Aramaic (Syriac) Grammar: Introduction by J. P. M. van der Ploeg 9781463212124

Citation preview

GORGIAS H I S T O R I C A L GRAMMARS 2 VOLUME 1

Aramaic (Syriac) Grammar

Aramaic (Syriac) Grammar

THOMAS ARAYATHINAL

Introduction by J. P. M. van der Ploeg

Volume 1

GORGIAS PRESS

2007

First Gorgias Press Edition, 2007 The special contents of this edition are copyright © 2007 by Gorgias Press LLC

All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise without the prior written permission of Gorgias Press LLC. Published in the United States of America by Gorgias Press LLC, New Jersey

This edition is a facsimile reprint of the original edition published by St. Joseph's Press, Kerala State, S. India, 1957

Gorgias Press has made all efforts to enhance this edition. The limitations of the original typesetting may affect the final appearance of this edition in some places. Set ISBN 978-1-59333-512-0 ISBN 978-1-59333-513-7 (Volume 1) ISBN 978-1-59333-514-4 (Volume 2) ISBN 978-1-59333-605-9 (Volume 3) ISSN 1935-3162

& GORGIAS PRESS 46 Orris Ave., Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA www.gorgiaspress.com

The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standards. Printed in the United States of America

INTRODUCTION T h e language, of which this book presents an extensive grammar, is a very venerable one. In its oldest form it is found in inscriptions dating from the 9th (or even, perhaps, the 10th) century B. C., while the people who spoke it have been known with certainty from the 14th century B. C. Aramaic was soon written in the Phoenician alphabet and it was not a difficult language. These two factors made it spread from its mother country, the Syrian Desert and NorthWest Mesopotamia, to all the surrounding territories; there it became, if not the official language, at least the language of commerce and of international relations. In 702 B. G. the envoys of the Assyrian king Sennacherib were asked to speak Aramaic by the j erusalem authorities who were on the walls of the besieged city. Aramaic became the official language of the old Persian empire of the Achaemenids, which extended from the Nile to the Indus valley under Darius I (521-485). In the time of Jesus, Aramaic dialects were spoken in Palestine; Aramaic words spoken by Him are recorded in the Gospels, and the Gospel itself was preached by Jesus in Aramaic. Greek civilisation tried to supersede Aramaic in the large towns of Syria and Palestine. Its success was only temporary; in the country and in the towns farther inland, Aramaic remained the commonly spoken and even the official language. The alphabet in which it was written developed in the first centuries A. D. to a pure cursive one, and in this script the language comes again to light in the 3rd en 4th centuries A.D. in the region of Osrhoene, in North-West Mesopotamia. The dialect of Edessa, its famous capital, became the literary and liturgical language of the Aramaic Christians; most of them gave up their name "Aramaeans", and called themselves " S y r i a n s " and their language

ii "Syriac" or "Syrian", to distinguish themselves from the reputedly heathen ''Aramaeans 1 '. Syriac had been for many centuries a spoken language in Palestine, Syria, Mesopotamia, Persia, until it had to make way in most of these countries to Arabic, the language of islam. As a living language it died out circa 800 A. D., although it is still used in the liturgy, and cognate dialects are still being spoken in some isolated villages of the Anti-Libanon and in North-West Mesopotamia. Owing to the division of the territories where Syriac was a living language in an eastern part, which was for centuries under the dominion of the Persian Sassanids (3rd-7th century), and a western part dominated by the emperors of Greek Byzantium, who waged war against each other, two major Syriac dialects developed: East and West Syriac. Fundamentally they are one and the same language, the major difference being one of pronunciation. At Present there are far fewer "Syrians" (western and eastern) in the ecclesiastical sense of the word than there used to be. The largest group are those of S. India, for whom this grammar is meant in the first place. The Indian Syriac communities are to be congratulated on having been given now such an extensive description and treatment of the Syriac grammar by the learned writer, the Reverend Father Thomas Arayathinal. He follows the famous grammars edited in Heidelherg according to the Gaspey-Otto-Sauer practical method. Thot>e who have studied this grammar thoroughly, possess a key to the whole field of Syriac literature. This literature, the scientific study of which was much neglected during the last decades, js far f^rom sufficiently known. With the revival of patristic studies, however, the general interest in old Syriac literature is increasing and it is more and more realised that many of its hidden treasures are still to be discovered. The venerable Syriac liturgy, especially of the eastern type, is perhaps the oldest and most venerable form

iii of Christian liturgy in existence. All this makes the study of Syriac language and literature so fascinating. If it is used properly, this grammar will provide the student with an extensive practical knowledge of Syriac, which will be the writer's greatest reward. We pray that God may bless his magnificent work and give it every success. Nijmegen Holland, September 15th, 1957. J . P. M . van der Ploeg O . P. D. S. Th., D. S. Scr. Professor of Old Testament exegesis, H e b r e w a n d Syriac at Nijmegen University.

PREFACE The present book is a practical grammar of Classical or Literary Syriac, in both its dialects Eastern and Western, to which the ancient Aramaic developed in the first centuries of the Christian Era. In writing this book I have followed the famous Gaspey-Otto-Sauer method, which treats the whole grammar divided into lessons under various topics comprising etymology, syntax, vocabulary and exercise. Rules of syntax are so arranged as to explain the construction of one or more sentences contained in the exercise following. Words given in the etymological portion preceding are not again brought to the vocabulary, nor the words arranged in the vocabulary of the previous lessons are repeated, unless, perchance, when a different meaning is needed, in the subsequent lessons. Examples and exercises contain only passages selected from the Ps v itha version of the Holy Bible, works of top-ranking classical authors and other standard books referred to in the Bibliography to suit the grammar portion treated in each lesson. But the references to loci cited are mostly limited to Biblical extracts, and almost entirely left out in the case of passages taken from liturgical and ritual books. The first three lessons are limited to Orthography. The Alphabet and the vowels should be studied at the very out set. The other portions contained in these three lessons may be referred to and mastered as contexts necessitate in proceeding with the subsequent lessons. To advance with facility, each lesson should be thoroughly mastered before the next is attempted. Each exercise should be carefully worked out and compared with the key. Some sentences may have grammatically correct translations other than those given in the key. Exercises for translation from English to Syriac also have their original in Syriac, which the key presents,

V

T h e manuscript was first prepared using the West Syrian script. But looking forward to the more practical use of the book, the East Syrian script, which, orthographically and phonetically approaches more to the original Aramaic, is preferred in the present edition, noting the West Syrian peculiarities and divergences where-so-ever necessary. For correct pronunciation words have been vocalised and marked with signs of hard and soft aspirations as established by the celebrated Syriac philologists- Mgr. G. J . David, Mgr. A. Rahmani, Theodore Noldeke, and L'Abbe Alphonse Mingana. In addition, to denote the soft aspirate of equal to Ph or / (in East Syriac) in defining the patterns or types of nominal and verbal forms a small dot has been marked at its base, as

waw to mark the vowels o and u and Yod the vowel i.

(7)

introduction these letters are accompanied by signs denoting t h e respective vowels. Vowels are m a r k e d by p a r t i c u l a r signs a p p e n d e d to letters- Separate vowel systems a r e employed in the Eastern a n d Western scripts.

The East Syrian Vowels. § 4. According to t h e time of origin the Eastern system of vowels is previous to the Western. T h e y a r e marked by putting dots above or below the letters. This dot-system of vowels was used also in the West Syriac e^en after the adoption of a separate system. Names # Signs- Powers. Examples. Meaning e h ^ ¿ d F t a~ha - a - A x S'lah. H e sent t

•

e

î - à a j Z qa~pa

*

L

a" «i&x S ' l a m a

Peace

9 Z'la'ma p's'iqa 7 -

e

Z'la'ma Qasya* ~

é

père.

Fruits

i

s'rl

Solve

?ixô

^ j f i nezben. H e will b u y

.» imi. he «wore (partly old e) , : : e e J i o kene- nests

x

w

9*

4-

i r A - ' E \ 6 s o (oosoos) 4 i

?

4

u yoaecuO k u m u n .

(partly old o*) [stand ye. N o t e 1. Observe how vowels are added to letters:— ^ 7 04

(1)

V

ba,

h a ,

9

« 0 bo, 9 01

h o ,

o 1 **ot

*

-T,

bi,

be,

* hi,

ot

h e ,

6

co * 00»

h u .

bu. etc.

The pronunciation according to the Eastern system of vowels is gunuine and more exact. The Western system represents in many parts a corruption - a provincialism. (Vide Noldebe § 9; C J . David and Rahmani. § 43. V )

(9) 2. The vowelsH'vo'so * and 'Es&so 4 (2) m a y b e added to letters with or without the vowel-letters yo*d and waw res4 4 4 4 3 x pectively as o or CL2> b u , ot or o o t h u . j o r u ; ri. (Vide § 4. note 2.) The vowel signs are marked over the letter preceding and not over «• and o as Co» hu, i*c> hi; bp, O.:»bu. etc.The West Syrians weie wont to put a dot below yud to designate the original I, and below w a w to designate the original i\ and a dot above waw to designate the original o besides marking the Greek signs3. In the West Syriac : a) all the Vowels are pronounced long when the following letter is vocalised, as

Ra'bo, l i ^ Te'bo.

b) Hcvo"so x and R'vo'so f, are long also when they are followed by a non - vocalised | or u . Ex. kino-

l i j ^ gero,

kdren

etc.

c) In the East Syriac also Zlama is l e n g t h e n e d f r o m one long vowel together with ( or u following. Ex. Re'ha. 4. In both the East and West Syriac all the vowels are Pronounced long: a) when they are on the penultimate or ¿>) in monosyllabic words followed by a single non-vocalised consonant. Ex. a) ^ ¿ i i i neproq. nep»ruq, maran, mora'n. etc

la"n.

r®

m n

e '- "P*0—

b)

lan,

qum.

R e m . i-

But the East Syrians of Malabar do not prolong

Pt h aha — • and Zla'ma Pgiqa — " in such positions; they pronounce them short as

man; o s a krgv.

Exception. ii.

l^n- etc.

ken: ^ ¿ A c s Batharkgn.

The vowel on the penultimate is not lengthened if more

than one consonant come after it, as ¿ s ^ _ (2)

is marked without o only in and

(§ 6- 3 note 3. f. n.)

kul and

laith; ^ -} r for

(10) v

B'naik &c. ( C . J . D & Rah. 15. vi; but see No. 278 B iii) 5. In both the systems (E. & W.) all the vowels are pronounced short when they stand at the beginning of a closed syllable except the final (Vide 3- 4 above) or they terminate a

word. 9

Ex.

| ¿».-i baisa

boyso- poor; } ¿Av» melka

^

9

melko counsel. p L ) syllables see No. § i0 below).

9

Rah ma } y>

R o h m o friend.

Rem. But the East Syrians of Malabar, away f om the home of $yriac and not in rouch w th the pro^ress'vs changes in the language in later times, generally do not stick fast to this rule of pronunciation, especially, with iegard to zqapa the beginning of participles and nouns of the

«1 a t

form X N N d except

in a few words like jiasb Marya Lord. {.•oiA Alma world, 6.

The vowel signs of the Greek 9

generally above the letter as M c s i h o - Christ, the Anointed. Rarely letter» inverted as:

7

a

marked , 9

i

Malko-king, Jj»aA50 t h e y are marked below the

malko. 6

system are

etc.

Aloho-God.

This in-

6 6 A

version is not necessary for ^ ^ and 4- and they maybe marked as i

9

*

i j.S^.V)

J p a a c i ^ • ). ' f l t O ^ gusmo-body. 6 9 6 4 I melko - counsel etc.

LESSON

• i\ J—!)\V

III.

A. Doubling or Duplication. § 6. By doubling or duplication, here, is meant the doubling of a letter in pronouncing (not in writing) in certain positions. Such doubling has long since fallen into disuse in the West Syriac. The actual doubling occurs in a vocalised letter immediately following a short

(11) vowel.

Ex.

Zakkaya Hekka etc. «« kat tel. Where the East Syrians double the consonant the West Syrians prolong ihe short vowel preceding that ^ in pronouncing «3

• • • •

J

. . . .

wd

. . . •

g

. . . .

(or not) hard aspirate letter JO

. . . .

a

a

A

. . . .

or

.

. . . .

.

(16) Ex

i f c ^ ^ O k e t l a t h . tf?*® k'tha'vin. k e thob h in. etc. 2) O n the penultimate syllable when the word ;: 99 terminates in a vowel. Ex. k'thava. l^As-3 4 9' * y K'th6b\>. »-A» Maike, (E. & W.) M e rah e mo"nut'o. foaiawaao M e rah e ma~nut h a. etc.

D. Diphthong. § 9. There is no diphthong or double vowel, as such, in Syriac. With o or t. non-vocalised preceded by a vowel a diphthong is formed. The diphthongs ai and au remain steady, particularly in the beginning of a word. a)

Dipthongs beginning with *a' J- x>r 7. Ex. , » 7 .: • | 9 7 Baitha - ( A o ^ Baitho- house. Kaisa ) rn > Q 97 K a i s o - wood: timber, ^bo-5 R a u m a Raurao it 9 7 height. tdaa> Saupa p&ofo Saupo - end ctc. b) Dipthongs beginning with a vowel other than X

' a ' - Ex. o A x :

cl^a

s liv, they became silent. x 7

t

x

^•Tio^sojoi

A k k i m l v - u o i a ^ o ^ i A'kimlv I will raise

him, etc.

Note

1.

Zla'ma ~

out forming diphthong.

followed b y

Ex.

is only lengthened withe

k re"th-

I called.

>.«.1*101.1

n e s n c n - he will hate me. T h e West Syrians in such instances often convert

nekh t

mal-k«kVn.

If there is only one non-vocalised letter it roes with th~ g CS w u h the preceding syllable. Ex. -

kt

"av

kh

°"n-

ke t h o L h_ k I l u - n

But if the first of the two quiescents be ^ or

3

!

nr or

u u

preceded bv also goes with the preceding syllable. Ex '

the second

B 9

x

U ^ j

Reh-t"ana. J - » * ^ - » ?

«.IfLafa,

kev-t'-ana,

Rih-t'-ono-

Odourous.

k i ^ - i W

Painsome.

2. No syllable begins with a vowel alone or a non-vocalised Alap or Yod. I or u a t the beginning of a word or syllable is occulted or vocalised with . „ or x respectively- a A * for ek h al for

AaJetc

(Vide P e A l a p and

P"='AL verbs. § 79.)

Lbt t

which syllable.

They_ call

lifiA = 4.

an acute or sharpened s t a b l e

r

f hort vowei Tx""

^

pronounced K a t t a v a - K a = kat is acute The number of syllables in a word varies from one to

five and even six,

5

it

PcYod

.

1

?.sbx

2

.

g j i k ^ . 4

fcLii^ajo

(19) 5. A word is not broken by syllables (or letters) at the end of a line and carried over to the following line. When there is no space for a complete word the connecting stroke of the final Alap or some other letter (when there is no Alap) of the preceding word is produced to the end of the line- as : : etc.

F.

Occupation. M e v a t e l a n a - Suppressor

? \ \ Y r *

§ 1 1 . The letters 5 x\ S ^ o 07 ; are sometimes suppressed in pronunciation. The suppression is marked by a small line called M'vat e lana, (M e b h at E lono W. S-) over the a letter. The later West Syrians began to mark the line of occupation under the letter. A l a p quiescent as the initial letter of a word /; J) is always occulted: n a s a - j — * j [ na~svo- man. ' '

'

.9 9 .

9

9

h.a°yana. M ^ ^ J h a°yono- relative. i

1

~

;.

-

h a ° r o y o - last (m.) haVena. another, etc. (§ 1 5 . n. 1 b.)

• i

'

5l

""

ha u raya h a Vino

a).

_ p a r e s i a - hope, ^»«j* a ^ R o m e - ^aoooi^ R u m i - Rome. etc. o. Final w a v and y o d quiescent not preceded by a vowel, are silent: k / t a l - t h e y (mas.) killed. sMah-they (m.) sent. etc. v*».

j i i i a i Ak h da- at once (only in E. S.

Emmat 1 '-

Et h mal- i ^ i l p E ^ m o ' l - Yesterday. y ^ - Emat h . when. etc.

(20) - f ^ T p ^»^M

Ozin-

they

j&i, med

h

a t h - thou.

suppressed

. 9,

4

lcbhunto, or

'

^¿¿¿ai

p

A

( ^ j o j ^ •

only for the West Syrians:

M e s k i t o ( E . S.

(E. S.

Poor

bought

( E . S.

time,

etc.

only for the East Syrians:

l j v 6 t t a - I n c e n s e . ( W . S. lv^tto).

Z'vito

Z'bVtom e d h i t o - town, city.

itta-J^po

suppressed

|iU*i£a>o

A'zin.

go.

Z'vatta-

sepitta- Ship, ^

Eze t"- f went.

(f.) 5

(f.);|iuLj>f Gazuro-

treasure. •

a.

-

i 1 L ^ B at i>_ d a u g h t e r .

N o t e . 1. U. o orj silent at the end of words are not marked e

by M vat c lana,

a

my king,, q j j k 2-

s

oaXao

M r ]ak''- they reigned,

-^Vyt

Malk-

l e s a n e - his tongue- etc. (Vide § 277. footnole 3)

The West Syrians

sometimes draw such a line also

tP |9 under letters without vowel, as l ! ^ B e ro- Son, selihoApostle. etc. ~ 3- Both the Eastern and Western Syrians mark a small line over the abbreviated form of a word. Ex- ¿jc o = _ usarka. etc.-

etcetera;

( E . S. sJd~) etc.

. 9 x 7 -j-0

ka'diso- Holy; Saint

(21) G. M e h a g y a n a -

OI^C Vocaliser.

§ 12« A small line is marked under a nonvocalised letter, # in the middle of a word, followed >» A J. o q ; by any one of the nine letters- a A. (fusely called

'amlai

nuhra

070.1 ..AaoJL or

nuhrai

'alma u a q o d ) equally non-vocalised, to show that it assumes a vowel, generally — V

or

— together pronounced- Rahe'm-

elain

I Et h rahame"lain-

Have mercy on us.

4. The West Syrians regularly mark 'asoso 6. after the first non-vocalised letter if the second one is wa~w, while the East Syrians give the vowel ? u only in pronunciation by virtue of M e hagyana. Ex. \a**azXi

^ -71

ens uh'un-

\

^

neruzun- y o l o ^ j 9

nesu hu a- They arc (will be) [sprouting,

neruzun- They will rejoice-

4- ,t,

nehuya'n- ^-»OOfJ ne'huyo'n-

let them (f.) be.

for ^ o a i . ha"d h ut h a { t o * . * * h a d h u t h o - Joy. 5. Both the East and the West Syrians mark I after the first non-vocalised consonant if the following letter be Yod b . Ex. Et h ihev- c ^ » o ^ l | r E t h i h e b - was given; ^»¿>1 He was born, etc6. The letter that receives a vowel by virtue of Mehagya~na is not duplicated, because, that vowel, which is not proper to it, is. given only for the facility of pronunciation. Hence in ¡—¿¿^o Mad h en c h a-

East, Dalath is soft.

Exception. - ¡ ¿ i . i * (cons, state) a ladder. 7-

Sembell

»a

9 7 * I j ^ ^ i S a - ^ ^ m

The East Syrians mark the vocaliser under

J i W J ? as

and disregarding the influence of the guttural

M

give

the vowel ~ to Be'th and pronouce the word as deveht a. But the West Syrians give the vowel 7 to Be'th in writing also as h

1 K9

and pronounce the word as de"bhahtuo- sacrifice-

(23) H. M a r h ' t a n a -

¿¿-^aac

Hastener.

§ 13. When two non - vocalised letters occu, in a word and the second of them is not any one of jiojajAsoi. a line is marked over the first letter to show that the reader, without giving it a distinct soundr should hasten to the following one (which generally is pronounced with a semi-vowel,). This line, which unites the first quiescent letter with the second one that they may be pronounced together (as one), is called Mar°h a ta"na- hastener. The t a s t Syrians often and the YVest Syrians always leave out this line. Either the line is marked or not there is no difference in pronunciation. Ex. 9 1 iLf^so M a h V y a - pi ) - " ^ M a h V y o - Theatre. MakVya-

9

}-

y

Mak°t'yc-

Cucumber.

I f J i f l Et'^b'zez- l i i j » pEt^b'zez- Was plundered. § 14. Mar h'ta na instead of M'h'gyana occurs in the following cases:- 1) When the non-vocalised jiiojoJu2ksD.lL following another non - vocalised letter is included in the last syllable of the word : a) On the penultimate letter of the first person plural perfect of Verbs. Ex. k e tal°n- We have 7 killed, - P e raq u n- We have saved, etc. b) On the penultimate letter of the Imperative of passive (especially Et h p e ' EL ) v e r b s (when vocalic terminations ending with N u n are not appended). Ex. ¿.^".¿¿S2 Eddak'-V- Remember thou (m.) be thou v . . -

r. V ^ - +3 - my vineyard. 2) When the first of the two . . . letters is w a V . Ex. Saur'hon

\\

my body.

non-vocalised « 7 y O « ; o »Saur c -

: y ^ hun-their neck, « F ^ 1 naumctha IA^CCLJ naum't h o- Sleep 3) In some isolated words, which are exceptions to

M'hagya'na-

iiaaTofao

as,

M e haim e na-

Ma'm*d h anaA faithful,

U^qiso

Baptist,

MarVtana _ y

«soof^soa Ruv u 'hon- A quarter of them, Canan (§14-1) ^ a ^ J . from Kar'm'la-

Kena'n

Haiv't h a- a beast (to distinguish

life), \iiBL»? thaim'no- South, Mt. Carmel. I. S e m i - V o w e l

¿C.x

s e va.

§ 15. In a vocalised Arabic text the absence of a vowel is marked by a small circle called Sukkun or jasma (9) over a consonant. In a vocalised Hebrew text the absence of a vowel is indicated by the small dots called S^va (7) vertically put under a consonant. In Hebrew, s c va may denote the complete absence of a vowel or the presence of a Semi-vowel. In the former case it is named simple or quiescent s^'va, and in the latter, vocalic or composite s^'va. T h e Syriac language has no sign or name corresponding to Sv'va. T h e term s*va is adopted here for the facility of expression. T h e Syrians, generally, have no distinct Semivowel in pronunciation. The word s^'va is used in this book to indicate the position due to a vocalic or composite s'va. or A virtual semi-vowel.

(25)

Sv°va occurs:- 1) In the non-vocalised initial letter of a word or a syllable. Ex. » • 9 * M - k e r a - ( 4 X > k e r o - he called; J 3 *» M e r a r a - J i * » M e r o r o - G a l l . etc. (§ 10, ii. note 2). 2) Tn a duplicated letter (6 note 4) which lost 9 9

its vowel. Ex. Mekabcla- ^ ¿ x a s c M'kbelo (from ^aetao M e k a b b e l ) accepted, f j o j i (old d a h e v a - Gold. 3) I n the n o n - vocalised letter which immediately follows an elided (rather assimilated § 7) letter E x . j . a a » Mas e va ^ ¿ M o ) giving,

(for

M a t e l a (for

taking, Bez c t h a (for

plunder,

e h

kul t a (for Pitcher. 4) In the second of two n o n - vocalised letters occurring consecutively in the middle of a word , 9 y d e h elftha-fear,i4-i5? ArencvaI Aren c b'o hare. 5)

n e k t ' l u n - they will kill. I n the letters . I O M (§ 25) and

AJISO

(§ 69 ff.)

when prefixed to words without vowel- j-aAaA Tmalka to the king, b c d h a r a - in the generation. n e salle. (W. n c sa"le) let us pray. M B. - T h e sUeva on the first letter of a word is retained even after prefixing ^ o x a with a vowel. Ex. j ¿bo-aoS l a k e v u r t a - for the burial, ¿ia dan e va rek h t h a t he m a y bless, etc. (Vide § 18. 3.) Note. I. s c va has no clear articulation in Syriac either for the Easterns or Westerns except in the following instances;— a) It is pronounced in the beginning of a word when the non- vocalised initial is followed by the same letter or a letter of

f9

^

the same group (organ) Ex. Jsbftd-a Bcpuma. (aipo Q>"*> B e pumo

(26) (not B p u m a ) - w i t h the ruouth, (not I r u h a ) - to the Spirit, mmot 1 ') - to die,

«

• V

9

M c ma"t h ,

T h e non-localised

4-

Leruho.

M e r a o t h (not

led^un- thou shall judge,

B e pa"resya. in hope But ^Aiksosoi (Vide § 7. 2) W h o s p e a k . ' b)

.9

Lcruha, l ^ o j ^

7

1 _ which have a two- fold aspiration - hard or soft- according to their position. These letters, naturally hard, become soft affected by the preceding letter, vocalised or non-vocalised, as the case may be. A small dot put above the letter denotes its hard sound, and one put

(27)

below it denotes its soft sound. The dots of aspiratioa are marked as shown below. Hard aspirate- K.us^aya (E.S.) a b . a d . ^k. i p . At; (W. S.) b. •

•

•

•

g. ? d, ^ k (E. S.)

•

p. I t . Soft aspirate-Rukak'a. v.vv. v\g". a d". J k V * v. A th. s. bh.

(W. S.) ^

> dh.

•

•

•

Note.

ph. I th. s•

«

*

1

1. KugaVa is not marked on A *^^ \ " standing as the initial letter of a word, which by its position is always hard. _ B e ra- son; i - i j - B e na- built2. The aspirate dot, hard or soft, is not marked in East Syriac on the vocalised letter with vowel points on the same sidef - a u i ba"khe. 3. With the vowels t* o o in East Syriac and with all Greek signs in West Syriac the aspirate dots are regularly marked. 4. T h e Rukak h a or soft aspirate of Beth according to the bes 1 authorities was formerly like the sound of m) a seat: throne•

a sword-

lantern

navtali- Naphtaly

savsera-

*

•

Jjcgii R a v s a - winnowing fan. f ¿s^x&d

stone- with the prefix

j

g. a Bavsilta-

pi A"bho- Father. Xba.

,9*. 7

A'bo-Father (Spiritual) .9 4 BuviaBub h io- A frying pan.

Bubia-

JJOCO

Bubio- pipe.

(x) With regard to the pronunciation of Greek words the West Syrian tradition is more accurate.

(37) gu v a - ^ ¿ Q - ^ gub h o- ceiling. •' v

i9* 4 M5«^

guba-

g u b o - pit. garb b o- leprosy.

garva, •. v

v

garba-

gar bo-

gard h a•' • V

garda-

leper.

gard h o- leprosy. t

9

7

gardo- beardless.

, 9 4

H u r b h o - a kind of bird.

?-«?**Hnrva9,

6

h u r b a - h^o-*» h u r b o - desert. , ;

Hesd h a- , 9 0 v, Hesd h o- mercy. Hesda- i t• ^ ^ Hesdo- hatred. tavsa-

.* * •

9

t o b ' s o - goodneess. 9

tavta-

t a b ' t o - good

simsa- 1 Aofu-in simsos jVm t a -

(f. adj.).

treasure.

simto- set (participle) f l>fco£i*-co ' V

i ? 0 ^ k esvsa-

k esvso- stubble,

kes'ta- { > ^ -90 k"esvto- bow. i f/^ 3:. Ramsa- ,( .9 k c ; Romso- hill. J**0

Ramta-

Romto- high 9

tulsa

tulta-

•

4 ^

(adj. f.).

tulso— 14.

tu lto— 3 year old.

(38)

Big Points Nuk ze- r a u r v e

a,

mm

mi

%

*»

T h e Big points are of two k i n d s : - A-) Points marking the plural a n d , B) Points of distinction, which change the meaning and sense of the word according to their position above or below the word.

A, Points of Plural -

? " i

Sya'me.

§ 22. T w o big dots horizontally marked above the word to denote the plural n u m b e r are called Sya'me" Points of plural. 1.

T h e y are m a r k e d : -

O n the p l u r a l of nouns, i - i ^ »

malke"- kings.

¿A, gavne'- colours. 2. O n the p l u r a l of adjectives.

t a v e ' - good,

ke'na'sa- JustExceptions. S y a m e are not m a r k e d : a) on the p l u r a l of adjectives (absolute state) used predicatively. Ex.

1

V r ^

H a ' l e n t/la'ye" ke n i n - t h e s e chil-

dren are just.

s ' a p p i r i n - they are b e a u t i f u l .

b) O n the p l u r a l of a few nouns used a d v e r b i a l l y (in the absolute state) in ancient times. r k u s ' t i n - truly. newly, first.

^-JMani l c k u d h m x n - foremerly I e , a l m i n - for ever.

^-¿Jtojj.i

d ' s Y r u s f n - recently,

lately,

3. O n a) the 2nd and 3rd person feminine p l u r a l Perfect and Imperfect b) the I m p e r a t i v e feminine plural c) the feminine p l u r a l of participles and the verbal forms made of t h e m in all verbs. Ex. a)

Perf. ii. ^ x j j s a

kl'savte"n~ you (f.) have written.

(39) 7

iii.

»

k e sav, t*"?. Imperf. ii.

k e s a v e n - they ff.) have written. tevthan. ¿ t e a r t e p h t h o n - you ..9 . -71 nevthan. nephthone £ k to"l, ..J ^ a ^ D 4. k t u 1 - k i l l ye (f.)

(f.) will open. . iii. they f ) will open. b) (Imperat. . .

k e t o'le n Nil ''

kct u le n - kill ye J

..

9

c) Part. pres. v^V 3 k a t l a ' n - ^ ^ . ^ 5 k o t l o n - killing • : 7v».. 9 ' [(they) xi-^V 3 k at l a n a n k o t l o n a n - w e are kil9 V* [linjBf. Part. pass. r ^ ' V 3 k e t.ila"n. k e ,tiIo"n- killed (f.) ^

k e t lla'ten-^»

k e t i l o " t e n - y o u (f.) [are killed.

N o t e . — In Perfect 3. f. pi. first form (ie , without the terminarion ) unless it be a) P e 'AL of Lamad Alap verbs or b) suffixed with pronominal suffixes (276 ff.) the East Syrians omit Sya'me": (but the West Syrians do not make such a distinction). Ex. 9 a ) ^¡¿ja thev (f.)

killed her.

