Recent Research on Environmental Earth Sciences, Geomorphology, Soil Science and Paleoenvironments: Proceedings of the 2nd MedGU, Marrakesh 2022 ... in Science, Technology & Innovation) [2024 ed.] 3031487532, 9783031487538

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Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable Development

Attila Çiner · Maurizio Barbieri · Md Firoz Khan · Ilker Ugulu · Veysel Turan · Jasper Knight · Jesús Rodrigo-Comino · Haroun Chenchouni · Ahmed E. Radwan · Amjad Kallel · Dionysia Panagoulia · Carla Candeias · Arkoprovo Biswas · Helder I. Chaminé · Matteo Gentilucci · Mourad Bezzeghoud · Zeynal Abiddin Ergüler Editors

Recent Research on Environmental Earth Sciences, Geomorphology, Soil Science and Paleoenvironments Proceedings of the 2nd MedGU, Marrakesh 2022 (Volume 4)

Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable Development Editorial Board Anna Laura Pisello, Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, Italy Dean Hawkes, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Hocine Bougdah, University for the Creative Arts, Farnham, UK Federica Rosso, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy Hassan Abdalla, University of East London, London, UK Sofia-Natalia Boemi, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece Nabil Mohareb, Faculty of Architecture—Design and Built Environment, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon Saleh Mesbah Elkaffas, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport, Cairo, Egypt Emmanuel Bozonnet, University of La Rochelle, La Rochelle, France Gloria Pignatta, University of Perugia, Italy Yasser Mahgoub, Qatar University, Qatar Luciano De Bonis, University of Molise, Italy Stella Kostopoulou, Regional and Tourism Development, University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece Biswajeet Pradhan, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia Md. Abdul Mannan, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Malaysia Chaham Alalouch, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman Iman O. Gawad, Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt Anand Nayyar

, Graduate School, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam

Series Editor Mourad Amer, International Experts for Research Enrichment and Knowledge Exchange (IEREK), Cairo, Egypt

Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation (ASTI) is a series of peer-reviewed books based on important emerging research that redefines the current disciplinary boundaries in science, technology and innovation (STI) in order to develop integrated concepts for sustainable development. It not only discusses the progress made towards securing more resources, allocating smarter solutions, and rebalancing the relationship between nature and people, but also provides in-depth insights from comprehensive research that addresses the 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) as set out by the UN for 2030. The series draws on the best research papers from various IEREK and other international conferences to promote the creation and development of viable solutions for a sustainable future and a positive societal transformation with the help of integrated and innovative science-based approaches. Including interdisciplinary contributions, it presents innovative approaches and highlights how they can best support both economic and sustainable development, through better use of data, more effective institutions, and global, local and individual action, for the welfare of all societies. The series particularly features conceptual and empirical contributions from various interrelated fields of science, technology and innovation, with an emphasis on digital transformation, that focus on providing practical solutions to ensure food, water and energy security to achieve the SDGs. It also presents new case studies offering concrete examples of how to resolve sustainable urbanization and environmental issues in different regions of the world. The series is intended for professionals in research and teaching, consultancies and industry, and government and international organizations. Published in collaboration with IEREK, the Springer ASTI series will acquaint readers with essential new studies in STI for sustainable development. ASTI series has now been accepted for Scopus (September 2020). All content published in this series will start appearing on the Scopus site in early 2021.

Attila Çiner
Maurizio Barbieri
Md Firoz Khan
Ilker Ugulu
Veysel Turan
Jasper Knight
Jesús Rodrigo-Comino
Haroun Chenchouni
Ahmed E. Radwan
Amjad Kallel
Dionysia Panagoulia
Carla Candeias
Arkoprovo Biswas
Helder I. Chaminé
Matteo Gentilucci
Mourad Bezzeghoud
Zeynal Abiddin Ergüler Editors

Recent Research on Environmental Earth Sciences, Geomorphology, Soil Science and Paleoenvironments Proceedings of the 2nd MedGU, Marrakesh 2022 (Volume 4)

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Editors

Attila Çiner Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences Istanbul Technical University Istanbul, Türkiye Md Firoz Khan North South University Dhaka, Bangladesh Veysel Turan Bingol University Bingöl, Türkiye Jesús Rodrigo-Comino University of Granada Granada, Spain Ahmed E. Radwan Faculty of Geography and Geology Institute of Geological Sciences Jagiellonian University Kraków, Poland Dionysia Panagoulia National Technical University of Athens Athens, Greece Arkoprovo Biswas Department of Geology Institute of Science Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India Matteo Gentilucci Geology Division School of Science and Technology University of Camerino Camerino, Italy

Maurizio Barbieri Department of Chemical Engineering Materials Environment Sapienza University of Rome Rome, Italy Ilker Ugulu Usak University Uşak, Türkiye Jasper Knight University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg, South Africa Haroun Chenchouni Higher National School of Forests Khenchela, Algeria Amjad Kallel Sfax National School of Engineering University of Sfax Sfax, Tunisia Carla Candeias GeoBioTec, Geosciences Department University of Aveiro Aveiro, Portugal Helder I. Chaminé Polytechnic of Porto School of Engineering (ISEP) Porto, Portugal Mourad Bezzeghoud School of Sciences and Technology University of Évora Évora, Portugal

Zeynal Abiddin Ergüler Kütahya Dumlupınar University Kütahya, Türkiye

ISSN 2522-8714 ISSN 2522-8722 (electronic) Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable Development ISBN 978-3-031-48753-8 ISBN 978-3-031-48754-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48754-5 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Paper in this product is recyclable.

About the Conference

About MedGU

Steps Toward the Creation of a Mediterranean Geosciences Union (MedGU) Mediterranean Geosciences Union (MedGU) aims to create a unique federation that brings together and represents the Mediterranean geoscience community specializing in the areas of Earth, planetary, and space sciences. MedGU will be structured along the lines of American Geophysical Union (AGU) and European Geosciences Union (EGU). The plan is to establish a large organization for the Mediterranean region that is more influential than any one local geoscience society with the objective of fostering fundamental geoscience research, as well as applied research that addresses key societal and environmental challenges. MedGU’s overarching vision is to contribute to the realization of a sustainable future for humanity and for the planet. The creation of this union will give the Earth sciences more influence in policy-making and in the implementation of solutions to preserve the natural environment and to create more sustainable societies for the people living in the Mediterranean region. It is hoped that the union will also provide opportunities to Mediterranean geoscientists to undertake interdisciplinary collaborative research. MedGU plans to recognize the work of the most active geoscientists with a number of awards and medals. Although MedGU has not yet been officially inaugurated, its first annual meeting was organized in November 2021 in Istanbul (MedGU-21). This has provided a forum to achieve a consensus for the formation of this non-profit international union of geoscientists. Membership will be open to individuals who have a professional engagement with the Earth, planetary, and space sciences and related studies, including students and retired seniors. Nabil Khélifi (MedGU Founder, Germany) and Attila Çiner (MedGU Interim President, Turkey) in collaboration with Abdelaziz Mridekh (MedGU-22 Local Chair, Morocco) have taken an ambitious approach to the launch of the second MedGU Annual Meeting 2022 and hope to develop it in the near future into the largest international geoscience event in the Mediterranean and the broader MENA region. Its mission is to support geoscientists based in this region by establishing a Global Geoscience Congress.

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About the Conference

It is expected that hundreds of participants from all over the world will attend this second MedGU Annual Meeting 2022, making it one of the largest and most prominent geosciences events in the region. So far, over 1300 abstracts have been submitted from 95 countries. The meeting’s sessions will cover a wide range of topics with more details available on the conference tracks. This second 2022 Annual Meeting will have a “hybrid” format, with both in-person and virtual participation. Springer, its official partner, will publish the proceedings in a book series (indexed in Scopus) as well as a number of special issues in diverse scientific journals (for more details, see Publications). The official journal of MedGU is Mediterranean Geoscience Reviews (Springer).

Conference Tracks The scientific committee of the MedGU invites research papers on all cross-cutting themes of Earth sciences, with a main focus on the following 18 conference tracks: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Track 1. Atmospheric Sciences, Meteorology, Climatology, Oceanography Track 2. Biogeochemistry, Geobiology, Geoecology, Geoagronomy Track 3. Earthquake Seismology and Geodesy Track 4. Environmental Earth Sciences Track 5. Applied and Theoretical Geophysics Track 6. Geo-Informatics and Remote Sensing Track 7. Geochemistry, Mineralogy, Petrology, Volcanology Track 8. Geological Engineering, Geotechnical Engineering Track 9. Geomorphology, Geography, Soil Science, Glaciology, Geoarchaeology, Geoheritage Track 10. Hydrology, Hydrogeology, Hydrochemistry Track 11. Marine Geosciences, Historical Geology, Paleoceanography, Paleoclimatology Track 12. Numerical and Analytical Methods in Mining Sciences and Geomechanics Track 13. Petroleum and Energy Sciences and Engineering Track 14. Sedimentology, Stratigraphy, Paleontology, Geochronology Track 15. Structural Geology, Tectonics and Geodynamics, Petroleum Geology Track 16. Special Session on Astrogeology, Impact Craters and Meteorites Track 17. Special Session on climate and sea-level change during the CenomanianTuronian Anoxic Event: Synthesis of sedimentological, micropaleontological and geochemical records Track 18. Special Session on hydrogeological and climatic risks, their management and the effect of climate change on groundwater quality.

About the Conference Steering Committee

General Committee Honorary Chair

A. M. Celâl Sengör Associate Editor, Mediterranean Geosciences Reviews (Springer) Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Istanbul Technical University Istanbul, Turkey

Conference Supervisor

Nabil Khélifi Senior Publishing Editor MedGU-22 Supervisor

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Program Chair

Mustapha Meghraoui Editorial Board Member, Mediterranean Geosciences Reviews (Springer) Editor of Arabian Journal of Geosciences (Springer) IPG Strasbourg, France

Publications Chair

Attila Çiner MedGU (Interim) President Founding Editor-in-Chief, Mediterranean Geosciences Reviews (Springer) Chief Editor—Tracks 11 and 14, Arabian Journal of Geosciences (Springer) Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey

About the Conference Steering Committee

About the Conference Steering Committee

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Conference Manager

Mohamed Sahbi Moalla Performer—The Leading Conference Organiser, Tunisia Journal Coordinator, Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration (Springer) ISET, University of Sfax, Tunisia

Conference Support

Mourad Amer Founder and CEO of IEREK Editor of ASTI Series (Springer/IEREK) IEREK, Alexandria, Egypt

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Local Committee Chair

Abdelaziz Mridekh Associate Editor, Arabian Journal of Geosciences (Springer) University Ibn Tofail, Kenitra, Morocco

Coordinators

El Hassane Chellai University Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, Morocco

Bouabid El Mansouri University Ibn Tofail, Kenitra, Morocco

About the Conference Steering Committee

About the Conference Steering Committee

Noureddine Laftouhi University Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, Morocco

Azzouz Kchikach University Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, Morocco

Jean-Louis Bodinier Program Lead Geology and Sustainable Mining Mohammed VI Polytechnic University

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About the Conference Steering Committee

Members Abdallah El Hmaidi, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco Abdelhadi El Ouali, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco Aicha Benmohammadi, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco Ali Essahlaoui, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco Annis Moumen, National Applied School, Kenitra, Morocco Atika Fahmi, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco Driss El Azzab, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fes, Morocco Hassan Echarfaoui, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco Jamal Chao, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco Jaouad Dabounou, Hassan 1 University, Settat, Morocco Malika Kili, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco Mohamed Bouhaddioui, National School of Mine, Rabat, Morocco Mohamed Jaffal, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco Mohammed Ouhcine, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco Moulay Hachem Awragh, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco Mustapha Boualoul, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco Mustapha Boujemaoui, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco Nabil El Mouçaid, Central School of Engineering, Casablanca, Morocco Souad Haida, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco Abdullah Sukkar, Department of Geomatics Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey Melek Rebai, Performer—The Leading Conference Organiser, Tunisia M. Bassem Abdelhedi, Performer—The Leading Conference Organiser, Tunisia Oumayma Abidi, Performer—The Leading Conference Organiser, Tunisia Toka M. Amer, IEREK—International Experts for Research Enrichment and Knowledge Exchange, Egypt

