Non-Flint Stone Tools and the Palaeolithic Occupation of the Iberian Peninsula 9780860548362, 9781407349572

Citation preview

Non-Flint Stone Tools and the Palae,olithic Occupation of the Iberian Peninsula Edited by

N. Moloney L. Raposo M. Santonja

BAR International Series 649 1996

Published in 2019 by BAR Publishing, Oxford BAR International Series 649 Non-Flint Stone Tools and the Palaeolithic Occupation of the Iberian Peninsula © The editors and contributors severally and the Publisher 1996 The authors’ moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860548362 paperback ISBN 9781407349572 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860548362 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com BAR Publishing is the trading name of British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd. British Archaeological Reports was first incorporated in 1974 to publish the BAR Series, International and British. In 1992 Hadrian Books Ltd became part of the BAR group. This volume was originally published by Tempvs Reparatvm in conjunction with British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd / Hadrian Books Ltd, the Series principal publisher, in 1996. This present volume is published by BAR Publishing, 2019.

BAR

PUBLISHING BAR titles are available from:

E MAIL P HONE F AX

BAR Publishing 122 Banbury Rd, Oxford, OX2 7BP, UK [email protected] +44 (0)1865 310431 +44 (0)1865 316916 www.barpublishing.com

CONTENTS

L is t o f C on t r ibu to r s F oreword

N . Mo loney

i

T he L owe rP a laeo l i th ic i nS pa in : s i te s , r aw ma te r ia l a nd o ccupa t ion o ft h el a nd

M . S an ton ja

1

R aw ma te r ia l i nt h eP a laeo l i th ic o fC ueva d e l C a s t i l lo a nd i nt h e C an tab r ian r e g ion

F .B erna ldo d e Qu iro s&V . C ab re ra V a ldes

2 1

Ana ly s is o fq uar tz i te s a si mp lemen t b l ank s i n t h e E a r ly P a laeo l i th ic o fA s tu r ia s , Nor the rn S pa in

J .A . R odr iguez A sen s io

3 3

T he u se o fq ua r tz i te i nt h e U ppe rP a laeo l i th ic o fC an tab r ian S pa in

L .G . S t raus

3 7

Q uar tz a nd q uar tz i te i n du s t r ie s i nt h e Uppe r P a laeo l i th ic o fG a l ic ia a nd A s tur ia s : t h e r e la t ion sh ip b e tween morpho s truc tu re , t e chn ica l c ha rac te r is t ics a nd t ypo logy

C . L lana & R . V i l la r

4 3

Mo rphos t ruc tu ra l v a r iab les a nd t h e a na lys is o f t h e ir e f fec to n q ua r tz b l ank c ha rac te r is t ic s

A . Ma r t inez Cor t iza s & C . L lana

4 9

An e t hnog raph ic mode l f o rt h e f l ak ing o f q ua r tz i te a r tefac t s

J .A . C ano P an & J .M . V azquez V a re la

5 5

Non -f l in tr aw m a te r ia ls i nL aR io ja : at e n ta t ive i n terp re ta t ion

P . U tr i l la & C . Mazo

6 3

D if f e ren t ia l u se o ft h e s pace a nd r aw ma ter ia ls a tt h eS i e r ra d eA tapue rca s i te s( Burgo s , S pa in ) : a n a pp roach t os ome e conom ic a nd e co log ica li n fe rence s

M . Mo squera Ma r t inez

8 1

T ypo logy a nd t e chno logy o ft h eA cheu l ian n on -f l in t a s semb lage s i nt h e N o r th -Ea s te rn I be r ian P en in su la

E .C a rbone l l ,R . S a la & A . C aba i ia s

8 9

Two t e chno log ica l s t ra teg ie s i nt h e A cheu l ian a s semb lage s o ft h e N or th -Ea s tern I be r ian P en in su la

R . S a la ,E . C a rbone l l &I .B o j

9 7

T he e f fec to fq ua r tz i te p ebb les o n t h e t e chno logy a nd t ypo logy o f M idd le P le is tocene l i th ic a s semb lages i nt h eI b er ian P en in su la

N . Mo loney

1 07

P ar tI : S pa in

T he r o le a nd a pp ra isa l o fq ua r tz i te a nd o t he rn on f l in t l i th ic ma te r ia ls i nt h e L owe r a nd M idd le P a laeo l i th ic o f V a lenc ia

F e rnandez -Pens & V . V i l lave rde

1 25

E xp lo i ta t ion o f l o ca l r aw m a te r ia l f o r p reh is to r ic t o o ls i nt h e a r ea o fL a Mancha ( Sou ther n Mese ta o f t h e S pan ish C en t ra l P la teau )

A . C iudad S er rano

1 31

I ndus t r ies i nq ua r tz i te a nd t h e b eg inn ing o ft h e u se o ff l in ti nt h e L owe ra nd M idd le P a la eo l i th ic s equence o ft h eB a jo G uada lqu iv ir

E . V a l lesp i &F . D iaz d e l O lmo

1 35

P ar tI : P or tuga l R aw Ma te r ia ls i n t h e L ower P a laeo l i th ic o f P o r tuga l

J . Me ire le s &J .P . C unha -R ibe iro

1 41

T he A cheu l ian o ft h e L is Va l ley

J .P . C unha -R ib e iro

1 47

Qua r tz i te b i face s a nd c l eave r s i nt h eF ina l A cheu l ian a s semb lage o f M i lha rö s ( A lp ia ra , P o r tuga l )

L .R apo so

1 5 1

T he u se o fn on -f l in tr aw ma ter ia ls i n aL a te P a laeo l i th ic a s semb lage f r om G ru ta d o C a lderäo ( Toma r , P o r tuga l )

J .Z i lhäo

1 67

T he r o le o fq ua r tz a nd q ua r tz i te i nt h e Magda len ian o fC abe o d e P o r to Ma r ihno , R io Ma jo r , P or tuga l

N .F .B icho

1 75

R aw ma ter ia l a va i lab i l i ty a nd s t one t oo l t e chno logy : a n e xamp le f r om t he P o r tuguese Meso l i th ic

B .J . V ier ra & IM . A rnaud

1 83

U sewea ra na ly s is o n q ua r tz i te a r tefac t s : a n e xpe r imen ta l a pp roach

J . P . P e re ira

1 89

CONTR IBUTORS

J .M . A rnaud

D epa r tamen to d eA rqueo log ia , I PPAR , P a läc io N ac iona l d aA juda , 1 300 L i sbon , P o r tuga l

F .B e rn a ldo d e Qu i ro s

D epa r tamen to d e P reh i s to r ia , F acu l tad d eF i lo so f i a yL e t ra s , Un ive r s idad d e L eon , 2 4071 L eon , S pa in

N . B icho

Un ive r s idade d oA lga r ve ,C ampu sd eG ambe la s ,8 000 F a ro , P o r tuga l

V . C ab r e r aV a ld6 s

D epa r tamen to d eP reh is to r ia eH is to r ia An t igua , U n ive r s idad N ac iona l d eE ducac ide aD is tanc ia , E d i f ic io d eH uman idades ,S enda d e l R ey s i n ,2 8040 Mad r id , S pa in

I .B o j

F acu l tad d e G eog ra f ia eH is to r ia , U n ive r s i ta t R ov i ra iV i rg i l i , P l ea I mpe r ia lT a r raco 1 ,4 3005 T a r ragona , S pa in

E . C abana s

F acu l tad d e G eog ra f i a eH is to r ia , U n iver s i ta t R ov i ra iV i rg i l i , P laa I mpe r ia l T a r raco 1 ,4 3005 T a r ragona , S pa in

J .A . C ano P an

D epa r tamen to d eH is to r ia 1 ,F acu l tad d e G eog ra f ia eH is to r ia , P l . U n ive r s idad 1 ,1 5703 S an t iago d e C ompo s te la , L a C o ruf ia , S pa in

E . C a rbone l l

F acu l tad d e G eog ra f ia eH is to r ia , U n ive r s i ta t R ov i ra iV i rg i l i , P l ea I mpe r ia l T a r raco 1 ,4 3005 T a r ragona , S pa in

A .C iudad S e r rano

c /A la r co s 2 4 , 1 3002 C iudad R ea l , S pa in

J .P . C unha -R ibe i ro

Un ive r s idade d oM inho , L a rgo d oP a9 3 , 4 709 B raga , P o r tuga l

F .D iaz d e lO lmo

D epa r tamen to d eG eog raf ia F i s ica , F acu l tad d eG eog r af ia eH is to r ia , Un ive r s idad d eS ev i l la ,c / Ma r ia d e P ad i l la s i n , 4 1004 S ev i l la , S pa in

J .F ernandez P er is

H e rmano s V i l la longa 2 5 , 1 4 a , 4 6020 V a lenc ia , S pa in

C . L lana

D epa r tamen to d e H is to r ia 1 ,F acu l tad d e G eog ra f i a eH i s to r ia , P l . U n ive r s idad 1 ,1 5703 S an t iago d e C ompo s te la , L a C o ruf ia , S pa in

A . Ma r t inez Co r t iza s

F acu l tad d e G e -og ra f ia eH i s to r ia , U n ive r s i ta t R ov ira iV i rg i l i , P laa I mpe r ia l T a r raco 1 ,4 3005 T a r ragona , S pa in

C . Mazo

D epa r tamen to d eP reh is to r ia , F acu l tad d e F i lo so f ia yL e t r a s , Un ive r s idad d eZ a ragoza , C / P ed ro C e rbuna 1 2 , 5 0009 Z a ragoza , S pa in

J . Me i r e le s

Un ive r s idade d oM inho , L a rgo d oP ao , 4 709 B raga , P o r tuga l

N . Mo loney

I n s t i tu te o fA rchaeo logy , U n ive r s i ty C o l lege L ondon ,3 1-34 Go rdon S qua re , L ondon WC 1H OPY ,

M . Mo sque ra Ma r t inez

T he McDona ld I n s t i tu te f o rA rchaeo log ica l R e sea rch , D own ing S t ree t , C amb r idge CB2 3 ER , E ng land

J .P . P e r e i ra

R ua A lexand re F e r re i ra 2 2 ,6 ° E sq . , 1 700 L isbon , P o r tuga l

L . R apo so

Mu seu N ac iona l d eA rqueo log ia , P rNa d oI mp6 r io , 1 400 L i sbon , P o r tuga l

A . R od r iguez A sens io

D epa r tamen to d e P reh is to r ia , F acu l tad d eG eog ra f ia eH i s to r ia , Un ive r s idad d eO v iedo ,S pa in

R . S a la

F acu l tad d eG eog r af ia eH is to r ia , U n ive r s i ta t R o v ira iV i rg i l i , P la a I mpe r ia l T a r raco 1 ,4 3005

E ng land

T a r ragona , S pa in M . S an ton ja

Mu seo d e S a lamanca , P a t io d e E scue la s2 ,3 7008 S a lamanca , S pa in

L .G . S t rau s

D epa r tmen to fA n th ropo logy , Un ive r s i ty o fN ew Mex ico , A lbuque rque , NM 6 7131 , U .S .A .

P . U t r i l la

D epa r tamen to d e P reh is to r ia , F acu l tad d e F i lo so f ia yL e t r a s , U n ive r s idad d eZ a ragoza , C l P ed ro C e rbuna 1 2 , 5 0009 Z a ragoza , S pa in

E . V a l lesp i

D epa r tamen to d eP reh is to r ia , F acu l tad d eG eog ra f ia eH is to r ia , Un ive r s idad d e S ev i l la ,c / Ma r ia d e P ad i l la s / n , 4 1004 S ev i l la , S pa in

M .V äzquez V a re la

D epa r tamen to d eH is to r ia 1 ,F acu l tad d e G eog ra f ia eH is to r ia , P l . U n ive r s idad 1 ,1 5703 S an t iago d e C ompo s te la , L a C o ruf ia , S pa in

B . V ie r ra

D epa r tamen to d e A rqueo log ia , I PPAR , P a läc io N ac iona l d a A juda , 1 300 L isbon , P o r tuga l

R . V i l la r

D epa r tamen to d eH is to r ia 1 ,F acu l tad d e G eog ra f ia eH is to r ia , P l . U n ive r s idad 1 ,1 5703 S an t iago d e C ompo s te la , L a C o ruf ia , S pa in

V . V i l lave rde

D epa r tam en to d e P reh is to r ia yA rqueo log ia ,F acu l tad d eG eog ra f ia eH is to r ia , U n ive r s idad d e V a lenc ia , A vd . B lasco I bä t iez 2 8 , 4 60 10 V a lenc ia , S pa in

J .Z i lhäo

A v . d oU rugua i ,n o3 4 , 7 ° B , 1 500 L i sbon , P o r tuga l

FORE WORD

T he c on t r ibu t ion s a re o rdered f o l low ing t he a pp rox ima te g eog raph ic l o ca t ion o ft h e r eg ions a nd s i tes d esc r ibed ( f rom n or th t os ou th ) . T he v o lume b eg in s w i th t h e S pan ish p ape r s a nd c on t inues w i th t he P o r tuguese o ne s . T h is f orma t d oes n o ts i gn ify a ny o rder o fi mpor tance .

T he I be r ian P en in su la i sr i ch i n a r chaeo log ica l s i tes o f a l l p er iod s . However , t h e a n t iqu i ty a nd e x ten t o f i t s c u l tura l h er i tage i sl i t t le k nown i n E ng l ish -speak ing c oun t r ie s . T he P a laeo l i th ic t e nds o n ly t o b e k nown f r om 3 -4 s i tes wh ich h ave b een p ub l ished i nE ng l ish l a nguage j ou rna l s . T he wa l ls o f A l tam ira c ave a re j us t ly f amous f o r t he ir Upper P a laeo l i th ic p a in t ing s , T or ra lba a nd Amb rona a r ea s soc ia ted w i th e l ephan t h un t ing o r s caveng ing b y L owe r P a laeo l i th ic h om in id s , a nd A tapue rca i sr enowned a so ne o ft h e e a r l ies t s i tes i n Wes tern E urope a nd b ecause o f i t s i mp ress ive h om in id d i scover ie s . Howeve r , t h ese s i te s a re i n n o way i s o la ted o ccu r rence si n t he P en insu la , b u t r ep resen t as ma l l s amp le f rom t h e v a s t n umbe r o f s i tes w h ich t e s t ify t o h uman o ccupa t ion f r om a t l e a s t t h e M idd le P le is tocene o nwards . T he re i sp a ten t ly a n eed , t h en , f o r much more i n fo rma t ion a bou t t he I ber ian P a laeo l i th ic t o b e p ub l ished i n E ng l ish . I n t h is way , t h e e x ten t o f t h e P a laeo l i th ic i n S pa in a nd P o r tuga la nd t h e r o le i th a s i nt h e P a laeo l i th ic i n g ene ra l w i l l r e ach aw ide ra ud ience . S uch w a s t h e r e a son ing wh ich mo t iva ted t h e p re sen t v o lume .

Av o lume s uch a s t he p resen t o ne , i nvo lv ing a n umber o f d i f fe ren tc on t r ibu t ions , many o f wh ich r e qu ired t r ans la t ion , c an t ake s ome t ime t o p repa re . Un fo r tuna te ly , t h ere h ave b een a dd i t iona l , u navo idab le d e lays d ur ing t he p repa ra tory s t age so ft h eb ook ,e ach h av ing a c umu la t ive a nd l amen tab le e f fec t o n t he o r ig ina l t ime tab le f or p ub l ica t ion . Mo s t o f t h ep ape r s w e re w r i t ten b e tween 1 989 a nd 1 993 a nd d escr ibe r e search u p t o t ha t t ime b u t , o f c our se , n o t l a ter . Undoub ted ly , t he a u tho r s w i l l b e mo re t h an h appy t o s end i n fo rma t ion a bou t t he ir mo re r ecen t w o rk t o t ho se r e ader s who c on tac t t h em . T he e d i tor s s i nce re ly a po log ize t o t h e c on t r ibu to r s f o rt h e d e lay i np ub l ica t ion a nd t hank t h em f o r t h e ir g rea t p a t ience w ith u s . We wou ld a l so l i ke t o t hank M . S a lvado r f o r h er h e lp i n t he t r an s la t ion o f many o f t h e P or tugue se p aper s . W i thou t h er a ss is tance t he p ub l ica t ion wou ld h ave b een d e layed e ven f ur the r !

T he d aun t ing t a sk o f t r y ing t o c ove r e ve ry a spec t o f t h e P a laeo l i th ic l e d t h e e d i to r s t or e s t r ic t t h e r a nge o f t op ic s t o t hose d ea l ing w ith r aw ma ter ia ls , p a r t icu lar ly t he e xp lo i ta t ion o f n on -f l in t r ock s . P en insu la r S pa in a nd P or tuga l i sa na r ea i n wh ich an umbe ro fr aw ma ter ia ls w ere u sed f o r s t one t oo ls d ur ing t he P a laeo l i th ic a nd i n wh ich c hang ing b ehav iour s t owa rds t h e e xp lo i ta t ion o f d i f feren t r ock sc an b e a s se s sed . A s s uch , i ti sa n i mpor tan t a rea f o r t e s t ing r ecen t h ypo theses r e la t ing t ot h e s i gn if icance o fr aw ma te r ia ls o n s t one t oo l f orm a nd f unc t ion .

No rah Mo loney Augus t 1 996

W i th t h ea bove i nm ind , t h e v o lume w i l l i n t roduce E ng l ish r eader s t ot h e v a r ie ty a nd s cope o f P a laeo l i th ic s t one t oo l r e sea rch t ak ing p lace i n t h e I be r ian P en insu la . The f o l low ing a r t ic les i nform u s n o t o n ly a bou t e ar ly o ccupa t ion i nt h e r e g ion b u t a l so d emon s t ra te t h e d ive r s i ty a nd q ua l i ty o f c u r ren t r e sea rch p ro jec t s . T he c on t r ibu t ion s c ove r a l l p er iod s o f t he P a laeo l i th ic a l though t h ere i s a p redom inance o fL owe ra nd Uppe rP a laeo l i th ic t op ic s wh i le o ne ( V ier ra a nd A rnaud ) c oncerns r aw ma ter ia l i n a P o r tuguese Me so l i th ic s i te . S an ton ja , Me ire les a nd C unha R ibe iro p rov ide a n o verv iew o fr aw ma te r ia l e xp lo i ta t ion i n t h e L ower P a laeo l i th ic o f t he ir r e spec t ive c oun t r ies a nd c ommen t o n t h e p a r t icu la r p rob lems a s soc ia ted w i th p a s t a nd p resen t r e sea rch . Many p ape r s i n t h e v o lume c ove r r eg iona l s t ud ie s , o ther s r e la te t o s pec if ic s i te s , wh i le s ome d e scr ibe c hang ing s t ra teg ies i n t h e u se o f r aw ma ter ia ls . T echno logy , t ypo logy a nd t he ir a ssoc ia t ion w i th r aw ma te r ia l a nd /o r s ubs is tence p a t te rn s a r e a ddres sed i n a n umber o f a r t ic les , a s a re c ur ren t me thodo log ica l a pp roaches t owa rd s l i th ic a nd u sewea ra na ly se s .

1

THE LO WER PALAEOL ITH IC I N S PA IN : S ITES , RA W M ATERIAL AND OCCUPAT ION OF THE LAND

1 983 ) . C ave s i te s a r e r e s t r ic ted t o t he l ower l eve ls o f E l C as t i l lo ( Can tabr ia ) , a nd p erhap s , i n l i gh t o f ar ecen t a b so lu te d a te , t ot h e f i r s to ccupa t ion o f L eze tx ik i c ave ( f ig . 2 ) .

M .S an ton ja . Mu seum o fS a lamanca ,S a lamanca

A s yn thes is o f t he r eg iona l p reh is tory o f Ga l ic ia , u nde r taken b y t h e I n s t i tu te o f E s tud ios Ga lego s i n 1 979 , r epo r ted at o ta l o f 1 4 1 s i tes u nequa l ly d i s tr ibu ted i n t he p rov inces o f C o ruf ia ( 3 ) , L ugo ( 7 ) , O rense ( 56 ) a nd P on teved ra ( 75 ) . O n ly t ho se a l ong t h e b ank s o f t he M if io b e tween Mondo i iedo a nd t h e mou th o f t h e T uy , s ome t ime s a s soc ia ted w i th t h e l owe r t e r races o f t h e r i ver , a nd i n t h e r i ver s a round P on teved ra , h ave s ome s ub s tance . T he r e s t c ons is t o f i s o la ted , o u t -o f -con tex t , o f ten p o s t -Pa laeo l ith ic f i nd s ( Cano 1 991 ) . B ud if io , s ub jec to f v a r ious e xcava t ion s , a nd P o r taved ra a re t h e mo s t p rom inen t s i tes . A lthough h und red so f l i th ic a r te fac t s w ere r e covered i n s t ra t ig raph ic p o s i t ion a tP on taved ra , t he g eo logy h a s n o t b een s t ud ied . T h is i ndus try s ha res t ypo log ica l a nd t e chn ica l p a ra l le ls w i th B ud if io ( V ida l p e r s . c omm . ) . Qua r tz i te s a nd q uar tz , a nd i n s ome a rea s o ccas iona l f l in t , c ha lcedony a nd l ime s tone s a r e t h e mo s t c ommon r aw ma te r ia ls i n t hese l oca t ions .

I ntroduct ion I n teres t i n t h e P a laeo l i th ic b egan e a r ly b o th i n S pa in a nd P o r tuga l . C . De P rado , E . D e V erneu i l a nd L . L a r te t d i scove red t h e f i r s t l i th ic i ndus tr ies a tS an I s id ro , Madr id b efore 1 850 . S ys tema t ic s t udy was i n i t ia ted i n 1 915 b y Oberma ie r ( who moved t o Madr id d u r ing t he F i r s t Wor ld Wa r ) ,P e rez d e Ba r radas a nd Wer n e r t . I t wa s i n ter rup ted b y t h e C iv i l Wa r ( 1936 -1939 ) a nd s ub sequen t ly l a p sed . W i th t h e e xcep t ion o ft he Manzana res , t h e p ano rama o u t l ined f o r t h er e s to ft h e c oun try b y Oberma ie rb e tween 1 916 a nd 1 925 r ema ined i n e ffec t u n t i l t he b eg inn ing o f t he s i x t ies ( Oberma ie r 1 916 , 1 924 ; A lmagro B a sch 1 954 ) , when work b egan i nT o r ra lba ( Howe l l ) , B ud if io ( Agu ir re ) a nd P inedo (Ma r t in A guado ) , p e rhap s mo t iva ted b y t h e V th I .N .Q .U .A . c onfe rence i nS pa in i n1 957 .

T he s i te o fL a s Gända ra s d e B ud if io ( V ida l 1 981 , 1 982 ) wa s e xcava ted i nt h ree s t ages : b y Agu ir re ( 1961) , b y V ida l a nd T ex ie r ( 1980 -82 ) , a nd b y C erque iro a nd L öpez F e lpe ta i n 1 991 a nd 1 992 when t he s i te wa s t h rea tened b y t he e n la rgemen t o f an earby r oad . R esu lts o f t h is l a s t e xcava t ion a r ea sy e tu nknown .

R esea rch , w h ich i ncrea sed i n t he s even t ies , h ad b egun i n S pan ish U n ivers i t ies s ho r t ly b efo re t h e e nd o f t h e F ranco d i c ta to r sh ip when c on tac ts w ith E u ropean r e sea rch c en t re s w ere n o rma l ised . I tc o inc ided w i th i mp roved e conom ic a nd a dm in is t ra t ive o ppo r tun it ies wh ich p rov ided s uf f ic ien t f unds t ou nder take t h e s t udy o f s i tes s uch a s P ined° , S o lana d e l Z ambo r ino , E l A cu ladero , L a Maya a nd A r ido s . O ther p ro jec t s ( A tapuerca , B ud i f io a ga in , A r r iaga a nd o ther l oca l i t ies i nt he Manzana res , Ba f iugue s , B o lomo r , C ues ta d e l aB a jada ,S an Qu irce ... ) ,a nd s y s tema t ic s t ud ie s ( Sa r ta le jo , P orzuna , t he Guada lqu iv ir t e r races , t he Guad iz -Baza Depress ion . . . ) wh ich d eve loped s ubsequen t ly , h ave c on t r ibu ted t o t he p resen t l e ve l o f i n forma t ion s umma r ised i nt h ef o l low ing p ages . We w i l l c oncen t ra te o n t h e n a tu re o ft he s i te s , t he e nv ironmen t i n wh ich t hey a r e l o ca ted , t h e r epresen ta t ive n a ture o f t he ir i ndus tr ies a nd t he r aw ma ter ia ls e xp lo i ted .

T he s t ra t igraphy o f B ud i t io ( Tex ie r 1 984 ) b eg ins w ith f l uv ia l d epo s i t s , p o s s ib ly o f l a te M idd le P le is tocene o r ig in , d epo s i ted d u r ing ac o ld ,d ry c l ima te a nd c o r re la ted w i th t he l owe rm idd le t e r race so ft h e L ou ra , at r ibu ta ry o ft h e n ea rby M if io r i ve r . T he i ndu s t ry i n t h ese d epo s i t s i se xc lus ive ly A cheu l ian . Two c o l luv ia l l eve ls d eve loped a bove t hese d epo s i t s , t h e l ower w i th a M idd le P a laeo l i th ic i ndus t ry i n p r ima ry p os it ion . B o th l eve ls c on ta ined a p ar t ia l ly d i s tu rbed , h e terogeneous i ndus t ry o r ig ina t ing f rom t he l owe r f l uv ia l l e ve ls . Two C 14 d a tes ( 1 -2174 a nd 1 2175 ) f o r t h e c o l luv ia l l e ve ls g ave 2 6 ,700 + 3600 / -2500 BP a nd 1 800 ± 300 BP ( Bu tze r 1 967 ) . When c ons idered w ith r e fe rence t ot h e A cheu l ian i ndu s t ry , t h e p os s ib i l i ty a r ises o f aL owe rP a laeo l i th ic i n Ga l ic ia b e ing p laced w e l l i n to t he Uppe rP l e is tocene ( F reeman 1 975 , 7 33 n o te ) . A s t h e wo rk o f V ida l a nd T ex ier h a s s hown , t he C 14 d a tes r e la te t o c o l luv ia l d epo s i t s wh ich a re l a ter t han t h e f l uv ia l l e ve ls c on ta in ing t h e Acheu l ian i ndu s t ry . They c anno t s t r ic t ly r e la te t o ap oss ib le Mous ter ian i ndus t ry o f t he l ower c o l luv ion ( Locus V o f V ida l 's e xcava t ion ) a s t hey c o r respond t o as ec to r o f t he c o l luv ion i n wh ich t he i ndu s t ry i si ns e conda ry p o s i t ion .

Know ledge a t p resen t We w i l l c ons ider t he f o l low ing g eograph ic u n its o f p en insu la rS pa in ( f ig . 1 .b a sed o n L au ten sach , 1 967 ) a nd t h e s ign if ican t e nv ironmen ta l c harac ter is t ics o f t he p er iod u nde rs t udy : ( 1 ) G a l ic ia a nd t h eC an tab r ian l i t to ra l ; ( 2 ) t h e n or thern S ubmese ta a nd t he I ber ian Cord i l lera ; ( 3 ) t he s ou the rn S ubmese ta wh ich i n c lude st h e S pan ish b a s ins o ft he T agu sa nd t he Guad iana ,s epa ra ted b y t he Mon tes d e T o ledo , L a Mancha a nd t h e n o r thern s pu r o f t h e S ie r ra Mo rena ; ( 4 ) t he E b ro b a s in a nd t he P yrenean z one ; ( 5 ) t he e a s tern Med i te r ranean l i t to ra l ; a nd ( 6 ) A nda luc ia a nd t h e S egura Va l ley .

P rob lems w i th t he B ud if io c o l lec t ions , a r is ing f rom t he 1 967 e xcava t ions ( Echa ide 1 971) a nd t he s e lec t ive c o l lec t ion b y l o ca l a ma teur s ( V ida l 1 983 ) , a l low o n ly t he b a s ic a spec t s o f t h e B ud if io l i th ic i ndus try t o b e k nown . E cha ide a nd V ida l c on s ider t he i ndus try , made f r om l o ca l q ua r tz a nd q uar tz ite p ebb les p oss ib ly o r ig ina t ing i n t he n earby L ouro t e rraces , t o h ave L a te Acheu l ian c ha rac ter is t ic s . A l though t he e xp lo i ta t ion o f q uar tz a nd q ua r tz i te i ss im i lar when t he a ssemb lage a s a who le i s c ons idered , t h e e xp lo i ta t ion o f q uar tz i te f or b i face manu fac tu re i n c rease s s i gn if ican t ly ,7 9% o ft h e 1 967 s e r ies . I n t h is s ame c o l lec t ion , b i face s e xceed f l ake c l eave r s i n a p ropor t ion o f3 : 1 a l though t h e p ropo r t ion i sr e ver sed i nt h e

Ga l ic ia a nd t he Can tabr ian l i t tora l I n c on tras t t o t he p rofus ion o f M idd le a nd Upper P a laeo l i th ic s i te s f ound i nA s tur ian , C an tab r ian a nd B a sque c aves , t h e mos t i mpor tan t A cheu l ian s i tes a re o pen a i r o ccu r rences . T he n ume rou ss i te sa t tr ibu ted i n t h e l i te ra tu re t o t h e L ower P a laeo l i th ic i n s ome p a r ts o f t he r eg ion ( s ou ther n Ga l ic ia , A s tur ia s ) h ave b een s i gn if ican t ly r educed i n mo re r ecen t r ev iews ( Cano 1 991; Rodr iguez A sens io 1

M . S an ton ja s amp le f r om t h e l a ter s u rveys , i n p r inc ipa l mo re s e lec t ive a nd t herefore l e ss r ep re sen ta t ive . Wh i le t h is macro a ssemb lage o f ten h as a n e l emen ta ry a spec t -p a r t ia l ly wo rked ,l a rge r emova ls a nd l a rge a r ea so f c o r tex -o ne f i nds a r epe t i t ion o f r egu la r ly s haped p ieces a nd p i ece s d emons t ra t ing a more c omp lex t e chn ica l c oncep t ion ; f o r e xamp le ac l eave ro n ak ombewa f l ake ( f ig .3 . 1) a nd a no the r , s im i la rt oo ne f ound a tP o r taved ra ( f ig . 3 .2 ) , o n af l ake f u l ly p reformed o n t he c o re a nd r equ ir ing n o f ur ther mod if ica t ion .

p i ercer s , b acked k n ives a nd t r unca ted f l akes ) i s p oor ly r epresen ted , b u t d en t icu la tes a re a bundan t i n l e ve l 2 5b a l though n o ti n2 5a . T he re a re o n ly 1 27 p ieces i nt h e l owe r l e ve l , 1 3 o f wh ich a re t oo ls : ap a r t ia l b i face , t wo p ebb le t oo ls a nd 1 0 r e touched f l akes . T he f auna l r ema ins a re i n suf f ic ien t t op l ace t h e i ndus try i nt h e M idd le P le is tocene . Ad a te f r om t h e l ower l e ve ls o f L eze tx ik i c ave i nd ica tes M idd le P le is tocene o ccupa t ion ( c f . B .S .P .F . 1 989 , 1 0 1 2 :340 ) b u tn oo the rd a te s a re k nown . The Nor thern S ubmese ta a nd t he I ber ian S ys tem

A long t h e C an tabr ian l i t to ra l , b e tween L ugo a nd S an tander , as urface o f p o lygene t ic o r ig in , t h e r asa , h a s d eve loped . I ndus tr ies , g enera l ly f ew i n n umber b u t s ome i n s t ra t ig raph ic p os i t ion , h ave b een l o ca ted a t v ar ious p o in ts . T hese h ave s im i la r t e chno log ica l a nd t ypo log ica l f ea tures : made f r om q ua r tz i te , w i th c l eave r s a nd r egu la r ly s haped p a r t ia l b i faces s how ing s o f t h ammer r e touch a nd h av ing a c lea r L eva l lo is c omponen t i nd ica t ing a L a te A cheu l ian h o r izon ( Rodr iguez A sen s io 1 983 ) . A l im i ted s urface e xcava t ion a t t h e mo s t i mpo r tan t l o ca l i ty o f B ar iugues o n t h ec oa s to fC abo d eP er ia sh a s p rov ided i n forma t ion o n t h is g roup o fs i te s . T he i ndus t ry o f B ar iugues c ame f r om ab recch ia ted l e ve l o f c o l luv ia l o r ig in , o ver la in b y f i ne d epo s i t s o f l a te ra l o r ig in a nd o ther mar ine f a c ies , i nw h ich n o f auna w a s p re se rved . The l i th ic a ssemb lage , m a in ly i n q ua r tz i te , c ons is t s o f r egu la r ly s haped c l eaver s a nd b i faces ( i nc lud ing s ome l anceo la te b i faces r e touched w i th a s of t h ammer ) , f l ake t oo ls w i th c on t inuous r e touch a nd L eva l lo is p roduc t s . T he o r ig in o f t h e a s semb lage -as ma l l p a r t wh ich c omes f r om e xcava t ion a nd a l a rge r p ar t f r om v a r ious , p a r t ia l ly s e lec t ive , s u r face c o l lec t ion s -d im in ishe s t h e v a lue o f u s ing e xac t p ercen tages t o d e te rm ine t he mos t s i gn if ican t e l emen t s . I n g enera l , h oweve r , t h e re a r e s im i lar i t ies w i th t h eo the rs i tes d i spe r sed a l ong t h er a sa . F ur the r e v idence o f M idd le P le is tocene h uman o ccupa t ion i n t h e r e g ion i ss can ty . Ac oncen t ra t ion o f l o ca l i t ies w i th s im i la r c ha rac te r is t ics t ot h o se m en t ioned a bove , a r e f ound i nt h ec en t ra l N a lön r i ve r a r ea a nd i t s t r ibu ta r ies , t h e No ra a nd No rer ia . Two s i tes h ave b een p a r t ia l ly e xcava ted : L lagü , a s soc ia ted w ith ' ma rshy d epos i ts wh ich may c or re spond t o as i te b y as ea sona l p ond ( Rodr iguez A sens io 1 983 ,7 8 -85 ) ,a nd P a r ede s ,i n am idd le t e r race ( +15m ) o f t h e No ra , wh ich ,l a ck ing a ny p rog r es s ive c ha rac te r is t ic s , may b e e ar l ier a nd r ep resen t ap ha se o f ad eve loped A cheu l ian ( Rodr iguez A sen s io 1 983 , 9 0 f ) . F inds i n C an tab r ia , i n S an tande r B ay a nd a round A l tam ira ( Säez Mar t in 1 956 , Gonzä lez E chega ray 1 958 ) may b e f r om t h e s ame h o r izon a nd ,i ft h er e fe rences f r om B ud if io a nd B af iugue s ( Rogr iguez a nd fo r 1 980 ) a r e s i gn if ican t , c ou ld s ugges t af i na l M idd le P le is tocene o ccupa t ion a l ong t h e n o r thern c oa s ta l f r inge , p os s ib ly f r om t h e n or th o f P o r tuga l . T he o n ly e v idence o fA cheu l ian c ave o ccupa t ion i nt h er eg ion c omes f r om t he l owe r l e ve ls o f E l C as t i l lo ( Oberma ier 1 916 , C ab re ra 1 984 , 1 09 -139 ) . T he A cheu l ian l e ve ls ( 24 , 2 5a , 2 5b , a nd 2 6 ) l i e b enea th t h e Mous ter ian l e ve ls , a l though C ab rera f ee ls t ha t t he f l ake t oo ls i n l e ve l 2 4 wou ld n o t b e o u t o f p lace i n aMou s te r ian c on tex t . I n t h e o ther t h ree l e ve ls t h ere a r e af ew p e rhap ss i gn if ican t b i faces , many o f w h ich a re a typ ica l , t h ick a nd i r regu la r i n s hape , made f r om q ua r tz i te a nd l imes tone p ebb les . Among t h e s ma l l t o o ls , wh ich a re i n f l in t , t h e s c raper i ndex i sr a ther h igh , B o rde s Upper P a laeo l i th ic g roup ( e nd s c rape r s , b ur in s ,

S i tes w i th A cheu l ian i ndus tr ies a re r e la t ive ly a bundan t i n t he f l uv ia l e nv ironmen ts o f t he w es tern h a lf o f t he No r thern S ubmese ta , w es t o f t he T rabanco s -P isue rga a x is . T hey a re , h owever , s t r ic t ly s urface a nd w ithou t f auna l r ema ins . T here a re f ewer f i nds i n t h e e a s te r n z one , i nb o th t h e Due ro V a l ley a nd t he I ber ian C o rd i l lera , a l though i ti s p rec ise ly i nt h is s ec to r t ha t t h e i mpo r tan t s i tes o f T or ra lba , Amb rona ,A tapuerca a nd C ues ta d el aB a jada a re l o ca ted . L i th ic i ndu s t r ies , manufac tu red p r ima r i ly f rom q ua r tz i te p ebb les , h ave b een f ound i n t he m idd le a nd o n t h e u pper t e r race s , i n c lud ing h igh n eogene s u r face s o f p rac t ica l ly a l l t he l a rge w es tern r i vers . S i te d is tr ibu t ion i n t h e a rea r ef lec ts , t o as ome e x ten t , a s i td oes e l sewhere i n t h e P en insu la , t h e v a ry ing i n ten s i ty o f s u rvey s u nde r taken . I t s hows a g ene ra l ised o ccupa t ion w i th d i f fe rences r e la t ed n o d oub t t o a cc iden ts o f g eography , a nd i d en t if iab le o n ly i n p reserved P le is tocene f o rma t ions . A p re ference f o r a r eas a round t h ec on f luence o fr i ve r si ss ugge s ted , a si s ad i sp e r sa l o f f i nds c lose t o t he s ource o f sma l l s t reams - m inor t r ibu ta r ies -i nd ica t ing t he i mpor tan t r o le o f t h e m inor f l uv ia l n e two rk s i nt he o rgan isa t ion o f t h e d i sp lacemen t s o f h uman g roups i nt h e M idd le P le is tocene ( San ton ja 1 992 ) . T he l a ck o fa b so lu te d a te s a nd p a laeon to log ica l r e ferences r educes c hrono log ica l p oss ib i l it ies t o ar e la t ive s ca le , i nd ica ted b y f l uv ia l morpho s tra t igraph ic s equences ( Pe rez Gonza lez 1 982 ) whose v a l id i ty i s , i n p r inc ipa l s t r ic t ly l oca l , a l though t h ey c an i nd ica te s ome b a s ic c r i ter ia o f g rea te r s i gn if icance . The h ydrograph ic n e twork o f t h e i n ter io r o f t h e P en insu la r , e s tab l ished a tt h e b eg inn ing o f t h e P le is tocene w i th l a te P l iocene s ur face s o ft h e i r ar i a ' t ype ( Agu irre e t a l . 1 976 ; P erez Gonza lez 1 979 ) , d eve loped t h roughou t t he P le is tocene . S pec if ic l o ca l c ond i t ions ( l itho log ica l , t ec ton ic) c rea ted d ifferences i n t he d eve lopmen to fs equences ( P erez Gonzä lez 1 982 ) . A ssemb lage s i n s t ra t igraph ic p o s i t ion a r e k nown f rom t h e T era ,P i sue rga a nd T ormes r i ve r s . I so la ted f i nd sa nd s ma l le r s e r ie s , a l so i n s t ra t ig raph ic p o s i t ion , a re s i tua ted a long t h e O rb igo , Agueda a nd T rabancos , wh i le t h e mo re n umerou s a nd o f ten e x tens ive s ur face s i tes e x tend i n to o ther v a l ley s ( San ton ja & V i l la 1 990 ; S an ton ja i np ress ) . R ecen t wo rk b y C a s te l lanos h a s r e vea led l i th ic i ndus t r ies i n f o rma t ion so ft h eB ernesga , P o rma a nd O rb igo r i ver s a round t h ec i ty o fL eon , a sw e l l a sl e s se rf i nds i nt h eT o r io a nd E s la . L i th ic c oncen t ra t ions h ave f e en f ound o n m ed ium a nd h i gh t e r races , b u t n eve r i n t he l ower , a nd r a re ly i ns t ra t igraph ic p os i t ion e xcep t i n am idd le t e r race ( +35 /40m ) o f t h e O rb igo . T he i ndus t r ies a re i n q ua r tz i te , w i th s imp le , l i t t le e xp lo i ted c o res , af ew d i sco ida l a nd f ewer L eva l lo is c o res . S t r ik ing p la tfo rms o n f l akes t e nd t o b e p la in o r c o r t ica l , r a re ly d ihed ra l a nd a lmo s t n ever f a ce ted . S c rape r s d om ina t e t h e s ma l l t oo ls , b u t a t t imes s ome p oor ly d ef ined Uppe r

M . S an ton ja

P a laeo l i th ic t yp e s s uch a se nd s c rape r s a r e p resen t . B iface s a r e a lmos t a lways t h ick a nd t end t o h ave a p o in ted t i p ( amygda lo id s a nd a f ew l a nceo la te s ) i n c on t ra s t t o t ho se wh ich a re r ounded o r e l l ip t ica l i n s hape . B ifaces e xceed c l eaver s w h ich a r e a lways T ix ier 's s imp le t ypes made o n c o r t ica l o r p l a in f l ake s ( T ix ie r 1 956 ) .

i ndu s try c anno tb ed ef ined f r om t h e f ew p i ece s f ound i nT 6 a nd T 7 . A s e r ies i n q uar tz ite w i th b i faces , t r ihedra ls , c l eaver s t h e o dd f l in t b i face wa s f ound a t C an terac , i n T4 ( +30m ) . S im i la r Acheu l ian a r tefac t s w ere f ound i n T5 ( +40m ) a nd T 3 ( +20m ) . P rogress ive c ha rac ter is t ics a r e e v iden t i n t he s amp le f r om T 2 ( +10m ) ( f la t b i faces , L eva l lo is t e chn ique ) wh ich may r eg is ter q ua l ita t ive d i f ference s w i th t h e a s semb lage s i nt h e e a r l ie rt e r races .

T o t he e a s to fL eon w here t h e P isuerga f l ows b eyond t he s pur s o f t h e C an tabr ian C o rd i l lera , s y s tema t ic a nd i n tense s u rveys h ave b een u nde r taken i n a6 0 I cm s ec t ion , c ove r ing a n a rea o f 2 500km o f t he V a l ley b e tween C a l lon d e L a Ho radada a nd A s tud i l lo . Twen ty f i ve s u r face f i nds o f A cheu l ian i n du s t r ie s h ave b een i d en t if ied p lu s o ne l oca l i ty i ns t ra t ig raph ic p o s i t ion , S an Q u irce . A l l s i te sa r e l o ca ted i n t h et e r race so ft h eP i sue rga w h ich , i nt h is s ec to r , c ons is t s o f e igh t l eve ls b e tween + 2m ( T8 ) a nd + 125 /130m ( Ti) ( Arna iz 1 990 ) .

F inds a r er a re ri nt he f orma t ion s o f t h e Due ro . Mode ra te ly r epre sen ta t ive a s semb lages a re k nown f r om t h e + 18 /22m t e r race a tt h e c onf luence o ft h eT rabanco s . S ome p i eces a r e i n s t ra t igraph ic p os it ion wh i le o thers a re i so la ted o ccur rence so f ten o nt h em ed ium -h igh t e r races ( +80m ) a s i n t he T ora a nd a t t he mou th o f t he V a lde raduey . T hese c ons t i tu te t he o ldes t e v idence o f h uman o ccupa t ion o f t h e Due ro b a s in s o f a r f ound , p robab ly d a t ing t o t he e ar ly M idd le P le is tocene .

A s i nL eon , t h ef a ir ly mono tonou sa nd e l emen ta ry q ua r tz i te i ndus t ry i n u ns tra t if ied s i tes i ss ca t tered t h roughou t t he m idd le a nd h i gh t e r races . F rom at e chno log ica l p e r spec t ive L eva l lo is i sv i r tua l ly n on -ex is ten t a nd d ihed ra l a nd f a ce ted i nd ice s a r e v e ry l ow . A s o f ten o ccu r s w i th s ur face s e r ie s , t h e f l ake t oo l e l emen t i sl e ss w e l l r ep resen ted t han t he b i fac ia l . B ifaces a r e mos t a bundan t a l though c l eaver s a re l e ss c ommon t han i n o ther a rea s o f t he Mese ta , a nd t r ihed ra ls a r e r a re .

A lmos t n o L ower P a laeo l ith ic s i tes a re k nown i n t he M idd le Douro b a s in e a s t o f t h e T rabanco s i n S egov ia a nd S or ia p rov inces , n or i n Guada la ja r i n t h e T agus b a s in . However , i nd ica t ions a t t he b ounda ry o f t hese t h ree p rov ince s , a nd t h e n ea rby s i tes o f T or ra lba a nd Amb rona s ugges t t h a t t he re may b e o the r w e l l p reserved s i tes i n t h e r eg ion . I nc on t ra s t , t here a re a bundan t P a laeo l i th ic i ndus t r ies w i th b i faces a nd c l eaver s i n t he w es tern v a l leys b e tween t he T rabanco s a nd Agueda r i ver s . E a s t o f t h e T ormes r i ver , where s urveys h ave b een f a r l e ss i n tens ive , t he f ew f i nd s po t s t e nd t o b e i n t h e m idd le o f t h e Me se ta , o r i n s ma l l v a l ley s w i th s em i -permanen t r i ver b eds . L a rger s i tes h ave b een f ound i n t h e Torme s , Hueb ra , Y e l tes a nd Agueda i n t ho se a r ea s o f t h e m idd le r e ache s o f t h e r i ver s wh ich h ave b een mo re i n tense ly s u rveyed .

S an Qu irce d e l R io P i suerga i sl o ca ted i n ar e la t ive ly h igh p o s i t ion i nt h e l o ca l t e r race s equence ( T5 , + 50m ) i nd ica t ing aM idd le P l e is tocene a ge . T he r ema ins , i n l ow e nergy d epo s i t s ,a r ei n tegra ted i n as ed imen ta ry s e r ie s a ccumu la ted i na na nc ien tr i ve rm eande r . N of auna wa s p rese rved b u t t h e l i th ic i ndus try i s a bundan t i n t h e t wo s ec to rs s o f ar e xcava ted : 7 59 p i ece s i n 2 4m ( S I ) a nd 2 464 i n o n ly 5m ( S I I ) . Ap o ss ib le c ombu s t ion a r ea , as ub -c ircu la r p i t 2 0 cm i nd iame te ra nd 7 cm d eep f i l led w i th a shes ,w a sf ound i nt h e f i r s t a r ea . T he i ndu s try , i nl o ca l q ua r tz i te a nd q uar tz , i sn o t t e chno log ica l ly c omp lex , w i th n o L eva l lo is p i ece s a l though t h e re a r ed i sco ida lc o r e s . T he r ea r e an umbe ro f p ebb le t oo ls b u t r e touched p iece sa r e u ncommon , a bou t 6% i n b o th l o c i ( den t icu la tes , s c rape r s , a n e nd s c rape r , p i ece s w ith a brup t r e touch , ab u r in ...) .

D e ta i led s t ud ies o f t e r race s equences h ave b een c omp le ted f or o n ly s ome p ar ts o f t he T ormes ( San ton ja & P erez Gonzä lez 1 984 ) . T he p rof i le o f V i l lagonza lo , u ps t ream f r om S a lamanca , r evea led t e n l e ve ls w i th r e la t ive h e igh ts o f + 8m , + 12m , + 18 /20m , + 30 /34m , + 42 /44m , + 50 /54m , + 62 /64m , + 78 /80m , + 108m , a nd + 120m , a s w e l l a s t wo l ow land s ub l e ve ls a t + 1 /3m a nd + 3 /5m . L i th ic a r tefac ts h ave b een f ound i nn ea r ly a l l l e ve ls , a l though a t t imes w i th c l ea r d i f ferences r e la t ing t o n umber a nd s t ra t igraph ic p o s i t ion . T hese a r e r ev iewed b e low :

T h ree a r ea sw i th l o ca t ion sc an b ed e f ined i nt h ec en t re o f t h e Nor the rn S ubme se ta . T he f i r s t i si nt h e r eg ion o f Z amo ra w i th s i tes o n t h e t e rraces o f t he E s la a nd i t s ma in t r ibu ta r ies , a nd o n t h e V a lde raduey a nd S equ i l lo . T he s econd i sa ssoc ia ted w i th t h e P i suerga u ps t ream f r om Va l lado l id , a nd t h e t h ird c on s is t s o f af ew i n d ica t ions o n t he t e r race s o ft h eD ue ro .

1 . S ur face a ccumu la t ions o fv a r ied i mpo r tance f ound o n a l l t e r races , i n c lud ing t he h ighe s t . A ccumu la t ion s r ange f rom s er ies o f h undreds o f p i eces t o t ho se w i th a f ew . T hese a r tefac t s s how n o s i gn s o ff l uv ia l t r anspo r t , a l though s ome h ave ah eavy a eo l ian p a t ina . I ns uch c a ses , t h e t opograph ic p os i t ion l a ck s a ny c hrono log ica l s i gn if icance e xcep t t o i nd ica te t h a tt he p i eces i nq ues t ion a r e l a te rt h an t h e l e ve l o n wh ich t h ey l i e .

T he Z amo ra s i tes a r ed i s tr ibu ted ma in ly a l ong t h e s ur face o f t h e m ed ium t e r races o f t h e E s la ( San C eb r ian d e C a s t ro , O rb igo , V i l lab räza ro a nd B enaven te ) ; t h e T era , b e tween C ama rzana d e T era a nd T re toc ino ; t he V a lderaduey ( V i l la lpando , Monfa r rac ino s ) , a nd t h e S equ i l lo ( Be lve r d e l o s Mon t es ) . I ndu s t r ie s i ns t ra t ig raph ic p o s i t ion h ave b een i d en t if ied o n ly i nt h e t wo s ucce ss ive m idd le t e r races o f t h e T era , + 30 /35m a nd + 16 /20m , a nd a s ma l l s e r ies w i th L a te A cheu l ian t ype a r te fac t s p o s td a t ing t h ese t e r races .

2 . S ur face a ccumu la t ions o n m idd le t e r races w i th c l ear i nd ica t ions o f f l uv ia l r o l l ing . S ome a re i n s t ra t igraph ic p o s i t ion ( e .g . L a Maya I a nd L a Maya I I among o thers ) , a l low ing o ne t o s ugges t a t l eas t a d egree o f c on tempo rane i ty b e tween t h e i n dus try a nd f l uv ia l d epo s i t .

T he d ens i ty o f q ua r tz i te A cheu l ian i ndus t r ies o n t he P i sue rga t e r races t ot h e n o r th o fV a l lado l id i sa l so n o tab le . C lo se t oV a l lado l id , as equence o fe i gh t s t epped t e r race s h a s b een d e f ined f r om T 8 a t+ 120m , t oT I a t+ 5m , w i th l i th ic a r tefac t s i n a l l e xcep t t h e l owe s t a nd t h e u ppermo s t . T he

3 . A ccumu la t ions w ith many p ieces i n s t ra t igraph ic p os it ion , f or e xamp le l e ve ls + 22 /24m ( La E rm ita ) , + 12 /14m a nd + 8m ( La Maya I , Vi lagonza lo ) . G rave l q uar r ies , o f ten l oca ted o n t h e l ower , l a rger a nd mo re 3

M . S an ton ja A l though t here a re f ew s i tes i n t h e e as tern p ar t o f t he Mese ta o ft h e S is tema I b er ico ( San ton ja i np re s s ) , s ome a re p a r t icu la r ly i mpo r tan t a nd b e t te r p re se rved t han mos t o f t h eo the rs i te s i nI ber ia : A tapue rca , Amb rona ,T o r ra lba a nd C ue s ta d e l aB a jada . O the r , l e s s s i gn if ican t s i te s h ave b een l o ca ted c l o se t ot he se .

a cce ss ib le a l luv ia l l e ve ls , h ave e xposed s equence s wh ich c an b eo b se rved f o ra r chaeo log ica l i nd ica t ions . On t h e b a s is o f t h e morpho s t ra t igraph ic s e r ies men t ioned a bove , t h e A cheu l ian i ndus t r ie s o f t he Tormes a ppea r t ob e ma in ly M idd le P le is tocene . They a re f ound b e tween t e r race s a t+ 56m ( La Maya I I ) o r + 62m ( Ga rgabe te ) a nd + 8m ( La Maya I z2 ) . Younge r i ndus t r ies h ave n o t b een f ound ,a nd t ho se l a te rt han t h e l a s t men t ioned t e r race ( i nt he c o l luv ia l d epos i t s o f L a Maya I , f or e xamp le ) a re p os t A cheu l ian ( San ton ja & P e rez Gonza lez 1 984 ) .

Apar t f r om a f ew o ld , u n info rma t ive n o te s , a nd a f ew i s o la ted , s ur face f i nd s , V i l laf r fa a nd V i l la rmero a re t he o n ly p re served o pen a i rs i tes i n B u rgo s . A s ma l l s e r ies i n f l in t a nd q uar tz ite , c ons is t ing o f l anceo la te b i face s , L eva l lo is f l ake c o re s a nd a t t r ibu ted t ot h e u ppe r A cheu l ian , w a s f ound o n al ow t e r race o f t h e A r lanzön ( +5m ) a t V i l la f r fa . V i l larmero i sl o ca ted o n t h e Ub ierna , n or thwe s t o f B u rgo s . T he l i th ic i ndus try ( t he re i sn o f auna ) c omes f r om ac ong lome ra te d epo s i t o f c o l luv ia l o r ig in , e nc irc led b y t h e r i ve r wh ich f l ows 1 6m b e low t h e s i te . N o b i faces w ere f ound among t h e 1 75 l i th ic p i ece s a l though t h ere a re t wo s ymme t r ica l ly s haped c l eaver s . T he s ma l l t oo ls o f ma in ly s c raper sa nd d en t icu la tes a re s ugge s t ive o f aM idd le P le is tocene i ndus try w i thou t b i face s ( Arna iz & Med iav i l la 1 986 ) .

No s i gn if ican t f l uv ia l s equences a re k nown f r om t he Agueda , Hueb ra a nd Y e l tes e xcep t i n t he m idd le t e r race s o f t he Y e ltes where Acheu l ian i ndus tr ies w i th b i faces , c l eave r s a nd t r ihed ra ls h ave b een d escr ibed . L a te A cheu l ian s u r face i ndus tr ie s w i th a h igh p ropor t ion o f e vo lved b i face t ype s ( e spec ia l ly l a nceo la te s , wo rked w i th s o f t h amme ra nd h av ing f ew s i nuou s e dges ) a ppea r a t E l Ba sa l i to ( Ben i to 1 978 ) o n ap re -Qua terna ry s u r face o r ah igh t e r race o f t he Y e l te s . S im i la r s i te s , a l though w i th f ewe r p i ece s ,h ave b een f ound i nt h e a rea , a lways i n t h e h igh z one s o f t h e v a l leys ( f ig . 4 ) ,

A t p resen t , A tapue rca i st h e o n ly c l ea r ly A cheu l ian c ave s i te i nt h e i n ter io r o ft h e P en insu la ( Agu ir re e ta l . 1 987 ) . I t i s a s i te o f e xcep t iona l i n tere s t b ecause o f t he a n thropo log ica l r ema ins wh ich h ave b een r e vea led . Add i t iona l ly , i t i s p oss ib le t o r e cover s ubs tan t ia l i n forma t ion o n t he p a laeo -env ironmen t i n a r eg ion f undamen ta l ly d evo id o fs i tes w h ich c an p rov ide s uch d a ta . L i th ic a r tefac ts a re n o t a bundan t i n a ny o f t he s i te s e xcava ted s of a r . B y 1 990 a bou t3 00 l i t h ic a r tefac t sh ad b een f ound i n G ran Do l ina , l e ss t h an 1 0 p e r c ub ic me tre o f s ed imen t .T res S ima sp roduced as im i la r n umber ( Berm i ldez d e C a s t ro 1 990 ) , wh ich h a s s i nce i n crea sed ( Ca rbone l l p e r s . c omm . ) a l though n o t s i gn if ican t ly . T he p r esence o fb i face s c onf irms t h e A cheu l ian c ha rac ter o f t h e i n dus try : Upper A cheu l ian w i th l anceo la te b i faces , r e touched w i th s of t h amme r i nT re s S imas , mo re p r im i t ive s t ages , l e ss w e l l d ef ined , i n t he l ower h a lf o f G ran D o l ina . O ccupa t ion c or responds t o d ifferen t momen ts o f t he M idd le P le is tocene s t a r t ing f r om t h e i n i t ia l s t age s ( Agu ir re 1 991) . T h is d a te c o inc ide s a pp rox ima te ly w i th t h a t i nd ica ted b y i s o la ted f i nd s i n t h e m ed ium h igh t e r ra ce s o f t he Due ro , V a lderaduey a nd P i sue rga ( San ton ja & P e rez Gonza lez 1 984 ) . V a r ious r o ck s w ere e xp lo i ted a tA tapuerca : f l in t , q ua r tz i te a nd g reywack , a l l o f w h ich a r e l o ca l ly a va i lab le a nd wou ld h ave b een t r anspo r ted o n ly s hor t d i s tance s ( Ca rbone l l e ta l . 1 987 ) .

T he c on t ra s t i nt h e d ens i ty o f s i te s b e tween t he e a s tern a nd w e s tern z one s o f t h e r eg ion i ss urpr is ing a s i ti sn o t d ue e n t ire ly t o t he d iffer ing i n tens i ty o f i nves t iga t ion u nde r taken i n t h e a r ea . T he re a re n o g eograph ic b a r r ie rs b e tween t h e z ones a nd t h ey a re a l so mo re e nv ironmen ta l ly s im i la r t han h ad b een a pp rec ia ted o r ig ina l ly . I ft h is r e a l ly r e f lec t s d i f fe rences i n p r im i t ive s e t t lemen t p a t te rn s , t h ese mu s t b er e la ted t ob a s ic c ond i t ion s wh ich , i n t h e l ong t e rm , wou ld h ave d e term ined d i scon t inuous h uman movemen t d ur ing t h e 6 00 ,000 y ea r s o f t h e M idd le P le is tocene . F aced w i th r e la t ive ly l a rge g ap s i no u r k now ldege o f t he c l ima t ic a nd e nv ironmen ta l e vo lu t ion o f t he p e r iod a nd t h e r eg ion ( Dup re 1 988 ; Mo l ina & P e rez Gonza lez 1 989 ) , w e c an o n ly a t temp t t o u nde r s tand t h is s i tua t ion i n t e rms o f g eog raph ic f a c to r s o r e f fec t s i mposed b y r aw ma ter ia l r ef lec ted i n t h e l i tho log ica l c ompo s i t ion o f t h e a l luv ia l d epo s i ts . P re sen td ay r i ve r s i nt h e w es ter nz one a re c on s ide rab ly mo re d eve loped t han t h e e a s tern o nes , h av ing l a rge r t r ibu ta r ies a nd w ider f l ood p l a ins d i ssec ted b y n umerous c hanne ls a t t h e ma jo r c on f luences p roduc ing s pec if ic e nv ironmen t s . T he se r i ve r sh ave q ua r tz i t ic d epo s i t s . T he e a s te r n r i ve r b ed s a r e s ma l le r , w i th t r ibu tar ie s f o rmed b y l e s s s t ab le c ur ren t s , a nd i n many t h e s ma l l p ebb les a re u nsu i tab le f o r k napp ing . N eve r the les s , o ne c anno t r ea sonab ly c onc lude t ha t i n t h e M idd le P le is tocene t h e d ens i ty o f o ccupa t ion i nt h e e as ter n s ec to r o f t h e r eg ion w a s n o t iceab ly i nfer ior t o t ha t i n t h e w es t . S uch i mpo r tan t s i tes a s To rra lba , Ambrona a nd A tapue rca a re l o ca ted j us t w i th in t he Co rd i l lera I ber ica whe re t h ere i s ag rea ter v a r ie ty o f a va i lab le r aw ma ter ia l . T hese s i tes , a nd t h e e v idence f r om S or ia , Guada la ja ra a nd S egov ia ,a ppea rt os ugges t amore w idesp read o ccupa t ion o f t he t e r r i tory , n o t l im i ted t o t h e v a l ley b o t toms , t han t he a va i lab le i n forma t ion s ugges ts . Th is i lus tra tes t he d i f f icu l ty i nvo lved i n l o ca t ing s i te s i n t he a r ea , h idden i n s t ra t igraph ic p o s i t ion a nd u nexpo sed b y e ros iona l a c t iv i ty wh ich s ystema t ica l ly a ffects f luv ia l f orma t ions . Add it iona l ly , f ragmen tary d ocumen ta t ion g rea t ly i n f luences c onc lus ions wh ich c an b e r eached when a t temp t ing t o p resen t ag enera l p ic ture o f o ccupa t ion d en s i ty i n al a rge t e r r i tory

One h und red a nd f i f ty k i lome t re sS ou thea s to fA tapue rca , i n t h e m idd le o f t h e S i s tema I ber ico , l i e t h e s i te s o f Tor ra lba a nd Amb rona a t ah e igh t o f 100m , i n ac o r r ido r f o rm ing a l i ne o f c ommun ica t ion b e tween t h e Due ro b a s in a nd t h e E b ro D ep ress ion , v i a t h eJ a lön r i ver . Wh i le Amb rona i si n t h e B o rdeco rex v a l ley w ho se w a te r s d ra in i n to t h e Duero , To r ra lba i sa s soc ia ted w i th t h e Mansega l r i ve r , at r ibu ta ry o f t h e J a lön . The w e s te r n r i ve r n e two rk o f t h e J a lön i s c ap tured b y t he s ource s o f t h e Duero t r ibu ta r ies ; f o r e xamp le , t h e Man sega l d ra in s i n to t h e B o rde rco rex ( Pe rez Gonza lez e t a t . i n p re s s ) . T he se v a l leys p rov ide n a tura l r ou te s b e tween t h e h i ghe rl a nds o ft h e No r thern Mese ta a nd t h e l owe r o ne s o f t h e E b ro a nd A l to H ena re s . T h roughou t t h e P le is tocene s uch r ou tes mus t h ave p layed a n i mpor tan t r o le i n t h e movemen t o f h erd s o f h erb ivo r es , a nd p erhap s g roup so fh umans ( Bu tze r 1 982 ) . T he h i s to ry o f r e sea rch a t t hese s i te s a nd t he ir ma in c ha rac ter is t ics h ave b een t r ea ted 4

M . S an ton ja mo re a bundan tt h an d en t icu la tes a nd e nd s c rape r s a r e r a the r mo re c ommon , b u t i ti sd i f f icu l t t og auge t h e i mpor tance o f t h ese d i f fe rence s . T he p ercen tage o f b i faces i ss im i la r t o T o r ra lba ( t ypo log ica l i ndex 1 7 .1) , b u t t hey a re p erhap s mo re v a r ied i ns hape a nd a re mo re h e te rogeneous i n s i ze . However , u nmod if ied f l akes a nd f r agmen ts c ons t itu te 7 1 .8% o ft h e 1 020 p i ece ss t ud ied b y V i l la , wh i le a t T o r ra lba t h is g roup f o rms 4 6 .7% . T h is c ou ld r ep resen t an o tab le d i ve rgence i nt h e g loba l c ompo s i t ion o fb o th s e r ie s wh ich i s d i f f icu l t t o t e s t w i thou t t e s t ing s pa t ia l d i sper s ion a nd s t ra t igraph ic v a r ia t ion s .

e l sewhere ( Agu ir re 1 989 ; S an ton ja & V i l la 1 990 ) . We w i l l n o t d we l l o n t hem h ere , n or o n t h e r e cen t p o lem ic o n t he c la ss ic i n terpre ta t ion o f t hem a s ' b u tchery ' s i tes ( B inford 1 987 ; V i l la 1 991) . Never the less , i ts hou ld b e n o ted t ha t o n ly p ar t ia l p ub l ica t ion s o n t h e r e su lt s o f e xcava t ions a r e a va i lab le a nd t ha t s i nce 1 990 an ew p ro jec t h as b egun , f ocus ing i n it ia l ly o n t he g eo logy a nd g eomorpho logy o f t he a r ea ( Pe rez Gonzä lez & S an ton ja i n p ress ) . T he s i ze o fb o th s i tes , e s t ima ted a tb e tween 5 000 a nd 6 000m ( Howe l l e t a l . 1 961; B iberson 1 964 ) , c ou ld b e l a rge r . C er ra lbo e xcava ted a c ons iderab le a rea o f T or ra lba a t t he b eg inn ing o ft h e c en tury , a nd i nt he 1 960 s af u r the r 6 00m wa s e xcava ted , s eem ing ly t he who le s i te . H is wo rk a t Ambrona , h owever , w a s f a r l e ss e x tens ive ; b e tween t h e 1 960 s a nd t h e 1 980 s , 1 600m o ft he L owe r C omp lex a nd a s im i la r , a l though u n spec if ied a rea o f t h e M idd le a nd Uppe r C omp lex w a s e xcava ted . The e xcava to r s d ef ined t h e s t one a nd b one i ndus try a s p r im i t ive A cheu l ian i n t h e L ower C omp lex a nd M idd le Acheu l ian i n t he Upper C omp lex ( Howe l l 1 966 ; Howe l l & F reeman 1 982 ) , a l though o the r s s ee t he l owe r l eve ls a s M idd le A cheu l ian ( Bo rdes 1 992 , 1 08 ) . T he d ens ity o ff i nds a ppea rs t o b e q u i te l ow i n a l l l e ve ls : 8 87 p ieces a tT o rra lba , o f wh ich 1 02 a re h eav i ly r o l led ( F reeman 1 975 ) . E leven h und red a r tefac t s a r e c i ted f o rt he L owe r Comp lex a t Amb rona , v e ry f ew i nt h e m idd le l e ve ls a nd a bou t 2 000 i n t he u ppe r ( Howe l l & F reeman 1 982 ) . T he se f i gu re si n d ica te ad en s i ty o fl e s st han o ne p i ece p er c ub ic m e t re o fd epo s i t .

T he re a r eo n ly af ew s ucc inc tg ene ra l isa t ion so nt h ei ndus t ry f r om t he u ppe r l e ve ls o f Amb rona ( Howe l l & F reeman 1 982 ) . T he u se o f f l in t i n crea se s w i th r ega rd t o q ua r tz i te a nd l imes tone . Hake t oo ls a r er e la t ive ly mo re a bundan ta nd s how mo re wo rk ing t h an i nt h e l owe r l e ve ls . T he n odu la r a s semb lage d im in ishe sp ropor t iona l ly , b u t b i face s a r e mo re s ymme t r ica la nd b a lanced b ecau se o f w ide sp read u se o f s of t h amme rf o r f i na l r e touch ing . F rom a r eg iona l p e r spec t ive i ti si mpo ss ib le t o d e f ine a s e a r ly A cheu l ian t h e i n du s t ry f r om t he L ower C omp lex o f e i the r o f t h e se l o ca l i t ies ( San ton ja 1 981 ) . T he b i face s a nd c l eaver s may b e c ompa red t o A cheu l ian a s semb lage s f r om t he m idd le r i ver t e r races o f t he Mese ta . T he b r ief d escr ip t ion o f t h e i ndu s t ry f r om t h e Upper C omp lex o f Amb rona i ss u f f ic ien t t oi nd ica te t h a t w e a r e d ea l ing w ith a n a dvanced A cheu l ian i n du s t ry w i th p a ra l le ls i n t he l ow t e r race o f t h e Manzana res ( Rus & Quero l 1 981) , a nd i n o the r l oca l i t ie s i nt h e i n te r io ro ft h e P en in su la .

T he r aw ma ter ia ls e xp lo ited a t Tor ra lba w ere f l in t , q ua r tz i te ( f o rm ing at h ird o f t he i ndus t ry a l though mo s t o f t h e i d en t if iab le p ieces w ere c o res ) , c ompac t l ime s tone a nd p e rhap sq ua r tz . Apa r t f r om t he l o ca l ly a va i lab le l imes tone , o ther r ock s h ad t o b e t r anspo r ted t o t he s i te . T he c loses t s ource o f q uar tz ite p ebb les i s i n t he Bun tsands te in c ong lome ra tes a tM i i io 3 .5km n o r thwes t o f Amb rona , f r om where i th a s b een s ugges ted t ha t mos t o f t he T or ra lba ma ter ia l o r ig ina ted . T he d epos i ts o f t h e L ia s r i ver i n t he a rea may h ave i n c luded f l in tp ebb le s , b u tt h ee xac t s ource o f f l in t h a s n o tb een i d en t if ied .

T he f auna p l ace s T o r ra lba a nd Amb rona s ecure ly i n t h e M idd le P le is tocene ( K le in 1 987 ) . I td i f f icu l t t o e s tab l ish f u r ther c h rono log ica l h ypo the ses f o r b o th s i tes b ecause o f t h e ir i s o la t ion a nd t h ei gno rance o fc omp le te , l oca l mo rpho s t ra t igraph ic s equences . E a r l ier r e ference t o t he M inde l g lac ia t ion ( Bu tze r 1 965 ) , b a sed o n t he i den t if ica t ion o f p a leo so ls w i th c ha rac ter is t ics p resumed t o b e o f t he M inde l -R iss i n terg lac ia l , c anno t b e u phe ld t oday . I t i s e s sen t ia l t h a t t h ey b e r ep laced b y n ew c r i te r ia t o e s tab l ish b o th t h ea ge a nd f o rma t ion p roce s se s o ft h e se s i tes .

I n t h e L ower Comp lex o f To r ra lba , f l akes a nd k napp ing d eb r is c on s t i tu te 2 2 .2% o f t he a s semb lage a nd c o re s f o rm 5 .9% . I th a s b een d emons t ra ted t ha t k napp ing o ccur red i n t h ea r ea . T here d oe sn o ta ppea rt ob ea ny e v idence f o r t h e u se o f t he L eva l lo is me thod a l though d isco ida l c o res a re c ommon . F lake t oo ls a r e i mpo r tan t : d en t icu la te s ( 22 .5% ) , s craper s ( 20 .5% ) , a nd p i erce r s a nd b ecs ( a lso r e la t ive ly f r equen t ) t oge the r w i th e nd s c rape r s a nd b ur in s f o rm 3 3 .5% . U sed f l ake s make u p t h e r e s to ft h e s ma l l t oo ls . B iface sa nd c l eave r sa r e r e la t ive ly c ommon , f o rm ing 2 2 .1 % o ft h e t oo ls . Mo re t h an h a lf o ft h ese l a rge p i eces h ave at r an sver sa l e dge . O ther b i faces f rom Torra lba i nc lude l anceo la tes , amygda lo ids a nd o va tes , s ome f l a t , a nd o cca s iona l ly wo rked w i th as o f th amme r ( F reeman 1 975 ) .

C ues ta d e l a B a jada i s a no the r u n ique s i te w i th in t he C o rd i l le ra I be r ica ( San ton ja e ta l . 1 992 ) . I ti sl o ca ted n ea r T erue l o n am idd le t e r race o f t h e A lfamb ra a t + 50 /60m a bove t h e r i ve r . E a r l ier s t ud ie s o n t h e g eomorpho log ica l mechan isms o f t h e v a l ley r evea led a s ys tem o f l e ve ls a t + 3m , + 18 /20m , + 30m + 50 /60m , + 70 /75m , + 80 /85m , a nd + 145m . T he t e r race i nw h ich t h es i te i sl o ca ted i s mo re t han 5 0m t h ick w i th s ome d a rk c l ay l e n se s o fb ack -swamp f a c ie s . Ho r izons w i th l i th ic i ndu s tr ie s a nd f auna h ave b een l o ca ted b e tween f l uv ia l s er ies i n t h e l ower s ec t ions o f t hese d epo s i t s , 1 5m e t re s a bove t h e a l luv ia l p la in : -af ew i s o la ted p i ece sf r om s ma l l s u r face e xcava t ions ( 27m b e tween t h e 1 990 a nd 1 992 s ea son s ) i n c lud ing c l ay l e ve ls c or re spond ing t op ond b ed s . -Mo re a bundan t m a ter ia ls , w i th d ens i t ies u p to 1 50 p i eces p e rc ub ic me t re o fd epo s i t ,i ns e conda ry p o s i t ion i n l e ve ls o f c ana lf a c ie s . -P av ing o f s t one s i n p r ima ry p o s i t ion w i th b o th f auna a nd i ndu s t ry i nd en s i t ies w h ich v a ry f r om o ne p i ece t o mo re t han ad ozen p i ece sp e rs qua r em e t re .

The l i th ic a ssemb lage f r om t he L ower O ccupa t ion o f Ambrona ( V i l la 1 983 ) h as s ome c l ear p a ra l le ls w ith To r ra lba . T he r a nge o fr aw ma te r ia l i ss im i la r , i n c lud ing a n a lmo s t e xc lus ive u se o f q ua r tz i te f o r c o res a nd p erhap s t h e s ou rce t o o . P re l im ina ry o b serva t ion s ugges t s t ha t t e chn ica l c ha rac ter is t ics a re s im i la r : l a ck o f L eva l lo is f l ake c ore s a l though d i sco ida l c o re s a re r e la t ive ly i mpo r tan t , a nd t h e s po rad ic u se o f s of t h ammer f or t he f i na l r e touch ing o f b i fac ia l t oo ls . A t Ambrona , s c raper s a ppea r t o b e r a ther

T he i ndus t ry i ss ma l l i n s i ze , a verag ing a bou t 3 cm . A v a r ie ty o f l o ca l r aw ma ter ia ls w ere e xp lo ited : s i l ic if ied 5

M . S an ton ja I ndu s tr ie s f r om t he c l a ss ic Manzana res s i tes a r e d i sper sed a mong v a r ious S pan ish museums . T he mos t c omp le te c o l lec t ions a re p robab ly i n Madr id i n t he Museo A rqueo l6g ico Nac iona l (M .A .N . ) o r i n t he Mun ic ipa l Museum . T hey c ons is t o fa n h e te rogeneous s e r ies i n f l in t , w i th t he o cca s iona l p iece i n q ua r tz i te . The S an I s idro c o l lec t ion a t t h e M .A .N . , f or e xamp le , c ons is t s o f p i ec es c o l lec ted b y D r . Em i l iano Ro tondo a tt h e e nd o f t h e 1 9 th c en tury a nd p i eces r e su l t ing f rom i n ves t iga t ions u nder taken b y P erez d e B a r rada s a nd Werner t b efo re 1 936 . I tc ons is ts o fa n a s semb lage o f mo re t han 4 000 p i ece s . I n a dd i t ion t o t h e u se o f t h e L eva l lo is me thod p r esen t f rom t he l ower l e ve ls , av ar ie ty o f f l ake t oo ls w e re made , a l though i n ten s ive ly r e touched p i ece sa re r a re a nd c onve rgen ts c rape rs a nd p o in t s a re a b sen t . T he b iface s h ave b een s t ud ied i n g rea ter d e ta i l , a l though o n ly 4 7 o f t he 1 91 p i eces were a ccompan ied w i th s t ra t igraph ic r efe rences . S tanda rd a nd f a ir ly s ymme tr ica l b i faces ( ma in ly a mygda lo ids a nd t h ick o va tes ) a ppea r f r om t he l ower l e ve ls . However , more s t anda rd ised b i faces ( t yp ica l c ord ifo rms a nd l a nceo la te s , s ome t imes w i th s of t h ammer r e touch ) , c an b e s ecure ly p laced i n t h e u pper l e ve ls c or respond ing t o as e cond s ed imen ta ry c yc le . B ifaces o u tnumbe rc l eavers b y e i gh t t o o ne a nd t r ihed ra ls a r e v i r tua l ly a bsen t( San ton ja 1 977 ) .

J ura ss ic m icr i te l imes tone , c ompac t l ime s tone s , q ua r tz i tes , f l in t a nd c her t . None o f t hese a r e t oo a bundan t i n t he l i tho log ica l s pec t rum o f t h e i mmed ia te f l uv ia l l e ve ls . As a l l p ebb le s a r e s ma l l , as ea rch f o r , a nd s e lec t ion o f ma ter ia l i si nd ica ted . I n s uch c i rcums tances , r aw ma te r ia l p o se s n o t o n ly al im i ta t ion o na r tefac t s i ze , b u ta l so o n t e chn ique sa nd k napp ing me thods i n t u rn a f fec t ing t he t ypo log ica l c ompo s i t ion o f t h e s e r ie s ; f o r e xamp le b i face s a nd c l eaver s a r er a r e . I nd ica t ions o f L eva l lo is t e chn ique a r e s l igh t ( d isco ida l c o res a nd c o re sw i th ap refe ren t ia l f l ake ) ,a nd t h e re i s ac l ea r t e ndency f o r s umma ry p l a t form p repa ra t ion . S crape r s a nd d en t icu la tes d om ina te t h e r e touched f l akes ( a l l g enera l ly s ma l l ) a l though t h e re i s as i gn if ican tn umbe ro f p rog re ss ive t oo ls s uch a se nd s c rape r sa nd af ew p e r fo ra to r s . F auna i nc ludes E lephas s p . , E quus c aba l lus , D icerorh inus h em i toechus , E r inaceus , C roc idura , O ryc to laqus c f . C un icu lus , A rv ico la cf . s ap idu s , M icro tus b recc iens isden ta tus , P i tymys c f . p yrena icus , A l locr ice tus b ursae a nd Apodemus s y lva t icus . T he f auna , m ic ro fauna , a nd morpho -s t ra t ig raph ic s equence p l ace s C ues ta d e l a B a jada w i th in t h es e cond h a lf o ft h e M idd le P le is tocene . I t i s h oped t ha t a bso lu te d a tes w i l l s oon v er ify t h is c h rono log ica l p lac ing .

T he g rave ls i mmed ia te ly b e low S an I s idro , s t ud ied b y Oberma ie r , We rner ta nd P e rez d e Ba r rada sb e tween 1 9 15 a nd 1 936 , a l so c on ta ined l i th ic a r tefac t s w i th p roven ience p rob lems s im i la r t ot hose men t ioned f o r S an I s id ro . T hese l a rge c o l lec t ions a re n ow h oused i n t he Museo d e A rqueo log ia N ac iona l (M .A .N ) . A s ar e su l t , i ti sr i sky t o make a n i n -dep th s t udy o f t h ese s er ie s o r t o c ompa re s i tes wh ich h ave t o ta l ly d i sappea red b ecau se i ti s d if f icu l t t o r e cons t ruc t s i te s t ra t igraphy . S upe rf ic ia l ly t here d oe s n o t s e em t o b e much d i f fe rence w i th t he S an I s idro ma ter ia l , e spec ia l ly i n t h e l owe r l eve ls : t he a bsence o f g enera l p rog ress ive a spec t s a nd r educed we igh t o f t h e t oo l k i t , i n a dd i t ion t ot h e p re sence o fp ebb le t oo ls a nd t r ihedra ls c ou ld b ec on s ide red a sc ha rac te r is t ic o fa ne a r ly A cheu l ian s t age .

S outhern Mese ta I n c on t ra s t t o t h e h omogene i ty o f t h e n o r th , t h e S ou thern Me se ta i s ar eg ion w h ich i s s t ruc tu ra l ly c omp lex , f o rmed f undamen ta l ly b y l a rge , N eogene s ed imen ta ry b a s in s -t h e Madr id r eg ion a nd t h e T agu s D ep re s s ion , L a Mancha a nd C ampo d e C a la t rava i n t he Guad iana - s epa ra ted b y moun ta inous s t re tches s uch a s t he Mon te s d e T o ledo , a nd d e l im i ted b y t h e C en t ra l , I ber ico a nd P en ibe t ico s y s tems . C l ima te a nd g eography h ave i mpo sed ac e r ta in u n ifo rm i ty wh ich a l lows u s t o t r ea t t h is l a rge t e r r i to ry a s o ne . We s ha l l r e f e r t os i te s i nt h e Manzana res -Ja rama , t h eT agus , L a Mancha a nd C ampo d eC a la t rava .

L a te rf o rma t ion so f t h e S an I s idro t e r ra ce , r i ch i n f a una a nd i ndu s t ry ,a r e f ound d own s t ream b eyond t h e l im i ts o f u rban Madr id . T he i n c rea s ing e xp lo i ta t ion o f g rave l away f r om t h e c i ty h a s p roduced n ew s er ie s wh ich a r e p erhap s more r ep resen ta t ive t han t h e c l a s s ic o nes , a l though s t ra t ig raph ic o b serva t ions g ene ra l ly t end t o b e i nadequa te . The S an ta O la l la c o l lec t ion , r e tr ieved i n t he 5 0s a nd 6 0s , i s i n t h e M .A .N . ,a nd t h er e cen t f i nd s a re i n t he Mun ic ipa l Mu seum . T he macro t oo lk i t f r om t h e Ox igeno q ua r ry i s t h e f i rs t i nd ica t ion o fp o s t -San I s id ro i ndu s t ry i nt h e Manzana r es . I n t h e s amp le o f mo re t han 5 000 p iece s ( Ru s & Que ro l 1 981 ) t h e r ea r e2 19 b i face s ,2 1 c l eaver s a nd 3 8 t r ihed ra ls . Among t h e b i face s , g enera l ly r e touched w i th s of t h amme r , t h e re i sa h igh p ercen tage ( 24%) o f f l a t b ifaces ( max imum w id th / th ickness > 2 .35 [ Bo rdes 1 961] ) , s ub tr iangu lar , c o rd ifo rm a nd o va te a s w e l l a s l anceo la te ( 23 % ) p i eces . T r ihedra ls t e nd t o b e l ong a nd f u l ly worked . The c l eaver s ( l ess t han 1 0% o f t h e g roup , r ough ly t h e s ame a s i nS an I s id ro ) s how ac l ea rp redom inance o fp rog re ss ive t ype sw i th i nva s ive b i fac ia l r e touch ( T ix ier 's t ype V ) o r made o n s t andard f l akes , s ome t imes s pa tu la te , a nd i nc lud ing L eva l lo is a nd k ombewa f l akes ( t ypes I I a nd V I) . A l though q uan t if ica t ion o f t h ese s amp les i sp rob lema t ic , i t i s n o tab le t ha t t h e p ercen tage o f L eva l lo is a nd f ace ted p la tforms i s c l ea r ly h igher t han S an I s idro where t h e p resence o ft h ese t r a i ts i s modera te .

