Literature in Malay by the Chinese of Indonesia: a provisional annotated bibliography 9780835705929, 0835705927, 9782901725367, 2901725368

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Etudes insulindiennes — Archipel

This collection is devoted to ongoing interdisciplinary studies on the crossroads formed by the Indonesian Archipelago conducted over some years and in particular at the Ecole des hautes études en sciences sociales in Paris. The scholars concerned with the «Malay World» — a network of contacts extending from the Indian Ocean to the China Sea — think that it is possible to take into account methodology which has been developed over the last years by social scientists studying the West. As this region cannot be considered as universal, a transposition to quite another is badly needed : disciplines as different as epigraphy and enthology or philology and politology must converge in order to deal with the complexity of this area, which is due to the interweaving of various civilizations which are among the greatest of the world (Indian, Chinese, Islamic, European together with the original indigenous civilizations). In this perspective, the «Malay World» might be a most useful «laboratory» for the development of the social sciences in general.

Also in the collection : No 1. No 2. No 4.

C. Salmon et D. Lombard, Les Chinois de Jakarta. Temples et vie collective / The Chinese of Jakarta. Temples and communal life. Pantjasila. Trente années de débats politiques en Indonésie. C. Guillot, L 'affaire Sadrach ; un essai de christianisation à Java au XIXe siècle.

Forthcoming :

No 5.

M. Charras, De la forêt maléfique à l’herbe divine. La transmigration des Balinais à Célèbes central.

EDITIONS DE LA MAISON DES SCIENCES DE L’HOMME PARIS

études insulindiennes-archipel:3

LITERATURE IN MALAY BY THE CHINESE OF INDONESIA a provisional annotated bibliography Claudine SALMON

Editions delà Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, Paris

/ A \X/

Pl y/j o • y S A1/ X /W/ /

HARVARD UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

HJNO21333

T/)S

Etudes insulindiennes-Archipel 3

©1981 Association Archipel, Paris All rights reserved Imprimé aux E.U.A. Printed in the United States of America

Published through the Imprint Series UMI Monographs Produced by University Microfilms International Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA 48106

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Salmon, Claudine. Literature in Malay by the Chinese of Indonesia. (Etudes insulindiennes-Archipel ; 3) 1. Malay literature-Chinese authors-Bibliography. 2. Malay literature-Indonesia-Bibliography. I. Title. II. Series.

Z7078.S24 [PL5130.5J 016.899’28’0808951 81-15962 ISBN 0-8357-0592-7 AACR2 ISBN 2-901725-36-8 (For distribution in Europe and Indonesia) ISBN 0-8357-0592-7 Its name was changed to Tjerita Silat or "Cloak-and-Dagger Stories",leaving no doubt as to the editor’s intentions. In

1931, another translator, Ho Nai Chuan, created a magazine at Tasikmalaya, entitled Kiam Hiap Monthly Magazine in Malay , and Jianxia xiaoshuo yuekan

J*

/j

]

in Chinese, or "The Sword-fighter Monthly Magazine". It is not known how long they

lasted, although the collections in the Jakarta Museum stop in 1936 and 1935 res­ pectively. Between 1936 and 1940, no fewer than four other reviews specialized in translations of cloak and dagger novels appeared: Boe Hiap

or "Warrior"

in Tasikmalya (1936-42), Tjerita Silat dan Gaib or "Cloak-and-Dagger Stories and

Mystery Novels" (Batavia, 1936-37), Gie Hiap

or "The Altruistic Hero"

(Tasikmalaya, 1937-42) and Semangat Silat or "The Spirit of Silat" (Jombang, 19384o?).Apart from Semangat Silat, published in East Java, all the other reviews were published in the west of the island, and Tasikmalaya, for some reason is in a privileged position. Cloak-and-dagger novels had such a strong appeal fo the rea­

ding public that reviews like Penghidoepan and to a lesser extent Tjerita Roman and Tjerita Pilihan offered a few translations of cerita silat to their readers

from time to time, although they generally prefered stories set in the Dutch East Indies.

It is impossible to give a detailed account here of the types of silat trans­ lated, as about forty of the authors translated have been identified (Bai Yu ^7 Buxiao sheng Gu Mingdao il’

£ , Cai Luxian

, Diedie, Feng Yuqijj^

(d.I944), He Yif eng Yvf —

£& ± (1903-1961), Huang Nanding

, Hong Shao

, Jiang Dielu

,

, Huanzhulou zhu Li Die-

From 1924 to 1942

£$£ A , Liang Yusheng 4$

2huang

, Lu Shoujian pA

p^,

65

& » Lingyunge zhujjt'^ (£]

, Lu Shi'e

, Shu Shisheng/£ , Sishui yuyin;A3> ?/
Njoo Cheong Seng (1902-1962), Tjia Soen Yong from Padang

and Tan Tjin Kang(1900-c.1932).The newcomers include several writers and journa­

lists whose names are more or less well known: Cyrus, Kwee Kang Tik (d.c.I93O), Kwee Teng Hin (b.c.I900), Lee S.Y., Oen Hong Seng (pseud. Madonna), N.N.N., Nardus,Nir

wana, Nio Joe Lan (1904-1973), Oei Kim Soei, Ong Khing Han, Ong Sian Tiong , Pouw Kioe

An (1906-8I), Que, Soe Lie Piet (b. 1904), Tan Boen Soan (1905-1952), Tio Ie Soei (1890-1974), Tjia Swan Djin and Tjie Tek Goan. As for the rest (A.B.C.,Amateur, Bebrapa Pembantoe, Chiu, Dewa Krisna,

Kho H.G. ,

Kwik Ging Hoo,

L.T.T., Lim Koen Tiong, Lim Tjhioe Kwie, Monsieur B., Monsieur Beaucaire, N.Y.L.,

Oei Kim Koei, S.H.S., T.T.N., TH, Tan Oen Kiong, Theng

Hoay Tek and Thio Boen Hoei),

we know virtually nothing about them.

Production during the period under consideration was uneven. A sharp rise is noticeable in 1924-25» corresponding to a continuation of the preceding period, with a pronounced drop over the years that followed; then after a resumption in

1930-31 production again decreased, and went on decreasing until 1941. The form

also changed considerably. The translations of long novels were succeeded by trans­ lations of detective stories, which were often very short. The transfer from one

form to the other was begun, to some extent, by the creation of a monthly review in Batavia in September 1922 entitled Taman Tjerita or "Garden of Novels", publish­

ed by the printer Tan Thian Soe. Its aim was to publish a fairly long novel by

7*

David. Henessey, The Outlaw (1912), in instalments (this took eight months, from September 1922 to April 1923). It is not known whether the editor, who remained

anonymous, and the translator, who used the pen-name of Nias, were one and the same man. After the appearence of the third part, without a word in explanation,

the translator handed over to someone known under the penname of Apollo, who saw the rest of the translation through. At the same time, the title of the review was

removed from the cover of the five last parts, leaving only the title of the work and the number of the volume, and this was the end of the first attempt. Two further attempts followed in 1924. One was the review Tjerita Pilian or "Selected

Novels" founded in Bandung in April by a journalist, writer and translator, Tio Ie Soei, and the other was Senang or "Entertainment" founded in June 1924 by the

journalist Liem Koen Hian. Both were devoted to publishing translations of West­ ern detective novels, though Tjerita Pilian

published a few translations of Chi­

nese detective stories too(l09). Liem Koen Hian published only one translation in the review he founded, handing over full powers to a certain Ong Sian Tiong

who provided all the other numbers of the review

with translations of works by

A. Conan Doyle, E. Searles Brooks and Hugh Conway, all by himself. Unlike Senang,

Tjerita Pilian never mentions the name of the author of the translated work. But

the selection must have been roughly similar, as the two reviews are very alike in other respects, and they lasted about the same number of months, that is to say

scarcely more than a year, which is significant. 5000 copies of the first number of Tjerita Pilian were printed (iIO), and according to Tio Ie Soei, less than

2000 were sold. What is the explanation for the readers’lack of interest in detec­

tive stories which had apparently attracted them earlier? Was it due to the compe­

tition from non-specialized reviews which also published detective stories from

time to time, such as Penghiboer or "Entertainer" for which Nio Joe Lan translated Conan Doyle’s famous story, The Hound of the Baskervilles, or was the public more

interested in novels set in the Dutch East Indies, or in Chinese cloak-and-dagger stories? Whatever the case may be, in 1926-27, production was at a standstill. When translations began to appear again in the following years, they came out in

various different reviews (particularly in Penghidoepan, Tjerita Roman and Liberty) or in book form, and reveal varying interests. A.Conan Doyle’s detective stories

were accompanied by a highly varied selection of works like II Decameron by Boccac­

cio, Romeo and Juliet by Shakespeare, L’Homme qui rit by Victor Hugo, Mon Oncle

Jules and La Parure by Guy de Maupassant, the Kreutzer Sonata by Tolstoy, The Sorrows of Satan by Marie Corelli, Poste Restante by Ernest Daudet, The Good

Earth by Pearl Buck, etc., as well as novels by Alexandre Dumas and Edgar Rice Bur­ roughs, as in the preceding period, not to mention a series of texts which cannot all be correctly identified.

Kwee Tek Hoay was interested furthermore in Indian and Western philosophical

From 1924 to 1942

75

and religious works, and left a fair number of translations and adaptations of writings in this field. Asian authors who wrote in English or French were also discovered, and translations were made of works by Rabindranath Tagore, Mrs Wu Lien-teh and Tcheng Soumay.

f) Works in a Political, Philosophical and Didactic Vein.

It has already been pointed out that although the Chinese Peranakan were genui­ nely interested in Chinese politics, this did not apparently result in many trans­ lations being made in this field. The publication of a biographical work on Sun

Yat Sen was mentioned, however (see p. 66 ). We do not take into account here the works of Tang Liang Li (bom c.1901 in Bogor), which were extremely numerous, and

written mainly in English (ill). It should be noted that his work The Foundations of Modem China (1928) was translated into Malay, possibly by Ang Jan Goan, and

entitled Fundamentnja Tiongkok jang modem (112). Lie Ping An, a journalist and an eminent leader of the Chung Hwa Hui published a short work, Peringetan Hari

Raja Nasional, at much the same time. It seems that people collected their wits in 1935 or so and several works appeared on the Japanese threat to China, such as Pemandangan tentang Japan dan Tiong Kok by Amicus (1935) and Tiongkok dan Djepang

by Liem Koen Hian (1938)«

On the other hand, the Peranakan were apparently showing an increasing interest in their own society and history. Contemporary problems and contemporary society

were discussed by authors such as Chan Kok Cheng, who raised the question of

birth control in his book Neo Maithusianisme(1934)0 Tan Hong Boen, who wrote the first Who^s Who on the Chinese in Java (1935), and Tan Boen Kim, the first to publish a selection of speeches (1929), though his was a more superficial work.

Liem Thiam Joe made a remarkable contribution to the study of history; in 1933 he wrote a history of the Chinese of Semarang which is irreplaceable , and in 1938, a

short work to commemorate the existence of the Chinese Chamber of Commerce in the same town, founded thirty years before, not to mention various articles, on the history of the Chinese press in the Dutch Indies in particular (lI3). It is worth

remembering that the taste for commemorative writings also developed among the Indonesian Chinese writing

in their own language at the same time.

In the year 1937 Tan Hok The brought out a short history of the foundation in

charge of the Chinese Christian cemetery of Menado. in 1940 Nio Joe Lan published his famous Riwajat 40 taon T.H.H.K. Batavia. Biographies of famous people also appeared,

such as that of the Peranakan boxer Tan Sie Tiat (c.I90I-c.1958) by Tio Ie Soei

(1928), which should be related

Dutch

to

the development of Western sports in the

East Indies, or that of Louw Djeng Tie (I854-I92I), master of silat,

told by Tjioe Khing Soei in his Hikajat Louw Djeng Tie atawa garoeda mas dari

76

tjabang Siao Liem (I93O) and five years later by Liok An Djien in Doea Djago silat

di Java. Similarly, Oey Tiang Tjoei (1893-1977) introduced the autobiography, with a book published in 19^2 describing his experiences in prison (he was arrested

by the Dutch for collaborating with the Japanese). A precious little manual by Yo Tek Seng (b.l89O) should also be pointed out; it was for the use of wi jkmeesters(1927) and appeared when the institution of

heads of the Chinese community was about to be questioned. A few short works on

Chinese society and its customs are also worth a mention, such as those

by

Lie Tjoei Khia (Pemimpin pernikahan goena segala bangsa, 1926) and L.T.Y. (Oepatjara Hoe Soe dan Song Soe, 1939) on marriages and funerals, or that by Yap Kang

Ho on tradition and symbolism in the Chinese marriage (19^40 ). Some authors returned to the former

tradition on writing manuals of advice for

their readers, and works appeared such as the one by Kwik King Hien (b.

1873)

(Masjarakat Tionghoa-Indonesia, 1939)» a kind of philosophical and moral reflection

on the way to be followed by Peranakan, or the little books by Kwee (l$26),

Tjoa

Hien Tjioe (l93l)> Tjoa Boe Sing (c.I93O)» Pouw Kioe An (193^) and the numerous works by Kwee Boen Hien (1909-1970)•

The last category is that of works on divination and the occult, such as

those by Ie Chia Shiang & Ie Choon Leng (Practical Hypnotism, 192^), Kuo (ilmoe mengirim pikiran, 193^)» and Ong Seng Djin (ilmoe melihatin dengan kartoe Djawa,

1925),etc.

g) Literary Criticism. It is difficult to trace the beginnings of literary criticism, because it appear ed in the daily press as well as in the more specialized reviews. A wide range of

newspapers would have to be examined, and we have not done this. The sample sur­ veys we made seem to indicate that it first developed towards 1925-28. Kwee Tek

Hoay, who was chief editor of the Sin Bin daily newspaper in 1925 published a se­

ries

of about nine articles on the Sair Siti Akbari by Lie Kim Hok, in which he

tried to find the links between the Sair Siti Akbari and the Syair Abdul Muluk,

and also made a study of the author’s poetic language. The articles were a great

success, and the readers wrote to Kwee Tek Hoay asking him to help them get hold of the work. Other articles appeared in the press over the next few years, in par­

ticular in the Pewarta Soerabaja of 25 August 1928, written by Tio Ie Soei. During

the same year other papers, such as Radio printed in Padang, had a column entitled Sedikit tentang boekoe, penoelis dan pembatja, run by the journalist, writer and

translator Na Tjin Hoe (114). The Djawah Tengah in Semarang also had a literary column, containing articles reprinted from other papers, or original articles.

However Kwee Tek Hoay, then at the head of the review Panorama, wrote a new article

From 1924 to 1942

77

on the Sair Siti Akbari on 8 September 1928, clarifying a certain number of mis­

understandings and reproducing part of the article from Sin Bin. He complained -that Peranakan and Indonesian journalists did not spend enough time discussing

local literature : "Behasa Melajoe jang tida lengkep, dan literatuur Melajoe jang

miskin, soedah dibikin lebih kablakang lagi lantaran dari fihak pembatja soeratsoerat kabar dan boekoe-boekoe Melajoe, dan begitoe poen journalist atawa penga­

rang-pengarang Melajoe, djarang sekali jang maoe goenaken temponja aken membitja-

raken fatsal atawa soeal-soeal jang berhoeboeng dengan literatuur. Kasoedahannja, itoe bagian jang dinamaken kunst dan letterkunde jang ampir satiap hari tertampak

dalem soerat-soerat kabar besar dari bangsa-bangsa Barat, ada amat langka terdapet dalem pers Melajoe, baek kapoenjaan bangsa Tionghoa, baek poen Boemipoetra"(II5). He went to add that when the newspapers were given theatre seats or copies of new books, they generally

did

no more than express their thanks, without making

the slightest comment. The notion of the book review(Pemandangan boekoe-boekoe)seems

to have evolved gradually, however, particularly in a review like Moestika Romans. In 1932, for instance, the writer and journalist Pouw Kioe An reviewed Kwee Tek

Hoay's novel Pendekar dari Chapei (Moestika Romans, Dec.

1932). At much the same

time Kwee Tek Hoay published several articles dealing with various aspects of li­ terature, particularly the Pantoen Melajoe (Moestika Romans, Mei 1934), the Darda­

nella theatre troupe (Tooneelgezelschap Dardanella poenja bahasa Melajoe, Moestika Romans, Jun. 1934). He also inaugurated a genre of a rather special kind, in

which he related his own experiences in the matter of literary creation, with details of the difficulties he encountered, the works which had influenced him,

and the financial success of the enterprise, etc. Kita poenja pengalaman dengan

"Korbannja Kong-Ek” (Moestika Romans, Nov. 1933) is an example of this. Sometimes

the author's experiences were extended to cover a period of creation and appear under a more general title, such as Tooneelstuk Melajoe di Indonesia (Moestika

Romans, Dec. 1936), an article in which the author takes a look at his theatrical experience from 1919» when his first play, Allah jang palsoe, appeared, until

1936, when he published Barang perhiasan jang paling berharga and Bidji lada.

