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English Pages 152 [150] Year 2002
GORGIAS REPRINT SERIES Volume 26
Lexical Tools to the
Syriac New Testament
LexícaL TooLs the Syrnac Neto
Geoßge Anton
to
Testament
KÎRQZ
•À Ä GORGIAS PRESS 2002
First Edition by Sheffield Academic Press, 1994. Second Edition by Gorgias Press LLC, 2002
Copyright © 2002 by Gorgias Press LLC. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States of America by Gorgias Press LLC, N e w Jersey.
I S B N 1-931956-10-3
B r i t i s h L i b r a r y C a t a l o g u i n g in P u b l i c a t i o n D a t a Kiraz, George A n t o n Lexical Tools to the Syriac N e w Testament I. Title 255.43
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Printed in the United States of America
Preface Most students of Syriac are introduced to the text of the Syriac New Testament in their first year of studies. The main task facing the student is studying the meanings of the words which constitute the text. Learning the most frequent words, moving to the less frequent ones, the student's understanding of the text expands rapidly. Lexical Tools to the Syriac New Testament aims to provide the student, among other aids, with such a tool. This work is divided into ten sections, each providing the student with a different tool. Sections 1,2 and 3 provide three frequency lists: word list, proper noun list, and a list of Syriac words derived from Greek. Section 4 consists of a list of consonantal homographs which is aimed at helping the student clarify lexical ambiguities. E a c h of the four sections give full morphological analysis and English meanings. Sections 5 and 6 are devoted to the verb. The former divides the most frequent verbs into their morphological categories. T h e latter gives the paradigms of the most frequent verb in each category of the former section. Sections 7 and 8 are indices: The former provides an index to all the English words which appear in this work (a more detailed English-Syriac index is given in my Concordance to the Syriac New Testament, vol. 6, Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1993), and the latter provides an alphabetical index of the Syriac words. Section 9, Skeleton Syriac Grammar, is a reference grammar written by Dr Sebastian P. Brock. Finally, Section 10 provides an annotated bibliography of works which can be of use to the student. Only frequent words which occur ten times or more in the text of the Syriac New Testament (Peshitta version) are included in this work. The text used here is based on the Syriac New Testament edition of the British and Foreign Bible Society (BFBS), now reprinted by the United Bible Society. (The original Peshitta New Testament canon does not include 2 Peter, 2 and 3 John, and Revelation; the text of these in the BFBS edition is taken from a sixth-century translation which some identify as the Philoxenian.) T h e lists in this work were generated from the Syriac Electronic Data Retrieval Archive ( S E D R A ) , a database management system for literary and linguistic computing in Syriac. I would like to take the opportunity to thank my Malphono D r Sebastian P. Brock (Oriental Institute, University of Oxford), who suggested compiling this work, for his numerous valuable discussions, and for the use of his computer system to print this document. His Eminence M o r Clemis Augen Kaplan, Metropolitan Patriarchal Assistant, kindly reviewed Section 6; D r Andrew Criddle (Cambridge) and Ms Amanda Bowen (Peterhouse, Cambridge) kindly checked the cross references in Section 8 and Section 7, respectively. To Dr Philip Davies of Sheffield Academic Press, I give my gratitude for accepting this work for publication. I have completed this book while doing research on Semitic computational morphology at the Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, under the direction of Dr Stephen G. Pulman (SRI International and Computer Laboratory), which was made possible by a Benefactor Studentship from St John's College.
St John's College, Cambridge Commemoration of St. Severios the Great February 11, 1993.
ofAntioch,
George Anton Kiraz
iii
Table of Contents Preface
iii
Table of Contents
iv
Abbreviations
v
Section 1
1
Word Frequency List Section 2
35
Proper Nouns Frequency List Section 3
41
Greek Frequency List Section 4
45
Consonantal Homographs Section 5
51
Verbal Forms Section 6
57
Verbal Paradigms Section 7
87
English Index Section 8
105
Alphabetical Syriac Index Section 9
117
Skeleton Syriac Grammar (by S. B. Brock) Section 10 Bibliography Colophon
iv
131
Abbreviations act. part adj adv c cf constr .... cont denom emph enci f impf impt inf intr Lat m n num part pass. part. . . perf pi pr. n prep pron rad rt s subs tr v w/ w/o
active participle adjective adverb common compare construct continue denominative emphatic enclitic feminine imperfect imperative infinitive intransitive Latin masculine noun numeral participle . passive participle perfect plural proper noun preposition pronoun radical root singular substantive transitive verb with without
Section 1: Word Frequency List Sequence. This list is arranged according to the frequency of occurrence of words.
Format. The list consists of four columns: •
Column 1: Reference No. Gives each word a reference number. This number is used as cross reference in other sections where the meanings of words are not given.
•
Column 2: Syriac Lexical Entry. Gives the Syriac form of the word in vocalized Serto (Western) script.
•
Column 3: Category. Gives the grammatical (i.e. morphological) category of the lexical entry.
•
Column 4: English Meanings. Gives the English meanings of the lexical entry. Main English key words are given in italic. Morphological information which changes the meaning is given in bold. Greek forms of Syriac words derived from Greek are given preceding the meanings. At the right side of this column, the frequency of the lexical entry is given in italic between square brackets, [ ].
The list is divided into frequency-range groups to help the student plan study sessions. For example, the first group lists words of frequency higher than 1000.
How to Use the Frequency List. It is important to review each group few times before going to the next one. It is quite difficult to establish associations between the Syriac words and their English meanings, since the Semitic language and the Indo-European one belong to two different families. In order to remember the meanings, therefore, it is crucial to understand the usage of the words. If the student has access to a copy of my Concordance to the Syriac New Testament (1993), the concordance can be consulted to learn the different forms of each word, and the usage of each form, as they appear in the New Testament.
1
Word Frequency List: 1 - 2 8
Ref.
Syriac
- 3 -
Meaning
Cat.
Words occurring 1085 - 4234 times:
1 2
jr
3
Jóoi
4
«
e
5
5 6 7
*
tr? 4
OCX
particle
for, to
[4234]
particle
no, not
[3140]
v.
be, (as enclitic) was, turn out
[3041]
particle
from
[2966]
v.
say, speak
[2551]
particle
but, yet
[1828]
pron.
he, (as enclitic) is, it
[1792]
8
u
pron.
I
[1728]
9
u ;
pron.
this
[1578]
particle
about, concerning, on
[1549]
11
pron.
thou
t1401]
12
particle
all, entirely, every, whole
[1400]
n. m.
a god, God
[1389]
pron.
that, those, w / » he who
[1256]
particle
when, while, after
[1214]
16
subs.
are, is
[1100]
17
particle
G r . YCtp
10
^
13 14
r
0 Of r
15
for
[1085]
Words occurring 602 - 966 timer.
18 19
Jtr n r
20
v.
come; Af c el bring
[966]
pron.
what, which, who
[858]
particle
in, among, with, by, at
[824]
21
HT
particle
but, but rather
[799]
22
JU
n. m.
son
[786]
particle
also, even
[765]
particle
according to, as
[759]
n. m.
lord, master
[755]
particle
because
[740]
num.
JL JL each one, one, (as adj) certain one
[739]
v.
see, behold
[734]
23 24 25
r f
lluo
26 27 28
r
- 4 -
Ref.
W o r d F r e q u e n c y List: 2 9 - 53
Syriac
Cat.
V
29 30
UV
31
Meaning
particle
with
n. c.
person,
v.
make, do, perform,
[723] mankind,
people
S a f c e l subdue, r-
32 33
1.
Pa c c el make abound;
exceedingly w/
[78] fool
[77] [77]
gladden Af c el lead
[76] astray,
deceive, delude
[76]
n. f.
council,
[76]
n. m.
lawyer,
adj.
part, it proper, it is right
[75]
num.
twelve
[75]
v.
Pa c c el heal
[74]
n. f.
family, generation, line, stock, tribe
[74]
synagogue scribe
[76]
Words occurring 70 - 74 times:
227
IW
228 229
Jjcio
particle
how many?, how much?
[73]
230
It
particle
under
[73]
*
cc
v.
buy; Pa el sell
[72]
n. f.
year
[72]
233
v.
resemble; Pa c c el compare, liken to
[70]
234
v.
Pa c c el make ready
[70]
231 232
jiU
- 12 -
Ref.
Word Frequency List: 235 - 262
Meaning
Cat.
Syriac
Words occurring 66 - 69 times:
235
JJs^SoV
n. f.
place
[69]
236
U15
n. f.
rock, stone
[69]
237
adj.
light, little,
238
n. f.
Sabbath
239
v.
Paccel
cleanse
[6S]
pron.
= jjoi + oc» this is he
[65]
n. m.
night
[6S]
n. m.
light
[6S]
n. f.
animal, living creature
[67]
r 9
240
QJo*
241 242
f J\ -t o i C U*
243
[69]
swift
[69]
)Ul5
n. f.
uprightness,
245
}io»CHXO
n. f.
testimony
[67]
n. f.
field,
[67]
adj.
little, least
v.
think, reckon,
n. m.
hill,
n. m.
teaching, instruction,
246 247 248 249 250
llS'^o l!
' r
1'
*
j ' i ° i N cu
rectitude, righteousness,
[67]
244
justice
village
[66] [66]
deliberate
[66]
mountain
cc
doctrine
[66]
attain
[66]
251
v.
arrive, reach; P a e l
252
denom.
Gr. IICTOCU. Af c el convince,
253
v.
•work, cultivate, labour; Af c el make serve
[66]
v.
bind,
[65]
255
adj.
beloved
256
particle
against, near, opposite
adj.
steadfast,
true
[66]
persuade
Words occurring 60 - 65 times:
254
UD/
fasten
[65] [65]
to, w / "poo resist
[65]
257
JLH
258
lio^ot
n.
f.
exemplar,
form, image, pattern, similitude,
259
lio^
n. f.
gladness,
joy
260
)ti
v.
flow, journey, instruct,
V.
look, behold
[62]
pron.
why
[61]
261 262
)
type
[64] [64]
chastise
[63]
Word Frequency List: 263 - 288
Ref.
Syriac
Meaning
Cat.
i'
263
* n
264 265
- 13 -
particle
at once, immediately
[61]
v.
worship, pay homage
[61]
v.
Pa c c el minister, serve
160}
Words occurring 55 - 59 times:
267 268
i
affliction,
w
num.
four
[59]
ILL
adj.
new
[59]
n. m.
seat, throne
[59]
n. m.
hope
[59]
v.
kneel; Pa c c el bless
269 270 271 272
}; "Ì m M • >0>)
273 »
274 275
c^r
276 277 278 279 280
r
waX
J^ r
oti-S
oppression,
[59]
n. m.
266
tribulation
c
158} cc
v.
P al part, fitting, it is right; Pa el approve,
n. m.
tongue, language
justify
[58] [58]
c
v.
be high; Af el exalt
[58]
particle
if
[57]
particle
when?
[57]
pp.
bound, prisoner
[57]
v.
dwell
[57] cc
c
v.
return; Pa el answer, give back; Af el cause to turn
[57]
V.
separate,
[57]
appoint cc
281
V.
be idle; Pa el annul
[56]
282
particle
before,
[56]
n. m.
garment, receptacle, utensil, vessel
[56]
particle
henceforth,
now,
[56]
v.
do, effect,
visit
283 284 285
lili » 1»
V i » r
formerly
therefore
[55]
Words occurring 50 - 54 times:
286
r
287 288
c u
v.
deliver, save, depart; Pa c c el pursue, rescue; Af c el go away, abstain from
[54]
adj.
at hand, near, neighbour
[54]
adj.
last, extreme
[53]
- 14 -
Ref.
289
Word Frequency List: 289 - 315
Syriac
Meaning
Cat.
lis v i ^ "
290
[53]
n. f.
wisdom
adj.
lawful, permitted, (pi) magistrates,
v.
Ethpa c c al marvel, be amazed
[52} [52]
(pi) rulers
[53]
291
UOf
292
l^ao-»-«.
adj.
dark, darkness
293
l.uyi.
n. f.
right
[52]
294
^iX-D
idiom
always
[52]
295
U i x
pron.
why
[52]
296
v.
go before
[52]
297
n. f.
ministration,
particle
hence, here
[51]
299
v.
crucify, elevate, erect, lift up
[50]
300
v.
sow
[50]
n. m.
seed
298
301
la»«
li»»
(dark place)
service,
[52]
attendance
[50] c
put on, be clothed; Af el clothe
[50]
particle
between
[49]
adj.
sinner
[49]
305
num.
five
[49]
306
n. f.
knowledge
[49]
307
n. m.
adversary, as prop. n. Satan
[49]
v.
Pa c c el make understand;
n. f.
prayer
[49]
num.
thousand
[48]
particle
alas for!, woe!
[48]
v.
owe, be condemned; Pa c c el condemn
[48]
n. f.
message, good tidings,
[48]
n. m.
demon, evil spirit
[48]
build
[47]
v.
302
Words occurring 48 and 49 times:
303 304
308 309 310 311 312 313 314
J
v.
stir, be shaken, be confused;
334
V tsp
v.
deny,
n. m.
teacher
335 336
denom.
[44] [44]
c
Af el trouble, stir up
refuse
[44] [44] [44]
cc
Ethpa al think
[43]
Words occurring 40 - 42 times:
337 338
Jj^lCL.
339 340
r
341 342
1 4 *
n. m.
beatitude, blessedness,
n. m.
to-day
[42]
v.
counsel, promise; Ethpa c c al deliberate; Af c el reign
[42]
v.
flee
[42]
v.
constrain,
v.
weep
urge
happiness
[42]
[41] [41]
- 16 -
Ref.
Word Frequency List: 343 - 370
Syriac
n. f.
J U
344
iot)
345
) U rUU
346
v.
daughter, COnstr. w / i t c utterance, word c
Ethp el w /
1y laYlC« "
[41]
beware o f , w / oi take care o f ,
take heed; Pa c c el warn
[41]
n. f.
end
[41]
v.
be heavy, be precious; Pa c c el honour; Af c el make heavy
r
-
Meaning
Cat.
343
-
[41]
n. m.
attendant, minister,
v.
adhere, cleave to, follow
[41]
adj.
blind
[41]
v.
hate
[41]
351
v.
accomplish,
352
n. m.
gold
n. f.
justness,
347
.g* p 1
348 349
t .vim
350
).IIT>
354
jidiJu.») t u
355
JjnJ
353
servant
fulfil, mature,
[41]
perfect
[40] [40]
righteousness,
uprightness
c
[40]
v.
cease, rest; Af el put o f f , refresh, give rest
[40]
v.
Pa c c el prove, tempt, try
[40]
c
c
356
V.
