Report upon the Mining Indusrty of Malaya

Citation preview

Report upon the Mining industry of Malaya

BY

So LEWIS LEIGH FERMOR,

KT., o.B.E., D.sc., A.R.S.M.,

M.IhSt.M.M., F.R.S.

KUALA LUMPUR

2

PRINTEJJ AT THE GOVERNMENT PRESS,

2605.

1

I

3.

iii. TABLE OF CONTENTS. [Plates and maps -referred to in the text are not

included in this edition] I

PAGE.

1

I.-INTRODUCTIOX

A .--GENERAL.

PART

9

II....-GE0L()GICAL OUTIIINE

21

III.-HISTORICAL

IV.-MINERAL PRODUCTION OF MAl AYA-1898 To

1937 27

V.-REVENUE DERIVED FROM M1XERAr.S-PROPOM»1ON ..., To TOTAL REVENUES

VI.-Economic

DEVELOPMENT

on' IVIALAYA

l*lu::c'vIons

VII.--DISTEIBUTIOE OF

BETWEEN

THE GEOLO-

95

GIOAL SURVEE AND TEE MINES DEPARTMENT

VIII.--THE

97 106

MINING ENACTMENT

IX.-ROYALTIES

PART

B.-TIN~ORE. 111 118 121

X.-METHODS OF MINING XI.-RESERVES OF TIN-ORE XII.-REGULATION OF PRODUOTiON

XIII.-FINANCIAL AIIRANGENIENTS WITH WASTING ASSETS

NECESSARY

To

DEAL

142 146

XIV.-RELATNONSHIP OF MINING TO AGIUO1IIJIURE.

XV.-RIII

ITIONSHIP OF

XVI.--RPI-LATIONSIIIP

MINING TO

OF

86 91

MINING

159

FORESTRY

TO

DRAINAGE

AND

161

IRRIGATION

XVII.-PROVIS1ON FOR INTERESTS

R-EOONOIOIATION

.

l

.

OF

.

CONFI IOTINO

173

n m

177

XVIII.-PROSPEOIIING POLICY

PART C.-OTHER MINERALS

XIX.-RESERVES OF MINERALS OTHER XX.-Powsn RESERVES OF MALAYA

THAN Trm-0R18

XXI.-POLIGY

EXPLOITATION

WITH

MINEIEALS

REFERENCE

TO

194 196

l

1

.

[JF

201

iv. PART

D .--GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS MINERAL INDUSTRIES.

XXII.-THE

XXIII.-T11E XXIV.-A

XXVI. XXVI]

PAGE.

SURVEY

203

MINES DEPARTMENT

20?

GEOLOGIIG8 L

52.14-

MINING ADVISER

XXV.--IvUNING

Pun? L

FOR

215

EDUCATION

%um1\1AR"5L

\ D H,]I(IOMl\I]]1D»&TlON°§

SUMMARY

216

H1*f*rJm'vf1*mv.TIonQ

23:2

LIST OF 1L.LUS'rHATIONS.* FIGURES

.--British Biialaya. Key Scale 84,900,000

111E1P

. showing

c

'Coulisses ' jfontispiece

2.-Quinquennial averages of values of all minerals, Malaya, facing page 1898 to 1937

QQ

3.-Annual values, six most important minerals after tinore, Malaya, 1898 to 1937 facing page 32 --Showing value and production of Tin from Malaya, 1898 to 1937, as represented by exports from 1898 to 1930, and sales (Federated ii Malay States) and exports

(Unfederated Malay States) from 1931 to 1937 1Gl7o1*].d's Tin Production, 1898 to l93T

5.

facing page

57

f acing

TI

page

76

Total Revenue, and Duty on Tin and Rubber, Federated Malay States, 1898 to 1937 facing page

87

l

6.-YeaIly Average Prices of Tin, 1898 to 1937 facing page

MAPSJ*

Pla i8e I. s3

la{ap Of Malaya, 1938, scale 1 inc];1=18 niles.

II.--Geological map of Malaya, 1938, scale 1 inch=12 miles.

1 i 1 " ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

*

Not included in this edition.

V.

DETAILED CONTENTS.

PAGE.

I.---INTRODUCTION--

1. Scope of investigation 2. Kuala Lumpur as lieadqiiaxters .. Sequence of tours

1 1 2

n

C

4. Acknowledgments

* •

5. The Lemon Tin Commission 6. Administrative divisions of Malaya 7. Plan of report 8. Comparisons with India 9. Postscript to Introduction ¢

A

1

¢

»

..

