Pacific Islands Nutrition Bibliography 9780824884666

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PACIFIC AREA BIBLIOGRAPHIES

PACIFIC ISLANDS NUTRITION BIBLIOGRAPHY

PACIFIC ISLANDS NUTRITION BIBLIOGRAPHY compiled and annotated by

Robert Joseph Fanning

University of Hawaii Honolulu, Hawaii 19 5 1

Pres»

Copyright, 19 51, by University of Hawaii P r e s s Manufactured in U. S. A. by Tongg Publishing Co., Ltd. Honolulu, Hawaii

FOREWORD At the Seventh Pacific Science Congress held in New Zealand in February, 1949, the Division of Public Health and Nutrition offered a specific recommendation, which was approved by the Congress, that "an annotated bibliography of published papers relating to food analyses and diet studies in the Pacific Islands be prepared and published." To carry forward this project, I outlined a plan which was sent to others in the Pacific area for comment and approval. This plan suggested geographic areas to be covered, the type of material to be included, and the style or form for the references and annotations. It was agreed that the geographic area to be covered in t h e bibliography would b e t h e islands of the Pacific. Australia, as a subcontinent, would be excluded except for publications referring to the foods and to the nutritional status of the aborigines. Japan, Formosa, the Bonins, and Ryuku Islands would also be excluded because they have extensive publications and a bibliography covering the prewar work in Japanese should be a separate publication. The United States mainland would also be excluded. The subject matter is to include publications of all types relating to: 1. Chemical composition—proximate composition, minerals, vitamins, proteins, amino acids and/or other nutrients. 2. Dietary studies—types and quantities of food consumed by different groups (human and/or animal) under different conditions.

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viii • F O R E W O R D 3. Nutritional status of different groups, including dental conditions. 4. Studies of energy metabolism. 5. Physical standards (heights and weights). 6. List of foods with descriptions, methods of preparation, and extent of use. The bibliography for Hawaii, American Samoa, Guam, and the Trust Territory covering these subjects has been prepared by Captain Robert J. Fanning, Dental Corps, United States Army, under my direction. The aim has been to include all publications covering the above list of subjects through June, 1950. It will be appreciated if omissions from this bibliography are called to our attention in order that they may be included in future editions or supplements. It is gratifying that this portion of the bibliography is being published by the University of Hawaii Press, thus making it available to all interested persons. It is hoped that sections from other geographic areas will soon be published in Hawaii or in the countries where compilations are being made.

June, 1950

Carey D. Miller Professor of Foods and Nutrition University of Hawaii

CONTENTS BIBLIOGRAPHY

1

SUBJECT INDEX

63

AREA INDEX

68

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BIBLIOGRAPHY Akana, Akaiko, trans.; D.M. Kaaiakamanu and J.K. Akina Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value Honolulu: Territorial Board of Health, 1922. 73 pp. Lists many remedies containing sugar cane, usually specifying white variety (kokea). A number of important food plants such as breadfruit and taro are included along with plants used only for medicinal purposes. Allen, O.N., and E.K. Allen The Manufacture of Poi from Taro in Hawaii; with Special Emphasis upon Its Fermentation Hawaii Agric. Expt. Sta. Bui. 70, 1933. 32 pp. Covers study of poi fermentation, organisms involved, and resulting products. Laboratory and commercial poi were used. Includes brief discussions of culture and use of taro, history of poi in Hawaii, its present commercial manufacture, and its composition and nutritive value. Allied Forces, Southwest Pacific Area, Geographical Section An Annotated Bibliography of the Southwest Pacific and Adjacent Areas, Vol. II Brisbane: 1944. 274 pp. Caroline, Mariana, and Marshall Islands on pp. 150-183. Available in Army Medical Library, Washington. Alpert, Elmer Nutrition and Dietary Patterns in Micronesia U.S. Commercial Co. Econ. Survey of Micronesia 18, 1946. 23 pp. (Typed) 1

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ALPERT-ARAGO

Consists of three parts: (1) appraisal of nutritional status of native population groups; (2) estimation of nutritive value of native dietary; (3) recommendations for improving nutritional status of natives. Physical examinations were limited to observations of some manifestations of nutritional deficiency diseases. Individual weights were not obtained. Attempts to obtain dietary histories proved impossible, principally because of language difficulties. Only dietary patterns were considered to determine foods available, foods eaten, and foods required. No laboratory procedures were carried out because of lack of space for suitable equipment. Alvarez, Walter C. When What You Eat Doesn't Agree with You Northwestern Miller, 1938, 15(38): 15 Taro, a mealy bulbous root larger than a potato, is a boon to food-sensitive persons. Delicious and highly digestible; only few persons allergic to it. Cooked tuber can be canned or pulverized and packaged. Problems of Maintaining Nutrition in the Highly FoodSensitive Person Amer. J. Dig. Dis., 1939, 5(12): 801-803 It is difficult to maintain good nutrition in persons sensitive to many foods. Taro is so different botanically from any American food that it should be acceptable to many highly allergic people. Anonymous The Composition of Some Chinese Foods Univ. Hawaii Occas. Papers 3, 1925. 3 pp. A table of percentage composition of some 31 Chinese foods; a compilation of all available analyses that could be secured at that time, with weights of 100 calorie portions and approximate measures. Vitamin content of four foods is given. Anonymous Taro Processing, Hawaii's Newest Industry Thrum's Hawaiian Annual, 1938: 96-99

ALPERT-ARAGO

• 3

Primary object of taro processing investigations was to make possible commercial production of non-perishable and palatable foods which would retain full nutritional value of taro and poi. This was achieved. Anonymous Teeth Plantation Health Bui., 1937, 2(1): 5-7 Emphasizes observation that bad teeth are indication of dietary fault. Claims "bad and soft enamel" can be corrected by dietary changes. Anonymous The United States Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands: a Handbook for Use in Training and Administration, 1946. 230 pp. Vol. n , Chapters V-XVH. Patterns of food consumption vary considerably from place to place. In general, however, practically all islanders continue to depend predominently upon locally produced foods, especially root and fruits crops, and fish. They also have become somewhat accustomed to a considerable range of foods purchased from the trade store. Appleton, Vivia B. Growth of Chinese Children in Hawaii and in China Amer. J. Phys. Anthrop., 1927, 10(2): 237-252 A study of the growth process in Chinese children by determination of variations in proportions of body during growth. Nine tables give average absolute and relative measurements for stature, weight, sitting height, trunk, head length, head breadth, arm length, upper arm, forearm, hand, leg length, thigh, and height of knee. Arago, Jacques Etienne Victor Narrative of a Voyage Around the World Made by Captain Freycinet in 1817 London: 1823. 260 pp. Written by a draughtsman of Freycinet expedition. Many references are made to habit of betel nut chewing on Guam. A succinct example: "The complexion of both

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ARAGO-BILGER

sexes is a dark yellow. Their teeth a r e in general spoiled by the use of betel, and the lime with which they season i t . " Narrative of a Voyage Around the World in the Corvettes "Uranie" and "Physicienne," 1817-1820 London: 1823. P a r t I, pp. 238-85; P a r t II, pp. 1-5 Rather gossipy accountof a three-month^ stay on Guam. Contains observations on foods and health of the natives. Ayres, Arthur S. Soils of High Rainfall Areas in the Hawaiian Islands Hawaii Agric. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 1, 1943. 41 pp. Substantial a r e a s of economically vital agricultural soils in Hawaiian Islands a r e subject to heavy rainfall and hence to s e v e r e leaching. If satisfactory economic crops a r e to be produced indefinitely on such soils, a knowledge of those properties of the soils closely related to their productivity is essential. Accordingly, a study was made to determine following properties of the soils: exchangeable and total bases, base-exchange capacities (mineral and organic fractions), pH, ultimate pH, organic matter, nitrogen, and derived data. Bascom, William R. Ponape: a Pacific Economy in Transition U.S. Commercial Co. Econ. Survey of Micronesia 8, 1946." 287 pp. (Mimeographed) Nutrition on pp. 72-78, 103-104. Basic item in diet is a starchy f r u i t or vegetable. No meal is considered complete without sali, a t e r m used to indicate a protein dish of meat, fowl, fish, or other seafood. Fruit and, to a l e s s e r extent, green vegetables supplement this diet. Breadfruit and yams a r e most important s t a r c h foods. Coconuts, taro, arrowroot, pandanus, and other staple crops of coral atolls a r e now of secondary importance. Coconuts a r e used mainly as cooking ingredient. Bazore, Katherine Hawaiian and Pacific Foods New York: M. Barrows & Co., 1940. 286 pp.

ARAGO - BILGER • 5 A book of r e c i p e s and culinary customs adapted for the American hostess. Brings together the varieties of foods served in Hawaii today, and, insofar a s possible, r e l a t e s them to foods which were served in their native lands by the a n c e s t o r s of these Americans in Hawaii. Includes foods and customs f r o m Hawaii, Samoa, China, Japan, Korea, Portugal, and the Philippines. and Marian Weaver Home Economists and Emergency War Measures in Honolulu J. Home Econ., 1942, 34: 155-157 Brief account of experiences of the w r i t e r s and r e s i dents of Hawaii during f i r s t few weeks after P e a r l Harbor attack. Becks, H., and N. Simmonds Dental C a r i e s and Paradental Disturbances, etc. J. Amer. Dent. Assoc., 1936, 22(10): 1724-1738 Authors r e f e r to Hawaiian food habits and state: "Poi, a food long used in Hawaii, is a good source of calcium and phosphorus when it is used in generous amounts, as it apparently was by the early Hawaiians. With plenty of sunshine, which in turn means abundant vitamin D, it is not strange that the early Hawaiians had excellent bones and teeth." Poi contains about twice as much vitamin B as milk. Bilger, Leonora N., and Hong Yip Young A Chemical Investigation of the Fermentations Occuring in the P r o c e s s of Poi Manufacture J. Agric. Res., 1935, 51(1) Analyses of poi (made f r o m taro) a r e given which include proximate composition, reducing sugars, s t a r c h es, calcium, phosphorus, volatile acids, and non-volatile acids. Other products present at various stages of f e r mentation were identified and their relative proportions indicated but quantitative determinations were not made. Products resulting f r o m fermentation of poi a r e due primarily to action of m i c r o - o r g a n i s m s on carbohydrates.

6 • BLOXAM - CRAWFORD Bloxam, Andrew Diary of Andrew Bloxam, Naturalist of the "Blonde" Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Special Publ. 10, 1925 Well cultivated gardens were described in which were grown watermelons and musk-melons, taro, sweet potato, sugar cane, cabbages, bananas, plantains, tobacco, coconut, and breadfruit trees. Goats, pigs, ducks, and chickens were also plentiful, as well as sheep, fowl, turkeys, and geese. Maize or Indian corn, limes, pineapples, and some other fruits were to be had, but not in abundance. Poi was chief food. Wild strawberries and raspberries were very abundant in some sections. Chamorro F a r m e r s Co-op. Assoc. Translations of Selected Japanese Documents: Saipan Vegetable Production U.S. Commercial Co. Econ. Survey of Micronesia 20, 1946. 2 pp. (Typed) Includes all farm products collected from 64 f a r m s comprising 135 acres from April through December 1945. Chappel, H.G. Jaws and Teeth of Ancient Hawaiians Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Mem., 1927, 4(3): 251-268 A study of the development and diseases of teeth of Hawaiians, with comments on native diets and racial characteristics. Based on skeletal material which includes four plates. Chung, H.L., and John C. Ripperton Utilization and Composition of Oriental Vegetables in Hawaii Hawaii Agric. Expt. Sta. Bui. 60, 1929. 64 pp., illus. The vegetables are arranged alphabetically in three groups: (1) varieties the leaves and stems of which are the principal parts used; (2) varieties that are raised for their fruits and pods; (3) varieties that a r e raised primarily for their roots or underground portions. All are illustrated. A table gives the common, scientific, and Chinese and Japanese names for 34 leafy and stem vegetables, 12 fruits and pods, and 14 root and aquatic

BLOXAM - CRAWFORD • 7 vegetables. Three tables give proximate composition and the Ca, P, and Fe of 30 leafy and stem vegetables, of 12 fruit and pod vegetables, and of 4 aquatic and 10 root vegetables. Clark, Harold E. Oxalates in Pineapples Food Res., 1939, 4: 75-79 Determinations on pineapple juice indicated presence of extremely small amounts of oxalic acid (less than .01%, and probably less than .005%) as oxalates in any form in ripe Cayenne pineapples. Difficulties of accurately determining very small amounts of oxalates in foods are discussed. Cox, Isaac M. Do We Need a Yellow Yard Stick? Hawaii Educ. Rev., March 1925: 150-152 Author presents some data on average heights and weights of children from 6 to 14 for both sexes for five different racial ancestries collected in his school over a period of eight years. Growth of Hawaiian Girls Hawaii Educ. Rev., April 1926: 172 Besides racially distinctive shapes of head, length of limb, stature, and other features of body structure, the author believes there is a racially distinctive manner and rate of growth. Hawaiian girls between 9 and 14 years of age a little above the average for their race may reach a point 20% above the average American girl. Crawford, David Livingston Hawaii's Crop Parade Honolulu: Advertiser Publishing Co., Ltd., 1937. 305 pp. Gives a review of all 296 plants and agricultural products which have been used or tried for economic purposes in Hawaii. For convenience of reference, items are arranged in alphabetical order of common or trade names, with scientific names in parentheses. Index of scientific

8 • CRAWFORD - F R E E KINDERGARTEN names is included. Not offered as a manual of directions for commercial production of crops reviewed. Dunn, Leslie C. Some Results of Race Mixture in Hawaii; Eugenics in Race and State Sci. Papers Second Internat. Cong. Eugenics, 1923, 2: 109-124 Special study of adult Hawaiian crosses and their physical consequences. Charts give measurements of body, head, and face. Generàl interpretation of evidence and its relation to other racial crosses has not been attempted. An Anthropometric Study of Hawaiians of Pure and Mixed Blood Papers, Peabody Mùs. Amer. Arch, and Ethnol., Harvard, 1928, 11(3): 211 Presents and discusses a large body of detailed evidence bearing on physical consequences of racial hybridization in Hawaiian Islands. Numerous detailed charts give measurements of body, head, and face. All dental peculiarities are listed. Ellis, William Polynesian Researches, 2nd ed. London: Fisher, Son, and Jackson, 1831. 4 vols. Rev. William Ellis arrived in Sandwich Islands in 1823 and resided here eight years. His voluminous writings include numerous chapters devoted to food and food habits of natives during his residency. Embree, John F. University of Hawaii Research in Micronesia Amer. Anthrop., 1946, 48: 276-477 Resumé of research reconnaissance group who undertook survey of conditions in the islands shortly after conclusion of war with Japan.

