Leshono Suryoyo: First Studies in Syriac 9781463210113
John Healey’s, Leshono Suryoyo, is an introductory grammar for those wishing to learn to read Classical Syriac, one of t
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GORGIAS HANDBOOKS Volume 2
Leshono Suryoyo
ܶ ܳ ܳܐ ܽ ܪ ܳ ܳܐ
First Studies in Syriac
Leshono Suryoyo
ܳܶ ܳ ܳ ܐ ܽ ܪ ܳ ܐ
First Studies in Syriac
JOHN F. HEALEY
GORGIAS PRESS 2005
First Gorgias Press Edition, 2005. Copyright © 2005 by Gorgias Press LLC. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States of America by Gorgias Press LLC, New Jersey. ISBN 1-59333-190-8
GORGIAS PRESS 46 Orris Ave., Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA www.gorgiaspress.com
Printed and bound in the United States of America.
TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents
v ix
Preface CD Recording Introduction
xiii xv
The Syriac Language This Book and Its Use General Note on Syriac Grammar
Abbreviations and Other Symbols I. Writing System. The Alphabet
xv xix xx
xxii 1
Consonants List of Consonants Exercise i
1 1 5
II. Vowels and Other Signs
8
Vowel Signs Other Signs Note on Punctuation Exercise ii
8 10 12 12
III. Pronouns
16
Illustrative Texts Grammatical Analysis Grammatical Synthesis A. Possessive Pronoun Endings Added to Nouns B. Independent Personal Pronouns (with shortened enclitic forms where they exist) C. Interrogatives D. Demonstratives E. Additional Note on Enclitics Exercise iii
IV. The Verb: Simple Perfect and Participle Forms Illustrative Texts Grammatical Analysis Grammatical Synthesis A. Simple Stem Perfect
16 16 20 20 21 21 22 22 22
25 25 25 28 28
V
TABLE OF CONTENTS
VI
B. Participles (masculine forms) Exercise iv
V.
ܺ ܳ ܐ, ܗܘ and Composite Tenses
Illustrative Texts Grammatical Analysis Grammatical Synthesis
A. The Perfect Tense of B. Tenses Exercise v
ܳ , with Enclitic Forms ܗܘ
29 29
32 32 32 34 34 34 35
VI. Nouns and Adjectives. The Genitive Relationship 37 Illustrative Texts Grammatical Analysis Grammatical Synthesis A. Nominal Forms B. Adjectives C. Uses of the Absolute State D. Vowel Patterns of Nouns E. The Genitive F. Irregular Nouns Exercise vi
37 37 39 39 40 40 41 41 41 43
VII. The Verb: Simple Imperfect and Imperative. Uses of ܕ 45 Illustrative Texts Grammatical Analysis Grammatical Synthesis A. Imperfect Forms of the Simple (pe‛al) Stem B. Imperatives
ܕ
C. Uses of Exercise vii
VIII. Derived Stems of the Verb Introduction Illustrative Texts Grammatical Analysis Grammatical Synthesis A. Verbal Patterns B. Meanings of Different Verb Stems Exercise viii
45 45 47 47 48 48 49
52 52 52 53 55 55 56 58
TABLE OF CONTENTS
IX. Other Important Verb Forms Illustrative Texts Grammatical Analysis Grammatical Synthesis A. Verbs with the Vowel B. Other Forms
ܰܙ
ܶ ◌ ( ܶ )ܕ
ܰ
C. and D. Verbs with Initial s, š, ṣ and z Exercise ix
VII
60 60 60 62 62 63 63 63 64
X. Peculiarities in Verbs Containing Guttural Letters 66 Introduction-Grammatical Survey Illustrative Texts Grammatical Analysis Exercise x
66 67 68 69
XI. Peculiarities in Verbs Beginning with and ܝ
72
XII. Peculiarities in Verbs with Only Two Root Consonants in Many Forms
77
Introduction-Grammatical Survey Illustrative Texts Grammatical Analysis Exercise xi
Introduction-Grammatical Survey Illustrative Texts Grammatical Analysis Exercise xii
72 73 73 75
77 78 78 80
XIII. Object Pronouns Attached to Verbs. Adverbs. Other Derived Forms of Verbs
83
XIV. Numerals, Dates, Days
89
Illustrative Texts Grammatical Analysis Grammatical Synthesis A. Object Pronouns Attached to Verbs B. Other Derived Stems Exercise xiii Illustrative Texts Grammatical Analysis Grammatical Survey
83 83 85 85 86 86
89 90 92
TABLE OF CONTENTS
VIII
A. Numbers B. Months C. Days D. Numerical Values of Consonants Exercise xiv
93 94 94 95 95
Verb Paradigms Table of Scripts and Vowel Signs
99 140
Readings
143
Scripts Vowel signs
Introduction Text 1: New Testament (John 1:1-18 and 20:19-25) Text 2: Old Testament (Psalm 110) Text 3: The Addai Legend (c. 4th/5th cent. A.D.) Text 4: Bardaiṣan (A.D. 154-222) Text 5: Aphrahaṭ (flourished A.D. 337-45) Text 6: The Chronicle of Joshua the Stylite (c. A.D. 507) Text 7: Barhebraeus (A.D. 1226-86) Text 8: St Ephrem the Syrian (d. A.D. 373) Text 9: Philoxenus of Mabbog (d. c. A.D. 523) Text 10: Thomas of Marga (9th century A.D.)
Glossary
140 141
143 145 148 150 154 157 163 169 176 180 184
189
PREFACE This is a new edition of a Syriac grammar first published at the University of Birmingham in 1980 as First Studies in Syriac (University Semitics Study Aids 6) and subsequently reprinted many times. The University Semitics Study Aids series had been funded by the Nuffield Foundation. The book was also reprinted for private use with minor modifications by the Pontifical Oriental Institute in Rome. The author is pleased that so many students have studied Syriac with the help of First Studies in Syriac, but as the years have gone by the various minor errors and the more significant defects in presentation have become increasingly obvious, not least to the author himself. The book has also been out of print in recent years and not easily available. In this revised edition, which has a new title, some grammatical points which were given a very low profile in the original book have been presented in more detail. The experience of teaching Syriac using the book over twenty years has led to many minor modifications and corrections. One of the motives for writing the original book was an attempt to replace what was in 1980 the only teaching grammar of Syriac easily available, T. H. Robinson’s Paradigms and Exercises in Syriac Grammar (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1962 [4th ed., original 1915]). At that time I regarded Robinson as unnecessarily complex for many of the students I found myself teaching. The passing of time has, in fact, led IX
X
PREFACE
me to a more favourable view of many aspects of Robinson and the new edition of Robinson (really a rewriting) by J. F. Coakley (Oxford: O.U.P., 2002) is excellent. Also, since the original publication of this book a number of other introductory grammars of Syriac have been published. Most significant among these is T. Muraoka’s Classical Syriac. A Basic Grammar with a Chrestomathy (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1997) which replaces Brockelmann’s contribution to the Porta Linguarum Orientalium series – I used the 1965 8th ed. as an undergraduate, but very recently another new grammar in English has appeared, written by W. M. Thackston (Introduction to Syriac [Bethesda, MD: IBEX, 1999]). In producing a new edition of my own book I am in no sense implying criticism of these other works. It is simply that my book is different in style from these others and has filled a certain niche in the various patterns of teaching which prevail in different institutions. At a Syriac Symposium held in Princeton in 2003 I was encouraged to hear many teachers of Syriac commend my book and I was urged by a number of colleagues, especially in the U.S., to produce a new edition. Gorgias Press, in the person of George Kiraz, made a specific proposal, to which I was delighted to respond. Perhaps the biggest change which has occurred since the 1980 edition is the result of the fact that computer technology has advanced so much in the last twenty-five years. In 1980 my manuscript was typed on an electric typerwriter and the Syriac was inserted in an elegant form by Andrew Palmer. His calligraphy had its own value (and coping with handwriting is
PREFACE
XI
a skill which students must acquire quickly if their teacher uses a blackboard or whiteboard), but it is inevitable that hand-written letters contain a certain amount of variability of a kind which is a little bit difficult for the beginner. It is therefore a tremendous advance that Syriac fonts are available for personal computers, though this development has only recently reached the point, with Windows XP and Unicode Syriac, at which I have found it feasible to transfer to an electronic means of production. Here a particular word of acknowledgement goes to the Beth Mardutho organization and its downloadable Meltho OpenType™ Syriac fonts (http://www.bethmardutho.org). This provides a variety of fonts, but I wanted to retain the serṭā script for the main part of the grammar because of the relative simplicity of the vocalization system with which it is associated. George Kiraz of Beth Mardutho and Gorgias Press and his collaborators are greatly to be thanked for their work on this new edition. Robert Aydin undertook the immense task of typing the whole text in an electronic form. This was a vital first step and his excellent work is here warmly acknowledged. I am also grateful to Sebastian Brock for reading and correcting the text. The introductory pages of the original edition acknowledged also my debt to the late Archbishop of Dublin, the Rev. Dermot Ryan, and Professor Carmel McCarthy of University College, Dublin, my teachers in Syriac. First Studies in Syriac owed its existence, however, to the suggestion and inspiration of my friend John Eaton. For a very short time we were colleagues in the Department of
XII
PREFACE
Theology in the University of Birmingham and we have seen little of each other in recent years. I owe much to the encouragement he gave me in my early years as a teacher and hence dedicate this new edition to him with happy memories of 1973-74. John F. Healey Manchester, May 2005
CD RECORDING Gorgias Press has produced a CD containing the illustrative texts of all chapters as well as all the readings. Recorded texts are marked with a CD icon, !, in the left margin followed by the CD track number. When two track numbers are given, the first is for the West Syriac reading and the second for the East Syriac reading. Chanted texts are marked with ♪. The texts were read by Rabban Awgen Aydin and George A. Kiraz (for West Syriac) and Daniel Benjamin (for East Syriac). English headings were read by Jenifer Whiting. Acknowledgements are due to the Princeton Theological Seminary Media Lab and the Assyrians Around the World Studio, IL, who provided the facilities gratis. Special thanks are also due to Hermiz Hasso and Sargon Hasso who helped in the East Syriac recordings. The CD, if not included in this book, may be obtained from Gorgias Press (address at the front of the book). The contents of the CD are as follows: TRACK
CONTENT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Title III. Illustrative Texts (W. Syriac) IV. Illustrative Texts (W. Syriac) V. Illustrative Texts (W. Syriac) VI. Illustrative Texts (W. Syriac) VII. Illustrative Texts (W. Syriac) VIII. Illustrative Texts (W. Syriac) IX. Illustrative Texts (W. Syriac) X. Illustrative Texts (W. Syriac) XI. Illustrative Texts (W. Syriac)
XIII
CD RECORDING
XIV
TRACK
CONTENT
11 12 13
XII. Illustrative Texts (W. Syriac) XIII. Illustrative Texts (W. Syriac) XIV. Illustrative Texts (W. Syriac)
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Text 1: New Testament (John 1:1-18 and 20:19-25) Text 2: Old Testament (Psalm 110) Text 3: The Addai Legend (c. 4th/5th cent. A.D.) Text 4: Bardaiṣan (A.D. 154-222) Text 5: Aphrahaṭ (flourished A.D. 337-45) Text 6: The Chronicle of Joshua the Stylite (c. A.D. 507) Text 7: Barhebraeus (A.D. 1226-86) Text 8: St. Ephrem the Syrian (d. A.D. 373) Text 9: Philoxenus of Mabbog (d. c. A.D. 523) Text 10: Thomas of Marga (9th century A.D.)
24 25
Text 1 (first part): Chanted Text 8: Chanted. First two stanzas according to the Mardin tradition; last two stanzas according to the Tur Abdin tradition.
26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
III. Illustrative Texts (E. Syriac) IV. Illustrative Texts (E. Syriac) V. Illustrative Texts (E. Syriac) VI. Illustrative Texts (E. Syriac) VII. Illustrative Texts (E. Syriac) VIII. Illustrative Texts (E. Syriac) IX. Illustrative Texts (E. Syriac) X. Illustrative Texts (E. Syriac) XI. Illustrative Texts (E. Syriac) XII. Illustrative Texts (E. Syriac) XIII. Illustrative Texts (E. Syriac) XIV. Illustrative Texts (E. Syriac)
Introduction THE SYRIAC LANGUAGE “Syriac” is the name of one of the most important forms of Aramaic, specifically the form of Aramaic traditionally used by the Syrian Orthodox Church and the Syrian Catholic Church, the Church of the East (also known as the Assyrian Church) and the Chaldaean Catholic Church and also the Maronite Church. In fact, some of these churches have gradually responded to changing needs by conducting parts of the liturgy in Arabic, but the strength of Syriac tradition is such that the language is unlikely ever to be completely displaced. Even in the large concentrations of these churches in the U.S. and Europe, every effort is made to teach lešōnō sūryōyō (as it is called in Syriac) to the younger, American- and European-born, generation. Aramaic belongs to the Semitic group of languages (which also includes Hebrew and Arabic) and is better known historically than any other language in the sense that Aramaic has been in use for three thousand years and it is documented throughout that period. Aramaic had its origins, so far as we can tell, in the area of northern Syria and Mesopotamia in the late second millennium B.C. Inscriptions in Aramaic are known from about 900 B.C. and continued to be produced throughout the following millennium. During the Biblical age, the Aramaean
XV
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INTRODUCTION
states such as those centred on Damascus, Hama and Aleppo emerged onto the world stage through their contact with the great empires of the Assyrians and Babylonians and through their appearance in the history of ancient Israel. But Aramaic was destined to transcend these modest historical and geographical limits and it was the Empire of the Achaemenid Persians which was instrumental in bringing Aramaic to this destiny. Following a more modest move on the part of its predecessors, the Achaemenid Empire began to use Aramaic as an international language of diplomacy and commerce, what is often called a lingua franca, a bit like Latin in the Middle Ages or English today. The result was the extension of the use of Aramaic far beyond its original borders in Syro-Mesopotamia. We thus find Aramaic inscriptions and papyri from a vast region from Aswan in southern Egypt and northern Arabia to the shores of the Bosphorus near Istanbul and Bactria in Central Asia. Aramaic also began to be used as a literary language. The two best-known works are the Aramaic chapters of Daniel and Ezra in the Bible, but there are fragmentary remains of other early works from Elephantine. The demise of the Persian Empire was in a way a setback for Aramaic: potentially at that point it could have retreated back into its original home in northern Syria and Mesopotamia. But the independent states which appeared after the end of the Achaemenid rule and continued into the Seleucid and Roman eras adopted Aramaic as their official
INTRODUCTION
XVII
language and this led quickly to a new literary flourishing of Aramaic. By this point the new literary forms of Aramaic in different areas had begun to differ from each other. In Palestine we find western Jewish Aramaic being used by the Dead Sea Scrolls sectarians and then in the production of Aramaic translations of the Bible (the Targums). It is in this context that Aramaic was spoken by Jesus. In Mesopotamia two other literary dialects of Aramaic emerged, Jewish Babylonian Aramaic (used by the Jewish communities there) and Mandaic, the language of the Mandaeans, whose religion goes back to the early centuries A.D. and survives to this day. Both Jewish Babylonian Aramaic and Mandaic are represented in vast religious literatures. And this brings us to Syriac. Syriac was the Aramaic dialect of the city of Edessa (Urfa in modern Turkey). It is known in pre-Christian times through inscriptions and legal texts (H. J. W. Drijvers and J. F. Healey, The Old Syriac Inscriptions of Edessa and Osrhoene [Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1999]). It also began to be used by philosophers and poets for literature, though this did not really take off until the Bible began to be translated into Syriac as Edessa and its region became Christian. Eventually, around A.D. 400, the whole Bible, Old and New Testaments, was promulagated in a revised translation called the Peshitta (“simple”). Thereafter Syriac was established as a theological language on a par with Greek (which was predominant in cities like Antioch), and the prestige of the Syriac Bible, the only Christian Bible
XVIII
INTRODUCTION
existing in a Semitic language, led to the spread of Syriac as a literary language. The situation is similar to that of Arabic as the prestige language of the Qur‚ān. Early poetic compositions in Syriac by authors like Ephrem the Syrian (A.D. 306-373) then became very popular and when the Syrian Christians became involved in the Christological controversies which rocked the Church in the fifth century, they wrote their theological works in Syriac. A vast literature has survived. The golden age of classical Syriac literature lasted for several hundred years and well into the Islamic period, but inevitably, since the whole of the Syriac-using world was politically subject to the Islamic dynasties, Arabic soon began to predominate. The various Christians soon had to use Arabic (and later Turkish and Kurdish) in intercommunal affairs and some of the later Syriac authors wrote both in Syriac and Arabic (thus Barhebraeus in the 13th century A.D.). The second Christian millennium is often treated as one in which Syriac was in decline. In fact much creative activity continued and the later forms of Aramaic continue to be used. The dialects related to Syriac survive in south-east Turkey, north-east Syria and northern Iraq. A quite separate form of Aramaic is still spoken in a small area north of Damascus. The main survival of “classical” Syriac is in the liturgy and Bible texts of the various churches of the Syriac tradition.
INTRODUCTION
XIX
THIS BOOK AND ITS USE This introduction to Syriac is not, of course, a reference grammar. Nor does it contain a full vocabulary. The works of T. Nöldeke (Compendious Syriac Grammar, London, 1904; trans. J. A. Crichton) and J. Payne Smith (A Compendious Syriac Dictionary, Oxford, 1903) are of permanent value in this respect. (Both are available in reprints produced respectively by Eisenbrauns [2001] and Wipf and Stock [1999]). Rather, this is a teaching grammar. As such its main aim is to introduce the student to the main features of the language and a basic vocabulary. It avoids the complexities involved in giving a systematic and complete explanation of every grammatical detail. This, in the author’s view, is the main fault in some of the Syriac grammars currently in use. From the start the basis of the explanation is illustrative material gleaned from real Syriac texts. Real Syriac sentences are also used for Syriac-English translation exercises. This means that the student encounters at an early stage complete sentences which cannot always be explained and understood fully until a later stage, though examples are chosen carefully to avoid the need to take too much “on faith”. The alternative to this approach is to give all details of every item as it occurs. It is emphasized that the sections which follow are cumulative. It is best to master one section before moving on to the next.
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INTRODUCTION
Paradigms are provided for reference purposes and the exercises are integral to the course and should not be neglected. With each is provided a vocabulary list, also cumulative. Words are not normally repeated in the vocabulary lists, though forgotten items may be checked through the Glossary. The selected readings are also integral to the course. They do not introduce important new items of grammar, but they do include much explanatory and exceptional material (e.g. anomalous verbs and nouns). Thus they are part of the method of learning and are not to be regarded as optional.
GENERAL NOTE ON SYRIAC GRAMMAR The noun and the verb are the main concerns of the grammar sections which follow. The noun in Syriac has a gender, masculine or feminine, and may be singular or plural. In addition it has three socalled states, “emphatic”, absolute and construct. The “emphatic” is the ordinary form which is used and it incorporates the article. The absolute and construct are used when a nominal form has certain specialized roles in a sentence or phrase. To produce possessive pronouns (“his/your/their book”) suffixes are attached to the end of the noun. The verb has two basic tenses, conventionally called perfect (past tense) and imperfect (future tense). Verbs are usually formed of three root letters to which prefixes and suffixes are added to convey distinctions of person (“I/he
INTRODUCTION
XXI
/we wrote”). On the basis of the three root letters there are six common verb patterns or stems, modification of the simple stem, which convey various modifications of the basic idea inherent in the root (e. g., passive, causative). Of the sections which follow, III and VI deal with pronouns and nouns, while IV, V and VII-XIII cover all the different types of verb, including those which depart from the basic pattern because they contain root letters which are subject to special rules.
ABBREVIATIONS AND OTHER SYMBOLS Special signs used in transliteration will be found in Chapters I and II. The sign _ under a transliterated letter indicates fricative pronunciation (e.g. t = th as in “thin”). The sign ¯ over a vowel indicates long pronunciation (e.g. ū = oo as in “moon”). * is used to indicate in untranslated texts that the following word is a personal or geographical name: there is no need to struggle to translate it! (Note that the use of the asterisk in this way sometimes disrupts the correct linking of consonants.) In the main grammar sections, abbreviations are used where they do not inhibit ready comprehension: sing. singular plur. plural masc. masculine fem. feminine The abbreviations pe., ethpe., pa., ethpa., aph., ettaph. are explained in Chapter VIII and used thereafter. In some tables the sign : is used before an alternative ending to the preceding word. In the readings section, where brevity is necessary s., p., m., f. are used for sing., plur., masc., fem. As also are sfx. suffix impf. imperfect perf. perfect impv. imperative XXII
ABBREVIATIONS AND OTHER SYMBOLS
XXIII
ptc. participle Chapters are given Roman capital numbers (I, II, III) and exercises Roman small numbers (i, ii, iii). “III.2” refers to Chapter III, sample sentence 2. “IV.A” refers to Chapter IV, grammar section A. “v.2” refers to Exercise v, Syriac sentence 2.