^aaaii

4. Ex.

kcra"i-

, addarkhon-

k/ro'i- they (f.) called. b) gft\rt k a t l a >«lJOM.a Rahman-

they

they (f.) have sent you. j

O n nouns which are used only in the plural.

mayya- water, d e mayya- price, etc. 5. O n the collective nouns which have the same

from in the singular and in the plural. Ex. : t

(f.) loved me.

,

..9 9

R a h s v a- reptile; j-Hi^ "O no,

..!

.9

7

'A n a -

R a h svo, Sheep

In modern printings there seems a tendency to do away with the Sya'me" on the verbal forms; in old manuscripts sometimes m. pi also is found with plural points.

(40) Note—

The East Syrians S yam ate the three words

na s a - man or men,

|

s c mayya- heaven or heavens,

t a i r a - bird or birds only in their construct and absolute states as But

nasai, nasin, ¿ o * i m a i ; etc. the West Syrians syamate them when ever they have a plural

. . . . 1 " 9 9J signification as J

n o s o - men,

7 I . J.—OOA 5mayo- heavens,

j 9 .7 I f * - ^ t airo- birds.

6 . O n the cardinal numbers from 2 to 10 pronominal suffixes. E x . ^ S j n t r a i n - we two *

I7 i *

^o^L^L

with (m.)

-

t a r t a i h e n - they two (f.) *

^».jt^t.

tlo s a i n -

p.

we three, y O — t l a s a i k u n - you two. T h e West Syrians Syamate feminine numbers even without suffixes, • ..viTi

7

»7

as, four women. Eut the East Syrians mark sya'me" on feminine numbers from 11 to 19 only: H M a ' e s r e - 11, iiraijiiX t'sV'esre"- 19. The W. Syrians syamate also the numbers ending in ^»yraS

twenty,

as,

thirty.

N o t e 1. The pronouns are not marked with sya me" in the piural- But the West Syrians give sya'me" to the following partir v 5 7 ™ cles with pronominal suffixes:— , ^ , ^ ^ or and

® Ti

as

7,.at

y^py*1 W

before their eyes;

7

around thee 1 ^ 0 4 0 w i t h o u t him; y I y o u r T h e E, Syrians also syamate i i * . as

9

tp^yj* _ appeal.

H'daraifc- around thee

w,0)0 3^1» H'dara'u - around him- etc2. If there be Re s in the word, only one dot mo r e is added to that of the Re's for sya'me as i ^ - A -

(J^l^

mau

(41) y

(

laji^-

m e n ; i f t h e r e a r e t w o Rc

••

11\

®

the

additional dot

* ?

true is given to the second one. (m£n)' 3. Sya'me or plural points are generally marked on the middle letters which do not rise above the line. They should never

be marked on the pronominal suffixes. h o n - their kings, not

Ex.

Malkai-

»^ooiuA^o .

B. Points of distinction. § 23. Points of distinction are big points marked singly or in pairs above t h e words as guides for correct reading, especially, when the words of the same spelling h a v e different readings. 0) T h u s , ^iskjc = ykik

s'atta- year.

=

sVto.

itfo* = ¡¿six

svensa. s^enso-

=

• 'Avda:

sleep. »

(

.

,%. 7 1—-. p a j s • Lj-\cr>« ^ Y 7 7 IaA-SlJ . 9 9v . x. 7 J » A^.^ro i

9

7

^

n*

7

9 7 7 pOfXa

,*nri>\ mjjtao »

. i-léjo*

OC71 ^(¿¿S

î - i â i o j Aacuà •

;

171 »

»

*

(46) tv

'

1

11® 7.

. • •

7.

.

>7, V

. 9 9

. ».

—¿OS

ST*3? ,

••.

9 .T.» v otta-^

6

)XO;aâ

X

-71

aC*Q^-Q » Ä I

.x 7 u^xoo

. ¿Âôâaâ

&

OOtO

q^a^

wOja»oà2U oajo

.ot—Xox

Transliteration. Western.

Men 'umko krisokh moryo vasVema'th b e kol. nehuvon edhnaik soy ton lcko"lo dekhusvof: e n h/tahe notar ath moryo ¡rr^a'nu mesvka~h lamkom. M e t u 1 demen e l vo"so"khu s'u^kono sabres b'moryo

Eastern.

Min 'uraka kre"sakh marya vasvma'th b'ka l. nehuya'n ed'*naik s.aitan lcka~la d*khu swap. en h'tabe natar ath marya mannu mes'kah lamk. am. met toi demin I'va sa'khi s uvk ana. sabres b'marya

(*) The initial Yod of nouns and verbs receive the vowel h'vasa for the sake of euphony (§ 10- ii. 2). To show that it is not a re vowel a miniature Alap j is written-over it. In several nouns beginning with ^ in the East Syriac and i s all such nouns in the West Syriac an ordinary Alap precedes the initial u x as, honour. $-¿30*2 _ day time. etc.

(47)

usakya's nafsv lcmelse. sakis lemoryo men ma'tarto d e safro va'damo lema~tarto desafro. nesa~ke Isroyel lemoryo. M e t u l demen l'vose cnun rah me. usagi levo"seh purkono. uhu nefarklv lisro'yel men ku le 'avle.

usakkyas navsv l'melse. sakkis l^marya min mattarata •• d e sapra va'damma l e mattarta desapra nesakke' Israyel l^marya. mettol cfmin leva"seh ennon rah me. usangi l=vase purkana. uhu neparkiv lisrayel min kolle 'avle.

Translation. Out of the depth I have invoked thee O Lord and Thou hast heard my voice. Let Thy ears be attentive to the voice of my supplication. If Thou, O Lord, observest sins who is able to stand ? Because from (near) Thee is forgiveness. I hoped in the Lord and my soul awaited His word. I awaited the Lord from the morning watch to the morning watch. Let Israel await the Lord, because, from (near) Him is mercy, and with Him (there is) much redemption. And He will redeem Israel from all his iniquity.

(48)

LESSON C a s e s of Nouns

IV. ¿ALli* •

i

§ 25. The four letters ^ o ? a (commonly termed Bd'ol), called Map'lasa, are the case forming prepositions. There are six cases for a noun. The noun, as it is, is in the Nominative case. The other cases, which relatively change its meaning, are formed by prefixing one 01 other of these prepositions to the noun in the nominative case. The pronouns and adjectives are also declined likewise for the formation of different cases (Vide § 18-5). i. The prepositions receive no vowel if the initial letter of the word, to which they are prefixed is vocalised. Ex. jJA» + .a = j ^ « -• B e malka. ii. The prepositions ^ o i a receive pt h aha, if the initial letter of the word, to which they are prefixed is not vocalised. Ex. i-iisa = lakhsa"va. iii. If the initial letter of the word is Yo'd with the vowel Hvassa, prefixed receive that vowelBid h a c t h a (-sa)

Ex. , .9

•

•

7

x

h h = ( A• j ^ ^ • z s _ Bid at o v(-so)'

iv. A o ^ j prefixed assume the vowel of the vocalised initial A lap. The East Syrians transpose only the sound of the vowel to the perfix while the West Syrians transpose both the sound and the sign- Ex. J — faaoia Bemra (not B'emra) ; ^ = j - i o j a Bemro. The noil- vocalised initial Alap is occulted and the prefix takes or does not take pt h aha according to the nature

(49) of the following letter.

(Vide i & ii above), Ex.

e

j_±j2 + ? = i - t i l ? d na~s"a- of t h e m a n ,

JiIm.2 + 1 =

l a h y a n a - to the relative. N o t e . — There is no article in Syriac equivalent to " a " or "the"- T h e various ideas, denoted by using the definite and indefinite articles are determined by the context. So j J A s o mean " a k i n g " or "the king". (Vide § 228- 1).

§ 26- Nouns are declined with u as shown below, i. Nouns with vocalised initial.

may

prepositions

Deelension. Case

Preposition.

Nominative

E

W.

—

Vocative

°2:

Genitive Dative

S:

Accusative

Meaning

—

T h e king. jA^SC o { ' O h , king.

* X

-

*

:

9

V

0

7

the king. to the king.

.

Ablative *= : ^ ii. Nouns with non-vocalised initial-

the king. [the king. in, with, by,

,9.9

Nominative

«

1

• . • I»

the book.

•

9 9

¿2

Vocative Genitive

0f

s.s

o(

~ y

Dative Accusative Ablative

. « ., M f ^

•

9 0n ~

•

•

•

Oh,

of the

book. b ok ° -

to the book.

„ 7y •

the king. y

in, w i t h , by the book.

(50) iii.

Nouns with vocalised initial Alaph. Nom.

-

Voc.

)&>o2 ¿2

Gen.

¡3002?

Dat.

-

t

u

r the lamb.

I i i ? : ( Oh!

-

l l » I ?

lamb.

of the lamb.

-

\Ur

-

[ ¿ o r the lamb.

Acc.

ikco^

Abl.

13002.3 -

Itȣ

to the lamb. [lamb, in, with, by, the

N o t e 1. The letter Waw alone prefixed to a word serves only as a co-ordjnative conjunction, as, i - a X » o umalka- and the king. (§ 15. 1 b). The vocative case, generally, is recognised from the context.

The particle

or

£

^¿¿j

m

pru

m.

iron.

night.

ooo m.

J^Ssb f.

{

J i o ^ m-

redeemer, dent.

Fasting; fast.

(p\

f. prayer, m-

Image; statue.

(pi. jxTao) ¿ m m. Holy; •" ' ' " ' Saint.

f- leg. f Spirit. (§ 1S9. n.l b) ^ » b « o i m . Holy Spirit, ' m> merc > ' ( ° n I y P 1 -)

(57) .? » :. (r^--**) ? — m h pad. •u m. Vigilance.

l-iàx c. g. sky; heaven. ' w e . ' • N " (Simon) Peter.

ÎÎjft*

?fs-â>± f. tribe; generation*

m. Glory: praise. m. praise; boast.

(pl.

Jaaoe m-

m. Apostle. jiwo^XjS f- Glory; praise.

Exercise 1. A. . î_»o=>.axi Jc-^il ^ . à i i i v .¡&0&J3

à»

jDo^ja* ¿2 ( 6 ^-isçx

(S

(2

k1

.?aOOD.SO.=

¿2 ( 4 (through a )

. î-xôiio

?3crf,xj

jJA»

jJocjj

(11 ^i.5o2o

5 (7

.^o^^oi jStx-.

iA^?

(18

tf»

J (3

Î^Axio

^ocjXA^ i+ôeri

n o2

o'

î-^*? J

î-iai

?JL ¿zi? .J^oiA

truth.

(10

J.XO^O ^

?Â.o*JUD)ja i-iàç>2j

(12 (14

(Prov.)

Exercise 1. B. I) God of mercy. 2) The Redeemer of the world. 3) The Son of the living God. 4) Glory in heavens. 5) He ascended to heaven. 6) O! Mother of the God of mercy. 7) The Lord of the vigilant (spirits) and (of) angels. 8) The God of all is the Father of truth. 9) s e m ' o n is the head of the Apostles. 10) Happiness to prophets, happiness to the Apostles. 11) He chose the tribe o f j u d a . 12) Iron leg (ie. leg of iron i; golden x 1. T h e exercises in Syriac are to be translated into English and those in English are to be to translated into Syriac.

.¿^txï

(58) mouth (ie. mouth of gold)-, Silver statue (ie. statue o f silver): the reward of labour. 13) A foolis son is a shame to the father.

LESSON V. Pronoun-

¿¿-X

&JLm

Pronouns, in Syriac, are classified as PersonalDemonstrative-

J-iio-iso

Interrogative

?

and Indefinite j-U-Aoo ¿ S .

t1)

I. Personal Pronouns. § 28. There are separate pronouns for the three persons- First, Second, and Third. When they stand by themselves they are called separate pronouns• When they stand adhered to some other words they are called pronominal suffixes or inseparate pronouns ?. mV.,-km . The personal pronouns as well as other kinds of pronouns have two numbers- singular and plural, and two genders- masculine and feminine. The first person pronoun is of common gender, (c. g.) Separate Pronouns. Number

Gender.

Person.

Meaning

-

Separate Forms. E.

Singular, e.g.

I.

I thou

Enclitic Forms.

W.

E.

J-i'f ^ ^

„(2) - ¿ i ? u g j ? ^ (1)

T h e name j

W.

E.

W.

U JC u&Z

*

r ol*

i s not based on any authority.

(2) T h e final Yo'd and Wa'w are silent when the penultimate has

(59) OOt X

uQ* ^ Plural,

c. g. M

'

I. 1

F-

AT

II. Y o u

X

N ^ l

i-O»

•yOiS

f

v

ol 1*

-+esi2 »

>5

\

• yQ-JW

\OSi

Tl

1 ^—wii

is an Archaic form of

^i-» 'we'.

It is

found only in ancient manuscripts and their editions. : , 9 i* Tha vowel ~ or ^ on the initial Alap of ¡.\2 or

2.

is a substitute for s"cva (§ 10 i i - 2 - § 1 5 - 1 ) . Therefore it does not have the value or influence of a complete vowel (§ 62). So the correct pronunciation of the word should be E u na for the East Syriang and E°no for the West Syrians and not Enna (E- S.) or E'no (VV. S ) of the present day. 3. Some later Syriac Grammarians have reckoned 007 : y

5

OOV • i»ot and their plural (§ 55)

as the third person pronoun s

But OCT] and its other forms are compounds of Jar "behold" and the personal pronouns

9P1

and

their

plural.

So odi = oaj + iaj , w.q = w. a] + ?oj meaning "behold him; behold her", etc. Further, it is natural to personal pronouns to be affixed to or inflected with other words in Semitic languages; but no vowel (Vide § 11. 1). mate is pronounced long, Yo'd - as,

Matha'i.

But the Pt h aha 011 the penultibefore non-vocalised W a w and v

7

7

Galav. etc.

(60) oq

is never affixed to o r inflected w u h other words.

(C.J. D.

p . 216. note).

Declension of Personal Pronouns§ 29. Personal pronouns are declined by prefixing ^ a j . In the course of inflexion they undergo change of forms. Prefixes for the diffrent cases are not added to them directly, but to those forms which are used as pronominal suffixes (§ 38 group A). T h e genitive preposition ? becomes A * ? . The first person sing, f suffix ti assumes H va~sa with „^ and 0 . Such peculiarities in the inflexion of pronouns may be noted in the the following tables. I First Person. Singular

Plural

jir

N. V.

I

Gen.

my

Dat.

to me

Acc.

me X

Abl.

uO

çJLwk

we

our ^

in, by, r? with, me.

^

< y

çO

to us US

in by, with, us.

II Second Person. Mas. SING. Fem. N. V. Gen.

1

Dat. Acc.

y

t

*

•

«

i

thou thy to thee thee

(61)

=»

Mas. N. V.

Pi.urml.

Fem.

«^¿Aji

you -7. .

Gen-

V .

Dat. Acc.

„ in, by,with thee.

9

V3

Abl.

\

;

x

. •

4

to you

9

yO

4

Abl.

your

-71 *

you in, by, with, you.

Ill Third Person. Mas. N. V.

Singular. he

•

Gen.

oi^f

Dat.

Of.^

Acc.

ofA

Abl.

"H?

t.oi•

his ^

him ^ in, by, . . with, him. °?-3

N. V. Gen. ^OOJ.^

Acc.

«^¿Of.^

Aql.

sooj-a

she

oCs^f her

to him

Mas.

Dat.

Fem.

Plural.

oC^

to her

oiX her . 9 in, by, with op her. Fem.

yQ-JOl

-71 -71 ^JOI they

yOOt^*?

their

4

yOOV^ 4

yOoii yOOP

\* X+cp 3

to them 7-V ^»oi^. them * in, by, ^ 0 0 with, them

(62)

Note. 1 • The ctj Qf the 3rd person singulars both in the masculine and feminine is silent whenever it has no vewel. Hence js pronounced

dile",

o d i l a

note 1) and footnote 2). But this ool or

is joined to it.

o j j be" ¿fjk ba* ctc. (§ 11

is pronounced when the enclitic

Thus o o j o f j or oofja is pronounced

as be'huj oojojJ^ or oo;-^ as le'hu. etc. 2. Likewise of 3rd p. m. and f. singular non-vocalised Malkeis silent also when affxed to other words. Ex. aj his king, oi'iab mara-her Lord.

k a t i a - H e killed her. etc

§ 30. 1) T h e first person pronoun plural 'we' is used instead of the singular «1' by kings and high dignitaries when speaking of themselves. Similarly, in later centuries (since c: xii) the second person plural was employed in the place of the singular,

, when addressing respectable persons.

2) T h e personal pronouns are enclitically used in the place of verb " t o be" in the Indicative present tense. The' Enclitic forms generally agree with the subject in gender number and person togethea with the n o u n , pronoun, adjective or participle to which they a r e joined. (Vide 12 below). 3)

In the enclitic forxn the Alap of J-ii and the

he" of ooj • ••< : «erj ' •• are abways occulted. Ex. J-i2 J-iJ . I am - :: * 7 5 sr . oo; ^iq o r oot p o t - this is. I am diligent. T h e - W e s t Syrians transpose the vowels of ooi and

uot to the non-vocalised final letter of the 4 9 .7 7 i * .7 preceding word. Ex. oo» yttal Our father is Abraham. ~ 4)

T h e enclitics

oaj. and - o j

sometimes ] e ave

(63) away t h e Si. Ex. oaso = ooj ^jo. o l i i = ooiliab _ what is, etc. 5)

The

of ooj and

is changed into Yo~d

when they are repeated. euoaj = ooj o q the a&ote is; he is. = w.oi - o ] - the same is; she is. Such repetition has a sense of intensity. Ex. - the same is the king. 6) T h e enclitic ooj occurs sometimes as corroborative a n d sometimes as mere ornament yW>fiuo oer Vv ^ .7l A 3 m'S> was

" (pi-

from thee m.

m. M y Lord-, Sir. (a title of honour given, especially, to Saints and Ecclesiastical dignitaries)

i

;kLa s

••

f. soul.

jijjo

vi)

m. hope. 3 f. s. ascended. m-

3 m. s. flew.

m. will,

raopleasui-e.

m. H o l y " • Spirit. m. great; big. 3 m. s. mounted' sat.

2XDO.OD ¿¿OA

m. light. mprotrector 3 m- s. fell,

^iao

3 m. s. became insipid; tasteless.

3 m. s. approached.

Christ the king

himself. (§ 43

3 m. s. met.

3 m.s. divided.

f. part; portion.

Jaqoa

obscure. m. people.

JJUBSO^ m. s a l v a t i o n . rrA.ti

•

b e c a m c

jaAi. 3 m. s. ned; ran away 3 m. s. became strong: prevailed li*x2L rn. strong; mighty. (ka)

f- kingdom.

or

enemy, one who hates.

ji/LsciX m. ^'

forgiveness; pardon.

m. powerful

(he is)

j-abx m. name. 3 m. s. (was) pleased-

(68) ?Lix •

m. true. , truly.

iikxJ

truly.

m.

confidence: hope, f. repentance-

. m

-

u

Pright- L righteous.

Exercise 2. A. O.X

.J^^OiN o-oq

^cn ^¿S32 3 5

(§30.12)

iiA»

q«3L

.

6 oq

¿si2

?io\ 1-ojal

0 * 0 3] 1 3

^

1

. ^ X s o OCTI ¿¿2 2

OCJ

x

N

ji»*

-x>0

•

042 ^

.^aoA.

S

ooj

4

x i i

1

^¿¿32

10 lo

. $««¿^¿,3 "

kx_r t

1

i i ^ o (§ 35. ii)

aii. 20

OUj i i i i

19

22 Ji2 2 3

17

.^jjjjax 21

;Jm.X tMfeo 2 4

1

ji;

Xjxaio

uAo^c

7

oo] 14

y)

9

vo>i2

»

.\oxi3

^iii

¿stA©

H

001 ¿,il

(m

0-0070 * a J J S

(§ 30. 6) ^ 2

wAao^o •

'.1^2

. v*^ ¿siilx

-^=7

(mv)

25 . i^aieuac

ABaik.

«-¡a**

: J-iila.»,

E x e r c i s e 2 B. 1. T h o u art m y hope

.

2. I a m thy son

(69) f\ fA c i j ^J . 3. You are the stones of the field. 4. He is the Lord our God. 5. He converted the sea into dry land. 6. Thou art my king, O ! God. 7. He is the great king over all the w o r l d A i . ) . 8. Thou art my hope and my portion in the world of life. 9- His grace (o^oJuV^) became strong over us • ^ e Lord is thy inheritance (^¿.o&ai) . 11. Thou art the true light. 12. He won (made victory) by his arm. 13. T h e H o l y Spirit met them ( s o o j j ) . 14. O h ! my lord Luke, thou art a wise physician. 15. He destroyed himself by his will ( o j u j g j ) . 16. You are the light of the world. 17. I am the true light. 18 I am the way and the life and the truth. 19. He is the true rock (rock of truth). 20. T h e salvation is of the Lord. 21. H e fell into the pit he has made. 22. T h e Lord is hjs hope (oj*iLao&) . 23. He sat upon the Cherubim and he flew. 24. H e is powerful over the nations his

H e saved them for the sake of ( ^ V f ? ) LESSON

) • 25, n a m e

C ^ '

VI.

Personal Pronouns (contd.) Some nouns and verbs in the Plural. § 33. 1) Most of the nouns and adjectives in ihe singular number (definite state) terminate in p or )_!

servant,

as

2)

i.n»

Most of the nouns

feminine singular terminate in weak.

weak. and

adjectives in the

as i & a ^ » _

queen;

(70) Nouns and adjcctives terminating in j i (no11

3) in

feminine) mostly change the

form their plural, as

final

into J— to

kings; j-itbL. m. weak.

4) Most of the feminine nouns and feminine adjectives terminating in form their plural by assuming a Zka'pa on the penultimate with or without some vowel alterations, as,

- queens. J ¿o.»ai _

widow, pi. jaoLooi _ widows-

weak.

§ 34. The third person plural masculine and feminine, perfect tense, Indicative mood of strong verbs in the P c 'al form. Masculene7

i

:

y •

i

Feminine.

•

' ,

fJ they

•{ * j wrote

•

WO » ^J )

. • ^7 .

^

^

11 y O A f i u :

(

they t

•

;

i

.. ,

r

-{ they 7 wrote ,

*

^ . ' N aaa) yaa 3 m. s. stood. lliiB m. wealth;possession il-^a 3 m. s. killed. }iijB m. grave-, sepulchre. ;„ M^o (his)

(my)

¿¿-2

5

.

o (her) o ^ i o J .

(her ;

(mv) .}xii.=

^¿jS^ j ^ o

^iidg. ?-x=A

a ^ ¿eJuc

(my)

¿nod 6

• (thee)

^iioad

«^¿¿NiS^i

j-i2 ^ O i s . ?_i2 9

(from the womb of my mother) (me) «-»^o 13

¿A

^ooia ¿ j - e i a

12

11 . (my)

10

.¿sSi

^c

J o j A ^ i

(children of Abraham) « ¿ r a j s ? ¿ i a * s oi2 X L* (my door)

^¿fs

7 8

A. a so» ^2

4

1 6 . (§ 43 I I I . )

15

qaal ^ ¿ ¿ 2 .«J

(78) Exercise 4 B. 1. I have received thy body. 2. I have loved thee and I have adored thy cross. 3. My Lord, I have taken refuge in thee. 4. I have not renounced thy blood. 5. Behold ! thou hast done wonders to the dead. 6. We have worked from dawn to dusk. 7. I have not renounced thy cross. 8. Thou hast done my retribution (njoLaod) and my

judgement

my confidence

.

from the womb.

9- Thou ar^ 10- I have

loved, O Lord, the service of thy house cjAotspxN). 11. I have heard the counsel of many. 12- I was dumb and I did not open rnv mouth. 13- All the beast(s) of the woods are mine («.oj i A « ? . 14. I did not forsake ¿ S ) thy commandment. 15. You are the childreu of the Lord, your God. 16. I have loved juctice.

LESSON Pronominal Suffixes.

VIII. ¿¿c.x &JLM

§ 38. Pronominal suffixes or Inseparate pronouns or Suffixed pronouns are pronominal forms which depend upon other words for their existence. Hence they are also called Dependent pronouns, while the separate pronouns are called Independent pronouns. Their sense differs according to the nature of the wordnoun, verb or particle- to which they are suffixed:i) Pronominal suffixes are added to nouns to denote possession: Ex- oj- + J = OJJ¿so his book; Your reward. ii) Pronominal suffixes are added to verbs as objects: Ex. e>. + Ai^o = he killed him. (Vide § 276 ff.) ' '

(79) i i i ) Pronominal suffixes are added to particles to denote their relation to the noun or pronoun for which they stand. Ex. + oowXJ =

;

js.^»

.

- thou alone.

- T o thee alone have

I sinned.

The Pronominal Suffixes added to nouns and particles. § 32. and

T h e p r o n o m i n a l suffixes addad

to nouns

particles may be grouped into t w o : a)

T h e suffixes

(not

a d d e d to nouns ending

in the " D e f i n i t e state". The

b) (and

suffixes

added

(§ 228

to nouns

in ¡JL

ff). ending

in

in the Definite state. jV. B -

Pronominal

snffixes

foreign nouns like

are

_ «.sue ¿07

which h a v e not been naturalised

not

added

_ ^¿».¿an

to etc.

into Syriac.

Group A. Person. Gender-

I.

n (-4.

> I F (.

III.

< 1F 1

9 T- v T\ uJD —

M.

Plural.

>••»•

u

c af II.

Singular.

•71 c*_

7

my

>

r

«

-{ thy I «7 ^ o?-r 1

his

V

. it

vOO)

K

171

•

ov—

t?

her

^-.o»

our

. N

r

•^ (

VOO]

your ^

r < their 1 I

I.

II.

+

jjj

t ~

M.

uota—

x

'

thev v *

' \—rj

:

his

\

0
* ¿ 5 f t a m y chair, y k a - í & á a ^ your chair

¿

y

„

«

4.

„

4.

x

•

'

etC

„

(see iv. 2 below)

c) In triliteral nouns ending in t—» preceded by a non-vocalised letter and beginning with a letter vocalised -

_

,

the vowel

d on the initial is produced when I s. suffix u.¡ which remains

silent, is added. E x . E. S.

m

vv. s .

- thonght- ^ i i

, 9 1\

„

R e ' n - my thought; ?

„

:

^ IH y a ^ j ;

sooj-ijj

^ I , i y o o ^ t

* iii.

etc.

I n triliteral nouns o f the form y Z - X x j (§ 101) termin-

ating in a strong letter other than the feminine or the penultimate non-vocalised

the

letter receives —

(or ~

second y if

the final letter is a gultural, or R'es* § 3 note 2) when consonantal suffixes are added. E x . * ' i , m. friend J S S » learmd man; teacher
»£L© i «

v^

!^®

0

their.

„

etc.

Exceptions.

1. T o such nouns suffixes are sometimes l added regularly; as in §40 Ex. ^¿.aaa—li your friend. Job, 6- 27. 2. Consonantal suffixes are added of a vowel on the penultimate:— to

a)

without

the

augments

seal, ¿ ¡ ¿ ¿ ^ labourer. { j A ^ , bearer, as »^oojsoxi.

their seal. b)

to nouns whose

final

radical is A l a p }

as ¿¿jjo

hater,

•x^aalub. c)

to nouns whose penultimate is w a w ,

as

fcbo>a

status.

«^OOpOOJB . [ I n this last case c) the W . S. has pt h aha on the and it does not stand as an exception to general rules.] iv. Quadriliteral nouns or nouns of four letters nating in the final

initial;

(not

termi.

with two consecutive non- vocalised letters preceding $ J.

assume

Pt ! l aha

y

on the penultimate when

consonantal suffixes are added. E x . X N ^ . g ; m- temple.

i A ^ s ;

m y temple. » ^ A a » ^

:

etc. T h e vowel caused by M e haggya"na disappears in such cases as,

* t

f. fear. { ¿ ^ O . " * 1. T h e penultimate

-

*

my fear. X

Q¿ikZLS V. •

V

receives pthaha— even when one of the wo

n o n - vocalised letters immediately preceding the final f J .

elided or assimilated*

Ex.

(for (for (for

m. thought {

¡s

f

.

word. m.

entrance.

uXito :

^aa^M

uUsXao:

etc.

•yOAfcX» :

«^oo^jLo

M

(84) *J_oije

(for

t-cduu») l ^ V j )

m. exit.

«oaSbii

i f ^ j

O

jiSJaX I

(for J i O t u i ) f. sorrow. t I ' 'V

liGoS(for

f. desire.

or

:

^¿ani» yjai^i

«.¿jaik.:1

„

*

f. height, hill, « . ^ » a ;

yUauoii

J&UC (for f- hour. . ^¿aiOwt „ 2. * Masculine substantives formed from the perfect participle of Active derivative verbs (§131 B. 8) replace the s V a on the penultimate with a pt i ! aha even though the antipenultimate be voccalised. Ex. m m. Master- ^ X m y master- > ^ . etc_ The East Syrians keep this rule even in the case of substantives of this form ending in

.

Ex.

J-iflOfco m. d r i n k -

^fiotso }

•t^o^jflOftA» But the West Syrian practice is regular as stated in No- ii' above: as, •7 y • 7 4 7 u j N I * . ^ my drink; i y O O i J ^ - * . ^ etc. Exception. The East Syrians are not regular in th e personal declension of speech and ¿¿.Y^js tent: roof as

my speech;

your speech»

»^oof^i.»»

their speech, etc. .„ V S \ »

™y

roof. etc. 7

7

.n^xivi y

?

J ^ j o v.

roof

*-

^co^Jv^

your roof

their

But in the West Syriac they are regular, v

9

v

v

i tAj^ua ,

7

i ^p^-^o i

\

• ^a a 4

7

J

;

7

The personal declension of } «7

.

