Nutrition Bibliography of Indonesia 9780824891527

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PACIFIC AREA BIBLIOGRAPHIES

NUTRITION BIBLIOGRAPHY OF INDONESIA

NUTRITION BIBLIOGRAPHY OF INDONESIA compiled and annotated by S. P o s t m u s , R .

Luykcn,

a n d P . J. V a n d e r

Rijst

University of Hawaii Press Honolulu, Hawaii 1955

Copyright, 1955, by University of Hawaii Press Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 55-10494 Manufactured in U. S. A. by Tongg Publishing Company, Ltd. Honolulu, Hawaii

FOREWORD At the Seventh Pacific Science Congress held in New Zealand in February, 1949, the Division of Public Health and Nutrition recommended that "an annotated bibliography of published papers relating to food analyses and diet studies in the Pacific Islands be prepared and published." This recommendation was approved by the Congress. Miss Carey D. Miller, Professor of Foods and Nutrition, University of Hawaii, asked me to undertake the task, but I was unable to do so. However, I found that Prof. B. C. P. Jansen, Director of the Institute of Nutrition, Amsterdam, and Dr. S. Postmus, former Director of the Nutrition Institute, Djakarta, Java, were willing to have the material collected under their supervision. Most of the abstracting of the numerous papers, covering the period from 1850 to 1950, was done by Miss P. J. Van der Rijst and Dr. R. Luyken under the direction of Prof. Jansen in co-operation with Dr. S. Postmus. The latter was r e sponsible for putting the bibliography into its final form. Many thanks are due these workers, whose task was not an easy one, especially since many periodicals and r e prints were lost during the last war. However, the results show that a great amount of nutrition work was done in Indonesia during the last century.

February, 1955

A. G. van Veen Nutrition Division Food and Agriculture Organization United Nations Rome, Italy

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CONTENTS BIBLIOGRAPHY

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GLOSSARY

120

PUBLICATIONS CITED

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SUBJECT INDEX

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BIBLIOGRAPHY Aalsmeer, W. C. Intraveneuze toedining van vitamine B (Jansen en Donath) bij beriberi ("Intravenous Administration of Vitamin B (Jansen and Donath) in Beriberi") Hand. Natuurw. Congr. Ned. Ind., 1928, 5:337 After intravenous injection, complications developed. Although fatalities did not result from this treatment, no therapeutic effects were observed in most patients. Comparing the response in humans to that in experimental animals, the author concludes that beriberi and polyneuritis are not identical. Enkele waarnemingen bij de behandeling van lijders aan beriberi ("Some Observations in Treatment of Beriberi Patients") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1932, 72:206 A discussion of the importance of blood pressure and vascular sounds for the diagnosis of beriberi, in relation to injections of adrenalin. Bed r e s t diminished the blood vessel syndrome. Vitamin Bi preparations of Jansen and Donath gave favorable results in most beriberi patients. Response to vitamin Bi depended on the form in which it was administered. In these patients, disorders in resorption or assimilation occurred, or a varied intestinal flora persisted. 1

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Aalsmeer, W. C. Bijdrage tot de pathogenese der beriberi ("Contribution to the Pathogenesis of Beriberi") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1934, 74:582 The author states that "minimal sound p r e s s u r e " is a good sign in the diagnosis of beriberi. The blood p r e s sure is taken in the usual manner. In patients afflicted with beriberi, vascular sounds do not entirely disappear at the level of diastolic p r e s s u r e ; they a r e discernible even at zero p r e s s u r e . This effect is accelerated by adrenalin but diminishes during treatment of beriberi. Bijdrage tot de pathogenese der beriberi ("Contribution to the Pathogenesis of Beriberi") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1934, 74:776 Some patients with b e r i b e r i did not respond to food rich in vitamins. D i s o r d e r s of the intestinal functions a r e believed to be the cause. The "minimal sound p r e s s u r e " (I.e.) effect is considered a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c symptom. Bijdrage tot pathogenese der beriberi 3 ("Contribution to the Pathogenesis of Beriberi, III") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1934, 74:862 The adrenalin effect (described elsewhere), e.g., aggravation (intensification) of the vascular symptoms subsequent to adrenalin injection--is not considered specific for beriberi. Other symptoms are described, which a s sist in diagnosis of mild f o r m s of the disease: the p i t r e s sin reaction (disappearance of the adrenalin effect a f t e r pitressin injection), the effect of adrenalin on maximum sound-forming p r e s s u r e , the blood sugar content, and the electrocardiagram. This r e f u t e s f o r m e r statements where some patients with beriberi did not respond to a vitamin-rich diet because of disturbances of intestinal absorption. Synthetic vitamin products a r e s o m e t i m e s inactive.

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Amar, D., and A. Grevenstuk Bijdrage tot de kennis der bongkrekvergiftigingen ("Contribution to the Knowledge of Bongkrek Poisoning") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1935, 75:104 The authors describe the symptoms of toxoflavin poisoning in humans and in experimental animals. In man, toxoflavin acts primarily a s a heart poison. Further study of the pharmacological effect of toxoflavin on the organism is made and a good therapy sought. Bijdrage tot de kennis der bongkrekvergiftigingen ("Contribution to the Knowledge of Bongkrek Poisoning") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1935, 75:366 The effects of the colorless bongkrek poison (bongkrek acid) in experimental animals a r e described. Both the findings at autopsy and the pharmacological reactions a r e studied. Although no satisfactory therapy is found, some suggestions for clinical treatment of bongkrek poisoning a r e presented. Aulia Enkele opmerkingen over rauwkost ("Some Remarks on Raw Foods") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1940, 80:400 Uncooked food was observed to have beneficial effects on patients who did not respond to standard medication (i.e., in nephrosis, c i r r h o s i s of the liver, or other vaguely diagnosed diseases). Various kinds of f r u i t s and vegetables, such as cucumbers, cabbage, and spinach were given in salad form; temp§ and tahoe were given as s o u r c e s of protein; coconut oil was used a s fat. This diet led to improvement or even recovery. B a a r s , J. K. De bepaling van lactoflavine (B2 vitamine) in voedingsmiddelen ("Determination of Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) in Foodstuffs") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1938, 78:3145

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The colorimetric method was chosen in determination of the vitamin B2 content of Indonesian foods. A table of the riboflavin content of meats, milk, cheese, butter, fish, c e r e a l s , pulses, tubers, f r u i t s , and other substances is included. Baars, J. K., and J. F. Bogstra Torulopsis utilis, de moderne voedingsgist ("Torulopsis utilis, the Modern Yeast for Nutritional Purposes") Natuurw. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1946, 102:135 A pure culture of Torulopsis utilis was smuggled into a camp of internees. This yeast was f i r s t cultivated on corn, then on cassava (as a carbohydrate) with r i c e polishings as protein, later on gula djawa, an impure sugar concentrate. Finally only pure sugar was available, with urine providing the nitrogen. Everything was very primitive (distillation pipes were made f r o m gas mask tubes, bath t h e r m o m e t e r s , etc.) and was kept hidden f r o m Japanese guards. Bais, W. J. Vergiftiging met zaden van Artocarpus polyphema ("Poisoning with Seeds of Artocarpus polyphema") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1921, 61:352 Sixteen Javanese were poisoned a f t e r consuming some seeds of Artocarpus polyphema. (These f r u i t s a r e widely distributed in the Netherlands Indies. In the l i t e r a t u r e nothing could be found about poisoning by seeds of this fruit.) The patients recovered. Bensen, C. A., and J. J. Altheer Keuring van meel ("Inspection of Flour") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1859, 6:253 A description of methods used in inspecting flour. Chemical methods were not used, being thought to be unreliable. For tropical shipment, flour should not be moistened before milling and must be cooled a f t e r milling. Absolutely white flour is p r e f e r r e d .

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Bernelot Moens, J. G. Th. Opmerking omtrent deal of niet giftige eigenschappen der boewakamiri (vruchten van de Aleurites molucc.) ("Remarks on Toxicity or Nontoxicity of Boewa Kemiri, F r u i t s of Aleurites moluccana") Geneesk. Tijdschr'. Ned. Ind., 1859, 6:273 A description of toxic symptoms in humans subsequent to use of lamp oil obtained f r o m the f r u i t s mentioned. The r e s u l t s of experimentation on two dogs led the author to conclude that the skin of the f r u i t is more toxic than its flesh. Beschouwingen der mededelingen omtrent b e r i b e r i voorkomende in het Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde benevens enige opmerkingen omtrent deze ziekte. ("Considerations on Reports Concerning Beriberi in the Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde, with some Remarks on this Disease") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1859, 7:366 The author of this article voices a personal opinion rather than a scientific one. He believes b e r i b e r i to be causedby either a common cold, a "moonlight miasma," or a blood d i s o r d e r . B e s s e m , N. Enkele opmerkingen over de b e r i b e r i bij zuigelingen en hunne m o e d e r s ("Some R e m a r k s on Beriberi in Infants and their Mothers") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1936, 76:3307 B e r i b e r i often occurs among infants in d i s t r i c t s populated by Chinese in western Borneo. It is believed that the diet of the mother during the last months of pregnancy and the f i r s t meals after delivery may have some bearing on the development of b e r i b e r i , as they consist exclusively of white rice and chicken. The author contends that vitamin B^ injections could save the lives of many mothers and their children.

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B i j l m e r , H. J. T. Uit de geneeskundige v e r s l a g e n der wetenschappelijke C e n t r a a l Nieuw Guinea Expeditie 1920-1921. De vitaminer antsoenering ( " F r o m Medical R e p o r t s of the New Guinea Scientific Expedition 1920-1921. The Vitamin Supply") Geneesk. T i j d s c h r . Ned. Ind., 1924, 64:657 The nutrition p r o b l e m s of exploration expeditions into unknown c o u n t r i e s a r e d i s c u s s e d . Their f a i l u r e i n f o r m e r t i m e s was often due to b e r i b e r i . The use of undermilled r i c e p r e s e n t s d i f f i c u l t i e s due to spoilage. Katjang idjoe, a pulse r i c h in antineuritic vitamin, is unpalatable. (To p r e v e n t b e r i b e r i , 150 gm. a day a r e n e c e s s a r y . ) The author r e c o m m e n d s the u s e of unpolished r i c e , pounded by hand. Katjang idjoe may be a l t e r n a t e d with other p u l s e s such a s soybeans and groundnuts. The keeping of livestock and planting of vegetable g a r d e n s a r e advised f o r base camps. B o g s t r a , J . F. Voedingsgistbereiding uit r i e t s u i k e r m e l a s s e ( " P r e p a r a t i o n of Food Yeast f o r Nutritional P u r p o s e s f r o m Cane Sugar M o l a s s e s " ) C h r o n i c a Naturae, 1947, 103:165 A d e s c r i p t i o n of the p r e p a r a t i o n on a l a r g e s c a l e of food y e a s t ( T o r u l o p s i s utilis) f o r nutritional p u r p o s e s , with m o l a s s e s a s the c u l t u r e m e d i u m . Bonne, C. Vergiftige vissen ("Poisonous F i s h " ) C h r o n i c a Naturae, 1947, 103:43 A d e s c r i p t i o n of toxic e f f e c t s a f t e r contact with or eating of c e r t a i n poisonous t r o p i c a l f i s h . A. G. van Veen, and Soetomo Tjokronegon Over het e x p e r i m e n t a l e b o t e r g e e l c a r c i n o o m van de lever ("On E x p e r i m e n t a l C a n c e r of the Liver Through B u t t e r Yellow") Geneesk. T i j d s c h r . Ned. Ind., 1941, 81:2448