CRAWFORD - F R E E K I N D E R G A R T E N • 9 Emerson, Oliver P. The Awa Habit of the Hawaiians Thrum's Hawaiian Annual, 1903: 130-139 Sleep-inducing awa suited the early Polynesian. For many generations it must have been his only stimulant; generally used by later Hawaiians instead of alcoholic stimulant. Six or seven varieties of awa are enumerated by Hawaiians. Enishi, Zinryo, and Muneo Sameshima On Dental Caries Dental Monthly [Shika Geppo], 1939, 19(1). (In Japanese) Ethnological and biological survey on the teeth of the aborigines in Marshall Islands. Ferguson, R.A. Dental Survey of School Children of American Samoa J. Amer. Dent. Assoc., 1934, 21: 534 2257 school children were examined for dental conditions. Despite total lack of oral hygiene, the Samoan is remarkably free from dental caries if left in his native environment. His susceptibility is markedly increased in presence of altered diet and miscegenation. Some influences of civilization seem to be destroying or reducing this immunity in younger generation. Total number of teeth examined were 58,478 of which 491, or 0.84%, were carious. Per cent of carious teeth among those presenting cavities was 2.14 teeth per pupil. The native Samoan diet is discussed. Frazier, William A. Home Gardening in Hawaii Hawaii Agric. Expt. Sta. Bui. 91, 1943. 115 pp., illus. Prepared for war-time gardening in Hawaii. Free Kindergarten & Children's Aid Assoc. of Hawaii Calendar 1941-1944 Honolulu. 24 pp. Figures under operative restorative work reveal high incidence of caries in average child of pre-school age.

10 • F R E E K I N D E R G A R T E N - H A N D Y 2277 permanent fillings were placed in defective deciduous teeth of 542 children plus 2096 treatments with silver nitrate. Copper amalgam was chiefly used. Since the 563 extractions were chiefly of decayed roots, the high total is not alarming. 405 abscesses were treated. Gallahue, Edward E. The Economy of the Mariana Islands U.S. Commercial Co. Econ. Survey of Micronesia 5, 1946. 115 pp. (Typed) Nutrition on pp. 14-16, 29, 33, 42-43, 78-84. Field investigations in the Marianas were conducted by author to get a comprehensive picture of economic conditions at that time. Included are sections on foods, native consumption patterns, and food requirements. Gantt, Paul A. Livestock Survey of Micronesia U.S. Commercial Co. Econ. Survey of Micronesia 15, 1946. 168 pp. (Typed) Covers the Mariana, Caroline, and Marshall Islands; deals primarily with relationship between livestock and poultry and the native diet, welfare, and economy. P r e war statistics and many current figures used are suggestive rather than exact, in many instances being based on estimates rather than actual counts. Green, Laura C., and Martha W. Beckwith Hawaiian Household Customs Amer. Anthrop., 1928, 33(1): 3-5 Included is information on eating customs of ancient Hawaiians; interspersed with Hawaiian folklore. Hall, Edward T., and Karl J. Pelzer The Economy of the Truk Islands: an Anthropological and Economic Survey U.S. Commercial Co. Econ. Survey of Micronesia 7, 1946. 114 pp. (Typed) Nutrition on pp. 52-53, 55-56, 58-62. Based on authors' field work. Objective was complete economic survey of Truk Islands. Includes articles on agriculture and food

F R E E K I N D E R G A R T E N - H A N D Y • 11 consumption. Only native consumption patterns and their requirements are listed. Hammond, Wesley H. Iodine in the Air, Waters, and Foods of the Hawaiian Islands University of Hawaii thesis, 1932. 98 pp. Deals extensively with historical matérial and with à description of methods used in the analytical work. Of ten representative vegetables analyzedfor iodine content, the highest concentration found was in poi (taro). Iodine occurred in the range 300-400 p.p. 6 in the ten vegetables. Handy, E.S. Craighill, and Willowdean Chatterson Handy Samoan Cooking Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Bui. 15, 1924. 26 pp. So unaltered by European civilization were many of the native customs that in 1923 Samoa offered exceptional opportunities for ethnological research. Life was still vital enough to make the heavy labor entailed in traditional preparation of native foods seem worth while. Fruits, tubers, and leaves were still soughtln the uplands, and ancestral dishes were relished. Modern canned goods were but little used. List of foods on pp. 19-20. Mary K. Pukui, and Katherine Livermore Outline of Hawaiian Physical Therapeutics Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Bui. 126, 1934. 51 pp. Diet played a large part in ancient Hawaiian life. A pregnant woman avoided rich and hot foods and drinks, believing these might harm the child; and when approaching her term, she was advised to eat mostly greens. For invalids and patients, certain sea foods were commonly forbidden, whereas others, particularly seaweed and sea urchin, were often prescribed. A sick man could not eat squid, moss, beche de mere, sea slugs, certain sea urchins (the ina and wana) and the sea egg (haukeuke). The Hawaiian Planter Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Bui. 161, 1940

12 • HANDY - HIGGINS An ethnologist's study of cultivated plants introduced by Hawaiians before discovery of Hawaii by Europeans, of Hawaiian horticultural methods, and of extent to which soil and water r e s o u r c e s were utilized. Hartmann, F.W. Bacteriological Caries Survey Method Applied to Plantation Children J. Amer. Dent. Assoc., 1948, 36: 53-55 A colorimetric method for estimating numbers of aciduric bacilli in saliva was employed in survey study of incidence of c a r i e s in children in Hawaii. Comparison of data obtained by colorimetric means with findings of dental examiners indicates this test r e f l e c t s extent of c a r i e s activity in a large group of children. Hartzler, Eva The Availability of Ascorbic Acid in Papayas and Guavas J. Nutrition, 1945, 30(5): 355-365 Availability of ascorbic acid of papayas and guava juice was determined by comparing urinary excretion of ascorbic a i i d by human subjects maintained on a diet low in ascorbic acid. No significant differences in availability of ascorbic acid of papayas or guava juice, a s compared with synthetic ascorbic acid, were found. False High Values for Ascorbic Acid in Guava Juice J. Nutrition, 1948, 35(4): 419-424 Values for ascorbic acid in guava juice obtained by colorimetric method were much higher than those found with usual dye-titration method. Samples which by the titration method showed complete loss of ascorbic acid gave values indicating practically no loss by the colorimetric method using 2, 4- dinitrophenyl hydrazine. The Vitamin A Content of Human Blood P l a s m a a s an Index of Carotene Utilization J. Nutrition, 1948, 36(3): 381-390 Study was c a r r i e d out to determine feasibility of using

H A N D Y - HIGGINS • 13 level of vitamin A in blood plasma as a measure of utilization of carotenoids by humans. Carotenoids of papaya were well utilized by the subject. Cryptoxanthin contributed 80% of the estimated vitamin A activity of the papaya. Winifred Ross, and E.L. Willett Thiamine, Riboflavin, and Niacin Content of Raw and Cooked Pork from Grain-fed and Garbage-fed Pigs Food Res., 1949, 14(1): 15-24 Report is continuation of studies of Miller and Work (1946) who determined, by rat-growth method, the thiamine content of tissues from six pigs, three of which had been fattened on a diet containing large amounts of garbage. In the work reported here, thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin were determined by chemical methods on raw and cooked samples of shoulder, loin, and liver of five grain-fed pigs and five garbage-fed pigs. Some samples were assayed before and after storage. Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Hawaii Annual or Biennial Reports, 1929 to date These reports contain sections on nutrition and often other data relating to foods and their production in Hawaii. Hawaiian Taro Products, Ltd. Hawaiian Taro and Taro Food Products: Condensed File on Nutritional Data Honolulu: 1939. (Mimeographed) Poi is an unrefined high-carbohydrate food. Processing investigation, conducted on pilot plant scale, showed that a variety of valuable food products could be manufactured from taro. Products are listed with percentage composition and analyses. Higgins, J.E., and Valentine S. Holt The Papaya in Hawaii Hawaii Agric. Expt. Sta. Bui. 32, 1914. 44 pp. Primarily on cultural methods, but includes proximate composition and common and scientific names. Reference is made to uses of papaya as a food, a medicine, etc. Supplemented by Hawaii Agric. Expt. Sta. Bui. 61, 1930.

14 • HILL - JONES Hill, Walter Something about Bananas Thrum's Hawaiian Annual, 1883: 62-63 Probably more than 50 varieties of bananas are produced in Hawaii. Many do not thrive well, consequently are extremely scarce and little known. Lists of better known varieties are given. Hillebrand, William Flora of the Hawaiian Islands Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1888. 673 pp. Classic botanical work containing valuable data on many food plants, scientific names, descriptions, areas where grown, etc. Food plants listed include breadfruit, Chinese banana, citrus fruit, coffee, guava, melon, pandanus, papaya, pea, pineapple, plum, rice, sweet potato, tamarind, tea. Hooten, E.A. Observations and Queries as to the Effect of Race Mixture on Certain Physical Characteristics Sci. Papers Second Internat. Cong. Eugenics, Vol. II. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins Co., 1923 Good physique and excellent teeth of ancient Hawaiians testified to diet adequate in bone- and tooth-building materials. Taro, though relatively low in calcium, was eaten to such an extent it provided greater part or all of daily calcium requirement. Hrdlicka, Ales Shovel-shaped Teeth Amer. J. Phys. Anthrop., 1920, 3:429 Data obtained on upper incisors of Hawaiians showed marked differences from those of both American Whites and American Negroes. Shovel-shaped upper incisors occur in nearly 1/3 of the subjects; shovel and semishovel together, in 1/2. Only 1/10 had no shovel teeth. Jones, Martha R., Nils P. Larsen, and George P. Pritchard Dental Disease in Hawaii. (I) Odontoclasia: a Clinically Unrecognized Form of Tooth Decay in the Pre-school Child of Honolulu

H I L L - J O N E S • 15 Dental Cosmos, May 1930, 72: 439-485 In Hawaii, diets of children three years of age or older, composed of ordinary foodstuffs and potentially basic in reaction, were invariably associated with sound enamel or arrested decay. Sample diets are given, with their results. Explanation of obscure etiology is offered from standpoint that dental disease i s systemic disorder directly related to blood composition. Nils P. Larsen, and George P. Pritchard Dental Disease in Hawaii. (II) Dental Findings in P r e school Polynesian, Japanese, and Filipino Children in Rural Districts on the Island of Oahu Dental Cosmos, June 1930, 72: 685 Detailed dental examinations were made on 209 preschool Polynesian, Japanese, and Filipino children. Odontoclasia was found to occur in 87.19 per cent of Japanese, 41.8 of Filipinos, and 19.4 Polynesians. In same order, incidence of caries was 87.6, 31.8, and 50.0 per cent, and of decay-free individuals, 2.3, 44.2, and 50.0 per cent. Average dental findings in the four-toseven-year-old group showed 4.5, 14.5, and 14.9 per cent decay-free deciduous teeth in Japanese, Filipinos, and Polynesians, respectively. In the same order were 6.0, 3.1, and 1.9 per cent odontoclastic teeth per child and 7.3, 2.1, and 2.5 per cent carious. Nils P. Larsen, and George P. Pritchard Dental Disease in Hawaii. (Ill) Factors in Decay in P r e school Children of Certain Races Resident in Honolulu and Rural Oahu Dental Cosmos, July 1930, 72: 685-699 A casual relation between race or inheritance (transmission through the germ plasm) and dental decay was contraindicated. Age appears to be a factor. Teeth of many adolescent children and adults have remained f r e e from decay, while those of young children in the family have undergone rampant disintegration, even though diets of all and external factors have been comparable. Activity of decay process is in state of flux in the individual and appears to be directly related to his metabolism.