Also in 1928, Tio Ie Soei began to collect materials for a biography of Lie Kim Hok; Kwee Tek Hoay, as he tells us himself, had promised to help him, but for various reasons the work was not finished until after Independence (ll6):

"Di antara semoea manoesia jang idoep di ini masa, kita rasa toean Tio Ie Soei ada

saorang jang paling banjak pengetahoeannja tentang Toan Lie Kim Hok, kerna bebrapa

taon laloe, berhoeboeng dengan niatnja boeat karang hikajat penghidoepannja itoe djoeroe pengarang, ia soedah koempoel begitoe banjak katerangan dan soerat-soerat

jang berhoeboeng dengan penghidoepan dan pakerdjaannja itoe toean almarhoem. Sajang sekali toean Tio Ie Soei, sabagi djoega kita sendiri, jang berdjandji aken

78

toeroet bantoe sama-sama mengarang hikajatnja toean Lie Kim Hok, masih blon poenja

tempo tjoekoep aken sampeken itoe angen-angen jang soedah lama dikandoeng". Kwee Tek Hoay wrote an obituary for the journalist and writer Gouw Peng Liang (1869-1928), whom he greatly admired, in the same year (1928). Interest in authors’

biographies developed in later years, and particularly between 1939 and 1941, when Tan Kee Gwan and Tzu You, two journalists about whom we have no further information wrote a series of articles introducing authors for the Sin Po weekly paper. The former wrote about Kwee Tek Hoay, Njoo Cheong Seng, Ong Khing Han, Ong Ping Lok,

Pouw Kioe An and Tan Boen Soan, and the latter about Injo Beng Goat and Liem Khing

Hoo. Nio Joe Lan also wrote a short study of Lie Kim Hok in the Sin Po at the

same time. These brief notes were written after interviewing the author and read­ ing his works, and did not result from personal research of the kind carried out

by Tio Ie Soei, which was exemplary. Towards the middle of the 1930s a new trend took shape when an overall study was

begun of literature in Malay by the Chinese of Indonesia. The most outstanding contribution in this field was, without any doubt, that made by Nio Joe Lan, which

appeared in Dutch in the Mededeelingen van het China Instituut (1936) and above all in the Indische Gids (1937). He also wrote many other studies of specific aspects of this literature, and particularly of translations from Chinese, a sub­

ject rarely approached by others. Between 1938 and 1941 several articles appeared, showing that the Peranakan thought a little more about their own contribution to

literature with every day that passed. Tzu You left four valuable studies;, the

first on translations of Western works into Malay (1939), the second on journalists who were also authors (Journalisten sebagi pengarang, 1939) and- the other two on the theatre and playwrights (Tooneel Melajoe, 1939» Tooneelliteratuur Tiong Hoa

Melajoe, 1938). A certain L.D.L. also interested in the theatre, wrote an article entitled

Tooneel Tionghoa Melajoe (1939)«

Joe Bing Hian from Juwana (Central Java)

also wrote an excellent article on the impact of the Sino-Japanese war on the

literay creation of the Peranakan (Perang Tiongkok-Japan dan literatuur Tionghoa-

Melajoe, 1938). Tan Kee Gwan, for his part, pointed out the role played by some Peranakan authors in the development of ethnographical literature, set in both

Indonesian and Peranakan society (Bangsa Tionghoa dan Literatuur Melajoe, 1940).

Lastly, a brief article by Pena Baik, Literatuur Tionghoa Melajoe (19^40) applies categories borrowed from the West to Sino-Malay

literature, and tries to trace

a "romantic" trend, represented by Tan Hong Boen and Kwee Tek Hoay, and a "realist"

trend, represented by Tan Boen Soan and Tan Sien Giok, among contemporary works. An interesting note, Kasoesastra'an Baba (19^40) by Pouw Kioe Anf deserves to be mentioned, because it shows that authors and readers received a Dutch education at

From 1945 until the Beginning of the Sixties

79

the time, and had only a very rudimentary knowledge of the beginnings of their

literature in the I9th century. Their memories went back no further than the

works of Gouw Peng Liang and Thio Tjien Boen, with the exception of Lie Kim Hok, of course, who gradually came to be considered as the pioneer of Sino-Malay literature in 1925 or thereabouts. The appearance of reviews like Penghidoepan and Tjerita Roman

was the revolutionary event of the 20th century for both Tan Kee Gwan and Pouw Kioe An. None of these critics spoke about the development of cloak-and-dagger sto­ ries, except for Nio Joe Lan, who wrote a short note on them in 1938 and- Pouw

Kioe An, who mentioned the popularity of the stories, which in his opinion were

not as good as the old historical novels: "Tjoema sajang soemanget kebranian

seperti diloekiskan dalem itoe boekoe koeno, masih belon tertampak njata". He also reported, and this is unusual in Indonesia, that a publisher of silat in

Tasikmalaya had managed to live comfortably for a time of the proceeds of publish­ ing cerita silat: "Satoe penerbit Kiam Hiap di Tasikmalaja doeloe pernah dapet peng­ hidoepan jang loemajan dari iapoenja penerbitan satiap boelan dari tjerita-tjerita

begitoean".

IV. FROM 1945 UNTIL THE BEGINNING OF THE SIXTIES.

When the Japanese invaded the Dutch East Indies in 1942, the Peranakan litera­ ry production came to a sudden stop. The Japanese authorities knew that most

Chinese of Indonesia, whether Chinese or Malay speaking, had used the press and

literary works as a vehicle

for voicing their patriotism, supporting China in

its war of resistance against Japan, and warning Indonesians of Japan’s impe­ rialistic designs for the rest of Asia (117). Newspapers were suppressed, with

the exception of those upholding the aims of Japan’s expansionist policy (such as

the Kung Yung Pao, 1942-45, edited by Oey Tiang Tjoey, which replaced the Sin Po); hundreds of journalists were arrested, imprisoned (like Nio Joe Lan and Pouw Kioe An) and tortured (like Liem Khing Hoo). Not until after the declaration of Independence of Indonesia, on August 17th

1945, did the Peranakan gradually emerge from the torpor in which they had been confined for nearly four years and begin their normal social activities once

more. The situation of the young Republic was far from clear, however, and con­

sequently the Peranakan were to experience many more upheavals in their status.

80

During the war of Independence (1945-50), the Peranakan obtain a different legal status, depending on the region of Indonesia where they were. In the states under

the Dutch control, the old 1910 Nationality Law and the Sino Dutch agreements of I9II remained in force until 1949. The Indonesian Republic, on the other hand, issued a new regulation (April 1946) granting Indonesian nationality automatically

to Chinese who were bom in Indonesia and had lived there without interruption for at least five years. In reality however, their position in both cases was still

extremely precarious, and the creation of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 and the withdrawal

of the Dutch in 1950 complicated matters still further. Diffi­

culties arose owing to rivalry in economic

affairs, in addition to the legal

problems of nationality, and a policy of discrimination against people of Chinese

descent led them to get organised to defend their interests by creating associa­ tions like the Persatuan Warga negara Indonesia keturunan Tionghoa or "Indonesian

Citizen of Chinese Descent Association" founded in Makasar in 1952, and above all, the BAPERKI (Badan Permusjawaratan Kewarganegaraan Indonesia or "Consultative Body for Indonesian Citizenship") created in Jakarta in 1954,which then absorbed the other

local Peranakan associations (ll8). In October of the same year a supplement to the Nationality law was promulgated, allowing children bom of Peranakan parents after 1949 to choose their nationality at the age of 18. On April 22nd 1955 a treaty on double nationality was signed between the People’s Republic of China and

the Indonesian Government, designed to avoid double nationality, both in the pre­ sent and in the future. The proceedings to enable Peranakan to regularize their

situation dragged on and on and sometimes created extremely difficult situations. In I958, after the Permesta affair, the Indonesian Government banned the Guo-

mindang throughout the country and gradually all Chinese with an out-of-date

Formosan passport found themselves stateless; in the following year a law was pas­ sed forbidding "Alien Chinese" to live in the country districts; at the same time, Chinese medium schools , trapped in struggles between the upholders of the Guomin-

dang and the Peking Government, were taken under control and partly converted into Indonesian medium schools. All these difficulties had repercussions on the life of the Chinese community. Some of those who had chosen Indonesian nationality

tried to become assimilated as far as possible. Gradually the Peranakan in general,

and the members of the BAPERKI in particular, became divided. On one side were those

who wanted to become an integral part of Indonesian society, while retaining their Chinese characteristics at the same time, and who had the support of the P.K.I.;

on the other hand were those who advocated rapid assimilation and encouraged people to change their names, and abandon Chinese customs and Confucianism. In i960 the

latter group launched a campaign against the BAPERKI in the Star Weekly, publishing a manifesto signed by ten people, among them eminent members of the Catholic Party,

From 1945 until the Beginning of the Sixties

81

and "by several leading journalists like In jo Beng Goat ( 1904-1962, then director f the Keng Po) and Auwyong Peng Koen (1920-1980, then editor of Star Weekly)

(II9)- In the following year the movemen‘t spread to the whole country and a Charter of Assimilation was issued. In 1962, with the support of General Nasution, the upholders of assimilation launched a Special Bureau for the Promotion of National

Unity» and in the next year a Lembaga Pembina Kesatuan Bangsa or “Institute of

Promoters of National Unity" was created. The conflict between the two political currents came to an end in 1965 with the coup d’etat, the suppression of the

Indonesian Communist Party and the dissolution of the BAPERKI. From then on the

upholders of assimilation took pride of place. After this brief historical account of the relentless succession of upheavals

which have shaken Peranakan society since 1942, it is obvious that their repercus­ sions have been

considerable, both on cultural affairs, and on education; under

the Japanese occupation, teaching was in Japanese or Chinese, then came a choice between Dutch and Chinese, and finally from the end of the fifties onwards, it

was almost exclusively in Indonesian (l20). The BAPERKI did much in this field,

creating secondary schools and a university in Jakarta with a branch in Surabaya. The teachers of the arts faculty at the BAPERKI Universitas made a great effort to break away from the classic view of Indonesian literary history inherited from

the Dutch and several students wrote theses on what Pramudya

Ananta Toer nal1ed

the assimilative period (l2l). As regards the literature of the period, we have not got the means of forming a truly objective judgement.On the one hand, the puplic libraries were disturbed by the numerous political changes and apparently had

difficulty in collecting works as they were published. The Yogya library, for instance, made a far greater effort in this direction than the Jakarta library,

which bought virtually nothing in this field. Many numbers are missing from the

collections of literary reviews; on the other hand, we have been able to make very few of the sample surveys we carried out for the other periods in reviews

like Liberty, for instance, which appeared again on February 1st 1946 in Malang,

after going out of publication during the Japanese occupation (122), or Star weekly, founded in Jakarta in 1946. We have not been able fully to get to know the literary trends in the press during the period(l23). Consequently we are limited exclusively

to the works in the libraries, which give

only a partial reflection of the clearly

perceptible literary renewal beginning in 1948-50 with the reappearance of old

reviews and the publication of new ones. As before, during the preceding period, two distinct trends exist, one of novels, and the other of translations of Chinese works. The syair appears to have been

relagated to the past; we have found only two poems, both of which are of the greatest interest. One, the Sair warisan Djepang (c.I945) is by a journalist.

82

writing under the pen-name of Piso Tjoekoer; as the title indicates it is on the

subject of the Japanese occupation. The other, Peladjaran dari Nahi Khong Hu Tju (19^9), by Tjio Tjiang Soan, is a vehicle

for the teachings of Confucius. In

1948 the review Tjantik tried to keep the syair going for a few months, by publish­

ing extracts of earlier works(in particular of the Sair Siti Akbari by Lie Kim Hok) and also a few short poems chiefly by Njoo Cheong Seng, Tjia Swan Djioe, Khouw

Eng Tie and Haroemanis.

On the other hand, some writers such as Benny Tjong who

also worked for Harian Rakjat (124) , the official organ of the P.K,I0 founded

in 1951 » wrote modern poetry. The theatre still flourished, and continued to do so until the end of the fifties at least, but the plays do not seem to have been

published. a) Original Novels and Short Stories.

The Authors.

We have found the names of about thirty authors, all men, about fifteen of whom

were already active during the preceding periods. They are Achsien, Master Chen, Goertz, Ido Jr, Kho An Kim, Liem Poen Kie, Njoo Cheong Seng, Oen Tjhing Tiauw,Ong Ping

Lok, Pouw Kioe An, Soe Lie Piet, Tan Hong Boen, Tan Moh Goan, Tan Sioe Tjhay and Yang Wen Chiao, The only newcomers of whom we know a little are Kho Ping Hoo and

Tan Liep Poen. Kho Ping Hoo began to write in the early fifties, and had an unusual

career; at present he is still producing works on a wide variety of subjects rang­ ing from cloak-and-dagger stories and adventure novels to detective stories. Tan Liep Poen was also a highly successful painter and book illustrator, and wrote a few short

stories, articles of literary criticism and plays. Nothing is known about the rest apart from their names: Ang Syu Lin, Chen Chien An, Choong Liong Soen, P.A. Chouw, Im Yang Giok, Joe Tjien Goan, Khouw Eng Tie, N.S. Kuntoro, Kwee Swie Tiap,Lauw Thiam Bie, Liem Tik Goey, Mercurius, Monaiho, Oen Siok Liang, Sauw Yan Swie, T.B. Setyadi

and

Tjoe Beng Siang. All except threee of these writers had their works

published in Java. The first of the three, Kho An Kim, was active in the thirties,

and wrote serial novels published in the Medan press, particularly in Pelita Anda­ las (a newspaper which appeared from 1924 to 1941). One of his serials, written in 1933, was published in book form in 194?. The second, Choong Liong Soen, seems to have come from a family of merchants in Medan, and apparently began to write

only in 1947. He seems to have been good at Indonesian and Chinese (he translated

at least one work). It is hard to tell whether this was a rarity or whether, on the contrary, many Chinese living in Sumatra could speak both languages. All we know is that both his novels and his translation were popular with the Indonesian

public, and that favorable reviews appeared in the local press. A journalist who only

gives his initials (M.Z.S.) says what a joy is it to see his Asian brothers writing

From 1945 until the Beginning of the Sixties

63

his language: "Toean Choong telah menambah boekoe perpoestakaan Indonesia dan rpnoedjoekkan minat jang besar kepada hahasa kita. Oesaha jang seperti ini, dari

Hajigsa tetangga kita se-Asia, kita samboet dengan girang, Hanja dengan oesaha-oesaha nang sedjenis inilah rasa persaudaraan sesama poetera Asia semakin akrab adanja"

(125). The third, Yang Wen Chiao, was a native of Makasar and his novels are set in the Chinese community there.

The Form. The novels written by authors in Sumatra were published in book form, but all or almost all the literature published in Java during the period seems to have appeared in reviews. Two periodicals were launched in Java in 1948: the monthly Tjantik Junior launched by Njoo Cheong Seng in April and the fortnightly Goedang

Tjerita (Second Series), which was apparently resuscitated in September by Tan Tek

Ho, the founder of the first series. The monthly review seems to have lasted only a few months; the second one published social novels and cloak-and-dagger

novels alternatively for the first year. It then split into two separate reviews, each specializing in one of these forms, called respectively Goedang Tjerita Tji-

lik-Roman's (later abbreviated to Tjilik Romanes) and Goedang Tjerita, which, like the first series, continued to specialize in silat stories, mainly translated from Chinese; in 1950 Gan San Hok created a review called Amor Magazine in Surabaya; it seems to have published fictional works, but we have never seen an issue of it. In 1952 Kwee Khe Soei, also known as Monsieur Kekasih, a publisher and translator of Chinese novels, launched a collection, Serie Kekasih, including original works

and adaptations of Chinese works. In 1954 the "Lie" publishing house created a

new review, Pumama Roman which set out to publish novels chosen each month from among the most famous writers, such as Liem Poen Kie, Soe Lie Piet, Tan Sioe Tjhay, Lauw Thian Bie and Gan San Hok, or so the first issue tells us. Although we can never tell exactly when these reviews ceased publication, it seems that generally

speaking they may be said to have been fairly short-lived, and that they had all disappeared before i960. As regards their form, they differed little from the pre­ war publications. The cover illustration alone perhaps attests an evolution cor­ responding to the changes in style taking place in the West at the same time(l26).

The stories vary in length between thirty and a hundred pages, depending on the

review. Scarcely any more short stories are to be found at the end of the main novel, as was the case in Penghidoepan and Tjerita Roman. Cerita pendek sti11

existed, however, and appeared in particular in non-specialized reviews such as the Star Weekly, Tjantik and Pantja Waraa, a monthly review launched in Bandung

by Njoo Cheong Seng on April 1st 1948 and published by the firm called "Stichting

Keboedajaan Hoakiao" (127). They were also grouped to form collections such as

84

Kumpulan M Hhpn en

Tendek "pertemuan", c. 1950» containing short stories by N.S. Kuntoro,

An.

T

T,

P

,

J,

T»4____ IJ_____________ J

m4_

T>_______ 04_________

’ T.B. Setyadi, Kho Ping Hoo and Tjoe Beng Siang.

As faj? as precedin content is concerned, a certain degree of continuity with the tive à Perl °d —is apparent, as many authors writing after the war were very ac4.1 trie preceding period; this is particularly true of Njoo Cheong Seng who went on Siting about the countries he visited during his theatre tours. He "rote abOut Seven novels set in Celebes, where he stayed for quite a long time; S^'a'y> he got to know a Chinese writer who lived there, Yang Wen Chiao,

during hi who wrote Seng was

SeVeral works also set in the Chinese community in Makasar. Njoo Cheong

time thej.

tlcularly inspired by the island of Celebes, and spent quite a long

political 194-9 and 1950« Curiously enough he barely touches on contemporary dendanp- », ^Uesfions and the short stories like Asep Hio di Malino and Dendang0SC3,p^ f ~§sar have a highly poetical colouring about them, inviting the reader world of the present into that of poetry and dreams. Njoo cheon6 s6_ Oln the . them. In °bviously had a passion for syair and his fiction is scattered with Mde he admin Binal (l95O) » a novel set in Celebes, the author shows how deeply J)-.j to Chair^ QOnesian poets by making his hero, Kim Seng, compose a poem in homage his cont Ariwar(Untuk kawanku Chairul Anwar) in which he deplores the fact that ^°2?aries pay little attention to his work (p.?): •iç» • • • ùjair-sadjakmu keleleran, Sedikit kawan menghargakan, T ji ta-tji tamu dipandang murah, Bahkan, seperti tida ada.. Oh, Anwar kawan seperdjoeangan. Seratus sjair nkau tulis, Orang batja dengan meringis, Hidupmu miskin dan melarat, Tiada insani sudi melihat, Oh, Chairul kawan sepena.."

He also relates +

activiti

as well

S ^Wo verY interesting biographical novels. The first, Taufan gila (1950) 'n

of a man called Bung Daeng, from his arrest in 1926 for communist

11 Makasar until 1950» all his misfortunes at Boven Digul are described,

his earl^

ls re^,urn f° Makasar, where he leads a life giving little reward for

Makasar.

c°mT>at ("Bung Da Eng atau Ishaka Da Eng Talli hidup mundar mandir di

saderhana, menunggu waktu.., dimana kebenaran tiba ... dimana Taufi(k) lifP -H*T09). The second, Manusia sampuma jang tidak sampuma (i960), is the Ho Ja . / from the jie (nj* » a Peranakan Chinese descended through his mother Somba ri -^tan Liem Tjien Liong, also called Baba Maliang, a close friend of melambai»»

also led

a kinS

Goa; his father came from China and settled in Maros. He

Unusual life, and was especially well known for his literary talents

From 19^5 until the Beginning of the Sixties

85

and his skill at composing poems in Makasarese (128). These

on

authors still have a very paternal attitude towards their heroines.Few attaks

young women who are too emancipated are to he found, as the war made these

rarer, "but some of the portraits of women show that men’s view of them was still

highly conservative. Pouw Kioe An, for instance, in Si Nona Merah (l9^9)> describes the misfortunes of a girl who was sold to a Totok and managed to escape her fate

only through the generosity of a tea planter. In Sumatra, in Menanti fadjar menjingsing(l9^7)» Choong Liong Soen depicts the life of a poor widow who escapes her

destiny thanks to charitable help. In Tjinta dan pengorbanan (19^9) Yang Wen Chiao of Makasar underlines the fact that his heroes are prisoners of their social sta­

tus, from which suicide is the only means to escape. The young woman figuring in

Swami iblis (I95O) by Liem Poen Kie is a victim because she is not attractive enough to keep a husband.