T he re a r e many s i te s o n t h e t e r races o f t h e Manzana res b e tween Madr id a nd t h e c onf luence o f t h e J a rama w h ich h ave a bundan t l i th ic i ndus try a nd f auna . T hese h ave b een a na ly sed a tv a r iou st imes s i nce t h e l a s t c en tu ry ( San ton ja & Quero l , 1 980 ) . Many o f t h ese s i tes h ave s i nce d i sapp ea red w i thou t t r ace mak ing a r ev iew o f t h em d i f f icu l t , e xcep t p erhap s f o r t ho se a l ong t h e f i na l s ec t ion o f t h e r i ve r b e fo re i t j o ins t he J a rama where v a l ley i n f i l l h as h e lped c on serva t ion . I n t h is z one , d epo s i t s a bove g roundwa ter l eve l c or respond t o t he s econd p a r t o f t he M idd le P le is tocene a nd t h e Upper P le is tocene ( Perez Gonza lez 1 980 ; S i lva e ta t . 1 988 ) . V a r ious s i te sw i th in t h e se d epo s i t s h ave b een s t ud ied i nr e cen t y ea r s ( Ru s &Q ue ro l 1 98 1 ; R u s &V ega 1 98 1; G amazo 1 982 ;B aena 1 992 ) . S an I s idro i st h e mo s t i mpor tan t o f t h e c l a s s ica l s i tes b o th f o r t h e s t ud ies d evo ted t o i ta nd t h e q uan t i ty o f ma ter ia ls f ound . Today i th a sd i sappea red b enea th t h e c i ty o f Mad r id . T he c omp lex s t ra t igraphy o f t he s i te h a s b een p a r t ia l ly e l uc ida ted f r om n umerou s r e ference s . T he s t ra t igraph ic s equence a ppea r s t o e ncompa ss t wo , n o t n ecessar i ly c on t inuou s ,s ed imen ta ry s equences ( San ton ja 1 977 ) . P resen t d ay i n terp re ta t ion o f t h e i ndus try i sh ampe red a s i ti sn o t a lway s a ccompan ied w i th s e cu re s t ra t ig raph ic r e fe rence s .

6

M . S an ton ja T he mo s t p rom inen t f ea tu re o f t h e a rea i st h e p resence o f l o ca l it ies i n p r ima ry p o s i t ion . S tudy o f s ome i s v e ry i n comp le te d ue t he a n t iqu i ty o f t he ir d i scovery , wh i le o t her s h ave b een t he o b jec t o f a mo re d e ta i led a na lys is i n r e cen t y ea r s . Knapp ing i s t h e f undamen ta l a c t iv i ty i n v a r ious s i te sa si nt h e s i te o fL a s D e l ic ia s e xcava ted i n 1 917 ( Obe rma ie r & We rner t 1 918 ) , a nd mo re c l ea r ly d ef ined i n r e cen t ly e xcava ted a rea s o f A r ene ro d e S o to ( Baena 1 992 ) . O ther s i tes a ppear t o b e c ha rac ter is t ic k i l l -s ites w i th a c t iv i t ies r e la ted t ot he p ro ce s s ing o f as i ng le e l ephan t . T he mos t d e ta i led i n forma t ion c omes f r om t h e A r idos s i tes ( San ton ja e t a l . 1 980 ) l oca ted i n t h e c omp lex + 15 /20m t e r race o f t h e J arama i n t h e A rganda p la in n ear t h e c on f luence o ft h e Manzana re s .

o lde r t h an A r ido s ( Pe rez -Gonza lez 1 980 ) . E l S ar ta le jo , o n a + 24 /26m t e r race , o ccup ies a med ium l ow p o s it ion i n t h e l oca l s equence f o rmed o f t h ir teen l e ve ls b e tween + 10 /12m a nd + 120m . G eomo rpho log ica l c r i ter ia wh ich wou ld a l low ad e ta i led c o r re la t ion b e tween t h e t wo s y s tems i sl a ck ing , n o ra r e t h ere a ny f auna l r ema ins a tE l S a r ta le jo , t h e l i th ic a r tefac t s a r e t h e o n ly c ommon e l emen t b e tween b o th s i tes . We s ha l l d o n o mo re , t hen , t han o u t l ine t h e c ha rac ter is t ics o f b o th i n du s tr ies . An a rea o f2 5 m2 w a se xcava ted a tP inedo b e tween 1 972 a nd 1 974 . T he 4 .5m th ick t e r race i sf o rmed o f s e t s o f g rave ls i n as andy ma t r ix ( channe ls b a r s ) a nd c o se t s f o rmed o fc ro ss b edded c oa r se s and s a l terna t ing w i th p ebb le b ed s d epo s i ted b ys e conda ry , s ha l low c hanne ls . D epo s i t ion w a s c on t inuou s w i th n o s i gn so fe ro s ion b e tween t h e l e ve ls , a l though t h e re i s a9 0 °c hange i nd i rec t ion o ft he p a laeocur ren t i n t h e u ppe r p ar t o f t h e s equence . T h is c ou ld s i gn ify a d i scon t inu i ty i n t he f l uv ia l p rocess r e su l t ing f r om a meander ing , b ra ided r i ver p a t te rn w i th i s lands a nd s econdary c hanne ls , a si ss e en i n t he p resen t d ay T agus ( Perez Gonzä lez & D iaz 1 979 ) . T he f ew f auna l r ema ins wh ich i n c lude a ye s s p . , L epus c f . e uropaeus , O ryc to lagus c un icu lus , E quus s p . , C ervus e laphus , B o s s p . , P a laeo loxodon a n t iquus s p . , i nd ica te a M idd le P le is tocene a ge , d ur ing a p er iod w i thou t c l ima t ic e x tremes s im i la r t o t he p resen t d ay , i n a n e nv ironmen t d om ina ted b y o pen s paces a nd i n te r sper sed w i th p a tches o f t r ee s ( So to 1 979 ) .

A cheu l ian s i tes a re k nown f r om t h e m idd le t e r races o ft he J a rama . T h e i n dus try d i f fe r s f r om t h a ti nt h e Manzana r es i n t ha t i t i s m a in ly i n q ua r tz i te a nd t h ere a re n o t many a r tefac t s ( San ton ja & Que ro l 1 980 ) . F l in t i n c rea ses b eyond t h e c onf luence w i th t h e Manza r e s a nd i sw e l l r ep resen ted i n t h e l ower g r ave ls o f t he A r ido s t e r race . Howeve r , t h e A r ido s Ia nd A r ido s 2o ccupa t ion s i te s a r e l o ca ted o n a n a nc ien t f l oodp la in where n o mo re t han a f ew i s o la ted p ebb les c an b e f ound o n t h e s u r face . T he f l in t , u sed a sr aw ma ter ia l i nt h ese s i tes , w a s t r anspo r ted b y h om in ids f r om t h e Manzana res where p ebb les wou ld h ave b een f a ir ly c ommon a tt h e f oo t o f t he c ha lk s ca rp s ( San ton ja e t a l . 1 980 ) . I n a dd i t ion t ot h e t wo k i l l s i te s r e f er red t oa bove , al i th ic i ndu s t ry w a s f ound i ne a r l ie r l e ve ls o f t h e A r idos q ua r ry w i th in t h e s ame morpho s t ra t ig raph ic A rganda Iu n i t . T he i ndu s try i sA cheu l ian w i thou t p rog re ss ive e l emen ts e xcep t f o ro ne c l ea rL eva l lo is p i ece . T he r i ch f auna la s soc ia t ion ( 57 v er teb ra te s pec ies ) a nd t h e p rec ise mo rho s t ra t igraph ic p o s i t ion i nt h eJ a rama s equence m ake sA r ido s ak ey r e fe r ence p o in t f o r t h e A cheu l ian a nd t h e M idd le P le is tocene o f t h e r eg ion , p a r t icu la r ly a s d i rec t c ompa r isons may b e e s tab l ished w i th t h e Manzana re s a r ea a nd t h e n e ighbou r ing s ec to ro ft h eT agu s( Pe rez Gon n ä lez 1 980 ) . A s t h ere a r e n o a b so lu te d a te s , t h e m ic ro fauna f r om A r ido s Ip resen t s t h e f i rme s tc h rono log ica l c r i te r ia . A na ge o fa round t h e m idd le o f t he M idd le P le is tocene i s p ropo sed f or t hese a rchaeo log ica l l a ye r s o n g round s o f t h e e vo lu t ionary l e ve l o f t h e ma ter ia ls , m idway b e tween S a in t E s teve -Jan son o r V e r teszö l los a nd A rago ( Lopez 1 980 ) . S i tes f r om mo re r ecen t ly e xp lo ited q ua r r ies i n t h e Manzana res e a s t o f Madr id a re s t ra t igraph ica l ly y ounger t han A r ido s , c o r robo ra ted b y as t udy o f t h e m ic rofauna f r om s ome s i te s . The l ower c yc le o f S an I s idro may b e. r ough ly c on temporaneous w i th A r ido s .

T he l i th ic i ndus t ry wa s s pread t h roughou t t h e d epo s i ts . I t w a s s epa ra ted i n to t h ree g roup s a cco rd ing t o t h e d egree o f r o l l ing a f fec t ing t h e a r tefac t s . T he mo s t h omogenou s a nd r epresen ta t ive g roup c ons is ted o f 5 142 p i ece s : 7 1% w e re u nre touched f l akes , 4% were c o re s , 1 3% p ebb le t oo ls , 8% f l ake t oo ls a nd 3 .5 % b i face s , c l eaver s a nd t r ihed ra ls . T he i ndus t ry i si nq ua r tz i te ( 68% ) , q ua r tz ( 7% ) a nd f l in t ( 25% ) . T he l ow l e ve l o f s t anda rd isa t ion among t h e t oo ls d oes n o t a l low f o r t h e u se o f d e ta i led t ypo log ica l c la ss if ica t ion , a l though i ti si ni t se lf a n i mpo r tan t d e scr ip t ive a spec t o ft he a s semb lage . Wh i le t here a re n o c ha rac ter is t ic L eva l lo is f l akes a nd c o res , at h ird o f t he c ores a re d i sco ida l . T he f a ce ted a nd d ihedra l p la tform i ndex i sl ow a nd t h e u se o f s o f t h ammer i sn o t i nd ica ted . T he f l ake t oo l a s semb lage i s e l emen ta ry a nd h e te rogeneous : d en t icu la tes , p oo r ly -def ined s c rape r s ,b ee s ,n o tche sa nd s imp le p i ece s -af ew e nd s c raper s , b ur ins , p erfora tors , Mous ter ian p o in ts a nd c omp lex s c rape r s , a lmo s ta l l w i th i r regu la r , d eep r e touch . T he mac ro a s semb lage i sa l so v a r iab le . S even teen mo rpho log ica l t ype s e x is t among t he 6 0 b ifaces : mo s t a re Abbev i l l ian o r a symme tr ica l i n o u t l ine a nd n one a r e f l a t ( w id th :th ickne ss r a t io > 2 .35 ) . Mo s t o f t h e 3 0 f l ake c l eaver s a r e o n c o r t ica l f l akes , e xcep t f o r 3o n o rd ina ry f l akes . T hey , t oo , v a ry i n s hape a nd s i ze , s how ing marg ina l r e touch wh ich o n ly s l igh t ly mod if ie s t h e o r ig ina l f l ake . T he 8 1 t r ihed ra l t oo ls a r et h e mo s tc ommon a nd mo s t v a r iab le g roup o f t h e macro a s semb lage . F ew a r ec la ss ic t r ihedra l t ype s . Mos t , made b y af ew l a rge r emova ls , h ave i r regu la re dge sa nd may b e b e t te r d escr ibed a st r ihedra l p ebb le t oo ls o r c hopper s . D esp i te t h e c l a ss if ica t ion d i f f icu l t ies w i th p ebb le t oo ls ( t oo ls? c o res? ) t he h igh p ercen tage o f t hese p ieces ( 53 % o f t he t oo l a s semb lage ) u nder l ines t he p r im i t ive i mpress ion o f t h e i ndus try .

A cheu l ian i ndus tr ies a re f ound i n t h e J a rama s ou th o f A r ido s a nd i n t h e T agus b eyond t h e c onf luence w i th t h e J a rama . T he i ndu s tr ie s a re ma in ly i n q uar tz i te a l though f l in t , l e ss c ommon i n t he a l luv ia l d epos i t s , wa s a l so e xp lo i ted . T he se s e r ies wh ich t e nd t o b e n umer ica l ly s ma l l d o n o t a dd much t o t he g ene ra l v iew o f t he I ber ian A cheu l ian , e xcep t t oc onf irm h uman p re sence i n t h e T agus D ep re s s ion d ur ing t h e M idd le P l e is tocene . Two s i te s s t and o u ti nt h is p ano rama b ecause o f t h e s i ze o f t h e ir c o l lec t ions a nd t h e ir mo rpho s t ra t igraph ic p o s i t ion . I n a dd i t ion , s ome t r ace s h ave b een f ound i nt h e h i ghe s t t e r race s o f t h e T agus wh ich a r e t h ere fo re l i ke ly t o b e p r im i t ive . T he s i tes i n q ues t ion a r e P inedo , n ea r T o ledo , a nd E l S a r ta le jo i n t h e A lagon . P inedo i sl o ca ted o n t h e f i r s t t e r race wh ich h a s b een u na f f ec ted b y t h e p roce s s o f s i nk ing , a nd i st herefo re

E l S a r ta le jo h a s n o t b een e xcava ted . S t ra t ig raph ic s ec t ions v i s ib le i n t h e a r ea s how h undred s o f me t re s o f d epos i ts o f q uar tz i te g rave ls , s andy a nd s i l t l e ve ls i nv er t ica l s uc ce ss ion w i th f r equen t l a tera l f ac ies c hanges . F luv ia l d epos i t s w i th 7

M . S an ton ja i ndu s t ry w e re r e vea led o ve r a1 0 h ec ta re a rea i n t h e 1 970 s d ur ing e a r th r emova l p r io rt ot h e p lan t ing o ft r ee s . T he 6 06 p i ece s d esc r ibed h e re a re t h e r e su l t o f s ur face c o l lec t ions b e tween 1 974 a nd 1 981 ( San ton ja 1 985 ) . I n 1 983 a s ys tema t ic s u r face c o l lec t ion wa s u nder taken wh ich c ove red a n a r ea o f9 . 2h ec tares , r e su l t ing i n mo re t han 2 500 p i eces wh ich h ave r e cen t ly b een s t ud ied (Mo loney 1 992 ) . T he d i f fe ren t c o l lec t ion h i s tor ies mus t b e t aken i n to a ccoun t when c ompa r ing P inedo a nd E lS a r ta le jo . T hese may a ccoun t f o rs ome o ft h e d i f ferences , s uch a s t h e s ma l l p e rcen tage o f f l ake t oo ls a nd t h e r i chness o f t h e macro i ndus try a t E l S a r ta le jo whe re f l ake s a nd u nre touched f l akes f orm 2 7% o f t h e a s semb lage , c o res 1 5% , f l ake t oo ls 2 1% a nd b i faces , c l eaver sa nd t r ihed ra ls 3 4% , b u t p ebb le t oo ls /chopper s j us t 3% .

The i ndus t ry f rom E l S ar ta le jo h a s mo re d ef in ite p rogress ive c ha rac ter is t ics t han P inedo . A l though E l S a r ta le jo i sy ounge r ,n o a bso lu te d a te s a r e a va i lab le a nd t h e t e r race s equence s o ft h e r e spec t ive s i te s c anno t b e d i rec t ly c ompa red . Unde r s uch c i rcums tance s , i ti s d i ff icu l t t o e va lua te t he i mpor tance wh ich m ay b e a t tached t o c hrono logy a nd r aw ma ter ia l i n e xp la in ing t h e o b served d i f fe rence s b e tween t he t wo i ndus t r ie s . T he re a r e o the r A cheu l ian s i te s , s im i la r t o t hose d e scr ibed a bove ,a long t h eA lagän a nd J er te r i ve r sn ea rt h e P o r tuguese s t re tch o ft h eT agu s ,a s w e l l a s s i te sw he r e t h e s equence s een i n t h e T o rme s i sr epea ted : s e r ies w i th b i faces d i s tr ibu ted t h rough f ou ro rf i ve t e r race s a s b e tween L a Maya I I a nd L a Maya I . O lde r l i th ic i ndus tr ies a r e k nown i n t h e T agus b e tween t h eJ a rama a nd t h e A lag6n . I nT o ledo , a n e l ephan t c ran ium ( E l ephas s p . )a nd s ome l i th ic a r tefac t s w e re f ound ( a l though n o t d i rec t ly i na s soc ia t ion ) i nt h e t e r race o f t h e i ndu s t r ia l p o lygon , i mmed ia te ly p r io rt ot h a to f P inedo . At E l E sp ina r , o the ri nd ica t ions w ere f ound i n ah igher t e r race , t h e+ 70m . Af ew e l emen ta ry p iece sw e r ef ound i nt h e u ppe r l e ve l so ft h eT agu s ,s ou th o fT a lave ra d el aR e ina , a nd i nt h e h ighe s tt e r race o ft h eA lagän ( La Mesa + 120m ) a tt h e s ame l e ve l a sE l S ar ta le jo ( San ton ja & Q ue ro l 1 982 ) . T he se f ew p i ece sd on o tp rove t h ec on t inuou sp r e senc eo fh uman g roup s i n t h e c en t re o f t h e I ber ian P en in su la d ur ing t he L ower P le is tocene ( San ton ja & V i l la 1 990 , 5 3 ) .

F rom at e chn ica l p e r spec t ive t h e d i f ference s w i th P inedo a r e n o t s t rong , a l though t wo g ene ra l ly c ha rac ter is t ic L eva l lo is f l ake s h ave b een n o ted a nd t he re a ppea r s t ob e r a the r mo re d ihedra l p la t forms ( 11 % ) i n t he E l S a r ta le jo a ssemb lage . D isco ida l c o re sf o rm at h ird o ft h ec o res a sa tP inedo . F lake t oo ls a re o f ten c l ea r ly d if feren t ia ted b y more r egu lar , i n ten se a nd , a t t imes d eep r e touch wh ich d is t ingu ishe s s c raper s f r om d en t icu la tes more e as i ly t han a t P inedo . T here a r e a l so p o in ts , c onvergen t s craper s , t h inned b ack s c raper sa nd af ew e nd s c rape r sa nd t yp ica l b acked k n ive s . T he mac ro a s semb lage i st h e mo s tr ep re sen ta t ive p a r t o f t he E l S a r ta le jo i n du s try . T he p redom inance o ff l ake c l eave r s i s n o tab le a nd c on t ras t s w i th t h e p auc i ty o f p ebb le t oo ls . T he re a r es ome f l a t b i faces ( co rd ifo rms a nd p ar t ia l o va tes ) , an umber o f t yp ica l l anceo la tes , o ther s ymme tr ica l p i eces a l though Abb ev i l l ian t ypes a r e c ommon .

T he re a ppea rt ob e f ewe r l o ca l i t ies w i th M idd le P le is tocene i ndu s t r ies s ou th o ft h eT agu si nL a Mancha a nd t h eG uad iana b a s in . Many e x ten s ive s ur face s i tes a r e t ob e f ound i n L a Mancha , p robab ly k napp ing a rea s c ha rac te r ised b y ah i gh f r equency o f c ores a nd a h igh L eva l lo is c omponen t . A lthough t hese a re c ons idered t o b e p os t -Acheu l ian , p os s ib ly Mou s te r ian , t he p auc i ty o f t oo ls a nd s t ra t ig raph ic s equences c auses s ome u ncer ta in ty a bou t t he d ef in i t ion ( San ton ja 1 986 ) . A f ew s er ies w i th t h e se c ha rac ter is t ic s h ave b een r e la ted t od epo s i t s o f t h e G uad iana d a ted t o t h e b eg inn ing o f t h e Upper P le is tocene ( Pe rez Gonzä lez , p e r s . c omm . ) .

T r ihed ra ls a r e n o ta bundan ta tE l S a r ta le jo , aq ua r te r o f t he b i faces a nd l e ss t han o ne t en th o f t he c l eaver s . C leaver s f o rm t h e mo s ts i gn if ican tg roup o ft h ea s semb lage . T hey a r e n o t l im i ted t o s imp le t ypes , a l though t hese a re mos t f r equen t ly r ep re sen ted . Ha lf a r e made o n c or t ica l f l akes , 2 3% o n o rd ina ry f l akes , s ome a r e o n L eva l lo is f l akes , o n k omb ewa f l ake s( f ig . 5 ) ,s ome h ave i n va s ive ,b i fac ia l r e touch a nd a f ew h ave b een made o n f l akes wh ich were p rede te rm ined o nt h ec o re mak ing a ny f ur the rr e touch t o t he s t ruck f l ake u nnece ssa ry ( f igs 6 ,7 a nd 8 ) . One s uch c o re h a s b een f ound ( f ig . 9 ) . T he c l eave r s i n t h is s i te t end t o b e s ymme tr ica l , p r edom inan t ly r e c tangu la r i n f o rm a ch ieved b y ar e la t ive ly i n ten se a nd d eep r e touch . C leave r l ike p i eces h ave b een r e co rded among t he p ebb le t oo ls wh ich h ave c l ea r t ypo log ica l p a ra l le ls w i th T e r ra Ama ta a l though t he r aw ma ter ia l a tT er ra Ama ta , c ompac t l imes tone , i s d i fferen t ( Fourn ie r 1 974 , 1 31 ) .

A s e r ies o f t e r race s h ave d eve loped i n t h e C ampo d e C a la t rava , t he G uad iana a nd t h e J aba l6n . T hose o f t h e Guad iana f orm f i ve l eve ls , + 2 /3m , + 6 /8m , + 11 /13m , + 16 /18m ,+ 22 /28m ; t ho se o ft h eJ aba lon h ave e i gh t , + 2 /3m , + 7m , + 10 /12m , + 19 /21 m , + 25 /27m , 3 1 /3m , + 40 /43m , a nd + 45 /50 . A cheu l ian i ndus t r ies , a lway s i n q ua r tz ite , a r e a s soc ia ted w i th b o th s ys tems . Many w o rk -s i tes , s im i la r t o t ho se i nL a Mancha ,h ave b een f ound o u t s ide t h ese v a l ley s i n p ed imen t s a nd c o l luv ia ls r i ch i nq ua r tz i te c obb le s .

T he a bundance o f c l eaver s a t E l S ar ta le jo a ppea r s t o b e r e la ted t ot h ep r e sence i nt h ea rea o f l a rge q ua r tz i te c obb les w ith p rom inen t a ng les p rov id ing g ood p la tforms , p a r t icu la r ly c onven ien t f o r k napp ing . Cobb le d imens ions f a c i l i ta te t he r emova l o f f l akes s u i tab le f or c leaver s . D ur ing t h e s ur vey w e o bserved many c obb les w i th as i ng le r emova l s how ing t h e se c ha rac te r is t ic s , b u t d id n o t c o l lec t t h em . T he r ea r e a l so a s i gn if ican t n umbe r o f we l l p repa red c o re s ,i n c lud ing d i sco ida l c o res , w i th f l ake s ca r s o f ten mo re t han 1 5cm a l ong t h e l a rges t a x is . T he l a rge d imens ion o f t h e c obb les i s r ef lec ted , t oo , i n t h e p rofus ion o f l a rge r e touched f l akes , b i faces o n f l ake b lanks a nd i n t he mu l t ip l ic i ty o f f o rms wh ich g rade b e tween t ypo log ica l ly c l a s s if iab le p i ece s s uch a s t r anche t b i faces , c l eave r s o r l a rge r e touched f l ake s .

Acheu l ian i ndu s tr ies a ppea r i n t wo o r p erhaps t h ree d i f fe ren t morpho s t ra t ig raph ic p o s i t ion s : a )i nt h e + 11 /13m t e r race o f t he G uad iana , b ) i n t h e + 6 /8m t e r race o f t h e Guad iana a nd t h e + 7m o ft h e J aba l6n , a nd c )o n t h e l owe r t e r race o f t h e B u l laque , p erhap s e qu iva len t t ot he + 6 /8m t e r race o f t he B u l laque , b o th o f wh ich c o r re la te w i th i s o la ted f i nd s i nt h e l ower t e r race o ft h e J aba lön ( +2 /3m ) a t P uen te Mo rena ( San ton ja 1 98 1) . S i tes mo s t r ep resen ta t ive o f t h e se t h ree s ucce ss ive e p isodes a re : a ) E l Ma r t ine te , b ) A lba lä a nd c )P o rzuna . A lba lä a nd Mar t ine te , o n t he t e r ra ce s o f t h e G uad iana , a r e l o ca ted s ou th o fC iudad R ea l , 1 5km a pa r t . T he r aw ma ter ia l i n b o th c a se s i ss t r ic t ly l oca l , f l uv ia l q ua r tz i te p ebb les . Wh i le t h e L eva l lo is t e chn ique i sc l ea r ly d ocumen ted a t 8

M . S an ton ja A lba lä ( 10% o f t he f l ake s a nd v a r ious p repa red c o re s ) , t h e s ame d oe s n o t a pp ly t o E l Ma r t ine te . Add i t iona l ly , t he i nd ices f o r f ace ted a nd d ihedra l p la t fo rms a re h igher i n A lba lä ( 15 a nd 2 8a s o ppo sed t o 7a nd 1 7 r e spec t ive ly ) , a nd s o f t h amme rr e touch t e chn iques a r e a l so e v iden t . T he re i sa c l ea r p r esence o f f l ake t oo ls i n b o th s er ie s , w i th a ma rked p redom inance o fs craper s o ve r d en t icu la tes , a nd a t A lba lä t ypo log ica l p i eces a re mo re c l ea r ly d ef ined . However , t h e r educed n umber so fb o th s e r ies ( 193 a nd 1 66 ) d o n o t a l low f o rd i f f e rences i nt h ese c ha rac ter is t ics o rt ho se o f t h e macro t oo lk i t t o b e c a lcu la ted . T he macro t oo lk i t c ons is t s o f b i faces a nd c leave r s i n s im i la r p ercen tages , a nd a f ew t r ihed ra ls . D if fe rence s wh ich c o r robora te t he mo re e vo lved c ha rac te ro ft h e A lba lä a s semb lage a re b a sed f undamen ta l ly o n t he p re sence o f l anceo la te a nd M icoqu ian b i faces , a n o cca s iona l c l eave r o n aL eva l lo is f l ake , a nd s y mme t r ica l c l eave rf o rms . A sa tS a r ta le jo , t h e re a re f ew p ebb le t oo ls i n b o th a s semb lages .

p i eces i n s t ra t igraph ic p o s i t ion , a l though t he d ens i ty o f f i nd s i sl ow ( U tr i l la 1 984 ) . T he a s semb lages c ons is t o f a v a r ie ty o f f l ake t oo ls , b i face s a nd c l eave r s o n l o ca l r o ck s , f l in t ( 76% -9 8% ) a nd q ua r tz i te ( 24% -2% ) . T h ick b i faces a re mo s t f r equen t ly r ep re sen ted a l though f l a t b i face s ( 20 % ) a nd l a nceo la tes , s ome s how ing s o f t h ammer t e chn iques i n t h e f i n ish ing p roce sses , a r e a l so p resen t . C leavers f orm a bou t2 0% o f t h e mac ro t oo ls ; mo re t han h a lf a r e T ix ier 's t ype I ( on a no rd ina ry f l ake b l ank ) , b u tt ype 0( on ac o r t ica l f l ake ) a nd t ype I I ( on a L eva l lo is f l ake ) a re a l so w e l l r ep re sen ted ,a nd t he re a r e af ew e xamp le s o ft ypes I ,V a nd V I ( T ix ie r 1 956 ) . E v idence f o rL eva l lo is t e chn ique i sf ound i n h a lf t h e c o res wh ich a r e d i sco ida l , a nd i n f l akes w i th i nd ice sw h ich v a ry b e tween 8a nd 2 7 . T he N a jer i l la s i tes , a t t r ibu ted t ot h e Upp er A cheu l ian , f orm t h e e xcep t ion i n t h e E b ro . T hey c ou ld b e r e la ted t o t he n ea rby A tapue rca s i tes , g eograph ica l ly l i nked t h rough t he s ource o f t he A r lanzön . I n t h e r e s t o f t h e b a s in f rom N ava r ra t oT a r ragona o n ly af ew d oub t fu l p i eces a t tr ibu ted t o t he Uppe r A cheu l ian h ave b een l o ca ted ( U tr i l la 1 984 ; U tr i l la & R odanes 1 985 ) , a l though n ew i n forma t ion h a s r e su l ted f r om r e cen t s t ud ies .

T he B u l laque , ar i gh tb ank t r ibu ta ry o f t he Guad iana , f l ows t h rough f ou r s ma l l d ep re ss ion s a tt h e b ounda ry b e tween t h e Campo d e C a la t rava a nd t he H esper ic Mass if . T he d epress ion s a re f i l led b y p re -Qua ternary a l luv ia l f ans p a r t ia l ly d i s sec ted b y P le is tocene d ra inage . A s equence o f t h ree t e r ra ces i sf ound i nt h e t wo d ep res s ions c loses t t o t h e Guad iana ( E l Rob ledo a nd P ied rabuena ) . T he P o rzuna s e r ie s o f mo r e t h an 5 000 q uar tz i te a r tefac t s , o ver h a lf o f wh ich we re t oo ls , was c o l lec ted f r om t he s ur face o f t he l owes t t e r race b y l o ca l ama teu r a r chaeo log is ts . No a r tefac ts h ave b een l o ca ted w i th in t h e se d epo s i t s .

T he a b sence o fa r tefac t si sn o td ue t ot h e l a ck o f p o ten t ia l ly f avou rab le d epo s i t s . I n t h e E b ro , a s w e l l a s o the r r i ver s , t here a re w e l l d eve loped t e r races s ome t imes r i ch i n l ow e ne rgy d epo s i t s ,a si nG ä l lego ,w he re a r cha eo log ica l r ema in s m igh tw e l l b er ea sonab ly p re ser ved . B ecau se o f i n suf f ic ien t e nv ironmen ta l d a ta , i ti sd i f f icu l t t o i n terp re t t he d eser ted p ano rama o ft h eE b ro . We c an o n ly p resen t t h e s i tua t ion a s i ta ppea r s t ob ea tt h e momen t .

The P o rzuna i ndus t ry ( Va l lesp f e t a l . 1 979 , 1 985 ) i s c ompo sed o f an umbe ro fc oncen t ra t ions f r om d i f feren t f i nd s po t s . T he s amp le f r om S o lana d e l o s Mon te ros h a s t he mo s t s e cure s pac ia l c ohe s iveness . T h is a ssemb lage , w i th c ha rac te r is t ics wh ich d if fer s l igh t ly f rom t he o ther P o rzuna c o l lec t ions , i s c ons idered t o b e Mous ter ian . Howeve r , i tc on s is t s o f o n ly 2 22 a r tefac t s . T he n odu la r e lemen t o f t he P orzuna a s semb lage c ons is t s ma in ly o f b i faces ( i nc lud ing f i ne ly made , p o in ted t r ihedra ltypes ) , c l eave r sa nd r e touched f l ake s . B ifaces ,o f ten r e touched w i th s of th amme r , t end t ob e l a nceo la te ( 20% ) , M icoqu ian ( 20% ) a nd f l a t( 15% ) t ype s . C leave r s a r e a l so c ommon , f orm ing a r a t io w i th b i faces o f 2 :3 . T hey a re s ymme tr ica l , o f ten s pa tu la te a nd i nc lude av a r ie ty o ft ypes . S c rape r s d om ina te t he s ma l ler , f l ake t oo l c omponen t , a l though p ieces w i th r egu la r , i n tens ive r e touch a re we l l r epresen ted . T he L eva l lo is t e chn ique i si mpo r tan t a nd d ocumen ted i n o ver h a lf t h e c ores ( 11 % o f t h e c o res i fo ne d i scoun t s d i sco ida l c o re s ) . A l though t h e P o rzuna c o l lec t ions a re d ef in i te ly b ia sed b y s e lec t ion , t hey a r e s im i la r t o t hose f rom E I S o t i l lo i nt h e n e ighbour ing B ecea Va l ley a nd o ther s i n t h e a r ea ( C iudad e ta l . 1 983 ) . T hey r ep resen t t he f i na l s t ages o f t h e l o ca l Acheu l ian a nd a r e b es t p a ra l le led i n t he l ower t e r race so ft h e Manzana re s ( a ssemb lages p r ima r i ly i nf l in t ) , l e ss f r equen t ly i n t h e No r thern Mese ta i n E l B asa l i to ( Ben i to 1 978 ) a nd i no the ra r ea si nt h e Duero b a s in .

The Med i terranean L i t tora l E v idence o fh uman p re sence d u r ing t h e M idd le P le is tocene i nt h e c oa s ta l z one a nd t h e Med i t er ranean p re l i t to ra l f r inge i sa l so s l igh t . T he f ew s i te s , t h e mo s t i mpor tan t o f w h ich a re s t i l l u nder s t udy , a r e c ha rac ter ised b y f ac to r s wh ich s epa ra te t h em f r om t ho se i n t h e i n ter io r a nd Anda luc ia . T here a r e r ad ica l d i f ference s o f l o ca t ion : mo re i n k a rs t e nv ironmen t s a nd f ewe r o f o pen a i r l oca t ions i n f l uv ia l e nv ironmen t s . I n C a ta lon ia , i ndus tr ies a t tr ibu ted t o t he M idd le P le is tocene h ave b een f ound o n o pen -a ir s i tes i nt h e t e r races o ft h eT e r( Pu ig d ' en Roca a nd t h er e g ion o fL aS e Iva ) , a nd i n c ave a nd r ock s he l ter s ( Cau d e l D ue d e T o r roe l la , C au d e l Due d e U l lä , P ed ra D re ta , Mo l le t I ) . T he Mon tgr f c aves , p a r t icu la r ly C au d e l D ue d e T or roe l la ( excava ted b yP er ico t i n 1 922 ) , w e re c on s idered a s p o ss ib le l a te L ower P a laeo l i th ic o ccupa t ions . T he i ndus try a t Torroe l la , wh ich h as n o s t ra t igraph ic r e ferences t o g ua ran tee i t s h omogene i ty , i si n l imes tone , q ua r tz i te a nd f l in t a nd c ons is ts o f af ew Abbev i l l ian a nd amygda lo id b i face s , av a r ie ty o fp ebb le t oo ls a nd a n i mpo r tan t L eva l lo is c omponen t ( 20% o f t h e f l akes ) . T he i ndus try a t U l lä i s mo re d oub t fu l a nd h a s a lmo s t n o n odu la r t oo ls , a l though t he l ower l e ve ls m igh t r ep resen t aM idd le P le is tocene o ccupa t ion ( Cana l & S o ler 1 976 ; C a rbone l l e ta l . i np r e ss ) . T he l ower l e ve ls o f Mo l le t I ,i n t h e B anyo la s l a cus t r ine b a s in ,h a sc har ac ter is t ic M idd le P l e is tocene f a una i n c lud ing ah uman t oo th , a nd i ndu s try ( pebb le t oo ls a nd f l ake t oo ls ) a lway s o n l o ca l r ock s : q ua r tz ( 64% ) , q ua r tz i te ( 20% ) , f l in t ( 5 .5% ) a nd o ther s ( Cor tada & Ma ro to 1 990 ) .

T he E bro D epres s ion a nd t he P yr enean r eg ion T he f ew i nd ica t ion s o fP a laeo l i th ic o ccupa t ion i nt h e e a s tern C en t ra l Mese ta a nd i n t h e Dom in ic ) I ber ico a re f ound b e tween t h e E b ro a nd t h e P y renees . I n t h is r eg ion , t h e o n ly s u r er ema ins c o r re spond ing t ot h e p er iod u nder s t udy c ome f r om t h e Na jer i l la s ub -ba s in . T he s i tes , i nt h e s t epped g lac is s y s tem d iv id ing t h e F onf r ia moun ta ins i n t he R io ja A l ta , a r e f u ndamen ta l ly e x tens ive s u r face o ccur rence s w i th s ome 9

M . S an ton ja d epo s i t s i nT 10 ( +55m ) , a nd 8 0 ,000 BP ( U -Th ) f o r t h e L as J a r i l la s c a rbona te d epo s i t a tt he t op o f T 12 ( +29m ) ( D iaz d e l O lmo & V a l lesp i 1 993 ) . T he e a r l ies t i ndus tr ie s , f ew i n n umber a nd t h erefo re t ypo log ica l ly i nde f inab le , a r e f ound i nT 6c o r r espond ing t ot h e M idd le P le is tocene , a l though t he p resence o f a r cha ic i ndu s t r ies i n t he a rea h ad b een n o ted p rev ious ly ( Bordes & B igu ier 1 969 ) . The f i r st t ypo log ica l ly Acheu l ian b ifaces a ppear i n T8 , wh i le s ub s tan t ia l a s semb lages o fb i faces , c l eave r s , t r ihedra ls ,c l ear f l ake t oo ls a nd p resence o f L eva l lo is t e chno logy i s n o t r eg is te red u n t i l T i! ( Ta razona I ) , t he l a t ter h a lf o f t he M idd le P le is tocene . Mo re modern A cheu l ian a ssemb lages w ith a n e vo lved b i fac ia l e l emen t , t ypo log ica l ly f i na l A cheu l ian , a re f ound i n T 12 ( La s J a r i l las , An t iguos V ive ro s ) , p robab ly c o r respond ing t o t h e e nd o f t h e M idd le P le is tocene a cco rd ing t o d a tes f r om t h e t op o f T 12 . A l l t hese i ndus tr ies a re made f rom l oca l r o l led c obb les ; e xc lus ive ly q ua r tz i te u n t i l T 10 , a f ter wh ich f l in t c obb les a ppea ri n t h e a l luv ia l d epos i ts o f t h e z one a nd f l in t i s s ub sequen t ly e xp lo i ted t h roughou t t he r e s t o ft he s equence .

Var ious a ssemb lages , s im i la r i n c ha rac ter , h ave b een i den t if ied o n t h e s urface o f t h e t e r races a nd c o l luv ia ls c over ing t h em a tP u ig d ' en R oca n ea r G e rona ( Ca rbone l l e t a l . 1 988 ) . Made f r om l oca l q ua r tz , s ch is t a nd q ua r tz i te c obb le s , t h e se a s semb lage s a r e c ompo sed ma in ly o f p ebb le t oo ls , p o lyhedrons , c o re s , d en t icu la tes a nd u n re touched f l akes who se c h rono logy a nd c u l tu ra l a t tr ibu t ion may f i t i n to t h e p e r iod u nde rd i scu ss ion h e re . Mo re t h an 3 00 p i ece s were f ound i n t he n ea rby r ock s he l ter o f P ed ra D re ta , u nfor tuna te ly d es troyed b efore i t c ou ld b e s t ud ied . A l though mo s t a re i n q ua r tz , t h ere a re a f ew r e touched t oo ls a nd ama rked p resence o fd i sco ida l c o res a nd p seudo L eva l lo is f l akes . Var ious s urface s i tes a re k nown f rom L a S e Iva w i th a ssemb lages o f a bou t 3 00 t oo ls i nc lud ing c o re s , w e l l d ef ined s c raper s , b i face s ( Abbev i l l ian , amygda lo id a nd c h ise l-ended ) ( Ca rbone l l e ta l . 1 978 ) . G iven t h ea b sence o f o ther c r i ter ia , t h e se may b e c ons ide red t ypo log ica l ly a s A cheu l ian .

T e r race f o rma t ion o ft he Guade le te r i ve r ( a n a nc ien t b ranch o f t h e Guada lqu iv ir ) b egan d ur ing t he M idd le P le is tocene ( Zazo e t a l . 1 985 ) . Acheu l ian a ssemb lages o f c ompac t l imes tone a nd q ua r tz i te , a nd t o al e sser e x ten t f l in t , h ave b een f ound i n t h ree s uccess ive t e r races . An e a r ly p ha se , c ompa rab le t o P inedo , a ppea rs i n t he f i rs t t er races a t + 30 /40m a tL aguna d e Med ina ( G i les e t a l . 1 989 ) . I t i s w i thou t aL eva l lo is e l emen t , b u t w i th t h ick , p a r t ia l b i face s , c l eaver s o n c or t ica l f l akes , a nd t r ihedra ls . T he n umerous s i tes w i th c hoppe r s a l ong t h eA t lan t ic c oa s t b e tween C äd iz a nd Hue lva , b e s t r ep resen ted b y E l Acu lade ro ( Quero l & S an ton ja 1 983 ) , a ppear t o b e o f M idd le P le is tocene a ge , i n c lud ing t h e e nd o f t h is p er iod , a l though t he a ppa ren t a r cha ic n a ture o f t h e n odu la r i ndus try ( a lmo s t e xc lus ive ly c hoppe r s ) m igh t s ugges t a n e a r l ier a ge ( Bo rde s & Th ibau l t 1 977 ) . On t h ese c oa s ta l s i te s , t he a va i lab le q uar tz ite c obb le sa r e s ma l l ( genera l ly n o t more t han 1 0cm a long t h e ma jo r a x is ) a nd f l a t . A s ar e su l t , b ifac ia l p roduc t ion i s d i f f icu l t , med ium o r l a rge f l akes i mpo ss ib le t o a ch ieve , w h i le t h e s umma ry wo rk ing o f c obb les i se a sy b u t b es tows a na r cha ic a spec t t ot h ese i ndus tr ie s . A r eg iona l a na ly s is i s n ece s sa ry i no rde r t ou nde r s tand t hese i ndus t r ie s a s p resen t k now ledge i sb a sed a lmos t f u l ly o n t he s t udy o fo ne s i te .

S ome t r ace sh ave b een n o ted s ou th o f t he E b ro i n C a s te l iön a nd mo re i mpo r tan t l o ca t ion s i nV a lenc ia . Among t h e f i r s t g roup a r eC au den B or rä s a nd p e rhaps t h e c ave o fT o s sa l d e l aF on t ( Ca rbone l l e ta l . 1 979 ; B u s ie ta l . 1 980 ; A r suaga & B ermüdez d eC a s t ro 1 984 ) whe re men t ion i sm ade o f l i th ic a r tefac t s ,f auna la nd h uman r ema in s( i nt h ec ave o fT os sa l d e l a F on t ) p o ss ib ly f r om t h e e nd o f t he M idd le P le is tocene . These ma te r ia ls a r eo fl im i ted s i gn if icance , b u t n o t s o t ho se f r om Bo lomo rc ave ,T aberne sd eV a l ld igna , V a lenc ia , wh ich i sc u rren t ly u nder e xcava t ion ( Fernändez P er i s 1 990 ) a nd h a s e v idence o f i n tense o ccupa t ion , s ome s pann ing t h e M idd le P le is tocene . S im i la r p a t terns o f o ccupa t ion a r e v i s ib le i no ther c ave s a nd r ock s he l ter s i n t h is a r ea o f t h e S pan ish Med i te r ranean s uch a sC ue rvo c ave i nO nda ra ,c i ted b y B reu i l i n 1 9 13 , a nd a l so b e ing r e s tud ied a t t h e momen t ( Fernändez P er is ,p e r sc omm . ) . There a re e ven f ewer f i nd s a l ong t he r e s t o f t h e l i t to ra l b e tween A l ican te a nd G ib ra la tar . There i s n o th ing c ompa rab le t o B o lomo r a nd o n ly a f ew p o ss ib le o pen a i r s i tes i n Mä laga p rov ince , i n p ar t icu la r t h e i ndus t r ies ( quar tz i te b i faces a nd c l eaver s ) a s soc ia ted w i th t h e g l ac is t e r race o f t h e A l ja ima i n t h e l ower Guada lho rce v a l ley wh ich a re p robab ly M idd le P l e is tocene ( Ba r ro so e t a l i n p ress ) .

T he o ppo s i te e nd o f t he Guada l iqu iv ir i sc omposed o f v a r ious t e r t ia ry d ep ress ion s : f r om wes t t o e a s t t hose o f G ranada , Guad ix -Baza -O rce , Hue rca l-Ove ra a nd Ve ra . T he e a s te rn d epos i t s a r e f undamen ta l ly o f ma r ine o r ig in , wh i le i nt h e w es te r n o nes , f o rmed i na n i n terna l d ra inage s ys tem , c on t inen ta l d epos i ts p redom ina te . A n u mber o f P a laeo l i th ic l o ca l i t ie s i np r ima ry p o s i t ion a r e k nown i n t h e Guad ix -Baza -Orce r eg ion , t he mos t p rom inen t b e ing C ü l la r -Baza I( Ru iz B u s to s & M ichaux 1 976 ) a nd S o lana d e l Z ambor ino ( Bo te l la e t a l . 1 975 ) . A l though t h e a s soc ia t ion w i th f auna i n a n e nv ironmen t o f l ow e nergy d epos it s makes b o th s i tes e x t reme ly i n te re s t ing ( Vega 1 989 ) , t h e l i th ic i ndu s try f r om C ü l la r ( w i th f a una f rom t h e m idd le o ft h e M idd le P le is to cene ) i sl im i ted t o f our f l ake s a nd t wo c hopper s , wh i le t he s ub s tan t ia l a ssemb lage f r om S o lana i sk nown o n ly f r om p re l im ina ry d esc r ip t ions . T he f l ake t oo ls f rom S o lana d e l Z ambor ino ( s c rapers a nd d en t icu la tes ) a re w e l l d ef ined t ypes , o f ten r egu lar ly r e touched . L a rge t oo ls ( b ifaces a nd c leaver s ) a re l e s s a bundan tb u ti n c lude p i ece s s how ing ad eve lopmen ti n f orm . T he L eva l lo is t e chn ique i sp resen t , a l though l im i ted ,a nd t he u se o fs o f th amme ri sa l so i ne v idence . T he p re sence o fc ore s

Anda luc ia a nd t he S egura b a s in The Guada lqu iv ir h ydrograph ic b as in i s t he l a rges t g eograph ic u n i t i n t he s ou th o f t he P en insu la . I t i s a c omp lex a rea b o th i n i t s g eo log ica l c ompo s i t ion a nd morphostructura l f ea tures , w i th P l io -Qua ternary d ep ress ion s d i s t ingu ishab le i nt h e e a s te r ns e c to r . Acheu l ian i ndus t r ie s o ccur a l ong t he m idd le a nd l ower Guada lqu iv ir V a l ley f r om J a6n t oS ev i l le o n t h e t e r race s o f t h e ma in r i ve ra nd i t s t r ibu ta r ies . T he mo rpho s t ra t ig raph ic s equence o f t he Guada lqu iv ir c lose t o S ev i l le h a s b een s t ud ied b y D iaz d e l O lmo a nd V a l lesp i . T he 1 4 t e r race l e ve ls p rov ide g ood morphos t ra t ig raph ic ma rke r sa sw e l l a s c hronome t r ic r e ferences ( U -Th a nd p a laeomagne t ism ) w i th wh ich t h e P a laeo l i th ic i ndus t r ies o f t he r eg ion may b e c or re la ted . T he J a ram i l lo e ven t ( 950 -890 k y ) i sl o ca ted b e tween T 3 ( +169m) a nd T 4 ( +142m ) , wh i le T 6 ( +11 5/11 0m ) w i th n orma l p o la r i ty i si nt h e B runhe se poch . Ad a te o fa round 3 00 k y ( B iwa p ha se ) i sp ropo sed f o r l a ke 1 0

M . S an ton ja d epo s i t s , l a rge s ca le e xcava t ion , r e t r ieva l o f e ve ry th ing r e su l t ing i nt hou sands o f i t ems ) w i th a no ther , L a Maya I I , c ons is t ing o f a f ew d ozen p ieces c o l lec ted t h rough e x tens ive , t hough n o t e xhaus t ive , s ur face s urvey o f many h ec ta res , w i th i s o la ted a nd p ar t ia l s t ra t igraph ic s equence s . C ircums tance so fr e sea rch h ave o f ten n eces s i ta ted s uch p a ths o f e nqu iry ( San ton ja 1 981 , e t c .) , b u t o ne mus t n o t b i a s r e sea rch q ues t ions a nd s hou ld v iew p os s ib le c onc lu s ions i n t h e l i gh t o f t he p rob lem , a l low ing o f c ourse a ma rg in o f u ncer ta in ty wh ich may n o t i mpede q ua l i ta t ive a pp ra isa ls , b u t make sq uan t i ta t ive o ne s a pp rec iab ly mo re d if f icu l t .

a nd f r agmen t s s hows c l ea r ly t ha t k napp ing w a s d one o n t h e s i te , a nd wh i le t he f l in t , q ua r tz i te a nd q ua r tz c obb les e xp lo i ted c ome f r om t h e i mmed ia te e nv ironmen t , t h ey a r e n o t f r om t h e s i te a rea p rope r . T he l i th ic i ndu s t ry f r om t h e s i te i ss im i la rt ot ha t o f t h e l ower l e ve ls o f C ueva Ho rä i n S ierra A rana o n t he w es tern e dge o f t h e D epress ion , i d en t if ied a s Upper A cheu l ian o f Mer id iona l f a c ie s , c ompa rab le w i th t ha t f r om l e ve l 5 8 a t C ombe G rena l ( Bo te l la e ta l . 1 983 ) . F ina l r e f lec t ions : r aw ma ter ia ls i nt he I ber ian A cheu l ian

T he l o ca t ion o fs i te si sn o t an eu t ra l q ue s t ion . T he re a r ec ave a nd o pen a i r s i tes , a s w e l l a s s i tes i n s t r ic t ly p r ima ry p o s i t ion a nd t hose d er ived f rom d epos it s a ffec ted b y movemen t , a l l o f fer ing d i s t inc t c on t ra s ts wh ich mus t b e r e la ted t ot he n a tu re o f t h e s i tes . One wou ld h ope t h a t a n i ndu s try r e la t ing t o ar e la t ive ly c oncre te a c t iv i ty , o f as i ze wh ich c an b e e s t ima ted , p roduced w i th in a b r ief , d ef ined p er iod , c ou ld b e d i s t ingu ished f rom o ne i n ag rave l d epo s i t w i th a r tefac ts u sed f o r u nknown a c t iv i t ies d ur ing a n i nde f in i te p er iod . One s uch e xamp le i st h e A r ido s Is e r ies a nd t ho se i n u nder ly ing g rave l l eve ls i n t he s ame s t ra t igraph ic u n i t ( San ton ja e t a l . 1 980 ) . I n s uch c a ses , o f wha t u se a re p ercen tages o f b ifaces o r o ther s pec if ic t oo l types a nd t e chno log ica l i nd ices wh ich d i f fer g rea t ly , o r t h e p resence o ra bsence o f at r a i to rp a r t icu la rt oo l type?

B efore t h e 1 980s t he o n ly k now ledge o f t he L ower P a laeo l ith ic o f t he I ber ian P en insu la ( by wh ich f undamen ta l ly w e m ean S pa in ) w h ich t r anscended t he b arr ier i mposed b y l anguage w a s f r om t he modern e xcava t ion so f To r ra lba a nd Amb rona , a nd p e rhap s a ne cho o f o ld i nve s t iga t ions a tS an I s idro a nd t h e s i te s a long t h e b ank s o ft h e Manzana re s . F ur ther m en t ion r e su l ted f r om t e rm p ropo sed b y B o rdes o f a' Me r id iona l A cheu l ian ' f a c ie s u nder l in ing t h e p o ss ib le A f r ican r oo t f o r t h e A cheu l ian i n t he r eg ion ( A l iman 1 975 ) w ith c l eavers a nd l i th ic a ssemb lage s made f r om r o l led q ua r tz i te c obb le s . I th a sa l so b een r i gh t ly n o ted t h a tt h e se a s semb lage sh ave t e chn ica l a nd t ypo log ica l p ara l le ls w i th s ome r eg ion s i ns ou ther n F rance : Ga ronne ,H au te L anguedoc ( Tavo so 1 978 ) . We h ope t h a t t he r ev iew p resen ted h e re h a s d emon s t ra ted a c omp lex i ty wh ich i sg r ea ter t han t h a te v iden ti nt h e l im i ted i n fo rma t ion r e fer red t oa bove ,a s w e l l a sp rov id ing ag ene ra l f ramework f or t he c on tr ibu t ion s i n t h is v o lume . I n c onc lu s ion w e wou ld l i ke t o d i scuss i n g ene ra l t e rms t h e r epresen ta t ive n a ture o ft h e a va i lab le d a ta a nd t h e l im i t s o f t he ir i n terp re ta t ion , u nder l in ing t h e r o le o f r aw ma te r ia l a nd t h e p o ss ib i l i ty o f d i s t ingu ish ing , a lbe i t ma rg ina l , r eg iona l f a c ies , " t echnocomp lexes " o r t h e e qu iva len t among t he M idd le P le is tocene i ndus t r ies o f t he a rea u nder c ons ide ra t ion .

I ti so bv ious t ha t b efo re l ook ing f o r a n e xp lana t ion o n a t e chno log ica l l e ve l o r i nt h e ' c u l tura l t r ad i t ion ' o f ah uman g roup , o ne mu s t c ons ide r t h e f orma t ion , l o ca t ion a nd l a te r a l te ra t ion o f t he s i te a nd t he t aphonom ic a spec t s wh ich d e te rm ined t h e c ond i t ion o f t he a rchaeo log ica l a ggrega te a s f ound i n t h e p resen t ( V i l la 1 981 , 1 983 , 1 75 ) . T o e va lua te t he p oss ib le e l emen ts wh ich may c ause d if ferences d i f fe ren t t ime p er iod s , o ne o r mo re a c t iv i t ies , s t ab i l i ty a nd d ura t ion o f t he o ccupa t ion , r epea ted o ccupa t ions , r aw ma te r ia l a va i lab i l i ty , d egree o f c onserva t ion o f t he s i te , s ou rce o fi n fo rma t ion ( excava t ion , s ys tema t ic a nd i n tens ive s urvey o r n o t e tc .) - o ne p erce ives t he d iff icu l ty o f d i sce r n ing t he r ea l mean ing f rom a c ompa r ison o f t wo i ndus t r ie s a nd e s tab l ish ing t he r o le p layed b y e ach o f t h e a bove m en t ioned f a c to r s . When c ons ide r ing t he p os s ib i l i ty o f r eg iona l ' c u l tura l t r ad i t ion ' , t wo o f t hese f ac to r s , r aw ma te r ia l a nd t ype o fo ccupa t ion ( open a i ro r c ave ) , s e em t o b ee xp lana to ry mechan isms o f p r ima ry i mpo r tance , a lbe i t n o t t h e o n ly o nes , f o r t h e t e chno log ica l a nd t ypo log ica l s im i la r i t ie sa nd d i f f erence s o bserved b e tween t h e A cheu l ian o f t h e I ber ian P en insu la a nd t ha t o f t he s ou thern F rance , d ef ined a s ar eg iona l f a c ies ( Bordes 1 971) o r at e chno c omp lex ( Genes te 1 989 ) , t he ' Mer id iona l Acheu l ian ' i n c on t ra s t t o t he ' c la ss ic ' A cheu l ian o f n o r thern F rance a nd E ng land .

The p r eca r ious n a tu re o f t he c hrono log ica l i n fo rma t ion a va i lab le , i n c lud ing a b so lu te d a tes , mu s tb ee mpha s ised . An a dequa te n umbe ro fd a te sa r ea va i lab le o n ly f o rA tapue rca , a f ew i n G uada lqu iv ir , a l l o f wh ich h ave b een men t ioned , wh i le o ther p ro jec t s f o r a b so lu te d a t ing a r e u nderway . R e la t ive d a t ing i sa l so p rob lema t ic a s t h e re a r e n e i the r b io s t ra t ig raph ic o r morphos t ra t igraph ic r e fe rences f o r many l oca l i t ie s . Apa r t f r om t he Med i ter ranean f r inge , mo s t k nown s i te s a r e o pen -a i r , i n o r o n t h e s ur face o f r i ver d epo s i t s w i th t he n umbe r o f a r tefac t s r ang ing f r om a f ew t e n s ( o r l e ss ) t o a f ew h undred , c o l lec ted f r om l o ca t ion s w h ich v a ry i n s i ze , n o t a lways q uan t if ied b u t o f ten many h ec ta res . T he r ep resen ta t ive n a tu re o f s ome o f t h ese s e r ie s , a nd t herefo re t he v a l id ity o f r each ing u namb iguous c onc lus ions b y c ompa r ing t hem w i th o the r s e r ies , i s u nrea l is t ic . T he p re senc e o r n o t o f t ypo log ica l p ieces o r p i ece s o f s ome t e chno log ica l s i gn if icance i n w e l l d ef ined a s semb lages d epend s o n an umbe r o f f a c to r s , f o r t h e mo s t p a r t e lus ive . A l though t h e re a r e n ol a ck o fa s semb lage s , many a r e b i a sed . To u se t h em i n c ompa ra t ive s t ud ies o ne mus t t ake i n to c ons ide ra t ion a w ide r ange o f d if f icu l t q ues t ions when a na lys ing t he a va i lab le d a ta . F o r e xamp le , wha t c on sequences d ot h e n a tu re a nd t empo ra l d u ra t ion o ft h e s i te h ave o n t h e l i th ic i ndus t ry? One m igh t t r y t o c ompa re a s semb lages f rom e xcava t ion , e .g . P inedo ( i n f l uv ia l

T he c ha rac ter is t ics o f t he ' Mer id iona l A cheu l ian ' w ere o u t l ined i n i t ia l ly a t P ech d e L 'Azd I a nd Combe G rena l ( Bo rde s 1 972 ) . B o rde s e mpha s ised t h e d eve lopmen t o f t h e f l ake t oo l e lemen t , p a r t icu la r ly t he Upper P a laeo l i th ic g roup ( end s c rape r s , p i e rce r s , b u r ins , t yp ica l b acked k n ive s e t c .) , t h e p auc i ty o f b i faces a nd r a r i ty o f b i face f orms c ommon i n n or thern F rance ( ova tes , c ord iforms a nd l a nceo la tes ) . T he T or ra lba i ndus try , wh ich w e a r e n ow b eg inn ing t ou nde r s tand mo re c l ea r ly , w a s s e en t ob e s im i la r t o t h e s ou thern f a c ies . N ever the less , s ub sequen t s t ud ies h ave r ap id ly a dded v a r ie ty t o t he o r ig ina l v iew o f t h e ' Mer id iona l Acheu l ian ' , s o t ha t t oday i ti ss een a s as epa ra te t e chn ica l f a c ies o f t h e A cheu l ian c oex is t ing w i th c l a ss ic 1

M . S an ton ja

c o re . T h is e xp la ins t h e g rea ter n umber o f p rogress ive c l eaver t ype s( on L eva l lo is o rk ombewa f l ake s ) f o und i n t h e l owe r t e r r ace c omp lex o f t h e Manzanares t han i nt h e o the r r i ver s i n t h e Mese ta w he re q uar tz i te c obb les w ere a lmo s t e xc lus ive ly e xp lo i ted , a nd whe re c l eaver s o n c o r t ica l f l akes a re a bundan t , T he p resence a nd t ypo log ica l v ar ie ty o f c l eaver s i n c re ase s when l a rger c obb le s a re a va i lab le ( no ted i n o the r r eg ions t oo ) wh ich f ac i l i ta te t h e r emova l o f l a rge f l ake ss uch a sa tE l S ar ta le jo ( San ton ja 1 985 ) H e re aw ide r ange o f m anufac tur ing t e chn ique s h ave b een d oc umen ted , i nc lud ing c l eave r s who se s hape h ad b een p rede te rm ined o n t h e c o re ( f ig s . 6 , 7a nd 8 ) . S im i la r o b se rva t ion s h ave b een n o ted o n s i te s i n n o r thea s tern S pa in s uch a s B a t iugue s a nd P o r tavedra ( f ig .3 , 1a nd 2 ) .

A cheu l ian i ndus t r ies i n t he Dordogne ( Genes te 1 989 ) . C h ise l e dged b i f ace s a nd c l eaver s a s w e l l a s b acked b i faces ( Gu icha rd & G u ichard 1 976 ) a nd t r ifaces a s r e def ined b y B oeda .( Gene s te 1 989 )a r en o tab le among t h eo pen a i rs i tes i n t h e B erge rac whe re f l in t w as e xp lo i ted ( a s i n t he a bove m en t ioned c ave s i te s ) ;a l though a va i lab le i n s l ab s a nd n o t s ma l l n odu le s I nt h eo pen a i rs i te so f N an te t a nd B ouheben i nA dour , e xcava ted b y Th ibau l t , where q uar tz i te c obb les a r e t h e mos t c ommon r aw ma ter ia l , a typ ica l b i f aces , made w i th f ew r emova ls , a r e p ar t ia l , t h ick a nd a symme tr ica l , s c rape r s a nd d en t icu la tes d om ina te t he f l ake t oo ls , a nd c hoppe r s , t r ihedra ls ( morpho log ica l ly a nd t e chno log ica l ly d i f feren t f r om ' t r ifaces ' ) a nd c l eavers a re a l so p resen t ( Th ibau l t 1 976 ) . T he ' Mer id iona l A cheu l ian ' w i th t r ifaces i sf ound , t o o , i n s ome l e ve ls o f L a M icoque a nd V auf rey . I ndeed , s ome a u thor s s ugges t t he e x is tence o f v a r ious , p a ra l le l , e vo lved t e chn ica l s ys tems d u r ing t h e m idd le o f t he u ppe r M idd le P le is tocene i nt h e r eg ion ( Gene s t e 1 989 ) .

Ac er ta in r aw ma ter ia l -re la ted d e te rm in ism i sr e vea led n o t o n ly i n t he c a se o f E l S ar ta le jo b u t i n o the r S pan ish A cheu l ian a s semb lage s . E l A cu lade ro ( Quero l &S an ton ja 1 983 ) i sa no ther e xamp le where t h e s ma l l s i ze a nd f l a t s hape o f t h e c obb les h ave made b i fac ia l m anu fac ture d i ff icu l t a nd may , b y i t se lf , e xp la in t h e n a ture o f t he a s semb lage , r a the rt han s e e ing i ta sa ne xamp le o fa n a r cha ic i ndus try ( Bo rdes 1 992 , 7 ) . The i mpo r tan t r o le o f r aw ma ter ia l may b e c ons ide red a t Amb rona , T o r ra lba a nd C ues ta d e l aB a jada . I fo ne a ccep ts t h a t h uman p r e sence a t t h e s i tes o f Amb rona a nd T or ra laba w as u nforeseen r a ther t han p lanned ,t h ea b sence o fo u tc rop so rc obb le ss u i tab le f or k napp ing i n t he i mmed ia te r eg ion m igh t e xp la in t he s ucce s s ive r e juvena t ion o ft o o l s wh ich r e nde red a n ' e vo lved ' a spec t t o t h e a s semb lages . T he a bno rma l f r equency o f r e touched f l ake f r agmen t s a nd a bsence o f ac ha rac te r is t ic Acheu l ian b i fac ia l t oo lk i t a t Cues ta d e l aB a ja c ia c an b e u nder s tood i nl i gh to ft h e l im i ted l oca l a va i lab i l i ty a nd s i ze o fa pp ropr ia te r aw ma te r ia l . C onsequen t ly , t h ere i sn on eed t oc on s ide rt h e p os s ib i l i ty t h a to ne i sf a ced w i th ad i f f e ren t i ndus try .

I n t h e G a ronne a nd T a rn V a l leys , l a rge a ssemb lages h ave r e su l ted f r om a s ys tema t ic s urvey o f t he f l uv ia l t e r races . B iface s , p a r t icu lar ly p a r t ia l b i face s , f o rm a c on s iderab le p ropo r t ion o f t h ese a s semb lages , a s d o c hopper s , c leaver s a nd l a rge f l ake t oo ls ( s crapers , u sua l ly a typ ica l t ypes , d en t icu la tes a nd r e touched f l akes wh ich a re d i f f icu l t t o p l ace t ypo log ica l ly ) ( Tavo so 1 978 ) . T hese i ndu s tr ies , made f rom l o ca l ly a bundan t , r o l led q uar tz i te c obb les wh ich c on tr ibu te t o t h e s imp l ic i ty o f k napp ing t e chn iques , mos t c lose ly r e semb le I ber ian a ssemb lages f rom f luv ia l e nv ironmen t s ( Tavo so 1 978 , 3 70 ; S an ton ja 1 98 1) , n o t o n ly i n t e chno logy a nd t ypo logy b u t a l so i n a lmo s t a l l o ther a sp ec t sm en t ioned a bove , among t h em f l uv ia l e nv ironmen ts , l a rge -sca le s u r face s urvey , a nd r aw ma te r ia l . T he p a t tern d i f fe r s i n o ccupa t ion s i te s i n t h e S pan ish Mese ta s uch a s A r idos I a nd 2 , Amb rona , T or ra lba , S an Qu irce a nd A tapue rca , a s w e l l a s s i tes f rom f l uv ia l d epo s i ts s uch a s P ined° a nd L a Maya I . I n t h ese s i tes , t he p ropor t ion o f f l akes a nd k napp ing d eb i tage s upercedes t ha t o f t oo ls , e spec ia l ly mac ro t oo ls .

F ina l ly , w i th r egard t o t h e p er iod a nd t e r r i tory u nder c ons idera t ion , o ne mus t emphas ise t h e e x is tence o f p rocesses , i ndependen t o f c u ltura l t r ad it ion a nd t e chno log ica l d eve lopmen t , wh ich m ay h ave p layed a c a ta ly t ic r o le i n t he d i f ferences a nd s im i la r i t ies b e tween l i th ic a ssemb lages . S uch p rocesses u nderm ine i n terpre ta t ions wh ich emphas ise t he i d en t if ica t ion o f p a t terns r e la ted t o s oc ia l s t ruc ture o r e nv ironmen ta l a dap ta t ion a mong h uman g roup s .

Un t i l r e cen t ly i tw a s n o rma l p rac t ise n o t t o c on s ider s uch e l emen ts ( s ee V i l la 1 98 1) . When t he t e rm ' Mer id iona l A cheu l ian ' w as i n troduced i t was a ccep ted , a lbe it i mp l ic i t ly , t h a t t h e e x is tence o f r eg iona l f a c ies w e re d ue t o ' c u l tu ra l ' c auses . I n s ho r t , t h e p resence o f c l eave r s i n t he I be r ian P en in su la a nd o the r a r ea s o f s ou thern E urope were r e la ted t o d i rec t c on tac t w i th A f r ica a cross t h e S t ra its o f G ib ra l ta r a nd S ic i ly ( A l imen 1 975 ) . Today , c l eavers a re mo re o f ten r e la ted t o r aw ma ter ia l : t h e p resence o f l a rge c obb les a nd r ocks s uch a s q uar tz i te wh ich h ave n o t u nde rgone much a l tera t ion o f t he ir c o r t ica l s ur face ( a s o ppo sed t o t h e n o rm i n f l in t ) f avou rs t he p roduc t ion o f c l eave r s . T h is h a s b een o b served i nI ber ia , s ou thern F rance , s ome I t a l ian r e g ions , t h e S aha ra a nd o ther r eg ion s o f t he Mahg reb , a s w e l l a s i n d i s tan t a rea s w i th a pp ropr ia te r aw ma ter ia l , f o r e xamp le G ermany ( Lu t tropp & Bos insk i 1 97 1) , Nor th A f r ica , a l though p oo rer i nc l eave r s t h an s ome r e g ions o f t h e S aha ra ( B iber son 1 954 ; A l imen a nd Z ua te Z ube r 1 978 ) , t h e N ea r E a s t ( G i lead 1 973 ) , I nd ia , a nd C h ina ( J e l inek 1 977 ) . C leaver s a r e n o t c omp le te ly u nknown i n c l a ss ic A cheu l ian f l in t i ndus t r ies e ven f r om t h e S omme ( f ig . 3n o .3 ) , a l though t h ey a r e n o rma l ly i s o la ted p i eces o r mo r e t yp ica l ly , a s o ccu r s i n t h e Manzana res , i na dvanced A cheu l ian c on tex t s . V i l la ( 1983 , 2 05 ) h a s p o in ted o u t t ha t g i ven t h e s o f t c o r tex o n f l in t n odu les , t h e p roduc t ion o f a f l ake o fs u i tab le d imens ions wou ld r e su l t i n much was tage o f r aw ma ter ia l o r r equ ire as ys tema t ic p repa ra t ion o f t he

R eferences A gu ir re , E . 1 989 . Amb rona yT o r ra lba . I n : A rgen te , J .( ed ) D ie z a hos d eA rqueo log ia s or iana . S o r ia : Mu seo Numan t ino , 2 3-36 . Agu ir re , E . 1 991 . L es p rem ier s p eup lemen t s h uma in s d e l a Kn insu le i be r ique . A c tes d u 1 14 C ongrä s N a t iona l d es S oc ie tA S avan tes . P a r is : C .T . H .S . , 1 43 -150 Agu ir re , E . , C a rbone l l , E . , B e rmudez d e C as t ro , J .M . ( eds ) . 1 987 . E l h ombre f 6s i l d e l beas y e l P le is toceno d e l a S ierra d e A tapuerca . I nves t igac iones A rqueo lög icas e n C as t i l la y L e6n . Monog raf fas I .V a l lado l id : J un ta d e C a s t i l la y L eön . Agu ir re , E . d e , Mo l ina , E . , P e rez Gonza lez , A . 1 976 . D a to s p a leoma s to l6g ico s yf a ses t e c t6n ica s e n e lN e6geno d e l a Me se t a s u r e s paßo la . T raba jos N e eeno -Cua ternar io , 5 : 7 -29 . A l imen , H . 1 975 . L es " i s thmes" h i spano -ma roca in e t s i c i lo t un is ien a ux t emps a cheu l ens . L 'An thropo log ie , 7 9 : 3 99 -436 . 1 2

M . S an ton ja

C ano P an , J .A . 1 99 1 . L as i ndus tr ias l i t ica st a l lada se nl ac o s ta d e L aG uard ia aB a iona . AC oruf i a : E xcm . D ip . P rov . d e A C o ruf ia . C a rbone l l , E . , C ana l , J . & S anch iz , N . 1 978 . E l A ch e len se s upe r io rd eP u ig d 'E sc la ts , L a S e lva ( Ge rona ) . C uad erno s d eP reh is tor ia yA rqueo log ia C a s te l lonen se , 5 : 7 -29 . C a rbone l l , E . , E s tevez , J . & Gus i , F . 1 979 . R esu l tados p re l im ina re s d e l o s t r aba jo s e f e c tuado s e n e l y ac im ien to d e l P le is toceno med io d e " Cau d ' en B o r rä s " ( O ropesa , C as te l l6n ) . C uadernos d e P reh is tor ia y A rqueo log ia C as te l lonense , 6 :7 -17 . C a rbone l l , E . , Gu i lbaud , M . , Mo ra , R . , Mu ro , I . , S a la , R . & M i ra l les , J . 1 988 . E l Comp lex d e l p l is toc6 m i t jä d e l P u ig d 'En R o ca " . C .S ./ .C . C arbone l l , E . , Gu i lbaud , M . , S a la , R . & C abana s , A .M . ( i n p res s ) . L 'Occupa t ion a cheu l6enne d u Mon tgr i : C au s d e l Duc d e T or ra lba e t d 'U l la ( Ca ta logue , E spagne ) . I R eun iön d e lC ua ternar io l bd r ico . Mad r id ,1989 . C iudad , A . , G a rc ia S e r rano , R . , C aba l le ro , A . & F ranc ia , A . 1 983 . Ma ter ia le sP a leo l i t icos d eE lS o t i l lo . C iudad R ea l : Mu seo d e C iudad R ea l . Mu seo d eC iudad R ea l E s tud ios y Monog raf ia s , 8 . C or tada ,T . & Ma ro to ,J . 1 990 . L a d en th umana p a leo l i t ica d eL a C ova d e Mo l le t I( Se r inyä ) . Q uade rn sd e lC en t re d 'E s tud is C omarca l sd eB anyo le s , 1 988 -1989 : 1 35 -147 . D iaz , M . & P e rez Gonza lez , A . 1 979 . E s tud io g eo l6g ico d e l a t e r raza d eP inedo . I n : Que ro l , M .A . & S an ton ja M . ( eds ) , E ly ac im ien to a che lense d e P inedo . Mad r id : M in is ter io d e Cu l tu ra . E xcavac iones A rqueo l6g ica s e n E spana , 1 06 , 1 9 -36 . D iaz d e l O lmo , F . , V a l lesp i , E . & B aena E scude ro , R . 1 993 . C ua te rnar io ys e cuenc ia p a leo l i t ica e n l a s t e r raz as d e l b a jo y med io Guada lqu iv i r : a luv i onam ien tos , c o luv i ones , s ue los y p a leosue los . V I J ornadas d e A rque logia A r zda lu za . D iaz d e l O lmo , F . , V a l le sp i , E . &B aena ,R . &R ec io , J .M . 1 989 . T er razas p le is tocena s d e l G uada lqu iv i r o cc iden ta l : g eomo r fo log ia , s ue lo s , p a leo sue lo s ys ecuenc ia c u l tu ra l" . I n : E l C ua ternar io e n A nda luc ia o cc iden ta l . S ev i l la : AEQUA Monog ra f ia s 1 ,3 3 -42 . Dup re . M . 1 988 . P a l ino logia y P a leoamb ien te . N uevos d a tos e spano le s . R ef erenc ias . V a lenc ia : D ipu tac iön d e V a lenc ia . S e r v ic io d e I nve s t igac iön P reh is tö r ica , T rab . V a r io s , 8 4 . E cha ide , M . D . 1 98 1 . L a i ndu s t r ia U t ica d e l y ac im ien to d e B ud if io ( Pon teved ra ) . Mun ibe , XX I I I ( 1 ) : 1 25 -154 . F e rnandez P e n is , J . 1 990 . E l P a leo i t ico i nf er ior e n e l P a is V a lenc iano . Unpub l ished Memo r ia d e L icenc ia tura . U n iv . d e V a lenc ia . F ou rn ie r , P .A . 1 974 . L es o u t i ls s ur g a le t s d u s i te m inde l ien d e T erra -Ama ta ( N ice , A lpe s - Mar i t ines ) . Unpub l ished t h es is , Un iv . d e P rovence . F reeman , L .G . 1 975 . A cheu l ian S i te s a nd S t ra t ig raphy i n I be r ia a nd t he Magh reb . I n : Bu tze r , K .W . & I s aac , G .L I . ( ed s ) , A f ter t he A us tra lop i thec ines . T he H ague /Pa r is : Mou ton , 6 61-744 . G amazo , M . 1 982 . P ro specc ione s e n l a s t e r raza s d e l am a rgen d e recha d e lr i o Manzana re s ( Ge ta f e yR iba s -Vac iamad r id ) . N o ta A rgeo lög ica . N ° 1 4 : 7 -148 . G amb le , C . 1 990 . E l p ob lam ien to p a leo l i t ico d e E uropa . B a rce lona : C r i t ic& G enes te , J .M . 1 989 . L e s i ndus t r ie s a cheu l6enne s e n Aqu i tan ie s ep ten t r iona le . L es s ys t6mes t e chno log iques l i th iques p endan t l e c omp lexe r i ss ien . I n : T u f f reau , A . ( cd ) , A cheulgen d ans l 'Oues t d 'Europe , R e sume d es c ommun ica t ions . S t . R iqu ie r , 5 0 -55 . G i le s , F . , S an t iago , A . , Gu t ie r rez , J .M . , Ma ta , E . & A gu i ler a , L . 1 989 . E l p ob lam ien to p a leo l i t ico e n e l v a l le d e l r i o G uada le te . I n : E l C ua ternar io e n A nda luc ia o cc id en ta l . S ev i l la : A soc iac i6n e spaf io la p a ra e l e s tud io d e l C ua terna r io . Monograf ia s 1 ,4 3 -57 . Gonza lez E chega ray , J . 1 958 . E l P a leo l i t ico i n f e r io r d e l o s a l rededo re sd eA l tam ira . A l tam ira , ( 2 -3 ) : 3 49 -369 .

