c an b e s een i n F igure 6 .14. M ore p articularly F igure 6 .11 s hows t hat t he c entral a reas o f l oess w ere r arely s ettled. T he e xtraction a reas a round G irolles o ccur o n l ightly l essivated b rown e arths a lthough t hese

b ecome

f ully l essivated

s oils

a long

t he

p lateau e dge

t o

t he

n orth. A t P rgfontaines, t he s ites o ccur o n t he r endzina a nd o nly a f ew f inds a re p resent o n t he c entre o f t he p lateau o n l oessic b rown e arths. F urther n orth a round o f

s ettlement

a re

B ezigny a nd

c learly d efined

B agneaux

i ndividual

o n N ougier's m ap

c lusters

( Figure 6 .8).

A

t hin s catter o f m aterial r uns a long t he p lateau e dge b ut t he m ain c lusters o ccur f urther o n t o t he p lateau c entre. V ery f ew f inds o ccur f urther w est. T he a bsence o f s ettlement a long t he e astern s ide o f t he L oing i s d ue t o a b ias i n N ougier's f ieldwork i nterest. T his p attern r eveals s ome i nteresting p oints. F irst, t he material r epresents a m ixture o f c ultural p eriods. C erny a nd m iddle N eolithic m aterial h as a lready b een d escribed f rom M ont G agnant a nd B eaumoulin, a nd R obin a nd W ateau ( 1966) h ave a lso s uggested t hat s ome m esolithic m aterial m ay b e p resent. N evertheless, t he m ain c oncentrations f urther o n t o t he p lateau c ertainly d ate t o t he l ate N eolithic a s c an b e s een f rom t he t ypes o f a rrowheads p resent a nd t he o ccasional f inds o f l ance-heads. T he o ccurrence o f t he e arlier s ites o n t he p romontories a nd o n t he p lateau-edge s uggests t hat much o f t he m aterial t hat t rickles a long t his l andscape z one m ay b e u nconnected w ith t he l ate N eolithic o ccupation. T his ' further e mphasises t he p lateau l ocation o f t he l ater p eriod. I n a ll, e ight s mall c oncentrations c an b e i dentified. A ll o f t hese e xcept t he s ites a t B agneaux o ccur o n r endzinas. B agneaux a nd F romeneceau a re o n s ol b run l essivg a nd s ol b run c alcaire r espectively . A lthough

t hese - s ites

h ave

a

s ettlement

c haracter

i n

t he

p resence o f s crapers a nd q uerns i t s hould b e r emembered t hat N ouel s uggested i n 1 940 t hat B eaumoulin, f or e xample, s erved a s a f lint w orkshop a nd h e p roduced e vidence o f p olishing . T he h igh p ercentages o f C ampignian a rtefacts p resent a lso s uggest

t his.

W hat

N ougier h as m apped i n t his r egion i s s urely t he s upporting s ettlement s tructure b ehind t wo s ources o f r aw m aterials - G irolles f lint a nd t he M ontmorencian s andstone-chert o f t he F ontainebleau

1 27

a rea.

T he

d istribution

o f

G irolles

f lint

i s

i ndicated

i n

F igure

6 .19. A lthough i ts d istribution d oes n ot e xtend f ar b eyond t he S eine i .e. i t w as n ever i nvolved i n l ong d istance e xchange n etworks, i t o ccurs t hroughout t he v alley i tself. S imilarly, i t h as a lready b een s uggested t hat t he p resence a t L a V ignette o f h alf-finished p ieces i ndicates t hat i t t oo w as a w orkshop f or w hat i s a lso a l ocally d istributed r ock-type. N either s ource s hows t he ' professional' e xploitation s uggested a t G rand P ressigny a nd P lussilien, B rittany ( discussed l ater). ( iii) T HE E XPANDED V ILLAGE P ATTERN I n a n a rea w here m any o f t he f indspots r elate t o t he e xploitation o f r aw m aterials, t he r ecognition o f m ore p urely ' rural' p atterns i s l imited. I n a ddition, t here i s t he p roblem n oted a t t he S eine e stuary o f a n a bsence o f m egalithic t ombs o r f unerary p its. N ougier's m ap o f f unerary m onuments i n t he v alley ( Figure 6 .3) i s s adly s till a ccurate t oday . A lthough n o t omb o ccurs a t M ontbouy i t i s c lear f rom t he d istribution o f t he s ites t hat a s imilar p attern o f s mall s catters w ith s trays e xtending a cross o ther l andscape z ones w as p resent. A t M oret i t i s p ossible t o i ntegrate t his p attern w ith t wo f unerary m onuments, a nd p articularly t he a ll e c ouverte a t ' St.Lazare'. T he g eneral o utlines o f t he p attern m ay t herefore

s till b e o bserved.

C ONCLUSIONS T he

r esults

e xtent o f

o f

t he

t he e stuary o f

A isne-Marne t he

S eine

r egion

h ave

a nd

t o

a m uch

s hown s hifts o f

l esser

s ettlement

d uring t he N eolithic b etween l andscape z ones. T his i s p ossible b ecause, a s i n K ruk's a rea o f r esearch ( 1973) w here t his p roblem w as f irst e xamined, t he l andscape i s d issected i nto d eep v alleys a nd h igh p lateaux . T he L oing, h owever, p resents a d ifferent g eomorphology. T he v alley, a lthough o ne o f t he m ajor a ccess r outes s outh f rom t he P aris b asin, i s p oorly d efined, w ith t errace f ormation o ccurring o nly a t t he c onfluence w ith t he S eine. F or m uch o f i ts c ourse t here i s n o s harp b reak i n r elief b etween t he r iver a nd i ts p lateaux. N ear G irolles, f or e xample, t he r iver r uns a t a l evel o f a bout 7 5m . N .G .F . w hile t he p lateau r eaches o nly 1 00m . N .G .F . I n t he A isne a t C oncevreux, t he r iver r uns a t a bout 5 0m . N .G .F . while t he p lateau r ises t o 2 00m . N .G .F . V ertical m ovements o f s ettlement c ould n ot t herefore o ccur i n t he t errain o f t he L oing. O ne c onsequence o f t his i s t hat s ettlement t races o f m any p eriods

a ppear

o n

t he

s ame

s ite.

D espite

t his,

a n umber

o f

m ore

s ubtle c hanges c an b e o bserved t hroughout t he N eolithic. T he

l ate

d ate

o f

t he

B andkeramik

s ettlement

o f

t he

v alley

i s

c onsistent w ith t he v aried s ettlement l ocations. E ssentially, h owever, t hey s how a p reference f or t he p lateau e dges w here h igh g round-water i s p resent i n t he s pring-line a nd r un-off f rom t he p lateau b ehind. T his p attern i s c ontinued i n t he m iddle N eolithic w ith, a s e lsewhere, t he d ominant s ettlement l ocation b eing p romontories. T here i s a lso p erhaps e vidence f or a n e xtension o f m aterial o f t his p eriod a long t he p lateau e dge.

1 28

W ith t he l ate N eolithic, h owever, a s ettlement c hange, a lthough n ot d ramatic, i s s till v isible. I n t he a rea b etween B ezigny a nd B agneaux t he s ettlement c lusters m ove f urther o n t o t he p lateau a nd a s catter o f f inds i ndicates l oess-covered a reas b ehind. A t M ontbouy t he

s ome a ctivity o n t he s ettlements t hemselves

a re l ocated n ear s ources o f w ater o n t he g entle s lopes o f t he r iver o r o n p romontories, b ut t he d istribution o f s tray f inds a gain i ndicates a n e xpansion o n t o t he d rier a reas b ehind . T he o ccupation o f t he S t.Mammes p lateau a t M oret p oints t o a s imilar c onclusion. T his p attern t herefore c onfirms t hat e stablished i n t he A isne-Marne a t S erches a nd T anniares, f or e xample. T he o verall o rganisation o f d ifficult t o d iscern b ecause o f f ieldwork a nd t he a bsence o f a

t he s ettlement p attern i s more t he f ragmentary n ature o f t he r egional p attern o f p eriodised

s ites. T he E xpanded V illage P attern h as b een s uggested f or t he s ites a round t he a ll e c ouverte a t ' St.Lazare' a t M oret, e ven a lthough o nly t en i nhumations w ere r ecorded f rom t his t omb . T he m ost

i mportant

s ettlement

e vidence

h owever

i s

c ontained

i n

t he

i nformation o n l ocal i ndustry a t G irolles a nd L a V ignette. A s a t R omigny-Lhgry ( Aisne), Y port ( Seine-Maritime) a nd M anneville ( Eure) i t i s w ith t he l ate N eolithic t hat n ew f lint s ources w ere e xtensively e xploited. T here i s n o i ndication t hat d eep s hafts w ere d ug o r t hat t he f lint a nd s andstone-chert w ere e xploited b y g roups o f f ull-time m iners. T he a bundance o f s ettlement i nformation i n t he a rea a nd t he c ombination o f d omestic a rtefacts w ith e vidence f or p olishing

a nd

f inishing

o n

t he

s ame

l ocal e xploitation.

1 29

s ites

s uggests

a g enuinely

F OOTNOTE N o. T he

l ocation

o f

1 ( Chapter S ix)

M ontmorencian

s ites

h as

t o

s ome

e xtent

b een

d ealt w ith b y T arrate i n h is r ecent s tudy ( 1977). P resented a s F igures 6 .20; 6 .21; 6 .22 a re t hree m aps o f t he d etailed l ocations o f t hese s ites, a t M ontmorency i tself, V erriares a nd S enlisse. T he m ap o f t he s ites a t M ontmorency i llustrates o nly p art o f t he t otal d istribution o f M ontmorencian s ites i n t his a rea . T oday c hestnut c haracterises t he a reas o f c lay s oils w hile t he h eavily p odzolised s ands b ear a b irch v egetation. T he d etailed s equences a t t hese s ites a re g iven b y T arrate a nd a re n ot r epeated ' here. T he s ites a re l ocated h igh o n t he s lopes ' sur l es f lancs d e l a t able g raseuse' w here

t he

s andstone-chert

o utcrops.

1 30

C HAPTER S EVEN: T he B andkeramik I ntroduction N ORTHERN F RANCE ( i) T he Y onne ( ii) L ater B andkeramik S ettlement ( iii) T he P lain o f C aen ( a)

F unerary monuments

( b)

S ettlement

( iv) The

s ites

S omme

C OMPARISONS WITH B ANDKERAMIK AREAS O UTSIDE F RANCE ( i) T he D utch L imburg ( ii) The U ntermaingebiet ( iii) T he A ldenhoven p lateau THE E CONOMIC E VIDENCE ( i) A nimals ( ii) C ereals ( iii) C learance p hases D ISCUSSION AND C ONCLUSIONS

I NTRODUCTION E ven i f w e

c annot

b e

s ure

t hat

s ystems

o f e xtensive

l and

u se h ave p receded t he i ntensive o nes i n e very p art o f t he w orld, t here s eems t o b e l ittle r eason t o d oubt t hat t he t ypical s equence o f d evelopment o f a griculture h as b een a g radual c hange... f rom e xtensive t o i ntensive t ypes o f l and u se. ( Boserup,

1 965)

W hile B oserup's m odel o f a gricultural d evelopment h as f ocused o ur a ttention o n t he p roblems o f p attern a nd p rocess i n a grarian p rehistory, i t i s s ignificant t hat b oth i n t he t emperate a nd t ropical z ones h er c onclusions h ave r ecently b een q uestioned ( Harris, 1 969; S herratt, 1 980). I n N ew G uinea a nd M elanesia, i t i s c lear ( Allen, 1 977) t hat t he a gricultural s ystem i s c omplex a nd i ncludes h ouse p lot g ardens, s imple a nd d eveloped s widden s ystems, a nd m ore c omplex l abour-intensive t echniques. W hile v arieties o f s widden a griculture a re d ominant h ere, b ased o n a s taple c rop o f s weet p otato i n d eep a nd n aturally f ertile r iver t erraces o r s wamps, a ttempts t o s ee t his a s t he o riginal m ode o f p roduction h ave o ften f ailed t o t ake i nto a ccount t he r ecent a nd i ntrusive n ature o f t he s weet p otato. A s G olson r emarks ( 1976), i t i s g enerally a greed t hat t he f irst e ffects o f t he i ntroduction o f t his c rop i ncluded t he a bandonment a griculture. I n M elanesia i tself i ntensive h as n ot b een l inear o r H art,

1 971).

A merica

S imilar

( Harris,

S widden

c onclusions

o f i ntensive f or e xtensive t he c hange f rom e xtensive t o i rreversible ( Brookfield w ith h ave

b een, r eached

w ith

f ixed-plot

i n

s outhern

1 971).

a griculture

c ontrasts

h orticulture

i n

t he h igher l evel o f t echnology r equired while t he l atter i s m ore a n e xample o f e cosystem m anipulation t han e cosystem t ransformation ( op.cit.). T his t ecnnological s implicity h as b een a nother a rgument i n f avour o f t he t emporal p riority o f h orticulture o ver s widdening. I t r equires l ess t ime a nd e nergy f or a h igh p roductivity

a nd

i s

e cologically

c omplex

i n

i ts

d ependence

o n

a

w ide v ariety o f s pecies. H arris h as a lso s uggested t hat i t e xplains b etter t he ' rubbish t ip' t heory o f d omestication ( 1971). A s B rookfield w ith H art r emark ( op.cit.), e xtensive s ystems o f a griculture r equire t he i nput o f m ore l and w ithout a c orresponding i ncrease i n o ther i nputs, while i ntensity i s m easured b y t he a ddition o f i nputs u p t o, o r b eyond, t he m argin w here t he a pplication o f f urther i nputs w ill n ot i ncrease t he t otal p roductivity. W ith f ixed-plot h orticulture i nput o f a ny k ind i s m inimal. T here w ould a ppear t o b e n o m ove t owards t he s pecialisation o f c rops a nd i n s ome c ases n o n eed f or f ertilisation . A s w e h ave s een i n N ew G uinea, t he c rops a re p lanted o n n aturally f ertile r iver t erraces o r s wamps a nd i n t he T ehuacan v alley ' a s imilar r eliance o n f ertile s oils w ith y ear-round w ater s upplies c an b e o bserved ( Bray, 1 977). T his h as a lso b een s uggested f or E urope a nd t he N ear E ast ( Sherratt, 1 980). U nlike l ater i ntensive s ystems, h owever, w hich d emanded m ore a nd m ore i nput o f h uman e ffort a nd r esources t his p hase o f f ixed-plot h orticulture i s n aturally i ntensive.

1 32

T he w ork o f S oudsky a t B ylany e stablished t he m odel f or B andkeramik e conomy i n t erms o f e xtensive s widden a griculture i nvolving t he r otation o f s ites, B randwirtschaft a nd m anual c ultivation ( 1966) T his m odel w as i n 1 954. B ut a s S herratt r emarks:

e xtensively d ealt w ith b y

C lark

a f urther a rgument a gainst s eeing s widden c ultivation a s a f eature o f g reat a ntiquity , e specially i n t emperate e nvironments, i s i ts r estriction i n r ecent t imes t o t he m ost m arginal E uropean h abitats, u sually , u nder c oniferous f orest. ( 1980, 3 14) E ven b efore t he r ecognition t hat s ettlement a nalyses m ight b e o f u se i n a nswering t his q uestion, t he a bsence o f e ffective, l arge s tone a xes a nd o f w idespread c learance p hases i n t he p ollen r ecord a t t his t ime r eexamination .

s uggested

t hat

S oudsky's

m odel

m ight

n eed

K ruk's c laim ( 1973) t hat t he e arliest B andkeramik o ccupation o f L ittle P oland c onsisted o f a p hase o f f ixed-plot h orticulture d epends o n t he f ollowing e vidence. F irst t he d istribution o f s ites i s e ntirely r estricted t o t he l ower l andscape z ones a long t he v alley m argins a nd t erraces. T he h igher l andscape z ones r emain u ninhabited. T his s uggests t hat t he a rea o f e conomic e xploitation i ncluded b oth t he d rier a lluvial z ones a nd e ven t he s easonally f looded a reas o f t he l owest t erraces. I n t hese e cological n iches t he u se o f a s ystem o f a griculture d ependent o n B randwirtschaft s eems i mpracticable. E ven o n d ry s trips s uch a t echnique w ould h ave b een l imited b y t he s urrounding w etness, f requent s tream i ntersections a nd h igh g round w ater. S uch a s ystem w ould h ave r equired t he u se o f t he u plands f or w hich t here i s n o a rchaeological e vidence. T he u se o f f ire a s a s elective i nstrument i n t he r emoval o f s hrubs a nd s mall t rees - s urface b urning - i s h owever d ifficult t o d ocument a nd s eems i nherently p robable. T he r estricted n ature o f t he m icroregions s elected b y t hese c ommunities s uggests t hat t he i nput o f l and n ecessary f or a n e xtensive a gricultural s ystem w as n ot a vailable a nd t he l ength o f o ccupation o n t he s ites a rgues f or s tability . I n v iew o f t he h igh e daphic p otential o f t he s oil, a nd i ts n atural f ertilisation b y c yclical f loods, h ill-wash a nd w hat c ould h ave b een a s ignificant n itrogenous r oot-crop, a n i ntensive g arden h orticulture w ould h ave b een p ossible. I n t his c ase v egetables a nd p ulses a ssociated p erhaps w ith b arley, m illet a nd r ye w ould h ave y ielded a h igher p roductivity t han c orn a lone. A s ystem o f t wo-stage f ield r otation i s r ejected b y K ruk ( 1973) s ince i t i s s uggested t hat i t w ould h ave i nvolved p enetration a long t he s maller b rooks. T he l ocation o f t he b igger a nd m ore p ermanent s ettlements i n t he l ower l andscape z ones w ith a s ystem o f s maller s ites a round t hem i ndicated t he e xistence o f t ore c entralised s ettlements w ith c amps p laced t he t erritory t o e xploit t he f urthest f ields. K ruk's

w ork

h as

s hown

t hat

t he

e vidence

o n

f or

t he

e dge

o f

a s ystem

o f

e xtensive s widdening a nd B randwirtschaft i s n o l onger t enable i n t he B andkeramik . B ut i t h as p olarised t he d iscussion b etween g arden a griculture a nd s widden, p ermanently s ettled a nd m igratory, a nd

1 33

i ntensive

a nd

e xtensive.

T he

f act

t hat

t he

d ominant

c ereal

r ecovered f rom K ruk's a rea i n t he B andkeramik i s w heat, a nd t hat t his i s p rimarily a n o pen-field c rop n ot p articularly s uited t o g arden c ultivation w arns a gainst t he a doption o f a n arrow m odel, a nd K ruk h as r ecently a mended h is v iews o n t his T he p remise o n w hich t he

c yclical

( 1980b).

r otation o f

s ites w as b ased

w as s oil e xhaustion. K ruk h as a rgued t hat i n t he m icroregions o f B andkeramik s ettlement t his i s u nlikely t o h ave b een a p roblem a nd t his i s c onfirmed b y t he R othamstead e xperiments a nd o thers e xamined

i n

C hapter

2 .

a re s urely t he n atural a fter t hree d ecades o f

M oreover

s mall

f ixed-plot

k itchen

g ardens

d ispersal a rea f or o rganic r ubbish. E ven c ontinuous c ropping w ith n o f ertiliser,

h owever, t he c rop a t R othamstead w as s till p roducing 7 0% o f i ts y ield f or t he f irst t hree y ears. E xperiments i n N igerian a nd t he Y ucatan h ave c onfirmed t his f or t ropical c limates a lso ( Wibert, 1 961).

B ut

i t

i s

n ot

n ecessary

f or

s ettlements

t o

r otate

w ith

s widden f allow s ystems. O nly t he f ields n eed r otate. A mong g roups w here s widdening i s s till p ractised t he m ain r easons f or s uch m ovements a re e ither s upernatural o r m ore o ften w eeds. E ven w ith a p lot o f a s s mall a s a n a cre, t here c omes a p oint w hen w eeding, a lways t edious, m ay t ake t wice a s l ong a s c learing a n ew p lot. B y t his

s tage

i t

w ill

a lso

b e

c ausing

a

s ignificant

d ecline

i n

y ields. I n s outh A merica, t his o ccurs a fter t wo o r t hree y ears a lthough s ettlement r elocation o ccurs o nly when i t i s l ess e ffort t han w alking t o t he f urthest p lots. L athrap ( 1970) i s h appy t o s peak o f s widden g arden p lots. I n

t hese

e nvironments

t he

e ssential

d ifference

b etween f ixed-

p lot h orticulture a nd s widden s ystems h as b een s een a s w hether o ne c rop w as d ominant, a nd n ot w hether t he c rop c onsisted o f c ereals o r v egetables. H ouse g ardens a re n ormally r estricted t o t he i mmediate v icinity o f t he r esidence w here a c ontrolled e nvironment p revails a nd t he v ariety o f s pecies g rown o ften p roves a s ecurity a gainst s easonal s carcity. T his s ort o f e vidence i s d ifficult t o r ecover f rom e xcavation. C ereals p redominate i n t he a rchaeological r ecord b ecause u nlike v egetables a nd p ulses t hey a re m ore a ssociated w ith c ooking p rocesses t hat e nsure c arbonisation. W ith t he m ore w idespread

a pplication

o f

s ieving

t echniques

a nd

m icro-floral

a nalysis, v egetable a nd p ulse r emains a re a ppearing m ore f requently. B akels h as s uggested t hat i n a ddition t o s mall g arden p lots, s mall c learings, m ore d istant f rom t he s ettlement e xisted w here c ereals, t ogether p erhaps w ith p eas w ere g rown ( 1978). W hether a s mall-scale r elocation o f t hese f ields o ccurred f rom t ime t o t ime s eems r elatively i nsignificant. T he m ain p oint i s t hat e conomic s trategy w as d irected t o a n i ntensive s table e xploitation o f l imited a reas o f p articular h igh g round-water n iches. N ORTHERN F RANCE T he w hole p attern o f v alley s ettlement a nd s iting w ithin t he v alleys i s c dnsistent w ith t he e xistence i n n orthern F rance a t t his s tage o f a n i ntensive g arden s ystem o f c ereal c ultivation.

( Whittle,

1 34

1 977,

1 86)

O f t he t hree s tudy a reas, o nly s ufficient e vidence o f B andkeramik

t he A isne-Marne h as p roduced material t o j ustify W hittle's

h ypothesis. T he r estricted l ocation o f t hese s ites o n t he l ower, a lluvium-covered g ravel t errace h as a lready b een i ndicated. T he f requent m eanders i n t he r iver h ave c reated t he i mpression t hat t his o ccurs a s s eparate u nits o r i slands. A t t he t ime o f o ccupation t hese a reas w ere c overed b y a n o pen, m eadow v egetation a nd a s oil o f m eadow, c hernozemic-like a ppearance w ith a r ich, b lack o rganic A h orizon. I t w as l ight, e asy t o w ork a nd w atered b y s pring f loods a nd r un-off f rom t he p lateau b ehind. M ost i mportant o f a ll i t w as n aturally r efertilised b y t he d eposition o f f lood l oam . O n t hese a reas s ettlement c onsisted o f s mall h amlets o f t wo - t hree h ouses, e ach h amlet o n i ts o wn i sland o f a lluvial s oil. T he a mount o f l and a vailable w ithin t hese a reas i s l ikely t o h ave b een g reatly i n e xcess o f t he a mount r equired t o s upport t hese c ommunities e ven u sing t he f ormer m odel o f a s widden s ystem o f e xploitation. T he o ccupation o f t he s ites i s o f l ong d uration a nd t here i s n o e vidence f or t he c yclical r otation o f s ites ( 1966) a t B ylany . A s S herratt c oncludes: t he

i mplication

o f

a ll

t his

s uggested

i s

b y

t hat

S oudsky

e arly

a griculturalists o ccupied o nly a n arrow z one o f m aximum p roductivity, i n a n e ssentially s mall-scale t hough l ocally i ntensive s ystem o f c ultivation . ( 1980, T his

p attern c an b e

s een i n o ther a reas o f

3 15)

F rance.

( i) T HE Y ONNE W hile t he s ort o f i ntensive g round a nd a ir s urvey c onducted i n t he A isne h as n ot o ccurred h ere, t he p resence o f o ver t wenty s ites a ttributable t o t he B andkeramik p eriod o ffers a f irm b asis f or a c omparative s tudy o f t he s ettlement p attern. F igures 7 .1 a nd 7 .2 s how t he l ocation o f s ome o f t he m ajor s ites i n r elation t o t heir t opography. T he f irst p oint t o b e m ade i s t hat, a s i n t he A isne, B andkeramik s ettlement i s r estricted t o t he l ower a lluvium-covered g ravel

t errace.

T he

s ite a t A rmeau i s

o n t he r ight b ank. B andkeramik s ite f or

s ituated 3 00m .

U ntil r ecently, w hich a d etailed

i t w as a nalysis

f rom t he

r iver

t he o nly F rench o f t he f auna a nd

f lora h ad b een c onducted a nd i t i s a ssociated w ith a C 14 d ate o f 4 2651.6 5 b .c. ( GrN 6 781). T he p ollen a nalysis ( URA 1 976) s howed a v ery

l ow p ercentage

o f

a rboreal

p ollen

( less

t han

2 0%)

c onfirming

t he r esults f rom C uiry-les-Chaudardes. A mongst t he w eeds, m eadow s pecies p redominate b ut w ith a n a ppearance o f c ereals a t 0 .11% . P oulain's w ork o n t he f aunal r emains i ndicates a n e qual p redominance o f c attle a nd s heep. 1 0 i ndividuals w ere r ecovered o f e ach . S igns o f c utting a nd g nawing w ere p resent o n t he b ones a nd t here w as a b ias t owards t he h eavy, m eat b ones. R ed r epresented o nly b y s hed a ntlers a nd t he b ones o f e xtremities. N ot a s ingle r ed d eer m eat b one w as p resent

d eer w as t he l imb ( Poulain,

1 975). t he

A t C haumont a nd C ourlon, t wo s ites Y onne, s everal B andkeramik h ouses

p osition

i s

i ndicated

o n

F igure

1 35

7 .1

f acing e ach o ther a cross h ave b een f ound. T heir

a nd

o nce

a gain

b oth

s ites

e xhibit a t ypical B andkeramik s ettlement l ocation. S imilar r esults c an b e s een f or V illeneuve-sur-Yonne a nd A ugy ( Figure 7 .2). F rom t he l ocational e vidence a nd l imited e xcavation o f t hese s ites i t i s c lear t hat s ettlement o ccurs a s a s eries o f h amlets f ollowing t he l ower r iver t errace. O ften h amlets o ccur o pposite e ach o ther b ut w ithout t he b enefit o f a n o verall s urvey i t i s d ifficult t o t ell w hether w hether v alley.

t hey o ccur a s t he s ettlement

d istinct, i solated g roups i s c ontinuous a long t he

o f h amlets o r l ength o f t he

A s imilar p attern h as a lso b een c onfirmed i n t he O ise. W ork b y B lanchet a nd F itte ( 1978) h as u ncovered a s tring o f B andkeramik a nd l ater

B andkeramik

P ontpoint ( 'Moru ' a nd V erbene.

s ites a nd

o n

' Le

t he

l ower

J oncey'),

O ise

t errace.

C ompiAgne,

T hese

i nclude

L ongueil-Ste.-Marie

( ii) L ATER B ANDKERAMIK S ETTLEMENT I n

b oth

t he

A isne-Marne

a nd

t he

Y onne,

l ater

B andkeramik

s ettlement o ccurred i n t he s ame l andscape z ones a s t he e arlier s ites. O ften i t o ccurred o n t he s ame s ite, a bove e arlier d eposits. T here i s e vidence f rom C ys-la-Commune a nd f rom P ontpoint t hat w ithin t he i slands o f a lluvium p eriodic s hifting o f s ettlement o ccurred. A t P ontpoint t he s ite a t ' Moru' h as b een a ssigned t o t he V illeneuve g roup w hile a t ' Le J oncey' i t r esembles m ore t he l ater A isne ' culture'. T he e vidence f rom t he L oing, h owever, s uggests t hat i t w as a t t his p eriod t hat a m ore v aried s ettlement p attern e merged i ncluding t he o ccupation o f t he p lateau e dge a nd m ore m inor s treams. T he a ppearance o f d itched e nclosur s a lso b een c ommented o n . T hree i ndividual s ites n ew d evelopments. 1 .

' Les G rAves d e F recul',

( Piette,

B arbuise-Courtavent

a t t his p oint h as c haracterise t hese

( Aube)

1 974)

T he s ite w as d ug i n t he e arly 1 970s b ut i ts p ublication h as r emained o bscure. I t i s l ocated i n t he S eine p lain 2 .5km . f rom t he S eine a t t he e astern e xtremity o f a s hallow v alley . T he a rea h as a lso p roduced a n umber o f l ate N eolithic t ombs. T his l ocation a way f rom t he r iver i s i tself i ndicative o f a c hanged l ocational p reference. T he s ite c onsists o f a n e nclosure r epresented b y a c omplex s eries o f i nterrupted d itch s egments w ith a m ore c ontinuous p alisade b ehind. P ottery f rom t he d itches h as b een a ssigned t o B ailloud's C erny p hase a lthough t here a re i ndications i n t he a ppearance o f s ome C hassgen t raits a nd r epousge b uttons e nclosure i s l ate i n t he l ater B andkeramik s equence. 2 .

M enneville

t hat

t he

( Aisne)

A n e arlier e nclosure h as b een r ecovered f rom t he v alley-bottom o f t he A isne a t M enneville, j ust W hile m aterial f rom i ts d itches

t o t he e ast o f t he s tudy a rea. i s n ot a bundant i t h as b een

s uggested ( URA 1 2, 1 977) t hat t he p ointed s hape o f i ts d itch i s b est p aralleled i n t he e arly, G rossgartach e nclosure a t L angweiler 1 2. W hile i ts l ocation i n t he v alley i s s imilar t o t he e arlier B andkeramik m aterial f ound i n t his c ommune, t he p resence o f a n e nclosure a t

t his e arly d ate i s

i nteresting.

1 36

3 .

L es R oches, V idelles

( Essonne)

O f a ll C erny s ites, V idelles i s p erhaps t he m ost w idely c ited. T he d etails o f i ts m aterial c ulture a re w ell k nown ( Bailloud a nd C oiffard, 1 967). I ts g eographical l ocation i s i ndicated i n F igure 7 .3. I ts i mportance l ies i n i ts p osition o n t he e dge o f t he i nterfluve a nd i n t he a ssociated p ollen p rofile. O ccupation w as b rief a nd f orest r egeneration s oon f ollowed. B ailloud a nd C oiffard ( op.cit.) d escribed i t a s t he o ccupation o f n ot m ore t han o ne f amily f or o ne y ear. T he c olonisation o f n ew l andscape z ones w ithin t he a reas o f p revious o ccupation i s c omplemented b y t he c olonisation o f n ew a reas a ltogether. O ne o f t hese i s t he P lain o f C aen. ( iii) T HE P LAIN O F C AEN ( Figure T he a rea 8 00km 2 b ounded O rne, t o t he F alaise. T his

7 .4)

o f t he p lain o f C aen t o b e e xamined c onsists o f o ver t o t he n orth b y t he t own o f C aen, t o t he w est b y t he e ast b y t he D ives a nd t o t he s outh b y t he A nte a t a rea h as b een c hosen f or t hree r easons. F irst, i t

c ontains e vidence o f t he r elationship b etween t he B andkeramik a nd m egalithic m onuments ( e.g. L a H oguette, F ontenay-le-Marmion), s econd, t he s ettlement a ppears t o b e l ate i n t he B andkeramik s equence, s hows t he w hich

a nd t hird, t his, m ore t han a ny o ther a rea o f F rance, c ontinuity o f B andkeramik a nd m iddle N eolithic s ettlement

j ustifies

i t

b eing

c alled

a S iedlungskammer.

a ll N eolithic s ites f or N ormandy h ave b een c ontoured d ensity m ap b ased o n t he n umber o f

I n

F igure

7 .5

p lotted o ut a s a s ites o ccurring i n

e ach 5 km 2 . W hile t his m ap p artly r eflects t he b iases o f f ieldwork t he c oncentration o f s ettlement h ere a nd i ts i solation f rom a reas n earer t he S eine e stuary i s s triking ( information p lotted f rom B ender,

1 968).

T he

s ites

i nclude

L a

H oguette

a nd

L a

H ogue,

M ont

J oly, L es L ongrais, a nd M acg . A n umber o f b arrows i n t Le a rea m ay a lso b e r elated t o t his o ccupation - L a B utte d u H u ( Condg-surI fs), B ellengreville-Chichebouville. i n

T he c hronology o f t hese s ites h as b een e xamined i n s ome d etail C hapter 3 a nd w ill n ot b e r epeated h ere. I n s ummary i t a ppears

t hat a ll a vailable i ndications p oint t o a d ate i n t he l ater B andkeramik, a fter B ailloud's I nitial R RBP p hase. T he s equence f rom t he C arriare B osec a t J ort i s a c lassic e xample f or t his a rea . T he p rofile i s a ssociated s uggesting

r eproduced a s F igure 7 .6. T he e arliest m aterial i s w ith s chist b racelets a nd c omb d ecorated p ottery a d ating w ith t he V illeneuve g roup. C erny m aterial

o ccurs a bove t his a nd C hassgo-Campignian o ccupation o ccurs i n t he u pper l evel. T he s ite i s c losed t o t he s outh-west ' par u ne b utte d e t erre d ont l es f ouilleurs o nt r econnu l a n ature a rtficielle' ( Edeine, T he t his

1 965a). s oil

c over

s ettlement.

o n T he

t he

P lain

h igh

a lso

c halk

s hows

c ontent

t he h as

u nusual

n ature

e ncouraged

o f t he

f ormation o f r endzinas. A round S oumont-St.-Quentin t hese c onsist o f n ormal r endzinas b ut m uch o f t he r est o f t he p lateau i s c overed b y r ed r endzinas. T hese d iffer f rom n ormal r endzinas b y t he i nclusion o f i ron o xide ( hence t he c olour). T hey h ave a s table s tructure a nd a re i n t he m ain i deal f or c ereal c ultivation .

1 37

( a)

F unerary m onuments

L a H oguette i s t he o nly m egalith t o h ave p roduced e vidence o f B andkeramik o ccupation. T his o ccurs i n t he f orm o f l ater B andkeramik p ottery b eneath a s lab i n c hamber I II a nd a lso s kirting t he r evetment. T he m aterial f rom c hamber I II i s a ssociated w ith t he p alaeosol ( Cailloud a nd L agnel, 1 972). V erron ( 1975a) h as s uggested t hat t he t omb c ould w ell h ave b een b uilt b y a B andkeramik p opulation. T he r est o f t he m aterial t here i s h owever tC hassgent. A s econd

t omb

o f

s imilar

t ype

b ut

w ithout

i ndication

o f

B andkeramik

o rigins i s l ocated 6 00m . a way a t L a H ogue. B oth s ites o ccur o n t he g entle s lopes o f a m inor t ributary o f t he O rne. A nalysis o f t he s oil p reserved b eneath L a H oguette h as c onfirmed t hat t he s oil c over w as c omposed o f a r endzina a t t he t ime o f i ts c onstruction. A n umber o f o ther t ombs i n t he P lain m ay a lso b e c omparable.

L a B utte

d u H u ( Condg-sur-Ifs), d ug b y G aleron i n 1 833, r evealed a p assage g rave w ith a c ircular c hamber, w hile, a bout i m ile s outh n ear E rnes a nother t omb o f s imilar t ype w as e xcavated i n 1 844. F inally , i n t he r egion o f B ellengreville-Chichebouville t hree b arrows o f F ontenay t ype w ere v isible a t l east u p t o 1 820. A ll o f t hese s ites a ppear t o h ave b een l ocated o n t he g entle s lopes o f o ne o f t he m any s treams t hat i ntersect t he P lain. ( b)

S ettlement

Q uentin,

s ites

T he t wo m ajor s ettlements a re M ont a nd M acg, J ort. B oth a re p romontory

J oly, s ites

S oumont-St.a nd a t b oth

t here i s e vidence f or a d efensive o utwork o n t he s ide u nprotected b y s teep s lopes. I n a ddition, b oth s how ' Chassgeny c ontinuity: t he d ating o f t he o utworks m ay w ell b e r estricted t o t his l ater p hase. M ont J oly h as t he m ore i mpressive l ocation . T he s ite i s a s quaree nded p romontory o verlooking a n arrow g orge i n t he L iason r iver a s i t f lows n orth b elow S oumont-St.-Quentin. T he L iason i s t he m ajor a ccess r oute a cross t he p lain. i s o bvious f rom t he g round. A s

i n

t he

L oing,

i n

t he

T he

c ommanding p osition o f t his

a bsence

o f

w ide

v alleys

a nd

s ite l ater

g lacial t erraces a ssociated w ith B andkeramik o ccupation e lsewhere, t he s ettlement p attern i s m ore d iverse. A ll t he s ites a re a ssociated w ith t he w ell-developed h ydrographic n etwork o f t he P lain: t he f unerary m onuments o ccur o n m id-slope o verlooking t he w ater-course. W ith t he e xception o f t he s ite a t L es L ongrais, S oumont-St.-Quentin, w hich m ust a nyway b e s een i n t he c ontext o f t he o ccupation n earby a t M ont J oly, a ll t he s ettlements o ccur o n p romontories a nd i ndicate a l ong a nd s table o ccupation. T his s uggests

a s uccessful

e xploitation

o f

t he

r esources

o f

t he

p lain.