Af el arouse, wake up; Ettaf al watch, be awake
[40]
357
n. m.
remainder, residue, rest
[40]
n. m.
honour, glory,
[39]
359
n. m.
lamb, young sheep
139]
360
v.
err, sin
[39]
n. m.
money, silver
[J9]
v.
wrap; Ethp c el go around; Af c el lead about
[39]
n. f.
boat, ship, sailing
vessel
[39]
unrighteousness
[39]
Words occurring 38 and 39 times:
358
361 362 363
h l
r
I ». ). "imi r 1'
majesty
364
foL
n. m.
iniquity,
365
t'y»«.»
n. m.
bowels, mercy
[39]
366
adj.
high, w / illo loud voice
[39]
367
adj.
enemy
[38]
368
adj.
false, liar
138)
369
Uoioi
n. m.
limb, member
[38]
370
jiiXoa
n. m.
promise
[«]
- u -
Ref.
Word Frequency List: 371 - 397
Syriac
Meaning
Cat.
371
). I l m v
312
ll^ot
373
u
- 17 -
[3S]
adj.
poor
n. m.
anger, indignation,
v.
cast, throw
[38]
wrath
138] c
repent, return; Af el answer, vomit
[38]
v.
be ashamed; Af c el shame
[37]
n. m.
wine
[37]
adj.
wise, prudent, cunning (words)
[36]
v.
recompense
I36]
379
n. f.
resurrection
136}
380
adv.
truly
[36]
381
v.
Pa c c el destroy, corrupt, alter
[35]
v.
suffer,
[35]
v.
remember; Af c el cause to remember
[35]
adj.
rich, wealthy
[35]
n. m.
Gr. npooconov aspect, countenance, face,
person
[35]
v.
grow up, increase; Pa c c el cause increase, nourish
[55]
374
v.
4
Words occurring 35 - 37 times:
i ^
375 376 377 378
1'
"
r
r Vk^Si
383
r UUl r * JoCw
384
jLfcl
382
385
iI s o *j i s
386
u»
387 388
r •J*
feel
cc
v.
be mad; Pa el depart, remove
v.
be strong; Pa c c el establish; Af c el believe,
[35] strengthen
[35]
Words occurring 33 and 34 times:
389
particle
yea, so, truly
[34]
390
v.
Pa c c el
[34]
391
v.
sleep
392
v.
take an oath, swear; Af c el make swear
[34]
pron.
= H + o« no, not
[34]
v.
cut down, cut o f f ; Pa c c el break
[34]
v.
follow,
[34]
n. f.
circumcision
393 394 395
oi r m Ck r
396 397
r 13»
v.
blaspheme
[34]
„» < c
persecute
[33] c
Ethp el remember; Af el remind, make mention of
[33]
- 18 -
Ref.
Word Frequency List: 398 - 424
Meaning
Cat.
Syriac
n. m.
cup
[33]
n. f.
cause, occasion
[33]
400
n. f.
affair,
[33]
401
n. c.
sun
[33]
particle
even if
[32]
particle
but, nevertheless,
particle
quickly
n. m.
sepulchre,
n. m.
pay, recompense,
n. m.
demon, devil
n. f.
Gr. StaeflKD covenant,
v.
overcome
[31]
adj.
defiled, filthy, impure, unclean
[31]
v.
conceal, cover, hide
[31]
n. f.
endurance,
[31]
n. f.
baptism,
n. m.
gift,
n. m.
truth, verity
[31]
v.
please
[31]
n. m.
Gr. ruaYYCAlOV Gospel
[30]
n. m.
daytime
[30]
particle
in, within
[30]
n. m.
desolation,
V.
be anxious, be careful, be solicitous
[30]
v.
burn; Af c el set (on fire)
[30]
v.
be sick, be weak
[30]
398
JuCOS
399
JihJL
matter, thing
Words occurring 31 and 32 times:
402 403
& V
404 405
*
406 407
Jo»»
408 409
u.
410 411 412 413 414
l-co-b T
if *' -». • )IQJ; mvi
,» - < »• ' yI "1. --»»da
415 416
y
[32]
yet
[32] [32]
tomb
[37]
reward
[31] testament
patience
[31]
[31]
washing
[31]
offering
Words occurring 30 times:
417 418 419
r
420 421 422 423 424
y. V
» to
v.
c
[30]
wilderness
Ethp el be offended;
c
Af el make stumble
[30]
-
-
Ref.
Word Frequency List: 425 - 452
Syriac
Meaning
Cat.
v.
increase,
be great;
n. m.
martyr,
witness
427
particle
still, yet
428
v.
Ethp c el play; Ethpa c c al
425 426
- 19 -
t'-OTXD ' I*
Af c el multiply
[JO] [JO] [JO]
narrate
[JO]
Words occurring 28 and 29 times:
429
JUL
430
)U
n. m.
associate,
v.
rebuke,
431
pp.
infirm, sick, weak (in faith)
[29]
432
n. f.
middle,
[29]
v.
Ethpa c c al
v.
drag, draw, lead, withdraw;
433 r
434
companion,
friend,
neighbour
[29] [29]
reprove
midst
[29]
prophesy
Ethpa c c al be V
comrade,
Pa c c ei beat,
scourge; [29]
beaten
V.
shine; Pa c c el explain,
n. m.
fish
[29]
particle
until, while
[29]
438
n. m.
friend
[29]
439
n. f.
epistle,
440
n. m.
mystery
441
v.
Pa c c el comfort,
442
i' •* joU
n. m.
appearance,
443
t'L'iai
n. m.
star,
444
luaos
n. m.
priest
445
)U
v.
sorrow;
v.
eat
[28]
n. f.
food
[28]
v.
Pa c c el expect,
n. f.
cloud
435
>OIJ
436
)JOJ V
437
446 447 448
A
— JlsXcoj^i JWOCO
449
bring to light; Af c el
illumine
[29]
[28]
letter
[28] encourage
aspect,
apparition
planet
[28] [28] [28] [28]
Pa c c el shorten;
look
Af c el make sorry
for
[28]
[28] [28]
450
JJB^.
n. f.
bed, bier,
pallet
[28]
451
CjS
n. m.
Feast of
Passover
[28]
n. f.
beginning,
(pi) first
452
fruits
[28]
- 20 -
Ref.
Word Frequency List: 453 - 480
Syriac
Meaning
Cat.
Words occurring 26 and 27 times:
[27]
453
n. f.
widow
454
n. m.
assurance,
455
n. m.
judge
revelation,
the
Apocalypse
[27] [27] [27]
456
J-mvo
n. f.
belly,
457
] U>
n. m.
garment
[27]
JUi
n. m.
crossing
[27]
i'
num.
ten
[27]
n. m.
word
[27]
n. m.
bazaar,
v.
be
n. f.
conscience
[27]
464
n. m.
tree
[26]
465
particle
whence?
[26]
466
n. m.
cross,
467
n. m.
vineyard
[26]
468
v.
labour, toil; Af c el tire
[26]
n. m.
publican,
[26]
v.
advantage,
471
v.
Af c el allow,
472
n. m.
idol,
473
n. m.
grave, sepulchre,
474
v.
Pa c c el consecrate,
475
n. f.
lust
[26]
476
num.
six
[26]
v.
be astonished;
458 459
*"
460 461
Uo*.
462
«StciA.
463
Jbtf
469 470
477
J.ca.1-0 r
ooot
womb
marketplace,
square,
street
[27]
partaker
the
[27]
[26]
Cross
tax
collector
help, be of
profit
[26] [26]
permit
[26]
image
[26]
tomb
Af c el
sanctify
astonish
[26]
[26]
Words occurring 25 times:
[25]
478
particle
as one,
479
num.
forty
[25]
v.
pour out
[25]
480
¿r
together
- u> -
Ref.
Word Frequency List: 481 - 506
Cat.
Syriac
- 21 -
Meaning
n. m.
sacrifice,
W
adj.
clean, pure
483
J toll)
n. f.
adultery, fornication,
484
m-
V.
Af c el add, increase
[25]
485
&
V.
hinder, restrain,
[25]
486
JU»
num.
one hundred
[25]
487
jis-xw»
n. f.
treasure, store
[25]
488
j ..ti 3 * * po^iD
adj.
better, expedient,
n. m.
Gr. KEVTUptCOV centurion
481
J—••-=;»'
482
489
t >
victim
[25] [25] harlotry
[25]
forbid
profitable
[25] [25]
Words occurring 24 times:
490
pp. V.
491
492 493
.»
-r
1 " . *. Moi » i tt *
n. f.
plague, stroke, wound
[24]
n. m.
moment, opportunity, season, time
[24]
n. m.
feast,
[24]
V.
fast
[24]
V.
covet, desire, lust
[24]
497 498 499 500
l' "
'
n r
501 502 503
|! ' * ¡tcnstojt.
lû^A.
festival
c
V.
Af el wash
n. m.
glorying, vainglory, vaunting
V.
[24]
cc
[24]
keep silent, be still; Pa el silence
[24]
n. m.
comfort,
[23]
505
adj.
just, righteous, upright
[23 3
506
n. f.
thought, reasoning, counsel
[23]
Words occurring 22 and 23 times:
504
iCoi
encouragement
- 22 -
Ref.
507
Word Frequency List: 507 - 536
Syriac
Cat.
y
508
Meaning
v.
suffice,
n. m.
sheep
be able, be
). 1 CI>CL3
n. m.
deliverance,
510
I'
n. m.
daybreak,
511
-I in.«.»
adj.
distant,
512
Jlo^t
n. f.
repentance
v.
Ethp c el be
particle
among,
513 514
r r
[23] [23]
509
r
sufficient
redemption,
salvation
[23]
morning far,
[23]
remote
[23] [23]
confident
[23]
between
[22]
515
J¿-Is
n. f.
creation
[22]
516
U 4
n. m.
side, party, sect, part (of a ship),
[22]
517
Loaot
particle
likewise,
[22]
518
n. m.
circle,
519
n. m.
altercation,
n. f.
sister
521
v.
partake
522
V.
hide oneself,
V.
need
n. m.
servant,
v.
P a c c e l expound,
n. f.
horn,
n. f.
foundation
v.
be restored;
520
523 524
HU
•fiim i l ^ k r
525 526 527
J j Ja iL^lhS.
528
so surroundings,
vagrancy
contention,
[22]
contradiction,
dispute,
strife
[22] [22]
(of), taste;
Ethp c el be grafted;
be hidden;
Af c el
graft
P a c c e l hide
[22] [22] [22]
worshipper,
soldier
[22]
interpret
[22]
corner
[22] [22] P a c c e l prepare,
restore;
Af c el
establish
[22]
Words occurring 21 times:
529
n. m.
loss,
530
n. m.
Gr. Otpattcbtnc;
531
n. m.
ointment,
532
U *
v.
examine,
533
1?' J»acof
551 552
-
Ref.
Word Frequency List: 653 - 680
Syriac
- 27 -
Meaning
Cat.
Words occurring 15 times:
653 654
JU
655 r
656 657
jb;
adj.
Gr. £.EVOot
I' * kootC^
662 663 664
if « Jl « 1.-ÌV-. r
f1 "
665
J»oU
s
666 667 668 669
I I^OCLLO
672
Uooai
673
U.m
n. f.
food,
sustenance
n. f.
left
n. f.
bondage,
n. m.
colt, young
Jill
Pa el
earthquake,
n. f.
743
[13]
n. m.
question;
J-DOXD
742
cc
argue, debate, dispute,
" * 1Jj^XOoD
H VMT>
pleasantness
v.
738
741
[13]
neglect
matter,
visitation
[13] [13] [13]
service animal
[13] [13]
- 30 -
Ref.
Word Frequency List: 744 - 773
[13]
744
Jl^i
n. m.
labour,
745
ll^Js
n. m.
labourer,
746
tvi.n
adj.
abiding,
V.
murmur
n. m.
blame, accusation,
n. m.
commotion,
n. m.
promise
[13]
n. m.
cock
[13]
747 748
be patient, be
782
n. f.
leisure, recreation, repose,
783
particle
before
n. m.
custom,
785
adj.
ancient, old
[12]
786
v.
grow rich; Af c el make rich
[12]
787
n. f.
division, portion,
[12]
788
n. m.
force, necessity,
n. m.
cane, pen, reed
[12]
pp.
called, being by vocation
U2]
n. f.
myriad, ten
[12]
792
n. m.
thunder
[12]
793
n. m.
beginning
[12]
794
n. f.
chain
[12]
779 780 781
784
789
r
fI ' mm r
J'A
Lufl
790 791
j U *
taking, constr. w / i Z s /
rest
hypocrisy prolonged
[12] [12] [12] [12]
manner
[12]
separation violence
[12]
thousand
795
H i t
num.
eight
[12]
796
tflt
n. m.
smoke
[12]
pp.
holder, closed
[11]
Words occurring 11 times:
797
juir
c
798
v.
Af el delay, tarry
[11]
799
v.
encounter,
[11]
n. f.
shame
n. f.
Gr. PnUCl judgement-seat,
n.
hell, Gehenna
800
jiui
801 802
.»r -
meet
[11] tribunal
[11] [U]
- 32 -
Ref.
Word Frequency List: 803 - 835
Syriac
Cat.
803 804
JJ>—»
Meaning
pp.
mature, perfect
n. m.
attendant, guard, officer,
[77] servant
[77]
805
iu;
adj.
male
[77]
806
) ¿sAaa»'
n. f.
tear
[77]
807
jJiiioot i ifrtiw
n. m.
behaviour, conduct, manner of life, ways
[77]
v.
pity, spare
[77]
n. m.
compassion,
808 809
ill— 4»
810
«
811
m:
812
JU:
813 814
ji
815
ja^tcri
816 817
»¿^
818
jl'i^iO
819 i'
820
•
r
821 822 823 824 825
yo^oo r .on I ll'
* * ). n»; m
826
isIl'Uvl
827
i? * ' )»Q2QX
828 829 830
i ' **. MJO^S »J
831 832
«mni..ln
833 834 835
OOI) *
favour, mercy
[77]
c
c
v.
grow dark; Af el darken; Ettaf al be darkened
[11]
adj.
impure, unclean
[77]
adj.
becoming, congruous, decorous, due, seemly
[77]
n. f.
lake
[11]
particle
here
[77]
n. f.
coat, linen garment, tunic
[11]
n. m.
linen sheet
[77]
v.