7^

as," v

„

7

7

i ^ X X ^ s o

A~va:

&J . • « 4 . 7 M. Jjcws? i+Q^t thy father, \ o o a . s 2 _ . q S q a } your V A '. -£.7 ^ 4> ' 7 F . ^ . ^ l „ „ ^ ^ f l - ^ C L s t „ „ • • . . ; ¿.7 , . 4- 4. . 7 M, _ ^OiCj^l his father. *\00]&j J _ yOO*OJ& ( ~~ * their father. r- ' 4 F. a j a J ! _ ;

2

.9!

-

in-law,

J7

'

her father. -

my father-in-law.

•»> * i 7 - ^01001 „

4,7 uOia* [ M - . yp

„

brother, etc. thy

father-

etc.

receives 1V

4

my brother.

§ 41.

ujt {-

•

ANOMALIES, !,

Pt a"h a •

my

i. T h e taw

&

of

- place)

~ 7 when I. S- ^ is suffixed as « ¿isi 1 *

place.

ii. a) i_iisb - Lord (usedof God and Christ only)

(86; loses the final

when suffixes are added.

words, f-iisb does not have personal

In other • if declension;

Lord (used of God and man), which has regular personal declension as - . i i my Lord,

thy Lord «soojia»

their Lord. etc. is used as its substitute, b)

Just as the word i—ia» - L o r d - does not admit

possessive suffixes it does not govern a noun in the possessive (genitive) case. In such cases takes its place. Ex. so ^¿Mwba | a i _ T h e Lord of our death and o f our life (§ 233. B 3). There are a few exceptions to this rule in Ps^itta and in the writings of some ancient authors. Ex. j i k oj^aa J i i i _ T h e Lord of all the work. (Wisdom 13.9.)

jiii

Jrij^ii

.

There is

one God, the Lord of all. (Meliton. spic. syr. p. 27.) 11 ® ^ T iii. The wevel of i f ^ ? ^ " j o y " , {¿a-*-** beast (E-S. ¿¿oTJ. is regular), and ^1 * of l ^ X d « - " f a b l e " * * • *• .« are marked only for the sake euphony. Hence, with consonantal suffixes their penultimate (waw or y o d ) assumes Ptha~h a 7 as in 40- I V . above. ExfaozJ*:

u.k\03l» my j o y ,

your j o y , N 0 0 1 ^ ® ^ my beast-

^iSo^i

their joy.

thy joy, a Aetc. t liXt-i* *

^ ¿ c l ^ thy beast. (E. S.

their beast etc.

:

•

«.iS^-ox my fable.

_ 7?

yo^i-o^* ojis^oJC

his fable; «^¿ais^oJC your fable, ^ooj&^oj: their fable. etc.

But ^¿a&^ojc : ^ o q i a «

rarely

(with h c vasa) are

also

found.

iv. With consonantal suffixes the penultimate may or may not take Ptha~h a in the following nouns:f.

maid-servant. (¿sa-i. f. end.

f. wrath, ( a ^

(87) f.

care,

(W. S.

(J^l^mv)

f. Poor.

{¿'^L) *

i^M®

f. troop,

f. Church.

f- ship;

f. city, iiSii f.

ti^f**»

f. treasure, court, etc.

Ex.

^ a a ^ i or vaa&aoi your maid- servant, «^oo^a^. or your

Church.

treasure;

»^exT]^»*!» or ^oojAao^ia

or »yOojiM-^» their city.

their

etc.

v. - daughter with I. S. and i ^ - a ^ - g o o d (subst.) with other consonantal suffixes assume P t V h a on the penultimate. The former also gives away the vowel -f- 7 on the first letter when I. S, .e»x2u

Commemo-

f. l i k e n e s s , pi-

r a i s e d , i. s. I w i l l r a i s e . , , . 1 m . s. h e h a s r a i s e d ;

-p*s2 3

m.

time.

fJuj m. weapon. auL m. f. one. Jjtw m. love; charity, f. see thou. - «. thou (m.j wilt see or » she will see. '* m- power; strength.

(92)

^-I'o^m

m our sinsi f. wisdom.

jJua*»»

m. propitiator.

¿¿Lao 3 f. s. she died,

m, wine.

^XkW we die. i

fBoxM. m. liberation; safety. m. dew. m. boy; child. yi V. y 3 m. s. wronged, deceived. ¿¿¿^o* m. doctrine; learning

jLsisoob

m. protector. m. lifter up; one who lifts up or exalts, f. portion, f. mistress.

m. honourable. 3 m. s. honoured; or honour thou. m.

m. liberator, m. oil.

H5^-* 3 m. s. sat; dwelt.

He that

m. nature. ^¿Aa

kolyo'm- every day m. Chalice; cup. pr. n. Lazarus,

pr. ^

m. law. m

J^a-?®

m

. director; ruler

f. Gospel.

f. take thou. M*® bfto

f. Inspiration. f. blessed.

. they will praise

3 m. s. he thought.

m. tongue; language. to the century of centuries ie. for ever.

* Noe.

iooj-a he will be.

at first, formerly. sharpened,

n

fights,

3 m. s. descended,

m. they wear, 3 m. s. whetted,

I will make sit on (m.)

*ix*cuo m. helper, protector

f right hand (side) A. A:

;

3 m. s. mixed.

^-ju. pr. n- Anna's, i

*

m.

sword.

I have

setj

placed,

thou hast set, placed. Joaos

m

- winter.

?So_aX m> wheat.

(93)

aâiw 3 m. s- helped; Imp. J^loà m. anger m. helpr thou. : m. evening; vespersÎ-iDDçxX m. help. . .. . i . , , (w.31 praised, (they) ,2-jidx m. wicked. /' 3 m s sent 3 m. s. lived; dwelt; - or imp- m. live thou, wx^yc 3 m. s. perturbed. Jiaoix mflight. m> granted. he hunts; ensnares. f. hear thou. '

t

6sos m. hear thou. m. peace. m 1 - am praying. ^ ^ fortress> j L i g m. cunning; ingenious ^ ^ e q u a ] . w o r t hy. f- Cunni ^g e e ® S u ; ity> f. participation, pr. n. Cain. m § e n U 1 ^ * Sabbath. I-Ï-m m. holy; saint. generation; tribe. Pr- n ' T h o m a s m . stand thou. c o m e : th U m. they stand. * ° ' a ain lÀiia pr. n. Caiphas. ^ S ' m sacrificeiLà*. fra cture; breaking, J-kjioa m - sacrifice, eontrition. oblation. . o t. x JÀéi&aooiN f. wonder. / A à 3 m. s. he got ^ •J angry, ^ j u o ^ Thou shalt show jDi 3 m- s. it flowed. me. Excercise 5 A. I .^¿JiszS ikoJ^io ^ » a l i ^ôqàooxà

?Juj

H?

3

¿Jj 5 .iBotai? Ofcôâi*

iii^V

^ T^r"?

4 .s«»-»«?®

1

-»Ssfti. 2

(94) •

m

,

. ^-iiüiájoo w^-pi i

i

»

yÚB>¿io OC] A¿2

g

U.3ÚÓ3 ^solíL ojiaao? 9 . í^iao •

•

Trajea

¿f^ii

^„•iAsó uA^J^á «AácxA

]

10

>

.^

tepjb

12

14

. ¿SÍ¿ U.Â3 1 1

.\óap

ojí^a *

líáab 1 6

A i

18

xX*XaoX*2

•

.

ji»¿2jie

.^Sájosó

13

.

15

. ^i^-aa

phóiào 4JjLd.àuoò

.ctjí^Ó oAfio •vôo]oç2^o váií àâi

20

i «t

"

)*LàÌ

vJÓjbXÍ 1 7

oaj 7

« »

}oq¿s jiSoJC q^oA^ò

,2.N.nN

^

^¿óàti

v"?^?? í¿óá¿

•

#

,

. ^.iS&ájoó

8

•»

,

•

ooj

OJBÍX

«\3¿3

W.Í3 2 2

25

•^à?

v^P

26

. wjAaoJS f i à » oaj èsiïo

.oaiwi

^¿qoçio

. ?

(was)

Jóói

.

«»»i

^ V ? ÍV*^

s^ôqjLiwiaâ

27

II. o)-Â-xk\

ì^ox îçcfi

29 31

?~oáo

o

V »JL

¿F*??? Jóq

36

35

.

J

84 o

Josf» o q

: 32

• o

28

30

•

:

-"V*® ^

^ojji ^koM^s

ft'iòi»^

.«^Äjuso

«^¿oAsoJC .

-vé 1 -?

umÁSS ^

S

í-=¿

. ^ojIXSÓO qjóáaa

33

«v^sÁsaa^

• oj^o^í ( t h a t we m a y be) ?ooja ^-f*»-»

(95) ( I will praise) ??ci 87 38

•

&

^rf*" 0

•\ooiAiLoo

ft™

^

39

wA-iao2 ^.aA-a 41 ojiao 43 44

40

.

w^Mjii

. ( o q ) ^iia

r,f>>no

oflio

ii-j

?SOJ

45

ao-taXl 42

. . .jAiai

^oj^ ¡¿cuoz.j ¿A 46 .OjAjCXtA

qNol'amso cjxg-A eoj iao^S ¿ A a » ? opood 47 . 49

?°J i r - * *

51 . «¿paoa AiL

i ^ A ^ o-xiA^: 54

ii

52

•

r

»

0

48

50 .^-^»AiL

joAjaa »^oodJDo&X Joo}» ¿ A v_»

. «^otA sj-XJO

-i-io^ r ^ A

wA:L»0?

yjjbxj*

rh*-*

tAJLA

Ai. 58

. teoiao

Excercise 5 B. ( T r a n s l a t e every sentence using P r o n o m i n a l suffixes.)

1. My God and the redeemer of my justice. 2. Jesus (is) the redeemer of the world. 3. M y prayer fis) against their wickedness. 4. Our holy father Mar Thomas the Apostle. 5. M y Lord (is) with thee (f.) and he will rise ( - * » ) from thee (f.)- 6. Thy prayer ( be) with us Oh! blessed (Virgin), thy prayer (bej with 7. Peace (be) to the prophets, peace to ( ^ a i ) the us. Apostles, peace to the martyrs. 8, The evil one has by his ingenuity perturbed the judges. 9. Son of God has risen from thee (f.) in the world

(l^aai) .

10.

(96) Thou, O Lord (art) my protector, my glory, and Hfiest u p {'lifter up o f ) my head. 11. T o thee (m) do I pray. 12. T h e Lord is the portion of my inheritance and of my cup (chalice). 13. Thou (m) shah show me thy way of life- 14. Hear thou O h , my daughter and see. 15. In it ( f ) did thy (m.) animals dwell. 16. They (m.) will praise your (m.) heavenly (jisoxj?) father. 17. My daughter has died now, 18. My father and I (I and...) are one. 19. I am thy father. 20. H e burned their church. 21. I (am) in my father and my father (is) in me. 22. I shall build up thy throne unto generation of generations. 23. I shall raise my throne.

II.

24. This is your (m. pi.) son, take (UJB) thy (f.) son. 25. She took her son and went out. 26. T o thee (m) Lord God. 27. I am with him in affliction, 28. T h e Lord is thy (m) guardian. 29. My tongue will praise thy (m) justice. 30. Praise ye the name of the Lord. 31. He will be with us and among us. 32. Their (m) blood flowed on earth- 33. Peace (be) to the prophets apostles and martyrs. 34. t o r thy (m) sake we are dying, come to our help O h , Jesus. 35 For thy (m) sake we ever are killed y day. 36. O ! wicked thou (m) hast thought that (?) I should be (|oojl) iike thee (m), 37. All their (m) wisdom perished. 38. Thou (m) hast placed our sins against thee. 39. He brought out (stiSi) Israel from among them (m). 40. Honour thy (m) father and thy (m) mother. 41, And ingenious is he that (?) fights against us. 42. Boy stand (73*0) and come to me. 43. The fool has injured himself. 44. Thou (m) help (¿¿¡f.) thyself. 45. She wronged herself. 46. Cain killed his brother.

(97)

LESSON IX. Pronominal Suffixes (Contd:) Group B. (§ 39) § 44.

Pronominal suffixes, Gorup B, are added: '7 to plural nouns ending in I T * or fc-: •

1)

i

or to Greek nouns ending in - : I h : P and to some particles. Pronominal suffixes, Group B, are added to stems, which are formed by dropping the final 1) l .

2) 3)

or of the plural nouns a n d 2) - x : Toi 2-.: j of the Greek nouns. The particles do not generally undergo any change with the adding of the pronominal suffixes. Singular

} I C.

j-i.i.3 sons.

kings.

iVrA™ my kings.

"f- 3 my sons,

M.

thy

,,

thy

F.

thy

«

u^lLa thv

-j-jj M. « q o i ^ . » his

„

F.

q a.^-ti her

w.o]oiu his p?»'*'*-3 her

„

„ ,, ,,

Plural

I C. JJ M.

our kings. »^¿alaA.» your

„

r - *^ 3 o u r ,, ^ o a a j your

your

„

r f ^ >'our >>

F.

Ill

M. F.

voc^aX» their kings,

.

their

„ 7

vooju-a their sons. ^TW-3

"

(98) Greek nouns:

-J?^? • • .

covenant.

-

i.a. Amj y =* y =

"" ^qae&i?

-

j-Vfr ,!>.,,^

•• •


.»

I will write-

You

>,

»

W e will write.

Infinitive Mood. Absolute-

Construct.

-

to write-

Present Participlc. M.

(He) writing.

F: • M.

l-s&L

(She)

:^ ¿ a

(they) writing.

„ Perfect Participle.

(He) written.

: ^a-.isa

(they) written

(being) F.

(She) „

(being) ^«¿j.&a

,,

,,

Present T e n s e - Indicative. (§ 67. H. 1: 2). i.

ACTIVE.

Sing. M.

PI. H e writes

x

5

x 2- H e m a y , would, write.

(\o>J$)

They •^

x 3. W . S. •

x 4. W. S. also

x 5.

H e is writing;.

write I -7l .

•

(165) F.

( ^ 2 )

She writes.

M.

write

"

Y o u are (being) written-

T h o u art .... written

M

T h e y are (being) written

or

T h o u art (being) written. J j ^ o

^-i

PI.

or

F.

or

W e write-

Sing. (ooi)

or

W e write.

I write -

TV/T M.

^Aóà*

Y o u write.

I write.

F.

^ - ¿ à â or

.

or

or W e are •••• written.

I am . .. written.

Note. 1. I n the Perfect singular, Imperfect and Present participle the penultimate (ie. the letter just preceding the final) loses its vowel whenever the final letter receives a vowel in the course of inflexion. E x .

( a ^ )

:

tf***

etc.

(afa)

etc. I t so happens in the above said verbal forms and in the Perfect participle also in all the other different forms of verbs (§ 68,) whose stems terminate in a strong letter except in the PEIAL APH'EL, and E T T A P ^ A L of Concave verbs. (§ 89 fi>162. § 168-69). 2. K u s a y a a)

(hard) and R u k a k h a (soft) of radical letters—

T h e first radical or Pe ^

becomes soft only when a prefix

(166) is added (ie. in the Imperfect and Infinitive)- The first radical is thus rendered soft in:- i) all P C ' A L verbs (except geminate § 86-6) ii)

all

PA'EL

verbs- beginning with any one of

I D S ^ A .

Imperfect I.s. P C £ A L concave ( § 9 0 - 7 ) ; and all P A ' E L verbs (§ 131 B. 10). b) The 2nd radical or 'Ain becomes hard only when the first radical becomes soft in i) the Imperfect and ii) Infinitive (as above) and iii) in the Perfect participle when the first radical receives Pt h aha -f- y Ex. i Nek h tob h (v); ii. ^ f ^ » EXCEPTION.

Mekhab 1 ' (v) iii) - Kattib' 1 (v). c) The third radical or Lamad \ is hard only when it receives a vowel in i) the Perfect singular (except concave § 90- 7. 2.) ii) Present participle, iii) and in the Imperfect of Pe weak verbs. The third radical of the following verbs i s - to crucify; a u i ^ - to connect; a a y to press; ' ' ' ), - to divide, as. A^P^S S.elvat1'; tf^g Salvin. etc.

EXCEPTION:—

always stoftj

X. B.— Perfect

2- terminations

»¿S I

*

& , *

•

.

5

^ *

render the final a or & hard in all verbs in all their forms. (§7-4).

§ 72. A few of the strong verbs of regular conjugation have been given in some of the foie-going lessons (under Nos. §31, 34, 36, 50, 51, 64, 65). Some more of the same kind of verbs as grouped under No. § 50 are given below :— A. Verbs that have -f- y in the Perfect and i 4. in the Imperative and Imperfect:— Perfect.

¿ ¿ j to decrease.

Imperative

Imperfect.

ao^j

to examine; to try. "1\>,

to form; to fashion. to keep off; to drive away- >iso-»a A^oq to muse; to meditate. wXaf to sow.

J^oaB] tXoay

^»«W w\oaoft

(167) to reap. ¿.¡¿Jlp to hide;

to cover.

to gather.

JEoJta

„Xfel^l

Moioo

..MO^MS

3 ¿2©

ia^tii

to hold. to mix. to extend. ai© to shut; close.

30&&

to break; to destroy. .Isix to blame.

jroaA.

oaiii* to flee.

J305&.L

»»

JO 0 3.3

wBad 1 to redeem: to saveto pervert.

Ao&SU

w^OAd

to dip; to dye. ^¿.3X3

to accuse. ***

jp.-iru

iaJB

to bury.

>¿033

wdaa i* to persecute. j o j x to leave-, to forgive.

JOO_3JCJ.

vD ¿.AX ^OM

^iSX to plant-

A.02/S

to break open; to rive. &c.

&c

tXoadu

&c.

B. Verbs that retain -f- of the Perfect in the Imperative and Imperfect : ^^V-s to appeal. ^JLa to blossom. to happen.

Imper. ^ - a

lmpf. gi^s*

(168) wd^? to blaze.

wtiSa

• • n

to sing. to diminish. 7

r> >•» to know. i i a to prosper: to be diligent.

àia

a\so to remain. a-ao to think; to hope. iai

IX-3ff>

•v àtm 1 ,1

7

to cross, to pass on; trangress. àdà» •

7

to grow rich.

3 AX 7

to meet ( 0 )

7

7

to open.

3&À.1 II

7

•»•»¿id 7

7

«•¡si to grow hot. &c. &c. &c. C. Verbs that have - , in the Perfect and -f- 7 in the Imperative and Imperfect. (Vide § 51). Imper.

Impf.

Infinitive.

&07J to be ashamed. to conceive. J " ? to laugh at; vT*^ I to scorn. to fear.

V v . ;/

(A . a )

A^a

A m U

to sleep. (1)

The Greek sign is marked to facilitate [the student to grasp 'hard' and 'soft' aspirates.

(169) ***

to become dark. to vanish. to be hungry. 7

7

7

dLal to dress-, to put on-

.XaXaa

to grow old.

7 09 &X

7

T

T

7

7 jail

y .a (NX» 7

to be angry.

A * ?

UU3 to mount. ail

7 was*

to lie down.

7 T

7 tOaJCl.

7

.

7

7

to trust.

Ai^M,

D. Verbs that have - * in the Perfect and the Imperative and Imperfect. Imper.

to adore.

1«

oo^ft ^

Impf.

¿ in Infin-

o o \ tn>

^X^mo

is..

. s i ,s..

^ •

to become poor needy.

oio

to approach; to touch, ¿soia

^¿¿jas,

'•r**15?

aaisx

to k e e p silence.

oooajc

vtso^xi

jsaoso

s

E. Verbs that have -r y in the Perfect and ~ in the Imperative and Imperfect. y ^-aj to buyxaX •

•

to d o ; to make. 7

xaX • . .

auaXi •

ii

..

7 aJb>in •

..

(§ 77)

(170) § 73. There are m a n y strong verbs which deserve special attention because of their peculiarities in vocalisation (A), and irregularities in conjugation, (B). A. 1. There are a few verbs which equally admit or - in the Perfect and assume ~ in t h e Imperative and Imperfect, without any difference in meaning. Ex. Imperative. to

\®/\

Imperfect.

bend; to bow.

to miss-, to err. ^-aa

to p u t on; to gird. a ^ a to be modest; to be ^ ashamed. ^'¿JO to adhere; to cleave to. ;?>a.fl>

*>I>A>

uaaojD

ubbia to be red.

^H^i

«jbsoo

wtasoja»

to m u r m u r .

r-^

r"^**

to be away. Ajj

Aii

to be feeble.

Aia

Aiii.

«-V^*

'Vr8

to

^Vr*

k

Ajjt

SJLx to be w e a k ; humble.

be vitiated.

A^x

Vr*£

Aixj. & c.

2. A few verbs with -r- or - in the Perfect assume o in the Imperative a n d Imperfect without any difference in meaning. Ex. 5yisi

to be

P^S 3.

fit.

Imper.

Impf

to tear skin; to draw, ^ » i e

J^oiiai

to cast down.

«XO>\A *

>

cro

P*

Some verbs equally have

T 3 ®^

&c.

or r

in

the

(171) Perfect and i or -r- in the Imperative and Imperfect. Imper.

a^n «¿j

r-'-1 to be stirred; excited. t o kneel > to prostrate .njLf to shout.

, ASm

Impf.

fa* wo^j

nVU to be like a dog. S < o, to loathe; to shudder.

^f»

^o^f*

-A^ ^Vf®": A»^ 1 1 ^ &C.

&C.

4. T h e r e are a few verbs which assume -f- or i 6 in the Imperative and Imperfect without any difference in meaning due to the difference in vocalisation. Ex. i) or ¿, ^ in the Impery in the Perfect and ative and Imperfect. 1 «a » y

Imper.

to pierce; to lay open.

or

to Sacrifice-

or

¿a** to go round»• to take refuge,

Impf or

1

5 tMjpaa or

oi- 303M J

or

or

or

3 OJO to revolt, resist.

33.S0 • 1 or

303JD •J

to fasten, assail.

or

?

to labour.

or

3 34ki or

303>MJ>

ooiaoi

^ . á i t u or

•

or •

«.ájs to sprinkle.

or

t^ófa 5

jU03 to beckon.

or

jóooá

or

•

or

1

7

1

to seek.

^OBJU

or

s^OJStS

J

or vXÓjiN*

(172)

7 7 3JA. or a

yOtxX**

7A*»

•wV-.•

70.HU»

"p OJS-M

•73fn>.

71m».

TJoAmj to dream. -nK ypjua

»Ju

to recuperate.

to be jealous.

^aun**! to be zealous. aaJui

^Ju

to recover;

to dig down.

aUELu • ' «1 to be ashamed. A¿J^Vi ^

print.

to be immersed.

Ay

to extend. to become long or extended. aoa^s to promise; to pledge.

•

(A. a . J3.1

dilA

to sift; winnow.

«.33^4 to set; go down, (sun, star) tMO^hdi; to serve, worship. to labour,

-Ad A^x

^¿«.u

to

filter;

• T3?13)

till the ground. to squeeze, strain.

(174) to

(^^A) i >.\T

Mftix

uAx

uAi

»¿In

d n p ; to trickle,

to send.

.««SiTt to strip. *

N. B — The Imperative in o ° generally imports a transitive meaning.

B. The following are the most irregular verbs of this group. 1) JO^» _ " t o ascend, to go up", loses its middle radical- ^ in the Imperative, Imperfect and Infinitive, and throughout in the Ap H L EL form. (§ 153. 1). PERFECT -

OAD

H e ascended;

She ascended

etc., regular. Imperative:- m. s. '•tup. f. s. «•»«4 Ascend thou; :aai

m- pi.

? f • pi-

:

Ascend ye.

IMPERFECT-

III ^^ I

M.

vjacu he will ascend, vo-tuai They will ascend ."' ; "

F.

MSDCS S h e

M. -

Mats Thou wilt „ » »

F

C.

„

„

^MU

\oaa>ts You will ascend » » „

usrpi I will ascend cons

Infinitive Abs. Present participle. uA® _ Perfect participle.

,,

-

ouiu We will ascend to ascend. etc. ascending- regular

uaAi» and >nAo ascending, being ascended, etc. regular.

2) v\ojS _ "to r u n " transposes a to the place

of

the second radical in the Imperative and renders it- 5 silent as

(175) I m p e r a t i v e - m- s.

(ha°t) f

m. pi. ^ o

run thou- f. s. ^ S o j run thou.

- run ye. f. pi.

:

In other forms the conjugation of Perfect-

^ o j a He

Imperfect-

ran.

73 is regular.

She

^ q i j he will run. •.oJ^srpjS

Infinitive- A b s .

run ye.

ran-

you ran. etc. She will run. you will run. etc.

cons-

to *

•

run-

'

Participle present (only) m. ^07 S f. £ o | 3 etc. running. 3) bristle" TTT 111

~X

T

M. FM.

a a l o - " t o become lean or ontracted, to shrink, retains ¡> i n

Perfect, as.

a ¿Ao he became lean. ^ ¿ ¿ ¿ d She

„

„

¿¿oda Thou „

s,

p. j

the

„

„

: o? »»

c. I became lean, ^ i - i ^ s o a o T h e other forms are regular. Imperatives ^ i A a etc. Imperfect-

became Llean ,,

are

(come)

f

'

: ja^o

etc.

gray".

conjugated

also is very rarely found-

like

"t0 >=fsa

be

because

But there is no tradi-

tion Eastern or Western to support the falling away of R e s h . (Noldeke, § 185. 3 note I ) .

(176)

their final Alap is considered to be strong. (§ 70 B, note 1). l i s r & i i a La :02xo etc. only in the Perfect. Part. Passive of P A ' E L form as, Jiobo gray also is in useis not generally used in P E< AL form. tti

5) _ «to find out", " t o be able 1 ' retains * as initial in the Perfect and Imperative. In the Infinitive and Present participle the Alap of the initial 2 is replaced by 7» as in A P I I ' E L . In the Imperfect it is replaced by the prefixes M2. 2 initial is entirely left out in the Perfect participle. PERFECT.

Singular.

I

M. F.

— h e found. she „

M.

y ° u (thou)

C.

• " »> >1 ^-r^** I found.

Plural.

^ 0 - 0 - 4 * 2 they found. ^.r^ojcj; „ « ^ 0 y o u V ; . •• ^i-

,,

»» 5» We found.

IMPERRATIVE.

Sing. M. —4x2 Find thou. pi. «^0:0-4*2 Find ye. F. »«*«a.x2

,,

: w>wa*2

n

IMPERFECT.

JJJ M. F. II I

M. F. c.

-4*» he will She

find. „

they will find.

^iixi

«OJ^ You (thou) You will find v " , < •• ,, ,, -MAJC^S v***aJEX - 4 * $ I will find. V-OJC4 We will find.

(177) Infinitive. Abs. o»»3Xn . Cons. Present participle. Sing. PI.

M.

finding.

p.

„

M.

rf

© t o find. Prefect participle. found

(being)

„

»

§ 74. It has been stated above (§ 70 R. n. 2) that the A i n - A l a p and A i n - W a w verbs whose middle radical does not fall away in the course of inflexion are conjugated as strong verbs. They are very few in number. i) All the 'Ain Alap simple verbs have ~

She gave, f. wing-, arm; side.

.

fish. t0

P u t on shoes; to slipper.

silver. ?_io2a m. shoe; sandal, m. forest, pr. n. Aden, m. cot. l-iiw., m- familiarity: intimacy; converse; study; acquaitance; that he may sift you. m. rich; wealthy, o : waid to spread.

seal,

m. leaf; foliage.

m

j j cL

¡sag cotton rag. ^JSLSOX Remission of debts. m. seven.

( ( l V ; J j 3 ) l^oSto wax< ¿ A » i a a (beautiful) garden; Mt. Carmel- q a i i he sent him. X-*-?^; pr. n. Lebanon. oos t o spring up; to flourishto sprout, . 9 i • I discourse; ( J ^ o : \ speech. J. ¿¿JJ to j u m p to leap over, m. ashes, f. i^ruaso f. a n ascent; climb supplication. m. skin. [interval. • i9x ,V m . time; measure; i ^ f t X ^ [ L O A L f. bed.

(181) Exercise 12 A. •^ÓAcrj 8 cxSiJC 5

.quitti .xáfljo a i » 2 .yôqAyia

¿S U.OIO

?¿¿a 13

11

^

10

.?>ao¿

12 ^oJtuai

14 •

16 -ojia

15

17

4k»¿o o|£*Í¿

irV^í^ 'Mj ç-S

18

19 o^aoaLàoô .¡¿ai»

f » -»«J

A>7=>?

iL**.

o i ¡ L.

r^2®'

OOJ 7

.-jui.

.^âa» Ai. JBÓ2

4 .^¿2®

Of^l

9ôà»

1

^

20 •

à^i? odj 21

. ^ » î ^ ^

28 .-Jtgj^

22

24 .^-¿¿».i

. ^ i

^

26

*¿ói

îojV^

qââi 27 .^¿aojSi tfi* 73*0 ^ 28 . ^ ¿ j w-^oi

?¿iá.=

25

80

Is^^V 3

h***

29

(182)

Exercise 12 5. 1, The old men who grew-old in the locality (place). 2. And they saluted him (gj, j Aix) . 3. I ask (for) grace and mercy from thy rich treasure house. 4. The just (man) shall flourish as the cedars of Lebanon. 5. I shall leap-over the wall. 6. They saluted Jerusalem. 7. T h e fishes which grow old. 8. Let every one make-haste and take refuge in repentance. 9. Who will ascend the mountain of God? 10. M y skin has contracted on me. 11. They (m.,i stripped (off ) glory and put on leaves. 12. T h e whole measure of his life has become completed. 13. Jesus brings all to perfection (ie, perfects) by the sign (i-i-i) of the cross. 14. Thou (m.) art not able to spread thy arms (J3ia) and to hold the spirit. 15. J a c o b halted. 16. T h e Jews envy you (sing.). 17. Those who desire evil for me (lit. my evil) shall turn to their back and shall be ashamed. 18. And they dug a ditch for myself (soul) and they fell into it. 19- 1 will not be sahamed of ( j ) good deeds. 20. Sealed (m. s ) with seven seals.. 21. M y right hand has spread the heavens. 22. Serve (m. s.) the Lord with fear. 23. Gain was working ( - A s }6oi) in the field. 24. T h e light that does not cease (sets). 25- H e will sift you as (grains o f ) wheat. 26. He will melt like wax. 27. Serve ye (m.) the Lord with joy. 28. Let them who seek to kill my soul be ashamed a n d confounded.