N ot a ll o f t hese a re l ikely t o h ave b een a gricultural. O ne o f t he m ost i mportant f eatures o f t he a rea i s t he o ccurrence o f e xtensive f lint d eposits j ust b elow t he s urface. T he a ssociation o f a h eavy C ampignian e lement w ith t he l ater B andkeramik c an b e s een a t J ort a nd a t t he t ype s ite o f t he C ampignian - C ampigny . R ecent w ork b y C onstantin e t.al. ( 1978) h as s hown t hat a p re-Chassgen o ccupation a t C ampigny w as p resent. T he o ccurrence t his d ate i s n ot s urprising. N ormandy i s

o f h eavy f lintworking a t a n a rea o f f requent f lint

o utcrops, t he e xploitation o f w hich m ight b e e xpected a s s ettlement e xpanded o ut o f t he v alleys a nd i nto t he a reas o f t he o utcrops. A t

1 38

S oumont-St.-Quentin t he p roximity o f a l ong-lived d efended e nclosure s et h igh a bove a g orge o n t he m ain r iverine a ccess r oute t o t he P lain, t o a s eries o f f lint m ines s eems m ore t han f ortuitous. A lthough n o w ork h as b een d one o n d ating t hese m ines t hey o ccur a t S oumont i tself a t ' Les C arriares' a nd ' Mathieu M arie' w ith a b ell-shaped e xtraction p it 1 00m , t o t he s outh . A nother m ine o ccurs i n t he s tream a t S oignolles. T he m ines a re r eally n o m ore t han s imple p its. W hile n o w orking o ccurs a round t he p its t hemselves, t he f ields b ordering t hem a re s trewn w ith C ampignian a rtefacts. ( iv) T HE S OMME ( Figure 7 .8) A f inal c omparison w ithin F rance m ay b e m ade w ith t he r iver S omme. T wo B andkeramik s ettlements a re k nown f or t his a rea B elloy-sur-Somme a nd L ongpr6-les-Corps-Saints. F igure 7 .8 s hows t hat t hese two s ites l ie o n t he l ower t errace o f t he r iver i n t he n ow c haracteristic l ocation o f s ites o f t his p eriod. E xpansion o ut o f t his z one i s i ndicated b y t he d istribution o f s tray a xes o f R össen t ype w hich o ccur a way f rom t he v alley b ottom , o n t he i nterfluves. A s imilar p attern w ill b e e xamined i n r egard t o R össen a xes

i n t he N etherlands. C OMPARISONS W ITH B ANDKERAMIK A REAS O UTSIDE F RANCE

( i) T HE D UTCH L IMBURG T he c ompact

c luster o f

s ettlement

( Siedlungskammer)

a long

t he

M aas i n t he D utch L imburg c an b e s een f rom B akel's m ap r eproduced a s F igure 7 .9. T his i ncludes t he l arge, e xcavated s ites o f S ittard a nd E lsloo. A t t he l atter, M odderman ( 1975) h as s hown t hat t he s ite c onsisted o f n ot m ore t han 1 00 p eople. I n a ll b ut t he l ast p hase t he h ouses w ere o f n ormal B andkeramik l onghouse c onstruction a nd w ere

f ew i n n umber.

I n

t he

l ast

p hase

a bout

1 0-15

s maller

h ouses

w ere r ecovered w ith o ne l arger b uilding. T he o verall s ettlement p attern o f t his a rea h as r ecently b een e xamined b y B akels ( 1978). F igure 7 .9 s hows c learly h ow t he s ites a re, w ithout e xception, l ocated o n t he l oess p lateau . I n t his l andscape l arge d ifferences i n t he h eight b etween t he p lateau a nd t he M aas a re n ot p resent. F igure 7 .9 s uggests t hat d ifferent t ypes o f s ites c an b e i dentified. S ome a re l ong s ausage-shaped a reas o f o ccupation e xtending a lmost l km . i n l ength a nd i km . w ide. T hese m ust s urely r epresent

t he p eriodic

s hifting o f

s ettlements o ccupied o ver a l ong

t ime. S urrounding t hese a re l ess e xtensive t races o f s ettlement. T his s uggests a s imilarity w ith K ruk's m odel o f l arge, c entral s ettlements w ith s maller s ites s urrounding t hem t o e xploit m ore d istant t erritory. N one l oess a nd a ll s how a n etwork.

T he

o f t he s ites o ccurs i n t he c entre o f t he c lose a ssociation w ith t he h ydrographic

p recipitation

i s

h igh

( 700-725mm .

p er

y ear).

T his

p attern c ontrasts w ith t hat o bserved i n F rance m ost c learly i n i ts n on-linearity, a nd t he d istance o f t he s ites f rom t he r iver. T his h as l ed B akels t o s uggest t hat c ontrary t o K ruk's m odel f ields w ere l ocated o n

t he d ry l oess

p lateau.

T he l ater B andkeramik p attern B andkeramik t he S iedlungskammer

1 39

s hows t hat a fter t he e arlier w as l argely a bandoned a nd

settlement moved further south and east. Whittle's map, Figure 7.10, shows the expansion off the loess, in regard to the location of Rossen axes and clearance phases in local pollen sequences. (ii) THE UNTERMAINGEBIET

Figure 7.11 shows how in this Siedlungskammer the Bandkeramik settlement is also tightly clustered. Meier-Arendt has divided the material into five phases on the basis of the pottery (1966). The oldest material occurs without exception on river-borne soils. He himself points to the high ground-water of these areas. Settlement does occur on the loess but it is not restricted to it. Brown earths, deep calcareous loams and alluvium are also settled. The association of these sites with valley locations is further strengthened by the fact that even those sites apparently distant from water are near old water channels. Within these five phases there is much internal movement. Hodder and Orton have recently tried to simulate the pattern of this development (1976).

In the succeeding periods a pattern of settlement contraction is evident. This can be seen in the smaller number of sites present on Figure 7 .12. By the Michelsberg period (Figure 7.13) this has decreased even further. This contraction is associated with the centralisation of the sites in the form of ditched enclosures. (iii) THE ALDENHO VEN PLATEAU

Extensive fieldwork and excavation on areas threatened by coal mining between Aachen and Koln has allowed the accumulation of much settlement evidence relating to the Bandkeramik occupation of this area. Hamond has recently conducted a simulation study of the colonisation of this region (1981). The settlement pattern shows much resemblance to that examined in France, particularly in the recognition that a dense overall post-hole pattern often represents no more than a small hamlet. These hamlets are part of much larger settlements extending over several kilometers. The location of the sites in regard to local soil types and topography can be seen in Figure 7. 14.

Dohrn-Ihmig (1979) has recently examined the settlement pattern at a regional scale in an analysis of both the Aachen-Koln sites and those around Koblenz. Figure 7.14 shows that the sites are almost exclusively located on loess. Within this restriction the distribution follows the line of the major streams. Areas of more random patterning have been indicated by Dr W. Schwellnus (pers. comm.). Where the presence of heavier impermeable sub-soils has led to a high water-table and subsequent flooding, the Bandkeramik sites have a non-linear distribution to take advantage of the ground-water. THE EC ONOMIC EVIDEN CE (i) ANIMALS (Figures 7.15; 7. 16)

Poulain's survey of the animal bones indicates the predominance of cattle in the Bandkeramik faunal assemblages (1973). At Armeau they occur with an equal number of sheep, but

140

c attle a re c learly t he 4 6.5% a gainst 2 0 .8% f or

d ominant s pecies a t C uiry-les-Chaudardes: s heep. A t P ernant, o n a n a dmittedly s mall

s ample, c attle n umber 5 0% , a nd a t P etit-Vaux i n t he Y onne a ll t he d omesticated b ones r ecovered w ere o f t his s pecies. T he a ssociation o f c attle a nd s heep, i n t hat o rder o f d ominance, c an b e s een a t B elloy-sur-Somme w here c attle a ccount f or 5 0% a nd s heep f or 3 0% b one f ragments). T he

i mportance

o f

c attle

d oes

n ot

d iminish

i n

t he

( of

l ater

B andkeramik. A lthough n o p recise f igures h ave b een p ublished, t hey a re w ell r epresented a t B erry-au-Bac, V illeneuve-St.-Germain a nd a t t he

e arly

e nclosure

a t

M enneville

w hich

i s

r eported

t o

h ave

p roduced n othing b ut c attle ( URA 1 2, 1 976). A n i ncrease i n t he p ercentage o f c attle c an b e s een a t M arolles-sur-Seine w here 7 0% o f i ndividuals w ere c attle a nd 2 0% s heep. T he r ecent a nalyses f rom C ompiAgne i n t he O ise a lso s upport t he i dea o f c attle a s t he d ominant d omesticate. S ome r egional v ariations o ccur. A t V idelles, f or e xample,

p ig i s

t he d ominant s pecies.

T he e vidence i s c learer i n e astern F rance. T he t able b elow g ives t he s tatistics f or t he m ost r ecently e xcavated s ites. A ll a re B andkeramik i n d ate. H attstatt

R osheim

R eichstett

C attle

2 5.64

3 3.33

3 2.16

3 4.78

P ig S heep

1 5.38 2 5 .64

1 6.66 1 6.66 1 6.66

2 2.22 1 8 .71

3 0.43 1 7.39 1 .08

G oat D og

7 .69

E ntzheim

1 .16

% I

T his a gain i ndicates t he i mportance o f e conomy w ith a s econdary i mportance f or

c attle i n t he B andkeramik s heep. O f t he c attle b ones

e xamined o nly o ne w as n ot o f a n a dult b ut a mongst t he s heep w ere l ess t han o ne y ear o ld. A ll t he g oats w ere o ld a nd o ne n oted a s b eing p articularly a ged . A s ummary o f t he a ggregate s tructure o f a ll d omesticates i s g iven b elow . H attstatt R osheim

V ery y oung 5 .12

R eichstett E ntzheim

4 .68 6 .52

Y oung 7 .69

A dult 8 7.17 1 00.00

5 .26 1 1.95

9 0.60 8 1.53

3 0% w as a ge

I n t he s ucceeding G rossgartach p hase h owever t here i s a n oticeable c hange. I nformation i s a vailable f or R eichstett a lone. P igs n ow p redominate a t 4 2.85% a nd c attle a ccount f or n o m ore t han 1 9.4% . S heep a re p resent a t T he

p resence

o f

2 3.8% . h igh

p ercentages

o f

p ig

i s

p hase o f e xpansion i nto m ore a fforested l andscape

c onsistent z ones.

B andkeramik b one a ssemblages f rom N orthern F rance C uiryTles-Chaudardes ( Aisne) C attle S heep P ig

4 6.5% 2 0.8% 0 .0%

D eer D og

1 3.4% 0 .16%

1 41

%o f I ndivid.

.

w ith

a

P ernant C attle P ig

( Aisne) 5 0% 2 5%

S heep A rmeau

( Yonne)

C attle

1 0

S heep R ed d eer

1 0 2

R oe d eer

2

P ig W olf

5 1

B eaver

1

H are H edgehog

1 1

B irds

2

M arolles-sur-Seine C attle

1 2

1 1 1

S hrew W ild h orse P etit-Vaux C attle D eer

o f I ndivid.

N o.

o f I ndivid.

N o.

o f I ndivid.

N o.

o f b ones

( Yonne) 3 1

B elloy-sur-Somme

( Somme)

C attle

2 0

S heep

1 2

P ig C ompi2gne C attle P ig

N o.

( Seine-et-Marne) 7

P ig S heep D eer

8 ( Oise)

O vicaprids D eer ( ii)

%o f I ndivid.

2 5%

6 4% 1 1%

%o f b ones

1 3% 1 2%

C EREALS

T he m ost c ompletely s tudied f loral a ssemblage c omes M enneville. T his d oes n ot i nclude t he d itched e nclosure, b ut t he R RBP p its. F rom t he c arbonised p attern o f c ereals w as p roduced:

p lant

r emains

T riticum d iccocum T riticum s p. H ordeum v ulg. v ar n udum

7 .27% 1 .82% 1 0.91%

H ordeum s p. I ndeterminate c ereals ( figures f rom U RA 1 2,

1 4.55% 6 4.45%

t he

f rom o nly

f ollowing

1 977)

T his c ompares w ith t he s ite a t G onvillars i n e astern F rance w here b arley ( Hordeum) a ttained 2 5% ( Petrequin, 1 974). I n a ddition, M enneville h as a lso p roduced e vidence o f h azel s hells a nd t wo s eedl eaves

( cotyledons) o f p eas.

1 42

A t

B elloy,

B ender

( 1968)

r ecords

a n aked

b arley

i mpression

f rom o ne o f t he p ots a nd a s ubstance i dentified a s a f orm o f ' bread' w as f ound a ttached t o a b aking-plate a t t he P inacle ( Jersey). S tarchy g rains o f w heat a nd b arley w ere i dentified . H azel n uts w ere a lso f ound. I n e astern F rance, t he s ite a t ' Dolmen' E vendorf h as p roduced e xamples o f T riticum d icoccum , P isum s ativum L . a nd L ens c ulinaris M ed. w hile f urther n orth i n B elgium c arbonised g rains o f T riticum s p., S olanum n igrum L ., C henopodium a lbum L . a nd M entha a rvensis L . w ere f ound a t I rchonwelz. O rmeignes p roduced a p attern o f 2 .37% v egetables a gainst 7 .69% c ereals. a reas f or

T he o f

h igh p ercentage o f b arley p resent c ontrasts w ith o ther B andkeramik o ccupation i n w estern E urope. A t L angweiler 9

e xample

n o

b arley

w as

f ound

a t

a ll.

S imilarly,

B akels

i n

h er

r ecent a nalysis o f t he D utch L imburg ( 1978) h as p ointed t o t he d ominance o f e mmer a nd e inkorn. W hittle i n 1 977 c ould p oint o ut t hat a lthough b arley h ad b een i dentified a t M üddersheim a nd a t K öln-Lindenthal, 1 8 L BK s ites i n t he R hineland h ad t o t hat d ate p roduced n o b arley a t a ll ( p. 1 41). T he p resence o f v egetables a nd p ulses,

p articularly p eas a nd

l entils,

a nd w ild h erbs i s n ow b etter

d ocumented. ( iii) C LEARANCE P HASES S ix s ites w ere i dentified b y R oux a nd L eroi-Gourhan ( 1964) a s s howing c learances b etween 7 500 a nd 5 000 b .p., u nconnected w ith a ny a rchaeologically r ecognisable o ccupation . O f t hese, t hree o ccur w ithin n orthern F rance - B rignogan a nd Y eun E lez, B rittany a nd G ath6mo i n N ormandy. J alut ( 1967) h as s ince m aintained t hat t here a re e xamples o f A tlantic c ereals a way f rom t he v alley b ottoms. I f t rue, t his m ight s uggest t hat t he m odel o f t he r estricted l ocation o f B andkeramik s ettlement i s s implistic a lthough t he A tlantic p eriod d oes i nclude t he l ater B andkeramik a nd s ome o f t he m iddle N eolithic . A m ore d etailed e xamination o f t he p ollen e vidence h owever i s i nstructive. F or e xample, a t B rignogan t he r eported c learance i s s imply n ot a ssociated w ith t he p resence o f c ereals. I ndeed a s M orzadec-Kerfourn m akes c lear " aucun p ollen d e C 6reales n 'a 6 t6 d 6nombrg" ( 1967, 8 9). M oreover, t he f irst d eforestation o ccurs a t t he t ransition b etween t he A tlantic a nd t he S ubboreal. S imilarly, a t Lon, a c loser r eading o f H uault's t ext i ndicates t hat c ereals o ccur o nly i n p ollen z one V IIb. N o r eal i nterference w ith t he l andscape c an b e d etected p rior t o t his ( 1972). E ven a t G ath6mo t he l andnam p hase o bserved a t b etween 3 a nd 4 m . s hows n o c ereals a nd c an b e d ated i mprecisely t o s ometime b efore 3 000 b .c. ( Elhai, 1 960). S imilar a rguments a pply t o t he o ther s ites. C learance p hases a re c ertainly p resent i n t he A tlantic d iagram a t P oigny b ut n o c ereals a re a ssociated. M any o f t hese c learances a re l ikely t o b e t he w ork o f m esolithic g roups. D ISCUSSION A ND C ONCLUSIONS T he

e. s sential

d ifference

b etween

t he

F rench

B andkeramik

p attern a nd t hat o f t he R henish a nd L imburg g roups i s t hat i n F rance i t i s n ot l oess o riented. F igure 1 .2 e xamined e arlier c learly s hows t hat s outh o f t he D gpartement d u N ord i n t he n orthw est, t he l andscape c hanges f rom a reas o f l ow-lying r olling l oess

1 : 43

p lateau t o t he h eavily d issected l andscape o f d eep v alleys a nd h igh p lateau o n which t he l oess o ccurs a s i solated p atches. T he m ain w ater-supply f or t hese a reas i s r ainfall. T he r esult o f t his i s t hat c onditions o f h igh p roductivity a nd n atural f ertilisation s imilar t o t hose e njoyed b y g roups t o t he e ast a nd n orth w ere r estricted t o t he n arrow a reas o f l ower t errace a lluvium i n t he v alley b ottoms. T he p attern o f s ettlement r eflects t his l inearity . W hile i t i s n ot t herefore p ossible t o s ee t ight s ettlement c lusters s imilar t o t hose i n t he R hine, t here i s s ome e vidence t o s uggest t hat t he S iedlungskammern t ake t he f orm o f s ite-distributions e xtended t hroughout o ne o r a n umber o f v alleys. T he r egional c haracter o f t he Y onne s ites w as i ndicated i n C hapter 3 o n t he b asis o f i ts a bundant f lintwork a nd p ottery d ecoration.

T his a ppears m ore s trongly i n t he l ate B andkeramik w ith

t he A ugy-Ste.-Pallaye g roup. S imilarly i t h as b een s hown h ow o n t he P lain o f C aen t he s ettlement i s p hysically d istant f rom o ther a reas o f o ccupation. H ere c ontinuity i s i ndicated i nto t he m iddle N eolithic . A t hird g roup o ccurs t o t he n orth o f t his, f rom C ampigny I nto t he N ord a nd c onsists o f s ites s uch a s L umbres a nd S t.Jean C apell w hich B ender ( 1968) p aralleled w ith t he O malian . F inally, t he d ensity o f s ettlement f ound i n t he A isne s hould c ontext o f t he n ow e qually a bundant s ettlement o f

b e s een i n t he t he O ise. T he

s imilarity i n m aterial c ulture c an b e s een i n t he e xtent o f t he V illeneuve g roup o ccupation a long b oth r ivers. T here i s l ittle g ap i n t he s ettlement p attern b etween t he O ise a nd t he A isne. O ther g roupings o f s ites a re n ot a s e asy

t o d efine b ut m ay a lso

o ccur i n

t he S eine a nd t he M arne. I t i s t hese a reas w hich a lso p roduce a h igh d ensity o f m iddle N eolithic s ettlement. I n a ddition t o t his, h owever, a nd a t a d ifferent l evel c ontacts w ith o ther B andkeramik s ettlement a reas c an b e o bserved i n t he p resence o f L imburg w are i n t he A isne ( Constantin, 1 976) a nd t hroughout t he s cattered a rc o f s ettlement

r unning f rom t he L oire

t o

t he N etherlands.

h as b een s uggested t hat t he B andkeramik o f n orth-west w hole m ay b e t reated a s a u nit s ettlement p henomenon .

F rom t his E urope

a s

i t a

T he o rganisation o f t hese s ites a nd t heir e conomic s ystems h ave b een e xamined a bove, a nd c omparisons h ave b een m ade w ith t he p attern t hat e merged a mongst t he l ater B andkeramik g roups. T he e xpansion i nto n ew l andscape z ones w as e quated b y W hittle ( 1977) w ith t he a ppearance o f R össen a rtefacts i n a reas a way f rom t he c entre o f t he S iedlungskammern. T he S omme e vidence s uggests t hat i t i s R össen-type a xes w hich a ppear f irst o utside t he v alley-bottoms i n n orth-west F rance. T he e vidence f rom t he s ite a t M enneville h owever s uggests t hat c hanges i n t he n ature o f s ettlement w ere a lready b eginning a t a p hase c ontemporary w ith G rossgartach . N ew t ypes o f s ettlement i n t he f orm o f l arge d itched a nd d efended e nclosures w ere n ow b eginning t o a ppear. T he p rocesses b ehind t his c hange w ill b e e xamined i n t he n ext c hapter ( the m iddle N eolithic) w hen t his f orm o f s ettlement r eached i ts a pogee. B ut i ndicative o f t he n ew s ettlement p attern i s a c hange i n t he n ature o f t he a rchaeological e vidence. I n t he e arliest B andkeramik p eriod, s ites a re r ecognised b y t he p resence o f s ubstantial s ettlement t races s uch a s h ouses, o r g raves a nd o nly o ccasionally b y s tray f inds. I n t he l ater B andkeramik, i t i s g enerally o nly t he d itches a nd p alisades o f t he e nclosures w hich s urvive. A s s ettlement m oved a way

1 44

f rom t he a reas o f g reater p reservation a fforded b y h ill-wash a nd w ater-logging i n t he v alley-bottoms t o a reas o f p lateau m ore h ostile t o a rchaeological m aterial, t he i dentification o f s ites b ecomes m ore r eliant o n t he r ecognition o f s pecific t ype-fossils i n a g enerally f lint a ssemblage .

1 45

C HAPTER E IGHT:

The M iddle N eolithic

I ntroduction C OMPARISONS W ITH O THER F RENCH AREAS ( i) The

S eine

( ii) The O ise ( iii)

S outh-west

F rance

C OMPARISONS W ITH AREAS OUTSIDE F RANCE ( i)

S outhern E ngland

( ii) N ew Z ealand T HE E CONOMIC E VIDENCE D ISCUSSION AND C ONCLUSIONS A M ODEL F OR C HANGE T HE END O F THE M IDDLE N EOLITHIC

1 46

I NTRODUCTION C hassgen s ettlement t hen s eems t o r eflect a p eriod o f c ontinued f illing u p o f t he a lready s ettled l andscape w ith t he o ption o f m igration n ow c losed a nd i ndeed p erhaps h astening i nternal e xpansion . ( Whittle,

1 977,

1 92)

O ne o f t he s alient f eatures r evealed b y t he a nalyses o f t he t hree s tudy a reas i s t he p aucity o f m iddle N eolithic s ettlement i n t he S eine e stuary a nd e ven i n t he L oing v alley. W hile t here a re g ood r easons i n t he l ack o f f ieldwork, t he f ailure t o r ecognise a dequate f lint t ype-fossils a nd t he s uperimposition o f s ites i n a reas o f m ore g entle t opography, t o s uggest t hat t his p icture i s n ot w holly r epresentative o f t he p rehistoric p attern, i t a bove ( Chapter 5 ) t hat t his m ay b e d ue t o C hassgen

s ettlement

t o

a reas

o f

f ormer

h as t he

B andkeramik

b een s uggested r estriction o f o ccupation .

I n

a ddition, i t i s c lear f rom t he A isne t hat t here i s, o verall, a c ontraction o f t he s ettlement p attern f rom s mall h amlets s cattered a cross i slands o f a lluvium t o m ore c entralised e nclosures o f am uch l arger s ize, o ften w ith d efensive d itches a nd p alisades. T hese v ary f rom 5 h a. t o o ver 2 5 h a. I t h as b een s uggested t hat, i n t he A isne, c lusters o f e nclosures c an b e d efined . U sing t he d ata c ontained i n B ailloud's c atalogue ( 1974) a ll t he s ites h ave b een c ounted a nd p eriodised i nto t hree m ain d ivisions ( i) e arly N eolithic ( Bandkeramik) ( ii) m iddle N eolithic ( Chassgo-Michelsberg) a nd e xpressed a s a b ar-chart N eolithic

t ombs

o ccur

a t

( iii) l ate N eolithic ( SOM). T hey a re i n F igure 8 .1. W here g roups o f l ate t he

s ame

s ite,

f or

e xample,

i n

t he

c emetery a t C oizard ( Marne) t hey h ave b een c ounted a s o ne s ite. T he r esults o f t his e xercise s how t hat t he m iddle N eolithic i s a gain c haracterised b y f ewer s ites. T he i mplications o f t his f or a n a ssessment o f p rehistoric d emography a re u nclear u ntil t he f unctions o r a t l east t he i nternal o rganisation o f t he e nclosures c an b e a scertained. T he r estriction o f t hese s ites t o t he b road a reas o f p revious d emonstrate ( Maps 1 ;

z ones l ater

B andkeramik 2 ; 3 ).

s ettlement

i s

m ore

e asy

t o

T he b imodal d istribution o f t hese s ites a ccording t o l andscape c ontinues a p attern o f s ettlement t hat o riginated i n t he B andkeramik. E vidence f or l ater B andkeramik c olonisation o f

t he p lateau-edge a nd a c hoice o f p romontory l ocations h as a lready b een d iscussed. T he e arliest e nclosure, a t M enneville ( Grossgartach?), i s l ocated i n t he v alley b ottom b ut i t i s c lear f rom t he p ottery a ssociations a t J onquiAres ( Oise), f or e xample, t hat i t i s s oon a fter t his t hat e nclosures a ppear o utwith t hese l ocations. I n t he O ise, B lanchet a nd F itte ( 1978) h ave s uggested a c hronological d ivision o f t he e nclosures o n t he b asis o f p ottery i nto e arly, w ith d ecorated w ares, a nd l ate, w ith a g reater p ercentage o f p lain w ares. W ith t he m iddle N eolithic, h owever, t he p ercentage o f s ites o ccurring o n t he p lateau e dge i ncreases. A p icture o f t he g radual i nternal c olonisation o f t he t raditional s ettlement z ones i s t herefore w ell a ttested. B ut t here i s a lso e vidence t hat c olonisation o f n ew a reas w as s till b eing u ndertaken. T he s ites f rom t he S eine e stuary s uggest t hat i n t his

1 47

a rea, s mall.

m iddle N eolithic s ettlements A s a lready d iscussed, t he

w ere a rea

f ew , h as

f ragmentary a nd n o B andkeramik

s ettlement. T his m ay b e s een a s a n i ndication o f m iddle N eolithic e xpansion e ither f rom t he P lain o f C aen, o r f rom t he n orth o r e ven f rom t he P aris b asin i tself, t o t ake a dvantage o f a n e stuary w here c onditions f or s ettlement h ad b ecome m ore d eposition o f t he A tlantic m arine d eposits. S imilarly,

t o

t he

s outh-west

o f

t he

f avourable P aris

w ith

b asin

t he

t he t hin

s catter o f C hassgen s ites t hat a ppears a long t he s outhern t ributaries o f t he L oire m ay r epresent a n e xpansion a way f rom t he m ore d ensely s ettled a reas o f t he A rmorican p eninsula. I n b oth c ases s ettlement t races a re n ot e xtensive, b ut t his m ight b e e xpected i n a c olonising p hase. W hile t hose s ites i n t he v alleyb ottoms c ontinue t o o ccur o n t he r ich, o rganic s oils d escribed f or t he B andkeramik, t hose o n t he p lateau-edge s oil t ypes f rom r endzinas t o b rown e arths. T he t raditional e mphasis h as b een p ractising a f orm

o ccur

o n

a v ariety

o f

i nterpretation o f t his s hift i n s ettlement t hat m iddle N eolithic c ommunitites w ere o f s widdening i nvolving t he u se o f

B randwirtschaft t echniques. B ut i n s outhern E ngland, B arker a nd W ebley ( 1978) h ave r ecently t ried t o d emonstrate t hat t he E nglish r eluctance t o s ee t his a s t he a ppropriate c learance s ystem i n t his a rea a t l east, i s j ustified. R owley-Conwy ( 1981) h as a lso m ade s imilar s uggestions f or n orth-west E urope a s a w hole. I n s outhern E ngland f or e xample w hile c learances a t t his t ime a re n umerous t here a re n o c harcoal h orizons a ssociated . T he

F rench

e vidence

t ends

t o

s upport

t he

i dea

t hat

m iddle

N eolithic c ommunities w ere n ot u sing a s ystem o f e xtensive B randwirtschaft. T he c learance p hases i ndicated i n t he l ast c hapter f or t he A tlantic p eriod m ust b e a ssociated w ith t he c olonisation o f n ew l andscapes a t t his t ime b ut i n n o c ase w ere t hey a ssociated w ith a l ayer o f c harcoal. T his i s d espite t he a cknowledged p resence o f c ontemporary c ereal p ollen a t P oigny a nd B rasparts ( van Z eist, 1 963). T he e vidence f rom B rittany i s m ore p recise o n t his p oint. T hose c learances a ssociated w ith t he e arly a nd m iddle N eolithic a re n ot a ssociated w ith c harcoal h orizons. T hose f rom t he l ate N eolithic a re. A t D ol a c harcoal l ayer i s a ssociated w ith a d ate o f 2 450±140 b .c. ( Gif 1 835), a t P louguerneau w ith a d ate o f 2 300±250 b .c. ( Gif 2 82), a nd a t P louescat w ith a d ate o f 2 170±140 b .c. ( Gif 7 11). T he l atter w as a lso a ssociated w ith a l ayer o f f lints ( Morzadec-Kerfourn, 1 976). T he r esults o f t he r ecent s oil f ertilisation e xperiments d iscussed i n C hapter 2 s how t hat e ven o n t he

p lateau

s oils,

s imple

f armyard m anure m aintains

s oil

f ertility

w ith l ittle a ppreciable d rop a fter a n i nitial p eriod o f e quilibrium h as b een a chieved. T he n eed t o i ntroduce m ore l and i nto t he s ystem c annot b e a ttributed t o a d ecrease i n s oil f ertility. M oreover, t here a re i ndications t hat a s ystem o f p astoral e conomy b ased o n c attle m ay h ave p layed a m ore d ominant r ole i n t he o verall e conomic p attern

a t

t his

t ime.

C learly,

t he

a lluvium c ontinued t o b e e xploited t here. T he p osition o f p romontory C ommin

i n

t he

A isne,

d ominating

o pen

a reas

t hem i s a lso s triking.

1 48

a reas

o f

t he

l ower t errace

f rom t he e nclosures e nclosures s uch a s o f

a lluvial

o ccurring B ourg-et-

t errace

b eneath

I t i s a ll t oo e asy t o s ee t he c lear c hange i n t he s ettlement p attern a s i ndicative o f m ore f undamental c hanges i n t he e conomic d irection o f t he c ommunities c oncerned. B ut i n t he c ase o f t he m iddle N eolithic s uch a n a ssumption w ould b e u nfounded. N ew a reas a nd d iverse e nvironments w ere s ettled. S ettlement a ppears, f or e xample, o n t he s hore a t L e H avre. B ut i n t he m ain, t he s ettlement l ocations o f t he m iddle N eolithic a re a s e cologically r estricted a s t hose o f t he B andkeramik, a nd m oreover a re d ependent o n t he s ame f eatures.

I n

t he

v alley

b ottoms

t his

i s

c lear

f rom t he

i mposition

o f l ater s ites o n e arlier. O utwith t he v alley b ottoms, h owever, s ettlement w as r estricted t o t he p lateau e dges a nd t he p romontories, a nd i n t he L oing, a t B ezigny-Bagneaux, i t h as b een s uggested t hat t he l ines o f p romontory a long t he p lateau l ocation

o f

c ontemporary

f eature o f t hese t he s pring-line

s tray f inds r unning b ack e dge s hould b e a ssociated

c ultivation

a reas.

T he

f rom w ith

t he t he

c haracteristic

l ocations i s t heir o ccurrence a long o r j ust a bove w here t he s ources o f s mall s treams p rovided a

s ource o f h igh g round-water. R un-off f rom t he p lateau b ehind w ill a lso h ave c ontributed t o t his. W hether f ields w ere r elocated f rom t ime t o t ime b ecause o f w eeds o r e ven c hanges i n f ertility i s, a s i n t he B andkeramik, l argely i ncidental. I n t hese e cological n iches, t he a reas o f l and n ecessary f or a a griculture w ere s imply n ot a vailable.

t ruly

e xtensive

s ystem

o f

C OMPARISONS W ITH O THER F RENCH A REAS (0 T HE

S EINE

W ork b y t he M ordant b rothers h as g reatly i ncreased t he a mount o f i nformation a vailable o n t he m iddle N eolithic o ccupation o f t he S eine a lluvium . L eaving a side t he e arlier e nclosure o f B arbuiseC ourtavent, d iscussed i n C hapter 7 , f our e nclosures, o ne a s l arge a s 2 0 h a., h ave b een f ound i n t wo g roups. T he m ost e xtensively e xcavated i s N oyon-sur-Seine, a s ite o f 3 h a. E xcavation h as r evealed a s eries o f d itches a nd d iscontinuous p alisades c utting t he s ite o ff o n t he l andward s ide. T he o ccurrence o f d iscreet a reas o f p aving a nd a h igh l evel o f p reservation h as a llowed t he r ecognition l ocation o f

o f t he

a reas o f s tockage, a nd c ereal s ite i s i ndicated i n F igure 8 .2 .

p rocessing. T he O ccurring a f ew

k ilometres t o t he n orth a nd i llustrated o n t he s ame m ap i s t he e nclosure a t G risy . T his t oo h as p roduced m iddle N eolithic p ottery o f a C hassgo-Michelsberg c haracter b ut h as n ot b een e xtensively e xcavated. T he r emaining p air o f e nclosures o ccur a t C hatenay a nd G ravon ( Figure 8 .3). B oth h ave p roduced s imilar m aterial. C hatenay i s t he l arger m easuring 2 0 h a. a nd o ccurs o n a s mall r ise i n t he v alley. A h eavy w ooden p alisade w as r ecovered h ere w ith s ome i ndication o f l ate N eolithic r e-use. T he p ottery f rom e ach o f t hese e nclosures h as b een d escribed a s C hassgo-Michelsberg b ut t he M ordant b rothers h ave r ecognised r egional c haracteristics ( D . M ordant, p ers.comm .). T he c omplexity o f t he b arrage o f p alisades a nd d itches a t N oyen a rgues f or a l ong o ccupation o f t hese s ites. ( ii) T HE O ISE ( Blanchet & D ecormeille, T he i ts

d istribution

c onfluence

w ith

o f

t he

e nclosures O ise,

b oth

1 49

1 980) i n

i n

t he t he

A isne

c ontinues

d irection

o f

t he

a fter S eine

a nd t owards N oyon. T his c an b e s een i n t he l ocation o f a n umber o f s ites i n t he O ise v alley a nd o n p romontories o verlooking i t o r i ts t ributaries. A t otal o f 1 0 s ites h ave b een p lotted o n F igure 8 .4. N ot a ll a re a ssociated w ith d efended e nclosures. V enette, f or e xample, c onsists o f a s tray p ot d ragged f rom t he O ise a nd m ay w ell h ave o riginated a t C ompiagne, while, i nformation o n S t.Jean-auxB ois, S uzoy a nd T hourotte h as n ot b een w idely p ublished. A d ivision b y l andscape

z one r eveals t he f ollowing p attern:

L andscape

z one

% o f s ites

V alley b ottom P lateau e dge/Promontory

4 0 6 0

T his i s t he r everse o f t he p attern f ound i n t he A isne. T he i mpression o f a m ove m arked i n t his a rea d ue t o

a way f rom t he v alley b ottom i s m ore t he g reater w idth o f t he v alley .

N evertheless, s ome s ites a re n ow s ituated o n p romontories o verlooking t he c onfluence o f s maller r ivers w ith t he O ise. T his i s t he c ase a t C ourcelle, S t. S aveur a nd C atenoy w hile t he s ite a t S t.-Jean-aux-Bois a ppears t o b e l ocated f urther a long t he p lateau e dge t o t he e ast. T his p attern w as n oted i n t he A isne a t C ouvrelles a nd S ermoise. ( iii)

S OUTH-WEST F RANCE

( Figure 8 .5)

W ork b y D assie ( 1978) a nd M arsac a nd J oussaume ( 1977) h as s hown t he e xtent o f t he d istribution o f l arge, d itched e nclosures i n t he a rea b etween t he V endge a nd B ordeaux . B urnez ( 1976) d escribes t he d etails o f s ome o f t he e xcavated e xamples. T he i ntegration o f t hese m onuments i nto t he p icture s ettlement d ynamics t hroughout t he N eolithic o f t his h owever

a dvanced.