Pa c c el abide, continue, remain, wait
[77]
n. f.
long suffering
[77]
n. m.
counsel
[77]
n. m.
answer, COnstr. w /
pp.
different,
particle
always, ever
[77]
v.
knock
[77]
adj.
adverse, contrary
[77]
pp.
empty, vacant, vain, void
[11]
adv.
in Aramaic, only in Rev. in Hebrew
[77]
n. m.
dweller, inhabitant
[77]
num.
twenty
[77]
n. m.
deliverer. Saviour
[77]
v.
burst, rend; Ethpa cc al w / ^JL
n. m.
murder, slaughter
[77]
n. f.
Gr. KIVSUVO*>
4
r
ft
-
4»
*
22
«a>0( j s K i . J
pr. n.
Timotheus
[24]
23
)> o o u
pr. n.
Judas
[24]
24
pr. n.
Saul
[23]
25
pr. n.
Isaiah
[22]
(Iscariot)
- 38 -
No.
Proper Nouns List: 26 - 52
Syriac * r '
27
r
»
35
^Xoi
148 82
er
r
r
Initial ç j . perf. 2nd rad.
[120]
= Pa el .
r
A
r f>
r
m
1
m >
[130]
r .a
°i 1
Initial ç. . perf. 2nd rad.
See Section 6, Table 15.
[229]
- impf. 2nd rad. * :
*
Initial ç. . perf. 2nd rad.
[235]
:
y •*>
121
161
Used only as pass. part, in pc a l .
^
Initial çj . p e r f . 2nd rad.
49
[110]
cc
- impf. 2nd rad.
136 85
= Paccel .
*
See Section 6, Table 16.
[157]
- impf. 2nd rad. ' :
•on
4. *
)
See Section 6, Tables 17-18.
[405]
- impf. 2nd rad. * :
See Section 6, Table 19.
[108]
55
See Section 6, Tables 20-21.
[350]
73
See Section 6, Tables 22-23.
[264]
ÎS . .
1
1
* "
Double:
Initial ] . perf. 2nd rad.
43 5
Vr
- impf. 2nd rad. " :
VC wojj
[447] See Section 6, Table 24.
[2551]
-
-ou -
Ref.
- 55 -
Verbal Forms
Perfect
Notes
Imperfect
Initial ] . perf. 2nd rad.
- impf. 2nd rad.
*
112
[168]
106
See Section 6, Table 25.
[178]
See Section 6, Tables 26-28.
[243]
Middle ) :
79
Final 1 :
59
[313]
îuZ
28 116
See Section 6, Tables 29-30.
[734] [166]
JÊ»
120
[158]
69
[273]
175 56 76
h u )U
[100] JrU X J'
[330]
JLJ
[249]
Initial and Final j :
18
See Section 6, Tables 31-32.
ilr
Initial ». . perf. 2nd rad.
- impf. 2nd rad. ' :
See Section 6, Tables 33-36.
32
Initial » . perf. 2nd rad.
- impf. 2nd rad
[704]
r
147 129
[966]
[120] •OI\ .
See Section 6, Tables 37-38.
[147]
Verbal Forms
- 56 -
Ref.
Notes
Imperfect
Perfect
Initial w . perf. 2nd rad.
126
- cu -
- impf. 2nd rad.
OÌS-J
See Section 6, Table 39.
[148]
See Section 6, Tables 40-41.
[165]
See Section 6, Tables 42-43.
[207]
Middle « :
117 9 yLco
94
Middle
.m1
> :
110
[171]
IOÏÎ 1 *
36
*
* *
sing. 1 com.
Act.
, *
*
sing. 3 fem.
Imperative
y . ~>\Vl
r
SNVI * y.SNvi *
oj^r * *
* —
* n ,
Infinitive:
**
r
'
TABLE 4. Form: Saf c el
Imperfect
Perfect
sing. 3 mase,
Imperative
SN a > - J- *
sing. 3 fern, sing. 2 masc.
Act. Part.
. SN avi
Pass.
Part.
r r , SN a V* I' T
t *
sing. 2 fern,
Ili*
sing. 1 com.
r * ' o, s \ « i *i
pi. 3 masc.
\
r
pi. 3 fem. 4.
_
pi. 2 masc.
oLii
pi. 2 fem.
"t-iv!
pi. 1 com.
v • SN » t OLsxLL * H
V
*
. r; N«.) .....
Infinitive:
«fr
*
.. SS A V> f
. SN
r _
t
r _
V SN AV>
Verbal Paradigms
- 63 -
TABLE 5.
Form: Estaf c al
sing. 3 masc. sing. 3 fern. sing. 2 masc. sing. 2 fern. sing. 1 com. pi. 3 masc. pi. 3 fem. pi. 2 masc. pi. 2 fem. pi. 1 com.
Perfect
Imperfect
i'^Uf l
*
I
•
r t*
Imperative
Act.
Part.
,£
-
*
—
«lijí^iL«.r *
* Li=^ur j^ur*
, N o . 85
Imperative
y nr. I
K- -.ml
r
- impf. 2nd rad.
Imperfect
sing. 2 masc.
sing. 1 com.
r
*
r
*
—
———
*
(impf. s. 3 m .) and . - » m i l t (impf. s. 3 f.), see Table 2.
Initial ^J. perf. 2nd rad. ' - impf. 2nd rad. ' : the verb ^vSu , N o . 121
Perfect
Im perfect
Act.
Imperative
Part.
Pass.
Part.
*
sing. 3 masc. sing. 3 f e m . sing. 2 masc. sing. 2 f e m .
Ü.N
i *
„ F S ^ .
*
^ . N
°IL
*
sing. 1 com. pi. 3 masc. pi. 3 f e m . pi. 2 masc. pi. 2 f e m . pi. 1 com.
WJVPI
*
—
y Ql
*
*
i
^JLl *
*
VI
*
^N °¡i
Infinitive:
—
—
—
• ^ . N
—
f
*
OIL
*
—
OI
^Jit *
—
—
—
« T
y °¡ i
)f.V, *
tsL
^ S I T
—
*
—
—
- ^ J K I
*
-
TABLE 17. Initial
Form: P c al
sing. 3 masc. sing. 3 fem.
perf. 2nd rad.
Perfect
r
- impf. 2nd rad. o* : the verb
Imperfect
»Is n ) *
^Q-Sl.
sing. 1 com.
is^BJ
yOQ-S(r 4 -ft ^ ^ ^ o! I
pi. 2 fem.
r a, 1 V
. • r> Q \ * ^ n fi n *ei I r^¡s^J *
No. 49
Pass.
Part.
•
r
>n»°i)
4
ȣ>0-9 *
—
t
-
I i -f Q1
—
^o Q 1 * ^cuicjt t
—
^o.Ol * —
^ • nfi o* T
*
r
pi. 1 com.
Part.
Kf uxSJ
JDQ-Sl.
sing. 2 fem.
pi. 2 masc.
•
jaoBi.
V " °; '
pi. 3 masc.
Act.
Imperative
* i> .nrs Oi 1
r .f\ Q. )
sing. 2 masc.
pi. 3 fem.
- 69 -
Verbal Paradigms
-
—
< *
rs O' I
*
Infinitive:
*
Other Forms. Ethpa c c al occurs in on ¿ ' i f (perf. pi. 3 m.), see Table 12. TABLE 18.
Form: Af c el
Perfect
Imperfect
.n
uxSLi
sing. 3 fem.
ijLsir
uaJil
sing. 2 masc.
is-o-ir
jxsl.
sing. 2 fem.
iuxkr
pi. 3 masc.
Act.
*r
sing. 3 masc.
sing. 1 com.
Imperative
*
t i e r 1'
pi. 3 fem.
*
pi. 2 masc.
^oj^xsir *
pi. 2 fem.
^iisaiiT *
T
* ¿ s i *
r
*
*
*
-
*
y
^«fl^YI
* t ...T
—
on °i( *
• ^ o! 1
""
^
—
r
Infinitive:
*
—
^O cv | *
pi. 1 com.
*
Part.
r y
* T
on
»
Pass.
*
^JlssI: * •*•
Part.
- 70 -
TABLE 19.
Verbal Paradigms
- ^
Initial ^J. perf. 2nd rad. * - impf. 2nd rad. o* : the verb ls-Li , N o . 161
, * * LCWJ
*
« . S N vi *
sing. 1 com.
pi. 3 fem. oí,\\i ..m
*
*
* r ^ *
Infinitive:
y
—
—
*
pi. 1 com.
r
^ W V1W
* v
—
-
w
nWv.v. *
* *
—
- v ü r < r
3 masc.
^ . s ^
—
*
sing. 2 fem.
Pass. Part.
It' * J] \ VIVI
* r
sing. 2 masc.
pi. 2 fem.
—
*
ther Forms. A f c e l = IsJl 1', same as
pi. 2 masc.
—
—
oLcw *
^ is • »« 1
—
Infinitive:
Form: P a c c e l
—
—
^ÍN-LJ
pi. 1 com.
—
—
—
¡s^ * *
Pass. Part.
JS—J
-IJUJ *
sing. 1 com.
pi
-
—
-JA. -
Verbal Paradigms
- 71 -
TABLE 21.
Form: Ethpa c c al
Perfect
Imperfect
Imperative
Act.
Part.
Pass.
Part.
sing. 3 mase.
*
sing. 3 fem.
k-NN-ur
^ Ü L Í *
sing. 2 mase.
ísN^ir *
^ L i ù *
sing. 2 fem.
..JsNN-^í.r *
^ÑN-UÍ; *
sing. 1 com.
V-NN^l.r *
pl. 3 mase.
*
*
yONN Ylfcô *
pl. 3 fem.
r
it' N Vlfcoo ** J] —
*
„NÑ-^i.r *
—
—
—
—
9 ~9
—
pl. 2 mase.
vn\s^!.î:
*
OSÑÍ,I r
f
pl. 2 fem. pl. 1 com.
* *
—
*
* t y
«
oW-^K-^ *
Infinitive:
TABLE 22. Double: the verb " V l , No. 73
Form: P c al
Perfect
Imperfect
Imperative
Act.
Part.
sing. 3 mase.
*
sing. 2 fem.
pl. 3 fem. pl. 2 mase. pl. 2 fem.
m
*
A. *
sing. 2 mase.
pl. 3 mase.
Part.
^.ÑV *
sing. 3 fem.
sing. 1 com.
Pass.
*
^ÑNI
-^.oi *
îs^x aN\ _ •« r r ^ * y ^OÎS^i. r ¿¡¡^vl *
—
i
i vir *
pl. 1 com.
OÜO *
UO^J
Infinitive:
—
—
—
—
—
—
*
Other Forms. E t h p c e l occurs in i i / I / * ( p e r f . s. 3 m.), i L j i f (pass. part. s. m.), and J l ^ k i
—
(perf. pi. 3 f.), i i l l
(pass. part. s. f.).
( i m p f . s. 3 f.),
-
-
T A B L E 25.
Verbal Paradigms
- 73 -
Initial ). perf. 2nd rad. ' - impf. 2nd rad. o ' : the verb
Form: P c a l
Perfect
Imperfect
Imperative
, No. 106
Act. Part.
Pass. Part.
ur
tir*
—
—
—
—
—
—
sing. 3 mase.
?s^r
sing. 3 fem. sing. 2 mase.
ft
r* -s-^r *
sing. 2 fem.
Acií F
sing. 1 com.
«¿¿r
pl. 3 mase.
*
pl. 3 fem. pl. 2 mase.
^.r
^oíLaJj
v
o h¿>r
*
pl. 2 fem.
ÍT
¿¿ir* OXcld/
—
¿iti*
pl. 1 com.
*
—
—
—
—
—
—
Infinitive:
her Forms. E t h p c e l occurs in c i J j j ' l ? * ( p e r f . pl. 3 m.). A f c e l occurs in " V b o / ' (impf. s. 1 c., and impt. s. m.), see Table 3. TABLE 26.
Form: P c a l
Perfect
Middle ) : the verb ^ J l « , , No. 79
Imperfect
Imperative
sing. 3 mase. sing. 3 fem.
fciU
^JJLi ^.JJLI
sing. 2 mase. sing. 2 fem.
-s^U *
sing. 1 com. pl. 3 mase.
*
QX)JL
pl. 3 fem. pl. 2 mase. pl. 2 fem.
Mir* yQ^mi
*
^lur; *
yoisXlJL
¿i^U *
^.JJL All —
pl. 1 com.
^CJL JJ'U —
—
—
^Ui *
^U * JL\1 * —
—
—
—
* —
—
—
I nfinitive:
Pass. Part.
—
aXU
¿Í^LÍ *
Act. Part.
—
—
—
- 74 -
Verbal Paradigms
- ^
-
T A B L E 27.
Form: E t h p c e l
Perfect
Imperfect
Imperative
sing. 3 mase.
*
sing. 3 fem.
*
sing. 2 mase.
*
*
*
¡JLlL-l *
sing. 2 fem.
- s ^ / L » /
sing. 1 com.
^ i u r
Act. Part.
*
*
—
—
—
—
pl. 3 fem.
—
pl. 2 mase.
«JL/L^
pl. 1 com.
* r^iur
*
*
—
*
¿lili
*
—
pl. 3 mase.
pl. 2 fem.
Part.
^WiUi
*
^¡>¿ur
Pass.
*
—
—
—
Infinitive:
T A B L E 28.
Form: P a c c e l
sing. 3 mase.
Perfect
Imperfect
Imperative
M ^ L t *
^CJL
Act. Part.
Pass.
Part.
^.CJL
sing. 3 fem. sing. 2 mase. sing. 2 fem.
- Í ^ C I
*
*
sing. 1 com.
ÍS^U *
^ c i r *
pl. 3 mase.
oXCl
v
pl. 3 fem.
^ C i
oXlJo *
*
*
*
^ U i
—
Infinitive:
*
—
—
—
—
—
* , tr
QXJJ^ *
Other Forms. E t h p a c c a l occurs in ^ ¡ " L ^ F occurs in ^ J J L i 1 * (impt. s. m.).
—
—
¿ m i *
pl. 1 com.
—
—
—
qxCJL ^ i x C L
—
—
*
—
pl. 2 mase. pl. 2 fem.
—
( p e r f . s. 3 m.) and ^ ' j L o
( i m p f . s. 3 m.). A f c e l
-
- 75 -
Verbal Paradigms
-
TABLE 29.
Form: P c a l
Perfect
Final ) : the verb f t - , No. 28
Im perfect
sing. 3 masc.
JI-
JI—J
sing. 3 fem.
LL
fi-t
sing. 2 masc.
isJL.
fi-í
sing. 2 fem.
-SJL *
sing. 1 com.
»
-Í- *
pi. 2 masc. ü—* Lfc» *
pi. 2 fem.
r
pi. 1 com.
-
lilí*
—
•* t
liM
—
T
t.. 9
^UMJ
—
* T-
y
L**
oL—
—
—
¿Ü.Í *
»1—
—
—
H—J
Infinitive:
fi-
—
f
yOUJ 9
Part.