I. WRITING SYSTEM. THE ALPHABET CONSONANTS As is indicated in the Preface, the Syriac script is found in several forms. The one used here is the serṭā script used principally by the West Syrian churches. (Examples of other scripts can be found in the Readings section (Texts 2, 9 and 10), and alphabet lists are reproduced on pp. 140-141.) The Syriac script, like that of Arabic and Hebrew, is basically consonantal, the writing of the signs to indicate vowels being a secondary invention. The direction of writing is right to left.
TRANSLITERATION
LIST OF CONSONANTS
ܐ
‚
NAME
‚ālap
NOTES
This is not the equivalent of a, but accompanies any vowel at the beginning of a syllable and is also used for the glottal stop between two vowels (as in south-eastern and Scots English “bo’el (bottle)”).
ܒ ܓ ܕ ܗ ܘ
b
Bēt
g
Gāmal
d
Dālat
h
Hē
w
Waw
As in “give”, not as in “genius”.
1
I. WRITING SYSTEM. THE ALPHABET
TRANSLITERATION
2
ܙ ܚ ܛ
NAME
NOTES
z
Zayn
ḥ
Ḥēt
A more breathy sound than h. Like a stage whisper.
ṭ
Ṭēt
Emphatic t, with the tongue not stiff, but raised towards the velum (fleshy part at the back of the roof of the mouth).
ܝ
ܣ
y
Yōd
k
Kāp
l
Lāmad
m
Mīm
n
Nūn
s
Semkat
‛
‛ē
Similar to ‚ālap, but sustained and with the throat constricted.
ܦ ܨ ܩ ܪ ܫ ܬ
p
Pē
ṣ
Ṣādē
Emphatic s, with tongue as for Ṭēt.
q
Qōp
Pronounced further back than English k.
r
Rēš
š
Šīn
t
Taw
A single letter in Syriac for sh.
The consonants are joined to each other in writing, as in Arabic. The slight changes of shape which result will not cause any great difficulty, but the following forms used at the end of a group of letters should be noted: ܕ becomes
I. WRITING SYSTEM. THE ALPHABET
3
ܐ ܒ ܓ ܕ ܗ ܘ ܙ ܚ ܛ ܝ ܟ ܠ ܡ
ܐ ـܒ ـܗ ـܘ ـܙ ـܚ ـܝ ـܟ ـܠ ـܡ
RIGHT AND LEFT
CONNECTED ON
CONNECTED ON LEFT
UNCONNECTED
CONNECTED ON RIGHT
becomes becomes becomes ܡ ـ becomes ܢ ـ becomes ܥ ܪ becomes Other letters in final position simply add a short flourish – ܒ, , etc. Some letters cannot be joined to the letter which follows. All this is summarized in the following table:
ـ
ــ
ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ
ــ ـ ــ ــ ـ ـ ـ ـ
CONNECTED ON
CONNECTED ON LEFT
UNCONNECTED
ܢ ܣ ܥ ܦ ܨ ܩ ܪ ܫ ܬ
RIGHT AND LEFT
I. WRITING SYSTEM. THE ALPHABET CONNECTED ON RIGHT
4
ـܣ ـܥ ـܦ ـܨ ـܩ
ـ ـ ـ
ـ ـ ـ ــ ـ ـ
ـ
ــ
ـܫ
ـ
ـ ـ
Confusion between consonants should not occur. With regard to ( ܘw) and ( ܩq), it should be noted that ܘis only joined up to a preceding letter. ܩcan be joined up in either direction. When ܩis at the end of a word, it has the form ـܩ. When ܘis at the end of a word or group of letters, it has the form ـܘ. There are certain conventional special joins between letters: l‚ (l followed by ‚ālap) is written ; ‚l is often written . There are other joins made purely for calligraphic reasons in some manuscripts. The East Syriac (so-called
I. WRITING SYSTEM. THE ALPHABET
“Nestorian”) script often combines t followed by ‚ as in = myt‚. Exercise i (a) The following list of words with transliterations will illustrate how consonants are joined up and may be used for practice by covering one column and attempting to write/transliterate.
ܐܐ
‚ḥ‚ br
ܕܢ
dn gbr
ܗܘ
hw ḥd bz
ܪ
btr kd qṭl
ܒ
nṣb mlk ‛l pwqdn‚
ܨ ܪܒ ܨ ܐ
ṣyd rb ṣlm‚ šryr‚
5
6
I. WRITING SYSTEM. THE ALPHABET
mlt‚
ܐ ܣ
ܬ
ܐ ܥ ܗܘܬ ܐ ܐ
npš‚ yšw‛ hwt ṭwbn‚ ‚ygwbṭy‚ mlpnwt‚ b‚syllyws snwnyt‚
ܬ ܨܘ ܐ
‛dt‚ prṣwp‚ ywḥnn
(b) Further practice may be gained by transliterating the following passages. Treat full stops as phrase-dividers.
ܘ ܐ
.ܬܟ
ܬܐܬ. ܫ .ܐ ܗܒ.ܐ ܐܦ ܪ ܐ ܐ ܕ ܐ ܐ ܕܐܦ. ܘ ܩ.ܐ ܐ. ܘ ܬ. . ܬ ܘ ܘܬ ܕܕ ܗܝ . ܐ. ܕ ܐ ܕܪܘ ܐ ܬܘܒ ܬ ܐ ܘ ܕ ܪ ܐ ܗܝ ܗ .ܐ ܕܪܗܘ ܐ ܐ .ܬܗ ܕ ܣ ܘܢ ܬܗ ܐ ܬܘܒ . ܘ ܐܬܬܙ. ܕ ܪ ܘ
ܐ ܢ ܕ ܐ. ܨ ܕ .ܐ ܗܘ ܘܙ.
ܘܐܬ ܘܪ ܬ ܕ ܕܙ
7
I. WRITING SYSTEM. THE ALPHABET
ܐܪ ܐ
ܐܪ ܐ ܐܬܪܗ ܕܐܪ ܐ ܐ ܘܙ ܬ ܘܢ .ܕ ܘܢ ܐ ܕ ܗܘܢ .ܘ ܐ ܗܝ ܐ . ܕܪܗܘ ܐ ܐܬܬܙ ܘܕ ܕ ܘܢ. ܗܘ ܐ ܕܬܪܬ ܐ ܕ ܘܢ ܗܘܘ ܪ ܐ ܕ ܕ ܘܢ .ܘܐ ܬ ܬܘܒ ܕ ܐܪ ܐ. ܪ ܗܘ ܐ. ܐ .ܘܐܬܬ ܘ ܗܘܘ ܕܘܟ ܘܢ ܗܘ ܘ ܗܝ ܕܐܬܪ .ܘܐ ܘܢ ܘܢ ܗܘܘ ܘ .ܘ ܗ ܬ ܕ ܗ .ܪ ܘ ܕ ܪ ܐܪ ܐ ܐ ܘܐܪ ܘ ܢ ܕ ܗܘܝ ܐ ܗ ܐ ܕ ܐ. ܐ ܘܕܪܗܘ ܐ. ܕ Notes ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________
II. VOWELS AND OTHER SIGNS VOWEL SIGNS Although the writing system was basically consonantal, various dots and other marks were added to help with reading and to eliminate ambiguity. The West Syriac pronunciation and vowel signs are the basis of this book, but the main features of the more ancient East Syriac tradition of pronunciation are noted below and the East Syriac signs may be found on p. 141. Three of the consonantal signs developed a secondary use to indicate some vowels. Thus: ܐ (‚ālap) was used to represent e/ē and ā, especially at the end of words. ܝ (y) was used to represent ī (e). ܘ (w) was used to represent ō (only preserved normally in East Syriac pronunciation) and ū (as in “moon”). The East Syriac script (see pp. 140-141) distinguishes ܿ between = ܼܘu and = ܘo, and these dots are sometimes imported into the West Syriac script to reflect the original pronunciation. They are not used in the main part of this book, though they do appear where the Eastern script appears. As the system evolved, further precision was felt necessary and vowel marks adapted from Greek Α, Ο, Ε, Η and ΟΥ (ου) were added above or below the preceding
8
II. VOWELS AND OTHER SIGNS
9
consonant to indicate types of vowel. Although mostly placed above the consonant, they can be placed below to avoid clashes with other signs. The system is not designed to indicate vowel length systematically, though in practice three of the signs are used for long vowels: ܰ (man). This is the short a of British English, a as in as in “hat”, approximately the vowel in American English “dot”. ܳ (sām). In West Syriac tradition this original ā as in ā is pronounced as in “raw” in British English. In American English it is like the o in the word “more”. Hence scholars often transliterate it as o/ō (as in the title of this book). In East Syriac pronunciation it appears as a long a, as in “father”. In this book, apart from in the title, it is normally transliterated as ā, to reflect the most ancient pronunciation. ܶ (men). Short e as in English “set”. e as in ܺ ī (more rarely i ) as in ( ܪrīš ). Note in this example ܺ that both ◌ and ܝare used to indicate the (long) vowel. ܽ (pūq). As we have noted, ū (more rarely u) as in ܩ East Syriac tradition preserves an ancient distinction here between o and u, and this is shown in its vowel signs. The two are merged in West Syriac pronunciation. Again note in the example given that ܽ both ◌ and ܘare used to represent the vowel. ّ ( is also used, but only in the interjection ܐܘ, “Oh”).
◌ܰ ܳ ◌
ܶ ◌ܺ ◌ ◌ܽ
ّ
10
II. VOWELS AND OTHER SIGNS
OTHER SIGNS A. Dots or diacritical points and other marks were used, as felt necessary, to convey certain distinctions in sound and meaning. Note: (1) A dot placed over the letters b, g, d, k, p and t, indicates their plosive pronunciation (as in English). A dot placed below indicates an alternative, fricative (aspirated) or “soft” pronunciation as v (i.e. bh), gh, dh, kh, f, th (in transliteration indicated by b, g, d, k, p, t). For example, ݁ܒ is hard and ݂ܒsoft. The soft pronunciations are normal immediately after a vowel, even the vowel of a secondary prefix or closely associated preceding word (but see B (ii) below). These dots are smaller than other dots which appear and are often omitted or used inconsistently. They are not generally used in this book, except in this chapter and when it is necessary to clarify pronunciation. When they do appear, take note! (2) Dots were also used to distinguish words which appeared identical in unvocalized texts. Thus an upper dot on ̇ indicates it is to be read as lāh rather than leh. The upper ̇ indicates it is to be pronounced qāṭel rather dot on than qṭal, which can be written ݂ to indicate this. There are some vocabulary items which are distinguished in this way: ̇ ܐis malkā, “king”, while ̣ ܐ is melkā, “advice”. Also some verbal forms are identical in unvocalized texts and are distinguished by dots.
II. VOWELS AND OTHER SIGNS
11
ܶ ̈ ܰ
(3) A double dot sign as in ܐ (malkē) is used to indicate that the word is plural. It is placed where convenient in the word and may merge with the dot of ܪ, which then becomes . (4) A line under or above a consonant indicates that it is not ܳ pronounced, e.g. ܐ ̱ ܳ ܐ, pronounced nāšā. B. Features which are not indicated by special signs. (1) It is important to note that Syriac words are frequently found without any vowel between the first two consonants in the word (or two consonants at the beginning of a new syllable within a word). In most cases this is historically the result of the loss of an original full vowel, which has been shortened and is eliminated in later pronunciation. This shortened or eliminated vowel (sometimes called shewa) can be represented in transliteration by e (as, e.g., in Exercise ii) or simply omitted. ܰ Thus: ݂ ܳ is ḥṭap, or ḥeṭap. ݁ ݂ ݂ ܳ ܐis ktābā, or ketābā. Note in the last example, ktābā, that the softening of the t has arisen from the original vowel preceding it, despite the fact that it has been reduced to a shewa (see A (i) above). (2) Also lacking any distinctive sign in Syriac is the doubling of consonants when no vowel intervenes. In fact double pronunciation of consonants was virtually lost at least in West Syrian pronunciation, which is why there is no
12
II. VOWELS AND OTHER SIGNS
distinctive sign for it. Rare examples of a consonant being ܶ ܳ ̈ ܰ , sammānē. written twice do, however, exist: ̱ ܐ Knowledge of where consonants were originally doubled will come with knowledge of the grammar. The letters b, g, d, k, p, t, when originally doubled, are always pronounced hard. Hence latent doubling reveals itself in the unexpected hard pronunciation of these ܶ݁ܰ consonants after a vowel (see A (i) above). Thus in a dot placed above the ݁ܒindicates hard pronunciation. Since there is a vowel immediately before the letter, the hardening must result from original doubling (qabbel ). Students are recommended to become familiar with Chapters I and II before proceeding further.
NOTE ON PUNCTUATION Punctuation is not very systematic and both MSS and printed books contain great variations. However, ܀ is used at the end of a paragraph. . is used for full stop, semi-colon and comma. : ܇ ܆usually indicate lesser breaks. There is no question mark. Exercise ii (a) Practice transliterating and writing vocalized Syriac using the following list.
ܰ
‛al
II. VOWELS AND OTHER SIGNS
ܳ ܰ݁ ܰ ݁ ܴܐ ܳ ܳܗ ܳ ݂݁ ܰ
baqrā malkā hānā madberā (later pronounced madebrā)
ܳܳ ܰ
‚alāhā
݁ ܶ ܳܐ ܳ ܺ ̄ ݁ܬ ܳܗ ݂ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܳܳ ݂ܐܬ ܰ ݁ܬܳܘܪ ܰ ݁ ݂ ݂ܒ ܰ ܐܪ ܳ ܐ ܻܰ ܳ
݂ ܶ ݂ܒ ܺ ܳܐ
kenšā ‛itā (‛ittā) hākanā ‚ātā tawrā ketab ‚ar‛ā šalīṭ
ܰ݁
pagrā qereb šelīḥā
13
14
II. VOWELS AND OTHER SIGNS
ܳ
ܽ݁
ܰ ݁ ܳܐ ݂ܰ
ܰ ܐ ̈ܶ ܐ ܺ ܳ
ܳ݁ ܺ ̱ ݂
kūmrā saypā nepal ‚aḥē nāṭerīn meditā (medittā)
(b) Practice further transliteration and the reading aloud of the following texts:
ܶ ܺ ܳ ܰ . ݁ܬ ݂ܐܬ ܰ ݁ ܽ ݂ܬܟ. ݂ ܳ ܳ ܶ ݂ ܰ ݁ ܰ ܫ.ܐ ݂ ܽ ܢ ݁ܕ ݂ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܰ ܰ ܐ ݂ ܰ ܳ ܐ ݂ܕ ݂ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܐ݂ܦ ݁ ܰ ܪ ܳ ܐ܀ ܰܗ݂ܒ. ݂ ܳ ܳ ݂ ܶܨ ܰ ܰܘ ܳ ݂ ܽ ܰܩ ܰ ܰ ݁ ܰ ̈ ܐ ݁ ܰ ܳܶ ܳܐ ݂ ܳܕ݂ܐܦ.݂ܕ ܽ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܐ ܰ ܘ ݁ܬ. ܰ ݂ ̈ ܰ ݂ܰ ܳ ݂ܰ ܐ. ܳ ܽ ܶ ܴ ܳ ܽ ܶ ܰܺܗܝ ܰ ݁ ܽ ݂ܬ ܘ .݁ ܺ ܶ ܳ ܐ ݂ ܳ ݁ܕ݂ܺܕ ܳ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܺ ̈ ܐ ܺ ܀. ݁ ܽ ݂ܘܬ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܐܘ ܐ ݁ ܳ ̱ ܳܗܝ ܐ ̱ ݁ ݂ܬ ݂ ܺܕܐ ݂ ܰ ܶ ܶ ݂ ܳ ܿ ܶ ܳ ܽܙܘ ܳ ܺܙ ̈ ݂ܘܬܘ ܶ ܺ ܽ ܳܘܢ ܘ ܰ ܳܪ ܶ ܳ ݂ܳ ܐ ܘ ܳ ܳ ܐ ݂ ܰ ݁ ܘ ݂ ܳ ܶ ܳ ܐ ܘ ܳ ܐ ݂ ܶܕܐ ݁ ܰ ݁ ܗ ܳ ܳ ܐ.݁ ܻ ݂ ܳ ݂ ܰ ܳ ܐ ݂ܕ ݂ܬ ݁ ܳ ܺ ̱ܗܝ ܳ ܳ ܳ ݂ ̇ܗ ܘ ܰ ݂ ܳ ݂ ܳ ݂ ݂ܕ ܺ ܳ ܿ ܳܘܐ ̈ ܶ ݂ܳ . ܶ ܳ ̱ ݂ ܺ ݂ ܙܘܙܝ ݁ܰܕܐ ܳ ̱ ܳܐ ܰ ܐ. ܗܘ ܽ ݂ ܶ ݁ ܰ ̱ ݁ ܶܕܐ .݂ ܽ ܢ ̱ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܗܘ ܰ ݂ ܘܬ ݂ ܳ ܡ ܰ ܱ ݂ ܰ ̈ ܗܝ ݁ ܰܕ ܶ ܶ݁ܕ ܳܗ ݂ ܰ ܳ ܐ ݂ܬ ݂ܰ ̱ ܶܳ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܐ ݂ܕ ݂ܬܐ݂ܒ ܀ ܶ ܶܘ ܳܐ ܰ ܶ ܳ ܰ
II. VOWELS AND OTHER SIGNS
Notes ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________
15
III. PRONOUNS
! 2, 26
ILLUSTRATIVE TEXTS
.ܽ ̱ܗ ܰܘ ܬܪ ܶ ܕ ܳ ܳ ܐ܆
1. 2.
ܰ ܴ ܰܢ ܳ ̱ܷܐ ܳ ܐ
(Jn 8:54) He is our God. (Jn 10:7) I am the gate of the sheep.
ܰ ܰܳ ܳ ܳ .ܳܗ ܰ ܳ ̱ܝ ܷܐ ܬܘ ܐ ܐ̱ ܘ .ܰ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܐ ܴܐ ܰ ܐ ̱ ܰ ܽ ܶ ܒ . ܺ
3. 4. 5.
(Lk 22:19) This is my body. (Ps 22:7) I am a worm and not a man. (Mk 5:31) You say, “Who touched me?”
GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS 1.
ܰܢ
ܳܰ
ܽܗܘ
ܳ ܰ
ܰ
is the noun, ܴ , “God”, with a suffix ◌ܢ on the end to indicate the possessive pronoun “our”. The -ā ending (with ‚ālap), which appears on almost all nouns in their normal form, disappears when a suffix is added. is the personal pronoun “he”. The personal pronouns are often abbreviated (here by the non-pronunciation of the ܗ, indicated by the line under it) when they are used as enclitics (particles attached to other words). The vowel of the pronoun moves back onto the preceding consonant. As enclitics the
16
III. PRONOUNS
2.
ܳ ܶܐ
ܶ ܰܬܪ ܕ ܳ ܳܐ
17
pronouns can be used to mean “is/are”. Hence this sentence would be translated literally as “Our God he (is)”. As in other Semitic languages, “is/are”, etc. are often not separately expressed. is the pronoun “I”, here accompanied by its ܳ ܳ shortened enclitic form. ̱ ܷܐ ܐis “I am”, literally “I, I (am)”. This repetition of pronouns is one of the peculiarities of Syriac which it takes some time to get used to. ܶ ܳ ܰ is the noun ܬܪ ܐ, “gate”, with a suffix ◌ܗ, “his/its”. ܳܳ consists of ܐ, “flock” (a collective noun), with ܕprefixed. ܕis a very common particle attached to the beginning of words and one of its main uses is to indicate possession, more or less the equivalent of English “of”. Here, then, we have “of the flock”. A special rule covers its vocalization and also the vocalization of the prefixed prepositions ܒ and (see III.5) and the prefixed particle ܘ (III.4). The rule is that the ܕhas no vowel if the following consonant bears a vowel (shewa does not count as a vowel for this purpose), ܰ but the ܕhas ◌ if the following consonant has ܳ ܳ has a vowel on the first no vowel. ܐ
18
III. PRONOUNS
ܳܳ
ܺ
consonant: hence ܕ ܐ. Attached to ܳ ܐ we ܺ ܰ would find ܳ ܐ ܕ. A strange feature is that whereas in English we would say “the gate of the flock” or “its gate”, here, as often, the Syriac has literally “its gate of the flock”, where “its” looks forward to and agrees with the following noun. This seemingly redundant use of a pronoun is characteristic.
ܰ ܳܗ
3.
̱ܝ
4.
ܳܳ
ܰ
ܳ ܶܐ ܰ ܬܘ ܳ ܐ ܳ
ܘ
is a merging of ܗ, “this”, with the enclitic ܽ form of ( ܗܘsee III.1). Literally “This, it (is)…”. ܳ ܰ , “body”, with a is another noun, possessive pronoun suffix ـܝ, “my, of me”. This particular suffix has no vowel with it in writing because it was not usually pronounced: pagr. is “I”. (tawle‛ā, later pronounced tawel‛ā) is a noun ܳ ܳ meaning “worm”. ̱ ܐis the enclitic form of ܷܐ (see III.2). Literally we have “I, a worm, I (am)”. combines ܘ, “and”, which is always attached ܳ to the following word, and , “not”. The pronunciation is welā, though we- becomes waܰ ( )ܘif the first letter of the following word has no vowel (see III.2 above).
III. PRONOUNS
ܰ ܳ ܳܐ
5.