A l imen , M .H . & Zua te -Zuber , J . 1 978 . L 'Evo lu t ion d e l ' Acheu ld en a u S ahara n ord -occ iden ta le ( Saoura -Ougar ta T abe lba la ) . Meudon : C .N .R .S . A l mag ro B asch , M . 1 954 . E l P a leo l i t ico e spaf io l . I n : Men6nde l P it h ! , R . ( ed ) H is tor ia d eE spana . I ( 1) : 2 43 2 98 . Mad r id : E spa sa -Ca lpe . A rna iz ,M . 1 990 . L a so cupac iones d eS an Q u i rce d er i o P i sue rga : r ef lex iones s ob re l a u t i l izac iön d e l e spac io y s us i mp l icac ione s . B o l . S em . A r te yA rq . , LV I : 2 5 -37 . A rna iz , M .A . , & Med iav i l la d e P ed ro , O . , 19 86 . V i l la rme ro : u n y ac im ien to P remu s te r ien se a la i re l i b re e nl az ona o r ien ta l d e l aS ubme se ta n o r te . N uman t ia , I : 7 -31 . A r suaga ,J . L . , &B e rmudez d eC a s t ro ,J .M . 1 984 . E s tud io d e l o s r e s to sh umano s d e l y ac im ien to d el aC ova d e lT o s sa l d eL a F on t ( V i l lamaf 6 s , C a s te l lön ) . C uadernos d eP reh is tor ia y A rqueo log ia C as te l lonenses , 1 0 : 9 -34 . B aena P rey s le r ,J . 1 992 . T a l leres p a leo l i t icos e n e lc ur so f i na l d e lr i o Manzanare s . Mad r id : U n iv . Au t6noma d e Mad r id B a r ro so , C . , Du ran , J . J . , Mo l ina , F . & Mo rgada , A . ( i n p re s s ) . E l g lac iste r raza d e A l ja i ma ( Mä laga ) y s u i ndus tr is a che len se . I n : I R eun iÖn d e l C ua ternar io l bd r ico . Mad r id : AEQUA 1 989 B en i to d e l R ey ,L . 1 978 . E l y ac im ien to a che len se d e E l B a sa l i to ( Ca s t raz d eY e l te s , S a lamanca ) . E s tud io d e l ai ndu s t r ia d e p i ed ra . Z ephyrus , XXV I I I -XX IX : 6 7 -92 . B e rmudez d e C as tro , J .M . 1 990 . L os y ac im ien tos m eso p le is tocenos d e l a S ier ra d e A tapuerca ( Bu rgos ) . R e su l tado s ( 1978 -1990 ) ye xpec ta t ivas . I n : B ar r io J . ( cd ) , C ienc ia y t d cn ica a l s erv ic io d e l a i nves t igac iön A rqueo ldg ica . Mad r id : I n s t i tuc iön L ib re d eE n sef ianza , 1 2 6 . B iber son , P . 1 954 . L e h ache rean d an s l ' Acheu l6en d u Ma roc A t lan t ique . L ibyca , I : 3 9 -6 1 . B iberson , P . 1 961 . L e P a ldo l i th ique i nf d r ieur d u Maroc a t lan t ique . R aba t : P ub . d u S e rv ice d es An t iqu i t6 s d u Ma roc ,17 . B ibe r son , P . 1 964 . T o r ra lba e t Amb rona . No tes s u r d eux s t a t ion sa cheu l6enes d ec ha sseu r s d ' e lephan t s d e l a V ie i l le C a s t i l le . I n : Homena je H .B reu i l v o l . I : 2 01-229 . B a r ce lona : I n s t i tu to d e P reh is to r ia yA rqueo log ia . B info rd .L .R . 1 987 . Whe re T he re E lephan t H un te r s a tT o r ra lba? . I n : N i teck i , M .H . &N i teck i , D .V . ( ed s ) , T he E vo lu t ion o f H uman Hun t ing . N ew Y o rk : P l enum P res s , 4 7 -105 . B o rde s , F . 1 961 . T ypo log ie d u P a ldo l i th ique a nc ien e t moyen . B o rdeaux : D e lma s . B o rde s , F . 1 971 . Ob se rva t ions s u r l ' Acheu l6en d e s g ro t te s e n D o rdogne . Mun ibe , XX I I I ( 1 ) : 5 -23 . B o rde s , F . 1 972 . At a le o ft wo c aves . N ew Yo rk : Ha rpe r a nd R ow . B o rde s , F . 1 992 . L ep .ns s ur l eP a ldo l i th ique . IL e P a ldo l i th ique e nE urope . P a r is : CNRS B o rdes , F . & Th ibau l t . , 1 977 . T hough ts o n t he i n i t ia l A dap ta t ion o f Hom in id s t o E u ropean G lac ia l C l ima tes . Q ua te rnar yR e sear ch , 8 : 15 -127 . B o te l la , M .C . , V e ra , J .A . & P or ta , J .d e 1 975 . E l y ac im ien to a che lense d e S o lana d e l Z ambo r ino , F one las ( G ranada ) . C uad ernos d eP reh is tor ia d el aU n iver s idad d eG ranada , .I : 1 46 . G ranada . B u tze r , K .W . 1 965 . A cheu l ian O ccupa t ion S i tes a tT o r ra lba a nd Amb rona S pa in : t he ir G eo logy . S c ience , 1 50 : 1 718 1 72 1 . B u tze r , K .W . 1 967 . G eomo rpho logy a nd S t ra t igraphy o f t he P a laeo l i th ic s i te o f B ud if io . E isze i ta l ter u nd G egenwar t , 1 8 : 8 2 -103 . B u tze r , K .W . 1 989 ( 2nd c d ) . A rqueo log ia . U na e co logia d e l h ombre . B arce lona : B e l la ter ra . ( or ig ina l 1 982 : A r chaeo logy a s Human E co logy . C amb r idge : C amb r idge U n iv . P res s ) . C ab re ra , V . 1 984 . E ly ac im ien to d e l aC ueva d e lC as t i l lo ( Puen te V i e sgo , S an tander ) .B ib l io teca P raeh is to r ia H ispana , XX I I . Mad r id . C ana l , J .& S o le r , N . ( eds ) 1 976 . E lP a leo l i t ic a l e s c omarques G iron ines . G i rona : C a ixa d 'E s ta lv is P rov inc ia l . 1 3

M . S an ton ja

P e rez Gonza lez , A . & S an ton ja , M . ( i n p re ss ) . To r ra lba y Ambrona . E s tado a c tua l d e l a s i nves t igac iones . I C ongre so d eA rqueo log ia P en insu lar ( Opor to , 1 993 ) . P e rez Gonza lez , A . , S an ton ja , M . & Ga l la rdo , J . 1 982 . Qua te rna ry H is tory o f Ma jo r R iver V a l leys o f t he C a s t i l ian B a s in Cen t ra l S pa in . X I I NQUA C ongress , A b s trac ts , v o l . I : 2 43 . Mo scow . P ipe rno , M . 1 974 . P resenza d i h ache reaux n e ! P a leo l i t ico i n f e r io r e i t a l iano . Mem . I s t . I t . d i P a leon t . Umana , v o l . I : 4 4 -50 . Qu e ro l , A . &S an ton ja M . 1 978 . L o sh endedo re se n e l A che len se d el a Me se ta e spano la .S au tuo la , I : 3 -39 . Que ro l , A . &S an ton ja , M . ( ed s ) . 1 979 . E ly ac im ien to a che lense d eP inedo . Mad r id : M in is te r io d e C u l tu ra . E xcavac ione s A rqueo l6g ica s e n E spar ia , 1 06 . Q ue ro l , A . &S an ton ja , M . ( ed s ) . 1 983 . E l y ac im ien to d e c an tos t r aba jado sd eE lA cu ladero ( Pue r to d eS an ta Mar ia , C ad i z ) . Mad r id : M in is ter io d e C u l tura . E xcavac iones A rqueo l6g ica s e n E spar ia , 1 30 . R od r iguez A sens io , J .A . 1 983 . L a p re senc ia h umana mds a n t igua e n A s tur ias . E l P a leo l f t ico i nf er ior y m ed io . O v iedo : F undac iön P üb l ica d e C uevas y Yac im ien to s P r eh is tö r icos d e A s tu r ias . E s tud ios d e A rqueo log ia A s tu r iana , 2 R od r iguez A sens io , J .A . & F lor , G . 1 980 . E s tud io d e l y ac im ien to p reh is tö r ico d e B ar iugues y s u m ed io d e d ep6 s i to " . Z ephyrus , XXX -XXX I : 2 05 -222 . R u iz B u s to s , A . & M ichaux , J . 1 976 . L e s i te p reh is to r ique n ouveau d e C ü l la r -Baza I ( G renade , E spagne ) , d ' age P le i s tocene moyen . E tude p re l im ina ire e t a na lyse d e l a f aune d e R ongeu r s . Geo log ie Med i ter rand e , I I (3 ) 1 73 1 82 . R u s , I& Que ro l , A . 1 981 . E l a rene ro d e Ox igeno : b i faces , h endedores y t r ied ro s c onservados e n e l Museo A rqueo lög ico N ac iona l " . T raba jos d e P reh is tor ia , 3 8 : 3 9 -67 . R u s ,I .& V ega ,G . 1 98 1 . E l y a c im ien to d eA r r iaga I : p rob lema s d e u na d ef in ic i6n a c tua l d e l o s s ue los d e o cupac iön . P r imera sjornadas d e Me todo log ia d e l a I nves t igac iön P reh is tö r ica . Mad r id : M in is te r io d eC u l tu ra , 3 87 -404 . S aez Ma r t in , B . 1 956 . No t ic ia s s ob re y ac im ien tos p a leo l i t ico s . N o t ic iar io A rqueo lög ico H ispan ic° , 2 17 -246 . S an ton ja ,M . 1 977 . L o s b i f ace sd e l C e r ro d e S an I s id ro (Madr id ) c on se rvado s e n e l Mu seo A rqueo l6g ico N ac iona l . R ev . A r ch ivos , B ib l io tecas y Museos ,LXXX ( 1 ) : 1 47 -184 . S an ton ja ,M . 1 98 1 . C a rac te r i s t icas g ene ra le s d e l P a leo l i t ico i n f e r io rd el a Me se ta e spar io la . N uman t ia , I :9 -64 . S an ton ja ,M . 1 985 . E l y ac im ien to a che len se d e E l S ar ta le jo ( v a l l ed e lA lagön , C acere s ) . E s tud io p r e l im inar . C äce re s : U n ive rs idad d e E x t remadura . S er ie s d e A rqueo log ia E x t remer ia , 2 . S an ton ja , M . 1 986 . V a lg rande ( Pueb la d e Y e l tes , S a lamanca ) : a r ea d e t a l la y s i t io d e o cupac i6n d e l P a leo li t ico m ed io . N uman t ia , I : 3 3 -85 . S an ton ja , M . . 1 992 . L a a dap tac iön a l m ed ic e n e l P a leo l i t ico i n f e r io r d e l a P en insu la i ber ica . E lemen tes p ar a u n a r e f lex i6n . I n : Mou re R oman i l lo , A . ( cd ) , E lef an te s , c i ervos y o v icapr inos . S an tander : U n iv e r s idad d e C an tabr ia , 3 7 -76 . S an ton ja , M . ( i n p r e s s ) . " E l P a leo l if ico i n f e r io re n l aS ubme se ta n o r te y e n e l e n to mo d e A tapue rca . B a lance d e l os c onoc im ien tos e n 1 992" . Wo rkshop o n Human E vo lu t ion i nE u rope a nd t he A tapue rc a E v idence ( 1992 ) . S an ton ja , M . , L opez , N . & P e rez Gonza lez A . ( eds) . 1 980 . O cupac iones a che len se s e n e lv a l le d e l J a rama . Mad r id : P ub l icac ione s d e l aD ipu tac iön P rov inc ia l . S an ton ja , M . , Mo is sene t , E . & P e rez Gonza lez , A . 1 992 . Cues ta d el a B a jada ( Te rue l ) . N uevo s i t io P a leo l i t ice i n fe r io r . B SAA , LV I I I : 2 5 -46 . S an ton ja , M . , & P e rez Gonza lez , A . 1 984 . L as i ndus tr ias p a l eo l i t ica sd eL a Maya Ie n s u d n zb i to r eg iona l . Mad r id : M in is ter io d e C u l tu ra . E xcavac ione s A rqueo lög icas e n E spar ia , 1 35 .

Gu icha rd , G . 1 976 . L es c i v i l iza t ion s d u P a leo l i th ique i n f e r ieu r e n P e r igo rd . I n : L um ley , H . d e ( ed ) , L a p reh is to ire f ranca ise , I ( 1) : 9 09 -928 . Gus i J ener , F . C arbone l l R ou ra , E . , E s tevez E sca lera , J .M . , Mom , R .M . , Ma teu B e l les , J .& Y l l , R . 1 983 . A vance p re l im ina r s ob re e ly ac im ien to d e l P le is toceno med io d e L a C ova d e l T ossa l d e L a F on t ( V i l lafames , C as te 1 16n ) . C uad ernos d e P reh i s tor ia yA rqueo logia C as te l lonen se , 7 ( 1980 ) : 7 -29 . . Howe l l , F .C . 1 966 . Ob se rva t ion s o n t h e e a r l ie r p hase s o f t h e E u ropean L owe r P a leo l i th ic . Amer ican A n thropo log is t , 6 8 ( 2 /2 ) : 8 8 -201 . Howe l l , F .C . , B u tze r , K .W . c k . Agu ir re E . 1 962 . N o t ic ia p re l im inar s obre e le mp lazam ien to a che lense d eT or ra lba . Mad r id : Min is ter io d e Cu l tura . E xcavac iones A rqueo lög ica s e n E spana , 1 0 . Howe l l , F .C . , F reeman , L .G . 1 982 . Amb rona : a n e a r ly S tone Age s i te o n t he S pan ish Mese ta . T he L .S .B . L eakey F ounda t ion N ew s , 2 2 : 1-13 Min n , A .J . 1 977 . T he l owe r P a laeo l i th i c : : c u r r en t e v idence a nd i n te rp re ta t ions . A nnua l R ev iew o fA n thropo logy , 6 : I1 3 2 . K le in , R .G . 1 987 . R econ s t ruc t ing h ow e a r ly p eop le e xp lo i ted a n ima ls : p rob lem s a nd p rosp ec t s . I n : N i teck i , M .H . & N i teck i , D .V . ( ed s ) , T he E vo lu t ion o f Human Hun t ing . N ew Yo rk : P l enum P re s s , 1-45 . L au tensach , H . 1 967 . G eograf fa d e E spana y P or tuga l . B a r ce lona : V icen s V ives . L opez Ma r t inez , N . 1 980 . L os m ic romam i fe ro s d e l s i t io d e o cupac iön a che len se A r ido s -1 ( A rganda , Mad r id ) . I n : S an ton ja , M , L öpez Ma r t inez , N . & P e rez Gonza lez , A . ( ed s ) , O cupac iones a che lenses e n e l v a l le d e l J arama . Mad r id : D ipu tac iön d e Mad r id , 1 6 1-202 . L u t tropp , A . & Bo s insk i , G . 1 971 . D er A l ts te inze i t l iche F undp la t z .R eu ter sruh . B e i Z iegenha in i nH e ssen .K ö ln Wien : B öh lauve r lag . Ma r t inez Gonzä lez , K . M . 1 978 . E l y ac im ien to a che len se d e V i l laf r ia ( Bu rgo s ) . B o le tin . A c . B urgos : I ns t . F ernän Gonza l ez, 1 91 : 1 19 . Mo l ina , E& P e rez Gonzä lez , A . 1 989 . D ep re s iön d e l Due ro . I n : Mapa d e l C ua ternar io d e E spana . Madr id : I n s t i tu to T ecno lög ico G eom ine ro d e E spar i a , 1 53 -162 . Mo loney , N . 1 988 . E xpe r imen ta l b i f ace m anu f ac tu re u s ing n on f l in t l i th ic ma te r ia ls . I n : McRae , R , .J . & Mo loney , N . ( eds ) , N on F l in t S tone -Too ls a nd t he P a leo l i th ic O ccupa t ion o fB r i ta in Oxford : B .A .R . B r i t ish S e r ies , 1 89 , 4 9 -65 . . Mo loney , N . 1 992 . L i th ic p roduc t ion a nd r aw ma te r ia l e xp lo i ta t ion a t t he M idd le P le is tocene s i te o f E l S ar ta le jo , S pa in . P apers f rom t he I ns t i tu te o f A rchaeo logy , 3 : 1-22 . Oberma ie r , H . 1 916 . E l Hombre F ös i l . Mad r id : Com is iön d e I nves t igac iones P a leon to lög icas y P reh is tö r ica s , 9 . Obe rma ie r , H . 1 924 . F oss i l Man i n S pa in . N ew H aven : Y a le Un ive r s i ty P re ss . . Obe rma ie r ,H . & Weme r t , P . 1 9 18 . Y ac im ien to p a leo l i t ico d e L as D e l ic ia s . Mem . d el aR ea l S oc . E sp . Ha.N a t . , v o l . X I ( mem . l a ) : 5 -35 . P e rez Gonzä lez , A . 1 979 . E l l im i te P l ioceno -P le is to ceno e n l a S ubmese ta mer id iona l e n b ase a l os d a tos g eo mo rfo l6g icos y e s t ra t igräf icos . T rab . N eögeno C ua t er r zar io , 9 . P e r ez Gonzä lez , A . 1 980 . E l ma rco g eog räf ico , g eo l6g ico y g eomo r fo l6g ico d e l o s y ac im ien to s d e A r ido s e n l ac uenca d e l T a jo . I n : S an ton ja , M , L öpez Ma r t inez , N . & P e rez Gonza lez , A . ( ed s ) , O cupac ione s a che len ses e ne lv a l l ed e l J a rama . Mad r id : D ipu tac iön d e Mad r id , 1 5 -28 . P e r ez Gonzä lez , A . 1 982 . E l C ua te rnar io d e l ar eg ion c en t ra l d e l ac uenca d e l D ue ro . A c tas IR eun iön s obre G eo log ia d e l a C ueca d e lD uero . v o l . I l : 7 17 -740 . Mad r id : I n s t i tu to G eo l . yM ine r° .

1 4

M . S an ton ja

S an ton ja , M . & Que ro l , M .A . 1 980 . L a s i ndu s t r ia s a che lense s e n l a r eg ion d e Mad r id . I n : S an ton ja , M . , L opez Ma r t inez , N . & P e rez Gonza lez , A . ( ed s ) , O cupac ione s a che l en se se ne lv a l le d e lJ arama . Mad r id : D ipu t ac iön d e Mad r id , 2 9 -48 .. S an ton ja , M . & Que ro l , M .A . 1 980 . C a rac te r i s t ica s d e l a o cupac iön h ur nana e n l o s s ue lo s a che len se s d e l at e r raza d e A r ido s ( Arganda , Mad r id ) . I n : S an ton ja , M , L öpez Ma r t inez , N . & P e rez Gonza lez , A . ( eds ) , O cupac ione s a che l en se se ne lv a l le d e lJ arama . Mad r id : D ipu tac iön d e Mad r id , 3 21-336 . S an ton ja , M .& Que ro l , A . 1 982 . I ndus tr ias d e l P a leo l i t ico i n f e r io r a r ca ico e n l a Mese ta e spa t io la . I n : Homena je a F e rnände z -Ch icar ro . Mad r id : M in is te r io d e C u l tu ra , 1 7 2 9 . S an ton ja , M . &V i l la , P . 1 990 . T he L owe r P a leo l i th ic o f S pa in a nd P o r tuga l . J ourna lo f Wor ld P reh is to ry , 4( 1 ) : 4 5 -94 . S i lva , PG . , G oy , J .L . & Z azo , C . 1 988 . N eo tecn ica d e l s e c to r c en t ro -mer id iona l d e l a c uenca d e Mad r id . E s tud ios . G eo le icos , 4 4 : 4 15 -427 . S i lva , P .G . , G oy , J .L . , Z azo , C . , Hoyo s , M . & A lbe rd i , M .T . 1 988 . E l v a l le d e l Manzana r e s ys u r e lac iön c on l a D ep re s iön P rado s -Gua ten d u ran te e l P le is toceno i n f e r io r ( Mad r id ,E spana ) . I C ongreso G eo lög ico . E spano l , v o l . I :4 03 -406 . G ranada . S o to , E . 1 979 . E s tud io p a leon to l6g ico d e l y ac im ien to a che len se d e P inedo . I n : Que ro l ,A . &S an ton ja ,M . ( ed s ) , E ly ac im ien to a che lense d e P inedo . Mad r id : M in is ter io d eC u l tu ra . E xcavac ione s A rqu eo l6g ica s e n E spana , 1 06 : 3 7 -42 . T avoso , A . 1 984 . R ef lex ion s u r P econom ie d es m a t ieres p r em ie re s a u Mou s te r ien . B .S .P .F . , 8 1(3 ) : 7 9 -82 . T avo so , A . ( 1978 ) 1 986 . L e P a ldo l i th ique i nf d r ieur e tm oyen d u H au tLanguedoc . P rov ince : E d i t ion s d u L abo ra to i re d e P a leon to log ic Huma in e t d e P reh is to ire . ( E tudes Q ua tema ires , 5 ) . T ex ie r , J . P . 1 984 . L e s i te p a leo l i th ique d e B ud if io . P o r tuga l ia , I V -V : 4 -35 . T ix ie r , J . 1 956 . L e h ache reau d an s l ' Acheu leen n o rd -a f r ica in . N o tes t ypo log iques . C . P . F r . , XV : 9 14 -923 . P o i t ier s A ngou leme . T uf f reau ,A . 1 989 . L ivre t -Gu ide d e l ' excurs i c 5n d ans l av a l ld e d e l a S omme . C o l l . L 'Acheu leen d an s l ' Oues t d e l ' Eu rope . S a in t -R iqu ie r , 1 989 . U tr i l la , P . 1 984 . E l P a leo l i t ico e n e lc u r so med io d e l r i o E b ro . C a laho r ra y s ue n to rno . I n : C a lahorra . B im i lenar io d es u f undac iön . Madr id : M in is ter io d eC u l tu ra , 1 -23 . U tr i l la , P . & Rodane s , J .M . 1 985 . E l P a leo l i t ico e n e l B a jo A ragön y s u s r e lac ione s c on e l v a l le d e l E b ro . I n : P r imeros e ncuen t ros d e P reh i s tor ia A ragonesa . C a spe , Z a ragoza : I n s t i tuc iön F er nando e lC a t6 l ico , 2 7 -35 . V a l le sp f , E . , C iudad , A . &G a r c ia S e r rano , R . 1 979 . A che len se y Mus ter iense d e P or zuna ( C iudad R ea l ) . Ma ter ia l e s d e s uperf ic ie , I( co lecc iön d eE . O l iver ) . C iudad R ea l : Mu seo d eC iudad R ea l . C o lecc iön d eE s tud io s yMonog ra f f a s ,1 . Va l le sp f , E . ,C iudad ,A . &G a r c ia S e r rano , R . 1 985 . A che lense y Mus ter iense d e P or zuna ( C iudad R ea l ) . Ma ter ia l e s d e s uperf ic ie , I( Mues tras d el a sc o lecc iones d e A . R e tamosa yM . E xpös i to ) . C iudad R ea l : Un ive r s idad d e C a s t i l la -La Mancha . Vega T oscano , L .G . 1 989 . O cupac iones h umanas e n e l P le is toceno d e l aD ep res iön G ual ix -Baz a : e l emen to s d e d i scus iön . I n : A lbe rd i , M .T . & B onadona , F .P . ( ed s ) , G eo logi a yP a leon to logi a d e l ac uenca d e G uad i z -Ba za . Mad r id : Mu seo d eC ienc ias N a tu ra les , C .S . I .C . T raba jo s N e6geno -Cua te rna r io , 1 : 3 27 -345 . V ida l , J .M . 1 981 . N uevas e xcavac ione s a rqueo lög ica s e n L a s G ända ras d e B ud ir io ( Pon teved ra , G a l ic ia ) : p r ime ro s r e su l tado s . A c tas d e l aIR eun ion d e l G rupo E spano l d e T raba jo d e lC ua ternar io , 2 10 -220 . S ev i l la . V id a l ,J .M . 1 982 . L as G ända ras d e B ud if io : b a lance p r e l im ina r d e d os c ampahas d e e xcavac iones . E l Museo d e P on tevedra , XXXV I : 9 1-114 . P on teved ra .

V ida l , J .M . , 1 983 . E l y ac im ien to a che len se d e L a s G ända r a s d e B ud if io : l a c o lecc iön P e layo F ernändez . E s tud io t i po l6g ico d e b i face s , c an to s t r aba jados y h endedo re s . I S em inar io d e A rqueo log ia d e lN oroes te , 1 7 -38 . Mad r id : M in is te r io d e Cu l tu ra . V i l la , P . 1 98 1 . Ma t ie r e s p rem ie re s e tp rov ince s c u l tu re l le s d ans l ' Acheu leen f r a Na is . Q ua te rna r ia , 2 3 : 1 9 -35 . V i l la , P . 1 983 . T erra Ama ta a nd t he M idd le P le is tocene A rchaeo log ica l R ecord o fS ou thern F rance . B e rke ley : U n iv . o fC a l ifo rn ia P res s . V i l la , P . 1 990 . T o r ra lba a nd A r ido s : e l ephan t e xp lo i ta t ion i n M idd le P le is tocene S pa in .J ourna lo f Human E vo lu t ion , 1 9 : 2 99 -309 . V i l la , P . 1 99 1 . M idd le P le is tocene P reh is tory i n S ou thwes te rn E u rope : T he S ta te o f o u r k now ledge a nd i gno rance . J ourna lo fA n thropo log ica lR e search , 4 7 (2 ) : 1 93 -217 . Z azo , C . , Goy , J .L . D ab r io , C .J . , C iv is , J .& B aena , J . 1 985 . P a leogeog ra f fa d e l ad e sembocadu ra d e l Guada lqu iv ir a l c om ienzo d e l C ua te rna r io . A c tas d e l a IR eun ion d e l C ua te rnar io i bd r ico , I :4 6 1-472 . L isbon .

Geog raph ic

0

Z 7 :a

I 6 -

B ased o n L au tensach .

. 1 . S a mon ja

A l . S an ion ja

1 7

M . S an ion ja

5 cm 0

S cm

l e _n i a a n Tä a i e n!

S em

5 cm

I . tg . 3

I : C leave r w i thou t l a te ra l r e touch , q uar tz i te , P or taved ra ( a lle r V ida l ) ; 2 : C leave r w i thou t l a te ra l r e touch , q uar tz , f l ud i i io ( a l le r 3 : C leave r t ype I , f l in t , A t i : ‚he r Common t -l imon r ouge -( Co l . I n s t i tu t d u Qua te rna ire , B o rdeaux ) , 4 . C leave r o n k ombewa f l ake , q uar tz i te , 1 3 ud i f io ( a l le r I cha ide ) .

A l . S an ion ja

F i g . 4 . L anceo la te b i ta ce , q uar tz i te , Z a rap ico s ( Sa lamanca ,// 1 ' /

1

/ /

'

7)/

' / // '/ '

/ ,

'/

1

2

'/ / /

/ // // / / /' // // ,

7

/

/ /

7

/

/

/ /

/ / //

/ //

i'/

'7/I/

/ / , // /

/ ,

/

// / /

//

>

1 /

; //

// / , 'i' ' '7 1/ f i t i f i li r j ii ,

' 1/ , // /

‘ gz ' , /' / ' /1 , '/ / /' , / / / I/ \ ' ‘ /e / / , // ' ', /1' ' ,/ . ; / '// / , /// ,/g - : l'i lli

/ /

; /, /; '// ' / / / '

/ , // ' , / / , , ;, / '

' / ,

'1

/

/ //, //

' 1

' ' %/ 4

' ' ' /?;

/ ,

( . 1 11 ,1) 1 ‘h N .

4

' 1 1/ 1 ' ;' , / 74 / / / l

%f i

ii iii :

Ii l i i 'l»/2 ,1 * / . // /,/ ,:/ ; / '' ' '' ' / /' : :, , ,;, ' 4 ,1 ; tee 4/ ee b t

e z e \ zi

ee

ee \ee

e ,

P

> //

e k \te

,

‚ ') '

H/" I l p j i

1 / ; I f i i l l ' i j

i : ,: 7 14 1 ; 1; * 1; ‘ : 1( I4 > 4/ r f e i

‘ \ ‘ , \ ‘ ‘ \ \ ' \ \ \ \ ‘ M\ I N ‘ \ ‘ \ \ 1 \I I \ \ \ I N "I\I \ 0 1 \9 I

I

1

1i

i 9I1 . 3: I \i ' lA l ‘" \ * \)°11‘ ‘1 1: \ I \1 ‘ ‘‘ ‘ I ‘ \ 1 ‘5 , / , 11 ‘ . 0 0) ' ‘ , 1 \ \\\ iI \ 0 : e\ 1 0: 01 1 0 1 ‘, ‘ \ \ 1 ,0 1: %I , , y 4 //, f $ • I l

i" I \ 1 1‘ i iii

' : I

4

1 1

l h1

‘ \ I i0 1\ , I ‘ '0‘ ‘ —‘

'' 1' 4 '

i g ef 1 4 /:

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \\ \ \ \

\

1 ) 3 1 13 ZI

h \

\ ' e‘ N \ *N , \, \ N ‘ 1\ \ ,\\\ \

fh: // ,

1 ,111'

Y ' I 1' .‘ "i 1 ' 0 „ ,1 ,i‘ , t i ‘II , ' " .

N

.i ,

› s •

V

„

,I iii i ,

F ig . 5 . C leave r o n K omhewa f l ake , q ua r tz i te , I ' A S ar ta le jo ( 7 2 ice res ) .

1 9

( 1 1 11

1 1

F ig . 6 .

( leave r w i thou t l a ter a l r e touch , p rede term ined o n t h e c o r e , q u ar tz i te , E l S ar ta le jo (n ice res ) .

0 t

l ' ig . 7 .

5em sae f la mmin g

( leave r w i thou t l a teera l r e touch , p a r t ia l ly p rede te rm ined o n t he c o r e , q uar tz i te , E l S a r ta le jo ( C ke re s ) .

F ig . 8 . ( leaver c o re , q ua r tz i te , IlS a r ta le jo ( 'áceres ) . T he m a in r emova l c o r responds t o ac l eave r whose o u t l ine % v as p rede term ined o n t he c one h. )r emo va ls o n t h e s i de a nd t he s upe r io r p l ane . 2 0

RA W MATERIAL I N THE PALAEOL ITH IC OF CUEVA DEL CASTILLO AND I N THE CANTABR IAN REGION

I no rde rt oe xam ine t he g ene ra l c ha rac te r is t ic s o f t he u se o f d i f fe ren t r aw ma ter ia ls i n t he C an tab r ian P a laeo l i th ic , we w i l l f i rs t d iscuss t he s equence o f C a s t i l lo Cave . I t s p o s i t ion i nt h ec en t ra l z one o ft h eC an tabr ian r eg ion a nd i t s l ong s t ra t igraph ic s equence a l lows u s t o e s tab l ish a mode l wh ich c an b e c on tras ted w i th s i tes f rom d if feren t c h rono log ica l p er iod s .

F . Berna ldo d e Qu iros* a nd V . C ab re ra V a lde s** * D epa r tam en to d eP r eh is to r ia , U n ive r s idad d eL eon , L e6n * Depa r tamen to t oP r eh is to r ia eH is to r ia A n t igua , U n ive r s idad N ac iona ld eE ducac i6n aD i s tanc ia , Mad r id

The mode l o f Cas t i l lo Cave T he s i te o fC a s t i l lo C ave ( Can tab r ia , S p a in ) i su ndoub ted ly ap r iv i ledged a rea t o u nder s tand t h e e vo lu t ion o f E uropean P a laeo l i th ic i ndu s t r ies . I t s s t ra t igraphy , e x tend ing f rom t he L ower P a laeo l i th ic t o t he Az i l ian , h a s p erm it ted a s e r ie so f s t ud ies t o b e e s tab l ished o n d i f feren t i ndus tr ia l a nd t e chn ica le l emen t so ve r al ong c h rono log ica l p er iod . A t e am d i rec ted b y H . Obe rma ier , i n c o l labo ra t ion w i th H . B reu i l a nd P . We rne r t , e xcava ted t h e s i te f rom 1 910 -1914 . T hese e xcava t ions were s ponso red b y P r ince A lber t o f Monaco t h rough t he t hen r ecen t ly c rea ted I ns t itu te d e P a l6on to log ie Huma ine . Unfor tuna te ly , n o p ub l ica t ion r e su l ted f r om t h is wo rk a nd i t wa s s ubsequen t ly t he o b jec t o f ad oc to ra l t h es is b y o ne o f t h e p resen t a u thor s ( Cab rera V a lde s 1 984 ) . S tudy o f t he ma ter ia ls a nd u npub l ished d ocumen ts h a sa l lowed u s t o e s tab l ish as t ra t igraphy o f 2 6 u n it s ( named ' l eve ls ' i n t h e w ider s ense ) , wh ich c an b e f u r ther s ubd iv ided i ns ome c a ses , b u t wh ich c or respond i n f a c t t o t hose ma ter ia ls p resen t ly c onserved i n d if feren t museums a nd s t ud ied b yu s . T he s equence h a s t hu s a l lowed u s t o r e cons truc t Obe rma ier 's s t ra t igraph ic s er ies a nd t o a na lyse t h ed i f feren t a rqueo log ica l ma te r ia ls p resen t . Th is h as e nab led ag loba l a na ly s is t ob e made o f t he t e chno logy u sed i n t he s i te d ur ing d i f feren t o ccupa t ion s r ep resen t ing t h e ma jo rd iv is ion so ft h e P a laeo l i th ic . Wh i le w e a re f u l ly a wa re o f t h e l im i ta t ions o f o ld c o l lec t ions , C as t i l lo C ave s e rve st od emons t ra te t h e v a l id i ty o f t h e a na ly t ic me thods u sed . T he r e su l ts c an a nd s hou ld b e c ons idered a s v a l id w i th in ag ene r ic v i s ion o fp reh is to ry , a nd a re b e ing i nc luded a nd c on t ra s ted w i th t h e r e su l ts o f e xcava t ions u nde r taken s i nc e1 980 .

S pan ish C an tabr ia i sp a r t o f al a rge a rea i n S ou thwe s t E urope e ncompas s ing Aqu i ta ine a nd t h eP y renee s ,f o rm ing a mer id iona l A t lan t ic r eg ion w i th in aE u ropean p ano rama . T he a rea h a s mo s t o f t he r upes t r ian a r t s i te s a nd c u l tura l ly s hares ac ommon e vo lu t ion , a l though e v iden t ly ma rked b y n a tura l d i f fe rences d ue t o t he o rog raphy a nd s ur round ing e nv ironmen t . The C an tab r ian r eg ion i s c onnec ted t o S ou thwe s tF rance b y t h e Wes te rn P y renee s , mo re p rec ise ly b yt he B ayona -San S eba s t ian c oas ta ls t r ip . T h is a f fec ted t h e e vo lu t ion o f t he C an tabr ian Uppe r P a laeo l i th ic a s t he c oas ta l s t r ip v a r ied i n s i ze a cco rd ing t oc l ima t ic c ond i t ion s a nd f l uc tua t ion s i n s ea l e ve l . A t s pec if ic t imes t h ese t wo f ac tor s l im i ted c ommun ica t ions a nd p e rhaps when s t ud ied i n g rea ter d e ta i l t hey w i l l e xp la in t he d if ferences i n m icroevo lu t ion b e tween t h e Uppe rP a laeo l i th ic c u l ture s o f S ou thwes tF rance a nd C an tab r ia . I n a dd it ion t o d ifferences d ue t o t he i n tens ity o f c ommun ica t ions b e tween t hese r eg ions , t he re a re o ther s wh ich r e la te t o p hys iograph ic d i s t inc t ions , o ne b e ing o rograph ic d i f ferences , i np a r t icu la rt h e moun ta inous n a ture o ft h eC an tab r ian a r ea . T he C an tab r ia a rea i s an a r row s t r ip , n ow ider t h an 5 0k .m a tt he w ides t p o in t s , s i tua ted b e tween t he C an tab r ian S ea a nd t he C o rd i l lera w i th s umm i t s o f b e tween 1 000 a nd 2 000m . T h is r ecen t ly f ormed C o rd i l le ra ( ma in ly A lp ine o rogeny ) h a s n ume rou s , a brup t a nd v e ry e nc lo sed v a l leys , a sw e l l a s a n i n tense k a r s t ic n e two rk . I t s r i chnes si nc aves h a sa ided t he c on serva t ion o fa n i mpo r tan t n umbe ro fa rchaeo log ica l s i te s i n i t s i n te r io r , t he r e su l t o f i n ten se o ccupa t ion .

Ag loba l a na lys is o f r aw Ma ter ia l i n t h e C as t i l lo s equence r evea ls a s e r ies o f c ha rac ter is t ics , s ome o f wh ich a re t r ad i t iona l i n c o l lec t ion s o f t he C an tab r ian r eg ion s uch a s t h ea bundance o fq ua r tz i te , v e ry f i ne -g ra ined i n mos t c a se s , f r om wh ich many w e l l -made t oo ls h ave b een manu fac tu red .

A c ha rac ter is t ic a spec t o f C an tabr ian P a laeo l ith ic i ndus tr ie s i st he c ommon e xp lo i ta t ion o f q ua r tz i te a s w e l l a s f l in t f o r r aw ma ter ia l . F l in t i s u sed p r inc ipa l ly f or p iece sw h ich a re t e chn ica l ly c omp lex a nd d i f f icu l t t o make i n q ua r tz i te s uch a sb acked b lade le t s a nd b u r in s . Howeve r , f l in t i su sua l ly a va i lab le i n med ium -s ized c obb les wh ich p reven t s t he manu fac tu re o f l a rge t oo ls . T h is l im i ta t ion r e su l ted i n a n i ndus t ry wh ich i s s l igh t ly s ma l le r t han i t s e qu iva len ti nt h e P y renee s o r t h e Do rdogne . Q ua r tz i te , a nd t he g ene ra l ly p oo r q ua l i ty f l in t , c aused s imp le t e chn ica l c ha in sw h ich may b e c l a s s if ied a s o ppo r tun is t ic , s ome t ime s c rea t ing af ee l ing o fa rcha ism . T he d i f fe ren t ia l u se o f r aw ma ter ia l i sg rea t ly c ond i t ioned b y t h e g eo logy o f t h e a r ea p a laeozo ic ma s s if s i nt h e w e s te rn z one ( As tu r ia s a nd p a r t o f C an tabr ia ) a nd mesozo ic ma s s if s i n t h e e a s tern z ones ( f undamen ta l ly t h e Basque C oun t ry ) , t he l im i t b e ing a pp rox ima te ly i n t h e M iera V a l ley . Unfor tuna te ly , t h e c omp lex g eo logy o f t he r eg ion h a s , a t t he momen t , p reven ted t he r e cogn i t ion o f as upp ly s ys tem b a sed o n t h e r e la t ion sh ip b e tween s i te s a nd r aw ma ter ia l s ou rces s im i la r t ot ha t p roposed b y D ema r s ( 1982 ) o r J .M .Gene s te ( 1985 ) f o r S ou thwes t F rance . Howeve r , w e b e l ieve t ha t s t udy o f t h e p r e sence o fa l te rna t ive r aw ma ter ia ls , s uch a s q ua r tz i te , w i l l a l low u s t oe s tab l ish a nd /o r r e cogn ise p a t ter n s o f r aw ma ter ia l s upp ly d ur ing t h e C an tabr ian P a laeo l i th ic .

T he p redom inan t r aw ma ter ia ls a r e q uar tz ite a nd f l in t , f o l lowed i n i mpor tance b y b lack l imes tone , o ph ite a nd q ua r tz . O the r r ocks s uch a s q ua r tzo se s and , s ands tone , e t c . a re p resen t i n s ma l l q uan t i t ie s . T he c ha rac ter is t ics o f t he c o r tex o n s ome p ieces i n t he c o l lec t ion i nd ica te t ha t i n g ene ra l a l t h e r aw ma ter ia ls r e cogn ised c ame i nt he f o rm o f r ounded c obb les . T he b l ack l ime s tone c obb les a re u sua l ly l a rge , t h e q ua r tz i te o ne s v a ry i n s i ze a nd t h e f l in t o nes a re i nde term ina te a l though g enera l ly s ma l l . I n f ac t , t hose p i ece s w h ich a re me t r ica l ly l a rger i n s i ze t end t o b e i n l imes tone , o ph i te a nd s ome g enera l ly c oa r se -gra ined , q uar tz i te . T oday i nt h e b ed o f t h e r i ver P a s o ne f i nds l imes tone a nd q uar tz ite c obb les wh ich c or respond w i th s ome o f t he ma ter ia l u sed i n t h e c ave . I t wou ld n o t b e i mprobab le , t h ere fo re , d ue t o i t s a ccess ib i l i ty , f o r i tt o h ave b een a s upp ly s ource f o r t h ese s ame a r tefac t s . T he o ther r aw ma te r ia ls may a l so h ave c ome f r om t he s ame s ource a l though w e h ave n o t , a s y e t , l o ca ted a ny i n t he r i ver 2 1

F .B e rna ldo d eQ u iro sa nd V .C abre ra V a lde s a l luv ium . A no the rl i ke ly s ou rce may h ave b een t h e i n te r io r o ft h ec ave s i nC a s t i l lo moun ta in , a mong t h e c obb le s wh ich a ppea r i n t h e c ong lomera tes f o rm ing p ar t o f t h e a nc ien t t e r race l e ve ls o fp o s s ib le t e r t ia ry a ge . The p ropo r t ion a nd d eve lopmen t o f t he d i f fe ren t r aw ma ter ia ls t h roughou t t h e C a s t i l lo C ave s equence may b e s een i nf i g .l . I n t h is c a se , w e h ave t a ken a s ab a se t h e l i th ic i ndus t ry l i s t so fB reu i l a nd Oberma ie ra sg iven i na n e a r l ie r p ub l ica t ion ( Cabre ra V a ldes 1 984 ; C abrera V a ldes & B erna ldo d e Qu iro s 1 985 ) . We h ave t o ta l c onf idence i n t hese l i s t s wh ich a r e t he o r ig ina l o nes made o f t he c o l lec t ion s a f te r t h e e xcava t ion a nd b efo re t he d i spe r sa l o f t h e ma te r ia l s t ov a r iou s museums . F l in t i sa b sen t , o rv e ry l im i ted , i nt h e b a se l e ve ls a t tr ibu ted t ot h e L owe ra nd E a r ly M idd le P a laeo l i th ic : 7 .82% i nl eve l 2 5Bb b u t i n crea s ing c ons iderab ly u n t i l i t r eaches o r s u rpas se s3 0% i nl e ve ls 2 5a a nd 2 4 . I nt h e Mous ter ian u n i ts ( 22 a nd 2 0 ) i t ma in ta in s av a lue o f4 0% b u t i sa lways l e ss t han q ua r tz i te . I n t he Upper P a laeo l i th ic l e ve l 1 8 ( Aur ignac ian ) f l in t d ec l ines t o 1 8% , a lmos t t he s ame a s l imes tone , w i th q uar tz i te r e ach ing 4 8% . T h is p e rcen tage s t ab i l ize s i nl e ve l 1 6 ( a lso A u r ignac ian ) where i tb eg ins t o s l igh t ly s urpa ss q uar tz i te ( 13 % ) . I t s p resence r i ses s harp ly i n t he P e r igo rd ian l e ve ls w i th 4 6% i n l e ve l 1 4 a nd 8 8% i n l eve l 1 2 .

i tc an b e wo rked a nd i t s p ropor t iona l ly e as ie r f r ac ture p roper t ies may h ave b een t h e c au se s f o r i t s e xp lo i ta t ion . Dur ing t he p resen te xcava t ions c en t red o n l eve l 1 8 ( t yp ica l Aur ignac ian ) , w e h ave n o ted a r e la t ionsh ip b e tween l a rge , b lack l imes tone f l akes a nd a p o ss ib le b u tchery a rea ( Berna ldo d e Qu iro s&C ab re ra Va lde s 1 984 ) wh ich a l lows u st op ropo se af unc t iona l h ypo thes is f o rt h e se p ieces : t h e ir u se c ou ld b ec onnec ted t ot h e ' h eavy d u ty ' work i n a n ima l p roces s ing . T he f ac t t ha t i tc omes i nl a rge n odu le s a nd t h e e a se w i th w h ich i tc an b ek napped make sl imes tone a ni d ea l ma ter ia l f o rt h is wo rk , e n su r ing ac on t inua l s upp ly o f l a rge b lank st ob eu sed a nd d i sca rded i nt he b u tche ry o fa n ima ls . F ina l ly , t he re a r e s ome o the r ma ter ia l s wh ich mer i t as ho r t c ommen t . Oph i te i sg ene ra l ly u sed f o r Mous ter ian c l eave rs a nd o the rb i fac ia l t oo ls i n t h e b a sa l a nd Mous ter ian l e ve ls , a bove a l l i nl e ve l 2 0 . Qua r tz ,a l though i tb a re ly r eache s 3% o f t he s amp le , i sn o t u sed i na ny s ys tema t ic way u n t i l t h e Upper P a laeo l i th ic , f r om l e ve l 1 8 . A s h as b een s een , t here i s a c lea r d i f ference i n t h e e xp lo ita t ion o f r aw ma ter ia ls , w i th f l int a s sum ing i mpor tance i n t h e Upper P a laeo l ith ic a ccompan ied b y a n i n tens if ica t ion i n t h e u se o f q ua r tz . O n ly i nl eve l 1 8 d oe s f l in ta pp roach t h e Mous ter ian l e ve ls , ap o in tw e c ons ide r t o b e mo s t i mpo r tan t . I n t h e b a sa l l eve ls t h e re i sa n a b so lu t e p redom inance o f q ua r tz i te , r each ing a b a lance w i th f l in t i n l e ve l 2 4 , s im i la r t o t ha t wh ich o ccur s i n t h e Mous ter ian l e ve ls . I n o u t l ine t h is l e ads u s t o c ons ider a s e r ie s o f t r ansfo rma t ion p rob lems i nt h e l i th ic i ndu s tr ie s o ve r al ong p er iod wh ich i s a l so r e la ted t o t e chn ica l c harac ter is t ic s ( Cabrera V a ldes 1 984 ; C abrera Va lde s & B erna ldo d e Qu iro s 1 985 ) .

T h is p redom inance s t ab l izes o nce a ga in i n l eve ls 1 0 ( So lu t rean ) , 8a nd 9( Lowe r Magda len ian o r Magda len ian w i thou t h a rpoon s ) w he re f l in t r anges f r om 6 0 -70% , r i s ing o nce mo re i nt h e Uppe r Magda len ian l e ve l 6a t8 7 .5% a nd Az i l ian l e ve l 4a t8 3 .33% .

The Lower a nd Midd le P a laeo l i th ic

Quar tz i te f o rm s a n i mpo r tan t a l terna t ive t o f l in t . I n t he b a se l e ve ls ( 26 a nd 2 5b ) i tc l ea r ly p redom ina te s r ang ing b e tween 7 5% a nd 8 5% s l ow ing d ec l in ing t o 5 8% a t l eve l 2 5a a nd 4 2 .5% a tl e ve l2 4 . I nt h e Mous ter ian l e ve ls ( 22 a nd 2 0 ) i tr ema in s a ta round 5 0% , s l igh t ly h ighe rt han f l in t .

A t t he momen t s ecure d a ta o n t he c ha r ac ter isa t ion o f t h e Upper Acheu l ian i sl a ck ing , e xcep tf o r l e ve l 2 4 o f C a s t i l lo C ave wh ich d i f fer s f rom t h e l ower u n i ts i n i t s l i th ic c ompos i t ion a nd i sb e t te r c ha rac ter ised i nt h e c on tex t s o f t he R iss M idd le P a laeo l i th ic .

Af l uc tua t ion i sa ppa ren t i nt h e Au r ignac ian l e ve ls . T he re i sa n a b so lu te p redom inance o f q uar tz i te o ver t he o ther ma ter ia ls i n l e ve l 1 8 ( 48 .1 % ) , wh i le i n l e ve l 1 6 i tt akes t h ird p lace . A c l ea r d ec l ine i n i t s u se i s s een i n t he P er igo rd ian l e ve ls w h ich c on t inue s t h roughou t t h e r e s t o f t he Uppe r P a laeo l i th ic s equence where i ts ca rce ly r eaches 1 0% ,i n c rea s ing o n ly t oa bou t 1 7% i nl e ve ls 7a nd 4 .

T he Mou s ter ian , i nt h e s t r ic t s ense , h a s i ng enera l ab as ic s t ruc ture c ons is t ing o f t wo g roup s i n w h ich d en t icu la te s a nd s craper s p redom ina te r e spec t ive ly , w i th t he o ther e l emen ts h av ing l i t t le i mpor tance . Th ree f a c ies c an b e d i s t ingu ished : C ha ren t ian , T yp ica l a nd D en t icu la te . T hese a re i ndependen t o f t he p resence o f c leaver s , wh ich a re p resen t i nd iscr im ina te ly a s t h e r e su l ts o f c l us ter a na lys is i nd ica te ( Cab re ra 1 987 ; C ab rera & B erna ldo d e Qu iro s , i n p ress ) , a l though t h ey a re f ound i n mo re o ccupa t ions r i ch i n s c raper i ndus t r ies .

B lack l ime s tone , wh ich i sw e l l r ep resen ted i n s Ome l e ve ls , f orms a t h ird i mpo r tan t r aw ma ter ia l i n C a s t i l lo . I t s p resence i s mode ra te i nt h el owe r l e ve ls : 1 3 .6% i n l e ve l 2 6 , 2 2 .6% i n2 5b a nd 1 3% i n2 5a ,d ec l in ing i n t he Mous ter ian l e ve ls t op e rcen tage so fl e s st h an 1 0% . We s e ea ni n c rea se i n t h e Aur ignac ian l e ve ls w i th 1 5 .1 % i nl e ve l 1 8 , e qu iva len tt o f l in t , a nd b y l e ve l 1 6 i tb ecomes t he mo s t i mpo r tan t r aw ma ter ia l a t4 3% . I tc on t inues t o b e w e l l r epre sen ted i n l e ve l 1 4 ( 30 .7% ) b u t d escends a b rup t ly i n t h e o the r Upper P er igord ian l e ve l . I ti s p resen t i n t he S o lu trean l eve l ( 18 .33 % ) ,i nt h eL owe r Magda len ian ( 9 .57% ) a nd i n l e ve l 7 ( 14 .7% ) b u t d i sappea r s i n t he Uppe r Magda len ian . I n g enera l , i ta moun t s t o n o mo re t han k napp ing b yp roduc t s a l though i t mus t b e s t ressed t ha t i t wa s u sed i n t he manufac tu re o fb i face s , L eva l lo is p roduc ts a nd d en t icu la ted p ieces . I n t h e l a t te r t wo c a ses , i t s p re sence i nt h e f orm o f c obb le s , l a rger t h an t h e o the r ma ter ia ls , t h ee a se w i th wh ich

F rom t he p o in t o f v iew o f t e chno logy , t ypo logy a nd r aw ma ter ia l s upp ly , t he L ower a nd M idd le P a laeo l i th ic h a s a n umber o f d ive r se f e a tu re s . T he a na lys is o f r aw ma te r ia l s ources r evea ls a c er ta in p rese lec t ion b a sed o n t he ir a ccess ib i l i ty . I nt h is s ense i nC a s t i l lo ,a sw eh ave s e en ,t h ere i s ad ua l i ty b e tween p ieces i n q uar tz i te a nd f l in t . T he r e s eems t ob e ab a lance b e tween t he u se o f t h ese ma ter ia ls , a l though i ts hou ld b e r emembered t ha t f l in t i s wo rked mo re e xhaus t ive ly t h an q ua r tz i te , wh ich may i mp ly g rea te r d i f f icu l ty o f a cces s t of l in t s ou rces . W i th r ega rd t os pec ia l p ieces s uch a s c leave r s , s e lec t ion i s c l ear ly c on f ined t oc er ta in r aw ma ter ia ls : o ph i te a nd c oa r se g ra ined q ua r tz i te a r e r a re ly u sed f o ro t he rp i ece s .

F .B e rna ldo d eQ u iro sa nd V .C abr e r aV a ld e s L ower P er igo rd ian (Mor in 1 0 , P endo V I I I ) i nc o ld c l ima t ic c ond i t ions . T h is L owe rP e r igo rd ian i sc ha rac ter is t ized b y a c on t inua t ion o f Mous ter ian t oo ls a s w e l l t he p re sence o f Aur ignac ian t oo ls s uch a s c a rena ted e nd s c rape r s ( Berna ldo d e Qu iro s 1 982 ) . W i th r e spec t t or aw ma te r ia ls , t h e r e i sa s i gn if ican tr i se i nt h ep resence o f f l in t wh ich r eaches 9 8 .7% i n P endo V I I I a nd 7 8 .2 % i n Mo r in 1 0 . O f i n te re s t i st h e a bsence o f q ua r tz i te a t P endo , wh i le a t Mo r in i tr e a che s 1 3% ( f ig .2B ) .

T he s epa ra ted r aw ma ter ia ls s how t he f o l low ing f ea tures ( f ig .2A ) : f l in t c omes f r om d iver se s ou rces i n Mor in a nd P endo , s i te s w h ich a re a l so c lose t o c oa s ta l v e in s . F l in t i s f undamen ta le xpec ia l ly i n Mo r in whe re i tr eaches v e ry h igh p e rcen tage s , i n c lud ing r e touched ma te r ia l , e xcep t f o rl eve l 1 5a t Mo r in w he re q ua r tz i te i se qu iva len t t o i t . I n P endo , t oo , f l in t i se spec ia l ly i mpo r tan t , wh i le i n C as t i l lo i t r e ache s4 0% i nt h et r ad i t iona l Mous te r ian l e ve ls 2 0 a nd 2 2 , a l though i nt h e l ower A cheu l ian l e ve ls i ti sl e ss ( 30% f o r l e ve l 2 5a a nd 7 .82% f o r2 5b ) . I n C onde C ave i ti s a lmos t n on -ex is ten t , a nd i n L a F lecha i s o n ly r eaches 2 .46% . Howeve ra tA x lo ra nd L eze tx ik i i ti sw e l l r ep resen ted a nd r e la ted t ot h e a cces s ib i l i ty o f r aw ma ter ia l s ource s . T h is f a c ts e em s t or ep roduce o u t l ines wh ich i nd ue c ou rse o ccu r i nt h e U ppe rP a laeo l i th ic o ft h e r eg ion . B asque a rea si nt he L owe ra nd M idd le P a laeo l i th ic a l ready d i sp lay ag rea te ru se o ff l in t f o rt h e manufac ture o ft oo ls wh ich i sp rogress ive ly r eg is t ered i n t he mo re w es tern a rea s o f t he C an tabr ian r eg ion .

The E a r ly Aur ignac ian , b ea r ing i n m ind i t s s t ra t ig raph ic p o s i t ion , i sd i f fe ren ti nc ha rac te r . T hu s a tP endo V I I Ia a nd V I I Ib , wh ich a re p laced b e low t he L ower P e r igo rd ian , s c rape r sa r e mo re c ommon t han i n Mo r in 9 ,8 aa nd 8 bw h ich a re c ha rac ter ized b y Dufour b lade le t s . Raw ma ter ia l p ercen tages a l so d i f fe r b e ing t h e i nver se t o t ho se o f t h e L ower P er igo rd ian . A t P endo , f l in t b eg in s a t6 2 .9% , v ery s im i la r t o t h e Mous ter ian p e rcen tage s , a nd r eache s 8 1% . Howeve r , i ti s8 2 .3 % i n Mor in 9 a nd 9 1 .80% i n Mor in 1 0 . Quar tz ite i s l og ica l ly more a bundan t i n t he L ower P er igo rd ian , a bove a l l i n t he p re sence i n b o th g roup s o f ' h eavy ' t oo ls s uch a s c a rena ted s c rape r s s o t ha t i tr e ache s 1 6 .9% i nP endo V I I Ia a nd 3 4 .3% i nV I I Ib . T he P endo s e r ie s , e spec ia l ly l e ve l V I I Ib , h a s f e a tu re s l i nk ing i ts t rong ly w i th t he Mous ter ian s ubs tra tum , n o t o n ly t ypo log ica l ly b u t a l so i nt h er e sponse t o r aw ma te r ia l , s ome th ing wh ich d oe s n o t o ccur i n Mo r in 1 0 , a l though i t , t oo , i s a bove t h e Mous ter ian .

Qua r tz i te i sp resen t i n r ounded c obb le s e xcep t f o r C onde whe re o u t c rop sa re l o ca ted c l o seby . I t s p resence i sl ow a nd a ve rage i n Mor in a nd P endo , h igh i n C a s t i l lo ( 45% ) a nd Ha rm s d e l aP ef ia a nd v ery h igh i n Conde a nd L a F lecha ( 78% ) . T he C an tabr ian q ua r tz i te i sv e ry f i ne -gra ined w i th t he r e su l t t ha t i t was u sed f r equen t ly , a nd o f ten e xhaus t ive ly , i n s ome s i tes t h roughou t t he P a laeo l i th ic s equenc eo ft h er eg ion .

L ezex ik i i s a no ther s i te a t tr ibu ted t o t he E a r ly Upper P a laeo l i th ic . E spa rza ' s r ev iew ( 1985 ) a l lows u s t o i n c lude l e ve ls 3a nd 4 ai na nE a r ly Aur ignac ian w i th s im i la r i t ies t o P endo a nd Mo r in . T he e xp lo i ta t ion o f r aw ma te r ia l s e t s t he n orma l mode l f o r t h e B asque C oun try . F l in t i s mo s t i mpor tan t o sc i l la t ing b e tween 8 0 .19% ( 4a ) a nd 7 7 .22% ( 3 ) , wh i le q ua r tz i te i sa lways s ca rce ( 3 , 4% ; 4 a , 3 . 1% ) . T he a rcha ic c ha rac te r o f t he i ndu s t ry i s ma rked b y t h e u s e o f o the r ma ter ia ls s uch a sl ime s tone a nd s ch is t . T he r e i sa l so a s t rong Mou s ter ian s ub s t ra tum a tt h e s i te , b o th t e chn ica l ly a nd t ypo log ica l ly . T h is f ac t , n o ted t oo i n C as t i l lo C ave , s ugges ts a l oca l o r ig in f or t h e C an tab r ian Aur ignac ian ( Cab re ra V a lde s&B e rna ldo d eQ u iro s 1 990 ) .

Oph i te i su s ed a tt ime s w i th f r equency , e spec ia l ly f o r t he manufac tu r eo fc l eave r si n Mo r in , P endo a nd C a s t i l lo . T h is i sr e la ted t ot h ee x is tence o fo ph i te o u tc rop s i nt h ec en t re o f t he t r iang le f ormed b y P endo , Mor in a nd C as t i l lo . Howeve r , i tb ecome s r e la t ive ly i mpor tan t i n f l ake t oo ls , a s i nl e ve l 1 7 i n Mor in . Qua r tz a nd b l ack J ura s s ic l imes tone a ppea ra sv e ry m ino re l emen t sa sd oe ss ch is ti n Ax lo rc ave . The E ar ly Upper P a laeo l i th ic I nc luded i nt h is t e rm a r e t hose i ndus t r ie s a t t r ibu ted t o t h e Au r ignac ian a nd t h e L owe r a nd Upper P er igord ian . T he i n i t ia l p e r iod so ft he Uppe rP a laeo l i th ic a r es uperpo sed o na s t rong Mou s ter ian s ub s tra tum . F rom t he d a ta a va i lab le , t h e Uppe r P a laeo l i th ic b eg ins w i th l eve ls 1 0 a t Mo r in , V i l la a nd ba tP endo a nd 1 8 a t C a s t i l lo wh ich a re p laced s t ra t ig raph ica l ly a bove t h e Mou s te r ian . Wh i le i n Mor in 1 0 i ti sL owe r P er igo rd ian , a t P endo i ti sE a r ly Aur ignac ian ( Gongä lez E chega ray e ta l . 1 969 ; Gonzä lez E chega ray e ta t . 1 980 ;B e rna ldo d e Q u iro s 1 98 1a , b ) a nd a tC a s t i l lo 1 8 i ti s T yp ica l A u r ignac ian ( Cab re ra V a lde s 1 984 ) . I n t h e P endo s equence , aL owe r P er igo rd ian a ppea r s a f ter t wo E ar ly Au r ignac ian l e ve ls . T he p resence o f Aur ignac ian l e ve ls b e low P e r igo rd ian l e ve ls h a s a l so b een d e tec ted i n o ther r eg ion s , e spec ia l ly i n t he L o t , i n t he s i tes o f L a P iage ( Champagne & E sp i ta l ie 1 980 ) a nd R oc d e C ombe ( Bo rde s &L ab ro t 1 967 ) . T he p os i t ion o f t h is E a r ly Aur ignac ian e s tab l ishes t he e v iden t e x is tence o f ac on temporane i ty b e tween t h ese t wo c u l ture c omp lexes ( Bo rdes 1 973) , i n p a r t c on f irmed b y t h e s ed imen to log ica l s t ud ies o f L av i l le ( 1975 ) w h ich p lace b o th c u l tu res a tt h eb eg inn ing o f Würm I I d u r ing a n u ns tab le c l ima t ic p e r iod .

Ar ecen t g roup o f r ev iews a nd d a te s p erm i ts u s t op ropo s e t h is n ew mode l . A cce le ra to r d a te s f o r C a s t i l lo 1 8 ( Cab rera Va ldes & B ischo f f 1 989 ) o f4 0 ,000±1800 BP , 3 8 ,500± 1800 BP a nd 3 7 ,800±1800 BP s eem t o i nd ica te a c la s s ic Wü rm I / I I I d a te f o r t h is l e ve l . T hese d a te s , wh ich a tp re sen t a r e t he o ldes t f o r t h e E a r ly Uppe r P a laeo l i th ic i n Wes tern E urope ,c omb ined w i th as e r ie so f t e chn ica l a nd t ypo log ica l d a ta i nd ica te a c lea r r e la t ionsh ip b e tween t he f i na l Mous ter ian l e ve ls a nd t he f i r s t E a r ly Upper P a laeo l i th ic o ne s . T hus , i n t h e Mous ter ian l e ve ls o f Mor in , P endo a nd C as t i l lo c a rena ted a nd n osed e nd s c rapers a re a l ready p re sen t , a l though i n modera te n umber s . I n t h is w ay , t h e t r ans i t ion t o t he E a r ly Upper P a laeo l ith ic i s mo re a q uan t i ta t ive r a the r t han a q ua l i ta t ive c hange , w i th a p rogress ive d ec l ine i n s c raper s a nd a n i ncrea se i n e nd s crapers a nd b ur ins ( Cabrera V a ldes & B erna ldo d e Qu iro s ,1990 ) . T he b one i ndus try f o rms as epa ra te g roup , f o rt h e momen t c omp le te ly u nknown i n t h e Mou s ter ian . I n C a s t i l lo 1 8 , c lo se t o t h e a r ea f r om wh ich t h e s amp le c or respond ing t o 4 0 ,000±2100 BP d a te wa s t aken , af r agmen t o f b one w a s f ound wh ich h ad a n umber o f ma rks t yp ica l o f b u tchery ma rk s c ha rac ter is t ic o f t h e E a r ly Au r ignac ian l e ve ls . T he

Mo r in C ave a nd P endo C ave i nc on junc t ion w i th C a s t i l lo C ave m ay p e rhap s b ek ey s i te sf o rt h e se i n i t ia l p er iod so ft he C an tab r ian Upper P a laeo l i th ic a s t he ir l ong s equence s p rov ide af r amewo rk w h ich s e rves a s ag u ide . B o th h ave 2 3

F .B e rna ldo d eQ u iros a nd V .C abre ra V a lde s Aur ignac ian . A lso , ah ypo the t ica l c on tempo rane i ty c an b e e s tab l ished b e tween t h e C an tabr ian Upper P e r igo rd ian l e ve ls 4 o f Mo r in , V a nd V a o f P endo a nd t he E vo lved Aur igna c ian l e ve l 4o f O tero ( Berna ldo d e Qu iro s 1 981a ) . W i th in t h is Uppe r P e r igo rd ian , w e s e e f l in t p e rcen tages o f 4 7i nl e ve l Ga nd 5 0 .6 i nHa t C ue to d e l aM ina whe re i ti s o bv iou s t h a t t h e t yp ica l p i eces s uch a sG rave t te p o in t s a re a lway s manu fa c tured i nf l in t . S im i la r ly , G rave t te p o in t s o r Noa i l le s b u r in s a re a lway s i n f l in t i nl e ve l 1 2 a t C as t i l lo C ave wher e f l in t f orms 8 8 .3 % o f t h e r aw ma ter ia l . T he e a r l ie r p a t t e rn s c on t inue a tP endo a nd Mo r in , f r om 7 7 .8% i n Mo r in 4t o9 3 .7% i nP endo V ao r9 4 .4% i nP endo V , a nd i n a l l o ft h em t h e P er igo rd ian e l emen t s s uch a s t he b ur in s a r e s ys tema t ica l ly made i nf l in t .

Oberma ier e xcava t ions c i te t h e p resence o f s p l it -based p o in t s f o rt h e s ame l e ve l ( Cab re ra V a ldes , 1 984 ) . T he Typ ica l Aur ignac ian i s c onnec ted t o t he E a r ly Au r ignac ian i n Mor in a nd P endo a nd h as a l ready b een c i ted i nC a s t i l lo 1 8 ( Cab rera Va ldes 1 978 ) . I n a dd i t ion t o s p l i t b a sed p o in t s , c a rena ted a nd n o sed s c raper s a nd Au r ignac ian b lades a ppea r . The se , a f fec ted b y r aw ma ter ia l , a re o f ten s ma l l , a nd i n c lude f l in t f l ake s w i th Au r ignac ian r e touch r em inscen to fs em i -Qu ina t ype s c rape r s wh ich i sd ue t ot h e i mpo ss ib i l i ty o f manufac tur ing a u then t ic l a rge b lades i n t h is ma ter ia l . T hey a ppea ri nc o ld p e r iod s i n P endo V I I a nd Mo r in 7 , wh i le i n Mor in 6 c ond i t ions a re mo re t empe ra te ( Bu tzer 1 971 , 1 980 ) . Th is s ugges ts p er iods p r io r t o a nd w i th in t h e A rcy I n ter s tad ia l , i fw e e xc lude t h e p rob lem o f l e ve l 1 8 i n C a s t i l lo w i th d a te s , a l ready men t ioned , wh ich wou ld p lace i tw i th in t he Würm I / I I I I n ter s tad ia l i n t he H enge lo I n ter s tad ia l . R aw ma te r ia l e xp lo i ta t ion f o l lows e a r l ier p a t terns . I n Mo r in 7 , f l in t r eaches 9 3 .75% a nd q uar tz i te o n ly 3 .4% . I n P endo V I I , f l in t i s8 9 .1 % w i th q ua r tz i te a t5 .7% . I n t he B a sque C oun try i n t he s i te o f S an t iman ine C ave , f l in t i su sed e xc lu s ive ly ( 100% ) wh ich b ecome st h e n o rm i nt h is r eg ion ( Ru iz I da r raga 1 987 ) .

T he i ndus t ry o f l e ve ls I I a nd I V a tP endo C ave a l though t ypo log ica l ly E vo lved Au r ignac ian c ou ld a l so b ep l aced a ta l a te r d a te ( Gonza lez E chegaray e t a l . 1 980 ) . I f l oca ted w i th in aF ina l Au r ignac ian , t h is i ndus t ry c ou ld f o rm a l i nk w i th mo re r e cen tc u l tu re s . On t h e o the r h and , i ti sl oca ted a bove t h eU ppe rP er igo rd ian r ep roduc ing t h ep o s i t ion o ft he Aur ignac ian V a t L auge r ie Hau te ( Bo rdes & S onnev i l le B o rde s 1 958 ) . R aw ma ter ia l u se f o l lows t he s ame p a t tern w i th f l in tp o r cen tage so f8 8 .9% f o rP endo I V a nd 9 0 .5% f or P endo I I .

The C an tabr ian E vo lved Aur ignac ian f o l lows t he C an tabr ian T yp ica l Aur ignac ian . T h is d oes n o t g rea t ly r e semb le t h e Aur ignac ian I a nd I I o f t h e c l ass ic s equence a nd a ppea r s t o r epresen t ap a r t icu la r e vo lu t ion o f t he C an tab r ian R eg ion . I th as t wo f a c ie s , t h e Mo r in f a c ies w i th I R ( IE )> IB a nd t he P endo f ac ies w i th I R< IB . T h is , i n a s soc ia t ion w i th t he h e terogene i ty o ft he i ndus t ry , s ugges t s a n a dap ta t ion t o t he l oca l e nv ironmen t o f t he r eg ion . C l ima t ica l ly i ts pans Würm I I a l though w e c anno t b e mo r es pec if ic a s ag eo log ica l s yn the s is i sl a ck ing ( Berna ldo d e Qu iro s 1 981a ) . A s w e n ow h ave i nforma t ion f r om a n umber o f s i tes we c an e s tab l ish a pp rox ima te r eg iona l p a t te rns . I nA s tur ia s , C ie r ro C ave b eg in s t h et r ad i t ion w ith t h eu se o fq ua r tz i te wh ich a t t h is t ime r ep resen t s 9 3 .1 % o f t h e i ndus t ry i n l eve l 6a nd 8 9 .94% i n l eve l 7 , w i th f l in t b e ing v e ry s ca rce . Never the les s , a no the r s i te wh ich c an b e a t t r ibu ted t ot h e s ame p er iod , t ha t o fR iera C ave , ( S t rau s & C la rk 1 986 ) h as o n ly 3 1 .8% q ua r tz i te a nd 6 2 .6% f l in t i n i t s l e ve l 1 . A s c an b e s een , a l though q ua r tz i te i si mpor tan t i n A su tr ias , i t s p resence v ar ies b e tween s i tes , a nd v ery p oss ib ly b e tween d is t inc t o ccupa t ions . A lready i n C an tab r ia w e b eg in t os ee f l in t u sed f o r mo re t han h a lf t he p i eces . C on t inu ing w i th t h is o verv iew f rom w es t t o e a s t w ec ome t ot h ec ave o f Ho rno s d e l aP ef ia w i th 6 8 .5% f l in t a nd 2 7 .6% q ua r tz i te i ni t s Au r ignac ian l e ve l . I n t h e c en tra l v a l leys o fC an tab r ia , Mo r in a nd P endo n ow f o l low s im i la r p a t ter n s , p erhap s r e la ted t ot h e p re sence o f v e in f l in t i nt h e c oa s ta l z one o fS an tande rb ay . T hus i n Morn 5 i w e h ave 9 3 .3 % f l in t , i n P endo V I 9 7 .9% a nd i n P endo Vb 9 5 .7% , i nd ica t ing ac l ea rp redom inance o ft h is ma te r ia l ( f ig .2B ) .

The S o lutrean T h is p er iod i sp e rhap s t h e mos t p rob lema t ic a tt h e p resen t t ime . F o l low ing t h e r ev iew o fS t rau s i nw h ich h ed e fend sa s i ng le Uppe r S o lu t rean ( 1975a , 1 976 ) , t h e p ub l ica t ion o f C a Ide s C ave a nd t h e r ev iew o f C a s t i l lo C ave c on f irms t he c l ea r e x is tence o f aM idd le S o lu t rean . T hu s , a cco rd ing t o Co rchön ( 198 1) , a t C a lda s t here wou ld b e aM idd le S o lu t rean A i n l e ve ls 1 6 -17 c or te ( 14A P a s i l lo ) a nd a M idd le S o lu t rean B ( l eve ls 1 4 c or te , 1 2 P a s i l lo ) . T he d i f f e rence sa pp ea rt ob ei nt h e ' t rans i t iona l ' c ha rac ter o f t h e M idd le S o lu t rean B . L eve l 1 0i nC a s t i l lo c ou ld b e i n c luded i n t h is p e r iod a sc ou ld t h e S o lu t rean o f Ho rno s d e l a P ef ia C ave ( Cab re ra V a ldes 1 984 ) . T h is M idd le S o lu t rean i s g enera l ly c ha rac ter ised b y c ruder t ype s , t h e a b sence o f p a ra l le l r e touch a nd n o tched p o in ts . T echno log ica l ly , i t c ou ld b e d i f f e ren t ia ted f r om t h e Uppe r S o lu t rean b y t h e u se o f p ercuss ion r e touch wh i le p ressure f l ak ing i s more i mpor tan t i n t h e l a t ter . C hrono log ica l ly , i ts hou ld b e p laced , a cco rd ing t o Hoyo s ( 1981) , a t ap e r iod p r io r t ot he M idd le S o lu t rean o f L auger ie Hau te ( Pe r igo rd X I a nd X L av i l le 1 975 ) , w i th d a tes b e tween 1 9 .500 a nd 1 9 .000 BP ( J o rda , F o r tea a nd Corchän 1 982 ) s im i la r t o t ho se o f L auger ie H au t ea nd Ou l in s ,s ot h a tt he re wou ld b e ap a ra l le l e vo lu t ion o ne ach s i de o ft h e P y renees . T he S o lu t rean l e ve l o f Ho rno sd el aP ef ia a nd C a s t i l lo 1 0c ou ld a l so b e i nc luded h ere ( Cab rera V a ldes 1 984 ) . R aw ma ter ia l u se r anges s ub s tan t ia l ly i nC a lda s C ave f r om 7 9 .5% i n C a lda s 1 2 t o 1 00% i nC a lda s 1 4 . I n C a s t i l lo 1 0 , f l in t o n ly r e ache s 6 2% s im i la rt o Ho rno sd el aP ef ia ( f ig .2C ) .

T he C an tabr ian Upper P er igo rd ian , at e rm we u se i n p re ference t o t he G rave t t ian , p rov ides a n umber o f v ery i n te res t ing p rob lems s uch a st he c oex is tence o f Au rg inac ian e l emen t s w i th t yp ica l Upper P er igo rd ian t oo ls , e spec ia l ly P er igo rd ian V . We t herefo re h ave a n i ndus try w i th a n e leva ted Aur ignac ian g roup , u sua l ly e qua l t o t he P er igo rd ian g roup , g iv ing r i se t o ac oex is tence o f t h ick e nd s c raper s w ith G rave t te p o in t s , Noa i l les b ur ins o r F on t Rober t p o in ts . Th is s pec trum o f t oo ls s ugges ts t he e x is tence o fa n ' a ccu ltura t ion ' . T he P er igo rd ian mus t n o t h ave b een p owe r fu l e nough t oc ause g rea t v a r ia t ion i n t he w e l l a dap ted a ssemb lages o f t he C an tabr ian E vo lved

T he Uppe r S o lu t rean w i th i t s n o tched a nd c oncave b a se p o in ts s eems t o h ave e vo lved w i th r eg iona l v a r ian t s . Concave p o in ts p redom ina te i n t he w es t a nd b acked b l ade le t s t owa rd s t h e B a sque C oun try ( S t rau s 1 983 ) . T he Uppe rS o lu t rean i sp laced a ta bou tt he L a scaux I n ter s tad ia l . S o l e ve ls 9 -7 a tC a lda s , c o ld b u t h um id , a r e p l aced a tt h e b eg inn ing o f Wü rm I V ( Hoyo s 1 981) a nd l e ve l Io f C hu f in C ave f a l ls w i th in t he I n te r s tad ia l ( Cab rera V a ldes 1 977 ; Boyer K le in 1 980 ) . Ano ther p rob lem i sp o sed b y R iera C ave . L av i l le 's g eo log ica l s t udy ( 1980 ) e s tab l ished t wo 2 4

F .B e rna ldo d eQ u iro sa nd V .C abre ra V a ld es t h e Magda len ian a ppea r s t ob e c h rono log ica l ly s uperposed o ve rt h ee nd o f t h e S o lu t rean . Thus , t h e S o lu trean l eve l o f C hu f fn C ave i sp laced a t t he s ame p er iod a s l e ve l 5o f R a sca l-1 0( Boye rK le in 1 980 ) , where o ne m igh t a l so p erhap s p lace t h e t r ans i t iona l S o lu t rean /Lower Magda len ian o f C a lda s 3 ,4 ,5 , 6a nd L a R iera 9 -19 . I n t he l a t te r t wo , S o lu t rean p o in t s a re a b sen t o r i n l ow p ercen tages a nd , a t l e a s t a t C a lda s , ' Magda len ian ' t oo ls , s uch a s ' r ac le t tes ' a ppea r ( Co rchön 1 980 ) . We b e l ieve t ha t w e a re o nce a ga in f a ced w i th a n a ccu l tura t ion p ha se i n wh ich Magda len ian e l emen t sa ppea ri nt h eC an tab r ian r eg ion b u t s uperpo sed o n ap re -ex is t ing S o lu t rean s ub s t ra tum . T h is p rovokes t wo r eac t ion s : e i ther a mo re o r l e ss c omp le te a ss im i la t ion ( Ra scano ) o r ap a r t ia l a s s im i la t ion ( Ca lda s ) . T he L owe r Magda len ian h a s r e cen t ly b een r ev ised b y U t r i l la ( 1989 ) w ho h a sc l a s s if ied t h ree g roup sb a sed f undamen ta l ly o n t he b one i ndu s t ry . H es ugge s t st h eb eg inn ing o f t he C an tabr ian E a r ly Magda len ian t o b e p laced c hrono log ica l ly b e tween 1 7 .000 -16 .000 BP w i th f l a t -sec t ioned p o in t s a nd d eco ra ted , monobeve l led p o in ts . T he t r ue C an tabr ian L owe r Magda len ian f o l lows , s i tua ted c hrono log ica l ly b e tween 1 6 .000 a nd 1 4 .500 BP . T h is may b ed iv ided i n to t wo g roups : af a c ie so fb eve l led p o in t sw i th as qua re s ec t ion a nd a ngu la r d eco ra t ion , p resen ti nJ uyo , B a lmo r i , C ue to d e l a M ina D , R iera 1 8 -20 , R a scano 4 , A l tam ira , C as t i l lo , E r ra l la a nd U r t iaga F ; a nd a f ac ies o f d oub le p o in t s w ith t r iangu la r s e c t ion p r e sen t i nS an t imam ine , B o l inkoba , E rm i t t ia , E ka in a nd P a loma .

p o ss ib l i t ies i n wh ich t he Uppe r S o lu t rean w i th n o tched p o in ts wou ld b eg in i n t he L auger ie I n ter s tad ia l (Würm I I / IV ) a nd c on t inue u n t i l t h e L a scaux I n ter s tad ia l (Würm I V -Per igo rd I ) . The Hoyo s d a tes ( 1979 ) u sed b y L av i l le wou ld make i t mo re f ea s ib le t o i n c lude l e ve ls 4 -8 i n t he f i r s tc o ld e p isode o f Wü rm I V a nd t o i n c lude a l l t he l eve ls f r om 9 -19 i nt h eL ascaux I n te r s tad ia l . T he Uppe r S o lu t rean h a s ac l ea rf a c ie sb ased o nc oncave b a se p o in t s , manu fac tured ma in ly i n q ua r tz i te a nd l i nk ing s i tes s uch a s P a s iega , A l tam ira , C hu f fn , R ie ra , C ue to d e l a M ina , C a lda s , e t c . w i th a t e r r i to r ia l d i spe r sa l c l ea r ly c en t red i n A s tu r ias a nd w e s tern C an tab r ia . I nt h is s en se , r aw ma ter ia ls o pera te i n a r eg iona l manne r c onf irm ing t h e p redom inance o fq uar tz i te i nt h e w e s ta nd f l in t i nt h ee a s t . T he p resence o f c oncave b a se p o in ts i n q uar tz ite i s i n teres t ing . A cco rd ing t o S t rau s ( 1983 ) , t h ey e xceed t he f l in t /quar tz i te mode ls . I n C a lda s , wh i le o n ly 7 7% o f t he i ndus t ry i si nq ua r tz i te 1 00% o ft h e c oncave b a se p o in t s a re i nq ua r tz i te . I nL aR ie ra ,6 5% o ft h ec oncave b a se p o in t sa re i nq ua r tz i te o u to fa ni ndu s t ry wh ich i so n ly 4 8% q ua r tz i te . S im i la r ly ,i nC ue to d e l aM ina 6 1% o ft h e p o in t s , o u to f a n i ndus t ry o f 3 6% , a re i n q uar tz i te . I n C an tabr ia , t h is r e la t ion sh ip i s mo re s pec tac tu la r ; i n A l tam ira where o n ly 5% o ft h e i ndus try i si nq ua r tz i te , 6 5% o ft h e c oncave b a se p o in ts a r e i n t ha t ma ter ia l . T he s ame o ccur s a t P a s iega where o n ly 1 % o f t h e i ndus t ry i si nq uar tz i te b u t 8 3% o f t he c oncave b ase p o in t s a re q uar tz i te . T he p ropo r t ion s a ppea rt oi nd ica te , t h rough t he p re sence o f t hese q uar tz i te p o in t s , a' t er r i tory ' .

I t wou ld s eem t o u s t ha t a ssemb lages w i th s ty l is t ic s im i lar i t ies a re p la in ly v i s ib le w ith in t h e monobeve l led p o in tf a c ies . A c l ea r e xamp le i st h e p re sence o f s capu lae w ith mu l t ip le l i ned e ngrav ings o f d eer a t A ltam ira , C a s t i l lo , J uyo , R a scano a nd C ie r ro . However , a more i mpor tan t c a se i sp re sen ted i n t he A l tam ira -Ca s t i l lo -Juyo t r iang le ( Cab re ra & G imenez d e l aR o sa 1 989 ; B e rna ldo d e Q u iro s , i np re s s ) . I n t he se s i te s t h e p re sence o f t he s ame h uman g roup h a sb een u ndoub ted ly c onf irmed . T he p resence o f t he s ame h uman g roup i n A l tam ira a nd C as t i l lo was p roposed b y A lca lde d e l R io , B reu i l a nd S ier ra ( 1911) b ecau se o ft h ee v iden t s im i lar i t ies b e tween t h e p o lych rome b i son i nb o th c ave s . Muzqu iz ( 1988 ) a dhe red t ot h is i d ea i n h i sr e v iew o ft h ep o lych rome b i son a tA l tam ira . However , a sw e l l a st h ep o lych romes w ec an a dd t h e p resence o f wha t a r e c a l led ' ma sk s ' . T hese a re i n A l tam ira a nd Cas t i l lo ( Be rna ldo d e Qu iro s , F reeman & Ogden 1 987 ) , s i tua ted i n b o th c a se s n ea rt h e o n ly b lack q uad rangu la r t e c t iforms i n t h ec ave . An a dd i t iona l e l emen t c ommon t o t he t h ree s i tes i st h e f o rma l r i chness a nd s t y l is t ic s im i la r i t ies o f t he b one i ndus try , a s m igh t b e i n s i te s w i th a l a rge ly d eer b ased s ub s is tence e conomy . I n t h is way , t he A l tam ira -Ca s t i l lo J uyo t r iang le c ou ld r ep resen t p a r to f at e r r i to ry o f ah uman g roup w h ich p robab ly e x tended t o t he o ther s i tes o f t he g roup p r ev ious ly men t ioned .

On t he o the r h and , S t raus ' r e su l t s ( 1983 ) s how t ha t t hese p ieces a re morpho log ica l ly v ery s t anda rd ized . The ir p resence s e ems , mo reove r ,t oc on f irm t h is ' t er r ito r ia l ' v iew ; o u to ft h e 1 7s i tes i n wh ich t h ey a r ef ound ,o n ly i n 4a r et hey a bundan t , w i th j us t o ne o r t wo e xamp les i n t h e r e s t , b u t t hey a r ed i spe r sed a sf a r a s t h e P y renees -I s tur itz , Ha rpons a nd P ape -( S traus 1 978 ; E spa rza 1 990 ) . T he f our s i tes r e fe r red t o may b e r educed t ot h ree i fw e u n i te C ue to d e l a M ina a nd L a R iera ( wh ich s hou ld b e a na l ized j o in t ly g iven t he s ho r t d i s tance b e tween t h em ) , i n o rder t o u ncover t he r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h e t wo a nd t he p er iods when b o th we re o ccup ied a t t he s ame t ime . T he o the r s i tes a r e C a lda s a nd A l tam i ra . We d on o tt h ink i tr i sky t op ropo se a s pec ia l c ha rac te r f or t hese s i tes , g iven t h e i mpo r tance o f t he ir c o l lec t ion s a nd o ccupa t ions wh ich make t hem a u then t ic ' b a se c amp s ' f or t h is s t y l is t ic g roup . I ti si n te re s t ing t o a na lyze t h e u se o f q ua r tz i te i n t h e R iera C ave s equence ( S t raus & C la rk 1 986 ) . T h is s i te h a s p e rhap s t he l onges t s equence o f t h is p er iod , w i th 1 3 l eve ls . However , t he p resence o f r aw ma ter ia ls i s n o t h omogeneous : i nt h e l owe rl e ve ls ( 2 t o 5 ) q ua r tz i te r anges f r om 6 7% -83 % ; i nt h e u pper l e ve ls ( 6 -16 ) i to n ly r anges f rom 2 1% -46% . Th is d i f ference i n r aw ma ter ia l u se i s r e la ted t o t wo t ypes o f o ccupa t ion : mo re s po rad ic i n t he b a se l e ve ls a nd c on t inuou si nt h eu ppe rl e ve ls i n wh ich t here i sa l so a c omp le te l i th ic r educ t ion s equence . We b e l ieve t ha t t h is a na lys is s hou ld a l so h ave e ncompa ssed C ue to d e l a M ina , b ea r ing i n t he m ind i t s p ropo sed r e la t ionsh ip w i th R ie ra , w he re t he Uppe rS o lu t rean i sa l so w e l l r ep resen ted .