5

-

6

A

8

•

C

5

8 I

|

*

..

8

PART' A .--GEN ERAL II.-GEOLOGICAL OUTLINE-

1. Relationship of mineral deposits to geological fa.-cts 2. Geological Survey of Malaya 3. Summary out the geology of Malaya. 4. Summary of distribution of mineral deposits .. 4. The Main Range 5. Tin-ore deposits 6. Tungsten-ores |

O

¢

T. Gold deposits

l,

1

1

O

l:

9 9

10 14 14 14 15 15

8. Iron-ore and numganese-ore deposits... 16 9. Valved sediments 10. AluIninium-ore or bauxite deposits

11. Coal and petroleum 12. Building stone 13. Alluvium 14. Changes of level

17 1'7

IT 18

18 18

15. Relationship of human history to geological 19 history 16. Responsibilit~v arisin g from presence of _»

valuable minerals

20

vi. PART A.-~GEl\I'ERAL--(cont.) PAGE.

III.-H1S'rOR1CAL-

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Pre-Portuguese period Portuguese period Dutch period Tin in Perak State . Tin in Lariat district: Chinese enterprise Introduction of French capital Introduction of British capital Introduction of dredging Dates of registration of tin-mining companies ..., .. Gold and coal Introduction of Japanese capital for iron, manganese, and aluminum (bauxite) *

n q

,-

ii

*I

*

IV

MINERAL

PnonuomIou

OF

ll/IALAYA-1.898

TO

1. Quinquennial periods

21 21

22. QUO 24

24 25 26 27

193'7-.. 27 |

2. Sources of statistics 3. Summary of forty years' date. of production 4. Imports .

28 29 32

* *

5. AIu.minium_ore (bauxite)

38

6. Building stone and road metal 7. Chine clay 8. Coal S. Coal in Selangor 9. Coal in Brunei and Labueii

ET '7 38 39 ..

11. Gold 11. Occurrence 12. Production 13. Imports and exports 1

.

39

|

10. Imports and exports

L I

Q

.

*

0

14. Ilmenite 15. Iron-ore 15. Procluotion 16. Composition 17. Stanniferous iron~ores 18. _'Imports and exports of scrap iron

l

42 42 42 42 43 46

47 47 49 50 50

vii. PART A.--GENERAL--(cont.] PAGE.

IV.--ll/IINERAL PRODUCTION OF

MALAYA-1898

TO

1937-

(cont.) 19. Manganese-ore 20. Petroleum and natural gas

21. Phosphate of lime

L

h

50

52

•

22. Tin-ore 22. Distribution in Malaya 23. Figures of production of tin-ore

55 l

2

O

I

l

O

24. 25. 26. 27.

Exports of tin-ore and tin District sales of tin-ore, F.M.S. Chinese mining activity various Relative importance of methods of recovery 28. Census of l a b o r 29. Nationality of l a b o r force 30. Capital invested in tin mining in

55 55

56 57 63 64 67 69

Malaya 31. world's produetiofn of. tin

69

32. Over-production not due to Malaya. 33. Introduction of dredging into Malaya 84. World's consumption of tin

74

35. Prices of tin 36. Comparison of production,

70

74 74 75

CODSUHIP -

son, and prices 37. Stocks of tin 38. Tin smelting in the Straits Settlements 39. Imports of foreign tin-ore 40. Exports of tin from the Straits 41. Tungsten-ores 41. Occurrence 42. Production

76 77 79

'79 81

81 81 81

43. Other niincrals

S5

44. Imports and exports of mineral products

$5

V.-REVESUE DERIVED From MINERALS-PROPURTION TO TOTAL REVENUES-

1. Indirect receipts

86

2. Direct receipts

86

3. Revenue from export duties on tin from

F.M.S. 4. Mining revenues in Unfederated States 5. Mining revenues of Trenggenu State 6. Mining revenues of Kelanten State

87 89 90 90

viii. PART A.-GEN'ER-ATJ-(C0Nf.) PAGE.