16 • JONES This, in turn, is the r e s u l t of many factors—age, state of health, climate, environment, activity, diet, etc. It is believed that any type of diet, any factor or combination of f a c t o r s which tend to d e c r e a s e the amount of base (either absolute or relative) in the tissue fluids and o r a l secretions w i l l proportionately i n c r e a s e liability of enamel to decay. Nils P. Larsen, and George P. P r i t c h a r d Dental Disease in Hawaii. (IV) Acid-base Balance of Blood in Relation to Decay in Hawaii Dental Cosmos, August 1930, 72:797-810 Various f a c t o r s which influence acid-base balance of the blood of man and the interaction of these f a c t o r s a r e discussed in relation to initiation and a r r e s t of decay process. Explanation of a number of clinical phenomena of obscure etiology is offered f r o m standpoint that dental disease is a systemic disorder directly related to blood composition. Nils P. Larsen, and George P. P r i t c h a r d Dental Caries in Hawaii: Can Unerupted Teeth Decay? J. Amer. Med. Assoc., November 26, 1932,99: 1849-1852 Two cases of dental defects of an unusual character in enamel of unerupted teeth of babies were studied m i c r o scopically. Other cases were examined microscopically. Defects a r e shown to be associated with acidosis. Nils P. Larsen, and George P. P r i t c h a r d Dental Disease in Hawaii: Relationship between Bone and Tooth Development in Infants Amer. J. Dis. Child., April 1933, 45: 789-798 Observations on bones and unerupted teeth of a number of infants were reported. In all c a s e s there was a parallelism between bone- and dentin-forming mechanisms, butan antagonism between bone-dentin and enamel mechanisms. Findings indicate systemic f a c t o r s controlling formation and preservation of bone and dentin a r e identical, but do not necessarily affect enamel in same direction. Findings offer logical explanation of why teeth of children with marked stigmas of rickets a r e often well

J O N E S • 17 formed and free from decay, and why tooth decay may be rampant in rapidly growing, breast-fed infants in the tropics with no evidence of rickets. et al Report of Dietary Observations Carried on at Ewa Plantation, 1932-33 Ewa Plantation Bui. 1, 1933: 19-20 Ewa health project is clinical application of at least 12 years of medico-dental research. Author discusses questions of public health and dietetics. Gives detailed account of project, reviewing problems of general health, mortality, morbidity, education, and economic and other aspects. Reiterates theory of effect of acid alkaline ash diets on tooth decay and odontoclasia. Illustrated with graphs and photographs. Nils P. Larsen, and George P. Pritchard Taro and Sweet Potato versus Grain Foods in Relation to Health and Dental Decay in Hawaii Dental Cosmos, April 1934, 76: 395-409 Review of foods of ancient Hawaiians, climate of Hawaii, authors' theories of odontoclasia and dental caries, diets of certain racial groups, their food consumption, and occurrence of teeth defects in infants and young children. Principal theme is that taro and sweet potato, which furnish alkaline ash, prevent type of dental conditions authors found on rice or acid ash diets.

Our Changing Concept of an "Adequate Diet" in Relation to Dental Disease Dental Cosmos, June, July, and August 1935: 45 pp. Lengthy discussion of author's work on dogs and suggested correlation with observations on children in Hawaii and elsewhere. Thesis is that an alkaline ash diet promotes good dental health. Reviews various food factors in the diet and their possible relation to condition of teeth.

18 • J O N E S - K R A M E R and G.N. Crosland Study of Diet in Relation to Caries Activity in 212 Enlisted Men at Pearl Harbor Submarine Base, Hawaii U.S. Naval Med. Bui., April 1936, 34: 181-199 A study of extensive decay suffered by the men during their short residence in Hawaii despite excellent Navy ration. Authors believe potential alkalinity of otherwise adequate diet is best guide for control of dental disease. No D.M.F. rates or other statistical data given. Ker, A.J. Critical Study of Investigations in Hawaiian Islands J. Amer. Dent. Assoc., 1936, 23: 17-28 Referring to articles by Jones and Larsen, author raises questions such as: Are conditions described peculiar to Hawaiian Islands? Would it be possible to duplicate results elsewhere? Does a warm climate produce "acidatic constitution" in the individual, making necessary high alkaline diet to produce optimum wellbeing? If injurious effect of consumption of grain foods in the tropics is result of combination of "acidatic constitution" of the individual with potential acidity of ingested food, to what a r e we to attribute its injurious effect in the arctic? King, Captain James A Voyage to the Pacific Ocean, Vol. HI (Captain Cook's Third Voyage) London: W. & A. Strahan, 1784. 558 pp. There are frequent references to native agriculture and foods. For example, taro, and the poi made from it, constituted the staff of life of the Hawaiians at the time of Captain Cook's discovery in 1778. The diet is described as follows: "The food of the lower class of people consists principally of fish and vegetables, such as yams, sweet potatoes, taro, plantains, sugar canes, and breadfruit. To these, the people of higher rank add the flesh of hogs and dogs, dressed in the same manner as at the Society Islands." Author relates that members of Captain Cook's party drank coconut water which was offered them when they went inland, and states that villages on island

J O N E S - K R A M E R • 19 of Hawaii were interspersed with groves of coconut trees spreading along seashore. Kirkpatrick, R.M. Field Observations in New Guinea J. Amer. Dent. Assoc., 1937, 24: 197-206 A statistical survey of oral conditions of natives (Melanesians) on island of Manus, New Guinea. Those living principally on taro had better developed dental arches and showed smaller incidence of acute or subacute Vincent's infection of gingivae than natives living mainly on sago. Suggests lack of essential food constituents in sago diet may be partly responsible for predisposition of binbivaeof these people to severe fusospirochetal infections. Klatsky, M., and J.S. Klatell Anthropological Studies in Dental Caries (Abstract) J. Amer. Coll. Dentists, 1943, 10: 71 Investigation of 37,000 teeth in 4,000 skulls of 46 geographical groups at American Museum of Natural History, N.Y. Skulls of Pacific Islands a r e included. Kramer, Augustin The Samoan Islands. The outline of a monograph, giving special consideration to German Samoa; with plates and figures in the text. Stuttgart: E. Schweizer-Bartsche, 1902. 2 vols., 509 pp. (In German. English translation in Univ. of Hawaii Library.) Vol. II, Part IV. Plantations and Cookery: (a) Origin of f i r e and of cooking vessels; the cooking house and meals, (b) Laying out of plantations, (c) Edible fruits and their preparation for cooking; words having reference to the coconut, (d) Animal food and its preparation; cannibalism; words relating to food and visiting. Vol. H, Part IX. The Flora: Index of native names of plants. Index of scientific genera of plants according to Reinecke. Vol. n , Part X. Index of native and scientific names of fauna.

20 • K R A U S S - LARSEIV Krauss, F.G. The Future of the Hawaiian Rice Industry T h r u m ' s Hawaiian Annual, 1912: 128-132 For half a century Hawaii's r i c e crop stood second to sugar in importance. Though f a r below sugar in magnitude and total money value, it is the most extensively consumed agricultural food product in Hawaii. A New Crop in Hawaii, the Pigeon Pea T h r u m ' s Hawaiian Annual, 1923: 85-97 The pigeon pea was introduced into Hawaii f r o m Puerto Rico. All c l a s s e s of livestock readily learn to eat it without admixture of other feeds. Greatest value seemingly lies in its possibilities for replacing a large portion of imported grains, millstuffs, and hay. Kroeber, A.L. Observations of the Anthropology of Hawaii Amer. Anthrop., 23: 129-137 Detailed discussion of author's theory of r a c i a l strains which make up Polynesian, especially Hawaiian, r a c e . Kuwahara, S. A Dental Caries Survey of the Natives of the South Sea Islands South Sea Science [Kagaku Nanyo] , 1941, 4(1): 34-52 Langworthy, Charles Ford, and Harry J. Deuel, J r . Digestibility of Raw Rice, Arrow-root, Canna, Cassava, Taro, T r e e - f e r n , and Potato Starches J. Biol. Chem., 1922, 52: 251-261 Article gives digestibility of products listed in title. Shows definite relationship between size of starch granules and digestibility. La Perouse, Jean F.G. De A Voyage Around the World, Vol. II, 3rd ed. London: 1807. 543 pp. Telling of native food of Easter Island, author states, "They likewise cultivate the Solanum or night shade, but

K R A U S S - L A R S E N • 21 l a m ignorant to what use they apply it." (The Hawaiians call this popolo.) Natives live almost entirely on potatoes and yams. Bananas a r e also mentioned. L a r s e n , Nils P. Is Acid-base Balance Important Dietary F a c t o r ? Trans. Hawaii T e r r . Med. Assoc., 1934: 70-72 Author concludes that acid-base balance of food is important dietary factor and that roots and tubers (taro, sweet and white potatoes, etc.) as s o u r c e s of carbohydrates have a special dietary value in Hawaii. Martha R. Jones, and George P. P r i t c h a r d Caries as an Indicator of Dietary Fault Amer. J. Dis. Child., Dec. 1934, 48: 1228-1233 Teeth of 22 Polynesian children living largely on old native foods were 95.4% perfect. The teeth of 55 Hawaiian children eating Oriental foods (mainly rice) were 98.2% decayed. Soft foods do not cause decay because poi is softer than r i c e . Adequate calcium and vitamin D do not c o r r e c t the condition. Dental decay is stated to be due to a metabolic or dietary fault and not to an o r a l condition. The acid-base balance is claimed to be the outstanding difference in the diet study. George P. Pritchard, Charles L. Wilbar, and A.L. Ward Diet in Relation to Tooth Decay: a Ten Years' Study on Children in Hawaii Proc. 6th Pacific Sci. Cong., 1939, 6: 569 Previous insistence on acid-base balance as cause per se of dental c a r i e s has been found not to be justified by subsequent findings. Authors conclude that there i s probably no one specific factor which is always involved in tooth decay. Graph presented harmonizes opinions of most of the o b s e r v e r s . Fluorine in Control of Children's Tooth Decay Postgraduate Med., 1947, 2: 358-364 110 kindergarten children received one calcium fluoride

22 •

LARSEN-LIND

tablet a day (2.0 mg. calcium fluoride, 30.0 mg. vitamin C, and 400 I.U. (U.S.P. XII) vitamin D) over a period of about four months. Evidence did not seem to support theory that one calcium fluoride tablet reduced tooth decay. Elsewhere it has been shown that children who receive some fluorine, preferably one part per million in their drinking water have a much lower caries experience rate than those who had drinking water in which F content is low.

Observation on Tooth Decay: Plantation Study Plantation Health, Oct. 1947, XI (4): 19-24 Diets improved in clinic children. In spite of improvement in general, there still remains high percentage of tooth decay.

Tooth Decay in Relation to Diet and General Health J. Amer. Med. Assoc., July 3, 1948, 137: 832-837 Conditions producing good general health were found to be associated with severe tooth decay, and conversely, poor health was associated with excellent teeth. Observations in Hawaii tend to verify the role of aciduric bacteria as an index of decay immunity and to indicate that oxalates and fluorides, as well as the alkaline r e s i due food values in the Hawaiian diet, might account for decay resistance in certain groups. Author believes these factors are more important in preventing decay than climate, heredity, cleanliness of the teeth, or specific food factors, including sugar.

Odontoclasia N.Y. State Dent. J., Aug.-Sept. 1948, 7: 14 Restatement of author's theories of effect of acid ash diet (rice) versus alkaline ash diet (taro and poi) on teeth. Discussion of group of children on diet of poi and group on non-specific diet.