LESSON XVI. T-S- P e N u n V e r b s - Pc'AL§ 76. P e - N u n verbs (§ 70- B. ii) include the different varieties of strong verbs (§ 50. A. B. C. D- E.). It is the peculiarity of P e - N u n verbs that the initial

(183) Nu n, when non-vocalised, is generally elided after a prefix (ie. in P E T AL Imperfect, Infinitive and in A p H ' E L ) and in the Imperative of the P C ' A L form- So, for example, vxidu " t o start, to go o u t " has the Imperative Imperfect Infinitive » « I » ar >d A p H L E L . " t o send out". (§ 151 A- 2). According to the East Syrian pronunciation the elided N u n , as if it were assimilated, is restored by doubling the second radical, after a vocalised prefix. Ex. uadbo meppaq. ^¿Sh neppoq. wt»ai Appeq. (§ 6: § 7). T h e Pe-Nu n verbs which d o not drop N u n in the course of Inflexion do not differ in conjugation from strong verbs. Those which drop N u n differ from them only in the Imperative, Imperfect and Infinitive in the P ET AL form. T h e formation of tenses, moods, and participles, and the hard and soft aspirations of the radical letters are all the same as those of strong verbs (§71 and notes).

Conjugation. to bite, to sting. Perfect. Singular

I I I M. F. Tr

II I

^

,

Plural

H e bit; has bitten. She „

, r-^r

M.^1) AAii You have ' thou (hast) F. ,, ,, ,, C.

'

Bite you (thou)

F. u & i a

„

V i d e N o . § 7. 4.

„

You

" „

»

Aivai I bit, have ; . ^ bitten. Imperative.

M.

il)

%

they bit: have bitten. » »

We bit; have bitten.

oAaa Bite you ^L. :uAfta

„

,,

(ye)

(184)

Sing, III II

M. F.

Imperfect.

a o i l H e will bite \ ," A&iis She „

M. a o ^ a "

You

F. I

(thou wilt) bite. ,,

v

"

F.

iiiai

M.

a^i

,, f . . ^ Bitten (being) L

Sing. Pi. He is biting. ( \ u l ) ^¿vai They are biting

F. . ( ^ o i ) i ^ a i She is ,, . . . ... M. A-ai or You are biting. F . V*iai J i ^ i or -iwUa You are biting. M. J-i: ^ or i - i ^ a i I am biting. '

Biting.

fiioi

„ » Present Tanse. i. Active.

M . (ooi)

"

PI.

r t ^

Prefect Participle. Bitten (being) v

tm

You will bite.

to

^ (2)

J»

^ ¿ ¿ i We will bite-

Present Participle. Biting.

»

»

AaaJ I wilt bite. Infinitive. Absolute. - construct. M.

They will bite-

„

C.

Sing.

F.

V. s ^^

wiI1

)}

PI.

( ¿ o j or J-iii^ki

I am biting.

( ^ 1 ) ysai ,• ^oMZ You ^isji You

„ • -

„

. • • i ° r «s^ 0 ^*^* are biting^ ¿ o i or ^^ASki are biting. v t ^ or r - ^ ^

We are biting. ^JM ^ i o j or

W e are biting.

(2) Also A-ai : i f i ^ j , but not formed from this verb.

(185) ii. Passive. lli

II

I

He

M.

• F, («01) M.

is (being) ( ¿ j j ) They are (bev bitten. ' ing) bitten. She is „ ( ^ 2 ) v * ^ „ „ „

i i i* » * * I i• You are „ bitten. F. oiYou are ... bitten. M. »Y^aA or I am (being) bitten. F. f.iZ or {.ifwvi I am (being) bitten.

\

\| I • »

You are

,,

\

I t t•

bitten. or •y^c^^l You are ... bitten. or We are (being) bitten ^ or We are ... bitten.

§ 77. A few Pe-Nu n verbs grouped according to the change of vowel in the Imperative and Imperfect (§ 50) are given below. (Vide § 95 B.). Imper. Impcrf Infin, A. Jaài to start; to go out. .a ¿3 ,D ¿.iii« » «1 via* to knock. aòc Ofj* to stir; rise, move, to Of m Ì Aàm wOÀI

Ami

(186) to down.

B.

• A

à^yi to be long; to continue. «.acaj to take;

to hew out; c.

>Sa\

• -t

to receive. to hollow out.

E.

E*Uit

àjd

.doso

to adhere; to cleave to. kSfW

. l*i1e II

to descend; to get down. ¿V Km

(Via t I It

to grow lean; to waste.

D.

• i »1

^ to d r a w ;

to attract. a. Sai

to err. Aii

to fall; to be ruined; to A s11 be thrown. to cast lots. (^MO ^

Aài „m!à»

to shake off; to throw down. Note. feet.

t

I. Some verbs optionally retain the initial N u n in -- - V Imper. IrapfInfm-

to draw out., on, in.

^mi

*

to cut; to slay.

OD QU^

to pour, melt, cast

Tj OJZ>

1 **

»H # ft .B1-V» ' Lta-^i^

CkCU

2 Some verbs (with in the Perfect) have - r - or o in the Imperative and Imperfect dropping the initial N u n , without any difference in meaning. .31 to bark. i •a^j

ó-j

or

u y j>

to dry; to fade tsóA^ or i - a ^

^aV^i io drop; to

flow.

or ^

^ ó ó i or u n i»t it or

¿ ¿ V or d ^ j j

^ aa> I« l

"?rV 0

(187) k•i lAl

to flow;* to breathe j *o j or i• iI

iXL.ii to kiss.

or

1 1 »

J3&X or Jax

• IN

TI M

tQoX* or oixiv

oua

3. Some verbs have -h- or - in the Perfect and i or in the Imperative and Imperfect after dropping the initial Nun. without any difference in meaning. or A i -

A i i or

Jiiii

0r

Ail - Ai»

(Aid»)

to deceive; to betray, or

_

or

¿a -

¿¿¿J

or ^ i *

-

to blush; to be chaste4. Some verbs take ~ or o in the Imperative and Imperfect, dropping; the initial N u n with difference of meaning ExImper. to pour down.

Impf.

Infin.

=2

*

^

ail

to vow; to devote. =«? 5- Some verbs optionally drop the initial N u n in the Imperative, Imperfect and Infinitive. Infin Imper. Impf. " W

¡° lo

disturbi

fOf or t o i l -

7 7 annoy. > . A**i t 0 siftt; to pass through.

. A o * » or I^OMI -

to plant .

or

ro fOp* -

• or

-

i f a

- A-lso or A i w a

ro »3 0 s k i - ^S 5 ?

r0

^ ^

•p.i-1 to blow; to breathe; to respire.•pax i)

or p i x i - T a a » or 7 * 0 * " -

or

6- Some verbs never drop the initial Nun. Verbs with Waw as the second radicalImper. Impfjai

to be restive; to plunge; kick.

fil

jou

¿QA to shy at; to plunge; to bolt-

sol

¿¿aa

ii)1 • p o a j T i r a t o • aaja to shine.

moan

'

to roar

'to murmur-

-ami n • ¿sr^

73^ ¿¿fJJi

Innn,

-pW* ^ • •• ¿srjuo

(188) aji

¿j1

to separate; to dedicate.

** e V*

to glitter; to shine. ¿¿i

=>M£ ^V1^

to hiss; to shriek; to scold.

§ 78. S y n t a x , - I. A) ? is prefixed to a verb following adverbial particles of time and manner. Ex. ajoJ? - As he said, a i x h _ Until I pass. b)

Bnt ? is not prefixed to the verb following

meaning "as if''- Ex. as if they pray. t*-3g as if they desire. c) ? is prefixed to a noun with the preposition ^ or «.a after an adverb of manner. Ex. as to a man (dat-); as a man (acc.). a ship.

J-isuLZD

i as in

as in heaven. In these examples

c

the verb to be' after ? is understood. I I . When the principal verb of a sentence is 1) in the Imperfect (future) or present tense or 2) in the Perfect tense denoting an event in the future, the verb o f the dependent clause in the Perfect tense (especially, introduced by . " w h e n " " i f " ) stands for future perfect or for a tense of anteriority in relation with the principal verb. Ex. 1)

jco?2 . . - i - i i i ToAatis

_ When the Lord

shall have delivered I will thresh. £b y

A

n

d

all those who seek

shall find (at the last day) if they have asked2)

N'v'A • s oer£ o^aiq

OMJBO

As soon as they

(will) have risen they will turn back to Sheol (hell). I I I . a) T h e Perfect tense generally denotes an event that took place in the past. Ex. • H e made a banquet.

(189) b) T h e Perfect tense is employed to denote an event (especially in prophecies) that will certainly take place in the future. Ex. txsooa jab As soon sa they (will) have risen they will turn back to Sheol.

\os3J

V*5?^0

v"?^?

_ They shall rejoice before thee as -they that rejoice in the harvest and as they that exult when they divide the spoils. IV. Personal pronouns inflected with the preposition Lamad are some times (for the sake of emphasis) put after Intransitive verbs agreeing with the verbal form in gender, number and person. (Dativus ethicus). Ex - go thou. cjA . a l l - he started. ojS ^ u j y she ran• [Such use of personal pronouns with passive verbs are frequnt in the writings of Aphrahat. Ex. ¿SJJ

oj^aj

ojA

.

Servitude was f o r e -

told for his seed. Noldeke § 224.] V. A noun of quality or quantity put in the genitive case after a noun has the force of an adjective. Ex.

;d]Si -

God of truth =

True

God

i-iaojoa ¡¿.oi Spirit of holiness = Holy Spirit. (Recapitulate § 5 4 v ) .

Vocabulary. X-laoi m. food. , (jJo^l) m. battle-, -

; adv. adv at once oncT"' . ! V-

TV • m. Divine.

i ^ i thousand (§ 249 B.) j - i ' L a i j m - barbarous; barbarian. ( l ^ ) ^ • •

^ M

* •

1

crown ^

I " I chamber. C

U90) ji^ii " '

m

- King's son; f. palm of the hand. Prince. ¿a Jtoi to clap hand. ?/ ' ¿a-? m. collar. f. coming; advent. he-goat, (Mb m. birth. m. flock, f. fleece.

pi.

f. burning coal, m. proselyte.

;

m. camel.

}-xo=! m. chin; beard. he wins, ¿ i i — m. corruption. l i x O.M m. thought, (f. J^sa-.) m. new. m. sight, (pi. ¡Aob«) Mother-in-law. j ttA m- merciful. m. dust, pi.

m

}ia^

v \'7

»

you wil] ,. ,

))

Sial* " i I will eatPRESENT

M.

,

A*!

eat

JI

>'

we will eat.

PARTICIPLE. ^-A?2

eating

eating

F. PERFECT

eaten (being)

M. F.

PARTICIPLE.

¿ - M PRESENT

M. (oSi)'

!

He (or iseats eating) (

pi.

. 2 : \< or 4-., They r ^ ( are eating ( Th

v

( ^ A S U i She „

^¿i'i^Ul fyou are F. . v t i eating. M. F.

JII

IA?2

L

; i

^¿sil

R

v r i ( I eat or 2 r Ie aam Ung K- H

M. (o5) v - y III F. X3.

x

t, 1,".' m. gardener.

(200)

f. a vine. to think, J.i wBj3 * i f. shield. eu to be or become heavy aL

to increase; to be great.

tea. to be or become green. 5

t

to inherit. o t>e useful; to gain.

2xi

jelk t aau •t» icu 1• '

iaLx

3d2ao

• «

UBS. 1*» ¿S.D.* *

31A*t

vB3 2:0 ^3 230 ¿¿a

ijsto

(206) 2) o i . - " t o desire - to long for", Imperative

„

You died. ** ^ .

5>

C.

SOÎSCL»

,J

V

I died.

*• I JSvjjo

r?^*

You died. ..,5

,, 5>

We died.

In other tenses and moods its conjugation is regular. Imperativedie thou-, Impf. AasoJ. Inf. A»» etc. 2. In the Imperative (m. s.) the second radical or 'Ain is turned into a long o (R e va"ssa- 'As.oso - o * W . S . ) u . E x . 73oas: q u m - s t a n d thou (rt. "pa qa'm.) Exception.-

73.J0 " t o p l a c e ; t o p u t " - h a s t h e

Im-

e

perative and Imperfect with H va"s a - >.* in the middle. Ex. Impert. "p^o _ place thou: «¿0*0» f. etc. IMPERFECT.-

P^OA

H e will place, y^-Jois She will

place, etc. 3. In the Imperfect:- a) The first person singular prefix- Alap, assumes a long Zla'ma 7 (R e b h oso £ - to form; to fashion;

^«s to d e p i c t ; represent,

1

r ? ? ^ .-»¿so :

3

T ? ^ '• ^ s * •

to d r a w ; aog saOgi s a ¿a» '.

(231) ^S - to hearken;

to give heed; to give ear.

- to stand; to exist. A -pja - to stand for;

•po.a

:

-pam,

:

^»¿c .

too to stand against; to oppose

"•a - to take breath.

:

a-t - to devastate; to wander.

: w^kao .

?o.x : oo.xx : s i » .

- \ x - to treat with contempt; to neglect.

:

:

- to repent: to return; to [come back. § 92. Syntax. I. A noun put in apposition with another noun agrees wit that noun in case; b u t , it does not admit the case forming prefix or preposition. E x . I or 2 A i V ; 7a; i » l ^ o u l l mother God.

_ to

virgin

Mary,

the

II. T h e same word or words standing as subject to more than one predicate or clause joined by a conjunction in the same sentence may not be repeated. Likewise a word object to more than one verb, predicate to the same subject, in a sentence, may not be repeated. Ex. ¿XAa T h e Holy Spirit plaits the crown and puts (it) on y o u r head. I I I . When the subject of a sentence is a collective n o u n , masculine or feminine, the predicate may be p u t in the singular agreeing with its form, or in the masculine plural agreeing with the collective sense. Ex. o-Aiio

l

A^A

And that whole herd made place and fell into the sea.

^¿¿A straight

¿jAao over to a steep

(232)

Vocabulary. : m. honour; glory; magnificence. shi f- PJiooi hand-maid: • • servant-maid. (i^i) f* in our face; ' * •' before us. m chest a r k > the covenant), ? -dl-3 because. JfVxj f, weeping. m. sweet; pleasant. i k a j f- (cellective) herd ' P^s) pi, Jisisij :Jfis*aj f. creation; creature, >1.06 David's daughter, Ki s ^ "g' , '

m

- adultery; formcation. .!.! , is? m. generation. ... i .... , m. generations of the world (or of centuries!

^^

^

all passions; all sorrowsm , n o o n ; m id-day

***** ^ Pattern' abs. rjisioi today. ^ j knew , j *.; , 4 .. / Mothcr ^ ^ ^ ^ f. gathering; ' meeting. f rief - e 5 sorrow, ^ Nothing. outsidet

therefore; so then. ^ ¿ ^ i m. victual; food. ^ m . dwelling; abode

A^ f. all sufficient. ' "c , Ji\2 55 Lover of men; ' ' man. Philanthropist. m. continuance, f. Love of staying behind, {una i s & x j aod good bye; rewealth; avarise. main in peace. m. mercy; bowels. f. : m. n ; m. rod , staff; scourging; tribe. radiant; shining. Jadax m. beauty; fairness. m. snare. p&i f. killing the soul The rest: remnant m
¿x+ia • • « m. Near- kin f

' "

'

all the rest. (U«f)

- majesty; greatness

m.

wonder,

^-¿iis m. penitent.

m. devil; dragon. m. race; » ¿ o - a * f- straigtness; course. • uprightness. ji&^j f. desire; concupito make straight. scence; lust.

Excercise 17 A. 3

T3?^ 2

.¿Soi*

^ o o f l a s o o ^ vjS.J» ¿sSl

6 10

¿¿oa 12

.fr'SVi jiaor

,»

a

s

ii

e

s oa2

¿•

M

•

*

^

2isoa

«A

0

1

-jil^

d i oJCod A . v o 11 ^»sLaa-s? 18 i

i

.oq

(234) ¿JSo jaLi áA^ ¿ A

- ' ^ ' ¿ V l®?1-4 ¿ S

14

rç-^f

}»«xL= ^.¿A»; ^SO s^OùOOJQlÓ 15 . A f f l u a O ] ^ o ? " ?—íaáx A i o

18

Jj&sii ^óoji.3 A i . 7330 1 6

A i . B9 ^¿AOÍNJ ipój «O) ^JO 22 • \®>s°

24

c j j 7100 25

í-áo«. y j ^

26

îàftsoij 2 7 . l a b

.

28 ^Aá^

í * ^ ? 1 * ^ M*-3

0J.4 cu»

^Äx«, A a

í*?»30

i^?^^-?0

fcbuJöO ,zAA.a 80

;

ofoóÜ

•jó^i

A

. Ojáá*2

í*aoü03

¿íAoÁ. A\x>

28

^àcb l i

29

K»¡>

JJUua

Jj¿Í2«3 tî^îS ACOMD

MU 31

¡vjsX &2Í ¿So

. AÄ ÀÓU03 82

•

í^ix -p-L q x i VOÚLÍD A a oáj î ^ a i ^ A^Js

38

λôl= á^áo 84 -ai^a-a

fcso^äfiA

85

•pih

^ f o

í i a 37 3S

Aas

- í ^ a o A*» o ¡¿La r a r e

A a

•ifVi . A»* • ^

> > acc

^

^

: ¿JL)

^ proach, reach ' ¿ ¿ » t o fill, t o b e f u l l ; t o b e

•

')

' . ) W

. . A -

(244) t o turn in or a s i d e . ?.ii8

(rsp)

• ^V®

-jy»*

-iV" 1 *"

. ¡uau

. jjuauo

.jii^

. Jjlx»

. Jj^b,

. ^¿ao

t o hate. to hear, hearken,

(kSr^aJL)

answer, t o c o n v e r s e to

with.

turn, return.

^id

to w i l l , p r e f e r ; t o b e pleased ( o ) to incline,

turn

•?•=£»

aside.

t

t o r e n d , b r e a k t h r o u g h , cleave;.io

t o earn, a t t a i n , purchase, g e t . t o c a l l , c r y o u t , shout, sound trumpet. t o call, i n v o k e ; t o s u m m o n i n v i t e ; to read.

iai ¡J*

^

. jjjm

'

' " ^ • "

*

-r ..

*

: ^ '

t o chastise, instruct. t o think

: »

» »

reflect

heed, to f e e d ,

_

meditate.

. •>

rule, govern.

. .AS

¡¿x

J t o b e equal, e v e n ;

sufficient, worthy.

jii*

t o loosen, u n t i e , s o l v e , a b s o l v e ,

. j l i »

^ '

,

• "

«.a*

••

• 1

•

+ Against § 6. 3- the West Syrians do dot change Zqapa on the initial into Pthaha in the Present participle, nor the East Syrians ehange the Pthaha on the initial into Zqa'pa in the Perfect participle of P c a l form of verbs whose second radical is Waw (expressed)- Ex. Present participle. E. S. ?oJC : f i o X : ^ a i : TioJt w . s. Perfect participle, E. S. W. S.

» 7 > (a*

9

i

, 9 9 jjCu

fax •

: jio I

' I

A*j} i - i

J**»

JqAia

2

-J?-*??

«»oa

OfJ

^

3

Jiso^S^ia

. o j o ^ J jixoa

o

^

^ « ^ o v a o jiix J^,

•w.alg'o.a aixxo

cjj r * ^ ? ^

i-»

•°E-) >V'-*> i o o j a OJLX^O wXiomi

¿Li j^*»-ao

¿^-¿jplAr J^ao

1 >

V-ifrp

Aai

«¿W*

. 12

.«yoa^xsLa

-^aJba ajjji

Ji&oJoa .^¿oi

Jiaj

;.

^-jq Sfij^

jin

(263) o¿

^

jbÓJÍ

,t*a?só t t 1 ^ ?

?J.¿á V®0?*-??^

r - V ^

.\óa}ó ^ioá

20

ji^Jo

. «A

. ^oSÂtoi,

JJ3Ó

eoi

soácój

»,óoj*ja\

M ¿ ¿iCT]^ I

"

25

. ,-A î^jçxx

27

a ^ s A ; . 70. 1 . ?, 30

^Xax.

j-áánao

^iajdjoó

.f ojA

JásiioA-a

.vôqÂ.0^

}ixȇx

Jóój

o j iV» íi^a

^aój

,iAo j..\èo

TOLAXÍ

^attlàulo

ooí ¿sí¿

AálsA 33

32

. ^ o c ä ÍS^-ai c j - i

.

. íAaáa

y à\mJ3

^

cjaoaSLs Mi^

:¿JL30

ju oj

29

j ^ j L ^ ?.¡¿At.=

^¿V**

. jÁLÍáxao ¿ A a a

31

16

2S

. y ¿ g ; — 3 1

22

» ^»^»x

.oj^ooój

^äsb «^a»

í-ácLa

23

o à s . - ^ a o A a oÁ.

¿Lcs.2

í^ 3 0 1 -*

: oj.^

^ V ?

I»

s+CSX2o

qjL^L?

{-ixaVo

J^D

«^ócTiá»

A ¿ a *

¡csosl^S

-Asá

TJacoAa

. ¡^-a^j

r

^ôjû.3

19

a»¿a

«^ôcrç^

?

? oí?

qáoj 21

Aox

v

Sf^?-»-^?

18

{ ¿ ^ à

J^áai

.

16

17

^ a ^ a j ú

Ai.

15

¿¿o

â*àx

: fiora oóoj

ai.,

^.LÀì

^j*

3 oÁ 3 5 • ..Q-ca o u ó 8 6 . ) ¿fox

pugjiV. ¿ i á j ^ á WOJOJU:

(264) litTjoi^i

?

a ^sojsj cjj» #

. /tSLaia Japi ^ o

i i S o A ^ i j crjx^ij Jjoi

:

Exercise 19 B! . Go, call thy husband and come ( f ) here ( ^ a o j i ) . 2. At thy manifestation, O , Lord of all, behold ! the church rejoices, 3. Blessed (be) Thy manifestation and blessed (be) Thy feast at which Thy flock rejoiced. 4. Let the church rejoice at Thy festival and sing praise to Thy existence. 5. Where I am going you (m. pi.) cannot come (Infin.). 6. We will come in the morning and we will adore Thee, our redeemer. 7. I will come to Thy house with offering (jajou2) and I will pay Thee my vows. 8. He swore to the Lord and vowed to the God of Jacob. 9. We will drink from the torrent on the way. 10. The Lord has sworn and He will not Ke (j?-^ 1 ) • 11they that praise me did swear against me. 12. I have sworn to David my servant. 13. They that hate me falsely (I¿aoi? have increased. 14. And they that drink liquor have considered about me ( o a i i ) . 16. O Lord, the king shall rejoice in Thy power. 16. Therefore (jac? A ^ o ) my heart rejoiced and my honour exulted. 17. Their last pains shall increase soon. 18 They do not cease from fsinging) praise. iy. They ate his body and then they drank his blood. 20. And the angels, who are (?) in heaven rejoiced in their constancy(pl-). 21* They laboured with him from morning to evening. 22, The angels will rejoice at one sinner who returns from his wickedness. 23. The angels rejoiced in heaven and men on earth. 24- They drank (m.) Thy precious blood. 25. The king will rejoice in God. 26. My humble bones will rejoice. 27- Let Thy (m.) mercy come upon me, 28. Come (f. ph), see the place where

(265) Our Lord has been placed ((001 73^-0»). 29. The Son of God ( 1 ^ 2 i i ) comes for judgment and for scrutiny. 30. To thee, O Lod, we shall come and we shall knock at Thy door. 31. We call upon thee, O Lord, Our Lord, come to our help. 32. Come to out help, our v God of great mercy rV?) 33- From where will come my helper? 34. Blessed is he who came and comes in the name of the Lord God. 35. And again He will come in His glory to judge the living and the dead. 36. The angels who are y?) in heaven do not cease from (singing) praise.

LESSON

XXIII.

VERBAL NOUNS. I.

Nouns formed from Simple or P ' A L

VERBS

X

§ 100. Nouns formed from verbs may be divided into three main groups:A . jio-aJL ¿¿x s c raa £a vo"dha - Noun Agent or Active B.

i-rojci. ¡¿x s ' m a h a s o s a - Passive Noun.

[Noon.

C - ^iiivoa» frx s ' m a su'rana'ya - Noun of Action. The first two groups, A. and B., forming from participles may together be grouped as Participial nouns. These different types of nouns are formed both from the simple and the derivative verbs. A.

Noun Agent.

i?

§ 1 0 1 . S'ma 'a"vo"d h a- Noun Agent-is formed from the Present participle of active verbs. It denote,,, 1

Vide Lesson 41 for nouns formed from derivative verbs.

(266) generally, the subject or the agent doing the action denoted by the verb. Noun agent, formed from the simple ( P ' A L ) verbs are of three (slightly variant) forms. Note,

b The form I

)

_

PA'LA

- (W.S

PO'LO)

of

Noun Agent is the same as the Present participle f- s2.

Ptha'ha third.

T h e form I I

_

X^L?

PA'A'I.A (VV. S . PA'OLO)

on the first radical and

3.

Sqapa

T h e form III

formed by inserting PA"'LA form.

PA"OI.A

o (W. S

4.) Q

takes

on the second and the (W-

S-

PO'ULO)

is

after the second radical in the

'

4. The second radical of Geminate verbs appears in the forms II & I H (Sec § 85. B ) . 5. The Nouns Agent are formed from PE-NOUN, PE-ALAP and PE- YOD and Lamad weak verbs in the same manner they are formed from strong verbs-

Noun Agent - Masculine Singular. Strong. i

11

^

t ^ i

ill ¿ L o A J

Geminate

Concave.

v U

W l

I/imad weak

'^f

» - M j

^io^-S

§ 102. a) The form I I I , is the most common form of noun agent, and it is formed from almost all the simple verbs. But this form of noun is not formed from verbs denoting a quality, good or bad. Ex- ,o»a> - to be red; or •ps.i _ to be black. They may have adjectival forms like l i a o• i - black;, ¡ ¿ ¿ oI b - red. etc. b)

The forms I ¿SJi

and II

7 Si A

are of rare

occurrence. These forms, especially ¿ ^ ¡ ¿ i , often have a frequentative or augmentative sense. Ex. ¿Xx^ -

m. heir.

¿Lei m. Physician.

(267) i - i i - j creator.

witness; martyr,

ijaifl Redeemer. _ ¿J^a

J J ^ S pastor;

shepherd.

a lier.

just, innocent, victorious (man.) Zealous (man) j i i a a Cavalier; a horse m a n ; mounted soldier. c) T h e form I ^ ¿ i is the most frequent i n c o m p o u n d nouns. (§ 263). But the form I I >1^X3 js very commonly used to express an office or profession without any intensive sense. Ex. carpenter, ^ ^ f ^ merchant. d) I n Nouns Agent and other nominal forms formed from L a m a d weak verbs the third radical appears as Yo'd. But ?ifl> 'to h a t e ' has its with i in the place of the 3rd radical. Ex. l&D m.

f. one who hates, (for other excep-

tions see § 107. vii. 5 and viii. 5). § 103. T h e feminine gender of Nouns Agent singular is formed by adding the feminine termination to t h e construct state (§ 230, 231 g. note) of t h e respective masculine forms. a)

T h e construct state of form I.

same as the Present participle m. s. ie. cons, of

J j & a jJaJ» cons,

b) ylXLa and

of

- is the • Ex.

.

T h e construct states of the other two forms— - are formed by dropping the final

A l a p w i t h the preceding Z q a p a . as, SJLS cons, of j.^aLl: «.^¿xd cons, of jJMxd

etc.

(26$) N o t e . 1,

W h e n the femine termination J A. Is added

to

N o u n s Agent m . s- form I — a) if the N o u n Agent is formed from a L a m a d weak verb the termination •

•

» 4

»

in. J-iu: cons.

of the construct state is changed i n t o

of

writing; profession of a scribe- etc,

script; way of writing- etc.

(¿¿j^a) IfiicAi^i- falsehood; he(i-JUaii) ^¡soJCfciu - holiness; sanctity. (Vide § 186; § 167). N. B.— A vatt number of such a t t r a c t nouns are formed by adding the f. termination

to adjectives and concrete

common (rare) nouns m. s. Ex. 3 ¿V.j. _ vv-eak.

Av _ youth_ K.;11g. jo^S - God.

ATX ~ - weakness.

- youthfulness; youthful vigour. jiittcA» - kingdom; majesty; reign; rule. Jisoo^i - Godhead; Deity; divinity, etc.

3. Besides those mentioned above a few detached forms of nouns of action arc formed from simple (PC'AL) verbs a s : — :

«) Pe- Nun-

fait;

b) Geminate -

(IL^.**)

(|ji)

quarrel.

hole; hollo.w.

;) fear; trembling. t) Pe- weak f

i*» 1 * - ((pO^SC) speech; discomse homily. (See § 41. VII)

Likewise in Participial nouns formed from other forms of active verbs also.

(277)

AoZap in. ^¿OaaZsp f. food. (Ajj)

¿Sljlso in.

f. going.

( » ? ) i^tti* m, Jiiiiia? f. (pi, ¡¿¿¿»¿2«) bundle, baking; (bakery); Iiearth. ji.Mc m. § 109. Passive - and predicatively Ex. ^ariL«

f. coming; advent,

Syntax.- Participial nouns- Agent or adjectives in their absolute state are used (Vide Nos. § 66. V; § 106. 2; § 231- g-)They arc weak- -xiLl. he is weak Vocabulary,

m m. the perish- (A-.?) - onef ed; the lost ""' " who f ears, j L ^ i m . a hired ^StW step; rank-, dc ree servant; hireling. . " S ! Pos tlonm O H v e tree m. substance; essence * ' (J®2) ^«wsi f- cure; ¿ ¿ M m. sower. medicine. fpli but; unless.. ' stone. f. b e a d ;

careful; solicitous of ( A i . LÍ¿á**á

.