T he p resence o f r aw ma ter ia l i n t h is g roup v ar ies e no rmou s ly ( f ig .2D ) a l though w e c an s ee t h a t q uar tz i te i s mo re a bundan t i n t he A s tur ian s i tes . Co l lub i l C ave ( U t r i l la 1 980 ) s t ands o u t w i th q ua r tz i te f o rm ing 7 3 .6% o f t h ei ndu s t ry a nd ,o dd ly , R ie ra C ave i sa no ther s i te i n wh ich q ua r tz i te i sa bundan t , r ang ing f r om 6 8% i nR iera 1 9 t o8 2% i nR ie ra 1 9 /20 . I n t h e o ther s i tes i tr anges f r om 2 2 -38% i n L aP a loma ,i s2 9% i nC ova R osa , 2 6% i nC ier ro a nd 1 4% i n B a lmo r i . I nC a lda sC ave l e ve l Io fS a la I , i ti so n ly 4 .5% , w h i le i nl e ve l 2o f S a la Ii ti s4 2 .18% , wh ich i so f e x t reme i n teres t a s b o th l eve ls a ppear t o b e t he s ame . Th is u nder l ines t he p rob lem o f t he s pa t ia l d ispersa l o f

The Magda len ian I n t h e g enera l s equence o ft h e Magda len ian , r e cen tr e sea rch s eem st oh ave e s tab l ished t h ee x is tence o f ac e r ta in d eg ree o f c on tempo rane i ty b e tween d i s t inc tp ha ses . T he b eg inn ing o f 2 5

F .B e rna ldo d eQ u iro sa nd V .C ab r e r aV a ld e s N ava r re te & C hapa B rune t 1 980 ) . N ever the le s s , i no the r A s tu r ian s i te s q ua r tz i te i s mo re e xp lo i ted : i nT i to B us t i l lo i tr ange s b e tween 5 1% ( TB1c ) t o3 9% ( TB l b -c ) , i nB r ic ia C ave i tr e aches 7 6 .8% , a nd i nC ue to d el aM ina 1 7 .8% . I n R ie ra C ave w eo nce a ga in h ave ad ua lt e ndency : i nl e ve ls 2 1 2 3i ti s mo re t han 7 0% , wh i le i n2 5 , 2 6a nd 2 7 i ti sa round 4 0% . A s c an b e s een i n ag roup a s g eog raph ica l ly c l o se a s t ha t f o rmed b y B r ic ia , C ue to d e l a M ina a nd R ie ra , t he t e ndenc ie sa r ee no rmou s ly v ar ied . We a r ei na g reemen tw i th Gonza lez S a inz ( 1989 ) o n a f unc t iona l e xp lana t ion , a l though t opograph ic d i f ference s i n t h e e xcava ted a r ea c anno t b e e xc luded . We f ee l t h a t at e chn ica l a na ly s is o r ien ted t owa rd t h e s t udy o f t e chn ica l c ha ins a nd r e duc t ion s equence s wou ld f a c i l i ta te t h e s t udy o ft h e c ha ra c te r o f t h e s i tes . I n C an tabr ia , t he u se o f q ua r tz i t e b ecome s s po rad ic a nd i n g ene ra l n ever e xceeds 5% . A s i n a l l t h e p r ev iou s p e r iod sq ua r tz i te i sn o tu sed i nt h eB a sque C oun t ry .

a rchaeo log ica l e l emen t s . Ap r e l im ina ry h ypo the s is wou ld e nv isage af unc t iona ld i f f e rence b e tween t h e t wo z ones b u t C o rchön h a s o b served t h a t t h e t ypo log ica l s t ruc ture i s e x t r eme ly s im i la r ( 198 1 ) . T he M idd le Magda len ian a ppea r st ob et h e r e su l t o f ac r is is i nt h e L owe r Magda len ian a nd t o al a rge e x ten t c ou ld b e r e la ted t o as pec ia l r e g iona l e vo lu t ion , c omp r is ing l e ve ls w i th Uppe r Magda len ian l ike f ea tu re s a nd o ther s w i th a r cha ic f e a ture s . N eve r the les s , u nde r t h is t i t le t here a re t wo d i f fe ren t e n t i t ie s : o n t h e o ne h and w e h ave t h e a bove men t ioned Magda len ian b e tween t h e L owe ra nd t h e Uppe r wh i le o n t h e o the r , t h e f i nds a t l a V i i ia a nd L a L luera ( Fo r tea 1 981 ) i nd ica te t h ep re sence i nA s tur ia s o fe l emen t s wh ich a re t yp ica l o f P yrenean M idd le Magda len ian ( Magda len ian I V ) s uch a s ' c on tou r s d ecoupe s ' . Howeve r , w e d o n o t b e l ieve t h a t as epa ra te e n t i ty s hou ld b e c rea ted f o r t ho se i ndu s t r ie s w i th P y renean M idd le Magda len ian ' s ty l is t ic ' e l emen t s . T he P y renean M idd le Magda len ian i s t h e s ame a st h e C an tab r ian L owe r Magda len ian o fB reu i l 's p ha se s I I a nd I V . We b e l ieve t ha t t h is d i s t inc t ion i n t e rm ino logy c ome s f r om a d i f feren t h i s to r iograph ic c oncep t ion . Wh i le i n t he C an tabr ian r eg ion t he Magda len ian I I i st h e s ame a s t h e L owe r Magda len ian ( Gonza lez E chega ray 1 980 ; U t r i l la , 1 98 1) , i nt h e P y renee s t h e Magda len ian I I IV i s i n corpora ted i n t h e M idd le Magda len ian , w i th t h e L owe r Magda len ian b e ing B reu i l 's p ha se s I I I ( C lo t te s 1 989 ) . O n t h e o the r h and , w e c an i n terp re t t he f ac ies i den t if ied b y U tr i l la ( 1989 ) a s C an tab r ian L owe r Magda len ian a nd a sr ep re sen t ing as pa t ia l d i s t r ibu t ion i n wh ich t wo a r ea sc an b e i d en t if ied . O ne , i sa c en t ra l g roup w i th s i te s i nC an tab r ia a nd e a s te rn A s tur ia s , w h i le t h eo the r ,p l a ced o ne ach s i de o ft h is g roup i nc en t ra l A s tur ia s f r om t h e S e l la t o t h e N a lon a nd t h e B a sque C oun t ry , i sc l ea r ly r e la t ed t ot h eP y r enees . T he e x is tence o f g eograph ic l i nk s a nd c u l tu ra l a rea s i s ac ha rac te r is t ic c ommon t o h un ter /ga the re r s oc ie t ie s wh ich c an i n s ome c a se sb e i d en t if ied i nt h e U ppe r P a laeo l i th ic ( Bahn 1 982 ; S ievek ing 1 976 ) . T he a ppea rance i nt h e Magda len ian o f a n e x t reme ly r i ch d eco ra ted b one i ndus t ry p erm i t s t he ' s ty l is t ic ' a na lys is o f t h is i ndus t ry f o l low ing f o rma l p a t te rn s b e tween s i te s a nd t h e s ub sequen t e s tab l ishmen t o f d i s t inc tg eog raph ic r e la t ion sh ip sb e tween h uman g roup s .

Dur ing t h e f i na l p er iod o f t he l a s t g lac ia l , t h e Upper Magda len ian i sl i nked w i th t h e A z i l ian t h rough ac hange i n t h e I B / IG r a t io . Wh i le i n t he Upp e r Magda len ian b ur ins t e nd t o d om ina te e nd s c raper s , t h e re a r e s ome l e ve ls i n wh ich t h ey a r e e qua l ( R ie ra 2 1 /23 , P i la 4 . 1 ) ( Be rna ldo d e Q u i ro s e ta l . i n p re ss ) c on f irm ing t h e c on t inu i ty b e tween t he Uppe r Magda len ian a nd t he A z i l ian p ropo sed b y C a rba l lo ( 1960 ) i n wh ich t echn ica l t r ansfo rma t ions i nd ica te t h ee nd o fe a r l ie r t e chn ica l a t t i tudes a nd t h e s e a rch f o r n ew s o lu t ions ( Tresguer res 1 980 ) . Odd ly , t he C an tab r ian A z i l ian i ss epa ra te f rom t h a t o f Aqu i ta ine a nd o n ly s eems t o h ave l i nk s w i th t he P y renees . T he n ew E p ipa laeo l i th ic f orms t end t owa rd s c ha rac te r is t ic r eg iona l a dap ta t ion s . F l in t d om ina tes t he u se o f r aw ma te r ia ls . R ie ra C ave ,h oweve r ,c on t inue s t oh ave o dd p e rcen tage s : i n l e ve l 2 8 q ua r tz i te i sa t 5 0 .1 % , d ec l in ing t o 1 9 .4% i n2 9 . F l in td om ina te s i nt h e o the rs i te s a tu sua l ly mo re t h an 9 0% . Conc lus ions A s w e h ave s hown i n t he e vo lu t ion o f t h e C an tab r ian P a laeo l i th ic c u l tu re s , t h e u se o f t e rm ' C an tab r ian ' i sv a l id . T hey r ep resen ta n a dap ta t ion i n t he r e g iona l c on tex t o f a g roup o f s t anda rd c u l tu res i nc ommon w i th Aqu i ta ine a nd t he P yrenees , i n wh ich t hey a dap ted t o t he p ar t icu la r C an tab r ian a r ea . T he i n i t ia l momen t so fe ach p e r iod o ft h e se s t anda rd c u l tures i s r eg is tered e i ther t hrough a n ' a ccu l tura t ion ' o r t he c rea t ions o f mo re o r l e s s n ew s i tua t ion s .

T he U pp e r Magda len ian m ake s i t s a ppea rance d ur ing t he f i na l s t age s o f t h e C an tab r ian L owe r Magda len ian . I no u r o p in ion , t h is wou ld e ncompa s s T i to B u s t i l lo a nd Abaun tz ( U t r i l la 1 981) wh ich h ave av e ry h igh m ic ro l i th ic e l emen t a nd ah i gh I B t hu s p l a c ing t h em i nt h e Uppe r Magda len ian . I n t he c a se o f T i to B u s t i l lo , t h e p resence o f h a rpoon c onf irms t he p o s i t ion a l though t here a re a l so s ome P y r eneen e l emen t s( Mou r e 1 983 ) .

T h roughou t t h e P a laeo l i th ic t h e re a r e as e r ie s o f v a r ia t ion s i nr aw ma ter ia l u se wh ich , a l though f o l low ing a w e s t -ea s t p a t te r n i n t he u se o f q ua r tz i te , a re n o t a lways e a sy t o c ha rac t e r ise . T he u se o f q ua r tz i te a l so d ec l ine s a s w e d raw c lo se rt ot h e p resen t . T he L ower P a laeo l i th ic , Mou s te r ian a nd p a r t o f t he E a r ly Uppe r P a laeo l i th ic h ave s ome ' ma s s ive ' i ndus t r ies b a sed o n at e chn ica l r educ t ion c ha in o r ien ted t owa rd s as hor t b lank . Howeve r , w e a l so s e e a t t h is t ime , t h e b eg inn ing o f t h e t e ndency t om anufac tu r e i n f l in t p ieces r equ ir ing ' d e l ica te ' wo rk s uch a s b ur in s . I n t h e L ower a nd Uppe r P er igo rd ian l am ina r p i ece s s uch a s C ha te lper ron a nd G rave t te p o in t s a ppea r , a l so u sua l ly i n f l in t a l though t here a re s ome v ery f i ne e xamp les i n q uar tz i te . I n t h is w ay w e s ee t he u se o f f l in t o r ien ted t owa rd s s pec if ic p i ece s . Howeve r , w e d o n o t k now t h e p rovenance o f t h is r aw ma te r ia l , a l though t he wo rk o f S a rab ia i n C an tabr ia a l lows a n i n i t ia l a pp rox ima t ion ( Sa rab ia , 1 987 ) . N ever the less , w e h ave n o h es i ta t ion i n p ropo s ing t ha t , a t t h is t ime , t h ere mu s t h ave e x is ted a

T he g eograph ic v a r iab i l i ty o f t h e C an tab r ian L ower Magda len ian i sn o t a s m a rked i nt h e Uppe r Magda len ian , p e rhap sb ecau se o ft h ea b sence o f as t e reo typ ica l mob i l ia r a r ta si nt h eL owe r Magda len ian . O n ly t h e v a r ia t ion o f r aw ma ter ia l e xp lo ita t in f rom w es t t o e as t s t ands o u t ( Gonza lez S a inz 1 989 ) . S ty l is t ic v ar ia t ion i n t h e b one i ndus t ry d oe s n o t a pp ea r t o b e t oo ma rked , a l though t he c i r cu la r p e r fo ra ted h a rpoon , f ound o n ly i n t h is a r ea , i sa c ha rc te r is t ic e l emen t t h roughou tt h e r e g ion . A tt h is t ime t h e r e s e em st ob e ac e r ta in r educ t ion i nt h e u se o f q ua r tz i te a s r aw m a te r ia l ( f ig .2E ) . T hu s w e s ee i n t h e mo s t w es ter n z one o f A s tur ia s , a s i n l e ve l 4o f P a loma C ave , 8 0 .7% f l in t a ga in s to n ly 1 3 .2% q ua r tz i te ( Ma r t inez 2 6

F .B e rna ldo d eQ u iros a nd V .C abrera V a ld es

Bo rdes , F . & S onnev i l le -Bordes , D . 1 958 . P os i t ion s t ra t ig raph ique d el ' Au r ignac ien V aL auge r ie -Hau te E s te , L 'An thropo log ie . 6 2 :378 -382 . B oye r -K le in , A . 1 971 . Nouveaux r e su l ta t s p a lyno log iques d e s i tes s o lu t reen s e t magda len iens c an tab r iques , B .S .P .F . 7 7 C .R .S .M . 4 :103 -107 . Bu tzer , K .W . 1 971 . Comun icac i6n p re l im ina r s ob re l a g eo log fa d e Cueva Mor in ( San tande r ) . I n : Gonza lez E chega ray , J . , e ta l . C ueva Mor i n , E xcavac iones 1 966 1 968 . S an tander P a t rona to d e l a s C ueva s P reh is to r ica s . B u tze r , L .W . 1 980 . I nves t igac ion p re l im ina r s ob re l a g eo log fa d el a Cueva d eE lP endo . I n : Gonza lez E chaga ray ,J .a ta l . L aC ueva d e lP endo . B ib l io theca P ra eh is to r ica H ispana , XX I I . Mad r id . C ab re ra V a lde s , V . 1 977 . L a C ueva d e C hu f in , X I I I C ongreso A rqueo l6g ico N ac iona l . Z a ragoza : V i to r ia . C ab re ra Va ldes , V . 1 978 . L a C ueva d e l C as t i l lo ( Puen te V iesgo ) , S an tande r . Unpub l ished D oc to ra l d i sser ta t ion , Un ive r s idad C omp lu ten se , Mad r id . C ab re ra V a lde s , V . 1 984 . E l Y ac im ien to d el ac ueva d e l C as t i l lo ( Puen te V iesgo , S an tande r ) . B ib l io theca P raeh is tor ica H ispana , XX I I . Mad r id . C ab re ra V a lde s , V . 1 988 . A spe c t s o ft he M idd le P a laeo l i th ic i n C an tabr ian S pa in . I n : O t te , M . ( ed ) . L 'Homme d e N eander ta l .A c te sd uc o l loque i n te rna t iona ld eL iege ( 4 -7 d d cembre 1 986 ) . Vo l4 .L aT echn ique . L iege : S e rv ice d e P reh is to i re , Un ive r s i te d e L iege . ERAUL s e r ies 3 1 , 2 7 3 8 . C ab re ra Va ldes , V . & B e rna ldo d e Qu iro s , F . 1 984 . D ie Wohn s t ruc tu ren v on C ueva C hu f fn u nd C ueva e lC a s t i l lo ( Kantabr isches Span ie n), J ungpa läo l i th ische S ied lungsstructuren i n E uropa , U rgesch ichte Ma ter ia lhef te , 6 : 5 1-57 . C ab re ra Va ldes , V . & B erna ldo d e Qu i ro s , F . 1 985 . E vo lu t ion t e chn ique e tc u l tu re l le d el aC ueva d e l C as t i l lo . I n : O t te , M . ( cd ) . L a S ign if ica t ion c u l ture l le d es i ndus tr ie s l i th iques . A c te s d u c o l loque d eL iege d u 3a u 7O c tobr e 1 984 . Oxfo rd : BAR I n t S e r . 2 39 , 2 06 -221 . C ab re ra V a lde s ,V . &B e rna ldo d e Qu i ro s ,F . 1 990 . Donnee s s u r l at r an s i t ion e n t re l eP a leo l i th ique Moyen e tS upe r ieu r a l aR eg ion C an tab r ique : r e v is ion c r i t ique . I n : F a r izy , C . ( cd ) . P a ldo l i th ique A i loyen R e cen t e t P a ldo l i th ique S upd r ieur A nc ien e n E urope . Memo i re s d u Mu see d e P reh is to ire d e l ' I le d e F rance n o .3 . N emou rs : A .P .R .A . I .F . , 1 85 -188 . C ab re ra Va ldes , V . & B e rna ldo d e Qu iros F . ( i n p res s ) . Approaches t o t he M idd le P a laeo l i th ic i n Nor the rn S pa in . 5 4 th A nnua l Mee t ing . S oc ie ty f or Amer ican A rchaeo logy , A t lan ta . C ab re ra Va lde s ,V . & B ischo f , J . 1 989 . A cce le ra to r 1 4C d a te s f o r E a r ly Uppe r P a leo l i th ic ( Ba sa l Aur ignac ian ) a t E l C as t i l lo C ave ( Spa in ) , J AS . 1 6 : 5 77 -584 . C ab re ra V a lde s ,V . &J imenez L a R o sa , M . 1 989 . A r te mueb le p a leo l f t ico e n l a c orn isa c an tab r ica . R ev is ta d e A rqueo log ia , Novembe r :12 -24 . C a rba l lo , J . 1 960 . l nves t igac ione s P reh is tor ica s I . S an tand er . C lo t te s , J . 1 989 . L e Magda len ien d e s P y r enee s . I n : R igaud , J . P h . ( cd ) . L e Magda len ien e nE urope : l as t ruc tura t ion d u magda ldn ien . A c te s d u c o l loque d e Mayence 1 987 . L iege : S erv ice d e P reh is to ire , Un ive r s i te d e L iege . ERAUL s e r ies 3 8 , 2 8 1-360 . Co rch6n , M .S . 1 980 . L a C ueva d e l a s C a ldas . Mad r id : M in is te r ia d e C u l tu ra . E xcavac ione s e nE spana , 17 . Champagne , F . & E sp i ta l ie , R . 1 981 . L e P iage , s i te P rdh is tor ique d uL o t . Memo ir es d u S .P .F . n o . 1 5 . D ema rs , P . -Y . 1 982 . L 'u t i l isa t ion d u s i lex a u P a ldo l i th ique s updr ieur : c ho ix , a pprov is ionnemen t , c ircula t ion . L 'examp le d uB ass in d eB r ive . P ar is : C .N .R .S . C ah ie r s d uq ua te rna i re : E spa rza S an juan , X . E l P a leo l i t ico S uper ior d e l a c ueva d e L eze tx ik i (Mondragon , Gupuzcoa ) . U npub l ished Memo r ia d e L icenc ia tu ra , Un ive r s idad C omp lu tens e d e Mad r id .

p rocess o f ' c ura t ion ' o f c er ta in t ypes wh i le o thers were made a cco rd ing t ot he r equ iremen t so ft he momen t . The Uppe r S o lu t rean g ives t he u se o f q ua r tz ite a ' s ty l is t ic ' a spec t . r eg iona l

The p resence o f c oncave b a se p o in ts d ef ines a c haracter is t ic ,

b ut

t hey

a lso

a l low

t he

i den t if ica t ion o f a' Ter r i tory ' o ccup ied b y ah uman g roup f rom P a s iega t o Ca ldas whe re t hese we re made i n q uar tz ite a nd t end t oh ave s t anda rd ized morpho log ica l e lemen t s . I nt he Magda len ian t he re i sa ni ncrea se i n s i tes a s we l l a s i n t he ir v ar iab i l i ty .

I n c on tras t t o t he S o lu trean , t here i s a

c er ta in r educ t ion i n t he u se o f q ua r tz ite , p erhaps r e la ted t o t he p rogress ive s tanda rd iza t ion o f t he i ndus t ry a nd t he d eve lopmen to fe lemen t s s uch a s b lade le t s wh ich a re f a ir ly d i f f icu lt t o make i n q ua r tz i te . Dur ing t he Magda len ian we s ee a ni nc rea sed u se o ft he se e l emen t s s ot ha t , a sw i th b urns , f l in tr e source sb ecome n ecessa ry i n t he A s tur ian r eg ion t oo where i ts urpa sses 7 0% .

Unfor tuna te ly , we d o n o t h ave

d e ta i led s tud ies o n t he d ifferen t t ypes o f f l in t p resen t e xcep t i n t he c ase o f R iera ( Strauss & C lark 1 986 ) . Never the le ss , i n t he a ssemb lages we h ave s een we h ave a lways n o ted t he p resence o f al a rge n umbe ro fp ieces made f rom t he s ame t ype o f f l in t wh i le w ith t hem a re o thers o n t ypes o f f l in t wh ich i s s omewha t ' unsu i tab le ' .

Th is

d icho tomy l e ad s u s t op ropose ' ap r io r i ' t he e x is tence o ft wo t ypes o f r aw ma ter ia l s ources . I f we a l low t ha t t he ' t er r i tory ' o f ah uman g roup i sn o t l im i ted t o t he i mmed ia te a rea o ft he s i te , we e nv isage ag roup o f i ns trumen ts made o n l oca l r aw ma ter ia ls wh i le o ther s h ave b een ' c ura ted ' when mov ing f rom p lace t o p lace , whe ther b ecause o f t he ir f unc t iona l c harac ter is t ics o r f or s ome o ther u nknown r ea son a s t h ey a re n o t a lways s oph is t ica ted p ieces .

I n t h is

s ense , a l though n o t k now ing t he e xac t a rea o f t he o u tcrop s o f r aw ma ter ia l we s ee a s cheme i n wh ich t he Can tabr ian r eg ion r e sponds t o t he s ame p arame ter s i den t if ied i n o ther r eg ion s . We b e l ieve t ha t f u ture work s hou ld b e o r ien ted t owards

t he

s tudy

o f

t echn ica l

c ha ins

a nd

t he

c ha rac ter iza t ion o f r aw ma ter ia l t ypes .

References A lca lde d e lR io ,H . ,B reu i l ,H . &S i e r ra ,L . 1 911 . L e s C averne s d el aR eg ion C an tabr ique . Monaco . B ahn , P .G . 1 982 . I n te r -s i te a nd i n te r reg iona l l i nk s d u r ing t h e U ppe r P a laeo l i th ic : t he P y renean e v idence . O xf ord J ourna lo fA r chaeo logy , 1 ( 3 ) : 2 47 -268 . B ema ldo d e Qu iro s , F . 1 98 1a . L 'Au r ignac ian e tl eP er igo rd ien s u r l a f acade A t lan t ique d e l ' Espagne , X C ongreso U J .S .P .P . , C om is ion X ; R e sumen d e l a s I nves t igac ione s d e1 976 a 1 98 1 . 2 3 -26 . B erna ldo d e Qu i ro s , F . 1 98 1b . E l P a leo l f t ico S uper io r I n ic ia l e n l aR eg ion C an täb r ica E spano la . T raba jo sd eP resh is tor ia , 3 8 . Mad r id . B erna ldo d e Qu iros , F . . 1 982 . E l p a leo l i t ico S uper ior C an täbr ico . S an tande r : Museo d e A l tam ira , Memo r ia s d e l C en t ro d e I n ve s t igac i6n yMu seo d eA l tam i ra n o . 8 . B e rna ldo d e Qu i ro s , F .( i np re s s ) . A l tam ira C ave ; Hund red y ea r s a f t e r . Ox fo rd . B o rd es , F . 1 973 . O n t h e c h rono logy a nd t h e c on tempo rane i ty o f t he d i f fe ren t P a laeo l i th ic c u l tu re s i n F rance , I n : R en f rew , C . ( ed . ) , T he E xp lana t ion o fC u l ture C hange : m ode l s i np reh is tory . L ondon : Duckwo r th , 2 17 -226 . B o rde s , F .&L ab ro t , J . 1 967 . L a s t ra t ig raph ie d u g i semen t d e R oc d e C ombe ( Lo t ) e t s e s i mp l ica t ion s . B .S . P . F . LX IV :1 5 -28 .

27

F .B erna ldo d eQ u iros a nd V .C abrera V a lde s

E spa rza S an juan ,X . 1 990 . E lP a leo l f t ico S uper ior d e l aC ueva d e I s tur i t z e n l aB a ja Navarra ( F ranc ia ) . U npub l ished d oc to ra l t hes is , Un ive r s idad N ac iona l d e E ducac i6n a D is tanc ia . . F e rnandex T resguer re s , J .A . 1 980 . E l A z i l iense e n l as P rov inc ias d eA s tur ias yS an tander . S an tande r : Mu seo d e A l tam ira . Memo r ia s d e l C en t ro d e I nve s t igac iones y Mu seo d e A l tam i ra , n o .2 . F o r tea P e rez ,J . 1 98 1 . I nve s t igac iones e n l a c uenca Med ia d e l N a lon , A s tu r ias ( E spa i ja ) , Z eph irus , F reeman , L .G . , Gonza lez E chega ray , B e ma ldo d e Qu i ro s , F . 8 z Odgen , J . 1 987 . A l tam ira R ev is i ted , S an tande r : I P I C I MA . Genes te , J . -M . 1 985 . Ana lyse l i th ique d ' indus tr ies mous te r ienne sd uP er igord : u ne a pproche t e chno log ique d u c ompor t men t d es g roups h uma ins a u P a leo l i th ique moyen . Unpub l ished d oc to ra l t hes is , Un iver s i te d e B o rdeaux . Gonza lez E chega ray ,J . 1 960 . E l Magda len iense I I e n l ac os ta c an tab r ica , B o ld e lS em inar io d eA r te y A rqueo log ia , 2 6 : 1 -32 . Gonzä lez E chega ray , J . ( ed . ) . 1 980 . L a C ueva d e E l P endo . B ib l io theca P raeh is to r ica H ispana 1 7 , Mad r id . Gonzä lez E chega ray , J& B a rand ia ran , I .( ed s . ) . 1 980 . L aC ueva d e lR asca t io , Memo r ia s d e l C en t ro d e I nve s t igac iones y Mu seo d eA l tam i ra n o . 3 . S an tande r . Gonza lez E chega ray , & F reeman , 1 .G . ( eds .) . 1 971 . C ueva Mor in , e xcavac ione s 1 966 -68 , S an tande r : P a t rona to d e l a s Cueva s P reh is to r icas . Gonzä lez E chega ray , & F reeman , L .G . 1 981 . L a Masca ra d e l S an tua r io d e l a Cueva d e l J uyo , A l tam ira S ympos ium . A c tas d e l s ympos ium i n ternac iona l s obre a r te p reh is tör ico c e lebrado e n c ommemorac iön d e l p r ime r c en tenar io d e l d escubr im ien to d e l a l s p in turas d e A l tam ira ( 11879 -1979 ) . Madr id -As tur ia s -San tande r : M in is te r io d e Cu l tu ra , 2 51-266 . Gonzä lez S a iz , C . 1 989a . No ta s s obre e l Magda len ien se S upe r io r F ina l d e l aR eg ion C an täb r ica . I n : R igaud , J P h . ( cd ) . L e Magda len ien e nE urope : l as t ruc tura t ion d u magda len ien . A c tes d u c o l loque d e Mayence 1 987 . L iege : S erv ice d e P reh is to ire , Un iver s i te d e L iege . ERAUL s e r ies 3 8 , 4 4 1-458 . Gonzä lez S a lz ,C . 1 989b . E l Magda len iense S uper ior -F ina ld e l ar eg ion c an tabr ica . S an tan te r : T an t in -Un ive r s idad d e C an tabr ia . Hoyo s Gömez ,M . 1 981 . G eo log ia d e l a Cueva d e L a s C a lda s , I n : C o rchon , M .S . L a C ueva d e L a s C a lda s . Mad r id : M in is te r ia d e Cu l tu ra . E xcavac iones A rqueo l6g ica s e n E spa i la , 17 , 1-56 . Hoyo s -G6mez , M . , Ma r t inez Nava r re te , M . I . , C hapa B rune t , T . C a s taf lo s , P . & S anch iz , F .B . 1 980 . L a C ue va d e l a P a loma , S o to d e L as R egueras ( As tur ias ) . Mad r id : M in is te r ia d e Cu l tu ra . E xcavac iones A rqueo log ica s e n E spana , 16 . J o rda , F . , F o r tea , J . & C o rch6n , M .S . 1 982 . Nuevos d a to s s ob re l a e dad d e l S o lu tren se y Magda len ien se Med io C an täb r ico . L a s f echa s c1 4 d e l a Cueva d e l a s C a ldas ( Ov iedo , E spana ) , Z eph irus , XXX IV )00 (V : 1 3 -16 . L av i l le , L . 1 975 . C l ima tho log ie e t c hrono log ie d u P a leo l i th ique e n P er igord . E tudes Qua te rna ires , 4 . Ma r se i l le : L abo ra to i re d e P a leon to log ic H uma ine e t d e P reh is to i re , Un ive r s i te d e P rov ince . L av i l le ,L . 1 980 . L es d epo t s s o lu t reen s d e l ag ro t te d e l aR ie ra ( As tu r ia s ) . S ign if ica t ion c l i ma t ique e t c h rono log ique . B .S .P .F . 7 7 C .R .S .M . 8 : 2 34 -236 . Ma r t inez N ava r re t te , M . I . & Chapa B rune t , T . 1 980 . L a i ndu s t r ia P reh is t6 r ica d e l aC ueva d e l aP a loma ( So to d e l a sR egue ra s , A s tu r ia s ) . I n : Hoyos Gomez ( cd ) : L aC ue va d e l aP a l ma , S o to d e l a s R egueras ( As tur ias ) . Mad r id : M in is ter io d e Cu l tu ra . E xcavac iones A rqueo l6g ica l e n E spa i ia , 16 , 15 -204 . Mou re -Roman i l lo , A . 1 983 . E scu ltura m agda len iense d escub ier ta e n l a Cueva d e T ito Bus t i l lo , A r s P rehs i tor ica , H : 1 69 -176 .

Muzqu iz P e rez -Seoane , M . 1 988 . A nä l is is a r t i s t ico d e l a s P in turas R upe s tres d e l g ran T echo d e l a C ueva d e A l tam ira : Ma ter ia le s yT ecn icas . Unpub l ished d oc to ra l t h es is , U n ive r s idad C omp lu ten se d e Mad r id . R u iz I da r raga , R . 1 987 . A vance a le s tud io d e l n i ve l V I I I d e l a C ueva d e S an t imam ine , Kob ie , XV I : 1 33 -142 . S a rab ia R og ina , P . 1 987 . Ma te r ia s p r ima s e n e l P a leo l i t ico d e C an tab r ia , R ev i s ta d eA rqueo log ia , 7 9 : 2 9 -34 . S ievek ing , A . 1 976 . S e t t lemen t p a t terns o f t he l a ter Magda len ian i nt h eC en t ra l P y rene e s . I n : S ievek ing , G . d e G . , L ongwo r th , I .H . a nd W i lson , K .E . P rob lems i n E conom ic a nd S oc ial A rchaeology . L ondon : Duckwo r th , 5 83 -603 . S t raus , L .G . 1 975a . A s t udy o f t h e s o lu trean i n V asco C an tabr ian S pa in . U npub l ished P h .D . t he s is , U n iver s i ty o f C h icago . S t rau s ,L .G . 1 978 . T hough t s o n S o lu t r ean c oncave b a se p o in t d i s t r ibu t ion . L i th ic T echno logy . 6 (3 ) : 3 2 -35 . S t rau s , L .G . 1 983 . E lS o lu trense V asco -Can täbr ico ; u na n ueva p er spec t iva . S an tander Mu seo d e A l tam i ra . Memo r ia s d e l C en t ro d e I nves t iga c iones yMu seo d e A l tam i ra , 1 0 . S t rau s , L .G . & C la rk , G . A . 1 986 . L aR ie ra C ave : S tone a ge h un ter -ga the re ra dap ta t ions i nN or thern S pa in . A r izona S ta te Un ive r s i ty , A n th ropo log ica l R e sea rch P ape r s , 3 6 . U t r i l la M i randa , P . 1 980 . E l Magda len iense I nf er ior yMed io e n l aC orn isa C an t er ica . S an tand e r : Museo d e A l tam i ra . Memo r ia s d e l C en t ro d e I nves t igac iones y Mu seo d e A l tam i ra , 4 . U t r i l la M i randa , P . 1 982 . E ly ac ime in to d el aC ueva d eA baun tz ( A r ra iz , N ava r ra ) . T raba jos d eA rque6 log ia Navar ra . 3 : 2 03 -346 . U t r i l la M i randa , P . 1 989 . E l Magda len ien se i n f e r io re n l ac os ta C an täb r ica . I n : R igaud , J -Ph ( cd ) . L e Magda len ien e n E urope : l as t ruc tura t ion d u magda ldn ien . A c tes d u c o l loque d e Mayence 1 987 . L iege : S erv ice d e P reh is to ir e ,U n ive r s i t ed eL iege . ERAUL s er ies 3 8 , 3 99 4 18 .

2 8

1 .B erna ldo d e Q u iros a nd V . Cabrera V a lde s

-

-0 • • •• •

L I

-

- -

-

-

-

-

0 •

, •• • • •

•• •••

—

C AST ILLO ibtava c ien1

•••• ••

I t )

P .B erna ldo d eQ u iros a nd V .C abrera V a lde s

A 1" SO

40

4

20

B

. 0. 0 40

2 0

4 116

•

L .

%

• •• .• •••

1 9 b ob

F ig . 2 .

D is t r ibu t ion o ft he p r esence o fq ua r tz i te b y p er iod s . A : L ower a nd M idd le P a laeo l i th ic ; 1 3 : E a r ly U ppe r P a laeo l i th ic ; ( 7 :

S o lu trean ; D : L owe r Magda len ian ; E : U pper Magda len ian . T he d o t ted a r ea s s hows t he d if f e rence b e tween t h e h ighes t a nd

l owes t p e rcen tage o fq ua r tz i te i nm u l t i leve l s i tes . S i te k ey :

1 :C ueva d e 1 . 1 P a loma ; 2 :L as C a lda s ; 3 :E lC ier ro ; 4 :( ' ova R osa ; 5 :T i to B u s t i l lo ; 6 : Co l lub i l ; 7 :B a lmo r i : 8 : B r ic ia 9 :C ue to d e l aM ina ; 1 0 : L a R ie ra : 1 6 : E lC as t i l lo ;

L a L o ja ; 1 2 : C ueva Chuf fn ; 1 3 : A l tam ira ; 1 4 : lor r io sd e l aP ef ia ; 1 5 : L a P as iega ;

1 7 : E lJ uyo ; 1 8 : E lP end ( ) ;

1 9 : C ueva Mor in ; 2 0 : R ascaf io ; 2 1 : L a C ho ra ; 2 2 : E l O te ro ; 2 3 : L eze tx ik i .

3 0

F .B er m Ido d eQ u iros a nd V .C abrera V a lde s

C 1" 60

40

20

f 31

1 2

•

2

9 2

1 6 • •

. t o e •' «

D 1"

'Ma r .

s

60

40

n

20

17-

1 2

T i o

1 3

1 6 1 9 20

4

•2

1 7

3

1 6

e • • ) -

' t z

• •

2 .

I ra

3 1

F .B erna ldo d eQ u iros a nd V .C abrera V a ldes

E

1 0 .

• -•X

1 .•

SO

0 0

4 0

20

•S1

71

2 .

(5

r , 7 , , ;Un 2 1T i

ANALYS IS OF QUARTZ ITES AS IMPLE MENT BLANKS I N THE EARLY PALAEOL ITHIC OF ASTUR IAS , NORTHERN S PA IN

e xp lo i ted . T he u se o f q ua r tz i te p ebb les a s b a s ic b l ank s f o r t oo l mak ing c aused t he r e su l t ing t oo ls t oa ppea r mo re a rcha ic a nd c rude t han i ft h ey h ad b een made f r om f l in t ."

J .A . R od r iguez A sens io F a cu l tad d eG eog r a t i a eH is to r ia ,U n ive r s idad d eO v iedo

S im i la r ly , t h is f ac ta l so d e te rm ines t h es e lec t ion o f t h e k ind o f i mp lemen t t o b e made , wh ich e xp la in s t h e p resence o f t he v ery many d i f fe ren t t ypes o f c hoppe r s ,u n iface s ,b i face sa nd s phe ro id s . "

I ntroduct ion F ur thermore , w e c on s ide r c er ta in e x te r na l a spec ts o f t he a r te fac t s ( e .g . p a t ina , w ea r , c o lour , p rese rva t ion e t c .) t o b e i n t ima te ly c onnec ted w i th t h e t ype o fr ock u sed t o make t h e t oo l .

T he E a r ly a nd M idd le P a laeo l i th ic p e r iod i n A s tur ia s ( no r thern I b er ian p en insu la ) h a s b een t h e s ub jec to fs eve ra l o ve ra l l s t ud ie s ( Gonza lez F ernandez 1 968 ; Rodr iguez A sen s io 1 983 ,1989 , 1 990 ) wh ich h ave p rov ided n o t o n ly a v e ry d e ta i led , i fn o t c omp le te , v i ew o f i t s d i s t r ibu t ion a nd c ha rac ter is t ic s , b u t a l so a n a pp rec ia t ion o f t h e p rob lems w h ich , e ven t o day , h ave b een i mpo ss ib le t of u l ly r e so lve .

A l l t hese e lemen ts , wh ich h ave u sua l ly b een a na lysed s ub jec t ive ly , h ave d e term ined t he e labora t ion o f t ypo log ica l p a t te r n s wh ich c anno t b e g enera l ized . F o r t h is r ea son , i ti s v ery o f ten d i f f icu l t , i f n o t i mpo ss ib le , t o i n c lude c er ta in a r tefac ts w i th in s pec if ic t ypes . No d oub t , t h is h as a t t imes i n f luenced c hrono log ica l-cu ltura l c l a s s if ica t ion , s o t ha t ' c rudene s s ' , ' p a t ina ' , ' wea r ' h ave b een d ec is ive f a c to r s i na ss ign ing c e r ta in l i th ic g roup s i n to o ne o r o ther s t age o ft h ec u l tu re s t ud ied , a l though s uch a s s igna t ion c anno t b e c onf irmed . I n t h is s en se , we mus t c on s ider , f o r e xamp le , t he i nc lus ion o f s ome E a r ly P a laeo l i th ic s i te s i n A s tur ia s w i th in t h e Abbev i l l ian o r t he e a r l ies t s t ages o f t h eA cheu l ian c omp lexe s , a l though t hese a r e i mpos s ib le t o c onf irm a sy e t .

I nt h is s en se , t h e ma in p rob lem o f t h e E a r ly P a laeo l i th ic i n t h is a rea i st h a t s o f a r n o c aves w i th a s t ra t ig raph ic s ec t ion h ave b een f ound ; w e h ave o n ly o pen -a ir s i tes . F o r t h is r ea son , i n mo s t c a se s , t h e r e su lt ing c onc lus ions o f o ur s t ud ies a re c ons idered mere ly a s wo rk ing h ypo theses b ecause t h ey a r e i mpo s s ib le t oc onf irm a tt h is t ime . Due t o t h e i n ex is tence o f f a c to r s s uch a s f auna , p o l len , s t ruc tu re s , s e t t lemen t s a nd t h e l a ck o f s t ra t igraphy , w e h ave t r ied t oc rea te as yn thes is b a sed f undamen ta l ly o n t h e s t udy o f t wo i mpor tan t e l emen t s : a ) a na lys is o f t he ma te r ia ls ; b )g eograph ica l d i s t r ibu t ion o f t h e ' f i nd s ' .

Du r ing t he E ar ly P a laeo l i th ic o f A s tur ia s q uar tz i tes were e x ten s ive ly u sed i n p refe rence t oo the r r ock s s uch a s f l in t wh ich wa s o cca s iona l ly u sed , o r q ua r tz w h ich w a s r a re ly e ncoun te red .

B ea r ing i nm ind t h e se c i r cums tances ,o u rh ypo the s is i sb a sed o n ac on s ide ra t ion o f t h e E a r ly P a laeo l i th ic ' s e t t lemen t ' i n A s tur ia s a s r e la t ive ly mode rn w i th in t he I ber ian P en insu la a s aw ho le , a nd c u l tu ra l ly a s c omp r is ing ap er iod f r om t h e M idd le A cheu l ian t o t h e e nd o f t he Acheu l ian a nd t he Mous ter ian o f A cheu l ian t r ad iton , t hese l a t te r t wo b e ing e x t reme ly d if f icu l t t os epa ra te .

I n a rchaeo log ica l a na ly s is w e u nder s tand a s ' q ua r tz ites ' i t ems wh ich c an b e p e tro log ica l ly d i f feren t ia ted , a l though s ome wou ld b e c loser t o s ands tone t han q uar tz ite . Howeve r , t h is d i f feren t ia t ion b e tween p ro toqua r tz ites o r c oa r se -gra ined q ua r tz i tes a nd q ua r tz i te s i nt h e s t r ic t s ense o ft h e wo rd i sn o t i mpor tan t f r om a n a rchaeo log ica l p o in t o f v i ew , a s t he g eo log ica l b a se i s t he s ame f o r a l l a nd P reh is tor ic h umans a ppea r t o h ave r ecogn ised q uar tz ites g ener ica l ly a nd u sed t hem i nd iscr im ina te ly . S tud ie s o f t h e ma ter ia ls o f t h is p er iod i nd ica te t ha t n o c onc lus ions c an b e i n fer red w i th r ega rd t ot h e p o s s ib le s e lec t ion o f ap ar t icu la r t ype o f q ua r tz i te t o make a p a r t icu la r t ype o f a r tefac t . Howeve r , t h is s hou ld n o tb ec onfused w i th t h e s e lec t ion o f a p ebb le wh ich l og ica l ly d e term ines t he d ef in it ive manu fac ture a nd s hape o ft h e a r tefac t . I n t h is s en se , w e a re c onv inced t ha t t he l aw o f l e as t e f for t a pp l ied a s s ome p ebb les , d ue t o t he ir n a tura l e x te r na l a ppea rance , wou ld h ave i nf luenced t h et ype a nd s hape o ft h ei mp lemen t .

I nt h es en se o f i t s g eog raph ica l d i s tr ibu t ion , w e h ave n o ted t wo m a in z ones , w i th f e a tu re s o f' n a tura l a rea s ' , i n wh ich i t i s p oss ib le t o a pp rec ia te a r e la t ive a dap ta t ion t o t he r e spec t ive e nv ironmen t s . F i r s t ly , t h e C an tab r ian c oa s t l i ne , ma in ly f r om C abo P e f ia s t owa rd s t he w e s t , a nd s econd ly , t h ec en t ra l a rea o ft h eA s tu r ia s r e g ion whe re t h e ma in r i ve r b a s in sa r e l oca ted . F ur the rmo re ,t h ea rea i sc ha rac te r ised b y ag en t ly r o l l ing l a ndscape , e ssen t ia l i n o rde r t o f a c i l i ta te movemen ts a nd h ab ita t s o f P reh is to r ic h umans i n t h is p e r iod . A t p resen t , C abo P e t ia s i nt he c en t ra l c oa s t i st he mo s t r e levan t a r ea b ecau se o f i t s n ume rous a nd i mpo r tan t s i tes ( e .g . E nsenada d e B a t iugues , P laya d e T enre ro , P l a ta fo rma d eP e t ia s ,F a ro d eN ieva ,e t c . ) . A na lys is o ft he ma ter ia ls

I n A s tur ias , q uar tz i tes s t ra t igraph ica l ly b e long t o t he O rdov ic ian , a nd , a l though t hey a re v a r ious ly n amed ' c ua rc i ta sa rmor icana s ' , ' c ua rc i ta s d e l o s c abo s ' , ' c ua rc i ta s d e b arr ios ' e tc . , t hey a l l h ave t he s ame l i tho log ica l c ompos i t ion ( Pe l lo e ta l . 1 971 ; J u l l iven e ta l . 1 971) . A s i t i sp o ss ib le t o f i nd O rd iv ic ian q ua r tz i te z ones t h roughou t A s tu r ias , e spec ia l ly i nt h e w es te rn a nd e a s ter na r ea s , a nd i n C abo P e t la s , t h ese p ebb le -shaped q ua r tz i te s c an b e f ound i n a l l p a r ts o ft h er eg ion , ac on sequence o fr i ve r t r anspo r ta t ion ( Pa rga P ouda l e t a l . 1 982 ) . F rom t h e p reh is to r ic p o in t o f v i ew ,t h erefo re , i ti sa b so lu te ly i mpos s ib le t o c ons ider t h e e x is tence o f s ource a rea s , t h a t i st o s ay , ' q ua r r ies ' f r om

I n 1 983 , a f ter a d e ta i led t ypo log ica l a nd t e chno log ica l s t udy o f t hese l i th ic a s semb lage s , w e h ad a l ready r eached s ome c onc lu s ion st h a t w e s t i l l c ons ider v a l id , a nd wh ich w e mu s tr ega rd a sr e sea rch t op ic s r e la ted t o t he r o le o f c er ta in r o ck sf o r t h e manu fac tu r eo fp reh is to r ic i mp lemen t s d ur ing t h e E a r ly a nd M idd le P a laeo l i th ic . Ou r c onc lus ion s c an b e s umma r ized a s f o l lows : We w ro te ( Rod r iguez A sen s io 1 983 , 1 54 ) : " .. i ts hou ld b e r emembe red t h a t t h e t ypo logy o f t h e a ssemb lage s i s c ond i t ioned b y t he ma ter ia l 3 3

J .R odr igue z A sens io

w h ich q ua r tz i te c ou ld h ave b een c o l lec ted f o r i mp lemen t m anu fa c tur e .

p r eh i s to r ic p er iods ( Ea r ly P a la eo l i th ic a nd A s tur ian ) a nd t h e t h ird f r om a n h i s to r ic p e r iod .

B o th f l uv ia l a nd ma r ine q ua r tz i te p ebb les c an b e f ound t h roughou t t h e A s tur ian r eg ion , w i th t h e r e su l t t ha t t he s t ony a r eas o f b eache s a nd f l uv ia l t e r races w ere t h e r aw m a te r ia l ' q ua r r ie s ' a nd w e re , mo reove r , t h e mo s t i mpo r tan t p l ace s o fs e t t lemen td u r ing t h is p e r iod .

I nt h i ss en se ,w ea r ec onv inced t h a ts ome ,i fn o tm any ,o f t h e k napp ed p ebb le s c on s ide red a s' p reh i s to r ic ' i ns ome p r iva te c o l lec t ions wou ld d a te f r om t h e l a s t f ew d ecades o r , a t mos t , ac en tury a go . E v iden t ly , i t i s i mpo ss ib le t o d e te rm ine t h ea ge o ft h e se p ebb le s , f o und i ns t ony a r ea s a nd o u to fc on tex t , a st h ey a r et h e r e su l to f a' mapp ing t e chn ique o f d i rec t p ercu ss ion e s tab l ished d ur ing P reh is to r ic t imes a nd u sed t h roughou t l a t e rh i s to r ic p e r iod s u n t i l t h e p r esen t d ay .

Conc lus ions F rom a n e l emen tary a na lys is o f t he r ock -b lank o f p reh is to r ic a r te fac t s i n t h e E a r ly a nd M idd le P a laeo l i th ic o fA s tu r ia s , w ec an e s tab l ish t he f o l low ing p o in t s : -f l in t w a s u sed p re fe ren t ia l ly f o r s ma l l a r te fac t s b ecause t h e f l in t n odu le s f ound i n A s tur ia s a re u sua l ly o f s ma l l d imen s ion s . -When al a rge r l i th ic b lank w a s r equ ired , q ua r tz i te s w e re u s ed . -P e t ro log ica l ly d i f fe ren t i t ems a re i n c luded i n t h e g ener ic d es igna t ion o fq ua r tz i te s . -T he o n ly ' q ua r r ie s ' u sed b y P reh is to r ic h uman s t oe x t rac t q ua r tz i te i nA s tur ia s w e re t h e s t ony a rea s o f r i ve r t e r races o rb ea che s . -T he re w a s n o p r io r s e lec t ion o f at ype o fr ock t o make a s pec if ic t ype o ft oo l . -T he i n terna l c ompos i t ion o f t h e r ock may d e term ine t h e a r te fac t ' sa pp ea rance a nd t h es hape o ft h e c ho sen p ebb le m ay i nf luence t h et yp eo fa r te fac t made .

R ef erences Gonza lez F ernandez , J .M . 1 968 . E l P a leo l i t ico I nfe r ior y Med io e n A s tu r ia s . Nuevo s h a l lazgo s . A rch ivum XV I I I . O v iedo . J u l l ive r t , M . & Ma r co s ,A . 1 971 . Mapa G eo l6g ic ,o d e E spana . E : 1 : 200 ,000 . Mad r id : C anga sde lNa rcea . P a rga P onda l , I . , V ega s , R . & Ma rcos , A . 1 982 . Mapa X eo l6x ico d o H e sp 6 r ico . E : 1 : 500 ,000 . S em ina r io d e E s tudo s G a lego s . E d ic ione s d oC a s t ro . P e l lo , J . , J u l l ive r t , M . & Ma r co s , A . 1 97 1 . Mapa Geo l6g ico d e E spana E : 1 : 200 ,000 . A v i les . Mad r id . R od r iguez A sens io , J .A . 1 983 . L a P resenc ia h umana mas a n t igua e n A s tur ias . E lP a leo l i t ico I nf er ior y Med ic s . O v iedo : F uncac i6n P l ib l ica d e C ueva s yY ac i ien to s P reh is t6 r ico s d e A s tu r ia s . E s tud io s d e A rqueo log ia A s tu r iana , n o .2 . R od r iguez A sen s io ,J .A . 1 989 . E lA che len se e n A s tu r ia s ( No r te P en in su la I b i r ica ) . I n : T u f f reau , A . ( cd ) . A cheu ld en d ans l 'Oues t d 'Europe , R e sume d es c ommun ica t ion s Abbev i l le . R od r iguez A sen s io ,J .A . 1 990 . L o s O r igene s d e l P ob lam ien to e nA s tur ia s . E lP a l eo l i t ico I nf er io r y Med ia O v iedo . E d i tor ia l P ren sa A s tu r iana . Rod r iguez A sen s io , J .A . & fo r R od r iguez , G . 1 980 . E s tud io d e l Yac im ien to p reh is to r ico d e B af iugue s ( Gozon ) ys u m ed io d ed epo s i to . Z ephyrus , XXX -XXX I : 2 05 -222 . R od r iguez A sen s io ,J .A . &F lo rR od r iguez , G . 1 983 . I ndu s t r ia s p a leo l i t ica s e o l ixada s e n l ar e g i6n d e l C abo P ena s . C . d oL abora tor io d eL ax e , 5 :2 3 -46 .

Addendum Apar t f rom t he a fo remen t ioned p o in ts , t here i s a n a dd i t iona l i mpo r tan t a nd i n tere s t ing f ac t r e la ted t o t he p reh is to r ic a spec t s w e h ave b een c on s ide r ing : t h e p re sen t u se o f q ua r tz i te a s ar ock -b lank i n t he manufac ture o f s pec if ic a r te f ac t s , w h ich r e qu ire ab a s ic k napp ing t e chn ique . We a r er e f e r r ing t o' f i sh ing n e t w e igh t s ' w h ich c an b ef ound a l ong t h ee n t ire C an tab r ian c oa s t . T he se w e igh t sa r ev e ry r ud imen ta ry i n s t rumen t s made u s ing ak napp ing t e chn ique o fd i rec t p e rcu s s ion t oc u t g roove s i n t h e s i de s o f t h e c ho sen p ebb les , s o t ha t t hey c an c an b e a t tached w i thou t r i sk o f t h e r ope s l ipp ing o f f t h e s moo th s u r face o ft h ep ebb le s . T hey a r en o rma l ly u sed a sa ncho r s i n t ype s o f' s he l lf i sh t r ap s ' w h ich a r e t h en s unk t o t h e b o t tom o ft h es e a . I nB a i lugue s , Gozon , o n t h e c en t ra l c oa s t o f A s tur ia s , w e h ave w i tne s sed t h e manu fac tu re o ft hese a r tefac t s a nd , w i th r ega rd t o t h e k napp ing o f p ebb les , i t i s u ndoub ted ly r em in iscen t o f p reh is to r ic t imes . S ome t ime s , when t h e se ' f i sh ing n e tw e igh t s 'b reak i nh a lf ( af r equen to c cu r r ence d ue t ot h ep re sence o fw eak z one sr e su l t ing f r om k napp ing ) a nd t h ek napped a r ea r ema in s ,i ti se a sy t o c on fuse t h ese w e igh ts w i th o lde r w o rked p ebb les , p a r t icu la r ly i ft h ey h ave b een e xposed a nd b uf fe t ted i nt h e s t ony a rea s o f b eache s . T hey c an q u ick ly a dop ta na ppa ren ta ge , i fc r i te r ia s uch a sp a t ina , w ear e t c . a re u sed a s c h rono log ica l f ac to rs a nd a ny s t ra t igraph ic c on tex t i sl a ck ing . I n t he s i te o f B a t iugues I n le t , l i th ic i mp lemen ts f r om d i f feren t p e r iod s a nd w i th d ive r se c h rono log ies c an b e f ound . I n i t s s t ony a rea s , s eve ra l t hou sands o f k napped p ebb le sh ave b een f ound wh ich w ere d iv ided , a cco rd ing t o t h e ir t ypo logy a nd w i th s ome s t ra t igr aph ic r e f erence s , i n to t h ree ma in c hrono log ica l g roups , t wo o f t hem f r om 3 4

. 1 .R odr igue z A sens io

F ig . I . Qua r tz i te h i f ace , f l in t s c rap e ra nd c l eave r f r om 1 , 1agü ( Ov iedo )( A f t e rR o d r igu ez A sen s io , 1 9 8 3 ,8 ( )

F ig . 2 . Qua r tz i te h il a ce f r om l i anugue s( A f t e r R o d r ig u ez A s en s io , 1 9 83 ,1 8 )

3 5

J . R odr iguez A sens io

F ig . 3 . Quar tz i te c l eave r a nd A s tu r ian p ics f rom C abo l ' ef ias ( Af te r R odr igu ez A sen s io , 1 983 . 1 8 )

F ur ther w es t i n C an tabr ia ( San tander ) , t he p a t tern I o bse rved f o r t he Upper P a laeo l ith ic i n 1 980 s t i l l h o ld s : h eavy d om inance o ft he l i th ic a s semb lage sb yf l in t b u t w ith s i gn if ican t a nd u b iqu i tous r epresen ta t ion o f q ua r tz ite ( t oge ther w i th g enera l ly s ma l ler q uan t i t ies o f o ph i te , q uar tz , a nd /o rl imes tone ) . T h is p a t ter ni s ad i rec t r ef lec t ion o f t h e r eg iona l b edrock , wh ich i nc lude s b ands o f q ua r tz i te a nd v o lcan ics , i n c on t ra s t t o t he more p ure ly c a lca reous l i tho logy o f Gu ipüzcoa . Mos t o f t h e Magda len ian a nd Az i l ian a ssemb lages f rom t he s pec ia l ized u p land i b ex h un t ing s i te o fE l R a sca t io h ave 9 9% f l in t a r tefac t s , b u t o ne ( Leve l 5 -" Lower Magda len ian " ) i n c lude s 1 6% q ua r tz ite a r te fac t s a nd h a s a n u nusua l ly h igh n umbe r o fd en t icu la te s , n o tche s a nd s i descraper s , a s we l l a s c l eaver s a nd o ther " a rcha ic " q ua r tz i te p ieces . T he o ther Magda len ian l e ve ls a l so h ave af ew q uar tz i te mac ro l i ths a nd t h e b asa l l e ve ls i n t h ec ave , wh ich a r ep o ss ib ly Aur ignac ian a nd o therw ise p oo r i n a r tefac t s , h ave q ua r tz i te s i descraper s a nd d en t icu la te s ( Gonza lez E chega ray 1 981) . E l J uyo , i n t he c oa s ta l l ow lands , c on ta ins a r i ch " Lower Magda len ian " s equence c on tempo raneous w i th t he e a r l ie r Magda len ian s t ra ta a tE l R a sca r io . I t s l a rge l i th ic a ssemb lages a r e a l so c ompo sed o f 9 9% f l in t , w i th t r ace q uan t it ies o f q ua r tz i te ( Gonza lez E chegaray 1 985 ) . A t n ea rby E l P endo t he Uppe r P a laeo l i th ic s equence o f a ssemb lages ( Cha te lpe r ron ian , Aur ignac ian , Magda len ian a nd Az i l ian ) i s a l so h eav i ly d om ina ted b y f l in t ( 90 -99% ) , w i th 1 -6% q ua r tz i te ( and s i gn if ican t amoun t s o f q ua r tz i n af ew l e ve ls ) ( Gonza lez E chega ray 1 980 ) . T he p e rcen tages o f f l in t i n t he Uppe r P a laeo l i th ic a s semb lages o fC ueva Mo r in , o n t h e e dge o ft h e c oa s ta l z one o f S an tander , a re mo re v a r iab le ( 80 -96% ) a nd q ua r tz i te , o ph i te a nd q uar tz a re mo re c ons is ten t ly a nd s i gn if ican t ly r p eresen ted t han a t t he o the r S an tander s i tes . Qua r tz i te makes u pb e tween 1 3a nd 2% o f t h e Mor in U ppe r P laeo l i th ic a s semb lages ( Gonza lez E chega ray 1 971 ) .

THE USE OF QUARTZ ITE I N THE UPPER PALAEOL ITH IC OF CANTABR IAN S PA IN

L .G .S t rau s D epa r tmen t o f A n th ropo logy , U n ive r s i ty o f N ew Mex ico , A lbuqu e rqu e .

I ntroduct ion T he p urpose o ft h is a r t ic le i st o e xp lo re t h e r o le o f n on f l int l i th ic ma ter ia ls ( no tab ly q ua r tz ite ) i n Upper P a laeo l i th ic a r tefac t a s semb lages i n C an tabr ian S pa in b y e l abora t ing a nd e xpand ing o ne a r l ie ra na ly se s ( S t raus 1 975a , 1 977a , 1 980 , 1 983 : S t rau se ta l . 1 986 ) . R ecen t e xcava t ions h ave c onf irmed t h ep a t te rn o b ser ved ad ecade a go ,n ame ly a n i nc rea s ing ly l a rge r epresen ta t ion o f q ua r tz ite i n Upper P a laeo l i th ic a s semb lage s o n a n e a s t -wes t g rad ien t f r om Gu ipüzcoa t oc en t ra l A s tu r ia s , a s ar e f lec t ion o f d i f ference s i n l i tho logy a nd f undamen ta l ly l o ca l p rocu remen t s ys tems . T he n ew e xcava t ions h ave a l so c onf irmed t h a t q ua r tz i te a nd o ther n on -f l in t l i th ic ma te r ia ls s uch a sl ime s tone a nd o ph i te w e re p ref e ren t ia l ly u sed t om ake h eavy -du ty t oo ls i n b o th M idd le a nd Upper P a laeo l i th ic c on tex t s . D a ta f r om t h ree l ong M idd le a nd Uppe r P a laeo l i th ic s t ra t igraph ic s equence s a re a l so u sed h ere t o s how t h a t t h e u se o f f l in t i n c rea sed d rama t ica l ly a tt he e xpen se o f q ua r tz i te a nd o ph i te i n t h e more r e cen t p er iod , p robab ly a s ac onsequence o f t h e " grac i l iza t ion " o f l i th ic i ndus tr ies ( t he " Lep to l ith ic ") . F ina l ly , t h e d i f fe ren t ia l u se o f f l in t a nd q ua r tz i te f o r t h e manufac tu re o f d i f feren t t ype s o f S o lu t rean p o in t s w i l l b e e xam ined f rom a f unc t iona l s t andpo in t . G ene ra l c onc lu s ions w i l l p o in t t o t h e i mpo r tance o f t ak ing r aw ma te r ia l i n to c ons idera t ion w hen s a t isfy ing l i th ic a r te fac t a ssemb lages ( and t o t he p rob lem p o sed b y c l a ss ify ing q uar tz ite i mp lemen ts w ith d escr ip t ive t ypo log ies emp ir ica l ly c on s truc ted w i th f l in t a s semb lages ) . T he r o le o f r aw ma ter ia l a na lys is i n t h e i n terp re ta t ion o f h un ter g e the re r mob i l i ty p a t tern s , s e t t lemen t -sub s is tence s y s tems a nd t e r r i to r ia l ism w i l l a l so b e d i scus sed .

A l though b ased o n t he v ery o ld Obe rma ier c o l lec t ions wh ich h ave s uf fe red many v i c iss i tude s ,t h e re a r ea l so f i gu re s o n r e la t ive l i th ic r aw ma ter ia l u se a tE l C a s t i l lo d eve lop ed b y C ab rera ( 1984 ) wh ich c omp lemen t my own f o r t h e S o lu t rean o f t ha t v a s t s i te ( S traus 1 975b ) . I n t he Uppe r P a laeo l i th ic o f E l C as t i l lo , f l in t makes u p b e tween 5 1 a nd 9 5% o f t h e t oo l s ( a s o ppo sed t o t o ta l a r tef ac t s o r a t l e a s t d ebr is , wh ich a re t he b as is o f t he o ther l i th ic c oun t c a lcu la t ion s i nt h is p aper ) . O ft h e s urv iv ing t oo ls ( wh ich o f c our se r epresen t s ma l l s amp les o f t h e t o ta l a r tef ac t a s semb lage s t ha t wou ld o nce h ave e x is ted a t E l C a s t i l lo ) , 0 t o 4 2% a re q ua r tz i te a nd 0 t o 1 6% a re l ime s tone i n t h e Au r ignac ian , G rave t t ian , S o lu t rean a nd Magda len ian l e ve ls . T hese p ar t icu la r n umbers s hou ld n o t b e t aken l i tera l ly b ecause s o many E l C a s t i l lo o b jec t sh ave b een l o s t , h oweve r t h ey g ive a ni d ea o f t he v ar ie ty o f l i th ic r aw ma ter ia ls u sed i n t oo l manufac ture a t t he s i te . T h is f a c t w a s n o ted b y B reu i l ( 1952 ) , who d i scussed t h e r o le o f l imes tone a s ar aw ma ter ia l i nt h e L ower Magda len ian ( "Be ta " =C ab rera L eve l 8 ) , f o r wh ich t h e B reu i l a nd Obe rma ie r a r tefac t l i s t s hows 9 .6% l imes tone k napp ing d eb r is a nd 1 . 5% l ime s tone ( ve r su s 7 0 .1 % a nd 8 9 .6% f l in t a nd 1 .4% a nd 4 .5% q ua r tz i te r e spec t ive ly ) ( Cab re ra 1 984 , 3 20 ) . I ns ummary , t h e a r te fac t a s semb lages o f a l l t hese S an tander s i tes r ef lec t t h e m ixed l i tho logy o f L a Mon tana , where n one the le ss , f l in t s ( a lbe i t o fs ma l l p a ckage s i ze ) r ema in c ommon a nd e a s i ly o b ta inab le i ns t reams a nd b eache s .

Geograph ica l d is tr ibu t ion o fL i th ic R aw Ma ter ia ls T he n ew ly e xcava ted Uppe r ( and M idd le ) P a laeo l i th ic a s semb lage sf r om Gu ipuzco a r e t o ta l ly d om ina ted b y f l in t f r om b o th k nown ( e .g . J a izk ib e l ) a nd u nknown s ou rce s . T he Magda len ian a nd Az i l ian l e ve ls a t E ka in ( V III I) a nd E r ra l la ( V I I ) h ave v i r tua l ly n o n on -f l in t a r tefac t s , e xcep t af ew l a rge r e touched f l ake s , c hoppe r s , h amme r s tone s a nd a nv i ls o f q ua r tz i te , s and s tone a nd o ph i te (Mer ino 1 984 ; B a ldeon 1 985 ) . D e ta i ls a r e n o t y e t a va i lab le f o r t h e l a te Upper P a laeo l i th ic o f Ama lda ( Gu ipüzoca ) b ut t he " Per igo rd ian V " l e ve l ( V I ) i ss a id t o b e o verwhe lm ing ly d om ina ted b y f l in t a r tefac t s . However , t h e u nder ly ing Mous ter ian l e ve l ( V I I) y i e lded 1 0% o ph i te , q ua r tz i te , q ua r tz a nd o ther a r tefac t s -t h e o ther 9 0% b e ing f l in t ( A ltuna e t a l . 1 988 ) . T he Magda len ian a nd Az i l ian a s semb lages a t Abaun tz i n n or thwes tern N ava r ra a r e d om ina ted b y s ma l l , a ppa ren t ly n on loca l f l in t s a nd l a rge l o ca l c a lc i te f l akes a nd t oo ls ( a s w e l l a s s ome c rys ta l q ua r tz f l ake s a nd b lades ) . H e re t h e c a lc i te ( a l though s of t ) s e ems t ob et a k ing t h ep l ace o f q ua r tz i te i n t h e manu fac tu re o f macro l i ths ( U t r i l la 1 982 ) . Ama lda w a s as i te u sed f o r t h e u p land h un t ing o f ma in ly c hamo is i ns umme r -fa l l .

T he s i tua t ion c hanges d rama t ica l ly i n e a s tern a nd c en t ra l A s tur ia s , w here q ua r tz i tes a r e c ommon a nd f l in t s r a rer ( a nd o f p oo rer q ua l i ty ) i n t he b edrock . A t L a R iera t h e 3 7

L .G .S t rau s S o lu t rean , Magda len ian a nd Az i l ian a ssemb lages c on ta in b e tween 1 2a nd 6 3% q ua r tz i te a r tefac t s ( average = 4 3 .7% , s . d . =2 0 .4 )a nd b e tween 2 2 a nd 8 2% f l in t a r tefac t s ( ave rage =5 4 .7% , s . d . =1 9 .6 ) . I nt h e" p re -So lu t rean " l e ve l ( 1 ) a nd i n t h eA s tur ian a tL aR ie ra , f l in t make s u p o n ly a bou t 3 0% o f t h e a r tefac t s v e r sus a bou t 6 5% q ua r tz ite ( S traus e t a l . 1 986 ) . F ur the rw e s ta tT i to B us t i l lo , 4 0 -50% o f t he Uppe r Magda len ian a r tefac t s a r e made o n q ua r tz i te a nd 5 0 -60%on f l in t( Moure & C ano 1 976 ) . I n t he N a lön Va l ley o f c en tra l A s tur ia s , a t t h e w es ternmo s t e dge o f t h e a rea w i th a ny s i gn if ican t l imes tone b edrock , t he s i te o f L as C a lda s ( Co rchän 1 981 ) h a s p roduced a s equence o f S o lu t rean a nd Magda len ian l e ve ls whose a r tefac t s a re 4 8 -100% f l in t ( a ve rage= 8 1 .9% , s . d . =1 4 .3 ) a nd 0 -48% q ua r tz i te ( a ve rage =1 7 .6% , s . d . =4 .2 ) . T he r ange i nu se o f q ua r tz i te i n t h is r eg ion i s a l so e v iden t i n o ld c o l lec t ions s uch a s t he Magda len ian o nes f r om L a L o ja ( i n t h e l ow lands o n t he S an tande r -As tur ia s b o rder ) w i th 1 6 .2% a nd Co l lub i l ( a s pec ia l ized i b ex h un t ing s i te i n t he P ico s d e E uropa i n e a s te rn A s tur ia s ) w i th 7 3 .4% ( U t r i l la 1 976 ) .

o f h eavy d u ty ( Lower /M idd le P a laeo l i th ic t ypes ) t oo ls ( b ifaces , c hoppe r s , c hopp ing t oo ls , T ayac p o in t s , n o tche s , d en t icu la tes a nd s idescraper s ) i n t he S o lu trean a nd Magda len ian p er iod s . T ho se l e ve ls t h a t a re r i ch i n t hese a r tefac ts a r e mo s t h eav i ly d om ina ted b y q uar tz i te a s ar aw ma ter ia l ( and t ho se l e ve ls wh ich a r e r i ches t i n s ma l l t oo ls s uch a s b acked b lade le t s , a re p oo re s t i n q ua r tz i te ) . And q uar tz ite o u twe igh s f l in t -e i the r b y al o t o r b y al i t t le -i n a l l b u t f our l e ve ls a t L a R iera , d e sp i te t he f a c t t ha t f l in t a r tefac t s o u tnumber q ua r tz i te o ne s i n1 3 l e ve ls . L eve l

Up t ot h is p o in t , a l l f i gu res h ave b een p e rcen tage s b a sed o n a r te fac t c oun t s , n o t ag ood mea sure o f a r tefac t s i ze o r f o r c on s ide ra t ion o fd i f feren t ia l r aw ma ter ia l t r anspo r t . Many Uppe r P a laeo l i th ic s i te r epor t s a nd s yn theses o f ma ter ia ls f rom S an tander a nd A s tur ia s ( and f rom Abaun tz i n N ava r ra ) c on ta in a necdo ta l i n fo rma t ion o n t he g enera l ly s ma l l s i ze o f f l in t a r tefac ts ( no tab ly t oo ls ) a nd t he f r equen t ly l a rge o r v ery l a rge s i ze o f t oo ls a nd o ther a r te fac t s made o n q ua r tz i te ( and o n o the r ma ter ia ls s uch a s o ph i te , c a lc i te a nd l imes tone ) . I ndeed , t he c l ass ic l i te ra ture c on ta ins v ary ing o p in ions a s t o whe ther q uar tz ite macro l i ths f ound i n Upper P a laeo l ith ic c on tex ts w ere r ea l ly o f t ha t o r e a r l ier p er iods ( s ee Vega d e l S e l la ' s d i f f er ing i n terp re ta t ions o f s uch t oo ls a tC ue to d e l aM ina ( 19 16 ) , L a R iera a nd B a lmo re ( 1930 ) ) . However a t o n ly t wo r e cen t ly e xca ted s i tes h ave t hese o bserva t ions b een q uan t if ied b ecau se t he a r tefc t s w e re a l so we ighed : T i to B us t i l lo a nd L a R ie ra . A t T i to B us t i l lo (Moure & C ano 1 976 ) , q ua r tz i te a r te fac t s made u pa n a ve rage o f7 8% o f t h e l i th ic s f r om t h e v a r ious l e ve ls b y w e igh t , v er sus a n a ve rage o f4 4% b y c oun t . F l in t makes u p a n a ve rage o fo n ly 2 2 .1 % b yw e igh tv e r su s5 5 .1 % b yc oun t . T h is c ompar ison i nd irc t ly s hows t h e l a rge r s i ze o f t h e q ua r tz i te p i eces . A t 1 . 2 R ie ra w ew e ighed i nd iv idua l p i ece -p lo t ted a r tefac ts . T he a ve rage w e igh t s o f q ua r tz i te a nd f l in t a r tefc t s f o r t he S o lu t rean a nd Magda len ian l e ve ls a r ep resen ted i nT ab le 1 .

Quar tz i te

n o .

a ve . w t . ( g . )

n o .

a ve . w t . ( g ) .

1

3 2

1 5

1 4

1 07

3

2 4

9

4

7 3

1 2

5

4 3

1 3

6

L i th ic Ma ter ia ls a nd Ar tefac t S ize

F lint

8

8

7

1 81

8

4 5

1 8 2 2

9

2 6

1 0

8 8

1

1 3

1 3

2 3

1 4

9 2

1 5

13

1 6

8 7

1 7

10

1 8 1 8 .1

8

8 1 2 8 1 5

3 1 0 6

4 3 3 5 4 6 6 4

6 5

4 8

2 9

1 01

2 7

9 6

4 9

6 1

1 3

6 3

2 5

5 2

7 0

1 38

5 2

6 9

3 8

1 66

4

1 4

8 8

4 06

8

4 3

6 5

1 39

4

1 9

2 41

8

1 7

7 8

2 0

2 30

6

1 4

6 6

9 2

7

1 6

3 5

2 29

8

2 2

2 0

2 3 /21 2 4

7

1

1 4

8

6 5

T ab le 1 .A ve rage w e igh t so fL aR i e r aS o lu t re an a nd M agda len ian a r te f ac t s b yl i t h ic r aw m a t e r ia l c a tego r ie s ( f l in ta nd q ua r tz i te ) L ith ic ma ter ia ls a nd t he Midd le t o Upper P a laeo l i th ic t rans it ion As i gn if ican ta spec to ft h e s o -ca l led t r an s i t ion f r om M idd le t o Upper P a laeo l i th ic t e chno log ie s i st he d eve lopmen t o f h af t ing a nd c ompound i mp lemen t s ( i nc lud ing p ro jec t i le w eapons ) . Wherea s a l l o r mo s t Mous ter ian s t one t oo ls w e re p o rbab ly h and -he ld , t h is m ay h ave c hanged w i th t h e L ep to l i th ic t e chno log ies . Wh i le w e h ave s een t h a t h eavy d u ty t oo ls c on t inued t o b e made a nd u sed i n t h e Uppe r P a laeo l i th ic ( w i th c on t inued u se o fq ua r tz i te a nd o the r r aw ma ter ia ls t ha t w e re p robab ly l e s s b r i t t le a nd mo re r e s is tan t t o s hock a nd b reakage ) , t he s t a t is t ic s f r om M idd le a nd Uppe rP a laeo l i th ic s equences i nS an tande r , whe re t h e re wa s aw ide a nd r eady c ho ice o f r aw m a ter ia ls i n t h e l oca l e nv ironmen t s , s how ad i s t inc t s h if tt of l in t a tt h is t i me .

T he r ange o f L a R iera f l in t a verage a r tefac t we igh t s i s b e tween 4 a nd 2 2g ( g rand a ve rage = 1 0 .2g ; s . d . =4 .6 , c oe f f ic ien t o f v a r ia t ion = 4 5 .1) . T he r ange o f q ua r tz i te a ve rage w e igh t s i sb e tween 3 5 a nd 1 66g ( g rand a verage = 7 6 .5g ; s d =3 4 .4 ;c oef f ic ien to fv a r ia t ion =4 5 .0 ) . T he r a t io s o f a ve rage q ua r tz i te w e igh t t o a verage f l in t we igh t r ange b e tween 2 .9 :1 a nd 2 2 .0 :1 . , w i th a n a verage r a t io o f 8 .6 :1 . T h is g i ve s ag ood i d ea o f t h e r e la t ive s i zes o f q ua r tz i te a nd f l in t a r tefac t s i ne a s te rn A s tur ia s whe re q uar tz ite i ss uch a n i mpo r tan t c omponen t o f a l l Uppe r P aeo l i th ic a ssemb lages . T he macro l i th ic c ha rac ter a nd ' a rcha ic ' c ha rac te r o f t h ese a s semb lage s i s ad i rec t r e su l t o f t h e h eavy u se o f l o ca l ly a va i lab le q ua r tz i te ( a nd t h e r e la t ive ly r e s t r ic ted u se o f p oo r q ua l i ty v e in f l in t s ( e spec ia l ly " Gr io t te " f l in t ) wh ich o ccu r i nt h e f o rm o f s ma l l p ebb le s i n l o ca l r i ve r s . I th a s a l ready b een s hown ( S t rau se ta l . 1 986 ) t ha t a tL a R iera t h ere w a s a s t rong s e lec t ive p r e fe rence f o rq uar tz i te i n t he manufac tu re

A t E l P endo , t he Mous ter ian a s semb lages s t ud ied b y F reeman ( 1980 ) a r ec on s is ten t ly r i ch i nq ua r tz i te ( a ve rage = 3 0 .9% o ft h e t o ta l l i th ic a r tefac t s ) a nd o ph i te ( a verage = 1 2 .0% ) . The b a sa l Aur ignac ian l e ve l ( V IIb - w h ich Gonzä lez E chega ray ( 1980 ) d e sc r ibe sa sh av ing "Mous te r ian s urv iva ls " ) h a s 3 4 .3% q ua r tz i te a nd 2 . 9% o ph i te . Howeve r t h ea ve rages f o r t h e r ema in ing U ppe r P a laeo l i th ic l e ve ls a t E l P endo a r eo n ly 3 .5% q ua r tz i te a nd 1 . 1% o ph i te , b o th w ith 3 8

L .G .S t raus v ery n a r row r ange s . A t C ueva Mor in o ne c an a l so c ompa re t h e Mous te r ian a s semb lages s t ud ied b y F reeman ( 1973 ) w i th t he Uppe r P a laeo l i th ic o nes s tud ied b y Gonza lez E chegaray ( 1971) . The Mous ter ian a ssemb lages h ave a ve rages o f1 9 .9% q ua r tz i te a nd 1 7 .3 % o ph i te a nd t h e Uppe r P a laeo l i th ic o nes h ave a verages o f o n ly 5 .8% a nd 1 . 9% r e spec t ive ly . Aga in , t h e f i gures f rom E l C a s t i l lo a re n o t q u i te c ompa rab le ; o ph ite i s n o t s epara te ly l i s ted i n C ab rera ' s ( 1984 ) t ab les , a l though men t ion i s made o f t h e f a c t t ha t many o f t he c ha rac ter is t ic " Va scon ian " c l eave r f l ake s a re made o f t ha t ma ter ia l ( a s a t o ther Mous ter ian s i te s o f t h e r eg ion ) . However , a n a verage o f4 6 .1 % o f t h e Mous ter ian t oo ls a re " quar tz ite" . Aga in , t he b asa l Au r ignac ian l e ve l ( 18 ) i ss im i la r t o t he Mous ter ian , w i th 4 1 .9 % q uar tz ite t oo ls , wh i le t he r ema in ing Uppe r P a laeo l i th ic l e ve ls h ave o n ly s ma l l t o mode ra te p e rcen tage s o fs uch i t em s( a sn o ted a bove ) .

p ub l ished Corchön E xcva t ions a t L a s C a lda s a re f l in t ( 83 .3% wh ich i sa lmos t e xac t ly t h e a ve rage p e rcen tage o f f l in t i n t h e o vera l l S o lu t rean s equence o f a s semb lages 8 2 .7% ) . T he o ld J o rda /A lva rez e xcava t ion sa tC ova R o sa i n e a s t -cen t ra l A s tu r ia s p roduced n o c oncave b a se p o in t s , b u t d id f i nd 1 4 s hou ldered p o in ts , 9o f wh ich ( 64% ) a re q ua r tz i te i na na s semb lage w h ich i s4 0% q ua r tz i te . A tL aR ie ra 6 5% o f t h e c oncave b a se p o in t s ( f rom b o th o ld a nd n ew c o l lec t ion s )a r eq ua r tz i te ( ve r su sa na ve rage o f4 8% o ft he o ve ra l l S o lu t rean l i th ic i ndu s t ry made o fq ua r tz i te a t t h is s i te ) . Howeve r 9 3% o f t h e 5 4 s hou lde red p o in t s f r om L aR ie ra a r e made o nf l in t . A t t h e a d jacen t s i te o f C ue to d e l aM ina 6 1% o ft h ec oncave b a se p o in t sa nd o n ly 1 8% o f t h e s hou lde red p o in ts i n t h e o ld V ega d e l S e l la c o l le c t ions a r e q ua r tz i te ( overa l l q ua r tz i te p e rcen tage = 3 6% ) . A t A l tam ira i nS an tande r , 6 9% o f t h e c oncave b a se p o in t s a re q ua r tz i te , b u t 1 00% o ft h e s hou lde red p o in t s a re f l in t i n a n o ve ra l l t oo l c o l lec t ion ( t ha t o f Oberma ie r ) t h a t i so n ly 3% q ua r tz i te . A tL aP a s iega ,a d jacen tt oE l C a s t i l lo , 8 3% o ft he c oncave b a se p o in t s a r e q ua r tz i te i n ac o l lec t ion o f t oo ls t ha t h a so n ly 7% q ua r tz i te p i ece s . T he re a r e n o s hou lde red p o in t s a tL aP a s iega . I nc on t ra s t , n ea rby C ueva Mo r in h a s n o c oncave b a se p o in t s i ne i the r i t s o l d o r n ew c o l lec t ions , b u t i th a s s hou ldered p o in t s , a l l o f wh ich a re f l in t , i n a n a s semb lage t ha t i nc lude s 8 3% f l in t a r te fac t s . T he s ame i s t r ue a tG u ip t izcoa 's s i te o f A i tzb i ta r te I V whe re , h owever , a l l t h e a r te fac t s a re f l in t .