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Butter yellow fed to r a t s for a period of six months led to development of primary cancer of the liver. The f a t - f r e e fraction of rice bran retarded the development of cancer. Boorsma, W. G. Scheikundig onderzoek van de in Ned. Indie inheemse voedingsmiddelen ("Chemical Analysis of Some Indigenous Foodstuffs in the Netherlands Indies") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1900, 40:247 A r e p o r t on chemical analysis of soya, with determination of the protein content, of "fatty oils," of lecithin, fibre, N - f r e e substances, and ash content. The methods employed a r e not named. The comparative indigestibility of this product is explained by the insolubility of the protein "legumin." Some important native food products of soya, prepared with the aid of fungi, a r e described. The increased digestibility of these mold products is discussed. Lahmann's "plantaardige melk" en kanarizadenemulsie als toevoegsel tot melk voor zuigelingen ("Lahmann's ' Vegetarian Milk1 and Emulsions of Canari Seeds a s an Addition to Milk used for Feeding Infants") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1901, 41:510 Lahmann's vegetarian milk, a liquid made f r o m a l monds and other nuts, is recommended as an addition to milk used for feeding infants. This preparation i n c r e a s e s the digestibility of cow's milk. If it should not be available, the author recommends using instead an emulsion of Java almond seeds (Canarium commune). Kanarizaden-emulsies als toegoegsel tot voor zuigelingen bestemde koemelk ("Emulsion of Canari Seeds as Addition to Cow's Milk f o r Infants") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1901,41:510; 1905,45:26

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COCK

Directions for the preparation of an emulsion of Java almond seeds, which is recommended a s an addition to cow's milk in the feeding of infants. Data on the composition of the milk, the canari seed emulsions, and mixtures of both, a r e given. Bosch, W. G. Een waarschijnelijk geval von pellagra bij een Javaan ("A Probable Case of Pellagra in a Javanese") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1931, 71:382 A description of a case of symmetric dermatitis which is diagnosed a s pellagra. The nutritional origin is d i s cussed and is considered as the most probable cause of the disease. Brummelkamp, R. Over de veelvuldigheid van de maagzweer bij de Chinees, in het licht van het dierexperiment ("On the Frequency of Gastric Ulcers in the Chinese, in the Light of Animal Experiments") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1934, 84:1710 Experiments in r a t s , cats, and rabbits, showed that f r e e acid in the stomach may lead to the development of gastric ulcers. P r o t r a c t e d activity of f r e e gastric acid could be experimentally obtained by intermittent fasting combined with morphine injections. The use of morphine may be one of the f a c t o r s causing the frequency of gastric ulcers in Chinese people. Cajaux, H. B. De voeding der zuigelingen in Indie ("Nutrition of Infants in the Netherlands Indies") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1883, 23:304 Very few European infants were b r e a s t - f e d , and of these 20 per cent died within the f i r s t year. The m o r t a l ity of infants who were artificially fed was 60 per cent. Data concerning the nutritive value of cow's milk, of condensed milk, and of specially-prepared "flours" a r e given with r e f e r e n c e to tropical conditions.

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Cohen, A. J., and Azir Bijdrage tot de kennis van de werking van vitamine B (Jansen en Donath) bij beriberi ("Contribution to the Knowledge of the Action of Vitamin B (Jansen & Donath) in Beriberi") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1932, 72:738 In a number of patients with beriberi, intramuscular injections of vitamin B preparations of Jansen and Donath had "lifesaving" effects. In subacute cases, considerable improvement was obtained by intramuscular or subcutaneous injections. Vitamin tablets were also beneficial. V i t a m i n B j led to an increase of blood p r e s s u r e in beriberi. A similar increase in blood p r e s s u r e occurred when a large quantity of katjang idjoe was included in the diet. De Bruyn, G. F., J. van Dulst, and A. G. van Veen Biochemie in een interneringskamp ("Biochemistry in a Concentration Camp") Voeding, 1947, 8:81 A description of the methods by which, under very primitive conditions, yeast and fermentation products were made. Yeast and molds were isolated f r o m air in old toothpaste boxes and cultivated in aspirin tubes. Culture media were prepared f r o m plants such as pulses or tubers. The following products were prepared on a large scale in homemade containers of brick or wood: food yeast, fermented corn (using urine a s a source of nitrogen), b a k e r ' s yeast, alcohol, vinegar, malt tonic, temp§ (a soybean fungus product). De Cock, H. Folia Scaevola Koeningei(Bepatjeda), eennieuw geneesmiddel bij b e r i b e r i ("Leaf of Scaevola Koeningei (Bepatjeda), a New Medication in the Treatment of Beriberi") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1894, 34:745 The population of Ambon uses this herb for treatment of persons afflicted with b e r i b e r i . The author was able

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to extract a glucoside from this plant, but he could not ascertain whether or not it was the "active" substance. He treated beriberi patients with these extracts and had favorable results at first; later, however, no effect was observed. Deggeler, O. On the Methods of Testing Rice in Relation to the Cause of Beriberi F. E. Assn. Trop. Med. Trans., 6, 1925, 1:87 Coloring rice with iodine is considered a fairly good method for observation of its antiberiberi activity,i.e., degree of milling. Samples of colored rice are not stable and for this reason are not practical for distribution to hospitals and laboratories. Colored photographs were made instead and these were distributed by the public health service. De Haan, J., ana G. Grijns Over het ontbreken van antigeen en zogenaamde antistoffen bij beriberi en bij kippen-neuritis ("The Absence of Antigens in Beriberi and in Polyneuritis of Hens") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1909, 49:258 To disprove the toxic theory of beriberi, the authors showed that antigens and antibodies were absent in the blood or in various organs of beriberi patients, or in hens suffering from polyneuritis. De Haas, J. H. De Karo-Batakse zuigeling ("The Karo-Batak Infant") Thesis, 1932, Batavia Weights at birth, dentition, static functions, and other data of Karo-Batak infants are compared with those of infants in Western countries. The infants were nursed for a few weeks after birth and then fed with red rice prechewedby their mothers. Diseases prevalent in these infants, and the possible causes of infant mortality, are

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discussed. This latter is f r o m 20 to 25 per cent, which approximates the infant mortality rate in European count r i e s fifty y e a r s ago. Avitaminosis is not frequent. Congenital abnormalities a r e often observed. The over-all condition of artificially fed children is worse than the condition of b r e a s t - f e d infants. The development of various diseases is also discussed in this thesis. and O. Meulemans Over het gehalte aan ascorbinezuur (vitamine C) van moedermelk in Batavia ("The Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) Content of Human Milk in Batavia") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1936, 76:2277 A chemical analysis of the vitamin C content of human milk showed that colostrum contains l e s s vitamin than milk. European mothers have the highest vitamin C values, Chinese mothers the lowest. The milk f r o m Indonesian mothers contained moderate quantities. Throughout the entire nursing period, the vitamin C values in the two latter groups remained constant. In artificial feeding the vitamin C intake of the infant is l e s s than half the amount absorbed by the b r e a s t - f e d child. Over het gehalte aan carotine and vitamine A van koemelk en koemelkmengsels ("Carotene and Vitamin A Content of Cow's Milk and Milk Mixtures") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1937, 77:279 The content of carotene and vitamin A in milk was determined colorimetrically. The total content of the vitamin A active ingredients was found to be l e s s than that contained in human milk; it contained two p a r t s of vitamin A to one part carotene. Buttermilk and various milk mixtures were analyzed for their vitamin A content. The authors conclude that the addition of halibut-liver oil to milk mixtures i n c r e a s e s the vitamin A content and is valuable in artificial feeding of infants.

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De Haas, J. H.} and O. Meulemans Tinned [Condensed] Milk in the Netherlands Indies Meded. Volksgez. D. Ned. Ind., 1937, 26:48 Because of its low cost, the use of sweetened skimmed milk has increased, whereas the consumption of whole evaporated milk has decreased. From a pediatric point of view this is regrettable, since skimmed milk is inferior as a food for children. The use of other milk products has also decreased in recent years. The consumption of milk in the Netherlands Indies was very small, the average being only one liter per head annually. Of this amount about one half was in the form of condensed milk. Over het gebruik van blikkenmelk in Ned. Indig ("On the Use of Condensed Milk in the Netherlands Indies") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1937, 77:1168 The authors discuss the various types of condensed milk imported into the Netherlands Indies in relation to their use for infant feeding and in the household. Due to an economic crisis, the importation of cheap sweetened skimmed milk increased threefold. Importation of the better grades of milk products correspondingly decreased. The great danger of using skimmed-milk products for artificial feeding of infants is emphasized, as these products can cause xerophthalmia. Vitamine A en Carotinoiden in het bloed. (2) Over het vitamine A en carotinoidengehalte in het bloed van zwangere en zoogende inheemse en Chinese vrouwen te Batavia ("Vitamin A and Carotenoids in Human Blood. II, Vitamin A and Carotenoids in the Blood of Pregnant and Nursing Indonesian and Chinese Women in Batavia") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1938, 78:847 Analysis of the blood of 280 pregnant Indonesian and of 70 Chinese women during the final months of pregnancy

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disclosed approximately 50 I.U. of vitamin A in 100 gm. of blood serum. The blood of nursing mothers contained ± 33 I.U. and ± 44 I.U. per 100 gm. In the blood of the pregnant women more than 50 to 60 \ and in the nursing mothers ± 33 and ± Ss carotenoids were determined. These results, together with the frequent occurrence of xerophthalmia in children are an indication that the population is in an unstable vitamin equilibrium. It is considered essential to improve the supply of foods containing vitamin A. Vitamine C in bloed. (1) Bij kinderen en volwassenen ("Vitamin C in Human Blood. I, in Children and Adults") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1938, 78:2672 With the method used, vitamin C could be determined in 5 cc. of blood. The vitamin C content of the blood of Indonesian and Chinese children and adults was 6 to 11 mgm. per liter. There were individual fluctuations. Vitamine C in aardappelen te Batavia ("Vitamin C in Potatoes in Batavia") Genessk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1939, 79:655 The vitamin C content of raw and cooked potatoes was chemically determined. The values obtained in cooked potatoes were calculated on the basis of the weight of the raw material. Cooking was done in the ordinary way. The average vitamin C content of the raw potatoes was 13 to 15 mgm. per centand of cooked potatoes 8 to 9 mgm. per cent. Thirty per cent of the vitamin C was lost through cooking. The vitamin C content of potatoes in Batavia was found to be lower than that obtained in the Laboratory for Hygiene in Utrecht, Holland. De Langen, C. D., and H. Schut Over h e t v e t - en lipoidgehalte van het bloed in de tropen en haar betekenis bij beriberi ("On the Fat and Lipoid Content of Blood in the Tropics and their Significance in Beriberi") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1918, 58:861