ܰ ܳܐ ݁ ‚( ܰܐat) ̱
ܽ ܰ
ܺ
(lī)
19
is a fixed phrase meaning “man”. Literally it is ܰ ܳ “son of a human being”, , “son”, and ܳ ܐ ܳ (which can also be written )ܐ ̱ ܳ ܐ. Here the genitive relationship (English “of” phrase) is expressed in a different way, without ( ܕsee III.2 and VI.E). is a participle, “saying”. is the pronoun “you (singular)”. Since the English word “are” requires no separate word in Syriac in this enclitic usage (see III.1), we have literally “Saying, you (are)”, introducing a quotation. ܰܳ is analogous to ( ܗsee III.3) and combines ܰ “who?”, with the enclitic form of ܽܗܘ ܽ ܰ becomes ܰ ܽ ̱ܗܘwhich becomes (ܗܘ ܽ ܰ ), literally “Who (is) he …?”. The action ܶ of the verb follows in ܒ, “he drew near, touched”. For this type of verb with an e vowel in the second syllable, see IX.A. is a combination of ܠ, “to”, and ( ܝsee III.3). Particles like ܠtake suffixes to give “to me, you, him, etc.” ܠis also used, prefixed to nouns or with pronoun attached, to indicate the direct object of a verb, and it may be taken in this sense here: “touched me”. On the vocalization see III.2 above.
20
III. PRONOUNS
GRAMMATICAL SYNTHESIS All the main points about pronouns are covered above, a full list of forms being provided here. A. Possessive Pronoun Endings Added to Nouns Before the addition of possessive pronouns, the -ā ending of the ordinary nominal form is removed. There are basically two sets of endings: (a) those used on nouns of masculine singular form and on feminine nouns, singular and plural; (b) those used on nouns of masculine plural form. The endings added to masculine plural nouns have an additional ܝbefore the ending. Note that the forms of nouns are dealt with in VI. At this point, the main thing is to note the first list (a). These are the only forms used on nouns in Chapters III-V. (b) my bodies your
݁ ܰ ݂ ܰܝ ݁ ܰ ݂ ܰ݁
bodies your bodies his bodies
(a) your body (masc. sing. “you”)
ܰ ܰ ̱ ݁ ݂ ݁ ܰ ܰ ܘܗܝ ̱ ݂ ݁
your body (fem. sing. “you”)
̇ ܶ ݂ ܰ݁
(pagrek)
ܰ ݂ܶ ݂ ݁
his body
݁ ܰ ݂ ܶܗ
her body (the dot
݁ ܰ ݂ ܳ ̇ܗ
(pagraw)
her bodies
ܰ݁ ݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܳ ݂ܟ
(pagr) ̱ܝ
my body
over fem.)
̇ܗ
indicates
III. PRONOUNS (b)
ܰ݁ ݂ ݁ܰ ݂ ܰ ݁ܽ ܢ
(a)
ܰ
our bodies your bodies
ܶ݁ ܰ
your bodies
your body (masc. plur. “you”)
bodies
ܶ ܰ
their
݂
݂ܶ
your body (fem. plur.)
݁ ܰ ݂ ܰ ܽ ܘܢ
their
݁ ܰ ݂ ܰܢ ݁ ܰ ݂ ݂ܽ ܢ
our body
ܰ݁ ݂
21
ܰ݁
݁ ܰ ݂ ܽܗܘܢ
their body (masc.)
ܰ݁
݂
݁ ܰ ݂ ܶܗ
their body (fem.)
bodies
B. Independent Personal Pronouns (with shortened enclitic forms where they exist) FORMS USED AS ENCLITICS
FULL FORM
ܳ ̱ܐ ܽ ̱ܗܘ ܺ ̱ܗܝ ̱ܰ
ܳ ܷܐ ݁ ܰܐ ̱ܰ ݁ ܐ ̱ ̱ܝ ܽ ܗܘ ܺܗܝ ܰ ܽ݁ ܰ ܐ ̱ ̣ܘܢ ܶ݁ ܰ ̱ܐ ܽ ܶܗ ܢ ܶ ܶܗ
ܶ ܐܽ ܢ ܶ ܷܐ C. Interrogatives
ܰ
who?
ENGLISH EQUIVALENT I you (sing. masc.) you (sing. fem.) he she we you (masc. plur.) you (fem. plur.) they (masc.) they (fem.)
22
III. PRONOUNS
ܳ ܐ, ܳ ܳܐ, ܳ ܰ ܳܐ ܳ ܐ ܳ ܐ ܶ ܰܐ
what? which? (masc. referent) which? (fem. referent) which? (plural referent)
D. Demonstratives
ܳ ܳܗ ܶܳ ܗܕ ܶ ܳܗ ܰܗܘ ܳܗܝ ܳܗ ܽ ܢ ܶ ܳܗ
this (masc.) this (fem.) these that (masc.) that (fem.) those (masc.) those (fem.)
E. Additional Note on Enclitics (1) Third person (he, she, they) enclitics tend to be used even ̱ܽ ݁ ̱ “ = ܰܐyou with second person pronouns. Hence ܗܘ are”. (2) The vowel with the consonant which ceases to be pronounced is often written on the preceding consonant, ܽ݁ ܰ if it has no vowel: ܗܘ ̱ ̱ ܐ. The two may be written as one word. (3) If the preceding consonant does have a vowel, a merging ܽ ܳ takes place, e.g. ܽ ݁ ܐfollowed by ܗܘbecomes ܗܘ ̱ ܽ ݁ ܰܐ. Exercise iii (a) Translate into Syriac:
III. PRONOUNS
23
1. This is the king of the land. 2. Which gate is our gate? 3. Their king is a man and not their God. (b) Translate into English:
ܶܳ ܶ
ܰ ܰ ̱ ̱ܐ
*ܰ ܳ ܣ . ܳ ܴ ܰܕ ܳ ̱ܰܐ ܺ ܰܐ ܺ ܴܐ ܰ ܐ .ܽ ܢ ܶ ܽ ܽ ܶ ܽ ݁ ܰܐ .ܗܪܗ ܕ ܳ ܳ ܐ ̱ ܘܢ ܐ ܢ ܶ ܳ ܴܰ .ܽ ݁ ܰ ܐ ̱ܗܘ ܳ ܽ ܰܐ ݁ ܽܗܘ . ܰܳ ̱ ̱ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܶ ݁ ݁ ܳ ܳ . ܴ ܐܘ ܴ ܐ ̱ ܐܘ ܗ ܐ ̱ ܰܕ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܽ ܴܐ ܰ ܶ ܐ ܽ ̱ܗܝ ܶ ̱ܝ ̱ܐ .ܘ ܽ ܶ ܶ ܡ ܺܕ ̱ ܺܕ ܳ ܽ ̱ܗܘ
ܺ ܳܐ
ܺ ܳ ܐ ܕ* ܶ ܽ ܥ
Vocabulary for the above:
ܳܐ
ܰ ܰ ܐܪ ܳ ܐ ܺ ܳܐ ܺ ܳܐ ܒ ܳܶܨ ܳ ܐ ܺ ܰܐ ܳ ܽ ܗܪ ܳ ܳܐ
king land (fem.) apostle messiah, Christ by, in, with (like will truly light world, eternity
)ܠ
1.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
24
III. PRONOUNS
ܶ ܳ
since, for (placed second in the sentence)
ܽ ݁ ܳܐ
ܽ ܰ ܰ ܐܘ...ܰܐܘ ܐ ܳܐ ܽ ܰ ܶ ܶܡ -
ܽ
love (noun) priest either … or father
(takes
suffixes
.
irregularly: see VI F) all always
ܰ
with (takes suffixes like
ܒand ܠ, III.5) ܽ ܺܕ
everything belonging suffixes like
to
(takes
ܠ, III.5)
Notes ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________
IV. THE VERB: SIMPLE PERFECT AND PARTICIPLE FORMS
! 3, 27
ILLUSTRATIVE TEXTS
ܶ ܰ
1.
ܰ ܶ ܘܐܙܠ
2.
ܘ ܶ ܽ ܘܢ
3.
4.
5.
ܰ ܰܘ ܶ .ܰ ܗ ܰ ܶ ܽ ܘܢ .ܕ ܰ ܘ ܶ ܳ ܐ
ܳ ܶ ܽ ܥ ܶ ܰܬ ܘܢ
ܽ ܰ
ܰܘ .ܳ ܰ ܳ ܰ
ܶ ܽ ܶ .ܽ ܳܕ ܳ ܐ
݁ ܶ ܽ ܢ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܳܪ ܶ ܰܐ ̱ ܺ ܰ ܺ . ܶ ܶ ܳܗ
(Lk 5:25) And he took his bed and went home. Some of them fled and some
they
took
into
captivity. (Mt 9:9) As Jesus passed on from there he saw a man. (Mk 14:64) From his mouth you have heard the blasphemy. (Jn 21:15) Simon son of Jona, do you love me more than these?
GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS 1.
ܰ
(šeqal) is the simplest form (3rd person masculine singular – “he” – form) of the basic perfect tense of the Syriac verbal system. It corresponds to the past tense, “he took”. A series of suffixes indicate the differences of person (I, you, she, etc.), a separate pronoun
25
26
IV. THE VERB: SIMPLE PERFECT AND PARTICIPLE FORMS
ܶ ܰ ܶ ܰܐܙܠ
2.
ܳ ܰ ܶ ܽ ܘܢ ܰ ܕܰ ܘ ܶ ܳܐ
3.
ܰ
being unnecessary, though sometimes added for emphasis. (Note that throughout this book the 3rd masc. sing. perfect of the simple stem is used as the citation form [i.e. the form normally quoted] and the meaning is given in the past tense without a personal pronoun. So ܰ is glossed as “took”.) ܳ ܰ , “bed”, with suffix “his”. is the noun ܐ ܰ except “went”, is basically the same as that the initial ‚ālap must have a full vowel ܶ with it; hence the ◌, which here moves onto the prefixed ܘbecause the ālap goes silent: ܰ ܶ becomes ܘܐܙܠ ܰ ܶ (pronounced wezal). ܘܐܙܠ ܳ ܳ ܰ produces ܳ ܳ ܰܘ, walāhā.) (So also ܘ+ “house”.
ܶ
is a suffixed form of , “from, than”, used here in a partitive sense, “some of them” (compare French “de”). ܰ (‛ eraq) is the 3rd masc. plural perfect of ܩ, “fled”. ܰ similarly from ܕ, “led, took”. is ܶ ܳ ܐ, “captivity”, with the preposition ܒ, “with, in, into, by”. It has to be attached directly to the word it goes with (like ܠin III.5). For vocalization like ܕsee III.2. “when, as”.
IV. THE VERB: SIMPLE PERFECT AND PARTICIPLE FORMS
ܰ
ܰ ܳ ܰܬ ܳ
4.
5.
27
ܳ ܰ ܽ ܽܳܐ ܰ ݁ ܘܢ ܽ ܳܕ ܳ ܐ ܶ ܳܪ
ܺ ܺ ܰ
like above, but meaning “passed by, crossed over”. “there”. ܰ , except that is fundamentally the same as with the verbs ending in ‚ālap the final vowel ܳ ܰ is ◌ rather than ◌ and the ‚ālap is not pronounced (see XII). The meaning is “he saw”. “man”. “mouth”. is another perfect verb form, with the 2nd person masculine plural ending, meaning “you (have) heard”. “blasphemy”.
ܰ
is a participle like ܴܐin III.5. The chief characteristic of the participles of the simple type is the vowel in the first syllable. The ܶ second syllable has ◌ as here, though in some ܰ ܰ ) ܴܐ. The meaning is verbs ◌ is found (as in “loving”. With a pronoun it may be used to produce a finite form (like the participle in English: “he is loving”). As noted at III.5, ܠcan be used simply to indicate the object of a verb, as here. ܶ means “more than”. “abundant”, with
28
IV. THE VERB: SIMPLE PERFECT AND PARTICIPLE FORMS
A question is often indicated in Syriac by intonation and can be detected in texts only from the context.
GRAMMATICAL SYNTHESIS A. Simple Stem Perfect Most verbs in Syriac have three root consonants. These root consonants appear in a number of patterns or stems. The basic pattern is called the simple stem of the verb. This simple stem of the verb is described as pe‛al on the basis of ܰ being the 3rd masc. the set of root letters ( singular of the root in this stem). The list set out below shows the vowel patterns and endings used to indicate the different persons.
ܰ
݂ ܰ ܶ ݁ ܰ ܰ ݁ ̱ܝ ܶ ݂ ܶ ܰ
ܶ ܘܢ
he took
šeqlat
she took
šeqalt
you (masc. sing.) took
šeqalt
you (fem. sing.) took
šeqlet
I took
šeqal
they took (note the
ܘwhich
is not pronounced)
̈ ܰ ܰ ܽ
šeqal
šeqal
they
(fem.)
took
double dots, and
ܝwhich is
not pronounced)
ܰ ܰ
ܰ
(note
šeqaltūn
you (masc. plur.) took
šeqaltēn
you (fem. plur.) took
šeqaln
we took
IV. THE VERB: SIMPLE PERFECT AND PARTICIPLE FORMS
29
It may be noted that in unvocalized texts (and even in ݁ ݂ , “she vocalized texts) dots can be used to distinguish ݁ , “I took”. (In later took”, ݂ , “you took”, and ݀ ݂ .) Syriac, “she took” will have the dot after the ܬas in This tense-form can in particular contexts represent “he has taken”, “he had taken” or “he will have taken” in English. The full list of forms for ܳ is given later (XII), as are those of the other verbal patterns or stems (VIII). B. Participles (masculine forms)
ܺ
ܶ
ܳ (plural ܳ ), “taking, carrying”. Active ܺ (plural ܺ ܺ ), “taken, carried”. Passive For verbs like ܳ , the (singular) active participle is ܶ normal: ܳ . Exercise iv (a) Translate into Syriac: 1. We are taking the bed of the man. 2. We heard everything. 3. The apostle saw the Messiah. (b) Translate into English:
ܳ . ܰ ̱ ݁ ܰܘ .ܰ ܳ ܐ ܰ ܺ ܳ ܐ .̇ ܳ
.ܶ ܳܗ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܺ ܰܬܪ ܳ ܐ ܰܕ ܰ ݂̱ ܐ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܶܘܐ
ܒ ܰ ܽ
ܰ
1.
ܰ
2.
ܰܰ ܳ ܐ
3. 4.
30
IV. THE VERB: SIMPLE PERFECT AND PARTICIPLE FORMS
ܰ .ܶ ܐ ̈ܶ ܐ ̈ ܺ .ܘܗܝ ̱ ܰ ܐ ܳ ܢ * ܺ ܳ ܐ ܘ* ܽ ܰ ܳ ܰܐ ܳ . ܳܬ . ܳ ܺ ܳ ܰ ܘܗ
ܳ
ܶ ܗܕ ܶܳ ܰ ܶ ܳ ܴ̈ ܺ ̱ ̈ ܰ ܽ ܶ* ܺ ܳ ܽ ܰ ܳ ܶ ܳ ܳ ܰܕܨ
ܶܘ ܰܘ ܰ
5. 6. 7.
Vocabulary for the above:
ܰ ܒ ܳܗ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܳ ܺ ݁ܚ ̱ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܐ ܰ ܳܐ ܰ ܺ ܳܐ
ܳ ܰܐ ܰ ܳܐ ܰ ܳ ܶ ܷܐ ܶ ̈ܰ ܐ ܶܐ ܰ ܳ ܳ̈ ܺ ܳ ܺܐ ܶ ܳ
wrote thus opened city (fem.) went out made like (pronounced ’ak) sword sharp, sharpened (a passive participle) answered (see angel said (see
ܳ
)
ܶ )ܰܐܙܠ
word (fem.) among brothers (singular
ܰ )ܐ ܳ ܐ
fell fetters, bonds, chains (fem. plural) hand going up (participle)
IV. THE VERB: SIMPLE PERFECT AND PARTICIPLE FORMS
ܰ ܐ ܳ ܰ ܗ ܳܳ ܶ ܳ ܨܽ ܬ ܳܗ ܳ ܺ ܳ
together temple time prayer (fem.) behold (exclamation) crippled (passive participle)
Notes ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________
31
V.
! 4, 28
ܺ ܳ ܐ, ܗܘ AND COMPOSITE TENSES
ILLUSTRATIVE TEXTS 1. 2.
3.
4. 5. 6.
ܺ ܰ ܶܕ ܶܪ ܳ ܳ ܐ ܰܕ ܺ ܳ ܐ ܐ . ܰ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܐ ̱ܗܘ ܘ ܐ ܳ ܺ ܶܗ . ܗܘ ܽ ܳܳ ܶ ܳܪ ܻܐ ܽ ̱ܳ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܳܐ ܗܘ ܳܳ ܰ ܐ . ̣ܳ ̱ ̇ ܶ ܐܶ ܶ ܶܕ ܻܐ ܗܘܬ ܳ ܳ . ݁ ̱ ݂ܺ ܺ ܶ ܐ ܰ ̱ ܺ ܳܘ . ܶ ܗܘܘ ܳ ̱ ܰ ܳ ̱ܘ ܳ ܐ . ܗܘ
(I Cor 2:16) We, however, possess the mind of Christ. (Jn 1:10) He was in the world and the world was through his power. On this mountain was the blessed Panbo, the teacher. His mother, however, was from the city of Amida. (Mk 3:2) And they were guarding him. And no man had gone out.
GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS 1.
ܰ
ܶܕ ܶܪ ܺ ܳ ܳ ܐ ܐ
“to us”: here with the sense “belonging to”. “but, now, however” is placed second in the ܶ in iii.4). sentence (compare “mind”. means basically “there is”. It is very commonly used simply for “is, are, etc.”, and ܰ: is here followed by a repetition of
32
ܺ ܳ ܐ, ܗܘ AND COMPOSITE TENSES
V.
“belonging to us”. “to have”. 2.
ܳ ܗܘ
ܒ
3.
4.
ܶ ܽ ܽ ܳܪ ܳ ܳܐ ܰ ܳ ܳܐ ܿ ܶ ܐ ܻ
̱ܳ ܗܘܬ 5.
ܺ ܳ
ـ
33
ܺ ܐeffectively means
is the 3rd masc. sing. perfect of the verb “was”. It is frequently used, especially in its ܳ ̱ , in combination with ܺܐ enclitic form, ܗܘ and other verbs (below). ܺ can mean “by means of” and ܳ ܐcan mean “power” as well as “hand”. (Note the tendency for ܐto become silent and lose its vowel when a prefix is added.) The pronoun suffix anticipates the following nominal phrase. “mountain”. “blessed man, saint”. “teacher”.
ܻܐ
“there is”, frequently takes a pronoun suffix to produce “she is”, “they are”, etc. Here it is the fem. sing. 3rd person suffix and it should be noted that the plural-type suffixes are used (III.A(b)). ܳ ̱ , enclitic, and it is the 3rd fem. sing. of ܗܘ makes the sense clearly past. plur. active participle from guarded”.
ܰ
, “kept,
34
V.
̱ܰ ܗܘܘ
6.
ܳ ̱ܐ
ܺ ܳ ܐ, ܗܘ AND COMPOSITE TENSES
ܳ
is the 3rd masc. plur. enclitic from ܗܘand with a participle produces a continuous past sense: “they were keeping…”. For ܠ, see III.5.
ܳ
is an alternative form of ܐ ̱ ܳ ܐ, “man” (see further in VI.C). ܳ ̱ , as A perfect verb followed by a form of ܗܘ here, may produce the sense “he had gone out”.
GRAMMATICAL SYNTHESIS A. The Perfect Tense of ENCLITIC FORMS
̱ܳ ܗܘ ܗܘܬ ݂̱ܳ ݁ ܗ ܰܘ ̱ ݁ ܰ ̱ܗܘ ̱ܝ ݂ ̱ܗ ܺܘ ̱ܰ ܗܘܘ ܰ̈ ܘܝ ܽ ݁ ܰ ̱ܗ ̱ܗܘ ܶ ܘܢ ݁ ܗ ܰܘ ̱ ̱ܰܗܘ
ܳ , with Enclitic Forms ܗܘ
BASIC FORMS
ܳ ܗܘ ܗܘܬ ݂ܳ ݁ ܗܘ ܰ ܰ ܗܘ ݁ ̱ܝ ܺ ݂ ܗܘ ܰ ܗܘܘ ܰ̈ ܗܘܝ ܽ ܰ ܗܘ ݁ ܶ ܘܢ ݁ ܗܘ ܰ ܰ ܗܘ
B. Tenses We now have the following possibilities:
MEANINGS he was she was you were you (fem.) were I was they were they (fem.) were you were you (fem.) were we were
V.
(1) (2)
ܺ ܳ ܐ, ܗܘ AND COMPOSITE TENSES
35
ܰ
, “he took”. ܶ ܳ , “he is taking” (with an enclitic pronoun or a separate noun as subject). ܶ ܳ , “he was taking”. ̱ܳ (3) ܗܘ ܰ , “he had taken” (sometimes simply “he ̱ܳ (4) ܗܘ took”, indicated by context).