L A R S E N - L I N D • 23 George P. Pritchard, and Charles L. Wilbar Ten Year Study among Children in Hawaii Trans. Hawaii Terr. Med. Assoc., 1939: 125-131 Authors discuss theories regarding cause of dental decay. Believe evidence is clear-cut that dental decay is related to diet. Suggest that there is not a single specific factor, but that dental decay is end result of various combinations of factors, several different sets of which may bring on same end results. 20 children were examined. No D.M.F. rates reported. Children's ages ranged f r o m 1 yr. 2 mo. to 4 yrs. 3 mo. F o u r graphs are included. Leigh, Robert W. Dental Morphology and Pathology of Pre-historic Guam BerniceP. Bishop Mus. Mem., 1929, XI(3). 19 pp., 3 pis. A study of dentition with references to food complexes and use of narcotics. 88 Chamorro skulls were analyzed. Does not discuss racial classification, but somatological characters described point unmistakably to Mongoloid affiliations. Teeth were well formed; but 5% showed evidence of slight developmental disturbance. Many teeth were affected by periodontal disease, third molars most frequently. No person under 30 at decease had lost any teeth; periodontoclasia was the major cause of loss in later life. Dental caries occurs in 18% of skulls; 16.% show evidence of periapical lesions, secondary to caries, attrition, and fracture. Impacted third molars caused extensive disturbance of tissues. Serious lesions of palate and nose of some skulls were evidently resultant from yaws. Lind, Helen, May Bartow, and Carey D. Miller Ways to Use Vegetables in Hawaii Agric. Expt. Sta. Bui. 97, 1946. 110 pp. Planned especially for the homemaker, but of value also to teachers, students, and others interested in preparing 43 of the vegetables available in Hawaii as part of attractive and nutritious meals. There are notes on nutritive values of each vegetable, points to consider in selection, recipes for preparation, and specific direc-

24 • L I N D - M A S O N tions for preserving maximum nutritive value. A table summarizes vitamin values. Loveland, Robert M. An Investigation of the Iodine Content of Some Hawaiian Food Products University of Hawaii thesis, 1933 Iodine content of Hawaii-grown vegetables and other food products was determined. Investigation deals extensively with historical material and with description of analytical methods and apparatus. Iodine content of 27 Hawaii foods investigated is sufficient to meet needs of normal animal metabolism. Representative foods used were: avocado, beets, cabbage, lotus root, opihi, Chinese peas, and yams. Lyman, Richard, Jr. Report on the Marshalls, Carolines, and Marianas U.S. Commercial Co. Econ. Survey of Micronesia 16, 1946. 32 pp. (Typed) General description of former mandated area and Guam with review of past and present agricultural conditions and basic crop patterns. Author concludes that pattern of agriculture is the same throughout the mandated area. MacCaughey, Vaughan Food Plants of the Ancient Hawaiians Sci. Monthly, Jan. 1917, 4: ^ - S O A consideration of ancient Hawaiian life, outlining two features of diet characteristic of many Polynesians at the time of writing: (1) the limited supply of meat, (2) the cultivation of a variety of food plants. List of crop plants of Hawaii is fairly complete. MacMillan, Howard G. Report on Agricultural Conditions in Micronesia U.S. Commercial Co. Econ. Survey of Micronesia 11, 1946. 52 pp. (Typed) Account of investigation of crop plants and matters concerning them.

LIND-MASON

• 25

Malo, David; Nathaniel B. Emerson, trans. Hawaiian Antiquities [Maalelo Hawaii] Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Special Publ. 2, 1903. 366 pp. Written in the 1830's by an Hawaiian considered an authority on Hawaiian lore, the book has several chapters devoted to plant foods, domestic and wild animals, and fishes. Scattered throughout are notes on such matters as methods of food preparation, food customs, and tabus. Many of the brief statements, though doubtless correct, are not very informativp Marques, A. Goats in Hawaii Thrum's Hawaiian Annual, 1906: 48-55 Goats are not indigenous to the Hawaiian Islands. First goats were introduced by Captain Cook, who left a male and two females on Niihau, February 1, 1778. Captain Vancouver, on March 13, 1792, left one male and one female on Kauai. It is probable that a few others were subsequently brought over by whalers or traders. Masaki, Tadashi Report of a Survey on Oral Hygiene in the Japanese Mandated South Sea Islands Reportof Dental Science [Shika Gakuho], 1932, 37(10) (11). (In Japanese) Dental Caries from the Racial Standpoint Journal of Social Dentistry [Shakai Shika IgakushI], 1933, 2. (In Japanese) Mason, Leonard E. The Economic Organization of the Marshall Islands U.S. Commercial Co. Econ. Survey 9, 1947. 150 pp. (Typed) Nutrition on pages 4, 15, 42-49, 68-70. Marshallese balanced diet requires both flesh and plant foods. Plant foods are of two kinds: tree crops (breadfruits, pandanus,

26 •

MASON-MILLER

coconut, papaya, and banana) and root crops (arrowroot and taro). Animal protein is generally provided by fish. Pigs, goats,, and cows have been introduced into the Marshall Islands in modern times, but the pig is the only animal which natives are willing to raise. Natives have acquired appetites for refined foods like rice, flour, and sugar. White flour is used for baking bread. Matsui, Tadashi Dental Clinic, Sasedo Naval Hospital Dental Clinic [Rinsho Shika] , 1942, 14(10). nese)

(In Japa-

Menzies, Archibald An Early Ascent of Mauna Loa Thrum's Hawaiian Annual, 1908-1907: 99 Menzies, who was with Vancouver's company in 17801794, gives interesting account of ascent of Mauna Loa. Describes in most glowing t e r m s industry and ingenuity of the natives in agriculture. Remarks on excellent state of cultivation, utilization of every bit of productive space, and adaptation of various crops to soil and altitude. Millberry, Guy S. A Study of the Dental Problem in Hawaii Honolulu: Territorial Dept. of Public Instruction and Strong Foundation, 1930. 58 pp. Monthly and annual reports of various organizations give no indication of accomplishments other than volume of service rendered, or number of patients seen or talked to. Study made of records of 100 cases selected from 1250 cases. A number of charts give variety of information, yet report is difficult to interpret. No D.M.F. rates given. Objectives in a public dental service program have not been clearly defined. Dental Health Education and Dental Health Service in Hawaii

MASON - MILLER • 27 Honolulu: Strong Foundation, 1940. 185 pp. Survey included children of pre-school age, children enrolled in public elementary schools, children in private schools, and children on plantations. Tables and charts are included to illustrate service accounting systems in use and to show method of tabulating statistics from which evaluation was made. All but 10.3 per cent of the children attending public elementary schools had all dental defects corrected or were having them corrected during school year. No D.M.F. rates or number of patients examined given. Report difficult to evaluate. Miller, Carey D. Vitamins A and B in Fresh and Canned Pineapples J. Home Econ., 1924, 16(1): 18-26; (2): 74-79 Vitamins A and B determined by biological methods used at that time. Vitamin C in Fresh and Canned Pineapple J. Home Econ., 1925, 17: 377-382 Vitamin C determined by biological methods used at that time. The Vitamin and Mineral Content of Pineapple Bran Expt. Sta. Assoc. Hawaiian Pineapple Canners Bui. 6, 1926. 11 pp. (Honolulu) Pineapple bran, by-product of canning industry made by grindingand drying trimmings and rinds, is assuming place of importance among animal feeds in Hawaiian Islands. Results of biological determination indicate that pineapple bran is good source of vitamin A, whereas vitamin A content of grains is low. Considered poor source of vitamin B. No vitamin C experiments were conducted. The Vitamins (A, Bj, and C) of Papaya Biochem J., 1926, XX(3): 515-518 Vitamin content of papaya determined by biological

28 • MILLER methods showed it to be fair source of vitamin Bj, good source of A, and excellent source of C. Food Values of Poi, Taro, and Limu Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Bui. 37, 1927. 25 pp. Notes on history and use of these foods by ancient and modern Hawaiians. Chemical analyses include calcium and phosphorus but not iron. Vitamin values (vitamins A, B, and C) determined by biological methods are out of date and have been superseded by more recent data. (Ref. Hawaii Agric. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 6, 1947. 56 pp.) and Doris B. Hair The Vitamin Content of Mung Bean Sprouts J. Home Econ., 1928, 20: 263-271 Vitamin content determined by biological methods used at that time. Note on the Effect of Ingesting Large Amounts of Pineapple Juice upon the pH of the Urine J. Home Econ., 1928, 20: 498-501 The intake of fresh pineapple juice resulted in increase inpHof urine, decreasedtitratable acidity, and decreased ammonia output. So-called acidosis is here ruled out as cause of unpleasant symptoms produced by consuming large quantities of pineapple juice. Plausible explanation seems to be presented by calcium oxalate crystals in juice. Irritation of throat and mouth might result from physical action of crystals, and acid and bromelin might increase irritation of mucous membrane. The Vitamin A and B Content of the Pigeon Pea (Cajanus Indicus) J. Agric. Sci., Oct. 1928, 18(4): 569-573 Pigeon pea plant meal is good source of vitamin A, probably due to large amount of green leaves in it, whereas the seed meal is rather poor source. Both plant and seed meals are excellent sources of vitamin B,

MILLER • 29 which is characteristic of other legumes. Food Values of Breadfruit, Taro Leaves, Coconut, and Sugar Cane Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Bui. 64, 1929. 23 pp. Notes on history and use of these foods by ancient and modern Hawaiians. Chemical analyses include calcium and phosphorus but not iron. Vitamin values (vitamins A, B, and C) determined by biological methods are out of date and have been superseded by more recent data. (Ref. Hawaii Agric. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 6,1947. 56 pp.) The Vitamins Univ. Hawaii Occas. Papers 16, 1932. 9 pp. Out-of-date summary of vitamins of some foods used in Hawaii. Values are indicated by plus and minus signs. Japanese Foods Commonly Used in Hawaii Hawaii Agric. Expt. Sta. Bui. 68, 1933. 41 pp. Brief scientific and practical information regarding some Japanese foods commonly used in Hawaii. 26 foods described and many pictured. Proximate composition and mineral values given. Recipes given for 20 typical Japanese dishes. and Marjorie E. Abel Adsorption of Vitamin B(Bi) by Plant Tissue. I. Adsorption of Vitamin B, (Bp by Brassica Chinensis when Pickled with Salt and Rice Bran J. Biol. Chem., May 1933, Vol. C(3): 731-738 Chinese cabbage was tested for its vitamin content following pickling with salt and pickling with a paste of salt and rice bran. Results were compared to the original vitamin content. Ruth C. Robbins, and Kisako Haida The Nutritive Value of the Mountain Apple, Eugenia malaecenisis or Jambosa malaecenisis

30 • MILLER Philippine J. Sci., March 1934, 53(3): 211-228 The mountain apple has been analyzed for nutritive constituents and tested for its vitamin value. Has about half sugar content of usual apples and higher water content. Amounts of calcium, phosphorus, and iron are similar in both fruits. It was concluded mountain apples are somewhat lower in all vitamins and can b e considered only a fair source of vitamins A, B, C, and G as compared to usual apples. and Ruth C. Robbins The Nutritive Value of Green Immature Soybeans J. Agric. Res., July 15, 1934, 49(2): 14-167 Two varieties of cooked green immature soybeans were analyzed for organic nutrients and for calcium, phosphorus, andiron. As compared with most vegetables, they had unusually large amounts of protein, fat, calcium, phosphorus, andiron. Cooked immature soybeans proved to be very good source of vitamins A, B, and G, but poor source of vitamin C. Juice of Guava Prevents Scurvy Honolulu Star-Bulletin, Hawaii Farm Annual, Dec. 8, 1934: 48 Some preliminary experiments showed guava juice to be good antiscorbutic. Excellent source of vitamin C. A number of babies fed the juice for six months were completely protected from scurvy. Suggests that preparation and marketing of guava juice on large scale has commercial possibilities. Katherine Bazore, and Ruth C. Robbins Some Fruits of Hawaii, Their Composition, Nutritive Value, and Use Hawaii Agric. Expt. Sta. Bui. 77, Jan. 1936. 129 pp. Information on the most important and widely used Hawaiian fruits. Analyses of local fruits show them to be similar in composition to same varieties grown elsewhere. Among the fruits with high nutritive value a r e avocado, banana, papaya, pineapple, and guava.