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Determinations of the fat content of blood taken from various patients. In blood from beriberi patients the fat content was found to be extremely low. Consideration is given to the "lutein" content, which is described as a fatsoluble yellow pigment probably identical with carotene. De Langen, C. D. The Significance of Lipoid Metabolism in Beriberi F. E. Assn. Trop. Med. Trans., 4, 1921, 278 A chemical analysis of the blood of beriberi patients and of blood of experimental neuritis patients disclosed the following: the total fat content drops, lipoids diminish considerably, the "coefficient lipocytique" appears to vary, the phosphorus content diminishes, lipochromes disappear, the calcium content is low, the blood sugar value is high, and other components are approximately normal. De oorzaak der anaemie bij ankylostomiasis ("The Cause of Anemia in Hookworm Disease") Meded. B. Geneesk. D. Ned. Ind., 1922, 4:320 In hookworm disease, activity of the blood building organs is diminished by a toxin, according to the author. The low bilirubin content and the lack of young red blood cells point toward this theory. De Langen presents resistance curves of erythrocytes with and without lecithin sheaths in various saline solutions in support of his contention. Over het voorkomen van voedingsoedemen op Java ("The Occurrence of Nutritional Edema in Java") Meded. B. Geneesk. D. Ned. Ind., 1923, 2:137 In a number of edema cases in Java, which were mostly fatal, the clinical symptoms differed considerably from those in patients with beriberi. The author believes severe malnutrition, protein and fat deficiencies in particular, to be the cause of the disease. He links the out-

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break to economic circumstances and considers these edema c a s e s to be identical with "war dropsy," "nutritional edema," and "epidemic dropsy." De verhoudingtussen ziekte en voeding van geographisch Standpunkt bezien ("Relation Between Disease and Nutrition f r o m a Geographical Point of View") Hand. Natuurw. Congr. Ned. Ind., 3, 1924 A review of the literature on avitaminosis, mineral deficiencies, and other diseases, occurring in all p a r t s of the world, and their relation to nutrition. The probable interrelation between nutrition and d i s e a s e s in the tropics is discussed. This paper does not include experimental work by the author. The Influence of Food on Regeneration of the Red Blood Corpuscles F. E. Assn. Trop. Med. Trans., 6, 1925, 1:535 The author outlines his own observations in this short article. He concludes that carbohydrates and an adequate supply of cholesterol extend the life of the red blood corpuscles. Rapport omtrent het beriberi vraagstuk met een mogelijke internationale regeling ten opzichte van het pellen der r i j s t . Op het Congres te Tokio uitgebracht ("Report on the Beriberi Problem in Connection with a Possible International Agreement with Respect to the Milling of Rice. Presented at the Tokyo Congress") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1925, 65:788 A resolution was adopted at this congress to combat beriberi. The author contends that b e r i b e r i in the Netherlands Indies is related to the consumption of highly milled r i c e . Unpolished rice is unsuitable for transportation.

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Rice as gaba (in the husk) can be easily preserved and transported, but r e q u i r e s about 30 per cent more shipping space. The use of rice polishings in bread has practical disadvantages. De Langen, C. D. Over steenvorming en voeding ("Calculus Formation and Nutrition") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1929, 69:806 Experiments with albino r a t s showed that a diet deficient in vitamin A may cause stone formation in the urinary tract and in the bile ducts. The bile calculi were formed last. In diets deficient in both vitamin A and in protein, calculi were formed in opposite o r d e r . This observation coincides with r e s u l t s obtained by Fujimaki. The calculi were of the inflammation type. The author reviews information available concerning the occurrence of calculi among Indonesians and points to their probable nutritional origin.

Over steenvorming en voeding ("Calculus Formation and Nutrition") Meded. Volksgez. D. Ned. Ind., 1929, 2:223 A review of various theories on calculi formation and on r e s u l t s obtained by animal experimentation. The author repeated experiments in r a t s with vitamin A deficient diets, and with both vitamin A and protein deficient diets, which led to formation of kidney stones, bladder stones, and gall stones. Diets deficient in protein led to formation of calculi in an order opposite to that with vitamin deficiency alone. The calculi consisted chiefly of calcium, magnesium, and phosphates. De Langen examined a great number of patients f r o m various hospitals and attempted to correlate formation of calculi with their diets. The vitamin A supply was considered adequate. The development of calculi and keratomalacia in infants frequently was parallel with intestinal disturbances which probably inhibited adsorption of food.

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De oorzaak der anaemie bij ankylostomiasis ("The Cause of Anemia in Ancylostomiasis") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1933, 73:592 One of the clinical symptoms in ancylostomiasis is anemia, which appears to be influenced by nutrition. The s e v e r e s t c a s e s a r e found among the poorest c l a s s e s in Java. Resorption in the intestinal tract is considered essential. Fat absorption may be of l e s s e r importance in the etiology of the disease. The Origin of Anemia in Ancylostomiasis Meded. Volksgez. D. Ned. Ind., 1934, 23:135 The diet of the population in Java is low in calories, high in carbohydrates; it is chiefly of vegetable origin. The protein, fat, and lipoid content of foods is lower than in Europe. In the Javanese, ancylostomiasis develops in its s e v e r e s t f o r m . Retarded hemolysis and decreased activity of the bone marrow may also be traced to dietary deficiencies. This is in contrast to those people whose diet may encourage active metabolism of the erythrocytes. In the opinion of the author, diet may be a factor leading to development of anemia in ancylostomiasis. De gezondheids toestand van de bevolking te Koetawinangoen ("The State of Health of the Population of Koetawinangoen ) Landbouw, 1934, 10:335 The f i r s t extensive dietary survey conducted in Koetawinangoen (central province of Java) disclosed that the general state of health of the population was fairly good. The body weights of the people were rather low; the blood p r e s s u r e in most persons was below 100; the protein content of the blood serum was low, as were the blood lipoids This study was made with Ochse, T e r r a , and Donath, who obtained, respectively, data on the economic status, on food consumption, and on the nutritive values of the foods of the population.

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De Langen, C. D. The Influence of Food on Blood Regeneration and Blood Diseases F. E. Assn. Trop. Med. Trans., 9, 1934, 1:593 Various theories concerning blood regeneration a r e considered in relation to the occurrance of macrocytic anemias in the Javanese. Macrocytic hypochromatic anemia is often considered as being the result of malnutrition, and not caused by d i s e a s e s such as malaria and ancylostomiasis. Instituut voor onderzoek der volksvoeding in Nederlands Indië ("The Institute for Nutrition Research in the Netherlands Indies") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1934, 74:442 The founding of the Nutrition Research Institute in the Netherlands Indies s e r v e s to emphasize the importance of more extensive nutritional r e s e a r c h , in general and particularly in the tropics. Nutrition problems a r e of major importance in times of economic c r i s i s , as in 1934. The Nutrition Institute was established through donations f r o m the Queen Wilhelmina Jubilee Fund. Den Jongh, J. M. Waarnemingen over b e r i b e r i ("Observations on Beriberi") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1864, 11:325 The author d e s c r i b e s some c a s e s of beriberi " F e b r i s intermittens cum paralysi incompleta." He is of the opinion that a " m i a s m a , " a bad climate, or the like, is the accusative agent. P r e a g e r ' s contention that sufficient amounts of f r e s h animal food give protection against beriberi is severely contested. De Raadt, O. L. E. Uittreksel uit het J a a r v e r s l a g over 1920 van de Geneeskundige Dienst der Ombilin-mijnen

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("Abstract from the Annual Report of the Medical Service of the Ombilin Mines") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. 1921, 61:138 Beriberi occurred along with other diseases, p r e sumably also of nutritional origin, notably in the convicts working the Ombilin mines. Many of the miners were found to be in a latent state of beriberi. The epidemic subsided after substitution of unpolished r i c e for white rice in their diet. Donath, W. F. Wijzigingen in A vitamine gehalte en in den aard der eiwitten bij het ontkiemen van katjang idjoe ("Changes in the Vitamin A content and in the Nature of the Proteins in Germinating Katjang Idjoe") Meded. Volksgez. D. Ned. Ind., 1924, 4:397 Vitamin A is synthesized during the f i r s t eight days after germination of katjang idjoe (Phaseolus radiatus); as a result, in tao-geh (young sprouts three to five days old) more vitamin A is present than in mature katjang idjoe. The vitamin A content of the growing sprouts is increased, most of the vitamin A being found in the leaves and stems. The supplementary value of proteins, to complement the amino acid deficiency of r i c e proteins, is greater in the sprouts and i n c r e a s e s with their age. The seeds contain l e s s provitamin A than the young leaves and stems. and B. C. P. Jansen Over mais en hare toebereiding in Nederlands Indie in verband met voedingswaarde ("On Maize and Its Preparation in the Netherlands Indies in Relation to its Nutritive Value") Hand. Natuurw. Congr. Ned. Ind., 1926, 4:206 Various methods of preparing corn a r e used in the Netherlands Indies. The products were tested for vitamin B content by experiments in pigeons. Washing the pounded corn by putting it in a basket and submersing it in running water three times twenty-four hours was found

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to be detrimental, since most of the vitamins go into solution and are lost. A method in use on the island of Madura is considered good: the "bran" containing the antiberiberi vitamin is often eaten with the rice. As shown experimentally in rats, the vitamins are active in yellow corn; in white varieties the vitamins are not active. Donath, W. F. Overzicht van het gehalte aan anti-xerophthalmie, antineuritisch en anti-scorbutisch vitamine, benevens de hoeveelheden eiwit, vet, koolhydraten en water in verschillende Indische levensmiddelen ("Review of the Content in Antixerophthalmic, Antineuriticand Antiscorbutic Vitamins, as also the Contents of Protein, Fat, Carbohydrates and Water in a Variety of Indonesian Foodstuffs") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1929, 69:873 Tables on the chemical composition of meat, milk, eggs, fish and fish products, cereals, legumes, vegetables, roots, tubers, nuts, oils, and fruits. De voedingswaarde van blikkenmelk en melkpoeder ("The Nutritional Values of Condensed Milk and Milk Powders") Meded. Volksgez. D. Ned. Ind., 1920, 2:152 The author reviews the literature on the nutritional values of milk and milk products. His own studies showed that milk products, canned sterilized milk, evaporated condensed milk (both sweetened and unsweetened), and various milk powders, all contained vitamin A. Fresh milk also contained vitamin B^. Milk products showed a remarkable loss of vitamin C, which had almost disappeared. The imported milk products were of good quality, judged by their general analysis. Een en ander over krop en kropbestrijding ("Some Remarks on Goiter and the Fightagainst Goiter") Meded. Volksgez. D. Ned. Ind., 1929, 2:295