ܽ ̱ܗܘ
Exercise v (a) Translate into Syriac: 1. You were going out from the temple of God. 2. There was an angel in the city. 3. The king had opened the gate of his house. (b) Translate into English:
ܶ ܰ ܽ ܬܗ
ܳ . ܳܬ ܶ ܳ ܽ * ܰܪ
ܶ ܘܗܘ ܽ .ܳ ܰ ܺ ܳ ܳ ̱ ܘܗܝ ܗܘ ܰ ܽܗܘ ̱ ܺܳ ܐ ܺ . ܳ ܴ ܳܬ ܳ
ܰ ܺ ܳ ̱ ܘܗܝ ܗܘ ܶܺ ܰ ܐ ̱ ܶ ܗܘ ܳ ̱ ܘܗܝ ܐ ܺ ܳ ̱ܶ
ܳ ̱ ܰܘ ܰ ܒ ܗܘ ܽ ܘܢ ܶ ܳ ܐ ܶܕܐ ܰ ܺ ܳ ̱ ܘܗܝ ܳ ܗܘ ܶܕ ܽ ܳ ܳ ܐ ܳܗ ̱ ܳ ܐ .ܰ ܐ ܳ ܽ ܰ ܳܰ ܳ . ܺ ܗܘ ܘܢ ܐ ܗ ܐ ܰ ܺ ܶ ܗܘ ܳ ̱ ܘܗܝ ܺ ܺ ܐ ̱ ܰ ܺ ܰ ܳ ̱ ܘܗܝ ܗܘ ܺ ܳ ܰ ܬ ܴ ܳ ܰܘ ̱ܳ ܐ ܶ ܳ ̱ ܘܗܝ ܗܘ ̱ ܳܗ ܳ ܐ. ܽ ܳ ܺ ܶܗ . ܗܘ ܰ ܽܗܘ ܶܕ ܰ ܺ ܳ ܐ ܳ ̱ܝ *ܐ ܰܘܐ ܽ ܶ ̱ܗܝ ܶܕ.ܶ ܶ ܽ ܪ ܳ ܳ ܐ ܺ ܰ .* ܺ ܺ ܕ* ܶ ܬ ܽ ̈ ܐ
1. 2.
3. 4.
5.
36
V.
ܺ ܳ ܐ, ܗܘ AND COMPOSITE TENSES
ܽ
ܳ ܶܐ
̱ܳ ܗܘ
Vocabulary for the above:
ܳ ܳܐ ܳ ܬ ܳ ܽܬ ܳ ܳܐ ܺ
ܶ
ܶ ܰ ܰ
answer
ܐ
letters (fem.) youth (fem.)
ܺܪ
ܳܬ ܰ ܺ ܳܐ ܳ ̱ܝ ܶ ܳܐ ܳ ܳܽ ܪ ܐ ܶ ܶ ܬ ܽ ̈ܐ ܺܰ ܠ ܶܽ ܳ ܐ
pagan (noun) beginning (here absolute: see VI) towards, with holy man lord (title of saints and church leaders) race Syrian
ܬܽ ܳܐ
a place-name (
means “border”) until now, as yet to, belonging to, by Persians
Notes ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________
VI. NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES. THE GENITIVE RELATIONSHIP
! 5, 29
ILLUSTRATIVE TEXTS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
ܰ ܺ ܳ ܶ ܘܗܝ ̱ ܰܙܪ ܐ ܐ . ܳ ܴ ܰܕ ܰ ̱ ܺ ܰܘ ܺ ܶ ܐ ܳܪ ܗܘܘ ... ܺ ܽ ܳܰܘܐ ܐ ̱ ̱ܗܘ ܺ ܳ ܐ ܶ ܗ .ܰܕ ܴ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܳܐ . ܺ ܳ ܺ ̱ܬ ܶ ܽ ܳܪ ܶ ܳ ܽ ܘܗܘ ܳܗ ܳ ܳ ܐ ܶ ܐ .ܳ ܬ ܶ ܰ ̈ ܐ ܳ
(Lk 8:11) The seed is the word of God. (Lk 15:2) And the Pharisees were murmuring and saying… (Mt 16:16) You are the Christ, the son of the living God. The church had been made into a fire-temple. And this report reached the king of kings.
GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS 1.
ܰܙܪ ܳ ܐ
“seed”, is a noun of the most common form. ܳ The final ◌ܐis a suffix which originally indicated definiteness (“the seed”), but in standard Syriac it has no such special meaning. The meaning can be definite or indefinite (“a seed, the seed”). Traditional grammar calls this the “emphatic” state of the noun to distinguish it from the absolute and construct (below). It should be noted that this
37
38
VI. NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES. THE GENITIVE RELATIONSHIP
ܳ ܶ
ܳ ܴ ܰܕ
2.
ܻ ܶܐ ܺ ܳܪ
3.
4.
ܳ ܴ ܶ ܗ ܰܕ
ܰ ܳܐ ܳ ܺ
term does not refer to any emphasis in the meaning. “word”, is similar except that it has the ending added to the ܬcharacteristic of feminine nouns. ܕcan be used to represent “of” (see III.2), in which case the words linked by ܕappear in their ordinary, i.e. “emphatic” form. This is the most common way of conveying the genitive relationship between nouns. “Pharisees”, is also an “emphatic” or ordinary form, but with the plural masculine ending ܶ ◌ܐ. “murmuring”, is a participle (see IV.B) and its ܶ plural ending is not ◌ܐbut the so-called ܺ “absolute” ending, ◌ـ, which is found principally on adjectives and participles used as predicates (as here). Adjectives and participles agree in number and gender with the nouns they refer to. In this phrase ܕis used for the genitive, but the following noun is anticipated by the pronoun suffix. Hence literally we have “his son of God”. adjective “living”. is a passive participle (see IV.B), “done, made”. Since it is the predicate it has the
VI. NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES. THE GENITIVE RELATIONSHIP
ܽ ܳܪ
5.
ܳܐ ܳ ܐ ܷ̈ ܐ
ܳ ܺ ̱ ݁ܬ
ܶ ܰ
ܶ
39
absolute, not the “emphatic” form and since the subject is feminine, it too is feminine. Hence the feminine absolute singular ending ܳ◌ܐ, which happens to be identical in form with the masculine “emphatic”. “church”, feminine, ordinary form. “temple/house of fire”, demonstrates an alternative way of indicating the genitive relationship – not using ܕ. In this less frequent method the first noun is given a special form distinct from the “emphatic” and absolute forms. This third form is called the construct. Thus the ordinary form of the ܳ ܰ word for “house” is ; its construct is ܶ. “report”, is “emphatic”, its construct being ܶ ܒ. “reached” (see ܳ IV.3). ܶ “king of kings”, is made up of the singular ܳ ܰ , “king”, followed by its construct of ܐ “emphatic” plural.
GRAMMATICAL SYNTHESIS A. Nominal Forms Nouns and adjectives have endings to distinguish singular, plural, masculine, feminine and the three uses which a noun or adjective may have in a sentence: ordinary/“emphatic”,
40
VI. NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES. THE GENITIVE RELATIONSHIP
ܳ
absolute, and construct. The word convenient model.
, “good”, provides a
MASCULINE SING. Ordinary,
ܳܐ
PL.
Construct
SING.
ܶ ܳ ̈ܐ
ܳ
“Emphatic” Absolute
FEMININE
ܳ
ܳ
ܳ
ܳ
ܻ̈ ܰ̈ ܳ
ܳ
ܳ ܳܐ ܰ ܳ
PL.
ܳ ܳ̈ ܳ ܳ̈ ܳ ܳ̈ ܳ
For pronoun suffixes on nouns, refer back to III.A. B. Adjectives Adjectives agree with the noun they refer to in number and gender and adjectives are placed after the noun in nominal ܳ ܳ ܰ ܳܐ. phrases like “the good king”: ܐ C. Uses of the Absolute State The uses of the absolute state are: (i) to mark the predicate if it is an adjective or participle; ܽ , “all”, in what are called distributive (ii) after ܳ ̱( ܽ ܐthe phrases, such as “every man, all men”: ܳ emphatic form of the noun is ) ܐ ̱ ܳ ܐ. ܳ (iii) after certain other set expressions, such as ܕmeaning “without” and in some numerical expressions (see XIV).
VI. NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES. THE GENITIVE RELATIONSHIP
41
D. Vowel Patterns of Nouns
ܳ
In and a number of nouns and adjectives the vowel pattern of the basic word does not change when endings are added or in forming the construct. In many nouns and adjectives, however, the vowel pattern of the stem does change. For example, ܰ ܳ ܐbecomes ܶ in the construct, and ܳ ܳ ܐbecomes ܰ ܳ in the construct. These represent two main types in which an extra vowel is inserted when the -ā ending of the emphatic is lost. Further examples will appear in later sections. E. The Genitive The genitive relationship can be expressed in Syriac in three ways, so that the following three phrases have exactly the same meaning: (1) Using ܕ: ܺ ܳ ܐ ܰܕ ܺ ܳ ܐ ܶ ܺ (2) Using ܕand an anticipatory pronoun: ܰܕ ܺ ܳ ܐ ܺ (3) Using the construct of the first noun: ܺ ܳ ܐ The last is much rarer than the other two. F. Irregular Nouns There are a number of nouns, unfortunately often the most used ones (and also the word for “other”), which do not follow the neat pattern set out above. The following list covers the most important ones.
42
VI. NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES. THE GENITIVE RELATIONSHIP
EMPHATIC
CONSTRUCT
FORMS WITH
EMPHATIC
SINGULAR AND
SINGULAR
SUFFIXED
PLURAL
MEANING
ܰ ܐ ݂ ܳ ܐ, “father”
PRONOUNS
ܳ ݂ ’( ܐāb), “my ܰ father”; ܗܝ ̱ ܽ ݂ܐ
none
(’abūy), “his father”
ܶ ܴ ̈ ݂ ܰܐ, “parents”;
ܳ ܰ ܐ ݂ ̈ ܴ ܳ ݂ܬ,
“spiritual
ܰ ܐ ܳ ܐ, “brother” ܳܶ
ܐ ܐ, “mother” ܳ ܺ ̱ܐ, “other” ܳܺ (m.); ( ܐ ̱ ݂ܬf.)
ܳ ݁ , “son”
ܳ ݁ ܰ ݂ܬ,
( ݁ ܰ ̱ ݂ܬbat)
“daughter”
ܴ ݁ ܰ ݁ , “house”
(m.)
(šattā),
“year” (f.)
ܳ ܺ ݂
ܰ݁
,
݂ ܶ݁ ݂ܰ ݂ܰܽ ܪ
ܰ ܐ ̈ܶ ܐ, “brothers”
ܳ ܐ, “my mother”; ܴ̈ ݂ܬ ܶ ܶܐ, “his mother” ܶܳ rare ܳ ܳ ݂ ܶ
ܺ ܐ ̱ (also
fathers”
brother”
ܶ ܐܡ
for
ܰ ’( ܐ ̱ ݁ ݂ܬatt)
“woman, wife”
ܴ݁ ̱ ܰ
none
absolute)
ܳ ܰ ܐ ̱ ݁ ݂ܬ,
ܳ ܐ, “my br.”; ܰ ܐ ܽ ̱ܗܝ, “his
ܰ ܐ ̱ ݁ ݂ ܶܬܝ, “my wife”; ܰ ܐ ̱ ݁ ݂ܬܗ, “his wife” ( ܶ ܝber), “my son”; ݁ ܶ ܗ, “his son” ( ܶ ݁ ܰ ݂ܬܝb rat), “my ܰ d.”; ݁ ݂ܬܗ, “his d.” ( ݁ ܰ ݁ ܝbayt), “my ݁ ܰ ݁ , “his h.” h.”; ܷ ܗ e
ܶ
̱( ܐm.); ܳ ( ܐf.) ̱
ܶ ܷ̈ ܐ ( ݁ ܰ ܴ̈ܐconstruct: ̈ ܰ ݁) ܰ ̈ ݁ ݂ܴ ݁̈ ܷ ܴ݁
suffixes not used
ܰ ܴ̈ܐ
ܺ ݂ܝ
ܽ ܪ ܴ̈ܐ
, “my v.”;
ܐ
VI. NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES. THE GENITIVE RELATIONSHIP
EMPHATIC
CONSTRUCT
FORMS WITH
EMPHATIC
SINGULAR AND
SINGULAR
SUFFIXED
PLURAL
MEANING
“village” (f.)
PRONOUNS
ܳ ݂ ܻܐ, “hand” (f.)
ܳܐ
, “name”
43
݂ ܰ , ݂ ܻܐ ܶ
(m.)
ܶ ܺ ݂ ܗ, “his v.” ܻܐ ݂ ܝ, “my h.”; ܻܐ ݂ ܶ ܗ, ܻܐ ̈ ݂ ܰ ܳ ܐ, ܶ ݂ ̈ ܻܐ “his hand”
ܶ
ܶ
(šem), “my n.”;
ܶ ܴ̈
,
ܳ ܳ ܴ̈ ݂ܬ
, “his name”
Exercise vi (a) Translate into Syriac: 1. The light of Christ is good. 2. The word of the king is written in the letters of the messenger (angel). 3. The good land is in the hand of the Syrian. (b) Translate into English:
.. ̇ ܽ ܳܘܕ ܳܐ ܳ
̱ܳ ܳ ..ܳ ܰ ܰ *ܗܘ ܳ ܳܗ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܳ ̇ܗ ܕ ܳ ݁ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܳ ̇ܗ ܐ ܰ ܰܺ ܐ ܬ ܷ ܳ ܽ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܰ ݂ ܰ ̱ ܰܐ ܳ ܳ ܰ ܶ .. ̇ ܳ ܰ ܬ ܕܐܪ ܐ ܘ ܶ ܳ ܺ ܰ *ܐ ܕ ̱ ܘܗܘܝ ̱ ܰ * ܶ ܳܕ ܻ ܶ ܻܐ ܳ ܽ ܗܘ ܰ ܶ ܳ ܐ ܕ ܘܪ ܳ ܶܐ ܕ .. ܬ ܰ ܶܐ ܕ ܽ ܶ ܕ ܻ ܽ ܶ ܶ ** ܺ ܳ ܶܕ ܰܘ .. ܳ ܳ ܳܗ ܳ ܰ ܶ ܳ ܶ ܕ ܳ ܳܐ ܘ ܰ ܬ .. ܺ ܳ *ܽܕܪܘ ܶܗ ܰ ـ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
44
VI. NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES. THE GENITIVE RELATIONSHIP
Vocabulary for the above:
ܳ ܳ ܰ ܳ ̇ ܰ ܬ ܳ ݂ ܺ ̱ܰ ܐ ܳ ܐ ܰ ܳ ܽܰ ܳܰ ܬ ܐ ܳ ܳ ܰܪܘܪ ܐ ܳ ܰ ܽ ܬ ܻܪ ܳ ܐ ܰ ܳܐ ܰ ܳܳ ܳ ܳ ܳܐ ܶ ܳ ܽܪܘ ܳ ܷܐ
carpenter woman, wife in authority (adjective) husband, master animals (collective sing.) tribe nobleman kingdom head (walled) city heard, listened to voice lord (used of God) anger anger, wrath but, except, if not
Notes ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________
VII. THE VERB: SIMPLE IMPERFECT AND IMPERATIVE. USES OF ܕ
! 6, 30
ILLUSTRATIVE TEXTS 1.
2.
3.
4. 5.
ܰ ܶ ܐ ܳܐ . ܶ ܟ ܺܪ ܳ ܳܕ ܰ ܳ ܶܐ ܐ ܳ ܐ ܳ ܰ ܽ ܢ ܺܪ ܳ ܐ ܰ .ܶ ܽܨܘܪ
ܰ
(Mt 8:20) There is not
ܽ ܶܕ
anywhere for him to rest his head.
ܰ ܳܘܐ ܰ ܰ ܶܕ ܰܳܐ
And he was saying that there did not remain for the Franks anywhere to rest the head on the coast of the sea except Tyre.
ܺ ܰ ܶܕ ܕ ܶ ܽ ܪ ܶ ܳ ܡ ܰ ̈ܳ ܳ ܐ ܐܶ ܽ ܪ ܶ ܳ ܳ ̱ ܐܦ ܐ ܳ ܳ ܡ ܐ .ܕ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܶ ܰ ܶܘܐ ܽ ܘܒ .ܺ ܶ ܰܕ ܺ ܳ ܐ ܰܳ ܶ ܽ ܦ ܺ ܶ ܽ ܶ ܷܐ
(Mt 10:33) Whoever denies me before men, however, I will deny him also before my father who is in heaven. And he said to him “Draw near, apostle of Christ”. Overthrow from before me all the heresies.
GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS 1.
݁ ܰ
ܰ ܐ ܳܐ ܕ
is used in exactly the same way as ݂ ܻܐand means “there is not” ( ݂ ܻܐ+ ܴ ). means “where, anywhere”, introducing a subordinate clause.
45
46 VII. THE VERB: SIMPLE IMPERFECT AND IMPERATIVE. USES OF ܕ
ܶ ܽ ܟ
2.
ܻܪ ܳ ܐ ܕ ܳ
3.
ܶ ܽ ܢ ܳ ܳ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܕ ܶ ܽ ܪ ܳ ܳܡ ܰ ̈ܳ ܳܐ ܳ ܐܦ ̱ ܐ ܰ ܰ ܳܐ
is the imperfect tense, 3rd masc. sing., of the ܰ , “rested, lay”. This is the simplest verb form of the imperfect and by contrast with the perfect this tense corresponds usually to the future. Hence literally “he will rest”, though the same form is used also for “he would rest” according to the context. “head”. apart from meaning “of”, also introduces indirect statements, corresponding to English “that”, as in: “He said that he did it.” “remained” (see further on this type of verb in XII). ܰ . is the imperfect, 3rd masc. plur., of ܳ “coast”, here construct with ܰ ܐ, “sea”. “except”. “whoever”, introduces a subordinate clause. ܰ , “denied”, is 3rd masc. sing. imperfect of ܶ ܽ ܐis the 1st sing. while ܪ is a preposition, “before”. ܳ ܰ (construct phrases). the plural of ܳ ܐ “also”. ܳܰ a suffixed form of ܐ ܐ, “father” (see VI.F). is simply “in heaven”. The prefixed ܕchanges this into a relative clause: “who (is) in heaven”, the ܕbeing used as a relative particle. It is invariable.
VII. THE VERB: SIMPLE IMPERFECT AND IMPERATIVE. USES OF ܕ47
4.
ܽ ܘܒ
5.
ܽ ܦ
is the masc. sing. imperative, “draw near!”, of ܶ the verb ܒ. Imperatives (masc. sing.) are basically derived from the imperfect by the removal of the prefixes (though see the details ܽ ܶ in VII.B). Thus ܬ ܘܒ, “you will draw ܽ near”, ܘܒ, “draw near”.
ܰܳ ܶ
ܽ
ܺ ܶ ܷܐ
ܰ , “threw, masc. sing. imperative from overthrew”. ܳ ܡwith suffix, attached as if to a masc. plur. noun. ܽ with suffix: “all of them”. “heresies”, is a loanword from Greek and its form is anomalous.
GRAMMATICAL SYNTHESIS A. Imperfect Forms of the Simple (pe‛al) Stem See Paradigm 1.
ܽ ܠ ܽ ܠ ܽ ܠ ܺ ܽ ܠ ܽܳ ܢ ̈ ܽܳ ܢ ̈
ܶ ܶ ܶܬ ܶܬ ܶܬ ܐ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶܬ ܬ
nešqūl
he will take
tešqūl
she will take
tešqūl
you (masc. sing.) will take
tešqelīn
you (fem. sing.) will take
‚ešqūl
I will take
nešqelūn
they (masc.) will take
nešqelān
they (fem.) will take
tešqelūn
you (masc. plur.) will take
tešqelān
you (fem. pl.) will take
48 VII. THE VERB: SIMPLE IMPERFECT AND IMPERATIVE. USES OF ܕ
ܶ ܽ ܠ
nešqūl
we will take
ܰ
ܰ
A very small number of verbs, including ܙand , ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ and (see Paradigm 2.B). have ◌ in the imperfect: B. Imperatives See Paradigm 2.
ܽ ܠ ܽ
ܽ ܽ (ܢ ̈ ܽ ܶ̈ ܽ
ܽ
šeqūl
take! (masc. sing.)
šeqūl
take! (fem. sing.)
šeqūl
take! (masc. plur.)
) (šeqūlūn) šeqūl
take! (fem. plur.)
šeqūlēn
They are used as in English except that for prohibitions, ܳ i.e. negative commands, the imperfect is used, preceded by (see vii.2). C. Uses of ܕ The uses of ܕare: (1) to mean “of”. ܰ ܰ ܰܐ ܽ ܢ ܕ, “our (2) as the relative word or particle: ܳ ܐ father, who art in heaven”. ܳ ܰ (3) to form subordinating conjunction like ܐ ܐ ܕ, “anywhere ܰ , “whoever …”. to …”, and ܕ (4) to mean “that”, introducing indirect speech (and sometimes a direct quotation: see vii.5).