MILLER • 31 and Ruth C. Robbins Nutritive Value of the Protein of Cajanus Indicus J. Agric. Res., Aug. 15, 1936, 53: 281-293 Pigeon pea protein is not adequate for normal growth and reproduction of rats. The f i r s t limiting growth factor of the prepared pigeon pea globulins appears to be tryptophane. The Adsorption of Vitamin B by Plant Tissue (by Solanum melogena Linn, and Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus Bailey) when Pickled with Salt and Rice Bran J. Nutrition, June 1937, 13(6): 687-694 This paper shows ability of plant tissues to adsorb and retain vitamin B as result of pickling in paste of salt and rice bran. A previous study reported use of a leafy vegetable; this study two other types of plant tissue: a fruit used as a vegetable (eggplant) and a root vegetable (daikon). and Francis G. Benedict Basal Metabolism of Normal Young Men and Women of Various Races in Hawaii and Basal Metabolism of Samoan Men Univ. Hawaii Res. Publ. 15, 1937. 71 pp. With the Benedict "field respiration apparatus," the basal metabolism of 258 normal men and women in Hawaii was determined. There is little evidence that basal metabolism of subjects was affected by climate, protein intake, or any other factor of diet. Question of whether or not there is uncontaminated racial factor influencing basal metabolism cannot be concluded from results obtained in Hawaii. 21 men of pure Polynesian ancestry, who were born and had lived in Samoa all their lives, served as subjects of basal metabolism measurements. They were in a good state of nutrition as indicated by their pelidisi. It was found that their metabolism was essentially the same as the Harris-Benedict prediction standard (on the average, -1.2%) but definitely higher than that of Caucasian men and other racial groups living in Hawaii, although the climate of Samoa is distinctly

32 • MILLER tropical as compared with the semi-tropical climate of Hawaii. and Ruth C. Robbins The Nutritive Value of Papaya Biochem. J., 1937, XXXI(l): 1-11 Reports on composition and vitamin value of papaya have appeared in print f r o m time to time; most e a r l i e r r e p o r t s a r e included in bibliography of this article. Paper also contains new material on mineral, vitamin, and acid-base balance values of papaya grown in Hawaii. A Study of the Dietary and Value of Living of 44 Japanese Families in Hawaii Univ. Hawaii Res. Publ. 18, 1938. 27 pp. The families kept r e c o r d for four consecutive weeks and filled out schedules with assistance of University of Hawaii senior students working under direction of author. Nutritive value of diet was studied by three methods: (1) by comparing intake of certain nutritive constituents of diet with standards used in U.S. and Japan; (2) by calculating distribution of calories among common food groups; (3) by comparing quantity of different foods or groups of foods consumed with mainland figures. F a m i lies were classified into five groups by yearly per capita expenditure for food. Six tables s u m m a r i z e r e s u l t s . and Ruth C. Robbins Chemical Analysis and Vitamin Assays of Opihi, the Hawaiian Limpet Philippine J. Sci., Feb. 1940, 71(2): 141-163 This limpet was one of principal shellfish used by ancient Hawaiians. Was analyzed for moisture, protein, ether extract, total ash, calcium, phosphorus, iron, copper, silicon, and glycogen. Separate analyses were made of solid portion (foot and mantle) and of viscera. Moisture, protein, ether extract, and total ash were determined for ovaries and for testes. Experiments with anemic r a t s showed that the feeding of opihi, which is low in copper, did not r e s u l t in any marked r e g e n e r -

MILLER • 33 ation of hemoglobin until copper was added. Qualitative analysis of vitamins contained in the opihi and study of contents of its digestive t r a c t s were also made. and Lucille Louis Chemical Analyses and Vitamin Assays of Macadamia Nuts Food Res., Nov.-Dec. 1941, 6: 547-552 Percentage composition and calcium, phosphorus, and iron of cooked unsalted macadamia nuts were determined. Thiamine and vitamin A were determined on raw and commercially cooked nuts by r a t growth method. The nuts a r e devoid of vitamin A but a r e good s o u r c e s of thiamine. and Helen Yonge Lind Food for Health in Hawaii Hawaii Agric. Expt. Sta. Bui. 88, 1942. 84 pp., illus. Information on essentials of a good diet and practical suggestions for choosing foods and planning meals to obtain nutritious and healthful diet for various r a c i a l groups living in Hawaii. Lucille Louis, and Kisako Yanazawa Vitamin Values of Hawaiian-grown F r u i t s and Vegetables Hawaii Agric. Expt. Sta. P r o g r e s s Notes 36, 1942. (Mimeographed) Replaced by Hawaii Agric. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 6, 1947. 56 pp. The Effect of Washing and Cooking upon the Thiamine Content of Brown and Partially Polished Rice J. Amer. Dietetic Assoc., June 1945, 12(6): 345-347 Gives thiamine content of different lots of California brown r i c e of s h o r t - g r a i n type. Assays by biological method were made on samples b e f o r e and a f t e r cooking. The Thiamine Content of Japanese Soybean Products J. Amer. Dietetic Assoc., July-Aug. 1945, 21(7): 430-532

34 • MILLER Thiamine content was determined for three Japanese soybean products: tofu, aburage, and miso. Results were compared with cooked, unsoaked soybeans.

The Thiamine Content of C e r e a l s Before and After Treatment with Carbon Disulfide and Methyl Bromide to Destroy Insects J. Amer. Dietetic Assoc., Sept.-Oct. 1945, 21(3): 516-517 Brown r i c e , rolled oats, and whole wheat flour fumigated with carbon disulfide by a household p r o c e s s , to destroy insects, retained original thiamine content after t r e a t ment. Thiamine content of whole wheat flour treated with methyl bromide by a commercial p r o c e s s was likewise unaffected. and Katherine Bazore F r u i t s of Hawaii Hawaii Agric. Expt. Sta. Bui. 96, Oct. 1945. 129 pp. Revised and enlarged edition of Hawaii Agric. Expt. Sta. Bui. 77, Some F r u i t s of Hawaii. Information and recipes addedfor five new f r u i t s . Recent data on vitamin content of f r u i t s described, and c r i t e r i a for evaluating f r u i t s a s s o u r c e s of minerals and vitamins given. Chemical analyses for proximate composition and minerals given in Bulletin 7^7 omitted

The Availability of Iron in Hawaiian-grown Vegetables J. Nutrition, Dec. 1945, 16(6): 485-494 In Hawaii there has been for some y e a r s a popular belief that locally produced vegetables may be low in minerals, notably iron, and that people residing in the Islands tend to become anemic. Availability of iron in 15 Hawaiian-grown vegetables and one seaweed was determined by bio-assay. Superior quality of iron of legume seeds for hemoglobin regeneration in r a t s was confirmed. Taro c o r m s and taro leaves, both important items in the diet of Polynesians, w e r e shown to have high percentage of available iron.

MILLER • 35 The Antirachitic Value of Winter and Summer Milk Produced in Hawaii J. Amer. Dietetic Assoc., April 1946, 22(4): 312-316 Antirachitic value of milk produced in Hawaii at two seasons of year by two diary herds was determined by line tests on rats. Winter milk contains approximately 20 I.U. and summer milk approximately 35 I.U. vitamin D per quart, values similar to those found elsewhere. and Samuel H. Work Thiamine Content of Raw and Cooked Pork Tissues from Pigs of Known Dietary History J. Animal Sci., Nov. 1946, 5(4): 350-357 Pork tissues (raw and cooked) from pigs fed garbage and from pigs fed a concentrate mixture were assayed for thiamine by rat growth method. Two commercially canned ground pork products were compared with grainfed samples. Lucille Louis, and Kisako Yanazawa Foods Used by Filipinos in Hawaii Hawaii Agric. Expt. Sta. Bui. 98, 1946. 80 pp. Proximate composition, mineral analyses (including those for calcium, phosphorus, and iron) and vitamin assays are reported for 22 food products much used by Filipinos in Hawaii. English, Filipino dialect, and scientific names are given. Other foods used by the Filipinos are listed. 15 figures illustrate the foods analyzed. Recommendations for improving diet a r e given. A brief discussion of Filipinos' methods of food preparation is followed by recipes using food analyzed. Lucille Louis, and Winifred Ross Hawaiian-grown Vegetables — Proximate Composition; Calcium, Phosphorus, Total Iron, Available Iron, and Oxalate Content Hawaii Agric. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 5, 1947. 45 pp. Forty Hawaiian-grown vegetables (32 species) analyzed. Data a r e presented for proximate composition of 66 vegetable species and for Ca, P, Fe, total ash, and

36 • M I L L E R - P O P E moisture contents of 88 vegetable samples. Composition of these vegetables was compared with published data. Hawaiian-grown vegetables had slightly higher moisture content and consequently slightly lower percentage of solids. Their calcium and phosphorus contents were similar to, and iron content lower than the average. Sufficient data presented to prove that there is no r e a l deficiency of m i n e r a l s in local vegetables. Foods and Food Habits in the Hawaiian Islands J. Amer. Dietetic Assoc., Sept. 1947, 23(9): 766-768 Geographical isolation of Hawaiian Islands has affected the food supply and, consequently, the nutrition of the people. Many foods were introduced by explorers, t r a d e r s , and m i s s i o n a r i e s . Last 1Q0 y e a r s have brought to Hawaiian Islands people f r o m both sides of the Pacific. This has resulted in more changes in food habits than had probably o c c u r r e d in previous 1000 y e a r s . Lucille Louis, and Kisako Yanazawa Vitamin Values of Foods in Hawaii Hawaii Agric. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 6, 1947. 56 pp. Values a r e given for vitamin A of 85 foods, thiamine for 90, ascorbic acid for more than 150, and vitamin D for 4. Included a r e foods of tropical and s e m i - t r o p i c a l origin and some c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of the diets of the racial groups living in the Islands. Chemical and biological methods of vitamin assays, and preparation of the foods for assay a r e described. Nekomoto, Robert S. Flourine in Hawaiian Waters University of Hawaii thesis, 1945. 38 pp. Results show many values of fluorine content of water a r e sufficiently low to be associated with the incidence of dental c a r i e s . Palma, J. Adequate Nutrition and Its Relationship to Sound Dentition P r o c . Staff Meeting Clinic (Honolulu), June 1941, 32: 73-78

M I L L E R - P O P E • 37 Essentials of balanced diet should be obtained f r o m wide variety of proper foods. Concept of tooth as a fixed structure is changing. There is definite relationship between nutritional status and dentine of tooth. Diet must be especially adequate in Ca, P, and vitamin D; mouth must be kept clean by sensible hygiene, and sweets must be eliminated. Payne, John H., Gaston J. Ley, and George Akau Processing and Chemical Investigations of Taro Hawaii Agric. Expt. Sta. Bui. 86, 1941. 42 pp. Extensive investigation of processing taro into various food products using s e m i - c o m m e r c i a l scale equipment. Methods given for making flour f r o m cooked taro which was satisfactorily used in bread to replace 15-25% wheat flour. Other food uses for taro a r e suggested. Chemical studies include analyses (proximate composition and Ca, CI, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, P, K, Na, and Zn) of two wetland and two upland varieties of taro. Two yellow varieties, dried, had 13 ppm. carotene and white and r e d varieties less than 1 ppm. Pope, Willis T. Restoration of Citrus Fruit Growing in the Hawaiian Islands T h r u m ' s Hawaiian Annual, 1921: 90-91 Agitation for production of more f r u i t s , a s result of the World War, has caused awakening of interest in cultivation of f r u i t s and vegetables in Hawaii. Evidence displayed at Maui County Fair proved this renewed interest in restoration of growing of oranges, limes, lemons, etc., as they existed 15 y e a r s ago before appearance of Mediterranean f r u i t fly.

The Guatemalan Avocado in Hawaii Hawaii Agric. Expt. Sta. Bui. 51, 1924. 24 pp. Data presented r e p r e s e n t r e s u l t s of 20 y e a r s work with Guatemalan avocado in Hawaii. Common and seien-

38 • P O P E - POTGIETER tific names, cultural methods, and complete description of each variety given. Table l i s t s comparison of proximate composition of 18 v a r i e t i e s of Guatemalan avocados grown in Hawaii and in California. Banana Culture in Hawaii Hawaii Agric. Expt. Sta. Bui. 55, 1926. 48 pp. Directs attention to comparative ease of banana culture in Hawaii. Proximate composition given for five different kinds of local bananas and comparison of composition of bananas and other f r u i t s . Table lists yield and food value of bananas and other crops and comparative nutritive value of bananas and other foods. Includes complete description of 21 introduced and 21 native varieties. Bananas of the T e r r i t o r y of Hawaii T h r u m ' s Hawaiian Annual, 1927: 106-110 Bananas of Hawaii a r e designated as Hawaiian v a r i e t i e s and introduced varieties. Dividing point is date of discovery of the Islands in 1778. Hawaiian varieties f a l l in three general groups: Maoli, Iholena, and Popoulu. Introduced varieties include five different species. The Macadamia Nut in Hawaii Hawaii Agric. Expt. Sta. Bui. 59, 1929. 23 pp. Proximate composition of macadamia nuts grown at various places in Hawaii a r e listed. Papaya Culture in Hawaii Hawaii Agric. Expt. Sta. Bui. 61, 1930. 40 pp. Supplements and brings up to date previous bulletin by Higgins and Holt. Table shows considerable variation in proximate composition of f r u i t s at different s t a t e s of growth and under different conditions of culture. Although content of nutrients i s not high, the papaya is highly valued as a food.