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The author d i s c u s s e s the status of the goiter problem. On the island of Madura (Netherlands Indies), the table salt is iodized. Iodine excretion is reduced in patients with goiter. Een enander o m t r e n t d e voedingswaarde v a n r i j s t en mais ("Some Remarks on the Nutritional Values of Rice and Maize") Landbouw, 1930, 5:905 The importance of efficiency in nutrition is emphasized. It is important to know the nutritional values of all foodstuffs, especially in times of poor harvest of staple crops. The chemical composition of rice and of maize a r e discussed in relation to their nutritional values. Rice is deficient in protein and vitamins (vitamin A). Colored maize, however, contains considerable amounts of vitamin A. The biological values of rice and maize a r e also considered. Their antiberiberi effects, and related problems such as digestibility, preparation, and the relation to the nutritive values, a r e discussed. The author concludes that rice and maize must be supplemented by other foodstuffs to provide an adequate diet. and J. P. Spruyt Het anti-beriberigehalte van katjang bogor (Voandzeia subterranea (L) Thouars) ("The Antiberiberi Content of Katjang Bogor") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1933, 73:552 Uncooked katjangbogor (Bambara groundnut, earthpea, jugo bean) contains half or more vitamin B^ than katjang idjoe (green gram, Phaseolus radiatus), which is rich in antiberiberi vitamin. Cooked products of both legumes contain nearly equal amounts of vitamin B^. The general food value of katjang bogor is higher. De voedingswaarde van het inheemse menu te Koetowinangoen

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("The Nutritional Value of the Native Menu in Koetowinangoen") Landbouw, 1934, 10:227 Analysis of the f i r s t dietary survey made in Java r e vealed that, although the diet was sufficient in quantity, it was deficient in quality. The diet is chiefly of vegetable origin. Protein derived f r o m rice amounted to 60 per cent; f r o m soybeans, 20 per cent. A combination of both foods is advised because of their amino acid content. The fat and lipoid contents a r e low. No exact data could be furnished concerning the mineral and vitamin contents. The caloric value was r a i s e d - 55 per cent above the basal metabolism. It is pointed out that nutrition for the population could be improved without incurring additional costs. Donath, W. F., D. R. Koolhaas, and A. G. van Veen Voedingstabellen ("Tables on Composition of Foods") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1935, 75:426 Extensive tables include analysis of Indonesian foodstuffs in relation to protein, carbohydrates, fat, water, crude fiber, minerals, and the known vitamins. P r e ceding the tables is a brief outline concerning the significance of vitamins inhuman nutrition. The tables a r e based on determinations made in the Agricultural and Public Health laboratories. and p. Spruyt Het B j vitamine gehalte ende voedingswaarde van enige belangrijke Indische voedingsmiddelen ("Vitamin B j Content of Some Essential Indonesian Foodstuffs") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1936, 76:642 The vitamin B j content of various foodstuffs, raw, cooked, or steamed, was determined through experiments on rice birds. Included a r e soybeans, kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), green gram or mung beans (Pha-

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seolus radiatus), peanuts, rice varieties and food products prepared f r o m them. and F. J. Gorter Vitamine A en C en carotinoide bepalingen in het bloed van de dessabevolking van gebieden rond Grissee, Segalaherang en Tjiandjoer ("Vitamin A and C and Carotenoid Determinations in the Blood of the Population in the Districts of Grissee, Segalaherang and Tjiandjoer") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1937, 78:2235 Vitamin determinations made in the blood of Indonesians in Grissee revealed that the normal vitamin supply is insufficient. The nutritional status of the population is better known in the regions named above than in other parts of the Netherlands Indies. The blood condition of the population was best in the region of Waroengkondang and correspondingly more f r u i t s and vegetables a r e consumed there than in other regions. The values obtained a r e still below those found in the blood of well-nourished Europeans, or Indonesian and Chinese students. An a t tempt was made to c o r r e l a t e their nutrition with the carotenoid content of the blood. The factor " P " was introduced. Fat and carotenoid content of foods were compared with the carotenoid content of the blood. Distinct r e s u l t s were obtained when the fat content was extremely low. Public welfare is in direct proportion to the state of nutrition and the carotenoid content of the blood. The diet was found to be below the minimum standard in the regions under consideration. and J. P. Spruyt Hetgehalteaan B^ vitamine van enige Indische voedingsmiddelen ("The Vitamin Bj Content of Some Indonesian Foodstuffs") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1938, 78:915 In this study of the vitamin Bl content of vegetables, nuts, seeds, and f r u i t s (both cooked and raw) the biological method was chosen. The experimental animals used were bondols (munia maja, small native birds).

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Over de mogelijkheden en verbetering der volksvoeding in Nederlands Indie ("Study of Possible Improvement of Nutritional Standards in the Netherlands Indies") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1938, 78:955 A general consideration of the problem was presented and plans outlined for the future work of the Nutrition Institute. Because of the world c r i s i s , the population was in a precarious financial situation. It was only due to government aid that starvation was not widespread. Malnutrition in children, and the most frequently observed deficiencies in proteins, fats, vitamin A, and carotene were discussed. "Ignorance and stupidity" both, as also overcrowding, and the low economic standard were r e sponsible for the widespread malnutrition. Surveys were planned in a large number of villages in various regions. Closer co-operation between agriculture, veterinary science, health, and information departments, was urged to ensure improvement of the nutritional status of the population. W. F. Donath Nogmaals afgeroomde gesuikerde melk ("Skimmed Sweetened Milk Once Again Discussed") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1938, 78:1258 Importation of sweetened skimmed milk is considered of no nutritional value for the Indonesian population. It is worthless as a source of vitamin A in the feeding of infants and young children. Although skimmed milk contains proteins, minerals, and vitamin B j , these substances a r e available in cheaper foods. Duyster, M. Giftige indische planten en plantenbestanddelen ("Poisonous Indonesian Plants and Plant Components") (Monograph) Visser, Bandoeng, 1927 The plants a r e listed by their classification system. Included a r e their Latin names, their vernacular names, and a brief description of each plant.

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Elshout, J. M., and L. J. M. Lentjes De b e r i b e r i epidemie op het eiland Onrust ("The Epidemic of Beriberi on the Island of Onrust") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1933, 73:1288 A study was made of the housing conditions and the state of health and hygiene on the island of Onrust in the Netherlands Indies. An analysis of the food served to p r i s o n e r s disclosed that the composition of their diet was good, as it contained unpolished r i c e , vitamin-rich f r e s h f r u i t s and vegetables, f r e s h m e a t , and eggs. In spite of this, an epidemic of beriberi broke out in March and April, 1933. Katjang idjoe (Phaseolus radiatus) was substituted for b e r a s ketan (glutinous rice); more f r e s h vegetables, f r u i t s , and eggs were supplied. Some of the meat was replaced by liver. Vitamin tablets were given. The p r i s o n e r s soon improved, but persons at the military hospital did not respond to the above treatment. Some conjectures on the causes of this epidemic a r e made, such a s the effect of water, change of diet, captivity, and probable predisposition resulting f r o m a previous diet deficient in vitamin B p Erni, H. Beriberi, perniziöse Anemie und Eingeweidewürmer ("Beriberi, Pernicious Anemia, and Intestinal Worms") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1882, 22:97 Some case histories and autopsy r e c o r d s a r e analyzed. The author is of the opinion that intestinal worms a r e important in the etiology of beriberi, and believes that roundworms develop to trichocephalus dispar. Nog eens b e r i b e r i ("Again Beriberi") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1884, 24:177 The author upholds his contention that intestinal worms cause "pernicious anemia" through destruction of the intestinal walls, which leads to the incidence of beriberi. (This theory is not substantiated by experimentation.)

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Esseveld, H.,and A. G. van Veen Tne Medical Laboratory at Batavia, Re-named "Eykman Institute" on its Fiftieth Anniversary Bull. Col. Inst. Amsterdam, 1938, 1:298 A review of the work done since about 1880 in the field of public health. Beriberi and some infectious diseases a r e also discussed in this report. Eykman, C. Over de resultaten van het electrisch onderzoek bij b e r i beri ("Concerning the Results of Electrical Examination in Beriberi") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1887, 28:349 The author, who was an assistant of Pekelharing and Winkler at the time, had developed a method for electrical examination of the nerves and muscles. The electrical variations observed a r e considered the earliest symptoms of assistance in diagnosing b e r i b e r i . Beriberi Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1889, 29:76 It is nearly impossible to describe in a brief abstract the long and onerous path Eykman pursued to change f r o m the bacteriological concept of the origin of beriberi to the acceptance of nutritional deficiency in the etiology of the disease. Eykman was assigned to continue the r e s e a r c h of Pekelharing and Winkler. It was for that purpose that the laboratory for pathology and bacteriology was founded (since 1938 named the "Eykman Institute"). Eykman was its f i r s t director. In the annual r e port of this laboratory a chapter on " B e r i b e r i " is included. Some of the contentions of Pekelharing and Winkler were soon to be refuted. The electrical method of investigation did not prove to be as reliable a s these scientists had believed it to be. Cultivation of the m i c r o - o r g a n i s m was very difficult. Experimental animals inoculated with s t r a i n s of the "bacillus" did not react with any clinical symptoms of b e r i b e r i .

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Polyneuritis bij hoenders ("Polyneuritis in Hens") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1890, 30:295 In the annual r e p o r t of his laboratory for 1889, Eykman describes the now famous and important discovery of the effect of milled rice on polyneuritis in fowls. During his inoculation experiments all the experimental animals fell ill. The disease resembled beriberi in many respects. F i r s t the legs, then the r e s p i r a t o r y muscles were p a r a lyzed. The animals were fed cooked white rice during this period. After changing to the ordinary Javanese chicken feed, consisting of uncooked brown rice, the animals recovered. The most important pathological symptom was the nerve degeneration. It was possible to r e produce the symptoms: when fed with white rice, the animals became ill; raw (unmilled) r i c e cured them. The only i l l n e s s - c a u s i n g f a c t o r s accepted in those days were toxic substances, and Eykman could not yet relinquish this conception. Some things seemed puzzling to him: a very small quantity of raw rice cured the illness of his hens. Did cooking intensify the toxic substance? The time had not yet come to introduce the idea of a "deficiency." Neither was Eykman as yet fully convinced that polyneuritis gallinarum was identical with human b e r i beri.

Verslagover de onderzoekingen verricht in het Laboratorium voor Pathologische Anatomie en Bacteriologie ("Report on Investigations f r o m the Pathological and Bacteriological Laboratory") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1891, 31:294 In this report, Eykman refuted Fiebig's theory that the spring water used to cook rice contained the toxic substance. A simple experiment proved that the disease could also be induced by cooking in distilled water the rice used for feeding animals.

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Eykman, C. Bijdrage tot de kennis vande stofwisselingbij debewoners der tropen ("Contribution to the Knowledge of Metabolism of Inhabitants of the Tropics") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1891, 31:416 This article contains an extensive discussion of the influence of temperature on metabolism. Most experiments a r e of short duration. The nitrogen excretion in urine, feces, and perspiration is analyzed. The author concludes that there is no basis for assuming a difference of protein intake in relation to metabolism of inhabitants of tropical and nontropical p a r t s of the world. The method of Hufner (alkaline bromine solution) was mostly applied in the analysis. The Kjeldahl method, at that time newly developed, was considered too laborious. lets over de "voeding in garnizoen" van den Europeeschen soldaat in Nederlands Indie ("On the 'Nutrition in the Garrison 1 of European Soldiers in the Netherlands Indies") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1892, 32:336 A statistical and chemical analysis of military rations inBatavia. Rice, meat, bread, and some vegetables and spices, a r e the principal components. Bijdrage tot de kennis van de stofwisseling bij de bewoners der tropen ("Contribution to the Knowledge of Metabolism in Inhabitants of the Tropics") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1893, 33:163 Extension of f o r m e r r e s e a r c h is contained in this paper concerning the food intake of Europeans and Javanese. Analyses of nitrogen excretion and metabolism studies a r e made. The author concludes that there is no d i f f e r ence in the composition of food in relation to the nitrogen excretion in Europeans living in the tropics or in Europe.