—
*
*
r
pi. 3 fem.
ILIL *
*
—
oU* r-
Pass.
fu.
M -
pi. 3 masc.
Act. Part.
Imperative
U* *
—
—
Ji-i *
TABLE 30.
Form: Ethp c el
Perfect
sing. 3 masc.
Imperfect
- l u r
r
sing. 3 fem. sing. 2 masc.
s j u r
*
sing. 2 fem.
-sJLir *
sing. 1 com.
is-i-i, r
pi. 3 masc.
cuL-i f
pi. 2 masc. pi. 2 fem. pi. 1 com.
*
r
¿iu.ir *
Pass.
Part.
Ji—fcsJ
fi— l ^ i
H-U
lioo
H-U
-1-1/ *
"i-U *
- u r
ft-if
-•¿.ir
pi. 3 fem.
r
Act. Part.
Imperative
*
* t" ^oL-fto »-r •» ^.l— SO 1 M*
-ir *
ft-iJ *
I nfinitive:
*' t * * a.1—coo
*
—
ioD
—
—
oí—l r ^i-Lf —
*
- 76 -
Verbal Paradigms
Initial and Final } : the verb
TABLE 31.
Form: P c a l
sing. 3 mase. sing. 3 fem. sing. 2 mase. sing. 2 fem. sing. 1 com.
Perfect
r úr *4 r -s4 r *
r
pl. 2 mase.
v
=\r
'
)i
ii'i: * )ir
o\r
Pass.
a r —
—
—
oí
pl. 2 fem.
¿T Infinitive:
l i l i
t i r
*
—
—
—
—
—
*
¿ar
—
¿.A
*
*
—
v
r,.
Part.
—
¿r
oíj:
~
4r
—
V o í / i :
pl. 1 com.
Part.
)! r mr
JUL'
OX
No. 18
Act.
lie;
u r
pl. 3 fem.
jlT
Imperative
Imperfect
Ji
pl. 3 mase.
-
—
*
ther Forms. P a c c e l occurs in „ t / ' (perf. s. 3 m.). TABLE 32.
Form: A f c e l
Perfect
Imperfect
sing. 3 mase. sing. 3 fem. sing. 2 mase.
iJLr *
sing. 2 fem.
pl. 3 mase. pl. 3 fem.
)U> )Ll ) U *
\Lr
¡S-.
pl. 1 com.
r
SsJ! í' U
*
Infinitive:
-
*
*
—
—
—
—
^¡^i
\ 1
sing. 3
masc.
sing. 3
fem.
v
*
.all
*
sing. 2
masc.
Js-aX/'
.all
*
sing. 2
fem.
sing. 1
com.
pi. 3
masc.
pi. 3
fem.
pi. 2
masc.
2
fem.
pi. 1
com.
pi.
Act. Part.
W
Part.
*
r
J
^r
Pass.
«'
J
*
—
¿Lr * vo Ls&r * ¿u&r* ^r* Infinitive:
Other Forms. E t h p a c c a l occurs in .
*
—
y o l X j
—
^Nvi —
¿s&r* .aCi
* t
r
*
—
*
(pass. part. pi. m . ) .
—
- 80 -
T A B L E 39.
Form: P c a l
Verbal Paradigms
Initial « . perf. 2nd rad. * - impf. 2nd rad. * : the verb «=>iì~ , No. 126
Imperative
Imperfect
Perfect
*
sing. 3 masc. sing. 3 fem.
- «s -
Act. Part.
9 q try
«
OKJ T 1>
sing. 2 masc.
otl; * *
oit
ft
*
sing. 2 fem. sing. 1 com. pi. 3 masc. pi. 3 fem. pi. 2 masc.
o C
*
*
m
ther Forms. A f c e l = o l o r , same as TABLE 40.
Perfect
sing. 3 masc. sing. 3 fem.
Is**«
W^UIM ^
sing. 1 com. pi. 3 masc. pi. 3 fem. pi. 2 masc.
r y ..
pi. 1 com.
—
—
—
—
—
c^l *
*
—
ofcj *
p ^ i
*
of 1 ' with " on the second radical instead of
Imperative
Imperfect
Act.
Part.
u ;
CL
ill
m
" Ti *
".. *
—
^ ** __ *
—
cr *
-
Pass.
Part.
* *
*
' - -' * t—
*
r
"'1 *
—
—
—
Note. In late Western Syriac, the impf. forms are
(Table 35).
—
^(Wl
H i
r
, No. 117
Middle - : the verb
r
Infinitive:
—
-
yO^yUX
pi. 2 fem.
cvV- *
—
*
A *
sing. 2 masc. sing. 2 fem.
Part.
^-iîs-
*
I nfinicive:
Form: P c a l
*
^GpisJ
^ols-si*-»
pi. 2 fem. pi. 1 com.
otr
*m
Pass.
*
, JJL^t , etc.; inf.
—
- J^s -
Verbal Paradigms
- 81 -
T A B L E 41.
Form: A f c e l
Perfect
sing. 3 mase.
" (7 UM
sing. 2 fem. sing. 1 com. pl. 3 mase. pl. 3 fem. pl. 2 mase.
*
SJ:r
*
pl. 1 com.
M it
r
* i yo««
*
—
*
'
AIR
O '
Perfect
Imperfect
is *in m *
p . ml; *
sing. 2 masc.
Jocu¡0
yi. nrilj
sing. 2 fem.
wls^Om *
^•vi.ir.1' *
sing. 1 com.
¡svim 9 026XB>
pl. 2 masc.
y •
y O Y i . M )
^olsvim *
^vi.m 1 yCivi.nnli
pl. 2 fem.
«* t ^ • ^ -srs rr, *
^ vi." m t *
pl. 1 com.
^Yim
yi. in I
*
I nfinitive:
*
, etc.; part, m á s , etc.; inf. o l L l i .
Act.
Imperative
i
fu«/ 4 *
*
Middle - : the verb ym> , No. 94
sing. 3 fem.
jJo
*
*
i yi m
pl. 3 fem.
r
—
sing. 3 masc.
pl. 3 masc.
r
-
*
*
*
ote. In late Western Syriac, the impf, forms are )J1Jj , T A B L E 42.
r
*
—
—
' '
—
—
*
Infinitive:
Form: P c a l
Hi *
*
-•")"•
"7
Part.
—
^L7
" 7 *
pl. 2 fem.
Pass.
iLr
Ml
fci-r * ur ^oK*"/
Part.
Hi
*
vJLT
Act.
|.
sing. 3 fem. sing. 2 mase.
Imperative
Imperfect
y ri^Vi *
Part.
yjjlm
Pass.
Part.
yi.rm
jcá^m *
|vi • m
^ fo
—
> ^ . Y i . m
—
'
—
ci.vi« m ^.V|"|TI
*
-
'
*
^vi. m
- 82 -
Verbal Paradigms
- ols -
TABLE 43.
Form: Ethp c el
Perfect
sing. 3 mase. sing. 3 fem.
Imperfect
^Lnr
sing. 2 mase.
Part.
p^LÍ *
*
fJott K.ñ.mÜ
jjsm.foli/*
pl. 3 mase.
nvi.mLr * f J o l f *
^ o ism .roll1
*
*
*
..vi.ml;);/' *
juZtitr *
sing. 1 com.
Part.
—
^ciw. ml!K-l
^. v i . m l;!s-¿ *
—
(-¿IOOI'KJ *
—
*
yCiVi.ml;I' *
^oyi.mL/
*
pl. 2 fem.
^.SOCLLCDLV *
^Tml;): *
^TmlX
*
pl. 1 com.
Lf *
^ml'isJ *
Infinitive:
Pass.
^wotkoo
*
sing. 2 fem.
pl. 2 mase.
Act.
y • mliS-J
Y^cotíf
pl. 3 fem.
Imperative
oaajoLK^J *
>te. The Ethp c el forms may have one or two L as in y . m l f or y.rol;l;r , etc. TABLE 44.
Form: P c a l
sing. 3 masc. sing. 3 fem. sing. 2 masc.
Perfect
r
sing. 1 com. pl. 3 masc.
Imperfect
t
Imperative
*
yool;
Is^oo *
isvin
t
n
^oooli *
...voo
^lüoß-o *
pl. 1 com.
^oa *
Infinitive:
W
—
«
—
—
^vi.n
pl. m.),
*
*
< CÜOCLO
' - * l- ** ^aoojol. *
yon)
*
^..viagi
*
T*
t
y nv> *
(act. part. s. m.). Ethpa c c al occurs in
c.), q j o ( i m p t .
t
* .. t
Other Forms. P a c c e l occurs in yO! (perf. s. 3 m.), aaaü, (perf. pl. 3 m.), y l L y H «
*
*
* * yCCOCLQJ
pl. 2 masc. pl. 2 fem.
Part.
*
^Tn.o
y&fl
y
Pass.
*
*
foil
Part.
y Co
r3
pl. 3 fem.
Act.
y cm >
is^xo
sing. 2 fem.
Middle o : the verb jú> , N o . 36
( i m p f . s. 3 m.) and
( i m p f . pl. 2 m.), y l L f c J (impf. pl. 1
(pass. part, sing m.), and
(pass. part. pl. m.).
Verbal Paradigms
- 83 -
TABLE 45.
Form: A f c e l
sing. 3 mase.
Perfect
Imperfect
sing. 3 fem.
v^ir *
sing. 2 mase.
¡Scair *
sing. 2 fem. sing. 1 com. pl. 3 mase.
wíoo^o/
*
^ir
^ . ñ t
*
e-r *
TABLE 46.
—
*
—
*
^ClVI.flli
9
yi.n i
< ' OYinm
Perfect
—
» *
Imperfect
(imperfect), No. 37
Act.
Imperative
pl. 3 fem. pl. 2 mase. pl. 2 fem. pl. 1 com.
Part.
Pass.
Part.
* i o o u
r OOb
i-iou ÍS-3 0U
sing. 2 fem.
pl. 3 mase.
*
*
sing. 3 fem.
sing. 1 com.
~ —
—
(1YI.fi/'
The verb o o ^ (perfect),
sing. 3 mase.
sing. 2 mase.
*
*
Infinitive:
Form: P c a l
*
.,.vunr *
pl. 2 fem. pl. 1 com.
Part.
oL
^Yi.nl *
Pass.
l-íi.nvi *
*
^civi.n»
^ O Ü - Y l . f l 1'
Part.
yi.nvi
*
pl. 3 fem. pl. 2 mase.
yi.n >
*
ovuo/
Act.
Imperative
* »
n
is-iev. r O i c u
; - ?
oo¿ *
Vil^JLíI * Vtr
r O OI *
—
^ L t
*
r
Infinitive:
—
t
—
r Q-Scx r
—
I _»
^LKIJ **
—
—
-
—
»
*
—
«
*
—
„^ k a' o« *
r ot
—
—
IOU
(Alow. * —
—
- 84 -
Verbal Paradigms
- •s -
TABLE 47.
Form: Ethp c el
Perfect
sing. 3 masc.
oowi r
Act. Part.
Imperative
Imperfect
Pass. Part.
Od-boo
sing. 3 fern. sing. 2 masc.
«=>¿4 r *
Mi-l r *
sing. 2 fem. sing. 1 com.
M¿L r *
pi. 3 masc.
Q-3 0W.1./
pi. 3 fem. pi. 2 masc. pi. 2 fem.
*
*
oS4 r *
* ** 7 V * yOis^OuLi * ^ i u ^ i r
*
pi. 1 com.
o Li r *
—
* 'i * * ^CLOC^iO
—
' " ' i " ** ^-So^Ss-l
—
yOLÍotIl.1 *
^ir
é ^ u * * r * ** OCvfisJ
' -'l * *
r*
—
*
—
—
Infinitive:
TABLE 48.
The verb .oS.ro, No. 134
Form: P c a l
Perfect
Imperfect
sing. 3 masc.
•nS m
•n m)
V
sing. 3 fem.
Imperative
*
r
UNm*
' VJ. »fije
sing. 2 fem.
wlsnN m *
^.nmj" * r
sing. 1 com. m
pi. 2 masc.
^
m *
pi. 1 com.
m
In finitive:
*
*
r
*
«
'
rrs t
•
t
C\ey
H *
^timll * r-
.
*
i
co m
*
* T- * yfinml
pi. 2 fem.
Other Forms. Ethpa c c al occurs in
rr\
^fifiw 1
Wl
pi. 3 fem.
*
J.n\ ro
oxeo I
pi. 3 masc.
Pass. Part.
r
sing. 2 masc.
4
Act. Part.
*
*
(perf. s. 3 mase).
*
r
m
* —
- ota -
Verbal Paradigms
- 85 -
TABLE 49.
Form: Af c el
sing. 3 masc.
Perfect
Imperfect
Y, •SSJX>\
ifiXQj
sing. 2 fern.
s^zr * i^r
sing. 1 com.
a»?' *
sing. 2 masc.
*
pi. 3 masc.
QJZJX>1
*
yokiniel' *
pi. 2 masc.
•* T- * * T-
^ «mr ( »n
*
*
* T «.nrof
*
Part.
r . ft
1 ' ' ** Jnmvi
*
^ . n RR. V
M
*
*
Inmvi *
* ^ C L* d _ m'J r
-
'
I
^ r v n' m J
pi. 2 fem.
^ n rr.
* )' *
pi. 1 com.
Pass.
• ft m V )
.N m )
* )' * JUX>(
pi. 3 fem.
Part.
* y
l±n>r *
sing. 3 fern.
i4cf.
Imperative
'
'
*
^ n' m~ Y 'i
1' *
" 1 •ftRR*
Infinitive:
^.nmvi
T*
"
c
u
u
r
V
"
*
^.fimm ** '
*
*
^ajcoi
-
»
*
—
*
—
*
*
TABLE 50. The verb ^»L«, No. 62
Form: Pai c el
Perfect
*
sing. 3 masc. sing. 3 fem.
sing. 2 fem. sing. 1 com. pi. 3 masc. pi. 3 fem. pi. 2 masc. pi. 2 fem. pi. 1 com.
r
Imperative
Act.
Part.
1»
*> r
Pass.
V
r
^CL-OCO
Is I T U
sing. 2 masc.
Imperfect
* ' 1- ** « V
2s i T l .Ql
wSa^uót * js
^-oiT
ivuoi V
*
OIVt.Q) ^ x* u o 'i
y^ois
*
•»
^IVUOlJ
^IVt.Oii. «
V
*
r
* '
"
lyi.coo
—
^ 't w . o' c o"
—
» IYI.QPP **
t
r
*
..