Whittle

( 1977)

d rew

t he

o f c hanging a rea i s n ot

s cattered

e vidence

t ogether t o s how t hat h ere a lso t he e nclosures o ccur a t a p eriod o f e xpansion i nto n ew a reas. T he e arliest N eolithic m aterial o f t he s outh-west a ppears t o b elong t o t he C hassgen a nd t he G roupe d e C ous. B urnez h as s een t hese g roups a s t hemselves t he r esult o f s ettlement e xpansion a way f rom B rittany ( 1976). T he l ocation o f t he s ites

s hows

a p reference

d ate o f t his o ccupation a ppear t o l ie i n t he ( Joussaume,

1 976a).

f or

p romontories

i s n ot m iddle

P artly

a nd

f or

t he

c oast.

T he

w ell a ttested b y C 14 b ut w ould o f t he t hird m illennium b .c.

c ontemporary

w ith

t his

b ut

o ccurring

m ore t o t he s outh a nd w est i s t he o ccupation r elated t o t he L es M atignons g roup. T his r epresents t he f ull d evelopment o f a l ocal N eolithic i n t his a rea. I t i s w ith t his p hase t hat t he c omplex d efended e nclosures b egin. T hese o ccur i n t wo l ocations: o n t he p lain a nd o n h ills. T he m orphological d ifferences b etween t hese s ites a nd t he e nclosures o f t he P aris b asin h ave b een d ealt w ith b y B urnez ( 1976). T he m ost c ontrasting f eature i s t hat t his s ettlement-form c ontinues i nto t he l ocal l ate N eolithic ( the P euR ichard) w ith l ittle b reak i n t he o ccupation o f m any o f t hese s ites.

1 50

C OMPARISONS W ITH A REAS O UTSIDE (0

F RANCE

S OUTHERN E NGLAND A s

c amp

i n

t he

t ype

s outh-west

a re

N eolithic.

Much

c olonisation

o f

F rance,

a ssociated

w ith

s peculation

o f

t his

a rea

t he

t he

e nclosures

l ocal

h as

t aken

b e

p ushed

c an

o f

c ausewayed-

d evelopment

p lace b ack

o n i nto

o f

t he

whether

t he

a B andkeramik

p hase ( Case, 1 976; W hittle, 1 977). I n t his c ase e arlier s ettlement t races m ight b e h idden b eneath t he c olluvial d eposits t hat h ave s ince i nfilled t he major v alleys. h owever t hat

T he c ontinental e vidence

t he e xpansion o f N eolithic

c ommunities

t o

s uggests

t he A tlantic

s eaboard o ccurred o nly i n t he l ater B andkeramik ( e.g . t he P lain o f C aen). A ny c olonisation o f s outhern B ritain i s u nlikely t herefore t o

h ave

o ccurred

b efore

a p eriod

w hen

t he

u se

o f

t he

p lateau

( albeit a long i ts e dges) w as a lready a f eature o f t he s ettlement p attern. R ecent w ork b y W ilson ( 1975) a nd P almer ( 1976) h as s hown t hat

a b imodal

d istribution

o f

v alley

a nd

u pland

l ocations

c an

b e

s een i n t he d istribution o f m iddle N eolithic e nclosures e ven i n s outhern B ritain, a nd B arker a nd W ebley h ave r ecently s uggested ( 1978)

t hat

t he

m ore

d etailed

l ocation

o f

t hese

s ites

s hows

a

c ombination o f l ight, f reely d rained s oils w ith m ore s easonal a reas o f g razing. A n e conomy h eavily d ependent o n c attle h as b een w idely s uggested C ereals s hould

( Whittle,

o f

emmer

a lso n ote

i n p articular t o

o riginate

1 977;

a nd t he

t he

B arker

b arley

a nd W ebley,

a re

a ttested

o ccurrence o f

n ephrite

a nd

1 978;

a t

M ercer,

H ambledon

f oreign s tone o n t hese

j adeite

f rom H ambledon

1 980).

H ill.

O ne

s ites

t hat

a nd

a ppear

i n B rittany o r S witzerland.

( ii) N EW Z EALAND A s

a f inal a rea

e nclosures

i n

e thnographic t his

t ype T he

t he

c omparison

p arallel

i t

t he

M aori

m ay

e arthwork w ith

a nd

t he

s erve

b een a ssociated a nd 1 980;

t imber

C lassic

s imilarly b e

i ndicate

f ortified

e xamined. h ow

A s

a n

m onuments

o f

c ircumstances a rise.

f ortifications

p hase

1 971).

o f

w ill

t o

o f

M aori

c ompared w ith t he

B ellwood,

r ise

p hase

c an i n c ertain p articular

a ssociated ( Fox,

o f

C lassic

o f

I ron A ge

A n umber

o f

t he

N orth

p rehistory h illforts

c omparisons

I sland

h ave

o ften

o f E urope

m ay

a lso

b e

m ade w ith t he E uropean N eolithic . G olson's c lassification o f t hese s ites b y l andscape z ones r eveals a d istribution f irst o n h ills, p romontories

a nd

r idges

l ow

( in

B ellwood,

1 971).

w as

b ased

t he

i slands

t hese

s ites

p otato

a nd

a l arge

a nd o n

h unting

s econd

a t

t he

T he

s imple

e lement.

m eanders

e conomic

o f

s ystem

h orticulture

T he

e nclosures

o f a re

r ivers,

a nd

s upporting t he

s weet

i ntegrated

w ith u ndefended s ettlements a nd s easonal c amps. T he

a ppearance

o f

t hese m onuments

i n t he

a rchaeological

r ecord

i s s udden a nd n o e xcavated s ite s hows a t ransition b etween t he e arlier, A rchaic p hase a nd t he C lassic. T hey d o h owever o ccur a t a d istinct

c limatic

a nd

c ultural

h orizon.

d iagrams

o btained

f rom

P alliser

B ay

t ime w as

t hat

a c lear

d eterioration

c ontemporary w ith

a lready

c leared

g ardening

l and

( Bellwood,

a p eriod a nd

i n

o f

t he

1 51

O ne

i t

c an

g rowth,

i ncrease

p ers.comm .).

e vidence t hat

c limate

p opulation

a p ossible

1 978;

T he

s uggests

o f

i n

t he

t he

b e

o f i s

p ollen a t

t his

s een.

T his

a s hortage

o f

i mportance

o f

r esults

o f

t his

i s a n e xpansion i nto n ew a reas, a nother i s a g eneral i ncrease i n w arfare. T he e nclosures r epresent o ne a spect o f t his. T he i ncrease a nd d iversity o f w eapons r epresent a nother. T HE E CONOMIC E VIDENCE

t he

O f a ll t he N eolithic p eriods r epresented i n t he P aris b asin m iddle N eolithic h as p roduced t he l east e conomic i nformation.

S ites

i n

t he

A isne

h ave

p roduced

a l arge

q uantity

o f m aterial

a nalysis h as n ot y et b een u ndertaken o r p ublished p ers.comm .). S imilarly, t he s ite a t N oyon-sur-Seine b oth

c ereals

a nd

a nimal

b ones,

b ut

t hese

f ully a nalysed ( D . M ordant, p ers.comm .). o n t he e conomic s tructure o f t his p eriod s ites

a lone

h ave

p roduced

e vidence

o f

H arrouard a n a nalysis b ased o n t he o verwhelming p redominance o f c attle

t oo

h ave

b ut

( Constantin, h as p roduced n ot

y et

b een

T his l eaves a d iscussion i n s ome d ifficulty . F ive

s ufficient

n umber ( 62%).

d etail.

o f b ones S imilarly

A t

F ort-

r evealed a n a t L umbres,

5 1% o f t he d omesticated f auna w ere c attle, b ased o n t he m inimum n umber o f i ndividuals p resent. A t L igvin o n a s mall s ample 5 0% o f i ndividuals c onsisted o f c attle. F inally, a t M arcilly-sur-Tille c attle a re a gain t he d ominant d omesticate a lthough p ig a ssume t his p osition i n t he l ater p hase. C attle h ave a lso b een r ecognised a t L 'Etoile a nd a t N oyon b ut n o f igures a re g iven. T his p redominance o f c attle c an b e s een t o b e a f eature o f e ven t he e arliest e nclosures. A t M enneville ( Aisne) t he b ones o f c attle a nd o f d eer a lone a re r eported ( URA 1 2, 1 977). N o p ublished a nalyses o f c ereals a re k nown. T he p redominance o f c attle w as a . feature n oted a t t he s outhern B ritish e nclosures a nd a lso a mongst t he M ichelsberg s ites ( Lüning, 1 967, 1 24). A t M unzingen, f or e xample, c attle a ccount f or 5 3.8%

a t

C ompiagne

( Blanchet a nd D ecormeille, 1 980) w here c attle a ccounted b ones. P ig, h owever, a re w ell r epresented a t 3 1% .

o f

b ones.

A

s imilar

p attern

c an

b e

f or 6 3% o f

M iddle N eolithic B one A ssemblages F ort-Harrouard C attle 6 2% G oats S heep R oe d eer

1% 1 .25% 2 %

R ed d eer D og P ig

1 .25% 0 .5% 2 1%

L ie y in C attle S heep P ig

5 0% 2 5% 2 5%

%o f b ones

%o f I ndivid.

L umbres C attle S heep G oats

3 5% 1 4% 7 %

P igs D og W ild a nimals

1 0% 2 % 3 2%

%o f I ndivid.

1 52

s een

C ompiAgne P ig C attle

3 1% 6 3%

O vicaprids D eer

%o f b ones

1 % 5 %

D ISCUSSION A ND C ONCLUSIONS I n

B ritain,

t he

l ong

emphasis

o n

t he

r itual

a ssociations

o f

t he

c ausewayed e nclosures, t heir s uggested f unction a s t he p rimary r eceptors o f t he d ead, a nd t heir c lose l inks w ith t he l ong b arrows, h as d etracted f rom a ny f unction w hich t hey m ay h ave h ad a s s ettlements p er s e.

F or

l ong,

o nly

t he

s ite

a t

C rickley H ill w ith

i ts c lear a ssociations w ith N eolithic w arfare ( P. D ixon, p ers.comm .) a fforded c omparative m aterial w ith t he m ore d efensive g perons b arrgs o f n orthern F rance. I n P oland, M ilisauskas a nd K ruk ( 1978) h ave s uggested s urrounded b y a n etwork

t hat t he o f s maller

e nclosure a t B ronocice w as s ites e xploiting m ore d istant

a reas o f t he e nvironment. B ut e ven i n a n a rea a s w ell m apped a s t he A isne-Marne t here w as n o e vidence f or t his. W hile

i t

i s

t rue

t hat

n ot

a ll

m iddle

N eolithic

s ites

a re

e nclosures a nd o pen s ettlements o ccur f or e xample a t t he c onfluence o f t he V esle a nd t he A isne, t he g reater n umber o f t hese s ites i n n orthern F rance c ompared w ith s outhern B ritain a nd t he l ess o bvious a ssociation w ith ' ritual' s uggest t hat t heir p rimary f unction m ay h ave b een a s p ermanent s ettlements. A t B erry-au-Bac ( Constantin, p ers.comm .) a n umber o f s mall h ouses a re a ssociated w ith t he d itch, a lthough e lsewhere f ully e merged. Whittle

n o

c lear

p attern

o f

i nternal

o rganisation

c oncluded t hat:

a t a g eneral p art o f t he

l evel, e nclosures d eveloping m ixed

s eem t o b e a n i ntegral f arming e conomy o f t he

m iddle N eolithic o f w estern E urope, e ven s pecific f unctions w ithin i t a re u nclear.

t hough

t heir ( 1977,

T here s ites

h as

2 2)

a re h owever a n umber o f i ndications t hat i n m any a reas t hese p layed a s ignificant r ole i n t he r edistribution o f r aw

m aterials. I n B ritain f or e xample P eacock's w ork o n t he l ongd istance t ransportation o f p ottery ( 1969) i s l argely b ased o n a ssemblages f rom c ausewayed e nclosures. I n n orthern F rance, i t i s n oticeable t hat t he d istribution o f t he f inely d ecorated v asess upports i s m ainly c onfined t o e xample i n t he P aris b asin c omes

t hese s ites. T he m ost i mpressive f rom C atenoy i n t he O ise while a t

N oyon-sur-Seine a h igh d ensity o f f ragments p er s quare m etre w as r ecorded b y t he M ordant b rothers ( 1977). I t i s f rom t his e nclosure t hat t he o ne r eally s trong p iece o f e vidence t o s uggest t he a ppearance o f s pecific s outhern F rench p ottery f orms o ccurs,

i n t he

s hape o f a f lüte-de-Pan. T he e xtent o f t hese c ontacts c an b e s een a s o ne r esult o f t he o pening u p o f t he l andscape. I t h as a lready b een s uggested t hat t he e nclosures a nd s ites o n t he P lain o f C aen o we t heir l ongevity t o t he p roximity o f e xtensive f lint w orking a t S oumont-St.-Quentin. T he s ame m ay a lso b e t rue i n t he O ise w here e arly

f lintworking

c an

b e

s een

a t

1 53

H ardivilliers

( Agache,

1 959,

1 960). d etail

S oulier

h as

r ecently

e xamined

t his

a ssociation

i n

m ore

( 1973). A M ODEL F OR C HANGE

E arlier c omparisons w ith t he p rocesses o f s ettlement c hange i n N ew Z ealand s uggest a f ruitful l ine o f i nvestigation f or t he n orth F rench m aterial.

L and

p ressure

i s

e xtremely

d ifficult

t o

d ocument

e specially i n t he B andkeramik e nvironments e xamined a bove w here t he m ost i mportant f act i s u ndoubtedly t heir a bundant f ertility. N evertheless, a fter a n o ccupation o f 5 00-1,000 y ears a nd w ith t he s uggestion o f a d eteriorating c limate s ome c hanges m ay b e e nvisaged. T he m odel s et o ut i n F igure 8 .7 s uggests t hat t he s timulus t o t his c hange c an b e s een i n t he i nteraction o f a c limatic d ecline w ith c entralisation o f s ites, n ot

a s

s ubject

t o

r esource p ressure. T his e ncouraged t he a n i ncreased r eliance o n a f orm o f e conomy

s easonal

f luctuations

a nd

d estruction,

a nd,

a

r ise i n t he i ndications o f a w arlike s ociety . W ithout t he n ecessary t echnological i nnovations t o m ake t he e xploitation o f t he p lateaui nterior v iable, n ew s ettlement l ocations w ere s till c hosen w ith a v iew t o m aintaining a g roundwater-based c ereal e conomy c oupled w ith t he n eed t herefore

f or d efence. c olonised.

P romontories

T he c omponents o f t his e xamination. F irst, t he e vidence

a nd

t he

p lateau-edge

w ere

m odel a ll w ithstand f urther f or a m ore w arlike s ociety c an b e

s een n ot o nly i n t he m assive f ortifications o f s ites s uch a s B errya u-Bac a nd t he p articular l ocation o f s it s, b ut a lso i n t he a rtefact r ecord. I n p articular, i t i s t o t he a ppearance o f C erny t hat t he d iversity o f m iddle N eolithic a rrowhead t ypes c an b e t raced ( see C hapter 3 ). T he e conomic r eliance o n c attle h as a lready b een d ocumented. O f c rucial s ignificance i s t he e vidence f or a d eteriorating c limate. I n C hapter 2 i t w as s uggested t hat m ost p ollen d iagrams d o n ot r eveal a s ubstantial c hange i n p atterns o f v egetation b etween t he A tlantic a nd S ubboreal p eriods. M ost a re t aken f rom t he c entral a reas e cological e quilibrium m ay h ave

o f m ixed b een m ore

t he

w ould

e ffects

o f

c limatic

c hanges

h ave

o ak f orest w here t he s table. I n t hese a reas t aken

l onger

t o

b ecome

a pparent. T he v alley-bottoms h owever, a re l ikely t o h ave b een m ore s ensitive. I n t he A isne t he p ollen s equence a t C uiry-les-Chaudardes s uggests t hat f rom t he l ate B andkeramik o nwards t he p ercentage o f w ater p lants i ncreases u ntil b y t he S OM t he a reas o f a lluvium h ave b ecome a z one m argcageuse ( URA 1 2, 1 977). S imilarly, i n m ountaineous a reas M ullenders ( 1960) h as i ndicated t hat i t i s a t t his t ime t hat t he t ree-line i s r elocated a t a l ower l evel. T he c ontemporary g rowth o f p eat i n t he S eine a nd S omme h as a lready b een e xamined. I n a ddition t here i s t he a ppearance a t t his t ime o f t he e lm d ecline. I n t he a lpine s equences t he p eriod f rom 3 400 t o 3 000 b .c. w as t he p eriod o f t he F lora o scillations w hile o xygen i sotope w ork i n t he s outh o f F rance r eferred t o i n C hapter 2 c onfirms t he e vidence e t.al.,

o f

a c older

s pell

f rom

3 ,500

1 976).

1 54

b .c.

o nwards

( de

L umley,

T HE E ND O F T HE M IDDLE N EOLITHIC A

p attern

o f

s ettlement

i n

w hich

t he

e nclosures

p layed

a

d ominant r ole s eems t o h ave l asted f rom c . 3 500 b .c. t o 2 700 b .c. w hen t he S OM p attern e merged f ully f ormed o n t o t he m ap. C14 d ates a re n ot a vailable t o a scertain w hether t he c onstruction o f t hese m onuments c an b e f ixed t o a m ore l imited h orizon w ithin t his s pan. T heir c onnection w ith l ater B andkeramik m aterial s uggests t hat t his m ight

b e

s o.

W ithout

e xcavation,

t he

f inal

p hase

o f

t he

s ites

r emains u nclear b ut C hatenay i n t he S eine i s t he o nly e nclosure w here S OM i nterest i n t he d efences c an b e d emonstrated. E ven F ortH arrouard ( Philippe, 1 936, 1 937) s hows a b reak i n o ccupation a t t his p oint. F ull d iscussion o f t his i n r elation t o t he C risis s uggested a t a s imilar p hase i n B ritain ( Whittle, 1 978) w ill b e e xamined i n t he n ext

c hapter.

F or t he m oment i ts c onclusions m ay b e

a nticipated b y s uggesting t hat t he e vidence f or a n e conomic r ecession a t t his t ime d oes n ot e xist i n n orthern F rance. O nly t he s ite a t L e C oq G alleux/Le H azoy, C ompiagne h as p roduced a p otentially c ontradictory s equence ( Blanchet a nd D ecormeille, 1 980). T wo p hases o f C hassgen o ccupation h ave b een i dentified. T he f irst

i s

a ssociated w ith

t he

b uilding

o f

t he

e nclosure

a nd m ay b e

r elated b y p ottery s tyles t o a p hase c ontemporary w ith J onquiares a nd p erhaps w ith t he l atest B andkeramik g roups. T he s econd p hase c onsists o f p its a nd p ost-holes which b y t heir p ositioning s eem t o s uggest t hat t he e nclosure d efences w ere n o l onger m aintained.

1 55

C HAPTER N INE:

T he L ate N eolithic

I ntroduction C OMPARISONS WITH O THER A REAS OF T HE P ARIS B ASIN ( i) T hil ( Marne) ( ii) The Marais

S t.Gond

( iii) T he C entral P aris

B asin

C OMPARISONS W ITH O THER R EGIONS O F E UROPE ( i) B rittany ( ii) S witzerland ( iii) T he N etherlands ( iv)

S outhern B ritain

T HE E CONOMIC E VIDENCE ( i) Animals ( ii) C ereals ( iii) S ummary R AW MATERIAL EXPLOITATION M ETALLURGY S UMMARY AND C ONCLUSIONS (0 The M acro-scale ( ii) T he M icro-scale

I NTRODUCTION l a

p griode

d e

p r s

d 'un

m illgnaire

q ui

n golithique e st m arqu e p ar d es p rofonds l e B assin p arisien e st l ui-m@me l e c onsidgrable b ouleversement d e l a s ocigt6 .

t ermine

( Jean l 'Helgouach, T he

i mportance o f

s uddenness

w ith

t he

n ew s ettlement

w hich

i t

a ppeared

p attern

a nd

i ts

l e

c hangements... t h atre d 'un

c an

b e

e xtent.

1 979,

g auged I t

i s

b y a t

2 51) t he t his

p eriod t hat t he l inear p attern o f s ettlement f ollowing t he m ajor v alleys, o f f undamentally B andkeramik o rigin, w as t ransformed i nto a p attern b ased o n s cattered, s mall s ettlements w ith a c ommon f ocus i n a b urial p lace, s ometimes i n t he f orm o f a m egalithic t omb o f t he a llge c ouverte t ype b ut o ften o nly a s imple c ommunal b urial p it. M any c ontain o ver 2 00 i nhumations. t he

S herratt h as r ecently ( 1981) i nterpreted t he m arked c hanges o f s ettlement p attern o f m uch o f E urope d uring t he s econd q uarter

o f t he t hird m illennium b .c. i n t erms o f what h e h as c alled t he S econdary P roducts R evolution. T his i ncludes t he i ntroduction f irst o f a nimal t raction f or t he p lough a nd w heeled t ransport, a nd s econdly, o f n ew f orms o f e xploitation, f or m ilk a nd w ool. T he a ppearance o f S OM d ates t o h is f irst p ostulated h orizon c . 2 700 b .c. T he e vidence f or t he i ntroduction o f t he p lough a nd w heeled t ransport i s m ainly o f e astern E uropean o rigin. M ost c learly i t c an b e s een i n t he w aggon p ictogram o n a p ot f rom B ronocice a t a d ate o f c . 2 600 b .c. ( Janusz K ruk, p ers.comm .) a nd i n t he y oked-oxen p ot h andle f rom K reznica J ara, L ublin, a lso in P oland. I n n orthern E urope f our D anish b arrows o verlay t races o f c riss-cross p loughing a nd d ate t o a p eriod a round 2 600 - 2 500 b .c. I t i s a lso p ossible t hat t his d ating m ay b e p ushed b ack t o t he l ocal e arly N eolithic ( C) p hase ( P. R owley-Conwy p ers.comm .). I n B ritain t he m ost f amous e xample c omes f rom t he S outh S treet b arrow i n W iltshire d ated t o 2 800 - 2 500 b .c. b ut o thers m ay a lso o ccur i n C o. M ayo ( Caulfield, 1 978). O ther e xamples o ccur i n S candinavia ( Kjaerum , 1 954). O bjections h ave r ecently b een r aised b y B arker a nd W ebley ( 1978) a s t o t he i dentity o f t he o bject w hich m ade t hese m arks, b ut E vans ( same v olume) h as p rovided t renchant c riticism o f t hese o bjections, a nd t here s eems n o r eason f or d oubting t hat t hey w ere m ade b y a p lough. I n F rance t he e arliest d ated e vidence o f t he p lough c omes f rom a n E arly B ronze A ge c ontext a mong t he e ngravings a t M ont- Mg° ( Alpes Maritimes). N o d ate c an b e p laced o n t he s upposed a xe-plough s hare T able

b eing p ulled b y a f our-legged a nimal o n t he d olmen a t t he d es M archands i n B rittany ( Giot, 1 979). D espite C ourtin

e t.al.'s c onclusion ( 1976) t hat i i s emble q ue C halcolithique l a

p endant c ulture

t out ä l a

l e h oue

N golithique e t a it 6 t6 s eule

p ratiqugs. ( p. i t

i s

s triking

t hat

i t

i s

w ithin

t his

h orizon

t hat

1 72)

N eolithic

c ommunities i n n orthern F rance b egan s oils o f t he p lateaux . A rmed w ith t he

t o w ork t he m ore d ifficult p lough a nd t raction i t s eems

t o

f amilies

h ave

g reater

b een

p ossible

d egree

o f

f or

e conomic

i ndividual

i ndependence

1 57

b y

t o

h ave

e xpanding

a chieved o n

t o

a

l and

p reviously r endzinas.

c onsidered

u nworkable,

s uch

a s

t he

l oess

a nd

t he

d rier

T he c ontrast w ith t he m iddle N eolithic p attern c an b e s een i n t he a bandonment o f t he d itched, d efended e nclosures. E ven w here S OM s ettlement o ccurs o n p romontories i t i s n ow n o l onger l ocated o n t he p oint b ut o n t he s ummit. T he e xample o f N ogent l 'Artaud i n t he A isne h as a lready b een q uoted. A n umber o f m iddle N eolithic s ites d o h ave e vidence o f l ate N eolithic o ccupation . A t C anneville i n t he O ise, D aniel's a rtefact l ist i ncludes G rand P ressigny f lint a nd f our t anged a rrowheads ( 1970) a nd S OM m aterial h as a lso b een f ound a t M aran a nd N oyen i n t he S eine ( Mordant, 1 977). A c ollective t omb w ith 3 6 b odies w as f ound a t t he s outhern e nd o f t he e nclosure a t C atenoy ( Bailloud, 1 964, 2 89) a nd s ome S OM s herds w ere a lso n oted a t H autes-BruyAres. O ther e xamples i nclude C uiry-les-Chaudardes, ' Le M oulin d es F ourneaux', B ey res, M oru, P ontpoint a nd C ompi gne. What c haracterises t hese s ites h owever m ore t han t he f ortuitous o ccurrence o f m iddle a nd l ate N eolithic m aterial i s t he a bsence o f a ny l ate N eolithic i nterest i n t he m aintenance o f t he e nclosure a nd i ts d efences. O nly C hätenay c ontradicts t his p attern, b ut t he p ublication h as c onsisted o f o nly a n ote i n G allia P rghistoire a nd f urther d etails w ere n ot a vailable. T he o ccupation i tself a t t hese s ites s eems f rom s urface t races t o h ave b een m inimal a nd t his i s b orne o ut b y t he e xcavations a t C uiry w hich s o f ar h ave u ncovered o nly a t omb a nd a f ew p its o f t his p hase. I n

a ssessing

t he

d emographic

c hanges

t hat

m ay

h ave

b een

a ssociated w ith t he c hange i n t he s ettlement p attern t here a re t wo p roblems ( 1) a n i nability t o r ecognise a n e arly a nd l ate p hase o f S OM, a nd, ( 2) a s a r esult o f t his a n i nability t o a ssign t o p articular p hases t he p alimpsest o f s mall, s cattered s ites w hich h ave b een e xamined h ere. N evertheless, t he e vidence s uggests t hat t here w as n o a ppreciable d ecline i n p opulation b etween t he m iddle a nd l ate N eolithic, f or, f rom i ts b eginning S OM a ppears t o h ave b een o rganised i n t he o pen a nd e xpansive s ystem e xamined a bove. I n a ddition, b y c ontrast w ith B ritain a t t his t ime t here d oes n ot a ppear t o b e a r ecession i n t he n umber o f n ew c learances. I t i s d ifficult t o g ive a p recise f igure a nd f ew a re a ssociated w ith C1 4 d ates

s o

t hat

t he

d ating

i s

o ften

a s

l oose

a s

' Atlantic'

o r

' Subboreal'. I n a ddition m any o f t he r esults c ome f rom s oils a ssociated w ith s ites o r m onuments. T he e ffect o f l ocal c learances m ay t herefore m ask t he o verall p icture. N evertheless, t he g eneral p attern i s o ne o f a n i ncrease i n c learances a nd f its w ell w ith t he s ettlement e vidence f or e xpansion i nto p reviously u noccupied l andscape z ones ( Morzadec-Kerfourn, 1 976). A n a ttempt h as r ecently b een m ade t o l ink t he a ppearance o f m egalithic t ombs i n t he P aris b asin a t t his t ime w ith a n i mbalance i n c ritical r esources ( Chapman, 1 979); t o s ee t hem a s t erritorial m arkers. T o t his e xtent t hey a re r egarded a s t he s uccessors o f t he m iddle N eolithic e nclosures. S everal d ifficulties a re a ssociated w ith t his m odel. F irst, S OM b urial p laces a re n ot, w ith a n umber o f e xceptions e xamined l ater, m onumental i n c onstruction . T he h ypogges/allges c ouvertes a re s imple m egaliths n ot c overed w ith i mpressive o f

t he

d ead

c airns, i n

a nd

c ommunal

i ndeed,

t here

p its

i n

o r

1 58

a re m any e xamples o f

r ock-fissures.

S econd,

d isposal t here i s

l ittle e vidence t o s upport t he v iew t hat t ombs o nly o ccur w here t here i s l and p ressure a s s ymbols o f t he g roup c ontinuity a nd t he p ermanence o f t he l ink w ith t he l and. W ith t he S OM , t he s ettlement p attern i ndicates a n e xpansive s ystem, c olonising a reas w hose o nly p revious o ccupants h ad b een t he l ate m esolithic g roups o f t he T ardenoisian a nd r elated i ndustries. L and w as n ot i n s hort s upply. Y et S OM t ombs a re t he f irst f ormal d isposal a reas r ecognisable i n t he n orth F rench N eolithic. I n t hese c ircumstances m ay o ne n ot s ee t hese t ombs a s t he f oci o f s ocial a nd r eligious i dentity r ather t han o r a s m uch a s e conomic? A fter a ll, a p articular f eature o f S OM i s t he p ersistence o f a s ettlement p attern e stablished i n t he l ate N eolithic i nto t he s econd m illennium ( Cahen a nd D ehoet, 1 980); what e lsewhere w ould b e r egarded a s t he E arly B ronze A ge. T his p attern s hows n o m ove e ither t o t he d evelopment o f t he l arge, c entralised s ites a nd e nclosures s een i n B ritain ( henges e tc.) o r t owards t he s ingle g rave C orded W are/Bell B eaker p attern t hat e merged i n a djacent a reas o f t he E uropean m ainland s uch a s S witzerland, t he N etherlands a nd B rittany. A ssociated w ith t his i s t he a bsence o f m etallurgy i n S OM c ontexts. E lsewhere,

t he

d issemination

o f

a ppearance

' exotica'

o f

i n

t he

m etal f orm

p roducts o f

a nd

s pecialised

t he f lint

p roducts s uch a s t he G rand-Pressigny b lades, a llows t he t entative r ecognition o f s tatus o bjects. T o b e s ure s ome o f t hese ' exotica' o ccur i n a n S OM c ontext. I t i s a t t his p eriod t hat j ade r eached i ts w idest c irculation, t hat a f ew c opper t rinkets a ppeared a nd t hat B eakers w ere o ccasionally i ntroduced i nto n ative c ontexts. B ut f rom t he L oire t o B elgium t here i s n o a ssociation o f t hese o bjects w ith i ndividual b urials a nd c onsequently n o w ay o f a ssessing t heir r ole i n t he s ocial s ystem . M oreover, t he d istribution o f G rand-Pressigny f lint

e specially

c andidate

f or

t he

f orm

a p restige

i n

g ood,

o f

f inely

s hows

t hat

w orked i t

c ontexts t han i n e ither s ettlements o r t ombs.

b lades,

o ccurs

a p rime

m ot-3 i n

s tray

I n t he a bsence o f a ny

r ecognisable h ierarchy o r c entres f or r edistribution w here i s t he d emand f or t his f lint c oming f rom? I t i s a t t his t ime t hat i n m any a reas l ocal f lint s ources a re i ntensively e xploited f or t he f irst t ime. F inally, i t i s w orth p ointing o ut a gain t hat w hile i n s outhern F rance p ottery s tyles,

t he t hird m illennium b .c. i s a m osaic o f c ompeting t he u niformity o f S OM e xtends f rom S witzerland t o

n orthern B elgium . C OMPARISONS W ITH O THER A REAS O F T HE P ARIS B ASIN

l ate

T he s tudy a reas h ave p rovided a c omplimentary p icture N eolithic s ettlement p attern o f n orthern F rance b ut

s till

p erhaps

a rguable

t hat

i n

a bstracting

i nformation

o f t he i t i s f rom

r estricted a reas a m ore c omplex o verall p attern m ay h ave b een m issed. T hree f urther a reas w ill t herefore b e c onsidered b riefly. T hey a re ( 1) a t t he l evel o f t he c ommune, T hil ( Marne) ( 2) t he M arais S t.Gond a t t he s ource o f t he P etit-Morin ( Marne) a nd ( 3) t he d istribution o f f unerary m onuments i n t he c entral P aris b asin a s a w hole.

1 59

( i) T HIL

f ield

( MARNE)

J unot a nd V essely h ave r ecently p ublished t he r esults o f t heir w ork i n t he c ommune o f T hil ( 1974, 1 976) o ver a n a rea o f

a bout o ne s quare k ilometer. A t t his s cale i ndividual s ettlements s hould b e m ore e asily d efined. T he s oil i s l ight a nd s andy w ith a t hin l oessic c over. T he m aterial i s a bundant a nd h as a llowed t he r ecognition o f s even o ccupation a reas. 1L e M arch 6a ux P ourceau A f lake i ndustry w ith a bout 4 30 p ieces w as r ecovered b y f ieldw alking a nd b y t hree 1 m2 . s ondages. A s a r esult s ome p ottery o ccurs i n a ssociation w ith t he f lint w ork . L ocal f lint w orking i s e videnced b y 3 6 c ores. A c ollection o f s crapers, a xes, s cies-äe ncoches a nd a rrowheads ( tranchet, l ozenge a nd b arbed-and-tanged) w ere a lso f ound. T he p ottery h as d ecorative i ncrustations w hich m ay s uggest a d ate a lso o ccur.

l ate

i n

t he

S OM

s equence.

' Chocolate-bar'

d aggers

2L es V ieux C roix T his s ite l ies 4 00m . t ranchet a rrowheads,

a nd

C heyennes a xe.

t o t he n orth o f 1 . I t p roduced p iercing s mall s crapers, a f lint d agger a nd a

T he p ottery i s

s imilar t o s ite

1 .

3L es V oies R in ants a nd

T he s ite l ies 1 50m. e ast o f 2 o n a s mall s andy l edge. J unot V essely ( op.cit.) h ave i ndicated C hassgen p arallels f or s ome

s herds b ut t his s eems t o b e a c ase o f e xcessive t ypologising i n w hat i s o therwise a l ate i ndustry o f b arbed-and-tanged a rrowheads. 4L es P etits P ras T he v alley.

s ite

l ies

4 00m .

n orth-west

o f

1 i n

t he

b ottom o f a m inor

S ON f lints a nd a C heyennes a xe w ere r ecovered.

5L e G ros M ont T he s ite l ies 2 00m . w est o f 1 a nd h owever i ndicate a l ate N eolithic d ate.

h as

f ew

f inds.

T hey

d o

T wo f urther s ites l ie t o t he n orth: 6 L e R aves d es D osseux, a nd 7L es C haufours he r elative c hronology o f t hese s ites i s O n s uch e vidence, t b u t f r o m t h e p o t t e r y , s i t e s 1 a n d 2 w o u l d d ifficult t o a scertain s i t e s v a r y i n s i z e . T h e l a r g e s t ' L e M a r c h 6 a ppear t o b e l ate. T he 1 5 0m . l o n g a n d a b o u t 1 0 0m . w i d e . T h e a ux P ourceaux' i s 1 25 5m . T he d istribution o f t hese s ites c an b e s mallest i s a bout 7 5 b y 7 a p p r e c ia b l e s o i l c h a n g e s o c c u r a c r o s s t h i s s een i n F igure 9 .1. N o a rea. T hese s catters a re t he r emains o f o ne s ettlement a rea a lthough i t i s d oubtful t hat a ll w ere o ccupied a t t he s ame t ime. F urther s ondages a nd f ieldwork a re e xamining t his q uestion . E ven a t p resent, h owever, t he d etail o f t he e vidence a llows a r are i nsight

1 60

i nto t he o rganisation o f a n S OM s ettlement: t he i ndividual s catters w ould a ppear t o r epresent t he p eriodic s hifting o f h uts a cross t he s ite. ( ii) T HE M ARAIS

S T.

G OND

O ne o f t he m ost e xceptional c oncentrations o f S OM m onuments o ccurs a t t he s ource o f t he P etit-Morin o n t he C hampagne a round t he M arais S t.Gond. T he m arsh s tretches f or o ver 1 0km . a nd i s n ow i n p laces o ver 2 km . w as s maller a nd ( e.g.

w ide. A t t he t ime o f t he S OM o ccupation t he m arsh i ts s ubsequent r ising h as i nundated s ome s ites

' Pras-aux-Vaches').