:¿i¿7iioM¿0

off»?

í-^-ré

¿siais j s a ^ l o

^jg»

T^*® 32

>2^2 ^ ¿ Ä i i p à ?

. l i ojA ^í

fc®?®-*

oj_iaâ ^-IO 2ao5 85

íi-»x

^ » í

«¿sai,

a

pao

^¿_300.Í .ZJÜ >.á¿o «.Jlij»^ V-**

: S

jixií

4 ^

.

jóá.nio

•yoááxi

t_SO3

oaxX

VM kX >

OJaCoi 2 1

^¿MO

AjjDoJS

o oí

• í?!^-?^

jíA*

.jJaji^-»

.

¿ojáóaA.

Jea:¿

. uâ^aXçX

14

1Q

^sbfio ^ V ?

.

-t»?^

fcJüríj^

.\òoyaòià í-ii¿

12

18

15

.^ÓÍLD

Jxoäi

38 V-òyj

.¿"SÓAÍA 007

2atX o o) .söo£ii*»oi

o ó;

34

.«^¿aXa j J S ÍÁiaeúL

^-so í j ü j i .

2Ji£:jA) knew. 24. The theif will not come but to steal. 25. This man is a sinner. 26. I was blind. 27. Are we also blind ? 28. They will be (m.) for the cure and health of the soul and (of) the body. 29- The sower and the reaper will together rejoice- 30. He rose from supper. 31- He left the height of his greatness. 32. Our Saviour promised perpetual (i-iiL X-Sa) heavenly abode (J-jojJ^) and happiness to His saints. 33. The martyrssay to their persecutors: "We do not fear the fire and the sharp sword ( o u ^ l a J^Lto) • 34. Among ( o ) the choirs of angels the Lord will count the living and the dead, who have celebrated thy (f.) feast and took refuge in thy prayer. 35. Justice makes account at the gate (jiafs) and holding a pen in her right hand writes (down) the deeds of every man, and she has no respect of person ^o) .

Passive Voice of Simple Verbs. Exh PciEL —: PRELIMINARY

REMARKS.

§ 111. The passive voice is formed by prefixing the particle to the Active verbs, which are either transitive or accidentally intransitive. Not«. Iis'the altered form of Ai -- "self" and hence the verbs in the Passive voice have a reflexive sense (Ming 117). 2. Transitive verbs arc those which take the direct object in the Accusative. Ex. A t y s - He killed the man. i

"

*

(283) 3. The accidentally intransitive verbs are those which take aji object in the Genitive, Dative or Ablative. ExHe saw him, 4.

— He took care of him- etc.

EThP^Ei. -

is the

form of simple

pattern for the Passive

verbs; and it is called after it.

§ 132. When the particlc A2 - Exh - is pefixed to active Simple verbs for the formation of E T H P ' I L L : 1) In strong verbs the vowel on the penultimate becomes Zlama ~ (short) unless the final radical be any one of (See § 3- note 2). Ex. =

_ He (it) has been written.

+ } Ex.. +

— vS-sifl

was sown (instead of

^XoAfl) ,

(285) ii. Taw (iS) is changed into Teth (*V) ^ 'he active form begins with Sa'de .jN^. 4. = —^ \ ^ 1 was crucified (instead of • *• Jilt»/ § 114. The following peculiarities may be noted in the course of conjugation of E T 1 I P " E L verbs : — 1. When the final radical receives a vowel (§ 69. note 1) the penultimate loses its vowel and the letter preceding it receives Ptha'h a in:~ a) the Perfet 3. f. s.-, 6) the Perfect l . s . except in L a m a d weak verbs (which retain the final in 1, s.); the Imperfect except in Lamad weak verbs with endings in *xo and ^ (§ 94. c. i,ii, iii); d) the Participle except in Lamad weak verbs with endingin ^ (§94. D . ) . 2. In the formation of the Imperative m. s. Pe or the first radical or the letter that takes its place (§113.-4) assumes Pthaha and the penultimate loses its vowel. Ex. ¿ A i f 2 - be thou written - from A a•i •& ,j (i- be thou eaten - from

- was written"

• "-

was eaten.

In the Imperative m. s. of the La~mad weak verbs, besides the augment of. Pthaha on the first radical and the loss of vowel on the penultimate the East Syrians add an extra Yo"d, as, - be thou called- from ^ a o a j - was called. The West Syrians do not admit this additional Yo"d, but vocalise the 2nd radical (instead of the first) with Pthaha y - as, called

- be thou

(from

b) For the other forms of the Imperative, terminations (§ 69) are added according to the nature 0 f the

(286) final radical, ie. without any change of vowel if the final radical be a strong letter; in Lamad weal: verbs the first radical loses Ptha'ha -f- and the 2nd radical assumes Zqapa -i- when terminations are added, as f. s. m. pi. o'ioAi (YV. S. o l o l { - § 6. 3) etc. c) T h e 'Ain or the second radical o f ' A i n - g e m i n a t e verbs is» assimilated into • ' • the firist radical. Ex. m- s. f. s. ni. pi. r ^ a a ^ i etc< *

,

3- T h e prefixes (§ 69) of the Imperfect, the Infinitive and the Participle take the Zla'ma - of the particle leaving away the Alap and the Perfect 3. m . s. forms the stem, to which they are prefixed. Ex. : etc c> Impf. ^ ^ ' ) 4. When 7* or t»^ is prefixed for the the formation of the Infinitive the final letter receives the vowel ° and the penultimate L . Ex.

ajioAio :

c ic

5. For the formation of the participle 7» is prefixed. Ex.

He is written. In the participle of La'mad

weak verbs the final is changed into i-r. Ex» JaoA» H e is called. When f. s. and m. & f. pL terminations are added the final } is changed into Yo'd as in the active form (§ 94. D.). Ex. f. s. I - « ? * » - S h e i s c a l l e d . r n . p l . ^ayBAio - they are called, etc. There is no Perfect participle for Passive verbs. 6. Participial noun (^-IXxiA») is formed by affixing m. l i U f. to the feminine singular participle It has the sense of a a f t e r eliminating the final Alap. gerundive. Ex. jJuaJSaAso m. ¿/CjuaAaA» . f - T h a t which, is to be, shuld be, deserves to be, written- For the plural number change, m. into h and f. int0 .

(287) (^nojJ^-n»)

n o u n of action the f. termination iCx.

is

- to the

-

enrolling;

formed

masculine

by

adding

singular-

writing.

7. Hard and soft Aspirates: i) T h e first radical (or its substitute ( § 1 1 3 - 4 ) is always h a r d . ii. T h e second radical is always soft. iii. T h e third radical is hard only: a) in the Irrf perative # and b) in the Perfect singular, the Imperfect' and t h e participle, when it receives a vowel.

LESSON E T h P cC EL _

I.

XXIV. O F S T R O N G VERBS.

§ 115. Learn what has been said above (§ 111, 112- 1, 1 1 3 - 2 , 114) with regard to the pecularities in t h e conjugation. CONJUGATION. ' t$

•

M

_ T o be written. PERFECT.

Sing. HI

111

II

M.

PI. H c

aS

> u ° has -been F. ^ She, it, was * • . . . . - . » o r has been M. t.

r

'

X : \ a A i ) Thou . ' " . " ' [ wert or ) hast been

0

V " • M A o A i ) They were V f o r have « - ¿ - i a ^ A J t ) been d ' ' < u •CH\ ; -U ^ o f i a t s i & l ) You were •'"."'} or ^.fcJAoAi) h a v e b e e n

* Except in Geminate verbs, whose 3rd radical in ETh P c ' e l Imperative. I w . s.

L&Jkiblp

(§69. note 1).

? ?

is always soft

(288) Sing. I

C

g

-H^baWv:Sh0eren

PI

|

g |

W e

Imperative. Sing-

M-

•••"

F.

PI.

)

, Be thou written.

:o J ^ & f l _ • • • " L Be ye .-¿¿AaAJtj written

v

Imperfect. Sing. III

'" " ' afio^is

F.

• „

M.

Ti

F. I.

PI.

.

„

She, it,

... L Thou wilt be ^aAaAjSj

c.

1

4o

• "

• • • - 1 They will be .jfisaM | written.

.... H

»oiJo^l ^ you

£

I shall be

^¿siNi 4 ' *'

"

We shall be written

Infinitive Abs.

Cons. Sing*

]y[

PARTICIPLE

Being written.

ojioioo^

to be

(Present)

^-a^A*

PRESENT TENSE.

written

PI.

Being written-

J

Singular. M Ill

II

fooj) aJSadoo ^ (Jg\) J j A a d «

F. M F.

"

H e , it, is (being)

written.

She, it, is ( b e i n g )

written.

M l atsAkio— Lb&aCsx thou art (being) written. ' '*•_*" ^Al; — ^Lstetoe r> v *

+ cf. § 65. note I - 4

(289) M. -i^T^^» I F. )Jt2 JjAa&so — JUiAAA.» „

(being) written. ,, v

Plural.

]II ^

n

4

Cn® »)

M. F. M. F.

They arc (being) written. You are (being) 5 written.

r»*?*? ^ jZ

_ ^flofl« -

| J

We are (being) w "tten.

Participial noun (passive) (tfXxi&so) m. s. jiiiNaA» - pi. , .. .. : • / '; " ,

'"

1 Fit to b c ^written or

f. s i ^ i ^ ^ v o - pi. J f i ^ j ^ o j Noun of action

(¡¿aj&JiJ&e)

pl.

S.

cnroiledi

^oojAaAsoenrolment-

are given § 116.below A few strong verbs in the ETh P-'ei. form (reflex) to be mov(^s) to be tried, ed; to turn; proved, examined* (pass.> to be changed transformed. ' v A ) r A - ,o b c e u S : „\acwM to be gathered in to be committed, (harvest) entrusted, to the care Axwivi t o die; of some body. to be buried, to be shaken to be choked, disturbed. "' " suffocated. • t t v m to be numbered, aua*2 to be pierced; imputed, reckoned '' " thrust through. 19

(290) to be carried, borne, laboured, endured, loaded.

to melt; to be ' *" melted: to be Solvec „ f a j tQ b e o p e n c d

( A i . - a ) A x a ^ i to be of- ii-OAi to be buried, fended, scandalized. hidden, to be betrothed, ^ f H to be killed, slain. / • •r.^rt

t k PIro.misedto be rpulled .out hair ( ) to be done, made.

2^2

to be persecuted, Jdriven • „„ away, to ,be banished, .. . / rr„c ri x . . ( - j to incJine (one 'self), bend, to condescend, to stoop. , e n f aYed' , . . . < marked, signed. to be avenged: to ' " avenge oneself,

to be illuminated. to be cut offJ ^ l to be glad, bright, cheerful. , t o b, t o revolt > e oppressed. ^ to be brok rent rewarded. v • + u • , , to be .... araea, to be weighed, recompensed, avenged. •• offended. JsidAi to be saved, Aa.j&i to be deceived; to redeemed. " ' " act deceitfully. to be separated, (AJL) to be spreadSet a art P ' " 'to be overlaid! II.

A ^ i

ETh P-EL of 'Ain Geminate Verbs.

§ U7. The ETh P « E L of it,

is ( b e i n g )

"

deceived.

ar* (being) deceived.

T h o u

_

M.

I I I

TENSE.

M.

M

deceived

r^f^i?

PRESENT

jjj

Being

_ » i ^ S * i s i iLaesCvc-

|

I

a m

at j

M-

(so^2)

^

F.

(^2)"

j

T h e y

( b c i n g )

deceived.

a r C

( b e i n g )

d e c e i v e d

M.

n

j

F.

^kil

-

M.

t-i-

-

F.

^

^ a ^ s »

deceived. are

.

(being)

deceived.

PARTICIPIAL NOUNS. • • f4

/

c

Noun

•

_ m . s. ,

s.

JxiaisA» _ •

••

i

t

1«

' -

m

. pj I.

pl.

jiiafti^ol «

«t t

• |

•

^ . i v ^ ^ o j

r

deceptive o r deccivable

of action: _ f s- l&oxLacstsio _ p l . deceptiveness;

decptibility

(293) § 118. A few 'Ain Geminate verbs in the ETh F ' E L form :— ( to be plun- ( £ ) - to be worried, " ' " dered, spoiled. " annoyed, harassed. (A )

- to be mown, cut ( ¿ S ) :°incd. off S M to be cut down, ( * ) 9 * ^ 2 " t o b e ° r become abominable \ F T \ J r r N . " " c u t 0 {f. (iX) to be dragged, M i f c \ 2 _ t o b e mystiT^v- ' torn away. ' ' ¿ a j l y shown; to be initiated into mysteries. "

"

raX) 15

to be touched, ( a S ) ¿ j L a f c l - . t o be apprehended. broken to pieces. - (reflex) to find / - to be mercy or favour/ J " m sprinkled.

§ 119. Syntax I. When a sentence in the active voicc is changed into the passive, the direct object in the active construction stands in the nominative and the agent (personal), ie., the subject in the activc construction, is governed by the preposition 1) ^ or rarely 2) 0 . Ex1) He was baptised by John. 2)

soaoF&Ai

- Let them be enlightened by thee.

II. The instrument (animal, thing, action, quality ctc.) with which something is done is governed by the preposition a . Ex. - He was pierced with a lance. III. The active forms of some intransitives like to be cast (down), thrown, to be baptised, " t o be beaten". ^ " t o be burnt" etc., are used in the passive or reflexive sense and sometimes their agent is governed by the Prep. r » . Ex. jSwa - it is

(294)

caat into baptised.

fire.

o j w i aML - the servant of God is Vocabulary.

• -«sjj whether ... or ^sboj «.äli^ao from the hands of Aman. jajaj m- flesh. m. wing, ^.äö^ m. nerve; vein, pi. jAjdä.-jko f. side. m. arm. ^Aoj» He walks. JiCaioj f. walking: conduct jxo* m. motion; movement; impulse. f m. cross. m. milk, ^u» pr. n. Hannanyas. those which are dark. f. error. JisafcK f. lake, oj^a Aa adv. entirely. a walled city; a fortified place. ni. sad; gloomy, f. Jance. adv. perhaps. ... i }x»x w-lia* Sun-rise.

Jjfcb m. garment. wiaia» P»- m. Mardocheus. pi. J;i i * : JaoJL» f- c a v c i P ' " ' den. m- abode; den. m. skin. laUik^a*o f" transgres• sion illaLo fashioner-, founder deceitful; crooked, ia-a^» f. plant. I^JL AJ-g* (plant of) lifeidolatry; idol'

worship; veneration of image. jaioJu* f. old age. m- wise, f. fault. I^aflo : f • hP" ii&X f. cause; reason • «i because of ••• m . darkness. IdolatryI'o&tiS I •

m.

Idol

(295)

f ¡ ¿ . M : | i a ni. fair; beautiful. .. v . m. key. i : to lie down. ;• r 0 c k

' fool; simpleton.

¿i^

m. pulse; artery, vein.

Exercise 21 A. I. (Strong)

m ¡Lb,

3

4 ^

S

»¿Ar

H

jioaJiooj 6 7 .^'¿ojbj

^ o

q*iao2

Tjijo ^

^¿¿JC Aa 12

-.¿LLAao Y > • 13 ~ **

ijoAjo

l^oai»

jv-^i 11 -ic^i

15 ¿2*»?

«or

HP r? ^

^

1 ^ ^ .?55ca-= ^ , •^ " ( 14 . j i x o ^ o ^ i m j JfaiLa

o4?**2 ,^¿¿.¿0 ¿iio

.eikLl*

10

^

16

,,

I" 2 -l-ii^ia o-^Uo 17

^

***

18

(296) «JtuadKj! •

Aa

J*-?® 19

v^f Aj&o AxaA*

'T9^^"?

(^4.

Jdojj j i ^ i

»^ocpoS. ¿¿.so «^oqAv

20 uaaiw

21

\ocr£ o s j x j 22 • ^-»o?

24

^¿Aoa® aj^aA© ^jAxao

^ioadM 07.« A\so

lafSi

jiaij 26

^LaJ^ii) 25 J?^3?

•

^oiOCsA ^ o i ?

JjLx» JiAso ^-iaiA^i ^ajcOL'iis

7U9 73¿0 ^A TXcdcA ^La. 2 7

- A a Ja».

. JUJ3

.^JXX^io ¿ A ? 83

°>A iOO]

II. (Geminate) AJL A41? 29

Jsq

¿¿i>2 35

.cj-A

^JOU 31

-

tfsaojaexX^^i

. i^-^A

. fab a

2S

«.ojoAx

s-a 2» 34

AJS^I 30 32 .jiqfsaa

. ? ¿sAs 71 E x e r c i s e 21 B. I. (Strong) 1. Their (m.) actions will be examined (pres.). 2. Their (m.) names shall be written above in heaven. 3. The earth was shaken and (it) trembled. 4. The arms of the wicked (m. pi.) shall be broken. 5. He has

(297)

acted very trecherously againt mc (ie. lit. He has greatly deceived me). 6. Let them not be enlisted (written) with Thy just (m. p i ) . 7. They were turned aside as a crooked bow. 8. Let this (f.) be written to another generation. 9. At Sun - rise they are gathered (together) and they lie down in their dena. 10. My conducts have inclined like a shadow. 11. Their heart is curdled like milk. 12. Let not thy foot (kg) be offended against the stone. 13. Every tree that does not produce good fruits will be cut off and cast into the fire. 14House and riches are inherited from (Jit. write, inheritance o f ) the father; but (o) a woman is betrothed to a man by the Lord. 15. The skin is spread over the flesh. 16. They will be broken, but (o) I will not be broken. 17. The light of thy face shall be marked on him. 18. The day on which I was espoused the whole creation wondered at this p o G r - w o m a n , who suddenly became rich. 19. But now (^.s p t q ) lo ! she is avenged and lo! her children are dying on account of her (ojii^Á^a^1 . 20. Blessed is he who condescended and was baptised by John. 21. He was pierced on his side with a lance. 22« Today» woe to the deceitful Judas, who has been separated from that company of the Apostles- 23. If he will keep them he will be exceedingly rewarded. 24. He that walks in Thee is not offended (by leg) for thou art the day (time). 25. The universe saw Thy light and was cheerful, for she (the universe) was sad-, and behold, she and her children will sing praise for ever. 26. My eye is troubled (pf.) by anger and my soul and my belly. 27. Let us all adore the living cross by which we have been redeemed from idolatory. If. (Geminate) 28. T h a t the night may be spoiled by vigil. 29* T h e wind is perceptible. 30. He found favour with i^-5? Thee. 31. She was worried by the (solicitations of ) » nobles ()jjiaoS) . 32- He was worried by lust ( ^ ^ i ) ,

i

i

J

•

(298)

33. Let this (m.) be abominable in our eyes. 34. The joints were joined to (.j.) the nerves and the blood grew liot in the arteries.

LESSON

XXV.

ETh P"EL OF ¿ - A Pe-ALAP and U ^ Pe-YOD VERBS. I. ETh P'EL of Pe Alap Verbs. § 120. For peculiarities in the Conjugation of Pe Alap ETh P' C EL verbs recapitulate Nos. § 111, § 112. 2, and § 114.

Conjugation. — to be eaten. PERFECT.

Sing

-

Aa2^2 He,it,\vas They "' eaten. j.were ^ ¿ A i She, it, ,, ,, ¿L.: ,\a2&2(2) J eaten.

11

M. _ F.

Thou wert eaten. v o & l a i * ^ Y «u -V , . • ^-were „ „ „ rxWx2jeaten

I

C.

HI

M.

PI.

(1)

F

I was eaten.

w . s . (i) v s i C i :

( 2)

'

u-^ifr.

:

We were " eaten.

(299) Imperrative.

Sing. M.

Aai&i

Be thou

F.

uAa 1&.2 „

M.

(3)

F.

I

H e

^

¿

^

j

C.

.oAai^M

eaten.

„

„

„

»

PI.

> it, w i l l be

wA*2^|Thou

Be ye eaten

:

IMPERFECT.

S h e , it,

M . F.

eaten. «.azoJtaiAsi

„

SingHI

PI.

They

" " ' }» will be

„

^aiflu» J

eaten. You

w i l l

be eaten.

r ^ ' ^ J

I shall be eaten.

b e

will e a t C n

'

We shall be eaten.

Infinitive. Abs.

(4>

sing. F.

eaten,

1 Being

Present Tense. H e , it,

to be

pi.

^J&aiAop j

(ooi)

eaten.

PL

( \ o a 2 ) ^¿ziCSio T h e y

is ( b e i n g )

111

,T

alilesai

^Aaiis» L i ' V "

."V"

Sing. M.

-

Participle.

M. v

C o n s

(being)

are

eaten.

F. («.or) ¿iLaiiS» S h e , . (^2) They ... it, is (being) 5 M. ¿sii' « - . .. _¿¿Lai^sao S ^\ ¿ ¿ a l » s O ^ x- A a i ^ » Thrm

art Vicincr

W i n nrc

Thou

art being

You

Thou

(3)

•

•

.

are (being) eaten. You

(4) o i i o i ^ o o . •

»

eaten.

(5i

are

... •

••• •

(300) M. 2i2 tVaZ&o T

•"-*•»

*

• • — !

»#

•

j—. \*

„Aai&jo _ \|

• * ,

*»

iAaito>

V

I

* » *

«1

I am being

£ We are (being) eaten. Itsab ^ ^ji* ^ a i i S a j «. ^iiLj¿jS¿a I am ... W e are Participial» Nouns. ,

'"

m, s. i i i U i ^ i o p). , , f. 3. iiS*iXa¿¿S.XI pL

Edible; eat' " '* J-able: fit for J food.

Noun of Action. VooiLii^ *

f, s. ^ m V a m « «J VdiiLaiAx) - eating: h •" " 1 eatability.

§ 121. A few Pe-Alap form : -

verbs in the E T h P f < £ L

^ r k ^ i ~ to be hired; to hire oneself

.

~ to mourn, bewail (reflexive) (fiji)

oppressed.

- to be afflicted,

(**??.) r S ^ i -

to be gathered, piled up.

~ to be constant, steadfast. (ajsi) (iioi) \

i ii /

~ to be bound, fastened; tied up. i ' i i *

- to be told, said-

a x l ^ i - to be shed, poured out. JV. B.- A few Pe- Alap verbs form thier E T h P " E L irregularly 1

a*. 2 - to hold - Ethp c .

2

—i 1 - to groan.

- to be held. - to groan (reflex.).

8 i » 2 - to bind, tie .(rarely) i e ^ s i - to be bound, tied, fastened.

(301)

II. ETh PctEL of Pe- Yo'd verbs. § 122. Read Nos. §111, § 112. 2, and § 114 for peculiarities in the Conjugation of Pe Yo'd verbs in the EThP'EL form. Conjugation. - to be known; to be famous. »• i

t

•»

Perfect. Sing.

PI-

He'if'was

¡They V M. [were kn own. F- ajLaiM She, it. ... ' * J known «• i » «» Thou .¿¿xsLa,: You „ M. wert . II F. known. »> >5 >» w a s We,were I C. I • ; known. '' known Imperative.

m

t

**

Sing.

M. ^ai^jl

Be

PI.

thou known,

: o ^ ^ n Be ye ... » . J ... . . . hkuown.

Impifeect. M. F. II I

MF. C.

^

Sing-

e

^ o i i ^ i . - o i a » ^

i.-^M>2 |

a d

°red.

:

Sing. H c

III F

> it: w i l l adored.

A^ws^

Thou

F,

,,

c. " ,

.A

:

ye

over.

„ wilt „ ^

She, it, i-a a j A

„

T h o u wilt

^ . a a j ¿S

I shall be adored.

,

a i f !

I

'

H e , it, w i l l b e won over.

* "

*

•

(31

F. N i \ f i a i | • a d o r e d . M. ^ o a J ^ s f i S i X Y o u F.

1

c

^ i^^ox

'

You

„

v, ¿ a a^jN

„

„

"

»

won

They will be won

lover. You », •)«

We shall be " adored.

w

w

I shall be over.

2

" .

»

„

p i . M, ^ o a ^ i s a i | T h e y w i l l b e Ill

Be

won

4 ^ 2

be

S h e , it.

M.

I

«

IMPERFECT. M.

^

thou won over.

»

„ "

We shall be won over

Infinitive. Abs-

oiii^ox

Cons.

Abs. to be

adored.

Cons

o-^ifsA won

W. S. (1) (J)

; (2) ^ o a ^ l i • (3)

to b e rever*

^o-Oip.

Sometimes the Imperative m s- is found in the same form a s

pf. 3 . m. s- E x . this obla;ion.

^jLjawaj

Be thou pleased with

(315) Participle. Sing. M .

PI.

being adored. ^

F.

„

M-

„

„

F. ^ ¿ ^ ¿ « a

„.

„

being won over

,

» 1»

Present Tense. II. m . s

¿^a* or etc. (§ 115).

T h o u art

¿MM**

adored

or

"

Participial Noun,

F- S-

won

etc.etc.

OVer

C§ 125.)

-

i-i^^f?

M. S-

M . S. pi.

Thou ^art

áA^ffi» sA^sn»

adorable.

pi. \Á¿li\csia.x>

pi.

vineible.

F. S. pi. U & ú a ? 9» do.

do. Noun of Action. p . s,

¿SJB»

adorability-

, ', pi. íísOüCaaf»

A few sibilant

verbs in the

pi. § 129.

vinci bility. EThPelEL

form: ri^iji

to take care, beware (dep).

(»»*) ¿¿¿¿ji to be chanted, sung. to be raised, erccted, hung, "" " crucified; to stand erectto be overcome, conquered, won-

(316) to be a d o r e d , worshipped. (vd*,a>)

to be over thrown, defeated.

(=4®)

to be shut, stopped,

silenced.

(A®)

to be rejected.

(Mis)

to

(^Jx) ¿taxi

to be asked; to excuse oneself,

be pleased; to deign.

(OTIX) JJJMIJ

to be forgiven, to be left-

(^s)

to be crucified. to be p e r t u r b e d ; troubled. to be tossed; to be uneasy. to be shot, cast, thrown.

(yiVr) (^MX) ^ • '

to be given up, delivered. hearcJ > hearkened, (dep) to be obedient; to obey.

to be

•

(s.six)

"

¿An*}, to be poured forth, to overflow.

(?kx) ^¿AotJ! to be loosed, broken(u-SJO «*SAX2 to be immoderate, to run riot; to be ^ • ' • " overjoyed. Note. 1. "to be hated" has the Perfect, as AhCsol •

«

I

instead of ¿S.*1&8>1 •

"

* '

2. the initial

w*X2 "to find" a n d

"to

drink"

leave

away

2 of the active form in E T h P e ' E L , as ^ a A x i _ to be

found out;

§ 130.

- to be d r u n k .

Syntax,

=>7»

(Vide § 151 ff. A P h ' E L ) '

takes:-

a) the o b j e c j

to be cared for with the preposition a and b) the object to be avoided with the preposition .__so. Ex.

(317) a) b) ,?,

^¡.¿qifjo - They take care of the sepulchre. Beware of false prophets. Vocabulary.

nation; : jiisooZ • ' people. fj>: Pr- n. A'sa (a king of Judea) m. Poor (man) (VJ companions or followers of Ananias. •pòi vili^ children of Adam, men. Gol i^oA-X g°tha; "^ ^ Calvary. i&xojso true sacrifice, ¿¿iì^a ni. Her. 9.x m. wolf. JÉNÌ^SOJ f, song. f m. ravenous; rapacious. jBd*» m- white. i^sojt*» f. supper; banquet ^VMS he will sieze. m. burning: bnrnt " ' sacrifice. m. Holocaust; whole-burnt offering. m. orphan. Ì-i^ri. throat; gullet.

pi.

JiCo^r» f- marriage; ' ' " nuptial banquet. within; inwardly }.il(\esxx> drink; fit to drink m - stream; valley; torrent. false prophets. I • Jao^i. m. helpertfi>o>*\x3 pr. n. iPontius Pilate. bond; tie. vtuadi\2 to be cut off. •^0*0) s f. Sion. Jso^^ m. one who fasts LacjaAl t 0 be disquieted, agitated with fear. JGX*JB m. cross; gibbet, tree m. truth; justice. f. corpse: dead body. part, he is praised ^ o x i i i f- viscidity; slip•" periness. ^ ^ ¿ i a slipperiness of all. ^ ^ ¿ s m. fox.

(318)

Excercise 24 A. .^j» áqáfi 2 .^xo-i ¿s.»*3j2 ^áaaoaAs Jásxjoj 1 «^¿aA aAÓ 3 qiôsj^ Í9 7 3 4 • t^ftf^ ^¿OE» 6 JívicLl ^j-njíaj 5 «aój2 7 . or the final letter receives o u and the penultimate L a. Ex. ajtfo>so — o^SJixS . Note. PA'EL

etc.

In the Infinitive construct of Pe- Alap verbs of the

form Mim

"p

generally receives the

vowel

initial Alap. Ex. o ^ 2 s o J S to oppress; not

(.1)

Gf

the

nor

* 1 Participles of P A ' E L verbs are formed by prefixing Mini -p to the stem (Pf. 3. m. s.). a) x 1 In the P A ' E L of verbs ending in a strong letter the penultimate receives i) Zla'ma (short for the Present participle m. s. (unless the final be anyone of § 3 . note 2);ii) Pthah.a -f-for the Perfect participle m. s. Ex. 6.

x 2. Also in s'APh'EL w i t h a vocalised initial.

(323) l.

o :

•

••

H.

,•

'

, * etc.

x 1

I n the PA'EL of L a m a d weak verbs: i) T h e final radical becomes Alap i and the penultimate takes Zla'ma (long T § 94. c. ii, D- ii. foot-note) for the Present participle m- s.; ii) the final radical remains Yo'd and the penultimate takes P t h a h a -r- for the Perfect participle m. s. Ex. b)

i.

: } a.*»» etc.

ii.