^ IYI.QCO
—
* —
—
*
Other Forms. Ethpai c al occurs in ^ vi . I t l f (perf. s. 3 mase), islvi . L l f (impf. s. 3 f.).
—
v
—
•> * IVl.Ot
—
—
n r OIVl.CH *
IVI.OCO
—
—
^IVI.OI
Infinitive:
*
—
* " V ^oivi.oti. *
'
r
yfllVI.OJ
IVI.OI
* » „ r ^-.is IVI.OI
*
. . IVI .Ol
^..I.VUOtfc
t
—
^CUCH
^iCUOlt
r
^Q-OOO
). I V I . O C I O
^-iC^Oll.
OI
Part.
(perf. s. 1 c.), and
Section 7: English Index Sequence. T h e list is arranged in English alphabetical order.
Format. E a c h entry gives an English word followed by reference number(s) which corresponds to the Syriac reference number(s) in Section 1.
87
- ^-s -
English Index: A - atrium
- 89 -
A
against 34, 256
apparel 538
abide 183, 817
age 47
apparent
abiding 746
agitation 726
apparition
able, be
agree 201
appeal to 56, 98, 212
ailmeht 493
appearance
alas for! 311
apply 732
about 10
alien 540
appoint 280
abstain from 286
alive 194
apprehend
abundance 543, 769
all 12
approve 272
abundantly
218
allow 92, 471
approved 490
acceptance
780
alms 687
Aramaean (Syrian) 551
accomplish
351
almsgiving
according to 24
alone 139
are 16
accusation 748
also 23
argue 725, 730
accuse 98, 106, 670, 882
altar 495
arouse 356
accuser 574
alter 381, 559
arrive 251
act 31
altercation 519
as 24, 61
adapt 732
always 294, 564, 822
as one 478
add 484
amazed, be
ascend 134
adhere 348
Amen 128
ascend, make
admonish 773
among 20, 514
ashamed, be
adulterer 852
ancient 785
ask 79
angel 104
aspect 385, 442
adultery 483
anger 372, 560
assemble
advantage 470, 769
angry, be
assembly 107, 157
advent 494
animal 243
adversary 307
animal, young
adverse 824
annul 281
assurance 454
anoint 553, 701
astonish 477
Anointed One 35
astonished, be
another 64
astray, go
answer 120, 279, 374, 820
astray, lead
after 15, 74
anxious, be
421
at 20, 608
afterwards
Apocalypse,
the
42, 507, 700
abode 45 abound, make
217
adultery, commit
afar, from affair
577
673
400, 739
affirm
730
affliction
again 101
266
111, 655
apostle
687
442
442
112
Aramaic, in
291
624
202
768
454
134 375
166
assiduously 743
826
844
associate 429
at once 263 atrium 657
477
222 222
- 90 -
English Index: attain - called
attain 251 attendance
297
beget 147
body 109
begin 76
bond 550 142
347, 804
beginning
authority
216
behaviour 807
book 170, 708
avenge 626
behind 74, 629
border 678
avowal 627
behold 28, 261
bound
behold! 71
boundary
awe 203
being by vocation 790
bowels 365
B
belief
72
bowl 685
babe 695
believe 62, 388
boy 214
believer 319
branch 738
back (of the b o d y ) 597
believing
bread 181
backwards
belly 456
break 394
beloved 255
¿reai out against 830
awake, be
356
back, the
629
629
badly 753 bag, leather baptism baptize
759
319
111 678
break (bread) 609 breath 40
217
betrayer
215
593
benediction benefit
413
105, 452, 793
bondage
attendant
breath of life 46
870
¿e/ier 174, 488
bridegroom
between 303, 318, 514
bright 642
bare 878
beware of 344
bring 18
battle 588
bier 450
bring in 73
bazaar 461
bind 254
bring near 11
be 3
bird 645
brother 54
bear 766
birth 661, 770
build 315
bear (a child) 147
blame 748
building 552
bear 119, 156
blameless
beat 434
blaspheme
390
burst 830
blasphemy
576
bury 646
baptized, be baptizer
215
664
beaten, be
434, 754
748
beatitude
337
blemish
beautiful
164
Mew 271 blessedness
becoming
blessing
812
burn 422
but 6, 21, 403
699
because 26
but rather 21 337
593
buy 231 ¿>y 20
bed 450
blind 349
C
before
blood 184
call 56
boat 325, 363
called 790
65, 282, 329, 783
beg 688
660
11 -
English Index: calling - corrupt
- 91
calling 884
clean 482
condemn 312
calm 650
cleanse 239
condemned, be
cleave to 348
condescension
close (a door) 112
conduct 191, 491, 807
cane 789
closed 797
conduct oneself 193
captain 680
clothe 302, 621
confess
clothed, be
confession
627
clothing 538
confidence
889
cloud 449
confident, be
coat 815
confine 678
cock 751
confirm
596
collect (tribute or tax) 331
conflict
838
colt 743
confused, be
cause 399
come 18, 77
congregation
cease 354, 572
comfort 441, 504
congruous 812
celebrate (a feast) 31
coming 494
conscience 463
centurion 489
command 137
consecrate 474
certain (one) 768
commandment
cessation
commend 186, 848
constant 843
chain 550, 794
commit 848
constantly
change 559, 559
commotion 726, 749
constrain 341
charity 687
communion 649
constructed, be
chastise 260
companion 429, 860
consume 106
chief 50
company at a meal 707
consummation
chiefs
compare 233
contempt, treat w /
child 695
comparison
710
contend 730
choke 762
compassion
809
contention 519
choose 331
compassion,
have
chosen 490
complete 99, 116
continue 817
Christ 35
completed, be
contradiction
church 157
comprehend
circle 518
comrade 429
convict 773
circumcise 554
conceal 411
convince 252
circumcision
conception
219
corner 526
concerning
10
corrupt 381
calumniator candlestick
574 779
captain of a thousand care o f , take careful, be
344
421
carry 766 carry, make
766
cast 133, 373 cast out, make
city 90
650
105
396
49
563
302
192
99
594
312 663
208
513
333 157
consider 162, 532, 674
149
844
835
648
contest 838
contrary 824
519
888
- 92 -
English Index: corruption - do
~ o ^~
danger 832
defiled 410
council 223
dare 602
delay 798
counsel 339, 506, 819
dark 292
deliberate 248, 339
countenance
385
dark, grow
country 70, 154
darken 810
court 657
darkened, be
cousin 841
darkness (dark place) 292
delivered up, be
covenant
daughter 343
deliverer 829
cover 411
dawn 757
delude 222
covet 500
day 51
¿¿mo* 314, 407
craft
daybreak 510
denarius 555
create 654
daytime 418
deny 334, 662
creation 515
dead, be
depart 43, 286, 387
corruption
579
408
603
creature, living
243
deliver up 99 deliverance 509
810
110
99
depth 877
dead 140
cross 466
dead, place of the
cross over 163
deaf 633
crossing
death, put to
458
deliver 286, 547
810
675
deride 628 descend 161
110
desert 583
crowd 107
death 144
desire 69, 173, 500, 611
crown 582
debate 725
desolation 420
crucify
debtor 327
despise 566, 622, 723, 888
cry aloud 212
decay 579
destroy 196, 381
cry out 727
deceit 603
devil 407
cultivate 253
deceive 222
die 110
cultivator 606
deception
different
cunning (words) 377
declare 156
diligence 855
cup 398
decorous 812
disciple 68
cure 690
decrease 614
disease 493, 696
decree 192
disperse
curse 600
deed 102, 739
dispute 519, 725
custom 784
deep 877
distant 511
cut 554
defect
729
distribute 317
cut down 394
defend
49
cut o f f 394
defense
D
deficient
dance 887
defile
299
cured, be
690
857
820 534
544
821
575
diverse 821 divide 317, 317 division 787 do 285
English Index: doctrine
250
doctrine
216
dominion door
220
-
favour
else 63
everything
empty 825
evil 103
empty, make
567
exalt 274
doubt 317
emulation
dove 859
encampment
drag 434
encounter
799
excelling
174
encourage
441, 580, 863
excessive
174
504
exemplar
258
exercised,
be
719
dragon
draw 434 dress
632
206
872
encouragement
538
345, 648
drink, give to
716
774
endeavor
drink 213
endurance
drown 762
endure
drunk, become
412
156
exhort
580
expect
448
dry up 767
enter 73
explain
due 812
entirely
dumb 633
entrusted,
dwell 278
envy 632
extinguish
e/?isf/e 439
extreme
12 be
848
201
634
435
exposed
878
expound
525 851 288
eye 122
E
equal, be
each one 27
erecf 299
F
err 222, 360
face
130, 385
error 545, 857
faith
72
eager,
be
764
ear 324 earnestness
855
earth 70, 858 earthquake
726
escort
864
establish
36, 126, 388, 528
fall
121 368
false
ear 106, 446
eternity 47
falsely,
gar a meal 76
eunuch 865
family
e ^ e 200
even 23
famine
even if 402
far
edict
192
edification
552
589
speak
698
511 673
far place fashion
eight 795
ever 564, 822
fast
e/rfer 205
every 12
fasten
254
elect 331, 490
every one 185
father
41
favour
123
elevate
299
everyday
536
849
228, 661
event 739
effect
285
evening
865
faithful 218
especially
49
488
expedient experience
827
218
exceedingly
enemy 367
dweller
885
532, 846
examine
752
499
- 94 -
English Index: fear
fear
155
fear,
cause to
fear
203
fool
498, 7 0 7
feast,
wedding
704
659
fed,
/oo/ii/i 605
foot
156
be
- », -
full, be
219
604
fulness
648
furthermore
545
foolishness
feast
feasts
155
- go out
176
fury
101
560
/or 1, 17, 153
G
forbid
gain 217, 7 6 9
485
force
125, 7 8 8
Galilean
847
feed
106, 590, 8 9 1
/ore 169
garment,
linen
feel
382
foreign
garment
283, 457
feeling
634
fellow
foreigner
servant 860
fellowship
540
649
761
forget
222
forgive
92
festival
498
forgiveness
festivity
704
form
fetter
550
field fig
246
548
77, 11A 588
fighting
667, 752
figure fill
116
filthy
Gentile
483
Gentiles
410
852
free
551, 7 6 1
gentle
521
267 883
57 539
gift
320, 4 1 4
gird
328
give 37
595
give back
279 221
find
42
free, set
731
glad, be
fire
210
freedman
595
gladden
first
169
fish
436
fitting five
272
freedom friend
853
221
gladness
429, 4 3 8
frightened,
724
girl 2 1 4
861
frailty
228
gentleness
foundation
fragment
802
generation
/ori>> 479
four
( o f p e r s o n s ) 107
Gehenna
282, 3 2 9
fornicator
fig tree
166, 331
gathering
fornication
548
fight
gather
258, 7 5 2
formerly
220
gate
592
be
259, 7 2 4
834
glorify
186, 326
from
4
//ee 340
from
this time
//ej/i 138
fruit
( o f the v i n e ) 7 7 0
go 43
flock
fruit
211
go around
/tow 260
fruits,
first
follow
fulfil
351
food
348, 3 9 5 447, 7 4 0
fulfilment
glory 778
452
179, 195, 3 5 8
glorying
go away go before
648
195
glorification
305
644
815
502
362 286 296
go out (fire) 851
- et. -
English Index: go out - hypocrisy
- 95 -
go out 49
happening
739
here and there 778
go up 134
happiness
337
hidden, be
God 13
hard 671
hide 411, 522
har/oi 758
hide oneself
harlotry 483
high, be
god, a
13
God forbid godless
631
761
harm, suffer
658
522
522
274
high 366
gold 352
harm 658
highway 165
good 93, 164
harvest 763
hill 249
goodness
/¡are 350
hinder 485, 890
goods 587
he 7
hold 112
Gospe/ 313, 417
he who 52
hold on to 730
governor
head 105, 833
holder 797
hea/ 227
holiness 178, 711
healthy 558
holy 127
heap up 646
homage, pay
hear 38
honour 346, 358
123
556
grace 123 graciousess graft
123
521
grafted,
be
521
264
grave 473
hear, cause to
greaf 50
hearing 871
horn 526
heart 113
horse 886
heathen 761
hour 131
heaven 60
house 45
ground 70
heavy 492
housetop
grow up 386
heavy, be
guard 136, 804
heavy, m a k e
guest 653
Hebrew, in
guile 603
hedge 688
guilt 603
heed, t a k e
H
heed 175
humble 539, 584
heir 635
humility 663
/jair 643
hell 802
hunger 537, 698
half 880
help 470, 868
hurry 834
hand 53
helper 868
hurt 658
great, be greater
425
174
greatness
647
habitation
620
38
346
hope 162, 270
839
how 61 346
826
how many? 229 how much? 229 human 83
344
humble, be
584
hand, at
287
hence 75, 298
husband 58, 330
handmaid
845
henceforth
husbandman
happen
42
284
here 298, 720, 814
hypocrisy
606
780
- 96 -
English Index: hypocrite • lead away
hypocrite
130
- o.