Indonesian society is also a recurring theme in this literature , to be found in the works of Achsien, naturally, and also in those of Tan Hong Boen (Melani -

Moetiara dari Djokdjakarta, 19^9)» Soe Lie Piet (Dewi Kin tamani, I952*)» and. above

all, in those of Tan Sioe Tjhay. In Puteri Bungsu (l95O) he wrote about the old

society, in a novel set in Pajajaran at the time of King Siliwangi; he was also interested in contemporary society, as he showed in Asmara di balik mega (l95O),

which deals with the passion of a Chinese empoyee for an Indonesian girl, and in

Tanda tangan palsu (l95O)» centred round a love affair on a coffee plantation. The war was still present in the people’s minds and authors like Monaiho (Oh

dasar proentoengankoe, 15^+9)» Tan Sioe Tjhay (Wanita Guerilla, 19^9) and. Im Yang Giok (Oedjan grimis di Shanghai, 19^9)» brought the war in China to life again,

while others describe the events in Indonesia under the Japanese occupation and

during the period following their surrender, often down to the smallest detail. The most outstanding work of this kind is Doenia terbalik...! (19^9) by Tan Mo Goan, which has the value of a historical document. Its author gives an admirable

account of the anti-Chinese movements which developed in the coastal towns in North Java just before the Japanese acquired complete control of the country, and

goes on to describe the relations of mutual aid under occupation between a Javanese coffee-planter from the Wonosobo region and Tik Ik, a Chinese merchant from Sema­ rang. The merchant manages just in time to marry the planter’s daughter, whom a Japanese soldier wanted to carry off. In spite of his integretion into Indonesian

society, he was arrested in 19^+8 when a new anti-Chinese movement broke out, and

was saved from death by the intervention of all the inhabitants of the village, and his wife in particular. The novel ends with Tik Ik reflecting upon the mistakes

made by Peranakan and by Indonesians themselves, and giving his own conception of the integration of Peranakan in Indonesian society: "Menoeroet kejakinankoe,

86

pranakan Tionghoa .jang dilahirken di Indonesia, tida berbeda dengan golongan Madoe-

ra, Soenda, Maloekoe, Minangkabau dsb.-nja. Soal kebangsa’an tetep sebagi bangsa dan ber-agama Tionghoa sebagimana terseboet dalem Anggaran-dasar R.I. ,, Terlahim.ja R.I.S. .jang Berdaulat dan Democratis poen ada meminta pemjata’an sebagi Poetra Indo­

nesia atawa dengan laen perkata-’an jalah warga-negara, kaloe pranakan Tionghoa brani menjataken dirinja sebagi Poetra Indonesia, soal warga-negara soeda boekan

soal poela dan tida perloe kita moesti ambil moemet kerna diri sendiri memang ada

sebagi Poetra Indonesia"(pp. 92-93)» Other authors also dealt with the problems of the Chinese during the period 1942-50, such as Lauw Thiam Bie in Pendekar Djikaloe (1949), Ong Ping Lok in Tjikadoet and Mengoental ...Doenia (c.1948),and Liem Poen

Kie in Tikoengan Dosa (1949). Alongside this dominant realist trend relying for its source on Indonesian

and Chinese society, a more marginal, trend appeared, as in the preceding period,

represented by detective stories

and cloak-and-dagger novels.As mentioned above p.6l,

Njoo Cheong Seng began his Gagaklodra series again, after an interruption lasting throughout the war. He seems to have continued it until about 1953 at least, when

he published 22 tahun dengan Gagaklodra, 1930-1952, which looks most interesting, though we have not been able to consult it„ In 1950 Amorinda published a novel,

Detective Chiu,set in Indonesia, while K. Ch. Chen published detective stories set in China; it is difficult to tell whether they are translations from Chinese

(one contains the famous detective Ho Song ^7

, Dr Watson’s double created before

the war by Cheng Xiaoqing, see p. 65 ) or original works. The question is even more tricky in the case of cloak-and-dagger novels than in that of detective stories. It would need a thorough knowledge of postwar Chinese literature on one hand, and an acquaintance with all the details of Indonesain

translations on the other, to be able to tell whether a work is an original one or a translation, particularly when the stories are set in China. It is odd, for instance, that Kho Ping Hoo often gives a Chinese title after the Indonesian

title of his stories, which, he is careful to stress, are originals (tjerita silat

asli). It would be interesting to be able to trace the beginnings of original silat stories one day, and to note the characteristics they have retained from

the Chinese models, and the innovations they make. In the case of the development

of the production of Kho Ping Hoo, the only author for whom we have a bibliography extending beyond i960, although incomplete, it transpires that from I96I onwards

he wrote stories set in the kingdom of Mataram, for example, and no longer in China. In 1966 the stories begin to look more like detective stories, and later

revert to the genre of the silat, set in China or Indonesia. b) Translations from Chinese.

The majority of these works were works of fiction during the period in question;

From 1945 until the Beginning of the Sixties

8?

dljactio and political works seem to have been few in number. Fiction. The translators amount to about fifty,

sixteen or so of whom were already

active during the preceding period. These were Boe Beng Sie, Bong Tiong Hiap, Haij

Teng Djin, Hoh Hoh Sianseng, Lie Sim

Djwe, Lie Tjaij Gwa Tjaij, Liem Tiang Tjoen,

Liok Djie Seng, Liong San Djin, Nio Joe Lan (1904-1973), O.K.T., Pembantoe, Poet

Tjay Tjoe, Tan Tek Ho (1894-1948, pseud. Kwo Lay Yen) and Yo Boen Tek. The others are newcomers about whom we know little, apart from Choong Liong Soen and Tjoe Beng

Siang, both writers mentioned earlier on, Gan K.L. and Kwee Khe Soei (I9O7-I97I), who was also a publisher and bookseller, and possibly a translator. At this stage in our research, it is difficult to tell whether he really translated the works publish

ed under his name, or whether he adapted them from earlier translations from Chi­ nese. The others are L.TH. Bie, Boe

Beng San Djin, Boe Beng Tjoe, K.CH. Chen, Chou

Wen Kung, Hiap Hay Dji, Hsiang M., Kiem Djin Kiat,Kwee Oen Keng, Li Tsu, Ling Chin

Sing, Ma mjien Lie, S.H.L., Soe N., Tan Bing Tjwan, Teng Ying Siang, Tjan Khim Hiap, Tong An Djin, Tseng C.H., Tseng Chin Shie and Wie Kiem.

Most of the works published between 1948 and 1959 appeared in reviews speciali7.ing in the publication of Chinese stories, and particularly cloak-and-dagger no­

vels. In July 1948 Tan Tek Ho, founder of the review Goedang Tjerita/Tjerita Silat

(1930-1936?)launched a monthly publication, Pendekar Silat or "The Sword Fighter" published in Bandung by the Stichting Keboedajaan Hoakiao. It specialized in trans­

lations of very short cloak-and-dagger stories (28 pages). It seems likely that it was short-lived, because in September of the same year, the first issue of GoeHang

Tjerita, Second series, appeared in Jakarta for the first time. Although Tan Tek Ho’s name was not given on the cover as editor, everything suggests that he was behind the resumption. For the first year Goedang Tjerita published both originai

stories and translations of cerita silat; from January onwards, it specialized in

the latter only. At the same time, the stories translated grew longer, increasing from a few dozen pages in the first issues to several hundred. It is not known how long this review lasted; the latest issue we found dates from September 1949, Gie Hiap (April 30th 1948) and Boe Hiap (September 5th 1948) were taken over and

published by Kumia, a firm in Tasikmalaya. The former appeared twice a month, and the latter three times. Both reviews were run chiefly by the same staff as before the war, assisted by a few newcomers like Tjan Khim Hiap and Boe Beng San Djin.

They seem to have been immensely popular, and continued without interruption until 1959. Both offered stories by the most fashionable Chinese authors, as they

did before the war. In October 1950 Lie Sim Djwe, a journalist and translator who wrote adaptations of countless Chinese stories from 1915 onwards, launched

88

a monthly review, Pendekar or "The Knight Errant" in Surabaya, for which he did most of the writing, at least during the three months over which we read the

publication.

Interest in historical novels was as lively as ever. As during the preceding period, some translators tried to make a speciality of publishing tongsu xiaoshuo. In 1950 the Stichting Kebudajaan Hoakiao, which had become a business firm called

N.V. Penerbitan Hoakiao, made preparations to publish Sastra, "Literature" a review specialized in old novels (klassiek Tionghoa tua), but it is not known whether it

did in fact appear. In 1952, on the other hand, the Boe Hiap Company in Tasikmalaya

launched a review called Lih She Siao Shuo J-fi

/]•

or "Historical Novels", run

mainly by Tjan Khim Hiap and Tseng Chin Shie, which lasted until 1955 at least. At

the same time the Serie Kekasih was created in Jakarta, directed by Kwee Khe Soei,

who did all the writing for it. Lih She Siao Shuo published complete stories, while

the Serie Kekasih offered adaptations of Sundanese stories and extracts from Chi­ nese novels. Another collection was begun in Jakarta in 1953, "by Boe Beng Sie, and called Tjerita Boelanan Sari Poestaka or "Monthly Literary Selection". It survived at least until March 1955, and published about twenty volumes of Sanbao taijian xiyang ji or "The Voyage of the Eunuch Sanbao to the Western Seas", first translated into

Malay in I885. In about i960 the reviews were replaced by individual works in

book form, and we cannot explain the reason of this. In Jakarta, for example,

the firm of Analysa specialized in publishing silat novels, as did those of Djelita and Pantjar Kumala in Tasikmalaya, or Pustaka Silat in Semarang. The newspapers, like Sin Po, which published cloak*and-dagger stories, printed them in book form

afterwards, from the end of the fifties onwards. In about 1964- Kho Ping Hoo

started his own publishing house, Gema, in Solo, which also published cloak-and-

dagger stories. The development of these stories from the early sixties onwards had not yet been studied. The content of the translations was similar to that of the preceding period.

Apart from adaptations of historical novels, which as far as we can tell were

not new, the production consisted mainly of works not previously translated into Malay. As far as identified works are concerned, it emerges that authors like Bu xiaosheng 'Jf g. , Feng YuqiJ.& _£.• , Gu Mingdao )$, V]:] , Hong Shao

Huanzhulou zhu

± , Zheng Zhengyin

, Zhong Jiyu

, who

were already famous during the preceding period, were still popular, particularly Huanzhulou zhu. Some names are new, such as those of two famous contemporary authors, Jin Yong /$< and Liang Yusheng 4$ (b.1925)(l28bis). It should be ad­

ded that it was

more difficult to identify the translations during this period,because

we have not found a list of the cloak-and-dagger stories published in Hong Kong

and Taiwan, either in book form or in specialized reviews.

From 1945 until the Beginning of the Sixties

89

A few modern works were translated, such as a story by the writer Shi Yan

$

translated by Tan Bing Tjwan and a play by Chen Quanp.44> translated by Teng Ying Siang; lastly Shan Nu and S. Soekonto & Go Gien Tjoan brought out adaptations of short stories by Lu Xun

which may well have been based on English translations.

Didactic and Political Works.

A revival occured in translations of the Confucian classics, some of which were translated by Tjan Khing

Yong (1956) and other philosophical works such as

the Dao de jing or "Treatise on Reason and Virtue", translated by Liem Tji Khay

(I96l) and Tjan Tjoe Som (1962).

A few translations of political works also

appeared, such as that of Zhongguo zhi mingyun

or "China's Destiny"

by Chiang Kai Chek, brought out by Nio Joe Lan(l946).

c) The Theatre. The theatre came to life again before the end of the war. In April 1945 Njoo Cheong

Seng, Fifi Young, M. Alamshah(Musa), S. Tutur, Mas'ud Pandji Anom, Udjang dan Omar Rodriga

founded the Pantjawarna troupe and gave their first performance at the

Thalia theatre in Jakarta. Njoo Cheong Seng reports that the play,Djembatan Garuda , was a very popular one by his friend Armijn Pane, though the author's name was

not revealed because the play had not been officially authorized by the Pusat Usaha Sandiwara Djawa; then directed by Hinatsu Eitaro (129). Njoo Cheong Seng

then chose another play by the same author, Ratna (adapted from Ibsen’s play Nora) which was performed in Bandung first of all, with the title of Istri Boneka

(130) . This was followed by Tjalon Srikandi (Di balik dinding sekolah)by Kotot Sukardi, and another play by Armijn Pane, Djinak-djinak merpati (Hantu perempoean ) (131) . Next Njoo Cheong Seng adapted one of his own novels, published in 1931, for

the theatre (Karena hati mati, karena mata buta), giving it a new title, Mirah

Delima (l32). The troupe then went to Sukabumi, where it performed a play written in 1943 Ly Usmar Ismail, Tjitra (133). Njoo Cheong Seng seems to have begun writ­

ing plays directly after the Japanese surrender. He notes in his memoirs

that

he wrote and produced eight plays between 1945 and 1948 (134). He then turned away from the theatre for a time to take up to other literary activities. He wrote

at least three more plays, however: Malang Mignon (1951), Sayonara Yuriko San (l96l) and Sujata (l96l). The first was the only one to be published, in Malang. Other

authors began to write plays as well, though on a more modest scale, and in parti­ cular Tan Liep Poen, who joined the Pantjawarna troupe in 1945, and worked as

a stage designer alongside S. Tutur. Tan Mo Goan wrote at least one play published in Tjilik Roman's (1949).

90

In 1946 amateur theatre companies were formed, as in the preceding period,

who performed plays to collect money for charity. The Sin Ming Hui

/- ofl

or "New Light Association" founded in Jakarta in 1946 and headed hy Khoe Woen Sioe (1905-I966) had a theatre section (afdeeling tooneel) which gave performances to

raise money to help the poorest of the Peranakan (per to end joekan amal). In 1947,

a play hy Ang Teck Soei, Melarat, satoe loekisan tentang kaoem hoeroeh dan perdjoe-

angannja, was performed in Jakarta. It is particularly difficult to make an inven­ tory of these plays, as they were rarely published in hook form.

d) Works in a Historical, Philosophical, Political, Didactic or Religious Vein. The Japanese occupation provided material for historical writings in the form of a number of prison memoirs which appeared in 1946-47, such as those hy Nio

Joe Lan (Dalem tawanan Djepang, Boekit Doeri, Serang,Tjimahi),Pouw Kioe An (198 hari dalem koengkoengan Kenpeitai), and Kho An Khim (Pendjara Fasis atau dari

neraka ke neraka). Other people also wrote their memoirs: Kwee Kek Beng (Doea poeloe tahon sebagi wartawan, 1922-1947, 1948), Njoo Cheong Seng (Sjorga hukan sjor

ga tidak dengan Melinda, Biografie-Romans-ketjil 1945-1949, 1950) and. Tio Tek Hong (Kenang-kenangan riwajat hidup saja dan keadaan di Djakarta dari tahun 1882 sampai sekarang, 1959)•

Studies on literature, either local or Chinese literature, reappeared once

moreo Tio Ie Soei published his excellent monograph on Lie Kim Hok in 1959, and Nio Joe Lan wrote several books and articles, in particular a study which has

become a classic: Sastra Indonesia-Tionghoa (1962). China, both ancient and modern, inspired commentaries and travel books. Authors like Khouw Sin Eng, Kwee Kek Beng, Kwee Liong Tian, Tjio Tjiang Soan and Visakha

Gunadharma wrote several studies on Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism. The

reflections on contemporary China were chiefly the work of Kwee Kek Beng, who went on a trip to China in 1951 and. wrote an account of it in the following year

(Ke Tiongkok baru).

A number of authors were interested in primbon, such as Bing King Tjoe (1964), Go Hway Yong (1949-56). Kwee Boen Hian (b. I9O9-d. 1970) disclosed his metaphysical ideas in a series of little books published between 1948 and 1962; So Chuan Hong

I898-I967) followed his example. The interest shown by the Peranakan in astrology, metaphysics and kebatinan should not be overlooked. Many authors become interested

in all these questions as they get older. It is true for Tan Boen Kim and Kwee Tek Hoay, and also for Pouw Kioe An, Soe Lie Piet, Hauw Biauw Seng, and many

others. It may well be that disenchantment

with life, and disillusion with poli­

tics, leads them gradually in this direction.

From 19^5 until the Beginning of the Sixties

91

On leaving this literature at the beginning of the sixties, it is clear that it is not "dead." as some have said, but that it has reached a diffinul t

turning-point. The old authors who began to write again just after the war are disappearing little by little, and the younger generation, caught up in the whirl­

pool of political troubles, has to adjust to new situations. Peranakan society

is still multiform, but the political, social and cultural conditions are such that people of Chinese descent must become a more integral part of Indonesian

society. Readers of the younger generation were not nourished by pre-war-lite­ rature, and follow the current fashion. Cloak-and-dagger novels (translations of

original works) are the chief legacy of this literature created by writers of

Chinese descent, because the social class of readers liable to consume this product has tended to grow larger, owing to an increase in the relatively poor urban population. The themes and the ideology in social and sentimental

novels and short stories have changed considerably. To have some idea of the possible role of people of Chinese descent in the development of literature since

1965, apart from a few well known authors like Basuki Soedjatmiko, Kho Ping Hoo, Marga T. or Tedjosuwito (The Tjhoen Swie), the names of all the authors who wrote in the reviews of the 1950-60 would have to be traced, in order to see what has

become of them, whether they have given up writing, or whether they are publishing under new names. This is the subject of a further research.