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Data concerning the carbohydrate, protein, and fat intake, in relation to nitrogen excretion of Javanese, are also included. Polyneuritis bij hoenderen ("Polyneuritis in Hens") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1893, 33:353 A description of post-mortem observations of chickens who had been fed polished rice. Degeneration of the nerves was characteristic. The staining method of March was considered useful. Muscular dystrophy was not considered a specific symptom but possibly the result of starvation. It was possible to induce polyneuritis without inanition, which led the author to conclude that polyneuritis gallinarum was not caused by starvation. Bijdrage tot de kennis van de stofwisseling bij de bewoners der tropen. 2 ("Contribution to the Knowledge of the Metabolism of Inhabitants of the Tropics. II, The Respiratory Gas Metabolism") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1891, 31:416; 1893, 33:163; 1896, 36:154 These studies of oxygen metabolism in relation to body weight revealed no differences between Europeans living in Europe and those living in the tropics. No differences were noted between Javanese and Europeans either.

Polyneuritis bij hoenders ("Polyneuritis in Hens") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1896, 36:214 Continuing his now famous experiments, Eykman came to important conclusions. It was not the cooking of the ricethatwas of importance; rather, the "illness-causing effect" was related to the absence of the red "silver skin" (the bran) around the rice. Eykman inferred that rice

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bran contained substances essential for life and health. This was a novel idea in his days when only carbohydrates, proteins, and f a t s were known as nutrients. Further experiments led him down a byway, however. F r o m experiments on hens he concluded that starch is of importance in the etiology of polyneuritis. Meat diet could partly cure the disease. Only potato starch contained the protecting factor; salts or protein a r e supposedly the lacking factors. Eykman could not a s yet discard the theory of a toxin and he attempted, in vain, to isolate a toxic agent f r o m the content of the gizzards of his experimental animals and f r o m fermented rice. In this r e p o r t the observation of Vorderman is also published: "In prisons where 'husked rice' is eaten, little or no beriberi is observed; in prisons where polished (highly milled) rice is the staple food, beriberi occurs frequently." Eykman, C. Nogmaals beriberi en voeding ("Once again Beriberi and Nutrition") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1898, 38:277 Eykman considered it premature to provide the rations of soldiers and p r i s o n e r s with more proteins and fats. Too many f a c t o r s pointed toward the fact that "good nutrition," according to the principles of those days (food containing a great deal of protein and fat), had nothing to do with beriberi. Eykman cautioned against early conclusions and emphasized that only by experimentation (and very simple experiments) could this problem be solved. The solution was not clear to him. He was not opposed to changing f r o m white rice to " s i l v e r - s k i n " r i c e in prison diets. The article ends with the following s t a t e ment: "Our e r r o r is, that we confuse the idea of good nutrition with fat and protein-rich foods only because we were so taught." Aande HeerW. J. Van Gorkum, naar aanleiding van diens critiek op Vorderman's enquete verslag ("To W. J. Van Gorkum with Reference to his Criticism

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of the Report of Vorderman") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1899, 39:256 Eykman replies to the scathing criticism of Van Gorkum. Although he admits imperfections in his own and Vorderman's r e s e a r c h methods, he strictly adheres to the viewpoint that the principal cause of beriberi lies in nutrition, and that husked rice is the best remedy for the disease.

Polyneuritis gallinarum und Beriberi ("Polyneuritis Gallinarum and Beriberi") Arch. Schiffs-Tropenhyg., 1911, 15 The author critically reviews hypotheses on the etiology of b e r i b e r i and p r e s e n t s a brief résumé of his own studies, which points toward the conclusion that polyneuritis gallinarum is a nutritional disease. Beriberi is closely r e lated to this disease and is caused entirely or chiefly by identical nutritional deficiencies.

lieber die Natur und Wirkungsweise der gegen experimentelle Polyneuritis wirksamen Substanzen ("The Nature and Mode of Action of the Protective Substances in Experimental Polyneuritis") Arch. Schiffs-Tropenhyg., 1913, 17:328 Preparations made f r o m rice bran and f r o m yeast a r e discussed. One extract prepared f r o m rice bran in Eykman's laboratory was found t o b e composed chiefly of salts (KCl and NaCl). Pure solutions of KCl and NaCl injected into pigeons gave good results. The role of phosphorus compounds in curing polyneuritis is discussed. Eykman does not agree with Schaumann as to the etiology of polyneuritis. Invloed van de voeding en van voedselonthouding op het entstaan van polyneuritis gallinarum

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("Influence of Feeding and of Fasting on the Origin of Polyneuritis Gallinarum") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1916, 56:257 Polyneuritis can occur after total fasting in fowls. Feeding of yeast protects the birds against polyneuritis even if all other food is withdrawn. Polyneuritis is not caused by a poisoning, but has its origin in the absence of certain protective antineuritic substances, which the author calls "vitamins." Eykman, C. Zilvervliesrijst of aan-vitaminen-rijke bijvoeding? ("Unpolished Rice or Vitamin-Rich Supplementary Foods?") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1920, 60:489 The author d i s c u s s e s the danger of a renewed outbreak of b e r i b e r i in the army in the Netherlands Indies if the unpolished rice in their diet is replaced with highly milled rice, even if supplemented with such other foods as potatoes, legumes, and vegetables. Proeven met het anti-beriberi-vitamin van Jansen en Donath ("Experiments with the Antiberiberi Vitamin of Jansen and Donath") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1927, 67:427 Both protective and curative experiments with the crystalline antiberiberi vitamin of Jansen and Donath in young pigeons and cocks, demonstrated its antiberiberi activity. Two mgm. of this preparation per kgm. of polished rice did not give complete protection against polyneuritis. With 4 mgm. per kgm. r i c e , full p r o t e c tion was achieved in pigeons. Lack of material prevented repetition of the latter experiments in cocks. Het basaal metabolisme van tropenbewoners ("The Basal Metabolism of Inhabitants of the Tropics") Meded. Volksgez. D. Ned. Ind., 1928, 4:591

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A c r i t i c i s m of the r e s e a r c h of Teding van Berkhout. Eykman's own experiments on basal metabolism of inhabitants in tropical countries showed opposite r e s u l t s . Fiebig, F. J. M. Voorlopige mededelingomtrentde oorzaken en het wezen der beriberi ("Preliminary Report on the Causes and the Nature of Beriberi") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1885, 24:223 The author considers b e r i b e r i to be an infectious poliomyelitis. He t r i e s to support this theory through extensive p o s t - m o r t e m studies. In the treatment of b e r i b e r i he recommends diuretics, cold showers, and salicylic acid. Geschichte und Kritik der bacteriologischen E r f o r schung der Beriberikrankheit ("History of and Criticism of Bacteriological Investigations in Beriberi") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1889, 29:249 This article is a direct c r i t i c i s m of Pekelharing and Winkler's r e p o r t . The author does not consider the m i c r o - o r g a n i s m these scientists claimed to have isolated specific; neither does he consider the disease of inoculated animals typical. In direct opposition to Pekelharing and Winkler, van Eecke was able to isolate the same micrococcus in a "beriberi f r e e " area (Buitenzorg). Although the beriberi problem was not r e solved by the scientists named, their studies stimulated a great deal of r e s e a r c h .

Antwort auf die Bemerwungen der Herren Pekelharing und Winkler zu meiner Kritik ihrer bakteriologischen Untersuchungen der Beriberikrankheit ("Reply to the Remarks of M e s s r s . Pekelharing and Winkler Concerning my Criticism of their Bacterio-

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logical Investigations on Beriberi") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1890, 30:221 A renewed criticism, ex cathedra, of the research of Pekelharing and Winkler. Their results could not be repeated by Eykman on the island of Banka. In Holland, likewise, experiments with the newly isolated "beriberi micrococcus" were inconclusive. Fiebig, F. J. M. Beriberi onder de dessabevolking in Nederlands Indie ("Beriberi among the Indonesian Population in the Netherlands Indies") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1890, 30:432 The author again reviews the theories of various scientists on the origin of beriberi. Among the causes named were ancylostoma or other intestinal parasites, miasmata, infections, moral depressions, poisoning, humidity, and soil emanations. Many authors are of the opinion that beriberi is a disease peculiar to government wards, but this statement is not proven. Extensive reports by government physicians, government officials, and others, are included, which reveal that beriberi also occurs in the "free" population of the Netherlands Indies. Fromberg, P. H. F. Scheikundig onderzoek van de wortel der cassaveplant van Java in verbandmet zijn voedselwaarde en kultuur ("Chemical Analysis of the Roots of the Javanese Cassava in Relation to its Nutritive Value and its Cultivation") Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1854, 5:285 The first part of the article contains the results of chemical analysis. The author recommends cultivation of the plant, which he considers a valuable foodstuff. He mentions the toxic elements in cassava which may be destroyed by heat. Starch is considered an important food, although he states that protein should not be neglected. Cassava contains as much protein as rice.

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Gelpke, C. O. Beriberi Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1880, 19:256 This article includes a detailed description of the pathology of b e r i b e r i in Atchin (Sumatra). The incidence of the disease was observed during a journey f r o m Batavia to Atchin. The average death rate was very high. The author notes " t h e r e is a shortage of earth to bury the victims." He considers an infectious agent (trichina) in fish to be the cause.

Ein Beitrag zur Bestreitung der Beriberi ("Contribution to the Fight against Beriberi") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1890, 30:144 For (the previous) ten y e a r s , the author had been of the opinion that b e r i b e r i and nutrition were interrelated. The disease could be correlated to the movements of troops and other government wards or employees. Sending a patient home signified reconvalescence; upon his return to the Netherlands Indies, even after several y e a r s spent in Europe, a r e c u r r e n c e of the symptoms developed. Fish in the diet was not assumed to be the causative agent, and only rice remained under consideration. The army stored rice for one year only as it was found to spoil if kept in storage for longer periods. The author concludes his paper with a detailed description of beriberi.