VI.-Economic DEVELOPMENT 1. Road system

oF MALAYA-

QUO

2. Schools Rest~houses and other amenities

91

92

4. Comparison of administrative provision in 3. Malay State and an Indian district, 92 5. Comparison of medical and health provision in Malaya and India, 6. Comparison of revenue

92

per capita, in Malaya, India, and Kenya 7. Malayan development largely due to tin revenues . 8. Necessity of action to preserve these revenues VII.---DrsrnrnurIon OF FUNCTIONS BETWEEN THE GEO~ LOGICAL SURVEY AND THE MiEs DEPARTMENT1. Primary functions of a Geological Survey Department '

m

. m

u

93 94 94

95

2. Primary functions of a. Mines Department

3. Gonservation of minerals 4. Distribution of .functions in Indie 5. Distribution of functions in Malaya blurred by the Mining Enactment VIII.-THE Mrnixe ENAGTMEEE1. Grant of mineral concessions in India 2. The regulation of mines in Indie: Indian Mines Act, 1923 3. The Mining Enactment (Cap. 147) of .the F.M.S. 4. Ownership of mineral rights 5. Prospecting licences and mining leases 6. Prospecting permits

95 96

96 97 97 98

99 99 99

'7. Licences required for hydraulic mining, for

underground work, and for water 8. Mining lease not a self-contained document 9. Omissions from the Mining Enactment and from Mining Leases 10. Concessions for mineral oil 11. Time limit on forfeiture of lease for breach of conditions 12. Cumbr-ous procedure for acquiring mineral concessions

.

100 100

101 101

102 102

ix. PART A.--GENERAL-(cont.) PAGE.

VIII.--THE MINING EnAc1':n»:En'r-(co'n,t.) 13. Provision enabling enforcement of conservation of minerQQ :I 14. Section inhibit 1; diversion of rivers through virgin mineral-bearing ground 15. Provision for fractionation of leases harmful 16. Short-time Iioenees hernnful 17. Qualified miners not required by the Enaetinent (except for coal)

18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

The Mining Rules, 1934 The Mineral Ores Eneetment (Cap. 148) The Gold Buyers Ennetament (Cap. 149) The Machinery Enaetment- (Cap. 202) The Tin and Tin-ore (Restriction) Enaetment (Cap. 95) 23. The Tin Bonded Stock Rules, 1938

103 103

103 104 104 104 104 104 105 105 106

IX.--IiOYALTIES-

1. 2. 3. 4.

Royalty is State's share of wasting asset Methods of levying rovalfay Royaltie S in India and Burma Royalties and export duties in Malaya

5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Dual nature of mineral export duties Export duties partly capital Dead rent and miniruiirn royalty in India Tribute "Royalties" to rubber estates

106 107 107 108

.

109 1.09

110 110 111

PART B.-TIn-0I118. X.--METHODS OF MINING-

111

l. List of categories 2. Output by different mol:-hods Costs of working

112

4. Efficiency of working

115

XI.-RESERVES OF

113

Trn-onE-

"Reserves" 'Reserrves"

'he q mining company

118

?1ea

118

Crude estimate

bi

in the F.M.S. 4. Crude estimate

State

tin-ore

in

leased ground

118 of

tin-ore in

unleasod

ground

120

5. Tin-ore reserves. of the Unfederated Malay States

120

X.

PART B.-TIN-ORE-(cont.) PAGE.

XII.-RnG0LAriON

or

PRODU0TrON--

1. Pre-war absence of regulation of commodities

121

2. An unregulated mineral: manganese-ore 3. Lower governing price of manganese-ore 4. Lower governing price of tin

121

5. Upper governing price of to

6. Free competition or regulation?

123 124

7. Comparison of prices with stocks

124

8. First Official International Scheme

Tin

121 123

Control

125

9. 10. 1.1. 12.

Second International Tin Control Scheme Third International Tin Control Scheme Method of operation of control schemes Tin Buffer Stock Schemes ..

13. 14. 15. 16.

Quotas during restriction . . Domestic assessment of Malaya Sta.ndarcl tonnage of Malaya

129 131 132 133

I-Iardship caused by assessment 17. Increased production by outside countries 18- Grouping and sale of quotas 19. Malaya's future attitude to restriction

134 135 136 137

O

20. Harmful effect of restriction upon enterprise

126 127 129

new

21. Necessity for complete re-assessment 22. Consumers' interests

137 138 138

23. Summary of Section XII

141

XIII.-]8'IXANCIAL

ANRANGEMENTS

NECESSARY

TO

DEAL

WITH WASTING ASSETS-

(a) By MINING CQMPANIES : l . Mineral concessions are wasting assets 142 2. Desirability of am ortisation by end of lease 142 (b) By Govnnivmnnr : Export duties on Lin a wasting revenue . 143 u m

. m

u m

4. A Tin Revenues Amortisation

.