VII. THE VERB: SIMPLE IMPERFECT AND IMPERATIVE. USES OF ܕ49
(5) for purpose, “so that, in order that”, introducing a purpose clause. It is always attached to the following word and has no vowel if the following consonant has a vowel written with it. Otherwise it is pronounced ܰܕ, da-. (The same rule applies to ܠ, ܒand ܘ, prefixed to other words: see III.2, 4, 5 and IV.2). Exercise vii (a) Translate into Syriac: 1. We will take the sword. 2. He said that he would overthrow the kingdom. 3. Write to my father. (b) Translate into English:
ܳ ܘܶ ܽ ܠ . ܰ
ܰ
ܻ ܶ ܳܰܪ ܕ ܒ ܶ ̈ܶ ܰ ܳ ̈ܐ
ܰ ܽ ܳ ܶ ܕܶ ܽ ܚ
ܳܘ .ܳ ܰ ܶ ܳ ܐ ܳ ܶ ܬ ܽ ܘܠ ܕ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܰ ܝ ܰ ܰܘ ܽ ܰܩ ܰ ܰ ܰ ̈ ܐ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܳܕܐܦ . ̈ ܳܰ ܶ ܐ ܰ ܬ ܽ ܘܢ ܽܪܘ ܳ ܐ ܕ ܽ ܕ ܳ ܐ ܽ ܘ ܰ ܰ ܰ * * ܳ ܳܘܠ ܰܘ . ܐ ܳ ܳ ܶܰܘ ܰ ܳ ܶܐ ܐܶ ܰ ܘ ܕ ܳ ܳ ܺ ܰ ܐ ܺ ܽ ܽ ܘܢ ܰܐ ܺ ܰ * ܰܨ ܰ ܳܚ .ܰܕ ܳ ܷܬܗ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
50 VII. THE VERB: SIMPLE IMPERFECT AND IMPERATIVE. USES OF ܕ
Vocabulary for the above:
ܳ
ܽ ܳ ܳܐ ܰ ܳ ܰܐ ܰ ܶܐ ܰ ܳܐ ܰܠ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܰܰ ݁ ܳܐ ܐ ܰ ܳܐ ܕ ܰ ܳ ܳܐ ܽܪܘ ܳ ܐ ܽ ܕ ܳܐ ܰܫ ܰ ̱ܒ
ܳ
put (compare
in VII.2 )
mind, thought worked wages ate (compare
ܰ ܶ) ܐ
bread rebuked, complained cut off from, than pardoned debt just as debtor spirit (fem.) holiness separated gave (Note that in this verb the middle root letter goes silent in many forms:
ܰܒ
becomes
ܰ ̱ܒ:
see XI.5. Here the enclitic form of “we” is attached to the first
ܳ ܺ ܰܐ
participle) prisoner
VII. THE VERB: SIMPLE IMPERFECT AND IMPERATIVE. USES OF ܕ51
Notes ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________
VIII. DERIVED STEMS OF THE VERB INTRODUCTION Modification of the meaning of a verb’s simple stem (IV and VII above) can be produced in Syriac and other Semitic languages by adding prefixes and/or modifying the vowel pattern. Syriac has five common derived stems (and a few rarer ones) but most verbs occur only in one or two of the stems, often with meanings of a simple type, like those of the simple stem (pe‛al). ! 7, 31
ILLUSTRATIVE TEXTS 1. 2. 3.
4. 5.
. ܶ
ܶ ܰ ܶ ܶ ܡ ܶܕܐܬ ܰ ݁ ܰ ܘ ܰ ܶ ܽ ܽ ܘܢ ܶ̈ ܳ . ܳ ܰ ܶ ܘܐܙܠ ܰ ܽ ܘܬ ܳ ܶܕܪ ܳ ܳ ܐ ̇ ܳ ܳܗܝ ܕ ܶ ܰ ܳ ܰܐ ܽ ܘ . ܰ ܰ ݁ ݂ܐܬ ܰ ܰܘܨ ܳܚ ܺ ܳܗ ܳ ܬ .ܐ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܽ ܰܘܢ ܶ ܳ ܪ ܶܕܐ݁ܬ ݁ܬ ܰ ܡ ܽܗܘ ܶ ݁ ܰ ܰܘܐ ܶ ܕ ܰ ܶ ܘ ܺ ܳ .ܳ ܐ
(Lk 17:9) He did whatever was commanded him. (Mt 2:4) And he gathered all the chief priests. And he went out with joy of heart to the place at which he was martyred. And
Saladin
similarly
departed with them. After
he
had
excommunicated,
been he
and
those with him, and he had received punishment…
52
VIII. DERIVED STEMS OF THE VERB
53
GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS 1.
ܰ ܶ ܶܡ ܶ ݁ ݂ܶܐܬ
2.
ܶܰ
ܰ ݁ܰ
3.
ܳ ܳ ܶ ܰܐܙܠ
“made, did”. “anything”. Unlike ordinary nouns this word does not normally change: “anything which…”. is the 3rd masc. sing. perfect of a stem derived ܰ , “commanded”. Traditional from ܰ as a model, grammar, using the verb called this the ‚etpe‛el, the ‚et- being the chief characteristic. The t prefix, as elsewhere in Semitic verbs, has a reflexive/passive connotation. In meaning the ‚etpe‛el stem is usually the passive of the pe‛al. Hence, “it was commanded”. “gathered”, is the 3rd masc. sing. perfect of the pa‛el stem, distinguished by the vowel pattern ܰ , “gathered”. This and here derived from stem has an implicit doubling of the second root letter, though the doubling is not retained in West Syriac pronunciation. This stem often conveys an intensification of pe‛al, though this may not always be clearly represented in the appropriate English equivalent. ܳܰ is the plural masc. construct of ܪ ݁ ܐ, “great”. “priest”. “went out, departed”, simple stem perfect.
54
VIII. DERIVED STEMS OF THE VERB
ܳ ܰ ܽ ܘܬ ܰ ܳ ܳܐ ܽ ܕܘ ܰ ܰ݁ ܶ ݂ܐܬ
4.
5.
ܶ ܰܐ
“joy”. “unto, up to”. “place”. is 3rd masc. sing. perfect ‚etpa‛al stem, usually the passive of the pa‛el, which for this verb is ܶ ܰ , “he crowned” (often used of the crown of martyrdom). The ‚et-, characteristic of passives, reappears as in the ‚etpe‛el stem, but the different vowel pattern should be noted. is the 3rd masc. sing. of the ‚ap‛el stem of the ܰ , “he took”, which is used in this verb form to mean “departed”. The characteristic of this stem is the prefixed ‚ālap. Sometimes it has a causative meaning, for example, turning ܰ , “reigned”, into ܶ ܰܐ, “made king, came to power”. “similarly, thus”.
ܳܗ ܳ ܬ ܰ “ ܶ ܶ ܳ ܰ ܪ ܕafter”, introducing a clause. ݁ܐܬ ݁ܬ ܰ ܡis the 3 masc. sing. perfect ‚ettap‛al, derived from ܡ, which does not occur in the p ‚al stem, but in the ‚ap‛el commonly means “he ܶ ܰ excommunicated” ()ܐ ܡ. The ‚ettap‛al, characterized by the double ܬ, with ‚et- at the rd
e
beginning, is the passive of the ‚ap‛el. Note that it is pronounced ‚ettaḥram. When, in the imperfect, there is a further t- prefix, it is
VIII. DERIVED STEMS OF THE VERB
ܶ݁ܰ
ܺ ܳܐ
55
normal to omit the t which would begin the stem. 3rd masc. sing. pa‛el, “received, accepted”. The pe‛al means “accused”. Implied doubling of the b in the pa‛el is indicated by a hardening dot, as here (see II, B(ii)). ܳ is an idiom for “punishment, capital punishment” and it can be written as one ܳ is a nominal form word (as in viii.4). ܳ meaning “put, derived from the verb imposed” (see XII), so the idiom means literally “imposition on the head”.
GRAMMATICAL SYNTHESIS A. Verbal Patterns The six main Syriac verb stems are listed here, using the example of , which gives them their traditional names. NAME OF STEM
ܰ
ܶ ܶܐܬ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܶܐܬ ܶ ܰܐ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܐܬܬ
DESCRIPTION
ABBREVIATION
pe‛al
simple stem
pe.
‚etpe‛el
often passive of
eth.
simple stem pa‛el
often intensive
pa.
‚etpa‛al
often passive of
ethpa.
the pa‛el stem ‚ap‛el
often causative
aph.
‚ettap‛al
often passive of
ettaph.
the ‚ap‛el stem
56
VIII. DERIVED STEMS OF THE VERB
(The abbreviations are used to identify the stem, but the full title is retained wherever it is important that the student should note the details of the particular stem.) The other persons of the perfect and the imperfects are formed by the addition of the prefixes and suffixes already encountered in dealing with the pe‛al stem to the new stem. ܶ ܰ , So, e.g., the 3rd masc. sing. imperfect of the pa‛el is ܶ ܰܐ. while the 3rd masc. plur. perfect of the ‚ap‛el stem is ܰ A full list of forms, using the verb , “killed”, will be found in Paradigm 1. This should be understood and mastered, in its main features at least, before moving on to subsequent sections. B. Meanings of Different Verb Stems The phrases “often intensive”, “often causative” and “often passive” in the table above are a useful starting-point for seeking the meaning of a particular verbal root in a particular derived stem, but it is important to note that pa‛el and ‚ap‛el forms often have meanings which are unrelated (or appear to be unrelated) to the meaning of the simple stem. For ܰ (pe‛al) means “he took”, but the ‚ap‛el of the example, ܶ ܰܐ, means “he set off”. Knowing one of same root, these meanings would not help much in working out the ܰ (pe‛al) has two basic meanings, “reign, be king” other. ܰ ܰ ܶܐܬ, means “take counsel, and “advise”, while the ‚etpa‛al, consult”. The ‚ap‛el can mean “cause to be king” or “give advice”. The verbal root ܒin the pe‛al means “draw near”, in the pa‛el “offer” and in the ‚ap‛el “fight”.
VIII. DERIVED STEMS OF THE VERB
57
It follows that the only way to be sure about the meaning of a particular verbal root in a particular stem is to look it up in the dictionary and memorize it, root and stem together. A further fact to bear in mind is that not all verbal roots ܶ ܰ are actually used in all stems. ܐ ܙis the ‚ap‛el of the verbal root ܙ and means “he proclaimed”, but this root never occurs in the pe‛al form. Despite this, however, it appears in the dictionary under ܙ. pa‛el forms often make an intransitive verb describing a static state of affairs into a transitive verb which conveys the idea of creating that state and which requires an object. Thus the pe‛al of means “it is finished” (which cannot have an ܶ ܰ object), but (pa‛el) means “he completed” (which must have an object). The pa‛el is also used to create verbs from ܶ ܳ nouns: ܰܕܗ ܐ, “gold”, produces the verb ܰܕܗܒ, “gild, cover in gold”. A little care is needed with passives. If the pa‛el or ‚ap‛el ܶ ܰ of a verb root has a special meaning of its own (like ܒ above, meaning “offer”), the et- prefixed form will give the ܰ ܰ ܶ passive of that meaning. So ݂ܐܬ ܒmeans “he (or it) was offered”. If the ‚ap‛el has a simple causative meaning derived from the simple stem, note that it is the “causing” element ܶ ܰ which becomes passive in the ‚ettap‛al: ܐ, “he caused to ܰ ܰ ݁ ݁ܶ ܐܬܬ, “he was caused to kill” (not “he kill”, becomes caused to be killed”, which is in fact an alternative meaning for the ‚ap‛el of this verb).
58
VIII. DERIVED STEMS OF THE VERB
Exercise viii (a) Translate into Syriac: 1. They were killed in this place. 2. His son was made king. 3. You will accept his word. (b) Translate into English:
ܰ ܶ ܰ ܶܪܘ ܳ ܰ ̱ܗܝ ܶ ܽ ܡ ܐ ܰ ܘ ܳܕܗ ܳ ܰ ܶܐ ܳܘ ܳ .ܳ ܰ ܳ ܶ ܶ ܰ ܳ ܶ ܗ ܰܘ ܰ ܰܐ ܳ ܐ ܶ ܰ .ܐ ܽ ̱ܗܝ ܶ ܽ ܘܗܘܘ ܳ ܶ ܐ ܰܘ ܽ ̈ ܶܐ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܰܗܘ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܺ ܰ ܳ ܶ ܐ ܽ * ܘ ܳ ܪ ܰ ܬܗ ܕ. ̈ ܺ ܺ ܘܗܘܘ ܰ ܰ .ܰܗܘ ܰܪ ܺ ܳ ܐ ܳ ܶܐ ܽ ܘ ܳ ܳ ܰܪ ܳ ܐ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܳ . ܳ ܕܪܕܘ ܶ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܰܕ ܽ ܘ ܽ ܰ ܰܗܘ ܶ ܘܗ ܶ ܪ ܳܐ ܶ ܺ ܳ ܶ ݁ ܰ ܕ* ܳ ܶܐ ܘ ܰ ܪ ܳܐ .ܰܕ ܶ ܳ ̈ ̱ܗܝ ܰ
ܰ ܰ ܶܘܐܬ ܽ ܽ ܘܢ ܘ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܰ .ܳ ̈ܐ ܐ ܰ ̈ ܐ ܽ ܢ ܳ ܺ ܳܐ ܶ ܘܗ ܳ ܕ ܳ ܐ ܳ ܶܐܬ ܽ ܘܢ
1.
2.
3.
4.
Vocabulary for the above:
ܽ ܡ
ܰ
ܰ ܰ ܳ ܳܐ ܐ ܳܐ
ethpa. took counsel one mouth (
) ܽ ܳ ܐ, agreement
Arab (from the Ṭayite tribe) brother
VIII. DERIVED STEMS OF THE VERB
ܐ ܕܳܐ ܰ ܳܳ ܰ ܳ ܳܐ ܽ ܳܐ ܳ ܰ ܳܙܰ ܐ ܬ ܰܪ ܺ ܳ ܐ ܺ ܳ ܳܐ ܳ ܳ ܽܐܘ ܽܪܕܘ ܳ ܐ ܰ ܳܐ ܳܽܘ ܶ ܳܗ ܶ ܳ ܺ ܳܐ ܳ ܳܐ
ܶ
pa. absolved blood reckoned, counted sin divided war trouble time death aph. became king wicked man Christian distress persecution harsh tyrant then descended (see XI.2) capital punishment (a compound) enemy
Notes ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________
59
IX. OTHER IMPORTANT VERB FORMS ( ܶ , IMPERATIVES, PARTICIPLES, INFINITIVES, VERBS BEGINNING WITH s/š/ṣ/z) ! 8, 32
ILLUSTRATIVE TEXTS 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
ܰ ܰܘ ܶ ܶ ܘ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܘ ܺ ̈ ܽܗܘܢ ܶ ܰܘ ܶ.ܶ ܽ ܳ ܐ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܶܘܐ ܶ ܳ ܶܐܬ ܰ ܰ ܚ ܶܘ ܳ ̇ ܳ ݂ ܐܬ ܰ ܚ ̈ܰ ܳ݁ ܺ ܰܰ ܳ .ܐܕ ܰ ̱ܗܝ ܐ ܐܕܝ ̱ ܶܬ ܘ ܶ ̇ ܳ ܗܘܘ ̱ܰ ܺ ܰ .ܘ ܽ ܳ ܶܐ ܶ ܳ ̱ ܶ ܰ ܶܕ ܳܘ ܗܘ .ܳ ܶ ܰ ܘ ܶܰ
(Mt 2:11) And they fell down and
worshipped
him
and
opened their treasures and offered him gifts. (Mk 7:34) And he said to him “Be opened” and at that very moment his ears were opened. And when Addai had built the church, they were offering in it vows and offerings. (Lk 15:32) It was, however, fitting for us to be merry and to rejoice.
ܶ
ܰ ܶܘܐ ܶ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܐ ܰܘ .ܳ ܽ
And the Maphrian obeyed him and went up with him to the monastery.
GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS 1.
ܶ ܘ
ܶ , is 3rd masc. plur. pe‛al perfect of “worshipped, bowed down”. This type of ܶ verb, usually intransitive, has ◌ in the second 60
IX. OTHER IMPORTANT VERB FORMS
ܳ ܶ ܰ
ܺ
2.
ܽ ܪ ܳ ܳܐ ܰ ܶ ܐܬ ܰ ܚ ܳ ܳ ݂ ܳ ܶܐܕ
3.
ܳܐ
4.
ܶ ܳܪ ܰ
61
ܶ , syllable of the pe‛al. Of this group ܶ and ܶ ܒhave been met already. In derived stems they are normal, but the pe. ܽ ܰ imperfect often has ◌ instead of ◌ܘ. These verbs are joined in this respect by verbs like ܰ , which also has ◌ܰ in the imperfect. “treasure”. ܶ is 3rd masc. plur. perfect pa. of ܒ, “touched”, meaning in this stem, “brought near, offered”. “offering”. ܰ
ethpa. imperative masc. singular from ܚ , “opened”. Each derived form has its own imperative. ܳ ̇ ܳ , literally “in it, in the “hour”. ݂ ܳ hour”, means “immediately”. ܰ ܰ ܶ “ear” (feminine). Note that ܚ ܐܬin the rd final phrase is 3 fem. plur. perfect.
ܳ
ܺ ܰ
pe. perfect, “built” (see ܳ , ܗܘ, etc.: see XII) “offering”, is the pa. particle (masc. plur.) ܶ ܶ ܰ . Each from ܒ, the sing. being ܒ derived form has its own participles and infinitive. “vow”.
ܶ
is the pe. infinitive from merry”, here, as usually, with
ܶ , “made ܠ: “to make
62
IX. OTHER IMPORTANT VERB FORMS
merry” (prefixing “to” to the infinitive as in English). is an active participle form (pe.) meaning “fitting”. is the pe. infinitive from ܳ / ܺ ܝ, “rejoiced”. ܳ ܰ Verbs with final ‚ālap have ◌ for ◌ in the infinitive.
ܶܳ ܘ ܳ ܶ ܰ
5.
ܶ
ܳ ܽ ܰ ܳ ܳܐ
ܶ
ܐ
ܰ
is 3rd masc. sing. perfect ethpe. of . It illustrates the peculiarity that verbs beginning with ܫ, ܣ, ܨ, and ܙin the stems with a ܬ prefix transpose the ܬand the ܫ/ ܣ/ ܨ/ ܙ. In addition, with ܨand ܙthe ܬbecomes ܛand ܶ ܕrespectively. ܶ Hence instead of ܰ ܐܬwe ܰ ܐ. The ethpe. here means find “obeyed”, though it can also mean “was heard”. with suffix indicating the object. “dwelling, monastery”. “Maphrian” (traditional title of the eastern head of the Syrian Orthodox Church).
GRAMMATICAL SYNTHESIS
ܶ
A. Verbs with the Vowel ◌ (
ܶ
ܶ )ܕ
Verbs with the vowel ◌ in the pe‛al stem perfect usually have ◌ܰ in the imperfect, but are normal in the derived stems. The ܶ ܕ, meaning “feared”. list here uses the verb
IX. OTHER IMPORTANT VERB FORMS
PERFECT
ܶܕ ܰ ܶܕ ܶܕ ܕܶ ܝ ܶ ܶܕ ܶܕ ܶ ܕ: ̈ ܶ ܕ ܽ ܕ ܶ ܘܢ ܶ ܶ ܕ ܶܕ
IMPERFECT
ܺ ܽ ܢ ܳ̈ ܽ ܢ ܳ̈
63
ܰ ܶ ܰ ܶܬܕ ܰ ܶܬܕ ܶ ܬܕ ܰ ܶܐܕ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶܬܕ ܬܕ ܰ ܶ
B. Other Forms A complete list of imperatives, infinitives and participles will be found in Paradigm 2.B. Note that there are pa. and aph. passive participles as well as ethpa. and ettaph. participles. The usage of participles is in practice the same as in English. C.
ܰ ܙand ܰ ܰ
These two verbs have ◌ in the perfect and imperfect. See Paradigm 2.B.
ܶ ◌
in the
D. Verbs with Initial s, š, ṣ and z These verbs undergo transposition (metathesis) of the first root letter and the t of the derived ’et- prefixed stems. ܰ ܶܐܬbecomes ܰ ܶܐ. E. g.,
64
IX. OTHER IMPORTANT VERB FORMS
Note also in the case of verb roots beginning with ṣ and z the ܶ ܶ mutation of the t of the prefix to ṭ and d respectively: ܐܬܙ ܶ ܶ becomes ܐܙܕ. Exercise ix (a) Translate into Syriac : 1. He said that the king would fear God. 2. It is not fitting to write this. 3. Nobles, make the priest king! (b) Translate into English:
ܰ ܽܬܘ ܳ ܳ ܶܐ ܰ ܺ ܺ ܶ ܰ ** ܽ ܺܪ ܰ ܐ ܘ ܳ ܳ ܳ ̈ ܺ ܰ ܳ ܳ̈ ܺ ܰ ܰ ܺ ܰ ̱ܗܘܘ ܘ ܽ ܽ ܘܢ ܐܬ ܰ ܴܘܬ ܬ ܺ ܰ ܺ ܰ .ܳ ܶ ܐ ܶ ܳܗ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܗܘܘ ܶ ̱ܰ ܻ ܰ ܘܗ ܽ ܶܢ ܽ .ܰܕ ܰ ܫ ܶ ܶ ܳܗ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܰܕ ܴ ܳ * ܱ ܻ ܳ ܶ ܻ ܽ ܣ ܽ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܐ ̈ ܐ ܳ ̈ ܳ ܶܐ ܰܘ ܶ ܰ ܺ ܳ ܐ ܰܕ ܳ ܳܐ ܶ * ܰܐ ܳ ̱ ܴ ܰ ܽ ܘ ܳ ܐ ܰ ܺ ܳ ܰܕ ܰ ܗܘܬ . ܶ ܽ
1.