Advisory Committee

Hans Thybo President of International Lithosphere Program (ILP) Editor-in-Chief of Earth and Planetary Science Letters (EPSL) Professor at: • Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey • Center for Earth Evolution and Dynamics, University of Oslo, Norway

About the Conference Steering Committee

A. M. Celâl Sengör Associate Editor, Mediterranean Geosciences Reviews (Springer) Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Istanbul Technical University Istanbul, Turkey

François Roure Chief Editor—Track 15 Arabian Journal of Geosciences (Springer) IFP—Energies Nouvelles, France

Giovanni Bertotti Associate Editor, Mediterranean Geosciences Reviews (Springer) Geoscience and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands

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About the Conference Steering Committee

Abdullah Al-Amri Founder and Editor-in-Chief Arabian Journal of Geosciences (Springer) King Saud University, Saudi Arabia

Akiça Bahri Director for Africa at the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Ghana (2005– 2010) Coordinator of the African Water Facility (AWF) at the African Development Bank (2010– 2015) Director of Research at the National Research Institute for Agricultural Engineering, Water, and Forestry (INRGREF), Tunisia (since 2016) Professor at the National Agricultural Institute of Tunisia (INAT), Tunisia (since 2017) Awardee of the International Water Association (IWA) Women in Water Prize (2018) Associate Editor, Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration (Springer) (since 2019) Minister of Agriculture, Water Resources and Fisheries in Tunisia (2019–2020)

About the Conference Steering Committee

Program Committee Chair

Mustapha Meghraoui Editorial Board Member, Mediterranean Geosciences Reviews (Springer) Editor of Arabian Journal of Geosciences (Springer) IPG Strasbourg, France

Members

Attila Çiner MedGU (Interim) President Founding Editor-in-Chief, Mediterranean Geosciences Reviews (Springer) Chief Editor—Tracks 11 and 14, Arabian Journal of Geosciences (Springer) Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey

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Luc Bulot North Africa Research Group The University of Manchester, UK

Sami Khomsi Georesources Lab, CERTE, University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia

Hasnaa Chennaoui Aoudjehane Meteoritical Society Fellow Laureate, “Prix Paul Doistau–Émile Blutet” from the French Academy of Sciences Editor of Arabian Journal of Geosciences (Springer) Professor, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Morocco

About the Conference Steering Committee

About the Conference Steering Committee

Catherine Kuzucuoglu Associate Editor, Mediterranean Geosciences Reviews (Springer) Research Director Emeritus CNRS, Laboratoire de Géographie Physique UMR 8591, Meudon, France

Elena Xoplaki Chief Editor, Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration (Springer) Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany

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Publications Committee Chair

Attila Çiner MedGU (Interim) President Founding Editor-in-Chief, Mediterranean Geosciences Reviews (Springer) Chief Editor—Tracks 11 and 14, Arabian Journal of Geosciences (Springer) Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey

Members

Zeynal Abiddin Erguler Chief Editor—Track 8 Arabian Journal of Geosciences (Springer) Dumlupinar University, Kutahya, Turkey

About the Conference Steering Committee

About the Conference Steering Committee

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Amjad Kallel Chief Editor—Track 4 Arabian Journal of Geosciences (Springer) Managing and Development Editor, Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration (Springer) ENIS, University of Sfax, Tunisia

Mourad Bezzeghoud School of Sciences and Technology (ECT) Insititut of Earth Sciences (IIFA) University of Évora, Portugal

Hesham El-Askary Professor of Remote Sensing and Earth Systems Science Editor of Arabian Journal of Geosciences (Springer) Director Computational and Data Sciences Graduate Programs Center of Excellence in Earth Systems Modeling and Observations Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, USA

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About the Conference Steering Committee

Zakaria Hamimi President of ArabGU IAGETH VP for Africa and IAGETH National Chapter for Egypt Editor of Arabian Journal of Geosciences (Springer) Professor, Benha University, Benha, Egypt

Syed E. Hasan, Ph.D.; RG; FGS Chair, Environmental Characterization and Remediation Technical Working Group, AEG Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Missouri-Kansas City, USA

François Roure Chief Editor—Track 15 Arabian Journal of Geosciences (Springer) IFP—Energies Nouvelles, France

About the Conference Steering Committee

Anastasia Kiratzi Professor of Seismology Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece

Broder Merkel Chief Editor—Track 10 Arabian Journal of Geosciences (Springer) Associate Editor of Environmental Earth Science (Springer) Publisher of Freiberg Online Geoscience (FOG) Institute of Geology, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany

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Preface

The proceedings of the 2nd Mediterranean Geosciences Union (MedGU-2) held in Marrakesh onsite and online in November 2022 consisted of four volumes titled: Proceedings Volume 1: Recent Advancements from Aquifers to Skies in Hydrogeology, Geoecology and Atmospheric Sciences. Proceedings Volume 2: Recent Research on Sedimentology, Stratigraphy, Paleontology, Geochemistry, Volcanology, Tectonics and Petroleum Geology. Proceedings Volume 3: Recent Research on Geotechnical Engineering, Remote Sensing, Geophysics and Earthquake Seismology. Proceedings Volume 4: Recent Research on Environmental Earth Sciences, Geomorphology, Soil Science and Paleoenvironments. These volumes are based on the accepted conference papers for either oral/poster presentations or selected for online publication during the MedGU-2. This 4th volume contains 52 papers related to (1) environmental earth sciences and (2) geomorphology, geography, pedology, glaciology, geoarcheology and geoheritage. The content of these research studies would provide new scientific knowledge to further understand environment-related topics, landslides and geomorphology. The proceedings of the MedGU-2 is of interest to all researchers, experts and students in all fields of geosciences. Istanbul, Türkiye Rome, Italy Dhaka, Bangladesh Uşak, Türkiye Bingöl, Türkiye Johannesburg, South Africa Granada, Spain Khenchela, Algeria Kraków, Poland Sfax, Tunisia Athens, Greece Aveiro, Portugal Varanasi, India Porto, Portugal Camerino, Italy Évora, Portugal Kütahya, Türkiye June 2023

Attila Çiner Maurizio Barbieri Md Firoz Khan Ilker Ugulu Veysel Turan Jasper Knight Jesús Rodrigo-Comino Haroun Chenchouni Ahmed E. Radwan Amjad Kallel Dionysia Panagoulia Carla Candeias Arkoprovo Biswas Helder I. Chaminé Matteo Gentilucci Mourad Bezzeghoud Zeynal Abiddin Ergüler

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Contents

Environmental Earth Sciences Analysis of Hazardous Plastic Waste Generated During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Lithuania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Laima Česonienė, Raimonda Simanavičiūtė, and Daiva Šileikienė

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Microfibers Contents in High Mountain Salty Springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elisabet Playà, Irene Cantarero, Juan Diego Martín-Martín, Cristina Gaya, Vinyet Baqués, Montserrat Saludas, and Anna Travé

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Detection of Macro Marine Litter Along a Coastal Spit Using UAV Images . . . . . Corinne Corbau and Umberto Simeoni

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Managing Dredged Sediments: Evolution of Land Deposits and Assessment of Beneficial Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ahmed Benamar, Mohamed-Tahar Ammami, and Hussein J. Kanbar A Laboratory Study to Assess the Use of Biochar-Based Liquid Activated Carbon for the Removal of MTBE and Benzene from Contaminated Groundwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bassam Tawabini, Fawaz Alshahrani, Tawfik Saleh, Muhammad Alrayaan, Subhi Alaama, Rayan Nasser, Pantelis Soupios, Panagiotis Kirmizakis, and Mohamed Mahmoud Climate Justice for the Displaced? The Path to Legal Protection of the Climate Migrant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cristina García Fernández and Daniël Peek The Role of Facies and Composition in Evaluating Geothermal Reservoirs in Fold-And-Thrust Belts (Southern Pyrenees) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pedro Ramirez-Perez, Gabriel Cofrade, Irene Cantarero, Daniel Muñoz-López, David Cruset, Jean-Pierre Sizun, Juan Diego Martín-Martín, and Anna Travé Clay Mineral Associations of the Quaternary Fluvial Deposits in Fez Area . . . . . Ayman Agharabi, Nicolae Har, and Lahcen Gourari Understanding the Groundwater Recharge Processes in the Moroccan Middle Atlas Using Water Isotopes (d18O and d2H) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nadia Rhoujjati, Lahoucine Hanich, Yassine Ait Brahim, Ali Rhoujjati, Nicolas Patris, Abdelghani Chehbouni, and Lhoussaine Bouchaou Formulation of Lightweight Cement and Glue for Ceramics Based on Demolition Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mourad Morsli, Mohamed Tahiri, and Azzeddine Samdi

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Contents

Indoor Thermal Comfort Assessment for Residential Buildings in an Arid Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sara Elhadad, Ali Salem, Zoltan Orban, and Fülöp Attila

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Combating Eutrophication to Restore Ponds: A Case Study of an Urban Pond in Casablanca, Morocco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Badr Nachchach, Halima Jounaid, and Nihad Chakri

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Assessment and Monitoring of Coastal Erosion on Mauritanian Beaches . . . . . . . Khadijetou Abdelwehab, Amjad Kallel, and Mohamed Ahmed Sidi Cheikh

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HRMS-Based Innovative Monitoring of Grombalia Groundwater (Tunisia) . . . . . Hanene Akrout, Hatem Baccouche, Thuraya Mellah, Lobna Mansouri, and Ahmed Ghrabi

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Petrogenesis of the Middle Jurassic Intraplate Mafic Magmatism in the Imilchil Syncline (Central High Atlas, Morocco) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mohamed En-nasiry, Hassane Nachit, El Hassane Beraaouz, Said Belkacim, and Abderrahmane Soulaimani Application of the HELP Model in a Semi-Arid Waste Dumpsite: A Case Study in Sulaimaniyah, Iraq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Karwan Alkaradaghi, Salahalddin S. Ali, Nadhir Al-Ansari, Jan Laue, and Tara Ali Study of Regional Tectonics Related to the Natural Tamda Lake Creation (Northern Middle Atlas of Morocco) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jamal Abbach, Hajar El Talibi, Said El Moussaoui, Hind Cherkaoui Dekkaki, and Issam Etebaai Anorogenic Deformations Associated with the Badaraka Alkaline Complex (Southeast-Damagaram, Niger) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lawali Idi Chamsi, Yacouba Ahmed, Mallam Mamane Hallarou, Badamassi Kadri Mahaman Mansour, and Sandao Issoufou Analyzing Meteorites at the Sharjah Academy for Astronomy, Space Sciences, and Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ilias Fernini, Salma Subhi, Gaffar Attaelmanan, Yassir A. Abdub, and Hamid Al-Naimiy The Spatio-Temporal and Environmental Patterns of Tick-Borne Diseases Distribution in the Russian Far East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Svetlana Malkhazova, Fedor Korennoy, Natalia Shartova, Dmitry Orlov, Galina Surkova, and Igor Vladimirov Healthcare Providers Experiences in Emergency Care for Undocumented Migrants Arriving in Spain Through the Mediterranean Sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . María del Mar Jiménez-Lasserrotte, Cayetano Fernández-Sola, José Granero-Molina, María Dolores Ruiz-Fernández, Isabel María Fernández-Medina, and Gonzalo Granero-Heredia Possibility of Using Dry Ryegrass as a Partial Substitution of Portland Cement to Produce Concrete for Reducing Carbon Footprint of Cement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Majeed Safa, K C Birendra, Nazanin Mansouri, Saran Kumar Rangasamy, and Harikrishna Rajamohan