Ueber die Etiologie der Beriberi. Gelpke contra Van Dieren ("On the Etiology of Beriberi: Gelpke contra Van Dieren") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Inc., 1897, 37:108 In spite of the clear-cut and objective experiments of Eykman, the problem of b e r i b e r i continues to initiate many ex cathedra discussions. Van Dieren believes beriberi to be a rice poisoning. Gelpke contends that beriberi is caused by an infection due to spoiled rice or

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putrid fish. He claims priority for his theory. "Statistics can reveal more than a few experiments on hens!" Gelpke states, and he claims that 24 million Javanese eat white rice without developing b e r i b e r i . "Eykman's false experiments a r e based on his passionate d e s i r e to solve insolvable problems," is Gelpke's erroneous judgment of Eykman's revolutionary experiments on polyneuritis in fowls. Gorter, F. J., and J. P. Spruyt De vitamine A-werking van enkele plantaardige Indische voedingsmiddelen, gemeten aan de hand van de rattengroeiproef ("The Vitamin A Effect of some Indonesian Vegetable Foodstuffs Determined by the Rat Growth Method") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1939, 79:588 A special rat-growth test was devised whereby female r a t s were given vitamin A-deficient foods before birth of their offspring. Some vegetables, f r u i t s , nuts, and tubers were studied by this method. Goudswaard, A. Zilvervliesbepaling in r i j s t ("Determining the Degree of Milling of Rice") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1933, 73:419 Thirteen methods commonly used for determination of the degree of milling of rice, a r e criticized. The author outlines an additional method which would satisfy reasonable requirements. Gravenstein, V. Verslag van enige beriberi gevallen voorgekomen in de negorij Titawani op het eiland Noesalaut, ook in verband tot de voeding dezer l i j d e r s beschouwd ("Report on Beriberi Occurring in Titawani, a Village on the Island of Noesalaut, in Relation to the Nutrition of Patients") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1898, 38:92

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The author, who was interested in the work of Vordermanand Eykmanon the relation of nutrition (red rice) to beriberi, d e s c r i b e s some c a s e s occurring in the rather remote part of the Indonesian archipelago. The patients did not ever consume rice, and thus Van Dieren's theory was refuted. B e r i b e r i was found to increase whenever the diet deteriorated. The staple food was sago, a c a r b o hydrate devoid of vitamins and minerals. Decrease of the amounts of fish, meat, or vegetables in the diet led to an increased incidence of beriberi. Grijns, G. In Beknopt overzicht van de werkzaamheden verricht in het Laboratorium voor Pathologische anatomie en Bacteriologie te Weltevreden gedurende het jaar 1898 ("From the Report of the Activities of the Laboratory for Pathology and Bacteriology for the Year 1898") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1899, 39:194 For the f i r s t time, the name of Grijns is mentioned in the l i t e r a t u r e on beriberi. The director of the institute, H. F. Roll, d e s c r i b e s the experiments of Grijns, who concludes that very small quantities of a new substance, not belonging to either proteins, fats, carbohydrates, or minerals, a r e responsible for preventing b e r i b e r i . In katjang idjoe (Phaseolus radiatus) this factor was destroyed through heat (in 1 hour at 120° C.), but it was not destroyed in gabah (rice in the husk).

Over polyneuritis gallinarum ("On Polyneuritis Gallinarum") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1901, 41:1 The author studies some c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of b e r i b e r i preventing foodstuffs in hens. He states that b e r i b e r i is not caused by spoilage of rice, a s f r e s h rice, devoid of the husk, can cause b e r i b e r i . Carbohydrates a r e not n e c e s s a r y f o r beriberi-producing diets. The protective substance is not a protein. KedelG (soybean) and katjang idjoe (Phaseolus radiatus). with the same protein con-

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tent, react differently with respect to antiberiberi activity. The protective substance cannot be extracted with acetic acid from dedek (rice bran). The red pigment from the rice is not the active principle. Grijns herewith introduces the concept that a "deficit," a partial hunger, is the cause of beriberi. Grijns, G. Nieuwe onderzoekingen met betrekking tot de etiologie der beriberi ("New Investigations Concerning the Etiology of Beriberi") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1908, 48:680 In a lecture to physicians, Grijns outlines the status of the known facts concerning beriberi. He discusses the fundamental experiments of Eykman, who was still of the opinion, at that time, that some kind of toxic substance, supposedly derived from carbohydrates in the intestinal tract, caused beriberi. Eykman believed that this toxic substance could be "neutralized" by substances contained in rice bran. Grijns, however, is of the opinion that rice bran, katjang idjoe, and other foodstuffs, contain certain unknown substances which are necessary for the organism. The concept of "deficiency" is thus e s tablished. Grijns compares his experiments in birds with those of Hold in guinea pigs, and recognizes many similarities between avian polyneuritis and mammalian scurvy. Over polyneuritis gallinarum ("On Polyneuritis Gallinarum") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1909, 49:16 Grijns continues his experiments on polyneuritis in hens, and confirms his previously propounded thesis that a deficiency and not a poisoning is the cause of the disease. At that time the toxic origin of polyneuritis of hens was widely accepted; however, Grijns seized every opportunity to disprove that theory. He contends that it is

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impossible to transmit b e r i b e r i f r o m one animal to another by injection of blood f r o m diseased animals. Nucleic acid is 'not the active substance. Over polyneuritis gallinarum ("On Polyneuritis Gallinarum") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1911, 51:591 Experiments to isolate the antiberiberi substance f r o m dedek (rice bran) a r e described. The active substance can be extracted with alcohol but not with petroleumether. The quantity of phosphorus obtained was too small to consider it to be the active principle. Hens were used a s experimental animals.

Kritische opmerkingen over " l e t s over de etiologie van Polyneuritis gallinarum in verband met verzuurde r i j s t " door D. J. Hulshoff Pol ("Critical Remarks on Hulshoff Pol's Article 'On the Etiology of Polyneuritis Gallinarum in Relation to Soured Rice' ") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1912, 52:50 The following arguments of Hulshoff Pol are discussed: (1) The active agents a r e unknown chemical substances. It is, however, possible to extract and to concentrate these active substances. (2) After death f r o m starvation, c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of polyneuritis could not be found. The experimental animals utilized protein f r o m their own t i s sues. On liberating this protein, the antipolyneuritic substance is equally liberated. (3) Upon forced feeding, the animals fell ill e a r l i e r . Their metabolism was higher than in starvation, and was followed by an increased demand for the active substance.

Enige opmerkingen over beriberi en over polyneuritis bij hoenders

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("Some Remarks on Beriberi and on Polyneuritis in Poultry") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1914, 54:1 A discussion as to whether beriberi and polyneuritis are caused by infection, poisoning, or a nutritional deficiency. The author concludes, on the basis of his own observations, and from a review of the literature on the subject, that both diseases are of nutritional origin. Haga, J. Over diuretine ("On Diuretine") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1892, 32:31 Nog eens diuretine en Beriberi ("Again Diuretine and Beriberi") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1893, 33:417 The author recommends diuretine in treatment of beriberi. Hamilton of Silvertonhill, K. W. Waarnemingen over beriberi ("Observations on Beriberi") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1895, 7:192 The author gives a case history of the "until now rather rare disease." The principal clinical symptoms were paralysis, anemia, and edema. Treatment consisted of quinine and iron medication and massage. Death often occurred after a period of approximately ten days. The chief characteristic of the disease was a lesion of the cervical spine. Miasmata are considered its cause. The statistics on mortality are of interest: in 1857 no less than 16 out of 19 persons afflicted with the disease died. Hartman, J. H. Scaevola Koeningei (Bepatjeda) Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1894, 34:745 See De Cock.

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Hebberling, M. Eetbare aarde van Java ("Edible Earth f r o m Java") Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1870, 31:389 A chemical analysis of edible earth f r o m Java. Its composition proved to be entirely inorganic. Heringa, J. Het keuren van melk ("Inspection of Milk") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1889, 13:270 The method of Vogel for testing the quality of milk is not considered suitable for tropical countries. In this method, milk is poured drop by drop into a container filled with water until a candle placed back of the glass cannot be clearly discerned.

Eetbare aarde von Sumatra ("Edible Earth f r o m Sumatra") Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1874, 34:185 A description and chemical analysis of edible earth f r o m Sumatra. No new views on the subject a r e given. Hijman, A. J. Het purinegehalte van voedingsmiddelen der inheemse bevolking ("The Purin Content of Foodstuffs of the Indonesian Population") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1939, 79:2300 Because of the frequent incidence of gout in the poorer c l a s s e s in Indonesia, the purin content of various foods was studied. Almost all foods contained l e s s t h a n l mgm. dry substance, which is f a r below the value in beef liver or kidneys, as determined by European scientists. The purin content of the diet was therefore not considered to be of any great importance in the etiology of gout.

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Hijman, A. J., and A. G. van Veen Over het djenkolzuur, een nieuw zwavelhoudend aminozuur ("Djenkolic Acid, a New Sulphur-containing Amino Acid") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1936, 76:840 Djenkolic acid (a cystine derivate) was isolated from the djenkol bean (Pithecolobium lobatum). Eating of the bean sometimes caused mild poisoning which was rarely lethal. The bean is considered a delicacy by the Indonesians. Its vitamin Bj content is 100 I.U. per 100 gm. Djenkolic acid is an amino acid and contains sulphur. The author gives its structural formula. Experiments in rabbits showed that the sulphur can be partially oxydized to sulphate. Whether djenkol can replace cystine could not be determined, due to the kidney lesions which developed in rats after they were fed the beans. The sulphur excretion varied greatly in patients who were poisoned with djenkolic acid. Holleman, L. W. J., D. R. Koolhaas, and J. A. Nijolt Composition of the Diet of the Chinese in Batavia Meded. Volksgez. D. Ned. Ind., 1939, 28:306 Qualitative and quantitative studies were made of the diet of the Chinese population of Java, more particularly in Batavia. The best known ingredients of Chinese foods were analyzed and the relative importance of different food products evaluated in relation to their use during one week in the diet of patients in a large Chinese hospital. Comparative quantitative studies were made of the diet of two long-established Chinese families and of one newly immigrated Chinese family. All these diets were compared to the common Javanese diets. The Java-Chinese diet occupied an intermediate position, but closer to the Javanese diet. It was found that the protein and fat intake were larger, and the carbohydrate intake was lower in the immigrant Chinese diet than in the Javanese diets. This preliminary conclusion was based on calculation of the daily intake on equal caloric value of the total diet. The hospital diet was richer in protein than the

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Javanese diet. An abundance of animal products was characteristic of Chinese foods as compared to the Javanese diet, resulting in differences of cholesterol metabolism between both races. This may point toward a certain relationship between the incidence of cancer in these two population groups. The mineral constituents in the in the Chinese diet were found not to vary appreciably within the groups; calcium and phosphorus were contained in sufficient quantities. The calcium intake was higher in the immigrant Chinese than in the hospital groups.

Horst, M. D. Is verstrekking van zilvervliesrijst aan Indische militairen mogelijk en noodzakelijk? ("Is it Necessary or Possible to Supply Indonesian Soldiers with Unpolished Rice?") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1921, 61:119 Indonesians prefer polished rice because of its palatability and because of their being able to eat with it larger quantities of supplementary foods. If the latter were to serve as the only source of antiberiberi substances, the author states that no protection would be achieved. At the Bataafse Petroleum Company in BalikPapan, a combination of two parts of highly milled rice and one part of unpolished rice were given to Indonesians with good results. The army may similarly be provided with antiberiberi foods.

Hulshoff Pol, M. M. D. J. Katjang idjoe, un nouveau medicament contre le beriberi ("Katjang idjoe, a new Medicine in Treatment of Beriberi") Janus, 1902, 7, October-November Roeldsema reported that coolies recovered from beriberi after eating katjang idjoe (Phaseolus radiatus), an indigenous pulse. Hulshoff Pol repeated these experi-

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ments with control series. One hundred and fifty gm. of katjang idjoe per day proved effective in preventing the development of beriberi in a group of 78 mental patients. Disinfection, and eating of other vegetables, had previously proved ineffective. It is recognized today that katjang idjoe is an excellent source of thiamine. Hulshoff Pol, M. M. D. J. Beriberi en Katjang idjoe ("Beriberi and Katjang idjoe") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1906, 46:477 The author confirms his earlier observations on the therapeutic effects of katjang idjoe (Phaseolus radiatus) in beriberi patients. He advises extending the scope of experiments with katjang idjoe.