2. 3.
Vocabulary for the above
ܽ ܬܘܪ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܐ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܐܬܪ ܰ
Turkoman over, against, concerning place, region; plural
ܳ ܰ ܐܬ ܰ ܴܘܬ
ruled, prevailed over; pa. gave power (here passive participle)
IX. OTHER IMPORTANT VERB FORMS
ܳ
ܺ
evil thing
ܳ ܺ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܰܫ ܰ ܳܐ ܺ ܳܐ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܳܳ ܐ ܳܐ ܳ ܳ ܳܐ
65
many bore pa. spoke one happened (note short form of fem. plur.) holy, holy man cathedra (bishop’s chair), pulpit pa. explained people
ܰ
book, writing priestly, holy hand (construct of VI.F);
ܰ
ܳ ܺܐ:
see
, “by means of”
Notes ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________
X. PECULIARITIES IN VERBS CONTAINING GUTTURAL LETTERS INTRODUCTION-GRAMMATICAL SURVEY The number of totally irregular verbs in Syriac is very small. However, many verbs contain consonants which regularly produce variations on the normal vocalization. The biggest group is that of verbs containing guttural letters ()ܥ ܚ ܗ ܐ and ( ܪwhich counts as a guttural in Syriac). (1) Verbs beginning with ܐhave already been encountered, ܰ ܷܐ, “he said”. ܐalways has a full vowel at the e.g., ܰ is ܰ ܷܐ. beginning of words. Thus the equivalent of Otherwise the ܐoften quiesces and the vowel which belongs with it is transferred to the preceding consonant. ܰ ܶܐ, “ate”, is ܶ ܽ ܠ. (The Thus the pe. imperfect of ܰ ܶ ܐis of an intransitive type, ܰ ܺ ). See imperfect of Paradigm 3, comparing it in detail with the ordinary verb forms, and noting particularly the aph. and ettaph. in which a ܘappears. (2) In verbs ending with a guttural or ܪthere is a general ܰ tendency for the vowel before the guttural or ܪto be ◌ ܰ rather than any other vowel. E.g., the imperfect of ܰ ܶ , “he will hear”, while the ethpe. is ܰ ܷܐ is (Note here the interchange of ܫand ܬ: IX.5). See ܳ Paradigm 4. Verbs ending in ◌ܐare dealt with in XII.
66
X. PECULIARITIES IN VERBS CONTAINING GUTTURAL LETTERS
67
(3) Verbs with ܐin the middle have peculiarities arising from the nature of ܐwhich always either bears a vowel or is completely silent, its vowel being transferred to the preceding consonant. E.g. , ܶ ܠ, “he asked” (note the ܶ ◌ vowel), is the pe. of this type, while its imperfect is ( ܶ ܰ ܠneš‚al becoming nešal). The pa. and ethpa. forms are regular. See Paradigm 5.
ILLUSTRATIVE TEXTS
! 9, 33
In the following illustrative texts some forms of these three kinds are introduced. Other examples will appear subsequently in texts, exercises and readings. The student should attend to the basic features of these verbs. Details will not then cause any problem. 1.
2.
ܶ ܘ ܰ ܐܶ ܰ ܳܗ ܰ ܰ ܽ ܳ ܰ ̱ܗܝ . ܶ ܕ ܺ ܰܙܠ ܺܘܪ ܶ ܶ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܰܐ ܶܘܐܬ . ܶ ܺ ܰܘ ܰ ̈ ̱ܗܝ ܐܬܕ ܰ ܘ ܐ ܶܽ ܥ
̈ ܰ ܰ ܘܗܝ ̱ ܽܰ ܽ ܢ ܰ ܳ ܳܪ ܳ ܐ ܕ .ܽ ܘܢ
3.
4.
ܳ ܰܳܐ
ܺ
ܰܘ ܶܕ ܶ
ܰ ܶܘ ܰ ܘ ܰ ܳ ܐ .ܬ ܶ ܽ ܢ ܶ ܶ ܡ
(Lk 19:28) And when Jesus had said these things he went out ahead to go to Jerusalem. And he was killed in the war and his sons were led away prisoners. And he commanded his servants that they should kill every Egyptian who would meet them. (Jn 16:23-24) And on that day you will not ask me
68
X. PECULIARITIES IN VERBS CONTAINING GUTTURAL LETTERS
ܘܢ 5.
ܽ
ܳ
ܳ ܳܐ . ܶ ܶ ܶܡ ܽ ܶ ܶܰ ܠ ܶ ܶ ܺ ܰ ܘܐܬܐ ܺ ܰ ܣ ܾ ܰ ܶ ܰ ̱ܶ ܕ ܺ ܳܳ ܳܶ ܐ . ̱ ݁ܬ ܶ
anything. Until now you have not asked anything in my name. He asked for Basil and he was told: “Tomorrow you can see him in the church”.
GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS 1.
ܰ ܶܐ
ܰ ܳ ܰ ̱ܗܝ ܺ ܰܙܠ 2.
ܶ
ܶ ܐܬ
ܰ ̈ ̱ܗܝ ܶ ܐܬܕ ܰ ܘ 3.
ܳ ܰ ܰ ܳ
“he said”, a verb beginning with ܐ, should be compared with the regular vowel pattern of ܰ . ܰ , “ahead” (see ) ܳ ܡwith 3rd sing. is ܳ ܡ suffix. ܶ is the imperfect of the pe. of ܰܐܙܠ. The ܐhas become silent : “he will go (out)”.
ܰ
is the ethpe. (passive) perfect of : “he was killed”. ܳ (see construct plur. the suffixed plur. of ̈ ܰ , VI.F). ܰ ܕ, is the ethpe. perfect 3rd masc. plur. of ܰ “led”, with its final ܪpreceded by ◌ instead ܶ ◌. “servant”. ܰ , “met”. The the pe. active participle of final guttural causes the departure from the ܶ ܳ . usual vowel pattern of
X. PECULIARITIES IN VERBS CONTAINING GUTTURAL LETTERS
4.
ܶ ܰ ܳܐ ܬܶ ܽ ܢ
ܳ ܽܗ ܳ ܐ ܘܢ ܶ 5.
ܰ ܷܠ ܽ ܶ ܰ ܶܐܬܶܐ
ܳ
ܶܳ
ܶ
69
“day”. is the 2nd plur. imperfect of ܶ ܠ, in which the ܐhas become silent and its vowel has moved on to the ܫ. Contrast the usual ܶ ܬ ܽ ܢ. “now, (at) this time”. ܽ ܰ contrast ܘܢ . ܳ “ ܐname”, with suffix (see VI.F).
“he asked”, is the pa. stem perfect of ܶ ܠ and is in effect normal. “on account of, for, concerning, because of”. ܰ ܶܐ, the ܐbecoming silent and is the ethpe. of ܶ ܶ its vowel (not written in the regular )ܐܬ moving on to the prefix. Also the final ܪ produces an a vowel in the last syllable. “tomorrow”. is the active participle from ܳ , “he saw”.
Exercise x (a) Translate into Syriac: 1. We will go to this city. 2. You (sing. masc.) will not hear the word of God. 3. He will ask for the book. (b) Translate into English :
ܰ ܰ ܠ ܐܶ ܽ ܢ ܶܘܐ ܰ ܆ ܳ ܳ ܐ ܳܐ ܺ ܰܐ ܽ ܘܢ ܷ ̱ ܰ ܰ ܽ ܺ ܳ .. .ܐ
1.
70
X. PECULIARITIES IN VERBS CONTAINING GUTTURAL LETTERS
ܰ ܳ ܬ * ܰܨ ܳܚ ܳ ܶ ܰ ܐ ܽ ܳܐ ܳ ܽ ܶ
ܳ ܰ ܺ ܰ ܐܪ ܰ ܰ ܪ ܺܐ ܽ ܳ ܰ ܐܕ ܺ ܶ̈ܶܐ ܳܘܐܦ ܐ ܽ ܥ ܰܕ ܳ ܳ ܐ ܰ ܰܐ ܶܕܐܬܬ
̇ ܳ
ܶ* ܶ ܶܐ
ܘ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܰܕ*ܐ .. ܺ * ܳ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܐ ܶܕ ܳ ܗܘ ܰ ܰܗܘ ܰܘܐ ܰ ܚ ܰܐܪ ܳ ܐ ܽ ܬܘܒ ܳ ̇ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܐܕ ..ܕ ܳ ܝ * ܰ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܐ ܰ ܚ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܶܕ ܕ ܶ ̈ܶ ܐ ܬ .. ܶ ܰ ̈ ܰ
2. 3.
4.
Vocabulary for the above:
ܽ ܰ ܰ ܰܪ
ܳ ܰ ܺܐ ܳ ܰ ܐ ܰ ܚ ܐܪ ܳ ܐ ܶ ܰ ܳ ܳܐ ܐܽ ܺ ܽ ܳ ܐ ܬܘܒ ܰܕ ܳ ܳ ܐ ܰ ܳܐ ܶ ̈ܶ ܐ ܰܬ
ܰ + ܽ ̱ܗܘ pa. sent envoy summer aph. ordained; pe. devastated four deacon bishop also, again monk rest women (related to
;ܐ ̱ ܳ ܳ ܐ
see
VI.F) exacted satisfaction from, asked for recompense from (transitive and followed by a direct object when active)
X. PECULIARITIES IN VERBS CONTAINING GUTTURAL LETTERS
Notes ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________
71
XI. PECULIARITIES IN VERBS BEGINNING WITH AND
ܝ
INTRODUCTION-GRAMMATICAL SURVEY (1) Verbs beginning with frequently lose the since it tends to be assimilated to a following letter unless a vowel intervenes. This occurs particularly in the aph. and ettaph. stems and normally in the imperfect of the pe. Thus for ܰ (see iv.2) the pe. imperfect is ( ܶ ݁ ܽ ܩthe dot over ܶ ݁ ; ܰܐ the hard ܦreflects doubling); the aph. perfect is ܰ ܶ ܰ ݁ ܐܬܬ the ettaph. perfect is . The ethpe., pa. and ethpa. are normal. Note with unusual vowel patterns ܶ with ܰ with imperfect ܶ ݁ ܶ , and ܰ ܶ imperfect ܽ ܬ, ܰ ܶ . See Paradigm 6. with imperfect (2) Most verbs with initial ܝwere developed from verbs with an initial ܘwhich reappears in the aph. and ettaph. stems. (A small number of verbs has an original ܝ.) In other forms the ܝwithout a vowel changes into the vowel ī which may have ܐbefore it if it is not preceded by a ܶ prefix. The pe. perfect normally has the vowel ◌. Thus ܶ for the root ܬthe pe. perfect is ( )ܐ( ܺ ܬīret), “he ܶ ܺܶ inherited” (note e vowel); the ethpe. perfect is ;ܐܬ ܬthe ܶ ܰ ܶ ܺ retains the y in the aph. perfect is ܐܘܪܬ. (The verb aph.) The pa. and ethpa. are normal. See Paradigm 7.
72
XI. PECULIARITIES IN VERBS BEGINNING WITH
! 10, 34
AND
ܝ
73
ILLUSTRATIVE TEXTS 1.
2.
ܶ ܰ ܶ ܳ̈ ܳ ܰ ̱ܗܝ ܰܕ ܶ ܶ ݁ ܰ ܺ ̈ ܰܘܐ ܳ ܶ . ܰܕ ܰ ̈ ܽ ܘܢ ܳܐ
.ܳ ܳ ܐ
5.
and he made their demons go out by the word.
ܰ ܺ ܳܐ ܺܕ ܳ ܶ ܶ ܽ ܬ ܳܗ .ܶ ܙ ܺ ܳ ܐ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܰܘ ܶ ܺ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܘܐܬ ܕܘ ܘ ܰ ܳ ܺ ܰ ̱
ܰ ܘ ܳܘ ܰ ܰ ̈ܶ ܐ ܰܘܕ ܳ ܬ ܐܘ ܶ ܘ ܶ
ܶ
ܶ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܰܕ ܳ ܰܕ ܶ ݁ ܰܐ
(Mk 15:32) Let the Christ, the king of Israel, come down now from the cross. And he divided his army and they were prepared and they encamped against the city for battle.
ܳ ܺ ̈ܳ ܬ ܰ ܳ. ܽ ܪ
The churches they uprooted, the sanctuaries they demolished and the monasteries they burnt with fire.
ܰ
ܻܕܐ ܶ ܶ ܺ ܶܒ ܰ ܘ ܶ ܰܬܘ . ܶ
GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS 1.
before him many demoniacs
ܶ
3.
4.
(Mt 8:16) And they brought
(Mt 25:29) For to whoever has will be given to him and added
ܶ
to him.
pa. perfect of ܒ, meaning “brought near”. “demoniac”. “demon” (plur. with suffix). ܰ , the having been is the aph. perfect of absorbed, since no vowel would have followed it.
74
2.
3.
XI. PECULIARITIES IN VERBS BEGINNING WITH
ܶܽ ܬ ܙ ܺ ܳܐ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܐܬ ܰ ܕܘ ܶ ܺ ܘ
4.
5.
ܰ ܳܐ ܳ ܰܕ ܶ ܰܐܘ
ܰ
ܶܒ
ܺ ܶ
AND
ܝ
is the pe. imperfect (3rd masc. sing.) of ܶ , the of the root having disappeared. The imperfect is regularly used for wishes: “let him …”. “cross”. “army”. ܰ 3rd masc. plur. perfect ethpa. of ܕ, “was prepared”. ܺ Here the ◌ slips back onto the ܘ, “and”, but ܶ ܺ the ground form is , the 3rd masc. plur. ܶ ܺ perfect pe. of ܒ, “sat, encamped”. This verb and ܺ ܰ ܥ, “knew”, have further irregularities. The main one is that in the pe. imperfect they behave like the verbs ܶ݁ ܶ ܶ beginning with : ܒ etc.; ݁ ܰ ܥetc. (like ܶ ݁ ܶ and ܰ ܶ in Paradigm 6), with ܶ imperatives ܬܒ, etc. and ܰܕܥ, etc., and ܰ݁ ܶ ܶ infinitives ܒ and ݁ ܰ ܥ. “uprooted”. “altar, sanctuary” “monastery”. is the 3rd masc. plur. perfect aph. of the root ܶ ܺ . This transitive form means “they burnt”. The original ܘreappears in this form. is the regular imperfect pattern of the ethpe. of verbs with initial ܝ. The verb ܰ ̱ ܒ, “gave” is peculiar in some forms, the ܗnot being
XI. PECULIARITIES IN VERBS BEGINNING WITH
ܰ ܶ ݁ ݁ܰܬܘ
AND
ܝ
75
pronounced and its vowel being moved forward on to the ܝ. Also, for “he will give” a ܶ݁ ܶ completely different root is used – ܠ. is the ettaph. stem from the root (no pe.), used in this stem and in the aph. to mean respectively “was added” and “added, did again”.
Exercise xi (a) Translate into Syriac: 1. We will cause the great men to go out. 2. He will inherit the earth. 3. He burned the city. (b) Translate into English:
.ܺ ܰ ܳܪܬ ܳ ܰܶ ݁ ܐ
ܰ ܳܐ
ܽ ܪ ܶ ܶܕ
ܶ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܘ ܽ ܐ̱ ܳ ܕܽ ܳ ܶ ܐ ܳ ܐ ܳ ܳܐܘ ܐ ܳ ܐ ܰ ̈ܐ ܰܕ ܺ ܘ ܰ ܺ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܬܘܒ ܶ ̈ ܬ ܽ ܶ ܕ ܳ ܘ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܕ ܺ ̈ܳܬ ܰ ܺ ̈ ܷ ܰܕܕܗ ܳ ܐ ܰܘܕ ܺ ܳ ܐ ܰܘ . ܶ ܺ ܰܶ ܳ ܳ ܽ ܐܬ ܶ ܒ ܺ ܶ ܐ ܰܕ ܽ .ܶܘ ܰ ܪ ܳ ܐ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܐ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܽ ܳܐ ܕ ܳܐ ܳ ܳܐ ܰ . ܶ ̱ ܶܕܐܬ ܶ ܬ ܰ ܶ ܳ ܐ ܳ * ܶ ܰ ܰܘܗ ܰ ܰ ܽ ܘܢ * ܰܐܕܪ ܰ ܳܘ ܶܘܐ ܳ ܳ ܶܘܗܒ ܺ ܐ ܰ ܰ ܺ ܳ ܐ ܕ ܽ ܩ ܶ ܺ ̄݁ܳܬ . ܳ
ܰܳ ܳ ̄ ݁ܬ ܰܰܕ
1. 2.
3. 4. 5.
76
XI. PECULIARITIES IN VERBS BEGINNING WITH
AND
ܝ
Vocabulary for the above:
ܰ ܶ ܰ ̈ܐ
ܰ ܺܳ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܽ ܳܨܳܬ ܳܺ ܰ ܰܕܗ ܳ ܐ ܺ ܳ ܰܐ ܰ ܘ ܳ ܽ ܳܐ ܽ ܳܐ ܰ ܳ ܳܐ
leave, forgive life (a plural form) patriarch thing; plur. resurrection lampstand, candle gold silver and other, etcetera authority Magian, Persian priest on account of what, why? aph.
ܰܗ ܰ ܺ ܳܐ ܰ ܗܒ ܳ ܳ ܶܐ
ܳ ܳ ܶܨ ̈ ܬ
(
ܶ ) ܰܐܘ
brought
(here
participle) turned, returned, changed elder, priest pe. Imperative of
̱ܒ
document, deed
Notes ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________
XII. PECULIARITIES IN VERBS WITH ONLY TWO ROOT CONSONANTS IN MANY FORMS INTRODUCTION-GRAMMATICAL SURVEY
ܳ
(1) Many verbs are like met already (vii.1) with two ܳ consonants and the vowel ◌ in the pe. perfect. The ܽ corresponding imperfect normally has ◌ܘ, while the pe. participle has an ’ālap (by analogy with the verbs with ’ālap in the middle). The aph. and ettaph. perfect and imperfect ܳ, have the vowel ܺܝ. Thus for the root : pe. perfect ܶ ܽ ܳ “he arose”; imperfect ; ܡparticiple ; ܡaph. perfect ܺ ܰܐ. The ethpa. and ettaph. are merged: ܺ ܶܐܬܬ, with doubled t. This form is pronounced ’et(t)eqīm. See ܳ may be found under ܡin Paradigm 8. (Note that dictionaries, since these verbs originally had three root letters.) (2) Another group has its third root letter identical with the second (see , VIII.3). The letter only appears once in many forms – pe., aph., and ettaph. stems. Thus we ܰ , “he entered”; have from the root for the pe., ܰ ܶ ;ܐettaph. perfect ܽܶ imperfect ; ܠaph. perfect ܰܰ ܶ ܐܬܬ. The first root letter is hardened if it is one of the ܽܶ series b, g, d, k, p, t after a prefix: ݁ ܙfrom ܙ. The ethpe., pa. and ethpa. are all regular. See Paradigm 9. ܳ (3) A major group of verbs ends in the pe. stem perfect in ◌ܐ ܳ (-ā, see ܳ , IV.3), taking endings like ( ܗܘV.A). It is to be noted that the final ’ālap is not a root letter but simply the 77
78 PECULIARITIES IN VERBS WITH ONLY TWO ROOT CONSONANTS
sign of ā. This takes the place of an original ܝ, which reappears in many forms (often as a vowel, however), e.g., ܶ ܺ ܶ ethpe. ܐܬ ܝ, “he was seen”. Imperfects end in ◌ܐ, e.g., ܶ ܶ , “he will see”. See Paradigm 10. pe. ! 11, 35
ILLUSTRATIVE TEXTS 1. 2.
3.
4.
5.
ܺ ܰ ܳ ܣ ܰܘܐ
ܳ
ܺ .ܐ ܶ ܗ ܺ ܰܘܐ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܕ ܽ ܪ ܳ ܳܐ ܰ ܗ ܺܰ .ܕܕܘ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܗ ܰ ܳܳܪܘܣ ܰܘ ܺ ܰ ܽ ܶܘܬ ܳ ܬ ܰܕܪ ܳ ܳ ܫ ܰܐܙܠ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܰܕ ܶ ܳ ܶ ܽ ܰ ܬܗ ܰܘ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܺ ܐܪ ܳ ܶ ܰ ܺܪ ܳ ܐ ܰ .ܽ ܰ ܿ ܐܪ ܳ ܺܐ ̈ ܰܘ ܰ ܰ ܐܪ ܳ ܐ ܰ ܶܘܐܬܘ ܰ ܘ ܳ . ̱ ܺ ܽ ܰ ܰܪܗ
(Acts 13:16) Paul arose and raised his hand. (Lk 1:69) And he has raised up for us a horn of salvation in the house of David his servant. And Alexander went with the embassy to Darius until he entered Babylon. And when he returned to his kingdom he imposed a poll-tax on the whole country. And they filled the land with those killed and came and encamped against the city of Mu‛arra.
GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS 1.
ܳ
ܺ ܰܐ
is the 3rd masc. sing. perfect pe. of a twoconsonant root meaning “arose, stood”. ܳ , meaning “raised, is the aph. perfect of waved”.
PECULIARITIES IN VERBS WITH ONLY TWO ROOT CONSONANTS 79
2.
3.
ܺ ܰܐ
3rd masc. sing. perfect aph. from “horn”. “redemption, salvation”.
ܳ ܰ ܽ ܪ ܳ ܳܐ ܳ ܺ “ ܐ ܰ ܽ ܘܬembassy, mission”. ܰ is 3 masc. sing. perfect
ܳ.
rd
pe. from the root , “entered”. The second and third root letters appear only once.
4.
ܳܐ ܰ ܻ ܐܪ ܺܪ ܳ ܐ
5.
ܰ ܶ̈ ܺ ܰܶ ܐܬܘ
ܶ
is the 3rd masc. sing. perfect pe. of a verb which has become two-consonant as a result of the loss of a final ( ܝpenā): “turned, returned”. is the 3rd masc. sing. perfect of the aph. of ܪ ܳ ܐ, “threw, poured”. Here the original ܝ reappears (only as a vowel) and the meaning is “he placed, imposed”. a construct phrase, literally “money of the head”, is an idiom for “poll-tax” (note ܳ ܶ ). ordinary form ܐ
ܳ
is the 3rd masc. plur. pe. perfect of , “filled, ܳ was full”. The vowel ā of is modified when the plur. ending is added. is basically the pe. passive participle of ܰ , here used as a noun, “those killed, the slain”. ܳܶ ܰ above, but from ܐܬ is analogous to , “came”, which has the extra vowel because of the initial ‚ālap (see X.(1)).
80 PECULIARITIES IN VERBS WITH ONLY TWO ROOT CONSONANTS
ܰܘ
ܰ
ܰܶ
ܳ
see , ܐܬܘ, from , “loosed, dwelt, ܺ encamped”. The pa. means “began” () ܰ ܝ.
Exercise xii (a) Translate into Syriac: 1. They put the book in the hand of the king. 2. He will not enter the kingdom. 3. They returned from the battle. (b) Translate into English:
ܰ ܰ ܳ ܕ ܳ ܳ ܶܐ ܳ ܗܘܬ ܺܕ ܳ ܳ ܳ ̱ ܺ ܶ ܳ ܳ ܐ ܰܕ ܳ .ܺ ̱ ܰܕ ܺ ܳ ܐ ̱ܗܝ ܶ ܽ ܶ ܕܐܨܘܪ ܰܨ ܳ ܐ ܰܕ ܽ ܶ ܳ ܰ ܽ .ܘܗܝ ܶ ܶ ܳ ܳ ܐ ܻ ܕܪ ̱ ܶ ܰ ܽܗܘ ܰ ܺ ܳ ܐ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܳ ܶ ܶܘ ܰ ܶ ܕ ܰ ܺ ܳ ܐ ܐܬ ܽܗܘ ܶ
ܽܗܘ * ܽ ܳܪ ܺ ܰ ݁ ܰܕܐ ܺ ܰ
ܺ .ܳ ܐ ܽ ܶ ܶ̈ ܺ ܰ ܶ ܶ ܶ
Vocabulary for the above:
ܽ ܘ ܰ ܳ ܶܡ ܰ * ܰ ܳ ܕ ܳܕܗ ܳܶ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܣܐ ܘ ܕ*ܐ ܺ ܰܗܒ ܳ ܰܢ * ܶ ܽ ܢ ܰ ܳܐ ܶ ܰ ̈ܐ ܰ ܺ ܝ ܶܕ ܺ ܕ* ܳܘ .ܰܪ ܺ ܳ ܐ .ܳܗ ܳ ܰܪ ܺ ܳ ܐ ܳ ܰܘ ܳ ܶܕ ܰ ̱ ݁ ܺ ܳ ܶ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܽ ܳ * ܰܕܪ ܽ ܩ ܺ ̈ ܐ ܕ ܳ ܺ ܺ ̇ ܳ ̇̈ ܶ ܺ ܰ ܰܗܘ ܶܕ ܕ. ܺ ܰ . ܶ ܰ ܰ
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
PECULIARITIES IN VERBS WITH ONLY TWO ROOT CONSONANTS 81
ܶ ܳ ܡ ܰ ܽ ܰ ܶ ܳ ܳܐ ܰܗܒ ܳ ܳ , ܳ ܳܐ ܳܨܪ ܰܨ ܶ ܳ ܐ ܳ
ܽ
ܳܐ
pe. participle of
ܳ
opposite, against sent experience, test pe. imperative of
ܰ ̱ܒ
(see XI.5)
lord, the Lord depicted, painted picture, image pe. passive participle (construct) of
ܳ
, “filled, was full”
beauty, virtue chose, (here pe. passive participle, “emphatic”, used as an adjective:
ܳܪ ܳ ܐ ܶ ܶ ܳ ܳܐ ܳ݁ ܰ ̱ ܺ ܳܐ ܰ ܳܐ ܺ ܰܕܪ ܽ ܩ ܺ ܳܐ ܳ ܽ ܳܐ ܰ ܽ ܶ ܕ
elect, pure, eminent) high from, than (here “more high than”) (for comparison, see IV.5) tongue, speech pa. remained year (VI.F) Iyar (month name: April-May) month died (like
ܳ
but with middle
)ܝ
Damascus sickness, pain strangling (used of diphtheria etc.) forgave because …
82 PECULIARITIES IN VERBS WITH ONLY TWO ROOT CONSONANTS
(
)
ܺ ܰ ܺ ܰ
aph. loved much (adverb) little (adverb)
Notes ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________
XIII. OBJECT PRONOUNS ATTACHED TO VERBS. ADVERBS. OTHER DERIVED FORMS OF VERBS ! 12, 36
ILLUSTRATIVE TEXTS 1.
2. 3.
ܗ
ܶ
. ܳܣ ܰ
4.
ܳܳ
5.
ܳ ܺ ̄ ݁ܬ
ܶ ܰܐܗ ܰ ܶ ܰܕ ̱ ܺ ܶ ܰ ܪܗ ܰ ܽܪܘ .ܕ ܶ ܽ ܳ ̱ ܝ ܰ ܶ ܽ ̱ܗܝ ܽ ܘܢ ܰܘ ܳ ܺܬ . ܻ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܳ ܗ ܰ ܰ ܽ ܰ ̈ .ܘܢ ܘ ܰ ܶ ܳ ܐ ܽ ܶܰ ܕ ܳ ܗܘ ܬ ̱ܳ ܰ ܳ . ܻ ܺ
ܶ ܳܕ
ܶ
He
ܶ ܰܐܗ
him
turn
back
because of his fear to bring him into the city. They ran against Romanus in order that they might kill him. They confused their order and they fled hastily. (Acts 13:33) Behold God has fulfilled it to us, their sons. And all the people of the chuch were praying there diligently.
GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS 1.
made
ܰ
is the 3rd masc. sing. aph. of ܗwith the pronoun suffix “him” attached. This is a normal procedure and equivalent to the use of ܰ ܠwith suffix: ܶ ܶ ܐܗ. The pronouns are similar to those attached to nouns and prepositions, except that there is no 3rd plur. form, the enclitic form of the independent personal pronoun being used instead. The 83
84
XIII. OBJECT PRONOUNS ATTACHED TO VERBS
ܳ
vowel pattern of the whole word is often modified as here. “fear”. It is followed by a clause introduced by ܕwhich explains what he was afraid of. ܰ, 3rd masc. sing. imperfect aph. of “entered”, with “him” suffix, equivalent to ܶ ܶ ܰ.
ܶܕ ܶ ܰ
2.
3.
ܶ ܶ “hastened, ran”. ܪܗ ܪܗܛ ܶ ܽ ܳ ̱ ܝis “ ܶ ܽ ܢthey will/might kill”, with the ܽ ̱ܗܝ
ܳܐ
4.
“him” suffix in an alternative form. See XIII.A and Paradigm 11.
ܰ
ܶ ܺ ܻܳ ܬ
ܶـ ܰ
is again a form with object suffix “him”. This ܶ ܰ is added to the 3rd masc. plur. of which is in effect an additional rather rare ܰ ( ) and verb form derived from means “confused”. For convenience it may be called a palpel form. “order, rank”. “hastily, earnestly, urgently”, is a typical adverbial formation based on the adjective ܬ ܺ ܳ ܐ, “urgent”. The ending -ā’īt is commonly used to form adverbs from nouns and adjectives.
ܺ
ܰ . This when the pronoun is removed, is is another rare derived form based on the ܳ . The meaning attached to this verb pattern is often causative and in this case is
XIII. OBJECT PRONOUNS ATTACHED TO VERBS
5.
ܽ ܠ ܶܰ ܺܳ ܺ
85
“completed, made full, fulfilled”. The form is called šap‛el since in verbs with an ordinary ܰ , the form is third consonant such as ܶ ܰ , “enslaved, caused to serve”.
ܽ
= . ܳ is the pa. active participle from ܨ, “bent”, which in the pa. means “prayed”. ܳ ܽ ܺ “diligently” (see ܬ , “diligence”).
GRAMMATICAL SYNTHESIS A. Object Pronouns Attached to Verbs The following list gives the main forms encountered. me you (masc. sing.) you (fem. sing.) (after consonant) (after
him
(after
)ܽ◌ܘ
ܳ◌ܘ, often inserted as a
ـ ـܟ ـ ـܗ ـ̱ܗܝ ـ ̱ܝ
linking vowel) (after her us you (masc. plur.) you (fem. plur.)
)ܺ◌ ـ
ܘܗܝ ̱ ـ ـ̇ܗ ـܽ ܢ ܶـ
86
XIII. OBJECT PRONOUNS ATTACHED TO VERBS
Notes: ܶܶ ܽܶ (1) There are no 3rd plur. suffixes but ܐ ܢand ܐare used instead. (2) The addition of a suffix disrupts the vowel pattern of a verb. (3) The final -ā of verbs like ܳ produces special vowel mutations when suffixes are added. See Paradigms 11 and 12. B. Other Derived Stems
ܶ
ܰ
ܰ from Other rare derived verb forms like and ܶ ܰ from ܰ include the following patterns (based on ܰ ): sap‛el; pa‛lel; pawlel; pe‛al‛el; pay‛el; pa‛lī (and their corresponding et- prefixed forms). The pattern for the addition of suffixes and prefixes to indicate tense and person is like that of the aph. Exercise xiii (a) Translate into Syriac: 1. The king enslaved him. 2. He will make you king. 3. The priests killed him. (b) Translate into English:
ܳ ܺ ܰ ܳܳ ܺ ܰ ܘܐܪ ܳ ܳ̈ ܰ ܽ ܰ ܬ ܘܗܝ ܶ ܐ ܰ ܳܘ ̱ ܰܘܐ ܽ ̱ܗܝ. ܰ
ܰ ܰ * ܶܗ ܽ ܳ ܐ ̈ܰܰ ܰ ܳܐ ܰ ܺ ܳ ܕ ܺ ܶ ܺ ܰܘܐܪ. ܺ ̈ܳ ܳܬ
ܰܘܐ ܰܘ ܰ
1.
XIII. OBJECT PRONOUNS ATTACHED TO VERBS
ܰ ܳ ܳ ܐ ܰܘܐ ܽ ̱ܗܝ .. ܗܝ ̱ ܺܳܳ ܽ ܳ ܳ ܳܳ ܰ ܳܳ ܶ ܳ ܳ ̇ܳ ܰ ܐ ܐ ܳ ܳ .. ܳܶ ܳ ܳ ܶ ܳ ܳ ܽ ܺ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܶ ̇ ܐ ܬ ܬ ܐ ܰ ܳ .̇ܗ ܰ ܕ ܰ ܰ ܰ ̈ ܽܗܘ ܰ ܰ ܘ ܺ ܰ ̈ ܽܗܘ ܳ ܴ ܰ ܳ ̱ ܝ ܺ ܳ ܐ ܰܘ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܰܕ ..ܳ ܐ
87
ܽ
ܰ
ܶ ܰ ܰ݁ܰ ܘ ܳ ܺ ܽ ܶ ܰ ܺ ܳ ܻܐ ܰ ܰܘ ܰ ܰܘ
2. 3. 4.
Vocabulary for the above:
ܰ ܶܐ ܪܳܐ
ܳ ܺ ܳ ܳ ܽܐ ܳܺ ܰ ܬ ܶ
took hold of pe. threw, lay (hands), put (chains); aph. raised (voice) village, field beat, struck blow (here plur.) chain was fulfilled/finished; ethpe. was handed over; pa. finished, offered;
ܳܳ ܰ ܺ ܳ ܳܳ ܽ ܐ ܳ ܺ ܳ ܺ ܽܺ ܬ ܰ ܺ ܳܐ ܰ ܳܐ
aph. handed over Greek with mistakes, imperfectly pa. praised creation futility truly suffering pay‛el stem : bore
88
XIII. OBJECT PRONOUNS ATTACHED TO VERBS
ܳܐ
ܺ
beaten
ܰ ܳܐ (
)
ܰ
pa. passive participle (“emphatic”) of
ܳܐ
, struck, beat
was low, lay down, etc.; pa. laid low, humbled (transitive) (here passive participle)
Notes ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________
XIV. NUMERALS, DATES, DAYS
! 13, 37
ILLUSTRATIVE TEXTS 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
ܶ ܳ ܰ ܶ ܴ ܺ ܳܬ ܰ ܐ ܘܬ
ܰ
(Mt 14:17) We have here only
ܶ ܰ .̈ܺ ܽ ܰ ̈ ܰ ܳ ܽܰ ܪ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܳ ܳ ܰܘܬ ܰ ܰ ܶ̈ ܳ ܳ ܰܬ ܕ ܳ ܰ .ܰ ܳ ܽ ܐ ܽ ܳ ܰ ܶܘܐܬ ܬܘܒ ܳ ܽ ܰ ܐܘܪܗܝ ܽ ܡ ܺ ܶ ܺ ܰܘܐܪ ܳ ܐ ܰ ܻ ܰܪܚ ܐ ܽ ܠ ܽ ܡ ܐܪ ܳ ܐ .ܰ ܳ ܐ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܕ ̈ܳ ܶܐ ܰ ܶ ܐ ܰܕܪܰܘ ܺ ܶ ܺ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܶ̈ ܰ ܐ ܽ ܶܬܪ ܽ ̈ ܶ ܐ ܳ ܳ ܐ .ܰܘ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܰ ܐܪ ܳ ܐ ܗܘܘ ܳ ̇ ܰ ̈ܳܐ ܽ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܺܐ ܬܘ ܺ ܳ ܰܬܪ ܳ ܳ ܐ ܽ ܰ ܰ ܺܬܝ ܬ ܺ ܳ ܐ ܽܐܘ ܰ ܬܝ ܪ ܺ ܳ ܳ ܐ . ܺ ܬܘ
five loaves and two fishes. In the days of Shapour the king he killed there in one day 118 martyrs. He came again to fight with Edessa (Orhay) on the twentyfourth of the month of Ilul, a Wednesday In the year 305 of the Arabs were
sent
from
the
king,
Constantine, ambassadors, two persons, an old man and a young man. She had four sons, the first Tushi, the second Shagati, the third Ukati, the fourth Tuli.
89
90
XIV. NUMERALS, DATES, DAYS
GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS 1.
ܳܬ ܶ ܰ
ܶ
2.
ܬ
ܰ ̈ܰ ܳ
ܰ ܰ ܳ
ܳ ܳܕ
“here”. “five”, is used with the feminine noun ܳ ܻ ܬ, “loaf”, in its absolute plural form. The absolute is often (but not always) used after a preceding number. As in the other Semitic languages, the numbers 3 to 10 have a feminine-looking form which is, however, used with masculine nouns, and a masculinelooking form (here) used with feminine nouns. The number can also be placed after the noun referred to (in which case the noun is normally in the ordinary, “emphatic” form). “two”, and all other numbers which distinguish gender have the normal agreement ܳ ܽ, of masc. with masc. and fem. with fem. “fish”, is masc. “Two” with a feminine noun ܶ ܰ would be ܬ ܬ.
ܳ
is the construct plural of ܰ ܐ, “day”. “hundred” (common gender). “ ܬeighteen”, is the masculine form ܶ ܶ ܰ ܳ ܬ. Large corresponding to fem. numbers are formed by using “and”, putting the bigger numbers first. Note also that the number here is placed before the noun, which is in the ordinary (“emphatic”) form. “witness, martyr”.
XIV. NUMERALS, DATES, DAYS
ܰ 3.
ܽܳ ܰ ܶ ܻ ܽܡ ܻܰܐܪܚ ܰ ܳܐ
4.
“one”, masculine: the fem. is
ܶ
ܳ
91
.
is the aph. infinitive of ܒwhich in the aph. means “fought”. “twenty”, does not distinguish gender, while ܰ ܰ ܐܪ ܳ ܐis the feminine form of ܰ ܐܪ, “four”, ܳ used with the masc. noun ܰ ܐin accordance with what has been said above. and ܽ ܡ are used to introduce the date in the month or week. (Alternatively forms like ܳ ܰ ܰ ܪ, “on the fourth”, may be used.) ܽ ܰ = ܻܐ ܚconstruct of ܰ ܳ ܐ, “month”. ܻܐ ܠ is a month name corresponding approximately to September. “week”, is used with the number, as here, to ܳ ܰ indicate the days of the week. Thus ܰ ܐ is Sunday.
ܰ
ܶ ܰ ܕ ܳ ̈ܐ ܰ ܶ ܐ ܰܕܪܘ ܽ ܳܐ ܳ ܳܐ ܰ ܳܐ
ܳ݁
is the construct of ̱ ܰ , “year”. (note the line over the top) is a number, the alphabet having been used for this purpose. ܫis 300; ܗis 5. In full this would be ܶ ܰ ܬ ܳ ܳ ܘ. indicates the dating system being used – i.e. the Islamic dating, based on 16th July, 622. is from the root ܪ. “person, substance, hypostasis”. “old man, senior person”. “young man”.
92
5.
XIV. NUMERALS, DATES, DAYS
ܰ ܳ (see VI.F.). ̈ ܳܐ is the plural of ܰ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܐ, ܰܬܪ ܳ ܳ ܐ, ܬ ܻ ܳ ܐ, ( ܪ ܻ ܳ ܳ ܐfrom ) ܐܪ ܳ ܐare ordinal numbers: first, second, third, fourth. (An alternative to these is the use of ܕfollowed by ܶ ܳ , “the second ordinary numbers, e.g., ܰܕܬܪ son”, literally “the son of two”.)
GRAMMATICAL SURVEY The main series of numbers is unremarkable except for the fact that a) 1-19 distinguish gender like adjectives, b) 3-10 display characteristic endings of the opposite gender to that of the noun referred to. Note should be made also of the general pattern of ܳ ordinal numbers, with their ◌ ܳ ܐending which forms the numbers into adjectives. As for the calendar, the names of days and months are different from those in use in the West, though the structure is the same. The year used as the start of the era is rarely that of the birth of Christ, even in Christian contexts. The most common system is that based on the accession of Seleucus I, the founder of the Seleucid dynasty, on 1st October, 312 B.C. This is called “the year of the Greeks”. The main numerals and the months and weekdays are listed below.