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Review on Fluoride Constituents in Groundwater System of Shallow Crystalline Aquifers from Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Theophilus Aanuoluwa Adagunodo, Adetunji Ayokunnu Adeniji, Ayobami Ismaila Ojoawo, and Godswill Emmanuel Akpan Modeling of Single-Phase Fluid Flow Hydraulic Parameters in Layered Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Olusegun Olalekan Alabi and Iwa Abiola Akanni

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Environmental, Urban, and Social Connectivity in Three Rivers in Mexico: Atoyac, Paisanos, and Pueblito . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Pabel Cervantes-Avilés, Lourdes Marcela López Mares, and Tamara Osorno-Sánchez Environmental Reconstruction of the Mediterranean Basins in NE Morocco During the Messinian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Hanane Bahaj, Nadia Barhoun, Naima Bachiri Taoufiq, Jihad Rahmouna, Soukaina Targhi, Naima Berry, Jean-Pierre Suc, and Speranta-Maria Popescu Time Series Analysis of Cattle Population and Its Effect on Some Greenhouse Gases in Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Şenol Çelik Climatic Drivers of Wastewater Treatment Efficiency of Wastewater Treatment Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Maroua Moussaoui, Nawal Ababsa, Hamza Bougoufa, Lilia Zidane, Hadia Belaribi, Adel Bezzalla, and Haroun Chenchouni Geomorphology, Geography, Pedology, Glaciology, Geoarchaeology, Geoheritage Spectroscopic Analysis of the Natural Organic Matter of Chernozems with Separation by Track-Etched Membranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Aleksandr Odelskii, Svetlana Ovseenko, Dmitry Volkov, and Mikhail Proskurnin Spatial Variations of Trace and Rare Earth Elements in Tropical Lake Sediments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Sofia Koukina, Nikolay Lobus, and Sergey Bolotov Baer Knolls and the Landforms of the Northern Caspian Lowland as a Key to Identifying the Paleoenvironments of the Volga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Daria Lobacheva, Badyukova Ekaterina, and Radik Makshaev Geology Architecture for Mars and Moon Environment: A Lesson from Morocco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Giuseppe Calabrese, Kamal Taj-Eddine, and Gian Gabriele Ori Carbonate Dunes as Heritage Features in Mainland Portugal: A Review . . . . . . . 141 Ana Ramos-Pereira SWAT Model Application for Predicting of Water Erosion of Kastanozems Under Different Land Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Milena Kercheva, Milena Mitova, Vihra Stoinova, Gergana Kuncheva, and Viktor Kolchakov

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Landslide Hazard in the Marly Context of Moulay Yacoub Territory, Northern Morocco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Ilias Obda, Oussama Obda, Reda Sahrane, Younes El Kharim, and Abderrahim Lahrach Geomorphology and Sedimentary Dynamics of the Tunis Gulf Mouths . . . . . . . . 153 Raja Chairi, Boutheina Farhat, Salah Bouden, Noursen Mahmoud, and Arbia Triki Runoff Supply Is a Key Resource for Vegetation Performance: Evidence from a Runoff Exclusion Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Adolfo Calvo-Cases, Carlos Asensio Grima, Emilio Rodríguez Caballero, Sonia Chamizo de la Piedra, Borja Rodriguez Lozano, Lisa Maggioli, Carlos Urueta, and Yolanda Canton Castilla Manganese Anomalous Behavior Through the PETM Sea Level Rise in the Roman Bridge Section (Tunisia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Noura Kotti, Besma Mardassi, Ignacio Arenillas, and Jamel Abdennaceur Ouali Measuring the Influence of Soils on the Movement of Terrain Vehicles in the Czech Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Marian Rybansky and Martin Hubacek Use of Spectral Reflectance of Arable Soil Surface for Soil Properties Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Gretelerika Vindeker and Igor Savin Relationships Between Soil Particles and Pores Size Distributions of Coarse Textured Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Milena Kercheva, Zhenya Ilieva, Iliyan Iliev, Mariana Hristova, Vihra Stoinova, and Tsvetina Paparkova Predicting of Soil Bulk Density Using Bulgarian Dataset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Milena Kercheva, Viktor Kolchakov, Emil Dimitrov, Martin Nenov, Katerina Doneva, and Gergana Kuncheva A Case Study of the Residual and Saprolitic Soils of Mauritius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Reshma Rughooputh, David G. Toll, and Virendra Proag Mechanical Behaviour of a Tropical Soil Reinforced with Short Randomly Distributed Glass Fibres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Reshma Rughooputh and Heetendr Busawon Benchmarking and Mapping of Soil Material Redistribution in Arable Areas . . . 193 Evgeny Panidi, Lyubov Trofimetz, Olga Lazebnik, and Aleksandr Wojnarowski Does the Tabernas Desert (SE Spain) Deserve to Become Geopark? . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Albert Solé-Benet, Adolfo Calvo, Roberto Lázaro, and Yolanda Cantón Archeometric Study of Medieval Ceramic Finds from the Porta Reno Excavation in Ferrara (Italy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Elena Marrocchino, Chiara Telloli, Maria Teresa Gulinelli, and Chiara Guarnieri Micro-analysis as a Tool for the Characterization of Historical Masonry Buildings: The Decorative Elements of the Basilica Della Beata Vergine Maria Del Rosario (Polesella, Rovigo) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Elena Marrocchino, Chiara Telloli, and Marilena Leis

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Interactions of Paleocryogenic, Pedological and Archeological Processes as a Factor of the Formation of Complex Archeological Site Bolshoi Salym 4 (Middle Taiga, Western Siberia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Alina Kurasova, Yulia Balueva, Maria Konovalenko, Alexandr Konstantinov, Sergey Loiko, Andrey Novoselov, and Sergey Kulizhskiy Geotourism Circuit Based on a Particular Geomorphosites: Case Study of the Central Moroccan High Atlas Mountains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 Nisrine Kchikach, Hassan Ibouh, Abderrahim Benali, and Azzouz Kchikach Integration of Geological Surveys and 3D Laser Scanner Techniques in Heritage Sites: How Did Palazzo Belfort Survive the Catastrophic 1618 Piuro Landslide? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Tiziana Apuani, Cristiana Achille, Enrico Pigazzi, Federica Marotta, Riccardo Bersezio, and Sergio Castelletti Granulometric Analysis of Sediments for Sustainable Management of Tourist Ports: The Case Study of the Interreg ECOMAP Project Tourist Marinas . . . . . . 223 Antonello Aquilano, Elena Marrocchino, Umberto Tessari, and Maria Grazia Paletta

About the Editors

Attila Çiner Istanbul Technical University, Turkey Attila Çiner is Sedimentology and Quaternary Geology Professor at the Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences at Istanbul Technical University, Turkey. After graduating from the Middle East Technical University in Ankara (1985), he obtained his M.Sc. degree at the University of Toledo, USA (1988) and his Ph.D. at the University of Strasbourg, France (1992). He works on the tectono-sedimentary evolution of basins and Quaternary depositional systems such as moraines, fluvial terraces, alluvial fans, and deltas. He uses cosmogenic nuclides to date these deposits. He primarily focuses on the glacial deposits and landscapes and tries to understand paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental changes since the Last Glacial Maximum. Lastly, he was part of the Turkish Antarctic Expedition. He spent two months working on the site recognition and decision of the future Turkish scientific research station to be implemented on the continent. He is Founding Editor-in-Chief of Mediterranean Geoscience Reviews and Chief Editor of Arabian Journal of Geosciences, both published by Springer. He received the Humboldt Foundation Georg Forster lifetime achievement award in 2022. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed articles and book chapters. Maurizio Barbieri University of Rome La Sapienza, Italy Maurizio Barbieri is a skilled geologist (B.Sc., Ph.D.) with over 27 years of experience and a full professor of Geochemistry at the Department of Chemical, Materials, and Environmental Engineering (DICMA) of the Sapienza University of Rome, Italy. Presently, he is Fellow of the Association of Applied Geochemists and European Chair (Italy) of the Society for Environmental Geochemistry and Health (https://segh.net/about-us). He has been on the editorial board of the Arabian Journal of Geosciences, Chemie der Erde, Environmental Geochemistry and Health, Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration, Water, Geofluids, and Discover Water. In addition, he is an editor-in-chief (hydrogeology section) for Geosciences MDPI. The main R&D fields are: environmental geochemistry; environmental hydrogeology; hydrogeochemistry; water-rock interaction; water resources management; and geoenvironment and geohazards.

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About the Editors

Md Firoz Khan North South University, Malaysia Dr. Md Firoz Khan is Associate Professor at the Department of Environmental Science and Management, North South University in Dhaka. He was a former senior lecturer in the Department of Chemistry, University of Malaya, Malaysia, and Professor (Visiting) at the China University of Mining and Technology, China. He received Ph.D. from the Yokohama National University, Japan, in 2010 as a Japanese Government Scholar in Environmental Science and Risk Management. He received his M.Sc. in Air Pollution from the University of Birmingham, UK, 2005. He leads an “Aerosol Lab” and focuses research on aerosol sciences, particularly aerosol source apportionment, aerosol–health interaction and aerosol–meteorology interaction. He is an author or co-author of about 135 peer-reviewed research articles, books and book chapters. He serves as Editor to several journals such as Micro and Nano-Plastics in Environment: Risk, Mitigation, and Management (Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, IF 3.311), Observation and Modeling of Air Pollution (Sustainability, Impact Factor: 3.889), Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene (IF 6.053), Frontiers in Environmental Science (IF 5.411)—Crucial Air Quality, Atmospheric Environment and Climate Change in Low- and Middle-Income Countries, Frontiers in Environmental Engineering -Air Pollution Management and Arabian Journal of Geosciences. Ilker Ugulu Usak University, Usak, Turkey Dr. Ilker Ugulu has completed his Ph.D. at Dokuz Eylul University on Recycling Education. He is presently Associate Professor of Faculty of Education of Usak University. His research is situated in the fields of biology, ecology and environmental education. His research interests also cover several aspects across environmental pollution, mainly heavy metal pollution and solid waste management. He has more than 100 academic articles in reputed journals, more than 70 of which are covered by SCI.

Veysel Turan Bingol University, Turkey Veysel Turan is currently Associate Professor at Faculty of Agriculture, Bingöl, Türkiye. His research focuses on the interactions among Soil Science, Environmental Remediation, Food Chemistry, and Climate Change. His Google Scholar h-index is 38 and Web of Science ESI top papers is 13 as “highly cited papers” and 4 as “hot paper”. He was awarded an Excellence in Reviewing for the Journal of Environmental Management, Resources, Conservation and Recycling and Best Reviewer Award Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology in 2022.

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Jasper Knight University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa I am Geoscientist with research interests in the spatial and temporal variability in morphosedimentary system responses to rapid hemispheric-scale climatic and environmental changes during the late Pleistocene and Holocene. I focus thematically on glaciers, rivers, coasts, and mountains. I focus geographically on Africa, Ireland, northwest USA, Australia, the European Alps, and various places in Asia and South America.