Beriberi en djagoeng (mais) voeding ("Beriberi in Relation to Corn as Food") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1907, 47:466 Hulshoff Pol, the discoverer of antiberiberi activity in katjang idjoe (Phaseolus radiatus), extended his experiments to other foodstuffs. In well-organized experiments on patients in a mental hospital, maize (corn) was not found to have any beriberi activity. The author did not find any difference in the composition of rice and katjang idjoe with respect to the percentages of nutrients known at that time (nitrogen, protein, fat, carbohydrates, fibre, ash). (Today we know that katjang idjoe is not only rich in thiamine but also contains protein.)

Polyneuritis gallinarum en beriberi ("Polyneuritis Gallinarum and Beriberi") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1909, 49:116 Hulshoff Pol showed that katjang idjoe (Pnaseolus radiatus) was a good preventive for human beriberi. His

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experiments were extended to hens. Polyneuritis gallinarum, induced by feeding highly milled rice, was rapidly cured with katjang idjoe and its extracts. Some clinical differences between human beriberi and "hen beriberi" were observed.

lets over de etiologie van polyneuritis gallinarum in verband met verzuurde rijstvoeding ("On the Etiology of Beriberi in Relation to Soured Rice") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1912, 52:11 In previous publications, Hulshoff Pol confirmed the relation between nutrition and beriberi. The present article contains a defense of the theory of infection on the basis of experiments which, however, are not convincing. Small groups of animals were fed with either polished, unpolished, polished and soured, or cooked and soured rice. The soured rice caused an earlier development of beriberi in groups of one to three animals. Inconclusive results were found in larger groups which were fed water extracts of soured rice.

Antwoord aan Dr. G. Grijns op zijne critische opmerkingen over mijne verhandeling betreffende de invloed van verzuurde rijst op polyneuritis gallinarum ("Reply to Dr. G. Grijns on His Critical Remarks Concerning my Article on the Influence of Soured Rice on Polyneuritis Gallinarum") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1912, 52:244 Hulshoff Pol persists in backing his earlier statements on the subject (see above article). Jacobs, S. Quantitatieve analyse van karbouwenmelk ("Quantitative Analysis of Water Buffalo Milk") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1887, 27:272

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Determinations of specific gravity, alkalinity, water and ash contents, casein, protein, fat, and lactose, contained in water buffalo milk. Jansen, B. C. P. H e t g e h a l t e a a n i n v e t o p l o s b a r e vitaminen in klapperolie ("The Content of Fat-Soluble Vitamins in Coconut Oil") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1918, 58:191 Indonesian scientists up to that time were chiefly concerned with antiberiberi vitamins. With the a r r i v a l of Jansen, vitamin r e s e a r c h was extended to include the study, of fat-soluble vitamins. This article contains a description of his f i r s t experiments. Conditions were rather primitive; wild r a t s and chickens were used as experimental animals. Handling of the r a t s was difficult and dangerous and a f u r t h e r difficulty was encountered in preparation of the basic diet, a s casein and some other foodstuffs were not obtainable. Good growth of the animals was achieved by the use of equal parts of polished rice and dedek (rice polishings). Fat-soluble vitamins, in the f o r m of ether extracts of egg yolk, were available. Coconut oil, which is the chief source of fat for the population, does not contain any fat-soluble vitamins. Among other problems briefly mentioned a r e the small stature of the Javanese, and the observation that in regions where maize is part of the native diet, pellagra does not occur. Is vitamine identiek met s e c r e t i n e ? ("Is Vitamin Identical with Secretin?") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1918, 58:191 The supposed similarity of antiberiberi vitamin and the secretory hormone is tested by experiments in dogs. Active antiberiberi extracts f r o m rice polishings did not cause secretin activity. The extracts were fairly toxic. Over het gebruik van klapperperskoekals eiwitrijk voedsel voor den mensch

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("On the Use of Coconut P r e s s Cake as Protein-Rich Food for Human Consumption") Meded. B. Geneesk. D. Ned. Ind., 1920, 1:2 In regions where rice is s c a r c e the poorer c l a s s e s of the population eat food rich in carbohydrates. Experiments were made on rats, with coconut p r e s s cake as a source of protein. Good growth in the r a t s was evidence that the biological value of the coconut protein was high. Examination of the f e c e s of three young men given coconut p r e s s cake, used as a partial source of protein, and supplemented with r i c e showed the excretion of protein was f r o m 21.7 to 26.5 per cent. The author considers coconut p r e s s cake to be a good source of protein in emergencies.

Over het vitaminegehalte van rijstzemelen en over de methoden om dit te bepalen ("On the Vitamin Content of Rice Bran and the Methods for its Determination") Meded. B. Geneesk. D. Ned. Ind., 1920, 1:22 The antiberiberi vitamin in rice bran can be extracted with0.3 per cent hydrochloric acid, 70 per centaethanol, or a mixture of both. There was a great difference in the antiberiberi vitamin content of various rice samples. Hen or pigeon tests were not satisfactory for obtaining f a s t r e s u l t s . When using a small native bird, the munia maja, symptoms of deficiency were evident within ten to fifteen days. This small bird p r o m i s e s to be very u s e ful for quantitative determination of antiberiberi vitamin. and R. M. M. Mangkoewinoto Het r e s p i r a t o r i s c h quotient van metgeslepen r i j s t gevoede vogels {"The Respiratory Quotient of Birds Fed on Polished Rice") Meded. B. Geneesk. D. Ned. Ind., 1920, 1:50 The authors point toward the need for f a s t diagnosis

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of polyneuritis in experimental animals. A considerable d e c r e a s e of the basal metabolism in hens with polyneuritis, as described by Ramoine, could not be confirmed by the authors. Jansen, B. C. P. Over de behoefte van het dierlijk organisme aan antib e r i b e r i vitamine en over het gehalte van verschillende voedingsmiddelen aan dit vitamine ("The Need of the Animal Organism for Antiberiberi Vitamin and its Content in Foodstuffs") Meded. B. Geneesk. D. Ned. Ind., 1923, 1:1 Feeding experiments with pigeons showed that the quantity of antiberiberi vitamin ingested daily depended on the quantity of food consumed daily and on the kind of food eaten. The antiberiberi vitamin content of various Indonesian foods was determined.

Over de voedingswaarde en fermentgehalte von 100-jarige rijst ("On the Food Value and the Content of Enzymes in OneHundred-Year-Old Rice") Meded. B. Geneesk. D. Ned. Ind., 1923, 1:124 Rice stored for nearly a century proved to contain a l most the same amount of antiberiberi vitamin a s f r e s h rice, tested by pigeon and rat experiments. The composition of the protein with relation to amino acid content and digestibility of the proteins in humans and r a t s was unchanged. The ancient rice still contained protease, lipase, and amylase. and W. F. Donath Over stofwisselingsproeven met ratten en over de v e r teerbaarheid der eiwitten van enige voedingsmiddelen ("Metabolism Experiments in Rats and the Digestibility of Proteins in Some Foodstuffs") Meded. Volksgez. D. Ned. Ind., 1924, 1:26

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Digestibility of the proteins in unpolished rice is lower than that of polished rice a s shown by experiments in r a t s . The digestibility of the proteins of glutinous rice (Oryza sativa f. glutinosa) is identical with that of common rice. In humans the digestibility of various kinds of rice is lower than in rats; the ratio is the same. Soybean proteins and proteins of tempS kedel§ prepared f r o m soybeans a r e the same. Over het gehalte aan A vitamine van verschillende Indische voedingsmiddelen en over de waarde van de eiwitten ervan als aanvulling der rijsteiwitten ("On the Vitamin A Content of Various Indonesian Foodstuffs and the Value of Their Proteins as a Supplement to Rice Proteins") Meded. Volksgez. D. Ned. Ind., 1924, 1:48 Many of the common foodstuffs of animal and vegetable origin, used by the population of the Netherlands Indies, were analyzed in relation to their vitamin A and protein values. Several f r u i t s and vegetables proved to be good s o u r c e s of vitamin A, as were also duck eggs, butter, and cod-liver oil. Poor sources of vitamin A were rice, white corn, coconut, groundnuts, and cakes prepared f r o m them. Coconut oil and groundnut oil contained only small amounts of vitamin A. Soybean protein was the best supplement to rice protein.

Onderzoekingen over de voeding, verricht in het Geneeskundig Laboratorium te Weltevreden ("Research on Nutrition in the Public Health Laboratory in Weltevreden") Meded. B. Geneesk. D. Ned. Ind., 1925, 2:133 A brief outline of the science of nutrition in its modern aspects, followed by a review of the work in nutrition done during the past y e a r s by Jansen and his co-workers in the Public Health Laboratory at Weltevreden. A great number of native foods were studied and tested in r e l a -

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tion to their antiberiberi vitamin content, their vitamin A content, and in relation to the biological value of their protein content. On the basis of these experiments the nutrition of prisoners was materially improved. The diets became more palatable for Indonesians, and cheaper for the government. Jansen, B. C. P., and W. F. Donath Over hetgehalte aan anti-scheurbuik vitamine vaneenige citrus-soorten en van pisangs ("On the Content of Antiscorbutic Vitamin of some Citrus Species and of Bananas") Meded. B. Geneesk. D. Ned. Ind., 1925, 2:231 The experiments were made with guinea pigs. It was found that the antiscorbutic vitamin content differed greatly in various species of citrus fruits. The antiscorbutic content of some preparations purchased for long sea voyages was often low. The consequences of such vitamin deficiencies on long journeys are described. Over het isolering van het anti-beriberi vitamine ("Isolation of Antiberiberi Vitamin") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1926, 66:572 A description of the method by which the scientists succeeded in isolating and crystallizing the antiberiberi vitamin. The basic material was rice bran, and bondols (munia maja, rice birds) were used as experimental animals.

Over de isolering van het anti-beriberi vitamine ("Isolation of Antiberiberi Vitamin") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1926, 66:810 A detailed description of the method used to isolate antiberiberi vitamin in crystalline form, and of experiments with rice birds (munia maja) to control the activity of its various fractions.