Fund..- 145

xi. PART B.-TIN-ORE-fcont.) PAGE.

XIV.--RELATIOSSHIP OF MWING To AGRICULTURE-

(a)

DAMAGE

DUE

TO

Mix fee : 2. General Damage

VARIOUS

FORMS

OF

146 from

various

forms

of

mining

147

4. Damage due to silt in effluent water 148 5. Damage to the surface caused by dredging 149 6. Agricultural value of dredged land... 150 T. Dredging often improves land

1:51

8. Beneficial effect of fine silt in sus-

151 152

pension

9 . Silt nqt- harmful to fish

(b)

DAMAGE

DONE BY RUBBER PLANTIXG :

1.52 10. Soil erosion in rubber estates 11. Estimate of amount of silt from rubber estates 153 12. Estimate oI amount of silt from

Inclining

154

13. Silting due to rubber industry (0)

POSSIBILITIES

OF

RECONDITIONING

154

EVHNING

LAND :

14-. Nature often repairs damage to hill-

sides 15. Can level 01' gently sloping lands be .. 155 reconditioned ? . ..

_

16. Possibility of ailing opencast mines 155 17. Much dredged land suitable for agri-

... culture Dredging often improves land Should leases for dredging include a rec-onditioning clause? Thickness of fine silt or slime necessa for agriculture Levelling Setting aside top soil a

18. 19. 20.

21. 22.

o

156 156 157

157 158 158

23. l\flining iron-ore in *Fields in Fmgland 158

xii. PART B.-TIN-ORE-(cont.) PAGE.

XV.-_B.Er.ArrIONSHIP UF MINIXG TO h`o1u~;ew1w--

159

1. Minerals in Reserved Forests

Provision in Forest 'EIlact-1nen1 f OI' the 160 working of minerals

XVI .--RELATIONSHIP

OF

MINING

TO

DRAINAGE

AND

INRIGAT1OX-

(a)

GEXERAI :

2. Rivers as geological agents

1

q

•

161

3. Catasisrophes resulting from human 162 cost-rol of rivers

4. The miner as an additional geological agent 162 5. Silt due to floods and landslips

163

6. Damage resulting from excessive silt 163 7. Control of mining silt

by Mines

Department

164

8. Control of deviations of streams by 165 Mines Department 9. Silt from lampanning.

..

165

10. Lemon Mining Commission, 1918

165

11. Rivers Commission, 1928

166

12. Rivers Advisory Board

167

18. Rice Cu11;iv:Ltion Committee, 1930.

167

14.

F01°Inabi011 of

Department

Drainage and Irrigation |

*

168

l

.*f

1 D I11ter-reactions of Drainage and .Irrigation Department with mining ... 169 communlt§r

(b)

R1aQu11a1am1~:n'18 OF DRAINAGE AND IRRIGATO Troy DIEPARTMENT WPPH REFERENCE M7NrNG LEASES :

16. Interest of Drainage and Irrigation Department in the terms of mining leases 169 C I

*

IT. Recommerldations tlon schemes...

concerning devia169

xiii . B.-TIN-OB.]*]-(cout.)

PART

PAGE.

XVI.--REr.AT1O:'°9°f'

L*r=z.'I

3£3'8£

gog'gg

9g9'g 689'98 ~2Q8'I9

s:=ftL'e?; =r~2;L'aI

sWot

szvsa Q8L'9/Lv 'H/@6023

'aQ0'99a 898§? Ia1'9oI

I

i

Labuan. 1'

¢

285,304u

113,573

38,127

lowa

1898 To 1937.

2,439,352 208,023

986991

28,591 88,234

26,359 Qui nquenn in] averages. J\ - " \ of, ` £ -1 ons, §s

216,353

un_1

93

\

29,066

268,891

52 PETROLEUM

AND NATURAL GAS.

20. There has been a. regular production of petroleum and natural gas since July, 1931, in the Serif oil field, Brunei State, by the British Malayan Petroleum Co. Ltd. I am indebted to the Company for the statement of production of crude oil and natural gas given in Tables 12 and 12A.

This production. has resulted in substantial annual royalty payments to Brunei State, which have risen to £55,810 for crude oil in the year 1st March, 1937, to 28th February, 1938, and £1,842 for natural gasTABLE

12.-I'aonuc'rIo1~ron'

1931

1931 1932 1933 193111935 1936

1938.