94

advantage of printing, recently

spread

by the Europeans. Lastly, they suddenly

confronted Malay speakers with a considerable volume of historical, philosophical,

technical and literary information, translated from both Chinese and European langua­ ges. This is a fundamental phenomenon, of great consequence for later developments

in the twentieth century, which should be placed in its true perspective.

The second objection is probably less serious than the first, but it is more

difficult to reply to it. Few people agree that taste is a matter of culture and that it is often more important to see literary output as a whole rather than to

single out the masterpieces. The case of Sino-Malay literature is a very special

one. The question is not simply to level accusations at the Europeans, in this case the Dutch, who naturally did much to discredit it, oppose it, and make sure it was

forgotten. The difficulty is to find out why, apart from the particular case of

cerita silat or cloak-and-dagger novels, the whole mass of these writings were

suddenly abandoned, not only by the Indonesian "nationalists" whose interest naturally lay in recreating "modern Indonesian" literature, to all appearances

independent of outside contributions, but also by the peranakan communities who seem to have forgotten its very existence. Will anyone believe that masterpieces existed in a literature which was abolished as rapidly

as this? In our opinion,

several dozen novels of excellent quality could be pointed out, comparable to the best Indonesian writings and certainly "translatable". This personal choice seems

to be relatively unimportant when approaching this buried mass, however.

It seems to us that in the mean time, the task should be to try to fit the "two"

literary outputs together and to show that they undergo osmosis to such an extant that they become one, instead of focussing on the few occasional allergies on both

sides which aggravated opposition between them. It would be most desirable to show how "Indonesian" literature emerged from "assimilative" literature, which no doubt

had its roots in "classical" literature, and how several generations of intellectuals of varying talents and origins made powerful contributions to this vast current»

The more research is done on the subject, the more it will become clear that a so-called "modern Indonesian" literature, totally different from everything which

had preceded it, did not suddenly appear, as though at the touch of the magic wand of Balai Pustaka. Like all modem literature, it is the result of a slow process linking it to the depths of so-called classical literature, reaching beyond 1922,

the privileged date of appearance of Sitti Nurbaya,and beyond the 1870s. when the first printed works by Peranakan appeared. The real key lies after all in the

development of this literature during the nineteenth century, a domain about which we still know virtually nothing. It will then be realized, perhaps, that the Peranakan merely performed one act of a long story, after the Malays, the Acehnese and the Bugis,

and before the Minang, the Sundanese and the Javanese.

95

APPENDIX I

A NOTE ON PRINTERS, PUBLISHERS AND BOOKSELLERS.

After considering the authors and their works, it would he as well to look into

the way in which their writings were published and distributed. Unfortunately the documents available on the subject are disparate and very incomplete, so we shall

have to make do with a fairly brief outline of the history of publication and dis­ tribution of the works in Peranakan Chinese circles.

The Origins: c.1883 - c.1900. We have already seen that when printed literature first began, Dutch

publishers

such as Albrecht, Bruining, G.G.T. van Dorp, Carsseboom, Grivel, P.A. van Asperen

van der Velde, Alex Regensburg, P. Lork, H. Prange and Gimberg took

the Chinese

market in hand. But although we do not know exactly how it happened, it is clear that

from about 1883 onwards, the merchant, bookseller and translator Yap Goan Ho

who had settled in Pancoran began to print translations of Chinese novels in Batavia (l35)« He probably obtained the printing-presses from the Dutch, either by buying

an existing printing works as Lie Kim Hok did in I885 at the death of the missionary van der Linden, then living in Bogor, or by ordering a new printing works. Although

he was thoroughly competent,and had worked in the field for several years while his master was still alive, Lie Kim Hok had to sell his printing works in 188? (136), probably because of competition from the firms in Batavia, after an attempt to publ­

ish

the daily Pemberita Betawi. Yap Goan Ho, on the other hand, seems to have

been more successful. As well as publishing novels, and very likely, printing labels

and other articles in every day use, he began to print a new daily paper in Malay

in 1888: the Sinar Terang, which served as an advertisement for himself. In the second issue, dated June 26th, we read that Yap Goan Ho also specialized in the sale of

framed pictures. The ones vaunted here were illustrations of the famous story of

Ong Tjiauw Koen Hohwan or "Zhaojun and the Barbarians", published the previous

year, probably by Yap Goan Ho himself. The early editions of translations of Chi­

nese novels were often attractively illustrated, either by reproductions of the drawings from the Chinese originals, or by illustrations done locally. Business was good. Yap Goan Ho also published didactic works, such as Mugu chenzhong(1890) or

"Evening Drums and Morning Bells", a collection of moral texts for readers of both sexes. From the start, he also began publishing religious works.

In I885 he published a translation of the Yuli baochao quanshi wen or "Precious Re-

96

cords to Admonish the World", which had a wide circulation. Six years later, in 1890,

he brought out the 5th edition of the work, of which some 8652 copies were printed, thanks to generous contributions from the faithful. At the end of the book was a list of contributors,giving the residence of each one, and the number of volumes bought, which is of particular interest to us. Most of the copies - 5898 in all - were

ordered by Chinese living in Jakarta, but the Peranakan of the West Coast of Sumatra ordered a total of 1481 copies, nevertheless, those in Borneo bought 585, in Ambon

390 copies were ordered, and a further 294 were bought by Peranakan from Menado and the surrounding neighbourhood. These figures deserve comment. A surprising dispa­

rity exists in Java between West and Central Java , on the one hand, and East Java, on the other. This may possibly be due to the fact that the Chinese of Surabaya

had their own publishing network very early on, backed by Dutch firms until the begin ning

of the 20th century. It has already been pointed out that as early as the

1880s, different translations of the same Chinese novel appeared simultaneously in

Batavia and Surabaya. Owing to the special economic relations between the towns of Bengkulu, Padang and West Java, the surrounding area on the West Coast of Sumatra

was in close touch with

Batavia, and publications from there were widely distributed

through various agents. An advertisement in the Sinar Terang in 1890 gives the names of Yap Goan Ho's agents in Sumatra: Lim Bin Tjeng in Sibolga and Lie Bian Goan (who was the editor of a small local newspaper.Pertja Barat) in Padang. Other Batavia newspapers also had their own distributors. Conversely,merchants in Padang and Bengkulu sometimes advertised in Batavia newspapers. On the other hand, it is

surprising that Palembang does not figure here. The first translation of the Yuli (see p. 21

) was made by a Peranakan from there, and the text was published in

Arabic script in Singapore in I878. Consequently it may be that the Chinese commu­ nity in Palembang still read more Jawi, and so was less interested in writings in

romanized Malay from Batavia. As for Kalimantan, the Pontianak area is not repres­ ented at all, although we know from other sources that a large Malay-speaking Peranakan community existed there. It is known that Chinese residents

in Banjarmasin

(and Samarinda) distributed Malay newspapers and books from Batavia in both places. It is worth

pointing out also the relatively large

numbers of orders from the

Peranakan community in Ambon. Among the names of the four subscribers are those of Njio Teang Tjoan (d.l89l) and Njio Tjoen Ean (bom C.I860) both already known to

us. The former was captain of the Chinese community there at the time; the latter was his son, who distinguished himself a few years later by translating the Confu­

cian Classics (which see). This shows that the Chinese community in Ambon, which we tend to think of as being outside

the general current, was in close contact

with Batavia. The same is true of the Chinese community of Menado and the town of Taruna in the island of Sangir where five Chinese subscribed for 180 copies alto­

A Note on Printers ...

97

gether. An enquiry into the social profile of the subscribers reveals that out of a total of 181 people, 42 were women. This proves yet again that as early as 1890

(see p.

18 ), Peranakan Chinese women had. access to written texts. It is clear

that the heads of the Chinese communities sometimes played an important part in diffusion: the Lieutenant of Cirebon, Kwee Keng Eng subscribed for 1000 copies,

the captain of Ambon, Njio Teang Tjoan subscribed for 220 copies, while the captain of Bengkulu, Oeij Soei Hwat and the lieutenant of Banjarmasin ,

Teng Kim Tjoan

each contributed for 100 copies (see Table p. 98 and Map p. 99).

Yap Goan Ho, as the example of Yuli shows, knews how to organize distribution; he also took steps to develop his firm very early on. In 1893 he opened a branch in

Semarang (see map n°I , p. 105 ), in Gang Pinggir, and set up the first Chinese printing works there, which

remained in operation until 1900, run by a relation

of his, Yap Tek Siong. In Batavia his activities apparently came to a halt in 1904, possibly owing to his death, because Kho Tjeng Biet^ -£• took over both his printing

works and his bookshop in that year. Another pioneer in publishing was the bookseller Tjoe Toei Yang, a Totok bom in

Fujian in 1849, who died in Batavia in 1891. The exact date at which his printing works was founded is not known (13?). Schlegel wrote a brief note (138) published in 1891 in which he mentioned the publication of a Sino-Indonesian wal.1 calendar

with a removable page for each month. When he died, the firm was taken over by his son, Tjoe Siauw Hoei (1871-1948) born in Batavia, and educated at a Chinese school (I39)« At the beginning of the next century, Tjoe Siauw Hoei joined his

own printing works, which still bore his father’s name, with a new film called Hoa

Siang In Kiok

; in IÇO3 he began publication of the daily Perniagaan

and edited it from 190? to 1918. He went on publishing literary works as well. The printer Tjiong Eng Lok probably began his career at much the same time.

Nothing

is known about him, but his surname suggests that a connection may have

existed between him and Tjiong Hok Long, who also made a name for himself as a publisher, as we will see later on. Tjiong Eng Lok published translations of

Chinese novels and above all, distinguished himself by being the first person to print a literary review, in association with Oey Tjaij Hin (which see). It

was a weekly review entitled Minggoean or "Weekly". Oey made an earlier attempt in this direction in 1895> when he and a Dutch printer began publication of

Boekoe boelanan or "Monthly".Tjiong Eng Lok’s printing house was bought by Oey Tjaij Hin during their association , in 1900. In 1897 Tjiong Hok Long, merchant, bookseller, publisher and translator of Chinese

novels, born in Batavia in 1847,took up the publishing and created the firm of Goan Hong

98

TABLE OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF COPIES OF THE 5th EDITION (l89O) OF THE TJOE IN GIOK

IEK (TRANSLATED BY O.H.T. & Y.P.S.) ACCORDING TO RESIDENCIES.

JAVA

SUMATRA'S WESrTKUST

Residentie BANTAM Serang ...............................

PADANG - Benedenlanden . I65

Residentie BATAVIA Batavia ........................... M eester-C ornelis Tangerang ...................... Buitenzorg ......................

1555 175 780 570

Residentie PURWAKARTA Purwakarta ...................... Krawang ...........................

150 120

Bandung ........................... 30 Cicalengka ...................... 30 Cianjur ........................... 20 Sukabumi ........................... . 375 Cicurug ........................... . 20 Garut .................................. 48 Residentie CIREBON

1190 20 20

Residentie Pekalongan

Pekalongan ...................... Batang ...............................

20 480

Residentie SEMARANG

Semarang ...........................

Padang Panjang .................. .

20

Residentie IAPANULI Sibolga

...............................

.

40

Residentie BENGKULU

PREANGER Regenschapen

Cirebon ........................... Indramayu ...................... Ciamis ...............................

Padang .................................... . 390 PADANG - Bovenlanden

Bengkulu ............................... Mokko-Mokko ...................... Krui ....................... i . . .

. 865 . 100 • 50

Residentie PALEMBANG Tebing Tinggi

..................

.

20

ZUIDER- EN OOSTERAFDEELING VAN BORNEO Residentie BANJARMASIN

Banjarmasin ........................... Sampit....................................

545 4D

Residentie MENADO

Menado .................................... Amurang ............................... Taruna ....................................

40 74 180

Residentie AMBON

Ambon

....................................

390

20

Residentie PASURUAN

Bangil ...............................

40

Residentie BANJUMAS

Cilacap ........................... Purwakarta .......................

20 40

Residentie KEDU Magelang ........................... T emanggung......................

20 20

Residentie KEDIRI "'renggalek .......................

20

(Table based on the "Daftar Nama dan tempat tingalnja jang soeda mengamalken ini elkitab soetji 'Tjoe In Giok Lek' serta berapa banjaknja boekoe jang soeda di tersiarken" published at the end of the 5th edition).

DIFFUSION BY THE FIRM OF YAP GOAN HO OF THE 5 th EDITION OF THE TJOE IN GIOK LEK TRANSLATED BY O. H. T. & Y .P .S .

(I8 9O )

100

& Co, at Fasar Pisang, which has been famous even since. It kept the same name

throughout the first part of the 20th century, in spite of the successive changes in ownership. When Tjiong Hok Long died, in 1917» the firm was taken over by one of his sons, Tjiong Koen Liong. When he died in 1929» he too was succeeded by his son,

Tjiong Soen Liang. Tjiong Hok Long, like Yap Goan Ho, spared no efforts to publish and edit translations of Chinese novels. To help sales, Goan Hong

and Tjoe Toei Yang both used to publish a list of available books, with prices,

at the

end of each volume, so that those who wanted to could order by post.

At the same time, like other publishers, Goan Hong had agents, which were either

proper bookshops, or other shops also selling books. He also advertized the publi­ cation of each instalment of new works in the press.In all this, the Chinese business­ men followed the example of the great contemporary Dutch publishers, such as Albrecht & Rusche, who had their main branch in Batavia and another at Yogya. They published

regular catalogues of their publications, and sold through agents, among whom were many Chinese merchants.

The Development at the Beginning of the 20th Century.

Many Chinese printing works appeared in the large towns in Java in the early years of the 20th century. In many cases, this trend

was connected with a new

awareness among the members of the Peranakan community, and the determination on

the part of some of them to stimulate education and knowledge. In 1900, Lauw Tjeng Bie, a progressive businessman from Sukabumi, with the help of his brother Lauw Tjeng Soey, founded the Soekaboemische Snelpersdrukkerij which later printed the

Li Po, the Confucianist paper run by Tan Ging Tiong (I87O-I935)» At roughly the same time The Teng Hoey(c.I872-I$54)set up his own press in Bogor and from 1906 onwards, published the Tiong Hoa Wi Sien Po, a reformist paper run by Tan Tjhan Hie, which

was also intended to stimulate people to think (l40). He may possibly have been the printer of Ho Po, another progressive paper also run by Tan Tjhan Hie, no trace of which is to be found in public libraries. At Semarang, Kwa Wan Hong, an extremely

enterprising businessman who worked lime kilns (1887) and

ran ice manufactories

(I895) at the end of the I9th century, also launched the Hap Sing Kong Sie press

in 1901» just after the disappearence of the branch belonging to Yap Goan Ho, so

that he may possibly have taken over the latter, as was the case with Kho Tjeng Bie in Batavia. Kwa himself ran the press, with Oei Kian Tjiang and Siem Sioe Bie as

his associates (i^l). In the following year, the press began publication of a new newspaper, Wama Warta, edited by J.C. Doppert, with the help of Tan Tjien Hoa. In line with the tradition introduced by Yap Tek Siong, he also printed literary works

and original novels, one of which was the famous anonymous story Tambahsia which

IOI

appeared for the first tine in 1906, after coining out in serial form in Wama Warta,

jn 1902 the bookseller Sie Dhian Ho, of whom we know very little, opened a printing press at Solo called after himself ( Sie Dhian Ho N.V. Solosche Snelpersdrukkerij

/V J*-

) which was extremely successful throughout the

first half of the century. In that same year, Sie began publication of a newspaper

Xu Malay, Taman Pewarta, which appeared three times a week. The years 1914-15 are the only ones to be found in the Jakarta Museum (142). In 1904 Sie undertook to publ ish another periodical, Hwe Po, run by Tan Soe Djwan, about which no information

is available beyond the advertisements for it in the press at the time. Sie Dhian

Ho had Latin, Chinese and Javanese type, and as well as producing periodicals and

Looks, he also printed labels, visiting cards, circulars, receipts, bills and

other everyday necessities in large and small quantities, for the owners of large shops, landowners and for private individuals. His initiative was quickly followed by that of the lieutenant of the Chinese

community, the scholar Tjoa Tjoe Koan (I86I-I9O5) who founded a printing-works in his turn in 1903 (Tjoa Tjoe Koan Sien Iem Kiok

^ ), in which

he also could print in three languages. He opened a bookshop as well, and launched out into publishing newspapers, edited by himself. The first of these was Darmo

Kondo (1903), a paper in Javanese and Malay for Javanese intellectuals; in the

following year he started the Ik Po8 aimed more particularly at the Chinese (143). The early death of Tjoa Tjoe Koan put an end to this second attempt, leaving a clear field to Sie Dhian Ho’s firm. Curiously enough, it seems that the Chinese in Surabaya began printing later.

According to Gan Kang Seng (l44), the first printing-works owned by a Peranakan Thay Siang In Kiok, was not founded until 1908. It was in Panggungstraat. Most of its business would seem to have been carrying out orders for labels, at least until the first World War period. A later attempt to publish a daily newspaper

(Pelita Tionghoa) came to nothing. Chinese printers do not seem to have begun publishing literary works until 1918-20 or so. Ang Sioe Tjing, a Peranakan born

in Surabaya in 1897, who died there in 1953, was one of them; another was Pek Pang Eng(alias Empeh Wong Karn Fu), born in I898 in the neighbouring town of Gresik, who

opened printing-works and bookshops in Semarang, Surabaya and his native town (144 bis). At roughly the same time, names of firms like Memoria, Tjhoen Tjhioe (1914),

Hong Bing Tik Kiok and Swan & Co appeared in Surabaya, and the Boekhandel en

Drukkerij Hoa Po Kongsie (1922) in Gresik. Between 1907 and 1923 printing-works appeared in Kediri, Malang, Bandung, Jombang,

Cirebon, Pekalongan (145) and Cilacap as well (see map n°2, p. 105 ). The firms in the last three towns did not play a very important part in the publishing of

102

literary works, unlike those of the first four. In 1915 or thereabout Tan Khoen Swie (c.1884-1953), a native of Wonogiri region, set up a bookshop and. printingworks in Kediri, after working first of all for Sie Dhian Ho’s printing-works in

Solo. His knowledge of Javanese and his interest in kebatinan led him to re-publish writings in Javanese; at the same time, he revived the Chinese tradition, began to learn Chinese as an adult, and published large numbers of works to do with Confu­

cianism, Taoism, Buddhism and literature written in Malay by the Peranakan. A

glance at the old catalogues gives a good idea of his interests and the original way in which he managed his firm, which was probably the only one of its kind in

Indonesia (146). Two names are important in Malang: Kwee Khay Khee, who founded his own printing works in 1907 (Snelpersdrukkerij Kwee Khay Khee) to print the newspaper Tjahaja Timoer, and who published Sino-Malay novels from 1915 onwards at least, of whom little else is known, and Kwee Sing Tjhiang, who was born in Malang in 1898 and died in 1940. He was the founder of the famous Paragon Press which still continues today under the same name. When it was set up in 1918, it was considered

one of the most modern in all the Dutch East Indies. Kwee Sing Tjhiang went to

the local Tiong Hoa Hwee Koan school, and was interested in Chinese characters at first. He ordered a machine from China for making type which was then sold to

the printers in the area. Later on he became interested in printing in Latin cha­ racters, and bought ultra modem presses. He did not begin publishing reviews and works in Malay until the end of the 1920s and the 1930s. For a time he published Liberty and Tjerita Roman. The majority of his clientele seems to have been Dutch ,

however(l47). Little information is available on the beginnings of the Chinese was in operation

printing in Bandung. The firm of Hoa Boe In Kiok

from 1917 onwards at least; it printed in Malay and Chinese, and a bookshop and

book-binding workshop directed by Lim Kim San was added to it. A little later, other

firms, Tjan (c.I920), Toko Marie (c.I922) and Sin Bin (c.I923), also appeared. The firm of Semangat, which appeared in Jombang (c.I920), deserves special mention

because the town later became an important centre for the publication of reviews. The founding of the Java Ten Boe Kong Sie jfy

rp

sj(at 68, Gang Pinggiran Sema­

rang in 1909 by Be Kwat Yoe^^j^t? ,the secretary of the local Chinese Chamber of Commer ce, must also be pointed out; it began publication of the newspapers Djawa Teng ah (in Malay) and Djawa Kong Po

in Chinese) as well as of literary works.