I n teres t ing ly , n e i the r t he C ha te lper ron ian l eve l a t Mo r in n o r t he o ne a t E l P endo much r e semb le s t he Mous ter ian l eve ls a t t hose s i tes w ith r espec t t o r aw ma ter ia l r ep re sen ta t ion s . Howeve r , i ng enera l i tc an b en o ted t ha tt he q uar tz i te a nd o ph i te t e nd t ob ecome r a re rt h rough t h ec ou r se o f t ime i n t h ese t wo s equences , p robab ly a s ar e su l t o r r e f lec t ion o f t he l i th ic " grac i l iza t ion " p rocess ( no d oub t l i nked t oi n c rea s ing u se o f h a f t s a nd c ompound i mp lemen t s i ncorpora t ing b acked b lade le t e lemen ts , n o tab ly f rom G rave t t ian t imes o n ) . Observa t ion o f s uch a n o vera l l t r end d oe sn o tn ega te t h ee x is tence o f f l uc tua t ions i n t he r e la t ive i mpo r tance o f n on f l in t ma te r ia ls w i th in i nd iv idua l Uppe r P a laeo l i th ic s i te s equences ( e .g . L a R iera ) a s t he r o le o r f unc t ion o ft h e s i te s a s " p laces " c hange s t h rough t ime ( s ee S t rau s e ta l . 1 986 ; S t rau s 1 986a ) . I ti sc l ea r t ha t w i th t he e nd o f t he Mous ter ian , many t a sk s t ha t we re p er fo rmed w i th b ru te s t reng th a nd s imp le , l a rge , h and -he ld t oo ls o f ma ter ia ls t ha t c ou ld w i ths tand a l o t o f s t ress , w e re n ow b e ing p e r fo rmed w i th o ther k inds o f f l in t t oo ls u sed a nd h a f ted i n ways wh ich max im ized mechan ica l a dvan tage a nd p rec is ion . None the less , s ome t a sks s t i l l r equ ired t he manu fac tu re o fh eavy -du ty t oo ls ( e spec ia l ly f o r h ack ing a nd c hopp ing , p robab ly ) o u t o f ma ter ia ls l i ke q ua r tz i te a nd o ph ite , where a va i lab le . L ith ic wea r a na lyses ( h igh magn if ica t ion m ic roscop ic s t ud ies o f p o l ish a nd s t r ia t ion f o r t h e f l in t s a nd l ow -magn if ica t ion s t ud ies o f b a t ter ing a nd c h ippage f or t he q uar tz i tes a nd o ph ites ) c ou ld b e h e lp fu l i n t h is r ega rd .

I ti s wo r th n o t ing t ha t a lmo s t a l l k nown S o lu t rean c oncave b a se p o in t s a re f r om A s tur ia s a nd t he w esern h a lf o f S an tande r ( S t raus 1 977a , b , 1 983 ) , ad i s t r ibu t ion wh ich c orresponds t o t he a rea i n wh ich q ua r tz ite p lays a s i gn if ican t ( a lbe i t v a r iab le ) r o le i n o vera l l S o lu t rean l i th ic a s semb lage s . Howeve ri ti sc l ea rt h a tt h e re w a s ad e l ibera te s e lec t ion f o r q uar tz i te i n t h e manufac tu re o f t h is t ype o f p o in t . P e rcen tage s o f q uar tz i te c oncave b a se p o in t s f a r e xceed o ve ra l l q ua r tz i te p e rcen tage si na r te fac t a ssemb lages e ven i n A s tur ia s , whe re q ua r tz i te i s l i tho log ica l ly mo re a bundan tt h an i nS an tande r . A s awo rk ing h ypo the s is , o nce c ou ld p ropo se t ha t q ua r tz i te w a s s e lec ted f o r t hrus t ing o r t h row ing s pea r t i p s t ha t wou ld r e s is t s ha t ter ing o n i mpac t . T h is may h ave b een w eapon sd e s igned t ok i l l b y s hock when d e l ive red a tc lo se r ange . My e a r l ie r h ypo these s ( and t ho se o f P .E .L . Sm ith ( 1973) c oncern ing t he t e rr itor ia l i mp l ica t ion s o f s ome a spec t s o f S o lu t rean p o in t f o rm , may b ec a l led i n to q ue s t ion b ys ome o ft h ep re sen ts ugges t ion s .

L i th ic r aw ma ter ia l a nd S o lu trean p o in t s On t h eo the rh and ,i nr eg ion sw he re q ua r tz i te wa s a va i lab le , f l in t n one the le ss s eems t oh ave b een p r ef eren t ia l ly o re ven e xc lus ive ly s e lec ted f o r t he manufac tu re o f s hou ldered p o in t s ( excep t a tC ova R o sa -p o s s ib ly b ecau se o f as ma l l s amp le ) . T hese p o in t s a r e l i gh t ( c .2 -3g v ersus c .4 -9g f o r c oncave b a se p o in t s , b a sed o n t h e s ma l l k nown s amp le o f who le o r n ea r ly who le p o in t s f r om L a R iera -a lmo s t a l l p o in ts , h av ing b een u sed , s u r v ive a sf r agmen t s ) a nd g rac i le ( average w id th = 1 . 3cm v er sus 2 . 1cm f o r c oncave b a se p o in t s ; a ve rage t h ickne s s =0 . 4cm v er su s 0 .6cm ) a nd v ery s ha rp t ipped . T hey w e re u ndoub ted ly made t o b e h a f ted o n to d a r t s p ro jec ted b y a t l -a t l ( o rp e rhap se ven o n to a r rows s ho tb y b ow ) . W i th t h e se w eapon s t h ea im wou ld h ave b een t o a ch ieve max imum p ene t ra t ion . T h is wou ld h ave b een f a c i l i ta ted b y t h e s ha rpne ss a nd t h inne ss a ch ievab le w i th a v ery f i ne -g ra ined s t one s uch a s f l in t , b u t l e ss r ead i ly w ith q ua r tz i te . I t may a l so h ave b een h a rde r ( t hough o bv iou s ly n o t i mposs ib le ) t o c rea te t he d e l ica te s hou lder b y r e touch ing q ua r tz i te t han b y w o rk ing f l in t . T he s hou lder

Ih ave e a r l ie r n o ted ( S t rau s 1 975a , 1 977a , 1 983 , 1 25 -127 ) t ha t t h e re w as d ef in i te s e lec t ion o f r aw ma ter ia ls f o r t he manufac ture o f c er ta in S o lu trean p o in t t ypes . Th is i s c onf irmed w i th t h e r e su lt s f r om t h e n ew e xcava t ion s a tL a R ie r a .a nd L a sC a ldas . A t L as C a lda s ( Co rchön 1 981 ) , p l a in u n ifac ia l p o in ts ( t ype 6 9 ) a re e ven ly d is tr ibu ted b e tween f l in t ( 10 p o in t s ) a nd q ua r tz i te ( 9 ) , a s a re p o in ts g ene r ica l ly c l as s if ied a s " l aure l l e aves " ( t ype 7 0 -4 3 f l in t a nd 3 9 q ua r tz ite ) . Howeve r , when t ho se " l aure l l e ave s " f o r wh ich r aw ma ter ia l d a ta a re p resen ted i n t he monograph a re a na lyzed s epa ra te ly , a l l t hose w i th c oncave b a ses ( 20 ) a r e f ound t o b e made o f q ua r tz i te . T h is i se xac t ly t h e s ame r e su lt a s Ih ad o b ta ined when I a na lyzed t he o ld J o rdä /A lva rez c o l lec t ion o f 2 2 c oncave b a se p o in t s f rom t h is s i te : 1 00% q ua r tz i te . And t h is r e su l t i si n s t r ik ing c on t ra s t w i th t h e o vera l l a ve rage p ercen tage o fq ua r tz i te i n t h e S o lu t rean s equence o fa s semb lages : 1 7% . O n t h e o the r h and , 5o f t h e 6 s hou ldered p o in ts ( t ype72 ) f r om t h e 3 9

L .G .S t raus

i t se lf may h ave s e rved a s ab a rb . Whe the r d i f f e rence s b e tween i nva s ive ly a nd a brup t ly r e touched t ype s o f s hou ldered p o ints ( "Franco-Can tabr ian" v e r su s "Med i te r ranean " ) -b o th o fw h ich c o -occu ri nn o r the rn S pa in a nd i n P or tuga l -a r e e ven p a r t ia l ly " s ty l is t ic " i n n a tu re r ema in s t ob ed emon s t ra ted .

R ef erences A l tuna , J . , A . B a 1d6on & K . Ma r iezkurrena 1 988 . T he e xcava t ion o f Ama lda C ave . O ld Wor ld A rchaeo logy N ews le t ter 1 2 (3 ) : 2 2 -25 . B a ld6on , A . 1 985 . E s tud io d e l a s i ndu s tr ia s U t ica y 6 sea d e E r ra l la . I n : A l tuna , J . , A . B a lde6n & Ma r iezku rena , K . e d s . C azadore s Magda len ien se se n l a Cueva d eE r ra l la . Mun ibe , 3 7 : 1 23 -185 . B reu i l , H . 1 952 . No te s u r l ' ou t i l lage e n c a lca ire t a i l l6 d u Magda len ien d u C as t i l lo . B u l le t in d e l a S oc id td P rdh is tor ique F ranva i se , 4 9 : 2 3 -24 . C ab re r a , V . 1 984 . E l Y ac im ien to d e l ac ue va d e " E l C as t i l lo " . B ib l io theca P r aeh is to r ica H i spana 2 2 . Mad r id . C o rchön , M .S . 1 981 . C ueva d e l a s C a ldas . E xcavac iones A rqueo l6g ica se nE spa i la 15 . Mad r id . F reeman , L .G . 1 973 . E l mu s te r ien se . I n : Gonzä lez , J .& L .G . F reeman , e ds . C ueva Mor in : E xcavac iones 1 969 . S an tander : P a t rona to d e l a s C ueva s , 2 7 -161 . F reeman ,L .G . 1 980 . O cupac iones mu s te r ien ses . I n : Gonzä lez E chega ray ,e d . E l Y ac im ien to d e l aC ueva d e " E lP endo" . Mad r id : B ib l io theca P raeh is to r ica H ispana 1 7 : 3 1-74 . Gonza lez E chega ray , J . 1 97 1 . E l P a leo lf t ico s uper io r . I n : Gonza lez , J . & L .G . F reeman , e ds . Cueva Mor in : E xcavac iones 1 966 -1968 . S an tande r : P a t rona to d e l a s C ueva s , 1 9 1-297 . Gonza lez E chega ray , J . 1 980 . E l P a leo l f t ico s upe r io r . I ndu s t r ia U t ica . I n : Gonzä lez E chega ray ( ed ) E l Y ac im ien to d e l a C ue va d e " E lP endo " . B ib l io theca P raeh is to r ica H ispana 1 7 : 7 7 -148 . Mad r id Gonza lez E chega ray , J . 1 981 . I ndus t ira l f t ica . I n : Gonzä lez E chega ray , J . & I . B a rand ia rän , ( eds ) E l P a leo l i t ico S uper ior d el aC ueva d e lR asca r lo . S an tande r : C en t ro d e I nve s t igac iön y Mu seo d e A l tam ira , Monog r af ias 3 . Gonza lez E chega ray , J . 1 985 . L a i ndus t r ia U t ica . I n : B a rand ia rän , I . , L . F reeman , J . , Gonza lez & R . K le in , ( eds ) E xcavac iones e n l a C ueva d e l J uyo . Madr id : C en t ro d e I nves t igac iön y Museo d e A ltam ira , Monog ra f ia s 1 4 . Me r ino , J .M . 1 984 . E s tud io d e l o s ma te r ia le s I f t icos d e l a C ueva d eE ka in . I n : A l tuna , J . & Me r ino , J .M . ( ed s ) E l Y ac im ien to P reh is tör ico d e l a C ueva d e E ka in . S an S eba s t ian : S oc iedad d e E s tud io s V asco s , 6 5 -175 . Sm i th , P .E .L . 1 973 . S ome t hough ts o n v a r ia t ions among c e r ta in S o lu t rean a r t if ac t s . I n : E s tud ios D ed icados a l P rof D r . L u is P er ico t , v o l . 1 . Ba rce lona : I n s t i tu to d e A rqueo log f a yP reh is to r ia , 6 7 -75 . S t raus , L .G . 1 975a . A S tudy o f t he S o lu trean i n V asco C an tabr ian S pa in . Unpub l ished Doc to ra l d i sser ta t ion , Un ive r s i ty o f Ch icago . S t rau s , L .G . 1 975b . E l S o lu t ren se d e l a s Cueva s d e l C a s t i l lo y H omo sd el a Pa la . T rabas jos d eP reh is tor ia , 3 2 : 9 -19 . S t rau s , L .G . 1 977a . P o in te s s o lu t itennes e t l ' hypo the se d e t e r r i to r ia l isme . B u l le t in d e l a S oc id td P rdh is tor ique F rança ise , 7 4 : 2 06 -212 . S t rau s , L .G . 1 980 . T he r o le o f r aw ma te r ia ls i n l i th ic a s semb lage v a r iab i l i ty . L i th ic T echno logy , 9 : 6 8 -72 . S t rau s , L .G . 1 983 . E lS o lu trense V asco -Can t er ico : U na N ue va P e r spec t iva . Mad r id : C en t ro d e I nves t igac i6n y Museo d e A l tam ira , Monog raf fa s 1 0 . S t rau s , L .G . 1 986a . Ac ompa r ison o fL a R ie ra a ssemb lage s w i th t ho se f r om c on tempo r a ry s i tes i n C an tabr ian S pa in . I n : S t rau s ,L .G . &C la rk , G . A . ( ed s ) L aR iera C ave . T empe : An th ropo log ica l R esea rch P ape r s 3 6 : 2 19 -236 . S t rau s , L . , C la rk , G . , O rdaz , J . , S uä rez L . & E sber t , R . 1 986 . P a t tern s o fl i th ic r aw m a te r ia l v a r ia t ion a t L a R ie ra . I n : S t rau s , L . & C la rk , G . e ds . L a R iera Cave . T empe , A n th ropo log ica l R e sea rch P ape r s 3 6 , 1 89 -208 . U t r i l la , P . 1 976 . L as I ndus tr ias d e l Magda len iense I nf er ior y Mdd io e n l a C os ta C an t c ibr ia . Doc to ra l d i sser ta t ion a b s t rac t , Un ive r s idad d eZ a ragoza . U tr i l la , P . 1 982 . E l y ac im ien to d e l a Cueva d e Abaun tz . T raba jos d eA rqueo log ia Na var ra , 3 : 2 03 -345 .

Conc lus ions One o f t h e mo s t s e r iou s p rob lems w i th t h e a pp l ica t ion o f t he d e S onnev i l le -Bo rdes /Pero t Upper P a laeo l i th ic t ypo logy o u t s ide t h e c l a s s ic a r ea s o fG uyenne , h a s b een t h e p re sence o fs ub s tan t ia l q uan t i t ies o fn on -f l in t t oo ls . Wh i le t he t ypo logy " wo rks w e l l" ( i .e . p rov ide s a n a dequa te d e sc r ip t ion , af a ir men ta l i mage ) i n t h e B a sque C oun t ry w ith i t s o verwhe lm ing ly f l in t a s semb lage s , i tb eg in s t o e xper ience p rob lems i n S an tander a nd , e spec ia l ly , i n A s tu r ia s . T o s ub sume many o f t h e q ua r tz i te m ac ro l i th ic t oo ls i n t h e l a t ter r eg ions i n to t he c l a ss ic t yp es o f ten s t re tche s t h e d ef in i t ions a nd t h e men ta l i mage s . T h is i s c l ear ly a c a se where e ven a g ene ra l , d e sc r ip t ive t y p logy c ou ld p ro f i tb yt h ei n c lus ion o f metr ic a t t r ibu te s . Wh i le t he p ropo r t ions o f q ua r tz ite a r tefac t s i n t h e P a laeo l i th ic a ssemb lage s a cross n o r the rn S pa in a r e g ene ra l ly r ef le c t ive o fa nd r e la ted t os ub r eg iona l l i tho logy , a s Ia rgued i n1 980 , o the r f a c to r s i n tervene a t t h e l e ve l o f i nd iv idua l a s semb lage c ompo s i t ion . F i r s t o f a l l , t h e re i sa ma rked d ec l ine i nt h e u se o f q u ar tz i t e ( and o ph i te -w h ich s hare s q ua r tz ite 's c ha rac te r is t ic t oughness ) w i th t he d eve lopmen t o f U ppe r P a laeo l i th ic t e chno log ie s . T he f a c t t ha t t h ree s i tes i n d if feren t ( a lbe i t n ea rby ) p a r t s o f S an tande rs how t h es ame t r end , s ugge s t s t h a tt h is i si n d eed a t e chno log ica l p henomenon , n o t t h e r e su l t o f h yd ro log ica l o r g eomo rpho log ica l c hange si nr aw ma te r ia l a va i lab i l i ty i n t he e nv ironmen t . S econd , d i f fe rence s a mong n e ighbou r ing s i tes a nd c hange s w i th in t h e s equence s o f i n d iv idua l s i te s w i th r ega rd t o r aw ma te r ia l a s semb lage c ompo s i t ion h ave b een d o cumen ted ( Ba ldeön 1 985 ; S t rau s e t a l . 1 986 ) . T he se h ave t od o w i th t he r o le (s ) o f s i tes w i th in s e t t lemen t s ub s is tence s y s tems a nd t h e e x ten t t o w h ich r aw m a ter ia ls a r e p rocu red l o ca l ly d ur ing t h e c ou r se o fs i t e o ccupa t ion o r i mpor ted f r om o the r l o c i d ur ing e pheme ra l s i te u se ( s ee S t rau s 1 986b ) . O ne o ft h e mo s tu rgen tr e sea rch p r io r i t ie s i n C an tab r ian S pa in s hou ld b e t h e p e t rog raph ic a na ly s is o f f l in t s , q ua r tz i te s a nd o ph i te s f r om a r chaeo log ica l s i t e s a nd t he ir c ompa r ison w i th ma te r ia ls f r om s ource l o ca t ion s , wh ich mu s tb ep inpo in ted . O nce w e h ave s uch i n fo rma t ion , w e w i l l b ea b le t o mo re s uce s s fu l ly i s o la te s o c io -e conom ic f ac to r s i n t h e d i s tr ibu t ion o f r aw ma te r ia l t ype s a mong s i te s . We w i l l a l so b e a b le t o t r ace h un te r -ga the re r movemen t s a nd i n te r -g roup c on tac t s , d e f ine t e r r i to r ie s a nd i den t ify s pec if ic l oca t ion s ( i f s uch e x is t ) t ha t m ay h ave b een v i s i ted b y d i f f eren t g roup s ( s uch p lace s a sJ a izk ibe l , P ederna le s , K ur tz ia a nd L ienc res c ome t o m ind ) . T he se p e t rograph ic d a ta c omb ined w i th s ea sona l i ty d a ta f r om a n ima l t e e th , e t c . , w i l l g o al ong w ay i nt a k ing C an tab r ian P a laeo l i th ic p reh is to ry f r om a d e scr ip t ive -c la s s if ica to ry p a rad igm i n to a ne co log ica l -exp lana to ry o ne .

A cknow ledgemen ts Iw ish t o t hank a l l my B asque , C an tab r ian , A s tu r ian a nd C a s t i l l ian f r iend s a nd c o l league s f o r i ndu lg ing my " w i ld " i d ea s o ve r t he y ea r s . Much o f my r e sea r ch h a s b een f unded b y t he N a t iona l S c ienc e F ounda t ion ( USA ) . T o L u is R apo so g o t h ank s f o r s ugge s t ing t ha t Iw r i te t h is mode s t c on t r ibu t ion .

4 0

L .G .S traus V ega d e l S e l la , C onde d e l a . 1 9 16 . P a leo l i t ico d e C ue to d e l a M ina . Madr id : Com is i6n d e I nves t igac iones P a leon to l6g ica s yP reh is tö r ica s , Memo r ia 1 3 . V ega d e l S e l la , C onde d e l a . 1 930 . L a s C uevas d e l aR iera y B a lmor i . Madr id : Com is iön d e I nves t igac iones P a leon to l6g ica s yP re l l is t6 r ica s , Memo r ia 3 8 .

4 1

QUARTZ AND QUARTZ ITE I NDUSTR IES I N THE UPPER PALAEOL ITH IC OF GAL IC IA AND ASTUR IAS : THE RELAT IONSH IP BET WEEN M ORPHOSTRUCTURE , TECHN ICAL CHARACTER IST ICS AND TYPOLOGY

c o l lec t ion s s t ud ied a r e f r om o ld e xcava t ion s a nd p reven t u s , f o r t h e t ime b e ing , f r om s t udy ing t h e s ynchrony b e tween s i te s . We h ave l im i ted o u rse lve s , t h e refo re , t o e xp la in ing t he g enera l f r amework o f t he r e la t ionsh ip b e tween l i tho log ica l mo rpho s truc ture , t e chn ica l c ha rac te r is t ics a nd t ypo logy .

C . L iana a nd R . V i l la r D ep a r tamen to d eH i s to r ia I,U n ive r s idad d eS an t iago d e C ompo s te la

We a pp roached t h is s e r ie s o fq ue s t ion s b y w ay o f D ema r s ' wo rk ( 1982 ) i nt h eB r ive B a s in i nF rance , i nw h ich s he t r ied t od ef ine t h e p a t ter no fr aw ma ter ia l s e lec t ion f o r ad es ired b lank o r t oo l t ype . We a l so c on s ide red t h e w o rk o f S t raus ( 1980 ) ,a nd S t rau sa nd C la rk ( 1986 ) i nL a R ie ra ( As tu r ias ) , who a t temp ted t o s ee i ft here w a s ar e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h e r aw ma te r ia ls u sed a nd t oo l t ype sm anu fac tured .

I ntroduct ion T he r aw ma te r ia l a va i lab le a nd e xp lo i ted d ur ing t h e u ppe r P a laeo l i th ic i n G a l ic ia wa s ma in ly q ua r tz a nd g enera l ly c oar se -gra ined q uar tz ite . Th is h a s b een c ons idered a s i gn if ican t a t t r ibu te o f t he Ga l ic ian P a leo l i th ic ( S ierra R od r iguez 1 974 ) a nd r e spons ib le f o r c e r ta in d i fferences i n t oo l t ype s a nd k napp ing t e chn iques ( Vazquez V a re la & D iaz 1 974 ) .

We b egan w i th t h es e lec t ion o f as e r ie so f mo rpho s t ruc tura l v a r iab le s , i ndependen t i nc ha rac te r ( B lanco G arc ia & L iana 1 989 ) , o b ser ved e xc lus ive ly o n a mac ro scop ic l e ve l t o b e a na lysed i ne ach i ndu s t r ia l a s semb lage ( L iana 1 988 , 1 989a , 1 989b ; L iana , V i l la r & F ernandez 1 989 ) . T he se a re d e sc r ibed b e low .

T he i n te rp re ta t ion o f s ome p ar t icu la r c ha rac ter is t ics o f t he Ga l ic ian l i th ic a ssemb lage s r a ises a n umbe r o f q ues t ions . T he se i n du s t r ie s m igh t b e s een a s f o rm ing ar eg iona l f a c ie s r ef lec t ing ap a r t icu la r l oca l l i tho logy a s n o ted b y S t raus ( 1980 ) . S uch c ha rac ter is t ics m igh t a l so b e c on s idered a s a n e f fec t o f t h e r aw ma te r ia l u sed a nd t h e p redom inan t b lank t ype p roduced a s i n terpre ted b y U t r i l la ( 1981) f o r t he C an tab r ian c oas t . A t h ird p oss ib i l i ty c ou ld b e t ha t t he f ea tur e so ft h ese l i th ic a s semb lages a r e e xc lus ive ly r e la ted t ot h ea pp l ica t ion o fc e r ta in d e te rm ined t e chn ica l a c t ion s o n s pec if ic r aw ma ter ia l .

Morphos truc tura l V ar iab le s GRA IN ( G ) : a n i t em i ss a id t oh ave a ppa ren t g ra in when i t i sf o rmed b y s ma l l w e l l-d if feren t ia ted , d i sc re te c rys ta l l ine u n i t s . We i nd ica te i t s p re sence ( S ) o r a b sence ( N ) a nd i t s s i ze ; f i ne ( F ) d iame te r < 1 mm -o r c oa r se ( G ) -d iame ter > lmm . P LANE ( P ) : t h is r e f er s t o f r ac tur e p l ane s t ha t c au se w eak a rea s i n t h e s t ruc tu re o f t h e ma ter ia l , a nd i mp ly a c e r ta in e x ten s ion i nt h e o b se rved p iece . We i nd ica te i t s p re sence ( S ) o ra b sence ( N ) .

One s hou ld a l so b ea r i n m ind t ha t , e xcep t f or A C ova d a Va l ir i a , a l l q ues t ions a ddress ing t he Ga l ic ian Upper P a laeo l i th ic mus t b e c ons ide red i n ac on tex t c ha rac ter ised b y t h e a b sence o f b o th a b so lu te a nd r e la t ive c hrono log ica l r e fe rence s b a sed o n d i rec t s t ra t igraph ic s equences o r o n p a laeon to log ica l a nd i ndus t r ia l e v idence ( L iana & S o to 1 989 ;F er nandez 1 989 ) .

I n t h is w ay , t h e ma ter ia l c an b e c l a ss if ied i n to f ou r g roup s ( t he p o ss ib le c omb ina t ions o f t h e p resence o r a b sence o f g ra in a nd p lane ) wh ich h e lp t owa rds a n a pp rox ima t ion o f p a t ter n s o fr aw ma ter ia l c ho ice . T he t e chno log ica l s t udy i n c ludes t h e a na ly s is o f an umbe r o f v ar iab les o r o bservab le a t t r ibu tes i n t he d if feren t k napp ing p roduc t s wh ich p rov ide i n fo rma t ion o n t he t e chno log ica l t r ea tmen t o f t h e r aw ma te r ia l . T he s e lec t ion o f t h ese v ar iab le s i sb a sed o n t he c l a s s ic s t ud ies o n l i th ic t e chno logy b y B o rdes ( 1961) , L ap lace ( 1966 ) a nd T ix ier ( 1980 , 1 984 ) a mong o ther s . We h ave a l so f o l lowed me thods o f t e chno log ica l a na ly s is p ropo sed b y B e rna ldo d e Q u irö s ,C ab re ra ,C acho a nd V ega ( 1981) a nd R a s i l la V ive s ( 1984 ) .

T he u se o f l oca l r aw ma ter ia l i so ne o f t h e f ea tures wh ich d i s t ingu ishe s t h e P a laeo l i th ic o f C an tabr ia i n g enera l f r om t h a t o f o ther r eg ions , e spec ia l ly t he c l a ss ic o nes ( S t raus 1 980 , 1 984 ) . T ha t i s , r aw ma ter ia l r equ iremen t s a re f u lf i l led b y ar e la t ive ly l a rge s pec trum o f r ocks a nd m inera ls p resen ti nt h e l o ca l l i tho logy o fe ach s i te . I ti sn o t u ncommon f o rt h e u se o f f l in t t o b e s u rpa ssed b y q uar tz i te i n A s tur ia s , C an tabr ia a nd L eon ( U t r i l la 1 981; C ab rera V a lde s 1 984 ; N e ira C ampo s 1 987 ) . T he u se o f d ifferen t r o ck s h as a l ready b een r e co rded b y C a rba l lo ( 1957 ) i n C an tab r ia , a nd h a s b een r e la ted t ot he t oo l k i t ( S t raus 1 980 ) , t h e l o ca l l i tho logy o r t h e t oo l t ype t o b e made ( U t r i l la 1 981 ) . T he u se o f q ua r tz , a nd a l l i t s v a r ie t ies , h a s b een c onf irmed s i nce t h e Aur ignac ian ( Ca rba l lo 1 957 ) a nd c on t inued t o b e u sed t h roughou t t he Upper P a laeo l i th ic ( Cab re ra V a ldes 1 984 ) .

Raw ma ter ia l : d emand a nd t e chn ica l t r ea tmen t When c ons ider ing t h e f our g roups o f morphos truc tura l v a r iab les , w e s ee a c lear h iera rch ic o rder ing i n t he p ropor t ions i n wh ich e ach t ype o f r aw ma ter ia l i s r epresen ted ( f ig .1) . T here a ppea r s t ob e ap refe rence f o r ma ter ia ls w i th n e i ther g ra in n o r p lane , o r o n ly p l ane . C on sequen t ly t h e d emand i sn o t t h e s ame f o r t h e d i f fe ren t l i th ic g roups b u t a ppea r s t o b e o rdered a ccord ing t o a p a t tern wh ich c an b e r e la ted t o t h e t e x tu re o f t h e r ock . P a laeo l i th ic h uman s w ere n o t i nd isc r im ina te i nt h e ir c ho ice o f ma ter ia l b u t i ng ene ra l p ref er red s ome r o ck s o ve r o t he rs , a nd w i th in a g iven g roup o f ma ter ia ls c ho se t ho se t ypes w h ich a ppea rt oh ave s ome c onc re te h omogenou s m echan ica l p rope r t ies , d e term ined b y t h e morpho s t ruc tura l v a r iab les a na ly sed h ere .

F o r t h is r ea son w e u nder took a c ompa ra t ive s t udy o f t he q ua r tz a nd c oa r se -gra ined q uar tz i te ma ter ia ls o f t he w e l l c on tex tua l ized c o l lec t ions o f t he Uppe r P a laeo l ith ic o f A s tur ia s , l o ca ted i nt h e A rchaeo log ica l Museum o f Ov iedo , a nd t hose a va i lab le i n Ga l ic ia . Ou r s t udy c overed 1 2 A s tur ian s i tes a nd 6 G a l ic ian o nes ( L lana , V i l lar & F ernandez 1 989 ; L iana 1 989 ) ; at o ta l o f 164 p iece s , o f w h ich 6 07 w ere i d en t if ied a s k napp ing p roduc ts . T he 4 3

C .L iana a nd R .V i l la r F ine rb l ank s may b eo b ta ined b yp r e ssure f l ak ing . Howeve r , k napp ing e xper imen t s d emons t ra te t h a t i n q ua r tz ma ter ia ls i ti sd i f f icu l t t o d i s t ingu ish p re ssu re f l ak ing f r om i nd irec t p e rcu ss ion w i th s of t c h ise l h amme r ( Ram i l S one ira p er s . c omm . ) .

Our a na lys is o f f l ake a nd b lade b lanks p roduced t he f o l low ing r e su l ts : -E xam ina t ion o f t h e p ropo r t ion o f e ach mo rphos t ruc tura l t ype p resen t i n t h e s i te a nd c ho sen f o rf lake p roduc t ion s hows t ha tt ho se r ock s w i th e i the rp lane , g ra in , o rp lane a nd g ra in were o f ten u sed . T hese ma ter ia ls a l low m ino r man ipu la t ion a nd c onsequen t ly i ts e ems l og ica l f or t h em t o b eu sed f o r t h e manufac tu re o f b lank s wh ich r equ ire f ew t e chn ica l d emands . F lake b lank s a r e t h e refo re made o n a w ide s pec t rum o f ma ter ia ls .

N on p r i sma t ic n odu les ( pebb les ,f r agmen t s , e t c . ) : a st h e re i s l i t t le e x te r iour a l tera t ion i t i s u nneccessa ry t o r emove c or tex . Non -p r isma t ic n odu les a r e f ound i n a l l r aw ma ter ia ls s tud ied , e spec ia l ly q uar tz ites ( w ith g ra in /w i thou t p lane , w ith b o th g ra in a nd p lane ) . The t e chn ica l t r ea tmen t o f t hese ma ter ia ls wa s more d irec t ly r e la ted t o t r ad i t iona l t e chn iques u sed f o r t he r emova l o f f l ake b lank s . A s t r ik ing p la tfo rm w a s made ( some t imes a n a tura l p l ane wa s u sed ) f r om wh ich b l anks w e re r emoved , o f ten b y d i rec t p ercuss ion w i th a s t one h ammer , u s ing a g u id ing r i dge w he re p oss ib le . When a p la tform was e xhaus ted a no the r wa s s ough t . O r thogona l a nd g lobu lar c o re s r e su l ted f r om t h is mode o f p roduc t ion .

-T here i sac l ea r p refe ren t ia l s e lec t ion o f ma ter ia ls w i th n e i the r g ra in n o r p l ane , o rw i thou t g ra in b u t w i th p lane , f o r b lade p roduc t ion ( f ig .3 ) . Ma ter ia l w i th g ra in w a s a vo ided f o rb lade p roduc t ion . C onsequen t ly , q ua r tz , e spec ia l ly t h a t w i thou tp lane , wa s u sed i nt h e manu fac tu re o fb lade s . T h is r e su l t f ur ther s t h e h ypo thes is o f t he s i gn if icance o f r aw ma ter ia l s t ruc ture w ith r egard t o t he d egree o f man ipu la t ion wh ich c an b e a t ta ined w ith a g i ven t e chno logy .

T echno log ica l c harac ter is t ics o ft he k napp ing p roducts T he p rob lem o fi d en t ify ing q ua r tz d eb i tage b eg in s w i th t he d i ff icu l ty i n r e cogn is ing t he b lank s wh ich a re o f ten mo rpho log ica l ly d i f feren t t o t hose i n f l in t , o bs id ian , e t c , a nd wh ich ,i no u ro p in ion , s hou ld b ec on s ide red a s r e su l t ing f r om t h ed i f f e ren t manne r i n wh ich t h e r aw ma ter ia l r e ac ts t op e rcu s s ion . We a l so b e l ieve t here i s ac l o se r e la t ionsh ip b e tween morpho s t ruc ture , t e chn ica l t r ea tmen t a nd f i na l p roduc t ( L lana 1 989 ; V i l la r 1 989 ) .

T he u se o fq uar tz a nd c oa r se -gra ined q uar tz i te i n t h e Uppe r P a laeo l i th ic i n G a l ic ia a nd A s tur ia s i s s im i lar t o t ha t o b served b yD ema r s ( 1982 ) f o r t h e Upper P a laeo l i th ic i n s ome F rench r eg ion s . We h ave s hown a p a t tern i n r aw ma ter ia l s e lec t ion w ith in t he d ivers ity o f ma ter ia ls a va i lab le i n t he e nv ironmen t , i n wh ich t he p a r t icu la r l i tho log ica l v ar ie ty c ho sen d epend s o n t he b lank s i ze a nd t ype t ob e made .

O ne o ft h e mo s tp rom inen tc ha rac ter is t ic so ft h ese b lank s i s t h e g ene ra l ly f l a ta ppea rance o ft h e ir v en t ra l s u r faces d ue t o t h ea b sence o fb u lba rd eve lopmen ta nd p e rcu s s ion c one . I ti s n eces sa ry t of i nd o the r f ea tures o n t he v en t ra l s urface t o p rov ide t e chn ica l i n fo rma t ion a s t he b u t t i s n o t a lways p resen t ( f rac tured , u nrecogn isab le e t c . ) . I n a dd i t ion t o t ho se f ea tures p roduced i n t he k napp ing p rocess wh ich p rov ide s uch i n fo rma t ion ( r ough e dges , p ercu s s ion r i pp les ) , t h ere a r e t wo mo re p re sen t i nq ua r tz :

T he morpho logy o f t he n odu le h a s i mp l ica t ions f o r t h e k napp ing p rocess . The t e chn ica l t r ea tmen t d i f fe rs f o r p r isma t ic a nd n on -p r isma t ic n odu le s ( bou lder s , f r agmen t s , e t c .) . P r isma t ic n odu les : t h ese h ave a s e r ie s o f n a tura l f ea tures mak ing t hem s u i tab le a s c o res r equ ir ing l i t t le p repa ra t ion , a s t hey h ave f l a t s urfaces wh ich c ause s t ra igh t e dges p rov id ing n a tu ra l g u ide l ine s f o r f l ake r emova l , a s n o ted b y C a rba l lo a t E l P endo ( 1957 ) . T hey a re u sua l ly l i t t le a l tered a nd r equ ire n o c or tex r emova l o r p r io r p repa ra t ion , a nd t he ma jor i ty a r e ma te r ia ls wh ich h ave n o g ra in a nd p lane , o ro n ly p l ane . L a rge p r isms w e re u sua l ly b roken i n to s ma l ler f r agmen t s wh ich w ere e i the r r e touched , o r f r om wh ich s t anda rd ized b lank s w ere o b ta ined . T h is p roce ss , wh ich we c a l l ' f rac tur ing t he p r ism ' wa s a ch ieved b y p ercuss ion , p erpend icu la r o r a t as l igh t ly o b l ique a ng le t o t h e ma jor a x is o f t h e n odu le . T hus , t h e r e s is tence o f t h e ma ter ia l t o f r ac ture was mo re e a s i ly o vercome a nd l ong i tud ina l r emova ls made p o ss ib le .

-A t i ny b u lba r s ca ro n t h e p rox ima l a rea o ft h ev en tra l f a ce , f o rmed a s ar e su l to ft h ed e tachmen to f as ma l l f l ake a t t h e momen t o f r emova l a nd p o ss ib ly a s ac onsequence o f t h e i mpac t . T here i so f ten at i ny ' l i p ' i nt h e p rox ima l a rea . A s a r e su l t , t h e v en t ra l f a ce a ppea r s s l igh t ly h o l low i n t he a rea w here t h e b u lb a nd s t r ik ing c one wou ld n orma l ly b e e xpec ted . -I nt he c a se o f t h ick b l ank s o f h ya l ine q ua r tz , p roduced b y h a rd h amme r( impac t p o in tp resen t ) , as er ies o f r ad ia l l i ne s c onve rg ing a tt h e i mpac t p o in t d eve lop o n t h e v en tra l f ace . I n o ur o p in ion , t h is i s ar e su l t o f p ercuss ion o n p ure a nd h omogeneou s ma ter ia l . T hu s , when t h is s ur face i ss t ruck a n e f fec t i sp roduced s im i la r t ot ha t wh ich o ccu r s when i ce i s s t ruck ( a s e r ies o f r ad ia t ing l i nes e x tend ing a cross t he s u r face f r om t h e i mpac t p o in t ) .

I ng enera l , t h ef i r s t s t ep i n f r ac tur ing t h e p r isma t ic n odu le wa s t or emove t h et op o f t he p r ism t op roduce ap y ram ida l f r agmen t wh ich c an b e u sed a s b lade le t c o re o r a n e nd s c rape r . S ome o f t h e med ium -s ized f r agmen ts o f r egu la r morpho logy , wh ich may b e c a l led ' p r ism t a b le ts ' , a r e t h ick a nd d iame tr ica l ly f r ac tured , a nd w ere u sed a s p r isma t ic b lade le t c o res . O the r i r regu la r , med ium -s ized f r agmen t s h ave b een a ch ieved t h rough o b l ique p ercus s ion . Sma l ler p r isms we re p referen t ia l ly u sed a s b lade le t c o res . T he se w e re a ch ieved b y f r ac tur ing t h e p r ism a ta na ng le t op roduce ap la tfo rm f r om w h ich b l ade le t sc an b e r emoved .

I ft h e se l i th ic i ndus tr ie s w e re d escr ibed o n t h e b a s is o f t he p redom inan t b lank u s ing s t r ic t ly me tr ica l c r i ter ia , f l ake b l ank s wou ld d om ina te . B u t , b y c ons ide r ing t h e s t ruc ture o ft h e se f l ake b lank s , i tc an b e s een t h a t , a l though t h e l eng th d oes n o t e xceed t w ice t h e w id th , ah igh p ercen tage h ave a b l ade type s t ruc ture w i th a tl e a s t o ne g u id ing r i dge o n t he d orsa l f ace a nd t r iangu lar a nd t r apezo ida l s ec t ions . C onsequen t ly , o ne s hou ld c ons ider t hese b lanks a s t e chn ica l ly c lo ser t o b l ade le t s , a nd t h erefo re , i t i s n o t 4 4

C .L lana a nd R . V i l lar

T he f o l low ing o b se rva t ions h ave b een made o n d i fferen t t oo l t ype s , s pec if ica l ly t ho se wh ich a r e q uan t ita t ive ly b e s t r ep resen ted i nt h e A s tu r ian c o l lec t ions :

s uff ic ient t o c ons ider t hese i ndus tr ies a s made p redom inan t ly o n f l akes . F or tea n o ted s ome th ing s im i la r i n Med i ter ranean E p ipa laeo l i th ic i ndus t r ies ( 1970 , 1 973 ) a nd p ropo sed t h e t e rm ' b lade l ike f l akes ' f o r t h ese b l ank s . We h ave c onf irmed t h e ir p re sence i n as e r ie s o f d i f f eren t c u ltura l a t tr ibu t ions w i th in t he t he Upper P a laeo l i th ic ( L lana , V i l la r &F er n andez 1 989 ) .

-B ur in g roup s : t h ey t end t o b e o n ma ter ia ls w i thou t g ra in o r p l ane ( NN ) o r w i thou t g ra in a nd w i th p lane ( NS ) . -E nd s c rape r s : t h ese a re l e ss d emand ing i n r aw ma ter ia l r equ iremen t s a nd d emons t ra te a g rea ter u se o f ma ter ia ls w i th p l ane ( w i thou t g ra in a nd w i th p lane [ NS ] , w i th g ra in a nd p lane [ SS ]) . However , e nd s crapers w i th l am ina r r e touch a r ea s soc ia ted w i th ma ter ia l w i thou t g ra in o r p lane ( NN ) .

I nq uar tz a s semb lages b lank d imen s ions a r e g r ea t ly r e duced a nd ,a sy e t , w e h ave f ound n o t r ue b lades i n q ua r tz , o n ly b lade le ts ( by T ix ier 's d ef in i t ion , T ix ier 1 980 ) . S ome a u tho r s ( e .g . S t rau s 1 980 ) f e e l t h a tt h is i sd ue t ot h e s i ze o f t he o r ig ina l n odu le ; r aw ma ter ia l i n t he f o rm o f s ma l l n odu les p reven ts t he p roduc t ion o f b lades a nd b ecome s a r aw ma ter ia l c ons tra in t . T h is i n terpre ta t ion wou ld e xp la in , f o r e xamp le , t h e p resence o f b lade l ike f l ake s i n p lace o f t r ue b lade s . B u t c a refu l a na ly s is r evea ls t h a t t h is q ues t ion o f d imens ion h a s n o t b een s o lved ; t h e re i s n o t a lway s ar e la t ionsh ip b e tween s ma l l t oo l s i ze a nd t h e s i ze o ft he a va i lab le r aw ma te r ia l .

C on sequen t ly , t h e t oo l t ype sd es ired a nd t h e t e chn ica l l e ve l r equ ired , c ond i t ion t he d i f fe ren t ia l u se o f t he v a r ious r ock t ype sa va i lab le i nt he e nv ironmen t . I n o ther wo rds , f r om a r ange o f p o ss ib le r aw ma ter ia l a va i lab le i n ag iven r eg ion , t ho se s u i tab le f o r t he t e chn iques t o b e u sed a nd t h e t oo l t ype st ob e made , w e re c ho sen ,a sh a sa l ready b een o b se rved b y R as i l la V ives ( 1984 ) . Th is p rocess , a s w e h ave d emon s t ra ted , i se v iden t w i th in e ach t ype o f l i th ic ma te r ia l .

The q ues t ion s hou ld r ema in o pen . A t t h e momen t w e c ons ider t he h ypo thes is t ha t r aw ma ter ia l , wh i le n o t i mpos ing u nequ ivoca l b ehav iour , d oes p ose c er ta in c ond i t ions t ha t h umans , u s ing a h igh ly d eve loped t e chno logy ,h ave b een a b le t oo ve rcome . T hus , w ha t a tf i r s t a ppea r s t ob e ap oo r ly d eve loped k napp ing t e chn ique may h ave b een t he mo s t a pp ropr ia te a nd e f f ic ien t f o r ar aw ma ter ia l w ith n umerous f r ac tu re p l anes wh ich p reven t o r h inde r an o rma l s equence o ff l ake r emova ls . I ti si mpor tan t t o f i nd c r i ter ia t o s epa ra te t h e c oncep t s o f mac ro l i th ic a nd m icro l i th ic , a s b o th t e rms l o se t h e ir s i gn if icance w hen s t udy ing q ua r tz a s semb lage s ; i ns uch i ndu s t r ie s , t h a t wh ich wou ld b e c ons idered mac ro may b e c lo se r t ot h a t wh ich i n f l in ti n dus t r ies wou ld b e c on s ide red a s m icro .

R ef erences B er na ldo d e Q u i r6 s , F . , C ab re ra , V . , C acho , C . & V ega , L .G . 1 981 . P royec to d e a nä l is is t e cn ico p a ra l a s i ndus t r ia s M ica s . T raba jos d eP reh is tor ia ,3 8 : 9 -37 . B lanco G a rc ia ,C . &L lana , ( i n p ress ) . E s tud io d e l a s v a r iab le s mor foes truc tu ra les e n s e is y ac im ien tos p a leo l i t icos . Me todo d e c omponen tes p r inc ip a les . A c tas X IV J ornadas H ispano lusas d e Ma tem i t icas . F acu l tad d e Ma temä t ica s , Un ive r s idad d eL aL aguna . B o rde s , F . 1 96 1 . T ypo log ie d u P a leo l i th ique A nc ien e t Moyen . B o rdeaux : D e lma s C ab re ra V a ldes , V . 1 984 . E l Y ac im ien to d e l a C ueva d e l C as t i l lo ( Puen te V iesgo , S an tander ) . B ib l io teca P raeh is to r ica H ispana , v o l 2 2 . Mad r id . C a rba l lo , J . 1 957 . I nves t igac iones P reh is tär icas . S an tande r : Mu seo P rov inc ia l d e P reh is to r ia . D ema r s , P .Y . 1 982 . L 'u t i l isa t ion d u s i lex a u P a leo l i th ique s uper ieur : c ho ix , a pprov is ionemen t , c i rcula t ion . L 'exemp le d u B ass in d e B r ive . P a r is : C ah iers d u Q ua ter na i re 5 . D ema r s , P .Y . 1 985a . L 'app rov is ionemen t e n ma tr iaux l i th iques a u P a leo l i th ique d an s l eB a ss in d e B r ive e t l e s &p lacemen t s d e p opu la t ion s . R evue A rcheo log ique d e C en tre d el aF rance , 2 4 (1) : 9 -16 . D ema r s , P .Y . 1 985b . L ' econom ie d us i lex a u P a leo l i th ique d an s l eB a s s in d e B r ive . B u l le t in d e l a S oc ie te S c ien t if ique , H is tor ique e tA rcheo log ique d el aC orrä ze , CV I I : 1 7 -44 . F e rnandez R od r iquez ,C . 1 989 . I den t zf icac iön y A nä l is is d e l a f auna d e ly ac im ien to P a leo l i t ico d e l a Cueva d e AV a l i r ia ( Lugo ) . Unpub l ished Memo r ia d e L icenc ia tura , U n ive r s i ty o f S an t iago . F o r tea , J . 1 970 . L ac ueva d el aP a l ica . S er rän ( An ta s ) . A vance a l e s tud io d e l E p ipa leo l i t ico Med i terräneo E spano l . S a lamanca , U n ive r s i ty o f S a lamanca . F o r tea , J . 1 973 . L os c omp le jo s m ic ro lam ina res y g eome tr ico s d e l E p ipa leo l i t ico Med i ter räneo E spano l . S a lamanca , Un ive r s i ty o f S a lamanca . L ap lace , G . 1 966 . R eche rche s s ur l ' or ig ine e t l ' evo lu t ion d e s c omp lexe l e p to l i th iques . P a r is . L lana , C . 1 988 . L a s m a te r ia s p r ima s d e l P a leo li t ico s upe r io r G a l lego : e l g rupo d e l c ua rzo . Unpub l ished p ape r , Un ive r s i ty o f S an t iago . L iana ,C . 1 989a . O rdenac ion d e l ad emanda d e ma ter ia p r ima e n e l P a leo l i t ico s upe r io r d e G a l ic ia y A s tur ias : l o s ma te r ia les d e l g rupo d e l c ua rzo n o -s i lex . Unpub l ished Memo r ia d e L icenc ia tu ra , Un ive r s i ty o fS an t iago .

L e t u s n ow c on s ide rs t r ik ing p l a t fo rms . Co r t ica l , p l a in a nd f ace ted a re t he mo s t r ep resen ta t ive t ypes a l ong w i th t h e a b sence o fp la tforms ( of ten b roken ) . C or t ica l p l a tfo rms a re p r e sen ti n ad ive r se r ange o fr aw ma ter ia ls o nw h ich i ti s p oss ib le t o u se t h e ir n a tura l p la tforms . I t s hou ld b e r emembered t ha t q ua r tz w a s v e ry o f ten u sed b ecause o f i t s l im i ted s urface a l tera t ion . T h is e xp la ins t h e f r equen t p re sence o f c o r t ica l p la tforms w h ich a re u nre la ted t o t h e morphos t ruc tu re o f t h e ma ter ia l . P la in p la tforms , w h ich a re t h e mo s t c ommon , a nd c o r t ica l p la tforms a re t h e o n ly t wo t ypes f ound o n ma ter ia ls w i th g ra in . The p resence o f g ra in i n t he mo rpho s truc tu re , i r re spec t ive o fs i ze ,d oes n o th inde rt h ea ch ievemen to ft h e se p la tforms . F ace ted p la t fo rms r e qu ire a g rea te r r e f inemen t i n morphos truc ture ; mo s t o f t h ese p la t fo rms a r e f ound o n ma ter ia l w ithou t g ra in o r p lane , a nd i n ag enera l o n ma ter ia ls w i thou t g ra in . T he r equ iremen t o f as pec if ic ma ter ia l o n wh ich t o p repa re f a ce ted p la tfo rms i sc ohe ren t w i th t h e r e la t ionsh ip o b served b e tween d i f feren t t ypes o f r e touch a nd morpho s t ruc tura l d emand s . Abrup t , s em i -abrup t , a nd s imp le r e touch a ppea r t o b e t h e o n ly r e touch t ypes a ch ieved o n ma ter ia l w i th g ra in , w h i le t h ere s eems t o b e ac l ea r t endency f o r l am ina r a nd f l a t r e touch t o b e r e s t r ic ted t o ma te r ia ls w ithou t g ra in ( we r efer s o le ly t o q ua r tz a nd c oar se -gra ined q uar tz ite ma ter ia ls ) .

4 5

C .L iana a nd R .V i l lar

L iana , C . ( i n p re s s ) . A lguna s c on s ide rac iones e conOnom ica s d e l P a leo l i t ico s uper io r at r ave sd e l o sc ua r zo s yc ua rc i ta s d eg rano g , rue so . G a l laec ia . L iana , C . & S o to , M .M . 1 989 . C ova d a V a ll i : la ( Cas t rove rde , L ugo ) . U ny ac im ien to d e lP a leo l f t ico s uper io r i n ic ia l e n G a l ic ia ( Campa i ia sd e 1 987 y 1 988 ) . Unpub l ished p ape r , Un ive r s i ty o f S an t iago . L iana , C . , V i l la r , R . &F e rnandez , C . 1 989 . Una a p rox imac i6n a le s tud io t i po lOg ico , mo r foe s t ruc tu ra l yt e cno lOg ico d e l o s m a te r ia le s d e l g rupo d e l c uarzo d e l P a leo l i t ico s upe r io r d epos i tados e n e l Museo A rqueo lOg ico d e O v iedo . U npub l ished p ape r , U n ive r s i ty o fS an t iago . N e i ra C ampo s , A . 1 987 . Nueva s e v idenc ias d e P a leo l i t ico s upe r io r e n l aP rov in c ia d e L eon . T ierras d e L e6n , 6 9 : 1 09 -125 . R a s i l la V ive s , M . d e l a 1 984 . Me todo log ia d e t r aba jo p a ra e l e s tud io d e l a s p un ta s s o lu t ren se s . P r imeras J ornadas d e Me todo log ia d eI nves t igac idn P reh is tdr ica . S or ia 1 98 1 , Mad r id ,M in is te r io d eC u l tu ra . S t rau s , L .G . 1 980 . T he R o le o f R aw Ma ter ia ls i n L i th ic A s semb lage V a r iab i l i ty . L i th ic T echno logy , 9 (3 ) : 6 8 7 2 . S t rau s , L .G . 1 983 . E lS o lu tren se V a sco -Can tdbr ico . U na n ueva p er spec t iva . Mad r id : M in is teno d e C u l tu ra . C en t ro d e I n ve s t igac iOn y Museo d e A l tam i ra , monog ra f ia n o .10 . S t raus , L .G . &C la rk , G .A . 1 986 . L aR iera C ave . S tone a ge h un te r -ga therer a dap ta t ion si nn or thern S pa in . A r izona : A r izona S ta te U n iver s i ty . An th ropo lgoc ia l R e sea r ch P ape r s , n o . 3 6 . T ix ie r , J . , I n izan , M .L . & R oche , H . 1 980 . P rdh is to ire d e l a P ier r eT a i lW eI . T erm ino log ie e t T echno log ie . P a r is : C .R .E .P T ix ie r , J . e t a l . 1 984 . P rdh is tor ie d e l a P ier re T a i l ld e E conom ie d u D eb i tage L am ina ire : T echno log ie e t E xper imen ta t ion . P a r is : C .R .E .P . U t r i l la , P . 1 98 1 . E l Magda len iense I nf er ior yMed io e n l aC os ta C an tabr ica . S an tande r : M In is te r io d e Cu l tu ra , C en t ro d e I n ves t igac iOn y Museo d e A l ta tn i ra , monog ra f ia n o . 3 . V azquez V a re la , J .M . & D iaz , X . 1 974 . F orma s t emp ranas G a l lego -Por tugue sa s , Cuadernos d e l S em inar io d e E s tud io s C e räm ico s d e S a rgade lo s , n o . 1 . V i l la r Q u in te i ro , R . 1 989 . C las if icac iön T ipo l6g ica d e l a I ndu s tr ia lU t ica d e l Y ac im ien to d e lP a leo l i t ico s uper ior d e l a C ueva d e A V a l i r ia ( Cas troverde , L ugo ) . U npub l ished Memo r ia d e L icenc ia tu ra , U n ive r s idad d e S an t iago .

4 6

C . L iana a nd R . / 2 1 1 dr 1 00

1 LOSETA

7 5

2 5 -

0

NN

NTS

morphos tructure

s f i g 1

SN

1 00

ARNELA

I I

F lakes 7 5

' I .

5 0

2 5

0

N N

N S

o

SN morphostructure c ompos it ion + t o ta l

S S

f i g 2

1 00

R IERA B lades

7 5

* / .

5 0

2 5

0

NN o

N S SN morphostruc ture c ompos it ion + d etrac t ion

47

S S

f i g 3

E xp lana t ions h ave t r ad it iona l ly p o in ted t o ar e la t ionsh ip w i th c o re s i ze , o r r a ther t he s i ze o f t h e a va i lab le r aw ma ter ia ls , f i r s t f o rmu la ted b y C onde d e l aV ega d e l S e l la ( 1915 ) . S traus ( 1980 ) s ugges ted t ha t t oo l s i ze was c ond i t ioned b y t h e r aw ma ter ia l . O the r s s e e ap rob lem o f g rea ter c omp lex i ty : r aw ma ter ia l a va i lab le i n t he e nv ironmen t , t h e d e s ired t oo l , t h e t e chn ique e mp loyed e t c . ( U tr i l la 1 981 ; R a s i l la 1 984 ) .

MORPHOSTRUCTURAL VARIABLES AND THE ANALYS IS OF THEIR EFFECT ON QUARTZ BLANK CHARACTER IST ICS

A . Ma r t inez C o r t i7A s a nd C . L lana D epar tamen to d eH i s to r ia I ,U n ive r s idad d eS an t iago d e C ompos te la

How i s t ex tu ra l v a r ia t ion i n r aw ma ter ia ls r ef lec ted i n s t one t oo ls? We w i l l a dd re ss t h is q ues t ion w i th p ar t icu la r r e ference t o q uar tz a nd c oa r se -gra ined q uar tz i te . We p ropose t o e xam ine t he r e la t ionsh ip b e tween ma jor a x is /m ino r a x is / th ickness , a nd c er ta in mo rpho s truc tu ra l v a r iab le s o ft h er aw ma ter ia l ( g ra in a nd p l ane ) .

I ntroduct ion A t t he e nd o f t h e n ine teen th c en tury , i np o s s ib ly t he f i r s t s t udy o f t h e P a laeo l i th ic o f Ga l ic ia , V i l la -Am i l y C as tro e xposed t h e c omp lex i ty i nvo lved i n t h e i nves t iga t ion o f l i th ic i ndus t r ies wh ich w ere f undamen ta l ly i n q uar tz . Wh i le h e a po log ised f o r b e ing u nab le t o make a c on tr ibu t ion t owa rds s i tes w ith f l in t a s semb lages , h e e xp la ined t h er o le o fi ndus t r ie s made i nn on -f l in t ma ter ia ls ( V i l la -Am i l yC as tro 1 873 ) .

Ma ter ia l a nd me thod s T he s t udy w a sb a sed o n t h e l i th ic i n du s t r ie s o f f our Upper P a laeo l i th ic s i te s , t wo i n A s tur ia s ( L lo se ta a nd L a R iera ) a nd t wo i n G a l ic ia ( Arne la I I a nd A V a l ina ) . T h is c ho ice p rov ides a r e l iab le r ep resen ta t ion o f t he f our t ex tura l g roups o f r aw ma ter ia l c on s ide red a nd a l so i n c ludes f our d i f feren t l i tho log ica l c on tex t s .

T he a b sence o f f l in t t oo ls c on t inued t o b e ap rob lem i n t wen t ie th c en tu ry s t ud ies ; t he re w a s n o e v idence o f t he Upper P a laeo l i th ic u p to t he m idd le o f t he t wen t ie th c en tury a nd t he l a ck o f f l in t p ers is ted i n Ga l ic ian c o l lec t ion s : " Que ' s ' es t i l p a ssee d an s u n r eg ion v er i tab le F in is te r re s ans s i lex e t p eu d es irab le a ux P a leo l ith iques s upe r ieu r s? " ( Breu i l &Z by szewsk i 1 942 ) .

Ou r a pp roach w a s ag ene ra l a na ly s is o f t h e h ypo the t ica l r e la t ionsh ip b e tween r aw ma ter ia l a nd d imens ion . We s t ud ied t h e p a t ter no ft h e c o l lec t ion s a s aw ho le t a k ing e ach s i te s epa ra te ly a nd d i s t ingu ish ing o n ly b e tween f l ake a nd b l ade b l ank s . We s t ud ied 3 75 p i ece s i n t o ta l : 3 08 f l ake s a nd 6 7b l ade s .

The f i r s t Upper P a laeo l ith ic s i tes i n Ga l ic ia were d ocumen ted i n t h e s even t ies ( Ram i l S one ira 1 971; R am i l S one i ra & Vazquez V a re la 1 976 ; A lonso d e l R ea l & Vazquez V a re la 1 976 ) , h igh l igh t ing t he p rob lem i n a mo re d ef in i te manne r . T he t oo ls o f t h is p er iod w e re made o n a r ange o f r aw ma ter ia ls , among t hem f l in t , b u t more p redom inan t w ere t hose i n q ua r tz a nd c oa r se -gra ined q ua r tz i t e . T he i mp l ica t ions t ha t t h e g enera l u se o f t hese r ock s c ou ld h ave o n a n a ssemb lage w ere f i rs t n o ted b y V azquez Va re la a nd D iaz ( 1974 ) . T he work o f V i l la r ( 1989 , 1 989b ) p rov ided t he f i r s t c onc lus ions a bou t t he c ha rac ter is t ics o f t hese i ndus tr ies . I n p a r t icu lar , w i th r ega rd t o t he p rob lem w e a r e p resen t ly a ddress ing , h e c onf irmed t he s ma l l d imens ion s o f mo s t o f t he t oo ls . At t h e s ame t ime , s t ud ies o n r aw ma ter ia l d emand i n t he G a l ic ian P a laeo l i th ic r evea led a r e la t ionsh ip b e tween v a r iab i l ity i n b lank d imens ion a nd mo rphos truc tura l c ha rac ter is t ic s o ft h e r aw ma te r ia l .

A s men t ioned a bove ,r aw ma ter ia l w a s c l a s s if ied a cco rd ing t o morpho s t ruc tu ra l v a r iab les : g ra in ( G ) , p l ane ( P ) wh ich f orms f ou r g roup s a cco rd ing t ot h e p r e sence o r a b sence o f e ach v a r iab le ( NN=gra in a b sen t , p l ane a b sen t ; NY= g ra in a b sen t , p l ane p resen t ; YN= g ra in p resen t , p lane a b sen t ; YY= g ra in p resen t , p lane p re sen t ( L lana 1 988 ) . T he d imens ion s s t ud ied w ere t h e ma jo r a x is ( EMA ) t h e m ino r a x is ( EME ) a nd t h e t h icknes s ( E ) . S ta t is t ica l me thods a pp l ied w ere mu l t ifac to r a na lys is o f v a r iance , o neway a nova a nd t e s to fT ukey a sr a nge a na lys is o f t he s ign if icant d ifferences among p a ir s ( morpho s t ruc tu ra l t ype s a nd s i te s ) . R esu l ts a nd d i scuss ion

T he a na lys is h a s b een e x tended t o t he q ua r tz a nd c oa r se g r a ined q ua r tz i te c o l lec t ion s i nt h e Ov iedo A rchaeo log ica l Mu seum a nd i nd ica tes t ha t , a l though t h e p ropor t ions o f r aw ma ter ia ls d i ffer , t he s ame g enera l p a t tern o f e xp lo i ta t ion e x is t s a s i nG a l ic ia ( L lana 1 989 ; L lana , V i l la r &F ernandez 1 989 ) . We a re n o t d ea l ing w i th a d if feren t ia l a s pe c to f t h e G a l ic ian P a laeo l i th ic , b u t t h e re s eems t o b e a s ha red c r i te r ia i nt h e managemen t o f , a nd d emand f o r r aw m a ter ia l .

Ef ec t s o f morphos truc tura l v ar iab les . T ab le 1s hows t h e mu l t ifac tor a na lys is o f v a r iance f o r t h e r e la t ionsh ip b e tween mo rpho -s t ruc tu ra l v a r iab le s a nd t he d imen s ions o fq ua r tz a nd q ua rz t i te b l ank s . G ra in a nd p l ane a f fec tt h e t h ree d imen s ion s mea su red ( t h icknes s , ma jo r a x is a nd m ino ra x is ) . W i th r ega rd t ot h ickne s s , g r a in a nd p l ane a r e i ndependen t v ar iab le s a nd c onsequen t ly a dd i t ive , w h i le l e ng th a x is i ss imu l taneous ly c ond i t ioned b y t h e p re sence o f g ra in a nd p lane s o t ha t i ti s i mpo ss ib le t o s epa ra te t h e e f fec ts o f e i ther v a r iab le a s t h e l ow p robab i l i ty o f t h e i n terac t ion t e rm d emon s t ra tes . E xp re s sed a s m ean v a lue s , t h e s equence s o f mo rpho s truc tura l t ypes f o r t h e t h ree d imen s ions a r e ( s ee a l so f i g .1) :

T he e x is tence o f al i nk b e tween r aw ma ter ia l t ype a nd t oo l d imens ion h a s b een e s tab l ished f o r b o th A s tur ia s a nd C an tabr ia . Q ua r tz i te w a s u sed f o r t he ' s ub s t ra tum ' t oo ls , w h i le f l in t w as u sed f o r t he Upper P a laeo l ith ic o nes ( U tr i l la 1 98 1 ; S t rau s & C la rk 1 986 ) . Mo re p rec ise ly , l a rge p i eces w ere g enera l ly manufac tured i n c oa rse -gra ined m a ter ia ls ( U t r i l la 1 98 1; C abrera V a ldes 1 984 ; S t raus & C la rk 1 986 ) .

-T h ickness : NNs t ep f r a c tu r es

1 49

2 6 .9

1 4 .06

2 5

% f unc t iona l e dge

1 48

8 6 .2 1

1 5 .66

9 0

W :Th

1 29

2 . 09

. 6 8

1 . 97

L :W

1 49

1 . 65

. 3 2

1 . 7

3 6 3 02 2 0

5

7 2

6 7

4 0

8 72

8 32

5

4 8

4 3

0

6 0

6 0

0

7 3

7 3

1 00

6 9

3 1 1 . 05

6 . 11

5 .06

, 2

2 . 8

2 .6

T ab le 1 7 , O x igeno f l in t u n iface s /b if ac es : m e tr ica l s t a t is t ics N =

mean

S D

m ed ian

min

m ax

r a nge

l e ng th ( mm )

1 5

16 .48

3 1 .09

1 03

7 1

I 8 3

12

w id th ( mm )

1 5

6 9 .9 3

1 6 .15

6 9

4 1

9 5

5 4

t h icknes s ( mm)

1 4

3 8 .79

8 .54

4 0 .5

2 4

5 2

2 8

1 5

3 94 .33

2 70 .46

3 84

1 02

9 97

8 95

#f l ake s c a r s

1 5

2 4 .27

1 4 .32

2 1

3

5 3

5 0

% i n va s ive s ca r s

1 5

1 7 .07

1 4 .9

1 3

4

6 7

6 3

% s t ep f r ac tu r e s

1 5

2 5 .4

1 2 .6

2 5

4

5 1

4 7

% f unc t iona l e dge

1 5

8 3 .6

1 2 .76

8 7

6 2

1 00

3 8

W :Th

1 4

1 . 86

. 3 4

1 . 8

1 . 32

2 .43

1 . 11

LW

1 5

1 . 69

. 3 6

1 . 7

1 . 2

1.5

1 . 3

w e igh t

( g )

T ab le 1 8 . O x igeno q uar tz i te b i f ac es : m e t r ica l s t a t i s t ics r ange

m in

m ax

l e ng th ( mm )

1 78

5 3 .8 1

1 6 .88

5 1

2 0

1 24

1 04

w id th ( mm )

1 78

4 6 .27

1 8 .89

4 3

I0

1 44

1 34

t h icknes s ( mm )

1 78

1 5 .75

7 .5

1 5

5

5 0

4 5

w e igh t ( g )

1 77

6 2 .4 4

7 9 .84

3 7

4

6 58

6 54

%r e touched e dg e

1 70

4 4 .04

1 6 .7

4 1

1 2

1 00

8 8

N =

m ean

SD

m ed ian

T ab le 1 9 . O x igeno f l ak e t oo ls : m e t r ica l s t a t is t ic s m ax

r ange

l eng th ( mm)

2 10

8 0 .36

2 3 .85

7 7

2 9

1 62

1 33

w id th ( mm )

2 10

5 8 .7 7

1 6 .73

5 9

1 5

1 09

9 4

w e igh t ( g )

2 09

2 02 .26

2 4 ,19

1 48

1 8

I1 43

125

#f l ak e s c a r s

2 09

6

3 .40

5

1

2 2

#s t ep f r ac tu res

2 10

2

1 . 92

1

0

1 6

1 6

s ca r l e ng th

2 10

3 3 .5

8 1

7 2

s ca rw id th

2 10 2 09

N =

s t ep f r a c tu re s

m ean

SD

m ed ian

m in

2 1

1 3 .76

3 /

9

3 4 .68

1 2 .46

3 4

I0

8 4

7 4

2 6 .76

2 4 .19

/ 5

0

1 ( X )

1 00

T ab le 2 0 . O x igeno c o r e s : m e t r ica l s t a t is t ic s

1 24

a dscr ip t ion a s N eander tha ls ( Ar suaga & B ermudez d e

THE ROLE AND APPRA ISAL OF QUARTZ ITE AND OTHER NON -FLINT L ITH IC MATER IALS I N

C a s t ro 1 984 ) .

THE LO WER AND MIDDLE PALAEOLITH IC OF VALENCIA

T he l i th ic ma ter ia l , o n ly t wo f l ake s , i si n f l in t .

T he se a r e

s ma l l a nd t ypo log ica l ly f i t i n aWürm ien c h rono logy . J .F e rnandez -Pe r is* a nd V . V i l lave rde**

3 . L as F uen tes ( Navarris , Va lenc ia )

* H e rmano s V i l la longa , V a lenc ia . " Depa r tamen to d e P reh is to r ia y A rqueo log ia , Un ive rs i ta t d e V a lenc ia

L a sF uenc te si sa n o pen a i r s i te i na n a nc ien t l a cus t r ine a r ea f r om wh ich a n umber o f c o l lec t ion s h ave b een g a thered s i nce t h e c ons truc t ion o f a n a r t if ic ia l d am b egan ( Apa r ic io

T he p urpo se o f t h is p ap er i st o a s se s s t he i mpo r tance o f

1 974 ; V i l laverde 1 984 ) .

q ua r tz ite a nd n on-f l in t s t one i n L ower a nd M idd le P a laeo l i th ic s i te s i n t he V a lenc ia r eg ion . I ts hou ld f i r s t b e

T echno log ica l ly a nd t ypo log ica l ly t h e i ndus t ry , i n o ne o f

p o in ted o u t t h a t , u n l ike o t he r a rea s i nt h e P en in su la , t h e se

t h es e r ie ss t ud ied , i sC ha ren t ian w ith 8 8 .3% o f t he wo rked

r aw ma ter ia ls w e re l i t t le u sed , p e rhap s b ecause t h e k nown s i te s a re s i tua ted c lose t of l in t o u tc rop s .

p i eces i nf l in ta nd 1 .7% i n q uar tz i te . T he i ndu s t ry i so ne

T herefo re , r a ther

o f s ma l l d imens ions : 7 5% o f t h e p i ece s b e tween 2 -4cm i n

t h an e va lua t ing t he e xp lo i ta t ion o f t h ese n on -f l in t r ocks w e w i l l d i scu ss why t h ey w e re s o r a re ly u sed .

b o th l e ng th a nd w id th a nd e8 9% a re f l a t .

We w i l l

s t ar t w i th a n a na lys is o f t h e d i f feren t s i te s , e va lua te t h e

T he re a re n o i mpor tan t d if ferences b e tween t he f l in t a nd

mo rphome t r ic c ha rac ter is t ic s o ft h e i n dus t r ie s a nd c ons ide r

q ua r tz i te p i eces , n e i ther t ypo log ica l ly n o r i n s i ze .

t h e o u tc rop d i s t r ibu t ion o ft h e se d i f f e ren t r ock s i nt h e s ame g eograph ic e nv ironmen t .

b iased b y h uman s e lec t ion .

o f t h e r o le o f q ua r tz i te i n t h is s i te , a l though i th a s o ne o f t h eh ighe s tp ercen tages o fq ua r tz i te i n M idd le P a laeo l i th ic

Ab r ief r e v iew o ft he p r inc ipa l k nown s i te s i n t h e V a lenc ia

s i te s i nt h e V a lenc ia r eg ion . T he f i ne -gra ined , g ood q ua l i ty

r e g ion , t a ken i no rde rf r om n o r th t os ou th a nd b a sed ma in ly

q ua r tz i te i sg rey ish a nd d a rk b rown .

o n p ub l ished ma ter ia l ( f ig .1) , e s tab l ishes t he a bso lu te e xp lo i ta t ion o f

f l int

f or

t oo l

4 . T he S afor r eg ion s i tes

manufa c tur ed ur ing t h e p e r iod s i nq ue s t ion .

A t t h e momen t t here i sl i t t le i n forma t ion a va i lab le a bou t

1 . Cau d 'en B orras ( Orope sa , C as te 1 16n )

t hese s i tes b ecause t hey a re e i ther i n t he p rocess o f e xcava t ion o r t h ere a re o n ly i so la ted r e ferences t o t he

C au d 'en B or ra s i s as ma l l c av i ty w i th 5m o f b recc ia ted

c o l lec ted ma ter ia ls .

s ed imen t s , c ompo sed o fc l ay s a nd g rave ls w i th a l im i ted , b u t a ppa ren t ly t ypo log ica l ly e a r ly , i ndus try wh ich f i ts

Among t he se s i tes a re Cova F o radada ( O l iva , V a lenc ia ) ,

i n to t h ep ebb le t oo l c omp lex : ac o r e , t wo h amme r s tone s , a

w i th M idd le a nd Upper P a laeo l i th ic l e ve ls ( Apa r ic io e ta l .

c hoppe ra nd af l ake , a l l o n r o l led , l i me s tone b each p ebb le s .

1 979 ; Apa r ic io e ta l . 1 983 ) ; P enya R o ja ( Rö tova , V a lenc ia ) ,

T he s i t e h a s b een a ss igned b y i t s e xcava to r s t o t h e f i na l

a l so w i th M idd le a nd Upper P a laeo l i th ic l e ve ls ( Apa r ic io

M inde l o r M inde l-R iss ( Ca rbone l l e ta l . 1 979 )b a sed o nt he

e ta l . 1 979 ; Apar ic io e ta l . 1 983 ) ; Ab r ic d e C a r le s ( A lc ira ,

f auna w h ich i so f c l ea r b io s t ra t ig raph ic s i gn if icance a nd

V a lenc ia )

i n c lude sH em i t ragus b ona l i .

w ith

ma ter ia ls

a t tr ibu ted

t o t he

M idd le

P a laeo l i th ic ( F le tcher 1 982 ) ; a nd C ova d e l B o lomo r ( Taverne sd e V a l ld igna , Va lenc ia ) , w i th l e ve ls wh ich a re

B ear ing i n m ind t he s ma l l s amp le , t h e mo rphome tr ic c ha rac te r is t ics d i sp lay a h omogene i ty ( l eng th 6 1-89mm ,

p robab ly p re - Würm ian , P ro to -Cha ren t ian ( V i l laverde & Ma r t i 1 984 ) .

w id th 3 9 -76mm a nd t h ickne s s3 0 -63mm ) , p l ac ing i t among t h e med ium to -sma l l s i zed i n du s t r ie s . T he a ve rage b l ank i s

A l though p ercen tages a re n o t a va i lab le , n o r i s ad e ta i led

8 1 mm l o ng , 6 3mm w ide a nd 4 6mm t h ick . I ti sc l ea r t ha t

a s ses smen t r ega rd ing s i ze , t ypo lgoc ia l a nd r aw ma ter ia l

t h ec ho ice o fr aw ma ter ia l w a sn o tg ove rned b yt h e n eed f o r

c ha rac ter is t ic s o ft h ea s semb lages , t h e p resence o f q ua r tz i te

ma ter ia l o f ap a r t icu la r s i ze , b u t b y t h e p rox im i ty o f t h e n ea rby P l e is tocene b each w he re t h e a bundance o f t hese

a r tefac t s , e spec ia l ly i nt h e l a t te r t wo s i te s , h a s b een n o ted .

l imes tone p ebb le s f avou red t h e ir c o l lec t ion .

5 . Cova d e l aP e tx ina ( Be l lüs , Va lenc ia )

2 . Cova d e l T ossa l d e l aF on t ( V i l la fames , C as te l lön )

T h is i s as ma l l r ock s he lter o n t h e b ank s o f t h e A lba ida r i ve r2 km f r om C ova Negra . I tw a s e xcava ted b y V ine s i n

T h is i s aw e l l d eve loped i n ter na l c av i ty w i th 1 0 me t res o f

t he 3 0 s , b u t ar ev iew o f t he ma ter ia ls h a s e s tab l ished a t

b recc ia ted l e ve ls i n wh ich h uman r ema in s c o r re spond ing t o al e f t h umerus a nd a r i gh t c oxa l w e re f ound .

T herefo re , i t wou ld b e

i nadv isab le ,a tt h e momen t , t o make ac onc lus ive e va lua t ion

P r inc ipa l s i tes a nd r aw ma ter ia ls e xp lo i ted

d om inance o f t he

I t mu s t

b e r emembe red t h a t t he a ssemb lage i ss ma l l a nd i t may b e

l eas t

T he se w e re

t wo

i ndus tr ia l

P a laeo l ith ic :

i n i t ia l ly c l a ss if ied a s p re -Neande r tha l a nd c hrono log ica l ly a t t r ibu ted t o t h e R iss - Wü rm o r e a r ly Würm ( Gus i e t a l .

o ne

e ven ts

l ower ,

r e la ted

a t tr ibu ted

t o t he t o

M idd le

a F errass ie

C ha ren t ian d ue t o t he h igh p ercen tage o f L eva l lo is

1 980 & 1 984 ) a l though t h is wou ld n o t e l im ina te t h e ir 1 25

J .F e rnande z -Pens a nd V .V i l laverd e

t e chn ique ; t h e o the r , u pper , c l ea r ly l i nked t o t he u ppe r P a ra -Cha ren t ian o fC ova N eg ra

p en insu la ( V i l lave rde & F umana l i n p res s ; V ega e t a l . 1 988 ) .

T h e l i th ic a s semb lage c on s is t s o f 1 , 434 p ieces d i s t r ibu ted t h rough 1 0l e ve ls . Morphome t r ic a s ses smen t may b e made

Ana lys is o ft h e l i th ic ma te r ia l , i n dep endan t o f i t s c u l tu ra l a s s igna t ion , h igh l igh t s t he s ma l l s i ze o f t h e u n re touched i ndu s t ry ,7 5% o f wh ich i sb e tween 2 4cm i nl e ng th a nd 7 0%

f o r t h e f i r s t f ou r l e ve ls o n ly d ue t op auc i ty o f a r te fac t s i n t h er ema in ing l e ve ls . T he a s semb lage i ss ma l l i nd imen s ion ,

b e tween 2 -4cm i nw id th . V a r ia t ion s e en b e tween d i f f e ren t l e ve ls i sm in ima l a nd i n g ene ra l t h e p i ece s a r e s ho r t a nd

t e nd ing t owa rd sv e ry s ma l l ,a nd f l a t : mo re t han 7 8% o ft he r e touched p i ece sa r e f r om 2 -4cm l ong , r i s ing t o8 4% i n t he u n re touched p i ece s ;7 8% o ft h e r e touched , a nd 8 1% o f t h e u n re touched p i ece sr ange f r om 2 -4cm i nw id th .

p redom inan t ly f l a t o r v e ry f l a t . R e touched p i ece sa r es im i la ri ns i ze w i th 5 6 -86% b e tween 2 4 cm l ong . I n a l l l e ve ls t he re i s ag r ea te r p e rcen tage o f p i ece s l onge r t h an 4 cm a nd ad ec r ea se i np i ece s l e s s t han 2 cm . T h is i n d ica te s ap ref e ren t ia l u s e o fl a rger f l akes f o r r e touch , ap a t te rn a l so s een i nf l ake w id th .

F l in t i s t he p redom inan t r aw ma ter ia l w i th q ua r tz i te p resen t i n s ma l l p e rcen tage s t h roughou t t h e s equence , a nd o ne p i ec eo fs i l ic if ied l ime s tone i nl e ve l4 . A d e ta i led a na ly s is , c on f ined t o t h e u pper l eve ls ( f rom l e ve l 6t o t h e s ur face ) , i nd ica te s q ua r tz i te p e rcen tage s a lway s l owe r t h an 5% , r each ing a max imum i n t h e f i na l l e ve ls . O f mo re s i gn if icance i st h e i n crea se i n r e touched p i eces c o inc id ing w i th a g ene ra l t endency i n t he l i th ic a s semb lage , i ndependan t o f r aw ma te r ia l , t owa rds a n

F l in t p redom ina tes among u nre touched f l akes , f l ake f r agmen t sa nd c o re s ,v a r ing f r om 8 2 .1% i nl e ve l It o9 3 .7%

i n c r ea se i nt h en umbe ro fp i ece si n t h e se l e ve ls .

S im i la r ly , w i th r e touched p iece s t h e re i s a g rea te r

i nl e ve l X I I I . O ther r aw ma ter ia ls a r e l i t t le u sed a nd n on e x is tan t i n s ome o f t he l owe r l e ve ls , p ar t icu la r ly f r om l e ve l V I I I o nwa rd s .

e xp lo i ta t ion o f f l in t ( mo re t han 9 5% ) . T he o n ly e xcep t ion s a r e i nl e ve ls V , V I I , I X a nd X whe re a g rea te r u se o fq ua r tz i te r educe st h e f l in tc omponen t t oa bou t 9 0% .

T he n umbe ro fr e touched q ua r tz i te p i ece s s t and s o u t ( 72% ) . I n g ene ra l , t h is c o inc ides w i th t h e h igh p ercen tage o f r e touched p i ece si nt h es i te i n dep enden to f t he r aw ma ter ia l u sed . U ndoub ted ly i ti nd ica te s a n i n ten se e xp lo i ta t ion o f r aw ma te r ia l ,s ome th ing w ew i l la l so s ee a t Cova N egr a .

T he q ua r tz i te f ound i nt h e d i f fe r en tl e ve l so fC ova N eg ra i s af i ne -g ra ined ,g r ey a nd g r een ma ter ia l , w h i le t h e l ime s tone i s g rey a nd d a rk b rown , s ome t ime s w i th f o s s i l ife rous i n c lu s ion s .

T he f i ne -g ra ined q ua r tz i te i sg reen a nd g rey . A s t h e re a re o n ly 1 8r e touched q ua r tz i te a r te fac t s , n oc onnec t ion c an b e e s tab l ished b e tween t h e t ypo logy o ft h e p i eces a nd t h e r aw ma te r ia lo nw h ich t h ey h ave b een made .

Q ua r tz i te b lank s a re g enera l ly s ma l l , r ounded p ebb les , wh i le f l in t i sp r e sen t i n s ma l l n odu le s . T h is e xp la ins t h e r educed d imen s ion so ft h ei ndu s t ry ,a l so c ha ra c te r ised , a sa t t h e s i te o fP e tx ina , b y a n i n ten s ive e xp lo i ta t ion o fa va i lab le r aw ma ter ia l . A q uar tz i te c hopp ing t oo l f r om l eve l 1 4 s e c t ion K -2 i sd i s t inc t ive b ecau se o fi t sl a rg es i ze .

6 . C ova N egra ( Xä t iva , Va lenc ia ) L oca ted o n t h e b ank o f t h e r i ve r A lba ida 1 9m a bove t he r i ve r b ed , t h is i s p erhap s t he b es t k nown M idd le P a laeo l i th ic s i te i nt h e r eg ion . I ti sa n e as t -fac ing c av i ty , 1 8m w ide a t i t s mou th a nd 2 5m d eep . A n umbe r o f e xcava t ion sh ave t aken p lace a td i f f e ren t t imes : i nt h e 3 0 s b yV ine s ,i n t h e5 0 sb y J o rdä , F le t che r a nd P la , a nd f i na l ly i nt h e8 0 sb yo ne o ft h ea u tho r s .