Value-..

Production.

_

r"'

Cubic reties.

.E

15,917 188,812 317,033

10,675 133,659 217,543

419,171

259,380 )

510,330

341942 >

368,804

1937

509,070 653,590

1938se

74:%,12T

633,464

495,033

I

Averages.

Cubic Metros.

me

Year.

CRUDE OIL, BRUNEI STATE,

TO

173,921

120,626

523,040

I

4

375,289

I

,

TABLE IQA.--PRODUCTION or' NATURAL GAS,

Bnuxmr

STATE,

1931 TO 1938. Year.

7'aluv £

.

Averages. Cubic Metres.

1

Production. Cubic Metros.

193 I

1932 1933

22,453,955 40,984,220

13,216 24,1225

1934

1935

71,951,030 83,004,750

42,349 48,854

1936 1937

69,339,780 134,970,374

79,440

1938*

124,783,670

73,445

40,812

PHOSPHATE

31,719,088

37,338

89,916,484

5 2,364

OF LIME.

21. Deposits of rock phosphate, or phosphate of lime, occur at Christmas Island, which is one of the Straits Settlements and lies in the Indian Ocean about 190 miles south of the western extremity of Java. This phosphate results from interaetion between solutions derived from guano deposits and the underlying limestone. These deposits have been worked since 1899 by the Christmas . Island Phosphate Company Limited, registered in London. 'Annual production may be regaled as * To 250th November.

.-

53 represented by tile exports, which are shown for each year since 1899 in Table 13, and for the provision of which for the years 1899 to 1930, W e indebted to the producing company. From this table it will be seen that the exports have varied from 4,855 tons in the first year oil working to 162,568 tons in 1937. The growth, however, has not been continuous, and the exports reached as high a figure as 156,781 tons as long ego as 1912, felling to e figure of 25,908 tons in 1915,. during the Great Wer. `W'hilst Japan as been the principal importer of these phosphates, other large importers at intervals have been

Australia,

l

(Jr&1'111 "»s,

Hungary, Denmark

and Sweden.

The

destination of the exported phosphates for the last four years,

1934 to 1937, is shown in the following table : Cmmn-ies to which exported. -.

Union of' South Africa British India

l

Finland Germany

I

5,500

i

1935,

1936,

1937.

Tons. 5,170

Tons. 5,200 50

Tons. 5,900

-q.q

f

.

|

1934. Tons.

11,480

l

*4

l

Q

5,550

I

5,600

Netherlands

..

Sweden

23,050

11,825

11,800

116,678

124,550

127,617

2,084

2,300

6,610

947

6,365

10,741

.-

5,500

Other Foreign Countries in Europe Japan_

105,060

. H

_.-

Java

U0 1,181

Somatra,

Malaya

128,831 147,929 161,440 152,568

To La1

Of the values given in Table 13, those for the years 1901 to 1930 were received from the Christmas Island Phosphate Company Limited, London, and for the years 1931 to 1937 from the Registrar-General of Statistics, Singapore.

.

The following analysis of Christmas Island phosphate by Gilbert is taken from the article on Phosphates for the War

Period published by the I1'11peria.I Mineral Resources Bureau in 1921 (pH-ee 17).

- "

Per cent.

C3"l5(P027)'£:° 08C0',...

I

1 1

|

83.53

*

4.82 3.44

|

(}3F-§-

MgO A1§-05

.. _

Oxide of iron

H-50

n v

l

0.26

.

a

1

I

1

uh

I

l

1

I

.* 1

*

I

*

Tot-al P O

|,

I

1.22 0.72 3.05 97.04

39.18

54 TABLE 13.-EXPORTS OF PHOSPHATE OF LIME FROM C11R1S'rMAS Year.

.

ISLAXD,

1899-1937.

s

Tons

Q,uinquH11nM1 &.verrlget. r"'

1899 1900 1901

4,855 29,682

_-J--.

Tons.

£

40,920

101,118

866,726

96,826

257,570

2,206,029

5

12,l07* 74,205*

111,842

45,347 55,935

128,1'T].