The first Chinese presses outside Java appear to have come into existence also

between 1910 and 1923» such as the firm of Tiong Hoa Ten Soe Kiok in Padang, which published a Chinese novel translated by Phoa Ban Leng in 1918. Judg­

ing by its name, Others

it seems to have published in Chinese and Malay simultaneously.

were the Padangsche Snelpersdrukkeri j (c.I920) and the firm known as The

Trial, set up in Teluk Betong, in the Lampung region (c.I92O).

-LUJ

A Note on Printers...

Before leaving this period, another look must he taken at Batavia, where trans­ formations took place between 1900 and 1923. As mentioned earlier, Yap Goan Ho handed over his business to Kho Tjeng Bie in 1904; little information is available about the latter, except that he was successful. He went on publishing numerous

novels, and also launched into the publication of periodicals, in particular Sin Po, which he printed until the paper obtained its own press (I900-C.I9I2), and the

review Penghiboer, founded in 1913 by Lauw Giok Lan (which see). It is not always easy to distinguish between publishers and printers, as is apparent here. Sin Pog

for example, published novels at first, which appeared as serials in book form,

and had them printed by Kho Tjeng Bie (such as the translation of the Sanguo

or

"The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" by Lie In Eng). Kho Tjeng Bie also acted as a publisher and a printer at the same time; however, Kho Tjeng Bie’s firm owned

Latin, Chinese and Arabic type and printed in all three scripts. Towards 1909 Tjiong Koen Bie, a son of Tjiong Hok Long, the owner of the firm

of Goan Hong, who doubtless did not get on well with Tjiong Koen Liong, his father’s appointed successor, decided to start his own printing-works and open a bookshop in the Pintu Besar district. Tjiong Eng Lok’s firm, bought by Oey Tjay Hin in 1900,

seems to have operated for only about ten years under this title, because the

name is no longer to be found on publications later on. Lie Tek Long

s

firm in the Pintu Besar district appeared in I9II or thereabouts; it comprised a printing-works and a bookshop. Its founder, about whom nothing is known, took

over a large share of the publishing and distributing of Peranakan, literature. It would be interesting to know whether

any rivalry grew up between him and Goan

Hong, whose activities continued throughout the period, or whether the increase in demand enabled both firms to continue peaceful coexistence. In 1917 Lie Tek

Long undertook the publication of the weekly Ten Po which ran to about 8,250 copies,

and Li Po, another weekly paper

which appeared from 1919 to 1920. Lie Tek Long

also found another profitable speciality, consisting in making and distributing

records of syair and stories adapted from Chinese, which he printed in the form of little booklets (see p. 42 ).

Towards 1915-1916 three new firms apparently came into existence, destined to

play a considerable part in the publication and distribution of Peranakan works.

Favoriet comprised a printing-works and a bookshop, the Han Po

press was at Roa

Malaka, and Tan Thian Soe’e firm was at Pancoran. Tan Thian Soe, who was from Pa­ dang, seems to have begun by opening a bookshop and publishing large numbers of poems and novels, which he often had printed by other firms, in particular the

one owned by Tjioe, at Molenvliet West n° 43. Many more printing houses appeared

104

over the following years: Loa Moek En & Co (c.I$I9), at Molenvliet West, Drukkerij

Leo (c.1920) in the Pintu Besar district, Probitas, started by the publisher and

man of letters Tan Kim Sen (which see) at 209 Molenvliet West, Tjio Kim Siong

(c.1920) in the Tanah Abang district. Others

- De Per to end jangan, Tek Sing Liang,

O.L.T. and Chun Lim - no doubt date from roughly the same period.

To complete the picture, a word must be added about the development of bookshops and their role in publishing. The most representative case was probably that of

Kwee Seng Tjoan, a writer and translator who owned a bookshop at Roa Malaka and

took on the publication of many works. Tan Tjan Nio, another interesting example, was probably one of the few women to play a role in the publishing world. She owned

a shop selling women’s clothes "badj?e kebaja" at Jin Pinangsia n°33 and- in 1917 she launched out into the publication of Peranakan novels. She advertized her shop through her publications.

It is interesting to compare the results of this incomplete enumeration, as given on map n°2 (p. 10 5 ) with those in the Algemeen Chineesch Adresboek voor Nederlandsch

Indië 1923-24 (Batavia, Weltevreden, Kolff, pp.374-75), as we have transcribed them on map n°3 (p. 105). The total number of printing-works recorded in the direc­ tory for 1923-24 throughout the whole of Indonesia is 6l, only 4 of which were

outside of Java (2 at Banjarmasin, I at Makasar and I at Samarinda). Before trying to compare the two maps, it must be pointed out that the results given on map 2 were obtained from our catalogue, and therefore take into account only the printing-

works dealing with Peranakan works, and that they are spread over a much longer

period. We have tried to stress the dates at which the printing-works appeared, but the dates at which they disappeared are much more difficult to determine. As regards

the data given be remembered

on map n°3 , it is not known how they were obtained, and it should there may be omissions. When the results of the maps are looked at

as a whole, it is clear that they are completely different as regards the outer islands, but that they are more or less in agreement as regards the island of Java. Among the differences, the importance of the printing-works at Kudus, on map n°3, will be mentioned first; this may be explained by the numerous cigarette factories

in the region, and the consequent demand for packing materials. In the case of Solo,

map n°3 shows that four other printing-works existed in the town (Siang Hak In Kwan, Swastika directed by Liem Tik Liang (d.I973)» De Bliksem directed by Tjan Tjoe Som

(1903-1969) and Tjahaja, directed by Tan Kiong Bian). As far as we know, Swastika is the only one to have played a part in publishing Chinese Buddhist works, and it continued to do so until recently. The number of printing works in Bandung on

map n°3 is lower than

the total number we obtained, for some inexplicable reason,

and the two films in Bogor and Sukabumi seem to have disappeared in 1923. The Teng

"MALANG

___ -BLITAR

KEDI RÏe

Z

BONDOWÔSO

106

Hoey’s firm in Bogor seems to have stopped publishing the Tiong Hoa Wi Sien Po in 1920 or thereabouts, which may have resulted in its disappearence; the same thing may have happened to the Snelpersdrukkerij in Sukabumi when the Li Po ceased publi­ cation. As we saw earlier on, Lie Kim Hok had to give up his printing-works in Bogor in 1887 owing to competition from Batavia. Curiously enough , map n°3 gives the

largest number of printing-works to Surabaya (15)» with Batavia coming second with

a total of 12, whereas on map 2 Batavia comes first with a total of 18 or 19 depend­

ing on whether or not Oey Tjaij Hin is counted, and Surabaya has a total of 6 only.

Whatever the differences may be as regards the details, there is no doubt whatsoever

that the Peranakan made considerable investments in printing and bookselling through out the early part of the 20th century.

The Second Phase of Development; c.1924 - 1942. Between 1924 and 1942, the number of Chinese printing houses increased steadily

both in Java and in the outer islands. It is impossible to make a detailed enquiry here into the history of this economic sector; its development was less

and less

dependent on the publication of Sino-Malay literature because the daily press and

periodicals developed considerably from the beginning of the 1920s onwards. The

growing numbers of periodicals may have given the publishers the idea of bringing out literary works in specialized reviews with one or more issues each month (see table and map). We have seen

earlier on that attempts of this kind were made by

Oey Tjay Hin in 1895 and 1900, but apparently with little success. The Batavia printer Tan Thian Soe

seems to have revived the idea in 1922 when he published

his Taman Tjerita or "Garden of Novels", the aim of which was apparently to publish translations of Western novels. The copies we managed to consult were bound later

so that it is impossible to tell whether or not the first volumes included a note

of their publisher. It is interesting to note that the subscription regulations on the cover included a note for possible subscribers living outside the Dutch East

Indies. Although the first attempt was not particularly successful, the idea was quickly taken up by other firms and five reviews (two in Surabaya, two in Paré and

one in Bandung) appeared in 1924. This new type of publication turned out to be extremely popular, and between 192 5 and 1942 no fewer than 21 reviews were launch­

ed, some of which, like Penghidoepan and Tjerita Roman, lasted for a long time (see table). The reviews quickly became specialized in certain sorts of literature, such as translations of Western novels, or translations from Chinese, particularly

cloak-and-dagger novels, or original works. Generally speaking, the printers no

longer looked after the publishing side, as Tan Thian Soe has done. A new post appeared, that of magazine

editor, generally filled by a writer, a journalist

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- Kitabn^p. Nahie Khong Hoe Tjoe jang pertama bernama Soe Sie Siang Loen\V> -g' -k sfth « Paleng bergoena boewat penerangan, pigimana perdjalanannja orang hi­ doep di dalem doenia. Satoe nasehat besar selamanja tida bisa hilang, boleh di toetoerken boewat pladjarannja anak tjoetjoek soepaia mendjadi kaoentoengan en kaslametan, Terkarang oleh —, pada tanggal 10 Augustus 1910» Semarang, 83 p. ( Translation of the first Confucian Classic entitled Lun Yu or "The Analects", part one). HAIJ TENG DJIN :-Q £3,^ or "The native of Haicheng" (Fujian), pseud., fl. 19331959» Translator of Chinese cloak-and-dagger stories. In March 1933 became editor-in-chief of the magazine Kiam Hiap, replacing Ho Nai Chuan. Hoa Thian Pa, Kiam Hiap, t.Ill,27, Mei 1933» 85 p. (Translation of an unidenti­ fied Chinese novel). - J. - Liok Lim Tjhit.Kiam Sip Pat Hiap, Kiam Hiap, t.Ill,34, Des. 1933, 123 p. (Trans­ lation of a Chinese novel entitled Lulin qijian shibaxia -t; y\ or"The Seven Brigands and the Eighteen Villains" by Li Diezhuang P- Hoei Hiong Kee atawa tida ada satoe kedjahatan zonder terbales, Kiam" Hiap, t.Ill,36, Feb. 1934, 88 p. (Translation of an unidentified Chinese novel). -J “ Pembakaran Gredja Lian Hoa An,Kiam Hiap, t.IV,39, Mei 1934, ?8 p. ( Transla­ tion of a Chinese novel possibly entitled Huoshao lianhua an 4? 'W Jr 4k or "The Burning of the Lotus Flower Nunnery"). - J.

~ Tjj-S-r1 Siauw Lim, Kiam Hiap, t.IV,40, 15 Jun. 193^» 123 p. (Translation of an unidentified Chinese novel). - J.

" Koei Bie Kang Ouw, Tasikmalaja, Kiam Hiap, 1934, 8 vol., 635 p. (Translation of an unidentified Chinese novel).

Authors and. Translators

177

„ Tai Wan Eng Hiong, Kiam Hiap, t.V,49, Mar. 1935» 132 p. ( Translation of a Chinese novel entitled. Taiwan yingxiong -'à & or "The Heroes from Tai­ wan"). -J.

, Achimja Gie Ho Toan, Kiam Hiap, t.V,52, Jun. 1935» 101 p. (The novel proba­ bly translated, from Chinese is about the secrete society known as Yihe quan M' 4^ fàj or The Boxers active in Shandong Province in 1899 and which star­ ted anti-foreign riots in Peking in 1900. It also deals with Sai Jinhua (Sai Kim Hoa) a famous courtesan of the time, who led an extraordinary life). - D. , Pendekar bodo dari karangannja So Tjiok Seng, Gie Hiap t.II,28-33, 30 Mei15 Aug. 1938, 6 vol., 484 p. ( Translation of the Chinese ,novel entitled Dai xia or "The Stupid Gallanr" by So Tjiok Seng»^ y, /£ )• , Hoe Tjee Hiap atawa soeami istri pendekar, samboengan pendekar bodo, Gie Hiap, t.II, 35"^O, 15 Sep.-30 Nop. 1938, 6 vol., 4-72 p. (Translation of a novel by So Tjiok Seng entitled Fuqi xia-^Jj-^ or " A Couple of Knights-errant" by Haishang shushi sheng .'4 ± a ). _ Kang Ouw Djie Sie Hiap atawa riwajatnja 10 orang gaib, 24- pendekar gagah dan 30 orang boediman jang mentjintanegri dan sesamanja dari karangan Yo Tien In, Boe Hiap, t. Ill, S6-I2I, 25 Feb. 1939- 15 Feb. 1940, 36 vol.T l600 p. (Translation of the Chinese novel entitled Jianghu ershisi xia -r or "The Twenty-four Knights-errant Roaming overRivers and Lakes" by yang Chènyin^ jL l£] )’ - Kwan Gwa Touw Liong Kie, Gie Hiap, t.IV,8l-9O, 15 Aug.-30 Des. 1940, 10 vol., 799 P« ( Translation of the Chinese novel entitled Guanwai tu long ji 2/* bù or "The Story of the Dragon’s Killing beyond the Pass" by Ong Kheng Seng ?£ £ £ ).

- Thaij Kek Im Yang Kiam, Gie Hiap, t.V, 103-108, 15 Jul. - 30 Sep. I$&T, 6 vol. 480 p. (Translation of the Chinese novel entitled Taiji yinyang jiarrj and pp.107-19?. ( Novel that takes place in a Javanese setting during the Kartasura Period). - J, K, S.

IN JO *S. Sr. , fl. 1936-39. Writer of novels and short stories. - Kaloe terlaloe merdika, Penghidoepan, t.XII,I38, Jun. 1936, 121 p. - K.

- Soeara dari tempat soetji, Penghidoepan, t.XV,170, Feb. 1939, extra pagina, 86-104. - J. INTIPUS or INTIPIAS, see under INJO BENG GOAT.

INTJE ISMAIL, see under TAN TJENG NIO.

J J.H.K. fl. 1926. Translator of Chinese novels into Malay.

- Siauw Tjit Kiat atawa toedjoe pendekar moeda, Batavia, Sin Po, 1926, 72 p. (Translation of a Chinese novel entitled Xiao qi jie or "The Se­ ven Younger Braves"). - K, S.

J.S.H.fl. 1922. Writer of syair. - Sair orang pemaen toppan. Sair orang prampoean jang gila tjap dji kie( jL ), Sair kartoe, Sair daoen dan Pantoen si nona manis, Batavia, Kho Tjeng Bie, IÇ22, 75 P- (Edifying poems about the danger of gambling). - J, K. J.T.S., see under IJO TIAN SOEIJ.

JAP GOAN HONG, see under ASRAMAN KEPOELOENGAN.

JAP KIM HONG. Writer of syair.

- Sair tjerita Ong Djie Hong, satoe anak jang kena tersesat tapi bisa bertobat. Swatoe tjerita jang betoel bagoes dan rame, Batavia, Lie Tek Long, n.d., 64 p. - K.

Authors and Translators

189

jAUWKWAY Jr. , pseud. Writer of novels. _ Tjan Poo Lin Nio, place and date of publication unknown, IIO p. ( Tjan Poo Lin jjio was a prostitute famous throughout Java who was assassinated in an hotel in Malang on January 14,1924 by a so-called Tjia Tjhing Sien). _

jAVANIA, pseud., fl. 1910. Native of Bogor.Translator of Chinese novels. _ Boekoe tjerita Lauw Goan Pouw atawa satoe tjerita saciang dermawan jang men­ dapet berkahnja Allah. Tjerita jang bener soeda terdjadi di Tiongkok, Batavia, Kho Tjeng Bie, 1910» HO p.(Transi? of an unidentified Chinese story).

Reprint, Batavia, Kho Tjeng Bie, 1914, IIO p. - D. Reprint, Eatavia, Kho Tjeng Bie, 1922, IIO p. - J, K, D, S.

JE KALE, pseud., fl. 1938.

- Prang tida berboedi, Tjerita Roman, t.VIII,88-89, Apr.-Mei 1938,165 p.(Detective story set in Shanghai, possibly translated from Chinese). - K, D, S.

JO BOEN EK, see under YO BOEN EK. JO TJIM GOAN, fl. 1895 -97» translator of Chinese novels into Malay.

- Boekoe boelanan mengambil tjerita dari boekoe Liauw Tjaij boeat meliboerken hati jang koesoet, Betawie, Oeij Tjaij Hin, 1895-96, 12 issues..(First attempt to found a monthly literary magazine. The Liaozhai zhiyi 5$p yfo 7/7 or "Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio" consisting of a collection of short stories, was quite suitable for publication as short translated works appea­ ring periodically. Later on the editor decided also to include in the perio­ dical translations of Chinese novels in serial form;such as Tjerita Hay Soeij Taij Hong Pauw Tjoan Toan, ketika djaman keradjaan Taij Beng Tiauw hongte Khe Tjeng koen, or Haigong da hongpao quanzhuan ,The Complete Story of Hai Rui’s Great Scarlet Robe";. - J, L, Li. J - Tjerita Sam Pek dan Eng Tay (Sam Pek itoe sebetoelnja San Pek) atawa satoe korban dari pertjintàan; inilah tjerita jang paling termashoer di seloeroeh Tiongkok, Batavia. Tokoh Moerah,1897, 40 p. ( Translation of the famous Chinese ballad entitled Liang Shanbo yu Zhu Yingtai or"Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai"). - d’

Reprint, Batavia, Kho Tjeng Bie, 1926, 40 p. - K. Reprint, Batavia, Kho Tjeng Bie, 1930, 40 p. - S. JOE BING HIAN, journalist native of Juana (East Java), fl. 1938.