Jesús Rodrigo-Comino University of Granada, Spain Ph.D. D.Eng. Jesús Rodrigo-Comino is Member of the Department of Regional and Physical Geography at the University of Granada (Spain). He completed his first Ph.D. in Geography at the University of Málaga (Spain) and Trier (Germany) in 2018 and the second one in the engineering of Geomatics and Topography at the Polytechnic University of Valencia (2023). His current research interests include soil geography, regional geography, and land degradation. He coordinates the Terra Lab 2 EGEMAP (Environmental Geography and Mapping) www.egemap.eu.

Haroun Chenchouni Higher National School of Forests, Khenchela, Algeria Dr. Haroun Chenchouni is Associate Professor and Research Scientist (Ecologist) at the Higher National School of Forests (Khenchela, Algeria). He is former Associate Professor at the University of Tebessa (Algeria). He holds a doctorate degree in Ecology and Environment from the University of Batna 2 (Algeria) and an M.Sc. (Magister) in Dryland Ecology from the University of Ouargla (Algeria). He graduated as Engineer in Plant Ecology and Forest Ecosystems from the Department of Biological Sciences (University of Batna, Algeria). His research interests are fairly broad; he uses statistical modeling approaches to understand how natural environments, mainly climatic and edaphic factors, and anthropogenic perturbations influence biological interactions, shape trends in population dynamics, and influence community diversity. He uses various biological models to investigate biological interactions and community ecology of arid and semiarid ecosystems of North Africa. At various universities in Algeria, he teaches forest ecology, biostatistics, and ecological modeling. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed publications and internationally recognized research papers. He is also involved in national and international research projects. In 2017, he joined the Arabian Journal of Geosciences (AJGS) as Associate Editor. Then in 2019, he was assigned as Chief Editor of Topic 2 (biogeochemistry, geobiology, geoecology, geoagronomy) to handle submissions dealing with various fields of biogeosciences, geoecology, climate change, plant and soil science, agricultural and forest environment, and environmental sciences.

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About the Editors

Ahmed E. Radwan Institute of geological sciences, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland Dr. Ahmed E. Radwan is Adjunct Professor at the Institute of Geological Sciences of the Jagiellonian University (Poland). Dr. Radwan has academic and industrial experience, since he obtained his Ph.D. in geophysics at Sohag University, Egypt, besides his proficient work in the oil and gas industry as Section Head at the exploration department of the Gulf of Suez petroleum company (Gupco), Egypt. As Post-doctoral Research Scientist, he attended Innsbruck University in Austria in 2019. In 2020, he joined the Jagiellonian University in Poland. Despite his youth, he has received numerous awards from international organizations such as the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS), the Geochemical Society (GS), the Clay Minerals Society (CMS), the Austrian Forschungsgemeinschaft (FG), the Narodowa Agencja Wymiany Akademickiej (NAWA), the Austrian Federal Ministry of Education, Science, and Research (BMBWF), and petroleum companies. Dr. Radwan has authored more than 100 papers in highly indexed international peer-reviewed journals, published four book chapters, and presented at numerous international conferences. Dr. Radwan is Associate Editor in Asian Earth Sciences, Marine and Petroleum Geology, Geoenergy Sciences and Engineering, Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology, The Geological Journal, Energy Geosciences, and Petroleum Research, in addition to being Editorial Board Member of Unconventional Resources. Dr. Radwan is Book Reviewer and Research Article Reviewer for several publishers and journals, and he organizes many special issues in different journals with the leading publishers. His research interests focused on multidisciplinary research integrating geosciences (geophysics, geochemistry, and geology), petroleum engineering, and reservoir engineering, as follows: (1) geology areas include: petroleum geology, reservoir characterization, sedimentology, facies analysis, depositional environment, diagenesis, paleoenvironment interpretations, subsurface analysis, basin analysis, reservoir quality, fluid flow, fractures, formation evaluation, and unconventional and conventional resources; (2) petroleum engineering (petroleum geomechanics, drilling, fluids, and casing design); (3) reservoir engineering (reservoir geology and geophysics, reservoir damage, production optimization, water flooding, stimulations, fluid flow, and enhanced recovery); (4) the geophysics fields of study (ex. formation evaluation, petrophysics, borehole geophysics, and rock typing); (5) geochemistry fields of study include geochemical characterization, basin modeling, petroleum systems, and isotope analysis; (6) petroleum geomechanics (pore pressure, wellbore stability, in-situ stress orientation, and magnitudes); (7) machine learning applications in the energy industry; and (8) energy storage.

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Amjad Kallel Sfax National School of Engineering, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia Dr. Amjad Kallel is currently Associate Professor of Environmental Geology at the Sfax National School of Engineers at the University of Sfax, Tunisia. He holds a B.Eng. in Georesources and Environment (1998) from the University of Sfax (Tunisia) and an M.Sc. degree and a Ph.D. degree in Georesources and Environment (2004) from Hokkaido University (Japan). He joined Venture Business Laboratory (VBL) at Akita University, Japan (2005–2006), as Researcher focusing on refining and recycling technologies for the recovery of rare elements from natural and secondary sources. On his return to Tunisia, he worked at the University of Gabes from 2006 to 2011, where he contributed to the elaboration of teaching programs at the Higher Institute of Water Sciences and Technologies of Gabes. Since 2011, he has joined the Sfax National School of Engineers. There, he has also been involved in various research projects related to Environmental Geology and Environmental Geotechnics. Dr. Kallel has co-organized many prestigious workshops, seminars, and international conferences. In 2016, Dr. Kallel joined the Arabian Journal of Geosciences (Springer) and the Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration (Springer) as Chief Editor and Managing Editor, respectively. Dionysia Panagoulia National Technical University of Athens, Greece Dr. Dionysia Panagoulia is Associate Professor at the National Technical University of Athens, Greece, with expertise in hydrology, hydroclimatology, and water systems. She is Author of more than 145 published research works, including being Co-editor of the book River Basin Management—Under a Changing Climate and lately has extended her research work to water economics theory and complex time/dark matter approaches. She has over 30 years of research experience in floods and their risk and hazard, extreme events, precipitation, global climate contribution to local climate, climate change, low flows, droughts, maximum/minimum temperatures, sediment transport, groundwater/streamflow interaction, ANN, WEF Nexus, and water economics and management. She has cooperated in joint research with the University of Stuttgart, Germany; CNRS Laboratory of Oceanology and Geosciences Wimereux, France; Wageningen University, Netherlands; and McGill University, Canada. She was/is Member of twelve scientific societies, Reviewer and Guest Editor for thirty-two international journals, and Recipient of the 2018 Outstanding Reviewer Award from Water MDPI.

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About the Editors

Carla Candeias GeoBioTec, Geosciences Department, University of Aveiro, Portugal Carla Candeias is Researcher at GeoBioTec Research Centre, Geosciences Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; [email protected], Researcher ID: A-2521-2014/Scopus: 37062910200/Ciencia ID: D912-6FC4-79CC/ORCID: 0000-00016664-8545 Keywords: Medical geology, water and sediment quality, soil quality, air quality, indoor and outdoor dust, pelotherapy, environmental geochemistry, human health risk assessment, epidemiology, geophagy students’ supervisor. Carla Candeias is Member of international and national projects, including as PI. She is Member of scientific and organizing committees of international conferences. Knowledge dissemination in the scientific and social communities. She is Editor of books and special issues. She published papers indexed on Science Citation Index, e.g.: (1) Carla Candeias, Paula Ávila, Cristina Sequeira, Albuquerque Manuel, Fernando Rocha (2022). Potentially toxic elements dynamics in the soil rhizosphericplant system in the active volcano of Fogo (Cape Verde) and interactions with human health. Catena 209(1), 105843, doi: 10.1016/j. catena.2021.105843. (2) Lara Almeida, Fernando Rocha, Carla Candeias (2022). Geochemical and mineralogical characterization of Ria de Aveiro (Portugal) saltpan sediments for pelotherapy application. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, doi: 10.1007/s10653022-01407-5. (3) Archi Mishra, Shamsh Pervez, Madhuri Verma, Carla Candeias, et al. (2023). Chemical fractionation of particulatebound metal(loid)s to evaluate its bioavailable fractions, sources and assessment of associated cancer risk. Science of the Total Environment, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159516. (4) Retshepile Evelyn Malepe, Carla Candeias, Hassina Mouri (2023). Geophagy and its potential human health implications—A review of South African cases. Journal of African Earth Sciences, doi: 10.1016/j.jafrearsci. 2023.104848. (5) Bernardino Bernardo, Carla Candeias, Fernando Rocha (2022). Soil properties and environmental risk assessment of soils in the surrounding area of Hulene-B waste dump, Maputo (Mozambique). Journal of Environmental Earth Sciences 81:542, doi: 10.1007/s12665-022-10672-7. Projects, e.g., (1) European Commission/Directorate-General for Research and Innovation Grant Agreement with European Plate Observing System—European Research Infrastructure Consortium (EPOS ERIC) and other beneficiaries (number 871121—EPOS SP—H2020-INFRADEV-20182020/2020-INFRADEV-2019-2). Key Researcher, responsible for the Environmental Geology and Medical Geology studies. (2) FIRE—Fogo Island volcano: multidisciplinary Research on 2014 Eruption. FCT (PTDC/GEO-GEO/1123/2014). Task 9 Coordinator. (3) COST Action IS1408, Industrially Contaminated Sites and Health Network (ICSHNet). Project Member. (4) Scientific Cooperation Agreement Portugal and Poland, Waters Geochemical evolution in abandoned mining areas in Portugal and Poland. Funding FCT 31027/2014. Project Member. (5) Wireless sensors network as a base solution for environmental water quality assessment and monitoring. Funding OHM/CNRS (France), competitive call. Project Coordinator.

About the Editors

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Arkoprovo Biswas Banaras Hindu University, India Dr. Arkoprovo Biswas is Assistant Professor at the Department of Geology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi. He received his B.Sc. (2002) in Geology from Presidency College, University of Calcutta, M.Sc. (2004) in Geological Science, M.Tech. (2006) in Earth and Environmental Science from IIT Kharagpur, and P.G. Diploma (2009) in Petroleum Exploration from Annamalai University. He joined Geostar Surveys India Pvt. Ltd. as Geophysicist in 2006 and later joined WesternGeco Electromagnetics, Schlumberger, as On-Board Data Processing Field Engineer/Geophysicist in 2007 and served there till 2008. In 2013, he received his Ph.D. in Exploration Geophysics from IIT Kharagpur. Later, he joined the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, as Visiting Faculty in 2014 and completed his tenure in 2015. He again joined the Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology (WIHG) Dehradun in 2016 as Research Associate, and later he joined BHU in October 2017. He is Experienced Geophysicist with research interests in Near Surface Geophysics, Integrated Electrical and Electromagnetic Methods, Geophysical Inversion, Mineral, and Groundwater Exploration and Subsurface Contamination. He has published more than 50 papers on theoretical modeling, inversion, and application in practical geoscience problems in peer-reviewed international and national journals and 6 book chapters. He also published two edited books with Springer on Advances in Modeling and Interpretation in Near Surface Geophysics and Self-Potential Method: Theoretical Modeling and Applications in Geosciences. Dr. Biswas received the Prestigious M. S. Krishnan Medal of the Indian Geophysical Union (IGU), Hyderabad, for the year 2019 and the B. C. Patnaik Memorial Gold Medal from the Society of Geoscientists and Allied Technologists (SGAT), Bhubaneshwar, Odisha, India, in 2019. He is also Life Fellow of the Geological Society of India and International Science Congress Association, Fellow of the Society of Earth Scientists, Life Member of the Indian Geophysical Union, and Active Member of the Society of Exploration Geophysicist, USA. He is Editor of the Journal Results in Earth Sciences as well as Associate Editor of the International Journal of Geophysics, Results in Geophysical Sciences, Contributions to Geophysics and Geodesy, Journal of Earth System Sciences, Arabian Journal of Geosciences, and Spatial Information Research. Dr. Biswas is also Member of the International Editorial Advisory Board of Natural Resources Research and Bitlis Eren University Journal of Science and Technology.