P O P E - POTGIETER • 39 Citrus Culture in Hawaii Hawaii Agric. Expt. Sta. Bui. 71, 1934. 37 pp. Essentially on methods of citrus fruit culture. Common and scientific names given for more important kinds of citrus. Complete descriptions are given for ten varieties of oranges, five varieties of mandarins, nine varieties of pomelos and shaddocks, ten varieties of grapefruit, seven varieties of lemons, and four varieties of limes. Potgieter, Martha The Utilization of the Calcium and Phosphorus of Taro by Young Rats J. Amer. Dietetic Assoc., 1940, 16: 670-673 One group of young rats was fed diet high in taro and another group a control diet in which starch and soluble inorganic calcium and phosphorus salts replaced taro. The calcium of taro was nine-tenths as readily utilized by young rats as was that of Ca(H2PC>4)2.H20 of the control diet. Taro (Colocasia esculenta) as a Food J. Amer. Dietetic Assoc., 1940, 16: 536-540 More intensive use of taro is being urged in Hawaii because of its capacity for correcting specific local dietary deficiencies. Increased production and use of taro would tend to decrease amount of imported refined foods used and increase calcium and vitamin Bj contents of deficient diets. Greater taro production would also aid in making the Islands nutritionally self-sustaining. The Utilization of the Ca and P of Taro by Young Women J. Amer. Dietetic Assoc., 1940, 16: 898-904 Calcium and P balances were deter mined on two healthy women (a Caucasian and a Japanese) on two diets, one high in taro and one high in rice. It was concluded that calcium and phosphorus of taro corms are well utilized by women. On rice diet, Japanese subject was capable of maintaining calcium equilibrium on the low intake of

40 • POTGIETER - R E E D 0.091 gm. per day (0.0022 gm. per kilogram), whereas calcium balance of Caucasian subject on rice diet was negative. Need for additional calcium balance experiments on Oriental and Caucasian subjects s e e m s indicated. Phosphorus in high-rice diet was well utilized by both subjects. The Adequacy of Diets of 38 Honolulu Families on Relief Hawaii Agric. Expt. Sta. Bui. 94. June 1944. 38 pp. Nutritive adequacy of family diets was determined from family records. Not one family diet was found to meet estimated nutritive needs as compared with allowances recommended by Bureau of Home Economics. Dental data were obtained on 90 of 129 school children in these 38 families. All were found to have dental caries with average of 9.2 decayed teeth per child. Available data on other groups of children in Hawaii may be noted for comparison. Significance of findings is discussed. Price, Weston A. Acid-Base Balance of Diets Which Produce Immunity to Dental Caries among the South Sea Islanders and Other Primitive Races Dental Cosmos, 1935, 77: 842-846 By studying primitive people who have exceedingly high immunity to dental caries and those people at the point where they lost that high immunity, author has been able to reduce total number of variables to a minimum. States that when all foods of various primitive groups are reduced to their chemical and activator content, they are relatively equivalent. Studies of Relationships Between Nutritional Deficiencies and (a) Facial and Dental Arch Deformity and (b) Loss of Immunity to Dental Caries among South Sea Islanders and Florida Indians Dental Cosmos, 1935, 77: 1033-1045 Among those people living on efficient native foods, not a single case of irregularity of dental arches or facial

POTGIETER - R E E D • 41 f o r m was found. Among modernized m e m b e r s of these people using American foods, particularly white flour and sugar products, many cases of gross irregularity were found. Influence of nutritional deficiency is shown to change r a c i a l pattern even in a single generation. Nutrition and Physical Degeneration: a Comparison of Primitive and Modern Diets and Their Effects upon the Teeth New York: Hoeber, 1939. 431 pp., illus. A critical examination of groups (including Polynesian and Melanesian) revealed high immunization to many of our serious affections, especially dental diseases, as they were isolated f r o m modern civilization of the day and living in accordance with traditional food habits. Studies included chemical analysis of foods of the isolated groups. Pukui, Mary Kawena Hawaiian Beliefs and Customs During Birth, Infancy, and Childhood Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Occas. P a p e r s , 1943, XVI(17): 357-381 Diet was regulated f r o m fourth month of pregnancy. There was no substitute for m o t h e r ' s milk, and wet n u r s e s were used. Sweet potatoes, f r e s h poi, soft p a r t s of limpets, vegetables, and kukui nuts were all fed the baby before one year. At age 5 or 6 all diet r e s t r i c t i o n s ended. Chewing unpeeled sugar cane and dried squid were encouraged to develop strong teeth and jaws. Wood ash or charcoal and f r e s h water or sea water were used for cleaning teeth. Many other customs a r e discussed. Reed, Minnie The Economic Seaweeds of Hawaii and Their Food Value Hawaii Agric. Expt. Sta. Annual Report, 1906: 61-88 Before coming of the white man, diet of most Hawaiians was largely poi, fish, and limu. Almost every kind of edible seaweed was used for food. There a r e over 70 distinct species of algae or limu. Scientific names and

42 •

REED-SAFFORD

d e s c r i p t i o n s of 52 a r e given. Limu i s p r e p a r e d by c a r e f u l washing, either in s a l t or f r e s h w a t e r , to r e m o v e a l l sand, mud, o r clinging m o l l u s k s and c r u s t a c e a n s . A f t e r cleaning, is s a l t e d , pounded, or chopped, and usually eaten uncooked a s a r e l i s h with poi, m e a t , o r f i s h . R e s t a r s k i , Joseph S. C a r i e s Incidence a m o n g P u r e - b l o o d e d Samoans U.S. Naval Med. Bui., Nov. 1943, 41: 1713-1714 P a s t s t u d i e s r e g a r d i n g incidence of dental c a r i e s a m o n g Samoans included r a c i a l m i x t u r e s . In s u r v e y r e p o r t e d h e r e , m e a s u r e s w e r e taken to include only Samoans of p u r e r a c i a l s t r a i n . Study was p e r f o r m e d in o r d e r to c o m p a r e incidence of c a r i e s between natives living n e a r the Naval Station and those living in m o r e r e m o t e s e c t i o n s of A m e r i c a n Samoa. Ripperton, John C., and Nellie A. R u s s e l l Hawaiian Vegetables and T h e i r Functions in the Diet Hawaii Agric. Expt. Sta. Bui. 9, 1926. 24 pp. C o m p a r e s n u t r i t i v e value, e s p e c i a l l y m i n e r a l content (calcium, p h o s p h o r u s , a n d i r o n ) of t h r e e vegetables grown in Hawaii and in two mainland a r e a s . All w e r e grown f r o m s a m e s e e d . 47 v e g e t a b l e s grown in Hawaii l i s t e d , with d i r e c t i o n s f o r t h e i r u s e . r . H . Moltzau, and D.W. E d w a r d s Methods of Evaluating the M a c a d a m i a Nut f o r C o m m e r cial Use and the V a r i a t i o n O c c u r r i n g among Seedling P l a n t i n g s in Hawaii Hawaii Agric. Expt. Sta. Bui. 79, 1938. 26 pp. Study c o n s i s t s of m e t h o d s of evaluating m a c a d a m i a nut f r o m standpoint of u s e a s c o m m e r c i a l a r t i c l e in shelled o r r o a s t e d f o r m r a t h e r than a s table nut in unshelled f o r m . R e p o r t on Some A g r i c u l t u r a l A s p e c t s of M i c r o n e s i a U.S. C o m m e r c i a l Co. Econ. Survey 17, 1946. 31 pp. Survey outlines g e n e r a l p o s s i b i l i t i e s a s well a s l i m i t a t i o n s and points out p r o b l e m s of native a g r i c u l t u r e

R E E D - SAFFORD • 43 which need f u r t h e r investigation and r e s e a r c h . Native subsistence agriculture is particularly well adapted to the environment and should be maintained, in most instances, with as little basic change as possible. Ross, Winifred, and Eva Hartzler Effect of Guava Juice and Papaya on the Acidity of the Urine J. Amer. Dietetic Assoc., 1946, 22(4): 310-311 Six subjects, three men and three women, were used in this study. Guava and papaya a r e of great interest to the nutritionist because of their high ascorbic acid content. It is desirable to know effect on acid-base balance of eating quantities of these foods when used in either normal or therapeutic diets. Safford, William E. Guam and Its People Smithsonian Institution, Annual Report, 1902: 4 9 3 509 Included in a r t i c l e a r e descriptive data on fauna and foods available and methods of preparation. Useful Plants of the Island of Guam U.S. Nat. Herbarium Contr. 9, 1905. 416 pp. Root, s t e m s , and leaves of taro a r e never eaten raw as they a r e very irritating to mucous membranes of mouth and esophagus. Irritation is caused by minute needlelike c r y s t a l s of calcium oxalate. Cooking for considerable time is n e c e s s a r y to cause capsules to lose their activity and thus destroy irritating quality of crystals.

Cultivated Plants of Polynesia and their Vernacular Names; an Index to the Origin and Migrations of the Polynesians F i r s t Pan-Pacific Scientific Conference, Proceedings.

44 • SAFFORD - SULLIVAN Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Special Publ., 1929, 7 (1): 85-86 Includes names and descriptions of plants found on Guam. Shapiro, Harry L. The Chinese Population in Hawaii American Council, Institute of Pacific Relations, 1931. 29 pp. This introductory study of measurements of various aspects of r a c e mixture expects to provide m o r e adequate data on the question: Does human hybrid represent admixture of qualities clearly belonging to one or other of the miscegenating groups, or is there, in addition, an element of physical change representing adaptation of incoming group to new environment? Migration and Environment New York: Oxford University P r e s s , 1939. 594 pp. A study of physical characteristics of Japanese immigrants to Hawaii and effects of environment on their descendants. One phase of problem deals with physical c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of migrant group compared with original population f r o m which it is derived; the other considers modifications which change of environment may produce in bodily t r a i t s of children of migrants. More specifically, this investigation is concerned with only one group of migrants, the Japanese, and with the influence of only one environment, the Hawaiian. Stewart, Charles Samuel A Residence in the Sandwich Islands, 5th ed. Boston: 1839. 406 pp. Writing of Sandwich Islands in 1823-1825, author states: "Their growth of the breadfruit here is confined to a few districts on one or two islands and where found yields a very partial supply of f r u i t at any season." Later tells of the run-down condition of breadfruit t r e e s and taro patches in Lahaina, indicating that in period of about 50 y e a r s the fine agricultural methods of ancient Hawaiians

SAFFORD - SULLIVAN • 45 were rapidly deteriorating. Mentions that sugar cane is found in every garden but that "the cane is used by the natives only as a fruit." Sullivan, Louis R. A Contribution to Samoan Somatology Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Mem., 1921, VIII(2): 81-98 On basis of analysis of Samoan characteristics, author regards the Samoan as most closely allied to Mongoloid race, and assumes that differences are probably due either to slightly different evolution since time of separation and isolation from the parental stock, or to retention in the Samoans of a primitive character which through different evolutionary processes has been lost in most Mongoloid types. Thinks it unlikely that differences are due to racial intermixture. Believes it is far more difficult to reconcile European social origin for Samoans, and Polynesians in general, than it is to assume Mongoloid affinities and origins. New Light on the Races of Polynesia Asia, Jan. 1923, 23: 17-20 Polynesian problem cannot be solved in terms of itself, but necessitates much more data from little-known adjoining areas of Micronesia, Malaysia, and Asia. Essentially an anthropological study, but does offer information and comparison of diet habits of various inhabitants of these areas. Observations on Hawaiian Somatology Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Mem., 1927, IX(4): 269-342 Author's study notes show that at time of his death he was engaged in comparative analysis of these Hawaiian data, with a view to identifying elements entering into this stock and in turn to suggest position of Polynesians with respect to other races. Although he left no manuscript notes of sufficient coherence to warrant publication, his compilation of the data was so nearly complete that the gross results were published.