68,781

179,267

75,694 92,783

186,124

1905

1906 1907

100,290 105,719

225,080 248,061 300,345

1908

109,645

329,242

1909 1910

105,795 139,005 153,153 156,781 152,554

517,756 349,879 393,455 404,375 390,557

141,457

371,200

5,181,714

84,621 25,908 45,304 91,952 54,555

221,197 56,474 116,926 179,911 82,798

60,424

131,461

1,126,809

113,252 126,284 80,547

171,234

1,467,720

1923

70,156 71,085 87,217 102,349 70,926

1924 1925 1926

125,940 110,297 129,308

269,754

1927

117,989

266,530

1928

116,705

262,365

1929

120,403 122,580

65,849 84,197 91,480

278,155 295,894 150,601 166,991 181,435

128,831 147,929 161;440 162,568

255,515 293,395 520,189 522,427

1902 1905

1904

1911 1912 1913 1914 1915

1916 1917 1918 1919

1920 1921 1922

1950 1931

1952

1933 ].954 1935 1936

1957 1938

184,544 265,651 166,457

I

222,539 296,727

* Estimated

1,119,435

120,047

265,579

2,259,249

96,902

210,215

1,801,843

150,192

297,881

2,553,264

1,431,349 1,555,160 2,190,127 2,514,795 2,T44,48{] 2,765,656

from figures for lQD1 at £2 5s. per ton-

55 TIN-ORE.

22. From the Geological Outline forming 8ection II it will be realised that there are two principal modes of occurrence of tin-ore in Malaya, namely as primary deposits in situ, in veins or lodes, stock-works or impregnations in granite or in the rocks

gfggggg

11

into which granite is intruded; and, as secondary deposits consist-

ing (a) partly lietrital or eluvial deposits overlying the stanniferous lodes and rocks, but chiefly (b) of alluvial deposits formed by the rivers of Malaya as a result of the decomposition and erosion of the rocks and lodes in which the primary tin-ore

is contained, and of the fluvial deposits formed therefrom as an intermediate stage. Owing to the wide extension of the tin-bearing granites of Malaya, tin-ore at one time or another has been found in every one of the States, except Brunei, and in every section of the Straits Settlements, except Penang, and, of course, the island settlements of Labuan and Christmas island. At the present time tin-ore is being produced in each of the four Federated Malay States, in each of the five Unfederated States, and from Malacca amongst the Straits Settlements.

23. Strictly speaking, the c-rurle tin-ore is the rock contain- Figures of production ing the crystals or granules of tinstone or cassiterite in the ease ottin-ore1 of primary deposits, and the stanniferous eluvium and alluvium in the case of secondary deposits. No attempt is, of course, made to record the volumes or weights of such tin-ore in its U11concentrated condition, and it is only after the production of tin-ore concentrates by the various methods in vogue that measurement of quantity of production becomes feasible, so that when one speaks of production or exports or sales of tin-ore one is referring to tin-ore concentrates cassiterite or tinstone contains 78.6 per end ofnietaMc tin, the object of washing and milling operations is "M produce concentrates with 3, I

percentage of tin as near this figure as possible.

In practice,

of course, a lower figure is achieved, but it is now customary in statistical calculations

to assume that the Malayan tin-ore concentrates contain 75.5 per cent. of metallic tin, though formerly a smaller figure, 72- per cent., was used. The ideal figures of production would be those recording the total production of tin-ore concentrates from each property, and thereafter from mm S5ta.te during a calendar year, especiallyy as by comparing such true production figures with figures of exports it would be possible to ascertain the stocks remaining on the mm; of each year. Such figures, however, do not mines at the -ul appear to have Been recorded in the past, although now that mines are allowed to accumulate stocks up to 25 per cent. of the

2

. . . . .

. .

56 allotted quota under the International Tin Control Scheme some procedure has presumably been introduced, requiring the record of actual production as distinct from exports. From figures received from the Chief Inspector of Mines for the years 19351937 it appears that there is now a record of production as ascertained by sales, together with a statement of stocks on mines, and that by allowing for a change in stocks it is possible to arrive at figures of actual production, as an example I give

below the figures for the years 1935-1937, which relate to the Federated Malay States only : 1.

2. 3. Production of Stock on Mines tin-in-ore 3.-B I' "1 Previous ascertained Current

.

Year,

by sales. Pikuls.

547,1 I2 685,222 l,086,668* l,261,9B6*

1934 1935 19156 1937

Year.

4.

Year. Pikuls.

Pikulgh

28,507

5.

+ far -

Actual production for the your. Total of Col. 2 and 4.

Pikuls.