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Helder I. Chaminé School of Engineering of Porto (ISEP), Portugal Helder I. Chaminé is Skilled Geologist (B.Sc., Ph.D., D.Sc.) and Professor of engineering geosciences at the School of Engineering (ISEP) of the Polytechnic of Porto, Portugal, with over 33 years of experience in multidisciplinary geosciences research and practice. Before joining the academy in 2001, he worked for over 13 years on international and national projects for mining hydrogeomechanics and geology, structural geology mapping, applied mineralogy, rock engineering, exploration geology, and groundwater. His major research interests are GIS mapping techniques for applied geology, geotechnics and natural hazards, engineering geosciences and hydrogeomechanics, hard-rock hydrogeology, urban groundwater, water resources, and thermal waters management. He has interests in geomining heritage, geoethics, history of cartography, military geosciences, higher education dissemination, and geoprofessional core values. Presently, he is Head of the Laboratory of Cartography and Applied Geology (LABCARGA| ISEP), Senior Researcher at Centre GeoBioTec|U. Aveiro and Centre IDL|U. Lisbon, as well as belongs to the executive board of the M.Sc. Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering program (OE+EUR-ACE Label) and the Department of Geotechnical Engineering (ISEP). Furthermore, he was Consultant and or responsible for over 70 projects of applied geology, hydrogeomechanics, slope geotechnics, mining geology, exploration hydrogeology, hard-rock hydrogeology, water resources, urban groundwater, and applied mapping (Mozambique, Portugal, and Spain). He has co-authored over 220 publications in indexed journals, conference proceedings/full papers, book chapters, and technical and professional papers. He co-edited over 16 special volumes (journals and Springer Series Books) and is presently editing topical collections for several international journals. He serves as Associate Editor (SN Applied Sciences, Discover Water, Arabian Journal of Geosciences, Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration) and on the editorial or advisory boards (Mediterranean Geoscience Reviews, Geotechnical Research ICE, Journal of Geoethics and Social Geosciences, Cadernos do Laboratório Xeolóxico de Laxe, Revista Geotecnia SPG, Geología Aplicada a la Ingeniería y al Ambiente ASAGAI). He also served as Associate Editor in the Hydrogeology Journal. In addition, he has a broad activity as Reviewer for several international journals. In 2021, the journal SN Applied Sciences awarded him an outstanding Guest Editor and Editorial Board Member. In addition, he integrates as Moderator or Session Chair in several conferences, workshops, and meetings. He is Vice-President of the Portuguese Chapter of the International Association of Hydrogeologists (IAH) and Deputy Secretary of the Technical Commission of Environmental Geotechnics from the Portuguese Geotechnical Society (SPG). Furthermore, he served as Invited Expert Evaluator of the Bologna Geoscience program for DGES (Portugal) and Scientific Projects Evaluation for NCST, 2017–2019 (Kazakhstan), and NRF|RISA, 2019 (South Africa), as well as Coordinator of

About the Editors

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“Geology on Summer/Ciência Viva” program at ISEP (2005–2019) for geoscience dissemination. He has also been active in teaching and supervising many Ph.D., M.Sc., and undergraduate students. Matteo Gentilucci University of Camerino, School of Science and Technology, Geology division, Camerino, Italy Matteo Gentilucci had his B.Sc. degree in “Geological Sciences” from University of Camerino, Italy, in 2009 and then earned M.Sc. degree in 2012 from University of Camerino, Italy, in “Geoenvironmental Resources and Risks”. He earned a first-level master’s degree in GIS for the governance of the territory in 2012 and a Ph.D. in “Sciences and technology: Earth Science” from the University of Camerino in 2017. From February 2017 to October 2018, he is Researcher at the Experimental Geophysical Observatory of Macerata, and in 2018, he became Honorary Fellow in Advanced GIS. In 2018 and 2019, he is Contract Professor of the University of Camerino. Since 2022, he has been Researcher at the University of Camerino and holds courses in meteorology, climatology, and GIS. He is Editorial Board Member of the Journal of Experimental Sciences, of the Journal Sustainability, of the Arabian Journal of Geosciences, and of the International Research Conference Committee. He is Author of numerous articles in international journals. Dr. Matteo Gentilucci is involved in numerous research projects related to climate. The main topics of interest and expertise are: geographic information systems applied to the environment, relationship between climate and phenology, climate change, global warming, and extreme events. https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri? authorId=57201441740 Mourad Bezzeghoud School of Sciences and Technology, University of Évora, Portugal Mourad Bezzeghoud is Full Professor at the Physics Department of the School of Sciences and Technology and Researcher at the Institute of Space and Earth Sciences, University of Évora. He was in charge of several positions of responsibility in several institutions as, i.e., Founder and Director of the Department for Study and Seismic Monitoring of CRAAG (Algiers, Algeria), Director of the School of Sciences and Technology (University of Évora, Portugal), or Member of the Management Council of the University of Évora. Presently, he is President of the Scientific Council of the School of Sciences and Technology (University of Évora) and Coordinator of the Institute of Space and Earth Sciences (University of Évora). He has published dozens of articles in specialized revues and journals and several books and chapters in book. He works in the area of Earth Sciences (Solid Earth Geophysics) with an emphasis in Seismology. He interacted with more than 200 collaborators in co-authorship of scientific works. In his curriculum Ciência Vitae (FCT, Portugal: https://www. cienciavitae.pt//9715-98D9-D5BB), the most frequent terms in the context of scientific and technological production are: earthquake seismology, seismic source, historical and instrumental

xl

About the Editors

seismicity, focal mechanisms, earth’s crust structure, seismotectonics, strong ground motion modeling, seismic network, seismic hazard along the Western part of the Eurasia-Nubia plate boundary, and muography as a new tool for geophysics. Zeynal Abiddin Ergüler Kutahya Dumlupinar University, Geological Engineering Department, Kutahya, Turkey Prof. Dr. Zeynal Abiddin Ergüler is Full Professor in the geological engineering department at Kutahya Dumlupinar University (Turkey). Dr. Ergüler holds a B.Sc. (1998), an M.Sc. (2001), and a Ph.D. degree (2007) in Geological Engineering from Hacettepe University (Turkey). His research interests mainly focus on rock mechanics, engineering geology, environmental geology, and soil mechanics. His current investigation is to understand and model the thermo-hydro-mechanical behavior of shale rocks in the area of shale gas production. In addition to performing many types of research and industry-funded projects, he has also taught and supervised undergraduate and graduate students. In 2017, Dr. Ergüler joined the Arabian Journal of Geosciences (AJGS) as Editor responsible for evaluating submissions in the fields of rock mechanics, engineering geology, environmental geology, and soil mechanics.

Environmental Earth Sciences

Analysis of Hazardous Plastic Waste Generated During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Lithuania Laima Česonienė, Raimonda Simanavičiūtė, and Daiva Šileikienė

Abstract

Keywords

The aim of this study was to evaluate the wearing habits of face masks in Lithuania during the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic around the world, disposable face masks have begun to be used as a precautionary measure to slow down the spread of the virus. This led to an unprecedented increase in the production of personal protective equipment and, unfortunately, a new form of environmental pollution due to improper disposal. This survey allows us to better analyze a new potential source of pollution in Lithuania and evaluate the amount of hazardous plastic waste generated during the COVID-19 pandemic. During this survey, we used questionnaire method, and the results of the study were evaluated statistically using the program Statistica. The sample of this survey is representative and reached amount of randomly selected 1753 respondents. It was found that individuals who most often wore masks where they are mandatory. Often the respondent who purchased medical masks does not know if they are certified, most often the masks are purchased at the pharmacy and are usually changed after each working day. The results obtained speak of a lack of information on how masks should be disposed, and they are thrown together with household waste into a container of mixed municipal waste. Results show that 2 million adult residents living in Lithuania during the pandemic period potentially generated about 15.24 tons of hazardous plastic waste. If all residents would use one disposable mask, about 5.5 tons of plastic waste would be generated per day. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, so many used disposable face masks are released uncontrollably into the environment, as most users have little information on how to dispose of them safely.

COVID-19

L. Česonienė (&)
R. Simanavičiūtė
D. Šileikienė Vytautas Magnus University Agriculture Academy, Studentų Str. 11, Akademija, Kaunas District, Lithuania e-mail: [email protected]

1




Face mask




Plastic waste




Pandemic

Introduction

The outbreak of COVID-19 disease (coronavirus infection) caused by the global spread of the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has led to a pandemic which caused unprecedented number of cases of illness and deaths. The prevailing versions of the COVID-19 disease (coronavirus infection) virus (Kumar et al., 2022) have led to 622 million confirmed cases of the disease including 6.54 million deaths worldwide since the beginning of the pandemic in 2019 (WHO, 2022). Social, psychological and economic lives were encountered by threat in a globalized world (Esmaeilzadeh, 2022). The World Health Organization and public health organizations have recommended to reduce the spread of this virus through wearing face masks or other types of face coverings (Wang et al., 2022). Therefore, as an economically accessible and important tool for managing the pandemic, the mandatory of wearing masks in places of gathering of people, retail chains and even in public spaces has been introduced (Kumar et al., 2022). As the pandemic outbreak continues, daily demand for face masks has reached historic heights. The aim of the work is to assess the habits of wearing face masks in Lithuania during the COVID-19 pandemic and to calculate the potentially generated amounts of hazardous plastic waste.

2

Methods

In order to determine the amounts of plastic waste generated during the COVID-19 pandemic in Lithuania, a questionnaire test method was carried out between November 2021 and

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024 A. Çiner et al. (eds.), Recent Research on Environmental Earth Sciences, Geomorphology, Soil Science and Paleoenvironments, Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48754-5_1

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L. Česonienė et al.

4

April 2022 and was posted on the “Apklausa.lt” website. The link to the questionnaire was distributed among employees of municipalities of the Republic of Lithuania, members of the academic community and random individuals. The sample of this survey reached the amount of 1753 respondents. Analyzing the habits of wearing face protection products in Lithuania, it is estimated that at the beginning of 2021, 2 million 795.7 thousand permanent residents lived in Lithuania. In order for the survey to be representative and reliable with a margin of error of 5%, 400 Lithuanian residents must be interviewed in the survey (n = 1/(0.0025 + 1/2795700). For the calculation of the correlation coefficient and the compilation of the regression equation (by which it is possible to predict the potential amount of hazardous plastic waste during the pandemic period), the program Statistica-8 was applied.