S teep

s lopes

r ise

t o

t he

n orth a nd

s outh

f orming a s mall g orge t hrough w hich t he r iver r uns. T his o pens t o t he e ast o n t o t he w ide e xpanse o f t he m arsh. F urther e ast l andscape

i s

a gain

c onstricted

b y

t he

n umerous

s treams

w hich

o ut t he h ave

t heir s ource i n t his a rea a nd w hich f low i nto t he M arne a round C hälons. N evertheless, t his n arrow s trip o f i nterfluve p rovides a n e asy r oute o f c ommunication b etween t he M arne a nd t he c entral P aris b asin. T his m ay w ell h ave c ontributed t o i ts p rehistoric p opularity. T he g eology i s c halk a nd a part f rom t he m arsh i tself t he s oil c over i s m ainly r endzina w ith l essivated b rown e arths ( sols b runs l essiv6s) a ppearing o n t he p lateau t o t he n orth-west. T he a rea h as b een t he

s ubject

o f

i nvestigation s ince

t he

l ast

c entury w hen m any o f t he t ombs w ere f irst f ound. U nfortunately, m ost w ere e xcavated a t t he t ime. I n a lmost a ll c ases n o p lans w ere k ept o f t he t ombs t hemselves o r o f t he o verall p attern o f t he t ombs w ithin t he c emetery. T here i s n o r ecord o f w hich a rtefacts a nd h ow m any s keletons o ccurred i n e ach t omb a nd m any o f t he a rtefacts h ave n ow b een l ost o r d estroyed. S ettlement e vidence h as b een f ortuitously g athered i n t he s earch f or m ore t ombs i n t his a rea. D oublet a nd V illes ( 1977) h ave h owever r ecently b een w orking o n t his p roblem m ore s ystematically. L isted b elow a re c ommune.

t he s ites r ecorded t o d ate a ccording t o t heir

T hey a ppear o n F igure 9 .2.

M orains 1 ' Pras-aux-Vaches'

( Coutier,

1 928;

B ailloud,

1 974)

D escription: A s ettlement o f n umerous h uts ( number u nstated) a bout 4 b y 5 m . a nd s eparated b y 3 0-150m . T he s tructures w ere f ull o f b one, c harcoal a nd S OM a rtefacts b ut n o r esearch s eems t o h ave b een u ndertaken o n t hese. V illevenard 1L es H auts d e C ongy 2 B annes St.-Prix 3 4 5 6

M ont-Aoet B uisson L arry M oulin

7V ielle-Andecy D escription: A ll o f t hese S OM m aterial.

s ites a re

s mall f lint s catters c ontaining

N o o ther d etails a re p rovided

8 L a C raiare - 5 h ypogges

1 61

( Hu,

1 930).

9M oulin B rulg - a t omb w ith 9 i nhumations 1 0 P ente d e M oulin - a t omb 1 1 P ierre-Michelot - 4 -5 t ombs w ith a c ave c ontaining 2 2 s keletons 1 2 R onces - 2 2 h ypogges ( no s ite p lan k ept) 1 3 L e C henail - a n a llge c ouverte C ongy 1L a C ense R ouge ( Doublet a nd V illes, 1 977) D escription: A s mall s ettlement ( 40 b y 1 0m .)

n ear

t he

s ummit

o f a

s light p lateau. F lints a nd p ottery f ragments w ere f ound. 2 C ornemboux - 3 t ombs, o ne o f w hich c ontained 4 0-50 s keletons a nd a c opper b ead. 3 L es H ayettes - a n a llge c ouverte w ith 4 0-50 s keletons i n t wo l ayers s eparated b y l m . o f c halk r ubble. 4 L a M ousseronniare - a n a llge c ouverte w ith

d ispersed

1 5 s keletons.

5 P arc d u C hâteau - a t omb. 6 D urpenne - a t omb. C oizard 1R azet - 3 7 t ombs

( with a s ite

p lan),

a ll o pen t o

t he

S -SE

o n

t he

s outh-facing s lope o f a h ill. T hey a re a rranged i n p arallel l ines. I t i s n ow i mpossible t o a ssign b ones o r m aterial t o e ach i ndividual t omb. C ourjeonnet 1L es H ouyottes o r L e T rou-Blgriot - 1 0-11 t ombs. 2 L es V ignes-Basses - 1 1 t ombs. 3 L es V ignes-Jaunes - a h ypogge w ith m aterial. 6 8 t ranchet a rrowheads ( Roland, T his d ensest

o utstanding

c ollection

o f

c ollection S OM

t ombs

o f

k nown

2 6 i nhumations 1 911). m onuments

i n

a nd

m uch

r epresents

n orthern

F rance.

t he

W ithin

t he 2 86km 2 . s hown o n F igure 9 .2 n o f ewer t han 1 02 t ombs o ccur. O f m ore i mportance i s t he e vidence f rom R azet ( Coizard 1 ) t hat t hey w ere s et o ut i n a r egular p attern a s a c emetery; a n i mplication o f s ocial p lanning a t l east ( Figure 9 .3). a ux-Vaches' m ay s uggest t he p resence o f

T he i mplied s ize o f ' Prea m ore c entralised v illage

a lso. T he

l ocation

o f

t hese

s ites

a round

t he

m arsh

r eveals

a

d iffering l ocational p reference b etween t he s ettlement s catters a nd t he t ombs. T he f ormer a re l ocated o n t he e dge o f t he p lateaux, r inging t he m arsh a nd o verlooking i t. A ny a rable a ctivity m ust h ave b een r estricted t o t he p lateaux b ehind t he s ite. T he t ombs o ccur f urther d own o n t he s lope o ften t aking a dvantage o f n atural c aves f ormed i n t he c halk. W ith s uch c ommanding v iews o f t he m arsh a n e conomic e mphasis o n w ild-life s hould b e e xpected. ( iii) T HE C ENTRAL P ARIS B ASIN S ettlement

m aps

u seful

f or

a m ore

r egional

i nterpretation

o f

t he l ate N eolithic p attern w ere n ot a vailable, b ut J ohn P eek h as p ublished a c atalogue a nd m ap o f t he m egalithic m onuments o f t he P aris b asin a s p art o f t he r ecent C NRS ( Centre N ational d e l a

1 62

R echerche

S cientifique)

p roject

t o

m ap

t hese

m onuments

a cross

F rance ( 1975). I n u sing h is i nformation t he f ollowing r eservations a re m ade: f irst, a lthough m egaliths s eem t o a ppear i n t he P aris b asin f irst w ith t he S OM, s ome m ay y et b e e arlier. S econd, S OM t ombs o n t he b asis o f t he A isne-Marne e vidence h ave a b ias t owards h ill-slopes, a nd t hird, n ot a ll S OM b urials o ccurred i n t ombs. I n f act, o f P eek's s ites f ewer t han 4 0% a ppeared t o s how a b ias t owards h ill-side l ocations. F ew t ombs w ere m ore t han l km . f rom w ater a nd t his f igure m ay w ell b e r educed o nce s ources n ot c urrently f lowing a re t aken i nto c onsideration . A n a nalysis o f t he s oil-types o n w hich t hese m onuments h as b een c onducted. T he s oil-map i s r eproduced a s F igure 9 .5.

o ccur S ince

P eek a lso i ncluded m enhirs a nd o ther s uch m onuments t hese h ave b een o mitted f rom t he a nalysis. A c hi s quared t est r eveals t he f ollowing p attern w ith a n ull h ypothesis t hat n o p reference w as i ndicated.

2 3.56

P aris b asin t ombs R endz. s .b. e utroph .

P eat

P odz.

S ols p odz.

s .b. c alc .

s .l.

a lluv.

s bl.

0 E O -E

4 7 2 2 2 5

0 4 4

0 1 1

1 3 2

0 5 5

1 3 8 5

1 2 1 9 7

3 7 1 2 2 5

1 9 5 5 36

0 -E 2 0 -E 2

6 25

1 6

1

4

2 5

2 5

4 9

6 25

1 296

2 8.4

4

1

1 .33

5

3 .12

2 .57

5 2.08

= 121.06 8 d egrees o f f reedom p = l ess t han 0 .001 N ull h ypothesis d enied A n umber o f p oints m ay b e o bserved i n t hese r esults.

F irst

t here i s

a h eavy w eighting t owards t he r endzinas a nd a way f rom t he l essivated b rown e arths ( sols b runs l essiv6s) o f t he p lateau . W hile t his d oes n ot c ontradict t he p attern o bserved i n t he A isne-Marne o ne s hould n ote a lso t he m uch l arger p ercentage o f s ites o ccurring o n t he a lluvium o f t he S eine. T his m ay b e e xplained i n t wo w ays. F irst, t he f loodplain o f t he S eine i s m uch w ider t han t hat o f t he A isne a nd t he p roblems o f e ncroaching m arsh a rea s een i n t he S OM p ollen p rofile f rom a p it a t C uiry-les-Chaudardes ( Chapter 2 ) m ay n ot h ave b een s o a pparent. S econd, t here m ay b e h igh d ensities o f t ombs o ccurring a s c emeteries. O ne p ossible e xample o f t his i s D raveil a round t he Y erres-Seine c onfluence. I n f act o n e xamination t hese

' cemeteries'

p rove

s cale o f P eek's m ap. s everal k ilometers.

T he

i llusory, t ombs

d o

a t rick

o f

i n

o ccur

f act

t he

e ye o ver

d ue

t o

t he

a n

a rea

o f

m ade

o f

t he

C OMPARISONS W ITH O THER R EGIONS O F E UROPE ( i)

B RITTANY T hroughout

t his

d iscussion

n o

m ention

h as

b een

s ituation i n B rittany. T his i s p artly d ue t o t he d ifficulty o f d ating t he c onstruction o f t he v arious m onument t ypes a nd e quating t hem w ith o ther a spects o f m aterial c ulture. T he c hart b elow i s

1 63

c ulled f rom v arious w orks a nd r epresents w idely a ccepted v iew o f t he c hronology. D ate

T omb c onstruction

L andscape

a s ummary

P ottery

o f

t he

m ost

C learances

z one V th m ill.

I Vth m ill.

e arly m onuments e .g . B arnenez, P louezoc'h

c oast

C am

nf ew

a ggrandissement c oast o f e arlier t ombs. B arnenez I I, C olpo

C am

nf ew

D issignac a pogee o f t omb c onstruction,

c oast

C hasseen S ouc'h

S t. M ichel a t C arnac. N ew P assage g raves.

T he

e arly I IIrd

C ontinued u se o f o ld t ombs. F ew

m ill,

n ew c onstructions

I lird m ill. m ost

M ore f requent. P romontory

C astellic e nclosures.

c oast

K ergou

r ecession

H ypogees/allees

c oast a nd

S OM

r enewed

c ouvertes m any n ew t ypes.

i nterior

i mportant

p oint

t o

n ote

h ere

i s

t he

s uggestion

t hat

t he

p eriod o f C hasseen a nd r elated o ccupation, t he a pogee o f t omb c onstruction o n a m onumental s cale, i s s eparated f rom t he r enewed t omb b uilding o f t he l ate N eolithic, r epresented b y S OM t ypes a nd t he s epulture e n e querre a nd e ntree l aterale, b y a r ecession p hase w here f ew n ew t ombs w ere b uilt. T his a ppears t o b e a ssociated w ith K ergou p ottery, d ated b y L 'Helgouach ( 1979) t o a round 2 700 b .c. T he a rchitectural e vidence f or t his d epends o n a dmittedly i nsecure a ssociations o f C14 d ates w ith t omb c onstruction. I t i s h owever c learer f rom t he e vidence r ecently o btained b y M orzadec-Kerfourn ( 1976) f rom p ollen c ores. T he d iagram a t

B rignogan s hows

t he r ecession m ost

c learly.

T he

f irst c learances o ccur a t t he b eginning o f t he S ubboreal a nd a ffect t he a lder c urve. B ut f ollowing t his t here a ppears t o b e a p hase o f f orest r egeneration a nd t hen t he a ppearance o f n ew c learances. I n t he s econd h alf o f t he t hird m illennium b .c. i t i s c lear f rom o ther s ites t hat t hese c learances i ntensify. T his c an b e s een a t D ol ( 4400±140 b .p. G if 1 835), P louguerneau ( 4250±250 b .p . G if 2 82) a nd P louescat ( 4120±140 b .p. G if 7 11). T hese c learances a re n ot r estricted t o t he c oastal a reas b ut a lso o ccur i n t he m ountains e .g. S pezet a nd S t.-Michel-de-Brasparts ( van Z eist, 1 963). P lantago a nd P teridium a re

t he m ajor b eneficiaries.

i s a lso e vidence f or K erfourn c oncludes: l e

d evelopment

f inal

p eut

e tre

t he

u se

d e

l 'activite

m is

e n

o f

f ire

t o

C ereals

c lear

a gricole

p arallele

a vec

a re r are.

a reas. a u

l e

T here

A s M orzadec-

N eolithique r enouveau

d e

l 'architecture m egalithique. ( op.cit.,

1 64

8 9)

T his p attern i s o f p articular i nterest i n v iew o f t he s imilar s equence o f r ecession a nd e xpansion s uggested b y W hittle ( 1978) f or s outhern B ritain. I t s tands i n c ontrast t o t he e vidence o f t he P aris b asin i tself. A n

e xplanation

r esource p ressure.

o f

t his

m ay

p erhaps

b e

U ntil t he l ate N eolithic,

f ound

i n

a m odel

o f

s ettlement i n B rittany

w as r estricted t o t he n arrow c oastal z ones w here t he m ore e asily w orkable l and o ccurs. T he n umber o f t ombs f ound h ere i ndicates a s izeable p opulation. I n t he l ater f ourth m illennium t here i s e vidence f or a g reater c entralisation i n t he f orm o f C hassgen t ype e nclosures ( Lizo a t C arnac) a nd t he c onstruction o f t he m ost i mpressive t ombs s uch a s S t.Michel a t C arnac. T he s cale o f t hese p rojects n ot l arge l abour

o nly i ndicates a n a bility t o o rganise a nd s upport f orces b ut a lso a d etermined a ssault o n t he l ocal

e nvironment,

f or

e xample,

t o

p rovide

t he

w ood

a nd

s tone

u sed

i n

c onstructing t he t ombs. T his m aximum o f e xploitation m ay h ave p ushed t he t raditional t echniques o f a gricultural p roduction a nd t he

l and

t o

t heir

l imits.

T he

r esult

n oted a bove. W hen t he e nsuing l andscape z ones w ere o ccupied

m ay

h ave

b een

t he

r ecession

p hase o f e xpansion o ccurred, n ew a nd f ewer m onumental t ombs w ere

c onstructed. T his e xpansion c an b e s een m ost v ividly o n t he m aps c ontained i n F igure 9 .6. W hile t his c hange o ccurs w ithin t he f irst h orizon o f S herratt's S econdary P roducts R evolution ( 1981) t here i s i ndication i n

t he a bsence

o f

c ereals

f rom m ost

p ollen d iagrams a nd

t he i ncreased p resence o f P lantago a nd P teridium t hat m ay h ave b een t he m ajor b eneficiary o f t his e xpansion . ( ii)

p astoralism

S WITZERLAND C omparisons

m ay

a lso

b e

d rawn

w ith

t he

l ate

N eolithic

i n

S witzerland. M uch o f t he d iscussion a bout t he l ate N eolithic H orgen g roup h as b een r estricted t o a n e xamination o f i ts o rigins a nd i ts r elationship t o S OM . I tten i n 1 970 s aw H orgen a s a d irect i mmigration f rom F rance f or w hich s he h ad t o i nvent a n e arlier n onm egalithic p hase o f S OM . D iscussion o n t his p oint a nd a g eneral c omparison b etween t he t wo c ultures h as a lready b een c onducted i n C hapter 3 .

I t i s t he e conomic s ystem t hat w ill b e d iscussed b elow .

B oth M urray

( 1970)

a nd H igham

d omesticate i n H orgen w as

t he p ig .

( 1967)

w as i n i tself a n i ndication o f p opulation. C attle w ere n evertheless m ore

r ecent

s tudy

S akellaridis

s howed

H igham a lso

t hat

t he

s uggested

d ominant t hat

t his

a n a cculturised m esolithic a n i mportant c omponent. I n a

( 1979)

h as

r eexamined

t he

e conomic

s ystems o f t he S wiss N eolithic g roups a nd w hile t here a re c learly r egional v ariations s he t oo h as c onfirmed t he d ominant r ole o f p ig i n H orgen . T his p attern a lso o ccurs i n S OM ( see l ater). d ifference b etween t he t wo a reas o ccurs a fter H orgen . I n t he s econd h alf o f t he t hird m illennium H orgen i s

T he m ajor s ucceeded

b y a b ranch o f t he s ingle-grave C orded Ware g roups. T he b oundary o f t his d istribution i s t he B elfort G ap a nd n o C orded W are g raves o ccur i n t he P aris b asin. F rom t he t able b elow i t i s a pparent t hat t his c hange i s a ssociated w ith t he d ominance o f s heep i n t he f aunal r ecord. I t i s a t t his p eriod t hat c opper m etallurgy a lso g ets u nderway. M ost o f t he a nimals s urvived u ntil a dulthood. T his c hange w ill b e

c ommented o n a gain l ater.

1 65

A uvernier I I a nd I II C attle

I I ( Horgen) 1 0.6%

I II ( Corded W are) 2 6.5%

S heep P igs D og

1 0.6% 2 1.3% 4 .3%

3 5.6% 2 3.7% 4 .6%

( iii) T HE N ETHERLANDS A s

o ne m oves

b eyond

t he

a rea

o f

t he

B elgian

S OM t he

s ituation

c hanges m arkedly. T his i s p artly d ue t o t he c hange i n g eomorphology a s o ne p asses o ut o f t he a reas o f h igh l oess p lateaux a nd d eep d issecting v alleys. I t i s a lso p artly d ue t o c ultural d ifferences a s o ne l eaves a reas t hat h ad h ad t he l ong t radition o f a n o riginally B andkeramik s ettlement p attern . I n t he N etherlands t he s equence i s a ll t he m ore c omplex a s a r esult o f t he c hanging g eomorphology a ssociated w ith m arine t ransgressions ( Loowe K ooijmans, 1 980). I t i s n ot u ntil t he f ourth m illennium b .c. t hat N eolithic o ccupation o ccurs o n t he n atural l evees a nd r iver d unes o utside t he a rea o f ' diluvial h igh s oils' i n t he d elta r egion . T o t his p hase d ates t he S wifterbant o ccupation . O f m ore i nterest h ere h owever i s t he a ppearance o f t he V laardingen c ulture ( 2500-2000 b .c.). T he l ater p hases o f t his a re a ssociated w ith A OC B eakers w hile P FB material i s p resent o n a lmost e very s ite. T he m ajor c oncentration o f s ettlement i s i n t he w est o n t he c oastal s trip b ut i t a lso e xtends f urther s outh. T o a g reat e xtent t he a rea o ccupied b y t he V laardingen c ulture a cts a s a b uffer z one b etween t he e conomic s ystems o f t he n orth E uropean p lain a nd t hose o f a m ore c entral E uropean c haracter s een i n n orthern F rance a nd B elgium . D irect

c omparisons

p articularly u seful:

e ven

b etween t he

V laardingen

e stuary

o f

t he

a nd S eine

S OM d oes

a re n ot

n ot o ffer

t he c hanging p attern o f t idal c reeks a nd l evees w hich s haped t he V laardingen s ettlement p attern . N evertheless, b oth c ultural g roups r epresent t he f irst w idespread o ccupation o f m any n ew a reas, a nd i n b oth c ases r esource p ressure s eems t o h ave b een a bsent. T o a l arge e xtent V laardingen e xpands i nto p reviously u nsettled t erritory a nd l ike

S OM s hows n o m ove

s ocial s ystems.

t owards

c entralised e nclosures

o r

d eveloped

B oth m ake w ide u se o f t heir e nvironment.

A t V laardingen i tself

t he

s ite

o ccurs

o n a n atural

l evee o f a

c reek i n a f reshwater t idal a rea. T he f ormation o f t his c reek i s a f eature o f t he C alais I VA1 p hase. T he a rea o f t he s ettlement i s c onfined t o t he l evee s ince b ehind l ay m arshy b ack-swamps. S mall f ields a ppear t o h ave b een s et o ut o n t he a utumnally s ilted a reas. O n t he s andy r idges o f t he c oast, m ixed o ak f orest w as p resent a nd n aturally e xtensive p asture w as r are. H ere h unting a nd f ishing a ppear t o h ave b een o f e ven g reater i mportance. C lason h as a lready p ointed t o t he v aried n ature o f t he V laardingen e conomy ( 1967), i ncluding e ven w hales. O f m ore d irect c omparison w ith S OM h owever i s t he p redominance o f p ig i n t he d omesticated f aunal r ecord a t H ekelingen a nd a t V laardingen i tself. N ine w ere r ecovered f rom t he f ormer a nd 3 6 f rom t he l atter. t he

T he g eneral p attern o f t his s ettlement i llustrates a bove a ll v aried n ature o f l ate N eolithic e conomic s trategies i n n orth-

w est E urope.

T o

t his e xtent S OM a lso s hows

1 66

t hese

t endencies w ith a n

i ncrease S eine

i n

h unting

e stuary.

T his

a nd

g reater

d iversity

o ccupation

f urther

o n

t he

e ncourages

t he

s hore

i n

o pinion

t he t hat

i n t hese l ocations r esource s carcity c annot h ave b een a p roblem . b oth a reas t he s ettlement p attern i s o pen a nd e xpansive.

I n I n

c ontrast o ne m ight c ite t he e vidence f rom t he P FB g roups w ith w hich V laardingen i s s ometimes a ssociated, a t l east i n t he e xchange o f p ottery a nd s tone-work. R ecent w ork b y G roenman-van W aateringe ( 1979)

h as

d rawn

a ttention

t o

t he

l ow

p ercentage

o f

a rable

w eeds

a nd t he h igh p ercentage o f p astoral w eeds a ssociated w ith P FB b arrows a nd h e h as e ven p ostulated w oodland g razing i n V eluwe a nd o pen g razing i n t he D rente. T his e mphasis o n s tock-raising f its w ell w ith t he e conomic e vidence f or o ther a reas o f t he s ingle-grave g roups. ( iv)

S OUTHERN B RITAIN R ecent

w ork

b y

W hittle

( 1978),

B radley

( 1978)

a nd

B urgess

( 1980) h as g reatly c larified t he t hird m illennium b .c. s equence i n s outhern B ritain . C entral t o t he n ew m odel i s t he t hesis t hat p opulation g rowth w as n ot c ontinuous b etween t he m iddle a nd l ate N eolithic. I nstead i t i s s uggested t hat t he m iddle o f t he t hird m illennium m arked a c risis i n t he e conomic s ystem o f t his a rea. T his i s b ased o n t he f ollowing e vidence: f irst, t he l arge p ublic m onuments o f t he e arly N eolithic e ither f all i nto d isuse o r h ave a m ore r estricted u se, a nd, s econd, t here i s a r egeneration o f t he f orest o n e arlier c learances a nd f ewer n ew c learances. n ot o nly w ere a ppreciable a reas n ew a reas w ere b eing s ettled. S ome r egional v ariation i s e xample i t h as b een a rgued l ikely t o h ave o ccurred t han

g oing

o ut

o f

u se;

f ewer

( Bradley,

1 978,

1 05)

o f c ourse a pparent a nd i n W essex f or t hat a r elaxed s crub g razing i s m ore f ull

f orest

r egeneration.

T he o ccurrence o f a m ajor c hange i n o rganisation o f s outhern B ritain a t

t he e conomic t his t ime

a nd s ocial f its w ell

c hronologically w ith t he r adical c hange i n t he s ettlement p attern o bserved i n F rance w ith t he a ppearance o f S OM a nd i n B rittany, w ith t he p eriod b etween S OM a nd t he

C hassgen ( and r elated) m onuments.

I t

i s n ot s o m uch a q uestion o f a nalysing t he n ature o f d ifferent, i ndividual c rises b ut o f t he v arying a daptations t o a E uropean p henomenon. I n B ritain, t he s olution a ppears t o h ave o ccurred i n t wo s tages. T he i nitial r eaction c an b e s een i n t he r eduction o f t he s ize o f b urial m onuments a nd t he a ppearance o f r ound m ounds a nd c remation

c emeteries.

I n

a ddition

t he

a ppear. B radley s uggested t hat i n g eneral e arliest ( 1978). T he s econd p hase i s t he

f irst

b egin

t o

t he s maller h enges r ecovery n oted i n

h enges

a re t he

s ettlement p attern b y t he a ppearance o f t he l arge h enges, t he d ivision o f t he r iver g ravels i nto f ields, a nd, f or e xample, t he F engate s ystem ( Pryor, 1 974). A c ontrast b etween t his e mphasis o n e nclosure a nd e nclosures

c annot

b e m ore

h ighly d rawn

t han w ith t he

F rench e vidence. R enfrew ( 1973) h as r ecently a rgued t hat w hatever t he i mmediate f unctions o f t he h enges t heir r ole a s t erritorial m arkers a nd c entres o f s ocial c ohesion s hould n ot b e u nderestimated. A c omparison b etween t heir f unction a nd t hat o f c entral b urial f oci o f t he S OM h owever m isses t he p oint t hat

1 67

t he t he

S OM t ombs m ay n ever h ave a ssumed t he r ole o f p ermanent m arkers t erritory. T hey b ear m ore r esemblance t o f amily c hapels t han p arish c hurches.

o f t o

P art o f t his c ontrast l ies i n t he d ifferent c onditions u nder w hich p opulation e xpansion o ccurred i n t hese a reas. I n B ritain, t he g rowth a ssociated w ith t he h enges d id n ot i nvolve l arge-scale e xpansion i nto n ew t erritory: c ausewayed c amps a nd h enges o ccur i n t he

s ame

a rea

f or

i nstance

i n

W essex .

T he

o ccurrence

o f

c entral

s ites w ith l arge, l abour-intensive m onuments i s i ndicative o f i nternal r eorganisation i n r elation t o t he r esources o f a reas s till o ccupied.

I n

n orthern

F rance

t he

e xpansion w as

d irected

o n

t o

t he

p lateaux w hose o nly p revious i nhabitants h ad b een s mall g roups c haracterised b y l ate m esolithic i ndustries. L and w as n ot i n s hort s upply a nd c onsequently t he s ettlement s ystem w as o pen a nd e xpansive. I t d id n ot r equire t he k inds o f e merged a t t his t ime i n t he B ritish I sles.

r egional

c entres

w hich

T he o ne a rea e xamined w here c haracteristics r esembling t hose o f t he B ritish p attern d id e merge i s t he c onstricted l andscape a round t he M arais S t.Gond o n t he C hampagne. H ere t here i s t he u nusual d ensity o f S OM s ettlement e xamined e arlier. t he t ombs d oes p resent a m onumental c haracter. O utwith

t hese m onuments

t he

e xpansion

o f

T he g rouping o f

s ettlement

i nto

n ew

l andscape z ones h as r ipples o f r eflection o n b oth s ides o f t he C hannel. F or e xample, e xploitation o f t he u plands i ncreases. T his c an b e

s een i n t he

l ocation o f l ate N eolithic s ites o n t he a reas o f

f ormer m esolithic o ccupation, a p henomenon n oted a lso i n B ritain b y T illey ( 1979). A f urther s imilarity i s t he g reater u se o f t he s hore-lines. O ther p oints o f c omparison a re t he g eneral i ncrease i n h unting a nd t he w ide r ange o f a rrowhead t ypes a ssociated. B urgess' d escription o f B ritain a s c onsisting o f s mall, s cattered f armsteads h ousing f amilies o r e nlarged f amilial g roups ( 1980), r eads a s w ell f or n orthern F rance a s

f or B ritain . T HE E CONOMIC E VIDENCE

( i) A NIMALS I n c ontrast t o t he c ereal e vidence t he f aunal r ecord i s u sually a m ore s ensitive i ndicator o f m ore s ubtle c hanges i n t he e conomies o f p rehistoric c ultures. F irst, t he a mount o f i nformation a vailable i s g reater b oth i n r egard t o t he o verall s tructures o f t he a nimal c omponent, a nd a lso i n r egard t o t he d etail o f h erd/ f lock m ortality e tc. S econd, t here a re m arked f luctuations s patially a nd t emporally i n t he s pecies k ept. P oulain's r ecent w ork ( 1973) o n t he f aunal r ecord o f F rance h as n ot r eceived t he p ublicity i t d eserves. I t a ims t o t ake a l ong t erm v iew o f t he N eolithic, r egion b y r egion, t o e stablish w hich w ere t he d ominant d omesticates. D espite t he f act t hat t he n ature o f t he e vidence c hanges t hroughout t he p eriod, c oming f rom s ettlements i n t he e arlier p eriods a nd t ombs i n t he l ater, i t i s c lear t hat t here a re c ertain a reas w here f or e xample s heep w ere m ore f avoured t hroughout t he e ntire e ra. S uch a n a rea i s L anguedoc-Provence, a n ot u nsurprising r esult i n v iew o f t he c urrent a gricultural p attern . I n t he P aris b asin, h owever, t he d ominant r ole i s s hared b etween

1 68

c attle a nd p igs. S heep n ever r eally a ttain m ore t han a n o ccasional a nd l ocal s ignificance. I n t he V endge-Charente t here i s l ittle i nformation b efore t he P eu-Richard/Les M atignons p eriods b ut h ere a gain i t s eems t o i ndicate a p redominantly c attle a rea . A ll t his i nformation i s e xpressed d iagramatically i n F igures 7 .16 a nd 9 .7. T o

s ummarise,

t he m iddle

N eolithic

s hows

t he

p redominance

o f

c attle. A t F ort-Harrouard t hey a ccount f or 6 6% , a t L umbres 3 5% a nd a t L igvin 5 0% . H owever, t here i s e vidence f rom B alloy a nd f rom M arcilly-sur-Tille t hat p ig g radually c ame t o p lay a n i mportant r ole. A t M arcilly c ounts o f b ones a ssociated w ith t he t hree r amparts o f t he e nclosure s how t hat c attle p redominate i n t he i nner r ampart ( the e arliest) b ut d ecline i n f avour o f p igs a s o ne m oves t o t he l ater r amparts. T he i ncrease i n p ig n umbers r eaches i ts p eak i n t he l ate N eolithic. A t V idelles, f or e xample, p igs a ccount f or 2 7.27%

o f

a ll

a nimals.

C attle

a nd

s heep

a re

r epresented

a t

9 .09%

e ach . O f t he p igs 9 1% w ere a dults. A l arge p ercentage o f t he f auna w as w ild ( 35%) h owever a mongst w hich d eer w ere t he m ost n umerous a t 1 6.16% . P ig i s t he d ominant a nimal a t t he t omb o f E tauville ( 25%), w here t here i s a lso a h igh p ercentage o f d og ( 18 .75%), a f eature n oted a t N oisy-sur-Ecole ( 26.08%) a s w ell. B ökönyi h as p ointed t o t he a dvantageous u se o f d ogs i n a s wine-herding e conomy ( 1974). A t N oisy p igs a ttain 5 2% . F ew o f t he o ther S ON s ites h ave b een s tudied i n s ufficient d etail. A t G uiry-en-Vexin h owever c attle a nd p ig a ccounted f or 5 % e ach w hile t he r est c onsisted o f r abbits, f or t he l argest m eat p ieces. T he

i mportance

o f

p ig

c ontinues

i nto

t he

' Early

s elected

B ronze

A ge'.

I n l evel C o f V idelles 2 6.31% o f i ndividuals a re p igs a nd o nly 5 .26% c attle. S heep o ccur a t 1 0.52% . V idelles a lso p rovides a n i nteresting s equence t hrough t he o verall a ge s tructure o f t he p ig h erd,

i ndicating a n i ncreasingly y ounger p opulation o ver t ime V ery Y oung Y oung A dult

A t N oisy t he

B andkeramik

S OM

' EBA '

9 % 9 1%

1 4.28% 8 5.72%

5 .26% 1 5.78% 7 8 .94%

p ercentage o f a dult p igs i s e ven l ower V ery Y oung

Y oung

A dult

P ig S heep G oat

1 0 0

4 2 0

7 2 0

D og

4

0

2

A n umber o f o ther s ites h ave a lso p roduced e conomic e vidence b ut t his i s e ither i n s uch s mall q uantities o r i t c onsists o f w ild a nimals a lone. T hese i nclude S t.-Martin-sur-le-Prg ( Marne), L e T ertre G ugrin ( Grande-Paroisse), T inqueux ( Marne), L a P ierre P late ( Presles) a nd C oppi res. A number o f s ites h ave h owever p roduced e vidence o f h orse, p articularly t he t eeth . ( Aisne), A vigny 2 a nd M areuil-les-Meaux . A d ifferent R egrettably, M ontivilliers c ulled

f rom

e xploitation

s ystem i s

T hese

i ndicated

i nclude i n

t he

C aranda e stuary.

e conomic i nformation f rom W attg's s ite w as n ot m ade a vailable. T he r emaining i nformation t he

s ondages

o f

L ouis

1 69

C ayeux

a round

L e

H avre.

a t i s

L ittle

s tatistical

i nformation

i s

p rovided

i n

t hese

a ccounts.

A c lear

m arine e lement i s i ndicated b y t he p resence o f s hell-middens o n t he s hore. I n a ddition s turgeon, s almon, o ysters a nd m arine s nails w ere f ound i n d eposits a t t he R ue A N ormand i n t he Q uartier d u P errey ( Cayeux, 1 957b). P ig, d eer, c attle, h orse, g oat, s heep a nd d og b ones w ere a lso r ecovered. T his c ombination w as a lso f ound a t t he R ue A rmand-Barb s ( Le H avre). I n g eneral t he m ost f requent c ombination i n t his a rea i s t hat o f c attle, p ig a nd h orse. T he c attle i s w ith o ne e xception i dentified a s B os P rimigenius a nd t he p ig a s S us S crofa L . T he i ntegration o f a s easonal m arine e lement w ith a n a rable O f

t he

c omponent h as b een s uggested e arlier.

w ild

a nimals

w hich

s ometimes

a ccount

f or

o ver

6 0%

o f

t he t otal f auna t hose m ost f requently f ound a re d eer. A t M ounrnouards 2 , h owever, t he a ssemblage i ncluded d ora nd f ieldmice, b irds, a f ox, a s kunk a nd a b at. I t i s u nlikely t hat t his r epresents

a ny m ore

t han a n i ndication o f

t hose

a nimals w hich

m anaged t o g ain e ntry t o t he t omb, b ut i t d oes h ighlight a p roblem w ith t hese r esults. W ith t he e xception o f V idelles a nd t he e stuary s ites a ll t he i nformation c omes f rom a f unerary c ontext w here t he r easons f or t he d eposition o f m ajor r esults a re l isted b elow: G uiry-en-Vexin B adger C attle P ig R abbit M ole

s pecific

a nimals

( number o f i ndividuals) 1 1 1 1 3 1

B irds

2

M ournouards 2 ( number o f i ndividuals) D ormouse F ieldmouse B irds F ox

1 1 2 1

P ig S kunk

1 1

R at

1

T inqueux C attle

( number o f i ndividuals) 1

S heep D eer W olf

1 1 1

W ater-rat S hrew

1 1

B ardouville S hells P ig

( number o f f ragments) n umber u nstated 2

B ird C attle D og

1 1 2

B oar

1

1 70

a re

u nclear.

T he

L e P errey P ig

( Le H avre) 1 2

( number o f

D eer C attle H orse

3 n umerous 2

G oat S heep D og

2 2 2

E teauville C attle

( sic!)

( number o f i ndividuals) 1

P ig

4

S heep D og D eer

2 3 2

B oar H orse

3 1

N oisy-sur-Ecole

( percentage o f i ndividuals)

P ig S heep

5 2.17 1 7.39

G oat D og

4 .34 2 6.08

V idelles

f ragments)

( percentage o f i ndividuals)

C attle P ig

9 .09 2 7.27

S heep

9 .09

M any o f t hese a re e xpressed d iagramatically i n F igure 9 .8. ( ii) C EREALS F ew

e xamples

e xcavations

n o

o f

S OM

p ublished

c ereals

o ccur

i dentifications

a nd o f

o f

t he

s pecific

m ore

r ecent

s pecies

a re

a vailable. I ndeed, i t i s c lear f rom p ollen d iagrams i n B rittany t hat S OM c learances a re n ot i n g eneral a ssociated w ith a n i ncrease i n t he c ereal c urve. C ereals h ave h owever b een r ecognised a t B rasparts ( Brittany), C uiry-les-Chaudardes ( Aisne), G ermignyl 'Eveque ( 1 g rain), M arolles-sur-Seine ( 0.11%), G uiry-en-Vexin a nd E teauville. T here c an t herefore b e n o d oubt t hat t he S OM p racticed c ereal c ultivation. O n t he o ther h and t he p ercentage o f c ereals i s s mall a nd

t he d ominant w eeds e specially i n l ow-lying a reas

b elong t o t he C ichoriae.

m eadow v egetation r ather t han e xtensive, ( iii)

t end

t o

T his w ould i ndicate a p redominance o f o pen c ultivated f ields.

S UMMARY

T he o verall p icture i ndicates t hat S OM c ommunities p ractised a d iverse e conomy. I t w as t his d iversity a nd t he m any a daptations t o t ake a dvantage p arallels a nd

o f p articular p romoted t he

T ardenoisians.