inquire 79
kindled, be
inquire into 59
kindliness
I
instead 153
kindness
I 8
instruct 260
king 135
i.e., that is to say 332
instruction
kingdom 114
idea 219
interpret
hypocrite, be a
idle, be
85
281
250 525
167 724
123
kinsman 841
into 20
kinswoman
is 7, 16
kiss 737
it 33, 275
is not 89
knee 681
illumine 435
island 683
kneel 271
illumined 642
it 1
knock 823
image 258, 472, 667
it suffices
imagination
721
ivory 715
knowledge 306, 599
immediately
263
J
known 768
idol
All
562
impious 836
jealous, be
impress
jealousy
856
know 32
764
known, make
632
jealousy, provoke
impurity
jealousy
765
764
labour 253, 468, 744 labourer 745
in 20, 419
Jew 96
lack 692
incense (censings) 531
journey 260
lacking 534
incite 580
journeying
lake 813
incline toward
175
165
joy 259
lamb 359
increase 386, 425, 484
joyfully,
increase, cause
judge 150, 455
lamp-stand
judgement
land 70
386
indeed 636 indignation
372
live
553
172
judgement-seat
801
lamp 652
land, dry
779
858
individual (self) 669
just 316, 505
language 273
infant
justice 244
last 288
justify
lasting 746
695
inferior, be infirm
614
431
infirmity
justness
493, 861
inhabitant
272
827
inherit 598 inheritance iniquity 364
617
353
32
L
impure 410, 811 694
841
law 87
K
lawful 290
keep 136
lawyer 224
kill 145
lead 191, 434
kin 661
lead about 362
kindle 112
lead away 491
- i -
English Index: learn - money
781
- 97 -
manner of life 807
learn 129
long, make
least 247
long ago 618
leave 92
long suffering
leaven 691
look 261
martyr 426
left 741
look for 448
marvel 291, 676
leisure 782
loosen 76
master 25, 50, 330, 610
lend 79
loosened, be
many 44 818
76
marketplace
461
matter 400, 739
lord 25, 330
mature 351, 803
lesson 884
lose 196, 692
measure 735
lest 197
loss 529
meditate 674
let out 112
loud voice 366
meekness 663
let it not be 631
love 143, 149, 167
mee; 799
letter 439
loving kindness
member 369
liar 368
lowliness 663
mention of, make
liberty 853
lowly 539
mercy 809
lie 849
/nere 769
mercy, have
life 108
lull 650
mercy 365
luminaries 642
merrily, live
lift up 299
/u5t 475, 500, 611, 634
merry, be
light 642
M
message 313
less, be
614
life-giving
638
light, bring to
435
Macedonian
143
869
messenger
397
149, 149
553
553
104
Messiah 35
light 237, 242, 652
mad, be
like as 549
Magdelene
775
middle 432, 880
liken to 233
magistrate
680
midst 432
likewise 517
magistrates
limb 369
maiW 214
mighty work 125
line 228
maintain 112
mina (monetary unit) 866
linen sheet 816
majesty
mind 219, 599, 721
little 237, 247
maie 31, 654
minister 265, 347
live 117
male 805
ministration
man 58
miraculous token 207
live, make
117
387
290, 591
358
mistake 857
living 194
man, young
lo! 71
manifest
lodge 76
mankind 30
moment 497
loins 597
manner 784
money 361
180
585
mighty 557, 854
mock 628
297
- 98 -
monster
English Index: monster - pass over
719
nevertheless
403
Olives, Mount of
month 535
new 268
on 10
moon 874
next 111
one 27
more 174
night 241
one, certain
morning 510
nine 679
one another 630
mother 190
no 2, 393
one hundred 486
mount 835
noble 595
on/y 139
mountain 249
noi 2, 393
open 204
mourn 887
nor even 199
opportunity
mouth 200
notable 768
oppose 98
much 44, 93
nouns/i 386, 891
opposite to 256
multiply
now 100, 284, 636
oppression
multitude 107, 543
number 601
or 63
murder 831
O
o«fer 756
murmur 747
O! 613
outside 209
mute 633
oath, take an
myriad 791
oath 600
overtake 594
mystery
obedience 871
owe 312
N
obey 38
own 88
naked 878
observe 136
ox 718
name 78
obtain 623
P
narrate 428
occasion 399
pain 696
nafion 57, 840
occupation
pa//ef 450
nationality
offend
425
440
661
offended,
Nazarene
offense offer
near, draw
77
offering
near, bring
77
officer
necessity
be
788
424
77
497
266
overcome 409
paralytic 703 pari (of a ship) 516 part 640
414 804
offspring
27
parable 321, 710
717
near 53, 256, 608
near 287
879
706
nature 619 542
392
578
770
partake ( o f ) 521 partaker, be
462
partaker 713
CW 613
participation
need 523, 729
oil 702
partner 713
ne^/ecf 723, 734
ointment 531, 702
partnership
neighbour 287, 429
oW 785
parry 516
nef 641
olive 578
pass over 163
649
649
-
-
English Index: passion - read
passion 634
pleasantness
Passover, Feast of
451
724
- 99 -
profitable
please 416
488
prolonged, be
pastor 571
ploughshare
patience 412
poor 371
proper, it
patient, be
portion 640, 787
property
pattern 258
portrait 667
prophecy 565
pay 406
possession
prophesy
peace 118, 714
potentate
pen 789
pour our 480
prophetess
115
people 30, 57, 840
power 125, 216
proportion
735
perdition 529
praise 179, 186, 195
prostitute
perfect
pray 175
prove 355, 532
prayer 309, 755
proverb 321
perhaps 618, 636
preach 156, 187
provoke 624
peril 832
preached, be
prudent 377
period 86
precept
perish 196
precious 492
permit 471
precious, be
permitted
prefect
781
351, 803
perform
31
290
persecute 395 perseverance
prefer 855
693
781
promise 208, 339, 370, 750
587 557
prophet
187
192
225 587
433 115
758
publican 469 pure 482 346
pursue 286
556
put 94, 133
217
put off
354
prepare 148, 528
put on 302
person 30, 83, 385, 669
presence-bread
Q
persuade 252
present, be
petition 755
preserver 638
quench 851
Pharisee 171
price 684
question 59, 725
pity 808
pride oneself 326
quickly 404
place 94, 154, 235
priest 146, 444
quiet, be
place, far
priesthood, high
673
130
98
queen 135
647
572
quiet 572
place 133
prisoner 277
plague 496
proclaimed, be
plan 674
prodigy 676
rabbi 610
planet 443
profane
761
rain 111
plant 736
profess
208
rather than 63
platter 685
profit
play 428
profit, be Of
quietness 650 187
769
R
reach 251 470
read 56
- 100 -
English Index: reading - satisfied
reading 884 ready, make
234
rend 830
righteous 316, 505
repent 374
righteousness
realm 114
repentance
reap 561
repose 782
rise 757
reprove 430
rise, make
reasoning
506
512
244, 353
riot 749
757
rebuke 430, 581, 773
reproved, be
receive 85, 98
repudiation
592
river 665
receptacle
require 59, 626
road 165
reckon 248
rescue 286
robust 557
recline to eat 322
resemble 233
rock 236, 712
reserve 136
rod 591
residue 357
roll 708
resist 256
Roman 672
respite
roof 839
283
recline, cause to recognize
322
32
recompense
378, 406
recreation
782
154
rectitude 244
rest 354
redemption
rest, give
509
773
rise 36
root 569 354
rough 671
reed 789
rest 357, 782
ruler 680
refresh
restore 528
rulers 290
refuse
354 334
restored, be
528
run 323
region 154
restrain 485
reign 114, 339
resurrection
reject 566, 662
return 193, 279, 374
sacrifice
rejoice 221
reveal 180
Sadducee 686
revelation 454
sadness
release 592
revile 881
saint 127
remain 183, 817
reward 406
salutation
remain over 217
rich 384
salute 79, 118
remainder
357
rich, grow
786
salvation 108, 509
remaining
746
rich, make
786
Samaritan
rejoice, be
553
remember 383, 397 remember, cause to
383
S 379
Sabbath 238 481
862
118
573
riches 546
sanctification
ride 835
sanctify
711
414
remind 397
ride, make
835
sanctuary 152, 178
remission
right, it is
225
sandal 867
592
remote 511
right 293
remove 387
right, it is
Satan 307 272
satisfied,
be
604
- JJJ -
English Index: satisfy
- steer
~ 101 -
serve 265
sleep 391
save 117, 286
service 297, 742
smitten, be
Saviour 638, 829
set (on fire) 422
smoke 796
say 5
seven 177
smooth 201
scare away 575
shaken, be
scatter 575
shaking 726
so 389, 517
sceptre 591
shame 375, 800
soil 70
scourge 434
sheep, young
soldier 524, 530
scribe 224
sheep 508
solicitous, be
Scripture
Sheol 675
something 39
scroll 708
shepherd 571
son 22
sea 160
shewbread 181
sorely 753
seal 733, 856
shine 435, 757
sorrow 445
search 846
ship 325, 363
sorrowfulness
862
season 86, 497
shoe 867
sorry, make
445
seat 126, 269
shorten 445
soul 46
seat at a meal 707
show 182
sound 558
sect 516
sick, be
see 28
sick 431
space or room, available
seed 301
sickness 493, 861
spare 808
seek for 59
side 516
speak 5, 55
seemly 812
sign 207
spend 575
seize 616
silence 503, 650
spirit 40
self 46
silent, keep
spirit, evil
sell 231
silver 361, 873
spot 699
send 82, 612
similitude 258, 321
spread 201
sent one 202
sin 168, 198, 360
square 461
sentence (of judge) 172
sink 215
staff
separate
sinner 304
stamp 733, 856
sister 520
stand 36
sepulchre 405, 473
sit 126
stand, cause to
serpent 728
six 476
star 443
skull 833
steadfast
servant 132, 347, 524, 804
sky 60
steal 656
serve, make
slaughter 693, 831
steer 718
satisfy
604
separation
170
280 787
servant, female bond-
253
845
333
359
754
snatch 616
421
sow 300
423
503
314
591
257
36
154
- 102 -
still
English Index: still - tire
iend 590
sun 401
All
still, be
supper
503
~ «=>-0 -
fenf 620
659
408
support
stir 333
suppose
162
testify
stir up 625
surround
688
testimony
stock 228
surroundings
stone 236, 570
sustenance
stop
swallow up 754
that 14
swear 392
the Cross 466
572
store 487 straight, be strange
322, 891
testament
stir up 333
518
swift
540
thanks, give
392
237
there 95
653
swine 689
therefore
strangle
762
sword 693, 705, 875
thief
symposium
704
thing 400
synagogue
223
461
strength
125
strengthen
388, 596
208
T
627
then 111, 637
stranger
street
245
thanksgiving
740
swear, make
607
151
75, 284, 637
615
think 162, 248, 336, 674 third 677 666
tabernacle
strife
table 586
thirty 837
strike 328, 774
take 85, 98, 112, 191, 491
rtos 9
strive 730, 774
take up 119
f/i r
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5 0 4
5 9 3
6 2 8
2 8 1
U = >
4 4 1
p J i
8 0 1
J
L
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^
W
8
5
^ 2 7 7
r
U
5 5 0
V
7 5 2
3
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U
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1 3 9
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1 9 9
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4 0 2
r
3 1 8
3 4 2
2 6 7
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7 2 2
4 5
1 3 0
t ^ r
7 5 3
) Ì < i U i
2 3
j £ s /
1 0 3
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2 5 4
r
5 1 4
3 0 3
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1 6
5 4 9
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6 8 1
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J i ^ T m r
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3 0
4 6 4
3 8 9
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J l t o ¿
s
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4 1 8
3 2 6
3 7 5
2 7 6
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3 3
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4 6 5
2 0
8 4 5
I
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1 5 4
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5 7 5
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1 9 0
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5
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8 4 3
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3 2 5
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L
2 0 7
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m
j l s ^ r
2 4
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3 4 1
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5 3
4 5 3
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ì
2 8 8
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6 4
r
L
U
7 9 8
U
i
l
8 4 1
J I L . ?
r
5 4
7 9 7
u . ?
¿
r
f
r
^
¿
4 3
i L r
J
1 6 5
¿
2 7 5
u > r
8 4 0
f
7 0
w
6 1 3
2 6 6
i
o
o f
W ^ o l *
^
¿ i l '
2 i
i
3 2 4
Jh
6 5 3
C ± f
4 3 9
5 5 1
5 7 4
W
4 0 6
I
6 8 0
1 0 6
^
) U J '
j L - ^ r
4 4 0
4 7 8
r
5 2 9 8 3 8
- 107 -
~
4 7 9
3 1 5
5 5 2
7 2 3
- 108 -
Syriac Index: )ic
)ifi"0«mS yim S
724
553 s
llUi,
180
138
Jloli
jLi^ ^
330
UÓ4
l U ^ i *
367
846
iL»?
614
4 j
ji^i
22
m i
r
U>c ?
756
JLLs yLi
Vl.
403
Jib^ iLSi;
343
JL»'
lïJxolU» »U
Jbj-
657 71
jjQidJs^ol
849
liv;
368
Oot
369 7 i4
loo.
3
cuoa
155 203 804 407
556
332
oi«
240
j L s o«
807
^•ÜOI
111
jk.«
152 62
lioivi.ot
72
172
U ^
517 75
Uli
455
^J»«
516
Jä/f
555
Up«
67
f^o,
158
390
ULÎLT» b» JL>'»
408
239
419 J-sio^ 577 396
U^S
197
298
JJL«
100
184
Jo
¿¿f
233
f'o
258 Hi»'
684
658
JJ>>i
iL»
554 683
805
9 193
»o« JU;
576
Iii
482
802
jbot^
j;
331
58
J ^
848
6
490
1U4
725
88
655
IU4
Jii
235
682
74
U 4
615
352
211
llJi
594
850
83
757
656
J ¿ J o?-
515
150
851
191
il^'j
654
V»'
351
481
532
806
291
803
755
Jki
jfco^j-
454
59
Jbi4
391
847
629
)U
17
531
jUi
jU
^
)'»j
143
Hal
728
565
V
1» - r )i.txi. m
y
568 546
621
J'A mi
643 363
784 743 122 73
- 113
Syriac Index: ^iL - l i o
^JL
10
JÍ ^
Jiio'Js
508 878 450 340
»„ÍU
148
«Id
879 liais
192
710
^ L á
317 Si
880
J¡U.c¿
415
^^
145
« l ä
525
iCfcl
831
788
882
460
J'iolU
586 204 472
746 iSoala
668 124
Jlaij
400
jr.Ñ'o
JAL»]
173
yio
666 ri
237 36
Uà
623
>flpni.;jn
499 881
Jfj
379
[im.n
69
252
JljCS
414
607
509 .m,. 3
J j l Í >CXO
frlss
200
lirais
178
280
^
109
183
¿ l à
l U L s
na 211 JU^Js
385 286
384 786
474
U*
J-L"»
J A / «
2 8 7
J A 1 «
J l L l o
1 0 5
3 6 6
s s î o l
)'¿ú>
6 7 0
C »
1 3 3
l á L a l
6 7 1
J « . . l n
l i »
2 0 5
5 8 9
l i b i c i
6 7 5
3 3 6
] ¿ N « . : .
JJ>»
3 8 6
i V i
7 9 1
U V »
2 1 9
w
) i o ! ¿
6 4 7
j A v í
7 9 2
o S ^
8 8 7
5 0 0
f
^
i
5 7 0
1 8 6
I n c o e n »
)Z->
6 7 2
2 0 2
l i - S J L
2 9 0 9 9
N^-^jk.
6 7 3
»¡-Ä.
5 0 1
d o n « .
3 8
5 7 3 2 6 5
J J ^ J l
J l .n 1 ».
8 2
} ¿ a l
2 0 1
J 5 0 2
4 0 1
7 1 5
3 7 3
) > o o c u b
7 8
l l L a J L
625
4 0
2 7 4
.
7 4 9
3 7 2
6 5 0
6 0
2 3 8
8 8 5
J ^ w o »
/ »
1 7 7
3 2 3
J t ^ o í C o ' »
I L ^ J L
^
i
J A -
5 9 1
J l U i
5 7 2
1 1 8
9 2
8 3 4
6 1 2
^
^
3 9 5
o c »
¿2.»