3

Results

3.1 Habits of Wearing Face Masks in Lithuania During the COVID-19 Pandemic During the study, respondents answered questions related to the habits of wearing facial masks during the pandemic. As the survey data had showed, as many as 95.14% of those who responded wear face masks where they belong. And only a small percentage of respondents do not wear it— 6.6%. Lithuanian residents were responsible during the pandemic, wearing face protection. In order to predict what amounts of hazardous plastic waste were generated, we further analyzed the data of the questionnaire, which will reveal the habits of wearing face protection products in Lithuania. The following was found that 92% of survey participants wore medical masks, 3% prefer wearing disposable non-medical face masks, 2.4% gather choosing respirators, and 1.5% other and 1.8% select reusable fabric face masks. Then, results show that face masks are purchased in pharmacies—36%; in supermarkets—30%; online from Lithuania—12%; and online from abroad suppliers— 3%. Also, 8% of those surveyed are provided by relatives, and as many as 9.5% of those surveyed said that they are provided with disposable face masks by their employers. As the more, our investigation shows that the largest number of Lithuanian citizens purchase certified face masks—44%; uncertified—13.26%; and those who do not know if they are purchasing certified face masks—43.95%. In order to that the frequent responders do not know if the face masks are certified because they are not interested. Then, survey results identify that most of Lithuanian citizens do not know what type when purchasing respirators—50.78%; FFP2— 28.20%; KN95—14.83%; and FFP3—4.52%. These results show that most often it is not known which respirator is

chosen, and citizens when purchasing disposable face masks do not know what type of face masks they acquire—77.24%. Respondents who prefer Type II of face masks—12.22%; 9.03% for Type II; and 3.24% select Type I effectiveness of face masks. This study also analyzed the habits of replacement of face masks. Survey data shows that most often face masks are changed after each working day—42%; every 3– 4 h, only 21% of survey participants change their face masks. Only 4% of those surveyed specify that they change their face masks every 1–2 h. However, 12% of those surveyed change their face masks when it wears out, and 8% of those answered that they use a new face mask after a week of wearing the same mask. About 9% of interviewers claim that when the mask gets wet it is replaced with a new one. Further on, the study sought to determine the management of waste generated from protective face masks. It was determined that 59% of respondents throw used face masks together with household waste into a container of mixed municipal waste, not packed in a bag. About 33% disposes of it together with household waste in a container of mixed municipal waste, packed in a bag. Other responses were arranged that loses somewhere—1%; the other—6% refers that they burn in furnace waste of face masks; and others throw in paper waste containers. Also, 61% of respondents said they did not have enough information where they need to throw away used face masks. Eventually the data survey shows that Lithuanian citizens do not know where to put used disposable face masks. Only 38% of surveyed participants indicated that they have enough knowledge where used disposable face masks should be carried out. The questionnaire survey obtained data on the purchase volumes of disposable masks. About 43% of the respondents purchased 200 units and more, 21% purchased 101–200 units, and 12% purchased up to 50 units. The results are shown in Fig. 1. Due to the rapid spread of the delta variant of the coronavirus in Lithuania, for which a shorter time is enough to transmit a smaller amount of the virus, it was decided to tighten the procedure for wearing protective face masks in public places and, from November 15, 2021, to abandon the use of cloth and self-made face protection equipment. This increased the amount of disposable medical masks purchased. Based on the data obtained, a scattering chart is drawn up and a regressive equation is compiled, according to which it is possible to predict the amount of disposable face masks purchased, depending on the number of inhabitants. The results are shown in Fig. 2. According to the data obtained, a regressive equation is formed. Acquired number of disposable masks = 25.1004 + 2.8477  number of people in units. According to the formula, it is possible to predict the amount of purchased disposable face masks, depending on the number of inhabitants. The results show that 2 million adult residents living in

Analysis of Hazardous Plastic Waste Generated During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Lithuania Amount of disposable face masks purchased, pcs.= 25.1004+2.8477*x; 0.95 Conf.Int. Amount of disposable face masks purchased, pcs.

Fig. 1 Scatterplot of the quantity of disposable face masks purchased by number of people

5

320 300 280 260 240 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Number of people, pcs.

Fig. 2 Amount of plastic waste generated from disposable face masks during the pandemic

Lithuania possibly purchased 5,589,620 units disposable face masks. One disposable face mask weighs approximately 2.7274 g. In order that, results show that 2 million adult residents living in Lithuania during the pandemic period potentially generated about 15.24 tons of hazardous plastic waste.

4

Conclusions

Finally, it was found that residents who purchased medical masks do not know if they are certified, most often the masks are purchased at the pharmacy and are usually changed after each working day. The results obtained speak of a lack of information on how masks should be disposed safely. The results show that 2 million adult residents living in Lithuania during the pandemic period potentially generated about 15.24 tons of hazardous plastic waste.

References Esmaeilzadeh, P. (2022). Public concerns and burdens associated with face mask-wearing: Lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic. Progress Disaster Science, 13, 100215. Kumar, A., Kalia, A., & Kalia, A. (2022). ETL-YOLO v4: A face mask detection algorithm in era of COVID-19 pandemic. Optik (stuttg), 259, 169051. Wang, G., Li, J., Saberian, M., Rahat, M. H. H., Massarra, C., Buckhalter, C., Farrington, J., Collins, T., & Johnson, J. (2022). Use of COVID-19 single-use face masks to improve the rutting resistance of asphalt pavement. Science of the Total Environment, 826, 154118. WHO. (2022). Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard, https://covid19.who. int/?msclkid=f49ca3b5c54911ec9f5e417c880e6ac1. Last accessed 23 Oct 2022.

Microfibers Contents in High Mountain Salty Springs Elisabet Playà, Irene Cantarero, Juan Diego Martín-Martín, Cristina Gaya, Vinyet Baqués, Montserrat Saludas, and Anna Travé

from anthropic pollution, such as high mountain salt springs. Such fibers are finally incorporated to commercial Table Salts produced in the local non-marine saltworks.

Abstract

Microfibers (MF) are unfortunately present in natural systems, and characterization of such pollution must be considered as a global health question. We have studied the content in MF in a high salinity spring in the Pyrenees (NE Iberian Peninsula). The salty composition of the water is sourced from fluids circulating in aquifers with Triassic evaporitic units. The water samples are from the spring and from evaporation ponds where the brine is conducted and where it has been historically evaporated to produce Table Salt. Brines have been carefully sampled and filtered following all the necessary requirements to avoid any potential MF additional contamination. We have done a manual counting of the number of fibers and their colors. Unexpectedly, all the analyzed brines have significant contents in MF (nor other anthropic particles are present), which do not correspond to particles of sediment dragged, but to anthropic contamination. The brine from the spring has an average concentration of 50 MF/L, and in evaporation ponds, it increases to 120 MF/L. The colors of the most common MF are black, blue, and white-transparent. Red and green can also be relevant. The origin of these fibers in non-marine brines is totally anthropic and may have originated from: (i) the contamination of the upper aquifer itself that has incorporated these particles into its circuit and (ii) the aerial fall of particles, which is more evident in the evaporation stages. Results suggest that the presence of MF is ubiquitous and are even found in unexpected geological environments and apparently disconnected

E. Playà
I. Cantarero
J. D. Martín-Martín
C. Gaya
V. Baqués
M. Saludas
A. Travé (&) Departament de Mineralogia, Petrologia I Geología Aplicada, Facultat de Ciències de La Terra, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), c/Martí i Franquès S/N, 08028 Barcelona, Spain e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords








Microfibers Salty water Anthropic pollution Non-marine saltworks Evaporites

1




Introduction

Microfibers (MF) are unfortunately present in natural systems, and characterization of such pollution must be considered as a global health question. MF can be organic, semi-organic, and plastic (thus being a type of microplastic, MP). Although low, presence of MP in drinking water from groundwater sources has been reported by Mintenig et al. (2019), in the so-called Hydrogeoplastic Model [2 and references therein].

2

Materials and Methods

We have studied the content in MF in a high salinity spring from Cambrils del Pirineu (Pyrenees, NE Spain; Fig. 1). The sampling includes brines from the spring (samples 1, 2, and 3, collected in October 2021) and from evaporation ponds (samples 4 and 5, collected in July 2021) where the brine has been historically evaporated to produce Table Salt (brine is conducted to the ponds). Al least, 1L of solution was stored in clean glass bottles. Bulk salinity of solutions was measured in-situ using a hand-refractometer. Salty solutions were filtered (0.45 µm pore membrane filters) in a laminar flow. All used materials and the workplace were cleaned, following the thorough protocol suggested by Schymanski et al. (2021). The number of MF was counted by means of a

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024 A. Çiner et al. (eds.), Recent Research on Environmental Earth Sciences, Geomorphology, Soil Science and Paleoenvironments, Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48754-5_2

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E. Playà et al.

Fig. 1 Geological location (Cambrils del Pirineu, Pyrenees, NE Spain). Modified from Vergés (1993)

binocular magnifier. In addition, the color of all MF was identified and quantified, choosing a simplified list of colors after (Martí et al., 2020).

3

ponds, it increases to nearly 120 MF/L (varying between 25 and 37 MF/L). The colors of the most common MF are black, blue, and white-transparent, but red and green can be relevant (Table 1).

Results 4

Highly saline water outcrops nearly saturated in NaCl (250 gNaCl/kg), and brines in the evaporation ponds only need one day to reach NaCl precipitation (>260 gNaCl/kg). The salty composition of the spring is sourced from fluids circulating in aquifers with Triassic evaporitic units (halite-sulfates, calcium carbonates, and clays). All the analyzed samples have significant contents in non-geologic components, which are MF of several colors (Fig. 2). Other components are lithoclasts or mineral particles (quartz, clays, calcite, …) and organic components (foraminifera, insect fragments, …). The brine from the spring has an average concentration of 50 MF/L (ranging from 24 to 65 MF/L), and in evaporation

Discussion

The origin of these fibers in mountain brines is anthropic. The salty source may have mainly originated from the contamination of the aquifer itself that has incorporated these particles into its upper circuit. Aerial fall of particles during samples collection is not considered, as sampling has been done without aerial contact of water. Additionally, contribution of the underground pipe is rejected, as salty water outcrops directly from host rocks after few meters of a brick channelization. Such brines are conducted tens of meters through open wood channels until the evaporation ponds in the

Fig. 2 Photomicrographs of different black a, transparent b, and orange (b, c) microfibers (MF) in studied brines

Microfibers Contents in High … Table 1 Microfibers (MF) contents (in MF/L) and percentage of MF colors in salty source water and evaporated brines from salt ponds in non-marine saltworks

9 Sample

1

Gray (%)

0.0

3

4 0.0

5 0.0

Mean value (%) 0.0

0.0

Green (%)

10.4

13.7

10.0

2.3

1.8

7.6

Blue (%)

27.1

32.9

11.7

14.0

32.7

23.7

Violet (%)

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Magenta (%)

0.0

1.4

1.7

1.2

2.4

1.3

Pink (%)

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

1.2

0.2

Red (%)

18.8

8.2

11.7

12.8

3.0

10.9

Orange (%)

0.0

0.0

0.0

3.5

19.4

4.6

Brown (%)

2.1

4.1

6.7

8.1

0.0

4.2

Yellow (%)

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.6

0.1

Black (%)

18.8

28.8

38.9

20.9

13.3

24.1 23.3

Transparent/white (%)

22.9

11.0

20.0

37.2

25.5

MF concentration (MF/L)

23.7

64.7

61.3

84.3

154.0

non-marine saltworks, where commercial Table Salts are produced. Increase of MF contents in salt ponds is mainly related to increase of salinity due to water evaporation by sun exposure. Thus, the origins of these MF in the brines from the evaporation ponds are: (i) those coming from precursor brine, (ii) the aerial fall of particles due to increase of exposure brine surface, including possible contaminations during salt extraction, and (iii) particles coming from the last tens of meters of channels before the ponds (consisting of a polypropylene (PP) hose). MF presence in marine and non-marine Table Salts has been reported by Lee et al. (2021), among many others, but is it not widely studied in non-marine brines or even in non-marine saltworks. Colors of MF are similar of those from seawater (Martí et al., 2020) and raw and drinking water (Mintenig et al., 2019), although blue and black MF are more abundant in studied non-marine brines and (Mintenig et al., 2019) deduced that these fibers were introduced during sample handling.

5

2 0.0

Conclusions

Results indicate the MF even found in unexpected geological environments and apparently disconnected from anthropic pollution, such as high mountain salt springs, of relatively deep circulation. Such fibers are finally incorporated to commercial Table Salts produced in the local non-marine saltworks by brine solar evaporation.