- Perang Tiongkok-Japan dan literatuur Tionghoa^Ielajoe , (weekly) Sin Po, t.XVI, 799, 23 Jul. 1938, pp. 5-8. JOE TJAI SIANG, see under YOE TJAI SIANG. JOE TJIEN GOAN, fl. 1952-53.

- Tjermin batin, Temanggung, Joe Tjien Goan, 1952, 32 p. - 0.

~ Pertobatan pendeta-pendeta besar, Temanggung, Joe Tjien Goan, 1953, 20 p. - 0. JOHNSON HAN, see under HAN, Johnson.

190

JOHNNY DON JUAN & PEK PIS KHO, fl. I936. Writers of short stories. - Akoe poenja pengalaman jang mendjengkelken di hari Sientjhia, Moestika Romans, t.vil, 73-77, 1936. - J. JONG HANDJIN, pseud., fl, 1921, Novel-writer, - Akoe heroentoeng dan terkoetoek, Satoe tjerita jang soedah kadjadian di Telok Betong dalem tahon 1915» Penawar prempoean moeda dan nasehat hoeat orang ban­ jak, Batavia. Tan Thian Soe. 1921. 1st ed.. I8I 0. ( Aonording to J. Kwee.p. 77-78, novel about the wedding between Oey Sin Soey and Tjan Sian Nio; the latter did not love the bridegroom, who was a widower, twenty-five years ol­ der than she was, and fell in love with his son, Oey Kian Bow). - D, K, J.

JUVENILE KUO, see under KWEE SENG TJOAN.

K K. fl. 1925. Writer of syair. - Sair roemah tangga atawa bagimana orang haroes pegang dan adaken karoekoenan antara kaloewarga sendiri didalem roemah tangga, Berikoet tjerita;Apa tjoema orang moeda sadja, Batavia, Lie Tek Long, 1925, 72 p. - J.

- Pantoen waktoe terang boelan atawa sair saling saoetan antara djedjaka dan gadis, Batavia, Lie Tek Long, 1925, 58 p. - S. K.H.T.B.L., fl. 192^-25. Translator of Chinese novels into Malay. - Si Benang mera atawa satoe pendekar prampoean jang gaga dan pande, Batavia, Sin Po, 192^, 66 p. (Free translation of a Chinese short story dating back to the Tang dynasty and entitled Hongxian 4^ after the name of the he­ roine). - D, S. '•• • x

- Tjit Kiam Pat Hiap, samboengan dari Pat Kiam Hiap, Batavia, Sin Po, 1925, 208 p. (Translation of the Chinese novel entitled Qijian baxia As /\^ or "The Seven Heroes and the Eight Gallants", by Lu Shi-e which is a sequel to Ba jianxia /\ or "The Eight Sword-fighters". -K, J, S.

K.K.H., see under KWEE KIM HONG. K.KH.LIONG, see under KWEE KHENG LIONG.

K.N.K., fl. 1934. Novel-writer. - Kembang poekoel empat, ditoelis boeat peringetan atas meninggalnja Miss H, Liem, Tjerita Roman, t.Vl,63, Mar. 193^-, 98 p. -K, D, S.

Authors and. Translators 191 v p fl. 1938. Translator. K.-*- • ’ _ document berharga. J'») . Pidato dari Gen. Chiang Kai Shek jang dibikin ' 7T Loeshan pada boelan Joeli I93^; Lawan serangan loear dan hangoenken komhali Toemanget kebangsa'an,Malang, The Paragon Press, 1938, 85 p. - K.

K.P. Nio (Hoedjin), fl. c.1906. Woman writer. Boekoe sair hoewat kemadjoean bangsa Tionghoa fihak prampoean, Buitenzorg, Lie Kiong Boen, c. I906. - A.

K.T. fl. 1923-25. Translator of Chinese novels into Malay. „ Tjoen Tjioe Ngo Pa, atawa peprangan antara lima radja djago di djeman Tjoen tjioe. Batavia, Olt,1923-25, II vol., 913 p. ( Translation of an unidentified Chinese historical novel entitled Chungiu wuba qixiong quanxiang lieguo zhi or "Complete Story of the Five Overlords and the Seven Princes of the Chunqiu Period". - K. K.T. Jr see under MIE SENG TIE. K.T.H., see under KWEE TEK HOAY.

KALAM LANGIT, see under NA TIAN PIET. KAM PEK SAN, fl. 1920. Play-wright.

- Rol tjerita pertjintahan contra hauw (Opera Derma eerste Tooneelschap Tiong Hoa Djin Tioe Hie Pasar Baroe Weltevreden), Weltevreden , Tek Sin Liang, 1920, 106 p - K KAM SENG KIOE, fl. c. 195^• Writer and translator of Chinese stories.

- Sam Po , Semarang, Liong (195^)3 224 p. ( Contains various stories and legends concerning the eunuch Zheng He , his travels to Java as well as some religious texts related to the eunuch). - Li, S, Li. - Hong Sin atawa Pelantikan dewa-dewa, Semarang, Liong, n.d. (Translation of the Chinese novel entitled Fengshen yanyi '"tfc 3^' or "The Investiture of the Gods"). - ü(vol.1-3). ' ' ' H

KAMADJAJA, pseud., fl. 1921-23.

- Japan poenja keadahan sedjak doeloekalah sampe sekarang herhoehoeng dengan oeroesan negri, penghidoepan, nikahan, pertjintaan dan sepaginja, Weltevreden, Druk. Leo, 1921, 1st ed., 125 p. - S. - Rasa harem atawa orang Arab dengan prampoeannja, Batavia, Tan Thian Soe, 1923, third ed., I?4 p. - K. KAN LIONG TJOEN, translator of Chinese texts into Malay, fl. 1921. - Kam Ine Pian. Di salin dari kitab soetji hoeroef Tionghoa: Nasehat baik hoeat se kalian manoesia haroes herboeat baik soepaja dapet keslametan jang kekel, Batavia, of a popular work in the form of a tract entitled Gan ying "Book of Rewards and Punishments"). - J.

KAN WEN CHIE, native of Tangerang, fl. 1915- Translator of Chinese novels.

- Oey Hoei Nio atawa satoe iboe tiri jang denki hati, Batavia, Tjiong Koen Bie, Ï915, 3 vol., 245 p.(Possibly the translation of a Chinese novel; the story, undated, takes place in the Quanzhou area, in the province of Fujian). - K, D, S.

192 KANG TIAP TIAP, fl. 1934. Translator of Chinese novels into Malay. - Houw Hiat Eng Hiong, Kian Hiap, t.IV,46, Des. 193^,133 P « (Transi. of Huxue yingxjçj rt & âU or "Heroes the Tiger*3 Den" "by Die Die ). - J. KEMBANG SEMBODJA, see under Nj. LIEM LAN DJIN. KEKASIH, see under KWEE KHE SOEI.

KHIM DJIN KIAT, fl. 1950. Translator of Chinese cloak-and-dagger stories.

- Go Bie Hiap Khek atawa di rebutnja kembali gredja Liong Ong Bio (^(L 3*-') ), Gie Hiap, t.VII,I56-I59, 30 Jan. - 15 Mar. 1950, 4 vol., 320 p. (Translation of a Chinese novel entitled Emei xiake or "The Knights-errant from the Emei Mountain. ". KHIM HIAP, see under TJAN KHIM HIAP.

KHO AN KIM, from Medan,fl. 1933-47. Writer of novels.

- Berhati-Iblis atau pemboenoehan di Swatowstraat Medan pada tgl 12.12.1934, Medan, Romancier Company, Sep. 1935» 65 p. - K. - Boenga berhajat, Medan, Romancier Company, 1935» I vol. - A. - Iboe boeta, Medan, Djaman, 1947, 30 p. - Li.

- Pendjara fasis atau dari neraka ke neraka,Medan.Djaman.I947olst ed.,II5 p.(Account of the torture in the detention camps during the Japanese occupation). - K. - Tjinta merdeka. Soeatoe tjerita jang kedjadian di kota Medan„ Medan, Djaman, 1947, 72 p. (Appeared first in serial form in the Pelita Andalas, 1933). - Li.

KHO H.G., native of Surabaya (East Java), fl. 1934. Translator of Western novels. “ Akoe poenja kemenangan, salinan dari true romances. Tjerita Roman, t.VI.62. Mar. 1934, pp. 91-II5. (Translation of an unidentified Western novel). Y, K, S. KHO PING HOO.Indonesian name ASMARAMAN S. Born in 1926 in Sragen(Central Java).One of the most famous contemporary writers of detective novels and cloak-and-daggers stcries established in Surakarta.In the 1950s he also used to write short stories that ap­ peared mostly in magazines such as Liberty,Star Weekly and Pantjawarna. Since IÇ64 is che owner of the printing house of Gema employing in 1575 46 workers and one designer. Bibliography: M. Bonneff, Les Bandes dessinées Indonésiennes, Paris, Puyraimond, 1976,pp.53-95 ; Leo Suryadinata (1978), pp.46-47;"Asraman KPH", Kompas, 12. 4. 198I.

- Sosiawan besar, in Kumpulan kisah pendek "Pertemuan", Tasikmalaja, Djelita, c. 1950, pp. 43-50. - S. - Riwajat Pak ketjil, Idem, pp. 60-66. - S. - Penggosok sepatu, Idem, pp. 77-80. - S. - Buruh dan tahun baru, Idem, pp 25-35« - S. “ Rumah tangga bahagia, Star Weekly, 15 Nop. 1958, n ° 672, pp. 31-32.

- Buruh dan Sinthjia, Star Weekly, 7 Feb. 1559, n°684, pp. II-12. - Sepasang naga berebut mustika atau Dji Liong Djio Tju ( — rita silat asli, Tasikmalaja, Djelita, i960, 4 vol., 78+80+80+80 p?.

)> tje­

- Sin Kun Bu Tek atau Kepalang dewa tanpa tandingan, Djakarta, Analisa, i960, 91 p. - Pek I Lie Hiap1. 4? lisa, i960, 96 p.

) atau Pendekar wanita badju putih, Djakarta, Ana­

Authors and. Translators

193

Kg^is pusaka dan kuda iblis, Djakarta, Analisa, I960, 2 vol., II2+II2 p.

~ gi teratai merah atau Ang Lian Lie Hiap ( ) tjerita silat aseli, Tasikmalaja, Djelita, I960» 80 p. 5urung Hong terbang atau Hwee Thian Kim Hong ( 4+^ ), tjerita silat aseli (landjutan dari tjerita Ang Lian Lie Hiap), Tasikmalaja, Djelita, I960, 3~vol., 80+82+72 p.

„(Asmaraman Kho Ping Ho), Saritama Satria gunung Kidul, Tasikmalaja, Pantjar Kumala, 1961, 4 vol., 288 p. - S. _ Darah_ perkasa R etnawulan,D jakarta, Analisa, I96I, 2 vol., 208 p. - Y. , Darah mengalir di Borobudur, Djakarta, Analisa, I96I, 3 vol., 278 p. - Y.

Second ed., Solo, Gema, 1966.

_ Menebus kekalahan (Liongsan Tung-hiap), Djakarta, Analisa, 1961, 1st ed., Second ed., Solo, Gema, 1966. _ Si walet hitam atau Ouw Yan Tju ( & -i- ), anak Si teratai merah, tjerita silat aseli, Tasikmalaja, Djelita, 1961, 3 vol., 80+76+80 p.

_ Tiga naga dari angkasa atau Sam Liong Shia Thian ( 'f ), Djakarta, Analisa, I96I, 3 vol., 88+89+89 p. _ Sebilah pedang keradjaan atau Thian Hong Kiam ( >&’) )» Djakarta, Analisa, 1961, 112 p. - Pendekar gila dari Shantung atau Shantung Koay Hiap ( l'a 4^ ),Djakarta, Analisa, Ï96I, 3 vol., 86+93+93 P_ Pendekar gaib berbadju putih, Djakarta, Analisa, 1961, 140 p. _ Pendekar bodoh atau Bun Bu Enghiong,tjerita silat aseli, Tasikmalaja, Djelita, I96l, 10 vol., 800 p. - Pedang pusaka naga putih atau Pek Liong Pokiam ( Analisa, I96I, 2 vol., III+I3I p.

), Djakarta, '

'

) atau Pendekar dari Kang Lam, Djakarta, Ana­

- Kang Lam T jiu Hiap ( lisa, 1961, 81 p.

- Iblis mengamuk di Mataram, Djakarta, Analisa, I96I, 2 vol,, 103+91 P* - Gin Kiam Gi To ( /5^ f) ) atau maling budiman berpedang perak, Djakarta, Analisa, I96I, 2 vol. , 89+86 p. - S.

- Djago pedang tak bernama atau Bu Beng Kiam Hiap ( Analisa, I96I, 2 vol., 85+88 p. - Ang I Li Hiap ( 4_-r. lisa. I96I. I06 p.

), Djakarta,

) atau Si Badju merah dari Hengsan, Djakarta, Ana­

- Saritama satria Gunung Kidul,Tasikmalaya, Pancar Kumala, I96l, 4 vol.

- Si naga merah, Djakarta, Analisa, 1962. - Kris pusaka jang haus darah, Djakarta, Analisa, 1962, II9 p.

~ Ang Ei Tin atau dendam orang orang gagah, Djakarta, Analisa, 1962, 5 vol. 400 p. ~ Toat Beng Mo Li atau wanita iblis dari lembah Tjialing, Djakarta, Analisa,1962,3vol

- Pedang penaluk iblis, Tasikmalaja, 1963. - Kim kong kiami/^j"/4^) > Pedang sinar emas, Djakarta, Analisa, 1964, 4 vol. - Si tanpa bajangan, Djakarta, 1964. - Pedang Cheng-Hoa, Solo, Gema, 1965« - Setan Kober, Solo, Gema, 1966.

" Sekarsih (Dara s eg arakidoelj, Solo, Gema, 1966, 87 p. - S.

194

- Tersesat, Solo, Gema, 1966, 72 p. - S. - Pendekar buta, Solo, Gema, 1967.

- Bandit air (Kisah serial detectif Bharoto), Solo, Gema, 1967» 112 p.

- Leak dari guwa gadjah, Solo, Gema, 1967» 2 vol. - Sapu tangan berdarah (Kisah serial detectif Bharoto), Solo, Gema, 1967, H2 p - Komplotan kuda binal, Solo, Gema, 1967, H9 P. - Bandit air, Solo, Gema, 1967» 115 P* - Kuda binal, Solo, Gema, 1968. - Badai laut selatan, Solo,Gema, 1969»

- Pendekar super sakti, Solo, Gema, 1971. - (Asmaraman) Perawan lembah Wilis, Solo, Gema, 1971, 23 vol. - Istana Pulau Es, Solo, Gema, 1972. - Sepasang pedang iblis (lanjutan Super Sakti), Solo, Gema, 1973, 33 vol.

- Pendekar lembah naga, Solo, Gema, 1976. - Suling emas dan naga siluman, Solo, Gema, 1976. - Pahlawan-pahlawan sejati, Jakarta, U.P. Kresno, 1978, 213 P» -S. KHO SIN HOO, fl. 1928. Writer of short stories. - Boeaja Magelang, Liberty,I,9, Des. 1928, pp. 25-27. - J. KHO SOEN KENG, fl. 1924.

- Sapoetangan soetra atau doea istri jang berbantahan achirnja bisa hidoep roekoen, Tegal. 1924. (Quoted by John Kwee, p. 249). KHO TEK HIAN, native of Batavia. Translator of Chinese novels. - Amarahnja moerid Siauw Lim Sie atawa Tjinta sedjati dari satoe gadis. Pem­ balesan heibat dari satoe laki-laki, Batavia, Khouw Hay Soen, n.d., 89 p. (Translation of an unidentified Chinese novel).

KHO TJOEN THIAN, fl. 1928-29.Native of Pekalongan, Central Java. Novelist.

- Korbannja tjinta soetji, Soeatoe tjerita jang bener soeda kedjadian di Wiradesa Pekalongan dalem 10 taoen berselang, Pekalongan, Kho Tjoen Thian, 1928, 1st ed., 64 p. - S. - Sepasang roos dari Pekalongan atawa boeahnja pendidikan, Pekalongan, Kho Tjoen Thian, 1929, 1st ed., 3 vol., 184 p.(Didactic novel dealing with the respec­ tive merits of Chinese and Western education, for a detailed summary, see J. Kwee, pp. 93-94). - S.