3 1 4 7 9
2 6 0
¿>»>
J » U
^
x
7 9 4 4 2
1 .'•
8 3 6
1 7 6
6 1 1
J'»»
C
7 4 8 J U L ' »
7 1 4
o J l ^
5 7 1
J Í o í > ;
« »
6 4 9
6 7 4
J U L
t i »
4 7 5
7 1 3
5 9 0
5 0
6 2 4
4 6 2
ìli
U Î
6 1 0
4 6 1
7 9 3
C »
H ^ »
7 1 2
8 8 6
U í d Í
2 1 6
6 4 8
JJicJL
5 2 6
8 3 3
7 5 0
U c J L
I i «
J î U ^ «
5 9 2
J ü c J L
4 5 2
J~&¿>»
l
8 8 8
8 3 5
2 4 6
o
j l ^ x o J L
J i L i / »
8 8 4
^
1 9 5
j^.»'ocLA.
7 4 7
7 9 0
JfcoJL
U
4 3 8
5 8 8
-
C ^ c J L
1 4 9
5 6
J J . U
J'-o
^
J f c ^ i
3 8 7 6 5 1
2 3 2 4 2 8
1 3 1
- o -
Syriac Index: jUkJL - v J L t
JUsI
164
J U
416
U*
716
388
jU
76
548
oí:
380
JlSJL
357
jíU
189
jL».
476
Uoll:
scíU.
503
)Í»/Í
463
717
718
jioAli:
527
^al: Jl-^NÍ
r*Ȕ:
890 528 97
jC^iií
678 230
213 jiWiU.
j'»oí
720 796
Ui^ol
ÇH11
719
627
228
257
795
UJÌ
101
)Uoí
Util-
J
JUI
477
626
119 il
jfcí
- 115 -
512
751
.J»»!'
891
Jl»l
220
iiS.il
721
513 68 142 837
•JzXil 226 iL-o^LJ: J¡ U i - J i Nit
679
179 297
Section 9: Skeleton Syriac Grammar
SKELETON SYRIAC GRAMMAR By Sebastian P. Brock Oriental
Institute,
University
of
Oxford
T h e following s k e l e t o n g r a m m a r is i n t e n d e d s o l e l y f o r r e f e r e n c e . It a b s t r a c t s t h e main f e a t u r e s of S y r i a c morphology in tabular form. T r a n s c r i p t i o n Notes. 1. V o w e l s accompanied by matres lectionis (i.e. Alaph, W a w , and Y o d h ) a r e m a r k e d with c i r c u m f l e x (i.e. the sign "); thus, e = e + alaph; = e + yodh; 0 = 0 + waw; 1 = i + yodh; a = a + alaph. 2. L e t t e r s b e t w e e n parenthesis are not pronounced, but appear in the written form. 3. T h e transcriptions throughout this section follow East S y r i a c pronunciation, which is older than W e s t S y r i a c pronunciation; thus, E. Syr. a = W. Syr. o; E. Syr. -hon, -Icon, and -ton = W. Syr. -hun, -kun, and -tun, respectively.
1. Nominal Endings. T h e following t a b l e provides nominal endings. Notice that the emph. s. m. ending is the same as the abs. s. f. ending. Num.
Gend. State
Suffix
Num. Gend.
State
Suffix
sing.
masc.
absolute
nil
pi.
absolute
-in
construct
nil
construct
-ay
emphatic
-a
Jl
emphatic
-ê
absolute
-a
U
absolute
-an
construct
-at
construct
-át
emphatic
-ta
)tl t JL
r Kl
emphatic
-âtâ
) il
fem.
masc.
fem.
C t
2. Verbal System. T h e most f r e q u e n t v e r b a l forms (also c a l l e d conjugations
in s o m e g r a m m a t i c a l l i t e r a t u r e ) a r e t h r e e
pairs (i.e. a total of six forms); each pair consists of two f o r m s , t h e first being a c t i v e and the s e c o n d passive. T h e f o l l o w i n g t a b l e gives the three active forms, f o l l o w e d by their passive counterparts. In the table, 1, 2 and 3 i n d i c a t e the first, second and third radicals, respectively. G e n e r a l meaning
Form
Pattern
I
base form
pcal
12a3 or 12e3
II
intensive
paccel
Ia22e3
OÍS-3
extensive, causative
afcel
'al2e3
o ¿J?
base form
'etpcel
'etl2e3
oiol/
intensive
'etpaccal
'etla22a3
o
extensive, causative
'ettafcal
'etta!2a3
Voice
No.
active
III passive
I II III
119
Example
)Uìl
*>L>lû
3. Verbal Inflexional Markers. Each of the forms cited in section 2 above occurs in all of the following: perfect (denoting past tense), imperfect (denoting future), imperative, participles (active and passive; denoting present tense), and infinitive. In order to indicate the number, person and gender of a verb, Syriac uses verbal inflexional markers. These may take the form of prefixes, suffixes or both. The following table provides all the verbal inflexional markers. A slash, /, indicates an a l t e r n a t i v e form. Examples can be found in the verbal paradigms on p. 57 ff. Perfect Suff.
Imperfect Pref. S u f f . ne-
nil
i
te-
nil
_ i
-t
te-
nil
-1
f.
-t(y)
te-
-in
_ i
c.
-et
'e-
nil
-I
m.
nil -at
f. m.
m. f.
P
-M nil/-(y)* 2
m.
-tön
f.
-ten*
c.
-nl-nan
y o Is—
e - '
= strong
= strong
yun >
K V IL=u
= strong
= strong
yi.nv>
iLLxi
mla22âyû
= strong
= strong
* 99
*IV nvn-nvi
*t f oil n t i
•»r
- strong V
The /'/ is pronounced as lyl in W. Syr., hence Iqoyeml. W. Syr. pronunciation /boyez/.
121
f9 = strong
mla22ê
.Y) infin.
**>
= strong
A-1 = strong
nello2
5
yus>
X ^
la2 r
la'e3
>
perf.
Double 2 = 3
perf.
'al2e3
'aw/y2e3
m
Ao) impf.
nal2e3
'a 121
naw/y2e3
T
nal2e
x^ part.
mal2e3
maw/y2e3
mal2e
r infin.
mal2ä3ü
*t V
maw/y2a3u V
mal2äyü
*alle2
nli3
nalle2
yi.n i
UiJ
mlI3
malle3
p.nvi
r 1 -vV>
mla3u
*t V
r
'a 113 _y
*
*
O
perf.
'etl2e3
'etl2f
'etI2e3
= III pass.
u>(
malla3u
*9r
oL^o
= strong
y^llti impf.
netl2e3
neti2e3
netl2e
= III pass.
= strong
y^-olis-J
part.
1213
metl2e3
metI2e3 *
infin.
metl2ä3ü
s.*' O
perf.
impf.
part.
"
12e
1213
.*
'etla22a3
netla22a3
mla22a3
*
metl2e
*
meti2a3u
infin.
metla22a3Q
*tr
-
flN Vcftoo
= strong
ip^O
L.L=.
= 111 pass.
= strong
*
metl2äyü
yinv)
JLsis^o
= III pass
= strong
o.\ .Ka
= strong
= strong
= strong
oJLsfcoo
'etla22i
netla22e
mla22ay rr
metla22a3
113
= strong
= strong
f^oii
JUL?
= strong
= strong
yi^clS-j
JLois-i
= strong
= strong
yi.nyi
fr
= strong
metla22e
= strong
. koo
LsUs»!^
yi.nt-oo
metla22äyü
= strong
= strong
« .r . Qilfcfl^J
OJL=>feoO
= strong
< tr -
O.N . g o o
122
* tr
«
o.-n^&oo
= strong
r *
perf.
'ettaw2a3
'ettal2a3
'ettal2î
¿LL/ impf.
nettal2a3
nettaw2a3
nettal2ê
^oLkJ part.
mal2a3
'ettalla2
j u l l l }
¿ i l !
nettlî3
nettalla2
^DIÎSJ
maw/y2a3 r
mettaw/y2a3
mlä3
mal2ay r
v * •JXC^Ö mettal2a3
'ettl!3
r
malla3 * V
t
mettal2ê
yinvi
i -.y
mettlî3
mettalla3 Us L i s i
U ^ L k i infin.
mettal2â3û * >
?
«
mettaw/y2â3û *
-LL
(an asterisk,
*, denotes
forms
where there will also be a
prefix).
Suffix
Denotes
-'
1. -a
nominal ending for: a. emph. s. m. b. abs. s. f.
Cl
2.
nominal ending f o r emph. pi. m. (with Seyame
kljj.
1.
a d v e r b i a l suffix.
1. -eh
s. 3 m. s u f f i x to: a. nouns: s. m. & f.; pi. f. b. verbs: perf. s. 3 m. & f.; s. 1 c.; impf.* (rare).
2. -ah
s. 3 f. s u f f i x to: a. nouns. b. verbs: perf. and impf.*.
3. -u/i
s. 3 f. s u f f i x to verbs p e r f . pi. 3 m.
1. -hon
pi. 3 m. s u f f i x to nouns.
1. -u(h)y
s. 3 m. s u f f i x to verbs p e r f . pi. 3 m.
1. -hen
pi. 3 f. s u f f i x to nouns.
1. 2.
v e r b a l ending p e r f . pi. 3 m. with p r e f i x m- or mt-, infinitive* p a c c e l and a f c e l .
1. -aw(h)y
s. 3 m. s u f f i x to pi. m. nouns.
1. -ut2. -ut-
a b s t r a c t noun ending with suffixes. with p r e f i x m- or mt-, infinitive* ending of p a c c e l and a f c e l with suffixes.
1. -(y)
s. 1 s u f f i x to s. nouns.
2. 3. 4. 5.
s. 1 s u f f i x to pi. nouns. construct, pi. m. nouns. verbal ending for third r a d i c a l Alaph verbs perf. pi. 3 f. v e r b a l ending for perf. pi. 3 f. (all other verbs; late, W. Syr. orthography).
-'yt -h
oZ
.
9
ot-
-hwn -hy
«ok.
•hyn -w
o_
-why -wt-
_La_
-y -J
-ay -ay -ay -y
").
-y'
1. -ayya 2. -aya
e m p h a t i c pi. m. nouns with 3rd radical Alaph (with a d j e c t i v a l suffix; pi. aye (with Seyame).
-yh
1. Ih
s. 3 f. s u f f i x to verbs:
2. -eh
a. p e r f . s. 2 f. b. impf.* s. 3 m.; s. 2 m.; s. & pi. 1 c. c. impt. s. 2 f. s. 3 f. s u f f i x to: 126
Seyame).
a. nouns: pi. m. b. verbs: impt. s. 2 m. -yhwn
yOow»—
1. -ayhon
UMA.
1. -ay(h)y
-yhy
-yhyn
1. -ayhen
-ywhy
1. -lw(h)y
pi. 3 m. s u f f i x to nouns pi. m. s. 3 m. s u f f i x to verbs: a. p e r f . pi. 3 f.; s. 2 m.; pi. 2 m. & f.; pi. 1 c.; a n d s. 3 m. of 3 r d rad. A l a p h verbs. b. impf.* s. 2 f.; pi. 3 m. & f.; pi. 2 m. & f. c. impt. s. 2 m.; pi. 2 m. pi. 3 f. s u f f i x to nouns pi. m. s. 3 m. s u f f i x to verbs: a. p e r f . s. 2 f. b. i m p f * s. 3 m.; s. 2 m.; pi. 1 s. c. impt. s. 2 f.
-yk
1. -ayk
-ylcy
1.
-ykwn
yCll.
-ayk(y)
1. -aykon
-ykyn
1.
-yn
1. -In
-ayken
2. -en 3. -ayn
-yny
a
s. 2 m. s u f f i x to nouns pi. m. s. 2 f. s u f f i x to nouns pi. m. pi. 2 m. s u f f i x to nouns pi. m. pi. 2 f. s u f f i x to nouns pi. m. a. nominal e n d i n g of abs. pi. m. b. part, endings of pi. m. c. impf. e n d i n g f o r s. 2 f. d. pi. 1 s u f f i x to verbs: p e r f . s. 2 f.; impt. s. 2 f. a. part. pi. m. verbs 3rd rad. Alaph. b. impt. pi. 2 f. pi. 1 s u f f i x to: a. nouns pi. m. b. v e r b s impt. s. 2 m.
1. -ayn(y) 2. -ln(y)
s. 1 s u f f i x to impt. s. 2 m. s. 1 s u f f i x to impt. s. 2 f.
-ynn
1. -inan 2. -enan
part. pi. m. + pi. 1 c. p r o n o u n . part. pi. m. v e r b s 3rd rad. A l a p h + pi. 1 c. p r o n o u n .
-ytwn
1. -iton 2. -¿ton
part. pi. m. + pi. 2 m. pronoun. part. pi. m. v e r b s 3rd rad. A l a p h + pi. 2 m. p r o n o u n .
1. -ak
s. 2 m. s u f f i x to: a. nouns: s. m. & f.; pi. f. b. v e r b s p e r f . (see section 7 above). c. v e r b s i m p f * s. 2 m. s u f f i x to v e r b s p e r f . pi. 3 m.
-k
r
2. -uk -kwn
1. -kon
2. -akon -ky
1. -ek(y)
2. -uk(y) -kyn
1. -ken
pi. 2 m. s u f f i x to: a. nouns s. m. & f.; pi. f. b. v e r b s p e r f . (all persons). c. v e r b s impf.* s. 3 m. & f.; s. & pi. 1. pi. 2 m. s u f f i x to v e r b s impf.* pi. 3 m. & f. s. 2 f. s u f f i x a. nouns b. v e r b s s. 2 f. s u f f i x
to: s. m. &. f.; pi. f. p e r f . and impf.* to verbs p e r f . pi. 3 m.
pi. 2 f. s u f f i x to: a. nouns s. m. & f.; pi. f.
127
2. -n
-aken
1. -n 2. -an
b. verbs perf. c. verbs impf.* s. 3 m. & f.; s. & pi. 1. pi. 2 f. suffix to verbs i m p f * pi. 3 m. & f. verbal ending perf. pi. 1. pi. 1 suffix to: a. nouns: s. m. & f.; and pi. f. b. verbs perf. s. 3 m. & f. c. verbs i m p f * s. 3 m. & f.; s. 2 m.