:

.

etc.

x 1 Remark.- When vocalic terminations are added in the Perfect singular, the Imperfect and Participles the penultimate loses its vowel in PA'EL verbs i) ending in a strong letter ii) and in 3- m. s- Perfect, 2 f. pi. Impf-, and feminine s. & pi. Participles in L a m a d weak verbs.

In La'mad weak verbs the Imperfect m. pi. termination becomes so, 2 f. s. ^ and the Participle m. p i . termination ^ as in the P C 'AL form (§ 94. c. D.) 7. * 1 Nouns Agent- MephA'LA~NA e h

c

j-vV^iao m. s

1,

M p A LA"NiT A - ^uXxdso f. s . - are formed by a d d i n g the termination and respectively to the Present participle feminine singular (dropping away the final Alap). Part. f. s. Noun agent m. s. l^Lstsixo; f. s.

. Part f. s. .

f. s. ; ¿S-J-IIJJO .

_ Noun agent m. s. etc.

8. x l Noun Passive - a) M e P h A c LA_ m. s> is of the same form as the Perfect participle f. s. Ex. P. P. f. s. _ Noun passive m. s. ?.ta..o» _ the sanctified. b) M ' P V A L T A - J ^ f i b o f. s. is formed by adding the termination to the construct state of the masculine singular (which is of the same form as p.p. m.s.) x 1.

Also in APh'EL,

S APh'EL

and their passives-

(324) Ex. m. s.

t

_ (cons. st.

. f. s . i*oea.i*> .

9. Noun of A c t i o n - 1. a) M ' P V l a ' n u T h A fooiS y f o is formed by adding the termination ¡cko to Noun agent masculine singular (after eliminating the final ? - ) . Ex. U i i i o Sanctifying; Sanctifier; Sanctification. :

b) * 2 M e p h A'LuT h a is formed by adding i ^ o to Noun passive masculine singular (after eliminating the final . Ex. ¿A.3&» - acceptable;

i^cd-ia«

receptivity.

2. Pu'ala — - i s f o r m e d b y assuming u ? after the first radical and a 1 after f i n a l and the penultimate. Ex. :p¿w-

to seal; ^bAcw -

sealing; the end; conclusionor ii) T A p h ' u L a - ; J S a M U

3. i) T a P ^ l a »

•

'


i o ? - rule; manner of life-

l ^ o j ^ i e (xl

i ^ a s a j i . » _ guidance;

Divine providence. {0 J-ijisoo

6

H 12

ft 13 -I-**-3 J-****-? 14

.A

(334) • ?4As o Ol ^ ä »

*

!

16

.«OJO*çwsA ¡¿Loi

JtAL* 17

^¿âiu

¿1^02

. ji»r2jo ?-AAa ^ ¿ ¿ » Ö

iäJ^ia»

18 ^

r"? °2

Ti^Öo

f i•i*ä ¿«áoj * • I \ • auaSLi l|t

•

J-iia 19 í¿~aX j i A aá¿2 ? «A

20

¿»oda ;^=0JC A i d o

.«qcA-ò A l «Aosx

j'-VA»? î'-^LX f^Jox

A i . ji¿

^.J 2 1

^^

¿ái

22

28 24

-J-i-V® .äiv^i?

oà»2:isÓ2o J-i=L*2 tA

..Of

r-^^ MLÌi ¿A

?

ii A\»

: Î^Ajà

.A ^ju» 25

'H? 3 0

26

îàsojaâûXj q k j - A ^á-isoá 2 7 }¿wá.áx£A

?_¿yx¿2 28

•'••VA? oo)

^fV*

•îa?=>A

,x r id

i^A

^¿OJAa T i»o

. ?óój 2-A

Mí?

aiáA 30 .^óo^ájáaS JIA ¿áoji ¿2 o

|_¿

.A

gl

.}¿aX r á.áo

^¿¿io l m í ^ 32 •ísOjJk. «\óo}\:A Aaá**iaoá ;¿.=j Ji^oó A \ » ^ q g A l 5BU.ÖO 73aB Áí¿ 38

(335)

Exercise 25 B. 1. Keep my life by Thy cross. 2. He has satiated the hungry (m. pi.) with benefices (acc. § 96. I). 3. Adorable is God Who sent His beloved. 4. In that glorious light the angels serve Thy divinity. 5. Glory to Thee for Thy ordinances. 6. Blessed art thou (f.J the adorned ship, because the merchant descended and abode in thee. 7. Arrange, Lord, Thy adorers in the chpirs and lines of Thy Saints. 8. Hearer of all ( ¿ ¿ a .iooi) and receiver of prayers hear Thou our petition and do mercy on our souls. 9. God is merciful and answers him that calls (upon Him) in sorrow. 10. That creator and organiser of all has been carried (pf.) as a child with offerings. 11. He sent his arrows and dispersed them (m.). 12. Her dress is decorated with pure (lit. good) gold. 13. God (is) my helper, the Lord (is) the supporter of my soul. 14- Thou hast refreshed the poor Cm- pi.) by Thy grace, O God. 15. He will gather (pres.) the scattered (ones m.) of Israel. 16. Let us not dispute with a blasphemous man. 17. Because. Thou art (m ) the distributor of divine gifts. 18. And Thou didst give peace to the women who announced about Thy glorious resurrection. 19. John mixed the waters of Baptism, but (o) Christ sanctified them, and descended, and was baptised in them. 20. Sanctify the sheep of Thy flock and keep all the children of Baptism by Thy holy Baptism. 21. And in tranquillity celeorate (thou m.) her feasts, in peace gather the angry (m. pi.), and in tranquillity join the separated (i-tu*©) . 22. Thy eye is good, thou shalt get ( A j m j a ) the hour of repentance. 23. By Thee we shall pierce our enemies. 24. Hossana to the hope of all the ends of the earthy whose coming the prophets have declared. 25. Let him whiten his cloth with vine. 26. The Lord is my helper and I will see my haters. 27. They have pierced my hands and my feet. 28. Honour thy father and thy mother, so that what is good may happen to

(336) thee. 29. And they desired (m.) to corrupt my beauties, but (o) by Thy charity I have overthrown them. 30.' Then all the virgins rose and arranged their lamps. 31. f i e will resuscitate (pres.) thee (f.) from the grave in the paradise 32. And when Thou wilt delight (pres.) us in Thy (heavenly) chamber we will sing (pres.) Thee praise. 33- Bring them to life from the dust that (o) they may be heirs in Thy kingdom.

LESSON XXIX. III. PA'EL

OF

'Ain Geminate Verbs.

§ 137. The { Ai n geminate verbs are conjugated like Strong verbs in the PA'LL form (§ 133). For peculiarities in the course of conjugation learn Nos. § 131." A. 3; B. 1, 2 a, 3 a, 4 a, 5, 6 a, 7, 8, 9, 10 and § 132.

Conjugation. Sj-a» Sing.

III

II

to humiliate. Perfect.

PI

M. v-i» He, it, humiliated ».a, : e o i . » They x " ' humiliated (2) F. She, it, „ J**» : „ M. F.

you (thou) „ «.ftodso

„

t^oiioM you

„

_j.6oi.so

„

(1) In such forms as this ie., when the second radical is nonvocalised and the third vocalised, the later Syrians are wont to simplify the pronunciation, not considering the s e va on the second radical, assimilating it to the third if the second (geminate) is not any one of i s a j s i - dakkath.

, subject to difference in aspiration. (2) W. S. ¿LOAM.

Ex.

(337)

I

c.

AM.» I humiliated

: ^ ¡ o We humiliated

Imperative. Sing.

M.

Humiliate thou.

F.

^a»

,.

Sing-

\I III

.A« ' "" 1

F.

H

Humiliate ye

„ Imperfect.

e , it, will humiliate.

:

"

"

PI. . w a i i They will v " ' humiliate.

She, it, „

11

M. You (thou) „ ^aaaso&lI You will F. ¿ » f t „ „ „ ^ f t pupate.

X

C.

^ shall humiliate,

j^-» 1 We shall

...

Infinitive.

Abs-

o3A»ao

Cons.

To humiliate.

Present Participle,

Sing. M. F.

,¡44»

Pi-

5

Humiliating.

r^ ?* J Perfect Participle.

P1"

Sing- MF.

(Being) humilited.

Present Tense.

i. Active. M. 111

IX

F. M.

ii. Passive. He is humili(ocj) ¡^¿¡¿¡o He is ating. (being) humiliated. She is ... ( ^ ) i ^ ^ c She . . . . ¿ii - te?***3 You (thou) are You (thou) are .. 22

(338) • I I , » t W./SÍ2 }á.aaaao t,*A¿Á¡o:o

F.

Y o u (thou) M . ?-i2

* -

'

'

....

t

.

•

.... — jisÁsóso

I am

....

?i2 J-áásáso _ jiááíóio

— jtá.áaáao I am

*

¿i 2

- jiaÁíó»

}.i2

*

Y o u (thou)

....

-I am humiliating. F.

•

&c- &c.

I am . . . .

&c. &c. (§ 133)

Participial Nouns. i. Noun Agent, m. s.

I&aÍJ» -

^iáa«»"^

humiliating;

f. S. — íá(,iá¿.saso [ humiliator. ?i. Noun ' ' , ' ' * Passive, m. s. ¿ - H ^ x — íáÁiójo"] .1 /'. r humiliated fbeinar) f. s. — j Nouns of action,

m.

—

f. •fcai^xáso — f. -

m. humility.

oiáásiao Vaaá»»

f.

humiliation-

f.

humiliation;

state of being humiliated. form:—

§ 138.

A few D o u b l e ' A i n verbs in the (1)

( i 8 s ) wcjci to grind-, to powder; to pieces. (A-l) s '

^

r

" '

°

r

.

' cleanse.

pUrify

n t0

break to

PA'el

snout,

make joyful (via)

to

noise,

to crown;

to

adorn with garlands. (A5®) to speak, •to say, to recite, to sound

(1) to

' ' (Ai^)

(l)

free>

exempt, manumit.

to cover, to

roof, to overshadow, to shade. (1)

Not used in PeiAL.

( j f * ) J;-^5?

to humble,

to

humiliate, to lav low (

to set firmly, establish,

(2)

implant.

Formed from n o u n .

(339) (1)

( ^ 3 ) vocd to babble, prate; to talk idly; to talk nonsense. , . t . to filter; to strain, to free from dross XV.

PA'EL

(a.x) ¿iii to fix; to set ' "firmly; to confirm, assert; to assure,

OF C O N C A V E

VERBS.

§ 139. T h e P A ' E L of Concave verbs is c o n j u gated like the P A ' E L of Strong verbs (§133). R e a d Nos. § 131 A - 4, B 1, - a, 3 a, 4 a, 5, 6 a, 7, 8, 9 ; 10 & § 132 for peculiarities in the course of conjugation. CONJUGATION.

(*??)

~

to

PERFECT.

Sing. n i

M

-

M. _

She, it,

C.

/ They ^ - r . z u i ^ j melted.

) melted.

M.

:« - . i :

n

Imperfect.

Sing.

F.

PI.

Melt thou. u^a^i

...

^¡Uvsj

Sing.

F.

) f You

^ .

I melted. Imperative.

AJU»

M.

ill

...

/La^i ) y jftliniiA f Yo"

F. I

Pj.

He, it, melted.

t. II

melt; to consume; to pine,

W e melted. Melt ye. „

„

PL

He, it, will melt, t ^ o - j u i i They will melt ^»¿A

(1) W. S-

She, it,

„

(340) M-

II

vaoi^s

You (thou) „ ^

FT

c.

I shall melt.

• \ . i"

You will melt

^aa

We shall melt.

Infinitive. Abs.

a-aia«»

Cons.

T o melt.

Present Participle. sing

. M. F,

pi.

) Melting) Perfect Participle.

Sine1. M .

«.alijo

g

pi. -*.ruajo 1 ; )- (Being) melted. j

P.

Present tense (as above § 133: § 137).

. -T

PARTICIPIAL NOUNS,

i. Noun

Ageni. m-s. ii Noun

JiXx^o

t s

- - i ^ M

1

Jj^mTI 2

*

Passive, m.s.

J

Consuming, meltin

g-

etc

-

Jiuajol

r Melted; c o n s u m e d . iiNo-.a.» |

f. S.

Noun of Action. m.

pining; wasting away; emaciation

f. i ^ o j ^ x i s o - p i n i n g ; f. {¿.oAxdbo _ § 140. .«i)

: to breathe, exhale. (•pa) 7=ua to establish, to erect, confirm, constitute (a bishop). (•p'o) 73U3 to exalt, to set on high. to make peace, to reconciliate, to calm.

The preposition

k3

is some-

times prefixed to nouns to express an adverbial sense Ex. w l ^ £ He spoke parabolically or by parables or by proverbs. [Recapitulate Nos- § 37 I, § 65- 3, § 78 IV. § 81 1 a, § 84 I I I ]

Vocabulary. [sins. Js.o.1 ^ o ^ . Expiation of

f. riddle. m . insult; derision, j x a a o fiws m ' Sanctuary; Holy place. m

?ioâ •

-

P o o r > wretched; miserable. to step; to thresh

bioM : \X6 ^¿a*«

to

^

trample, tread upon. m. guest; best m a n attendant of the bridegroom.

liaa** m. Expiation.

iio** m. hatred; reproach îiso.1^ _ cons, unclean; polluted. m river: stream. *** F e a s t m. precious, aa m. crowning, m. psaltery, ioioio m. scorn; insult, m. conversation; speech; discourse.

(2) Wa'w appears as the middle radical in 3

Perhaps, formed from

PA'EL.

$JL».x m. peace; tranquillity.

(342) m. proverb; parable

m. covenant; statute,

m. profane; unclean t*^ ,

Jaxb m. bow: arrow.

m. brass. ,. m. rest. , . „ . j m. victorious, triumphant (martvr>

IfU'S

f i i i . - j i i t o think; to 1 " meditate, . f. Innocence: •\ . s i m h c i t . P > ' » childishness.

f. proud eyes.

m"

m. exalted; heavenly bein§J o i i * m. cot. , , b t " ; S ; w „ ^ A _ , . v f. parable; allegory . ° 3 m. wavering; ^^ dubious; divided. " "

f> t h i r s t ;

•

falsehood; lie.

f-

sleep. j i i . * m. neighbour. , v. ; ¿ A c s rn. burden; taking. adv. wonderfully, ' admirably, . / . , r 1. sigh; groaning, . " , m- Interpreter.

thirsti^ ¿ ^ ness. " '

• '

' sates o f Paradise.

l

(Geminate)

m

Exercise 26 A. iH^

-

.

oojo

fcboij

Aaajo 4

o]f_ix^o

rjouoj?

apoad Jib'

. ^.ajoaj

JlS&OJI ;

9

2_12 tlx6

o - p l i . x >

.qxouSLto ^o o}JJspi&x

>»?®7 ¿¿>«12

¿»x

.}¿wfla

O^mSO Oxtf

^.¿.a IXC 3 O a . i - 3 0

10

11

8

6

OJ^OCk.^ ¡ ¿ 0 3 ,._» •

5

iix^o

liiJaS

.JZuA^dlOwA^

..^aao^s ^ . A x j

7 §

^ o i i AXao .

i^aax ^»Ajoooa £¿0 {xoou2 {30700

oo

jAAJg»

ojJo^iiLai a^Ls

12

(343) ^ma&o ^ o ^ o s )

v^ofriZ ^ ¿ » ¡ a i»

.^XsafiOftc I'z+ScJB

18

.Jao^a.11?

a.*^ ^ » A » :

(§ 2 0 4 - 4)

¿a.^33 JJo^ia ;»in o ^ a ^oi»

oji»

A i . loq

14 15

ajs^^o^z

.jj^Aiao 3.3.XXO 7-33 D

T1-*1?

17

16

19

Aa

?Xo.io

'0 2 1

{.X30.S

pioij

•

. ¿¿sxic^

^Ji

Aa2 ^

(Concave)

18

¡¡J-*? ;'Jiao

^so?

¿>-2xo

22

^ ¡ r * * ?

QQQI ^»Ja*»»

wia,».:

.

'4

. }sa*3.MO

^a**^?

H.OJOJU30

jxaao A ' X ? 25 ^aiL ^is-aio }fixi.Di£l v.JL'i^

Exercise 26 B. (Geminate) 1. As he spoke to (t 3 ^-) our fathers. 2. With Thy hyssop purify my tongue. 3. Then shall he speak a .ainst ( A i ) them in his anger. 4. He has strengthened my arm like a brazen bow. 5. They spoke lie and deceit 6 I will open my propositions on the psaltery. 7. And he shall humble the oppressors. 8. (The Lord) humiliates the spirit of the princes and He is terrible to ( A i " ) the kings of the earth. 9- He spread a cloud over them and over-

(344) shadowed them. 10. T h y brother shall speak (pres.) for thee to (71JL) Pharao, and thou shalt be for a God to him and he shall be an interprete to thee. 11. The heart of the just (m. pi.) seeks (for^ knowldge and the mouth of the wicked (m. pi.) speak s evil (f. pi,). 12. O! our Redeemer keep this love for us and confirm our thoughts in it. 13. Set dubious minds firmly in peace. 14. Praise to Thy humility, O our Lord: the angels serve Thee in heaven (?»oSJ). 15. You (m.) have purified your limbs (jso?q) with the blood of your necks. 16. The children admirably shouted his praise. 17- At dawn churches a r e - s i n g i n g praise: at dawn monasteries are - shouting - praise. 18. The Just (one) Who crowned (3.m. s.) the martyrs, T h y (His) friends crown me who am innocent (lit my innocence with Thy martyrs i). (Concave) 19. And the angels celebrate His glory. 20. And the church that celebrates the day of their feast shall rejoice. 21. And the Lord will deride them (^OOJJ) . 22. I will sing to the n a m e of the most exalted Lord, 23. Reconciliate (thou) priests with kings. 24. The * '

N

Most exalted - one ( j i s ) exalts all the humble (ones). 25. We have become a reproach to our neighbours and a scorn and derision to them that are round about us.

LESSON

XXX.

V. PA'EL OF Lamad weak verbs. § 142. The PA'EL of Lamad weak verbs includes the PA'EL of Lamad Alap and Lamap Y o d verbs. For peculiarities in the formation, conjugation etc., learn Nos. § 131 A - 5; B 2 b, 3 b, 4 a, 5 / 6 b, 7, 8, 9, 10 and § 132.

(345) Conjugation. ^¿vj - to weep copiously; to cause to weep. Perfect.

Sing. M.

H e > {t> w e P l

III II I

s

' ' copiously. Ma.,3 She, it. . . .

F.

M. ¿ L a i F.

PI. ''

You (thou) ...

You wept

kA^a^a

C.

: o^ivi T h e Y ™ept ' copiously, : ^ j They . . . . ^Xfcij

1

wept : r *i.a We wept ' copiously. copiously Imperative.

• ' Sig. M. F.

weep thou Pi- \ ? 2 M : * M ( 1 ) weep ye copiously. copiously ;

Imperfect. Sing. M. ^ j i He, it, will weep HI ' copiously. F. ¿ ¿ j * . She, it, II I

..

M.

¿¿j/s You (thou)

F.

You

C

1 sha11 w e e P

•' '

Abs.

..

. . Koi^

You will

..

You

copiously. Infinitive.

cua-a» Cons,

PI. ^ They will weep ' copiously.

Ja.il We shall weep copiously.

c^iwiaaii T o weep copiously.

Present Participle. S.

M. F. (l)

pi. jia>Aao W. S.

^77 ^oaaa

^¿¡AJSX ^.7 7 t yoj-^o i

Weeping copiously. 77

(346) Perfect Participle. S.

M.

w^io

pi.

^ ¿ a

!

S.

' present

W e p t

TENSE,

i.

( b e i n § )

c

°Piously^

Active.

Sing. M

n i

-

He,

F.

it,

She,

w e e p s (is w e e p i n g ) . I

it,

„ *

¿sii F" .

„ . ¿*S i

M.

ii2

frs.*

_;Lmjo ; You "

(are

'

weep weeping)

j

P

'cL o

U

_ Jx-iiao I weep (am weeping)

Ji 2 fiaiao _ ^Ua.j.33

F.

(thou)

Plural. M-

111

(•yOA V v ,2) iy " "

;

'

They

weep

M.

^ ¿ o

- ^¿A^io

|you

F.

p ^ i »

_

I

F,

,.',' ^XaAvo _

II

1

^Niai»

We

ii. Ill

M.

S.

II

M.

S.

(00))

^

(are

weeping)

weep

(are weeping),

3 •oi-H

a, o O

weep (are weeping)

Passive. a

H e is b e i n g c a u s e d t o w e e p copiously.

&i2 kAaaso _ i>»*i.3.30 I

Thou

art

M . S. Ji2 uAa.fi _ j i u a . 3 . » I a m ... The other genders and numbers are of the same form as the Present active. + + A l s o in A P " ' E L

and

S'AP'^EL.

(347) i. N o u n

PARTICIPIAL

Agent,

NOUNS.

m . s. f

ii. N o u n

Passive,

Sad;

.s. î f C A x à * — î ^ i i â i »

m.s.

who causes to

-

f. s.

;

plaintive,

J

one weep

iarnented

d e e p l y

— ;*Lâ_io (

one-

Noun of action. >2X\.a3

iiioz

Jn a l e x i a

—

f.

^23 cj.3

^-üLáoob ¿ ^ » x ¿ i i b o ^ i á

ÄLa ^iijis.aa

íiio

.ojaçxâ^

. cjjju.j vóo-JS ö

:

.J>o]ôà*2

^.a}£ôL.2 î-xi^aoà

T^ä®2

ä-=ä.ao rSOO

^-apad

2 ojacixj:

ojJü ».Aso

.J^AaS

o^-â^S^J¿

o OJ.S

13

ojjttii

î^i ^H

oj,îsa^

í^áSLÍ

ooi

«.i»

jJúawóó

sócT^á.ix ^ ¿ ^ a j « \ 0 o q j ? ^ ¿ . s j 1-

M

4

^ ¿ 3 3 ?J3cx\^

23

•o^iaif

^iojá «\030]i 2 4 }_i2

25 26

2I

.?í5ax .

.iiCliiâo ; 3 o ¿

(351) Exercise

27 B.

1. He heals all your](/. s,) pains. 2. They (m.) prayed to the Lord in their sorrows. 3. My eyes have waited for Thy (m.) salvation and for the word (;iibo,2ap) of T h y justice. 4. As a sharp razor thou (m. hast done deceit. 5. Thou shalt hide them in T h y shade from contention. 6. Thou shalt hide thern (m.) under ( a ) the protection of Thy face from the disturbance of men- 7. H e has shown that the race of the house of Adam would continue (;o2a) in glory. 8. Purge my debts by T h y (m.) grace and forgive me my fault. 9. By T h y m.) mercy answer our petitions. 10. Thy ' m.) Lord hath given thee power to heal the wounded ;m. pi.). 11- O , gracious one the afflicted (m. pi.) (ones) are knocking at T h y door; grant their petitions by Thy mercifulness. 12. My Lord, my child (m.) is laid u p (?*>*) at home and he is paralysed. 13. Honour thy (m.) father and thy mother and he that shall revile (pres.) his father shall surely die 284 I I I ) . 14. From T h y (m.) propitiatory (i-isaJfo) altar let forgiveness descend to Thy servants. 15. He removed to Nazareth ( ^ g i ) of Galelee ( ^ A - l J . 16. T h y (f.) beloved has removed to wilderness. 17. Several multitudes came after Him and He cured them. 18. T h o u ¡m.) hast offered purification for purification. 19. And because T h o u art compassionate I am ex. peering (for) Thy mercy. 20. But many spread their clothes on the road . 21. From the legs will begin the course of death of all mortals (m.). 22. My life did approach the lower - regions (Jika*x) . 23. I have dislocated from the temporal life io the eternal life

¿ . S i f J * ) . 24. Hezackiel ( S h a ^ )

(352) showed the mystery

of resurrection in dry bones.

25. Blessed is Thy (m.) manifestation (ji.ia) by which Thou hast delighted Thy flock. 26. Let Thy peace cleanse them from all wrath and deceit. EThPA'AL -

!

i

,

ii

Passive of PA'EL Verbs. § 145. A. Formation.- When the Passive Particle 111) is added: 1. Zla'ma ~ after the penultimate of the P A ' E L verbs terminating in a strong letter is changed into Ptha'ha -r- t Ex. P A . WS^i ET H PA.

ET h PA.

w a s w r i t t e n ; P A . JUASO

was humiliated. PA. "pJa -

ET H PA.

T^BM

was erected. 2. The P A ' E L of Lamad weak verbs does not undergo any chage: P A . «a.: - ET''PA. - was bewailed 3. Besides, a sibilant letter at the beginning of the verb changes place with ¿s of ¿s.2. (Vide § 113-4.) Ex. _ PA. - ET H PA. was tranquilled. PA. . H H E T P A . « - ¿ ¿ s 2 - w a s calumniated. PA. ajoj. E T P A was sung or chanted, etc. B. Peculiarities in the conjugation:- 1. The first radical keeps its vowel throughout the conjugation. 2- Change and augment of vowels on the final and tlie penultimate are just the same as in the corresponding active ( P A ' E L ) forms. (Vide No. § 131-B. 1-7) 3. In verbs ending in a strong letter the Perfect f Pthaha is retained.

on the penultimate of the PA'EL form (13

A 1)

(353) in. s. forms the Imperative m. s. (§ 131 B. 3 a). Ex.. Perl'. 5. m. s. It was written; Imper. m. s. *sc\2>\2 - be thou written. Note. The later West Syrians preferred to take off the wowel Y I on the penultimate of ETh PA'AL verbs ending in a strong letter and to substitute it with M e hagyono or not just as in ETh P e 'EL (§ 114- 2 a). They do so in the Imperative of all forms of Passive verbs ending in a strong letter. Ex. 7

ETh PA'AL- Pf 3. m. s. m s. • covered-

—

t (

.

.

or

T

I

I

- was covered; Imper.

for

- be

thou

y •y»'» ETTAPh'AL - Pf 3 m s. l ^ ^ x o L L j-was elected or appointed.

V)'»'71

Imper. m. s- >-j++£dIL\ be thou elected.

7 n'l™ 2 4i " concealed, concealed, prote< protected. (iiS.) to be helped; v " '' . v: „r ' to be to the profit of. ^ ¡ ^ j t o b e strengthened; to be oi good courage. (¿VlO to be "covered or clothed; to N

( J v A i ) ^JLd&jj to be divided, distributed; to separate oneself; to d o u b t . . . . . . . . t0 be P«" verted, contorted, distorted

(1) Vide § 70 B. note 1 and § 134 note 2. (2) from body.

.

(3) Vide Nos. § 7. i c; § 17- 3.

(358) ?.(4) t o b e a d o r -

H- Pe A'lap and Pe Y o ' d

ned; to adorn oneself. ^ s * to be insulted, dishonoured, outraged-

F AJLD)

Verbs : ^ ^ "

^

lc

"" "

be oppressed.

t 0 be faste-

to be han-

ned, thrust.

ded down in succession;

tto o

bbe e rree-

ceived, accepted.

t0 b e tran^mitted 5 perpetuated, brought,

translated,

(¿v?) to be killed, " slain (in numbers).

xI t o be taught; instructed; to learn

C 1 ???) ^ ^ t o b e brought near; to be offered up; to offer (reflex.)

( a a i ) iaL&i t o b e h o n o u r e d , '' accounted precious,

to b e q u e s -

I 1 L

tioned, examined; to excuse oneself. «jsAJtjj 4 to be praised, glorified

Geminate ^

^

Verbs:b e

broken

^ (A^a)

to be

" t o be bestowed, granted , , to rule; to take possession of; to

"" crowned. to stoop; " to bend over ( a s S ) wsi^fci to be encouraged. . ¿ . , 4 t o be > ( ' nailed;

bear s w a Y - ^ (jeox) to be served, administered; to come to pass; to take P^ce.

to be mighty, agitated, strongly moved, ... 3 (t1»^) to become meek, innocent.

(4) Vide § 113. 4. (5) Vide § 134 note 1. x 1. Not used in PA^.xx> resuscitator; m. ' one who vivifies; h e

m- ' ron. ¿ : „xad ' ,¿¿2 *

!

ÍB0.0

c

í^^g»

1, n e t ;

' ' ' '

snare.

m- dress; c l o t h i n g ; garment. L-Xiia m . brass.

¿euajD

U- m . t o r n ; separated m . fool. '

jóA¿

m . winter.

foolish of h e a r t .

m

,

cold;

frost.

summer. ac v

^ -

greatly; much, m . i m p i e t y ; wickedness; ungodliness,

f. e x c r e m e n t ; . " ;;' 4-í.ííS

m. pi.

.

m . devil. despiser; scorner. ni> ; .. Jé*»* m . silence.

( ^ l - c n ) m . silver. ac

m

,

i

í-xáaíLso h e l p e r . /. . , f. crossing.

separate; discern,

f. s t a t u r e , b o d y ,

^ - l ^ f i u o ^ incomprehensible l

to

, 9. . * ( ^ H 3 ) m . strife; q u a r r er l ; *b aTt t l e . . A time of strife, ' . ' "

w h o raises t h e d e a d . m. helper; p r o t e c t o r

power.

, "

m

'

Innocent

, m . smoke, adv

l^iox^ts

-

^eref urine.

dung;

5 perfeCt

-

(361) Exercise 28 A. O^JÒ

2

Ai.

¿Vo" 4

-â**®*^

7

3 5

^

0içL=Â,2 1 S A?"3

•

6

e?

H? ^

7 .^¿oL

^ ¡aäp» 8

^f vaiiyÁí ^

¡^-iíoadLa 10 ^ojoá^i?

»tí*-3

9 . ¿ ¿ á ^V? 11

• , s deeply lamented. F. ( « i ) i^M^*? She, it» M. ^ (thou) are d e e 1 P y lamented. F. M. F.

- J - i ^ s A » ^ i am deeply _ JJLiai^o j lamented Plural.

III II I

IJI. (KOA2) -..ajiviDi N " \ ' " J- They are deeply lamented. F. r-^-r*» J F. M. F.