W hile

t his

i s

e nvironments t hat r ecalled m esolithic i dea o f S OM a s a cculturised l ate n o

l onger

s een

a s

t he

c orrect

m odel

t he r eliance o f t hese g roups o n h unting a nd f ishing a nd t he o ccurrence o f m any s ites a bove f ormer m esolithic s ites i s s triking. C ertainly c ereals w ere c ultivated. T heir a bsence f rom m any p ollen d iagrams a nd s ites a re i n t he m ain

f rom s ites m ay i ndicate o nly t hat t hese f unerary m onuments. T heir p referential

1 71

l ocation o n h ill-slopes m ay i ndicate t hat t hey w ere n ot b uilt o n o r i n t he c orner o f c ultivated l and. A mong t he d omesticated a nimals, t he d ominance o f p ig i ndicates t hat, l ike H orgen i n S witzerland, S OM w as a c ulture o f s wine-herders. I t i s t his f act t hat h olds t he k ey t o t he l ongevity o f t he S OM s ettlement s ystem i n c ontrast t o t he s urrounding a reas o f t he E uropean m ainland. A s L ewthwaite h as r ecently d emonstrated p ig i s a m ore e fficient c onverter o f p lant m atter i nto p roteins t han s heep: i t h as m ore m eat, a nd i n s outhw est I beria a nd C orsica t hey w ere e xtensively m anaged t hrough w hat h as b een c alled a n

' Acorn-hog e conomy'

( 1981).

R AW MATERIAL E XPLOITATION

b asin

B ailloud's l ist o f t he c ontents o f t he S OM t ombs o f t he P aris ( 1974) s hows t hat f oreign s tone o f e ither f lint o r h ard r ock

f requently o ccurs, a nd i t i s a t t his p eriod t hat G rand P ressigny f lint a ppears a cross E urope o ver 8 00km . f rom i ts s ource. I n a ddition t here i s g ood e vidence t hat S OM e conomy w as h eavily d ependent o n l ocal f lint s ources n ow e xploited f or t he f irst t ime. I n t he A isne-Marne i t h as b een s hown t hat t he e xtensive w orking a round R omigny-Lh6ry c an b e d ated t o t he l ate N eolithic. H ere t he p attern a llows a r econstruction o f t he z ones o f m anufacture. R ougho uts w ere m ade o n s ite a nd f inal p olishing o ccurred a t a r ing o f s ites o n t he i nterfluve e dging t he u pper r eaches o f t he r iver s ystem o f t his a rea. I n t he S eine e stuary, t he s ite o f Y port w ith i ts m assive s urface a rea o f w orking d ebris a lso d ates t o t he l ate N eolithic. T o t he s outh o f t he S eine t he s ite o f M anneville ( also S OM) c onsists o f e xtensive w orking a reas w ith i ndications t hat p its w ere d ug t o e xploit m ore t han s urface o utcrops. F inally, i n t he L oing t he e xploitation a nd d issemination o f G irolles f lint a lso d ates t o t he l ate N eolithic. T he d etails o f t hese s ites h ave a lready b een e xamined i n t he a ppropriate s ections o n t heir r egion. N ot a ll f lint m ining o f c ourse d ates t o t he l ate N eolithic. I n t he O ise p articularly, s ites s uch a s H ardivilliers ( Agache, 1 959, 1 960) a ppear t o h ave a C hassgen o rigin. N evertheless, i t i s w ith t he l ate N eolithic t hat t his e xploitation r eaches i ts m aximum . T his e xtension o f r aw m aterial e xploitation i s a lso r eflected i n t he m ore e xotic s tones. R ecent D utch e vidence h as s uggested t hat t he

m ain

d ispersion

o f

G rand-Pressigny

o bjects

a cross

t he

n orth

E uropean p lain o ccurred b efore t he w idespread a ppearance o f m etal o bjects ( Lanting e t.al., 1 973) a nd a s imilar s equence c an b e o bserved a t t he D olerite ' A' f actory a t P lussulien i n B rittany . L e R oux ( 1971) h as d efined f our p hases o f w orking. T he f irst ( 1), i n t he f ourth m illennium b .c., c onsists o f o pen-cast m ining o f a lready f ractured r ock. P hase 2 i n t he l ate f ourth m illennium b .c. m akes u se o f h eavy s tone t ools t o b reak o ff b oulders. T he m ain c hange o ccurs w ith p hase 3 d ated t o t he m iddle t hird m illennium b .c. w hen t he s ystematic u se o f f ire, i n a p rocess o f h eating a nd c ooling, w as u sed t o m ine t he r ock o n a l arge s cale. I t i s t empting t o l ink t his r enewed e xploitation w ith t he e xpansion i nto t he c entre o f B rittany a ssociated w ith t he l ate N eolithic h ypogge/allge c ouverte. T he f inal p hase s ees a d ecline a nd e ventual a bandonment i n t he s econd m illennium b .c. p robably i n v iew c f t he i ncreasing B reton p roduction o f m etal. F igure 9 .9 s hows t he d istribution o f

1 72

t his

r ock

a nd

t he

d ensity

p attern

s urrounding

t he

f actory.

T he

L oire s eems t o h ave b een t he m ajor a ccess r oute t o t he i nterior a nd n o c onsistent p ercentage o ccurs i n t he c entral a nd e astern P aris b asin. T his d istribution i s m irrored b y t he b attle-axes o f g roup C ( Hornblend) i s

i n i ts e xtent i f n ot i ts

i ntensity .

A nalysis o f t he c ompeting p atterns o f t hese v arious r ock-types n ot a dvanced i n F rance, b ut L e R oux a nd C ordier ( 1974) h ave

t ried t o e xamine t his f or t he T ouraine. T his a rea i ncludes G randP ressigny. O ver t he w hole a rea h ard r ocks a ccount f or a s m uch a s 7 5% o f t he t otal s tone c ollected b ut t his d rops a round t he s ite o f G rand-Pressigny i tself. U sing a G roup I ndex o f t he p ercentage o f h ard s tone a gainst t ypes a nd G roups t hey h ave t ried t o c ompare t he c omposition

o f

t he

r ock

e lement

i n

e ach

r egion

o f

t he

T ouraine.

I nterestingly e nough t he G rand-Pressigny a rea d oes n ot h ave a b elow a verage s ample o f f oreign r ocks w ith t he e xception o f a c omplete a bsence o f f ibrolite f rom t he M idi. M ETALLURGY T hroughout t he l ate N eolithic o f n orthern F rance t here i s n o e vidence t hat m etallurgy w as p ractised. T his i s p artly d ue t o t he a bsence o f s uitable o res i n t he P aris b asin b ut a lso t o a n e conomic s ystem t hat w as u nfavourable t o i ts a doption. T his w ill b e c ommented o n f urther b elow . A ll t he m etal f ound i n S OM c ontexts w as i mported

a nd

B ailloud

h as

( 1974). T he f ull l ist o f c atalogue o f t omb c ontents

s uggested

t hat

i t

c ame

f rom

m etal o bjects c ontained ( 1974) i s a s f ollows.

i n

t he

R hine

B ailloud's

N ogent l 'Artaud C ornembaux 3 M ournouards 2

f ragment o f m etal w ith v ert-de-gris o ne c opper b ead o ne c opper-leaf b ead

O rrouy M eaux

o ne b ronze s poon ( probably i ntrusion) a f ragment o f c opper

A rgenteuil 2 S t.-Martin-du-Tertre C oppiAres

a c opper b ead a nd a n a wl a c opper b ead a c opper b ead a nd a b iconical b ronze

G uerville-Senneville O rlgans

b ead ( ?) b ronze b arbed-and-tanged a rrowhead a t anged c opper d agger f rom t he

a l ater

r iver a t anged c opper d agger T hree b ronze a xes w ere a lso f ound a t M ontigny-l'Engrain 1 b ut a re l ikely t o b e

t hese

l ater i ntrusions.

T his c ollection o f

t rinkets i s n ot

i mpressive e ven d espite t he

v aried a rray o f p ersonal d ecoration p resent i n t he S OM . S UMMARY A ND C ONCLUSIONS ( i) T HE M ACRO-SCALE O ne

o f

t he

m ost

s alient

f eatures

o f

t he

l arge-scale

m ap

o f

n orthern F rance i n t he l ate N eolithic i s t he m ovement o f s ettlement o n t o t he C hampagne. A lthough b oth B andkeramik a nd m iddle N eolithic

1 73

occupation had been present, Chertier's recent work has shown that it was not intensive (1974). Changes at this scale can also be observed elsewhere. In Brittany for example it has been shown that it is with the late Neolithic that areas of the interior are first heavily settled and a similarly dramatic movement is shown on De Laet's maps (1974) of the low countries. Here the Bandkeramik Siedlungskammer of the Dutch Limburg was not reoccupied in the succeeding periods and settlement shifted south-east towards the Ourthe with the SOM. These changes and the expansion of Neolithic communities out of the zones of initial settlement were the original indicators that Kruk's broad outline of settlement development might have a more general application (1973). These changes are reflected at the micro-scale by the colonisation of new landscape zones. In Britain and in Switzerland such dynamic changes are more difficult to see and late Neolithic settlement occurs in areas of earlier settlement. (ii) THE MICRO-SCALE

The bimodal distribution of the later Bandkeramik based on valley-bottoms and plateau-edge/promontories persisted into the :/middle Neolithic with few developments. The dispersion of sites across other landscape zones from the beginning of SOM is therefore all the more striking. In the area between the Aisne and the Marne different types of sites can be seen to occupy different landscape zones. Tombs and other burial areas are more frequently located on hill-slopes. Settlement scatters and the finds of stray axes occur more frequently on the plateaux. There is also a preference for sites to be located on rendzina soils. In the Champagne this association is inevitable since the area consists of a broad arc of these soils, but this pattern also occurs in areas where rendzina soils do not account for the largest soil-types. The statistics have already been presented for the research areas and for the central Paris basin as a whole. Together with this change the first colonisation of the plateau interior occurs. In the Aisne-Marne region this was demonstrated by the location of sites at Tannieres and at Serches. In the Seine estuary it can be seen in the frequency of sites on the Pays de Caux. This association with soils previously considered unfavourable for arable agriculture is interesting but it should be remembered that rendzinas have a rich A horizon and where, as on the Champagne, they are thick they are well able to support cereal production. Similarly the loess plateau ,is now the corn-house of northern France. The evid�e f�;--the association of this move with the invention of the plough (ard) and the increased economic independence this affords to- -individual familial groups has already been discussed. A more important consequence of this change has not - water and irrigation. It goes without saying that at no period in the Neolithic of this area is there any evidence for man-made irrigation systems, but the expansion from the valley-bottom/plateau-edge distribution does mark a significant change in the availability of water for cultivation. The common feature of both the valley bottoms and the plateaux edges is the presence of ground water. In the valleys the rich meadow soils of the lower alluvial terrace are well watered both from the rise in the river-level and subsequent flooding each

174

spring and from the run-off from the slopes behind. Water shortage is unlikely to have been a hindrance to cereal production. Similarly, the most characteristic feature of the plateau-edge is the presence of a spring-line seen in the numerous sources of streams. In contrast, both the rendzinas and the plateau loess soils are dry. One of the features noted particularly in the Aisne was the much higher rainfall present on the plateau than in the valley-bottom. On a yearly average this could mean an increase of 100mm. In the Seine estuary the rainfall map shows a similar increase for the Pays de Caux against the estuary itself. The maximum of this rainfall occurs in the autumn in the form of heavy showers. The colonisation of these new areas may therefore indicate a change from a gro�_!l9--water dependent cultivation to a rainfall­ d�penden_!= _cultivation. This conclusion is not new. Kruk's settlement evidence points in the same direction and Sherratt has recently reviewed this problem in a broader context (1980): Not only was the distribution of sites in the earlier phases restricted, it was highly selective; and there are consistent patterns of associations. Alluvial, lake-edge other locations with high groundwater are and characteristic both in the Near East and in Europe.

(p.134)

The expansion on to the plateau could therefore mark a change from spring-grown crops taking advantage of early floods to winter-grown crops to take advantage of the autumnal rainfall maximum and pre­ winter ploughing to break up the soil. Sherratt (op.cit.) maintains that in temperate Europe the higher spring rainfall would have allowed the continuation of a spring-growth pattern. In the Paris basin, the driest period of the year is from January to May. This option does not seem to have been available. In summary, the settlement pattern can be described as open and expansive. With the exception of the Marais St.Gond, settlement takes the form of small scatters of flint, stone, bone and occasionally pottery. From a detailed analysis of the area around the upper Ourcq near Fere-en-Tardenois it has been suggested that these scattered settlements do not exist in isolation but are centred on a communal, collective burial place. This has been called the Expanded Village Pattern. The classic example of this is Vaux, Neuilly-St.�Front (Aisne) (Figure 9.11). While some sites are bigger than others there is no evidence for a ranking or hierarchy within the settlement pattern. Without excavation it is difficult to tell whether these sites represent single- or multiple-period occupation, and without the possibility of an internal chronology for the SOM the number of strictly contemporary sites cannot be ascertained. While this pattern can also be seen in the area of the Seine estuary, there is also a move towards the greater exploitation of the coastal areas.

The diversity of the economic system has already been indicated. An increase in hunting is shown both in the faunal record and by the occurrence of an increased arrowhead range on areas once occupied by mesolithic groups. This diversity is

175

indicative of the efficient exploitation of the new environments into which SOM expanded. Cereal cultivation is attested in the diagrams associated with some tombs. Amongst the pollen domesticated fauna, however, pigs are dominant with cattle second. There is no increase in the number of sheep being kept. Clearance phases in pollen diagrams show that the late Neolithic saw renewed destruction of the forest and in Brittany this is associated with t e use of fire, seen in the presence of charcoal horizons. For a community on the edge of the forest swine-herding is both efficient and an easy way of over-wintering stock.

The most striking feature of this settlement pattern is its longevity. The earliest C 14 dates suggest that SOM appears in the second quarter of the third millennium b.c. Its end is imprecisely defined. Cahen and De Laet (1980) have recently suggested that it may continue beyond the middle of the second millennium b.c. C14 dates in the first half of the second millennium are not rare (see Figure 3.12). This in itself contrasts with many of the adjacent areas in Europe. In Britain, by 1800 b.c. single-grave burials of the Early Bronze Age have already made their appearance, and the same is also true for Brittany. In Switzerland it has been shown that Corded Ware succeeded Horgen by the end of the third millennium b.c. The SOM pattern shows no move either towards the centralised, large sites and enclosures seen in Britain, or towards the Corded Ware pattern. The absence of metallurgy has already been indicated.

The lack of a distinctive Early Bronze Age in the Paris basin has recently been confirmed by Gaucher (1976 )-. Under ten sites can be attributed to this period with any certainty e.g. Fort­ Harrouard. Even stray bronzes are not frequent. Two occur in the north-west at Montreuil-sur-Mer and Armentiere and two in the Paris basin proper at Ris-Orangis and Pincevent. Settlement type-fossils include beaked pottery handles and internally decorated bowls. In France, at least, production of Grand-Pressigny flint seems to have continued into this period. At Videlles, the pottery from the Early Bronze Age level was characterised by lugs on otherwise flower-pot vases. This pattern continues into the middle Bronze Age, and Gaucher (op.cit.) has suggested that even the middle Bronze Age Culture de Chery represents no more than the extension of external influences into the Paris basin. The continuation of SOM into the Bronze Age therefore amply fills this gap.

Part of the contrast between SOM and other European areas lies in the different conditions under which population expansion occurred. These have been dealt with above (see Section (iii) Southern Britain). For SOM, land was not in_ shor! supply. The settlement system did not require -dramatic adaptation; It is only ln the constricted environment of, for example, the Marais St.Gond where the position of the marsh on an east-west access route across the Champagne, and the richness of an environment provided by the marsh wildlife, created the pressures and density of settlement that produced anything like a monumental centre.

The failure of this pattern to develop more complex forms of social organisation may be linked to its economic structure. The change from pig to sheep seen in the Swiss late Neolithic with the

176

a ppearance o f C orded Ware h as b een l inked b y S herratt ( 1981) a nd b y S akellaridis ( 1979) t o t he b reeding o f t hese a nimals f or w ool. T he p roblem o f r ecognising t he e arliest a ppearance o f w ool i s o ne o f p reservation. W ool s urvives b est i n a cid c onditions, l inen i n a lkaline. N either s urvive w ell n ormally. T he a lkaline e nvironment o f t he l ake-side s ites h as f avoured t he p reservation o f l inen o f w hich n umerous N eolithic e xamples a re k nown. B ut i n t he l ate N eolithic t here i s a s trong s uggestion f rom t he d ecrease o f l inen i n t he a rchaeological r ecord t hat i t i s b eing r eplaced b y a nother f orm o f c loth . I t s eems m ore t han c oincidence t hat i t i s a t t his t ime t hat s heep b ecome t he d ominant d omesticates a nd t hat t hey a re k ept i nto a dulthood ( Sakellaridis, 1 979). I t w as a t t his s tage t hat m etal p roduction g ot u nderway. T he a ssociation o f a p otential c ashc rop ( wool) w ith a n e xchange s ystem i ncluding m etal p roducts d id n ot o ccur i n t he r est o f S OM . I n t he P aris b asin, t he p attern o f s imple e xpansion w ithout p ressure o n r esources p ersisted t hroughout t he t hird a nd e arly s econd m illennia b .c., p reserving a s ocial a nd e conomic s tructure u ntouched b y t he i nnovations c arried o ther a reas i nto t he B ronze A ge. T he

f igures

f rom

t he

m ining

s ite

a t

S piennes

t hat a re

h ad

a lready

i nteresting

o n t his p oint. D e L aet ( 1974) h as s hown t hat s heep i ncrease o n t he s ite f rom t he e arly t o l ate p hases. T he f igures a re g iven b elow w ith t he a ssociated c ultural p hases. S piennes I I

S heep C attle P igs

I II

I V

M ichelsberg + S OM

S OM

8 %

2 1%

4 5%

7 4% 1 4%

5 0% 1 7%

3 0% 5 %

T he h ighest p ercentage o f s heep o ccur a fter t he a pogee o f t he m ine w hen i t i s p resumably s uffering t he s ame s ort o f d ecline s een a t o ther m ining s ites s uch a s P lussilien d ue t o t he m ore w idespread d istribution o f m etal p roducts. D o t hese s heep r epresent a n a ttempt b y c ommunities a round t he m ine t o s tay i n a n e xchange s ystem i n w hich t heir o wn p roducts w ere l ess a nd l ess r equired?

1 77

C HAPTER T EN:

C oncluding R emarks

I ntroduction T HE

S OCIAL S ETTING

T HE MESOLITHIC C ONTRIBUTION T HE R ELIABILITY OF T HE E VIDENCE

1 78

I NTRODUCTION T he R RBP a nd l ate B andkeramik g roups w ere n ot o f

a

C entral

E uropean

d istribution

b ut

p art

t he U ltima t hule

o f

a m ore

d ynamic

c olonising p hase a ssociated w ith s ettlement f rom t he L oire t o t he s outhern N etherlands. U nder r esource p ressure t hese c ommunities e xpanded

b oth

s ettlement t he c oast. c ontacts

a nd

p ottery o pening

i nto

n ew

l andscape

z ones

t he

s tyles u p o f

r estricted

t ransmission

a re t he

t o

o f,

f or

c haracteristic l andscape. Y et

o f

t he

n arrow

z ones

e xample,

o f t his d espite

o f

h igh

g roundwater-based c ereal e conomy c ould c hange o ccured w ith t he S ON w hen, w ith a reas

i n

t raditional

a reas a nd a lso c olonised n ew t erritory p articularly o n T his d ates t o t he l ate f ourth m illennium b .c. W idespread

p reviously

u nworkable

s oils

s outhern

F rench

i nitial p hase i n t his, s ettlement p roductivity

b e t he

c ould

w here

p ractised. p lough a nd b e

t he w as

s ettled

a

T he m ain t raction, i n

a n

o pen

a nd e xpansive p attern o f s ettlement, c onservative i n c haracter, a nd l ong-lived. A s ummary o f t hese d evelopments o ccurs a s F igure 1 0.1. THE T he

S OCIAL S ETTING

s ocial s ystem i n w hich t hese c ommunities w ere o rganised i s

d ifficult t o d iscern. T he s ettlement e vidence, f or e xample, g ives n o a ssistance. I n t he L imburg, M odderman ( 1975) h as i nterpreted t he p resence s ystem

o f

o ne

c entred

s ettlements

p articularly o n

o ccur

s uch e vidence

a h eadman. a s

w ould

i solated b e

l ong B ut

b uilding i n

h amlets

i nappropriate.

a s

a n

i ndication

n orthern

F rance,

o f

t hree

t wo

R ecent

o r

w ork

o f

a

B ankeramik

h ouses

b y Van

d e

w here V elde

( 1979) o n t he g rave-goods a ssociated w ith t he c emetery a t E lsloo h as p roduced s ome i nteresting c onclusions b ut t he o nly c omparable F rench

s ite,

a t

L es

Varennes,

D ormans

i n

t he

M arne,

i s

p ublished a nd h as b een t he c entre o f m uch c hronological ( see B ailloud, 1 974). A n ew c emetery h as r ecently b een f rom V inneuf t he

g rave

i n

t he

Y onne

( Bailloud,

T he

S ex

A ge

G rave-goods 3 f lint f lakes p erforated t ooth, a nd s herds

3

p endant, f lint

D ESTROYED B Y B ULLDOZER

5 6

? ?

7

7 8 s hell b eads, p ottery 2 b lades, 1 s herd

S -N S -N

C hild

a nimal

E -W

t eeth,

f lint

2 s hells 1 0 a nd

T his l evel s ociological

S ome

1 1

i s o ccur

m uch a s

c hild

d iversity

m ore

A t

f ormal

b urials

2 a t L es R enaches,

C ardium.

S -N

D ESTROYED B Y B ULLDOZER

o f i nformation d oes n ot l end i tself e asily t o i nterpretation. E ven c onsidering t he P aris b asin a s a

t here

i nhumations b urial

S E-NW

C hild

8

g raves.

l ists

W -E f lints E -W

s herds a nd

4

w hole

b elow

O rientation

1 2

9 ,

t able

c haracteristics.

T omb N umber

o f

1 974).

b adly

c onfusion r ecovered

h ave

i n

t he

b urials, m any

b urial o thers

p attern.

s imply

g rave-goods,

a s

o thers

S ome

s hallow s uch

a s

V ailly/Chassemy ( Aisne) h ave o ne n ecklace

C ys-la-Commune

( Aisne) a y oung w oman w as b uried w ith

1 79

a m odest

s election o f b one a nd

s tone b racelets w hile a t F rignicourt

a w oman w as i nterred w ith 8 17 s hell b eads, b racelets o f b one a nd i mported s chist a nd t wo a rrowheads. O ther b urials h ave n o a ssociated g rave-goods. T he m ost c haracteristic f eature o f t his p attern i s m ore s imply t he p resence o f s ingle i nhumations w ith o nly r are e xamples o f d ouble-graves. T he

m iddle

N eolithic

p attern

i s

e ven m ore

s ketchy.

F irst,

i t

s hould b e s tressed t hat a t t his p eriod n o c ollective t ombs o r m egaliths a ppear i n t he P aris b asin e ast o f t he E ure. E xamples s uch a s

F ontenay-le-Marmion

( Calvados)

a nd

B aignon,

S t.Maur

( Eure-et-

L oir) a re r estricted t o t he a reas b ordering o n B rittany . I n t he P aris b asin i tself t he r ite c ontinues t o b e i ndividual i nhumation. W ith t he p ossible e xception o f H autes-Bruyares a nd p erhaps F ortH arrouard t hese d id n ot o ccur i n c emeteries. E ven a t t hese t wo s ites t here w as n o s uggestion t hat t he g raves w ere r egularly s paced o r s howed a ny l evel o f i nternal o rganisation . A s i n t he B andkeramik, a v aried p attern o f g rave a ssociations i s i ndicated. G rave-goods a ppear t o c onsist o f a p ot o r p ottery s herds, a f ew f lints, a nd, r arely, i tems o f p ersonal d ecoration. C ompared w ith t he B andkeramik t hese a re f ew i n n umber i ndeed. F ragments o f h uman s keletal r emains a lso o ccur i n t he e nclosures. C ranial f ragments w ere r ecovered f rom F ort-Harrouard i n t he o ccupation l ayers. t he

T he l ate

c ontrast b etween t his p attern a nd t hat w hich N eolithic i s t herefore a ll t he m ore s triking .

e merged i n T he b urial

r ite c hanged t o c ollective i nhumation a nd f or t he f irst t ime i n t he P aris b asin f ormal a reas f or t he d eposition o f t he d ead o ver l ong p eriods o ccurred. T he n umber o f g rave-goods i ncreased, p articularly o bjects o f p ersonal d ecoration . T he c ollective n ature o f t he t ombs a nd t he j umbled a ppearance o f t he d eposited m aterial p revents t he a ssigning o f p articular g rave-goods t o i ndividual i nhumations. E ven M ournouards 2 d oes n ot a llow a s ecure e t.al., 1 962) F luctuations

i n

t he

a mount

r econstruction ( Leroi-Gouhran

o f m aterial

d eposited a nd

t he

t ype

o f o bjects r ecovered p rovide s ome i nteresting o bservations o n t he c irculation o f t hese m aterials i n t he c ontemporary s ocieties. I n t he B andkeramik i t m ay b e s uggested t hat t he i ntended d estination o f e xotica s uch a s s pondylus s hells w as o bjects b y i ndividuals. H ence t hey o ccur t rue

i n

t he

l ate

N eolithic.

I n

t he

i n t he p ossession o f t he i n b urials. T his i s a lso

m iddle N eolithic

t he

a bsence

o f

t hese o bjects i n f unerary c ontexts s uggests t hat t heir i mportance m ay r ather h ave l ain i n t heir v alue a s o bjects o f e xchange, i n a w ider n etwork. T his f its w ell w ith t he e vidence f or l arge s cale r edistribution n etworks a t t his t ime. R enfrew h as r ecently ( 1973) i nterpreted t his p attern a nd t he B ritish c ausewayed e nclosures i n t erms o f e mergent c hiefdoms b ecoming f ull c hieftains i n t he l ate N eolithic . I f t his m odel i s c orrect, o ne m ust c onclude, h owever, t hat i n F rance t he c hiefs f ailed t o e merge. T he l ate N eolithic p attern

s eems

b est

r econstructed

e galitarian g roups.

1 80

i n

t erms

o f

m ore

s imple,

T HE M ESOLITHIC C ONTRIBUTION

b .c.

T he p icture o f s ettlement a nd e conomy b etween 5 000 a nd 2 000 i ndicated a bove, h as b een b ased o n e vidence f rom N eolithic

s ites.

F ew

e xamples

o f

c ontact

w ith

m esolithic

g roups

h ave

b een

d emonstrated. T his c ontrasts w ith t he D utch L imburg f or e xample w here N ewell's c laims f or e xtensive c ontact h ave a lready b een e xamined i n C hapter 3 . P art o f t he r eason f or t he a bsence o f m esolithic c ontact i n t he a rtefact r ecord i s t hat m esolithic g roups a lso h ave a r estricted d istribution, p articularly t o t he s and d eposits

o f

f or

e xample

t he

T ardenois

a nd

t he

l ower L oing

( Figure

1 0.2). I n a ddition, t here i s a t heoretical d ifficulty i nterpreting w hat s ort o f c ontact i s i ndicated b y t he p resence o nly a f ew m esolithic a rtefacts o n a N eolithic s ite. R ozoy r estriction

i n o f

( 1978) h as p ointed t o o ur p rejudice i n s eeing a o f m esolithic s ites t o t he s and. H e c laims t hat s ites

o n o ther s oils d o o ccur b ut a re g enerally s een a s N eolithic o n a ccount o f a rtefact m ixing. T his i s f urther c omplicated b y t he d ifficulty o f d ating t he l ate m esolithic, T ardenoisian s ites. R ecent w ork b y J acobi ( 1979), h owever, h as p ointed t o j ust s uch r estricted l ocations i n t he l ate m esolithic o f s outhern E ngland. I t i s p ossible f ollowing t he w ork o f J ochim a nd o thers ( 1976) t hat t he T ardenoisian r epresents o ne s easonal f acies o f a m ore c omplex m esolithic p attern . I ndeed, P arent h as s uggested t hat t he l ocation o f t he s ite a t M ontbani m ay h ave s ome r elationship w ith t he a nnual r oute o f t he d eer a cross t his a rea n oted e ven i n r ecent t imes ( 1967). I t m ay b e p ossible t o i ntegrate t he T ardenoisian i nto a m ore d ynamic e conomic s ystem i nvolving e ither t he s ites i n t he A rdennes ( 1978).

t o

t he

n orth

O ne a rea w here

o r

t he

l arger

s ites

o f

R ozoy's

B eaugencian

s imilar l ocations w ere s hared b y m esolithic a nd

N eolithic g roups i s t he l ower L oing a round N emours. A s R ozoy's m ap ( 1978) s hows ( Figure 1 0.3) e ven h ere m esolithic s ites a re b y a nd l arge p referentially l ocated o n t he s and. O ne o f t hese i s t he T roglodyte c ave a t N emours i tself w here l ate B andkeramik m aterial w as a lso f ound. T his p resumably i ndicates a t erminus a nte q uem f or t he m esolithic s ite.

I t

i s

c lear h owever f rom a ll t hese

s ites

t hat,

i f m esolithic g roups w ere a cculturised, t heir i nfluence o n t he s ucceeding m aterial c ulture w as n ot s ignificant. T his m ay i ndicate e ither r apid a ssimilation o r s imply t hat a cculturation i s n ot t he c orrect m odel. P arent's

w ork

i n

t he

A isne-Marne

( 1971)

a nd

t his

s tudy

h ave

d emonstrated c learly t hat t he e arliest N eolithic c ommunities a nd t he T ardenoisian o ccupied d ifferent l andscape z ones. T he d iscovery o f o nly t wo o r t hree m esolithic a xes i n t he l ength o f t he A isne v alley i n t he s tudy a rea s uggests t hat t here w as l ittle m esolithic i nterest i n t he r esources o f t his a rea. A t erminus a nte q uem f or t he

T ardenoisian

i s

p rovided

b y

t he

a ppearance

o f

l ate

N eolithic

m aterial o n f ormer m esolithic s ettlements. C 14 d ates f rom L a C hambre-des-F es a nd L a S ablonni re a t C oincy ( Aisne) s uggest a n o ccupation a t t he t urn o f t he f ourth-third m illennia b .c. b ut P arent m ay b e c orrect i n n ot d ates i n v iew o f t he p ossible

p lacing t oo m uch e mphasis o n t hese s oil c reep a ssociated w ith t he d unes

1 81

f rom w hich t he s amples 6 240±190 b .c. G if 1 266;

w ere o btained ( 2810±140 b .c. G if 1 107: 2 790±350 b .c. G if 1 32; 3 050±500 b .c . G if

1 33-4; 3 260±120 b .c. G if 1 986). I f t he d ates a re c orrect, h owever, i t i ndicates t he d isappearance o f t hese g roups a t a p hase c ontemporary w ith t he m iddle N eolithic. T he f ormer m odel o f a n a cculturised l ate N eolithic - t he S econdary N eolithic w ould n ow h ave t o a ccount f or a d elay o f t hree h undred y ears o r m ore b etween t he d isappearance o f t hese c ommunities a nd t he a ppearance o f t he l ate N eolithic. O f t he c ompeting m odels t o e xplain t he e nd o f t he m esolithic m ost s uitable i s o ne b ased o n t he l ongterm d isruption o f

t he

m esolithic e conomic s trategies. A lready i n t he B andkeramik v alley b ottom s ettlements m ay w ell h ave a cted a s b arriers t o t raditional p atterns o f d eer m igrations. T he o pening u p o f l andscape i n t he m iddle N eolithic a nd t he p resence a long t he p lateau e dges m ay h ave b rought t he f irst r esource l ocations.

t he t he t he

o f o ccupation c onflict o ver

T he e xception t o t his p attern i s B rittany w here m esolithic a nd N eolithic c ontact m ay p erhaps b e s een a t D issignac i n t he p resence o f m icroliths b eneath t he c airn ( L'Helgouach, 1 976). B ut B rittany i s s urely a s pecial c ase a nd t he e vidence o f T eviec a nd H oedic s uggests t hat m esolithic o ccupation w as m ore s ettled a nd p ermanent i n t his a rea.

F urther n orth i n N ormandy l ess t han a d ozen s ites

b e a ttributed a ppears t o b e ( Verron,

c an

t o t he m esolithic a nd a ll N eolithic s ettlement i ntrusive r ather t han t he r esult o f a cculturation

1 976). T HE R ELIABILITY O F T HE E VIDENCE

c an

T he d ata o n w hich t he b e d ivided i nto t hree

a nalyses c onducted h ere h ave b een b ased b road t ypes. T he f irst a nd b est i s t he

r esults o f r ecent g round a nd a ir s urvey o f t he t ype c onducted i n t he A isne. T he w idespread a pplication o f t hese m ethods t o o ther a reas o f F rance i s n ot a dvanced. T he s econd c onsists o f t he a nalyses

b y

o ne

p erson

w hose

p articular

b iases

m ay

b e

d iscerned.

T his i s t he c ase w ith P arent ( 1971) a nd w ith N ougier ( 1950a). A t hird c ategory c onsists o f t he d ata c ontained i n a lready p ublished e xcavations a nd s urveys a nd m useum c ollections. S ince m ost o f t his i s t he r esult o f m any d ifferent a mateur c ollectors i t i s s ubject t o t he s ort o f p roblems o utlined i n C hapter 4 . A f inal c ategory c onsists o f m ore f ragmentary g limpses o f i ndividually w ell-studied a reas w ithin l arger s ettlement c ontexts. T his i s t he c ase w ith m uch o f

t he L oing m aterial.

T he p ublication o f h andbooks o f s tatistical t ests ( Hodder a nd O rton, 1 976) w hich m ay b e p erformed o n s patial d ata h as b een o f i mmense v alue i n t he o rdering o f i nformation . B ut i ts u ncritical a pplication c alls t he w hole m ethodology i nto d isrepute. T he m ost i mportant f actors t o b e c onsidered a re t he l imitations o f t he d ata t hemselves. I n t his c ase, t he a pplication o f c hi-squared t ests a nd n earest-neighbour a nalyses w as r eally o nly a ppropriate t o t he d ata f rom t he A isne-Marne, a lthough i t w as u sed s paringly e lsewhere. F or t hird

m uch

c ategory

o f

n orthern

o utlined

F rance

a bove

t he

a nd

1 82

m aterial

o ften

o f

i s

t he

a t

b est

f ourth.

I n

o f

t he

t hese

c ircumstances

h ypotheses

o n

s ettlement

d ynamics

a nd

r egularities

a re d ifficult t o j ustify . T he b enefit o f t he A isne-Marne r egion h as b een t hat i n t he c ontext o f g ood s urveys i t h as b een p ossible t o d evelop m odels o f s ettlement c hange a gainst w hich l ess w ell s tudied a reas c an b e c ompared. O ne r esult o f t his r esearch h as b een t o d efine a reas o f f uture a rchaeological a ctivity i n o rder t o t est b y e xcavation a nd f ield s urvey t he m odels g enerated h ere. O ne e xample o f t his i s t he n eed n ow t o s urvey t he p lateau e dges a long f rom p romontory e nclosures. A nother e xample i s t he n eed t o e xamine a l ate N eolithic E xpanded V illage i n o rder t o d ate t he p alimpsest o f s ettlement t races s urrounding t he c entral b urial a rea . T he p urpose o f t his w ork, l ike a ll a rchaeological r esearch w as s ummed u p b y L ewis B inford ( 1968): ' the d escription a nd e xplanation o f o bserved r egularities i n h uman b ehaviour'. B ut t he p articular d irections o f t his s ort o f s patial s tudy m ay f lavour: L a

p erhaps

m ost

P rghistoire

a ppropriately

d evient

d 6sormais

b e u ne

l eft

w ith

a m ore

g gographie

G allic

h umaine

p r aistorique e t, p endant s on o riginalit6 f ondamentale d 'être g crite s ans g criture, e lle d evient l e c hapitre o riginel d e t oute c onnaissance d e l 'Homme e t d e l a T erre, d e l 'Homme s ur l a T erre. ( Nougier,

1 83

1 959,

1 2)

B IBLIOGRAPHY A BBREVIATIONS AU M C S - A nnales U niwesytet M arie C urie S klodowskiej B A F E Q - B ulletin d e l 'Association F ran aise p our

l 'Etude

d u

Q uaternaire B A R - B ritish A rchaeological R eports B ull e t M gm S oc A nthrop P aris - B ulletin

e t Mgmoire

d e

l a S ocigtg

A nthropologique d e P aris B S A C h - B ulletin d e l a S ocigtg A rchgologique C hampenoise B ull S oc B ot F ran - B ulletin d e l a S ocigtg B otanique F rançaise B ull S oc G gol F ran - B ulletin d e l a S ocigtg G gologique F rançaise BS G N - B ulletin d e l a S ocigtg G gologique N ormande B ull S oc L inn N orm - B ulletin d e l a S ocigtg L inngenne d e N ormandie BS N A P H B S

B ulletin

d e

l a

S ocigtg

P rghistorique e t H istorique N E P B ulletin d e l a

N ormande

S ocigtg

d e

N ormande

l 'Archgologie p our

P rghistorique BS P F - B ulletin d e l a S ocigtg P rghistorique

F rançaise

C ahiers A rch N E - C ahiers A rchgologique d u N ord-Est P roc P rehist S oc - P roceedings o f t he P rehistory S ociety R A C - R evue A rchgologique d u C entre R A C & C E - R evue A rchgologique d u C entre e t R A E - R evue A rchgologique d e l 'Est R A d e

l 'Oise - R evue A rchgologique d e

l 'Oise

S oc E mul V endge - S ocigtg d 'Emulation d e U R A - U nits d e R echerche A rchgologique

1 84

C entre-Est

l a V endge

l 'Etude

A GACHE

R .