KHO TJOEN WAN ',£) , pseud. Br. SI PEN AH . Born into an humble family of Brebes (Central Java), was obliged to go to work at age of eight. Moved to Batavia when he was ten years old and was employed as a newspaper boy by the Perniagaan then edited by Gouw Peng Liang (which see). At the same time mana­ ged to continue his education and later became a contributor to the Perniaga­ an, holding at the same time the position of editor with the Soeara Kebenarai which was under the editorship of Van der Valk. Around 1917 was put in jail

Authors and Translators

195

for having written a syair attacking the Dutch Government. After three months was released and returned to Brebes where he founded a branch of the T.H.H.K.Soon afterwards he went to Semarang where he obtained a post as contributor to the daily Sinar Hindia. A short time later detained again for having published in Warna Warta an article entitled Doenia Bondjol or "The Battered World". After being released launched himself into the political arena and in 1924 was appointed leader of the P.K.I. Semarang branch. Apart from that, was al­ so active in various organizations. Among others he was treasurer of Perseri­ katan Kaoem Boeroeh Goela, and Commissioner of the Koempoelan Tambang. Was de­ tained again for his involvment in the 1926-27 Communist uprisings, but finally released. In 1932 made his last attempt to found,in Kudus (Central Java;,a sec­ tion of the P.T.I. but was unsuccessful and since then has been politically inac­ tive. Became interested in mysticism and in the 1960s was adviser to Parama Arta, a periodical dealing with this subject. Died in Pekalongan in the late 1970s. Bibliography: Tan Hong Boen,p.II5-l6;Ruth T. McVey,The Rise of Indonesian Communism, N.Y.,Cornell University Press,I966,p.226; Leo Suryadinata(1972)p.10; Leo Suryadinata(l978)pp.47-8

_ Boekoe sair Indie Weerbaar, Batavia, Favoriet, 1917» 48 p. - A. _ Nona Marie atawa soeatoe korban dari soeatoe iboe tiri jang kedjem, Soeatoe hal jang telah terdjadi di ini Hindia pada I9II, Kediri, Tan Khoen Swie, 1922, 1st ed., 462 p. - Y. (incomplete) , D (incomplete), S. KHOE SIAUW ENG, fl. 1901. Early leader of the Batavia T.H.H.K. Literate in Chinese, he was called upon to compile accounts of the practices observed at Chinese wed­ dings and funerals. In 1909 he was one of the organizer of Tiong Hoa Keng Kie Hwee or the Chinese Employee Bond of Batavia, and from 1915 to 1921 he was its chairman. He also served for several years as a secretary of the Majoor’s Chi­ nese Council in Batavia . Bibliography: Lea E. Williams, Overseas Chinese Nationalism, The Genesis of the Pan Chinese Movement in Indonesia (1900-1916), Glencoe Illinois, The Free Press, I960, p. 142. - (Lie Kim Hok & Khoe Siauw Eng), Kitab Hauw peladjaran boeat tjinta Iboe Bapa, menoeroet oedjar-oedjaran Khong Tjoe,Tjeng Tjoe dan Beng Tjoe, Soekaboemi, Soekaboemische Snelpersdrukkerij, 1901, 51 P« ” A.

KHOE TIONG HAM. fl. 1920. Play-wright. - Opera Derma Lam Jang Tiong Hoa Tjin Kok Hie ( ) Ba­ tavia, jang telah dimaenkan pada tanggal 3 April 1920 (15 djigwe 2471) di Schouwburg Thalia Mangga Besar. Rol dari tjerita Ong Hie Nio atawa satoe iboe tiri jang kedjem, Bataviat Oeij Tjaij Hin, 1920, p. - K.

KHONG KAUW HWEE, Surabaya, 1928.

- Khong Tjoe mji Soe Tjek f'f) atawa Riwajatnja nabi Khong Hoe Tjoe ditoelis sedari dilahirken di boekit tfi San sampe pada mangkat(michradnja), Kediri, Tan Khoen Swie, 1928, 1st ed., 6l p. - K, S. KHONG LIAN SOEI,Native of Batavia, fl. 1930«

Writer of novels.

- Doewa soedara Tjerita Novel, t.I,5, Des. 1930, 92 p. (The novel is centred on a Chinese family exploiting a tea plantation in the area of Bogor, West Java), - J, S.

196

KHOUW ENG TIE, fl. 1946-50. Journalist & writer. Contributor to Star weekly, Goe­ dang T jerita, T jantik and Tjilik Roman'e. - Kerna .., Prempoean, Star weekly, 26 Jan. 1946, n°4, pp. 4-5. - Etty dan Erry, Goedang Tjerita, second series, t.I,5, Nop.1948, 36 p. - Y, D.

- Siloeman ringgit, Tjantik, t.I,6, Sep. 19^8» pp. 23-33» “ S.

- Wet Karma, Tjilik Roman's, t.II,22, 5 Apr. 1950» 83 P. - D, S. KHOUW KENG SIOE & TAIJ ed., fl. I9II. - Boekoe peladjaran ilmoe mengitoeng dengan soei poaf^

.) .Di artiken dalem bahasa

Melajoe jang gampang orang mengerti, Batavia, Kho Tjeng Bie, I9H» 138 p. - D. KHOUW SIN ENG. Born 1907 in Cirebon, West Java. Writer said to have published books about Taoism - more especially Zhuangzi - and Buddhism, fl. c. 1950.

- Chuang Tse, Pudjangga jang tadjam dan djenaka penanja, Batavia, Balai Pustaka, 1950, 1st ed. - Li. Second ed., 1952» 100 p. - Li, K.

- Minbar pahlawan wanita R.R.T., gerakan wanita, Djakarta, Hsu, (l952), 105 p. - Buddha Gautama selajang pandang, Djakarta, Negara Baru, (1953), 59 p.

KIAI HADJI KOESTA. "Sa-orang Tionghoa totok, jang biasa diseboet Intjek 'M 'Iah kemoedian telah toekar laen bangsa", fl. 1914.

- Poesaka jang amat kekal, jang dapet dipoenjai lebi dari saoemoer idoep, Batavia, Albrecht, 1914 ( contains the following parts: Berbagi-bagi nasehat baé dari Kiai Hadji Koesta, pp.I-40; Ilmoe menjoerat resia, 5 P«; sedikit roepa-roepa pengetahoean, 5 P» » Ilmoe boemi disalin dari boekoe Olanda, 10 p.; Sekedar boeat penjoeka hati, 4 p.). - K, D. KIAI KIEM MAS, fl. c.I92I.Fr°m Parajekan (East Java). Probably no other than TJEKONG MAS whose Muslim tomb is still worshipped in Parajekan mostly by people of Chinese origin. Writer of syadr.

- Sjair ilmoe sedjati dan sjair nasehat, Kediri, Tan Khoen Swie, 1921, 2d ed., 47 p. (^reatise of meditation deeply influenced by the Islamic faith and apparently written by a Peranakan converted to Islam whose name is composed of two parts one of Chinese origin (Kim) and the other (Mas) of Indonesian origin (cf. Sjair nase­ hat, p. 27). - J’.

KIE HOK, fl. 1934.

- Roemah setan atawa toekang gambar jang berhati tabah, Kiam Hiap,t.IV,45, Nop. 1934, 14 p. - J.

KIE LIONG SENG, fl. 1934. Translator of Chinese novels into Malay. - Pek Kap Twan (Boeroeng dara poeti), Doenia Tjerita, t.I,3, Jun. 1934, 91 p. (Translation of a Chinese novel entitled Baige tuan i£) or "A Crowd of White Pigeons"). ’

KIEM BOEN, fl. 1925-38. Writer and translator of Chinese novels.

- Ngo Hoa Kiam atawa lima pedang wasiat, Soeatoe tjerita jang telah kedjadian

Authors and translators

19?

di Tiongkok pada djamannja keizer Beng Boe Tjong( 0^ ) merk Beng Ti­ auw, Semarang, Tan Sin Koan, 1925» 152 p. ( Translation of the Chinese novel entitled Xianxia wu huajian JL or "The Five Swords of the Fai­ ry Gallants").

_ Soempa Palsoe,,, ?, Tjerita Roman, t.X,H4, Jun. 1938, 96 p. (story nakan Chinese setting that occurs in Java). - J, K, S.

set in a Pera­

KIEM DJIN KIAT, fl. 1955-56. Translator of Chinese novels into Malay.

_ Go Bie Siang Hiap, Gie Hiap, t.XIII,296-301, 30 nop. 1955 - 15 Feh. 1956» 6 vol., 471 p.(Translation of a Chinese novel entitled Emei shuangxia or "The Two Gallants from the Emei shan Mountairf' by Zheng Zhengyin’^5^^). Y

KIHADJAR DHARMOPRALOJO, see under TAN HONG BOEN.

KIEM TJHE, fl. 1924. - Pertjintaan dan peroentoengan, Batavia, Sin Po, 1924, 4-5 p.

KIN (Miss), fl. 1931. Woman writer. - Doenia rasanja antjoer, Goedang Tjerita, 1st series, t.II,14, Mar. 1931, 84- p. (According to J. Kwee, p. 137, novel that tells of a boy, Tjin Seng, and a girl, Hong Nio, who love one another and are about to get married,when the bride-to-be dies of diphteria). - K, D, S.

KO CHIN TSAI, fl. 1952. - Bunga rampai purba, Solo, Populair, 1952, 2d ed., 65 p. - Y.

KO MO AN, fl.I888-98. Born in Yogya. Brother of Ko Mo Tjoan who was of the Chinese community there in 1905. Sources: Darmo Kondo, 3 April 1905«

luitenant

- Dari hai oedara(very short manuscript in Latin characters dated 26 April 1888), - J.

- Bok Loro Mendoet,Batavia. Albrecht, I898 (wayang lakon written in Javanese and quoted in the Notulen of I898). KO SING GIOK, fl. 1958.

- (Ko Sing Giok, penjusun & Lie Hwat Swie, pelukis), Bagan riwajat hidup K*ung Tse, SolOjPersirikatan K’ung Chiao Hui Indonesia, (1957), 121 p. - D. KO A TEK IE,

fl. 1884-. Presumably the same as KWA TIKI TAKA, which see.

- Ini kitab namanja Tjoe In Giok Lik dari titahnja toehan kita njang mendjadiken bermoelahan doenia, sekalian nabi menerangkan seksa didalem acherat.Aken bergoena sekalian pembatja, Batavia, 1884. (Translation of the Yuli baochao quanshi wen 4. '4^ À-k & h tV or "The Precious Records to Admonish the World" , a reïigïous*work that provides a description of the Ten Courts of Purgatory in the nether world, through some or all of which every erring soul must pass before being allowed to be born again into this world under another form , or to be permanently transferred to the eternal bliss reserved for the righteous alone. Quoted in the Notulen of 1884). - Ini kitab dari Nabi-nabi Boen Tjiong Tekoen dan Taij Sian Koen, aken di tjeritaken dari oemat di doenia jang berboeat kedosaan, Batavia, 1884. (Translation of two religious works supposed to have been written by Wenchang dijun £ È è, or "The God of Literature", and another one named Da xianjun 9- jj, -/.Quo­ ted in the Notulen of 1884). ------------ A 4

198

KOK , Ferry, fl. I94O--4I.

- Rentjong Atjeh, did.jad.iken film oleh Java Industrial Film Co, D jog Jakarta, Kabe ,(19^0), 59 p. - J, S. - Mut ala , didjadiken film oleh Java Industrial Co, D jog jakarta, Kabê, ( 1941 ), 62 p. - K. KONGHOE , pseud.,, fl. 1923» Writer of novels.

- Roesia Pasar Senen dan Pasar Baroe Weltevreden atawa satoe Njonja jang terboedjoek , Batavia, Lie Tek Long, 1923, II4 p. - S. KONGKALIKONG

,or "I Tell You”, pseud. , translator of Chinese novels,

- Prampoean jang ditjinta! atawa Kahimatani Nasehat baik boewat segala bangsa, teroetama orang hartawan, Batavia, Lie Tek Long, n.d., 6 vol., $11 p. ( Translation of the Chinese novel entitled Jingfu xinshu ££. -fa or "Fresh Warnings to the Rich", but known also under the titlesbf Jiuming qiyuan fa or "A Crime Involving Nine Lives" and Liang Tianlai zhuan ji or "The Biography of Liang Tianlai"; for other translations, see ùndei Lie Kim Hok, Boekoe Tjerita Nio Thian Laij). - K, S.

KOO HAN SIOK. Journalist and writer, fl. 1921-35.

- Doea orang jang berhati djoedjoer, in Roepa-roepa tjerita pendek, Grisee, Pek Pang Ing, 1921, pp. 95-99. - Kawin soedara sendiri, Penghidoepan, t.IV,38, Feb. 1928, 76 p. - J, K: S. - Mengantjoerken hati, Penghidoepan, t.IV,43, Jul. 1928, pp. 51-70. - J, S, K.

- Siapa njana, Liberty, t.II,I0, Jan. 1929, PP. 25-28. - J. - Krintjingnja ringgit, Tjerita Roman, t.I,7, Jul. 1929, 71 P« - Y, D.

- Sigarenbandtje, Liberty, t.III,22, Jan. 1930, pp. 45-49. - J. - Ultra Modern, Liberty, t.III,23-24, Mar. - Apr. I93O,PP.II-VII;25-28. - J. - Rontokan boenga camellia,satoe tjerita detective jang menarik, Liberty, t.VIII, 89-90, Aug. - Sep. 1935, PP. 12-16; II-16. - J.

KOO HENG NGO,

fl. 1925« Native of Tangerang (West Java). Novel-writer.

- Sesoedanja mati, Penghidoepan, t.I,II , Nop. 1925 , 76 p. (Novel cri­ ticizing the practice of marriages arranged according to the Chinese tradition, and showing the aspirations of a young Chinese girl of Batavia who wants to become a teacher but who is finally obliged to marry against her will). - J, Y, D. KORBAN, pseud., fl. 1922. Writer and translator of novels. " Pengaroehnja oeang atawa iboe jang terkoetoek, satoe tjerita jang bener telah kedjadian di Batavia, Soerabaia. Ang Sioe Tjing. I92?, T34 p. -

- Liem,.hian Hok atawa perdjalanan dan proentoengannja satoe boenga raja, satoe tjerita jang betoel soeda kedjadian di Negri Siam blon berapa lama, Weltevreden, Favoriet, 1922, 207 p. (The novel possibly translated from the Chinese is set both in the province of Guandong (China) and in Tha.iland). - jf k, S.

Authors and 'Translators

199

KUI PAU HIAP, (pseud.?) , fl. I96O-6I. „Memperebutkan patung Dewl Kwan Im, Djakarta, Analisa, i960.

„ pembakaran kuil Thian Lok Si, Djakarta, Analisa, I96I. KUNTORO NS, fl. c.1950. Writer of short stories. - Mentjari Ilham in Kumpulan Kisah pendek ”Pertemuan", Tasikmalaja, Djelita, c. 1950 pp 67-72. - S. - Jang datang kembali..., Idem, pp 67-72. - S.

_ Hadiah lebaran, Idem, pp. 73-80. - S. KUO, fl. I93d.

_ Ilmoe mengirim pikiran, satoe peladjaran oentoek kamadjoean rohani, diterangken ringkes dan sederhana, Koedoes, Satya Yuga, 1534-, 1st ed., 70 p. KUO A YEN, fl. 1928.

Writer of short stories.

_ Resia dari kagirangan.Liberty, t.I,I, Apr. 1928, pp.30-31. - J. - Drama jang sedi.Liberty, t.I,4-5, Jul.-Aug. 1928, pp.25-28,29-32. - J.

KUO Juvenile, see under KWEE SENG TJOAN. KUO WEN HUI, see under KWEE BOEN HOEY.

KW. SIANSING, fl. 1923. Novel-writer. - Tjerita baboe pandam, Semarang, N.V. Java Ien Boe Kongsie, 1923» 6 vol., 4-77 P.

KWA SOE LIANG, native of Kebumen (Central Java), fl. 1923. Translator of Western novels - Sarangan badjingan atawa pembalesannja kawanan pendjahat jang berhati djoedes dan kedjem lantaran pengaroenja harta, Keboemen, diterbitken oleh T.H.H.K., 1923, 1st ed., 81 p. (Translation of a Western novel on hypnotism set in London; the book was printed and sold in order to raise money for the Ing Giap Ho Association affiliated with the T.H.H.K.). - S.

KWA TIKI TAKA (Baba),fl.l878-8l,native of Palembang, Sumatra. One of the first trans­ lators of Chinese texts. Presumably the same as Koa Tek Ie, which see. - Koer'an Giok Lek, Singapore, I878, 332 p. in Arabic script. ( Translation of the Chinese religious work entitled Yuli baochao quanshi wen X X 9/) & 5^ , or " The Precious Records to Admonish the World"; the translation quoted under the name of Koa Tek Ie could be a reprint of the version given here using a slightly different transcription) - L.

- Boen Tsiang Ti Koen, Palembang, 1881. ( Quoted in the Notulen of I898; appa­ rently the translation of a Chinese religious work dealing with Wenchang di jun 3^ tj ytf ,"The God of Literature"). kwee,

fi. 1926.

- Apa jang Nona-nona perloe taoe. Ini boekoe sanget perloe dibatja oleh nonanona djeman sekarang, kerna ada ditoetoerkan banjak roepa-roepa nasehat dan pladjaran boeat gadis-gadis ibarat satoe iboe kasi pladjaran pada anak pram-

200 poeannja maka kita soeda perloeken terbitken ini boekoe jang sanget bergoena boeat nona-nona dari segala bangsa. Berikoet tjerita-tjerita pendek dan leloetjoean, Batavia, Kwee Khe Soei, 1926, 76 p. - J, D» S.

KWEE Sr. 1927.

- Siapa njana, Kemadjoean, t.IV,39~**'2, 1927» - J. KWEE AY NIO. Woman writer native of Semarang, fl. 1927.

- Pertjintaan jang sedjati,satoe tjerita pertjintaan jang menarik hati dan bener kadja. dian di Semarang, Penghidoepan, t.Ill,31, Jul. 1927. 90 P.(According to J. Kwee p. 137» "Only Kwee Ay Nio was good enough to make her characters, Go Khoen Hwat and Kiem Nio get married after they had gone through much harship and opposition, particularly from Djien Hong who wanted to marry Kiem Nio and had made attempts to have Go Khoen Hwat killed and slandered"). - J» D, S. KWEE BOEN HIAN. Indonesian name BUDI HARSA. Born in Tuban (East Java) in 1909 and died in Surabaya in 1970. Educated at the T.H.H.K. school of his native place, then at the English school of Semarang and finally at the T.H.H.K. school of Surabaya. He used to contribute articles concerning Javanese mysticism or kebatinan to various papers. He was at the same time very active within the Chinese community being a member of many different social organizations. In I9*+6 became director of Liberty, when this magazine resumed its publication. Was also for a time editor of the review Penjedar and of the monthly Tjahaja 'Tri-Dharma (1970, n° 1-3). Bibliography: Tan Hong Boen, p„l69. Other sources: Private communication from Tio Ie Soei & Charles Coppel.

- Apa dosa iboe bapa menoeroen anak?, Malang, 19*1-0, 132 p. - K, J. - Apa djodo perkawinan itoe ada?, Malang, I9*K), I35 p. - K.

Third ed., Malang, 1950, 11*1- p. - Apa takdir itoe ada?,Malang, I9*K), 56 p. - K, J. Reprint, Lawang, 1970,72 p. - Li.

- Apakah artinja pendidikan?,Malang. 19*1-2, 227 p. - J, K. - Apakah perloenja hidoep?«Malang. I9*l8, 1st ed., 318 p. - K, J.