'."' Y You are

•,

• /'. — ^.Csl^jzisx j

.J. .. . , ' ' "

_ ..La.r&so )

^-ii-rAsa _ PARTICIPIAL

m. s. f. S.

We

are

j NOUN.

-; , ¿Sao ' ' "_ JiLiiiviAofi ^j lamentable.

.

(366) Noun of Action. _ JisoJUai^» - lamentability. § 150. A few LamacI weak verbs in the E T h P A ' A L form:— ^ ¿ X ^ 1 - to bear oneself grandly, with pride, pomp, luxury; to shine; to enjoy pleasure or delight. («a>i) - to be cured, healed. " 2 - to be cleansed, purified. • (wjoa) (o)

2

~ t o be or become like; to be compared; to imitate, (a) - (Reflex.) to meditate, to plan.

w^ojijl 3 - to be purified - , to shine, glow. (w*a-L.) u a i i v J - to b e gladdened; to b e made glad; ' "'1" to be made to rejoice. - to be made pure; to be absolved, to receive pardon or mercy. ( - « » ) v-mA.\2 ~ l o be clothed, covered, hidden, "" protected, sheltered, condoned for sin. 2 - to be accompanied, followed, or borne to the grave. («AJL) - to be raised, elevated. (,.CK ) («¿3) («^£1) f^

1

)

- to be covered over, enshrouded, in the grave.

laid

(Reflex ) to grant prayer; to be answered - to be delivered, saved. 2 - to be reviled; to be accused of •TS" disgraceful sin. - to be rent, burst.

1. Vide § 143 foot note 3; 2. Vide § 7. ic.; § 17-3; 3. Vide § 113- 4.

(367) ( « j S ) « j o ^ ? . - to be brought up; to grow up. (Ref.) (Syntax- recapitulate No. § 78 I - V.).

Vocabulary. pi Jti&oa2

f. widow. frtsaj m - s w e e t > Pleasant, ' ' mild. m . leper. . m. leprosy. • v ' to be quenched, — _ put out, extinguished. m. splendour; brightness f. childhood. ¿ A m. measure. i a L

m

-

l i i i e n

;

lincn

J f ^ s S f- P l a n t Aj« ¿ . J / m. false^ witness. , / . , - ,, i^ajvij» f. old age. ' . jAJo^ik, f- ring. ^ _ '"., .to wrong, oppress, ' ' surpass, exceed, $¿23 m. dumb. . to spring up, bud, " ' put forth, m ' niurder; . ." slaughter. P e l i c a n

cloth. Heavenly kingdom. vJ^aaojo pr. n. Mardochai n , vivif y ing; l i f t g 1 V in 0 . 1 i f ^ » f- shoot; bud. m. law; custom; rule; ordinance; statute.

lioUoii«!

(a

b i r d )

J3od!3 persecutor. p l . s m a l l drops; « • shower; fine rain. ^¿¿oax f- wound. a d j . m . fat. ri . fertile. ^¿^ f p r . n . Tamar.

Exercise 29 A. .¿»j^2 & S k i 5

2

-o^^i0 ^-¿a;sAi

1

¡^.¿o ^

^

jj-a

(368)

i¿'s

9

7 ^qtxiiaip 9 ^

g

.tAxíó^S

, fíil

JáA^ó

.

ojA

juiLä;

j.N

1J

íJuí

ijóioá

{iX&iJi 73¿o

ÍÁ..A

^Aà]

ukjpcLis 10

íuooá&ío

^Aiisio

auísxís

¿C^á&i!

. j a j a j c j á JeuA

¿2

J a b i o i ^ ^siSA^o

o ^ j a i M o cj^oJL

¿cu

¿¿óis.

J¡-" ?

ir?

^¡ái ^oAi,

-î-iq^

t*:ó=AA

^ÌJSU

A i i ^

^

Î&J3

g

j

^A^ojó^o ^

a

s

i

16

¡ A fioos fcbS 1 7 «yá-áaMo fräAfl-a

19

••

,

i

(

i »

i^öia^Äi JC£¿

t >

2 (ásA-J

18

-

.^¿OOJÍ

A

i

.

^cùliaio î f ^ o i

J-LSOXJ : ^ à i ^ A i

ì^oAXso

,._» J ó i á -

}í\iJt.3 of.áo

20 jiioó

22

18

}3cwiái «^oaA^A »^ojLaojjiá

^ûiwiâi

i^ócjjLroUi

¿OaáÁ2

. cn.-:>X,k u Á á f c j

. ojäJL

v-oíS

í¿¿jaÍL3¿

-

21 V (|

B

\

j

^ái-á

{^jX^

- TaiaitSio j

•

«A.&Ï*

¿Üo

°

p;.A

î ^ ? I

^âéJ!^ JÍASO

àciA»

¡

*

V

^óa^j wl's^«

»

»

23

i

•

á

It

. o j ü a o

(369)

Excercise

29 B.

1. Sprinkle upon me with Thy hyssop, Our Lord, ;ind I shall be purified. 2. Rocks were rent (pf. f.). 3. For, by His wounds you were cured (m. pi.), 4. He was enshrouded with linen. 5. He was reviled (p. Impf.) and he was not reviling. 6. By ( a ) Thee we shall be raised to the Paradise. 7. By ( a ) Thee we shall be delivered from the unquenchable firfe ( j S f t j 'i-^i.? . 8. Our souls will be purified by ( o ) Thy propitiatory blood. 9. Sepulchres are burst asunder and the dead (m pi.) rise up. 10. False witness will not be condoned and he that speaks lie will not be saved. 11. Let all our requests be granted by thy (m.) prayers. 12. They- will- be- made- to- rejoice with their crowns. 13. By (cs) Thy blood (all) my sinswere condoned (pf.). 14. The lepers met Him ( o f j ) and were cleansed.; and the blind (m. pi.) and they saw light. 15. Its (f.) fruits will grow-in- abundance. 16. Their (m.) sons are brought-up as a (new) plant from their childhood. 17. Murdochai was delivered (pf.) from the hands of his persecutor. 18. He that follows the Lord will-have- mercy (pres.) on the poor (sing.) and he will be rewarded (pres.) according to his deeds. 19, My Lord, [ am not worthy that Thou shouldst-enter (Impf.) under my roof, but say only by ( a ) word and my child will be cured. 20. The king will-not-be- saved (pres.) by a great army (lit. multitude of an army), nor will the giant be delivered (pres.) by ( o ) his great strength (lit. by the multitude of his strength)- 21. How 'greatly, there fore, jsaa) will we be justified, now, by his blood, and delivered through it ( a ) from wrath. 24

(3 70) The APh'EL -

li^-Skf

F o r m of Verbs.

§ 151. A. F o r m a t i o n . - APh'EL of verbs is formed b y prefixing an Alap ? with P t h a h a to the P eC AL f o r m . W h e n the prefix 2 is a d d e d : — 1. All verbs (except Concave) ending in a Strong letter (except gutturals and Resh, which prefer P t h a h a ) assupie Zlama short ~ on the penultimate. Ex. o a o - f 2 = - ¿ ¿ o i . H e caused to write; composed; inscribed. 2. In P e - N u n verbs (§ 76 if.) generally the initial N u n is assimilated into the second radical. Ex. + 2 _ wodi- H e carried out, p u t forth, etc. 3. Pe Alap a n d Pe Yo'd verbs i§ 79 IT. § 82 if.) change the initial A l a p or Yo'd into W a w . Ex. ,\a2 + i = A a o i

- H e fed; he m a d e to eat.

kX-a.* + 2 =

- He dried;

he caused to dry.

4. In 'Ain G e m i n a t e verbe (§ 85 ff.) the second radical is assimilated into the first, which assumes its vowel. Ex. + 2= - he did h a r m ; suifered h a r m . 5. In Concave verbs (§ 89 ff.) the second radical appears as Yo'd a n d forms the vowel H c va"ssa * after the first radical. Ex. •pa + i = T^o i (for Tiusi) _ H e raised;

caused to rise or stand. 6. In L a m a d weak v e r b s : - a) L a m a d Alap verbs (§ -94 if ) change the final into ^ Ex. 2= H e m a d e to weep. + ?2. above and § 95 B. ff.).

- He .injured

(Vide

b) L a m a d Yo"d verbs retain the final ? u n c h a n g e d . Ex.

w>\x + 2 =

X2 -

calmed; m a d e calm or q u i e t .

(371)

B. Peculiarities in the conjugation :— 1. The change and augment of vowels on the final and the penultimate (of the stem) in all the different groups of verbs (except Concave) are the same as those in the corresponding PA'EL forms (§ 131. B. 1,2, 3, 5.6). 2. The middle ? of Concave verbs, remains un" changed in the Perfect, Imperative and imperfect. Ex* Pf. 3. f. s. Impf. 3- m. pi. . 3. The Imperative is formed as in PA'EL (§131 B. 3 a & b). Ex. ¡p.. s. - write thou, make thou weep. etc. 4. T h e formative Alap falls away leaving its vowel to the prefixes in all APh'EL verbs except the Concave. Ex. + He will compose; o2 + .i = A a oj He will feed. 5. In Concave verbs the prefixes (except 1st sing. Impf.) do not assume the vowel — of the formative Aldp. Ex. T ^ i + a = - He will raise. 6. In all verbe except the Concave the Infinitive and Participles are formed as in the corresponding PA'E-i form {§ 131. B. 5 & 6). Ex. Infinitive (Vide 4 above) + » = cv3£o>so - to compose, w^ioi + so =

— to feed-

>.^.32 + so = a—o-ax) - to make to weep. Participle:

present, m. s. perfect, m. s.

000 _

SO etc.

^f^?-5® - Aao.» _

etc.

oi^so -

7. Concave verbs (Vide 5. above) retain the middle in the Present participle, but change it into Zqapa i. in the Perfect participle and in the Infinitive. Ex. Participle: present T * ^ - He raises, She raises*

(372) perfect. 7*0» - H e is (being) raised. J»a» - She is (being) raised, etc. aaoa» _ a » a x S to raise.

Infinitive,

8. Nouns Agent and Nouns Passive are formed in the same manner as they are formed from P A ' E L verbs (§ 131. B. 7-8). N o u n Agent: m.

_ . •

N o u n Passive: m. f.

- Writer; chronicler T

—• •

. . .

. ,

V

r

_

Written.

_

„

9. Noun of action is formed (as in P A ' E L , § 131. B. 9) a) by affixing the termination U o . i.

- i f ^ * ? » - Writing;

ii.

chronicle.

_ i ^ o j ^ s o _ Writing (act o f )

b) by replacing the formative 2 by and affixing the termination J A. (hard generally) to the stem (ie pf. 3 m. s.) in all verbs except the Concave: and in L a m a d weak verbs the T a w of ^ following the final ? of the stem is rendered soft. Hence such nouns a p p e a r in the forms of i or ^ i s . d x and ii JiL^s*. Ex. i

_

( W - S

( ^ ^ Z ) •

ii

•

, . ^ iij

Note. long to this group. (1)

.

•

- satisfaction,

-

7

.

supplication, purification. fAacuo2 - Attekh, (for 2. In Concave verbs, K a p - ^ a as the first radical, whenever immediately preceded by a vowel, is rendered hard. Ex. Akkln, to create, to give existence, (but soft when there is no immediate precedence of a vowel, as - ^A» • e tc.) § 152. Different shades of meaning by the A P h ' E L form of verbs :— 7 1. A causative sense- a&a to write;

indicated • •

- to

make or cause to write. A ^ s to kill- A ^ n i to make or cause to kill. 2. An inchoative sense: 5a** to be white- io-.2 to begin to be white. 3- A different sense from that of the P e 'AL. to c u t to grant. 4. T h e same sense as that of the P e 'AL. ¿ . a f - ^ x i i j i to sow. J&OXA» _ offence; scandel; strangling ; ^ t f o o i a , » or

^AUOOA*.» _ kinsman; .

windng

etc.

-

(374)

5. The same sense as that of the PA'EL. to rest, to observe religiously. 6. Change of the P et AL intransitive to transitive. to die,

-

to cause to die; to kill.

LESSON

XXXIII.

APh'EL of Strong Verbs. § 153. The Strong verbs, the verbs which have a strong letter for the first and the third radicals and Alap or W a w for the second radical, and P e - N u n verbs with a strong letter for the third radical, which all are conjugated alike, are included in this lesson. For peculiarities in the conjugation learn No. § 151 A. 1, 2; B. 1 , 3 , 4 , 6, 8, 9 a, b; 10 a, b. c.

Conjugation. ws^aJ _ to (cause to) write; to compose, inscribe. Sing.

m ii I

Perfect.

PI.

M. cj^oi i ii • • He,? it, 7 composed. Jr F. M

•

' r,,

She, it, ... ¿Lsisail . You (thou) ... F. - A J f r a i j

C.

(1)

"

;

W. S.

• n • • : o ui^na•i » |

.. • •

• -m

r

They com

-

posed

«voAJioil Y0U Ynn . y, y , ^flcsftoij composed.

N

I composed. - i j f a i :

We com' posed.

(375) Imperative. Sing.

M.

Jfioii

compose

F. - j N j i j

compoSe

:

ye.

¿ihV-^feh

thou'

Imperative. SingM.

Ill

P1 -

F.

a ¿ o f } She, it,

M 11

f.

X

c.

•

afrap^He, it, will compose.

2

> [

ì j.

They wiij

J compose

)„ ^ '

1

, .

,

Y o u ( t h o u )

) You will "

p° s e -

I shall compose.

We shall ...

Infinitive. Abs.

0.JÍS3» -

Cons.

to compose.

Present Participle

PI.

Sing.

U

.

tf?**?

\

J

F.

Composing.

Perfect Participle. Sing.

_

M. F.

r?^?

j. (Being) composed. J

Present Tense. i. Active. Sing.

HI

M.

(oq)

, -,

,. .

He,

it, is

composing-

F. («o?) l^**? She, it,

(2) W. S- also UJLJ^J£*.S>L

with Yo'd.

(376)

M.

II

'-' • ( *. • > » Ml «jîsaso ~ ^ A a » [

F. M'

fjAoao _ ¿¿2

)

-

You

O n. S oy

I am

F. J.Î2 IakAio - fSJfi^ô Plural. M. They are F. ^-¿¿o»

III II

bo

(thou) are

M.

^»J^aso _ •^o&j.jAâào

F.

-

M.

You are

! bD ; — .cI !I oCfl I Oh •

II : u

We are ii. Passive.

III

M. F. M.

II

F.

(?°0

Hej it, is (being) composed.

(u.oi)

She, it,

&ii< i, . , _ ¿sjaoio i .. ia^so _ ^^tioio

You (thou) are

M. J_i2 «JiSaao _

I am (being) composed. Ir-iil ij^aio _ lii^aso &c. &c. as in PA'EL § 133Participial Nouns. i. Noun Agent. M. jiii^abo _ JjLaAoao composer; writer. F. F.

ii. Noun Passive. M. F.

_ i-aAo» 1 something J&jjjIso .

NOUN

i

written.

OF ACTION.

ijSftiXAa» _ l&oxjskax _ writing; chronicle.

(377) ii

JiNoA^aso -

iii

- writing.

_

jis.saou»»is - modesty.

Note.

1. If the second radical is Alap the W. Syrians do not remove its vowel tt, which should fall away from a strong letter in the same position (ie. 2nd radical) in Perfect sing, I m perfect and Present participle, because of the augment of a vowel 7 . • ^ i k*^ on the final, as, f o r ^ A r ? She did good, y O S j - ^ J

for ^ a j ^ p i . j h e y will do good, ^

for

-she does

good. etc. But in the Perfect participle and in the forms derived o y v from it the same Alap is preceded by Ptliaha y as f o r j i l a i o - afflicted. j l o i j J L c f o r » ¿ « ^ a i D - infliction of •

pain.

T h e East Syrians

•

•

also vocalise likewise

_ one who is sent; messenger; angel; and its derivatives. So also in West Syriac the Wa'w standing as the second radical, when its vowel falls away in the course o f c o n j u g a t i o n , 7 * is given the vowel eu' o in pronouncing (not marked) as

^o^OmJ

X V nahurunmahurin. etc. (Vide Nos- § 12- 3, 4 & § 7. v) Some times the West Syrians transfer the second radical Alap to "I7

the place of the first radical when prefixes are added. Ex.

H

for

- it will harm. 2. T h e P e - N u n verbs, which drop their initial N u n when admitting a prefix in P e 'AL (§ 77 & note 1- 4) drop it also in APh'EL. If the the initial N u n does not fall in P e A L , as above, it is retained also in APh'EL. T h e disappearing N u n practically assimilates into the second radical. (Vide. No. § 76- § 151. A- 2; § 154. iii.)

§ 154. A few verbs in the A P h ' E L form belonging to the above mentioned (§ 153) groups:—

(378)

i. Strong Verbs. Ao-t.s2 to put to shame, dishonour, confound to manifest, let shine: to make to arise. to turn, change, overthrowG-Soji to t u m one's face, forsake. to dig or break through; to put to shame, to put to the blush, i a w i to allow to be in want; to deprive, to lay waste, destroy 0) f

N

• •

to cause to pass; to remove; to convert; to transfer, translate, to set firmly; to strengthen, enforce, to gladden, make bright or merry. W=£ub2 to fight; to join battle. to provoke to anger . x ^ r i to feel, perceive, acquaint. to set over. ^ i i i to lower; to incline. to remove, put away " ' depart, abandon. 1 J f S x i to set in authority; to give power or permission. "p\x2 to complete, give up, deliver, hand over.

to proclaim by herald: to announce, preach, teach; to recite publicly or in a loud voice. to rule, reign, give counsel. ¿¿ax2 t o I e t hear, tell, ¿.¿so2 to hold in contempt, announce. to contemn. r^esi to furnish, make s**asoi to venture, dare, ready, set in order, conto be harsh, struct, prepare. to act foolishly, to go astray, to mistake; to ii. 'Ain Alap and 'Ain offend; to injure. Waw (retained) Verbs. «»aoZ to offer, proffer, designate; to grant, bes- (a:.a) j c t o do evil, hurt, harm. tow, ordain priest. (1)

N o t used in Pe'AL except pariicipial adj. and noun.

(379) to do good, deal well, treat well. s c u i to'make white, blanch. to grieve, hurt, afflict, to bring or to come to old age. to give or furnish with shoes;, to shod. ^ ¿ ¿ i to enlarge give space, relieve, g i W s o l a c e . iii.

P e - N ü n verbs ending m a strong letter.

v ;

patient; be Iong-suflferiug; to b e l o n ganimous. *cjf»i to give forth light; to shine brightly; to enlighten, lighten, ; , , , to send d o w n ; ^— ^ to cast down-, to cause to to brin* to

b e

to

to put in a safe place; to preserve.

„ I%eä0 u&äi to pluck out; ^¡i to pour forth; ' . • uf . ' send out; to bring or bring forth, to eiect i J carfy out' utter. ' i v i « • ,3X2 t 0 cause to ^ ^ to continue, blow. prolong, last, remain^ m tn to to

j

N o t e - 1.

aiikÄ _ to go up, to ascend, loses its Lamad

in A P h ' E L and becomes M a i _ (cfr. No. § 73- 1).

to

raise, to place above; to offer

p.« of L r a r a s Ä Ä § 155.

r

'

Syntax. The particle _so in the sense of

18 P u t befbre •left5 ^ t c y t n h , e S i d C ^ nouns 'right', left etc. f to express location on or position at. Ex!

ol His Father. ^

^ '

Recapitulate

H e

sits o n

the right-hand- sid*

§ 54 I I and § 127

V.

(380)

Vocabulary. >

pr. n. Jeremias. j i x i i pr. j. : v' " j i i j m.

m. rain.

n. Isaias. to conceive; to be pregnant, creator.

pi.

¿,.3 f. creature; creation. j i o i X m> youth; youngman; bachelor, pi. : f. vine. iiLoos m. wonder. pi. i f : I'i+a f. monastery; convent. pi. «-cr>o— u J S j ^ j i r • *

''

i. covenant; testament. «.qao^Sia : «jjs&i? etc. with pron. suffixes, m. generation; age. ¡euSi m - beam; ray (of • Hght). m. furnace. Javojoia f. Proclamation; message; gospel; preahing pi. j&J^sooo : " I V f. money; coin, monet; coinage; stamp. i f ? » pr. n. Moses. ¿ L a * City of Babel.

f. a watch. 't • < ¡¿sau&a» f. reproach; rebuke; reproof, admonition; refutation. I¿9*34o f. bride; spouse. /¿Ai^a m. going in. m . going out; exit. ^ f s * f- Egypt; c. g. moon. î ^ o A a à f- f o l l y> foolish• ' ' ' ness; fault; offence ^ ^ ¿ L dwelling place; habitation; earth. f

m. business; intimacy; study; conversation. 7

it

pl. ¡¿i'iàâ ' pl.

-

footstep. : f. thing; matter; affair. m l^à - wood (of the cross) jîxkaa m - a d j - buried; interred. m - ankle; a n k l e bone; wrist. •

'

(381) Jidcx •

- fairness: beauty; grace. . .. to spit. m. rod; staff; tribe. m

o : ax

. ' . JiUio^

m. heavenly (being) . f ' praise; thanksgiving>

wound; discomfiture;

to let down.

'

J - i S a i o m. sender.

ruin man

;'5ax m. wall; fortress. 0 V / ( A ^ c u n _ i f s ^ a o x f. fall; fault-, offence-

' fracture.

s i o n ; cell; room.

inferior;

lower; lowest.

/ I J ^ i i s f. counsel ;thought.

Exercise 30 A. nJuio 1 ( 5 4 II.) J a] 5

^ oojla ¿¿¿i? ^

oq

¿iA*

o s * * 0 ^ ^-i.Lpg.a

. ^aSjcfeZa oj*i> ox

Of.3

.

v^JL •

7

Jisiiaco

,2-S

12

^-i»

.soJuiAa 11

.

4 ^KBBUO

.»¿.a*» ofi r^-o^o JiSaA.

• ?30J.D •• I . • . JCVfcB.3 ; • OJ.S3 «^O^^m. 10

B

, =>¿3 i

;

I

9

(?•=??)

. s o of . i i o j o S . 3 JsooJLa

sooj^soaLi^

51-^i? ;_100 30 ¡.alto.*» Aao fi\e,i.ifl>

*so2D Offfli^ t;-5?? ^V®

k

18 •

u«o.l 14

V^?? . wJL30 ^».iiX ¿ A iNli MOf^i

^B >&c

07.3 6s*2 £iso Jsxa 16

15

.

.oj.a Aa-oi^

(382) WJp

18

.}a»03

í_iisb 73 á a oo] (uoò)

19

20

jl

. 0

*

: oj>» i i A

Jasóla^

J-icxá w A x

Ai.

i-AJ Ai.

jo

: o.V X^l

fa+Xsaj i «

.o]uA**«i>

a.i o 2 7

. JawaiiA ^a]oj2tslo

«JCji

odoÀà^

^¿.1

o q ^iLo J ó ^ i . rçv-i»

. ^öa^ö ¿ ó

aoj.ls¿

^íw»

¿.ácuó ¿S..2 áf.¿? ¡feóoia

.{ií'MkV í - a c A A 35

A i

•

^_*jJijisoá

.v^ówJcá ¿ l o á o o j A .

. JaAiLa

34

80

a ó l a* »»^ a*

J-aA»

o ^jLajaso 2 9

í i i . - ' - á ^0]cA*>

31

3x0.35 8 2

JjLsaX

•

j^l'-ax i n A j . 3 á

^Jlaoó

-«-"O?«*-??

.xUjo^i^

26

. ¿Aá^afJ

^Jsoa

22

23

. ? . • á« . A M ¿ i t \, , o A »

(¿Aa-cj^)

gg

^¿x*

24

25

"

: A.a¿

^¿jjjjo 2 8

00] «.tita» a jA>

í-Laja» A i . ¡ Ç — ?

^ Ç 2 ^ ? ¿W0oo2

^¿¿cAao

wJjáaaá

Axx^i T3^?

« i

a ¿¿¡».a

: wjA

A j í o ö

•

î-A-V 1

oJm.òo2o j x a i a o j ä o A o j

à.só>2o

A o ^ cfj—à . m à i s

\

JaAio

íáA*

o

¿^JÓxA

{_¿áxú

«wi

¿ i x a . A OíNMÍ 0..3.Z ¿Wsóo

£\j¿

(383)

-c]o.i.a :

¿oji.2 3S

«^Ouiiii^a

jtjoi» a-V; l—ia» 39 '

{¿sisousa

. ^ii»* 2-32? •VfSOg ^^rS. 1 ii

Exercise 30 B. 1. We offer to T h e e (m.) a new praise and thanksgiving. 2. T h y light reigns (pf.) over the world. 3. You (m. s.) forgive and remove our faults and theirs (m.). 4. Let the Lord remove wrath from the earth. 5. Why did the sinner provoke God (to anger)? 6. They (rn.) dishonoured the counsel of the poor (pi. m.) 7. T h o u hast enlarged my steps under me so that my ankle-bones may not shiver. 8- I will cause to hear the voice of Thy praise. 9. Thou hast raised my soul from hell. 10. Your face shall not be confounded. 11.- Let the angel of the Lord drive them away. 12. H e devises

iniquity

on his bed and (o do

h a r m he walks in the way that is not good 13. T h o u (m.) hast confounded my enemies. 14. Thou hast set a m a n over our head. 15- Thou (m.) hast enforced T h y wrath against ( a ) the sheep of T h y flock. 16. Pains are prepared for those who enforce judgment a n d blow for foolish people- 17. Rod and reproof give wisdom and the child that is not chastised 'p. p.) confounds his mother. 18. Blessed is He who makes all the generations pass- away and who docs not passaway. 19. He has gladdened the church, His spouse. 20. By the Holy Ghost did all the prophets prophesy T h y mysteries, O Jesus, God, and heralded Thy coming. 21. T h e sun lowered its rays and the stars adored Him. 22. Grant us pardon of sins. 23. Paul wrote on charity that there is nothing like it. 24. Look towards H i m and hope in Him and your (m. pi.) face

(384) will not be put-to-shame ( \ i d ~ i • 25. And Thou s h a l t hot let us hear the voice ( ¿ A a which says: "go ye from Me, I do not know you". 26. Incline Thv ear to my prayer. 27. He laid waste the fortress within it (hell). 28". Thou shalt not abhor us s ^ T - S ) nor deliver us to torment. 29. And Thy peace hath clothed them (m.) (with) the spirit of humility. 30. The cross reigns (pf.) in heaven, and the cross reigns (pf.) on earth, and the cross shall be a fortress to the churches and to the monasteries. 31. My heart poured forth good words ( j i ^ S ) . 32. He made the winds to blow in the sky (l-isox) . 33. And He came and enlightened all the creatures. 34. The Lord my God will enlighten my darkness. 35. He will send forth (¿-0 known; to inform; to show forth. * to enfeeble; render weak ( ¿ ) i to become enfeebled, exhausted -r*) ( a i . ) o i o i to beget, bring forth; to assist at childbirth. ( m u ) auBoi to set on

fire,

burn, light, consume, ( ä t u ) i a o 2 to make heavy Nota.

APlrEL

or dull; to be burdensome («^f-) to give honour. -=jo2 to enlarge, to make great, to magnify, to extol. -Nooi to leave or give an inheritance; to cause to inherit; to divide inheritance. A*0* to hold out-, to stretch. («a A»*) to make to dwell or to inhabit; to keep station; to restore, appoint. 'its*) ¿¿sol to have over, to have enough and to spare to people.

The following verbs are irregular in the formation

of APh'EL.

AV?

to wail,

lament-, to cry out. "(1)

Not used in P^'AL,

verb, assuming

Impi- ^

or

to teach, inform, to train. (2) Some take

A i . as P"AL,

^ X » for a Geminate

but not on good authority.

(388) (o^) (') to suckle, to v Vy " ... give suck or milk. § 158.

Syntax I .

(?&) •

bring; to make to come, ( y i d e

i (ila.)

(2)

§

166

n

2 )

" t o add, to

increase, to do more", put before another verb has an adverbial force meaning "again, more abundantly". T h e verb following it may be in the Infinitive construct or in the same tense agreeing with it (Jbooi) in gender, number and person and joind by the co-ordinative conjunction W a w 2„ He

repeated or answered again. I I . When the subject is one and the same for the principal clause and the relative clause and the same verb forms the predicate in both the clauses, the verb, though different in tense and mood (with its object, which is common to both) may be omitted in the relative clause. Ex. £au>2 ^ a » ^ H e l d out T h y hand to me, O Lord, as (Thou held it out) to Peter.

Vocabulary. .¿¿W^

m. wave.

A.O.AX 1

J-ia^*

confidence: the m-

'

N ^ "

commemor-

ation of the mother. ^Si

m. fight; contest.

¿¿a«»? (1)

f- song. Rarely

begotten; specific.

S°od manners,

'

Sunday. birth. ^ ^

that which is burnt,

•

ash,

JjLaai J-i^s»

.«-ti-iOyi.

solitary;

monk, sole, only; the only

uncovering of the face.

liJsi 7 '

adj. m.

m

fire-pan.

. thought, m- Egyptian,

(2) Not used in

PC'AL.

(389) the day of death. ¡•¿¿Si t a a t •

'

t o

m

' '

JiCoaoja

,arry'

m. covenant;

status.

fi^t.

to

take a wife.

. .

f. t e s t i m o n y ;

•

evidence; martyrdomU ^ s . f - b a r r e n , sterile (woman) / • ^ , uu- u f. filth; r u b b i s h .

f

Sabba

th-,

•

Saturday.

^ ^ 3 m muitiplied; ' i n c r e a s e d ; gatherd much?JA.oAo2N '-"TV*"*

Theology,

Exercise 31 A. 2

^Jsiooo

o^¿(Mb

sui-3

¿ ^ ¿ o i •\iJoi

10

.yaotk x M

9

« s ooj*$2.3

I

•

t

J-i\oAo2Xa 14 soi\i

\

•

¡¿attX •

•

wdaasb

jJuija^L J OCTl

20

8

l-1

N^i

^ ^

13

15

. (]3o.i)

vj 16

18

}_i2

?»x

to

cause

harm, to suffer

harm or loss. PERFECT.