1 956

' Outillage

l ithique

ngolithiques e xceptionnels'

t rouvg

e n

P icardie:

t ypes

B S P F ,56,265

A GACHE R . 1 959 ' Les e xtractions d e s ilex d e l a s tation n golithique d es P lantes ä H ardivilliers ( Oise)' B S P F ,56,545 A GACHE

R .

1 960

' L'industrie

t aille d e F ,57,334 AGACHE

R .

s ilex

1 962

d es

l ithique

P lantes

' Prospections

p longeantes

a u

s ol

p ar

d es

d es

a teliers

d 'extraction

ä H ardivilliers v ues

( Oise)'

a eriennes

s tations

e t

p ar

d 'extraction

d e

B S P v ues

d e

s ilex

d 'Hardivilliers-Troussencourt ( Oise)' B S P F ,59,218 A GACHE R . 1 971 ' Un c amp n golithique ä a ccess m ultiples d gcouvert l 'Etoile AGACHE

R .,

F .

B asse A ITKEN

1 969

B ull

M .,

G .

' Magnetic

1 977

R .

P ETIT

1 963

' Le

q uaternaire

l ocation'

i n

S cience

i n

A rchaeology

l a

J .

S AUVAGE

s tation

1 964

' Ggologie,

t ardenoisienne d e

' The h unting n eolithic:

e d.

G allia

a daptations t o t he f ood q uest a nd

f irst

1 963 O ne F at E nglishman L ONDON

ANONYME 1 963 ' Un C h,1-2,47 ARNAL

l a

c hronologie

C oincy'

i n p rehistoric N ew G uinea' i n Hunters, g atherers f armers b eyond Europe e d. J .V.S . M egaw L EICESTER AMIS K .

d e

H iggs L ONDON

D ELIBRAS a nd

e t p alynologie d e P rghistoire,7,93 A LLEN J .

a nd

S oc G gol F ran (7),5,422

B rothwell a nd E .

A LIMEN

ä

B S P F ,68,195

B OURDIER

S omme'

M .

D .

( Somme)'

J .

1 953

f oyer

' La

t ardenoisien

s tructure

ä V illeneuve-sur-Fere'

n golithique

f ran aise

r gcentes s tratigraphies' Z ephyrus,4,311 ARNAL J . 1 957 ' Hypothese d e t ravail s ur s upports

f ra i nais'

G .

l 'origine

B AILLOUD a nd R .

R IQUET

1 960

ä l 'gtude

' Les

q ui y a g tg d gcouverte' F .

K RISTAN,

l ong-term o n

v ases-

P .

b arley

d e

l a p oterie

( Oise)

e t

l a

v ase

B S P F ,57,233

S TRNAD a nd K .

f ertilisation

s pring

d es

l es

s tyles c gramiques d es

n golithiques f ra i nais' P rghistoire,14,1 ARNETTE S . 1 960 ' L'all e c ouverte d e l a B ell e

B AIER J .,

d 'apres

R A C & C E,8,127

ARNAL J . a nd G . B ENAZET 1 951 ' Contribution n golithique f ra i Kaise' B S P F ,48,541 ARNAL J .,

B S A

u nder a nd

J ELINEK

d ifferent r ed

1 976

' The e ffect

e cological

c lover

o f

c onditions

y ields'

A nnales

A gronomiques,27,659 B AILLOUD

G .

1 956a

' Recherches

a u

c amp

d e

C atenoy

( Oise)'

B

S P

F ,53,570 B AILLOUD G . 1 956b ' Le m obilier n golithique e t p rotohistorique d e g rotte d e N ermont ä S aint-Morg ( Yonne)' R A E & C E,7,97 B AILLOUD

G .

1 958

' L'habitat

ngolithique

R oches ä V idelles' M gm S P F ,5,192 B AILLOUD G . 1 959 ' Cgramique n golithique

e t

p rotohistorique

r ecueille

ä

( Aisne)' R A E & C E,9,75 B AILLOUD G . 1 962 ' Presence d e N golithique d ans l e G ätinais' B S P F ,59,339

d anubien

e n

B AILLOUD

e t

G .

1 971a

' Le

n golithique

d anubien

l e

p .201 K ÖLN

1 85

d es

M enneville B eauce

c hassgen

N ord e t l e C entre d e l a F rance' i n D ie N eolithikums v om O rient b is N ordeuropa VI e d. H .

l a

d ans

e t l e

A nfänge d es S chwabedissen

B AILLOUD G . 1 971b ' Un r emarquable e nsemble S 0 M p rovenant l es M eldeuses ( Seine-et-Marne)' B S P F ,68,398 B AILLOUD G .

1 973a

R omans e d.

' The

S .

f irst

a griculturalists'

P iggott,

G .E.

i n F rance b efore t he

D aniel a nd C .

M cBurney p .102

B AILLOUD G . 1 973b ' Les C ivilisations n golithiques' l a P rghistoire,100 B AILLOUD G . B AILLOUD G .

d 'Isles

i n L a F rance

d e

1 964 L e N golithique d ans l e B assin P arisien PARIS 1 974 L e N golithique d ans l e B assin P arisien P ARIS

2 nd

e dition B AILLOUD G . 1 976 B AILLOUD G . a nd T inqueux

' Le n golithique e n P icardie' R A d e l 'Oise,7,10 M . B REZILLON 1 968 ' L'hypogge d e l 'Homme-Mort

( Marne)'

ä

B SP F ,65,504

B AILLOUD G . a nd P . C OIFFARD 1 967 ' Le l ocus 5 d es R oches ä V idelles ( Essonne): 1 . E tude a rchgologique' B S P F ,64,371 B AILLOUD

G .

a nd

P .

M IEG

D E

B OOFZHEIM

1 955

L es

C ivilisations

N golithiques d e l a F rance d ans l eur c ontexte e uropgen P ARIS B AILLOUD

G .

a nd

F .

Q UATREHOMME

1 971

' Un

d ans l a L oire ä S t.-Ay ( Loiret)'

v ase

n golithique

d ragug

B SP F ,68,228

BAILLOUD G ., R . KAPPS a nd T . P OULAIN-JOSIEN 1 961 ' Fond d e c abane ngolithique d anubienne a bliare d u P etit-Vaux' B S P F ,58,430 B AILLOUD

G .,

M .

&

R .

D ANIEL

a nd

C .

S ACCHI

1 973

' Les

g isements

p rghistoriques d u B ois d e V erriares-le-Buisson ( Essonne) I I: G isement 1 , A telier d e T aille d e t ype C ampignian' G allia P rghistoire,16,105 B AKELS C . C. 1 978 e nvironment:

' Four l inearbandkeramik s ettlements a nd t heir a p alaeo-ecological s tudy o f S ittard, S tein,

E lsloo a nd H ienheim'

A nalecta P raehist.

B ARBAROUX L . e t.al. 1 974 s gdimentologiques r gcentes d ans

l 'Estuaire

l agunaires' B ARDAT J .

1 975

d e

B ARKER G .

L oire.

M ise

e n

C omptes R endus A cadgmie d es

G . B .

W EBLEY

1 978

' Causewayed

c amps

1 942

' Oppidum

n golithique

a nd

e arly N eolithic

P roc P rehist

d e

l a

r ggion

1 969

ä E svres

' Premiers

r gsultats

( Indre-et-Loire)'

G rand-Pressigny,22,20 B AUCHNESS G . ( ed) 1 980 A rchäologie' 1 911

d e

B ull

l 'analyse

d es Amis

V ezelay

p ollinique

d es

d e N antilly

d u Musge P rghist

' Naturwissenschaftliche

B eiträge

d e z ur

A rchaeo-Physica,7

' La

s epulture

ngolithique

( Seine-et-Marne)' B S P F ,8,264 B AUMANN F . a nd J . TARRETE 1 979 ' La m aillets

S oc,44,161 d e

B S P F ,39,145

l oess e n B elgique' B A F E Q,18,312 B ASTIEN C . a nd J -C. Y VARD 1 971 ' La s tation n golithique

B AUDAN M .

( St.-

1 971 N orthern I taly L ONDON

a nd D .

( Yonne)' B ASTIN

d 'gpisodes

B S N A P H,41,14

e conomies i n c entral s outhern E ngland' B ARRAND

e vidence

S ciences,D,278,573

' Le g isement p rghistorique d u M esnil-Grgmichon

M artin-du-Vivier)' B ARFIELD L .

l a

L eidensia,11

' Variations c limatiques e t ( pgriodes A tlantiques ä A chiel)

ä

G ermigny-l'Eveque

d e

B elleville

s gpulture

ä V endrest

c ollective

( Seine-et-Marne)'

d es

G allia

P rghistoire,22,143 B AZIN

A .

1 918

' Note

p ras l a f erme

s ur

l a

d gcouverte

d e J anvier,

c ommune

d 'une

s tation

d e M onthurel

p rghistorique ( Aisne)'

B S P

F ,15,163 B ECOUiLU P . 1 963 ' Les m onuments mggalithiques d e S t.Maur-sur-leL oir e t l e n golithique d e l a B eauce' B S P F ,60,411

1 86

B ELLANCOURT

G .

1 966

' Dgcouverte

L oire d 'un h abitat p oterie n on d ecorge' B ELLARD

A .

1 959

( Aisne)' B ELLWOOD

P .

a u

v oisinage

d e

l 'estuaire

' Cgramique

ngolithique

r ecueillie

ä

1 971

' Fortifications

P roc P rehist

S oc

P hD t hesis,

M enneville

a nd

E conomy

i n

p rehistoric

M .

a nd

E .

N ew

W est

F rance

U niversity o f L ondon

B ENDER M .B. a nd P . P HILLIPS A ntiquity,46,97

1 972

VIGNARD

' The

1 967

B elvedere d e C haintrgauville r endues) p .CCXLVIII B INFORD L .

e arly

' Le

p ras

f armers

g isement N emours'

o f

F rance'

t ardenoisien

d u

B S P F ( comptes

1 968 A n A rchaeological P erspective N EW Y ORK & L ONDON

B LANCHET JCl. c hassgen d u F ,71,107 B LANCHET JCl. P ontpoint

1 974 ' Datations B assin P arisien

a nd e t

f ouilles'

r adiocarbones d e J onquiares

A . D ECORMEILLE 1 979 C ompiagne ( Oise).

d u n golithique ( Oise)' B S P

' Les s ites R esultats

n golithiques d e d es p remieres

B S P F ,76,67

B LANCHET JCl. a nd A . D ECORMEILLE 1 980 ' Le s ite d u C oq G alleux d u H azoy ä C ompiagne ( Oise)' C ahiers A rch P icardie,7,49 B LANCHET

JCl.

a nd

P .

F ITTE

1 978

' Le

s ite

a rchgologique

c ommune d e P ontpoint' R A d e l 'Oise,11,3 B LANCHET JCl. a nd B . L AMBOT 1 977a ' Les d ragages ä 1 976

( I)'

d e

d e

l 'Oise

e t

M oru,

d e

1 973

C ahiers A rch d e P icardie,4,61

B LANCHET JCl. a nd B . L AMBOT 1 977b ' Un v ase n golithique d ragug ä C ompiagne ( Oise)' R A d e l 'Oise,9,2 B LANCHET

ä

( pt.1),56

B ELLWOOD P . 1 978 M an's C onquest o f t he P acific C ollins B ENDER M .B. 1 968 T he N eolithic C ultures o f N orth

B ERTHOLAT

l a

R A C & C E,10,75

Z ealand'

U npub.

d e

c hassgen s uperpose ä u n n golithique C ongras P rghist d e F rance,p.161

JCl.

a nd

M .

P ETIT

1 972

' L'habitat

d anubien

n golithique

J onquiares ( Oise): p remiers r gsultats' B S P F ,69,389 B LYTT A . 1 876 E ssay o n t he i mmigration o f t he N orwegian

d e

F lora

d uring a lternating r ainy a nd d ry p eriods B OCQUET

A .

1 976

' Les

c ivilisations

n golithiques

d ans

l es

A lpes'

i n

L a P rghistoire F rançaise e d J . G uilaine, p .292 P ARIS B ÖKÖNYI S . 1 974 H istory o f D omestic M ammals i n c entral a nd e astern Europe B UDAPEST B ORDES F . 1 954 L es l imons q uaternaires d u B assin d e l a S eine PARIS B ORDES

F .

1 969

' Le

l oess

e n

F rance'

i n

E tudes

f ran aises

s ur

l e

Q uaternaire, V III C ongras I NQUA, p .69 B OSERUP E . 1 965 T he c onditions o f a gricultural g rowth: t he e conomics o f a grarian c hange u nder p opulation p ressure L ONDON B OURDIER F . b assins

1 969 ' Etude c omparge d e l a S eine e t d e

P aris,21,169 B OURDIER F . a nd J-P.

L AUTRIDOU

a ncien d ans b e N W d e B OURDON

E .

V ille B OUREUX M . e t B OUREUX

1 912

1 976

l a F rance'

' Fouilles

d 'une

d es l a

d epots S omme'

' Les

q uaternaires d es B ull G gol B ass

d gpöts

d u

Q uaternaire

B A F E Q,3-4

c reutte

s gpulchrale;

' les B oves-Patou' B S A C h,6,20 1 965 ' Dgcouverte ä C ys-la-Commune

( Aisne)

O ulchy-la-

d 'une

s gpultre

d 'une c abane a ppartenant a u R ubang R ecent B S A C h,1-2,36 M .

1 972

' L'industrie

V ailly-sur-Aisne B OUREUX M .

1 975

( Aisne)'

d u

R ubang

r ecent

a ux

e nvirons

C ahiers A rch d u N E,15,1

' Fouilles ä B erry-au-Bac'

1 87

R A d e l 'Oise,5,3

d e

B OUREUX M .

a nd A .

C OUDART

s gdentaires d ans B OUREUX

M .

a nd

1 978

' Implantations

l a v allge d e

J-P.

D EMOULE

l 'Aisne'

1 973

' Etat

d es

p remiers

p aysans

B S P F ,75,341 d es

r echerches

s ur

l e

neolithique a ncien d e l a v allge d e l 'Aisne' R A d e l 'Oise,4,66 B RADLEY R . 1 978 The P rehistoric S ettlement o f B ritain L ONDON B RADY N .C.

1 974 T he n ature a nd p roperties o f s oils N EW Y ORK

B RANDT BECK K . H iltrop'

1 954

' Ein G rosshaus

m it R össener K eramik i n

B ochum-

G ermania,32,260

B RAY W . 1 977 ' From f oraging t o f arming i n e arly M exico' i n H unters, g atherers a nd f irst f armers b eyond E urope e d J .V.S. M egaw L EICESTER p .225 B REZILLON M . 1 962 ' Ngolithique d anubien ( Yonne)' G allia P rghistoire,5,157 B RIARD J .

e t.al.

1 971

N ord). F aune, C I1,2,45 B ISSON A .

1 958

' Le

f lore,

s ite

B ROGNARD L .

1 919

B ROOKFIELD

H .C .

d e

( Marne)' D .

g rottes

C her

ä C hamps

( Finistare

s gpulchrales

n golithiques

a u

B SA C h,1-2,31

HART

1 971

B S N E P,24,39

M elanesia:

i nterpretation o f a n i sland w orld L ONDON B UCHSENSCHUTZ O . 1 975 C arte a rchgologique d u A vron,

r ecent

B ull S oc G eol M iner B retagne

' Lillebonne P rehistorique' a nd

B ronze

P orsguen e n P louescat

a rchgologie'

' Dgcouverte

M esnil-sur-Oger

d e

e t

( 18-12) Musges d e

a

g eographical

c anton

d e

D un-sur-

l a v ille d e B ourges

B URGESS C . 1 980 T he a ge o f S tonehenge L ONDON B URNEZ C . 1 971 ' L'origine e t d eveloppement d u n eolithique c entre-ouest d e l a F rance'

d ans

l e

i n D ie A nfänge d es N eolithikums v om

O rient b is N ordeuropa VI ed H . S chwabedissen,166 K ÖLN B URNEZ C . 1 976 L e N golithique e t l e C halcolithique d ans l e

c entre-

o uest d e l a F rance PARIS B URNEZ C . a nd H . C ASE 1 966 ' Les c amps ngolithiques d es M atignons J uillac l e C oq ( Charente)' G allia P rehistoire,9,131 B YERS

D .S.

( ed)

1 967

T he

p rehistory

o f

t he

T ehuacan

V alley

I

ANDOVER C AHEN D .

a nd

S .J.

D E

S eine-Oise-Marne B elgique' CAILLAUD

L AET

1 980

ä l 'äge

' Persistance d u

d ans

d e

l a

C ivilisation

c ertaines

r egions

d e d e

H elinium,20,114

R .

a nd

E .

B ardouville

n golithique

L AGNEL

( Carriere

N ormandie,17,281 C AILLAUD R . a nd E . d e

LAGNEL l a

C henes.

1 967

' Sgpultures

c ollectives

d e

d e

B eaulieu)'

Annales

d e

1 972

' Le

H oguette,

G allia P rghistoire,15,137 C AMPO M . VAN a nd H . E LHAI 1 956 q uelques

B ronze

' Etude

A pplication

c airn

e t

l e

c rgmatoire

F ontenay-le-Marmion, c omparative

ä u ne

S oc B ot F ran ,103,234 C ARNEIRO R .L. 1 961 ' Slash-and-burn

t ourbiere

c ultivation

d es

C alvados' p ollens

n ormande'

a mong

t he

d e

B ull

K uikura

a nd i ts i mplications f or c ultural d evelopment i n t he A mazon b asin' i n T he e volution o f H orticultural S ystems i n N ative S . A merica e d J . C ARRE H .

1 967

W ilbert

F ,64,439 C ARRE— H ., J . D OUSSON a nd l es

C ARACAS

' Le n golithique e t

a lluvions Y onne

l e b ronze ä V inneuf

P .

P OULAIN

1 958

e t

C ure

l a

d e

P F ,55,133

1 88

' Habitat

p laine

d e

( Yonne)'

B S P

n golithique d ans S te.-Pallaye'

BS

C ARREY D . 1 909 P ,17.65 C ASE

' Notice

s ur M anneville-sur-Risle'

BS N E

H . 1 976 ' Acculturation a nd t he e arlier n eolithic i n w estern E urope' in P roceedings o f t he 4 th A tlantic C olloquium e d S .J. D e L aet

C ASPARIEW

p .45

A .,

B .

MOOKS-KAMPS,

R .M .

Z EIST

' The

a nd W . VAN H elinium,17 C ATT

h istorique

J .A . 1 979 ' The B ritain' i n T he z one e d J .G .

C AULFIELD L and

S .

1 977

P .C .

o f

S TRUIJK

S wifterbandt'

c ontribution o f l oess t o s oils i n e ffect o f M an o n t he l andscape: t he

E vans a nd

1 978

P AFENIER-VEGTER , P alaeobotany

S .

L imbrey L ONDON p .12

' Neolithic

A llotment

i n

t he

l owland L owland

f ields: B ritish

t he

I rish

I sles

e d

e vidence'

H .C.

B owen

i n

E arly

a nd

P .J.

F owler B A R p .137 C AUVIN M .C . 1 960 ' Industrie d e t echnique c ampignienne d u P ays d e B ray' L 'Anthropologie,64,493 C AUVIN

M .C.

1 971

' Recherches

r ecentes

s ur

b e

d u V exin

p henomane

e t

C ampignien

e n F rance' i n D ie A nfänge d es N eolithikums v om O rient b is N ordeuropa VI e d H . S chwabedissen K ÖLN p .246 CAYEUX L . 1 949 ' Station c ampignienne d e l a H gtraie, L e H avre' B S P F ,46,77 CAYEUX L . 1 951

' Les p ointes d e

H avre e t d u P ays C AYEUX L .

1 953

' La

1 954

B S P F ,48,461

s tation n golithique

d e M ontgeon)' C AYEUX L .

f laches ngolithiques d es e nvirons d u

d e C aux'

d es

F ortins a u H avre

( forgt

B S P F ,50,426

' Dgcouverte

a u Havre

( forgt

d e

M ontgeon)

d 'un

v ase

g ngolithique d u t ype d it ' pot d e f leur " B S N E P,35,111 C AYEUX L . 1 955a ' Gisements ngolithiques d es a nciens m arais H avre' C AYEUX

L .

d u

B S P F ,52,557 1 955b

' Essai

n golithique d e

d e

c lassement

d es

p ointes

d e

f laches

l 'gngolithique e t d u c halcolithique

d u

r egional'

B

S G N ,45,15 C AYEUX

L .

1 956

' Note

s ur

marais d u H avre, C AYEUX

L .

1 957a

l es

o ccupations

n golithiques

q uartier d u P errey'

' Le

c omplexe

d es

a nciens

B S P F ,53,33

n golithique

d u

P ays

d e

C aux'

B S G

N ,47,14 CAYEUX L . 1 957b ' Les v estiges o stgologiques f ossiles, d es a nciens m arais d u H avre, t gmoins d e l a v ie n golithique' B S N E P ,36,46 C AYEU7 L . 1 957c

' Une

' Dollemard' CAYEUX

L .

c abane

c ampignienne

( Le H avre-Bleville)'

1 957d

c ampigniennes S P F ,54,412 CAYEUX L . 1 959 ' Les

' Les d e

l a

o ccupations p laine

i ndustries

d e

e n

p rgcampigniennes

CAYEUX

L .

1 960b

( Fauville-en-Caux) ' Note

s ur u n

h abitat

L .

1 962a

' L'Homme

d u P ays

C ampignienne

e t

d it

p ost-

d e

B

C aux e t

S OM ä R icarville

e t

B S P F ,57,286

n golithique

ä l a U nite d es a nciens marais d u H avre' C AYEUX

l ieu

( Seine M aritime)'

( Seine-Maritime)'

a ncien

a u

c ampigniennes

G ommerville

l eurs d iffgrents a spects' B S P F ,56,93 C AYEUX L . 1 960a ' Habitations d u c halcolithique A uzonville

p lace

B SP F ,54,53

o ccidental

B S P F ,57,553

d u

H avre,

l e

m ilieu,

l 'outillage e t l a f aune c ontemporaire' B S G N ,51,40 C AYEUX L . 1 962b ' Habitats n golithiques d ans l es t ourbes d u s ous-sol d u H avre C AYEUX L .

( rue A rmand-Barbas a u H avre-Graville)'

1 962c

' L'Homme C ampignienne d u H avre'

1 89

B S P F ,59,548

B S P F ,59,823

C AYEUX L . 1 963 ' Habitats d u c halcolithique S OM d e l 'ouest d u B assin P arisien ä l 'Hippodrome d e l a F orgt d e M ontgeon a u H avre' B S N E P ,38,46 CAYEUX L . 1 964a ' Le p rgcampignien f orestier d e l a s tation-atelier d es S apinigres d e l a F orgt d e M ontgeon a u H avre ( 1958-59)' B S N E P ,38,44 C AYEUX L . 1 964b ' Le c omplexe N W)' B S N E P,38,156 C AYEUX L .

1 966

' Un

a telier

p rghistorique

p rgcampignien ä Y port.

l a s tation ' C " B S N E P,40,60 C AYEUX L . 1 968 ' Sgpulture n golithique N icholas-de-la Taille,

L .

1 970a

' La

d u

s tation

( Blgville,

L 'atelier

N ouveau

S eine-Maritime)'

C AYEUX L . 1 969 ' L'Habitat n golithique S N A P H,39,122 C AYEUX

d e D ollemard

' P'

M onde

( St.-

B S P F ,65,505

' N' d e

l a H gtraie

p rgcampignienne

d e

a u H avre'

l 'ancien

h ameau

l a M are-Rouge ( le H avre)' B S N A P H ,39,4,164 C AYEUX L . 1 970b ' Contribution d es a nalyses p alynologiques p griode

a tlantique

r ggionaux'

ä

l a

d ata ion

d es

v estiges

C AYEUX L . 1 972b ' La s tation p rgcampignienne B S N A P H,40,3,66 1 973a

J ouin C AYEUX

' Une

s tation

( Seine-Maritime)'

L .

1 973b

' Le

d e

d e

l a

n golithiques

ngolithique

h achette-amulette

d u

C abaret

r gcemment

e n

ä R ouelles'

d gtruite:

S t.-

B S N A P H,40,4,119

C ampignien

S t.-Jean-d'Abbetot

a rchaique

( Seine-Maritime)'

d e

l a

M are

L 'histoire

C HANG K .C.

i n a rchaeology'

' Settlement p atterns

a u

D iable

ä

BS N A P H,40,4,128

C HALINE J . 1 972 L e Q uaternaire. e nvironnement D OIN 1 972

B

B S N A P H,39,4,174

C AYEUX L . 1 972a ' Un n ouvel h abitat S ON a vec f orgt d e M ontgeon' B S N A P H,40,3,84

C AYEUX L .

d e

h umaine

d ans

s on

A ddison-Wesley

M odule,24,1 C HAPMAN R . 1 979 ' The e mergence o f ' problem' o f m egalithic t ombs

f ormal d isposal a reas a nd t he i n p rehistoric E urope' l ecture

t o P rehistoric S ociety C onference,April

1 979

C HARBONNIER O . 1 962 ' Dgcouverte e n B renne d 'une s tation n golithique ä l a L oubatigre, c ommune d e B ouene e t d 'Arthea ( Indre)' B S P F ,59.830 C HENET

C .

1 926

' Le

v illage

n golithique

d 'Ante

( Marne)'

B

S A

C h,67,2 C HERRY J .

e t.al.

1 978

S ampling i n

B A R ,50 OXFORD C HERTIER B . 1 973 ' Sgpultures

d e

c ontemporary l a

B ritish A rchaeology

c ivilisation

S ON

t rouvges

a nciennement ä R eims, l ieu-dit ' Pons-Ludon " B S A C h,66,4,1 C HERTIER B . 1 974a ' Danubien e t t raditions d anubiennes e n C hampagne' B SA C h,67,5,2 C HERTIER

B .

1 974b

' Information

a rchgologique.

C irconscription

d e

C hampagne-Ardenne' G allia P rghistoire,17,505 C HERTIER B . a nd R . J OFFROY 1 966 ' La s gpulture d anubienne

d e

V ert-

l a-Gravelle' B S P F ,63,CCXXVII C HEVALLIER R . 1 961 ' Coup d 'oeil s ur

e n

c ours

d 'gtude C HEVALLIER R .

o u d e 1 962

p rospection'

' Les h aches e n g rgs

l a v allge m oyenne d e l 'Ourcq' C HEVALLIER R . a nd R . ERTLE 1 957 m oyenne d e

' la M arne "

q uelques

g isements

B S P F ,58,31 t ravaillges p ar p iquetage d e

C ahiers A rch d u N E,5,23 ' Masses P erforges d e l a

B S A C h,50,19

1 90

v allge

C HEVILLON

A .

1 932

' Etude

M ontbouy ( Loiret)'

s ur

l es

s tations

p rehistoriques

d e

B S P F ,29,334

C HILDE V .G . a nd N . S ANDERS 1 950 M arne' L 'Anthropologie,54,1

' La

C ivilisation

d e

S eine-Oise-

C HORLEY R .J. a nd P . H AGGETT ( eds) M odels i n G eography L ONDON C LARK A . 1 969 ' Resistivity s urveying' i n S cience i n A rchaeology D . B rothwell a nd E . H iggs L ONDON p .695 C LARK J .G .D .

1 954 P rehistoric E urope:

C LARK C . a nd M . H ASWELL 1 966 Agriculture L ONDON & N EW Y ORK C LARKE D .L. C LARKE D .L. C LARKE

D .L.

C LARKE D .L.

t he e conomic b asis L ONDON

T he

E conomics

o f

S ubsistence

1 968 Analytical A rchaeology L ONDON ( ed) 1 972 M odels i n A rchaeology L ONDON 1 977

' Spatial

i n

S patial

1 978 A nalytical A rchaeology L ONDON 2 nd e d e d R .

C hapman

A rchaeology e d D .L. C LASON

e d

A .T.

1 967

i nformation

' Animal

a nd

P alaeohistoria,13 C OHEN M .N . 1 977 ' Population a griculture:

i n

a rchaeology'

C larke p .1 man

p ressure

a n a rchaeological e xample

i n

H olland's

a nd

t he

f rom t he

p ast'

o rigins c oast

o f

o f P eru'

i n T he O rigins o f A griculture e d C . R eed p .135 C ONKLIN H .C. 1 963 T he s tudy o f s hifting c ultivation WASHINGTON C ONSTANDSE-WESTERMANN T .S.

1 974

' L'homme mesolithique d u N ord-Ouest

d e l 'europe' B ull e t Mem S oc A nthrop P aris,1,13,173 C ONSTANTIN C l. 1 976 ' La c eramique n eolithique e t c halcolithique d u B assin P arisien e t d e l a V allee d e l a M euse d egraissee ä l 'aide d 'os p ile ' I X C ongras d e l 'U I S P P , N ice 1 976 C ONSTANTIN C l., J -P. F ARUGGIA a nd L . D EMAREZ 1 978 ' Fouille h abitat neolithique

ä I rchonwelz

( Hainaut

o ccidental)'

d 'un

R A d e

l 'Oise,13,3 C ONSTANTIN C l., J -P . F ARUGGIA , A . B URNEZ, A . C OUDART a nd L . D EMAREZ 1 977 ' Fosses d e l a C eramique l ineaire ( Omalien) ä A ubechies C OOKE

( Hainaut) 1 978' U R A 1 2,5,101 G .W. 1 976 ' Long-term f ertilizer s ignificance o f

t heir r esults

e xperiments

i n

E ngland:

p ractical f arming' A nnales A gronomiques,27,503 C ORBASSON M . 1 952 ' Outillage p aleo-neolithique: g isement d e ä M ontargis

( Loiret)'

G .

a nd

M .

C RUET

1 976

d anubiens ' Une

e n

F rance:

l es

d ans

s epulture

( Maine-et-Loire)' B S P F ,73,214 C OURTIN J ., J . G UILAINE a nd J -P. l 'agriculture

s urface

B S P F ,49,271

C ORDIER G . 1 963 ' Prolongements F rance' R A C & C E,14,149 C ORDIER

t he

f or a gricultural s cience a nd f or

MOHEN

d ocuments

l e

c entre

neolithique

1 976

' Les

d e

l a

ä B reil

d ebuts

a rcheologiques'

i n

d e L a

p rehistoire f ran aise e d J . G uilaine,172 P ARIS C OUTEAUX M . 1 977 ' A p ropos d e l 'interpretation d es a nalyses p olliniques d e s ediments m ineraux, p rinicpalement a rcheologiques'

i n

A pproche

E cologique

d e

l 'Homme

H . L aville a nd J . R enault-Miskovsky p .259 C OUTIER L . 1 928 ' Fouilles d 'habitation n eolithiques'

F ossile

e d

B SA C h,21,75

C OUTIER L . 1 944 ' Age d e l a t ourbe d e l a P ointe-aux-Oies ä W imereux ( Pas-de-Calais)' B S P F ,41,138 C OUTIL L . 1 908 ' Haches-marteaux e t p ics a vec p erforation c entrale t rouves

e n N ormandie'

B S P F ,5,227

1 91

D ANIEL G .E. 1 967 ' The m egalithic P alaeohistoria,12,199 DANIEL R . 1 944 ' Gisements B S P F ,41,51 DANIEL

R .

1 965

' La

b uilders

n golithiques

b utte

d u b ois

F ,

1 967

' Gisement

c omptes

t he

d e

S

C lamart c ommune

o ccupations

n golithique

r endues,

d e

S t.-Martin-de-la-Roche,

( Essonne), s es d ifferentes p rghistoriques' B S P F ,62,539 D ANIEL R .

o f

B ouviers

0

M '

( Seine)' d 'Etrechy

a ux

t emps

( Yvelines)'

B S P

p .LIII

D ANIEL R . 1 969a ' Les a teliers d e J ablines ( Seine-et-Marne). N otes e t r emarques c oncernant l 'outillage e t l e t erme ' Jablinien " B S P F ,66,181 D ANIEL R . 1 969b ' Le g isement d ans l es b ois d e C haville

n golithique d e l a F erme S ans Tf te, ( Hauts-de-Seine)' B S P F ,66,237

D ANIEL R . 1 970 ' La s tation n golithique ( Oise)' B S P F ,67,212 D ANIEL R . 1 973 ' Le C ampigny, c ommune d e M aritime)' D ANIEL M . & R . g isements

d e

C anneville

p r s

B langy-sur-Bresle

C reil

( Seine-

B S P F ,70,13 1 946 ' Nouvelles e tudes m esolithiques d e l a

s ur l e t ardenoisien f ran ais: r ive g auche d u L oing p r s

N emours ( Seine-et-Marne), B S P F ,43,241 D ANIEL M . & R . 1 975 ' L'outillage n golithique d e l a G rotte d u T roglodyte, p r s N emours ( Seine-et-Marne)' B ull G rpement A rch d e

S eine-et-Marne, 1 4-15,29

D ASSIE J .

1 978 M anuel d 'archgologie a erienne E ditions

D ASTUGUE

J .,

S .

T ORRE

a nd

L .

B UCHET

N ormandie. L e d euxi me L 'Anthropologie,77,579 D EBORD J . 1 969 ' Herminette e n S alsogne,

A isne'

1 973

t umulus

d e

f orme

b ottier

d e

t echnip

' Ngolithique

t rouvge

C .

( Moselle),

d 'une

G UILLAUME

1 975

' Un

s ite

r ubang

c ivilisation

r ecent

1 967 I nvitation t o a rchaeology N EW Y ORK

D EGERBOL

M .

D E

M illiaire' ä R ichemont

R A C & C E,26,129

D EETZ J .

a nd

D eenmark' L AET S .J.

ä C iry-

C ahiers A rch N E,12,15

D ECKER E . a nd C . G UILLAUME 1 974b ' Thionville ' la ( Moselle) s ite d u R ubang r ecent' B S P F ,71,479 a nd

B asse

F ontenay-le-Marmion'

D ECKER E . a nd C . G UILLAUME 1 974a ' Vestiges d anubienne e n M oselle' A rchgologia,67,50

D ECKER E .

d e

H .

K ROG

1 951

' Den

e uropaeiske

D anm g eol U nders,2,78 1 967 ' Quelques p robl mes

d u

S umpskild-padde n golithique

i

b elge'

P alaeohistoria,12,335 D E

L AET

S .J.

1 968

' La

c ivilisation

d e

M ichelsberg

e n

B elgique'

H elinium,7-8,259 D E

LAET

S .J.

1 974

P rehistorische

L anden W ETTEREN D ELIBRIAS G . a nd M .T . c oast

a nd

t he

C HILLIER

C hannel

d atations

r adiocarbons

c omplexe:

l a

f ouille

r endus)

t he 1 975

' The

h et

s ea-level

l ast ' Un

i n

1 0,000 e xemple

ä l 'interpretation d es

N ord)' B S P F ,72,78 D ELIBRIAS G ., H . E LHAI a nd C . d 'Arromanches

1 971

f or

m ethod' Q uaternaria,14,131 D ELIBRIAS G . a nd C -T. L E R OUX

Kulturen

a teliers

d e

( Paris),D,268,247

1 92

A cademie

d er

o n

A tlantic

t he

y ears

' Le

d es

b y

t he

d 'application

d 'une

L age

C14 d es

s tratigraphie

P lussuilien

LARSONNEUR 1 969

( Calvados)'

z uiden

( Cötes-du-

F landrien ä l 'est S ciences

( comptes

D EMETZ J -L. 1 967 ' Etude d es o ssements d anubiens d e V ert-la-Gravelle ( Matne)' C ahiers A rch N E,10,70 D EMOLON

' Le

s ite

( Pas-de-Calais). C onsiderations b eige' S eptentrion,5,40

P .

a nd

s ur

D ESHAYES A bbe

J .