Acknowledgements The research is under the frame of the DGICYT PID2021-122467NB-C22, PGC2018-093903-B-C22 (MICINN/https:// doi.org/10.13039/501100011033/FEDER) PID2020-118999GB-I00, and 2021 SGR-Cat 00349 (Sedimentary Geology Research Group).

References Lee, H. J., Song, N. S., Kim, J. S., & Kim, S. K. (2021). Variation and uncertainty of microplastics in commercial table salts: Critical review and validation. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 402, 123743. Martí, E., Martin, C., Galli, M., Echevarría, F., Duarte, C. M., & Cózar, A. (2020). The colors of the ocean plastics. Environmental Science and Technology, 54, 6594–6601. Mintenig, S. M., Löder, M. G. J., Primpke, S., & Gerdts, G. (2019). Low numbers of microplastics detected in drinking water from ground water sources. Science of the Total Environment, 648, 631–635. Schymanski, D., Oßmann, B. E., Benismail, N., Boukerma, K., Dallmann, G., von der Esch, E., Fischer, D., Fischer, F., Gilliland, D., Glas, K., Hofmann, T., Käppler, A., Lacorte, S., Marco, J., Rakwe, M. E., Weisser, J., Witzig, C., Zumbülte, N., & Ivleva, N. P. (2021). Analysis of microplastics in drinking water and other clean water samples with micro-Raman and micro-infrared spectroscopy: Minimum requirements and best practice guidelines. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 413, 5969–5994. Vergés, J. (1993). Estudi Geològic Del Vessant Sud Del Pirineu Oriental I Central.Evolució Cinemàtica En 3 D. Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. PhD Thesis (p. 203). Viaroli, S., Lancia, M., & Re, V. (2022). Microplastics contamination of groundwater: Current evidence and future perspectives. A review. Science of the Total Environment, 824, 153851.

Detection of Macro Marine Litter Along a Coastal Spit Using UAV Images Corinne Corbau and Umberto Simeoni

Abstract

Keywords

Marine litter (ML) abundance has been increasing globally and is recognized as one of the main socio-economic and environmental concerns. Monitoring operations have been realized worldwide in order to collect information on the types, quantities, and distribution of marine debris or to assess the efficiency of mitigation measures. The traditional beach monitoring using 100 m stretch is generally used, but such approach is generally considered as time consuming. In addition, the results generally present a high spatio-temporal variability. In this study, we used UAV images to map (visual screening) the presence of ML on a coastal spit in the northern part of the Po Delta. We used two classes of items, which are well-identified items and non-identified items. The UAV images also provide geomorphological and habitat information. Our results show that macro-litter items are present all over the system (from the beach to the lagoon) and suggest different scenarios of plastic debris accumulation. Indeed, ML are mainly concentrated in the beach wrack, dunes, and saltmarshes highlighting the role of the vegetation in trapping ML. Moreover, ML will most probably remain trapped by the saltmarsh vegetation, while cleaning operations may remove the ML present in the beach wrack. The accumulation of floating debris in coastal dunes is mostly driven by alongshore currents and wave set up in the nearshore area, while tidal currents may be responsible for the presence of ML in the salt marsh. Finally, considering that coastal management scenarios and decisions rely on numerical models that can predict best practices for coastal sustainability, our results might help local agencies and stakeholders to manage coastal environments.

Marinelitter distribution Eco-geomorphological factors Coastal spit Fishing activities Delta Po lagoon

C. Corbau (&)
U. Simeoni CURSA—Consorzio Universitario Per La Ricerca Soioeconmica E Per L’Ambiente, 00187 Roma, Italy e-mail: [email protected]




1










Introduction

Marine litter (ML) represents a severe worldwide threat to marine ecosystems considering its abundance and persistence in marine environments (United Nations Environment Programme, 2021; Werner, 2018). It consists of a wide range of materials, but plastic litter is the most abundant type of material, accounting for between 60 and 95% of the global ocean ML (Barnes et al., 2009; UNEP Marine Litter, 2005) representing around 75–199 million tons (Barnes et al., 2009; United Nations Environment Programme, 2021). In addition, it is foreseen that the amount of plastic waste entering aquatic ecosystems could nearly triple from some 9–14 million tons per year in 2016 to a projected 23–37 million tons per year by 2040 if nothing is done (1). Waste management infrastructure should be improved to reduce the quantity of land-based macroplastic waste entering in the ocean (Jambeck et al., 2015). On the other hand, sources of sea-based macroplastics are dominated by the fisheries sectors (representing up to 10% of global ML by volume) followed by aquaculture, shipping and off-shore industry, and ship-based tourism (UNEP, 2009). Moreover, as reported by Chung-Ling Chen and Liu (2013), the cumulative input from fishing vessels may be considerable, especially in areas with heavy fishing activities, taking into account the huge number of vessels operating in the world’s oceans and seas. Furthermore, the commonest method to characterize ML is the visual survey and litter collection. As a consequence, such studies are mainly performed on easily accessible beaches, while remote beaches are less studied. Our objectives were: (1) to assess the potential of unmanned aerial

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024 A. Çiner et al. (eds.), Recent Research on Environmental Earth Sciences, Geomorphology, Soil Science and Paleoenvironments, Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48754-5_3

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C. Corbau and U. Simeoni

drone to monitor non-accessible coastal areas, (2) to detect the presence of ML along the spit of Bocassette (Delta Po, Italy), and (3) to propose ideas for monitoring activities.

2

Study Area: The Barbamarco Lagoon and Bocassette Spit

The lagoon of Barbamarco is located in the northern part of the Po delta (Northern Adriatic, Italy) and has a triangular covering of about 800 ha. The lagoon is separated from the sea by two spits and a barrier island. Our study focuses on the northern spit—Scanno di Bocassette (Fig. 1). The hydrodynamics is mainly forced by the tide and is locally enhanced by riverine inputs and wind (Hydrodynamics of the Po River-Delta-Sea System, 2018). Regarding the socio-economic activities, the study area is characterized by intense anthropic activities related to shellfish farming, aquaculture, fishing, and more recently fishing tourism, while onshore agriculture is the main activity.

3

Methods

The beach litter remote survey (covering an area of about 0.8 km2) was performed in December 2019 using a DJI Phantom 4 Pro Obsidian DJI with a high-resolution camera (20

MPixel). Details regarding the UAV procedure used (flight and images’ processing) can be found in Taddia et al. (2021). Successively, the presence of macro-litter was determined on 10 polygons (50 m wide) drawn in Arcgis Pro (Fig. 1) through (i) visual observation to map the geomorphological sectors and features of the spit and (ii) screening on the orthophotograph to mark the ML items using a method similar to Taddia et al. (2021) with two levels of confidence (I—very likely, and II—possible). Successively, we decided to focus on the presence of fishing boxes because they are easily identifiable. This analysis covered all the Bocassette spit (9 km long) from the shoreline to the lagoon.

4

The results of the land use cover show a variable spatial distribution and indicate that the spit may be divided in four main zones: (1) beach including beach wrack (21%, from ± 10 m to more than 30 m), (2) dune system (29%), (3) fixed grassland (14%), and 4) salt marsh (20%). Washovers have also been observed in the northern and southern part of the spit, representing about 6% of the land use. In total, 1449 debris items have been observed in the ten polygons, with a density ranging from 0017 to 0057 debris/m2 without considering forests and shrubs since visual observations are not possible. The longshore distribution of the ML is variable with a higher density in the northern part compared to the central part. Cross-shore ML items were also mostly found in the beach wrack, vegetated dune systems, and saltmarsh. Most of the items were not identified, and white items, most probably polystyrene boxes and fragments, were found in all polygons. In addition, 1336 fishing boxes were identified along the spit (Fig. 1). Their longshore distribution reveals that fishing boxes were more frequent on the two extremities, while their cross-shore distribution indicates that they were mostly found on the coastal side compared to the lagoon side.

5

Fig. 1 Study area: the lagoon of Barbamarco and the spit of Bocassette

Results

Discussion

As reported in the literature, identifying risk hotspots for ML is important (GESAMP, 2016), and in agreement with other studies, ML were identified everywhere on the surveyed spit: from the shoreline, left from waves and tides; to the saltmarsh, likely carried there from storm tides, winds, or currents. Moreover, the ML distribution and abundance along

Detection of Macro Marine Litter Along a Coastal Spit Using UAV Images

the spit seem strongly related to the interactions between eco-geomorphological factors and hydrodynamic conditions. In particular, the vegetation appears to act as a trap. Therefore, our study confirms the advantages in using UAVs especially for remote area or non-easily accessible area in order to further understand the pattern of ML aggregation. Our study also suggests that fishing and/or aquaculture activities are an important source of ML in this area, where tourism is almost irrelevant. Such results are in agreement with other studies (Wilcox et al., 2015) reporting the role of local fisheries on coastal ecosystems by creating and dispersing marine debris. As a consequence, good management strategies should be developed with the collaboration of local fishery communities and scientists to reduce ML release from their sources.

6

Conclusions

Our study confirms the possibility to assess the potential of UAVs for detecting ML in remote area. Indeed, our results confirm the he presence of ML and in particular of fishing boxes in remote area, most probably related to the local fishing economy. The presence of such items represents a potential threat for such environment that could be reduced through the development of new solutions or products.

13

References Barnes, D. K. A., Galgani, F., Thompson, R. C., & Barlaz, M. (2009). Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environment. Philosophical Transaction of the Royal Society B (biological Sciences), 364, 1985–1998. Chung-Ling Chen, C.-L., & Liu, T.-K. (2013). Fill the gap: Developing management strategies to control garbage pollution from fishing vessels. Marine Policy, 40, 34–40. GESAMP. (2016). Sources, fate and effects of microplastics in the marine environment: Part two of a global assessment, P. J. Kershaw, & C. M. Rochman (Eds.) (Vol. 93, p. 220). Rep Stud GESAMP. Jambeck, J. R., Geyer, R., Wilcox, C., Siegler, T. R., Perryman, M., Andrady, A., Narayan, R., & Law, K. L. (2015). Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. Science, 347, 768–771. Maicu, F., De Pascalis, F., Ferrarin, C., & Umgiesser, G. (2018). Hydrodynamics of the Po river-delta-sea system. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 123, 6349–6372. Taddia, Y., Corbau, C., Buoninsegni, J., Simeoni, U., & Pellegrinelli, A. (2021). UAV approach for detecting plastic marine debris on the beach: A case study in the Po River delta (Italy). Drones, 5, 140. https://doi.org/10.3390/drones5040140 UNEP Marine Litter. (2005). An analytical overview. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) (p. 47). UNEP. (2009). Marine litter: A global challenge, UNEP (p. 232). United Nations Environment Programme. (2021). From pollution to solution: A global assessment of marine litter and plastic pollution. Synthesis. Werner, S. (2018). Marine plastic litter—a massive waste problem. Detritus, 01, 128–133. Wilcox, C., Heathcote, G., Goldberg, J., Gunn, R., Peel, D., & Hardesty, B. D. (2015). Understanding the sources and effects of abandoned, lost, and discarded fishing gear on marine turtles in Northern Australia. Conservation Biology, 29(1), 198–206.