Ana lys is o ft h er e touched q ua r tz i te p i ec e ss hows a lmo s t n o d i f f e rence w i th t ho se i nf l in t . T he re i sp o s s ib ly a s l igh t p re f e rence f o r n a tu ra l ly b acked k n ive s m ade o n t yp ica l s e conda ry f l ake s , a pp rop r ia te b ecau se o ft h e c ha rac te r is t ic s o ft h eq ua r tz i te c o r ef r om wh ich t h ey c ame .

T he mos t r ecen t e xcava t ions h ave e stab l ished a c h rono s tra t ig raph ic s equence s pann ing t he R iss - Würm i n terg lac ia l a nd t h e l a te Würm , w i th h uman o ccupa t ion

L ime s tone i sf ound i n s im i la r p e rcen tage s t o q ua r tz i te a l though i t s u se i n c rea ses i n t h e u pp e r l e ve ls , f r om l e ve l V I I I o nwa rd s .

c o r respond ing t op er iod s o f t h e Wünn . T he l eve ls o f t he R is s - Wür rn a r e o f f l uv ia l o r ig in a nd a re s t er i le b o th i n f auna a nd i ndu s t ry ( Fumana l 1 986 ; F umana l & V i l laverde 1 988 ; V i l lave rde & F umana l i np re s s ) .

G iven t ha t q ua r t z i te r eache s i t s max imum v a lues i n l e ve ls V I -X a nd l ime s tone i n l eve ls I V -V I I I , t he g rea tes t v a r ia t ion i n r aw ma ter ia l i ss e en i n l e ve ls V I-V I II , b u t f l in t d om ina tes t h roughou t .

T hroughou t t h e Wü rm ian s equence t he re a re a bundan t T he e xp lo i ta t ion o f l imes tone d i f f er s f r om q ua r tz ite i n t ha t t he mo t ive f o r i t s u se i so ne o f s i ze : l ime s tone a r te fac t sa r eb igg e ra nd a dap ted t oc e r ta in t o o l t ype s . T hus , t h e t wo b i fa ce si ns e c to r Dl e ve l s 1 8 a nd 1 9 , w i th al e ng th o f 1 3 .7 a nd 1 3 .1cm a nd a w id th o f 1 0 .1 a nd 8 .2cm a r e i n s i l ic if ied l ime s tone , wh i le t h e o the r b i fa ce s f r om t h e s i te

f auna l r ema in s ( Pe rez R ipo l l 1 977 ) a nd a n i mpor tan t n umbe r o f h uman r ema in s ( Ar suaga e t a l . 1 989 ) . T he e x i s t ence o fd i f f e ren tv a r ia t ion s o ft h e C ha ren t ian h a s b een e s tab l ished , ma in ly Qu ina a nd P a ra -Charen t ian wh ich d eve loped u n t i l Wurm I I , t hu s y i e ld ing al ong Mous ter ian p er iod i n c ommon w i th t h e r e s t o f t he Med i te r ranean

1 26

J .F ernande z -Peri sa nd V .V i l laverde

a r es ma l le ra nd i n f l in t ( l eng ths 6 .7 a nd 7 .7cm a nd w id th s

9 . O ther s i te s

4 . 1a nd 5 . 1cm ) . We h ave g rouped t oge the r i nt h is s e c t ion an umber o f s i te s Two t ype s o fl imes tone a r e p resen t i n C ova N egra :

o ne i n

i n t h e z one f o r wh ich t h ere i sl i t t le i n forma t ion b ecause

t h e f o rm o f r ounded p ebb le s a nd t he s econd f r om n a tu ra l

t h ey a r ep resen t ly u nde rs t udy , o rb ecause o f p rob lem s t hey

o u tc rop s , b u tb o th a re f ound i n av a r ie ty o fc o lou r s ( b lack ,

p o se , a s i st he c a se o f H u rch i l lo ( A l ican te ) , ( Cuenca e t a l .

g ray , d a rk b rown , e tc . ) .

1 982 ) .

T he r i ver , w i th i t s a bundan t ,

r ounded q ua r tz ite , l imes tone a nd s ome f l in t p ebb les , p rov ides o ne s ource o fr aw ma te r ia l , wh i le i nt h ev ic in i ty o f

I mpo r tan t among t h e f i r s t g roup o f s i tes i sE l P ina r d e

t h ec ave t h e re a r eo u tc rop so ff l in t a nd s i l ic if ied l ime s tone .

A r tana ( Ca s te 1 16n ) , e xcava ted b y C a sab6 a nd a wa i t ing

T he p roven ience o f o ne v a r ie ty o f f l in t h a s n o t y e t b een

p ub l ica t ion , wh ich h a s af l in t a s semb lage a t t r ibu ted t o t he

e s tab l ished .

M idd le P a laeo l i th ic . A lso Aud i to r io d e B uf io l ( Va lenc ia ) ,

7 . Cueva d e l Coch ino ( V i l lena , A l icante )

a nd ,d e sp i te t h e r educed n umbe ro fa r tefac t s , i sa t t r ibu ted t o

( Fe rnändez & Ma r t inez ,i np r es s ) wh ich h a ss ome q ua r tz i te t h e C ha ren t ian . L oca ted i nt h e r eg ion o fA l to V ina lop6 , t h is i ss ma l l c av i ty , 7m w ide a ti t s o pen ing a nd 6m d eep , wh ich wa s e xcava ted

T he s i te o f Hurch i l lo h a s p roduced aq ua r tz i te a ssemb lage

b yS o le ri n1 955 .

i n wh ich p ieces w i th m echan ica l r e touch a re m ixed w ith

T h ree l e ve ls w ere d i s t ingu ished , 10cm i n t o ta l , w i th a

c hrono log ica l a nd t ypo log ica l p rob lems a s soc ia ted w i th

f a ir ly h omogeneous i ndu s t ry wh ich c an b ec la ss if ied w i th in

t h e a s semb lage , t he d a ta s o f a r p ub l ished mus t b e v iewed

more t ypo log ica l ly d ef ined p ieces .

aF er ra s s ie C ha ren t ian ( V i l lave rde 1 984 ) .

B ecause o f t he

Apa r t f r om o ne

c au t iou s ly u n t i l s uch t ime a s t h ese a spec t s c an b e s t ud ied

q uar tz i te p i ece f rom l e ve l Is ec t ion M , t he i ndu s t ry i si n

mo re t ho rough ly . A tt h e momen t , i ti si nd i rec tc on t ra s t t o

f l in t ( So le r 1 956 ) .

t h ep ano rama o u t l ined a bove ,a s i ti st h e o n ly e xamp le o f a

T he re a r ed i f ference si ns i ze b e tween t h ei ndus t r ies o fl eve ls

s i te i nt h e Va lenc ian a r ea w i th al i th ic i ndu s t ry e n t ire ly i n q uar tz i te mos t c lo se ly r e semb l ing t h e a s semb lages o f t he

Ia nd I I ( bo th l eve l 1a nd V a re a rchaeo log ica l ly s t er i le ) .

n ea rby Me se ta a r ea .

T he i ndu s t ry i nl e ve l I I i ss ma l l i ns i ze , wh i le t h a to fl eve l Ii s med ium t o sma l l w i th 5 7 .7% o f t he r e touched p iece s

A sses smen to ft he a va i lab le d a ta

l onge rt h an 4 cm . F l in t i s c l ea r ly t he mo s t i mpor tan t r aw ma ter ia l i n t he L ower a nd M idd le P a laeo l i th ic o f t h e V a lenc ian r eg ion ,

T he s l igh t ly l a rger s i ze o f t he i ndus try o f Coch ino i s a s soc ia ted w i th t he g ood q ua l i ty f l in t u sed , a nd ma rk s a

o the r r ock s s uch a s q ua r tz i te a nd l imes tone h av ing o n ly a

d i f ference w i th t ho se more s ep ten tr iona l Va lenc ian s i tes

ma rg ina l r o le . T h is wou ld a ppea r t ob e d ue t o t h e r e la t ive

whe re b l ank n odu le sa ppea rt ob es ma l le ra nd l e s sa bundan t .

a bundance o f f l in t i n t h e z one s w here t h e ma in s i tes a r e

8 . A lcoy Va l ley s i tes ( A l ican te )

p e r iod i nq ues t ion .

There a r e an umber o f M idd le P a laeo l i th ic s i tes i n t h is me r id iona l V a lenc ian z one , t h e mo s t i mpo r tan t b e ing C ova

I n t h is r e spec t , i ti s k nown t ha t d ur ing t h e L owe r a nd

l o ca ted ,a nd t he p a t tern o f r aw ma ter ia l s upp ly d ur ing t h e

M idd le P a laeo l ith ic t h e r aw ma ter ia l e xp lo i ted c ame f undamen ta l ly f rom t he i mmed ia te v ic in ity o f t he

d e l S a l t( V i l laverde 1 984 ) , Abr ic d e l P a s to r ( V isedo 1 959 ;

o ccupa t ion a rea s ( abou t6 1 cm ) , w i th s ou rce s f o r s ome o f t h e r a re r ma te r ia ls b e ing n of u r the rt h an 3 0 -60km .

V i l lave rde 1 984 ) a nd C ova B ene i to ( I tu rbe & C o r té s 1 982 ) . T hese s i te sa r e c ha rac te r ised b y t h e a b so lu te p redom inance o f f l in t , u ndoub ted ly r e la ted t oi t s a bundance i nt he r eg ion

F o l low ing t h is i n terp re ta t ive mode l , u se o f r aw ma ter ia l i n

where o u tcrops o f n odu les a nd r ounded p ebb les a re

t h e V a lenc ian s i tes s eems t o h ave b een g overned b y t he

p len t ifu l .

c r i ter ia o f max imum y i e ld o f a va i lab le r e source s ; t he

A t Cova d e l S a l t , p re sen t ly u nder e xcava t ion b y G a lvan ,

e xp lo i ta t ion o f t ho se ma ter ia ls a va i lab le i n t h e i mmed ia te s t udy o f ma ter ia ls f r om o ne o f t h e e xcava ted s ec t ions b y

a rea o f o ccupa t ion wh ich w ere s u i tab le b ecause o f t h e ir morpho logy o r k napp ing q ua l i ty .

P a scua l a nd Ma r t in i nd ica tes b a re ly 0 .5% o f u nre touched p iece sa nd 0 . 7% o fr e touched p i ece s t ob e i nl ime s tone . T he

S uch i st he c a se f o r t h e q uar tz i te a r tefac ts , a l though n o t

i ndus t ry i s med ium -s ized , t end ing t owa rds s ma l l when

n ume rou s ,f ound i nv a r iou s V a lenc ian s i te s ; t h e ma ter ia l i s u sua l ly l o ca l ly a va i lab le a s i n C ova N egra , P e tx ina , L a s

r e touched p i eces a re t a ken i n to a ccoun t .

F uen tes a nd Aud i to r io d eB uf io l . Among t h e ma ter ia ls f r om C ova d e l P a s to r i n t h e A lcoy Museum t h e t o ta l a bsence o f ma ter ia l o ther t han f l in t i s

I n ten s ive u se o f r aw ma te r ia l i s s een i n t he s i ze o f t he

n o tab le .

r e touched a ssemb lage a nd t he n umbe r o f r emova ls o n r e touched p i ece s , a s w e l l a s i n t he l ow p ercen tage o f u n re touched p ieces . T h is i s c l ea r ly d emons t ra ted i n t he a ssemb lages o f Cova N egra a nd 1 27

P e tx ina

w ith

t he

J .F ernande z -Pens a nd V .V i l lave rde

e xp lo i ta t ion o fq ua r tz i te f r om t h e b ed o ft h e A lba ida r i ve r , u sua l ly f i ne -g ra ined , r ounded p ebb le s q u i te s u i tab le f or wo rk ing . I n o the r wo rd s , i nt h ese s i tes , l o ca l ly a va i lab le r aw ma ter ia ls wh ich w e re g ood f o r k napp ing w e re n o t

t h e s i te i sn o t u n l ike t ha t o u t l ined i n t h is p aper , i n t ha t

r e jec ted b ye a r ly h uman si nt h e se a r ea s .

T h i s i n ten se u se o fq ua r tz i te c on t ra s t s , i nt he s ame p rov ince o f A l ican te , w i th t h e e xp lo i ta t ion o f r aw ma ter ia l i n t h e A lcoy s i te s . H e r e , t he a bundan tf l in td epo s i t s a r e e xp lo i ted a nd q uar tz i te p ercen tage s a re t h e l owes t o f V a lenc iana r eg ion .

t h e re i sa ni mpor tan t o u tc rop o f r ounded q ua r tz i te p ebb le s i nt h ei mmed ia te a r ea .

I ti sc l ea r ly o bv iou sf r om m e t r ic a na ly s is t h a tc ho ice o fr aw ma te r ia l w a sn o tg ove rned b yt h es i ze o ft h e p i ece r e qu i red ; t he q ua r tz i te b lank s w e re s ma l l p ebb le s ( 6 -10cm ) w h ich p roduced t oo ls s im i la r t ot ho se f r om f l in t n odu le s .

Ana ly s is o f r aw ma ter ia l u se i n t h e L owe r a nd M idd le P a laeo l i th ic o f t h e c en t ra l Med i te r ranean a rea o f S pa in d emon s t ra tes t ha t t he d if ferences n o ted c anno t b e a t t r ibu ted t o c u l tura l t r ad i t ions , b u t a re a n a dap ta t ion t o t h e a va i lab le r e sou rce s , t he mo s t i mmed ia te ly a bundan t b e ing f a vou red . C ho ice w as g overned , a bove a l l , b y t h e

T ypo log ica l ly t here a re n o n o tab le d i f fe rences i n t he r e touched q ua r tz i te p ieces , e xcep t p e rhap s f o r ag rea te r p re sence o fn a tu ra l ly b a cked k n ives , c l ea r ly ac on sequence o f t he mo rpho logy o f t h e b l ank wh ich l end s i t se lf t o t h e p roduc t ion o ft yp ica l s econda ry f l ake s w i th ac o r t ica l r im .

q ua l i ty o f t h e s t one a nd i t s s u i tab i l i ty f or wo rk ing , a l though d imens ion s eems t o b e a f ac tor f or t he manu fa c tu re o ft h el a rge l imes tone b i face s o fC ova N eg ra .

T he re i s as l igh td i f f e rence i nt h eu se o fs i l ic if ied l ime s tone , s po rad ic a nd ma rg ina l i n i t s p r e sence , wh ich t e nded t ob e u sed f o rt h e manu fac tu re o fl a rge r t oo ls s uch a st h e b i face s o fC ova N eg ra ( b e tween 1 3 a nd 1 5 cm ) a nd c hoppe r s . I n t h i sc a se ,i ts e em st ha ts i ze g ove rned t h ec ho ic eo fb l ank , t h e l oca l f l in t b e ing s ma l l .

R eference s Apa r ic io , J . 1 974 .

Howeve r ,i nC au d ' en B o r ra s , as i t ew h ich s e em st oh ave b een o n ly s porad ica l ly o ccup ied , t h e e xp lo i ta t ion o f s i l ic if ied l ime s tone s e em st oh ave b een p rovoked b y i t sa va i lab i l i ty i n t h e i mmed ia te l o ca t ion .

E l y ac im ien to d e L a s F uen te s ( Nava r res ,

V a lenc ia ) ye l Mu s ter iense e n l a R eg ion V a lenc iana ( E spana ) . Q u cu ta r , 2 5 : 2 5 -51 . Apa r ic io , J .e ta l . 1 983 . A c t iv idade sa rqueo l6g ica sd esde 1 979 1 982 . V a r ia , I : 2 0 1-238 . Apar ic io , J . , S an Va le ro , J . & Mar t inez , J .V .

T he a s se ssmen tu nder taken s of a rd i f fe r sf r om o t he ra r ea so f t h e Va lenc ian r eg ion where q ua r tz i te o u tc rop s o ccu r , i n t ha tt h e re i s al a ck o fi n fo rma t ion a bou t ,a nd s u r vey i nt h ese a r ea s .

1 979 .

A c t iv idade s a rque6 log ica s d u ran te e l b ien io 1 977 -78 . V a r ia , 1 :2 03 -257 . A r suaga , J .L . , G rac ia , A . , Ma r t inez , A . , B e rmüdez d e C a s t ro , J .M . , R o sa s , A . , V i l lave rde , V . &F umana l , M .P .

1 989 .

T he h uman r ema in s f r om Cova N eg ra ( Va lenc ia , S pa in )

A r ap id r ev iew o f t he se , b ea r ing i n m ind c h rono log ica l c r i te r ia , i nd ica te s t ha t t h ere a r e f ewe r q ua r tz i te o u tcrop s t han l ime s tone a nd f l in to ne s . I na dd i t ion , al a ck o fr e sea r ch o n p e t ro log ica l a nd l i tho log ica l c ha rac te r is t ic s ( t ex tu re , c o lo r , e t c . ) o f ten p reven t s d e te rm ina t ion o f t h e s ou rce s o f many o ft h e se ma ter ia ls:

a nd t he ir p lace i n E u ropean P le is tocene h uman e vo lu t ion . J ourna lo f Human E vo lu t ion , 1 8 : 5 5 -92 . C a rbone l l , E . , E s t6vez , J . & Gus i , F .

1 979 .

R esu l tado s

p re l im ina re s d e l o st r aba jo s e fec tuado s e n e l y ac im ien to d e l P le i s to ceno med io d e " Cau d ' en Bor räs " ( Orpesa , C as te l l6n ) .

C .

d e

P reh is tor ia y A rqueo log ia

C as te l lonenses , 6 : 7 -15 .

I t i s s uf f ic ien t t o p o in t o u t t ha t P a laeozo ic q ua r tz i te

F e mändez , J . & Ma r t inez , R .

o u tcrop s a re p re sen t i n t h e a r ea s o f Mon tän , H igue ra s , P av ia s , V i l lama lu r , B o r r io l a nd P ueb la d e T o rne sa i nt h e p rov ince o f C a s te 1 16n , a nd i n C he lva i n t h e p rov ince o f V a lenc ia . T he q ua r tz i tes o f V ega B a ja b e tween t he

( i n p ress . )

E l y ac im ien to d e l

P a leo li t ico med io d e S an L u is ( Buf io l , V a lenc ia ) . S agun tum , 2 2 . F le tche r , D . , 1 982 .

V is i ta a d ive r so s p un tos d e l T 6rm ino d e

C o rbe ra d eA lz i ra . L a L abor d e l S . I .P . ys u Museo e n e l

p rov ince so f Mu rc ia a nd A l ican t e a r e P e rmo t r ia s s ic . T he re a re e x tens ive T r ia ss ic q ua r tz i te o u tcrop s i n t h e C a lde rona a nd E spadä . n moun ta in sb e twe en t h e p rov ince s o f C a s te 1 16n a nd Va lenc ia . "Wea ld f ac ies " i s d ocumen ted i n t he

p a sado a no 1 980 , 7 6 -77 . F umana l , M .P .

1 986 .

V a lenc iano .

S ed imen to log ia y c l i ma e n e l P a i s

L a s c ueva s h ab i tada s e n e l Cua tema r io

r e c ien te . T raba jos V ar ios d e lS . I .P . , 8 3 .

A lpuen te a r ea ( Va lenc ia ) , a nd q uar tz i te s f r om T er t ia ry

F umana l M .P . &V i l lave rde , V .

1 988 .

Cova N eg ra e t l em i l ieu

d epos i t s a re f ound i n s ma l l q uan t i t ies o ve r al a rge g eog raph ic a r ea ( Ba jo Mae s t razgo , Agu l len t , X ä t iva , t he Gab r ie l B a s in , V ega B a ja , e t c . ) . S im i la r ly , q ua r tz i te i s

A c te s d u c o l loque i n terna t iona l d e L idge ( 4 -7 d d cember

p resen t i nc on t inen ta l P le is tocene d epo s i t s , a l though a b sen t f r om t h e ma r ine d epo s i t s .

P ith is to i r e , Un ive r s i t6 d e L iege .

d uP a l6o l i th ique moyen c l an sl ar eg ion d u P ays V a lenc ien ( E spagne ) . 1 986 ) .

I n : O t te , M . ( cd ) .

L 'Homme d eN eander ta l .

Vo l . 2 . L 'Env i ronmen t .

L iege :

S e rv ice d e

ERAUL s er ies 3 1 , 7 3 -

8 5 .

T he e xp lo i ta t ion o f q ua r tz i te i si mpo r tan t i n t h e s i te o f Hurch i l lo ( i ndependen t o f i t s c u l tura l a nd c h rono log ica l s e t t ing ) a nd t he a ssemb lage i s s im i la r t o t ho se o f t he s ou ther nS ubme se ta . B u tt h e p a t ter no fr aw m a te r ia l u se i n

Gu s i , F . , C a rbone l l , E . , E s tevez , J . , Mo ra , R . , Ma teu , J . & Y l l , R .

1 980 .

A vance p re l im ina r s ob re e l y ac im ien to d e l

P le is toceno Med io d e l a C ova d e l Tossa l d e l a F on t

1 28

J .F ernande z -Pens a nd V .V i l laverde

( V i l la fames , C a s te 1 16n ) .

C uadernos d e P reh is tor ia y

A rqu . C as te l lonense , 7 : 7 -29 . G u s i , F . ,G ibe r t ,J . , Agus t f , J .& P e rez Cueva , A .

1 984 . Nuevo s

d a to s d e l y ac im ien to Cova d e l T ossa l d e l a f on t ( V i lafames , C as te 1 16n ) .

C uader . d e P reh is tor ia y

A rqueo log ia Cas te l lonen ses , 1 0 : 7 -18 . I t u rbe , G . & Co r te 1 1 , E .

1 982 .

Cova B ene i to :

A vance

p re l im ina r . S agun tum , 1 7 : 9 -44 . P e rez -R ipo l l , M .

1 977 .

L os mam ffe ros d e l y ac im ien to

mu s te r ien se d eC ova N eg ra ( Xä t iva , V a lenc ia ) . T raba jo s V ar ios d e l S . I .P . , 5 3 . S o le r , J .M .

1 956 .

E l y ac im ien to mu s te r ien se d e " l a Cueva d e l

Coch ino " ( V i l lena , A l ican te ) .

T raba jos V ar ios d e l

S . I .P . , 1 9 . V i l lave rd e ,V . 1 984 . L aC ova N eg ra d e Xä t iva y e l Mu s te r ien se d el ar eg iön c en t ra l d e l Med i ter raneo e spaho l . T raba jo s V ar ios d e lS J .P . , 7 9 . V i l lave rde , V . & Ma r t i , B .

1 984 .

P a leo l i t ic iE p ipa leo l f t ic .

L e s S oc ie ta ts C avadores d e l a P reh is tör ia V a le r zc iana . V a lenc ia : S er v i d ' Inves t igac i6 P r eh is tö r ica d e l aD ip t . d e V a lenc ia . V isedo , C . 1 959 . A lcoy . G eo log fa . P reh is to r ia .

P ub l icac ione s

d e lI ns t i tu to A lcoyano d e C u l tura , V .

F ig . 1 .

P r inc ipa l s i te s o ft he L owe ra nd M idd le P a la eo l i th ic .

1 :C au d 'en B o r rä s ( O ropesa ) ; 2 :T o s sa ld el af on t( V i la f ames ) ; 3 :E l P ina r( Ar tana ) ; 4 : Ab r ic d e l B a r ranco d eC a raca l fn ( Bu i io l ) ; 6 : Ab r ic d eC a r ie s( Co rbe ra ) ; 7 :L a s F uen te s ( Nava r re s ) ; 8 :C ova d eB o loma r( Taveme sd eV a l ld igna ) ; 9 : Cova N eg ra ( Xä t iva ) ; 1 0 ; Ab r ic d e l aP enya R o ja ( R6 t iva ) ; 1 : Cova F o rada ( O l iva ) ; 1 3 : C ova d e l Co rb ( Onda ra ) ; 1 4 : Cova B ene i to ( Mu ro d eA lcoy ) ; 1 5 : C ova d e lT eu la r( A lcoy ) ; 1 6 : E l S a l t( A lcoy ) ; 1 7 : C ueva d e l Coch in° ( V i l lena ) ;

1 8 : Cova d e l e s C a lave re s ( Ben ido le ig ) ;

1 9 : Hu rch i l lo ( Hu rch i l lo )

1 29

J .F ernandez -Per is a nd V V i l la wrde

• •

l o

1

c m.

. 1 . 1••• M

4

e Z2 Z . T 3

F ig . 2 . P ieces i nl imes tone a nd q uar tz i te f r om ( ' o va N eg r a .

6

7

1 :b i f ace ; 2a nd 3 : u n it a c ia l ly wo rked p ebb le ; 4 , 6a nd 7 : s c rape r s

5 :L eva l lo is F l ake ( 1 -3 a r e s i l iceous l imes tone ; 4 -7 a re q ua r tz i te )

1 30

T he f l uv ia l f an s f o rm d epos i t s w i th t h e ir own p a r t icu la r mo rpho logy , s im i la r i nc ompo s i ton t ot ha t o f t h e t e r race s . L i tho log ica l ly t h ese f ans c an b e d iv ided i n to t wo g roup s : t h e f i r s t c ompo sed o f Ho locene s and s , mud s a nd c l ay s a nd t h e s econd c ompo sed o f P le is tocene q ua r tz i te c obb le s a nd s and s .

EXPLO ITAT ION OF LOCAL RA W MATER IAL FOR PREH ISTOR IC TOOLS I N THE AREA OF LA MANCHA ( SOUTHERN MESETA OF THE S PAN ISH CENTRAL PLATEAU )

A . C iudad S e r rano C o l luv ia l d epo s i t s , f o rmed f r om h a rde r s t ra ta , g ave r i se t o ' p iedmon t ' t ype a ccumu la t ions , g ene ra t ing i mpo r tan t s l ope d epo s i t s a s ac on sequence o fi n ten se me chan ica l a c t iv i ty i n t h eh ighe rz one sd u r ing c o lde rp e r iod s .

c /A la rco s2 4 ,C iudad R ea l

I ntroduct ion T h roughou t h uman d eve lopmen t , a l though i t may s eem h ackneyed t os a yi t ,p eop le h ave n o te ncoun t e r ed a ny b a r r ie r s t o t he e xpan s ion o f t h e ir i ndu s t r ia l a c t iv i ty c au sed b y t h e d ive r s i ty o fr aw ma te r ia l n ece s sa ry f o rt oo l m anu fac tu re .

R ed s o i ls a r e a no the r c ha rac ter is t ic Q ua terna ry d epo s i t . Two h o r izons c an b e d is t ingu ished , b o th f o rmed i n a Med i te r ranean c l ima te i n d i f feren t w a rm p er iods w i th r e la t ive ly a bundan t r a in fa l l a nd m i ld w in ter s . T he l owe r o ne i sc ove red b y al aye r o f r ounded q uar tz i te c obb le s , e xpo sed o n t h e s ur face a s ar e su l t o f h uman a g r icu l tura l a c t iv i ty . T hese c obb le s w ere u sed f o r t h e manu fac tu re o f t oo ls i nt h e mo re a rcha ic p e r iod s o ft h e r eg ion . T he u ppe r , s u rface l a yer i s a l so c overed b y q ua r tz i te p o lyhedra l c obb le s .

P reh is to r ic h uman p opu la t ion s i nt h e m id -h igh Guad iana r i ve r b a s in ( C iudad R ea l p rov inc e i nt h e L a Mancha r eg ion o f t h e s ou the rn S pan ish Me se ta , f i g . 1 )h ad t oa dap t t ot he e x is t ing l i tho log ica l r ea l i ty w he re t oo l manu fac tu re w a s c oncerned . T he s t one a va i lab le wa s p redom inan t ly q ua r tz i t e a nd s ome o the r n on -s i l iceou s ma ter ia ls i n l e s se r q uan t i t ie s w h ich w e w i l l men t ion l a te r . I nt h is r e spec t , t h e a r ea u nde r s t udy f o l lows ap a t t ern c ommon i n t h e L owe r P a laeo l i th ic , e spec ia l ly i n A f r ica a nd t h e Med i ter ranean . N ever the le s s , t h e e x is tence o f o ther k inds o f s tone ( s ands tone , b a sa l t a nd v o lcan ic r ock ) ,1 t hough l e ss a bundan t , w e r ee xp lo i ted b u tt o al e s se rd eg re e .

T he re fo re , f r om a l i tho log ica l p e r spe c t ive , t h e g eo log ica l f orma t ions i n wh ich t he s i tes a r e p laced a re c ompo sed a lmo s t e xc lus ive ly o f q uar tz i te c obb le s a nd , t o al e sse r d eg ree , o the rs im i la rs t one s , a l l o fw h ich w e re u sed f o r t oo l manu fac tu re . D iver s i ty o fl o ca l s t one i n t oo l manufac tur e

I tw as f o rme r ly b e l ieved t ha t t h e u se o f q uar tz i te a s t h e b a s ic s t one f o rt oo l manu fac tu r eh ad b een a bandonded b yt he e nd o f t h e L ower a nd M idd le P a laeo l i th ic i n t h is a rea b ecause o f d i f f icu l ty i n a dap t ing i t t o t he l ep to l i th ic t e chn iques o ft h e Uppe rP a laeo l i th ic a nd s uc ceed ing p e r iod s o f P reh is to ry . I n e f fec t , a f te r t h e h ia tu s o f t h e Uppe r P a laeo l i th ic a nd p a r t o f t h e N eo l i th ic , t h e a bundan t u se o f f l in t i nL a te N eo l i th ic , C a lco l i t lüc a nd B ronze A ge s i tes i n t he a rea m ade q ua r tz i te e xp lo i ta t ion s eem a lmo s t n eg l igab le i nt h e se p o s t -Pa laeo l i th ic p e r iod s . O u r p re sen t r eg iona l s t ud ie sh ave e nab led u st ob ecome f u l ly a wa re o f t he i mpo r tance o f q ua r tz i te i n t h e se l a ter p er iods o f P reh is to ry .

I n t h e t h e E a r ly a nd M idd le P a laeo l i th ic s i te s ( t he o n ly P a laeo l i th ic p er iod s v e r if ied i nt h is a r ea ) w e h ave n o ted t h e e xc lu s ive u se o f l o ca l r aw ma te r ia l , a nd a dd i t iona l ly , t ha t wh ich w a s ,o rh ad b een a ts ome t ime ,o n t h e s u r face . T h is i s ac on sequence o ft h el i tho logy o ft h e g eo log ica l f o rma t ion s i nw h ich t h e se s i te s a r e l o ca ted . F o r e xamp le , t h ere i sn o t r ace o f t h e e xp lo i ta t ion o f l a cus t r ine f l in t d ur ing t he P a laeo l i th ic , a l though i tc an b e f ound i nc e r ta in a rea s , a s r each ing i t wou ld h ave n eces s i ta ted e x t rac t ive m in ing t e chn iques wh ich w ere u nknown . F ur thermo re , t h is e x t rac t ive a c t iv i ty i su nknown f o r q ua r tz i te s , t h e re b e ing n ot r ace s o f n odu le s e x t rac ted f o r t oo l mak ing f r om t h e e x is t ing a bundan t q ua r tz i te c ong lome ra tes . Many p ieces h ave c o r t ica l s ur face s t yp ica l o f t h e l oo se n odu les wh ich c ou ld b e r eached b y h and a nd g a thered u p f or f u ture e l abo ra t ion .

L i tho logy o ft he r eg ion i n r e la t ion t o P r eh is tory T he P l io -Qua te rna ry a nd Q ua te rna ry g eo log ica l f o rma t ion s a r et ho se w h ich p rov ided t h e r aw m a te r ia ls f o r p reh is to r ic t oo ls . D epo s i t s o f t h e t ype k nown a s ' r af ia ' , c ompo sed o f h e te rome t r ic g rave ls a nd s ubangu la r q ua r tz i te c obb le s , c o r respond b a s ica l ly t o t h e P l io -Qua terna ry . I n t h e mo re r ecen t Q ua te rna ry d epo s i t s i n w h ich a r tefac t s h ave b een f ound , w e c an d i s t ingu ish t e r r ac e s , f l uv ia l f an s , p i edmon t s a nd r ed s o i l s .

No tw i ths tand ing t h e g enera l u se o f q ua r tz i t e w h ich c ou ld b e o b ta ined e f fo r t le ss ly , we h ave f ound o the r g roup s o f l o ca l s t one s wh ich w e re u sed d u r ing t h eP a la eo l i th ic . T he re i sn o t ag rea t v a r ie ty , o n ly t h ree t ype s o f s t one , a pa r t f r om q ua r tz i te , w e re f ound : s and s tone , b a sa l t a nd v o lcan ic r o ck . I t mu s t b e r emembe red , t oo , t h a t t h e re a r e f ew s i tes ( on ly f i ve ) w he re n on -qua r tz i te t oo ls h ave b een f ound , a nd t he se t oo ls a r en o tn ume rou s -s and s tone a to n ly o ne s i te , v o lcan ic r ock a ta no the ra nd b a sa l ta tt h ree .

T he t e r races ( o r ig ina t ing f r om t h e i n trus ion o f t he Qua te rna ry h yd rog raph ic s ys tem o n t h e P l iocene s u r face ) a r e made u p m a in ly o fd e t r i t ic m a t e r ia l s s uch a sq ua r tz i te , q ua r tz , s l a te a nd f r agmen t s o f v o lcan ic ma t te r t r an spo r ted f r om s ou rce a r ea s .

E xcep tf o rb a sa l tf l ake sa nd c o re s , t h e t oo ls m ade f r om t h e a bove -men t ioned r ock sa r eb ig a nd n o t v a r ied , a tl e a s t t ho se w e h ave g a the red i no u r f r equen t s u rvey s ; w e h ave f ound c l eave r s a nd t r ihed ra ls i n s and s tone , a nd b i face s i n b a sa l t a nd v o lcan ic r ock .

1T he n omen c la tu re o fs and s tone , b a sa l t a nd v o lcan ic r ock i sn o t g iven i nt h e s c ien t if ic s en se b ased o nc ompos i t ion , b u t i nt he o rd ina ry m ean ing i nw h ich t h e r o ck s a r e d i s t ingu i sh ed b y t h e i r a ppea rance .

I ts hou ld b e n o ted t ha t t he se n on -qua r tz i te m a ter ia ls a r e t yp ica l o ft h ea r ea s w he re l a rge o r m ed ium s ized f r agmen t s a re n o t d i f f icu l t t o f i nd o n t h e s u r face ( e .g . b a sa l t a nd 1 31

A .C iudad S e r rano v o lcan ic r ock i n t h e v o lcan ic a rea k nown a s C ampo d e C a la t rava . Qua l i ta t ive a spec t so ft he q uar tz i te e xp lo i ted T he q ua l i ty o f t h e q ua r tz i te c ho sen f o r t he i ndus t r ie s i s a no the r p o in t wo r th m en t ion ing . No t o n ly i s t here p refer en t ia l u se o f q ua r tz i te o ve r o the r l oca l s t ones , b u t a l so p re f e r en t ia l u se o fp a r t icu la rt ype s o f q ua r tz i te s f ound i nt h ea r ea . T h ep r e f e ren t ia l u se o f q ua r tz i te o ve r o the r l oca l s t one s i s t he r e su l t o f i t s g rea ter a bundance when c ompa red t o s and s tone ,b a sa l ta nd v o lcan ic r ock . T h i se xp la in st o ag rea t e x ten t t h e much l a rge r n umber o f q ua r tz i te t oo ls , b u t w e b e l ieve t h a tt h e re i sa l so a n i mpor tan t q ua l i ta t ive a spec t i n t h is p r e f e r ence . We p ropo se ( and t h i s c an b e s t a t is t ica l ly p roven ) t h a t t h e n umbe r o ft oo ls i n s ands tone , b a sa l t a nd v o lcan ic r o ck i ss ma l le rr e la t ive t ot h e a va i lab i l i ty o f t h e se ma te r ia l s , t h an t h a t o fq ua rz i te t oo ls . We k now , i ndeed , t h a t s t one s w e re c ho sen a cco rd ing t ot he t e chno logy t ob eu sed a nd t h ed e s ired t oo lt ype , a nd t h a t t he q ua l i t ie s o f h ardness , h omogene i ty a nd c apac i ty f or c oncho ida l f r a c tu re w e re t a ken i n to a ccoun t . S and s tone i s n o t v ery h a rd a nd b reak s q u i te e a s i ly . B a sa l t i s mo re h omogeneou s a nd c ompac t b u t v ery h a rd a nd d i f f icu l t t o f r ac tu r e . V o lcan ic r o ck i se a s ie rt of r ac tu re t han b a sa l t , b u t i t i s a l so e x t reme ly h a rd a nd n o t v ery h omogeneous . Q ua r tz i te , o r a tl e a s t s ome t ypes o f i t ,i se ndowed w i th a n a dequa t eb a lance o ft h e se q ua l i t ie s w h ich , a long w i th i t s a fo remen t ioned a bundance ,j u s t if ie s t h e p reference s hown f o r i t ,a lmo s tt ot h ee xc lu s ion o ft h e o the r ma ter ia ls . T he r e w a s a l so as e lec t ion w i th in t h e d i f fe ren t q uar tz i tes a va i lab le . Q ua r tz i te o f m ed ium g ra in ( t he mo s t a bundan t ) , f i ne a nd v ery f i ne g ra in ( l e ss a bundan t ) w ere p refer red . C oa r se o r v e ry c oa r se -gra ined q ua r tz i te p roduce s c rude f l ake sw i th al im i ted wo rk ing e dge . T he q ua r tz i tes f ound i n t h eh uge b lo ck so ft h en ume rou sq ua r tz i te moun ta in r ange s , a nd t h ea bundan tc obb le s a ccumu la ted n ex t t o t he se ma s se s w e re s y s tema t ica l ly r e jec ted a s t hey w ere much l e ss s u i tab le t ot h e s ucc e s s ive P a laeo l i th ic t e chno log ies t han t h e c obb le s f r om t h et e r race s , r ed s o i ls e t c .

Du r ing t h eM idd le a nd ,a bove a l li nt h eL a t e A cheu l ian , t h e s e t t lemen t s w ere s t i l l c overed w i th p len ty o f c obb le s a l though l e s s a bundan t t h an p rev iou s ly . I n o u r v i ew , t h is mus t b e r e la ted t o t e chn ique s o f f l ake p roduc t ion a nd mod if ica t ion , i mp ly ing a g rea te r e xp lo ita t ion o f t he c obb le sa nd d ec rea se i nt h e ir a ccumu la t ion . A t E l S o t i l lo , a t yp ica l L a te A cheu l ian s i te ( C iudad 1 986b , 1 97 ) , t h e p ropor t ion o f f l ake t oo ls r i ses t o6 8 .37% i nc on t ra s t w i th 3 1 .63% o fc o r e t oo ls . T h is mo re a dvan tageou s u se o f r aw ma ter ia l i mp l ies t he p o ss ib i l i ty o f e xpan s ion s i nce t h e s e t t ler s wou ld n o t b e s o r e s t r ic ted b y t h e p e remp to ry n eed t oa ccumu la te a ne no rmou sn umbe ro fc obb le s . C lea ra st h i s may s eem d u r ing s ucce s s ive A cheu l ian s t age s , i tb ecome se ven mo re e v iden t i n t h e M idd le P a laeo l i th ic i n wh ich t h e amoun t o fa ccumu la ted r aw m a te r ia l d im in ished c on s ide rab ly . T he n o t iceab ly s ma l le rs i z e o f t oo ls o f t h e macro indus try ( b ifaces a nd c l eavers ) , t he mo r e a dvan tageou s u se o f s ma l ler f l ake s a nd , a bove a l l , t h e i mpac t a nd g enera l u se o f t he L eva l lo is t e chn ique h ave a d e f in i te i n f luence . T h is i mpac t b ecome s n o t iceab le i n a g roup o f r eg iona l s i tes wh ich , w i thou t l o s ing t he ir c ha rac te r a s Mous ter ian o f Acheu l ian T rad i t ion , c an b e d e f ined a so fL eva l lo is f a c ie s w i th at e chno log ica l L eva l lo is i ndex a ve rag ing 3 0% ( Se r rano 1 986b , 2 6 1 ) . T h is c au sed t h e e xhaus t ive u se o f n odu le s a nd w e f r equen t ly f i nd f u l ly e xhaus ted c o re s wh ich h ave b een r e touched a nd r eu sed a s d i sc s . S uch i mp roved u se o fr aw ma t e r ia l m ade a ny s t ony g round a p o ten t ia l p lace f o r s e t t lemen t , e ven i fo n ly s ea sona l ly o r t empo ra r i ly . S e lec t ion o f n odu les i n d if eren t P a la eo l i th ic p er iods S ize a nd mo rpho logy o f c obb le s h ad t o b e t aken i n to c on s idera t ion d ur ing t he p rocess o f c ho ice f or t oo l manu fac tu re . W i th r ega rd t ot h ef i r s to ft h e se q ua l i t ie s , w e h ave n o t n o ted a ny s pec ia l d if fe rence i n t h e c ho ice o f n odu le s f o r d i f fe r en t l c napp ing t e chn ique s . T hey f l uc tua te i n s i ze b e tween 8 a nd 2 5cm , wh ich c o inc ide s w i th t h e a ve rage s i ze o f t h e c obb le s i n e ach s i t e . H owever , w i th r ega rd t o morpho logy , w e c an d i s t ingu ish a d ive r s i ty o f s hape s c ho sen i ne ach p er iod o f t h e P a la eo l i th ic i no u ra r e a o fs t udy . D u r ing t h eE vo lved E a r ly A cheu l ian , i nt h et h r ee s i tes mo s t c omp rehen s ive ly s t ud ied ( C iudad 1 986a ) , t he re i s a n a bundan ti ndu s t ry o fc hoppe r s a nd c hopp ing t oo l s ( 88 .75% i nt wo a nd 9 2 .03% i nt h e t h ird ) . We h ave v e r if ied ac l ea r l i nk b e tween t h e r ounded , s moo th c obb le s a nd t oo l t ype s . A l though a ngu la r c obb le s w e re p re sen t , n one w e r e u sed a s b l ank st ob e mod if ied .

R e la t ionsh ip b e tween P a laeo l i th ic t e chno logy a nd t he a bundance o fr aw ma ter ia lo n s i te s I ts eems l og ica l t h a t t h e a bundance o r s ca rc i ty o f r aw ma te r ia l , e spec ia l ly q ua r tz i te , wou ld a f fec t t he c ho ice o f s e t t lemen t s i te s . I ti so u r v iew f r om o u r r e sea rch , t ha t t he re i s a c lose r e la t ionsh ip b e tween t he d ifferen t t e chno log ies o f s ucces s ive P a laeo l i th ic s t ages a nd t he a moun to fc obb le sa ccumu la t ed i no ne p l ace .

I n t h e A cheu l ian p e r iod a nd i n t h e Mou s te r ian i ndu s t r ie s , t he re i s ad ive r s if ica t ion i n n odu le mo rpho logy , w i th a n i ncrea s ing ly n o t iceab le p reference f o r a ngu lar s t one s i n s tead o f r ounded c obb le s f o r t oo l m anu fa c tu re . I n mo re r e cen t P a laeo l i th ic s i te s w ith d i f feren t a s semb lage s , i t s eems p o ss ib le t o d i s t ingu ish c obb le s ou rces f o r e ach i ndu s t r ia l s e r ie sa c co rd ing t ot h e i r r oundne s s o r a ngu la r i ty : r ounded c obb le sf o rt h eo lde ri ndus t r ie sa nd a ngu la r f o r t h e mo re r e cen to ne s .

T he n a tu re o f s i te s i nd ica te t ha t t h e f i r s t s t age o f t he p eop l ing o f t h e a r ea , wh ich t ook p lace i n t he E a r ly A cheu l ian , c or re spond s t o p e rmanen t wo rkshops i n q u ite e x ten s ive ,g eog raph ic a r ea s w he r e t h e g round i sp rac t ica l ly c ove red w i th p ebb le s . T hese i ndu s t r ies c o rrespond t o p ebb le too l c omp lexe so fc hoppe r sa nd c hopp ing t oo ls w ith t r ace s o f d eve lopmen t t owa rd b i face c u l tures a nd a re a lmo s t w ho l ly n odu la r a s wou ld b e e xpec ted ( e .g . a tt h e s i te o fS an ta Ma r ia d e l G uad iana c o r ep i ece sf o rm 9 3 .49% o f t h e a s semb lage i n c on t ras t t o t he f l ake t oo ls wh ich c on s t i tu te 6 . 51 % ) ( C iudad S e r rano 1 986 ,5 1 ) .

We b e l ieve t ha tt h is morpho log ica l s e lec t ion o fn odu le sc an b e i n terp re ted d i f fe ren t ly . Two r e a son s may h e lp t o e xp la in t h e s e lec t ion o f n odu le s . T he f i r s t i sb a sed o n t h e mo rpho logy o f t h ea ccumu la ted c obb le s ; i nE vo lved E a r ly A cheu l ian s i te s , t he r oundness o f t h e c obb les i s a 1 32

A .C iudad S e rrano

I no u rv i ew ( C iudad 1 986b , 2 64 )o ne o ft h e r e a son s f o r t h is g ap i ns e t t lemen t a nd i ndu s t r ie s c ou ld b e t h e n eed f o r n ew r aw ma te r ia ls . S uch an eed w ou ld l e ad t ot h e e xp lo i ta t ion o f o the r a r ea s w i th mo r e a dequa t e k ind s o f s t one w h ich c ou ld b e a dap ted t o t h e n ew l e p tho l i t ic t e chn ique s f o r wh ich q ua r tz i te w a s u n su i tab le .

c on sequence o fi n ten se f l uv ia l c ur ren t s wh ich d ec rea sed i n t h e l a te r A cheu l ian a nd M idd le P a laeo l i th ic p e r iod s . T h is f a ir ly i n ten se e f fec to fr i ve rc u r ren t sc o r re spond s t ot h e a ge o f t he g eomo rpho log ica l f o rma t ion s i n wh ich t h e s i te s a r e p l aced . T he s e cond r ea son ,t hough d eba tab le , may b e r e la ted t ot h e t e chno logy a nd f unc t iona l a dap ta t ion o f t he t oo l t o t h eh uman w ho u sed i t . I nt h e c a se o ft h e a bundan t c hoppe r a nd c hopp ing too l i ndu s t r ie s , t h e p a r t ia l a nd n on inva s ive f l ak ing o ft h e c obb le c au sed mo s t o f t h e s u r face t or ema in c o r t ica l , i n c lud ing t ha ta r ea c o inc id ing w i th t h e p a r t h e ld i n t h eh and . U ndoub ted ly a na ngu la rs u r face wou ld h ave b een l e s s s u i tab le a nd r e su l t i n al e ss a dvan tageou s u se o f t h e t oo l i t se lf . I n b i fac ia l f l ak ing t e chn iques c over ing t he w ho le s u r fa ce o ft he n odu le , a nd f o r r e touched f l akes , t h e c ho ice b e tween a r ounded , s moo th c obb le o r a n a ngu la r p ebb le s e em s t ob e u n impo r tan t a s t he c o r tex i sr emoved a nd i sn o tr e qu i red t of a c i l i ta te ag r ip .

T he g ene ra l u se o f f l in t i n C a lco l i th ic a nd B ronze Age l i th ic i ndu s t r ie s i n t h e a r ea l e d t o al a ck o f i n tere s t b y r e sea rche r s i n to t h e u se o f q ua r tz i te i n t h e d en se l oca l n e two rk o f s e t t lemen t s a nd s i te s o f t hose p er iods . N eve r the le s s , i no u r s t udy o f t h e se s i te s a nd s e t t lemen t s , w eh ave b een a b le t ov e r ify t h a t ,a sw e l l a sf l in t ,o the r l o ca l r ock s w e r e u sed f o rt oo l mak ing a nd i mpo r t an t among t h e se w a s q ua r tz i te ( Va l lesp f e ta l . 1 985 b ) . Q uar tz i te t oo l t ype s i nC a lco l i th ic i ndus t r ie s i n c lude c o re s , f l ake s , b l ade s , b ur in s , e nd s c rape r s , p e r fo ra to r s , n o t che s , d en t icu la te s , s i ck le b lade s , r e touched b l ade s a nd p o l ished a xe sa mong o the r s .

T h is s eem s t o b e i nd ica ted , t oo , b y o b serva t ion o f t he q ua r tz i te c obb les a ccumu la ted o n t he s i tes . On E a r ly A cheu l ian s i te s , a l though a ngu la r c obb les w e re a va i lab le , n one w e r ec ho sen f o rt oo l manu fac tu re . I n c on t ra s t , i n L a te A cheu l ian s i te s , wh i le t h e re w e re r ounded c obb le s wh ich c ou ld h ave b een u sed , mo s to ft h ec o re sa nd c o re b i face sh ave b een made f r om a ngu la rc obb le s , a s i ft he mu l t ip l ic i ty o f a ng le s h ad b een mo re s u i tab le f o r t he c on t ro l o f f l ake r emova l s .

E xp lo i ta t ion o f o ther ma ter ia ls c omp lemen t ing t he g ene ra l ized u se o f f l in t i n C a lco l i th ic l i th ic i ndu s t r ie s b ecome s mo r ee v iden ti nt ho se a r ea sw he r ef l in t i ss ca rce , a s i n many p l a ce so fL a Mancha i nC iudad R ea lp rov ince .

Quar tz i te t oo l t ype s T ypo log ica la na ly s is o ft h en ume rou s s i te so ft h er eg ion h a s p rov ided aw ide v a r ie ty o f E a r ly a nd M idd le P a laeo l i th ic t ype s i n c luded i nt he l i s t o f B o rdes a nd B ourgon ( Bo rde s 1 961 ) . T he s i te o f P o rzuna h a s t h e g rea tes t amoun t o f s ur face ma te r ia l a na lyzed i n t h e a rea ( Va l lesp f e t a l . 1 979 ; V a l le sp f e ta l . 1 985a ) . We h ave c la s s if ied 4 4o ft h e6 3t ype s i n t h e a fo remen t ioned l i s t . T he t ypes n o t i nc luded a r e n umbe r s : 1 4 , d oub le s t ra igh t -concave s c rape r ; 1 6 , d oub le c oncave s c raper ; 2 0 , c onvergen t c oncave s c raper ; 4 1 , t r anche t ; 5 2 , n o tched t r iang le ; 5 3 , p seudo -m ic robu r in ; 5 7 , t a nged p o in t ( a l though t h e re m ay b e a n e xamp le o fo ne o f t h e se , b u t i t s d i s ta l t i p wa s b roken a nd , a s n o t t of o rce i t s c l a ss if ica t ion , i t wa s n o t i n c luded ) ; 6 3 , b i fac ia l f o l ia te p o in t . T he g ap i n t h e l i s t o f t ypes 4 5 -50 ( ven tra l f ace r e touch ,a b rup tt h ick o r t h in r e touch , a l te rna te t h ick o r t h in r e touch a nd b i fac ia l r e touch ) c ou ld b e f i l led a f ter a t ho rough s t udy o f t he a bundan t r e touched f l ake s f ound i n t h e t he s i te wh ich w e re n o t t ho rough ly e xam ined d ur ing o ur r e sea rch . T hese w e re g ener ica l ly c a l led r e touched f l ake s . T he re a re a l so b o la s , s phe ro ids , b i face s , c l eave r s ( e xcep tt y pe I V ) , t r ihed ra l s a nd d i sc s . I n p rac t i se , w e c an s t a te t ha t a l l t h e t ype s made i n f l in t w e re made i nq uar tz i te , a nd t h a t t h e r e su l t ing t oo ls r each t h e s ame d eg ree o f t e chn ica l p e r fec t ion a nd b eau ty a s t ho se i n f l in t .

I n s ome c a ses , t he d a t ing o f c e r ta in q ua r tz i te f ac ies a s semb lage sm ay b e c on fu s ing , a sw e b e l ieve t h a t s ome n o t v e ry c l ea r ly d e f ined o r m ixed l i th ic a s semb lage s , f o rme r ly a t t r ibu ted t o t h e E a r ly a nd M idd le P a laeo l i th ic , c ou ld p robab ly b eC a lco l i th ic . T h i ss u sp ic ion i sb a sed o n o u r own e xpe r ience : i nt h e s i te o fL o s B a r ranco s , i nt h e C ampo d e Mon t ie l , w e i n i t ia l ly a t t r ibu ted t h e i ndu s try made o n a v e ry f i ne q ua r tz i te t ot h e M idd le P a la eo l i th ic ( a l though w e h ad o u r d oub t s a bou t t h is ) b u t w e e ven tua l ly d i scove red t ha t i tw a s aC a lco l i th ic i ndu s t ry o ff l in t a nd q ua r tz i te . I ns umma ry a nd a cco rd ing t ot h ep r e sen te v idence ,t h eu se o f q ua r tz i te i nt h e p o s t -Pa laeo l i th ic l i th ic i ndu s t r ies s e em s t o b e v ery c ommon ( a l though n o t a s g ene ra l ized a s f l in t ) i n t h e n e two rk o fC a lco l i th ic s i t e s i nt h ea r ea . Conc lus ion T h ep r eced ing i d ea s a r e t h e r e su l t o f at ho rough s u rvey a nd r e sea r ch i nt h ea r ea , f u r the rd e ta i l so fw h ich c an b e f ound i n o u r p ub l ica t ion s o n t h e p reh i s to ry o ft h e r eg ion . We h ave a lway s b een i n te re s ted i n r e co rd ing h ow h uman s , a te ach momen ti nt ime a nd a te ach s i te s i nce t h e e a r l ie s t t r ace s o f t h e ir p r e sence h e re ,c ho se t h e ir r aw m a t er ia l . Howeve r , w e w e re u nawa r e o f t h e s e lec t ive t e ndency f o r t h e a pp l ica t ion o f d i f fe ren t t e chno log ie s i n o u r a r ea . We h ope t h ese o b serva t ions a nd e xper iences w i l l b e o f u se a nd c omp lemen ted b y f ur the r r e sea rch a imed a t a b e t ter u nde r s tand ing o fh uman n a tu r e .

R eference s

U se o fq uar tz i te i nt he p os t -Pa laeo l i th ic

B o rde s , F . 1 961 . T ypo log ie d uP a lJo l i th ique A nc ien e t Moyen . B o rdeaux : D e lma s . C iudad S e r rano ,A . 1 986a . L as i ndus tr ias d ec an tos t a l lados e n C iudad R ea l . A por tac iön a l A che lense I nf er ior d e l a S ubme se ta Mer id iona l . C iudad R ea l : Mu seo d e C iudad R ea l , E s tud ios y Monog ra f ia s , 1 6 . C iudad S e r rano ,A . 1 986b . L a s i ndus tr ie s d e lA che lense Med io yS uper ior yl o sc omp le jos m us ter ienses e n l ap rov inc ia

Du r ing o u r s t udy o f t h e P a laeo l i th ic p e r iod i n t h is r eg ion ( i n wh ich w e h ave c a ta logued mo re t han 1 20 E a r ly a nd M idd le P a laeo l i th ic s i te s ) , w e e ncoun te red , t oo u r s u rp r ise , n o t r ace s o f Upper P a laeo l i th ic s i te s n o r a ny p ub l ica t ion r e f e r r ing t ot h e ir p re sence . 1 33

A .C iudad S er rano

d eC iudad R ea l . C iudad R ea l : I . E .M . / Mu seo d e C iudad R ea l , E s tud io s y Monog ra f ia s , 1 7 . C iudad S e r rano , A . , S e r rano C iudad , J . & B a rba S anchez , J . 1 987 . E l P a laeo l f t ico d e l r f o T ir tea fue ra , O re tum , I I : 3 3 8 Mu seo d eC iudad R ea l V a l lesp f ,E .C iudad ,A . &Ga rc ia S e r rano , R . 1 979 . A che lense y Mus ter iense d e P or zuna ( C iudad R ea l ) . Ma te r ia l e s d e s uperf ic ie , I .( Co lecc i6n E . O l iver ) . C iudad R ea l : Mu seo d eC iudad R ea l , E s tud io s y Monog ra f fa s , 1 . Va l lesp f ,E . ,C iudad ,A . &G a rc ia S e r rano ,R . 1 985 . A che lense yMus ter iense d e P or zuna ( C iudad R ea l ) . Ma t er ia le s d e s uperf ic ie , I . ( Mues tra d e l a s C o lecc ione sA . R e tamosa yM . E xp6s i to ) . C iudad R ea l : U n ive r s idad d e C a s t i l la -L a Mancha . Va l lesp f ,E .C iudad ,A . & Ga rc ia S e r rano , &C aba l le ro ,A . 1 985 . I ndu s t r ia s l f t ica s t a l lada s d e l E neo l f t ico y B ronce e n l a p rov inc ia d eC iudad R ea l , O re tum I I : 8 8 -124 , Mu seo d e C iudad R ea l . Va l lesp f ,E .C iudad ,A . &G a rc ia S e r rano ,&C aba l le ro ,A . 1 987 . No ta s s ob re i ndus t r ia s I f t ica s e neo lf t ica s e n y a c im ien to s d eC iudad R ea l . O re tum , I I : 2 37 -246 , Mu seo d e C iudad R ea l .

C ORCIMA

" re 4e4 4

g ,

C AMPO D E M ONTIEL

. 1o ,

J AEN

F ig . 1 . P rov ince o fC iudad R ea l ( i nt h es ou the rn Me se ta o ft h e S pan i sh C en t ra l P la teau )

I NDUSTR IES I N QUARTZ ITE AND THE BEG INN ING OF THE USE OF FL INT I N THE LO WER AND MIDDLE PALAEOL ITH IC S EQUENCE OF THE BAJO GUADALQU IV IR

The g eomorpho log ica l a nd a r chaeo log ica l s equence T h ree g roup so ft e r races h ave b een e s tab l ished i nt h e l ower a nd m idd le Guada lqu iv ir i n t h e p rov inces o f S ev i l la a nd Cordoba , p ar t icu la r ly i n t he l ower r eg ions o f t he c onf luence o f t he Gen i l i n S ev i l le . T hese t e r races c o r re spond t o ar e la t ive s equence o f t he L ower P le is tocene ( 4 l e ve ls , ma in ly i n t he p rov ince o f Cordoba ) , M idd le P le is tocene ( 8 l e ve ls ) a nd Uppe r P le is tocene ( 4 l eve ls , t h e f i na l o ne b e ing Ho locene ) ( f ig .1 ) .

E . V a l lesp i * a nd F . D iaz d e l O lmo *D epa r tamen to d eP reh is to r ia , U m ie r s idad d e S e v i l la * D epa r tam en to d eG eog r a f ia F i s ica , U n ive r s idad d eS ev i l la

S ta te men t o fh ypo thes is T he s equence o f t he B a jo Guada l iqu iv ir i nt h e S ou thwes t I ber ian p en in su la h a s , i n i t s 1 6 e s tab l ished P le is tocene t e r race s , as e r ie s o f l i th ic i n du s t r ies w h ich c o r r e spond t oa t e chno log ica l c on t inuum o n r ounded , ma in ly q ua r tz i te , p ebb le s . T he se a ssemb lages ä re a lmo s t e xc lus ive ly i n q ua r tz i te i n t h e m idd le l e ve ls b u t i n b o th q uar tz i te a nd f l in t i n t h e l ower l e ve ls . I n t e rms o f c onven t iona l a r chaeo log ica l c lass if ica t ion , a nd g iven t h e p rov is iona l e s t ima tes i n d ica ted b y s amp le s o f t he i ndu s t r ie s e xcava ted f r om w i th in t h e a l luv ia l d epo s i t s , t he q ua r tz i te i ndus t r ies f r om t e r races V ( +130m ) t o X I I ( +40m ) ( w i th 9 7% q ua r tz i te a nd o n ly 3% n on -qua r tz i te r e s idua ls , f l in t a nd o ther ma ter ia ls ) a re E a r ly M idd le , Advanced M idd le a nd Uppe rA cheu l ian . T hey a r e s ucceeded b y aF ina l A cheu l ian i n T -X I I I ( +30m ) , w i th t h e s ys tema t ic i n t roduc t ion o f f l in t ( 75% q ua r tz i te , 2 3% f l in t a nd 2% r e s idua l ) a nd i t s i n crea se i nt h eM idd le P a laeo l i th ic i ndu s t r ie s i n TX IV yT XV ( +20m , + 13m ) ( 63% q ua r tz i te , 3 6% f l in t a nd l e ss t h an 1 % o fr e s idua l ma ter ia ls ) . T he F ina l P le is tocene /Ho locene l e ve ls a r en o tc ons ide red h e re . T he c hange f r om Acheu l ian i ndus t r ies i n q ua r tz i te t o t ho se i nq ua r tz i te a nd f l in t c an b e e xp la ined b y t h e c omb ina t ion o f as e t o f e nv ironmen ta l a nd c u ltu ra l c i rcums tances : a man ifes t i n crease i n r ounded , f l in t p ebb les i n t he c ompos i t ion o f t he l ower t e r races , f ac i l i ta t ing t h e i ns i tu e vo lu t ion o f p ressure f o r n ew t e chno log ica l r equ iremen t s i nt he d eve lopmen to ft h eF ina l A cheu l ian a nd t h ei mpac to f t he Mous ter ian i n whose c u ltura l h or izons t h is t r ansfo rma t ion o ccur red . S uch i st h e w o rk ing h ypo the s is wh ich c an b e p ropo sed a t t h is t ime w i th t he e v idence p resen t ly a va i lab le , t o b e s umma r ized i nt h is p ape r , a nd wh ich may p rov ide t h e b a s is f o rs ub sequen tr e sea rch .

A s y e t , n o L ower P le is tocene i ndus tr ies h ave b een c onf irmed w i th in t he g eomo rpho log ica l l e ve ls i n t h e a r ea s o fB u ja lance i nC ordoba a nd L a C ampana a nd C a rmona i n S ev i l la . T he a rchaeo log ica l s equence b eg ins w ith s t ra t igraph ica l ly p laced i ndus t r ie s i n t h e C er ro H igo so I l e ve l ( T -V , + 128m ) i n t h e C armona s ec to r , c over ing t h e e n t ire s e r ies o f g eomorpho log ica l l eve ls a nd i s e s sen t ia l ly s ub s tan t ia ted i nt h e C ampana l e ve l . I te nve lop s , t h erefo re , a l l o f t h e M idd le P le is tocene ( w i th o n ly s i ng le o ccu r rences i n t he C ampana a nd S an P edro l eve ls) , t he Upper P le is tocene , a nd h as l i nks , t oo , w ith i ndus tr ies i n t he Ho locene C u l tura l ly , o ne i sd ea l ing w i th a n e x ten s ive A cheu l ian a nd M idd le P a laeo l ith ic s equence w ith a c onven t iona l a r rangemen t o f f i ve c u l tura l h o r izons wh ich s eems s e cure : M idd le E ar ly Acheu l ian , M idd le E vo lved Acheu l ian , Upper Acheu lian , F ina l Acheu lian a nd P ost A cheu l ian /M idd le P a laeo l i th ic w ith Mous ter ian a f f in i t ies . I ne f f ec t , i ti n vo lves ac on t inuum o f t e chno logy o n r ounded c obb le s f r om f l uv ia l g rave ls e xp lo i ted f o r s t onework ing , s pann ing t h e M idd le A cheu l ian , t he Upper Acheu l ian a nd t h e M idd le P a laeo l i th ic , w ith l a te r r e s idua l e xp lo i ta t ion o f r ounded p ebb le sa sy e tn o ts t ud ied . F igure 1 s um mar izes t he b as ic d a tes o f t he g eochrono log ica l , g eomo rpho log ica l a nd c u ltura l s equence a su nde r s tood a tp resen t . The l i th ic i ndus tr ie s S of a r , 5 2a r ea s w i th s t ra t if ied i ndus tr ie s h ave b een f ound i n t h e C a rmona a nd L a C ampana s ec to rs o f S ev i l la p rov ince . T hey a r e ,a sy e t ,i n i t ia l s amp les p end ing e xpans ion wh ich i s t h eo b jec to ft h es e cond s t age o ft h e p ro jec t . Many o f t h ese l o ca le sa r es i ng le o ccur rence so fu nde term ined o ccupa t ion i n t he g eogmorpho log ica l l eve ls , b u t t here a re s ome r ea l o ccupa t ion s i tes i np r ima ry s t ra t igraph ic p os i t ion .

I nforma t ion a t p re sen t T he i ndus tr ies c or respond morphos tra t igraph ica l ly , a s i nd ica ted , t o t h e m idd le a nd l ow t e rraces . Mos t o f t he a rchaeo log ica l l o ca t ions a re i n a l luv ia l b a rs a l terna t ing w ith g rave ls a nd s ands , a l though s ome o f t he mo s t i n te res t ing s i te s i n t he s equence a re i n t yp ica l c hanne l g rave ls . T here a re a l so ma ter ia ls f rom a l luv ia l h o r izons a f fec ted b y f er ros i l i te e daphogenes is ( ca rbona ted a nd a l luv ia l h o r izons ) , a nd o ther s a ssoc ia ted w i th d epo s i ts p roduced b y t he e ros ion o f t e rraces whose c h rono s t ra t igraph ic i n terp re ta t ion i sp rob lema t ic .

R esearch i n to t he Qua te rna ry f o rma t ion s a nd P a laeo l i th ic s equence o ft h eL owe r G uada lqu iv ir D ep re s s ion i s ap ro jec t s ub s id ized b y t he C onse jer ia d e C u l tura d e l a J un ta d e Anda luc ia , w i th f i e ld s ea sons wh ich h ave c on t inued s i nce 1 985 , a f te r ap r ior p repa ra tory s t age r e co rded i nr epo r t s a nd p ub l ica t ion sg i ven i nt h ea t tached r e f e rence s . I n teres t i n t h e r e sea rch , wh ich h a s c en t red o n t h e B a jo Guada lqu iv ir , h as e nab led a r eg iona l s equence t o b e e s tab l ished , w h ich e x tends f r om t he T in to a nd O d ie l r i ver s a nd t he H ue lva l i t to ra l t ot h e G uada le te r i ve r , t h e L aJ anda D ep res s ion a nd t he C ad iz l i t to ra l .

A t p resen t , o n e v idence f rom t h e b as ic s ed imen to log ica l u n i t s ( g rave l a nd s and b a r s a nd g rave l c hanne ls ) p rev ious ly d e scr ibed , a nd w i th t he e xcep t ion o f ac l ea r ly d iagno s t ic a rchaeo log ica l a s semb lage f r om a n u pper , a l te red h or izon , t wen ty o f t hese s i tes f o rm a s equen t ia l a nd t ypo log ica l d i s tr ibu t ion o f t h e i ndus try e xcava ted f r om t he d epo s i ts 1 35

F .V a l l e sp i a nd F .D ia zd e lO lmo

v i s ib le among t he ma te r ia ls i n t h e l ower l e ve ls . T hey a r e t r an spo r ted f r om t h e B e t ica C o rd i l le ra b y r i ve r t r ibu tar ie s w h ich r e ach t h e Guada lqu iv ir o n i t sl e f tb ank .

( f ig .2 ) w h ich a l low s t h e f o l low ing a pp rox ima t ion o f t he i ndu s t r ia l c omp lexe s : 1 . T he i ndu s t r ie s f r om C er ro H igo so I a nd I I , i n c lude s ome i r regu la r a nd p ar t ly r egu la r c o res a nd a n a lmos t e qu iva len t n umber o f r egu la r c ores ( w i th c en tr ipe ta l r emova l s f r om o ne o rb o th f a ce s , d i sco ida l c o r e s , a nd t ho se w i th p a r t ia l a nd t o ta l p repa ra t ion o f t he p er iphery a nd r emova ls f r om o ne f a ce , i n c lud ing o ne e xamp le o f p ro to L ev a l lo i s . T he r e a r e a l so u n re touched f l ake s , c hoppe r s a nd c hopp ing t oo ls , s imp le s t ra igh t s i de scrape r s , n a tura l ly b acked k n ives , n o tches a nd d en t icu la tes . F rom a t e chno log ica l p o in t o f v i ew , a nd w i thou t t h e c on t ro l o f b i face s ( t here i so ne a ssoc ia ted s ur face e xamp le ) , t he i ndus t ry a ppea r s t o b e r e la ted t o t he E a r ly M idd le A cheu l ian . 2 . T he s i t eo fA r royo d e l R ub io i si n p r ima ry s t ra t ig raph ic p os i t ion o n a n o ccupa t ion l eve l o f a p a laeocana l s upe r impo sed o n t he + 105 -95m t e r race i n t h e C ampana s e c to r . T he i ndu s t ry h a s mo re t han 4 00 a s soc ia ted p i eces w i th t h e p r e sence o f L eva l lo is wo rk ing , a l though l im ited , c hoppe r a nd c hopp ing t oo ls , c l eaver s , t r ihed ra l p i ck s , s c rape r s ,n a tu ra l ly a nd a t yp ica l ly b acked k n ive sa nd n o tche s . I tr ep re sen t s amuch mo re a dvanced h o r izon , a t t r ibu ted b y i t s t e chn ica l a nd t ypo log ica l d eve lopmen t t o t h e M idd le E vo lved A cheu l ian ,a l though w i th s ome r e se rva t ion d ue t o t h el a ck o fb i fac e si nt h ed epo s i t . 3 . T he U ppe r A cheu l ian a ppea r s i n t h e + 55m a nd + 40m l eve ls , e spec ia l ly a t t he s i te o f T a razona , w i th t he d eve lopmen t o f L eva l lo is f l akes , c hoppe r a nd c hopp ing t oo ls , b i face s ,c l eave r s , t r ihed ra ls , ap seudo -Leva l lo is p o in t , a ne nd s c rap e ra nd an o tch ,w i th b i fa ce so nt h e s u r fa ce wh ich c o r robo ra t e t h is d e s igna t ion . 4 T he s i te so fA n t iguo s V ive ro s , S ine rg ip rän , L a s J a r i l la s a nd S an G e rmän s i tua ted i nt h e + 30m t e r race s h ave s o f a r p rov ided more t han a 1 00 a r tefac ts w i th L eva l lo is t e chno logy ,a nd a na s semb lage o fc hoppe r s ,b i face s ,c l eave r s , t r ihedra l p i ck s , s i de s c raper s , n a tura l ly b acked k n ives , n o tche sa nd d en t icu la te s wh ich d ef ine i ta sF ina l A cheu l ian / T rans i t iona l . 5 . T he a r chaeo log ica l l o ca t ion s i n t h e + 20m a nd + 13m t e r race sa r eM idd le P a laeo l i th ic . Among t h e mo re t h an 6 0 a r tefac t s a r e L eva l lo is f l ake s a nd p o in t s , c hoppe r s , s i de s c raper s , n o tches a nd d en t icu la tes , i nd ica t ing a p os t A cheu l ian i ndu s try i nf luenced b y aC la ss ic Mou s ter ian . M idd le P a laeo l i th ic i ndus tr ies a re o f ten f ound i n t he h ighes t d epo s i t s o f s ome t e r race s wh ich p o s tda te t he c on so l ida t ion o ft h e e daph ic d eve lopmen t . A t t h e s i te o f T a razona I , i n o ne o f t h ese u ppe r h or izon s ( HR ) o f a m idd le t e r race , t h e i mpac t o f t he Mous te r ian i s mo re c l ea r ly a ppa ren t , w i th a n a bundan t f l in t i ndus try w i th r e touched L eva l lo is p o in t s , Mou s te r ian p o in t s , a nd v a r iou s t y pe so fs i de s c rap e r si n c lud ing Q u ina a nd s em i -Qu ina t y pe s .

T he h ighes t l eve ls , w i thou t a s soc ia ted i ndu s t ry i n t he d epo s i t s o f t h e b a s ic s ed imen ta ry u n i t s , a re l i t ho log ica l ly d om ina ted b y r ounded , q ua r tz i te p ebb le sb e tween 7 15cm i n s i ze , w i th s ome s and s tones , s ha le s a nd g ran i te s . T he l i tho logy i n t he t e r races c on t inues t o b e d om ina ted b y q ua r tz i te p ebb le s , a bundan t s ha le s , s ch is t s a nd s a nd s tone s among o the r s , a l though w ec an i n f e rt wo g roup s o fa l luv ia l l e ve ls f r om t h er egu la ra nd ma s s ive p r e sence o f f l in t c l a s t s , wh ich c on t inue f rom t he + 70 -60m t e r race s . T he se l i tho log ica l f ea tu re s o f t h e m idd le t e r races a r e m a in ta ined i nt h el owe rl e ve ls wh ich n ow i n c lude a na bundance o f f l in t i nt h e ir d epo s i t s . T he ma ter ia ls u sed i nt h e c o l lec ted s amp le s i nf i gu r e 2a r e r ounded , q ua r tz ite p ebb les wh ich a re p redom inan t t h roughou t t h e s equence , w i th f l in ta nd af ew o t he rr o ck s i n i n s ign if ican ta moun t s ( qua r tz , s and s tone , l ime s tone ) i nt h e l ower l e ve ls . T he p e rcen tages o f r aw m a te r ia l u sed i nt h is p rov is iona l s amp le , g rouped i nc u l tu ra l h o r izon s , i ss hown i nf i gu re 3 . I ti sc l ea r ly e v iden t , i ns p i t e o f t h e p rov is iona l n a tu re o ft h ee xcava ted s amp le s , t h a tt h e r ew a s am ove f rom A cheu l ian q ua r tz i te i ndus t r ie s t om ixed q uar tz i te a nd f l in t i ndu s t r ie s i nt h e F ina l A cheu l ian a nd M idd le P a laeo l i th ic . O n t h e r e la t ionsh ip b e tween r aw m a t e r ia ls , t e chn ique s a nd t ype s , w e h ave o b served t ha t t h e q ua r tz i te b l ank s a re r ounded p ebb le s , s p l i tp ebb le s a nd f l ake sf r om p ebb le c o re s . T he s p l i t p ebb le s , f r ac tu red a long c l eavage p lane s , d i sp lay n o s i gn s o f k napp ing , mak ing i td i f f icu l t t o d i s t ingu ish t ho se c a se s o f i n ten t iona l f r ac tu re . T he re a r e , h owever , t h ick c o r t ica l f l akes , t he p roduc t o f t he i n ten t iona l s p l i t t ing o f ap ebb le i nt wo , e ach p a r ta pp rox ima t e ly ah a lf , h av ing ap o s i t ive a nd n ega t ive b u lb o fp e r cu ss ion . T he s ec an b e c a l led p o s i t ive a nd n ega t ive s em inodu la r f l ake s ( o r s imp ly s em inodu la rf l ake s ) . Howeve r , t h e b lank s f o r f l ake t oo ls a r e u sua l ly k napped f l akes . Among t h ea va i lab le f l in t s amp le s , a l l t h e t oo l b lank s a re f l ake s e xcep t f o r ac o re p iece . W i th r e f e rence t ot ypo logy , w e h ave n o ted t h a t t he L ower P a laeo l i th ic g roup o f c hoppe r s , c hopp ing t oo ls , b i faces , c leaver s a nd t r ihedra ls a r e a lmos t a lways i n q ua r tz i te . L eva l lo is f l ake s a re a l so u sua l ly i n q ua r tz i te . T he d ef in i t ive i mpe tus t owa rd s t h e u s e o ff l in t i st i ed t ot he d eve lopmen t o f t he L eva l lo is a nd Mous te r ian g roup s , e spec ia l ly p roduc t s a ssoc ia ted w i th t h e manu fac tu re o f L eva l lo is p o in t s ( Leva l lo is p o in t s , r e touched L eva l lo is p o in t s a nd Mou s te r ian p o in t s ) a nd r e la ted f o rms o fs c raper s ( pa r t icu la r ly c onve rgen t t ypes ) . A pa r t f r om t h e se , a r e t ho se t ypes made i nb o th q ua r tz i te a nd f l in t , ma in ly s imp le s i de s c raper s , n a tura l ly a nd a typ ica l ly b acked k n ives , n o tche sa nd d en t icu la te s . D esp i te i t s p rov is iona l n a ture , w e b e l ieve t ha t t he p re l im ina ry , a va i lab le e v idence e s tab l ishe s t h e h ypo the s is wh ich w eh ave o u t l ined i nt h i sp ape r .

U se so fq uar tz i te a nd f l in t R ef erences ( t ho se r e su l t ing f r om t he p rog ramme o fr e sea r ch )

T he d e t r i t ic ma ter ia ls o f t h e d i f fe ren t t e r race l e ve ls a re ma in ly q ua r tz i te . Wh i le c over ing a w ide t ypo log ica l s pec t rum , t h ey a r ep redom inan t ly f i ve t o t e n c en t ime t re s i n s i ze a nd a lway s w e l l r o l led . G rave ls o f ag ran i t ic n a tu re , v a r iou s ly a l te red , s uch a s s ha le s , s ch is ts a nd s and s tones , o r ig ina t ing f r om t h e s ame P a laeozo ic b lock o f t h e S ier ra Mo r ena ,a r ea l so c ommon . R o l led ,f l in t p ebb le s a r e c l ea r ly

D iaz d e l O l mo , F . , Va l lesp i , E . & A lva rez , G . 1 986 . F o rma t ions s uperf ic ie l les et r i t iques e t s equence p a l6o l i th ique d u B a s Guada lqu iv i r ( SW d e l ' E spagne ) . Med i ter rand e , 3 : 6 1-65 .

1 36

F . V a l le sp i a nd .D ia zd e lO lmo

D iaz d e lO lmo , F . , Va l lesp i , E .&A lva rez ,G . 1 987 . T raba jo s d e 1 985 s ob re f ormac iones c ua te rnar ias y c onex iones p a leo l i t icas e n e l B a jo Guada lqu iv ir , p rov inc ia d e S ev i l la . A nuar io A rqueo log ico d eA nda luc ia , I : 1 3 -16 . D iaz d e l O lmo , F . & V a l lesp i , E . ( ed s ) . 1 988 . T raba jos d e P a leo l i t ico y C ua ternar io . S ev i l la : Un ive rs idad d e S ev i l la . D iaz d e l O lmo , F . & Va l lesp i , E . 1 988 . E vo luc i6n g eomo r fo l6g ica , s ecuenc ia p a leo lf t ica y g eoa rqueo log ia r e c ien te d e l s i s tema f l uv ia l d e B a jo Guada lqu iv ir . A luv ionam ien tos C ua ternar ios e n l a d epres ion I nf er ior d e lGuada lqu iv ir . AEQUA G rupo A nda luz d e c ua te ma r io , 3 7 -66 . D ia z d e l O lmo ,F . , Va l le sp i ,E . , B aena , R . &R ec io ,J .M . 1 989 . T e r razas p le is tocenas d e l Guada lqu iv ir o cc iden ta l : g eomo r fo log ia , s ue lo s , p a leo sue lo s ys ecuenc ia c u l tu ra l . I n : E lc ua ternar io e nA nda luc ia O cc iden ta l , AEQUA . V a l le sp i , E . 1 988 . P a leo l i t ico Med io d e a spec to p o s tache lense e n l aD ep re s i6n i n f e r io r d e l Guada lqu iv i r . Homena je a l P rof .E .R ipo l lP ere l lo . E spac io , T iempo Y F orma , S er i I ,P r eh is tor ia , . 1 : 8 5 -9 1 . UNED . V a l lesp i , E . , A lva rez , G . , Amo re s , F . & E scacena , J .L . 1 982 . C omp le jo s d e c an tos t a l lados y b ifaces e n e l b a jo G uada lqu iv ir . P e r sp ec t ivas d e s ue s tud io . G .E .T .C . , 5 e R eun ion . S ev i l la : U n ive r s idad d e S ev i l la ,7 9 -98 . V a l lesp i , E . , D iaz d e l O lmo , F . , A lva rez , G . & V a l lesp i Ga r c ia , E . 1 988 . S ecuenc ia p a leo l i t ica d e l B a jo Guada lqu iv i r . R e v i s ta d eA rqueo log ia , 8 2 : 9 -17 .

1 37

> 7 . ` + + + 4 -

; 1 4 ‚ 4

( uAs `z )s mp in s i o . A* s

H H H HE

H

0

E !

r —( u A s . ) . ( 1 ' S

H H

I . 9

i

I I

I

60

I2 D , I

( . 1 ) ( . 2 ) ( 3 ) S . /A luv ia les

2

P o s t -Ca lco l i t ico

N

D ib i lmen te p a rdo s

U D P a s to r +6 5 -71 m

T rav ieso + 1 30 m .

3

R o jo c on B t /Bca oC ca

R o jo s ob re c o s t ra

CORDOBA/

T oc ina +3 -6

A che len se F in .