H URTRELLE

1 880

1 975

' Gisements

d e

n eolithique l e

d e

g roupe

s ilex p rehistorique

C orbehem

M ichelsberg ä M anneville-

s ur-Risle e t a ux e nvirons d e P ort-Audemer' B S G N ,7,86 D EVOY R .J. 1 980 ' Post-glacial e nvironmental c hange a nd m an i n T hames

e stuary:

e d F .H . D ION R . D IXON

a s ynopsis'

i n A rchaeology a nd C oastal

t he

C hange

T hompson p .134

1 934 L a f ormation d u P aysage R ural F ran ais T OURS P .

1 979

' A

n eolithic

a nd

i ron

a ge

s ite

o n

a h illtop

i n

s outhern E ngland' S cientific American,241,5,182 D OHRN-IHMIG M . 1 976 ' Die jüngere B andkeramik i m R heinland u nd i hre B eziehungen z um W esten' i n 4 th A tlantic C olloquium e d S .J. D e L aet p .95 D OHRN-IHMIG M .

1 979

' Bandkeramik

a m

M ittel-

u nd

N iederrhein'

B eiträge z ur U rgeschichte d es R heinlands I II D OIGNEAU E . 1 884 N emours PARIS D OIGNON P . 1 937 ' La p rehistoire d ans B ull A ssoc N at V ail L oing,20,93

l e

G ätinais

f ontainbleaudien'

DRACK W . 1 969 ' Die f rühen Kulturen m itteleuropäischer H erkunft' U r- u nd f rühgeschichtliche A rchäologie d er S chweiz I I p .67 D RIGENT

D .

1 977

' Contribution

f landrienne e n B asse-Loire' d e l a L oire, V DUBOIS C . 1 960 ' Contribution

ä

l 'etude

E tudes d e

d e

l a

P rehist

t ransgression

e t

l 'analyse

i n

P rotohist

p ollinique

P ays ä

l a

c onnaissance d u s ous-sol d u H avre' B S G N ,50,38 D UBOIS C . 1 962 ' Resultats p alynologiques d e l 'etude m icroscopique d e s ediments p rovenent d e f orages e n B asse-Seine' B S G N ,51,20 DUBOIS C . 1 963 p rovenant

' Etude d e

p alynologique

c omplgmentaire

f orages e n B asse-Seine'

D UBOIS G . & C . 1 938 ' Analyse p ollinique d e M oulin d e Luc ( Calvados)' B S P F ,35,133 DUBUS A .

1 909

' Notes

s ur

l a

s tation

d e

s ediments

B S G N ,52,26 t ourbe

p rghistorique

d es

s ubmerge H ogues

a u

p ras

Y port' B S N E P,14,94 D UCHAUFOUR P . 1 948 R echerches 6 cologiques s ur l a C henaie a tlantique f ran aise M ONTPELLIER DUCHAUFOUR P . 1 965 P récis d e P gdologie P ARIS D UPUIS J . 1 952 ' Contribution ä l 'gtude d es s ols A nnales I nstitute N ationale A gronomique,39,13 D UTEURTRE

M .

1 932

' Dgcouverte

q uartier N otre-Dame, D UTEURTRE

M .

1 936

d 'une

a u H avre'

' Ateliers

o ccupation n eolithique

n eolithiques

T .K. a nd A .L. C HRISTENSON P rehistoric S ubsistence E conomies

E DEINE

B .

1 960

' Du

s ite

d e

Q uentin' B S P F ,57,331 E DEINE B . 1 963 ' Contributions l 'outillage ngolithique'

l a

d es

d ans

l e

d unes

d 'Equihen

e t

a vec

l a

1 980 M odelling C hange N EW Y ORK & L ONDON

i n

r apports

B rache au-Diable, a ux

e tudes

B S P F ,60,456

1 93

G ätinais'

B S P F ,29,596

d 'Hardelot ( Pas-de-Calais)' B S P F ,33,372 D UTEURTRE M . 1 954 ' Montivilliers e t s es P rghistoire' B S G N ,44,8 EARLE

d u

d e

S oumont-St.-

t echnologie

d e

E DEINE

B .

1 965a

' Ce

q ue

l es

f ouilles

( Calvados) e t d e s on s olution d es p rob Hmes ' Le N golithique d ans

d u s ite d e

l a B r che-au-Diable

c ontexte p euvent dgjä a pporter ä l a p oses p ar G . B ailloud d ans s on o uvrage

l e

B assin P arisien'

B S P F ,62,328

E DEINE B . 1 965b ' Le n golithique d e l 'Ouest e uropgen e n B asseN ormandie. R ubang r ecent, C erny , C hassgen. R apports i nterculturels e t c hronologie' R evista d e F aculdad d e L etras d e L isboa,9 E DEINE B . 1 965c L e n golithique d e l 'Ouest N ormandie T hesis U niversity o f L isbon E DEINE

B .

1 970

' Nouvelles

d atations

N ormandie e n p articulier P F ,67,114

l e

p ar

e uropgen

l e C 14 c oncernant

C hassgen e t

EDEINE

' Hache-marteau

a nd

G .

L EFEBVRE

1 969

P ollen e t

d e

B asse-

l a B asse-

R ubang r ecent'

d u

B .

B ois

l e

EDEINE B . 1 971 ' L'allge c ouverte ( Manche)' B S P F ,68,20

d gcouverte d ans l e d gpartement E LAH1 H . 1 959 ' Analyse p ollinique

e n

l a

P lesse d e

B S

ä L ithaire

t ype

d anubien

d e l 'Orne' B S P F ,66,25 d e d eux t ourbi res n ormandes'

S pores,1,59

E LAHI

H . 1 960 ' La t ourbi e .re d e G athgmo ( Manche Normandie)' P ollen e t S pores,2,263 E LAH1 H . 1 963 L a N ormandie O ccidentale e ntre l a S eine e t l e G olfe n ormand-breton. E LAH1

E tude m orphologique

B ORDEAUX

H . e t.al. 1 969 ' Depots t ardiglaciaire l a c ote d u C alvados' B A F E Q,19,93

E LOUARD

P .,

D .

P HILIBERT,

C REMILLIEUX

1 974

c limatique

d u

E .

D EBARD,

' Coupe

e t

H .

MEON-VILAIN

g gologique

g isement

p ostglaciaires

e t

p rghistorique

s ur

a nd

A .

i nterpretation p ost-Würmien

d e

L ongetraye' B ull S oc L angu d e G gog,8,275 E VANS J .G . 1 972 L and s nails i n A rchaeology L ONDON F AEGRI K . F AGNART d e

a nd J .

J -P. l a

I VERSEN

a nd J .

1 964 A T extbook o f p ollen a nalysis O XFORD

VAILLANT

b asse-terrasse

1 979

' Les

P F ,76,15 F ARDET L . 1 947 ' Fouilles d 'un f ond d e ( Loir-et-Cher)' B S P F ,44,350 F EDEROFF

N .

1 966

' Contribution

q uaternaire d ans l e

i ndustries

p ost-glaciaires

d e L ongprg-les-Corps-Saints

ä l a

c abane

( Somme)'

ä E cures,

c onnaissance

S -W d u B assin P arisien'

d e

l a

BS

p r s O nzain p gdogen se

B A F E Q,2,94

F IRMIN G . 1 976 p ollen a nalyses i n U R A 1 2,4 F LANNERY K . 1 976 T he e arly m esoAmerican v illage L ONDON & N EW Y ORK F LOUEST E . 1 869 ' Notice a rchgologique s ur l e c amp d e C hassey ( Saone-et-Loire)' M gm S oc H ist A rch d e C halon-sur-Saöne,5,237 F OLEY

R .

1 980

' Off-site

a rchaeology'

i n

P attern

H odder, G . I ssac a nd N . H ammond C AMBRIDGE F OUJU G . 1 900 ' Fouilles a u C ampigny, c ommune d e ( Seine-Infgrieure) e n 1 897, 1 898, F RENZEL B . 1 966 ' Climatic c hange t ransition o n t he N . H emisphere: i st

a nd M .F.

v egetation

HUAULT

a ctuelle

e t

1 971 p assge

' Recherches d u

B ray

P ast e d

I .

B alngy-sur-Bresle

S awyer p .99

p rgliminaires

s ur

( Seine-Maritime)'

S oc E co1,2,136 1 980 P rehistoric M aori F ortifications 1 932 T he P ersonality o f B ritain C ARDIFF

1 94

t he

1 899' B S N E P,8,129 i n t he A tlantic/Subboreal b otanical e vidence' i n P roc

S ymposium o n World C limate 8 000-0 B C e d J .

F RILEUX P .N .

F OX A . F OX C .

o f

l a

B ull

G ABEL

W .C .

1 957

m ining' GACHON

L .

' The

c ampignian

t radition

a nd

E uropean

f lint

A ntiquity,31,90

( ed)

1 976

C olloque

E ssai

d e

f ertilisation

i nternationale

-

d e

G rignon,

t rA 's

l ongue

6 -7-8

d urge.

J uillet

1 976

p ublished a s A nnales A gronomiques,27 G ALLAY

A .

1 970

' Die

B esiedlung

d er

N eolithikum u nd F rühbronzezeit' G ARDEZ

H .

1 908

l a v allge G ARDEZ H .

' Notice d e

1 910

s ur

u ne

l a V esle'

s üdlichen

O berrheinebene

i n

B adische F undberichte,12

d gcouverte

d 'objets

l acustres

d ans

B SA C h,1

' Tombe n golithique

d ans

l a v allge

d e

l 'Aisne'

B S A

C h,3,137 G ARDEZ H . 1 851

1 911 ' Description d 'une G rotte n golithique d gcouverte e n s ur l e t erroir d e C houilly d ans l a m ontagne d e S aran' B S

A C h,4 GARDEZ H . 1 913a ' Extrait d 'une n ote Mgzy ( Marne)' B S A C h,6,19 GARDEZ H .

1 913b

s ur

l a

' Dgcouverte d 'un a telier d e

G rotte

GARDEZ H .

d e

s ilex t ardenoisien p r s

d e M ont-Notre-Dame ( Aisne)' B S A C h,6,119 GARDEZ H . 1 922 ' Atelier d e t aille d e g r s d e ( Aisne)'

s gpulchrale

B alnzy-les-Fismes

B S A C h,15,20

1 931

' La

s gpulture n golithique d e V ailly-sur-Aisne'

B SA

C h,24,98 GAUCHER

G .

1 976

' Les

C ivilisations

B assin p arisien e t l e N ord d e F rançaise e d J . G uilaine p .575 G AUDRON G .

1 953

' Traces d e p oteries

d e l a

l ' Age

d u

F rance'

B ronze

i n

L a

d ans

l e

P rghistoire

c ampaniformes d ans u n mggalithe

d e S eine-et-Oise' B S P F ,50,19 G AUDRON G . 1 954 ' Gisement d es V arennes

ä D ormans

( Marne)'

B S P

F ,51,386 G IES

C .

1 969

' Trouvailles

n golithiques

ä

R eichstett'

C ahiers

A lsaciens,13,5 G IES

C .

a nd

A .

T HEVENIN

1 973

' Campagne

d e

f ouilles

ä R eichstett'

C ahiers A lsaciens,17,5 G ILOT

E .

e t.al.

1 969

e n B elgique' G IOT P -R . G IOT P -R .

' Evolution

P -R .

1 968

' La

P rghistoire: G IOT

l a

v gggtation

e t

d atations

1 4C

1 960a B rittany L ONDON 1 960b ' Une s tation d u n golithique p rimaire A rmoricain:

C urnic e n G uisseny F ' G IOT

d e

C entre B eige d 'Histoire R urale,15 l e

B S P F ,57,38

B retagne

p robr 4mes

a u e t

p eril

d es

t endances

m ers

e d

D .

h oloc nes'

i n

L a

S onneville-Bordes

p .203 P ARIS P -R . 1 979 ' La V ie a u N golithique' i n P rghistoire d e l a B retagne e d. P -R . C lot, J . L 'Helgouach a nd J -L. M onnier p .321 R ENNES

G IRARD M . 1 968 ' Les i ncingrations d u n golithique a ncien e n-Dunois ( Eure-et-Loir)' G allia P rghistoire,11,205 G IRARD

C .

a nd J .

S P F ,74 G IRAUD E . 1 943

L ECLERC

' Industrie

d es H autes-Bruy res' G ODWIN H . G OLSON

1 977

' La

s gpulture

n golithique

d e

t riple

d e

V illejuif

d e

N euvy-

P incevent' ( Seine),

B

f ort

B S P F ,40,107

1 956 The h istory o f t he B ritish F lora C AMBRIDGE

J .

G uinea

1 976

' Archaeology

H ighlands'

A rchaeology e d

G .

i n

a nd

a gricultural

P roblems

S ieveking,

L ONDON

1 95

I .

i n

h istory

E conomic

L ongworth a nd K .

i n

t he

a nd W ilson

N ew

S ocial p .201

G OUDIE A . G REEN

1 977 E nvironmental c hange OXFORD

R .C.

1 970

' Settlement

p attern

a rchaeology

i n

P olynesia'

S tudies i n O ceanic C ulture a nd H istory,1,12 GROENMAN-VAN WAATERINGE H . 1 979 ' The i mpact o f n eolithic man o n t he l andscape i n t he N etherlands' i n T he e ffect o f m an o n t he l andscape: t he l owland z one e d J .G . E vans a nd S . L imbrey p .135 GRUET M . 1 972 ' L'allge c ouverte d e P ontpiou e n C hamptocg ( Maine-etL oire)' GRIBBIN J .

B S P F ,69,585

( ed)

1 979 C limatic C hange C AMBRIDGE

G UILAINE J . ( ed) 1 970 L es F rance C ARCASSONNE

C ivilisations n golithiques

d u M idi

d e

l a

G UILAINE J . ( ed) 1 976a L a P rghistoire F rançaise V ol I I P ARIS G UILAINE J . ( ed) 1 976b P remiers b ergers e t p aysans d e l 'occident M gditerrangen MOUTON G UILLAUME P . 1 968 ' Notes s ur l e n golithique d e C hampagne 3 - ' Le R u C holet' ä N esle-le-Repons, M arne' C ahiers A rch N E,11,69 G UILLAUME P . 1 969a ' Notes s ur l e n golithique d e C hampagne 4 E nvirons d e l a f erme A rch N E,12,13 G UILLAUME P . 1 969b ' Notes h erminette N E, 1 2,84 GUILLAUME

P .

d e

a nd

d 'Harnotay s ur

l e

ä V enteuil,

n golithique

B elval-sous-Chätillon,

R .

C HEVALLIER

1 956

' Les

M arne'

d e

C hampagne

M arne'

s tations

C ahiers

S pores, 1 2,45 G ÜNTER K . 1 976 ' Die j ungsteinzeitliche i n d er B örde' G URBA J .

1 961

5 A rch

c halcolithiques

d e N ogent-l'Artaud ( Aisne)' C ongr s P rghist P oitiers ‚ 545 G UILLAUME C h. 1 973 ' A S t.-Michel, e xtraction e t t aille d es y a 4 000 a ns' A rchgologia,3,40 G UILLET B . 1 970 ' Etude p alynologique d es p odzolisation s ur a lluvions a nciennes e n

C ahiers

P odzols. L orraine'

F rance, s ilex i i

1 P ollen

l a e t

S iedlungen D eiringsen-Ruploh

B odenaltertümer W estfalens,16

' Neolithic

s ettlements

U M C S ,B,15,13,211 G UYADER J . 1 977 ' Le Q uaternaire

d e

o n

l a

t he L ublin

z one

l oess

u pland'

p ortuaire H avraise'

A

BS

G N ,64,39 HAGGETT P . HAMOND

1 965 L ocational a nalysis i n H uman G eograPhy L ONDON

F .

1 978

T he

D evelopment

s imulation

i n

t he

L ower

o f

E arly

R hine

N eolithic

B asin

S ettlement

u npub

P hD

t hesis

C AMBRIDGE HAMOND

F .

1 978

m aps,

' The

b iases

i nterpretation

i nherent

i n

o f

a rchaeological

a rchaeological

d istribution

f ieldwork'

A rchaeo-

P hysika,7,193 HAMOND F .

1 981

' The

c olonisation o f

E urope'

i n P attern o f

t he P ast

e d I . H odder, G . I ssac a nd N . H ammond p .213 C AMBRIDGE HARRIS D . 1 971 ' Swidden s ystems a nd s ettlement' G eog R eview,614,75 HARRIS

D .

1 973

' The

p rehistory

e thnosociological model' e d A .C . HASSAN F .A. H EIM

J .

H EIM J .

a griculture: o f

C ulture

a n

C hange

R enfrew p .391

1 962

1 977

t ropical

1 981 D emographic A rchaeology N EW Y ORK & L ONDON

a ctuelle B elges'

o f

i n T he Explanation

' Recherches e t B ull

b e

s ur

s pectre

l es

r elations

p ollinique

r gcent

e ntre d ans

S oc R oy B ot B elg,95-96,5

' Etude p alynologique'

1 96

R A C & C E,29,7

l a l es

v gggtation A rdennes,

H EINTZ G .F. 1 970 ' Vase n eolithique ä D achstein' C ahiers A lsaciens,14,35 H EINTZ G .F.

1 974

1 972'

c orps

d 'animal

' Observations a rcheologiques ä D achstein d e

H INOUT J . 1 964 iG isements P rehistoire,7,65 J .

ä

1 957 ä

C ahiers A lsaciens,18,51

H IGHAM C . F.W. 1 967 ' Stock r earing a s a c ultural p rehistoric E urope' P roc P rehist S oc,33,84

H INOUT

t rouve

1 967

' Observations

t ardenoisiens ä p ropos

d u

d irections

i n

d e

f actor

l 'Aisne'

t ardenoisien

i n

G allia

f inal'

B SP

F ,64,CRSM6,CCX H ODDER

I .

1 977

' Some

a rchaeological

n ew

d ata

a t

t he

t he

A rchaeology e d D .L. C larke p .223 H ODDER I . 1 979 ' Economic a nd s ocial s tress p atterning' American A ntiquity,49,446 H ODDER I . a nd C AMBRIDGE

C .

H OREMANS

P OPLIN .

P .,

F .

s epultures

O RTON

1 976

T h.

S patial

d e

a nalysis

s cale'

i n

a nd

a nd

i n

I .

c ulture

a rchaeology

R OUX

Marolles-sur-Seine:

o f

S patial

m aterial

a nalysis

P OULAIN-JOSIEN

c ollectives

s patial

r egional

1 967

l e

' Les

m ilieu'

G allia P rehistoire,10,156 H OWELL

J .M.

1 980

N orthern

' 1976-Loubcroy'

S cotland

E DINBURGH HU P . 1 930 ' Notes

L a

v egetation

a nalyse s poropollinique d e 1 972b

v allee d e HUAULT M .F.

M ercer

F ield

w ith

' Analyse

h olocane

e n

H aute

s poro-pollinique

'Wevolution d e l a f lore

d urant

vegetation

H owell

e t

l es

8 ,000

v ariations

BS

N ormandie:

d u P ostglaciaire

d erniares d u

d e

l a

B A F E Q,22,207

q uaternaire e n N ormandie

l es d onnees p alynologiques' B S G N ,64 1 977b ' L'Estuaire d e l a S eine e t l a

Lezarde

S urvey i n

J .M .

s ediments R OUEN

l a S eine e ntre C leon e t l 'Estuaire'

1 977a

d 'apras HUAULT M .F .

R .J.

s ur l es a teliers n eolithiques d e V illevenard'

A C h,23,I12 H UAULT M .F. 1 972a HUAULT M .F.

i n A rchaeological

1 976-1979

a nnees:

n iveau

m arin

v allee

e volution d 'apras

d e

l a

d e

l a

l 'analyse

p ollinique' B ull d 'inf d es G eol d u B ass P arisien,14,4,35 HUBERT F . 1 969 ' Fouilles a u s ite m inier n eolithique d e S piennes' A rchaeologica B elgica,111 HUBERT F . 1 977 ' Le s ite

M ichelsberg

d e

B oitsfort-Etangs'

A rchaeologica B elgica,196,12 HUBERT

F .

1 978

B elgii H UTRELLE J . d es I TTEN M .

' L'exploitation d u

S peculum,9,39 a nd J -F . P ININGRE

S ablins ä E taples

1 978

ä S piennes'

' Datation

( Pas-de-Calais)'

A rchaeologicum

r adiocarbone

d u

C erny

B S P F ,75,3,83

1 970 D ie Horgener K ultur Z ÜRICH

I VERSEN J .

1 973

G laciation' JACOBI

s ilex

R .

1 979

' The

d evelopment

o f D enmark's N ature

s ince

t he

l ast

D anm G eol U nders,5,7c,1 ' Population

a nd

l andscape

i n

m esolithic

l owland

B ritain' i n The e ffect o f m an o n t he l andscape: t he l owland z one e d J .G. E vans a nd S . L imbrey p .75 JÄGER K .D . 1 967 H olozäne B innenwasser-Kalke i m O stteil d er T hüringer T riastmulde J ALMAIN D . JALUT G . e t

1 970 A rcheologie a erienne e n I le-de-France P ARIS

1 966

' Analyse

p ollinique

S pores,3,123

1 97

d e

l a

t ourbiare d e P oigny'

P ollen

JALUT

G . 1 967 ' Analyse p ollinique P ollen e t S pores,9,2,305

JAMAGNE

J .

a nd

C .

MATHIEU

d u B assin P arisien' JARMAN

M .R .

1 972

1 971

d e

l a

t ourbiare

' Stratigraphie

d es

d e

l oess

l 'Archet' d ans

b e N E

B A F E Q,21,209

' A

t erritorial

m odel

b ehavioural a nd g eographical A rchaeology e d D .L. C larke, p .705

f or

a pproach'

a rchaeology: i n

M odels

a i n

J EHL M . d e

a nd C . B ONNET 1 965 ' Contribution ä l 'gtude l a H aute-Alsace' C ahiers A lsaciens,9,5

d u

n golithique

J EHL M .

a nd

d u

n golithique

C .

B ONNET

e n H aute A lsace' J ELGERSMA S .

1 966

1 966

' Contribution

ä lig tude

C ahiers A lsaciens,10,5

' Sea-level

c hanges

d uring t he

i n W orld C limate f rom 8 000-0BC e d J .

J OCHIM M .A . 1 976 Hunter-gatherer s ubsistence p redictive m odel N EW Y ORK & L ONDON J OFFROY R . 1 976 ' Les g rottes A 2 U ISPP N ice,p.26 J OHNSTON

A .E.

a nd

c ontinuous

G .E.G .

g rowth

o f

s gpulchrales MATTINGLY

a rable

c rops

e xperimental s tations: e ffects a nd s oil a nalyses a nd r ecent d esign'

l ast

1 0,000 y ears'

S awyer p .54

d e

s ettlement.

C oizard'

1 976 a t

a nd

L ivret-guide

' Experiments R othamstead

o f t reatments m odifications

o n i n

A

a nd

i n

t he

W oburn

c rop y ields p urpose a nd

A nnales Agronomique,27,927

J OUILLIE B . 1 959 ' Note s ur a ) l a d gcouverte d 'une t ombe ä i ncinerations e t d e t rois f osses a ux e nvirons d e V ailly-surA isne, b ) l a d atation p ar l a m gthode d u C 14 d u R ubang r ecent d e l 'Aisne' J OUSSAUME

R .

B S P F ,56,479

1 976a

' Chassgen

T almont-St.-Hilaire

J OUSSAUME R . 1 976b ' Dolmen d e ( Vendge)' B S P F ,73,398 J UNOT M . d e J UNOT

1 975

' Le

' A'

( Vendge)'

v ase-support

a u

V eillon

P ierre-Levge

ä N ieul-sur-l'Autuze

s ite n golithique d u M archg-aux-Pourceaux,

S t.-Thierry

M . a nd F . mgsolithiques

( Marne)'

e n

S oc Emul V endge,123

c ommune

C ahiers A rch N E,18,25

V ESSELY 1 971 ' Les g isements n golithiques e t d u t erroir d e T hil ( Marne)' C ahiers A rch

N E, 1 4,57 JUNOT

J UNOT

M . a nd F . V ESSELY 1 974 ' Le s ite n golithique P ourceaux c ommune d e S t.-Thierry ( Marne); s on l e c ontexte n golithique l ocal' M . a nd F . V ESSELY 1 976 ' Le B rayes,

d u M archg-auxi nsertion d ans

B SA C h,4,11 s ite a rchgologique

c ommune d e T hil - M arne'

d es

L ongues

B SA C h,67,17

JÜRGENS G . a nd H . L ONG 1 976 ' Essai d e f ertilisation d e l ongue d urge s ur s ables l imoneux r iches e n a cide p hosphorique e n c limat p eu p luvieux d u P alatinat'

A nnales A gronomiques,27,665

K ERFOURN M-T. 1 965 ' Analyse p ollinique d es s ediments f landriens d e l a v allge d e l a V ilaine a ux e nvirons d e R edon ( Ile-etV ilaine)' B ull S oc G gol M ingr B retagne,p.147 K OZLOWSKI S . ( ed) 1 973 T he M esolithic i n E urope WARSAW KRUK J .

1 973

S tudia O sadnicze n ad N eolitem W ysszen L essowych K RAKOW

KRUK J . 1 978 ' The d istribution o f l inear p ottery c ulture - p roposed model' G odisnjak,16,125 KRUK J . 1 980a G ospodarka w P olsce P oludinowo-Wschodniej w V -III KRUK

T ysiacleciu P .N.E. KRAKOW J . 1 980b T he e arlier n eolithic e d J .M .

H owell

a nd N .J.

S tarling

1 98

o f

s outhern

P oland

B A R ,S93,

K UENEGAL C h.

1 932

' Le

v illage n golithique d e F roberville-Yport'

B S

G N ,22,p.85 LACHASTRE M .J. 1 963 ' La s tation p rghistorique ( Seine-Maritime)' B S G N ,53,37

d u

G odet,

R ouelles

LACROIX L . 1 955 ' Les C ampigniens e n P ays R gmois' B S A C h,48,5 LACROIX L . 1 956 ' Les C ampigniens e n P ays R gmois' B S A C h,48,5 L AMB H .H. 1 971 ' Climates a nd c irculation r egimes d eveloped o ver N orthern H emisphere d uring a nd s ince c limatology,10,2/3 L AMBOT B . 1 975 ' Le v ase-support l 'Oise,6,8 L ANDE-CREMER, d e l a L .S.N . s ol

n u o u

c ulturg

1 976

a vec

t he l ast I ce A ge'

d e

C atenoy

' Etude d e

o u

s ans

l 'entretien d e

f umier

B eaker p roblem '

d e

l 'humus e n 1 910-

1 973

' Cl4 c hronology

d e

B ourg-et-Commin

a rtificielles

1 970 T he U pper Amazon L ONDON

L AUTRIDOU J -P. 1 969 F rance,5 p .81 LAVILLE A .

A

H elinium,13,38

LARMIGNY M .A . 1 913 ' Les g rottes ( Aisne)' B S P F ,10,590 LATHRAP D .W.

R

( Groningen-Hares,

1 979)' A nnales A gronomiques,27,791 LANTING J .N ., W .G . M OOK a nd J .D . VAN D ER WAALS a nd t he

( Oise)'

t he

P alaeo-

a nd H .

' Les

MANSAY

l oess 1 897

d u

P ays

' Stations

d e

C aux'

Mm

p rghistoriques

S oc

d es

Ggol

H autes-

B ruyares, c ommune d e V illejuif ( Seine)' L 'Anthropologie,8,385 L ECHEVALLIER C . a nd J -P. WATTE 1 963 ' La p oterie S 0 M d u B ec-deC aux'

B S N E P,38,2,61

L EFEBVRE D . 1 977 ' Le P risme a lluvial d e l 'estuaire d e l a S eine' B S G N ,64,70 L 'HELGOUACH J . 1 965 L es S gpultures m ggalithiques e n A rmoriques R ENNES L 'HELGOUACH J .

1 967

e n A rmorique'

' Les

s gpultures mggalithiques ä e ntree l atgrale

P alaeohistoria,12,259

L 'HELGOUACH J . 1 971 ' Les d gbuts d u n golithique e n A rmorique a u q uatriame m illgnaire e t s on d gveloppement a u c ommencement d u t roisiame m illgnaire' i n D ie A nfänge d es N eolithikums v om O rient b is N ordeuropa VI, L 'HELGOUACH J .

1 976

A tlantique)

' Le

e t

e d H .

t umulus

l es

d e

S chwabedissen K ÖLN p .178 D issignac ä S t.-Nazaire

p roblames

d u

c ontact

e ntre

l e

( Loire-

p hgnomane

mggalithique e t l es s ocigtgs ä i ndustrie m icrolithique' i n P roc 4 th A tlantic C olloquium e d S .J. D e L aet p .142 L 'HELGOUACH J . 1 979 ' Les g roupes h umaines d u V e. a u Hie. m illgnaire' i n P rghistoire d e l a L 'Helgouach a nd J -L. M onnier p .157 L EMME

G .

1 939

' Recherches

s ur

B retagne

l 'histoire

e d

P -R .

f orestiare

G iot,

J .

p ostglaciaire

d e l a B asse-Normandie e t d u P erche' B ull S oc L inn N orm, p .97 L EMME G . 1 953 ' Observations s ur l a v gggtation a ctuelle e t s on e volution

p ost-glaciaire

F ranc, 1 00,67 L EROI-GOURHAN A . 1 962 O ger,

M arne):

d ans

' L'hypogge

a nalyse

l e I I

p ollinique'

m assif d es

1 99

M gzens'

M ournouards

B S B ot

( Mesnil-sur-

G allia P rghistoire,5,124

L EROI-GOURHAN A ., G . B AILLOUD a nd M . B REZILLON d es M ournouards ( Mesnil-sur-Oger, P rgshistoire,5,23

d u

1 962 ' L'hypogge I II M arne)' G allia

L E

L E

R OUX C -T. 1 971 ' Chronique d e p rghistoire e t d e p rotohistoire d es C ötes d u N ord: u ne f abrique d e h aches p olies e n B retagne' S oc E mulation C ötes d u N ord, p l R OUX C -T. a nd G . C ORDIER 1 974 p olies d e T ouraine'

L E

R OUX C -T. a nd P -R . G IOT p olies d e B retagne: V I. d u t ype A '

' Etude

p gtrpgraphique

d es

h aches

B S P F ,71,335 1 965 ' Etude p gtrographique d es h aches D gcouverte d es a teliers d e l a d olgrite

B SPF,62,CRSM,128

L EWTHWAITE J . 1 981 ' Plains t ails f rom t he h ills: t ranshumance i n M editerranean a rchaeology' i n E conomic A rchaeology: t owards a n I ntegration o f E cological a nd

S ocial A pproaches e d A .

a nd G . B ailey p .57 B A R S 96 L IMBREY S . 1 975 S oil s cience a nd a rchaeology L ONDON L IMBREY S . 1 979 ' Changes i n q uality a nd d istributions

o f

S heridan

t he

s oils

o f l owland B ritain' i n T he e ffect o f m an o n t he l andscape: l owland z one e d J .G . E vans a nd S . L imbrey p .21 L IORET

C .

1 923

' Les

t emps

p rghistoriques

B ull A ssoc N at V allee L oing,6,125 L OBJOIS G . 1 961 ' Quelques h aches d gpartement d e

l 'Aisne'

d ans

l e

p olies

P ays

d e

t rouvges

t he

M oret'

d ans

l e

C ahiers A rch N E,4,39

L OBJOIS G . 1 966a ' Contribution ä l 'gtude d e l 'occupation ngolithique d u D gpartement d e l 'Aisne' C ahiers A rch N E,9,38 L OBJOIS

G .

1 966b

' Contribution

ä

l 'gtude

d e

l 'occupation

ngolithique d u D gpartement d e l 'Aisne 2 ' C ahiers A rch N E,9,89 L OBJOIS G . a nd C -T. L E R OUX 1 967 ' Quelques h aches d 'importations t rouvges d ans l e D gpartement d e

l 'Aisne'

C ahiers A rch N E,10,59

L ORENZATO F . a nd P . G UILLAUME 1 964 ' Le g isement n golithique d e F ontaine-du-Chat - ä L euvrigny, M arne' C ahiers A rch N E,7,64 L OSSANT

P .,

P .

B OTTNER a nd

P .

WAREMBAY

c ours d u q uaternaire r ecent d ans d 'altitude-pelouse p seudo-alpine C entral' L OUWE

1 974

' Evolution d es

l a

s ols a u

l a z one d e c ontact h Atraie c ulminale d ans l e M assif

S oc L angu G gog,8,3-4,225

K OOIJMANS

L .P.

1 976

' The

N eolithic

a t

t he

L ower

R hine'

P roc 4 th A tlantic C olloquium e d S .J. D e L aet p .150 L OUWE K OOIJMANS L .P. 1 980 ' Archaeology a nd c oastal c hange N etherlands'

i n

A rchaeology

a nd

C oastal

C hange

e d

i n

i n t he

F .H.

T hompson p .106 L OZEK

V .

1 967

' Holozäne

H angsedimente

B innenwasserkalke

i m B öhmischen K arst'

u nd

k alstische

i n P robleme u nd B efunde d er

Holozänstratigraphie L UMLEY d e H .

e t.al.

1 976

d u P ost-Glaciaire' p .3 U SING J . u nd MAGNY M .

1 967

' Le

c adre

' Die M ichelsberger K ultur,

r äumlicher G liederung' 1 979

c hronologique e t p algoclimatique

i n L a P rghistoire

' Atlantique

e t

F rançaise e d i hre

F unde

i n

J .

G uilaine

z eitlicher

B er R G K ,48

s ubboreal:

h umiditg e t

s echeresse?'

R

A E & C E,30 MAILLOT M . a nd A . n golithique d ans

V ILLES 1 977 ' Contribution ä l 'gtude d u l 'arrondissement d e V itry-le-Fran ois ( Marne)

B S A C h,70,3 MAILLOT M . a nd A . ngolithique d ans

V ILLES 1 978 ' Contribution ä l 'gtude d u l 'arrondissement d e V itry-le-Fran ois ( Marne)

I I

- l e

s ite

d e

' la H aute-Fontaine'

S A C h,71,11

2 00

ä B ignicourt-sur-Marne'

B

MARIEN

M .E.

1 952

' La

c ivilisation

d e

S

0

M

e n

B elgique'

L 'Anthropologie,56,87 MARI N

M .E.

1 967

' Les

n golithiques

d e

l a

M euse

e t

l e

g roupe

M archets d e H aute-Belgique' P alaeohistoria,12,379 MARIETTE H . 1 971 ' L'archgologie d es d gpöts f landriens B oulonnais' Q uaternaria,14,137 MARSAC M . 1 978 ' Enclos n golithiques f ortifigs M arais P oitevin' S oc Emul V endge,125 MARSAC M .

a nd R .

J OUSSAUME

1 977

' Camps

s ur

MASSET

C l.

( Eure et-Loire)'

1 971

' Une

d u

p ourtour

f ortifigs d u m arais

ä l 'gpoque n golithique' A rchaeologia,112,20 MASSET C l. 1 968 ' Les i ncingrations d u n golithique e n-Dunois

l e

a ncien

ä

d u

p oitevin d e N euvy-

G allia P rghistoire,11,205

s gpulture

c ollective

mggalithique

ä

l a

C haussge-Tirancourt ( Somme)' B S P F ,68,178 MASSET C l. 1 974 ' Sgpultures c ollectives p rghistoriques e n P icardie' C ahiers A rch P icardie,2,19 MASSET C l. 1 980 ' Sgpultures c ollectives: a llges s outerraines d e P icardie' A rchgologia,142,50 M EIER-ARENDT W . M EIER-ARENDT W . w estlichen

c ouvertes

1 966 D ie b andkeramische Kultur i m U ntermaingebiet 1 972a ' Die ä ltere u nd m ittlere L inienbandkeramik i m M itteleuropa, e in ü berblick' i n D ie A nfänge d es

N eolithikums v om O rient b is N ordeuropa V a e d J . L üning p .66 M EIER-ARENDT W . 1 972b ' Zur F rage d er j üngelinienbandkeramischen G ruppenbildung:

O malien,

P laidter,

K ölner,

W etterauer

u nd

W ormsertyp: H inkelstein' i n D ie A nfänge d es N eolithikums v om O rient b is N ordeuropa V a e d J . L üning p .85 M EIER-ARENDT W . 1 972c ' Zur r elativen C hronologie d er G ruppen H inkelstein

u nd

G rossgartach

s owie

d er

R össener

K ultur'

A lba

R egia,12,149 M EIER-ARENDT W . 1 975 D ie H inkelsteingruppe B ERLIN M ERCER R .J. M ERCER

1 980 H ambledon H ill:

R .J.

( ed)

1 981

a n eolithic l andscape E DINBURGH

F arming

P ractice

i n

B ritish

P rehistory

E DINBURGH M ILISAUSKAS S . M ILISAUSKAS S .