P1

Sin*. III II

M.

He, it, did harm,

F.

She, it,

M. F.

I

bisi

C.

„

,

Cy k « ^ : I T.j dld rn . . • • • • \ ( ^ H ^ f M ) harm.

¿»¿.¿"I , x .• ^You (thou) „ I ioisi

• . , f-You „ „

J

I did harm. ^ ^

We did harm

Imperative. P1

Sing. iV1

^>Harm thou

F. In W. S. also (1)

• /i y ( .

"

\ . , . . . ¡>Harm ye r-^-'^Hj

(392) Imperfect.

Sing.

jjj

11

PI.

M. He, it, will do harm. They will (2; F. She, it „ „ a^Lij do harm. M. $tst\ "1 ^aaÄ^ I YoU ( l h 0 u ) You ' will „ iF. ji^ II C.

I shall do harm-

We shall do harm

Infinitive. Abs. ?-a . ., (7s V to raise; to set u p > t o exalt, to remove, to take away.

v( « J )

to give rest, . ' • ' ® refresh; to satisfy, assuage, relieve, content, to lay aside, etc. t o b e aCCU S ^ K tomed, to be wont, to be used, (only in participles o) . (ai,) a t o arouse, awaken, wake.

Note.

The APh'EL of

it is conjugated like

-

-

to hear,

is

:

. etc.

to hearken, and

§ 164. Syntax. I. Generally, the noun in the genitive case immediately follows the noun on which it depends. But, a word or phrase may sometimes come between them. Ex. £ 1 Y o u were havens of cure. II. Attributive adjective or adjectival phrase does not admit the pronominal suffix added to the noun, which it qualifies. Ex. - Our good God. «¿y» s o # i - Our God of great mercy. III. Pronominal suffixes added to abstract nouns of quality, quantity or state, ending in ¡ f o often serve to personify them. Ex. »^o** - Have mercy on me (who am) a sinner. IV. A noun put in apposition with another noun generally follows it immediately; but sometimes a word or words may intervene between them. Ex. -p-i. 2 formed from

t

(

J-isf*?

^OJJ

- supplication, intercession.

(402) .aji. and

iabXlLa J e u a j -

the

world

innocent

in

t h a t does n o t

that pass

Refresh them with the just heavenly

kingdom

in

the

away.

Vocabulary. f.

wrath. pr. n.

jAa.^» Eliseus.

A . l » j m . Insult; d i s g r a c e . * ~ , ¡ a i w w o i f- d e e P s l e e P > • ' " drowsiness, sloth. o to b e d e w , s p r i n k l e , moisten. 0 . dDjU* to g i r d ,

travel,

PA. to s p o i l ,

pillage.

Jfiio^u-: * " ' '

gui3t;

loss; . condemnation.

m . pi. L o i n s . ,f ' _ 2i..-soX, m . I m m e r s i o n , . - v . , , . submersion, o v e r w h e l m i n g , somnolence. m . adj. h e a v y ; ' ' precious, / ¿ l ^ y i i i ^ m-Arbour; , . haven. i J i & t J o sitting; session; . , , .seft' 1

. / u . • r , J x j A 3J0 f. p e a r l , ' ' " lvL&x> m - A d v o c a t e ; intercessor. f. e a r t h , habitable . « ¿ J p r . n. ^ ^ ^

^ ¿ ¿ ^ ""

m. R e s t - g i v i n g ;

consoler, attendant,

worshipper, servant.

region.

Noe. I n

t h e

d a y g

'

of

Noe.

ni. c l o t h ;

loincloth.

pi.

to put on, to clothe; to array. . •* , T T ,. TT iJtaaa m- H o l i n e s s ; Holy / TT t h t m ^ Sacrifice; H o l y P 1 ^ »nctuary. pi. ^ . a o o a : ; j s

one w h o makes to weep. O n e t h a t is m a d e to weep.

N o u n s of A c t i o n . 1) 2) 3)

i f s o i i i _ _

W e e p i n g (act

of)

W e e p i n g (state o f ) ¡ ¿ ¿ a * .

purification.

(408) § 161. form :— ^

A few Lamad weak verbs in the APh'EL

( } i a j ) uMUli ^ ' 1 '

~

uaei '

t0 ma

(fi,*) ^ o i "" t o ^ '' ' >.*doi ~ ^ •' • f . A rr) ^ VT: J

,

k

ma t0

"

awa

y

or t0 avert the eyes; to disregard, nglcct, allow, delay.

praise.

k e to swear; to adjure; to call to witness; to exorcise.

k e grow; to bear or bring forth as a tree? to sprout. ab, e ; to be sufficient; to finish, vanish away, do away with, bring to an end-

to

make more; to give more, to increase, multiply, add- (with anorher verb adverbially means- very much, more, greatly; abundantly).

,

»Aoi

turn

- to confess, believe,

""

•

to

- to reject, refuse, despise, abhor,

(fix)

- to lay hold, snatch, carry

( j j ^ ' "

*

cast away.

off, rescue, wrest.

- to cause to turn; ro make to return; to bring back; to give back.

( 2 6 3 ) ..fcOai ~ ^ • ' " ' (ioa) u o i i ~ ^ ' • (Uba^) 1.00ii1 ~ ^ '

to

t0 to

shed forth, let flow, discharge, supply abundantly, chastise, punish, instruct. §'ve

to

drink; to water;

to inebriate, intoxicate. throw, cast, import, cast down, make to fall, lay, put, place.

_ to leave, let alone, give leave, abandon, to loose hold of (with ( ? o * ) «0X2

& j) •

- to level; to make equal, to take part (with to make worthy.

( ? J a x ) - • 'aith.

(410)

*' t • S a * »• •A—os piritual. JioqiS the deep; abyss. I i 4; m- robber; captor; Or i ^ f m. adj' ca P turer , perturbed; turbid, clouded; jc wornan captive; foul. • ' * captivity. 2 ¿2 ^ f ^ ^ - ^ao^s.» etc.

regularly.

Participial Nouns. _

(•},,(. . „ r v .

.

.

\ • " i tnat which is to be or l i L ^ . j f ^ s t e o - i^-xisioQj should be harmed. N o u n o f Action,

j ^ f t A A S A & o _ iivpj^^s» 4. W. S. also

. "tl 1 1

doing harm

{act o f )

(420) IV. •

»

_ to be withheld.

"

1

Concave Verbs.

PERFECT.

Sing.

MF. M.

^¿>¿¿1 > •• ' " withheld. He

¿^jaaJ

w a s

• i' '

F.

were

withheld. PI.

(s^si^sl ' I' " Be thou ^.t^-t^tsi withheld

M.

Be ye withheld.

IMPERFECT.

> it» will , be withheld

PI.

He

p

T h e y will be ^cL^s&Si with held. ' "'

She

M.

3

F.

c

J

Imperative.

Sing.

{th

(thou)

I was withheld

'

w

) held.

w e r e

Sing. M.

^ ^ :

¿JsJjses/sl'] You

C . tsCs+JzMsl ^

They I were

^

She,

F.

PL

.

You (thou)

«.OliuJ^ ^

?hall b e " withheld.

I I You

..

be withheld.

1

W e

sha11

Infinitive. Abs1 VV. S. also

ConsX * *. U •^ o•l i j

oAj^AsoA to be withheld.

2 Vide § i 17 f. n. 3. 3 W. S. also

u±jjooU*

(421)

Present Participle. Sing. PI. M- AuJi>Aso I •/ ' , ," ' , ," | Being withF. j^hj^Aao | held. Present Tense. Ill

m. s.

. II m. s.

¿¿i

_ ^.jfc&o etc. regularly.

Participial Nouns. f. S.

that which is to be or should be withheld.

J^viL-XSisAso _ Nourv of action.

^ojJ^^a^iN» -

- Withholding (act of)

V. Lamad weak Verbs. majtiSl _ to be made to weep.

III

M. F.

T

Sing.

PERFECT.

He, it, was ' '' " made to weep. ^.iikj^tfsi She, it,

M. F, C

v

PI. o* : o^jfcAli They ' "|wcre " ¡ ^ ¿ ¿ i ' weep/0

I you (thou) jw e r e ••• I was made ; . to weep. * ' Sing.

IMPERATIVE.

M. j Be thou made F. « ¿ 4 * 1 to weep. ¿Y. n p 1 W. S. also y o a a a « ! ;

PI.

^

'' "

.t^s^i .

^°audewte0re weep. We

j j

J® ^ ^

(422) Imperfect.

Sing. " F.

* ^

F.

.

C.

^LsiUi

M

*

S d e Cweep. She, it, ...

2

!

' '

u

pi.

^ ^ | They wi,l be ¿ ^ ¿ U t ! m a d G t 0 WeeP'

You (thou)

^ ^ ^ | You > • • ii I I shall be ... J - a j ^ i We shall b e . . . Infinitive. Cons. aJkj^saoS to be made to weep.

Abs. p ^ j ^ s o Smg.

Present Participle.

M. F.

rf??*» PRESENT

I l l m. s.

.

II

m.

s.

pi Being made to weep.

TENSE.

¿ii

-

L+jUo

f. s. U.&J2 ¿-¿AJAs&o - «.¿CAJfcii*» ' ' I I. etc. regularly as in EThPA'AL. (§ 149)Participial Nouns. m. s. ifcL.i&tstsso _ ^ ^ . ^ ¿ v o l that which is to f c ni .\i id^" 1 ' . ^ be or should be f. s. bewailed. r

NOUN

•

OF

••

*

*

1

ACTION.

j^ooiajftAso weeping

(act, state of).

§ 170.

A few verbs in the E T T A P h ' A L form:i. Strong. ( 7 - p t ^ U s l _ to be anathamatised; to be ex' communicated. 2 Vide § 117. f. n . 3;

3 W. S. also

uJU^aYp

(423) Cv

x^-V^S - to be put into the scale; to be loaded, laden; to be compelled to bear» _ to come down like rain; to be borne down as with rain-, to be caused to rain; to be poured down.

^-iLeisM _ to be made king; to be reigned over. _

to

be made to bear; to be inflicted.

,±B>e>J\2 - to be elected or appointed; esp. to be ordained deacon or priest; to be consecrated bishop, Patriach. (p e . J- m - ioul; vile, '* disgraceful ¡-lax m. drink, . ." . , jioojiS m. abyss; depth, • „ _ , • * f- Example; spccu. men, token, manifestation. m- l i m i t i boundary to repeat, narrate, •< relate. ,; .. preparation making. below

to bind. fiUiMi

firstly.

;

under

'

^ ¿ ¿ S thither.

Exercise 35 A. .¡.is Of

Jail 2 .

5 • i-i-ii? q

jjLsf 6 . ^Ais&l i» 10 osj i*^

^

jiia iAa 7 . J^cvttao jjaoata Jjy, .¿A Jutuo i ,y:\,tt):Laa ajad 9 . jiiax» JJ—-i 11

(428) á_»2 ^^o

î&àjA^

^»¿A

•"r-*^

«.tDoidojeo

(juóioá?)

Ä-ä ò f j ?óó] iíj^jó

"t1?^14

»oi

r

ojä-aä

12

a-^aäa

: w.qoííL.2

)

13

*o.i£)

aaäi

•

ÍÍ..30JC

••¡O ^o^ísia

íiÑiiSAcoo

jiaxo

£¿.ai¡A

21

• •^óofsaJk. 23

î^'iLaù

: j^asA»

jààxwo

:

¡¿JOkX ._*> J O ^ JiDfrWO T

,

~

I •

\

.

•

.w O] __*ai2 BO Ja^oAOcc V

••

«

»

I

;_ia»

I

»»

t

i

t

/

^-a : ^itiX ^ o qo 82 • • •

of^a

i

0

1

wsaoAue

Aa

(

,

o } i U = o ia*

#

'

jJ^s

Ofi? j i a ^ Jmiioi

», «•

r?

'i

33 • • .

733JO l ^ O a J j ?

I

: J j a a A i . qjuBoAj

'

^¿¿Acjo

*

^-so a.a ?ipq ^-so J j d j 29

.jinXiS^o i-iisox iaJbLL 3

••

•

»^ooj^a '

'

t_so

: fa sois ^oB**» a 0} 1

; ' a i o o o ^©Ai*»

,—Aso 36 • %

w

D

34

ca^S

D

^

35

¿A

(Aphr.) |§ 170. n. 3].

Exercise 35 B. 1. Beloved (f.) of fJS) God. 2. He was received (made to enter) in A~me"d with pomp. 3. O u r souls are (being) washed, 4. Christ, who was lifted on the cross at Calvary. 5. He was born and was placed in a crib (i_iaoi) and lo, the creatures adore H i m .

(430)

6. They will be awakened (pres.) and they will come (pres.) to the terrible judgement as it is written. 7. To those (m ) who return from pagan customs ( j i i o ? ) time is required that they may be instructed. He that is brought may be ordained deacon (i-Lxsoxjo) first and then priest. 9. When the mind is enlightened by pure light... 10- When I will be awakened (pf.) I will praise Thee, 11. Gentiles will be judged before Thy face. 12. In the name of our God we shall be exalted. 13. Be Thou exalted, O Lord, j n Thy strength. 14. Be Thou awakened, O my God, and my Lord, to my judgment, and see my oppression. 15. Cease thou, from rage and cease thou, from anger' 16. I will-surely-be-exalted (pf.) over ( J ) the peoples and I will-surely-be- exalted (pf.) over ( a ) the earth. 17. They will be cursed. 18. Be Thou, exalted, God, above the heavens, and Thy glory over the whole earth* 19. Do not judge, that you (m. pi.) may not be judged; for by the judgement you judge you will be judged.' 20. With what measure you mete it-will-be-measured (pres. m. s) to you. 21. Before destruction the heart of man will-be- lifted up, and before glory humility. 22- The altar is the symbol of the sepulchre in which the body of our Redeemer was placed. 23. And all the anger truly ceases from you (m. s.)- 24. I have entered the battle (field) of the martyrs and there I saw how they are judged. 25. The creator was judged in the morning by Pilate as (one) guilty of death. 26. Blessings are showered upon us. 27. They (m.) are known and made known. 28. In the morning time when (?) incenses are offered (lit. placed) the angels sing glory in heaven (j_»oa.a) . 29. Blessed is He that gave us (a) peaceful evening and restful night at which the fatigued ceasefrom-labour and offer (^¡jtuaso) praise.

(431) S^APh'EL AND

ESvTAPh'AL -

ulXaftlxi

§ 172. All the verbs formed by a u g m e n t of a c o n s o n a n t (except ( , the formative prefix of A P h ' E L ) to the root are grouped herein as S A P h ' E L for the sake of convenience, though the term may not precisely apply to each and every one of them. E S v T A P h ' A L is its passive or reflexive form. I n S^APh'EL, the vowel on the penultimate corresponds with the vowel on the penultimate in the P A ' E L form and in E s ' T A P h ' A L i t corresponds with the same in the E T h P A ' A L form. [For transmutation between, and fiv Vide No. § 1 1 3 - 4], S v APh'EL form is derived from P e 'AL verbs :— 1. by prefixing any one of the letters & . JC . JB .v.» . 9 .7] (ftSfittOJOj) Ex «]_

(^so*)

to persist. ^rN. 5 *

(^aX^a) 73-

^^ ¿3073

to believe. to be condensed.

to dwell; to inhabit. .¿too to pawn- .to " ' pledge; to give or take in pledge or as hostage. to fear.

vx _ awii*. to do. is

lia ~

to grow.

"

'

i o

hasten.

to

subdue.

to tender, bring u p .

Note. 1. Such derivatives with prefixes are not formed from Concave verbs. 2. In Pe Alap and Pe Yo'd vesbs Alap and Yo'd are changed into W a w after the formative prefix. Ex. JC _ (cs^-.) a ^ a i to set free; to set at liberty.

(432) to

2,

by inserting any one of the letters i . p . < - . 0 (iao-o)

0^

to tie,

fix.

after the first radical. t0

to

ke hated> despised.

•p ^ix

3.

Ex.

y?,0*" to twist, coil,

ajiua to think.

1 -

detain-

' •

to spin.

suffer; to forbear.

to be ashamed, to entangle, implicate.

by affixing any one of the letters

-

i)

to spread. «¿»afl to disclose, expose; to strip naked; to lay bare, to p u t to s h a m e ; j&scw to be strong. to persevere; to w i t h stand; to be brave, powerful; to endure, resist. Note. There are several isolated derivative verbs formed by

affixing

.a

u* —

to divide. ' 1

iX -

4.

. ij . wj-. and other letters. to instigate.

tji — _

.A

to prostrate. ¡¡^M'

lo

°Pen

the mouth

to rub.

A i ad*

to bind.

to lick

tX.d-tA

to wag the tail. &c.

by repeating the final radical.

ajjv -

Ex.

to do.

_ to rub.

Ex-

to reduce to servitude. t0

P o w d e i*.

N o t e . A few verbs of this group are found only passive form. Ex. (1)

in

the

In this form Pthaha on the 2nd radical of the root is transferred to the first radical-

(433)

• aj -

to be foolish.

"pjL _

to be cloudy.

(2)

•• ' aaaj&J

to be foolishedt0

be obscure.

5.

by repeating the final and the penultimate letters. Ex. _ to fly. to sparkle, to fly about. ^pXjc _ to become complete.

^A»!:* to complete perfectly,

N o t e . Verbs of this group are of very rare occurrence A very few of them appear only in the passive (ES v TAPh f AL) form. Ex. .' (4) I — to see. to show oneself great. fJbo — to count-

wJioJjokJ to count several times-

6. by repeating the verb itself (in Geminate and Concave verbs), . to

— to inform

to

oa — to grow.

explain. magnify, exalt.

— to move; to shake.

to disturb.

•p3 — to be high; to be tall.

to exalt.

§ 173. Peculiarities in the conjugation:— 1. S^APh'EL verbs ending in a strong letter are conjugated like PA'EL verbs ending in a strong letter. (§ 133). But in the case of derivative verbs of the form (2) (3) (4)

The second radical appears as Wa'wThe second radical appears as Yo'd. The final Alap of the root is changed into Wa'w.

W. S.

p (5)

j

0f

as

is changed into Wa'w.

(6)

In this form L of the root is changed into -t- .

28

(434) A ^ A l d like t

t

*

1

ad the prefixes receive Zlama —. Ex.

He will sparkle. *

•

«

(i

-

to

sparkle. *

- sparkling, etc. 2. S v APh l EL verbs ending in

are conjugated like

P A ' E L verbs ending in « • (§ 142). 3. ES^TAPh'AL verbs agree in conjugation with E T h P A ' A L verbs according to their ending either in a strong letter (§ 145 A 1, 3 and B except 4) or a weak letter, ie„ - (§ 149). 4. The Participles and Participial nouns and Nouns o f action are formed : — a) from S^APh'EL as from PA C £L (§ 131 B. 6; 7, 8, 9). b) from ES v TAPh'AL as from E T h P A ' A L (§ 145 B. 6).

5. Hard and soft aspirates, a) S AFh'EL. i. The

final and the antipenultimate (ie. 3rd from the last) letters are always soft. ii. The penultimate letter is always hard. iii. The first letter becomes soft only when prefixes are added. Ex. - n e valbel- He will confound or confuse. But it remains hard in the Imperfect 1st sing, if the first letter has Pthaha -f- as ^ - ¿ M ? ebalbel- I will confound or confuse. iv. In verbs of the form the second letter of the root becomes hard when prefixes are added. Ex. ¿^j. - nevtahtah E . or nephtah tah W.) b) ESvTAPh'AL - T h e first (or ^ substituting it) and the penultimate letters of the active form are always hard others soft. § 174. The different shades of meaning of the form of verbs cannot precisely be assigned. T h e following are the most common : S v APh'EL

(435) 1. The prefix or -jo generally gives a causative sense to the verb. Ex. to know- A.iooc to notify. 2. T h e improperly called S'APh'EL forms (ie.. PA'LEL, PALPEL, P e t AL'EL etc.) may denote a sense of intensity or iteration of the action denoted by the P e t AL form. Ex. see above § 172- 4. 5.6. 3. The variation in the meanings of verbs formed by prefixing, inserting or suffixing other letters may be noted above. (§ 172- 1.2. 3). § 175. There are some denominative verbs formed from nouns and particles. They are conjugated like PA'EL verbs if they consist of three letters only; if they consist of four or more letters they are conjugated like s'APh'EL verbs. Here are a few examples:a) Verbs formed from nouns. «¿jSi - God. - to deify. * #* - to guilt,

- Gold. - Child.

Hi-.

*

- to make young* - to speak.

;_Lx> - tongue.

itftaoa . »» H - to give form. ID;, - to proselytise.

- form. - proselyte,

- a staff, rod. ^ i iTi o i & j - to lean on the "" staff. b) Verbs formed from adjectives. j k e i . - ten. " to give tithe-

ji^o-

jyMi - weak.

- to weaken, debilitate,

a , L - one. x a

- to unite.

formed from

c o n c a v e (§ 162- 163).

is conjugated like A P h ' E L

U ) [found only in the passive form.

'436) c)

Verbs formed prepositions. - under.

¿Jujo^

- against.

- to lower; to h u m b l e . iaaii

- to oppose.

a « i * A j - alone.

- to b e c o m e solitary

Note. 1. Some denominative verbs are formed from Greek nouns and compound nouns also. Gr.

i-iV»^ -

robber.

_ to rob.

aa*fi>:i£vH _ deposition. viSDivt) _ to depose, degrade. • Comp.

_

it

(acc. of the person and a of the cause) J J U a j - man. _ to become man.

¿ L a A x a - accusor; ™ • •• adversary. J j L a a A i - J _ enemy. 2.

to accuse; denounce.

_ to call for justice; to litigate_ to become enemy; to act enemically. Some denominative verbs are made for theological usage: -

man.

j i A - i « body.

(1)

A-

^

. »

to become man.

(1)

_

to take body; to incarnate.

3. There are a few quadriliteral verbs whose origin cannot be traced. Ex. »eua3 _ to provide_ to mortify.

LESSON XXXIX. SAph'EL

Avtao „ ' t , ' to subdue. uons. oaJboaoJk • f

i

•

»«yAv to be • ,' " subdued. oaJs^-fiotc^ •

«

•

«

•


• Axito ii . j jt.nS.Tio

. LJ subduing.

M. ^ajixxso F.

i ,M jqo being " sudued. .-»aj^flO&o < •> \i

•sijlii* c.

(4) « - J L•f a i J l .

d. T* (5)

t J u•l ^ J & m F .

etc

(439) Perfect Participle. & M.

.

F;

X1

etc. (being) sudued.

Participial Nouns. i, Noun Agent. M. s.

-

F. S.

_

J^iauaXx»

ii. M. S: F.

Noun Passive.

; N.yfl.T'O _

S.

J^^Ujo

fo.aVTao

-

jfs^AVTio

M. S.

_

F.

-

S.

One who subdues; subduing.

subdued (one who ;is)-

ld^SfJiZ.r£sXx>

one to be subdued.

Nouns of Action. i

yZ-Xlflox -

ii

lAoj&tjgJao -

iii

j^o^xja-xao _

iv ^ c u ^ - S ^ x » • ii.

••

j>.TVtao - subjugation. ^oauixiao - servitude. ¡¿«liixt*»

~ obedience;

*v

subjection*

S APh'EL & ES TAPh'AL verbs ending in

(/L&o) m

- servitude; enslavement

_ to fulfil.

.Aao^xf - to be fulfilled-

PERFECTSing. He, it, fulfilled. -Wxjj

M.

JUx

F.

AiXsci She,

.

He, She

X 1 Present tense is formed with pronominal enclitics as in PA'EL and EThPA'Al. (Vide § 133; § 146.).

(440) "

f F.

I

C.

^

(thou) were ... I fulfilled.

I was fulfilled

PI. III

M. F. M.

n

F. C.

I

They a «A«« fulfilled tuimiea. : k*Xaoac x

. .

...

»

• .!

^

They iirAro

were fuIfilled>

• ( You

1 r-i : vr -AXxxx . We fulfilled ^ Imperative.

'

P l*.

: VYou j

'

-v

A » ¿ X i We were • " fulfilled.

r

•>' J

'

\ • f u l f i l ye. ^ rwAioa: j

" ^«U® 2 j fulfilled.

^ :

Imperfect. Sing.

t t t M.

111

F.

I

X W He, it, will ' ' fulfil¿ W * She . . ..

¿Xxkx* He, it, will be ' ' " fulfilled. A » ^ She

M. ¿AsoAJcaO You (thou) F ( v i-You (thou) . . ' - y will be J?. j j fulfilled. G. ¿ - W ? I shall fulfil, I shall »

• i

'

/

i

"

PI.

M. F.

N

f

^ i A\

'

win ad

J-

S*

m
r'- necessaries of P • ' life. ^ ¿ C m < greater; surpassing; superfluous. collection. «I •. m. confessor. Jt a ai» adv. again. jiXXboA» ^ unspeakable. livouMo m. provoker, rebel; contentious; rebellious. , rebellioi •(} ' • J ^j.iis.2 to foretell;' ,2 to forete to prophesy, fouled m. m resurrectin. * strange; stsanger.

m. noxious; hurtful, injurious; mischievous. » • m taking* m ' receiving.

l i i o a m . expectation. i ^ m. sword. Ja^o® m. ascension. j tk ni. thorn; bramble; ' bush, j Aph: to raise; to ' lift up. m. meeting; interview; accident; hostile encounter, French; ? The . Frank. m. Insult. ¿ _ ä^o t 0 tie» t o bind; to frame. iia.B f. horn; strength; power, corner; wing of an army, pi f. desire; lust. ^iDoax m. promise, m. beauty. oud U M b o a s t e r ' a P rman. J. : -j u jbojjojc boasting; pride. ¿S completion; finishing. ? s j ^ humiliation; feeblc" ness, meanness.

(445) 2_ÜS.li feeble; mean; low; j i ^ o * m . arrogance; humble; wretched. ' pride. . y« to agree, consent, ^ ¿ à o t s m - food; nourish•• follow. ment. ' Exercise .JiCaiiijâ» cjJ^a ^Asaio 2

36 A .

«l-**-3 r"?

M1*®

ptoai 6 • •

5

•vOcjikA 8 A-iL

i^'^V 3

Xi 9

l-Liio

"¡H^^®?

.

J^aA^ki

^«.âj 18

.^oä.ä-3-JB

? '^^f0

V ? ^

JäCo»

1

11

îiaiJ

10

.lÇs.o>xlï

. ^ a ^ a i s o Î^Soxij

.Àsij-J» J-i* q^Ü-V®?

jbçw

« A oà,»2 14

12

^-rr? ¿-S"»*» o5} OJP MîO

13

JLA^JS-? 18

AiL

•

•

a-ij

19

ÎÂ&ça^Jfo . 22 . ** ¿-îLS^à

».XLxjûô 2 4

—

1

•È-**»^ tfîîi-^*0??0 î f ^ A w ^

2 all: all at once, . . . c - pi. £ COrn, ^ • harvest; crop; Yieia-

, , *4 i^Av . • , ..

f. a p p e r r o o m ; u p p e r story.

f

A h i g h w a y ; "street

'

f- m a n l i n e s s - ,

m a n l y strength; fortitude;

^

^

heroism valiance. purely.

m- S a i d a n (place).

m e d i t a t i o n ; severe U Ù . f. e n d . 1 • ' , r> j rise UP (and) praise. 6. At night I remembered Thy adorable and holy name. 7. I beseech Thee, and I long for T h y mercy. 8. Let him not sin who has sinned: and he that has not sinned let him take heed that the justice makes account at the door. 9. By His mercy He looked at the humility o f His hand maid. 10. Who is able to relate about the praises of martyrs, 11. I will be ready (i-aity^) in the morning and I will appear before Thee. 12. T h e enemy that avenges will be brought-to-naught. 13. T h e heavens declare the glory of God. 14. I shall rise and go around the city along the streets ( $ « * ) and high-ways, 15- Pass on pass on, and you shall not approach the unclean (mpi.). 16. X have repented because (?) I have made them, (m.) 17. Let not the mighty boast of his might, and

(457)

the wealthy of his wealth, and the valiant of his valiance, but he that boasts may boast of the Lord. 18. The illustrious apostle reproved (lit. cut the reason of) those who were boasting of foods. 19. He was considering them ( a ) as defiling fiends (??**) and he did not give answer to any of them. 20. Confess us ( a ) before Thy Father as Thou hast promised us21. Martyrs were the incense filled (with) sweet (j-sojja-a) fragrance, by which the Lord is reconciled. 22. Let the bones of the saints be intercessors for us with (^o^) God that we may not be beaten (WXXJS) with the rod of justice. 23. Day from day I am promising my Lord, that I shall repent (pres.) tomorrow (a*iso) ; my days have passed and gone: my debts are standing ( T r »ia); let thy bowels be moved towards (AJL) me. 24. As the door that goes round on its hinge, so the idle man turns on his bed . 25. They were willing to avenge. 26. He looked up to heaven and sighed and said to him: be thou opened. 27. I will avenge (pres-) my enemies. 28. He answered and said: I do not will; but in the end he repented («.oAAi) , and went. 26. Fear not, for I am with you (m. s.), nor be afraid, for I am your God. 30. The Lord was well pleased with Abel and his offering : and with Gain and his offering He was not pleased; and Cain was very displeased and his face became sad.

CORRIGENDA p.

line.

for

read.

4 6

3 3

Zain Sepwathayatha

Za'i Sepwa"tha"na"ya"tha

7

2

S- a

i-e

9 9

5 14

11

16

14

18

16

17

X

o - be lengthened from

At 2

i »• +

« *i

X y>

X ,

+

•

V

11

20

10

22 23 24

28 1 3 19

25

7

31

5

. . .

X

X

the a letter

55

35

16

37

1

55

»

.7

«. 9

the letter .9 7

pronuce occu; soundr the small dots

pronounce occur sound, two small dots

e ,\jaso M • - M k •abbel

-

446

9

oooj ^ o J C a

00a