Pikuls.

Ditferonce

..--

28,501 54,016 67,583

54,016

67,583 41,626

+ 25,509 +13,567 -25,957

710,731 1,100,230 1,236,029

Whilst stocks O11 mines have been recorded by the Mines Department for four years only, the department has been able to supply me with date of production as ascertained by sales, with values estimated on the average market-price of the year, for nine years, namely 1930 to 1938. These date ere shown in the following table : Year. 1930 1931

P1'kI1l.l.

1,041,117 850,979

1932 1933 1934, 1935 1936 1937

was .

-

4-

1

l

*

...

445,889

401,411 547.112

..

..

685,222 1,086,663 1,261,986 692,256

70,424,113 50,644,547

80,732,580 40,137,085 42,598,476 72,215,424 159,385,176 149,266,766 64,480,379

These data ere not, however, 8.S has been shown above, true figures of production, as they have not been corrected for changes

of stocks on the mines. Exports of tin-ore and tin.

24. For the wears prior . to 1930 there are no available Figures of production, and consequently it is necessary in FL general statement of the output of tin in Malaya to make use of' the export statistics, the weights and values of which are recorded by the Customs Department of the Federated Malay States and * As an example of the difficulty of understanding the Mineral static tics of Malaya, I must point out that the totals for the years 1956 end 1937

given above disagree radically with those given in Table 15, entitled, "Method of Recovery end Sales of Ore in Individual States," of the issue

for September, 1938, of the Quarterly Bulletin of Statistics relating to the Mining Industry. I n that table, showing the dota seperately for each State in the Federated Malay States, the total for 1936 is given as 1,439,288 pikuls against 1,086,663 pikuls in the statement given above, and 1,671,508 pikuls for 1937 against 1,261,986 in the foregoing statement.

57 are utilised by the Mines Department in their Statistical Bulletins. It should be explained that all the tin-ore production in the Federated Malay States and the Unfederated States is exported for smelting, either to the Straits Smelting Company in Singapore, 01' the Eastern Smelting Company in Penang, with the exception of the small quantity smelted by the Chinese smelting firm, the Tan Ban Joo Company at Pudu, near Kuala Lumpur, which is exported in the form of block tin. The exports from the Federated Malay States therefore consists of two products--namely, block tin and concentrates, which are recorded as tin-in-ore OH the assumption of an assayv value of '75.5 per cent. 'of tin. As an example, the figures for the three years 1935-1937 are recorded below : Yea-r.

Block Tin.

'I in-1n-ore.

Total Tin.

.__/»_.

1935

3,184i~

189

Pikuls. .6811384

684,569

40,749

1936

5,624

334

1,081 ,649

64385

]

,087,273

64519

1937

5,307

316

11261,291

75,077

1,266,598

75,393

Pikuls.

1938

Ton.

140

Pikuls.

u

4-0,559

no-

40,939

It will be realised from this that the only 1» 1

41,079

satisfactory y wav...

in which we can study the production in Malaya for so long a period as forty years is by making use of th! exports in terms of metal. This is done in Table 14 for the Federated Malay States, the figures for 1931 to 1937 being production as ascertained by sales. I found it necessary to use these figures rather than exports in order to shew production by separate States. The same table also shews the data for Malacca and the totals for the Unfederated Malay States. The details of the exports by Unfederated States are shown in Table 15*. Table 16 gives the totals and quinquennial averages for Malaya as a whole. These totals differ throughout from those given

in Statistical Year Book, 1938, of the International Tin Research and Development Council. The latter are presumably based on total exports from Malaya without allowing for interState trade. The figures of quantity and value given. in Table 16 are also shown diagramn1atical.18- in Figure 4.

25. In the case of other metals we have been content with statement tljoduction in terms of separate States. Tin, however, is o #11 sue 1 vital importance to Malaya that the distribution of activities from district to district within the various t-he States is of much. interest. In the Federated Malay States a Mines Department has been able to provide ine with data of output as determined by sales in pikuls, district by district, from the years 1904 in the case of Pahang, 1910 in the ease of Selangor, and 1911 in the ease of Negri Sembilan and Perak. _.

It would use up too much space to reproduce these figures here in full, so I give only the quinquennial averages (Table 17)* 1 am indebted to the statistical section of the Colonial Office Library

for much help in the cornpilatiorl of Tables 14, 15 and 17.

District

.

Et}L°"éH§'

zw0'6v

I