46 • TAÑADA - T H R U M Tanada, Amy Fumiyo A Study of Methods for Microdetermination of Fluorine and Their Applications to Potable Waters and Carious and Non-carious Teeth University of Hawaii thesis, 1941. 69 pp. F i r s t phase is extensive study and comparison of methods in use for quantitative determination of fluorine and a reinvestigation of Hawaiian potable waters for fluorine content by method which proved itself most reliable. Second phase involves s e r i e s of quantitative analyses of carious and non-carious teeth for fluorine content. Data obtained f r o m analyses of water and of teeth were correlated and interpretations proposed. Thompson, Alice R. The Composition of Hawaiian F r u i t s and Nuts Hawaii Agric. Expt. Sta. Annual Report, 1914: 62-68 Gives chemical composition of common f r u i t s and nuts which occur in t e r r i t o r y . Excellent table gives proximate composition of 92 samples of Hawaiian f r u i t s and nuts. Study of the Ripening P r o c e s s of the Chinese Banana and the Papaya Hawaii Agric. Expt. Sta. Annual Report, 1914: 69-73 Gives data on ripening p r o c e s s in the banana and the papaya. Table shows proximate composition of both f r u i t s and changes in s t a r c h and sugar content. Thompson, Laura Native Culture of the Marianas Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Bui. 185, 1945. 48 pp. After more than 400 y e a r s of contact with outside world, the ancient Chamorro culture has been altered almost beyond recognition by outside influences, chiefly f r o m Spain, the Philippines, and America. No pureblooded natives survive. Teeth of both sexes were discolored f r o m chewing betel nut with lime, and those of soune natives were blackened and filed on the labial surface. Economy based on gardening in clearings in the bush, collecting in the jungle, and fishing. Rice was

T \ \ \l> \ - T l i m >l • 47 cultivated in addition to usual tubers such as yams and taro. Breadfruit, coconuts, bananas, and jungle foods, §uchas the Polynesian arrowroot and federico nut, were also among the staples. Fish, turtles, fowl, bats, and coconut crabs were imported foods; pigs and dogs apparently were not present at time of the discovery. Thrum, Thomas G. Varieties of Sweet Potato Thrum's Hawaiian Annual, 1879: 30-31 50 varieties of indigenous sweet potato, not including any imported since discovery of the Islands, described on basis of color and quality. Varieties of Taro Thrum's Hawaiian Annual, 1880: 28-29 Hawaiian names of 29 varieties of taro. Algae of the Hawaiian Islands Thrum's Hawaiian Annual, 1881: 32-33 Seaweed, or limu, abounds here. From Andrew's Hawaiian Dictionary and other sources, list of 64 native names of algae was gathered. Names vary on different islands. Very few young natives are acquainted with more than small stretch of sea coast. Only older women have any comprehensive knowledge of limu. Fruits and Their Seasons in the Hawaiian Islands Thrum's Hawaiian Annual, 1886: 49-50 (1) All year round: bananas, China oranges, coconuts, limes, oranges, papayas. (2) Nearly all year: figs, guavas, soursop, tamarinds. (3) Most other fruits ripen from June to October. Include avocados (or alligator p e a r s ) , d a t e s , grapes, mangoes, pineapples, pomegranates, watermelons. Taro—Colocasia Antiquorum

48 • THRUM - TROTTER T h r u m ' s Hawaiian Annual, 1887: 63-65 Some important and favorite taro varieties and their use. Some varieties were r e s e r v e d for use of p r i e s t s or chiefs.

Fruits, Indigenous and Introduced, of the Hawaiian Islands T h r u m ' s Hawaiian Annual, 1892: 75-81 Scientific and Hawaiian names of 43 f r u i t s growing in the Islands at this date.

Manoa Valley T h r u m ' s Hawaiian Annual, 1892(1893): 110-110 Thrum quotes f r o m legend of Punahou Spring in which tender shoots of the popolo, aheahea, pakai, laulele, and potato vines were said to have been eaten by two children while waiting for patch of potatoes to develop (Aheahea is Chenopodium sanwicheum, an excellent pot herb, called b y Hillebrand, aweoweo.) These were cooked by rolling hot stones around them in covered gourd, method of cooking called hakui by the Hawaiians.

Papaya Culture in Hawaii T h r u m ' s Hawaiian Annual, 1906: 146-154 Although papaya culture r e a c h e s perfection only in hot climates, papaya may be cultivated moderately well in semi-tropical Hawaii.

The Pineapple Industry in Hawaii T h r u m ' s Hawaiian Annual, 1909: 58-82 Pineapples, in spite of a s s e r t i o n s to the contrary, do not seem to have been indigenous to Hawaii Archipelago. Several old natives told writer they believe whalers imported pineapple early in 19th century. Others believe it was the Spanish pioneer, Don Marin (Manini), to whom Hawaii owes introduction of many useful plants.

THRUM - TROTTER • 49 Pepeiao T h r u m ' s Hawaiian Annual, 1914: 201-202 The fungus "pepeiao akua" is a Chinese food gathered f r o m decayed limbs and trunks of kukui t r e e . After proper sun-curing it was packed in bales for shipment, mostly for the Orient. Table shows export of fungus declined rapidly in the 1870's and ceased entirely in 1888. Leaf Uses of the Hawaiians T h r u m ' s Hawaiian Annual, 1923: 71-73 Taro leaves were used as s o r t of spinach, while sweet potato leaves of certain age furnished "palula" of native diet. Tilden, Josephine E. Collection of Algae f r o m the Hawaiian Islands Thum's Hawaiian Annual, 1902: 106-113 During s u m m e r of 1900 the author spent three months among the Islands collecting s e v e r a l hundred species of marine and f r e s h water algae. 100 species were identified and listed. T r a n s . Royal Hawaiian Agric. Society, 1850-1853, I(l)-(4); 1854-1856, 11(1)-(3) Meetings of the society were for purpose of promoting and improving agricultural operations and products in the Islands. Numerous r e p o r t s on such topics a s f r u i t t r e e s , coffee, sugar, corn, cattle, and poultry included. Provide valuable picture of agriculture at that period of Hawaiian history. T r o t t e r , F r e d e r i c k E., and I r a V. Hiscock Health and Welfare in Honolulu Amer. J. Public Health, 1930, 20: 589-597 Survey was accomplished for purpose of making recommendations to T e r r i t o r i a l Board of Health for improvement of public health. Some r e f e r e n c e s to dental problems. Statistics given a r e very difficult to analyze.

50 • U H - W E S T E R V E L T University of Hawaii, Household Science Dept. Family Food Budgets: Adequate Diets at Minimum Cost for Different Racial Groups in Hawaii Honolulu: 1933. 5 pp. Tables list suggested family food budgets for adequate Caucasian, Hawaiian, and Japanese diets and approximate quantities needed weekly by typical families. Diets suggested for the Japanese can be made acceptable to most Filipinos and Chinese by minor changes given here. Useem, John Report on Yap and Palau U.S. Commercial Co. Econ. Survey of Micronesia (not numbered), 1946. 124 pp. (Mimeographed) Nutrition on pp. 26-82. Three local foods make up core of regular Yap diet: taro, fish, and coconut. Supplemented occasionally by sweet potato, yam, tapioca; in season by b r e a d f r u i t and Tahitian chestnuts; and on special occasions by pigs and chickens. Author believes present diet to be very high in carbohydrates and deficient in protein, calcium, vitamin C, and vitamin B complex. The higher the r a t e of carbohydrate consumption, the greater the need f o r vitamin B. Author thinks the diet deficit is being intensified by nearly exclusive r e l i ance on limited local foods. Report on Yap, Palau, and the L e s s e r Islands of the Western Carolines U.S. Commercial Co. Econ. Survey of Micronesia 6(1), 1946. 147 pp. (Typed) Concerned p r i m a r i l y with cultural backgrounds of economic problems. P a s t and present native consumption patterns a r e compared, and r e s u l t s of great change that have o c c u r r e d a r e discussed. Native standard of living apparently was much higher during period of Japanese occupation than at time of this study. U.S. Library of Congress, Division of Bibliography Islands of the Pacific: a Selected List of References Washington: 1943. 181 pp.

U H - W E S T E R V E L T • 51 Population and health on pp. 22-24. Japanese Islands (Micronesia) on pp. 148-154. (Available in Army Medical Library, Washington, D.C.) Vinacke, Winifred R., Eva Hartzler, and Yoshinori Tanada Processed Rice in Hawaii: Nutritive Value, Susceptibility to Insect Infestation and Consumer Acceptance as Compared with White and Brown Rice Hawaii Agric. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 10, 1950. 66 pp. The nutritive value of processed rice and factors affecting it are compared with that of brown and white rice. Analyses for moisture, thiamine, niacin, calcium, phosphorus, and iron are given. Six samples of each of the three types of rice used for analyses and storage studies were obtained directly from one mill at the same time. In addition, 23 more samples, representative of rice available to Honolulu consumers, were procured from Honolulu groceries and University of Hawaii cafeteria. 200 Honolulu families, selected as representative of the population, were interviewed before and after using processed rice. Summary gives opinions on flavor, texture, and color as compared to white rice and brown rice. A study of plate waste was made for the three types of rice in Honolulu school cafeterias. 13,062 plates were observed during 48 serving periods. Westervelt, William D. Ancient Hawaiian Farming Thrum's Hawaiian Annual, 1903: 62-67 Author discusses ancient Hawaiian's cultivation of taro and sweet potatoes. Also lists foods such as bananas, yams, sugar cane, and awa root, which were freely used but not cultivated as extensively as taro. Taro was "staff of life" to Hawaii. Pig was chief meat. Legends of Old Honolulu Boston: 1915. 263 pp. Limu (edible fresh water or salt water algae) is undoubtedly one of the ancient foods of the Hawaiians. Although no mention of it is made in writings of early

52 • W E S T E R V E L T - W I S S L E R explorers, its ancient use is indicated by r e f e r e n c e s in a number of old folk tales. Whitney, John Morgan Among the Ancient Hawaiians Dental Cosmos, 1893, 35: 900-906 Description of contemporary dental conditions and food habits of native population. Findings a r e compared with observation made on skulls of ancient Hawaiians of p r e Cook period. Whitney, I eo D., F r a n c i s A.I. Bowers, and Makoto Takahashi Taro Varieties in Hawaii Hawaii Agric. Expt. Sta. Bui. 84, 1S39. 86 pp. Since taro is propagated almost exclusively by vegetative means, each locality has tended to perpetuate its own f o r m s , or "horticultural v a r i e t i e s . " Some of these f o r m s have remained localized; others have spread, and many of them have been given new names. The confusion which has resulted f r o m large number of varieties and synonymous names has made evident the need of taxonomic key for grouping and describing t a r o s in t e r m s of their distinguishing c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . P r e s e n t study includes such a key, based on vegetative c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and descriptions of varieties, with all available information as to origin, distribution, and use. Wilbar, Charles L. Taro and Taro Products Ewa Plantation Health Bui., 1936, 1(2): 3-7 Stature, physique, a n d health of Eawaiians of past generations a r e believed by many scientists to have been due mainly to diet, which consisted largely of poi, fish, and some greens. Poi contains fairly large amounts of vitamins A and B and of calcium and phosphorus. Poi has been included in the diet at Ewa Health Center with satisfactory r e s u l t s . Wilcox, E.V. Three New Industries — Algarroba, Euphorbia Rubber, Kukui Oil

WESTER VELT - WISSLER • 53 T h r u m ' s Hawaiian Annual, 1913: 148-149 The use of algarroba or mesquite beans as a starch food is discussed. Composition is such that it can be used extensively as substitute for rolled barley. Wilder, Gerrit P. Fruits of the Hawaiian Islands Honolulu: Hawaiian Gazette Co., 1911. 274 pp., 121 illus. Botanical descriptions of 121 f r u i t s . The Taro, or Kalo, in Hawaii Extension Division, Univ. Hawaii, 1923. 8 pp. (Mimeographed) For more than a century before discovery of the Islands, Hawaiians had under cultivation some 200 v a r i e ties of wet-land and dry-land taro. Cultivation of r a r e r varieties has gradually decreased year by year, however, and average Hawaiian of today knows little about any varieties excepting those grown for commercial purposes. Reason is that about 1870 the Chinese entered into competition with the Hawaiians and began growing taro on a large scale, always selecting varieties that produced heavily and matured early. Winblad, F r i t s A.S. Dental Survey in the Marshall Islands U.S. Naval Med. Bui., 1944, 43: 1141-1144 Survey of dental conditions of natives on Majuro Island was undertaken in March 1944. How typical of the M a r shallese this group of 260 natives of all ages is, only further investigation will show. Impossible to say whether inferences as to possibility of "band" type of c a r i e s being peculiar to this group of people a r e warranted, but conditions found invite f u r t h e r investigation. Wissler, Clark Growth of Children in Hawaii; Based on Observations by Louis R. Sullivan Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Mem., 1S30, XI(2): 109-257 The Hawaiian Islands, with their heterogeneous r a c i a l

54 • WISSLER - YOSHIDA population, have long been considered ideal place for study of r a c e groups, both pure and mixed. This is anthropometric and somatic survey of Hawaiians and the mixture of r a c e s ; has important bearing upon entire Polynesian problem. Tabular data given for all groups except Filipino, for which group numbers were too small for statistical treatment. Wood-Jones, F r e d e r i c Collection f r o m Lanai, 1621: Data on Skeletal Material in the Bernice P. Bishop Museum Unpublished manuscript. and Robert Leigh Skulls f r o m Guam; Data on Skeletal Material in the Bernice P. Bishop Museum Unpublished manuscript. Yamazaki, Kiyoshi Teeth and Racial Culture Book of collected works, publisher and date unknown. (In Japanese) Yoshida, S. 1943 Statistical Survey of Missing Teeth among the Natives of the Marshall Islands South Sea Science [Kagaku Nanyo], 1943, 5(2): 214-225. (In Japanese)

NOTES

• 55

56 • NOTES

NOTES • 57

58 • NOTES

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60 • NOTES

NOTES • 61

62 • NOTES

SUBJECT INDEX BASAL METABOLISM STUDIES Benedict, F.G., see Miller, C.D. Miller, C.D. BIBLIOGRAPHIES Allied Forces U.S. Library of Congress CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FOOD Abel, M.E., see Miller, C.D. Akau, G., see Payne, J.H. Allen, E.K., see Allen, O.N. Allen, O.N. Anonymous (Composition of Some Chinese Foods) Bartow, M., see Lind, H. Bazore, K., see Miller, C.D. Bilger, L.N. Chung, H.L. Clark, H.E. Deuel, H.J., see

Miller, C.D. Hair, D.B., see Miller, C.D. Hartzler, E., see also Vinacke, W.R. Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station Hawaiian Taro Products Higgins, J.E. Holt, V.S., see Higgins, J.E. Langworthy, C.F. Ley, G.J., see Payne, J.H. Lind, H. Louis, L., see Miller, C.D. Loveland, R.M. Miller, C.D., see also Lind, H. Payne, J.H. Pope, W.T. Potgieter, M. Ripperton, J.C., see also Chung, H.L. Robbins, R.C., see Miller, C.D. Ross, W., see Hartzler, E. Miller, C.D. Russell, N.A., see Ripperton, J.C. Safford, W.E. Tanada, Y., see Vinacke, W.R. Thompson, A.R. Vinacke, W.R. Wilcox, E.V. Willett, E.L., see Hartzler, E. Work, S.H., see

63

64 • SUBJECT INDEX Miller, C.D. Yanazawa, K., see Miller, C.D. Young, H.Y., see Bilger, L.N.