3. -an
-n'
-nn -ny
4. -en 5. -un
a. nominal ending for abs. pi. f. b. verbal ending for impf.* pi. 3 f.; pi. 2 f. c. pi. 1 suffix to verbs perf. s. 2 m.; pi. 3 f.; pi. 2 m. & f. d. pi. 1 suffix to verbs i m p f * s. 2 f.; pi. 3 m. & f.; pi. 2 m. & f. e. pi. 1 suffix to verbs impt. pi. 2 m. f. part. s. f. + s. 1 c. pronoun. part. s. m. verbs 3rd rad. Alaph + s. 1 c. pronoun (rare), pi. 1 suffix to verbs perf. pi. 3 m.
u.
1. -na. 2. -ana 3. -end
part. s. m. + s. 1 c. pronoun. part. s. f. + s. 1 c. pronoun. part. s. m. verbs 3rd rad. Alaph + s. 1 c. pronoun.
e-
1. -anan
part. pi. f. + pi. 1 c. pronoun.
1. -an(y)
s. 1 suffix to verbs: a. perf. s. 3 m. & f. b. i m p f * s. 3 m. & f.; s. 2 m. s. 1 suffix to verbs: a. perf. s. 2 m.; pi. 3 f.; pi. 2 m. & f. b. i m p f * s. 2 f.; pi. 3 m. & f.; pi. 2 m. & f. c. impt. pi. 2 m. d. part. s. f. + s. 1 c. pronoun. s. 1 suffix to verbs perf. pi. 3 m.
• •
1
2. -an(y)
3. -un(y) -t
1. -at
2. 3. 4. 5. -t'
-twn -ty
yOlS—
-at -t -et -et
ending for: a. nouns const, s. f. b. verbs perf. s. 3 f. c. part. s. m. + s. 2 m. pronoun. nominal ending for const, pi. f. verbal ending for perf. s. 2 m. verbal ending for s. 1. c. part. s. m. verbs 3rd rad. Alaph + s. 2 m. pronoun.
1. -ta
nominal emph. s. f. ending.
2. -ata
nominal emph. pi. f. ending (with
1. -ton
verbal ending for perf. pi. 2 m.
1. -t(y) a. s. 1 suffix to f. nouns. b. verbal ending: perf. s. 2 f. c. part. s. f. + s. 2 f. pronoun.
-tyn
1. -ten
verbal ending: perf. pi. 2 f.
2. -aten
part. pi. f. + pi. 2 f. pronoun.
128
Seyame).
9. Some Frequent Particles. 'aykannä
d-
+ noun
dlä M
+ v e r b (impf.)
it
+ verb (perf.)
d-
mettol
d-
"
10. Syntax of kull -
"without"
h
+ v e r b (perf.)
+ participle
"
"so that"
it
+ verb (perf.)
kad
ma
+ impf.
"who h a s / h a v e not" "lest" r
"when"
y-D
1»
"while" (or English participle)
9 Jjtì
"when"
+ v e r b (perf.)
"because"
+ verb (impf.)
"so that"
.
kul + abs. = "each..., every ..."
e.g. kul (')nas, "every one"
kull- + anticipatory s u f f i x + emphatic = "all t h e ..."
e.g. kulleh
kul + d- = "everyone w h o ...."
e.g. kul d-qare, "everyone who calls"
129
'alma,
"all t h e w o r l d "
Section 10: Bibliography General Information. T h e following bibliography is selective: it is aimed at providing a list of works which can be of use to the student of New Testament Syriac. Works out of print are indicated by 'op'; these are included only in cases when no later work is a substitute for them. New Testament versions other than the Peshitta are also included for the convenience of the student. Early editions are excluded.
Addresses. Addresses of publishing houses holding works in print or reprinted works are also provided. Note that these addresses were p r o d u c e d at the time of publishing this book (1993).
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New Testament Editions T h e standard edition of the Syriac New Testament is that of the British and Foreign Bible Society (BFBS), now reprinted by the U n i t e d Bible Society (UBS) in the 1988 and subsequent editions; prior editions of the UBS were based on Lee's edition. For a detailed account on the contents of this edition, see G. Kiraz's Concordance to the Syriac New Testament, p. xiv-xv. •
Old Syriac. -
A. Lewis, The Old Syriac Gospels or Evangellon Da-Mepharreshe. Curt Daniel.) [Based on the Sinai palimpsest (S).]
(London: 1910; reprinted by
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F. C. Burkitt, Evangelion Da-Mepharreshe: The Curetonian Version of the Four Gospels, vol. 1. (Cambridge University Press: 1904; reprinted by Curt Daniel.) [Based on the Curetonian (C) MS.]
T h e texts of S and C are reprinted in G. Kiraz's 'A Comparative Edition', see under 'Tools' below.
•
Peshitta. -
British and Foreign Bible Society, The New Testament in Syriac. (London: 1920 and reprints.) [This is the standard text of the Syriac New Testament (Peshitta) in vocalized Serto (Western) script. T h e Gospels are taken from Pusey and Gwilliam's Tetraeiiangeliiim Sanctum-, the Acts, James, 1 Peter, 1 John, the Pauline Epistles and Hebrews from an edition prepared by Gwilliam and J. Pinkerton; the Minor Catholic Epistles from Gwynn's Remnants', and the Apocalypse from Gwynn's The Apocalypse. See below for details.]
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United Bible Society, Syriac Bible. [New Testament prior to the 19S8 edition is from Lee's edition. The 19SS and subsequent editions are taken f r o m the BFBS edition reorganized in two columns.]
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American Bible Society, Syriac Bible. (Urmia: 1852.) [In two columns, the first Peshitta and the second in the Urmia vernacular, op.]
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Biblia Sacra juxta versionen simplicem [op.]
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S. Lee, Novum Testamentum Syriace. (London: 1816.) [Reprinted by the UBS in editions prior to 19SS.]
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Pusey and Gwilliam, Tetraeiiangeliiim Sanctum. (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1901.) [In vocalized Serto (Western) script with critical apparatus; text reprinted by BFBS. op.]
Quae dicitur Pschitta, vol. III. (Mosul: 1S91.)
T h e Way International, The Aramaic New Testament. 1983.) [In Estrangela script.] •
•
(New Knoxville: American Christian Press,
Philoxenian (As identified by Gwynn). -
J. Gwynn, Remnants of the Later Syriac Versions of the Bible. (London: 1909; reprint by Academic Publishers Associated 1973.) [This work includes the Minor Catholic Epistles and John vii 53 - viii 12 (which are absent from the Peshitta).]
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J. Gwynn, The Apocalypse of St. John in a Syriac Version hitherto Unknown. 1897; reprint by Academic Publishers Associated 1981.) [Includes an annotated reconstruction of the underlying Greek text.]
(Dublin, London:
Harklean. -
J. White, Sacrorum Evangeliorum Versio Syriaca Philoxeniana (sic). (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1778.) [Harklean Gospels wrongly called 'Philoxenian' with Latin translation, op.]
133
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J. While, ActuumApostolorum et Epistolarum tam Catholicarum quam Paulinarum, Versio Syriaca Philoxeniana. (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1803.) [Harklean Acts and Epistles wrongly called 'Philoxenian' with Latin translation, op.]
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G. Bernstein, Das Heilige Evangelium des Iohannes. (Leipzig: 1853.) [The Gospel of St John in vocalized Serto (Western) script. Better text than that of White, op.]
For a new text of the Harklean see Kiraz's 'A Comparative Edition' (Gospels), and B. Aland and A. Juckel's 'Das Neue Testament in Syrischer Überlieferung' (Epistles). See under 'Tools' for more detail.
•
Christian Palestinian Aramaic (CPA). -
A. Lewis and M. Gibson, The Palestinian Syriac Lectionary of the Gospels. (London: 1899.) [Note that CPA is called in earlier literature 'Palestinian Syriac'. It is a Western Aramaic dialect written in a script related to Syriac. op.]
Translations. •
English -
F. C. Burkitt, Evangelion Da-Mepharreshe, vol. 1. [Translation of the Old Syriac. See above under 'New Testament Editions'.]
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R. Errico, The Message of Matthew. [From the Peshitta. See below under 'Tools'.]
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G. M. Lamsa, The Holy Bible. (Philadelphia: 1968). [A translation of the Peshitta Bible. Not a very accurate translation.] J. Murdock, The New Testament Syriac Peshitto. (New York: 1851; reprinted Boston: 1892.) [Not a very good translation! op]
•
The Way International Research Team (ed.), Aramaic-English Interlinear New [See below under 'Tools'.]
Testament.
Latin -
Pusey and Gwilliam, Tetraeuangelium Sanctum. [Translation of the Peshitta. See above under 'New Testament Editions', op.]
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B. Aland and A. Juckel, Das Neue Testament in Syrischer Überlieferung. In Arbeiten zur Neutestamentlichen Textforschung. (Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1986-.) [Gives the texts from Peshitta and Harklean, including citations of the Church Fathers, aligned under each other. Recommended for comparing different versions. Vol. 1 (1986) Minor Catholic Epistles, vol. 2 (1991) Roman and 1 Corinthians, (forthcoming) other Epistles.]
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R. Errico, The Message of Matthew: An Annotated Parallel Aramaic and English Gospel of Matthew. (Irvine, Ca: Noohra Foundation, 1991.) [Text in East Syriac characters with English translation and commentary.]
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T. Falla, A Key to the Peshitta Gospels. In New Testament Tools and Studies. (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1991-.) [A very detailed lexicon, including the Greek behind the Syriac and a full reference list for each entry.]
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G. Kiraz,^4 Computer-Generated Concordance to the Syriac New Testament according to the British and Foreign Bible Society's Edition. (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1993.) [A complete concordance with citations in six volumes.]
Tools.
134
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G. Kiraz, Lexical Tools to the Syriac New Testament. (Sheffield Academic Press, 1993.) [Frequency lists and verbal paradigms. The present work]
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G. Kiraz, A Comparative Edition of the Syriac Gospels: Sinaticus, Curetonianus, Peshitta, Harklean. (Leiden: E. J. Brill, forthcoming.) [Gives the texts of the various versions aligned under each other.]
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G. Kiraz, Electronic Synopsis of the Four Gospels. (Los Angeles: Alaph Beth Computer Systems, 1990.) [Computer program running under DOS, based on K. Aland's Synopsis of the Four Gospels.]
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The Way International Research Team (ed.), The Concordance to the Peshitta Version of the Aramaic New Testament. (New Knoxville: American Christian Press, 19S5.) [Gives a reference list, without citations, for each entry.]
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The Way International Research Team (ed.), Aramaic-English Interlinear New Testament. Vol. 1 Matthew-John (19SS), Vol. 2 Acts-Philemon (198S), Vol. 3 Hebrews-Revelation (1989). (New Knoxville: American Christian Press, 1988-89.) [Gives a Syriac-English interlinear on the right page, and two columns of English translation on the left page (1st column is King James, 2nd column from the Syriac).]
Lexica. -
W. Jennings,Lexicon to the Syriac New Testament. (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1926; reprinted by the Way International 1979.) [Recommended for students. The Way International obtained permission from Oxford University Press to reprint this work for sale only in the U.S.A.]
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G. Kiraz, Lexicon of New Testament Syriac. (forthcoming.)
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J. Payne Smith, A Compendious Syriac Dictionary (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1903; reprinted 1985.) [The standard general Syriac-English Lexicon, founded upon the Thesaurus Syriacus by R. Payne Smith.]
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The Way International Research Team (ed.), English Dictionary Supplement to the Concordance to the Peshitta Version of the Aramaic New Testament. (New Knoxville: American Christian Press, 1985.) [English-Syriac Index to the Way's Concordance.]
F a l l a ' s ' K e / g i v e s an English index, and Kiraz's 'Concordance' gives an English-Syriac index. S e e u n d e r ' T o o l s ' for more detail.
Studies. -
M. Black, 'The Syriac Versional Tradition', in K. Aland (ed.) Die Alten Übersetzungen des Neuen Testaments, Die Kirchenväterzitate und Lektionare. In Arbeiten zur Neutestamentlichen Textforschung, vol. 5. (Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1972.) [A detailed survey of the various versions.]
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S. P. Brock, The Bible in the Syriac Tradition. In SEERI Correspondence Course on Syrian Christian Heritage, No. 1. (Kottayam: SEERI, 1989.) [A good introduction.]
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S. P. Brock, 'Syriac Versions', in The Anchor Dictionary of the Bible, vol. 6 pp. 794-9. (New York: Doubleday, 1992.)
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S. P. Brock, 'The Resolution of the Philoxenian/Harklean Problem', in E. J. Epp & G. D. Fee (eds), Essays in Honour ofB. M. Metzger. (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1981, pp. 325-43.)
135
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F. C. Burkitt, Early Eastern Christianity, Chapter 2: The Bible in Syriac. (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1904). [op.]
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B. Metzger, The Early Versions of the New Testament: Their Origin, Transmission and Limitations, Chapter I: The Syriac Versions. (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1977). [An excellent account of the various Syriac versions.]
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A. Vööbus, Studies in the History of the Gospel Text in Syriac I-1I . In Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, vols. 12S/496, subsidia 3/79. (Louvain: Peeters, 1951/1987).
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A. Vööbus, Early Versions of the New Testament. (Stockholm, 1954).
General Grammars. -
J. Healey, First Studies in Syriac. In University Semitic Study Aids 6. (University of Birmingham, 1980, 2nd ed. 19S6.) [Now available from Sheffield Academic Press.]
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G. Kiraz, The Syriac Primer: Reading, Writing Vocabulary and Grammar with Exercises and Cassette Activities. In JSOT 5. (Sheffield Academic Press, 1985.) [Originally written for students of the Syriac Churches, its grammar is very limited but is recommended for oral reading using its cassette tape.]
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T. Muraoka, Classical Syriac for Hebraists. (Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1987.) [Recommended specially for students with background in Hebrew.]
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T. Noldeke, Compendious Syriac Grammar, translated by J. Crichton. (London: 1904.) [The most detailed grammar; students may find it difficult to read!]
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T. Robinson, Paradigms and Exercises in Syriac Grammar. (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 4th ed. reprinted 1978.) [Revised by L. Brockington.]
Publishing Houses UBS edition of the Syriac Bible can be found in most Bible bookstores. -
Academic Publishers Associated (APA) Postbus 122, NL-3600 AC Maarssen, The Netherlands
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E. J. Brill Plantijnstraat 2, P. O. Box 9000, 2300 PA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Curt Daniel 1209 N Hasvell Ave # L , Dallas Texas 75204
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Noohra Foundation. Irvine, California, U.S.A. [Not a complete address; Irvine telephone directory is (714)555-1212.] Peeters. P. B. 41, Bondgenotenlaan 153, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium. SEERI: St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute Baker Hill, Kottayam-686 001, Kerala, India.
136
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Sheffield Academic Press 343 Fulwood Road, Sheffield S10 3BP, England.
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The Way International P. O. Box 328, New Knoxville, O H 45871, U.S.A.
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