1 980 E uropean P rehistory N EW YORK & L ONDON a nd J . KRUK 1 978 ' Bronocice: a n eolithic s ettlement

i n s outheastern P oland'

A rchaeology,31,6,44

MISKOVSKY J .C1. 1 974 ' Palgoclimatologie a u c ours d es q uinze d erniers m illgnaires d 'apr s l 'gtude s gdimentologique d u r emplissage d es g rottes' M ODDERMAN P .

1 970

B ull

S oc L angu G gog,8,249

' Linearbandkeramik aus E lsloo u nd S tein'

P raehistorica L eidensia,3 M ODDERMAN P . 1 975 ' Elsloo, a n eolithic N etherlands'

i n

R ecent

E xcavations

f arming i n

A nalecta

c ommunity

E urope

e d

R .

i n

t he

B ruce-

M itford p .260 MORAND F . 1 966 ' Observations g gomorphologiques e t p gdologiques d ans l e r egion d e F ontainebleau' B A F E Q,2,120 MORAND F . 1 971 ' Contribution ä l 'gtude d es f ormations d es m arais e t t ourbi res d e F ran , p .97 M ORDANT D . 1 967 M arne)'

C essi res

' Le

C .

M ontbavin

n golithique

d u

G ros

( Aisne)' B ois

B ull

A ssoc G gog

ä B alloy

( Seine-et-

B S P F ,64,347

MORDANT D . 1 970 ' Le M arolles-sur-Seine MORDANT

e t

& D .

1 972a

( Seine-et-Marne)'

s ite n golithique d es G ours-aux-Lions ( Seine-et-Marne)' B S P F ,67,349 ' L'enceinte

ngolithique

B S P F ,69,554

2 01

d e

ä

N oyen-sur-Seine

MORDANT

C .

& D .

1 972b

e t-Marne)' MORDANT

C .

' Dgcouvertes

n golithiques

d e

G raven

( Seine-

B S P F ,69,240

& D .

1 976

' Sauvetages

L ivret-guide A l U ISPP,

e t

f ouilles

p reventives

e n

B asse'

N ICE p .75

MORDANT C . & D . 1 977 ' Noyen-sur-Seine, h abitat n golithique d e f ond d e v allge a lluviale' G allia P rghistoire,20,229 MORDANT C . & D . 1 978 ' Les s epultures n golithiques d e N oyen-surS eine

( Seine-et-Marne)'

MÖRNER N -A .

1 971

a m ethod

' Eustatic

o f

B S P F ,75,559

c hanges d uring t he

s eparating

t he

i sostatic

l ast

a nd

2 0,000 y ears a nd

e ustatic

f actors

i n

a n u plifted a rea' P alaeogeography, P alaeoclimatology, P alaeoecology, 9 ,153 MORRISON I .A . 1 976 ' Comparative s tratigraphy a nd r adiocarbon c hronology o f H olocene m arine c hanges o n o f E urope' i n G eoarchaeology e d D .A . S hackley p .159 MORZADEC-KERFOURN M .T. 1 969 c ours d u P ost-Glaciaire A nalyses

p olliniques

' Variations d e l a l igne d e r ivage a u l e l ong d e l a c öte n ord d u F inistare. d e

t ourbes

e t

l ittoraux' B A F E Q,4,285 MORZADEC-KERFOURN M .T. 1 974 ' Variations a rmoricaine

a u

t he w estern s eabord D avidson a nd M .L.

Q uaternaire;

d e d e

a nalyses

d gpöts l a

o rganiques

l igne

d e

r ivage

p olliniques

d e

d gpöts

o rganiques l ittoraux' B ull S oc G gol M iner B retagne,17 M ORZADEC-KERFOURN M .T. 1 976 ' L'gvolution d e l a v egetation e n A rmorique ä p artir d u n golithique' i n L a P rghistoire F rançaise I I e d J . G uilaine p .88 MULLENDERS W . 1 960 ' Contribution t ourbiares d e l a B ar' MULLER-KARPE H . MUNAUT

A .

B elgique' MUNAUT A .

( ed)

1 967

l 'gtude

p alynologique

p algo-gcologique

e n

B asse

e t

1 974

' Les a nalyses p alynologiques d e

a nd E .

J .

G ILOT

1 972

t emperate p roblem'

1 977

l a B asse-Terrasse d e

B A F E Q,41,228

' Recherches p alynologiques e t d atations

' Relations

n eolithic

a nd

i n A ktuelle

J anos p .61 N EWELL R .R .

1 970

b etween t he

t he

m esolithic,

B andkeramik:

f lint

i ndustry

E urope ed S . K ozlowski p .399 N ILSSON T . 1 960 ' Recherches p ollenanalytiques N OUEL A .

1 940

' La

t he

f irst

n ature

o f

F .

a nd M .

o f

J eno t he

t he

D utch

o f t he i ndigenous T he M esolithic i n

d ans

l a v allge

d e

l a

S pores',3,235

s tation p rghistorique

S P F ,37,56 N OUEL A . 1 946 ' Contribution F ,43,100 N OUEL— A . 1 948 Manuel

BA F E

A nalecta P raehistorica L eidensia,3,144

N EWELL R .R . 1 973 ' The p ost-glacial a daptations p opulation o f t he N W E uropean p lain' i n

P ollen e t

t he

F ragen d er B andkeramik e d

' The

L inearbandkeramik'

S omme'

M oyenne

A cta G eog L ovaniensia,6

1 4C d ans l es r egions c ötiares d u N ord d e l a F rance' Q ,43,17 MURRAY J . 1 970 The F irst E uropean A griculture E DINBURGH N ANDRIS

d es

S pores,2,43

1 968 Handbuch d er V orgeschichte MUNICH

' Recherches

L ongprg-les-Corps-Saints' MUNAUT A .

ä

P ollen e t

d e

ä l a

p rghistoire

P rghistoire

O RLEANS

2 02

d e P rgfontaines

p our

l e

d u

( Loiret)'

G ätinais'

d gpartement

B

B S P

d u L oiret

N OUEL

A .

1 957

' Collections

P rghistoriques

c oncernant

l a

B eauce'

L a

s tation

B ull S oc Dunoise,23 N OUEL

A .

1 963

' Un

r emarquable

t ardenoisienne d e N OUEL A .

1 968

c ampement

B eaugency

' Un a spect

d e

p rghistorique.

( Loiret)'

B S P F ,60,591

l 'agriculture p rghistorique.

L es m eules

ä g rain n golithique ( Beauce e t G ätinais)' R A C ,7,225 N OUEL A ., M . DAUVOIS, G . B AILLOUD, R . R IQUET, T . P OULAIN-JOSIEN, N .

P LANCHAIS

a nd

d 'Eteauville, F ,62,576 N OUGIER L -R .

P .

H OREMANS

c ommune

1 935

' Note

d e

s ur q uelques

L oing' B S P F ,32,356 N OUGIER L -R . 1 950a L e P euplement L oire e t N OUGIER L -R . N OUGIER L -R .

N OUGIER L -R .

N OUGIER L -R .

F .

a nd

B .

a nd A .

C ivilisations

C RAMPAULT

1 950

1 932

' Documents

a nd

J .

S OMME r gcent

g tapes

e ntre

e n

E urope

g isement

a erial

1 970

p hotography

S oc,42,161 P AQUEREAU M .M. 1 964

s ervir

ä l 'gtude

' Les n ord

l oess d e

e t

l a

c omparative

e t

c limats

n golithique

l a

s tratigraphie

F rance

e t

e n

i n B ritain: s tudies'

p ras

B elgique' t he u se o .

P roc

p ost-glaciaires d e

P rehis

,

e n G ironde"

C oulanges-en-

C ahiers A rch N E,5,67

P ARENT a r R d .e n 1o 9i 6s 2 '' G Bis Sem Pen F ,5 ts 9,6 t a 5 r 0 denoisiens 1 967

d u

B S P F ,29,102

A ctes d e l a S oc L inn B ordeaux,101,1 P ARENT R . 1 961 ' Un g isement n golithique T ardenois'

d e

' Deux c asses-tetes c irculaires

( Aisne)'

l e

f or

' Flores

n golithique

C I S P ( Zürich),205

B S P F ,30,511

p our

d ans

' Le

A nn S oc G gol N ord,110,191 P ALMER R . 1 976 ' Interrupted d itch e nclosures

R .

s es

C ampigniennes

( Yonne)'

C HEVILLON 1 933

2 - l a s tation d e L ime

p lgistocane

P ARENT

f lache d u B assin d u

B S P F ,47,210

t rou c entral d u G ätinais'

P AEPE

d e

p rghistorique:

t radition d anubienne d 'Armeau

E .

p ointes

B S

1 959 L a G gographie P rghistorique Humaine P ARIS

L -R .

N o.

n golithique

( Eure-et-Loir)'

1 950b ' Cartographie p rghistorique' B S P F ,47.154 1 950c ' Le p euplement p rghistorique, s es g tapes e ntre

S eine-et-Loire'

O CTOBON

' L'ossuaire

S eine L E MANS

N OUGIER L -R . 1 950d L es O ccidentale L E M ANS N OUGIER

1 965

L utz-en-Dunois

' Le

en-Tardenois

g isement ( Aisne)'

d e

t ardenoisien

l a

d e

s abliare

d e

F are-en

l 'Allge T ortue

ä F are

B S P F ,64,187

PARENT R . 1 971 ' Le p euplement l 'Aisne' p ublished a s

p rghistorique T ravaux d e

e ntre l e M arne e t l 'Institut d 'Ar i

p rghistorique d e l 'Universitg d e T oulouse,13 P ARENT R . 1 975 l 'habitat

' La g rotte s gpulchrale d e V ichel-Nanteuil ( Aisne) e ;d e c ivilisation S 0 M d ans b e b assin d e l 'Ourcq

C ahiers A rch P icardie,3,19 PARENT R . a nd N . P LANCHAIS 1 972 ' Nouvelles f ouilles s ur l e s ite t ardenoisien d e M ontbani ( Aisne) 1 964-1968' B S P F ,69,508 PARSONS

J .R .

1 978

' Archaeological

A nthr,1,127 P EACOCK D .F.S. 1 969

' Neolithic

S ettlement

p ottery

P atterns'

p roduction

Antiquity,43,145 P EARS N . 1 965 B asic B iogeography L ONDON P EDELABORDE P . 1 957 L e c limat d u B assin P arisien P ARIS

2 03

i n

A nn

R e

C ornwall'

P EDELABORDE P . 1 961 L 'agriculture d ans l es p laines a lluviales d e l a p resqu'ile d e S t.-Germain-en-Laye P ARIS P EEK

J .

1 975

' Inventaire

P arisienne' P ENNINGTON W . P EQUART

d es

m ggalithes

d e

l a

F rance

4 .

- R egion

S upp ä G allia P rghistoire

1 974 The h istory o f t he B ritish V egetation L ONDON

M .,

S .J.

B OULE

a nd

H .V.VALLOIS

1 957

' Tgviec,

s tation-

n gcropole d u M orbihan' M gm A rch I nst P algont H um,18 P ETREQUIN P . 1 967 ' Les i nfluences d anubiennes d ans l e N ord d u J ura' B S P F ,44,325 P ETREQUIN P . P ETREQUIN

1 970 L a g rotte d e l a B aume d e G onvillars P ARIS

P .

a nd

J-F.

P ININGRE

n ördlichen F ranche-Comtg' P HILLIPE J . P HILLIPE J .

1 936 1 937

P HILLIPS P .

1 972a

' Elemente

' Le F ort-Harrouard' ' Le F ort-Harrouard' ' Les

S P F ,69,538 P HILLIPS P . 1 972b

d er

R össener

K ultur

i m

G ermania, 4 9,187 L 'Anthropologie,46,257 L 'Anthropologie,47,253

c haractares r ggionaux d u C hassgen d u M idi'

' Population,

e conomy,

a nd

s ociety i n t he

B

C hassey-

C ortaillod-Lagozza c ultures' W orld A rchaeology, 4 ,41 P HILLIPS P . P IETTE J .

1 975 E arly f armers o f W est M editerranean E urope L ONDON 1 974 ' Le s ite n golithique d es G raves d e F recul ä

B arbuise-Courtavent

( Aube)'

B ull G rpe A rch N ogentais,10

P INCHEMEL P . 1 954 L es P laines d e C raie d u N ord-Ouest d u B assin P arisien e t d u s ud-est d u B assin d e L ondres e t l eurs b ordures P ARIS P INCHEMEL P . 1 969 F rance: a g eographical s urvey L ONDON P ININGRE J -F. 1 980 ' Du ngolithique ä l 'äge d u f er' S eptentrion,10,4 P LAISANCE G .

1 938 B ibliographie d es s ols d e F rance PARIS

P LANCHAIS N . 1 967 ' Analyse p ollinique d e l a • tourbiare d e G izeux ( Indre-et-Loir) e t g tude d u c hgne v ert ä l 'optimum c limatique' P ollen e t P LANCHAIS N . p endant

S pores,9,505 1 969 ' La v gggtation l e T ardiglaciaire e t

F rançaises s ur l e Q uaternaire, P LANCHAIS

N .

S ologne P LANCHAIS

N .

p laines

1 970

I NQUA ,

' Tardiglaciaire

( Loir-et-Cher)' 1 971 d u

d ans l es p laines l e p ostglaciaire'

P ollen e t

' Histoire

B assin

d e

e t

d e

l a

l a

L oire

f ran aises i n E tudes

p .111

p ost-glaciaire

ä

M ur-de-

S pores,12,381

v gggtation d 'apras

p ost-Würmienne

l 'analyse

d es

p ollinique'

M ontpellier t hesis P LANCHAIS N . d e

l a

1 976

' La v gggtation p endant

vgggtation

h olocane

d ans

P rghistoire F rançaise e d J . P LANCHAIS

N .

a nd

R .

C ORDILLON

l e p ost-glaciaire:

l es

p laines

G uilaine 1 968

a spects

f ran aises'

i n

L a

p .35

' Recherches

s ur

l 'gvolution

r gcente d e l a f lore e t d e l a v gggtation d e B elle-Ile-en-Mer ( M.) d 'apras l 'analyse p ollinique d e l a t ourbiare s ubmergge d e S teir-Vras'

B ull

P LANSON E . 1 979 ' Le A E & C E,30,46

S oc B ot F ran ,115,441

c amprefuge n golithique d e M arcilly-sur-Tille'

R

P OPLIN F . 1 975 ' La f aune d anubienne d 'Armeau ( Yonne, F rance): s es d onnges s ur l 'activitg h umaine' i n A rchaeozoological S tudies e d A .T. P OPLIN

F .

C lason p .179

e t.al.

s ur-Yonne' P OPLIN

F .

B ois

a nd M .

1 976

G IRARD

C outurier

f aune e t

' Une

s gpulture

ä v ase

C ampaniforme

ä C hamps-

R A E ,27,81

a nalyse

1 975

' Observations

ä G uivry-en-Vexin p ollinique'

( Val

s ur

l 'allge

d 'Oise).

c ouverte E tude

G allia P rghistoire,18,445

2 04

d e

d u l a

P OULAIN-JOSIEN T . 1 958 ' Videlles ( Seine-et-Oise). E tude d e l a f aune' M em S P F ,5,215 P OULAIN-JOSIEN T . 1 967a ' Videlles ( Essonne). E tude d e l a f aune d es f ouilles d e P OULAIN-JOSIEN s ur-Seine

1 962-1963'

B S P F ,64,411

T . 1 967b ' Les s epultures c ollectives d e M arolles( Seine-et-Marne)' G allia P rehistoire,10,137

P OULAIN-JOSIEN

T .

l 'epoque

1 973

' Les

n eolithique'

a nimaux

i n

L 'Homme e t l 'animal e d R . P OUPION J -P.

1 977

' Une

l e.

P ujol a nd R .

f lache

ä b ase

P REVOST

R .

1 962

d e

e n

F rance

ä

d 'ethnozoologie

L aurens p .409

c oncave

M aritime)' B S N A P H,43,33 P REVOST R . 1 958 ' L'habitat n eolithique ( Pas-de-Calais)'

d omestiques

C olloque

ä H enouville

l es M ontagnes

( Seine-

d e

L umbres

B S P F ,55,162

' L'habitat

neolithique

d e

l a

M ontagne

d e

L umbres'

M em C omm D epart M onu H ist P as-de-Calais,5,2 P RYOR F .

1 974

Excavations

a t

F engate,

P eterborough,

E ngland

R oyal

O ntario Museum A rchaeology M onograph 3 P UISSEGAR J .J.

1 976 S nail a nalyses i n U R A 1 2,

1 976

R EED C .A . 1 967 The O rigins o f A griculture T HE H AGUE R ENFREW A .C. 1 973 ' Monuments, mobilisation a nd s ocial i n

n eolithic

W essex'

i n

T he

E xplanation

o f

o rganisation

C ulture

C hange:

m odels i n p rehistory e d A .C. R enfrew p .539 R IQUET R . 1 953 ' Les s tyles c eramiques n eo-eneolithiques d es P ays l 'Ouest' B S P F ,50,407 R OBIN

A -M. a nd T . WATEAU 1 966 A rch S eine-et-Marne,7,71

R OLAND M .

1 911

' Decouverte

' La

d 'une

M adeleine-sur-Loing'

g rotte

n eolithique

B ull

d e

G rpe

ä V illevenard'

B S A C h,4,114 R OUX

I .

1 967

' Videlles

( Essonne),

a nalyse

p alynologique'

B S P

F ,64,425 R OUX T .

a nd A .

L EROI-GOURHAN

a tlantique' R OWLEY-CONWY P . N eolithic'

1 964

' Les

B SP F ,61,309 1 981 ' Slash-and-burn i n

F arming

M ercer p .85 R OZOY J -G . 1 971 ' La

f in

P ractice

d e

i n

d efrichements i n

t he

l a

T emperate

B ritish

l 'Epipaleolithique

d e

P rehistory d ans

l e

p eriode E uropean e d

n ord

R .J. d e

F rance e t l a B elgique' i n D ie A nfänge d es N eolithikums O rient b is N ordeuropa V I e d H . S chwasbedissen K ÖLN p .46 R OZOY

J -G.

1 978

L es

d erniers

c hasseurs

p ublished

b y

l a v om

S ociete

A rcheologique C hampenoise R USSELL E . 1 973 S oil c onditions a nd p lant g rowth L ONDON S AKELLARIDIS M . S t.

B A R S 67 J OSEPH J .K .

1 979 T he M esolithic a nd N eolithic o f t he S wiss a rea 1 962

' Air

r econnaissance

i n

n orthern

F rance'

A ntiquity, 3 6,279 S ALIN R ., J . MAUCORPS a nd J . H IBERT F euille d e C häteau-Thierry e xplicatif A ISNE S ALOMONSSON B . 1 960 ' Fouilles

1 977 C arte d es S ols d e l 'Aisne 3 -4; E pernay 1 -2. M emoire

ä B elloy-sur-Somme

e n

1 952

e t

1 953'

M edd f ra L unds U niv H ist Mus p 5 S ALWAY

F enlands

i n

R oman T imes R oyal G eographical S ociety r esearch s eries 5 S ANGMEISTER E . 1 973 ' Zur r elativen C hronologie d es N eolithikums

P .,

S .J.

H ALLAM

a nd

J .l'A .

i n

S üdwestdeutschland u nd d er

2 05

B ROMWICH

S chweiz'

1 970

T he

G ermania,51,387

S .A .P.

( KUPER

R .,

B andkeramik S AUVAGE

J .

1 954

s ediments

J .

U NING

S chriften d es

a nd

' Palynologie

d e

l a

P .

S TEHLI)

1 975

B agger

u nd

R heinischen M useumamts 2 K ÖLN e t

c uvette

p gtrographie

P arisienne

e t

d e

t ourbes

d es

e t

A rdennes'

d e M gm

S ervice C arte G gol A lsace e t L orraine,12 S AVALLE E .

1 893

' Le H avre e t

s es e nvirons a ux t emps p rghistoriques'

B S G N p58 S CHEIDEL-BUCKET

P .

1 960

' L'analyse

d e

l a

t ourbe

d e

l a

P ouville ( Seine-Maritime)' B S P F ,57,677 S COLLAR I . 1 959 ' Regional g roupings i n t he M ichelsberg P roc P rehist

p lage

d e

c ulture'

S oc,25,52

S COLLAR I . 1 961 ' The l ate n eolithic i n B elgium . W . G ermany a nd A lsace' i n L 'Europe ä l a f in d e l 'äge d e p ierre e d J . B öhm a nd S .J.

D e L aet p 519

S ERNANDER R . 1 908 ' On t he e vidence o f p ostglacial c hanges o f c limate f urnished b y t he p eat m osses o f n orth E urope' G eol F ren F örh,30,465 S HENNAN S . 1 978 i nvestigation'

' Archaeological c ultures: T he s patial o rganisation o f

a n empirical c ultures e d I .

S HERRATT A .G . 1 972 ' Socio-economic a nd d emographic n eolithic a nd b ronze a ge o f E urope' i n M odels

m odels f or t he i n A rchaeology

i n

H odder p 113

e d D .L.

C larke

p 477

S HERRATT A .G . 1 973 p rehistory' i n

' The i nterpretation T he E xplanation o f

o f c hange i n C ulture C hange

E uropean e d A .C .

R enfrew p 419 S HERRATT A .G . E uropean

1 976 ' Resources, t echnology m etallurgy' i n P roblems i n

A rchaeology e d G .

S ieveking,

I .

a nd t rade i n e arly E conomic a nd S ocial

L ongworth a nd K .

S HERRATT A .G . 1 980 ' Water, s oil a nd s easonality c ultivation' W orld A rchaeology, 1 1,3,313 S HERRATT A , S econde

-. -r

i n

W ilson p 557 e arly

c ereal

' 981 ' Plough a nd p astoralism: a spects o f t he P roducts R evolution' i n P attern o f t he P ast e d I .

H odder, i saac a nd N . H ammond p 275 S IELMANN B . 1 972 ' Die f rühneolithische B esiedlung M itteleuropas' D ie J . S OMME

A nfänge

d es

N eolithikums

v om O rient

b is

N ordeuropa

i n

V a

e d

d e

l a

L ivret-Guide

A l

L üning p l J .

1 969

' Introduction

ä l a

g gomorphologie

d u

n ord

F rance' A -n S oc G gol N ord,89,103 S OUDSKY B . 1 966 . 3 71any P RAGUE S OUDSKY

B .

1 ,

-6

' Cuiry-les-Chaudardes

U ISPP N ICE p 20 S OUDSKY B . a nd I . P AVLU

1 972

' The

p atterns o f c entral E urope'

( Aisne)'

l inear p ottery c ulture i n M an,

P .J. U cko, G . D imbleby a nd R . T ringham p 317 S OULIER P . 1 973 ' Les s tructures d 'extraction d e C entre

d e

R echerches

s ettlement

S ettlement a nd U rbanism e d

P rghistoriques,

s ilex '

U niversitg

C ahiers d e

d u

P aris

1 ,1,37 S TARKEL L . 1 966 ' Post-glacial c limate a nd t he m oulding o f E uropean r elief' i n P roc o f t he 1 st. S ymposium o n W orld C limate 8 000-C; ) ,- . 1 1 . J . S awyer S TARTIN W . 1 978 ' Linear p ottery m anpower'

) roc

P rehist

c ulture

S oc,44,143

2 06

h ouses:

r econstruction

a nd

S TEINECK

O .

a nd

P .

R UCKENBAUER

1 976

' Results

o f

t erm r otation a nd f ertilisation e xperiment g rowing a rea o f A ustria'

S .

l ower L .R . S TROH

A .

1 971

' Woodland

I llinois & S .R .

1 938

l ongc ereal

i n

N ew P erspectives

a nd

g roup

s ystems

i n

t he

i n A rchaeology e d

B inford p 285

K ,28,8 S WEDL ITND A .C .

R össener

( ed)

1 975

K ultur

1 965

i n

S üdwestdeutschland'

P opulation

b iological a nthropology:

TARRRTE J .

m ain

d escent

s ubsistence-settlement

v alley'

' Die

TANSLEY A .G . C AMBRIDGE

t he

A nnales A gronomiques,27,803

S TRATHERN A . 1 972 O ne f ather, o ne b lood: s tructures a mong t he M elpa p eople L ONDON S TREUVER

a 7 0 y ears

i n

T he

s tudies

i n

B er

R G

a rchaeology

a nd

a s ymposium

B ritish

I slands

a nd

t heir

v egetation

1 977 L e M ontmorencien PARIS

T ERS M . 1 973 ' Les v ariations d u n iveau m arin d epuis 1 0,000 a nd l e l ong d u l ittoral a tlantique f ra iKais' i n L e Quaternaire g godynamique 9 e. T ERS

M .

1 976

' Les

a tlantique

I NQUA p 114 l ignes

G uilaine p 27 T ERS M . 1 977 ' Le l 'holocane,

N .

l ong

P LANCHAIS

r ivage

i n

dgplacement l e

A pproche d e l 'Homme M iskovsky p 179 T ERS M .,

d e

f ranvaise'

L a d e

d e

a nd

C .

l a

l a

F ossile

h olocane,

P rghistoire l igne

c öte e d

A ZEMA

d e

l e

r ivage

a tlantique

H .

L aville

1 968

l ong

d e

F rançaise a u

c öte

e d

J .

c ours

d e

f ra l waise'

i n

a nd

J .

R enault-

' L'gvolution

d e

l a

b asse

v allge d e l a L oire ä l 'Aval d e N antes ä l a f in d u W ürm e t p endant l a t ransgression f landrienne' B A F E Q,3,217 T ERS M . e t.al. 1 971 ' Sur l e r emblaiement h olocane d ans l 'estuaire d e

l a

S eine,

a u

H avre

Q uaternaria,14,151 T HEVENIN A . 1 969 ' Campagne d e f ouilles

( Seine-Maritime),

F rance'

1 968 ä D achstein,

d gcouverte

d 'un f our n golithique' C ahiers A lsaciens,13,23 T HEVENIN A . e t.al. 1 978 ' Le s ite n golithique d e R eichstett R hin),

f ouilles

1 976'

T HEVENOT J -P. 1 968 ' Le c amp d e C hassey r echerches' Mgm S oc E duenne,51,149

a pras

T HEVENOT J-P.

c eramique

1 969

( Bas-

R A C & C E,29,7

' Elgments

c hassgens

d e

l a

u n

s iècle d e

d e

C hassey'

R A E & C E,20,7 T HEVENOT J-P. a nd H . C ARRE 1 976 ' Les c ivilisations n golithiques d e l a B ourgogne' i n L a P rghistoire F rançaise e d J . G uilaine p 402 T HEVENOT

J -P.,

G ALLAY,

C . P .

S TRAHM,

A .

P ETREQUIN

C ivilisation S aöne-Rhöne'

B EECHING, a nd

F .

J .

B ILL,

A .

S CHIFFERDECKORF

B OCQUET,

A .

1 976

' La

R A C & C E,27,331

T HOMPSON F .H. ( ed) 1 980 A rchaeology a nd c oastal c hange L ONDON T HRAN P . a nd S . B ROEKHUZEN 1 965 Agro-climatic a tlas o f E urope I T ILLEY C .Y . 1 979 P ost-glacial c ommunities i n t he C ambridge r egion B A R 6 6 T OOLEY M . 1 978 S ea-level c hanges O XFORD T OUPET C . 1 978 ' Le g isement c hassgen d e C ompiagne' T ROELS-SMITH J .

1 960

' Ivy, mistletoe,

a nd e lm .

B S P F ,75,195

C limate

i ndicators -

f odder p lants.' D anmarks G eologiske U ndersOgelse,4,no.4 T UFFREAU A . 1 970 ' La f osse c hassgenne d e L igvin ( Pas-de-Calais)' S P F ,67,43

2 07

B

T UFFREAU

A .

1 971

P ernant 1 2

' Fouille

( Aisne)'

d e

s auvetage

d 'une

e nceinte

c irculaire

ä

B SP F ,68,91

U

R A

1 973

L es

f ouilles

p rotohistoriques

d ans

l a

v allge

d e

U

l 'Aisne R A 1 2 1 974 l 'Aisne

L es

f ouilles

p rotohistoriques

d ans

l a

v allge

d e

U

R A 1 2 1 975 l 'Aisne

L es

f ouilles

p rotohistoriques

d ans

l a

v allge

d e

U

R A

1 976

L es

f ouilles

p rotohistoriques

d ans

l a

v allge

d e

U

l 'Aisne R A 1 2 1 977 l 'Aisne

L es

f ouilles

p rotohistoriques

d ans

l a

v allge

d e

VAN

1 2

D E V ELDE P . 1 979 ' On B andkeramik P raehistorica L eidensia,12

V ERHEYLEWEGHEN

J .

1 963

' Evolution

s tructure'

c hronologique

' camp ä C ayaux' d e S piennes s tatistique d imensionelle e t l ithique'

s ocial

d u

A nalecta

n golithique

a u

( Hainaut), a vec u ne g tude c haractgrielle d u m atgrial

H elinium,3,3

V ERHEYLEWEGHEN J . 1 967 ' Le n golithique m inier b elge, s on o rigine e t s es r elations c ulturelles' P alaeohistoria,12,529 V ERRON

G .

1 973

' Informations

a rchgologiques.

C irconscription

d e

N ormandie' G allia P rghistoire,16,361 V ERRON G . 1 975a ' Prghistoire d e l 'Eure' N ouvelles d e l 'Eure,56,3 V ERRON

G .

1 975b

' Les

s gpultures

c ollectives

n golithiques

d e

P ortejoie ( Eure)' N ouvelles d e l 'Eure,56,49 V ERRON G . 1 976a ' Acculturation e t c ontinuitg e n N ormandie d urant l e n golithique

e t

l es

a ges

d es

m gtaux'

i n

P roc

4 th.

A tlantic

C olloquium ed S .J. D e L aet p 261 V ERRON G . 1 976b ' Les c ivilisations n golithiques e n N ormandie' P rghistoire

F rançaise

I I e d J .

VERRON G . 1 979a ' Informations a rchgologiques: N ormandie' G allia P rghistoire,22,471

H autes

V ERRON

1 .

G .

1 979b

' Chronique

d es

e tudes

P rghistorique' B S N E P,29,109 V ERRON G ., G . F OSSE, J .M . B ARNET a nd a rchgologique

d e

L gry

( Eure).

f ouilles m enges e n 1 973 e t N ouvelles d e l 'Eure,54,44 V ILLES

A .

1 973a

' Description

d e

N ormandes A .

C ERDA

N ote

1 974

C hampenoises' B S A C h,66,5 VILLES A . 1 973b ' Hache n golithique

i n L a

G uilaine p 387

d ans

l a

G uise

' Le

g isement s ur

c arriAre

h aches ( Aisne)'

B asse

- A rchgologie

p rgliminaire

q uelques d e

1 975

e t

l es

Hgrouard'

n golithiques C ahiers

A rch

NE,16,105 V ILLES

A .

1 975

' Haches

n golithiques

d e

B oissy-le-Repos

( Marne)'

C ahiers A rch N E,18,1 V ISSET

L .

1 973

' La

B utte

a ux

P ierres

( Grande

B ri re

p ollinique' B ull S oc S cient B retagne,47,219 V ISSET L . 1 975 ' Analyse p alynologique d u v ieux s ol d e D issignac ä S t.-Nazaire' V ITA-FINZI C . a nd E .S. C armel a rea o f P rehist WATERBOLK

L .A .),

s ous

l e

g tude

t umulus

B ull S oc S cient B retagne,49

H IGGS 1 970 P alestine:

' Prehistoric e conomy i n t he M ount s ite c atchment a nalysis' P roc

S oc,36,1

H .T.

1 971

' Working

w ith

S oc,37,2,15

2 08

r adiocarbon

d ates'

P roc

P rehist

WATTE

J -P.

1 970

R epertoire

d u c halcolithique R OUEN WATTE

J -P.

1 976a

d e

t opo-bilbiographique

H aute-Normandie

' L'habitat

d u

S eine-Oise-Marne

d u

WATTE WATTE

e t

e t

E ure)

G rand-Epauville

M ontivilliers ( Seine-Maritime)' B S P F ,73,195 WATTE J -P. 1 976b ' La c ivilisation S eine-Oise-Marne: e xemples N ormandes'

n eolithique

( Seine-Maritime

g eneralites

e t

B S N A P H,42,34

J-P. 1 976c ' L'habitat S -0-M d u G rand E pauville M ontivilliers ( Seine-Maritime)' B S N A P H,42,10 J -P.

a nd

F .

ä

HUET

1 975

' Les

r acloirs

ä

e ncoches

ä

( scies)

d 'Yport-Froberville ( Seine-Maritime)' B S G N ,62,105 W EBLEY D . 1 972 ' Soils a nd s ite l ocation i n p rehistoric P alestine' i n P apers i n E conomic P rehistory e d E .S . H iggs p 169 W ELTE

E . a nd F . T IMMERMAN 1 976 ' Fertilite d u s ol e t b ilan d e l 'azote d ans l 'essai p ermanent d e f umure ' EWIGER R OGGENBAU' ( culture

c ontinue

d e

A gronomiques,27,721 WHITTLE A . 1 977a T he e arlier

S iegle)

ä

n eolithic

H alle/Saale' o f

S .

E ngland

A nnales a nd

i ts

c ontinental b ackground B A R S 35 W HITTLE A . 1 977b ' Earlier N eolithic E nclosures i n n orth-west E urope' P roc P rehist S oc,43,329 W HITTLE A . 1 978 ' Resources a nd p opulation i n t he B ritish n eolithic' A ntiquity, 5 2,34 W IBERT J . ( ed) 1 961 n ative

S .

The

America:

e volution

o f

W ILSON D .M . 1 975 ' "Causewayed c amps" s ystems"' A ntiquity,49,178 WISLANSKI T . 1 969 P odslawy G ospodarcze P olsce P olnocno-Zachodniej Z EIST

VAN

W .

o ccidentale'

1 963

h orticultural

s ystems

i n

c auses a nd c onsequences C ARACAS

( English

' Recherches

a nd

" interrupted

P lemion

d itch

N editycznych

w

s ummary)

p alynologiques

e n

B retagne

N arois,10,5

Z EIST VAN W . 1 964 ' A p alaeobotanical s tudy o f s ome b ogs i n w estern B rittany ( Finist re), F rance' P alaeohistoria,10,157

2 09

•

A ISNE - MARNE R EG ION 0

•

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D oyen B oureux

F igure

1 .1

a ccording

P istat

A

M i chel

S avy

V

L eroux

D istribution t o amateur

1 0km

o f

s ites

c ollectors.

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A isne-Marne

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a rea

4 1 .

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1 .3

N F rance a nd

t he

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1 .4

M odern m ap

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t he

A isne-Marne

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R end

T he S e ine E s tua ry

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1 .5 M ap

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t he

s tudy a rea

a t

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V IG.NO J E .N EMOURS

F igure d etailed

1 .6

M ap

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w

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2 .1 D istribution o f t he m ajor p ollen a nalyses m entioned i n

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C 14

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t he

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v egetation

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e d.

z ones J .

i n

n orthern

G uilaine,

1 976)

C HRONOLOG IE I I N DUSTR IE PR OFONDEUR N IVEAU

A A A A AB

T ENE

8

; , BR ON2E ' E N .

2 s , it l o se • 3 2 5 7 t1 0 B

8

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C I CNOR A E NAP

F igure 2 .3 T he p ollen d iagram f rom t he s ite a t V idelles ( after R oux, 1 967)

( Essonne)

B ET F RA

D ATA M H UAULT

1 977

0 S E INE

J I

1 1

2

F igure

2 .4

T he

4

ASN E LLES

p ollen

ORNE

a DIVES 3

d iagrams

A tlantic a nd S ubboreal p eriods

f rom

f our

N ormandy

s ites

i n

t he

TTLi Il i r T7 _ 71

m ino r v a l ley

f lT I TTr 7? 1 E [17

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OAK

ur IE

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1 71

ALDE R

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3

m kAGs

A t lan t ic V ege ta t ion T ypes

i n

F igure 2 .5 D iagram o f t he t hree b road z ones o f v egetation p resent n orthern F rance d uring t he A tlantic p eriod ( see t ext f or t he

.d escription o f e ach z one)

3 O \\ \ \ \ ‘\ \\ 1

E a r ly S ubbo rea l

L a te A t lan t ic

E a r ly A t lan t ic

SHORE

SAND

BOG

CORDON

L a te S ubbo rea l 1 km

S ubbo rea l .

DOL D E B RETAGNE

0 10 20 f i

9 000

2 000 b c

F igure 2 .6 T he c hanging e stuarine c onditions a t D ol-de-Bretagne ( Atlantic t o S ubboreal), a nd a c urve o f m arine t ransgressions d uring t his p eriod ( after M orzadec-Kerfourn, 1 974)

900

800

7 00

n 600 L -

500

AVERAGE ANNUAL RA INFALL

o f

r ainfall

a verage a nnual r ainfall t his

F igure

2 .7 D istribution

c entury).

i n

n orthern F rance