F . V a l le sp i a nd F .D iaz d e l O lmo

E I

; 2 4 — " 1.

c 39 4 ++

>>

22 E l .E l i

F . V a l le sp i a nd .D iaz d e lO lmo

S V ( 1V) 1 .X . : .1 S Z: 1 1 . 1 • I V J .0J .

t I)

I SJ) ,t 1 (1

S 11111 :111311U3(1

S I PS: 11 11N

S I 13 131 1 1

1 41 11111 OS . 1111 1 3 11 S 111111131171

0 .111 1111:1 1S1111 1 ap S 1 1111 131 13

S3 . 11111 , . /0.1 23,1

1 4 3 . Iteg

se .tapa n i

; m ir es s e . tapa n i

nuel d

1 : 311 ” 1 . 13AS111, 1) SUJ31131 111

sepea pet s t ma pa ni

S311133 . 13A11113 s i mapan H

5 . 111 1c ul!s , t ua pae n

N3S1 131 . 131: 11 1111 S I :11 1 1 M

S 11/111 ! ,131 1111113S11 S 1 11 111,1

S 11 11:3 4113_ 1 S 111 01 ,31 S 111 11 1,1

551111 1,1

, 1.3! . s

p ! . 1) so m d

* • —

, ! o l i e l . ta l e l m

d e l aR inconada , T o ru r io yGuada joz P ALEOL IT ICO

L as J a r i l las yL oca l izac . S ine rg ip rän ,

T -X I I : Y ac im ien to T a razona I

T -X I I I : Y ac irn ien to A n t iguos V ive ros y ACHELENSE

N ues t ra S ef ic ra d e G rac ia

1 39

SUPER IOR

ACHELENSE

T -X : Y ac im ien to A r royo d e l R ub io

yl ocg izac iön Gas taemba lde EVOLUC IONADO

0

ACHELENSE MED IO

Iy I yE lT on i

s e ipm ,

ACHELENSE MED IO

ARQUEOLOG ICAS

L OCAL IZAC IONES

HOR IZONTES CULTURALES ,

o pezme t tn t . I . , A, 3.1 i t l ia . i . g ! s t e .139 1 1

*

0 L ii

F ig . 2 . T he L owe ra nd N l idd le P a laeo l i th ic s equence o ft h e B a jo G uada lqu iv ir ( F eb re ro 1 990 )

i tlatu yi mil m pi

mlsi n

S i lex

9 7 ,81

9 6 ,25

7 5 ,2 1

6 4 ,62

1 , 38

2 , 18

1 , 60

2 3 ,07

3 5 ,15

2 , 13

1 , 70

0 ,21

U ) c a ). > • • =2

_ c E %

1 0 0

o -7 _ -

A che lense F i na l

U )

2

A che lense S upe r io r

O t ras ma te r ias

0

P a leo l i t ico M ed io

9 8 ,61

P a leoU t ica M ed io

C ua rc i ta

A che lense F i na l

A che lense S upe r io r

F . V a l le e ( a nd F .D taz d e l O lmo

•

9 0 8 0 7 0 C ua rc i ta

6 0 5 0 4 0

•

S i lex

3 0 2 0 1 0 , • d •-

, . —

• O t ras ma te r ias — —-

F ig . 3 . T he e xp lo i ta t ion o fq uar tz i te a nd f l in t i nt h e L ower a nd M idd le P a laeo l i th ic s equence o ft he 1 3 a jo G uada lqu iv ir ( p rov is iona lr e su l t s . F ebrero IV 9) )

1 40

RA W MATER IALS I N THE LO WER PALAEOL ITH IC OF PORTUGAL

c omp i led a s hor t , r eg iona l i nven to ry o f t he ma in r aw ma ter ia ls

u sed

i n

t oo l

manufac ture

( for d e ta i led

b ib l iograph ic r e fe rence s s ee : B reu i l & Z byszewsk i 1 942 , 1 945 ;Z by szewsk i 1 943 , 1 958 , 1 966 , 1 974 ;F e r re ira & L e i tao

J . Me ire le sa nd J .P . C unha -R ibe iro U n ive r s idade d oM inho ,B raga

1 981 ;P ena lva 1 987 ) . I n t he No r th o ft he c oun t ry , i nb o th t h e l i t to ra l z one a nd i n

I ntroduct ion

t he t e rraces o f t he p r inc ipa l wa ter c our ses ( t he r i ver s

A t t he b eg inn ing o f t he 1 940s , a s a r esu l t o f work

i nt he f o rm o fr o l led p ebb le s , d om ina te t h e s pec t rum o fr aw ma ter ia ls e xp lo ited : q uar tz ite ( by f ar t he mos t

M inho , Anco ra , L ima ,N e iva a nd C ävado ) t wo t ype so fr ock ,

u nder taken b y H . B reu i l a nd G . Z byszewsk i , k now ledge o f

p redom inan t ) a nd q ua r tz ( i n much s ma l ler p ercen tage s ) .

t he P or tugue se P a laeo l i th ic i n g ene ra l , a nd t he L ower P a laeo l i th ic i np ar t icu la r , o ccup ied ap lace o f s ome n o te i n

Ro l led p ebb le s , q ua r tz i te i n p a r t icu la r b u t a l so q ua r tz , a r e

s t ud ie s o n E u ropean p reh is to ry , b u t i tr ap id ly r eached a n

i mpor tan t i nt h e E x t remadu ra l i t to ra l . O ther r ock s , a mong t hem b asa l t , f l in t , l imes tone a nd m icasch is t w ere

i mpas se . F ac to r s c aus ing t h is s i tua t ion c an b e f ound i nt he s t agna t ion a nd c rys ta l l iza t ion o f t he me thodo log ica l p r inc ip les o n wh ich

o cca s iona l ly u sed i n much s ma l le rp e rcen tages .

k now ledge o f t he P or tuguese

P a laeo l i th ic w a s b a sed . Ana ly t ic s t udy

T he a r te fac t sf r om t h e S e t i lba l p en insu la a re a l so p r ima r i ly made f r om q ua r tz i te a nd q uar tz p ebb les , wh i le i n t h e

o f t he ma ter ia ls r ecovered i nc luded

A len te jano l i t tora l g reywack a nd a d ivers i ty o f l o ca l

a na logou sa s sump t ion sb a sed o n ' r efe rence s e r ie s ' wh ich h ad

v o lcan ic r ock s s uch a s d o ler ite , a nde s i te a nd d io r i te w ere

b een e s tab l i shed e i the rf r om t h e n o t ion o f ' f os s i l d i rec teu r '

u sed i na dd i t ion t oq ua r tz i te a nd q ua r tz .

o rf r om t h e a bu s ive a nd i n con sequen t ia l u se o fo b se rva t ion o f p hys ica l c ha rac ter is t ics o f t oo ls ( degree o f r o l l ing ,

F ina l ly , i nt h e A lgarve l i t to ra l q ua r tz i te p ebb le s a r e a ga in

p a t ina , e t c . ) , o r o n t he s ugges ted p resence o f s uccess ive p ha se so fw o rk a ch ieved d iach ron ica l ly o nt h e se t oo ls .

mo s t c ommon ly e xp lo i ted , f o l lowed a t s ome d i s tance b y

A s a

q uar tz . However , t here h ave b een s ome r a re f i nd s o f a r tefac t s i nl ydd i te .

r e su lt , o ve r ap er iod o f t ime , as ys tem o f c u l tura l a nd c h rono log ica l c l a s s if ica t ion w a s d eve loped wh ich s e rved a s af r amewo rk f o r t h e L owe r P a laeo l i th ic o f P o r tuga l .

I n

F u r the r , mo s t a r tefac t s f ound o ver t h e y ea r s w ere s ur face

a rchaeo log ica l

r ema ins

t he p r inc ipa l r i ve r s i nt h e C en tre a nd t h e S ou th , e i the r i n

f i nds a nd t h erefore w ithou t a ny p rec ise s t ra t igraph ic c on tex t .

t he i n ter ior o f P or tuga l

a t tr ibu ted t ot h e L owe r P a laeo l i th ic a r e c oncen t ra ted a l ong a ssoc ia t ion w i th a nc ien t d epos it s o f f l uv ia l o r ig in o r

I n a dd i t ion , e a sy , r epe t i t ive a nd s imp l is t ic , b u t

i n tegra ted i n o ther t ypes o f q ua terna ry f orma t ion s , o f ten c o l luv ia ls .

w eak a nd o u tda ted , a l t ime t r ic c r i te r ia w ere u sed a s ab a s is o n wh ich t od e te rm ine t h e g ene s is o ff o rma t ion s i n o rde r t o e s tab l ish ag eoch rono log ica l f r amewo rk f o r t h e P o r tugue se P a laeo l i th ic . T he se f a c tor s d o n o t f ac i l i ta te t he t a sk o f

Un t i l r e cen t ly , ( excep t f o ra n e xcava t ion a tt h e P a laeo l i th ic

P a laeo l i th ic .

s i te o f C abe o d a M ina , Muge , d i rec ted b y P ro f . Mendes Cor rea ) mo s t o f t h e r epor ted f i nds w e re s ur face ma te r ia ls , v ery o f ten l a ck ing e ven a n h ypo the t ica l a s soc ia t ion w i th a

T he f i r s ta nd c e r ta in ly n o tt h e l e a s to f t he d i f f icu l t ies w i th

o f t h e s amp le s a ppea r s , a s w e h ave m en t ioned , s omewha t

p resen t ing a b r ief s yn thes is o n t he i mpor tance o f r aw ma ter ia l i n t he

c on tex t o f t he

P or tuguese

Lower

mo re p rec ise g eoch rono log ica l c on tex t .

d oub tfu l e spec ia l ly a s t he ir i den t if ica t ion i s b a sed o n me thodo log ica l p r inc ip les d i scu s sed a bove . Howeve r , i ti s

wh ich w e a r e c onf ron ted i s a n e va lua t ion o f t he r ea l s i gn if icance o f t h ese a s semb lage s .

I ndeed , b ecau se o f t he

p o s s ib le t od e te rm ine ac l ea rp redom inance o fq ua r tz i t e .

a bove c i ted r e a son s w e f e e l o b l iged t oe xp re ss o ur r e la t ive m is t rus t i nt h e ir h omogene i ty a nd i d en t if ica t ion , a nd a s a

I ne f fec t , i ti so n ly i nt h es i te sa round L isbon i nt h en o r th o f

r e su l t t h e ir u s e i n t h is s hor t s yn the s is w i l l b e r educed t o a m in imum a nd u nde r taken w i th t he

T he h omogene i ty

t h eT agu se s tua ry t ha t f l in t wa s w ide ly e xp lo i ted .

g rea tes t p oss ib le

A f u l l

a pp ra isa l o ft h e ma te r ia ls c anno tb e made t oday a st h ey w ere

c au t ion . T he f o l low ing g loba l v i ew o f t he i mpor tance o f

a lways f ound o n t h e s u r face i n a s soc ia t ion w i th w o rked

r aw ma te r ia l i nt h e L ower P a laeo l i th ic o f P or tuga l w i l l b e

a r tefac t s wh ich w ere c l ea r ly mo re r ecen t t han t hose

b a sed e s sen t ia l ly o n a n a na ly s is o f r e cen t d a ta r ecovered

i den t if ied b y t he ir p hys ica l s t a te ( d egree o f r o l l ing a nd

f r om t h e r i ve r v a l leys o f t h e T agus ( Rapo so , C a r re ira &

p a t ina ) .

S a lvado r 1 985 ) , a nd t h e L is ( Cunha R ibe iro 1 987 ; C unha

I n a dd i t ion , mo s t o f t he se s i tes , i nc lud ing t h e

c la ss ic a rchaeo log ica l s i te o f C a sa l d o Mon te ( Lou re s ) , were d es t royed mo re r e cen t ly w i th t h e d eve lopmen t o f

R ibe iro , Me ire le s &T ex ie r 1 989 ) a nd t h e l i t tora l o f M inho p rov ince ( Me i re les 1 982 , 1 986 ; C unha R ibe iro , Me ire le s & T ex ie r 1 989 ) .

u rban a r ea sa round t h eP o r tugue se c ap i ta l .

R aw ma ter ia li nven tory

The e xp lo i ta t ion o f r o l led , q ua r tz i te p ebb les i s g rea t ly i n

F rom t h e e x is t ing v as t b ib l iography o n i mp lemen ts a t tr ibu ted t ot h e P o r tugue se L owe r P a laeo l i th ic , w e h ave

b o th b ank so ft h eT agu sr i ve rf r om t h eS pan ish b o rde rt ot he

e v idence i n t he n umerous P a laeo l i th ic s i te s l o ca ted a l ong e s tuary ( Ma rd a P a lha ) . Q ua r tz a nd f l in ta r e p resen ta lmos t 1 4 1

J .M e ir e l e sa nd J . P . C unha R ibe iro a lway si ns ma l le rp e rcen tage sa nd t h ee xp lo i ta t ion o f o the r

A l though t he Guad iana a nd C a ia r i ver v a l leys a re c ompa ra t ive ly l e ss w e l l k nown t han t h e T agu s v a l ley , a

When w e c on s ide r t h e d a ta o n r aw ma te r ia ls u sed f o r t oo l manufac tur e i n t h e P o r tuguese L owe r P a laeo l i th ic a s i nd ica ted a bove , ( r ock t ype s p refe ren t ia l ly e xp lo i ted a nd t h ef o rm i nw h ich t h ey a r ea va i lab le ) , t h e i mpo r tance o f t h e n ew m e thodo log ica l a pp roache s men t ioned a bove b ecome s e v iden t . T h i s i mpo r tance i n c rea se s w hen w ec ons ide r t ha t , t r ad i t iona l ly , d i f fe ren t ' s ty le s ' o r ' f ac ie s ' w e re b e l ieved t o e x is t i n t h e L owe r P a laeo l i th ic i n g enera l , a nd i n t he A cheu l ian o ft h e l i t to ra l a r ea s i np a r t icu la r . Among t h e se , t h e s o -ca l led L u s i tan ian a nd m ic ro -Lu s i tan ian ' s ty le s ' ( t he

n umber o f s urface s i tes a t t r ibu ted t o t he L ower P a laeo l i th ic h ave b een f ound i nt h ese r eg ion s . N eve r the les s ,

l a t te rm e r e ly ad imen s iona l v ar ian to f t h e f o rme r ) a s sumed p ar t icu la rr e levance .

r aw ma te r ia ls may b ec on s ide red f o r tu i tou s . I ns ome c a ses , t h eo cca s iona lo ccu r r ence o fl a rge ,r o l led p ebb le sf a c i l i ta ted t h e p roduc t ion o f l a rge f l ake s o f ten u sed a s b l ank s f o r t he manufac tu re o f more c omp lex a r te fac t s s uch a s b i faces o r c leavers , o r e ven f r equen t ly u sed w ithou t f ur ther mod if ica t ion .

t he s ame c ha rac ter is t ic s o f r aw ma ter ia l e xp lo i ta t ion a r e e v iden t : r o l led q uar tz i te p ebb les f o rm t h e ma jo r b l ank f o r t h e manufa c tu re o f wo rked p iece s , wh i le q ua r tz w a s o f s ome i mpo r tance , b u to the rr ock s w e re r a re ly e xp lo i ted .

T he ' s t y le s ' w e r e i n t roduced i n to P o r tugue se P reh is to ry b y B reu i l , V au l t ie r a nd Z byszewsk i ( 1942 ) .

T he i r o b jec t ive

w a s t oi n teg ra te t h e p ecu l ia r i t ie s n o ted i n t h e P or tuguese L ower P a laeo l i th ic i n to t he c u l tura l s ys tems a nd

I n s yn thes i s , t h e s pec trum o f r aw ma ter ia ls e xp lo i ted b y t h eL owe rP a laeo l i th ic p opu la t ions f o r t h e manu fac tu re o f t h e ir t oo ls i sc l ea r ly d om ina ted b y q ua r tz i te w i th o ther

e vo lu t ionary s chemes t hen i n v ogue t h roughou t t he E u ropean P a laeo l i th ic .

r ock s d e f in i te ly t ak ing as e conda ry p o s i t ion .

T he p r ima ry e xp lana t ion g i ven t oj u s t ify s uch d e ta i ls w a s t hough t b y t h e se a u tho r s t o b e f ound i np a leo -eco log ica l c ond i t ion s , d ue t ot h e i n ten s ive a nd e xc lus ive e xp lo ra t ion o f mar ine r e sou rce s o f t h e l i t to ra l f r inges b y L ower P a laeo l i th ic p opu la t ion s . A l i t t le l a ter ( Zbyszewsk i 1 943 ) , t h i s p o s i t ion w a s s omewha t w eakened , e spec ia l ly w i th r e fe rence t o t he L ower P a laeo l i th ic , w i th t he i n t roduc t ion o f as econd c ond i t ioner : r aw ma ter ia l . Unfo r tuna te ly , t h is l i ne o f i nve s t iga t ion w a s n eve r d eve loped o r c l ea r ly t aken u p a nd s o r ema ined a mere d ec la ra t ion o fi n ten t .

R aw ma ter ia ld e ta i ls G enera lc ons id era t ions Ques t ion s r e la t ing t o t h e r o le p layed b y r aw ma ter ia ls i n t h e c ha rac te r isa t ion o ft h e mo rpho techn ica l d i f fe r en t ia t ion a mong L owe r P a laeo l i th ic i ndu s tr ie s , e spec ia l ly t ho se o f t h eA cheu l ian , h ave b ecome i n c rea s ing ly i mpo r tan t w i th in t h e f r amewo rk o f c oncep tua l d eve lopmen t s w h ich h ave o ccu r red i nr e cen ty ea r s . C la ss ica l i n terp re ta t ion s e labo ra ted b y v a r iou s a u tho r s , p a r t icu la r ly B o rde s ( 1971 ) , a t t r ibu ted d i f fe rence s o b served i n E uropean Acheu l ian c on tex ts , whe ther t hey b e mo rpho log ica l o ri nt e chn ique s o f manu fa c tu re , t on o mo re t han a r ef lec t ion o f t h e p resence o f d i f fe ren t t e chn ica l t r ad i t ions wh ich s pa t ia l ly c an b e i n terpre ted a s d emon s t ra t ing v a r iou s ' c u l tu ra l p rov ince s ' .

T he q ue s t ion w a sa dd re s sed o nce mo r e i n1 972 a nd 1 973 b y J o rge a nd h i sc o l league s o ft h e G .E .P .P . i na ne ndeavou r t o r ev ive t h eo re t ica l a nd m e thodo log ica l a pproaches t o P a la eo l i th ic r e sea rch i nP o r tuga l . I na dd i t ion t o ac r i t ique o f t h e u se o ft h e c oncep t o f ' s ty le ' , t h ey p ropo sed t h a t i n P o r tuga l ( and e l sewhe re ) t h ese i ndu s t r ies r ep resen ted a man ife s ta t ion o f a n a u tonomou s , e vo lu t iona ry p roce s s o f o ld o r a r cha ic c omp lexe s o f p ebb le t oo ls ( Pebb le -cu l tu re ) , t hu s a t t r ibu t ing ac u l tu ra l s i gn if icance t ot h e t e chn ica l a nd mo rpho log ica l c ha rac te r is t ics o f t h e P o r tugue se L owe r P a laeo l i th ic . Mo re r e cen t ly , t he s ame i d ea s a nd c oncep t s w e r e r e t r ieved a nd ' r ed iscove red ' ( P ena Iva 1 978 ; C a rdo so & P ena lva 1 979 )

O the r r e sea rche r s ( J e l inek 1 977 ; J one s 1 979 ; V i l la 1 981 , 1 983 ) h ave i ncrea s ing ly d rawn a t ten t ion t o t he c i rcum s tance so f t he se d i f fe rence s w h ich d er ive e s sen t ia l ly f r om 1 ) t he mechan ica l p roper t ies o f t he r aw ma ter ia l ( e spec ia l ly q ua r tz i te a nd mo re r a re ly q ua r tz ) e xp lo i ted i n t h e se a r ea s ; 2 ) t h eq ua l i ty o ft he e dge a ch ieved i nt h e se r ock s ; 3 ) t h e f o rm i n wh ich t h e r aw ma ter ia ls a r e p re sen t i n t h e a r ea ( u sua l ly r o l led p ebb le so fv a ry ing d imen s ion s ) .

A t t h is p o in t i t i s t ime t o e xp la in a nd c lar ify , u nequ ivoca l ly , t h e v ar iab le s wh ich a r e p resen t i n t h is d i scu s s ion :

I na cco rdance w i th t h is n ew p e r spec t ive , t h e c r i te r ia o n

a ) Q ue s t ion so f ac oncep tua l n a tu re a r e o u tda ted a s t h e re i s n ow a g ene ra l c onsen su s o n t h e i nadequac ie s o f b o th t he c oncep t s o f' s t y le ' a nd ' P ebb le -cu l tu re ' .

w h ich t h e c u l tura l p rov inces w ere b a sed ( t he d egree o f mo rpho techn ica l r e f inemen to f c e r ta in c a tego r ie s o f t oo ls , p ar t icu la r ly b i face s , t h e s i gn if ican t p re sence o f o the r s , e spec ia l ly c l eaver s , a nd e ven t he w eak i ndex o f t he

b ) W i th r ega rd t op rob lems o f ac h rono log ica l n a tu re i n P or tugue se p r eh is to ry , t wo a spec t s m ay b e e mpha s ized . I n t he l i gh t o f p resen t k now ledge t he re a re u ndoub ted

d eve lopmen t o f ' Leva l lo is ' t e chn ique ) wou ld h ave b een c ond i t ioned b y t he r aw ma ter ia l e xp lo i ted a nd t h e refo re w i thou t s i gn if icance .

mac ro l i th ic i n du s t r ie s d a ted e i the r t ot h e l a s t g lac ia l p ha se o r t o t h e b eg inn ing o f t h e Ho locene . However , t he o ccu r rence o f ac l ea r ly p re -Acheu l ian c u l tu ra l h o r izon h a s y e tt ob ed emon s t ra ted a nd r ema in sa no pen q ue s t ion . 1 42

J . Me ire le sa nd J .P .C unha R ibe iro

c )

Wi th r ega rd t o c u l tura l q ues t ions , t r ans la ted b y t he

d i f f icu l ty i ne s tab l ish ing an e td i f fe rence b e tween c o re s a nd

t r ad i t iona l a ccep tance o f t h e p resence o f f a c ies o r d i s t inc t

p ebb le t oo ls .

c u ltura l t r ad it ions i n t he P or tuguese A cheu l ian , t he f o l low ing f ac tors s hou ld b e empha s ized : 1 ) a s n o ted

T he L is R iver Va l ley

e a r l ie r , t he a s semb lages o n wh ich s uch h ypo theses w ere R e sea rch u nde r taken i nt h e l a s t f i ve y ea r s i n t h e L is r i ver

b a sed d on o ti nf ac tp resen tt h el e a s t c e r t i tude i n t ha t s ense , d ue t o t he ir d oub tfu l h omogene i ty , o r t he ir p oor

v a l ley ( Le ir ia , c en t ra l P o r tuga l ) h a s u ncovered t wo , c l ea r ly

r epresen ta t ion , o r t he t o ta l a bsence o f a ny s t ra t igraph ic c on tex t ; 2 ) t h e a l leged p reponde rance o f c e r ta in t oo l t ype s

d i s t inc t , L ower P a laeo l i th ic o ccupa t ion p er iods i n t he

( pebb le t oo ls ) i n s ome n a tu ra l r eg ion s i n c ompa r ison t o

T ex ie r1 989 ) . T hus ,t h eo ldes t k nown Acheu l ian i ndus tr ies

r eg ion ( Cunha R ive iro 1 987 ; C unha R ibe iro , Me ire les &

o thers i s n o t c onf irmed b y d a ta p resen t ly a va i lab le ,

a r ea s soc ia ted w i th t h eb a se o ft h eo ldes t r i ver t e r race ( Q2 ) ,

e spec ia l ly a s t hese a r tefac t t ypes a l so o ccu r i n s i gn if ican t

wh i le t h e mo re r e cen to ne s w e re f ound i n c o l luv ia ls whose

p ercen tages a ssoc ia ted w i th b i faces a nd c l eaver s i n s i tes

g ene s is w a sc l ea r ly l a te rt han t h e l owes t t e r race ( Q4 ) .

away f r om t h e l i t tora l ( Tagus v a l ley ) ;

3 ) t h e o ppos i te i s

a l so t r ue , g iven t ha t i n c er ta in l i t to ra l r eg ions Acheu l ian

No tw i th s tand ing t he e x tens ive p er iod o f t ime s epa ra t ing

i ndus tr ie s w i th s i gn if ican t n umber s o f b i faces a nd c l eaver s

b o th i ndus t r ies , t he ir t e chno log ica l a nd t ypo log ica l

h ave b een f ound ( Ca lda sd a R a inha r eg ion ) ; 4 ) i ts hou ld b e

c ha rac te r is t ics s how n o v ery s i gn if ican t c hanges , n o r d oes

empha s ized t ha t w i th p ebb le t oo ls o fl a rge d imens ions i ti s

t h e e xp lo i ta t ion o f r aw ma ter ia l .

o f ten d i f f icu l t t o e s tab l ish t he d i f ference b e tween l i t t le e xp lo i ted c o res w i th a d jacen t r emova ls a nd u n ifaces o r

i ndu s tr ies , f ound i n t h e t e r races u p s t ream o f t he c i ty o f L e ir ia ,q ua r tz i te c l ea r ly p redom ina tes ( 92 .3 % ) w i th f l in t

b i faces . T he refo re , o n t h e b a s is o fd a ta p re sen t ly a va i lab le

a nd q ua r tz n o te xceed ing 6 .6% a nd 1 . 1% r e spec t ive ly . The

w e f ee l t ha t t he e x is tence o f a ny c u l tura l f ac ies i n t he

s i te o fC a sa l d oA zeme l ( nea r V i la d aB a ta lha ) i sl oca ted i n

P or tuguese Acheu l ian , a s t r ad i t iona l ly c ha rac ter ized ,

as ma l l c o l luv ia l wh ich a f fec ted t h e t op o f a n o ld P l iocene

c anno tb ea ccep ted .

b each . E xcava t ion si n1 988 a nd 1 989 r e cove red 1 345 wo rked

Case s t ud ie s

q uar tz i te , 2 .5% i nf l in ta nd 2 .4% i nq ua r tz .

I n t he o ldes t Acheu l ian

p i ece si na na r ea o f4 0s qua re me t re s ,o f wh ich 9 5 .1 % w ere i n N ew p e r spec t ives o fr e sea rch h ave b een i mp lemen ted i nt h e l a s t t wo d ecades i n a na t temp tt o o ve rcome m e thodo log ica l

I n b o th s i te s t h e p e rcen tage o f p ebb le t oo ls i ss ma l l , n o t

l im i ta t ion s wh ich h ave c ha rac ter ised t he s t udy o ft h e L ower

e xceed ing 3 .3% i n t he o ldes t A cheu l ian i ndus t r ies a nd

P a laeo l i th ic i n P or tuga l .

f o rm ing o n ly 0 .4% o f t h e i ndu s try o f C a sa l d o Azeme l . C o re sa r e mo re n ume rou si nt h e t e r race s u p s t ream o f L e ir ia

I na ni n i t ia l p ha se ,a ne ndeavou rw a s made t oe va lua te s ome

( 29 .2% ) t h an a tC a sa l d oA zeme l where t h ey d o n o t e xceed 7 .9% o ft h el i th ic ma te r ia ls . T h is i su ndoub ted ly d ue t o t he

o f t he t heoret ica l b a ses a pp l ied t o ( ea r l ier ) r e sea rch . A l terna t ive , n ew me thodo log ie s w e re p ropo sed a nd a pp l ied

a bundance o fr aw ma ter ia l i n t h e o lde s t t e r race s .

t ot he s t udy o fs ome s pec if ic z one s( J o rge 1 972 , 1 973 ) .

d oA zeme l much o ft h e' mapp ing t ook p lace a way f r om t he

Mo re r ecen t ly , r eg iona l s t ud ies (Me ire le s 1 986 ; Cunha

t h el o ca t ion o ft h e s i te w a sd e te rm ined mo re b yi t s s t ra teg ic

R ibe iro 1 987 ) o r s pec if ic e xcava t ions ( Rapo so , C a r re ira & S a lvado r 1 985 ) h ave e nab led t h e c o l lec t ion o f s i gn if ican t

b y i t s p rox im i ty t or aw ma te r ia l s ources .

d a ta o n t h e p resence o f P a laeo l i th ic p eop le s i n P o r tugue se t e rr itory , wh i le a t t he s ame t ime o u t l in ing n ew

The M inho L i t tora l

A t C asa l

s i te i na r ea s o f a b tmdan t r aw ma ter ia l , wh ich s ugges ts t ha t p o s i t ion i n t h e a r ea i n r e la t ion t ot h e a d jacen t v a l ley s t han

p e r spec t ives b ased o n mode rn c r i ter ia . F o r al ong t ime t h e o n ly k now ledge o f t h e P a laeo l i th ic i n The Tagus R iver Va l ley

t h is a r ea c ame f r om s ur face c o l lec t ions wh ich w ere l a ter s t ud ied f o l low ing t r ad i t iona l me thodo log ica l p r inc ip les .

A t t he P a laeo l i th ic s i te o f M i lha r6 s , l o ca ted i n t h e c la ss ic

I nr e cen ty ea r s , r e sea rch u nder taken i nt h e l i t to ra l o f M inho

A lp ia rQa /Va le d o F o mo a rea i n t he T agus v a l ley , a n

p rov ince h a sf i na l ly e nab led t h e i d en t if ica t ion a nd s t udy o f

e xcava t ion p roduced mo re t han 3 00 wo rked p ieces , mo s t o f

h omogeneous a ssemb lages f rom c l ea r ly s t ra t igraph ic c on tex t s .

t hem i n q ua r tz ite ( Rapo so , C ar re ira & S a lvador 1 985 ) . Among t h e2 4 b i faces r e cove red , many ( 14 ) w ere made o n f l ake b lank s , s ome l a nceo la te a nd M icoqu ian t ypes we re

A s ar e su l t o f t h ese r ecen t s t ud ies , t h e L ower P a laeo l i th ic

i den t if ied , o f ten d isp lay ing a n e vo lved t e chn ique a nd

o f t h e M inho l i t tora l i sr ep resen ted b y i ndus tr ies wh ich

morpho logy .

h ave b een p rov is iona l ly p laced i n t h e p enu l t ima te g lac ia l p ha se ( i so tope s t ages 7 a nd 6 ) a nd t he l a s t i n terg lac ia l

T he c o l lec t ion wa s t herefo re a s soc ia ted w i th a ' f ina l Uppe r

( i so tope s t age S c ) .

A cheu l ian ' ( i b id .5 2 ) wh ich l e ad t o t h e c onc lu s ion t ha t t he r e spec t ive s ed i men tary d epos i t s hou ld p er ta in

Ro l led ,

t o a

q uar tz i te p ebb les w ere

a lmos t

e xc lus ive ly

r e la t ive ly l a te p hase o ft h e Qua te rna ry o ft h er eg ion . A t t he

e xp lo i ted ( >85% ) a nd mo re r a re ly q ua r tz . These a re f ound

s ame t ime , as i gn if ican t ly h igh p ercen tage o f p ebb le t oo ls

i nl a rge q uan t i t ie s i n t h e Qua ternary ma r ine f orma t ions o f

w e re r e cove red ( 13 .8% ) e xceed ing t h e b i faces ( 7 .1 % ) a nd t r ue c ore s ( 11 .8% ) , a l though t h e a u tho r s e mpha s ized t he

t h e r eg ion a nd c ou ld h ave p layed , a t l ea s t i n p a r t , a n

1 43

J . Me ire le sa nd J .P . C unha R ibe iro

i mpo r tan t r o le i nt h e o ccupa t ion a nd l o ca t ion o f r eg iona l P a la eo l i th ic s i te s . Mo reove r , w e b e l ieve t h a t i ti sn o t p o ss ib le t o a t t r ibu te e xc lus ive ly t o al a ck o f s y s tema t ic s urvey work , t he

e xp lo i t ed . O f ten , when e va lua t ing t h e i mpo r tance o f t h is v a r iab le i n t he c on tex t o f t he t e chno -morpho log ica l c ha rac te r is t ic s o f t he t oo ls , t he re i s at endency t o c a l l p a r t icu la r a t ten t ion t o q ues t ions r e la ted t o t he q ua l i ty o f

f o r' mapp ing .

t h e r aw ma ter ia l t o t h e d e tr imen t o f t ho se r e la ted t of o rm a nd s i ze , wh ich i n o ur o p in ion h ave b een i n su f f ic ien t ly a na lyzed a nd e va lua ted . T herefo re , a s q ua r tz i te i s ar aw ma te r ia l n o t o n ly e x t reme ly v a r iab le i nq ua l i ty b u t a l so i n f o rm , d imens ion a nd s u i tab i l i ty f o r k napp ing , i tf o l lows t ha t t h ese a spec t s w i l l b e t r ans la ted e i ther t e chn ica l ly o r t ypo log ica l ly t ot ho se i ndu s t r ie s i nw h ich t h e ma te r ia l w a s u s ed .

A t t h e momen t , k now ledge o f t h e o lde s t o ccupa t ion p h ase i nt h i sa r ea i ss omewha td ef ic ien t . H oweve r , t h e a s soc ia t ion b e tween c hoppe r /chopp ing t oo l sa nd l i t t le wo rked c l eave r s ( T ix ie r 's t ype s 0a nd 1-T ix ie r 1 956 ) l e d u s t oi n teg ra te i t , h ypo the t ica l ly , a mong t h e A cheu l ian i ndu s t r ies .

I n t he M inho l i t to ra l t h is s i tua t ion i s b eg inn ing t o b e c la r if ied . I n e f fec t , t he i n fo rma t ion w e h ave o n t he mo rphome t r ic s o f t h e g rave l s i n teg ra ted i n t h e q ua te rna ry ma r ine f o rma t ion s o f t he r eg ion a nd o f t he ir r e sp ec t ive l i tho log ies , h as a l lowed u s t o a na lyze a nd t r y t o

e no rmous o ccupa t ion v acuum o f t h e P a laeo l i th ic i n NW P or tuga l i n r eg ion s i mmed ia te ly b eyond t he l i t tora l f r inge s , a nd s ome w e l l -def ined a r ea s i n t he ma in f l uv ia l v a l ley s o ft h e r eg ion . I ndeed , i ti so n ly i nt h e se a r ea s t ha t t h e mar ine a nd f l uv ia l f o rma t ion s c on ta in i n a bundance t h ick g rave ls p rov id ing a s ou rce o f r aw ma te r ia l s u i tab le

As econd p ha se i nt h e r eg iona l A cheu l ian i s much b e t ter r ep re sen ted a nd c ha r ac te r ised b y t h e p re sence o f : a ) af ew b i faces , l i t t le w orked f r om b o th a t e chn ica l o r mo rpho log ica l p o in t o f v i ew ( amygda lo id a nd l a nceo la te t ype sp redom ina t e ) ,a lmo s ta lway s t h ick , f r equen t ly w i th a c o r t ica l b u t t , a nd o f ten p a r t ia l ; b ) c l eaver s , e qua l ly l i t t le w o rked , t ype s 0a nd 1a nd v e ry r a re ly t ype 2 ;c )t r ihedra ls a nd p i ck si nr educed n umb e r s , a nd s phe ro id s wh ich a r e e ven mo re r a r e ; d ) t h e mo s t c ommon ly r ep re sen ted g roup i st h e c hoppe r /chopp ing t o o lo ne ,c l ea r ly d om ina ted b yc hoppe r s . T he f l ake t oo ls a r e n o t d ive r se , e s sen t ia l ly n o tches a nd d en t icu la te s , s ome s c rape r s , r a re ' b ec s ' a nd a typ ica l b o r er s . L eva l lo is f l ake s , g en e ra l ly a t yp ica l , a r e s ca rce ( t ypo log ica l L eva l lo is i ndex :1 .2 ) . F rom a t e chn ica l p o in t o f v i ew t h e L eva l lo is i ndex i s p ra c t ica l ly n u l l ( M ILHARÖS

1

2

3

4

6

7

8

9

1 0

1 1

1 2

1 3

1 4

F la t Th ick O the rs 1 :T r iangu la r ;2 :C o r c k f onn ; 3 :O va te ; 4 :L anceo la te ;5 :M icoqu ian ; 6 : L agen i fo rm ;7 :F i c ron ;8 :O va te ; 9 : Amygda lo id ; 1 0 : w i th t r ansve rse e dge ; 1 : P a rc ta l ; 1 2 :A bbev i l l ian ; 1 3 : N uc le i fo rm ; 1 4 : O the rs •

B i faces

T h ickness i n dex ( m /e )

%

%

i 1 00

3 0

2 5

8 0

2 0 6 0

1 5

4 0 1 0

2 0 5

1 .1

1 .3

.1 . 5

1 . 7

1 . 9

2 . 1

2 .35

2 .5

2 .7

2 .9

3 . 1

3 .3

+ 3 .3

• .

S an I s id ro * .

A ren . C h c igeno 4.

MLHARÖS

0 .

S an I s id ro 0.

A ren . O x igeno 1 3 .

MLHAROS

F ig s .1 a nd 2

1 58

Th ick

F lat

L . R aposo

B i faces U ai n dex

1 .5

1 . 9

2 . 3

2 . 7

3 . 1

3 . 9

3 . 5

4 . 3

4 . 7

5 . 1

5 . 5

5 . 9

+ 5 .b

Um i n dex 4 0

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 5 3 0 2 5 2 0 1 5 1 0 5

1 .10

1 . 30

1 . 50

• .

1 . 70

1 . 90

S an I s id ro d r .

A ren . Ox igeno

F ig s . 3a nd 4

1 59

2 . 10

2 . 30

M 1LHARÖS

2 .50

+ 2 .50

L .R apo so

B i faces L eng th

3 0

2 0

1 0

6 0

0 0

1 00

1 20

1 40

l e o

1 00

2 0 0

0

2 40 . 4 4.

W id th

5 0

3 0

9 0

7 0

10

1 30

1 50

T h ickness

P ined° G a l isancho 9.S nI s id ro •• . •. • •. . . • . • . • •a .

• •.

4 .

F ig s . 5 , 6a nd 7

1 60

A ren .Ox igano . • . • •' .

. •. .

. . . . „ .. .

M ILHARÖS

1 70

L . R aposo

B i faces E dge s i nuos i ty i n dex ( M i lha rös ) 6 0 5 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 1 0

0 . 04

0 . 10 e .

0 . 16 L e f t s i de • f r .

0 . 2 1

0 .02

R ig th s i de 4 1 .

T o ta l e h .

0 . 06

0 . 10

0 + 0 .12

0 . 19

0 2 1

TOTAL

B i faces E dge s i nuos i ty i n dex 6 0

5 0

4 0

3 0

. . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .

2 0

1 0

0 0 . 04

0 . 07

0 . 10 V enosa 1 ä .

0 . 13 V enosa 2 e r .

0 . 16 M ILHARÖS , •• . • . • ••

( g loba l ) V enosa 1 :w i th c o r tex V enosa 2 :w i thou t c o r tex

F i g s . 8a nd 9

L .R apo so

C leave rs T ypo loy ( J . T b c ie r) 1 00

e .

. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .• • • •. . .N . . .. • • • -•

P inedo

I .

E lS ane le jo

9 r .

G a l isancho

e . A ren .Ox igeno « a › .

M ILHARÖS

V I

C leave r s Bu t t s C n C

S C n C

S C n C

S C n C

S C n C

S C n C

n on m od i f kd

S

a

1 a m od if ied C a v ery m od if ied

C a D irec t

I nver se

O ther

I no ne s i d e

D ire c t

Re touch

B u t t -C : c o r t ica l ; n C : n on c o r t ica l ; S :f l a t E dge -R : s t r a igh t ; C : c onvexe ; C a : c oncave

F ig s . 1 0a nd 1

1 62

I nver se

O th er

I nb o th s i d e s J .T i x i e rt y po logy : * :t y p e0 + : t y p e 1 # :t y p e 2( o r7 ) = : t y p e5

L . R aposo

C leave rs L eng th C

k e

7 0 6 0 5 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 1 0

0

IM . 1 1

6 0

s o

1 00

1 20

1 40

• •

1 60

1 80

2 00

+ 200

1 00

10

1 20

+ 120

W id th 3 5 3 0 2 5 2 0 1 5 1 0 5

50

7 0

6 0

8 0

9 0

T h ickness

20

4 0

3 0

P inedo

t r .

Ga l isancho

5 0

A ren . Ox igeno

F ig s . 1 2 , 1 3 a nd 1 4

1 63

6 0

1 1 .

M ILHARÖS

7 0

OM

L . R aposo

0

I . i g . 1 5 .

1 3 ifaces o lX l i lha rö s .

5c m

1a nd 2 :t yp ica l M icoqu ian ; 3 : l a nceo la te w i th c o r t ica l b ase ; ‘ 4 : t yp ica l l a nceo la te ; 5 : p ro to -l imande .;6 : h i tace w i th t r ansve r se e dge . 1 64

L . R aposo

5 cm

l ' ig . 1 6 . C leaver s f r om N l i lha rö s .

Ia nd 2 :t yp e ' 0 '

3 :t ype ' 1 ' ; 4 : t yp e ' 5 ' ; 5 : c l eave r t r ansfo rmed i n to ap ebb le too l

o n af l ake h y t h e r e shap ing t he d i s ta l e nd .

1 65

t he a d jacen t c or r ido r s quares - f i g . 1 ) ( Z i lhäo 1 991) . A lthough s ome S o lu t rean p i ece s a r e r ep re sen ted i n t h e t wo a s semb lages , t h e r a d ioca rbon e v idence a va i lab le s how s t ha t t h ed epo s i t ion o fE bt ook p l ace b e tween c .1 6 ,000 a nd 1 0 , (XX ) BP . T he p re sence o f t h e S o lu t rean i t ems m u s t t h erefo re b e a t tr ibu ted t od i s tu rbances o ccur ing a tt h e i n te r face b e tween l a ye r E b a nd t h e u nder ly ing l a yer F a . T he l a t ter s eems t o h ave b een d epo s i ted b e tween c .1 9 ,000 a nd 1 8 .000 BP ,a nd d id c on ta in Uppe r S o lu t rean t oo l t ypes .

THE USE OF NON -FL INT RA W MATER IALS I N A LATE PALAE OLITHIC ASSE MBLAGE FRO M GRUTA DO CALDERAO ( TO MAR , PORTUGAL )

J .Z i lhäo A v . d o U rugua i 3 3 , L isbon

G ru ta d oC a lde iräo i s ac ave s i te l o ca ted a tc .1 20m ams l i na s ma l l l ime s tone ma ss if c u t b y t h e N abäo r i ver , c . 1 50k-m n o r th -ea s t o f L i sbon . I tw a s e xcava ted b e tween 1 979 a nd 1 988 , a nd c on ta ined 6 .2m o f a rchaeo log ica l d epo s its s pann ing t h e t i me p er iod b e tween t h e e a r ly Würm a nd t he p r e sen ta nd i n c ludes al ong , Uppe rP a laeo l i th ic s equence . A mo re c omp le t e d i scuss ion o f t h e s t ra t igraphy , c hrono logy a nd s ed imen ta t ion p roce sses c an b e f ound i nZ i lhäo ( 1991) . T he re fo re , o n ly t h e e s sen t ia l a spec t s r e levan t t o t h is p aper w i l l b e s umma r ized h ere .

A s r e ga rd s t h e N eo l i th ic i n t ru s ions , t h ey w er e ma in ly made o f n on l i th ic ma ter ia l ( po t tery , h uman a nd a n ima l b one , s he l l b eads ) . O n ly t h ree g rounds tone a xes a nd a f ew m ic ro l i th ic p i eces ( one g eome t r ic f r agmen t , t wo s egmen t s a nd o ne t r apeze ) w e re a l so a scr ibed t o t h e N eo l i th ic o n t ypo log ica l g rounds . O n t h e o the r h and , s pa t ia l a na ly s is o f t h e d i s tr ibu t ion o f t h e d i f feren t c l a s ses o f a r chaeo log ica l ma ter ia ls c onf irmed t ha t t h e l i th ics t e nded t oc lus te r w ith t h e P a laeo l i th ic f auna l r ema ins , w h i le t h e p o t tery t e nded t o c l us te r w i th t h e N eo l i th ic b one r ema in s ( Z i lhäo 1 99 1) . T he N eo l i th ic c omponen t h as b een s epa ra ted a nd i s n o t c ons idered i n t h is d i scuss ion . However , i t c anno t b e e xc luded t ha t s ome n on -d iagno s t ic u nre touched b l ade s a nd b l ade le t sa s sumed t ob e p a r t o f t h e P a laeo l i th ic a s semb lage may i nf a c t b e long t ot h e N eo l i th ic .

A h ia tus i ns ed imen ta t ion f o l lowed t h e d epos i t ion o f t he

u ppermo s t U pp e r P a laeo l i th ic l a yer , E b . A s ar esu lt , t h is u n i t w a s b ad ly a f fec ted b y p o s t -depos it iona l d is tu rbances w h ich c aused i t s d eep p ene t ra t ion b y e l emen ts o f a n E a r ly N eo l i th ic b ur ia l c on tex t o r ig ina l ly d epo s ited o n t he s u r face o ft h es ed imen t s , w h ich t h en c or re sponded t ot h e s u rface o f E b . T he a r chaeo log ica l c on ten ts o f t h is u n i t t herefore c ons is ted o f am ix o f N eo l i th ic ( d is tu rbed ) a nd P a laeo l i th ic ( geo log ica l ly i n s i tu ) i t ems . Ano ther u n it , l ayer E a , o ve r la id l a ye r E bi nt h e i nne rmo s t p a r to ft h e c ave ( t he b ack c hamber ) . L aye r E a w a s e s sen t ia l ly made u p o f l a rge , e bou l is , f i l led b y a ma tr ix c omposed o f r edepos ited s ed imen t s w h ich o r ig ina l ly f ormed t h e u pper p o r t ion o f l a ye r E b i nt h e c o r r ido r t h a t l e ad s t ot h e b ack c hambe r -a p henomenon t h a tc an e a s i ly b ee xp la ined b y t h e s l ope o f t h e s t ra ta . A l though t h e d epos i t ion o f t h e e bou l is h ad a l ready t a ken p l ace i nE a r ly N eo l i th ic t ime s , l a ye r E a t h erefo re a l so c on ta ined a m ix o f N eo l ith ic ( geo log ica l ly i n s i tu ) a nd P a laeo l i th ic ( d is turbed ) i t ems .

o

m

T he l i th ics r e covered i n l a yer s E a a nd E b c an b e d a ted p r ima r i ly t o Magda len ian t imes , a l though o ne h a s t ob ea r i n m ind t h a t as ma l l c omponen t d er ived f r om t h e u nder ly ing S o lu trean l e ve ls ( no t a lways e a sy t o s o r t , e spec ia l ly t h e d eb i tage ) i sa l so p resen t . T he t oo l t ypo logy ( f igs . 2 -5 , t a b le 3 ) i s c ompa t ib le w ith t h is c ha rac ter iza t ion , g iven t he p r esence o ft h e t humbna i l e ndsc rape r s a nd t h e v ery s ma l l b acked a nd r e touched b lade le t s t yp ica l o f Magda len ian a s semb lages e l sewhe re i n Wes tern E urope . Howeve r , i t s hou ld b e n o ted t h a t v e ry f ew b one t oo ls w er e c on ta ined i n t h ese l a yer s , a nd c e r ta in ly n one o f t h e c ha rac ter is t ic i n dex f o ss i ls o f t h e Magda len ian . G iven t h e t h inness ( c . 5 0cm o n a ve rage ) , t h e h omogene i ty a nd t h e d eg ree o f d i s turbance t h a t , e spec ia l ly i n t h e b ack c hamber , c harac ter ized E b , i t w as n o t p oss ib le t o d i scr im ina te b e tween d ifferen t s uccess ive Magda len ian o ccupa t ion so n s t ra t igraph ic g rounds . T he s amp le a na lysed h ere mus t t he refore b e r ega rded , i n t e rms o f b ehav iou r t owa rds r aw -ma ter ia ls , w i th c au t ion : i tr ep resen t s a n a ve rage o ver al o ng t ime p e r iod ;i tc oncern s as i ng le s i te ; a nd i ti sc on tam ina ted b y p o s t -depo s i t iona l d i s tu rbances o f t he s ed imen ta ry c on tex t . N ever the less , t h e r e su l ts o b ta ined , w i th a l l t h e ir l im i ta t ions , s eem t o p r esen t s ome i n te re s t ing p a t terns . F u ture a na lys is o f t h e l i th ics c on ta ined i n t h e u n i ts u nder ly ing E b , a s w e l l a s o f t h e l e ss d i s turbed e xcava t ion u n i ts l o ca ted i n t h e c o r r ido r t h a t l e ads t o t h e b ack c hamber , w i l l c er ta in ly c on t r ibu te t o a b e t ter u nder s tand ing o f s uch p a t terns t h rough c ompa r ison w i th t hose r e cogn ized i n p rev ious t ime p er iod s , a nd t h rough a r e f inemen t o f t h e Magda len ian b lock o f t ime i na tl e a s t a n e a r l ie ra nd al a te rp ha se .

3

F ig . I . P lan o f t h e c ave i nd ica t ing ( 1 ) t h e a r ea where t he l i th ic s amp le d i scu ssed i nt h e t e x t w as r e t r ieved ( g rey s qua res ) ; a nd ( 2 ) t h e r ema in ing a r ea where l a ye r E b w as a l so e xcava ted ( b lank s qua re s )

T he a r chaeo log ica l ma ter ia ls f r om t h e Upper P a laeo l i th ic s e quence h ave n o ty e t b een f u l ly 'e xam ined . However , i nt h e f r amewo rk o f t h e s t udy a nd p ub l ica t ion o f t he E a r ly N eo l i th ic o ccupa t ions i th a s b een p o ss ib le t o u nder take a p r e l im ina ry a na ly s is o f t h e l i th ic s c on ta ined i nl a yer s E a a nd E b l o ca ted i n t h e a rea o f t h e c ave w here mos t o f t h e N eo l i th ic i n t rus ions h ad t a ken p l ace ( t he b ack c hambe r a nd 1 67

T ab les 1 a nd 2 l i s t t he c oun ts b y r aw ma ter ia l a nd t e chno log ica l c l a ss o f t h e l i th ic m a ter ia ls r e cove red i n t h e s amp led a r ea o fl a ye r sE ba nd E ir e spec t ive ly . T he s t ruc ture o f t h ese d i s t r ibu t ions i se s sen t ia l ly i d en t ica l . I nb o th c a se s , n on f l in t ( qua r tz i te a nd q ua r tz ) r aw m a te r ia ls r ep resen t t wo th irds o f t h e a s semb lages , w i th ac l ea rp r edom inance o f q ua r tz i te . T h is p ropo r t ion i s s ub s tan t ia l ly i n c reased t o mo re t h an 9 0c h i fo ne c ons ider s w e igh t s i n s tead o f c oun t s ,

J . Z i lhäo s qua re s , t h e d i f f eren t ia t ion b e tween l a ye r s E a a nd E b wa s n o t p o s s ib le a tt h e t ime o f e xcava t ion ( t hey c o r re spond t o t h e f i r s ts qua r e s t e s ted i nt h e c ave ) ,a nd mo s to ft h e d eb i tagc c ou ld n o t b e a s c r ibed t o as p ec if ic s t ra t ig raph ic u n i t . F o r t h is r e a son , t h ey w e r ee xc luded f r om t h e s amp le c ons ide red i nt a b le s 1a nd 2 , b u t i n c luded i n t h e s amp le d e sc r ibed i n t a b le 3 ,s i nce mo s t o f t h e r e touched t o o ls h ad b een p iece p lo t ted a nd t h e ir p rec ise s t ra t igraph ic p o s i t ion c ou ld b e r e con s t i tu ted .

wh ich mean s al a rge ra ve rage s i ze f o r q ua r t z a nd e spec ia l ly q ua r tz i te i t ems . I fw e l ook a tt h e p ropor t ion so f t h e d i f f eren t t e chno log ica l c l a s ses i ne a ch r aw m a te r ia l c a tego ry , w e c an s ee t h a t t h e se d i f feren t r aw ma te r ia ls w ere a l so e xp lo i ted i n d i f f er en t w ays . F o r i n s tance , t h e p ropo r t ions o f c o res i n t h e t o ta l a s semb lage sa r e v e ry d i f f e ren t , p a r t icu la r ly i nE b , wher e t h e s amp le s i ze i s l a rge r . H ere , q ua r tz a nd q ua r tz i te c o re s r ep resen t 1 . 6% o f t h e i t ems , w h i le f l in t c o re s c ons t i tu te o n ly 0 .6% o f t h e ir c a tego ry . T h is d i f fe rence b ecome s s ub s tan t ia l ly l a rger i fo ne i n c ludes t h e i t ems d ef ined a s p ebb le too ls ( wh ich m ay h ave b een u sed a s c o res ) i n t h e c oun t s , i n wh ich c a se t h e v a lues r i se t o2 .8% . F lakes w i th c o r tex a r e f a r mo r e n ume rou st h an n on -co r t ica l f l ake s i nt h e q ua r tz i te c a tego ry , t h e o ppo s i te b e ing t h e c a se w i th f l in t , wh i le b o th c l a s ses a r e e qua l ly r epre sen ted i n t h e q ua r tz c a tego ry . W i th v ery f ew e xcep t ion s( two q ua r tz i te a nd o ne q ua r tz s p ec imens f ound i n l a ye r E b ) , b lades a nd b l ade le t s a r e made o n f l in t ( 2 1 i nl a ye r E a a nd 4 9 i n E b ) , t h e s ame b e ing t r ue w i th t h e b i fac ia l t h inn ing f l ake s f ound i n b o th s t ra t igraph ic u n i t s w h ich , h oweve r , a re mo s t c er ta in ly d e r ived f r om t h e u nde r ly ing S o lu t rean l e ve l s . O n t h e o the r h and , t he d i s tr ibu t ion o f r e touched t oo ls r ever ses t h e p ropor t iona l r e la t ionsh ip s b e tween r aw -ma ter ia ls t h a t w ere f ound when t h e t o ta l a ssemb lage s w e re c on s ide red : t wo th ird s a r e made o n f l in t , t h e r e s t ma in ly o n q ua r tz i te , w i th o n ly h a lf ad ozen p i ece s o n q ua r tz . A s ar e su l t , t h e p ropo r t ions o f t oo ls i n t h e t o ta l a ssemb lage a l so r eve r se s t h e r e la t ion sh ip f ound w hen t h e c o re s h ad b een c on s ide red : r e touched t oo ls c on s t i tu te 8% o f t h e f l in t i t ems i n b o th l a ye r s , w h i le t h ey make u po n ly 2 . 2% o f t h e n on -f l in t i t ems i nl a ye rE b ,a nd 0 . 3% i nl a ye rE a .

T he t ab le s hows t ha t when n on -f l in t b lanks were t r ansformed i n to f o rma l t oo ls t h e se f e l l i n to o n ly f our c l a s ses : e ndscrape r s , b o re rs ( a l l a t yp ica l -f i g 5# 3 ) , o u t i l lage c ommun a nd r e touched f l ake s . I n t h e e ndsc raper c a tego ry ,q ua r tz a nd q ua r tz i te c on s t i tu te 4 0% o f t h e t o ta l ; i n t h e o u t i l lage c ommun c a tego ry - s p l in tered p i ece s , s i de sc rape r s( f ig . 3# 6 ) , n o tche sa nd d en t icu la te s( f ig . 3# 4 ) t h ey c on s t i tu te 5 0% o ft h e t o ta l ; a nd i nt h e r e touched f l ake c a tego ry t h ey c on s t i tu te 7 5% o ft h e t o ta l . Howeve r , o f t he 3 7n on -f l in tt oo ls , o n ly 8( 22% ) w e r ee nd sc rap e r s . S even ty e igh t p ercen t , t he refo re , b e longed i n t he o ther t wo c a tego r ie s . I nt e rm so fs pec if ic e nd sc rap e r t ype s , q ua r tz a nd q ua r tz i te a r e n o t v ery d i f f eren t f r om f l in t : t he re i s a t h umbna i l e nd s c rap e r made o n q ua r tz ( f ig 2# 9 ) , t h e o ther 7 s pec imens b e long ing t o t he f o l low ing t ypes : s imp le , a t yp ica l ( f ig .5 # 9 ) d en t icu la te , o n f l ake , a nd a typ ica l c a r ina ted . T he n on -f l in tt oo l a s semb lage i sa l so e n r iched b y as i gn i f ican t n umbe r o f p ebb le too ls . A s h a s a l ready b een s ugge s ted , s ome o ft h e se may h ave b een j u s t c o res , b u t t he f a c t t h a t m any p resen t e i the r v ery s ha rp a ng le s o r f i ne ly f l aked s u r face s c an b e t aken t o i nd ica te t ha t t h ey were a c tua l ly u sed a st oo ls ( f ig . 4 ;f i g 5# 10 ) . T he se n umbe r s s ugges t t ha t when n o t d e s igned m e re ly f o r e xped ien t u se a nd d i sca rd , n on -f l in t r aw ma ter ia ls w ere ma in ly u t i l ized f o r t h e manufac tu re o f t oo ls ( no tches , d en t icu la tes ) t o make t oo ls o n o ther n on l i th ic r aw ma ter ia ls s uch a s wood , o r f o r h eavy d u ty t a sk s s uch a s o p en ing u pl o ng b one s f o r ma r row e x t rac t ion . I nc on t ras t , f l in t , a l though e qua l ly r ep resen ted i n t h e e nd sc rape r a nd o u t i l lage c ommun c a tego r ie s , w a s p r e f e r red t o t h e e xc lus ion o f o the r r aw ma ter ia ls f o r t h e manu fac tu re o f mac ro a nd m ic ro l i th ic p o in t s , a sw e l l a s f o rc u t t ing b l ades .

T he se d i f fe rence s h ave t ob e u nde r s tood i nt h ec on tex to ft h e a va i lab i l i ty o f t h e d i f f eren t r aw -ma te r ia l t yp e s . Q ua r tz i te a nd q ua r tz c obb le sc an b ef ound i nt h ei mmed ia t e v i c in i ty o f t h ec ave ,t h e g rave ls t h a t make u p t h e T er t ia ry c ove r o f t h e l imes tone p la teau w he re t he s i te i s l o ca ted . F l in t s c an o cca s iona l ly b ef ound i nt h e p r e sen td ay r i ve r g rave ls o f t h e N abäo , a nd s ome o f t h e f l in t p i ece s r e cove red i nl a ye r s E a a nd E b d o h ave c o r t ica l t ypes t ha t s ugge s t ap o ss ib le c o l lec t ion i n s uch a c on tex t . Howeve r , i n g ene ra l , f l in t mus t b e c on s ider ed an on loca l r aw ma te r ia l , i t s n ea re s t k nown s ou r ce s b e ing t h e b eds o f C re taceou s g rave ls r i ch i n l a rge f l in t c obb le s l o ca ted s ome 2 0 1 (m n o r th o f t h e s i te , i n t h e C axa r ia s a rea , a nd whe re C ha lco l i th ic q ua r ry ing h a s a l ready b een d ocumen ted ( Z i lhäo 1 987 ,3 7 ) . T he d i f ference s h igh l igh ted a bove c an b e i n terp re ted a s s ugges t ing a n e xped ien t t e chno logy f o r n on f l in t r aw ma ter ia ls w ith a l l s t ep s o f t he r educ t ion s equence r ep r esen ted a t t h e s i te : c o l lec t ion o f t h e r aw ma te r ia l , r educ t ion o f t h e c o r es a nd d i sca rd o f u t i l ized i t ems , b e i t m e re d eb i tage f l akes o r f o rma l t oo ls . T he e xp lo i ta t ion o f f l in t , i nc on tra s t , may r ef lec t amo re c u ra ted t e chno log ica l s ys tem ( B info rd 1 979 ) . I ndeed , a l though s ome c o re r educ t ion i s i nd ica ted b y t he p resence o f c ores , c o re t r imm ing f l ake s a nd c o r t ica l f l akes , a tl e a s t s ome b lade s , b l ade le t s a nd f o rma l t oo ls d i sca rded a tt h e s i te mu s t h ave b een i n t roduced t oi ti nf i n ished f o rm a nd n o t m anufac tu red t h e re . T ab le 3 p resen t s t h e t ypo logy o f r e touched t oo ls b y r aw m a te r ia l . T he n umb e r s f e a tu red h e re a l so i n c lude o ne p i ece made o n a n u n iden t if ied i gneou s r ock , a s w e l l a s t h e r e touched t oo ls f ound i ns qua re s Q I 1a nd P 11 . I n t h ese

T he v er if ica t ion o f t hese s ugges t ions d epends o n t he p e r fo rmance o fu se -wea ra na ly s is o n t h e m a ter ia ls a sw e l l a s o n t h e c or r e la t ion o ft h e v a r iab i l i ty i nt h e l i th ic a s semb lage w i th t he c ha rac ter is t ics o f t he f auna l a ssemb lage . P re l im ina ry o b serva t ions o f t h e l a t ter , h oweve r , s how s i gn if ican t a moun t s o fl o ng b one f r a c tu r ing w h ich c ou ld b e r e la ted t ot h e n umber o f p ebb le too ls . I ti s p o ss ib le t ha t t h e r e w e re p e r fo rm ing , a tl e a s t t o ac e r ta in e x ten t , t h e s ame j ob a s t h e s p l in te red p i eces , at yp e t h a t i sw e l l r ep resen ted n o t o n ly i n t h e E a a nd E b a s semb lages ( 8 p ieces , c o r re spond ing t o 7 .4% o f t he t o ta l ) b u t a l so i n t he a s semb lage f r om t h e u nder ly ing S o lu t rean l a ye r F a , where t h ey r ep resen t c . 1 0% o f t h e t oo ls . I th a s b een a rgued ( Z i lhäo 1 987 , 4 9 ) t h a t t h e amoun t o f s p l in tered p i eces i n t h is l a yer c ou ld b e r e la ted t ot h e r o le p l ayed b y t h e s i te i n t h e f r amewo rk o f al og is t ica l ly o rgan ized s ub s is tence s t ra tegy - t h a t o f as pec ia l ized h un t ing a nd p rocess ing s t a t ion . I ft h e p ebb le too ls f ound i nE b a r e i n deed f or t he mo s t p a r t f unc t iona l ly i d en t ica l t o t h e s p l in t ered p i eces , t h en s uch a r o le w ou ld n o t h ave c hanged d ur ing t he Magda len ian , b u t n ew k inds o f t oo ls made o n l oca l ly a va i lab le r aw m a te r ia ls w e r e t h en u s ed f o rt h e s ame t a sk s .

1 68

J . Z i lhäo

R eferences B inford , L . 1 979 . O rgan iza t ion a nd f o rma t ion p o rcesses : l ook ing a t c ura ted t echno log ies . J ournal o f A n ihropo log ica R e search , 3 5 (3 ) : 2 55 -273 . Z i lhäo , J . 1 987 . 0S o lu trense d a E s t remadu re p o r tuguesa . Uma p ropos ta d e i n terpre ta 0o p a leoan tropo l6g ica . T raba lho sd eA rqueo log ia , 4 . L i sbon . Z i lhäo , J . 1 991 ( i n p ress ) . G ru la d o C a lde iräo . 0N eo l i t ico An t igo . D epar tamen to d e A rqueo log ia d o I ns t i tu to P o r tuguö s d o P a t r im6n io C u l tu ra l .

1 69

J . Z i lhäo

f l int 4 5 16 1 48 1 7 3 2 2 16 6 9 2 0

C lass c o res c o r e t r imm ing f l akes c o r t ica l f l ake s f l ake s b l ade s b l ade le t s c h ip s c hunk s b u r in s pa l ls b i fac ia l t h inn ing f l ake s h amme r s tones r e tou ched t oo ls p ebb le t oo ls

q uartz ite 11

1

I 1 8 1I 7 99

6 23

a ve rag e w e igh t l ( g )

1 8 0 1 4

18 1 7

1 , 644 2 .64 2 .64

t o ta l w e igh t ( g ) a ve r age w e igh t ( g )

TOTAL 2 1 5 6 05 4 17 1 9 3 3 4 14 3 7 9 2 0 1 7 3 1 2 1 ,666

6 8 7 0

4 21 1 99

5 0

TOTAL

q uar tz 5

5 I 2 44

1 4 ,223 1 7 .80 9 .01

2 ,415 9 .90 5 .24

1 8 ,282 1 0 .97 6 .36

T ab le I . L aye r E l ) l i th ics : d i s t r ibu t ion b y r aw m a te r ia l a nd t e chno log ica l c l a s s Ie xc lud ing 2 2 l a rge q ua r tz i te p i e ce s w e igh ing 7 , 223 ga nd 4 l a rge q ua r tz p i ece s w e igh ing 1 , 158g .

f l int

C lass c o res c o re t r imm ing f l ake s c o r t ica l f l akes f l akes b l ade s h l ade le ts c h ip s c hunk s b u r in s pa l ls b i fac ia l t h inn ing f l ake s h amme r s tones r e tou ched t oo ls p ebb le t oo ls

q uar tz ite 6

1

1 7 6 0 1 1 0 4 3 9 /

q uar tz

1 55 5 2

TOTAL 8 0 1 87 1 33 1 1 0 1 26 2 1 3 4 1 / /

1 5 2 1

6 0 6

2 3 6 1

4 1 6 1 0

1 4 1 72

TOTAL t o ta l w e igh t ( g ) a ve r age w e igh t ( g )

6 33 3 .68 3 .13

a ve rage w e igh t ' ( g )

/ 1

1

2 96

6 9

5 37

7 ,20 1 2 4 .33 9 .25

3 04 4 .41 4 .41

8 ,138 1 5 .15 6 .59

-

T ab le 2 . L aye r E a l i th ics : d i s t r ibu t ion b y r aw m a te r ia l a nd t e chno log ica l c l a ss ' exc lud ing 1l a rge f l in t p i ece w e igh ing 9 8g a nd 1 7 l a rge q ua r tz i te p i eces w e igh ing 4 ,620g

t oo l

t ypes

, e nd s c rap e r e nd sc rape r -hu r in e nd sc rap e r -bo re r b o re r b u r in p o in t s hou ld e red p o in t l a u re l lea f f o l ia te p i ece t r un ca ted b l ade r e touched b l ad e s p l in te r ed p i ece s i de sc r ape r n o tch d en t icu la te r e touched f l ake f r agmen t b acked b l ad e le t p iquan t tr iM r e TOTAL p ebb le t oo ls ,h amme r s tones

f l int quartz i te E a E t ) L a E h 3 9 3 1 I 1 1 I 1 6 1 1 1 / _ I / 1 3 4 / 5 _ 3 1 1 6 1 4 1 3 _ 6 1 I _ 1 4 1 1 1 I 8 I I S

5 6 -

7 1 1

q uar tz E a E t ) 1 3 -

o ther P a E h

L a 5 1 1

-

-

1

1 _ 3

1

/

1 I

/ _

_ ,

2 1

1 _

I 1

1

1 4 3 1 I I

TOTAL L b I . ' , a+ E l ) 1 5 2 0 1 1 1 3 4 6 6 I 2 1 1 1 _ 2 1 I 1 3 4 7 8 8 4 6 1 0 1I II I5 5 8 1 2 9 8 1 I

6

1

2 5

8 3

1

-

1 2 1

1 2 1

T ab le 3 . T ypo logy o fr e touched t oo ls b y r aw -ma te r ia l -I 2 ye r s L a a nd E h

1 70

1 08 2 4 /

% 1 8 .5 0 .9 0 .9 3 .7 5 .6 1 .9 0 .9 1 .9 0 .9 2 .8 6 .5 7 .4 5 .6 1 0 .2 1 3 .9 7 .4 1 .9 8 .3 0 .9 1 00 .1

. / . Z il h äo

1

2

3

5

6

x 1. 4

4 t= :2,

x1 4

x14

e zeE>

7

1 0

1

1 2

1 4

0

3

1 ; i g . 2 . R e touched t oo ls f r om l a ye r 1 1 . 1 :h acked a nd t r unca ted h l ade le t ; 2 -3 , 5 -6 : p ygmy b lade le t s b acked b y ma rg ina l r e touch ; 4 :p i quan tt r ii,d re ; 7 11 : t humbna i l s c rape r s ; 1 2 : n osed s crape r , f l a t ; 1 3 : f r agmen t o f f o l ia te p o in t ; 1 4 : e ndsc rape r -bu r in ; 1 5 : l a te ra l ly c ar ina ted s c rape r ; 1 6 : b l ade le t c o re

1 7 1

J . Z i lhäo

1

2 4

3

7

0

3

F ig . 3 . R e touched t oo ls f r om l a ye r 1 1 . 1 3 : s p l in te r ed p i e ce s ; 4 : d en t icu la te ; 5 :m u l t ip le b u r in o n c oncave t r unca t ion ; 6 : s i de sc rape r ; 7 :h i f ac ia l ly r e touched p iece ( f o l ia te p r efo rm? )

1 72

J . Z i lhäo

1

2

3 .

4 . P ebb le t oo ls f r om l a ye r V I

1 7 3

J . Z i lhäo

3 1

4

e e l

0

3

F ig . 5 . R e touched t o o ls f r om l a ye r I . I :c a r ina ted s c rap e rw i th b u r in b low ; 2 :t r unca ted b l ade w i th c on t inuous r e touch ; 3 :a t yp ica l b o r e r ; 4 :p a r t ia l ly b acked b l ade le t ; 5 :r e touched b l ade le t ; 6 :e ndsc rape ro n r e touched f l ake ; 7 :f a nned e nd sc r ape r ; 8 :e nd sc rap e r -p e r fo ra to r ; 9 : a t yp ica l e nd sc r ape r ; 1 0 : c hopper .

1 74

I ti sl oca ted o n t he e dge o f amode rn s and q ua r ry , c . 35km i n land , b e tween t wo s ma l l t r ibu ta r ie s o f t he R io Ma jo r ( f ig . 1 ) . A f ew h und red me ter s n or th o ft he s i te t he re i sa n a tura l s a l t m ine t ha t h a s b een e xp lo i ted s i nce a tl e a s t l a te p reh is to r ic t imes ( f ig . 2 ) . Nume rou so u tc rop s o fq ua r tz a nd q ua r tz i te g rave ls a re a va i lab le w i th in a 5 -m inu te wa lk ing d i s tance , wh i le f l in t n odu les a nd g rave ls a r e l oca ted c . 3 t o 5 1an e a s ta nd s ou thwes to ft h e s i te (Ma rk s e ta l . 1 990 ) .

THE ROLE OF QUARTZ AND QUARTZ ITE I N THE MAGDALEN IAN OF CABEVO DE PORTO M AR INHO ,R IO MA IOR , PORTUGAL

N .F .B icho U n ive r s idad ed oA lga r ve ,F a ro

I ntroduct ion

F o rt h e p urpo se o f t h is p ape r , o n ly 3 o f t h e 6 Magda len ian o ccupa t ions w i l l b e c on s idered . C abe9 Dd e P or to Mar inho ( CPM ) Ih a s t wo Magda len ian o ccupa t ion s , k nown a s CPM IL ower a nd CP M IUppe r . CPM IL ower i sr ad ioca rbon d a ted t o c . 16 ,000 BP , wh i le CPM IUpper i s d a ted t o c . 11 ,700 BP . CPM I Uppe ra nd CPM I I Uppe r a r e t wo a r eas o f t he s ame a rchaeo log ica l l e ve l d a ted t oc . 11 ,200 B P ( t ab le 1 ) .

Raw ma te r ia l p rocess ing a c t iv i t ies ( i .e . p rocu remen t , d i s tr ibu t ion a nd t r ansfo rma t ion ) w ere a s i mpo r tan t f o r t he p reh is to r ic h un ter -ga therer a s o ther a c t iv it ies s uch a s f i sh ing , h un t ing o r g a the r ing . C onsequen t ly , i n t h is l as t d ecade w e h ave s een a n i ncrea se i n s t ud ies a bou t r aw ma ter ia l ( e .g . G ene s te 1 988 ; Mon te t - Wh i te 1 988 ; S ch i ld 1 976 ; S t raus & C la rk 1 986 , t o g ive a f ew e xamp les ) , s ympos ium s s uch a s t h e I n terna t iona l S ympos ium o n R aw Ma ter ia l o f P reh is tor ic Hun ter -ga therers h e ld a t t he Un ivers i ty o f K ansa s i n 1 990 , o r t he I n terna t iona l F l in t s ympos ium ( t he V I th i n Mad r id i n 1 991) , o r e ven who le v o lumes a bou t r aw ma ter ia ls s uch a s t h is o ne . Howeve r , q uar tz a nd q ua r tz i te h ave b een t h e ma in f ocus o f t hese s t ud ie so no n ly af ew o cca s ion s . I n f a c t , t h e i n tere s t o f t h is r e sea rch h a s f o cused n o t o n ly o n f l in t , b u t a l so o n l a rge s ca le , p er iod ic movemen t s ( e .g . S ch i ld 1 976 ) a nd l ong d i s tance movemen t s ( i .e . , more t han 2 0 /30 km ) ( e .g . Ro ebroek se ta l . 1 988 ) . T h is s pec ia l i n te res t i sa ppa ren t ly d ue t o t h e f l ak ing s uper io r i ty o f f l in t , a nd a l so t o t he i d ea t ha t l onge r d i s tances c or respond t o a more c omp lex c ur a t ion o fl i th ic r e sou rce s t han d os ho r ter o ne s .

T he s i te c ons is t s ma in ly o f r edepos i ted e o l ian s ands w i th s ome c o l luv ia t ion f r om h ighe re l eva t ion s t ot h e n o r th . T h i s s and s equence o ver lays a g rave l s t ra tum , p robab ly o f P le is tocene a ge ( Ferr ing p ers . c omm .) . The h uman o ccupa t ions a r e a ssoc ia ted w i th d i f f e ren t p a leoso ls . T he e x ten t o f e xcava t ion i s d i f feren t f o r t he se a ssemb lages : a bou t2 8s q . me t res o f CPM ILowe r w a s e xcava ted , w h i le o n ly c .20 s q . me t res a t CP M I Upper w ere c lea red . E xcava t ions a t CPM I Uppe r a re s t i l l i n p rogres s , b u t t h e e xcava ted a rea f or t h is s amp le i s1 3 s q . me te r s . CPM I I Uppe r e xcava t ions t o ta l led 1 8 s q . me ter s . A l l o f t hese o ccupa t ions c an b e a t tr ibu ted t o t he Magda len ian T echno -comp lex . CPM IL owe ri se ssen t ia l ly af l ake a ssemb lage , w i th n o b lade t oo ls . E ndscrape r s a r e more n umerous t han b ur ins , wh ich a re ma in ly o n t r unca t ions . S crape r s a r e n o t v e ry s t anda rd ized a nd n oo n e t ype p reva i ls o ve rt h e o ther s . B acked b l ade le t s a re p re sen t , t oge ther w i th f i ne ly r e touched b lade le t s a nd v ery f ew g eome t r ic s . T runca t ion sa nd s c a led p i ece sa r er a re , b u t t h e r e a r e s ome p e r fo ra to r s .

T h is p ap e rw i l l p resen t t h e c a se o f t h e s i te o f C abe9 0 d e P o r to Ma r inho , i nP o r tugue se E x t remadu ra , where t h e re a r e d i f feren t c u ra t ion s t ra teg ies f o r d i f feren t r aw ma ter ia ls . T he f l in t s ou rce i sl o ca ted c . 3km f r om t h e s i te a nd q uar tz a nd q ua r tz i te a r e i mmed ia te ly a va i lab le . A s im i lar s i tua t ion i st h a t a t L a R iera C ave ( C la rk 1 989 ) , where q ua r tz i te w a su sed i n av ery e xped ien tw ay f o rt oo l s s uch a s n o tches a nd d en t icu la tes . A h igh i nc idence o f q ua r tz i te c ores a nd d eb i tage s ugges ted a n i n s i tu u t i l isa t ion o f q ua r tz i te . Howeve r , f l in t , wh ich w a s n o t i mmed ia te ly a va i lab le , w a s u s ed i n a mo re e conom ica l manner , u sua l ly r e served f o rt h e p roduc t ion o f m icro l i ths a nd o ther mo re e l abora te t o o ls .

T he CP M IUpper a ssemb lage i s , i n g enera l , o n f l akes , e xcep t f o rt h e b acked a nd r e touched b l ade le t s . E ndsc rape r s a r e g ene ra l ly s imp le o n r e touched f l ake s , w i th s ome o g iva l o nv ery t h in b lade le ts , a nd n ume rous u ngu iform e xamp les . T here a re s l igh t ly mo re b ur ins t han e ndscraper s , w i th b u r ins o n c oncave t r unca t ions ( bo th s i ng le a nd mu l t ip le ) mo s t i mpor tan t . M icro l i th s , a s ag roup , f o rm a l i t t le mo re t han 1 0% o fa l l t oo ls a nd i n c lude s i ng le a nd d oub le b acked b lade le ts , s ome p o in ted , b u t r a re ly a r ched . T here a r e a l so d en t icu la ted b lade le t s , af ew Dufou r b l ade le t s , g eome t r ic s ( crescen ts a nd t r apezes ) , a nd a f ew m icrobur ins . P e r fo ra to r sa nd s ca led p i ece sa r ev e ry s c a rce ,a nd t r unca t ion s f orm c . 3% o fa l l t oo ls .

T h is c ase s t udy , a s w e w i l l s e e , s e ems t os ugges t d i f feren t c onc lu s ion s t ot h o se f r om t he L a R ie ra d a ta . Qua r tz a nd q ua r tz i te h ave as pec ia l r o le i ne conom ic t e rms a tt h is s i te , a nd t h ese r aw m a ter ia ls w e re n eve r w a s ted a s a tL a R iera . F l in t , h oweve r , s e em st oh ave b een l a rge ly u sed w i th i ns i tu s hap ing , m a in tenance a nd b lank p roduc t ion . C lea r c ho ices w ere made d ur ing c o l lec t ion o f r aw ma ter ia l , s ugges t ing t ha t d ec is ion s w e re made a t t he mo s t b a s ic l e ve l o f r aw ma ter ia l m anagemen t , a s t hey w e re t h roughou t t h e l i fe c yc le o f t h e l i th ic r e sources b rough t t o t he s i te . T h is e xamp le a l so s hows t ha t q uar tz a nd q uar tz i te w ere a s i mpor tan t a so t he r r aw ma ter ia ls b e t te r s u i ted f or k napp ing s uch a sf l in t ,a nd t h a te ven s ma l l d i s tances t os ou rces o fr aw ma te r ia l ,( i . e . l e s st h an 2 0km ) m igh th ave a n i mpor tan t r o le i nt h ec u ra t ion a nd p roce ss ing o ft h el i th ic r e sou rce s .

CP M I Upper i sc ha rac ter ized b y mo re e nd scrape r s t h an b ur ins . A l though t he r a t io i sd i f fe ren t h ere , t he b ur in a nd s c raper t ype s ( excep t f o r t h e o g iva l o n t h in b lade le t s ) a r e v ery s im i la r t o t ho se f r om CP M I Uppe r . T he b acked e l emen ts a re a l so v ery s im i la r w i th s i ng le a nd d oub le b ack ing , d en t icu la ted b lade le ts , a nd g eome t r ic s . Aga in , t h e b lank s f o r mo s t o ft he t oo ls a re f l ake s , b u t b lades a re mo r e n umerou s t han i n CPM IUppe r .

T he s i te o fC ab m ) d e P or to Mar inho

CPM I I Upper i s ad i f fe ren ta rea o ft h e s ame Magda len ian o ccupa t ion p resen t i n CP M I . However , h ere t he t oo l t ypes a re n o t d i s tr ibu ted i n as im i la r manner . Og iva l a nd u ngu iform s c raper s a re s carce , wh i le s imp le a nd f l ake

C abe e d e P o r to Ma r inho i s a mu l t icomponen t s i te w ith G rave t t ian , Magda len ian , a nd E a r ly N eo l i th ic o ccupa t ion s . 1 75

N .F . B icho b ur in s o n t r unca t ions . b lade le t p roduc t ion .

s c raper s ( t ypes 1a nd 8 f rom S onnev i l le -Bo rdes t ype l i s t ) a re t he mos t c ommon t ogether w ith t he f l a t n o sed e ndsc raper ( t ype 1 4 ) . Bur in t ypes s eem t o b e e ven ly d i s t r ibu ted , b u t t h e re a re mo re d ihed ra l b ur in s t han t hose o n t r unca t ions . M ic ro l i ths a re a ppa ren t ly mo re n ume rou s t han i n CP M I , b u t t he t ypes a re s im i la r . Too ls s uch a s p e r fo ra to r sa nd s ca led p ieces a re r a re i nb o th CPM I Upper a nd CPM I I Upper .

Qua r tz wa s n o t u sed i n b lade o r

I n CP M I Uppe r t h e re i s al ower f r equency o f f l in t c ore s a nd ah ighe rf r equency o fq ua r tz o ne s t h an i n CPM IUpper ( t ab le 4 ) . Qua r tz i te i s n ow u n impor tan t . I n t e rms o f d eb i tage , f l in t a ga in i n crea ses a nd q ua r tz d ec rea ses , b u t i n teres t ing ly t h e q ua r tz i te c ores s eem t o h ave b een mo re i n tens ive ly e xp lo ited t han t he q uar tz o nes . T he t oo l f r equency s hows t ha t q uar tz i ss l igh t ly more i mpo r tan t h e re t han i nC PM IU ppe rb u tl e ss s ot h an i n CPM IL ower . I t wa s u sed i n t h e manufac ture o f e ndsc raper s , b ur ins o n t r unca t ion , d en t icu la te s a nd n o tche s . Aga in , n o b lade le t t oo ls , t r unca t ion s , p e r fo ra to r s , o r s c a led p ieces w e re made o u to fq ua r tz . Q ua r tz i te wa s n o t u sed a ta l l f o r r e touched t oo ls i n t h is a s semb lage .