- Apakah pembalasan itu ada?,Malang. Penjedar, 1951, 57 p. - 0.

- Kapankah uang tidak berpengaruh?, Semarang, Ho Kim Yoe, 1951, 50 p. - Kenapakah susah?, Malang, 1952, 50 P• -0.

- Kenapakah orang tak dapat hidup bahagia?,Malang, Penjedar, 1953, 50 p. - 0. - Apakah jang dibilang baik?, Malang, Penjedar, 1953, 50 p. - 0.

“ Apakah artinja Tao?, Malang, Perserikatan K’ung Chiao Hui Indonesia, 1955, 96 p. - Apakah tudjuan hidup manusia?, Malang, Penjedar, 1962, 16 p. ” Apakah jang terpenting bagi tiap tipa orang?,Surabaja(Redjosari), c.1968, 63p. - Li. - Kenapakah nasibnja orang berlainan7, Malang, Penjedar, n.d., 3*4- p. - K. “ Dimanakah ada tempat jang tenang?,Malang. Penjedar, n.d., 50 p. - K.

- Apakah tumbal lahir itu ada?. Malang, n.d., 50 p. - K.

- Apakah jang terpenting bagi kita ini?, Malang, Penjedar n°79, n.d., 50 p. - K. “ Apakah jang pikiran dapat perbuat?. Malang, Penjedar, n.d., 50 p. - K. ~ Apa Hokkhiitu ada?. Place and date of publication unknown, 157 p, “ Bagaimana orang ini mesti hidup, Malang, Penjedar,n° 90, n.d., 3*1- p. - K.

Authors and translators

201

KtfEE BOEN HOEY( KUO WEN HUl) jjp ^7^ ,native of Bandung, fl. 1931« Novel-writer. , Lantaran dimadoe, Satoe tragedy dalem roemah-tangga Tionghoa, Boelan Poernama, t.Ill,29, Okt. 1931, 95 P. -J, Y, S.

_ (Kuo Wen Hui), Soearanja hati, The Beauty, t.I,4, Jan. 1931, 99 p. - J» S .

KWEE DHWAN LIE.fl. 1947. - Kitab Djojohhojo, Djakarta, Tan Chye Hian,(1947),32 p. - K. j .If

KWEE HING TJIAT-3$ Î-S. èp . Born 1891 in Surahaya and died 1939 in Semarang. Edu­ cated at the Burgeravondschool of his native place. In 1913 was offered the position of editor of the weekly Bok Tok^t based in Surabaya. The follo­ wing year assumed the editorship of the daily Tjhoen Tjhioe also in Surabaya, and in 1915 moved to the daily Palita founded in 1914 in Yogyakarta. A year later, was invited by Hauw Tek Kong to take over the editorship-in-chief of Sin Po in Jakarta which he kept until 1918. Then worked for a commercial firm in Java named Hoo Tik Thay and was sent on a mission to China, Japan and Eu­ rope. In 1923, because of his nationalistic activities the Dutch authorities refused to let him land in Java and he was obliged to stay in China for about ten years. Was allowed to return only in 1934 and was then given the position of editor-in-chief of Mata Hari, a newly founded daily owned by the Oei Tiong Ham Concern of Semarang. In the meantime, had changed his views regarding the political choice offered to the Peranakan Chinese. During his long stay in China, was struck by the extreme poverty of the population and henceforth thought that the Peranakan Chinese would feel more at home in Indonesia than in China. In one issue of Mata Hari( August 8, 193^) he wrote an article entitled Baba Dewasa or "Grown-up Baba" in which he explained his de­ finitive position on this question. Kwee Hing Tjiat was regarded by the rea­ ders as a highly critical and violent journalist who did not hesitate to reveal unpleasant truths. According to Kwee Tek Hoay, Kwee Hing Tjiat was exasperated by the religious attitude of the Peranakan Chinese and wrote many articles attacking and condemning the defenders of New Confucianism,as well as devotees of Buddhism. Bibliography: Kwee Tek Hoay ."Toean Kwee Hing Tjiat dengan Khong Kauw Hwee, Hoa Kiao, 25 Feb.1926,pp 9-13; Tan Hong Boen, pp. 135-36; In Memoriam: Kwee Hirg Tjiat (I89I-I939, Sin Tit Por 28 Jun. 1939,* K.T.H., Almarhoem Kwee Hing Tjiat. Journalist toekang mendjotos dan sengadja tjari djalan boeat bikin dirinja didjotos orang, Moestika Romans, t.X,II5, Jul. 1939, pp.297-300«Kwee Kek Beng, Doea poeloe lima tahon sebagi wartawan (1922-47), Batavia, 1948, chapter 3îT.H.T., Serba-serbi tentang Kwee Hing Tjiat, Madjalah Sunday Courier,l/5,I3 Nov. 1949; Abitürient(Go Tjing Hok), Tiga tokoh babah, Liberty,IV,134, 31 March 1956; Leo Suryadinata (1972), p.I3; Leo Suryadinata (I97o),149-151 ; Charles A. Cop­ pel, The Chinese Minority: Politics or Culture?, in People and Society in In­ donesia: A Biographical Approach, 1976, pp. 17-20; Leo Suryadinata (1978), pp. 60-6Ï; (1979, PP- 61-63.

- Doea kepala batoe, Berlin, Maurer & Dimmick,1924, 144 p. (Essay concerning the po­ litical activities of the Peranakan Chinese of Java prior to 1920. The last chapter, whose title was given to the whole book, deals with discussions between Yap Hong Tjoen (1885-1952) an oculist by profession graduated in Lei­ den who was an active member of the Chung Hwa Hui, a Dutch-oriented organiza­ tion, and Tjoe Bou San (which see) who was a propangandist of Chinese natio­ nalism). - K, S. - Penjakit Hoakiao, Tjantik, t.I,2, Mei 1948, pp.50-53 (The article was written during the author’s stay in Berlin). - S. - Djeman Mabok, Tjantik, t.I,3, Jun. 1948, pp. 52 & 66. - S.

202

_ Yang Kuei Fei, place and date of publ. unknown.(Transi, of a biography of Yang Guifei , the famous courtesan of the Tang dynasty written by Mrs Wu Lien-Teh alias Huang Shu-ch*iung: The Most Famous Beauty of China; the Story of Yang Gui-fei, New York, D. Appleton, 1924, XV,II6 p). KWEE KANG TIK Born in Surabaya (date unknown)and died about 1930,f 1.1924-25. Worked for a time for the weekly Bok Tok founded in Surabaya in 1913 and the d ai 'l y Sin Bin founded in Bandung in 1925« Writer and translator of novels. Sources : Personal communication from Tio Ie Soei.

- Kawa kawa item (penoetoeran Dr E. van Buuren, Satoe tabib Belanda), Tjerita Pilian , t.I,4, Jul. 1924, 68 p. - J. - Resia djoedi, Tjerita Pilian , t.1,11-12, Feb.-Mar. 1925. KWEE KEK BENG , pseud. GAREM , THIO BOEN HOK. Born 1900 in Batavia and died there in 1975« Received his education at the Hollandsch Chineesche Scho­ ol and at the Hollandsch Kweekschool of his native town. Became a teacher in the H.G.S. of Tanjakan Empang in Bogor. In 1922 he became contributor to the daily Bin Sin recently founded by Tjoe Bou San (which see), and some months later was given the position of editor of the daily Sin Po. In 1925 Tjoe Bou San died and Kwee Kek Beng was promoted to editor-in-chief replacing him, and kept the position until 1947. In 1929 for the first time in his life he was given the opportunity to travel outside the East Indies and discovered with great enthusiasm the Malay Peninsula and Singapore where he was struck by the strong position of the Chinese. He visited among others the firms owned by Tan Kah Keh fo , one of the richest Overseas Chinese who was also a great nationalist and was impressed by the new printing machines he saw in the huge printing office. Kwee like Tjoe Bou San was a fervent Chinese nationalist and an active propagandist. Apart from his newspaper writing,he wrote in Dutch a History of China first published in 1925 which was very enthusiastically recei­ ved. Also contributed many articles related to various aspects of the culture and language of the Peranakan Chinese in Java. In 1933 decided to visit China his motherland . During the Japanese occcupation, unlike his collègue Nio Joe Lan (which see) escaped arrest and went into hiding in Bandung from 1942 until 1945. In 19^7 left the Sin Po, being in disagreement with its director Ang Jan Goan. For a time became a free lance writer.Collaborated in the publication,amongst other things,of the Memorandum Commissie Chung Hwa Hui which appeared at the end of the same year,and which was a report on the ill-treatment inflicted on the Chinese by the troops of the Indonesian Republic during the revolution against the Dutch. In 1948 launched the monthly Java Critic. In 1951 Kwee went to China again and published his impressions the following year in his book Ke Tiong Kok Baru or "Toward a New China". From 1956 up to i960 was editor of the annual Sin Tjoen. Later on spent his time travelling and writing until he fell ill with severe ' 1 heart trouble and was obliged to cease all activity. Kwee was not a novelist. He only wrote one or two short stories which appeared in magazines, among others one entitled Sie Hoey Nio, published under the pen-name of Thio Boen Hok, in one issue of the weekly Sin Po in 1929« Apart from his political wri­ tings he contributed mostly travel accounts and articles dealing with the culture and history of the local Peranakan Chinese which appeared mostly in Dutch journals such as Koloniale Studied. We should mention separately his memoirs: Doea poeloe tahoen sebagai wartawan,1922-47, which give a vivid ac­ count of his experiences as a journalist and which are of value to anyone in­ terested in the history of Indonesia during that period. Bibliography. Tan Hong Boen, pp.192-93; Tzu You, Journalisten sebagi pengarang, Sin Po, wekelijksche ed.,t.XVII,851, 22 Jul. 1939» p. 24; Tjiook Thauw Kie, Dari Doenia pengarang Kwee Kek Beng, Tjantik,t.I,8,20 Nop.I948,pp29-3I; Leo Suryadinata (1972) p.I3; Leo Suryadinata (1976), pp.151-54; (1978), pp. 63-64; (1979),PP-29-32 ;167-I7I. Other sources: Private communication from Tio Ie Soei.

Authors and. Translators

203

„ Het zoogenaamde Bataviaasch Maleisch, Koloniale Studiën, 1923,1, pp.424-38. - J,L,Li.

Beknopt overzicht der Chineesche geschiedenis, Batavia, 1925» 291 p. -J, Li. _ Be Chineesch-Maleische Pers, Chung Hua Tsa Chih, 1926, jrg 5»2, pp. 60-66. „ Bi Tai Po. En kleine studie over China's grootsten dichter, Batavia,1927,80 p.-J. „ Historische hetrekkingen tusschen China en Indonésie,Koloniale StucLiën, 193^, jrg 18, pp. 413-419. - J, L, Li.

_ Be Chineesche Pers in Nederlandsch-Indië, Koloniale Studiën, 1935 » jrg 18,1, pp. 194-224.

_ Het cultureele leven der Chineezen in Nederlandsch-Indië, Koloniale Studiën, Ï936, jrg XX,5-6, pp. 78-96. - J, L, Li. - Westerse invloeden op het Maleisch, Koloniale Studiën, 1936, I, pp. 89-109. - J,L,Li. „ Chineesche spreekwoorden en spreuken, Batavia, 1936. - A. - China in de storm, Hilversum, 1938, 247 P- ~ J> Li.

_ Br Sun Yat Sen: Djalan ke kemerdekaan, Batavia, Sin Po, 1939. - A. - Doea poeloe lima tahon sehagi wartawan (1922-1947)»Batavia, Kuo,1948, 114 p. - J, L, K, S. _ Historié der Chinezen van West-Borneo, Cultureel Nieuws Indonésie,1951»n°I3»pp5-7.

- Ke Tiong Kok Baru

vp f&j

, Djakarta, Kuo, 1952» VIII+I79 P» - J.

- Pend.ekar-pend.ekar R.R.T.,Djakarta, Kuo, 1953 , 239 P. - Y. - Sekitar Stalin, Djakarta, Kuo, 1953, ^8 p.

- Bunga Rampai R.R.T., Djakarta, Kuo, 1953, 51 P» - (Garera), 25 tahun pjamblang Kotjok, 1929-195^, Djakarta, Gula, 195^, 152 p.(Col­ lection of small articles published, first under the heading Djamhlang Kotjok, which appeared in various newspapers such as Sin Po, Tjantik, Java Critic, Merdeka, Berita Indonesia (Jakarta), Shih Chien (Semarang) and Kiao Po(Palembang). - K, D, S. - Bevrijd China, Djakarta, Kuo, 195^» 98 p. - J, Li. - Kung Fu Tze, artinja, pengaruhnja, penghidupannja (dan) peladjarannja, Djakarta, Thung Lioe Goan, 1955, 9^ P» - Y, K, J. - (K.K.B., Drs J.B. Ave dll), Simposion Baperki tentang sumbangsih apakah jang da­ pat diberikan oleh warganegara-warganegara Indonesia keturunan asing kepada pem­ binaan dan perkembangan kebudajaan nasional Indonesia,Djakarta,Baperki,1957,53P•“ Di. - Penduduk Tionghoa di Indonesia, Perkenalan Lembaga Persahabatan Indonesia-Tiongkok, Jakarta, 1956.

- Sedikit tentang Komune-komune rakjat R.R.T., Djakarta, i960. - Hikajat kemiliteran Tiongkok, Djakarta, i960. - Perhubungan Tiongkok-Djepang, Djakarta, I96I. - 50000 Kilometer dalem 100 hari, perdjalanan ke R.R,T. via Tjeko, Djerman Timur, Soviet Unie dan Mongolia, Palembang, Lauw Putra, 1965, 119 P» k, S. KWEE KHE SOEI , pseud. Monsieur KEKASIH.Born in Batavia(?) in 1907 and died at the same place in 1971. Was a translator, a publisher and the owner of two bookshops, one located in Muntok (Banka) and the other, named Sunrise, in Batavia (Molenvliet West n° I8I). He was the founder of two literary monthlies: The Beauty which appeared for the first time in Oct. 1930,and Sunrise of which first issue was published in oct. 1931. Both of them seem to have lasted only a short time. After World War II Kwee launched a series of translations of Chinese his­ torical novels which appeared in a periodical named Serie Kekasih. At first glance it is difficult to know exactly if these translations were really new or if they were based on older translations already out of print. - (Monsieur Kekasih), Rahasia Lutung Kasarung, ditjeritakan kembali dengan bebas

204 Serie Kekasih I, Okt. 1952, 47 p. ( Free adaptation of a Sundanese legend). - Y.

- (Monsieur Kekasih), Bahaja perempoean. Satoe episode dalam tjerita Tong Tjioe Liat Kok, Serie Kekasih 2, Nop. 1952, 54 p. ( Partial translation from the Chinese historical novel entitled Dongzhou lieguo zhi ^ij ^or "The Roman­ ce of the States of Eastern Zhou”)7 - Y, D. - (Monsieur Kekasih), Mendjadi selir saudara sendiri, Satu episode dari tjerita Tong Tjioe Liat Kok, Serie Kekasih 3, Des. 1952, 6Ô p. ( Idem). - Y. - (Monsieur Kekasih), Hong Kiauw Lie Tan ( JS. )» Selir Hongte, Boe Tjek Tian( fii] x ), pegang kekuasaan pamerentah dengan kegenitannja. Kroonprins Lie Tan hertemu djodo gaib dengan Hong Kiauw, Serie Kekasih 5“10> Feh - Jul. 1953, 6 vol. ( Translation taken from the Chinese novel entitled Fan Tang yanyi jgi '^5 or "The Revolt against the Tang Dynasty"; for other translations "see under Lim Ho Hin and Tjiong Hok Long).

- (Monsieur Kekasih), Gadis lohang kuhur atawa Roos van Tjibintang, dikisahkan kembali oleh M.K.; karangan asli oleh Venus, Serie Kekasih,4. Jan. 1953. 59 p. - Y, K, S. ----------------------

Reprint, Jakarta, Sunrise,(1955), 58 p. - D. - (Monsieur Kekasih), Kiang Tjoe Ge ( _£ ) dalam tjerita Hong Sin, Djakar­ ta, Sunrise, n.d., 2 vol, ( Partial translation of the Chinese novel entitled Fengshen yanyi or "The Investiture of the Gods"). - K. - (Monsieur Kekasih), So Tat Kie dalam tjerita Hong Sin, Djakarta, Sunrise, n. d., 5 vol. (idem).

- (Monsieur Kekasih), Lo Tjia (^ rise, n.d., 2 vol. ( Idem).

) dalam tjerita Hong Sin, Djakarta, Sun­

- (Monsieur Kekasih), Dictator Tjo Tjoh ), episode permulaan dari Sam Kok, Djakarta, Sunrise, n.d. (Translation of the first part of the Chinese novel entitled Sanguo zhi yanyi or "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms"). - K. y - (Monsieur Kekasih), Tang Toh, dalam tjerita Sam Kok, Djakarta, Sunrise, n.d. 2 vol. (idem).

- (Monsieur Kekasih), Sam Po Toa Lang. Pitjeritakan kemhali oleh M.K., Djakarta Sunrise, n.d., 8 vol., 324 p. (Abridged translation of the Chinese novel en­ titled Sanhao tai jian xiyang ji If & *fc> or "The Western Voyages of the Eunuch Sanbao").- K. ~ 4 - (Monsieur Kekasih), See Yoe, Djakarta, Sunrise, n.d., 10 vol. (Translation of the Chinese novel entitled Xiyou ji '5cL or "The Pilgrimage to the West"). - (Monsieur Kekasih), Sam Pek Eng Tay, Djakarta, Sunrise, n.d., 50 p. (Transla­ tion of a well known Chinese ballad published under the title of Liang Shanbo yu Zhu Yingtai or "Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai"). -K.

- (Monsieur Kekasih), Sie Djin Koei Tjeng Tang, Djakarta, Sunrise, n.d., 4 vol. (Translation of the Chinese novel entitled Xue Rengui zhengdong quanzhuan J' or "The Complete Story of Xue Rengui’s Conquest of Korea"). - (Monsieur Kekasih),Lp Tong Tjeng Siauw Pak, Djakarta, Sunrise, n.d., 2 vol. (Translation, of the Chinese novel, entitled Luo Tong saobei VS -r 1 or "Luo Tong Clears the North"). - K. *

- (Mr Kekasih) Permulaan Sam. Kok, Djakarta, Sunrise, n.d. (Partial transi, of the ,