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Over de isolering van het anti-beriberi vitannne ("Isolation of Antiberiberi Vitamin") Hand. Natuurw. Congr., 1926, 4:185 The first isolation of a vitamin is described (published elsewhere in greater detail). Experiments were made with rice birds, which made possible the estimating of vitamin activity within ten days. The vitamin was isolated from 300 kgm. of rice polishings. "Acid clay" from Cheribon was found to be a good adsorbent. Elution with barium and silver nitrate, further purification with phosphotungstic acid and platinum chloride, followed by r e crystallization, was done. The final part of the procedure takes a long time. It results in obtaining i 100 mgm. of pure active substance of which 2-3 Ss (millionth gram), given a bird daily, will cure polyneuritis. Prophylaxis and Cure of Beriberi by Vitamin Preparations F. E. Assn. Trop. Med. Trans., 1927, 3:372 In the medical laboratory in Batavia, three antiberiberi preparations were manufactured to provide the Indonesian people with antiberiberi vitamin obtainedfrom rice bran: (1) tablets of 0.25 gm. each, prepared from fuller's earth in which the vitamin is absorbed; (2) a concentrated solution made from an extract of fuller's earth; (3) ampullae, containing a highly purified extract of activated full e r ' s earth. The preparations, of therapeutic value, were not to be used as a prophylactic.. Attempts were made to mix these preparations with table salt, but no report was given as to their effectiveness. Cost of the preparations was low. Over de isolering van het antiberiberi vitamine ("On Isolation of Antiberiberi Vitamin") Meded. Volksgez. D. Ned. Ind., 1927:190 A description of the f i r s t isolation of the antiberiberi vitamin. A rice bird, the bondol (munia maja), was in-

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troduced, in which polyneuritis could be experimentally induced within 10 to 14 days, making it possible to test the vitamin fractions comparatively quickly. The vitamin was isolated f r o m rice polishings by extraction with diluted acid; adsorption in an acid clay followed, then elution with barium, and precipitation with silver and barium with platinum chloride. Further purification of this fraction took many months, but eventually a c r y s talline substance was obtained of which 2 ^ per day protected the bird against beriberi. The melting point and simple chemical analysis a r e given. Tablets with the vitamin absorbed in acid clay, and ampullae containing the vitamin extracted f r o m the clay, were to be placed on the market. Jansen, B. C. P., and W. F. Donath Over de voedingswaarde van mais an hare verschillende Indische toebereidingen ("The Nutritive Value of Maize in Relation to Differing Methods of Preparation") Meded. Volksgez. D. Ned. Ind., 1928, 1:76 A review of the literature on the nutritional value of maize. In the Netherlands Indies there a r e various methods of preparing maize as a food; those a r e considered "good" which save the parts containing valuable nutrients. The nutritional values of several varieties of corn and corn products were determined through biological experiments. Few differences were found among varieties. To ensure antiberiberi vitamin one to two parts of highly milled rice were added to maize products. Yellow or colored maize was a better source of vitamin A than the white varieties. A diet consisting chiefly of maize resulted in poor growth. Meat was considered the best supplement to this diet. Over het gehalte aan vitamine A in verschillende oebisoorten ("On the Content of Vitamin A in Sweet Potato Varieties") Meded. Volksgez. D. Ned. Ind., 1928, 1:106

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Yellow sweet potatoes a r e sometimes an important item of the Javanese diet. The yellow and orange varieties are rich sources of provitamin A; the white v a r i e t i e s contain little or no vitamin A. The protein content is low in all varieties. Over het vitamine A gehalte van Indische vruchten ("The Vitamin A Content of Indonesian Fruits") Meded. Volksgez. D. Ned. Ind., 1928, 1:112 The antixerophthalmic activity of f r u i t s was tested by means of experiments with r a t s . The animals were placed on a vitamin A deficient diet supplemented with f r u i t s . The addition of 1/2 gm. or l e s s of some f r u i t s per day as supplement to 10 gm. of rice was sufficient to protect the animals against xerophthalmia. Of some other f r u i t s 1 or 2 gm. were n e c e s s a r y . Again other f r u i t s were too poor s o u r c e s of vitamin A to protect the animals. Waardebepaling van r i j s t ("Determination of the Value of Rice") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1934, 74:1757 Jansen disputes some of the statements made by Koks, who used Spruyt 1 s methods for determination of vitamin B j . The purpose of this investigation is to find a method by which it is possible to indicate the degree of polishing in relation to the vitamin B j content of rice. Over de quantitative bepalingen van vitamines, in het bijzonder van aneurine (anti-beriberi vitamine) ("The Quantitative Determinations of Vitamins, Aneurin in Particular") Meded. Volksgez. D. Ned. Ind., 1938, 27:136 Since isolation of the f i r s t vitamin by the author ten y e a r s e a r l i e r vitamin r e s e a r c h has progressed rapidly. F o r m e r l y it was n e c e s s a r y to use animals for experimentation which took a great deal of time, and the r e s u l t s

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were not always accurate. By 1938 faster chemical methods had been developed. The methods used for determination of vitamin A (Carr and Price reaction) and of ascorbic acid are briefly discussed. The thiochrome method developed by the authors for isolation of aneurin (vitamin Bi) is more extensively described. Jennissen, J. A. M. J. Statistisch overzicht vande sterkte, immigratie, mortaliteit en morbiditeit onder het mijnwerkerscorps te Billiton gedurende delaatste vijftig jaren, in verband met het beriberi vraagstuk ("Statistical Review of Number, Immigration, Mortality and Morbidity Among Miners at Billiton During the Last Fifty Years, in Relation to the Beriberi Problem") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1911, 51:499 From a study of statistical reports of the tin mines it was found that the incidence of beriberi in the tin miners was related to the use of polished rice in their food. The author suggests that the government should promote the use of unpolished rice by the entire population. Over rijstvoeding en beriberi onder het mijnwerkerscorps te Billiton ("On Rice Diet and Beriberi Among Miners at Billiton") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1913, 53:570 The incidence of beriberi is related to the use of polished rice. The author contends that determination of the phosphorus content is a good index for the degree of polishing. Keizer, D. P. R. Pellagra of dermatitis pellagroidea ? ("Pellagra or Pellagroid Dermatitis?") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1931, 71:1345 Pellagra is seldom observed in the Netherlands Indies, A case is described which occurred in a five-year-old

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Javanese boy. His diet was protein- and vitamin-deficient (rice and some fish); after an operation, with a subsequent feverish condition, he developed skin lesions which may have been pellagra or pseudo-pellagra. The therapy applied in this case is not mentioned. Kessler, H. J. Beriberi, geen rijstvergiftiging ("Beriberi, Not a Rice Poisoning") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1897, 37:339 A f u r t h e r discussion on the r e p o r t of VanDieren. The author t r i e s to support his own contention that an infection and not the eating of rice is the cause of beriberi. He states that continuous eating of rice eventually cures beriberi. (However, he overlooks the fact that it is eaten with other foods.) Kessler contends that Vorderman's statistics merely prove that rice is of some minor i m portance in b e r i b e r i . Kiewit de Jonge, G. W. Onderzoekingen over beriberi ("Investigations on Beriberi") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1909, 49:165 The author repeats the experiments of Hulshoff Pol in c a s e s of human beriberi. He achieves the same results and is convinced that katjang idjoe (Phaseolus radiatus) is an excellent remedy in the treatment of beriberi. He suggests that the government continue the katjang idjoe experiments with hens. Kluyver, A. J. De olie industrie op Java en de volksvoeding ("Oil Production in Java in Relation to Nutrition") Kol. Stud., 1918, 2:285 The native way of producing edible oil is compared to European factory production methods. The losses in vitamins caused by the native methods a r e l e s s than expected because the p r e s s cake is also consumed. This is especially so with coconuts and groundnuts. In the

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opinion of the author, it is detrimental to the Indonesian population to export oil-containing foods. He pleads on behalf of the Indonesians for a government-regulated export trade. Koefoed, H. G., S. Postmus, and A. G. van Veen De verwerkingvanmenuonderzoekgegevens. (1) Devoedingswaarde der voedingsmiddelen ("Evaluation of Menu Studies. I, The Nutritional Value of Foodstuffs") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1939, 79:1302 A discussion of the r e s u l t s of nutrition surveys. A table of the food values of a majority of the commonly used Indonesian foods is included. This article indicates the enormous amount of work done by the authors. The accuracy of the data is discussed, and combinations of foods a r e suggested to facilitate calculation. Voedingsnormen ("Nutrition Standards") Landbouw, 1939, 15:538; Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1939, 79:2826 Consideration of nutrition standards in Java, based on the "Report on the Physiological Basis of Nutrition," (Geneva, 1936). In this study, the average body weight of an adult Javanese is set at 50 kg. and the average Javanese family consists of 5.2 individuals. The caloric standard of a nonworking adult Javanese is estimated at 1900. The protein standard is 1 gm. per kilogram weight. The vitamin A standard is 20 to 40 I.U. per kilogram, the vitamin B standard is 10 I.U. ( = 30^) per 100 calories. De voedingswaarde van voedingsmiddelen ("The Nutritive Value of Foodstuffs") Landbouw, 1939, 15:193 A number of nutrition surveys a r e planned on Java. The present article deals with the nutritive value of

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Javanese foodstuffs. Tables concerning evaluation of most of the native foods a r e included with a description of their use and methods for f a s t calculation. Koks, M. Th. Waardebepaling van r i j s t ("Determination of the Value of Rice") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1934, 74:787 The procedure for chemical analysis of rice is described. An e x t r a c t i s precipitated with Millon's reagent. This is treated with activated charcoal and again precipitated with the reagent. The difference in the amount of the precipitate indicates the "protein and vitamin" content. Waardebepaling van r i j s t 2 ("Determination of the Value of Rice," II) Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1934, 74:906 The author concludes that, to date, there is no acceptable chemical or biological method available to a c c u r a t e ly determine the "value" of rice. Waardebepaling van r i j s t 3 an 4 ("Determination of the Value of Rice," III and IV) Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1934, 74:997 and 74:1175 A s h a r p c r i t i c i s m of the methods used for d e t e r m i nation of vitamin B j , including the method used by Spruyt and described in his thesis in 1933. The author r e c o m mends unpolished rice f r o m Japan a s an excellent food for Indonesians. He believes b e r i b e r i is due to other causes than vitamin deficiency. Millon's reagent is r e c ommended for the determination of the nutritional value of undermilled and of milled rice. Kop, W. A. Het vitaminegehalte van aardappelen ("The Vitamin Content of Potatoes") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1920, 60:9

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As a result of experiments with pigeons, peeled and boiled potatoes were found to have antipolyneuritic prope r t i e s . It is suggested that they be used in the nutrition of the army in the Netherlands Indies. Kuenen, W. A. Opmerkingen naar aanleiding van de beschouwingen van Dr. A. J. Salm over beriberi en voeding ("Remarks Concerning Dr. A. J. Salm's Views on Beriberi in Relation to Nutrition") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1921, 61:109 The author r e f u t e s the assumption of Dr. Salm that a specific poison causes beriberi. Kuenen concurs with Eykmanand Schuffner, who consider b e r i b e r i to be a deficiency disease which can be prevented in the army through diet. Lampe, P. H., C. E. De Moor, and A. G. van Veen Rattenlepra. 7e mededeling "Modderlepra" van witte ratten ("'Soil Leprosy* in White Rats") Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 1938, 78:523 The authors contend they induced "soil leprosy" in white r a t s who were deficient in vitamin A, or deficient in B-complex vitamins, and who had been in close contact with mud. The r e s u l t s of these experiments could not be reproduced. Lanzing, J. C. Over de analyse van bloedserumcarotinoiden ("Analysis of Carotinoids in the Blood Serum") Meded. Volksgez. D. Ned. Ind., 1938, 27:213 The content of carotinoids in blood s e r a was d e t e r mined by microchromatograph. The blood of Indonesian prisoners (vegetarians) contained l e s s