CP M I Upper a nd CP M I I Uppe r , c on s idered a s as ing le a s semb lage ,d i f f e rf r om e i ther o ft h e t wo a s semb lages f r om CP M I ( Lower a nd Upper ) . T here a re c l ear ly more e ndscrape r s t han b ur in s , f ewer u ngu iform a nd more f l a t n o sed s c rape r s , mo re d ihedra l b u r in s a nd f ewer b ur ins o n t r unca t ions , a nd r e la t ive ly f ewe r m icro l i ths i n CPM I / I I I Upper t han CPM IUppe r a nd L ower . A l though i n t he CP M I / I I I Uppe r a ssemb lage , a nd l i ke t ha t i n CP M I , f lake p roduc t ion i s s ubstan t ia l ly g rea ter t han b lade /b lade le t p roduc t ion , t he p resence o f t oo ls o n b lades /b lade le t s i s more i mpo r tan t i n CPM I / I I I Upper t han among t h e t wo o ccupa t ion s f r om CP M I .

I n CP M I I Upper , f l in t c ores a r e p ropo r t iona l ly l e ss n ume rous , wh i le q ua r tz i sa si mpor tan t a s i tw a s i n CP M I L owe r ( t ab le 5 ) . However , q uar tz i te i ss t i l l v ery s ca rce . Once more t h e d eb i tage s ugges t s t h a t f l in t a nd q ua r tz ite w e re mo re i n ten s ive ly r educed t han w a s q uar tz , a nd t ha t q uar tz a nd q uar tz i te w er e r a re ly u sed i nt oo l mak ing . The q uar tz t oo ls s e em t ob e s im i la rt ot h o se i n CPM I Uppe r .

Raw ma ter ia ls I n o rde r t o s t udy t he r o le o f q uar tz a nd q ua r tz i te i n t he Magda len ian o f C abeQo d e P o r to Ma r inho , f r equenc ies o f d eb itage , t oo ls , a nd c ores b y r aw ma ter ia l t ype were c ompu ted . I n a dd i t ion , t oo ls w ere g rouped i n to c l a sses t o o bse rve t h e i mpor tance o f t he d i f feren t r aw ma ter ia ls b y c l a s s , a nd f i na l ly t h e c ore s we re e xam ined . Av e ry s imp le c o re t ypo logy i sp resen ted h ere a s i t r e la tes t o t he r aw ma ter ia ls .

The c ores

I n a l l f our s amp les , t he r aw ma ter ia ls a re f l in t , q ua r tz , q uar tz i te , r ock c rys ta l , s ands tone a nd b a sa l t . Numer ica l ly f l in t i s c l ea r ly t h e mos t i mpor tan t r aw ma ter ia l i n t he Magda len ian e conomy . Howeve r , q ua r tz s eem s t o p lay a r e la t ive ly i mpor tan t r o le i n t hese a ssemb lages b u t q ua r tz i te i sn o t v ery i mpor tan t n umer ica l ly e xcep t i n CPM IL owe r , wh i le r ock c rys ta l , s ands tone , a nd b a sa l t a re v ery r a re ly f ound . CP M IL ower h a s t he h ighes t f r equency o f q ua r tz ite i n t h ese f ou r a s semb lages . T ak ing c o res a s r ep resen ta t ive o f p ropor t iona l p rocuremen t , f l in t i s s een a s t he mos t i mpor tan t r aw ma ter ia l , f o l lowed b y q ua r tz a nd q uar tz ite ( t ab le 2 ) . T he s ame h i e ra rchy i sp re sen t i n t h e d eb i tage b u t t h e r e la t ive f r equenc ies a re d if feren t : wh i le q uar tz a nd q uar tz i te d eb i tage a re r e la t ive ly l e s s f r equen t , f l in t s hows a s harp p ropo r t iona l i ncrease . T he t oo ls s how t he s ame t endency , b u t more c l ea r ly . I n f ac t , t oo ls made o f q ua r tz a nd q ua r tz i te a r ev e ry r a re . Qua r tz c over s ar e la t ive ly w ide r ange o f t oo l c l asses b u t q ua r tz i te d oes n o t , a l though t h is may b e d ue s amp le s i ze . However , t he l a ck o f q ua r tz e nd scraper s ( exc lud ing t he t h ick a nd c a r ina ted t ype s ) s eems wor thy o f n o te .

A s t h is i sn o t at e chno log ica l s t udy t h e c o re t ypo logy u sed h e re i s v ery s imp le . C onsequen t ly , g roups i n c lud ing d i f fe ren t c o re t ype s w ere f o rmed s pec if ica l ly f o rt h is p aper . T he s i ng le p l a t fo rm t ype i sc ompo sed o f a l l c o res t ha t h ave as i ng le p la t form t h roughou t t he ir l i fe c yc le . Opposed p la tform c o res a r e t ho se w i th t wo p la tforms u s ing t he s ame f l ak ing s u r face b u tn o tn ece s sa r i ly a tt h es ame t ime ( i n f a c t , i n t hese a s semb lages , t here a r e n o o pposed p la tform c o re s u s ing t wo p l a t fo rm s a l terna te ly ) . T he t h ird g roup i s c omposed o f a l l c o res t ha t h ave a t l e a s t t wo r andom ly l o ca ted p la t fo rms w h i le t h e r ema in ing c o re s h ave mo re t han t wo p la tforms . T he se g roup s w e re t h en d iv ided i n to f l ake a nd b lade le tc o re s . A st h e re a re a lmo s tn ob lade c o res , t hese w ere p laced i nt h e s ame g roup a s t h e b l ade le t c o res . T he o the r t h ree g roup s a r e t h e d i sco ida l , t h e c hoppe r l ike c o res , a nd o the r s ( i nc lud ing s uch t ypes a s a mo rphous , s i ng le -b low a nd manupo r t s ) .

CP M IUppe r i sc ha rac ter ized b y av ery s t rong t e ndency t owa rd s t h e u se o ff l in t ( t ab le 3 ) . Abou t 8 5 % o f t h e c o re s a re i n f l in t , w i th a v ery l ow f r equency o f q ua r tz a nd q ua r tz i te o ne s . I nf a c t , t he r o le o fq uar tz i te i sv ery w eak i n t h is a ssemb lage . F l in t i nc rea ses i ni mpor tance , t oo , i n t h e d eb i tage . T he t oo ls a r ea lmo s ta l l made o f f l in t , w i th o n ly o ne q ua r tz i te t oo l o u t o f 1 542 . Quar tz s eems t o b e p re fe r red f o r h eav ier o r e xped ien t t oo ls , s uch a s t h ick a nd c a r ina ted s c rape r s , s i descraper s , d en t icu la te sa nd n o tches . I t i sa l so i mpo r tan t i n t he d ihedra l b ur in c l a ss , b u t n o t f o r

Aw ide r ange o f t ype s a r e p resen ta mong t h e q ua r tz c o res f r om CP M IL ower ( t ab le 6 ) . T hey w ere u sed ma in ly f or f l ake p roduc t ion b u tf i ve o u t o ft wen ty p roduced b l ade le t s . T he t endency w a st ou se as i ng le p l a tfo rm t o r emove f l ake s a nd b lade le t s b efo r e d i sca rd ing t h e c ore . A l though t h is s e ems t oh ave b een p ref e r red , t h e r e a r e af ew e xamp les o f c o res w i th mo re t h an o ne p la tform . Quar tz s e ems t o b e i mpor tan t i n t h e p roduc t ion o f d i sco ida l c o re s . Quar tz i te wa s a ppa ren t ly u sed ma in ly f o r c hoppe r l ike c o res a nd a lways f o r f l ake p roduc t ion , s ugges t ing t ha t q ua r tz i te u nderwen t n o i n it ia l t r ea tmen t s uch a s c o re s hap ing , p la tform p repara t ion , o r f l ak ing s ur face s hap ing . C onsequen t ly , q ua r tz i te p l a t form s a r e , i n g ene ra l , c o r t ica l . F l in t s eems t o h ave b een u sed f o r a l l t ypes o f c o res , b u t a ga in , s i ng le p la t form c o res a ppea r t o h ave b een mo re i n tens ive ly r e duced t h an t h e o the rc o re s . T he c o res i n CPM I Upper i nd ica te t ha t q uar tz wa s b a s ica l ly u sed t o p roduce f l akes , w i th o n ly t wo b lade le t c o res o u to f at o ta l o fs even teen q ua r tz c o res ( t ab le 7 ) . The r educ t ion s t ra teg ies w e re b ased o n s i ng le p la tform a nd d i s co ida l t e chn ique s . T he f i ve c o re si nt h e " o the r " g roup a r e

1 76

N .F . B ich°

s i ng le -b low f l ake c o res . Qua r tz i te wa s u sed ma in ly f or c hoppe r l ike , f l ake c o re s . F l in t wa s u sed f o r a l l t ypes o f c o res ,e xcep tf o rd i sco ida l a nd c hoppe r l ike t ype s . T he o n ly r ock c ry s ta l c o re wa s u sed t oo b ta in b lade le t s . O ther r aw ma te r ia ls , s u ch a ss and s tone , w e re u sed f o rf l ake p roduc t ion .

Conc lus ions T he d a ta s ugge s t s c omp le te ly d i f fe ren t r o les f o r q ua r tz , q uar tz i te a nd f l in t d ur ing t h e Magda len ian o ccupa t ion o f C abeyo d e P o r to Ma r inho . I n s yn the s is , b a sed o n t h e d a ta , t h e f o l low ing c an b ec onc luded : 1 . Qua r tz i te w a su sed o n ly t op roduce f l akes f r om c hoppe r l i ke c o re s . 2 . Quar tz i te t oo ls a r e v ery r a re a nd u sua l ly a r e h eav ie r t h an t ho se f rom o the r r aw ma ter ia ls ( i .e . t h ick a nd c a r ina ted s c raper s , d en t icu la tes o rp o l ished s t ones , s uch a s t ho se f r om CP M IL owe r ) . 3 . Qua r tz i te c o re sa re l a rge rt h an f l in ta nd q ua r tz c o r e s ,a nd g ene ra l ly h ave c o r t ica l p la t fo rms . 4 . Qua r tz w a su sed f o r b o th f l ake a nd b lade le t p roduc t ion , w i th d i f feren t r a tes o f b lade le t i f lake p roduc t ion d epend ing o nt h ea s semb lage . 5 .A l though t h ere i s aw ide r ange o f q ua r tz t oo ls t h ey a r e a lway s i n much l owe rf r equenc ie s t h an f l in t . 6 . T he re a r e n oq ua r tz t oo ls o nb l ade /b lade le tb l ank s . 7 . Qua r tz c o re s a r e t ypo log ica l ly s im i la r t ot ho se i nf l in t . 8 . F l in t i s t he mos t i mpo r tan t r aw ma ter ia l i n t h ese Magda len ian a s semb lages . 9 . F l in t c o re s p roduced b lades , b l ade le t s a nd f l ake s wh ich w ere i nt u rn u sed f o ra l l t ypes o ft oo ls . 1 0 . F l in t c o re s a r e , o n a ve rage , s ma l le r t han t ho se i no the r r aw ma ter ia ls . 1 . T he re i s mo r e d eb i tage p e r f l in t c o re t han w i th o the r r aw ma ter ia ls wh ich may a ccoun tf o rt h e s ma l ler s i ze o ft he f l in t c o res . 1 2 . T here a r e mo re t oo ls p e r f l in t c o r e a nd d eb i tage t h an i n o ther r aw ma ter ia ls . 1 3 . D if fe ren ta s semb lage sh ave d i f fe ren tf r equenc ie so f r aw ma ter ia ls .

T he s amp le f r om CPM I Uppe r i s s ma l l c ompa red w i th t h e o the r s , b u t q ua r tz i sr ep resen ted b y b o th b lade le t a nd f l ake c o r e s ( t ab le 8 ) . S ing le p la tform c o res s e em t o b e t he mo st i mpo r tan t t ype a l though t here i s o ne o pposed p la tform a s w e l l a s ac hopper l ike c o re . Quar tz i te i s r ep re sen ted b y as i ng le c hoppe r l ike c ore b u t t h ere a re n o c hoppe ro rd i sco ida l c o res i nf l in ta nd t h e o n ly r ock c ry s ta l c o re i s ,o nce a ga in ,f o rb lade le tp roduc t ion . I n CPM I I U ppe r , q ua r tz c o re s a re v ery w e l l r epresen ted ( mo re t h an 2 6% ) , i nf a c ts im i la rt o CPM IL owe r ( t ab le 9 ) . A l though t h e re i s aw ide r ange o fc o re t ypes i nq ua r tz , t he mos t i mpo r tan t i s t he s i ng le p la tform b lade le t c ore . C hopper a nd d i sco ida l t ypes a re a l so w e l l r epresen ted i n t h is a s semb lage . Qua r tz i te wa s u sed o n ly f or f l ake p roduc t ion f r om c hoppe r l ike a nd s i ng le b low c o re s . I ft hese t wo l a s t s amp les ( CPM I Upper a nd CP M I I U ppe r )a r ee xam ined a s as i ng le a s semb lage , i ti sc l ea r t ha t t h is i s ac o l lec t ion w i th ah ighe r r a t io o f b lade le t t o f l ake c o res . T h i s i st r ue f o r b o th f l in t a nd q ua r tz . Quar tz i te i s u sed o n ly t oo b ta in f l ake sa nd u sua l ly t h rough c hopper l ike c o res . I na dd i t ion , t h e d i f fe rence i nt h e r e la t ive o ccur rence o f q ua r tz c o re s i n CP M I Upper a nd CPM I I Upper , s ugges t s t h a t s pa t ia l d i s t r ibu t ion w i th in t h e s i te m igh t b e a n i mpo r tan t f a c to r i n r aw ma ter ia l v ar iab i l i ty , p oss ib ly d ue t o s amp le s i ze ( s ee L eonard a nd J ones 1 989 f or v a r iab i l i ty a nd d ive r s i ty i nt h e a r chaeo log ica l r e cord ) . B a sed o nc o r ew e igh t , o ne c an s ay t ha t t h ere a re d i f feren t e conom ie sa nd ad i f feren t t r ea tmen t o f t he r aw ma ter ia ls p r esen ti nC ab eQo d e P or to Ma r inho ( t ab le 1 0 ) . A l though t h e s amp le s a r e n o t a l l s t a t is t ica l ly i d en t ica l a nd v a l id , i t s e ems t h a ti na l a ssemb lage s t h e manupo r t s ( o r t he s haped c o res ) b rough tt o t h e s i te a r e d i f feren t i n q uar tz , q ua r tz i te a nd f l in t . Q ua r tz i te c o re s a r e , i n g ene ra l , h eav ie r ( l a rge r ) t h an c o re s i no t he r r aw ma ter ia ls . A l though t h e q ua r tz i te s amp le s a r e s ma l l i n a l l a s semb lages , t he se c o res h ave a n a ve rage w e igh to fo ve r2 00g , wh i le q ua r tz c o re sa r eb e tween 5 5 a nd 8 5g a nd t h e f l in t o nes a verage b e tween 3 0 a nd 4 0g . T h is s ugge s t s ap re fe rence f o rl a rger p ebb le so re ven c obb les i nq ua r tz i t e t h an i nt h e o the r r aw ma ter ia ls ( i .e . q uar tz a nd f l in t ) . T he g ood q ua l i ty , r ed f l in t n odu les , f rom t he o u tcrop l o ca ted t ot h e e a s t o f t h e s i te , a r e g ene ra l ly l onge r t h an 8 cm a nd r ange u p t o a s much a s 2 0cm i n d iame ter ( Ma rks e ta l . 1 990 ) . Appa ren t ly t h is i s t he f l in t u sed a t C abev ) d e P o r to Ma r inho , b u t t h e c o res a r e much s ma l ler t h an t h e n odu le s f r om t h e o u tc rop . T h is s ugges t s t ha t t he n odu le s w e re s haped a ts ou rce a nd t h a t t h e i n com ing c o res w ere much s ma l ler t han t he i n it ia l p roduc t , o r t ha t u nmod if ied n odu les w ere b rough t t o t he s i te a nd t hen b roken i n to t h e d es ired s i ze ( i n t h is c a se d i f f eren t t o t hose o f q ua r tz a nd q ua r tz i te ) , o r f i na l ly , a nd mos t l i ke ly , t ha t f l in t w a s m o r e h eav i ly e xp lo i ted ( be tween 6 0 a nd 8 5 f l ake s p e rf l in tc o re a nd b e tween 2 3 a nd 5 0 f l akes p e r q ua r tz c o re ) a t t he s i te a nd wa s , t herefo re , s ma l ler when d i sca rded . A l though i ts e ems c l ea r t ha t au n ique r educ t ion t e chn ique w a s u sed w i th q ua r tz i te t o o b ta in f l akes , q uar tz b lade le t a nd f l ake c o r e sa r e v ery s im i la rt ot ho se i nf l in t .

A l l t h is s ugges t s t ha t t here a re , w i th in t he Magda len ian , d i f feren t s t ra teg ies o f r aw ma ter ia l p rocuremen t a nd u se . I n o n ly o ne c a se , CPM IL owe r , d oe s q ua r tz i te s e em t o b e i mpor tan t ( i .e . q uar tz i te c ores f orm c . 11 % o f t h e c o re p opu la t ion , wh i le i nt h e o the r a s semb lages t h ey a r e a lway s l e ss t han 5 % ) . I n CPM IL owe r , q ua r tz c ö re s f o rm mo re t han 2 5 % o ft h e c o l lec t ion . C onsequen t ly , i tc an b e s e en t ha t q ua r tz a nd q uar tz i te w ere mo re f r equen t ly u sed h e re t han i n CPM IUpper . Dur ing t h e CPM IUppe ro ccupa t ion , r aw ma ter ia l p rocu remen t ( f o r q ua r tz a nd q ua r tz i te ) t ook p lace f ur ther t owa rds t h e e dge s o f t h e v a l ley r a ther t han l oca l ly , a s h ad b een t he c a se d u r ing t he CPM IL ower o ccupa t ion . T he r o le o f q uar tz c ores i n CPM I Upper a ppea r st ob ew eake rt han i n CPM IUpper . Howeve r , t h e re a re r e la t ive ly mo re q uar tz t oo ls a nd d eb i tage i n t h is a s semb lage t han i n CPM IUpp er . CPM I I Upper s aw a v ery i n ten s ive u se o fq ua r tz c o re s ,e ven h ighe r t h an i n CPM IL ower . B u t w hen CPM I a nd I I Upper l e ve ls a r e c omb ined ,q u ar tz c o re sr e ach o n ly 2 3% ,s l igh t ly l ower t han i n CP M IL owe r . Two p o in t s s hou ld b e n o ted f r om t h is . T he f i r s t i s t ha t d i f feren t ia l s pa t ia l d is tr ibu t ions m igh t m isrepresen t t h e r e a l i ty o f r aw ma ter ia l p rocuremen t a nd man ipu la t ion . Appa ren t ly ,a nd i nt h ec a se o f r aw m a ter ia ls , t oo ls a re mo re i nd ica t ive o f ag enera l p a t tern o f u se t h an c o re s ( i n b o th CPM I a nd I I Upper l e ve ls q ua r tz t oo ls f orm c a .4 % ) . T he s econd , a nd mo s t i mpor tan t f o r g ene ra l k now ledge o f t h e Magda len ian , i s t ha t , a nd c on t rary t o wha t s eemed t o b e t h e mode l p resen ted b y Ma rks e t a l . ( 1990 ) b a sed o n s ma l le rs amp le s , t h ere a r e n o s h if t s i nr aw ma ter ia l p references f rom e a r ly t o l a te Magda len ian . However , a ccess ib i l i ty c anno t e xp la in s uch p ro cedu r e , 1 77

N .F . B icho

wh ich mus t c onsequen t ly e i the r b e d ue t os i te f unc t ion o r b a s ic c u l tura l p reference s . Qua r tz t oo ls w ere c ommon ly u sed f o r t h ick a nd c a r ina ted s c raper s , d ihedra l b ur ins , s i descraper s , d en t icu la tes a nd n o tches , a nd mo re r a re ly f o r b ur in s o n t r unca t ion s a nd e ndscrape r s . No q uar tz b lades w ere u sed a nd t h ere i so n ly o ne e xamp le o f ab lade le t i n CPM IL owe r . I ts hou ld b e p o in ted o u t t ha t , b a sed o n t he n umber o f q uar tz b lade le t c ore s , a l though r e la t ive ly l a rge n umber s o f b lade le t b l ank s w ere p roduced d ur ing t he Magda len ian t hey w ere n ever mod if ied i n to f o rma l t oo ls . T h is s ugges t s t ha t e i the r t h e b lade le t sp roduced w ere o f av ery p oo r q ua l i ty wh ich c ou ld n o t b e mod if ied i n to t oo ls , o r t ha t q uar tz b lade le t s w ere n ever i n tended t o b e made i n to f o rma l t oo ls . A s imp le c oun t o f b roken v er sus f u l l s i ze b lade le t s i n b o th q ua r tz a nd f l in t w i l l a nswer t h is q ues t ion b u t s uch c oun t s a r e n o t y e t a va i lab le . An a dd i t iona l i mpor tan t f ac t i s t he t oo l /deb i tage r a t io wh ich i s much l owe r i nq ua r tz t han i n f l in t ( i nq ua r tz t h e a verage i so ne t oo l p er 4 1 b lank s , a nd i n f l in t i so ne t oo l p er 1 3 b lank s ) . T hese t wo f ac ts ( i .e . much l ower t oo l /b lank r a t io a nd t h e n ea r a b sence o f b lade le t t oo ls ) s ugges t t ha t q uar tz ( and q ua r tz i te ) w ere u sed i na n a d h oc manne r , t ha t b lade le ts w ere n ever i n tended t o b ecome f orma l t oo ls , wh i le f l in t wa s b rough t f rom a s ou rce l o ca ted 3 k rn t ot h e e a s t , c ura ted , f u l ly e xp lo i ted a nd mod if ied i n to f o rma l t oo ls a tt h e s i te . C o re w e igh t s e ems t o s ugges t ac omp le te r educ t ion o f f l in t a t t he s i te , p robab ly c l ose t oe xhaus t ion o ft h e c o re s , wh i le q uar tz a nd q uar tz i te wh ich were l oca l ly a va i lab le ( i .e . i mmed ia te ly a round t h e s i te ) w ere u sed r a re ly a nd t h en w i thou t p lann ing o rc u ra t ion ,a nd n ever t ot h e l im i ts o fc o re e xhau s t ion .

G eo rge , H . ( eds ) . A l terna t ive a pproaches t o l i th ic a na lys is , . A rchaeo log ica l P ape r s o f t he Ame r ican A n th ropo log ica l A sso c ia t ion 1 :2 7 -50 G enes te , J .M . 1 988 . S ys temes d ' app rov is ionnemen t e n m a t ieres p rem ieres a u P a l6o l i th ique Moyen e t a u P a l6o l i th ique S up6 r ieu r e n Aqu i ta ine . I n : O t te , M . ( ed ) . L 'Homme d eN eander ta l . A c tes d uc o l loque i n terna t iona l d eL iege ( 4 -7 d e cembre 1 986 ) . Vo l . 8 . L a Mu ta t ion . L iege : S e rv ice d e P ra is to ire , Un iver s i t6 d e L iege . E RAUL s e r ie s3 1 , 6 1 -70 . L eona rd , R .D . & J ones G .T . ( eds .) . 1 989 . Quan t if y ing d i vers i ty i n A rchaeo logy . C amb r idge : C amb r idge U n ive r s i ty P re ss . Mon te t - Wh i te , A . 1 988 . R aw - ma ter ia l e conomy among m ed ium -s ized L a te P a leo l i th ic c amps i tes o f C en tra l E u rope . I n : D ibb le H . & Mon te t - Wh i te A . ( ed s ) U pp er P le is tocene P reh is tory o f Western E uras ia . P enn sy lvan ia : T he Un iver s i ty Mu seum , Un ive r s i ty o f P enn sy lvan ia . Ma rks , A . E . , J . S hok le r & . Z i lhäo , J . 1 990 . R aw m a ter ia l u s age i nt h eP a leo l i th ic : t he e f f ec t s o f l oca l a va i lab i l i ty o n s e lec t ion a nd e conomy . P ape r p resen ted a t t he I n t e rna t iona l S ympo s ium o n R aw Ma te r ia l o f P reh is tor ic H un ter -ga the re r s , Un ivers i ty o f K ansas , L aw rence , K an sa s Ro eb ro ek s , W . , K o len , J an & R en s ink , E e lco . 1 988 . P lann ing d ep th , a n t ic ipa t ion a nd t he o rgan iza t ion o f M idd le P a leo l i th ic T echno logy : t he " a rcha ic n a t ives" m ee t E ve 's d e scendan t s . H e l in ium , 2 8 ( 1 ) : 1 7 -34 S ch i ld , R . 1 976 . F l in t m in ing a nd t r ade i nP o l ish P reh is to ry a s s e en f r om t he p e r spec t ive o f t he C hoco la te F l in t o f C en t ra l P o land : as e cond a pp roach . A c ta A rchaeo log ica l C a rpa th ica . 1 6 : 1 47 -177 S t r au s ,L .G . &C la rk , G .A . ( ed s ) . 1 986 . L aR iera C ave : S tone A ge h un ter -ga therer a dap ta t ions i n Nor thern S pa in . T empe : A n th ropo log ica l R esea rch P ape r s 3 6 .

A s C abe o d eP o r to Ma r inho i ss o c lo se t o av e ry g ood a nd e x t reme ly a bundan t f l in t s ou rce ( dur ing t h e 1 9 th c en tu ry a n earby t own made g un f l in t s f o r t h e a rmy ) , o ne c ou ld e xpec t a s semb lages t o b e b a s ica l ly i n f l in t b ecause o f i t s f l ak ing c ha rac ter is t ic s . Howeve r , t h is i sn o t o n ly w rong , b u ta l so i ts e ems t ha tq ua r tz a nd q ua r tz i te h ad av ery s pec ia l r o le i nt h e Magda len ian e conomy , wh ich a ppea r s t ob eo ne o f e xped ien t e xp lo ita t ion i n t he s ense o f p e rmanen t a va i lab i l i ty a nd s imp le t e chno logy , when c ompa red w i th t h e e x tended u se ( and c ur a t ion ) o ff l in t . T he p resen t c a se s t udy c l ea r ly s hows , t ha t e ven i n a r ea s whe re f l in t i se a s i ly a va i lab le , q uar tz a nd q ua r tz i te m igh t h ave a n i mpor tan t a nd s pec if ic r o le i n t he e conom ic s t ruc ture o f P reh is tor ic g roups . A cknow ledgemen ts T h is p ape r w a s made p os s ib le b y d i f fe ren t g ran t s o ve rt he l a s t f ew y ea r s . T he P o r tuguese g ove rnmen t h e lped t oward s t he a na lys is t h rough t he J un ta N ac iona l d e I n ves t igaQäo C ien t ff ica e T ecno l6g ica . T he e xcava t ion w a s f unded b y aS eed G ran t f r om t he I n s t i tu te f o rt h e S tudy o fE a r th a nd Man , S ou thern Me thod is t Un ive r s i ty . T h is r esea rch i s p a r t o f a much l a rge r p ro jec t , p re sen t ly u nde r t he c o -d irec t ion o f D rs . A . Marks , S ou the rn Me thod is t U n ive rs i ty a nd J . Z i lhäo , F acu ldade d e L e t ra s d e L isboa a nd w i th t he a id o f aN a t iona l S c ienc e F ounda t ion g r an t ( BNS -8803798 ) . Iwou ld a l so l i ke t ot hank t ob o th T ony Ma rk s a nd J oäo Z i lhäo f or c ommen t s o n t h is p ape r a nd d i scu s s ion s o ve rt he se l a s t t h ree y ea r s o f w o rk , b o th i n t h e f i e ld a nd i nt he l ab .

R eferences C la rk , G .A . 1 989 . Romanc ing t he s tone s : B iases , S ty le a nd L i th ics a t L a R iera . I n : H en ry , Dona ld , 0 . & Ode l l , 1 78

N .E . B ich°

+

F ig . 1 . G eog raph ic l o ca t ion o ft h e R io Ma jo r r eg ion

F ig . 2 . S i te s i nt h e R io Ma io rr e g ion 1 79

N .F . B icho

DATES B P

LABORATORY

CPM 1L owe r

1 6340±420

SW .f 20 15

(TM ! L owe r

1 5 ,850±400

1 ( 7EN -542

CPM IUppe r

II, 680±60

SMU -20 11

CPM I U ppe r

1, 190±280

1 0EN -545

T ab le 1-C 14 d a tes

q ua r tz

q ua r tz i te

f l in t

r ock c rys ta l

o ther

s amp le

& Wage

1 5 .0

6 .5

7 7 .4

0 .4

0 .6

3 682

c o res

2 5 .0

1 .5

6 0 .3

0 .0

2 .6

7 8

t oo ls

5 .6

2 .8

8 9 .7

0 .0

1 .9

2 14

1 4 .7

6 .4

7 7 .7

0 .4

0 .7

3 974

q ua rt z

q ua r tz i te

f l in t

r ock c rys ta l

_o ther

s amp le

0 .4

1 6599

t o ta l T ab le 2-( 7PN I IL owe r

2 .3

9 2 .1

0 .1

7 .8

5 .1

8 4 .8

0 .5

1 .8

2 17

1 .2

0 .1

9 8 .3

0 .1

0 .3

1 542

4 .8

2 .2

9 2 .5

0 .1

0 .4

1 8358

q ua r tz .

q ua r tz i te

7 .4

3 .9

d eb i tage

5 .1

cores

t oo ls

t o ta l " F ab le 3-

I1r p pe r

d eb i tage

0 1i i

r ock c rys ta l

o ther

0 .2

0 .5

8 8 .0

s amp le , 2 614

c o res

1 4 .7

2 .9

7 9 .4

2 .9

0 .0

3 4

t oo ls

3 .8

0 .0

9 5 .6

0 .0

0 .5

1 83

t o ta l

7 .2

3 .6

8 8 .4

0 .2

0 .5

2 831

q ua r tz

q ua r tz i te

f l in t

r ock c rys ta l

o the r

s amp le

T ab le 4-CPN I 1 1 1 ) p e r

d eb i tage

1 0 .4

40

8 5 .5

0 .0

0 .1

5 312

c o res

2 7 .0

2 .2

7 0 .8

0 .0

0 .0

8 9

0 .3

9 5 .2

0 .3

0 .0

2 91

3 .8

8 5 .7

0 .01

0 .1

5 692

t oo ls t o ta l

4 .I 1 0 .4

T ab le 5-CPM I l t1 ) pe r

r .c r ) .s ta l

o the r

q ua r t z

q ua r tz i te

f l in t

s i ng le p la tf . b l ade lc t

3 3 .3

0 .0

6 6 .7

00

0 .0

1 2 ( 15 .4% )

o pposed p l a tf . b i t .

2 0 .0

0 .0

8 0 .0

0 .0

0 .0

5( 6 .4% )

2o r mo re p la tf . b l t .

s amp le ,

0 .0

0 .0

1 00 .0

0 .0

0 .0

4( 5 .1 % )

2 9 .6

3 .7

6 6 .7

0 .0

0 .0

2 7 ( 34 .6% )

o ppo sed p la tf . f l ake

1 6 .7

3 3 .3

5 0 .0

0 .0

0 .0

6( 7 .6% )

2o r mo re p la t t ' . f l ake

2 8 .6

0 .0

7 1.4

0 .0

0 .0

7( 8 .7% )

d i sco ida l

4 0 .0

0 .0

4 0 .0

0 .0

2 0 .0

5( 6 .4% )

c hoppe r

1 2 .5

7 5 .0

0 .0

0 .0

1 2 .5

8( 10 .3% )

o ther

2 5 .0

0 .0

00

( ) .0

0 .0

4( 5 .1' 4)

t o ta l

1 5 .6

11 .5

0 .0

2 .6

7 8

s i ng le p l a tf . f l ake

60 .3

T ab le 6-CP\ I IL owe r( c o res )

1 80

NY . B ich ( ) q ua r tz

q ua r tz i te

f l in t

r .c rys ta l

o ther

s amp le

0 .0

5 1 ( 23 .5% )

s i ng le p l a t f . b l ade le t

2 .0

0 .0

9 6 .0

2 .0

o pposed p l a tf . b i t .

0 .0

0 .0

1 00 .0

0 .0

00

1 8 ( 8 .3% )

2o r mo re p l a tf . b i t .

5 .9

0 .0

9 4 . I

0 .0

0 .0

1 7 ( 7 .8% )

1 3 .7

5 .9

7 8 .4

0 .0

2 .0

5 1 ( 23 .5 )

s i ng le p l a t f . f l ake o ppo sed p l a tf . f l ake

0 .0

0 .0

9 4 .4

0 .0

5 .6

1 8 ( 8 .3% )

2o r mo re p l a t f . f l ake

3 .1

3 .1

9 0 .6

0 .0

3 .1

3 2 ( 14 .7% )

2 5 .0

0 .0

7 5 .0

0 .0

0 .0

8( 3 .6% )

0 .0

7 7 .8

I1 . 1

0 .0

I I

9( 4 .1 % )

3 8 .5

0 .0

6 1.5

0 .0

0 .0

1 3 ( 6 .0% )

7 .8

5 .1

8 4 .8

0 .5

I .8

2 17

q ua r tz

q uar tz i te

o the r

s amp le

d i sco ida l c hopper o ther t o ta l T ab le 7-CPN Ill ippe r( co res )

s i ng le p l a tf . b l ade le t

2 8 .5

f l in t

r .c rys ta l

0 .0

5 7 .1

1 4 .3

0 .0

7( 20 .5% )

o ppo sed p l a tf . b i t .

0 .0

0 .0

1 00 .0

0 .0

0 .0

4( 11 .8% )

2o r mo re p l a tf , b i t .

0 .0

0 .0

1 00 .0

0 .0

0 .0

2( 5 .9%)

s i ng le p l a t f . f l ake

1 2 .5

0 .0

8 7 .5

0 .0

0 .0

8( 23 .5% )

o ppo sed p l a tf . f l ake

2 0 .0

0 .0

8 0 .0

0 .0

0 .0

5( 14 .7%)

2o r mo re p l a t f . f l ake

0 .0

0 .0

1 00 .0

0 .0

0 .0

2( 5 .9% )

d i sco ida l

0 .0

0 .0

0 .0

0 .0

0 .0

0( 0 .0% )

c hopper

5 0 .0

5 0 .0

0 .0

0 .0

0 .0

2( 5 .9% )

o ther

0 .0

0 .0

1 00 .0

0 .0

0 .0

4( 11 .8% )

t o ta l

1 4 .7

2 .9

7 9 .4

2 .9

0 .0

3 4

q u a r tz

q uar tz i te

f l in t

r .c rys ta l

o the r

s amp le

3 0 .0

0 .0

7 0 .0

0 .0

0 .0

2 0 ( 22 .5% )

2 2 .2

0 .0

7 7 .8

0 .0

0 .0

9( 10 .1 % )

0 .0

0 .0

1 00 .0

0 .0

0 .0

1 0 ( 1 1 .2% )

s i ng le p l a t f . f l ake

2 2 .2

0 .0

7 7 .8

0 .0

0 .0

1 8 ( 20 .2% )

o ppo sed p l a tf . f l ake

5 0 .0

0 .0

5 0 .0

0 .0

0 .0

4( 4 .5% )

2o r mo re p l a t f . f l ake

2 1 .4

0 .0

7 8 .6

0 .0

0 .0

1 4 ( 15 .7% )

d i sco ida l

1 00 .0

0 .0

0 .0

0 .0

0 .0

1( 1 .1 % )

c hoppe r

7 5 .0

2 5 .0

0 .0

0 .0

0 .0

4( 4 .5% )

o ther

3 3 .3

1 .1

5 5 .6

0 .0

0 .0

9( 10 .1 % )

t o ta l

2 7 .0

2 .2

7 0 .8

0 .0

0 .0

8 9

T ab le 8-CPN I 1U ppe r( co res )

s i ng le p l a tf . b l ade le t o pposed p l a tf . b i t . 2o r mo re p l a tf . h l t .

T ab le 9-( ' PM I l I r ppe r( c o res ) m ean

s t d . d ev .

5 4 .7

m in imum

M a X Im um

6 9 .4

6

2 42

2 64 .3

1 05 .7

7 9

4 45

3 9 .7

3 6 .9

7 2 .4

6 8 .8

1 2

2 40

2 71 .4

1 99 .9

5 5

7 15

3 0 .3

5 6 .0

2

7 02

8 3 .4

1 09 .4

7

4 60

2 05 .3

4 5 .0

3 9 .2

4 3 .0

CPM11 .owe r q ua r t z q u a r tz i te f l in t

5

1 64

( ' PM 1U pp e r q ua r tz q uar tz i te f l in t ( ' PM I ÷I l U pp e r q ua r tz q ua r tz i te f l in t T ab le 1 0 . We igh t i ng r ams ( co res )

1 8 1

1 60 4

2 50 2 93

RA W MATER IAL AVAILAB ILITY AND STONE TOOL TECHNOLOGY : AN EXA MPLE FRO M THE PORTUGUESE MESOL ITH IC

B .J .V ie r ra a nd J .M . A rnaud 1 ) epa r tamen to d e A rqueo log ia , I n s t i tu t° P o r tugue sd o P a t r imon io C u l tu ra , L i sbon

I ntroduct ion T he p rob lem o f e xp la in ing i n ter -a ssemb lage v a r iab i l i ty i s a n i mpo r tan t o ne f o r a rcheo log is ts . Why d o s i tes t ha t o therw ise a ppea r t o b e q u i te s im i l ia r i na ge a nd t e chno logy c on ta in a r tefac t t ypes i n v a ry ing p ropor t ions? T here a r c many f a c to r s w h ich c an c on tr ibu te t owards t h e f o rma t ion o f a n a r cheo log ica l a ssemb lage i n c lud ing s i te f unc t ion , l e ng th o f o ccupa t ion , n umbe r o f o ccupa t ions , t oo l u se l if e a nd r aw m a ter ia l a va i lab i l i ty . I ti st h e l a t te r f a c to r o f r aw ma ter ia l a va i lab i l ity wh ich h a s r e cen t ly r e ce ived a g rea t d ea l o fa t ten t ion ( e .g . E l l is & L o th rop 1 989 ; Mon tc t - Wh i te &H o len n . d . ;V eh ik 1 985 ) .

o ft h e t e r re s t r ia l a n ima l r ema ins w ere e xposed i n a 1x 2m a r ea o n ab urned r ock p avemen t . T hese i n c luded p o r t ions o f a urochs a nd r e d d eer , t h a t may h ave b een p rocessed a nd p repa red o nt h is p robab le r oa s t ing f l oo r . O the rw ise o n ly a f ew b one f r agmen ts w ere r ecovered f r om t he m idden c ons is t ing o f b o th w i ld b oa r a nd f ox . T he p resence o f a j uven i le r ed d ee r k i l led w ith in o ne mon th o f i t s b i r th i nd ica tes t h a t t h e s i te w a s o ccup ied a t l e a s t d ur ing t he s pr ing . V id iga l a ppea r s t o r ep resen t t h e s pr ing c omponen t o f as e t t lemen t s y s tem f r om wh ich l i t to ra l , e s tua r ine a nd t e r res tr ia l e nv ironmen t s w e re e xp lo i ted . Two r ad ioca rbon d a tes w e re o b ta ined b y S t raus o n b one c o l lagen f r om t h e s he l l m idden a nd p avemen t . T hese a r e s t ra t igraph ica l ly c oheren t w i th a d a te o f 6 640±90 BP (4 -4695 ) f r om t he p avemen t a nd 6 030 ± 180 BP f r om t h e o ver ly ing m idden ( GX -14557 ) . T he c a l ib ra ted d a te r ange s f o rt h ese s amp le s a t o ne s t anda rd d ev ia t ion a r e7 579±7431 BP a nd 7 169±67 19 BP ( S tu ive r&R e ime r 1 986 ) .

S tud ies h ave s hown t ha t r aw ma ter ia l a va i lab i l i ty ( S t raus 1 980 ; K ee ley 1 988 ) a nd t oo l u se l ife ( D ibb le 1 987 ) c an a f f ec t t ypo log ica l v a r iab i l i ty . Howeve r , r aw ma ter ia ls may b e s e lec ted f o r t he ir a b i l i t ies t o mee t c er ta in t oo l u se l ife r equ iremen ts . F or e xamp le , p oo r q ua l i ty l o ca l ly a va i lab le r aw ma ter ia ls may b e u sed f o r u nre touched e xped ien t t oo ls w i th s hor t u se l ives , whereas h igh q ua l i ty n on loca l m a ter ia ls m ay b e u sed f o r r e touched c ura ted t oo ls w i th l ong u se l ives ( c f . Bamfor th 1 986 , 4 8 ; Goodyea r 1 979 ) . Therefore , t he a va i lab i l ity o f r aw ma ter ia ls may d ifferen t ia l ly a ffect t he e xped ien t v ersus c u ra ted c omponen t so f at e chno log ica l s ys tem ( s ensu B info rd 1 973 , 1 977 , 1 979 ) . T h is p ap er w i l l d iscuss t h e p oss ib le e f fec ts o f l i th ic r aw ma ter ia l a va i lab i l ity o n l a te Meso l i th ic t e chno logy a nd a s semb lage v a r iab i l i ty i ns ou the rn P o r tuga l . A t t h e s i te o f V id iga l , l o ca l ly a va i lab le q uar tz i te a nd r hyo l i te w ere ma in ly b e ing u sed t o p roduce e xped ien t f l ake t oo ls , w h i le c u ra te ( ' m icro l i th ic t oo ls w ere b e ing made o n n on loca l c he r t . T he q ue s t ion i s ,g iven t h e i mpo r tance o f r hyo l i te a nd q ua r tz ite f o r e xped ien t f l ake p roduc t ion a t V id iga l , h ow d oe s t h e l o ca l a b sence o ft h ese n on -s i l iceou s ma te r ia ls a f fec t t h e o vera l l n a tu re o f l i th ic r educ t ion s t ra teg ies a tt h e s i te o f F ia is , w h ich o therw ise c on ta ins t h e s ame ma ter ia ls a s a t V id iga l?

F i g . 1 . I m ca t ion o fV id iga l a nd l i a is M e so l i th ic s i te s A t o ta l o f 1 , 350 l i th ic a r tefac ts w e re r e cove red f r om t h e e xcava t ions a t V id iga l . T h is i nc ludes 1 ,096 p i ece s o f d cb i tage , 1 20 c o res , 7 5 r e touched t oo ls , o ne h ands tone , t wo " bu t ton s " , a nd 5 6 m anupo r t s ( qua r tz c rys ta ls , o chre a nd h ema t i te ) . T ab le 1s umma r izes t h e i n fo rma t ion f o r f l akes , b lade le t s , c o re s , a nd r e touched t oo ls b y r aw ma ter ia l t ype . A sc an b es e en , mo s to f t h ese a r tefac ts a r c made f r om c hcr t ( 45 .2% ) , f o l lowed b y c rys ta l ( 16 .7% ) , r hyo l i te ( 16 .1 % ) , q uar tz i te ( 14 .5% ) , q ua r tz ( 6 .7%) a nd o ther ( 0 .5%) . R hyo l itc a nd q ua r tz c rys ta l a re p resen t i n t he C e rea l Moun ta in a r ea a bou t 5 km s ou thea s t o f V id iga l , w h i le q ua r tz ite a nd q ua r tz a r c l o ca l ly a va i lab le i n b each g rave ls a bou t 2 km w es t o f t h e s i te . A lthough t h e e xac t s ource l o ca t ion (s ) f o ra ler th a s n o t y e t b een d e term ined , i td oe s n o t a ppea r t o b e l o ca l ly a va i lab le . D epend ing o n t he r aw ma te r ia l t y pe , s evera l d i f f eren t l i th ic r educ t ion s t ra teg ic s w ere u sed a t V id iga l . E xped ien t f l ake t oo ls w ere b e ing p roduced o n l o ca l ly a va i lab le ma ter ia ls l i ke r hyo l ite , q uar tz ite a nd q uar tz . T h is i nvo lved a c ore to -f lake r educ t ion t r a jec to ry a nd i sr e f lec ted i nt h e l a rge n umbe r o f f l akes a nd f l ake c o re sm ade o n t h e se m a te r ia ls . I n c on t ras t ,

The a rchaeo log ica l s i tes V id iga l V id iga l ( Odem ira ) i s al a te Meso l i th ic s he l l m idden w h ich i ss i tua ted a bou t 2 km c a s t o f t h e p resen t A t lan t ic c oa s t l ine o f A len te jo a nd 1 0km n or th o f V i la Nova d e M i lfon tcs ( f ig . 1 ) . T he s i te c ove r sa na r ea o fa pp rox ima te ly 5 ,000 s q m c ons is t ing o f ac en tra l s he l l m idden s ur rounded b y as pa r se s ca t te r o f l i th ic a r tefac ts . A t o ta l o f 1 9 s q m w ere e xcava ted d ur ing t he t wo f i e ld s ea son s c onduc ted b y S t raus i n 1 988 ( S t raus & V icr ra 1 989 ; S t raus , A l tuna & V icr ra 1 990 ) a nd A rnaud i n 1 989 . T he s he l l m idden i sa bou t 1 0 1 5 cm t h ick a nd ma in ly c ons is ts o f l impe ts , whe lks a nd musse ls w i th m inor amoun ts o f t opshe l ls , b a rnac les , o ys ter s a nd s ca l lop . F ish v er teb rae w ere a l so r e covered f r om t h e m idden i nc lud ing t ho se o f s ha rks a nd r ays . Mo s t 1 83

H .. 1 .V ier ra a nd . 1M .A rnaud

t h e l a rge n umbe r o f c he r t f l akes , f l ake c o res , b l adc le t s , b l ade lc tc o r e sa nd g eome t r ie si n d ica te t h a tc he r t w a su sed t o m ake b o th e xped ien t f l ake t oo ls a nd g eome t r ies , t h e l a t ter i n vo lv ing am ic robur in t e chn ique . T h i s c on s is ted o f ac o ret o -f lake a nd a c o re to -b lade le t to -geome t r ic t r a jec tory . L a s t ly , mo s to ft h eq uar tz c ry s ta l w a s b e ing u sed t op roduce b lade le t s f r om b lade le t c o res w i th a c o re to -b lade le t t r a jec to ry . F ia i s F ia is ( Odem ir a ) i s al a te Meso l i th ic s he l l m idden l o ca ted a bou t 1 0km e a s t o f t h e p r e sen t c oa s t l ine a nd a bou t 2 km t o t h e s ou thwes t o f O dem ira . T he s i te c ove r s a nd a r ea o f a pp rox ima te ly 1 , 000 s q m w i th s t ra t if ied m idden d epo s i t s a bou t 4 0 cm t h ick . A t o ta l o f 3 2 s q m w a s e xcava ted i n t h ree s epa ra te b lock e xcava t ion a r ea s b y A rnaud a nd L ub e l l i n1 986 a nd A rnaud f r om 1 987 -89 ( Arnaud 1 986 ; G onza lez Mo ra les & A rnaud 1 990 ) . T he m idden m a in ly i n c lude s c ock le a nd o y s te r w i th l e s se r a moun t s o f l impe t s , w he lk s , mu sse ls a nd f i sh b one . T here i s ac en t ra l ly l o ca ted b one d ump w h ich p r ima r i ly c on ta ins t h e r ema in s o f r ed d eer , w i th s ome r o e d ee r , a u roch s , w i ld b oa r a nd r abb i t . T he f auna l e v idence i nd ica te s t h a t t h e s i te may h ave b een o ccup ied f o r mo s t o f t h e y ea r ( Row ley -Conwy c i ted i n Gonza lez Mo ra le s &A rnaud 1 990 , 4 58 ) , d ur ing w h ich t he i nhab i tan ts e xp lo i ted e s tua r ine , t e r res t r ia l a nd l i t tora l e nv ironmen t s . F ia is i sl o ca ted a bou t 2 0km s ou thea s t o f V id iga l . T oge the r t h ese s i tes c ou ld r ep r esen t a n i n land c oa s ta l p a t tern o f s ea sona l t r anshumanc e . A rnaud ( 1989 ) h a s s ugge s ted as im i l ia r a nnua l p a t t ern f o r t h e S ado R ive r Meso l i th ic s i tes . As e r ies o f r a d io ca rbon d a te s o b ta ined b y b o th A rnaud a nd L ube l l f r om F ia is r a ng e f r om 7 0 10±70 B P ( cha rcoa l ; TO -806 , L ube l l , p e r s .comm . ) t o6 180± 110 BP ( bone ; I CEN 14 1) a nd d oo ve r lap w i th t h o se f r om V id iga l . T he c a l ibr a ted d a te r a nges f o rt h e se s amp le s a to ne s t anda rd d ev ia t ion a r e7 9 19 -77 10 BP a nd 7 189 -68 % B P , r e sp ec t ive ly ( S tu ive r&R e ime r 1 986 ) . A t o ta l o f 1 , 977 l i th ic a r tefac t s w e r e r e cove red f r om t h e e xcava t ions a t F ia is . 1 , 025 o f t h e se a r e f r om t h e 1 986 e xcava t ions o f t h e c en t ra l b one d ump . T hese h ave b een d esc r ibed b y S heppa rd ( 1986 ) . A no the r 9 52 a r te fac t s w ere r e cove r ed d u r ing t h e 1 988 -89 s ea son s f r om t wo s epa ra te e xcava t ion b lo ck so nt h en o r ther n a nd s ou the rn a r ea s o f t h e s i te . T he se w i l l b e s umma r ized h e re in . T he 9 52 a r tefac t s i n c lude 7 88 p i ece so fd eb i tage ,4 2 c o re s ,9 7 r e touched t oo ls , o ne h and s tone ,o ne g r ind ing s l ab , o ne p i ece o fg round s t one , 1 9 manupo r t s ( qua r tz c rys ta ls ) , a nd a n e ng raved p i ece o f s ch is t . T ab le 2 s umma r ize s t h e i n fo rma t ion o n f l akes , b l ade le t s , c o re s a nd r e touched t oo ls . T he ma jo r i ty o f t h e a r tefac t s a r e made o n c he r t ( 78 .0% ) , w i th s ome c rys ta l ( 1 1 .9% )a nd q ua r tz ( 7 .0% ) ,a nd v e ry l i t t le q ua r tz i te ( 1 .9% ) , r hyo l i te ( 0 .6% )a nd o ther ( 0 .4% ) . Much o f t h e c he r t f r om F ia is i ss im i l ia r t ot h a t f ound a t V id iga l , a nd p re sumab ly w a s d e r ived f r om t h e s ame n on loca l s our ce l o ca t ion (s ) . Qua r tz i te a nd q ua r tz a re l o ca l ly a va i lab le a s i s o la ted c obb le so rp ebb le s i ns ur face d epo s i t s o rp o s s ib ly f r om t h e d ra inage so ft h eR io M ir a . T he c lo se s t s ou rce o f r hyo l i te i s l o ca ted a bou t 1 3km n o r th o fF ia is n ea rS ao L u is . T he s ou r ce o f t he q ua r tz c rys ta l f ound a t F ia is i s u nde term ined . Howeve r , t h e p r esence o f q ua r tz c rys ta l m anupo r t s may i nd ica te ap rox ima te s ource f o r t h e se m a te r ia ls . F igu re 2 s hows t h a t much mo re c he r t i sp r e sen t a tF ia is a nd mo re r hyo l i te a nd q ua r tz i te a tV id iga l . T he i n c r ea s e i nt h e u s e o f c he r t a tF ia is i sp resumab ly i n p a r t d ue t o t h e p auc i ty o f l o ca l ly a va i lab le r hyo l i te a nd q ua r tz i te f o r t h e p roduc t ion o fe xped ien t f l ake t oo ls . Wha t w e s e e a tF ia is i s ag r ea te r 1 84

e mpha s i so n t h eu se o fc her tt op roduce f l ake s , b l ade le t s a nd t oo ls , a nd ac o r r espond ing i n c rea se i nt h e u se o fq uar tz a nd q ua r tz c rys ta l f o r t h e p roduc t ion o f f l ake s . Cores How d oes t h e d i f feren t ia l a va i lab i l i ty o f r aw ma ter ia l a f f ec t c o re v ar iab i l i ty a t V id iga l a nd F ia is? O ne o bv ious d i f fe rence i st h e l a rge n umbe r o f f l ake c ore s a t V id iga l w h ich a r e p r ima r i ly made o n r hyo l i te , a nd t h e l a ck o f f l ake c o r e sa tF ia is w h ich a r e ma in ly made o n c her t ( s ee T ab le s 1 a nd 2 ) . T he e mpha s is o n ag rea te r v a r ie ty o f r aw ma ter ia ls f o r f l ake p roduc t ion a t V id iga l ( e .g . r hyo l i te , q ua r tz i te a nd c her t ) , i s a l so r e f lec ted i n a n i n crea se i n f l ake c ore v a r iab i l i ty . T h is i n c luded g lobu la r , d i sco ida l , d i sc a nd c obb le u n iface t ypes wh ich a re t h e r e su l t o f wo rk ing t abu la r , n odu le a nd c obb le r aw ma te r ia l s hapes . A l l o f t h ese c o re t yp e s a re a bsen t a t F ia is . I n c on tra s t , b l ade le t c o r e r e duc t ion s t ra teg ie s a r e q u i te s im i l ia r b e tween t h e t wo s i tes . B lade le t c o res f rom b o th V id iga l a nd F ia is a r e p redom ina te ly m ade o n c her t a nd q ua r tz c rys ta l . T h is ma in ly i nvo lved t h e u se o f s i ng le f a ced ( 62 .1 % v s 5 9 .5% ) a nd p yram ida l / sub -pyram ida l ( 12 .6% v s 2 3 .8% ) s i ng le p l a t fo rm c o res a tb o th s i tes . T he re a r e , h oweve r , i nd ica t ion s t ha t c he r tc o res w e re b e ing r educed f u r the r b efo re b e ing d isca rded a t F ia is t h an a t V id iga l . F i r s t , t h e re a r e p ropo r t iona l ly ag r ea te r n umbe r o f d eb i tage i t ems ( i .e . f l akes a nd b lade le t s ) p e r c o re a tF ia is t h an a t V id iga l w i th d eb i tage :co re r a t io s o f 1 8 .3 a nd 6 . 1 , r e spec t ive ly . S econd ly , 4 6 .1 % o f t h e c he r t c o res a t F ia is h ave 7 5 -100% o f t h e ir u seab le s ur face s w o rked , i nc on t ra s t t oo n ly 1 .6% o ft h ec her t c o res f r om V id iga l . T h ird ly , t h e m ean w e igh tf o rc her tc o res a t F ia is ( x =4 .5 gm , s t d = 1 .9 , n= 2 1) i sh a lf o ft h a ta tV id iga l ( x =1 0 .8 g m , s t d = 15 .3 , n =5 8 ) . I t may b e t h a t c her t c o res w e r e b e ing mo re f u l ly r educed a t F ia is t o make u p f o r t h e p auc i ty o f l oca l ly a va i lab le r aw m a ter ia ls l i ke r hyo l i te a nd q ua r tz i te . O r t h a t t h e s ource (s ) f o r c her t may b e l o ca ted n ea rer t o V id iga l t han F ia is . Howeve r ,i fF ia is w a so c cup ied o r r eoccup ied f o r l o nge rp e r iod so f t ime d ur ing t he a nnua l c yc le ( a s p o s s ib ly i nd ica ted b y f a una l d a ta ) , t h en t h is c o re r educ t ion p a t tern may a l so b e r e la ted t o d i f fe rences i n s i te f unc t ion a nd o ccupa t iona l i n tens i ty . T ha t i s , c he r t c o r e s may h ave b een u t i l ized t o p roduce d eb itage f o r ag rea ter n umbe r o f d i f f er ing a c t iv i t ie sf o ra n i n c rea sed p e r iod o ft ime . D eb i tage T he d i f f e rence s i nd eb i tage b e tween V id iga l a nd F ia is a ppea r t o b e r e la ted t o t h e a dd i t iona l e mpha s is o n r hyo l i te a nd q ua r tz i te u se a tV id iga l . F o re xamp le , V id iga l d oes c on ta in mo re a ngu la r d eb r is ( 10 .4% ) a nd f l ake s ( 5 1 .1 % ) t han F ia is ( 6 .6% a nd 2 6 .4% ) , b u t F ia is c on ta in s mo r eb l ade le t s ( 59 .5% ) a nd m ic robu r ins ( 5 .4% ) t h an V id iga l( 3 3 .6% a nd 1 . 6% ) . T he f o rme r p a t te rn i s af unc t ion o f t h e g r ea te r e mpha s is o n r hyo l i te a nd q ua r tz i te f l ake p roduc t ion a t V id iga l . Mo r e a ngu la r d eb r is c ou ld b e p roduced a s ab y -p roduc t o f h a rd h amme rf l ake c o re r e duc t ion f rom t h e l a rge r a nd g ene ra l ly u np repa red t a bu la r a nd c obb le r aw m a te r ia ls . T he l a t te r p a t te rn i sp re sumab ly r e la ted t o t h e p auc i ty o fq ua r tz i te a nd r hyo l i te f l ake p roduc t ion a t F ia is , w h ich t h en a c t s t o i n c rea se t h e p ropo r t iona l c on t r ibu t ion o f b l ade le t s a nd m ic robur in s t ot h ed eb i tage a ssemb lage . T he i n i t ia l p roduc t ion o f f l akes f r om r hyo l i te a nd q ua r tz i te a tV id iga l h a sa l so i nf luenced t he a moun t o f c o r tex p r e sen t

1 3 .J .V ierra a nd J .M . A rnaud

a tt h es i te : 2 9 .0% o f t h e d eb i tagc e xh ib i t c o r tex a t V id iga l i n c on t ra s t t o 1 6 .1 % a t F ia is . T he i n crea se i n c o r tex a t V id iga l i s af unc t ion o f t h e p roduc t ion o f e xped ien t f l ake t oo ls o n r hyo l i te a nd q ua r tz i te w i th c o r t ica l p l a t fo rms a nd p a r t ia l d o r sa l c or tex . H oweve r , i fw eo n ly l ook a tt h e c he r t d eb i tage f r om V id iga l a nd F ia is , w e f i nd t ha t b o th s i tes c on ta in s im i l iar amoun ts o f c o r tex , 1 4 .6% a nd 1 2 .8% , r e spec t ive ly . T hese d i f fe rences b e tween r hyo l i te a nd q ua r tz ite d eb i tage a nd c her t d eb i tage a r e a l so r e f lec ted i n a r tefac t s i ze . F o r e xamp le , r hyo l i te a nd q ua r tz i te f l akes t e nd t o b e l a rge r a t V id iga l w i th mean l e ng ths o f 2 2 .7 a nd 2 8 .8mm v e r su s o n ly 1 3 .0 a nd 2 1 .8mm a tF i a is . I n c on tr a s t , b o th c her t f l akes a nd b lade le t s h ave s im i l ia r m ean l e ng th s a t V id iga l a nd F ia is : c her t f l ake s h ave a m ean l e ng th o f 1 4 .6mm a t V id iga l a nd 1 4 .4mm a tF i a is , wh i le c her t b l ade le t sh ave am ean l e ng th o f 5 .8mm a tV id iga l a nd 6 .8mm a tF i a is . I t wou ld a ppea r t h a t t h e t e chno log ica l s i ze r equ iremen t s f o r c he r t f l akes a nd b l ade le t s a r e s im i l ia ra tb o th s i tes , a nd t h a t t h e p resence o r a b sence o fr hyo l i te a nd q ua r tz i te d id n o t g r ea t ly a f fec tc her t b l ank s i ze s .

a nd t r iang le s ( 9 .2% ) , wh i le V id iga l mo s t ly h a s s egmen t s ( 24 .0% ) w i th f ewer t r apezes ( 9 .3 % ) a nd t r iang les ( 5 .3 % ) . P o in ted b lade le t s a re a l so p resen t a t V id iga l ( 10 .6% ) , b u t a b sen ta tF ia is . I ts eems u n l ike ly t ha t t h e se d i f ference s a r e t h e r e su l t o f r aw ma ter ia l v a r iab i l i ty , s i nce a l l m icro l iths a r e p redom ina te ly made o f c her t a t b o th V id iga l ( 86 .2% ) a nd a tF ia is ( 97 .2% ) . However , t h is d i s t inc t ion c ou ld b e t h e r e su l t o f e i ther d i f ferences i n s i te f unc t ion o r l ong term t empo ra l c hanges i n g eome tr ic t e chno logy . I th a s b een s ugge s ted t ha t V id iga l may r ep resen t t h e s p r ing c omponen t o f a n a nnua l s e t t lemen t p a t te rn f r om w h ich mos t ly l i t tora l a nd t e r res tr ia l r e sources w ere p rocured , wh i le F ia is may h ave b een o ccup ied f or s evera l s ea sons d ur ing wh ich e s tua r ine a nd t e r res tr ia l r e sources w ere ma in ly p rocu red . However , F ia is d oes a ppea r t o b e s omewha t o lder t han V id iga l , e ven t hough t he r ad ioca rbon d a tes d o o ve r lap b e tween t h e t wo s i tes . Da ta f r om Meso l i th ic s i tes s i tua ted a long t h e S ado R ive r a nd i t s t r ibu ta r ies c an b e u sed a s ap re l im ina ry t e s t o f t h ese a l te rna t ive h ypo these s . I n fo rma t ion o n f our o f t h ese s i tes h a sb een s umma r ized b y A rnaud ( 1987 , 1 989 ) a nd S an to s e a l . ( 1974 ) . T hese i n c lude A rapouca , Nas d e S äo B en to , C abeq .o d o P ez a nd C abe w d as Amo re ira s wh ich w ere r ad ioca rbon d a ted b e tween 7 ,5 (X ) a nd 6 ,000 BP . I f s i te f unc t ion i sc ond i t ion ing t he g eome t r ic v ar iab i l i ty , t h en w e wou ld e xpec t : 1 ) mo re s egmen ts a t t h e s i tes o f A rapouca a nd P oQa sd o S äo B en to wh ich a r e l o ca ted n ea rer t h e moU th o ft h eS ado R ive ra nd p r ima r i ly c on ta in f i sh r ema ins , a nd 2 ) mo re t r apeze sa tC abev )d oP ez a nd d a s Amo re ira s wh ich a r e s i tua ted f u r ther i n land a nd ma in ly c on ta in t e r res tr ia l f auna l r ema ins . O n t h e o ther h and , i ft h e g eome tr ic v a r iab i l i ty i s t h e r e su l t o f l ong term c hanges i n t e chno logy t hen w e wou ld e xpec t : 1 ) mo re t r apezes a tt h e e a r l ies t d a ted s i te o f A rapouca , 2 ) mo re s egmen ts a t t h e l a tes t d a ted s i te o f C abeQo d as Amo re ira s , a nd 3 ) as h if t f r om t r apezes t o s egmen t so ccur ing a tt h e m idd le d a ted s i te s o fP cNa s d o S äo B en to a nd C abe o d o P ez . Wha t w e f i nd i s t ha t t h e g eome t r ic a s semb lage a t t h e e a r l ies t s i te o f A rapouca i s d om ina ted b y t r apezes a nd t h a t s egmen t s d om ina te a l l t h e l a te r s i tes . T herefo re , i t wou ld a ppea r t h a t t h e v a r iab i l i ty i n g eome tr ic t e chno logy b e tween V id iga l a nd F ia is i sp robab ly r e la ted t o l ong t e rm r eg iona l c hanges i n t e chno logy . A l though t r apezes a nd t r iang les d om ina te t h e a s semb lage s o ft h e Muge s he l l m iddens , R oche ( 1972 , 9 1 , 1 980 , 1 4 ) d oe s n o te t h a t s egmen ts d o a ppea r t o i n crea se f r om t h e l owe r t o u ppe rl e ve ls a tt h e s i te o fC abcyo d a Amo re ira .

R e touched t oo ls R aw ma ter ia l a va i lab i l i ty p r ima r i ly a ppea r s t ob e a f fec t ing t h e p roduc t ion o f r e touched t oo ls o n f l ake b lank s a nd d oe s n o t s eem t o b e a n i mpo r tan t f a c to r i nf luenc ing r e touched t oo l v a r iab i l i ty b e tween V id iga l a nd F ia is . T here a re p ropor t iona l ly a g rea te r n umbe ro f t oo ls p er d eb i tage i t ems a tF ia is t h an a tV id iga l w i th d eb i tage : too l r a t io s o f 8 . 1 a nd 1 4 .5 , r e spec t ive ly . Mo s to ft h e t o o l b l ank s f r om b o th s i tes a r e c her t . T h is i nc ludes 9 7 .2% a nd 1 00% o f t h e t oo ls o n b l ade le t s a nd f l akes a t F ia is a nd 8 3 .9% a nd 4 4 .4% o f t he t oo ls o n b l ade le ts a nd f l akes f r om V id iga l . Mos t o f t he r ema in ing f l ake t oo l b l ank s a t V id iga l a r e r hyo l ite a nd q ua r tz ite ( 44 .4% ) . T here a r e s ome d i f f e rences i nt oo l a s semb lage c ompos i t ion b e tween V id iga l a nd F ia is . B o th s i tes a r e d om ina ted b y g eome tr ie s( 38 .6% o ft h e t oo ls a tV id iga l a nd 3 8 .1 % o f t h e t oo ls a tF ia is ) , w ith f ewe r n umbe r s o f s c raper s , r e touched p i eces ,b a cked b lade le ts , t r unca t ions , n o tche s , d en t icu la tes , a nd g round -s tone t oo ls . However , F ia is c on ta ins more p er fo ra to r s a nd b ur ins ( 8 .3% ) w h ich a r e a b sen t a t V id iga l , a nd t w ice a s many n o tches a nd d en t icu la tes ( 25 .0% ) a s V id iga l ( 13 .5% ) . A l l o f t h e n o tche s a nd d en t icu la tes a t F ia is w e r e m ade o n c her t a nd mo s t o f t h e se a r e r e touched n o tche s o n b l ade le t s w h ich a pp ea r t ob e t h e b y -p roduc t o f t oo l p roduc t ion a nd t h e m ic robu r in t e chn ique . I n c on t ra s t , h a lf o fn o tches a nd d en t icu la te sa tV id iga l a r c made o n c her t a nd h a lf o n r hyo l i te a nd q ua r tz i te . Mo s t o f t h ese a r e f l ake t oo ls w i th n o tches made b y d i r ec t b lows .

I t i s a l so i n teres t ing t o n o te t he p oss ib le n ega t ive r e la t ionsh ip b e tween t he p resence o f t r apezes a nd t h e a bsence o f p o in ted b l ade le t s a s r ep resen ted a tF ia is a nd t h e Muge s i tes ( Roche 1 980 , 1 4 ) ,a nd t h ep o s s ib le a s soc ia t ion o f s egmen t s w i th p o in ted b lade le ts a s f ound a t V id iga l . T h is c o r re la t ion b e tween s egmen t s a nd p o in ted b l ade le ts may a l so b e p ar t o f t h is l o ng term s h if t i nt e chno logy .

E v idence f o r ag rea ter n umber o f t oo ls a nd a n i n crea sed e mpha s is o n t oo l p roduc t ion a nd ma in tenance a c t iv i t ies a t F ia is i sp robab ly n o t r e la ted t o r aw ma ter ia l a va i lab i l i ty . R a the r , t h is p a t tern i s mo re l i ke ly c ond i t ioned b y v a r ia t ions i n s i te f unc t ion a nd l e ng th o f o ccupa t ion (s ) . I fF ia is w a s o ccup ied f o r e x tended p er iods o f t ime d ur ing d i f feren t s ea son so ft h e y ea r , t h en i ts e ems l i ke ly t h a t mo re t ypes o f a c t iv i t ies wou ld h ave o ccured a tt h e s i te a nd a r c t h erefo re r ep resen ted i nt h e a r cheo log ica l r e co rd ( c f . Y e l len 1 977 ) .

Conc lus ion I n c onc lus ion , t h is p ap e r h a s d i scus sed t h e p oss ib le e f fec ts o f r aw ma ter ia l a va i lab i l ity o n l i th ic t e chno logy a nd a s semb lage v a r iab i l i ty b e tween t wo l a te Meso l ith ic s i tes i n s ou thern P o r tuga l . I ta ppea r s t h a t t h e e xped ien t f l ake t oo l c omponen to ft h e t e chno logy w a s mo re g r ea t ly a f fec ted b y t h e l o ca l a va i lab i l i ty o f n on -s i l iceous r aw ma ter ia ls l i ke r hyo l i te a nd q uar tz ite , t han t he c ura tcd m icro l i th ic c omponen t w h ich w as made o n n on loca l a ler t . T h is w a s r e f lec ted i nt h e a s semb lage a tV id iga l b y : 1 )t h e g r ea te r u se

T he mos t d i s t inc t ive d i f f erence i nr e touched t o o ls b e tween t h e t wo s i te s i si n r e spec t t om ie ro l i th t ype s . F ia is ma in ly c on ta ins t r ap ezes ( 16 .4% ) t o ge the r w i th s egmen t s ( 12 .3% .) 1 85

1 3 1 . V i er ra a nd . IM .A rnaud

o f r hyo l i te a nd q ua r tz i te ma te r ia ls , 2 ) more f l ake c o re v a r iab i l i ty , 3 ) t h e h i ghe r p ercen tage o f f l akes , amoun t o f c or tex a nd l a rge r f l ake s i ze a nd 4 ) t h e p roduc t ion o f mo re n o tche s a nd d en t icu la te s o n f l ake b l anks . I n c on t ra s t , t h e F ia is l i t h ic a s semb lage w a s c ha rac te r ized b y : 1 )t h e g rea te r u s eu se o fc her t , 2 ) f ewer f l ake c o res , 3 ) f ewe r f l ake s w i th p ropor t iona l ly mo re b l ade le t s a nd m ic robu r ins , l e s s c o r tex a nd s ma l le r f l akes a nd 4 ) t h e p roduc t ion o f n o tches a nd d en t icu la te s p r ima r i ly o n b l ade le t b l anks . T he re a r e , h oweve r , s ome s ome i mpo r tan t d i f fe rences i n l i th ic a s semb lage v a r iab i l i ty a tV id iga l a nd F ia is w h ich may n o t b e r e la ted t or aw ma te r ia l a va i lab i l i ty . S i te f unc t ion a nd l e ng th o fo ccupa t ion may a l so b e c on tr ibu t ing t og rea te r c o r e r e duc t ion a nd t oo l d ive r s i ty a tF ia is . I n c on t ra s t , t h e d i f ference i n g eome tr ic t ype s b e tween t h e t wo s i te s may r e f lec t l o ng term c hanges i nm ic ro l i th ic t e chno logy w i th a s h if t f r om t r apeze t o s egmen t o r ien ted t oo l s ys tems . F u tu r e r e sea rch n eed s t od e term ine t h e f a c to r s w h ich may b e c ond i t ion ing t h e se c hange s i ng eome tr ic t e chno logy .

R ef erences A rnaud , J .M . 1 986 . P o s t -G lac ia l a dap ta t ions i n s ou the rn P o r tuga l . P ape r p re sen ted a tT he Wo r ld A rcheo log ica l C ong ress , S ou thamp ton . A rnaud , JM . 1 987 . O s c onche iro s m eso l i t ico s d o s v a les d o T e jo eS ado : s eme lhancas ed i f e rencas . A rqueo log ia , 1 5 : 5 3-64 . Ar naud , J .M . 1 989 . T he Meso l i th ic c ommun i t ies o f t h e S ado V a l ley , P o r tuga l , i n t he ir e co log ica l s e t t ing . I n : B on sa l l , C . ( ed ) . T he Meso l i th ic i n E urope . E d inbu rgh : J ohn Dona ld , 6 14 -631 . I 3 amfo r th , 1 /1 3 . 1 986 . T echno log ica l e ff ic iency a nd t oo l c u ra t ion . Amer ican A n t iqu i ty , S i : 3 8 -50 . B info rd , L .R . 1 973 . I n terassemb lage v ar iab i l i ty - t he Mous te r ian a nd t h e ' f unc t iona l ' a rgumen t . I n : R en f rew , C . ( ed ) . T he E xp lana t ion o fC u l ture C hange . L ondon : D uckwo r th , 2 27 -253 . B info rd , L .R . 1 977 . F o r ty -seven t r ip s : ac ase s tudy i n t he c ha rac te r o f a r cheo log ica l f o rma t ion p rocesses . I n : Wr igh t , R . ( ed ) . S tone T oo ls a s C u l tura l Markers . C amb e r ra : A us t r a l ian I n s t i tu te o f Abo r ig ina l S tud ie s , 2 4 3 6 . B inford , I , .R . 1 979 . O rgan iza t ion a nd f o rma t ion p rocesses :l ook ing a t c u ra ted t e chno log ies . J ourna l o f A n thropo log ica l R esear ch , 3 5 : 2 55 -273 . D ibb le , 1 . 1 , . 1 987 . R educ t ion s equence s i nt he manuf ac tu re o f Mous te r ian i mp lemen ts o f F r ance . I n : S oi f e r , 0 . ( ed ) T he P le is tocene O ld Wor ld . N ew Yo rk : P l enum P re ss ,3 3 4 6 . E l l is , C . J . & L o th rop , IC . ( ed s ) . 1 989 . E as tern l ' a leo ind ian LAU .R esour ce U se . B ou lde rC o lo rado : Wes tv iew P ress . Goodyea r , A .C . 1 979 . A n h ypo thes is f or t he u se o f c ryp tor ws ta l l ine r aw ma ter ia ls among P a leo ind ian g roup s o fN or th Ame r ica . t n ive r s i ty o f S ou th C a ro l ina , I n s t i tu te o f A rcheo logy a nd A n th ropo logy . R esea rch Manu sc r ip t S e r ie s , 1 56 . Gonz a l lez Mo ra le s , M .R . &A rnaud , J .M . 1 990 . R ecen t r e sea r ch o n t he Meso l i th ic i n t he I ber ian P en insu la . I n : V e rmee r sch , P .& V an P ee r , P .( ed s ) Con tr ibu t ions t o t he Meso l i th ic i nE urope . 1 . euven :Leuven Un ive r s i ty P ress , 4 51-462 . K ee ley , 1 , . 1 1 . 1 988 . I , i th ic e conomy , s ty le a nd u se : a c ompa r ison o f t h ree l a te Magda len ian s i tes . L i th ic T echno logy , 1 7 : 1 9 _25 . X fon te tWh i te , A . &I l oen , S . ( e d s ) ( i n p r es s ) . R aw Ma ter ia l E conomy among P reh is tor ic Hun ter -Ga therers . L aw r ence : D ep a r tmen t o f A n th ropo logy a nd Museum o f A n th ropo logy , l.n i ver s i ty o f K ansas . 1 86

R oche ,J . 1 972 . L e s m as c oqu i l l ier s ( con che i ro s ) Meso l i th iques d e Muge ( Po r tuga l ) . F und c unen ta , V I I : 7 2 107 . K o ln . R oche , J . 1 980 . A lgumas c arac ter is t ica s d a i ndus t r ia d o Meso l i t ico a n t igo d e Muge ( Po r tuga l ) . A rqueo log ia , 2 : 1 2 -18 . S an tos , F . d o s , S oa res , J . & T ava res d a S i lva , C . 1 974 . 0 c onche i ro e p ipa leo l i t ico d oC abe co d o P ez ( Va le d oS ado T o r rao ) . P r ime ira N o t ic ia . A r ias d o C ongres s. ° N ac iona ld eA rqueo log ia ,P or to / 973 . P o r to . 1 73 189 . S heppa rd , P . J . 1 986 . P re l im inary r epo r t o n t he l i th ic a ssemb lage f rom F ia is . U npub l ished manu sc r ip t , D epa r tmen t o f An th ropo logy , U n ive r s i ty o fT o ron to . S t raus , L . G . , 1 980 . T he r o le o f r aw m a ter ia ls i n l i th ic a s semb lage v ar iab i l i ty . L i th ie T echno logy , 9 : 6 8 -72 . S t rau s , L . G . , A l tuna , J .& V ier ra , B . 1 990 . T he c onche iro a t V id iga l : ac on tr ibu t ion t ot h e l a t e Meso l i th ic o f s ou the rn P o r tuga l . I n : V e rmee r sch , P . & V an P ee r , P . ( eds ) C on tr ibu t ions t o t he Me so l i th ic i n E urope . L euven : L euven In i ve rs i ty P re ss , 4 63 474 . S t raus , L .G . &V ie r ra , B .J . 1 989 . P re l im ina ry i n ves t iga t ion o f t he c onche iro a t V id iga l ( A len te jo , P o r tuga l ) . Meso l i th ic M isce l lany , 1 0 : 2 11 . S tu ive r , M . 8 z R e ime r , P . 1 986 . A c ompu ter p rog ram f o r r ad ioca rbon a ge c a l ib ra t ion . R ad iocarbon , 2 8 : 1 022 1 030 . V eh ik , S .C . ( e d ) 1 985 . L i th ic r e source p rocur emen t : p roceed ings f rom t he s econd c onf erence o n p reh i s tor ic c her t e xp lo i ta t ion . S ou thern I l l ino is U n ivers i ty , C en te r f or A rcheological I nves t iga t ions . C a rbonda le O cca s iona l P ape r , 4 . Y e l len , J .1 3 . , 1 977 . A rcheo log ica l A pp roache s t o t h e P re sen t . N ew Yo rk : A cadem ic P r e s s .

V i erra a nd L AI A rnaud r hyolite f l akes

c her t

q uar tz ite

q uar tz

1 20 ( 2 1 .5 )

1 56 ( 28 .0 )

1 57 ( 28 .1)

7 1 ( 12 .7 )

5 1 ( 9 .1)

2( 0 .3 )

5 57

3 1 ( 8 .4 )

2 31 ( 62 .9 )

I( 0 .2 )

1( 0 .2 )

1 03 ( 28 .0 )

0( 0 .0 )

3 67

b lade le ts f l ake c o re s

o ther

N =

1 5 ( 45 .0 )

1 4 ( 35 .0 )

1( 0 .2 )

4( 10 .0 )

3( 7 .5 )

3( 7 .5 )

1 0

4( 6 .4 )

1 8 ( 6 1 .5 )

0( 0 .0 )

0( 0 .0 )

2 5 ( 32 .0 )

1( 1 .2 )

7 8

b lade le t c o res

0( 0 .0 )

I( 1 (X ) .0 )

0( 0 .0 )

0( 0 .0 )

0( 0 .0 )

0( 0 .0 )

1 0 ( 13 .3 )

5 6 ( 74 .6 )

4( 5 .3 )

0( 0 .0 )

5( 6 .6 )

0( 0 .0 )

7 5

1 80 ( 16 .1)

5 06 ( 45 .2 )

1 63 ( 14 .5 )

7 6 ( 6 .7 )

1 87 ( 16 .7 )

6( 0 .5 )

118

m ixed c o res r e touched t oo ls

Tota l

c rysta l

1

T ab le 1 V id iga l l i th ic a ssemb lage a nd r aw m a ter ia l v a r iab i l i ty ( r ow p ercen tages a r e i np a ren theses )

r hyo lite

c hert

quar tz ite

q uar tz

c rys ta l

o ther

N =

f l akes

1( 0 .4 )

13 ( 54 .3 )

1 5 ( 7 .2 )

4 5 ( 2 1 .6 )

3 0 ( 14 .4 )

3( 1 .4 )

2 08

b lade le ts

3( 0 .6 )

4 00 ( 85 .2 )

0( 0 .0 )

1 2 ( 2 .5 )

5 4 ( 1 1 .5 )

0( 0 .0 )

4 69

f l ake c o res

O( 0 .0 )

3( 75 .0 )

1( 25 .0 )

0( 0 .0 )

0( 0 .0 )

0( 0 .0 )

b lade le t c o res

O( 0 .0 )

2 4 ( 67 .5 )

0( 0 .0 )

0( 0 .0 )

1 2 ( 32 .5 )

1( 2 .7 )

m ixed c o r es

0( 0 .0 )

1( 1 (X ) )

0( 0 .0 )

0( 0 .0 )

0( 0 .0 )

0( 0 .0 )

r e touched t oo ls

1( 0 .6 )

9 5 ( 98 .0 )

0( 0 .0 )

0( 0 .0 )

1( 1 .0 )

0( 0 .0 )

9 7

Tota l

5( 9 .6 )

6 36 ( 78 .0 )

1 6 ( 1 .9 )

5 7 ( 7 .0 )

9 7 ( 1 1 .9 )

4( 0 .4 )

8 16

4 3 7 1

T ab le 2 . l i a is l i th ic a ssemb lage a nd r aw m a te r ia l v ar iab i l i ty ( r ow p e rcen tages a r e i np a ren the ses )

8 0 = r e • e r . • 1 1 1 . •> »,• •

w d o c *

▪ s e ee e .ocem . .. .. . 10 1e . l et rxe c . .H t 1 140 . 34< a « . . t.

7 0-

1 44. 1 .0 1.e » ) . • 1 1. 4 1 [4 . 1• 4 •4 » ..0 .« b 1. 1 .4 .,14 .2 .44 t 46. . .. 00» . 14 :46 On f . . »P le Modei r . . R IO. M M I e VA •2 1. : 4 ,»» 1•3 14,1 + . 1. 44,

6 0-

O W, •

•D r :MN . • :