Managing Dredged Sediments: Evolution of Land Deposits and Assessment of Beneficial Use Ahmed Benamar, Mohamed-Tahar Ammami, and Hussein J. Kanbar

Abstract

1

Sediments are periodically dredged to maintain waterways and to allow a safe shipping in channels and rivers. However, merely dumping dredged sediments in the sea or managing land deposits without any beneficial reuse does not fit within a circular economy perspective. This study aims to follow and monitor the evolution of dredged sediments that were deposited on land and to suggest their beneficial use. In this investigation, dredged sediments were collected from ten deposit sites in the Normandy region (Le Havre and Rouen ports, northwestern France) and analyzed in terms of physical, chemical, and organic contents; these parameters are used to determine how sediments can be managed in a safe and beneficial way. Among the 10 collected samples, one sediment was already deposited in a site (Tancarville) and was monitored for 10 years. The results showed that the deposited sediment became coarser, salinity and moisture decreased, and organic matter accumulated. This evolution is correlated with flora flourishing in the aged deposit and, thus, a first step toward soil formation from dredged sediment. Consequently, the dredged sediment naturally aged into a deposit and became suitable for agricultural use. Finally, adjusting standards and regulations can lead to better use of dredged sediments and other solid wastes that inspire to reach a circular economy and eventually attain environmental sustainability. Keywords










Sediment evolution Soil formation Salinity economy Environmental sustainability




A. Benamar (&)
M.-T. Ammami
H. J. Kanbar Le Havre Normandy University, LOMC UMR 6294 CNRS, 75 Rue Bellot, 76600 Le Havre, France e-mail: [email protected]

Circular

Introduction

It is a challenge to find sustainable solutions for dredged sediments. Harbors and channels are periodically dredged to maintain the depth of the waterways. In Europe, 200 million m3 of sediments are annually dredged, while it is approximately 55 m3 in France among which 24 m3 are contaminated (Pedersen et al., 2021). Moreover, the volume of dredged sediments in France is expected to increase to 70 m3 within the next 10 years. In Normandy (northwestern France), almost 10 m3 of sediments are annually dredged from the ports of Le Havre and Rouen (Ammami et al., 2020; Benamar et al., 2020). Dredged sediments can be directly dumped into the sea if they respect the threshold metal contents (GEODE, 2014). So, a large part of these materials is dumped into the sea, and a very small volume is deposited on land; the latter is considered as waste according to French regulations. The use of the deposited materials depends on regulations, such as the presence and contents of contaminants and their bioavailability. Land deposit can be managed in controlled area for further beneficial use. In this regard, sediments need to be analyzed before they can be used in an environmentally safe way. The aim of this work is to investigate the evolution of an aged sediment deposit in Tancarville (France) and evaluate how the material properties were improved without any specific treatment. This new approach of dredged sediment management showed how the aged material can be reused in construction materials like fired bricks (Mesrar et al., 2021) or in reconstructed soils (Interreg, 2022), providing a significant approach toward a circular economy. Alternatives of using dredged sediments are included elsewhere (Chen et al., 2009; Hamer & Karius, 2002). A large part of sediments dredged in the investigated area originates from the silty geological cover in Normandy during run-off. Therefore, sediments contain the nutrients necessary for plant growth. Furthermore, sediments are usually enriched in organic matter, which is

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024 A. Çiner et al. (eds.), Recent Research on Environmental Earth Sciences, Geomorphology, Soil Science and Paleoenvironments, Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48754-5_4

15

16

A. Benamar et al.

Fig. 1 Sampling map view

2

Materials and Methods

In the framework of a project aimed to investigate how marine sediments dredged in the Normandy area can constitute a homogeneous deposit for bricks manufacturing (Benamar et al., 2020; Mesrar et al., 2021), ten sediment samples were collected from the ports of Le Havre and Rouen (France) (Fig. 1) and were characterized in terms of the particle size distribution (PSD by laser diffraction), physico-chemical parameters (pH and electric conductivity), and organic (loss on ignition), carbonate (calcimeter method), and metal contents (Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry). Based on these results showing a slight parameters variability, a dredged sediment deposit site which was monitored for nearly 10 years (Tancarville, France) was selected to serve as a reference site. The main parameters that were monitored over the decade were water content, electric conductivity, organic and carbonate contents, grain size properties, and metal contents. It is interesting to know how dredged sediment can evolve in a raw deposit without any specific treatment.

3

Results and Discussion

3.1 Initial Sediment Characterization All the collected sediments are fine-grained material (Fig. 2) which represent silty soils in terms of texture. Additionally, the sediments were rich in organic matter (*6%) and carbonate contents (*19%). These characteristics do not vary significantly among the different collection points in Le Havre and Rouen ports, indicating uniform properties of the sediments in the watershed. Anyway, such sediments are able to overcome low water holding capacity in

Volumetric percentage (%)

helpful in overcoming soils with low organic contents. When deposited in land, dredged sediments can be a promising material that can be used in agriculture or construction.

6

G2 18 3 TCV P4 14 P2 T4 ENG2 SY7

5 4 3 2 1 0 0.1

10 Particle size (µm)

1000

Fig. 2 Particle size distribution of collected sediment samples

Managing Dredged Sediments: Evolution of Land Deposits and Assessment of Beneficial Use Table 1 Metals concentration in sediment and limit values that trigger sludge use in land

Element

Cd

Hg

Cr

Cu

Ni

Pb

Zn

C (mg/kg dry)

1.4

–

83.2

40.1

–

67.1

190

Sludge use in land (NF 44–041)

2

1

150

100

50

100

300

coarse-grained soils on the one hand and are useful for agriculture due to their relatively high organic and carbonate contents. Indeed, such characteristics make sediments, after treatment in some cases, as good candidates as amendments for agricultural soils. The metal contents of the sediments lay below the limit values admitted for sludge use in land according to French regulations (Table 1).

3.2 Sediment Evolution in the Tancarville Land Deposit Due to the deposition of large volumes of dredged sediments in Tancarville land deposit, this site was monitored between 2009 and 2018. The evolution of the deposit area showed rapid dewatering and fast drainage followed in the first years of aging by plants growth. Samples were collected periodically and analyzed regarding water, organic, and carbonate contents. The water content in the sediments decreased with time (Fig. 3) due to water drainage. During the time, fine particles are expected to reach lower depths, leaving relatively coarse particles on top. Consequently, coarser particles will have less water holding capacity. Many processes occurring during the sediment deposit contribute to changing the material structure. Additionally, the electrical conductivity, an indicator of salinity, significantly decreased to a value less than 0.1 mS/cm, owing to the leaching process. The high decrease in salinity was achieved after two years, and the residual value is close to that involved in farming soils. The organic matter strongly increased especially after

Fig. 3 Evolution of water content, conductivity, and organic matter

17

the conductivity decreased, i.e., between 2014 and 2017. This is due to the extended plants growth in the deposit area. Indeed, the relatively low water content and conductivity of the sediment make it suitable for use (e.g., construction materials). In addition, the high organic matter content makes the aged sediment suitable for agricultural amendment or as a component in reconstructed soils. As regards to the metal traces, a slight decrease was recorded, but the initial values (Table 1) showed that the concentrations are lower than that allowed for sludge use in agricultural land (Baize et al., 1997). Aged dredged sediments from the Normandy ports, which contain 5% clay, 6% organic matter, and are rich in carbonates showed to be suitable components that can be used in agriculture.

4

Conclusions

Ten samples of dredged marine sediments were collected and analyzed in the Normandy region (France). The preliminary results showed less variability among their geotechnical parameters and homogeneous characteristics, which validate the material used on a large scale as material construction, soil amendment, or replacements in agriculture. Among the collection sites, the deposit at Tancarville (France) was monitored for a decade, and the evolution of the characteristics was investigated. Interestingly, the sediment naturally evolved into coarser, less saline, and more organic-rich material. These characteristics promoted the formation of a material suitable for plant growth. Although

May 2009

120

60

June 2009

100

Mars 2011

50

Mars 2014

80

April 2017

40

April 2018

60

30

40

20

20

10

0 Moisture (%)

0

Conductivity (mS/cm) 10*Salinity (mS/cm)

Organic matter 10*Organic Matter(%) (%)

18

this aged dredged sediment can also be used in construction, due to low salinity, it showed to be a suitable medium that can be used as an alternative or a complement in reconstructed soil from waste. The latter case then brings us closer to reaching a circular economy and achieving environmental sustainability, both desired in environmental management approaches.

References Ammami, M. T., Song, Y., Benamar, A., Portet-Koltalo, F., & Wang, H. Q. (2020). Electro-dewatering of dredged sediments by combined effects of mechanical and electrical processes: Influence of operating conditions. Electrochimica Acta, 353, 1364621. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136462 Baize, D., & Paquereau, H. (1997). Teneurs totales en éléments traces dans les sols agricoles de Seine-et-Marne. Étude Et Gestion Des Sols, 4(2), 77–94. Benamar, A., Ammami, M. T., Song, Y., & Portet-Koltalo, F. (2020). Scale-up of electrokinetic process for dredged sediments remediation. Electrochimica Acta, 352, 136488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. electacta.2020.136488 Benamar, A., Mesrar, L., Bourdin, F., & Brasselet, S. (2020) Investigation of dredged sediments reuse as building materials. In Lecture notes in civil engineering: Sustainable environment and

A. Benamar et al. infrastructure. Proceedings of EGRWSE 2019, K. R. Reddy, A. K. Agnihotri, Y. Y. Aksoy, B. K. Dubey, & A. Bansal (Eds.) (Vol. 90, pp. 201–211). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-03051354-2. Chen, L. M., Chou, M. I., Chou, S. F., & Stucki, J. W. (2009). Producing fired bricks using coal slag from a gasification plant in Indiana. In CONFERENCE 2009, World of Coal Ash (WOCA). GEODE. (2014). Evaluation des risques sanitaires des opérations de dragage et d’immersion en milieu estuarien et marin Guide méthodologique Volet B-Outils et Méthodes d’évaluation des risques sanitaires. Hamer, K., & Karius, V. (2002). Brick production with dredged harbour sediments. An industrial- scale experiment. Waste Management, 22, 521–530. Interreg. (2022). France (Channel Manche) England. Reconstructed soils from waste. ReCon Soil [WWW Document]. URL https:// www.channelmanche.com/en/projects/approved-projects/ reconstructed-soils-from-waste/. Mesrar, L., Benamar, A., Duchemin, B., Brasselet, S., Bourdin, F., & Jabrane, R. (2021). Engineering properties of dredged sediments as a raw resource for fired bricks. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 80, 2643–2658. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064020-02068-3 Pedersen, K. B., Benamar, A., Ammami, M. T., Portet-Koltalo, F., Kirkelund, G. M. (2021). Electrokinetic remediation of dredged contaminated sediments. In A. Ribeiro, & M. N. V. Pasad (Eds.) Chapter 5 in electrokinetic remediation for environmental security and sustainability (pp. 99–140). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/ 9781119670186.ch5.

A Laboratory Study to Assess the Use of Biochar-Based Liquid Activated Carbon for the Removal of MTBE and Benzene from Contaminated Groundwater Bassam Tawabini, Fawaz Alshahrani, Tawfik Saleh, Muhammad Alrayaan, Subhi Alaama, Rayan Nasser, Pantelis Soupios, Panagiotis Kirmizakis, and Mohamed Mahmoud of pH and salinity on the removal efficiency of organic pollutants. These preliminary results indicate that more work is needed to enhance the performance of the LAC as an in-situ adsorbent for organic contaminants.

Abstract

This laboratory-scale study investigates the capacity of using raw and Fe-impregnated biochar-based liquid activated carbon (LAC and LAC-Fe) in adsorbing Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE) and benzene pollutants from contaminated water. The LAC and LAC-Fe synthesized from palm residues were coated on Ottawa sand (OS), limestone (LS), and a 1:1 of OS/LS. Synthetic GAC was also used for comparison purposes. The study was carried out in laboratory-scale batch suspension adsorption tests. Distilled water samples, spiked with 2 ppm of the pollutants, were treated with LAC and LAC-Fe-coated materials. Samples were collected and analyzed for residual pollutants using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC/MS). The effect of solution pH and salinity on the removal efficiency were also investigated. Results of the study showed low removal of MTBE (