CHEMISTRY OF SOILS, WATER, ETC. Ay res, A.S. Hammond, W.H. Nekomoto, R.S. Tanada, A.F. DENTAL CONDITIONS Anonymous (Teeth) Arago, J.E.V. Becks, H. Chappel, H.G. Crosland, G.N., see Jones, M.R. Enishi, Z. Ferguson, R.A. Free Kindergarten Hartmann, F.W. Hiscock, I.V., see Trotter, F.E. Hooten, E.A. Hrdlicka, A. Jones, M.R., see also Larsen, N.P. Ker, A.J. Kirkpatrick, R.M. Klatell, J.S., see Klatsky, M. Klatsky, M.

Kuwahara, S. Larsen, N.P., see also Jones, M.R. Leigh, R.W. Masaki, T. Matsui, T. Millberry, G.S. Palma, J. Potgieter, M. Price, vV.A. Pritchard, G.P., see Jones, M.R. Larsen, N.P. Pukui, M.K. Restarski, J.S. Sameshima, M., see Enishi, Z. Simmonds, N., see Becks, H. Tanaaa, A.F. Thompson, L. Trotter, F.E. Ward, A.L., see Larsen, N.P. Whitney, J.M. Whitney, L.D. Wilbar, C.L., see Larsen, N.P. Winblad, F.A.S. Wood-Jones, F. Yamazaki, K. Yoshida, S. DIETARY STUDIES Alpert, E. Anonymous (Teeth) (U.S. Trust T e r r i t o r y . . . ) Hartzler, E., see also

SUBJECT INDEX • 65 Ross, W. Vinacke, W.R. Louis, L., see Miller, C.D. Miller, C.D. Potgieter, M. Ross, W. Tanada, Y., see Vinacke, W.R. Vinacke, W.R. Yanazawa, K., see Miller, C.D. DIETS Alvarez, W.C. Anonymous (Teeth) (U.S.Trust Territory. ..) Bartow, M., see Lind, H. Bascom, W.R. Becks, H. Beckwith, M.W., see Green, L.C. Chappel, H.G. Crosland, G.N., see Jones, M.R. Ellis, W. Ferguson, R.A. Gallahue, E.E. Gant, P. A. Green, L.C. Hall, E.T. Handy, E.S.C. Handy, W.C., see Handy, E.S.C. Hartzler, E., see Vinacke, W.R. Hawaii Agricultural

Experiment Station Hawaiian Taro Products Hooten, E.A. Jones, M.R., see also Larsen, N.P. Ker, A.J. Kirkpatrick, R.M. Kramer, A. Larsen, N.P., see also Jones, M.R. Lind, H., see also Miller, C.D. Livermore. K., see Handy, E.S.C. Louis, L., see Miller, C.D. Lyman, R. Malo, D. Mason, L.E. Miller, C.D., see also Lind, H. Palma, J. Pelzer, K.J., see Hall, E.T. Potgieter, M. Price, W.A. Pritchard, G.P., see Jones, M.R. Larsen, N.P. Pukui, M.K., see also Handy, E.S.C. Reed, M. Simmonds, N., see Becks, H. Tanada, Y., see Vinacke, W.R. Thompson, L. University of Hawaii Useem, J. Vinacke, W.R. Ward, A.L., see

66 • SUBJECT INDEX Larsen, N.P. Wilbar, C.L., see also Larsen, N.P. FOODS AND THEIR PREPARATION Akana, A. Akina, J.K., see Akana, A. Anonymous (Composition of Some Chinese Foods) (Taro Processing.. .) (U.S. Trust T e r r i t o r y . . . ) Arago, J.E.V. Bartow, M.,see Lind, H. Bascom, W.R. Bazore, K., see also Miller, C.D. Becks, H. Beckwith, M.W., see Green, L.C. Bloxam, A. Bowers, F.A.I., see Whitney, L.D. Chamorro F a r m e r s Co-op Chung, H.L. Crawford, D.L. Deuel, H.J., see Langworthy, C.F. Edwards, D.W., see Ripperton, J.C. Ellis, W. Embree, J.F. Emerson, O.P. Frazier, W.A. Gallahue, E.E. Gantt, P.A.

Green, L.C. Hall, E.T. Handy, E.S.C. Handy, W.C., see Handy, E.S.C. Hartzler, E., see Vinacke, W.R. Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station Hawaiian Taro Products Higgins, J.E. Hill, W. Hillebrand, W. Holt, V.S., see Higgins, J.E. Hooten, E.A. Jones, M.R. Kaaiakamanu, D.M., see Akana, A. King, J. Krämer, A. Krauss, F.G. Langworthy, C.F. La Perouse, J.F.G. Larsen, N.P., see also Jones, M.R. Lind, H., see also Miller, C.D. Livermore, K., see Handy, E.S.C. Louis, L., see Miller, C.D. Loveland, R.M. Lyman, R. MacCaughey, V. MacMillan, H.G. Malo, D. Marques, A. Mason, L.E. Menzies, A. Miller, C.D., see also

SUBJECT I N D E X • 67 Lind, H. Moltzau, R.H., see Ripper ton, J.C. Pelzer, K.J., see Hall, E.T. Pope, W.T. Potgieter, M. Price, W.A. Pritchard, G.P., see Jones, M.R. Pukui, M.K., see also Handy, E.S.C. Reed, M. Ripperton, J.C., see also Chung, H.L. Ross, W., see Miller, C.D. Russell, N.A., see Ripperton, J.C. Safford, W.E. Simmonds, N., see Becks, H. Stewart, C.S. Takahashi, M., see Whitney, L.D. Tanada, Y., see Vinacke, W.R. Thompson, A.R. Thompson, L. Thrum, T.G. Tilden, J.E. Trans. Royal Hawaiian Agric. Society University of Hawaii

Useem, J. Vinacke, W.R. Weaver, M., see Bazore, K. Westervelt, W.D. Whitney, L.D. Wilbar, C.L. Wilcox, E.V. Wilder, G.P. Yanazawa, K., see Miller, C.D. NUTRITIONAL STATUS Alpert, E. Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station PHYSICAL STATUS Appleton, V.B. Chappel, H.G. Cox, I.M. Dunn, L.C. Enishi, Z. Hooten, E.A. Kroeber, A.L. Sameshima, M., see Enishi, Z. Shapiro, H.L. Sullivan, L.R. Wissler, C. Wood-Jones, F.

AREA INDEX CAROLINE ISLANDS Allied Forces Alpert, E. Anonymous (U.S. Trust Territory. ..) Bascom, W.R. Embree, J.F. Gantt, P.A. Hall, E.T. Kuwahara, S. Lyman, R. MacMillan, H.G. Masaki, T. Matsui, T. Pelzer, K.J., see Hall, E.T. Price, W.A. Ripper ton, J.C. Sullivan, L.R. Useem, J. U.S. Library of Congress Yamazaki, K. HAWAIIAN ISLANDS Abel, M.E., see Miller, C.D. Akana, A. Akau, G., see Payne, J.K. Akina, J.K., see Akana, A. Allen, E.K., see Allen, O.N. Allen, O.N. Allied Forces Alvarez, W.C. Anonymous

68

(Composition of Some Chinese Foods) (Taro Processing...) (Teeth) Appleton, V.B. Ayres, A.S. Bartow, M., see Lind, H. Bazore, K., see also Miller, C.D. Becks, H. Beckwith, M.W., see Green, L.C. Benedict, F. G., see Miller, C.D. Bilger, L.N. Bloxam, A. Bowers, F.A.I., see Whitney, L.D. Chappel, H.G. Chung, H.L. Clark, H.E. Cox, I.M. Crosland, G.N., see Jones, M.R. Deuel, H.J., see Langworthy, C.F. Dunn, L.C. Edwards, D.W., see Ripperton, J.C. Ellis, W. Embree, J.F. Emerson, O.P. Frazier, W.A. Free Kindergarten Green, L.C. Haida, K., see Miller, C.D. Hair, D.B., see Miller, C.D. Hammond, W.H. Handy, E.S.C. Handy,W.C., see Handy, E.S.C. Hartmann, F.W.

AREA INDEX • 69 Hartzler, E., see also Ross, W. Vinacke, W.R. Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station Hawaiian Taro Products Higgins, J.E. Hill, W. Hillebrand, W. Hiscock, I.V., see Trotter, F.E. Holt, V.S., see Higgins, J.E. Hooten, E.A! Hrdlicka, A. Jones, M.R., see also Larsen, N.P. Kaaiakamanu, D.M., see Akana, A. Ker, A.J. King, J. Klatell, J.S., see Klatsky, M. Klatsky, M. Krauss, F.G. Kroeber, A.L. Langworthy, C.F. L a Perouse, J.F.G. Larsen, N.P., see also Jones, M.R. Ley, G.J., see Payne, J.H. Lind, H., see also Miller, C.D. Liver more, K., see Handy, E.S.C. Louis, L., see Miller, C.D. Loveland, R.M. MacCaughey, V. Malo, D. Marques, A. Menzies, A. Millberry, G.S. Miller, C.D., see also

Lind, H. Moltzau, R.H., see Ripper ton, J.C. Nekomoto, R.S. Palma, J. Payne, J.H. Pope, W.T. Potgieter, M. Price, W.A. Pritchard, G.P., see Jones, M.R. Larsen, N.P. Pukui, M.K., see also Handy, E.S.C. Reed, M. Ripper ton, J.C., see also Chung, H.L. Robbins, R.C., see Miller, C.D. Ross, W., see also Hartzler, E. Miller, C.D. Russell, N.A., see Ripperton, J.C. Shapiro, H.L. Simmonds, N., see Becks, H. Stewart, C.S. Sullivan, L.R. Takahashi, M., see Whitney, L.D. Tanada, A.F. Tanada, Y., see Vinacke, W.R. Thompson, A.R. Thrum, T.G. Tilden, J.E. Trans. Royal Hawaiian Agric. Society Trotter, F.E. University of Hawaii Vinacke, W.R.

70 • AREA INDEX Ward, A.L., see Larsen, N.P. Weaver, M., see Bazore, K. Westervelt, W.D. Whitney, J.M. Whitney, L.D. Wilbar, C.L., see also Larsen, N.P. Wilcox, E.V. Wilder, G.P. Willett, E.L., see Hartzler, E. Wissler, C. Wood-Jones, F. Work, S.H., see Miller, C.D. Yanazawa, K., see Miller, C.D. ifoung, H.Y., see Bilger, L.N. MARIANA ISLANDS Allied Forces Alpert, E. Anonymous (U.S. Trust T e r r i t o r y . . . ) Arago, J.E.V. Chamorro F a r m e r s Co-op Embree, J.F. Gallahue, E.E. Gantt, P.A. Klatell, J.S. see Klatsky, M. Klatsky, M. Kuwahara, S. Leigh, R.W. Lyman, R. MacMillan, H.G. Price, W.A. Ripperton, J.C. Safford, W.E.

Sullivan, L.R. Thompson, L. U.S. Library of Congress Wood-Jones, F. Yamazaki, K. MARSHALL ISLANDS Allied Forces Alpert, E. Anonymous (U.S. Trust Territory. ..) Embree, J.F. Enishi, Z. Gantt, P.A. Kuwahara, S. Lyman, R. MacMillan, H.G. Mason, L.E. Price, W.A. Ripperton, J.C. Sameshima, M., see also Enishi, Z. Sullivan, L.R. U.S. Library of Congress Winblad, F.A.S. Yamazaki, K. Yoshida, S. SAMOAN ISLANDS Benedict, F.G., see Miller, C.D. Ferguson, R.A. Handy, E.S.C. Handy, W.C., see Handy, E.S.C. Krämer, A. Miller, C.D. Price, W.A. Restarski, J.S. Sullivan, L.R.