XIV. NUMERALS, DATES, DAYS
93
A. Numbers FORM USED
FORM USED
FORM USED WITH BOTH
WITH
WITH
MASCULINE AND FEMININE
MASCULINE
FEMININE
NOUNS
NOUNS
NOUNS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
ܰ
ܰ
ܰ ܰ
ܰ ܰ
ܰ
ܳ ܰ ܶ ܱܬ ܷܬ ܳ ܳܬ ܳܬ ܰܬ ܰ ܰܐܪ ܐܪ ܳ ܐ ܶ ܰ ܶܰ ܳ ܳܐ ܶ ܐ ܳ , ܳܰ ܐ ܰ ܶܬ ܳ ܳ ܐ ܬ ܳ ܶܐ ܰܬ ܬ ܳܐ ܳ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܶܰ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܶ ܬܪܬ ܰ ܶܬܪ ܰ ܳ ܶ ܶ ܰ ܳܬ ܬ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܶ ܰ ܰܐܪ ܐܪ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܶܰ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܶ ܰܬ ܬ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܶ ܶ ܰ ܳܬ ܬ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܶܰܬ ܬ
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 200 300 1,000 10,000
ܺ ܶ ܺ ܳ ܬ ܺ ܰܐܪ ܺ ܰ ܺ ܺ ܶ , ܐ ܺ ܰ ܺ ܳܬ ܺ ܶܬ ܳ ܶ ܰ ܬ ܳ ܳܬ ܶ ܳ ܽ ݁ ܶܪ
94
XIV. NUMERALS, DATES, DAYS
B. Months NAME
[ ܺ ] ܺ ܝ ܶܡ ܺ ܝ ܐ̱ ܳ ܝ [ ܺ ] ܢ ܶܡ ܢ ܐ̱ ܳ ܝ ܳ
ܶ ܶܬ ܬ ܽܳ ܽܳ
ܳ ܳܐܕܪ ܳ ܺ ܳܐ ܻܳ ܺ ܢ ܳ ܳܬ ܽ ܙ ܺܐܒ ܐ ܽ ܠ
APPROXIMATE EQUIVALENT October November December January February March April May June July August September
C. Days
ܰ ܶ ܰ ܳܐ ܰ ܳܐ ܬ ܳܬ ܳܰ ܐ ܰ ܐܪ ܳ ܐ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܰ ܶ ܳ ܰ ܳܐ ܽ ܘ ܳ ܰ
Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday
XIV. NUMERALS, DATES, DAYS
95
D. Numerical Values of Consonants
ܐ ܒ ܓ ܕ ܗ ܘ ܙ ܚ ܛ ܝ
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
100 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
ܟ ܠ ܡ ܢ ܣ ܥ ܦ ܨ
200 300 400
ܩ ܪ ܫ ܬ
ܐcan stand for 1000, ܒfor 2000, etc. ܨ ܦ ܥ ܣ ܢcan stand for the corresponding 500, 600 etc., this being indicated by a dot above the letter. Other numerical systems also exist. Exercise xiv (a) Translate into Syriac: 1. Twenty-five men. 2. In the year 57 of the Arabs. 3. On the ninth of the month of July. (b) Translate into English:
ܶ ܕ ܰ ܳ ̈ܐ
̇ ܺܕܗܝ ܰ ܐ ܶ ܳ ܰ ܐ ܶ̈ ܳ ܰ ܶ . ܐ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܶܕ ܶܕ ܰ ̱ ܳ ܪ. ܶ
ܶ ܰ ܶ ܳ ܕ ܳ ̈ܐ ܰ ܰ ܳܐ ܳ ܺ ܰ ܻܶ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܬ ܳ ܶ ܳ ܘܬܪܬ
ܰ ܰ ܳ ܺ ܽ *ـ ܰ
1.
2.
96
XIV. NUMERALS, DATES, DAYS
̈ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܰ ܗܘ ܳ ̱ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܐ ܶ ܰܕ ܻ ܳ ܶ . ̈ ܺ ܽ ܳ ܳ ܺ ܰ ܳ̈ ܘ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܕܐ ܳ ܺ ܰ ܰܘܬ ܳ ܶܐ ܺ ̈ ܰܘ ܰ ܶܕ ܳ ܳ . ܘ ܰ ܬ ܰܘܐ ̱ ܬ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܺ ܳ ܳ ܐ ܶ ܽ ܽ ܘܢ ܳ ܰ ̈ܘܗܝ ܶܘܐܬܬ ܻ . ܶ ݁ ܰ ܰܕ ܰ ܘ ܰ ܶ ܟ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܺ ܳ ܳ ܐ ܘ ܳܳ ܺ
3. 4.
Vocabulary for the above:
ܐ
ܰ ܰ ܳ ܳܪ ܳ
ܙ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܺܕ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܶ ̈ܳܐ ܐ ̈ ܺ ܽ ܳ ܰ ܬ ܳ ܰ ܐ ̱ ݁ ݂ܬ ܳ ܳܳ ܶܟ ܰ ݁ ܶܫ
took (see Paradigm 6) after vintage, grape harvest pe. bought; pa. sold (see IX.D) wine measure (of wine, oil, grain) dinar, denarius (monetary unit) qab (measure of c. 2 quarts) raisins (plur. only; fem.) nummus (a coin; plur.) daughter wife, woman pe. was at rest; ethpe./ettaph. was at rest, took rest work, deed bent the knee; pa. blessed pa. sanctified
XIV. NUMERALS, DATES, DAYS
Notes ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________
97
VERB PARADIGMS
99
m.
1st
2nd f.
2nd m.
3rd f.
3rd m.
1st
2nd f.
2nd m.
3rd f.
3rd
ܘܢ
ܶ
ܽ
ܰ
ܰ ܰـ: ܶ
ܶ
ܶ
ܶ
ܰـ: ܰ
ܰ
ܶ
ܝ
ܰ
ܶ
ETHPE.
ܶ ܽ ܢ: ܶ̈ ̈ ܶ : ܶ ܽ ܶ ܘܢ ܶ ܶ
ܶ
ܰ ܶ ܰ ܰ
ܰ
ܰ ܽ ܢ: ܶ̈ ̈ ܰ :
ܝ
PE.
ܶ ܐܬ ܰ ܶܐܬ ܶ ܐܬ ܶ ܐܬ ܰ ܶܐܬ ܶ ܐܬ ܶ ܐܬ ܶ ܐܬ ܶ ܐܬ ܶ ܐܬ ܶ ܐܬ ܝ
PA.
ܶ
ܰ ܰ
ܰ
ܶ ܰ ܶ ܰ
ܶ ܰ
ܶ ܰ ܽ ܢ: ܶ̈ ̈ ܶ ܰ : ܶ ܰ ܽ ܶ ܰ ܘܢ ܶ ܶ ܰ ܰـ: ܶ ܰ
Paradigm 1. Perfect and imperfect of ordinary stems
100
PERFECT SINGULAR
PERFECT PLURAL
ܶ
ܽ
ܰـ:
ܘܢ
ܽ ܢ: ܶ̈ ̈ :
ܝ ܶ
ܰ
ܰ ܰ ܶ ܐܬ ܰ ܶܐܬ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܐܬ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܐܬ ܰ ܶܐܬ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܐܬ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܐܬ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܐܬ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܐܬ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܐܬ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܐܬ
ETHPA.
ܶ
ܽ ܰـ:
ܘܢ
ܽ ܢ: ܶ̈ ̈ :
ܝ
APH.
ܶ
ܰ
ETTAPH.
ܶ ܰ ܰ ݁ ݁ܶ ܐܬ ܱܬ ܐ ܰ ܰ ܐܶ݁ܬ ݁ܬ ܐ ܱ ܶ ܰ ܰ ݁ ݁ܶ ܐܬܱܬ ܐ ܶ ܰ ܰ ݁ ݁ܶ ܝ ܐܬܱܬ ܐ ܰ ܶ ܶ݁ܐܬ ݁ܬ ܐ ܱ ܶ ܰ ܰ ݁ ݁ܶ ܽ ܢ ܐ: ܐܬܱܬ ܶ̈ ̈ ܰ ݁ ݁ ܶ ܶ ܰ ܐܬܱܬ ܐ : ܶ ܰ ܰ ݁ ݁ܶ ܐ ܐܬ ܱܬ ܶ ܰ ܽ ܰ ̇ ݁ܶ ܐܬܱܬ ܘܢ ܐ ܶ ܰ ݁ ݁ܶ ܶ ܰ ܐܬܱܬ ܐ ܶ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܰـ: ݁ܐܬܱ݁ܬ ܐ
IMPERFECT SINGULAR
101
IMPERFECT PLURAL
1st
2nd f.
2nd m.
3rd f.
3rd m.
1st
2nd f.
3rd f. [rarer forms] 2nd m.
3rd m.
ܽ ܶ ܠ ܽ ܶ ܬ ܠ ܽ ܶ [ ]ܬ ܽ ܶ ܬ ܠ ܺ ܶܬ ܽ ܶ ܐ ܠ ܶ ܽ ܢ ܳ̈ ܶ ܶ ܬ ܽ ܢ ܳ̈ ܶ ܬ ܽ ܶ ܠ
PE.
ܽ ܢ ܳ̈
ܽ ܢ ܳ̈
[ ܺ
ܶ
ܶ
ܶ
ܶ ܶ ܶ
ETHPE.
ܶ ܬܬ ܶ ]ܬܬ ܶ ܬܬ ܰ ܶܬܬ ܶ ܐܬ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܶܬܬ ܰ ܶܬܬ ܶ
ܶ
ܶ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܬ ܶ ܰ [ ]ܬ ܶ ܰ ܬ ܰ ܻ ܬ ܶ ܰܶ ܐ ܽ ܰ ܢ ܳ̈ ܰ ܬܰ ܽ ܢ ܳ̈ ܰ ܬ ܶ ܰ
PA.
ܰ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܬܬ ܰ ܰ ܶ [ ]ܬܬ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܬܬ ܺ ܰ ܶܬܬ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܐܬ ܽ ܶ ܰ ܢ ܳ̈ ܰ ܶ ܶ ܬܬ ܰ ܽ ܢ ܳ̈ ܰ ܶ ܬܬ ܰ ܰ ܶ
ETHPA.
ܶ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܬ ܶ ܰ [ ]ܬ ܶ ܰ ܬ ܺ ܰܬ ܶ ܰ ܐ ܽ ܰ ܢ ܳ̈ ܰ ܰ ܬ ܽ ܢ ܳ̈ ܰ ܬ ܶ ܰ
APH.
ܽ ܢ ܳ̈ ܰ
ܽ ܢ ܳ̈
[
ܰ
ܺ
ܰ
ܰ
ܰ
ܰ
ETTAPH.
ܶ ݁ ݁ ܱܬ ܶ ܬܬ ܱܶ ݁ ܬܬ ܱ݁ ] ܶ ܬܬ ܱ݁ ܶ ܬܬ ܱ݁ ܶ ݁ܐܬ ݁ ܱܬ ܶ ݁ ݁ ܱܬ ܶ ݁ ݁ ܱܬ ܶ ܬܬ ܱ݁ ܶ ܬܬ ܱ݁ ܶ ݁ ݁ ܱܬ
ܽ
ܽ
ܽ ܽ ܢ ̈ ܽ ̈ ܽ ܷ ܰ ܶ ܶ ܳ ܺ
ܠ
ܽ
ܶ ܶ
ܰ ܶܐܬ ܰ ܶܐܬ ܰ ܶܐܬ ܶ ܐܬ ܰ ܽ ܢ ̈ ܰ ܶܐܬ ̈ ܰ ܶܐܬ ܷ ܽܳ ܶ
ETHPE.*
ܽ ܢ ̈ ܶ̈ ܽܳ ܶ ܰ
PA.
ܶ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܰ
ܽ ܢ ̈ ܶ̈ ܽܳ ܶ
ܰ ܰ ܶ ܐܬ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܐܬ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܐܬ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܐܬ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܐܬ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܐܬ ܰ ܶ
ETHPA.*
ܽ ܢ ̈ ܶ̈ ܽܳ ܶ ܰ
APH.
* In the ethpe. and ethpa. imperatives the middle root letter sometimes goes silent: e.g.,
PATICIPLE ACT. PARTICIPLE PASS.
INFINITIVE
f.
P. m.
f.
S. m.
PE.
Paradigm 2. A. Imperatives, infinitives, participles of ordinary stems
102
IMPERATIVE
̱
ܶ ܰ ܐ ܶ ܰ ܐ ܶ ܰ ܐ ܰ ܐ ܶ ܰ ܐ ܶ ܰ ܐ ܰ ܰ ܰ
ܰ ܶܐܬ, etc.
ܰ
ܽ ܢ ̈ ܶ̈ ܽܳ
ܶ ݁ ݁ ܱܬ
ܰ ܰ ݁ ݁ܶ ܐܬܬ ܰ ݁ ݁ܶ ܐܬܱܬ ܰ ݁ ݁ܶ ܐܬܬ ܱ ܰ ݁ ݁ܶ ܐܬܬ ܱ ܰ ݁ ݁ܶ ܐܬܱܬ ܰ ݁ ݁ܶ ܐܬܬ ܱ ܶ ݁ ܱ݁ܬ
ETTAPH.
ܶ ◌ in perfect
m.
m.
m.
ܰ
̈
ܶ
ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ
ܽ ܽ ܘܢ ܶ
ܝ
PERFECT
ܰ
ܶܕ ܶܕ ܶܕ ܶܕ ܶܕ ܶܕ ܶܕ ܶܕ ܶܕ ܶܕ
ܶ
ܶܙ ܶ
ܽ ܢ ܳ̈ ܽ ܢ ܳ̈
ܺ
ܰ ܶ ܰ ܶܬܕ ܰ ܶܬܕ ܶ ܶܬܕ ܰ ܐܕ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶܬܕ ܬܕ ܰ ܶ
IMPERFECT
103
ܰܙ ܰ
imperfect
imperfect impv.
impv.
Verbs with ◌ in the perfect and ◌ in the imperfect:
1st
2nd f.
2nd
3rd f.
3rd
1st
2nd f.
2nd m.
3rd f.
3rd
Note that some ◌ verbs have an a in the imperfect (e.g.
ܰ
Paradigm 2. B. Verbs with
SINGULAR
PLURAL
ܰ
f.
P. m.
f.
S. m.
PARTICIPLE PASS.
PARTICIPLE ACT.
INFINITIVE
).
IMPERATIVE
ܰܕ ܰܕ ܽ ܕ ܰ ܢ: ܰ ܕ ̈ ܰ ܕ: ̈ ܰ ܕ ܷ ܰ ܶ ܶ ܳܕ ܺܕ
ܶ ܰ ܐܬܬܘ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܐܬܬܘ ܶ ܰ ܐܬܬܘ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܐܬܬܘ ܰ ܝ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܐܬܬܘ ܶ ܰ ܐܬܬܘ ܰ :ـܽܘܢ ܶ ܰ ܐܬܬܘ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܐܬܬܘ ܰ ̈ :ـ ܶ ܶ ܰ ܽ ܐܬܬܘ ܰ ܘܢ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܐܬܬܘ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܐܬܬܘ :ـ ܰ
ETTAPH.
ܰܐܘ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܐܘ ܰܐܘ ܶ ܰ ܐܘ ܶ ܝ ܰ ܶ ܐܘ ܰ ܐܘ ܶ :ـܽܘܢ ܰܐܘ ܶ ܰܐܘ ܶ ̈ :ـ ܶ ܰ ܽ ܐܘ ܶ ܘܢ ܰ ܶ ܶ ܐܘ ܶ ܰܐܘ :ـ ܰ
APH.
ܶܰ ܐܬܐ ݁ ܱ ܶܰ ܐܬܐ ݁ ܶܰ ܐܬܐ ݁ ܱ ܶܰ ܐܬܐ ݁ ܱ ܶܰ ܐܬܐ ݁ ܶܰ ܐܬܐ ݁ ܱ ܶܰ ܐܬܐ ݁ ܱ ܶܰ ܐܬܐ ݁ ܱ ܶܰ ܐܬܐ ݁ ܱ ܶܰ ܐܬܐ ݁ ܱ ܶܰ ܐܬܐ ݁ ܱ ܶ
:ـܽܘܢ
ܝ
:ـܰ
̈ :ـܶ ܽ ܘܢ ܶ
ܰ
ETHPA.
ܰܐ ݁ ܶ ܰܐ ݁ ̇ ܰ ܐ݁ ܷ ܰ ܐ݁ ܷ ܰ ܐ݁ ܷ ܰ ܐ݁ ܷ ܰܐ ݁ ܶ ܰ ܐ݁ ܷ ܰ ܐ݁ ܷ ܰ ܐ݁ ܷ ܰ̇ ܐ݁ ܷ ܰ
:ـܽܘܢ
:ـܰ
̈ :ـܶ ܽ ܘܢ ܶ
ܶ
ܝ
PA.
ܶܶ ܐܬܐ ܶ ܶ ܰ ܱܐܬܐ ܶܶ ܐܬܐ ܶ ܶܶ ܐܬܐ ܶ ܝ ܶܰ ܶ ܐܬܐ ܶܶ ܐܬܐ ܶ :ـܽܘܢ ܶܶ ܐܬܐ ܶ ܶܶ ܐܬܐ ܶ ̈ :ـ ܶ ܶܶ ܽ ܐܬܐ ܶ ܘܢ ܶܶ ܶ ܶ ܐܬܐ ܶܶ ܶ ܐܬܐ :ـ ܰ
ETHPE.
ܐ
ܐܶ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܐ ܐܶ ܰ ܶ ܐܰ ܝ ܶ ܶ ܐ ܶ ܐ ܰ :ـܽܘܢ ܐܶ ܰ ܐܶ ܰ ̈ :ـ ܶ ܶ ܽ ܐ ܰ ܘܢ ܶܰ ܶ ܐ ܶ ܰ ܐ :ـܰ
PE.
1st
2nd f.
2nd m.
3rd f.
3rd m.
1st
2nd f.
2nd m.
3rd f.
m.
3rd
Paradigm 3. Verbs beginning with
104
PERFECT SINGULAR
PERFECT PLURAL
ܶ ܰܬܘ ܰ ܶܰ ܬܬܘ ܰ ܶܰ ܬܬܘ ܰ ܶܰ ܺ ܬܬܘ ܶܰ ܐܬܘ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܬܘ ܰ ܶ ܬܘ ܶܰ ܽ ܬܬܘ ܶ ܰ ̈ܳ ܬܬܘ ܰ ܶ ܬܘ ܰ ܢ
̈ܳ
ܽ ܢ
:ܝ
ETTAPH.
ܰ ܶ ܰܬܘ ܶ ܰܬܘ ܶ ܰ ܬܘ ܰܐܘ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܬܘ ܰ ܬܘ ܰ ܶ ̈ܳ
ܽ ܽ ̈ܳ
ܺ
ܢ
ܢ
:ܝ
APH.
ܰ ܶ ܐ݁ ܱ ܶܰ ܬܬܐ ݁ ܱ :ܝ ܶܰ ܬܬܐ ݁ ܱ ܶܰ݁ ܺ ܬܬܐ ܶܰ ܐܬܐ ݁ ܱ ܰ ܽ ܶ ܐ݁ ܢ ܶ ܰ ݁ ̈ܳ ܐ ܶܰ݁ ܽ ܬܬܐ ܢ ܶ ܰ ݁ ̈ܳ ܬܬܐ ܰ ܶ ܐ݁ ܱ
ETHPA.
ܰ ܷ݁ ܰ ܬܐ ݁ ܷ :ܝ ܰ ܬܐ ݁ ܷ ܰ ݁̇ ܺ ܬܐ ܰ ܐ݁ ܷ ܽ ܰ ܷ݁ ܢ ܰ ݁ ̈ܳ ܷ ܰ݁ ܽ ܬܐ ܷ ܢ ܰ ݁ ̈ܳ ܬܐ ܷ ܰ ܷ݁
PA.
ܶ ܶܐ ܶ ܶܶ ܬܬܐ ܶ :ܝ ܶܶ ܬܬܐ ܶ ܶܰ ܺ ܬܬ ܶܶ ܐܬܐ ܶ ܰ ܽ ܶ ܐ ܢ ܶ ܰ ̈ܳ ܐ ܶܰ ܽ ܬܬܐ ܢ ܶ ܰ ̈ܳ ܬܬܐ ܶ ܶܐ ܶ
ETHPE.
◌ܰ IN IMPERF. ܺ ݂ܰ ܻܬܐ ݂ ܰ :ܝ ܻܬܐ ݂ ܰ ܻܬܐ ݂ ܺ ܻܐ ݂ ܰ ܻ ݂ ܽ ܘܢ ܻ ݂ ̈ ܳܢ ܻܬܐ ݂ ܽ ܘܢ ܻܬܐ ݂ ̈ ܳ ܢ ܻ ݂ܰ
ܠ ܠ:ܝ ܠ ܺ
ܶ ܽ ܶܬܐ ܽ ܶܬܐ ܽ ܶ ܬܐ ܶ ܐܺ ܠ ܽ ܶ ܢ ܶ ̈ܳ ܶ ܽ ܬܐ ܢ ܶ ̈ܳ ܬܐ ܶ ܽ ܠ
PE.
1st
2nd f.
2nd m.
3rd f.
3rd m.
1st
2nd f.
m.
2nd
3rd f.
3rd m.
IMPERFECT SINGULAR
105
IMPERFECT PLURAL
ܶ ܰܬܘ ܰ
ܰ ܰ ܐܬܬܘ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܐܬܬܘ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܐܬܬܘ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܽ ܐܬܬܘ ܰ ܢ ܶ ܰ ܰ ̈ ܐܬܬܘ ܶ ܰ ܰ ̈ ܐܬܬܘ ܷ ܶ ܰ ܳ ܽ ܬܘ
ETTAPH.
ܰܐܘ ܶ ܰܐܘ ܶ ܰܐܘ ܶ ܰ ܽ ܐܘ ܶ ܢ ܰ ܶ ̈ ܐܘ ܰ ܶ ̈ ܐܘ ܷ ܰ ܳ ܽ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܰ
APH.
ܰ ܶ ܐ݁ ܱ
ܶܰ ܐܬܐ ݁ ܱ ܶܰ ܐܬܐ ݁ ܱ ܶܰ ܐܬܐ ݁ ܱ ܶܰ ܽ ܐܬܐ ݁ ܱ ܢ ܶܰ݁ ̈ ܐܬܐ ܱ ܶܰ݁ ̈ ܐܬܐ ܱ ܷ ܶ ܰ ݁ ܽ ܐܴ
ETHPA.
ܰ ܐ݁ ܷ ܰ ܐ݁ ܷ ܰ ܐ݁ ܷ ܰ ܽ ܐ݁ ܷ ܢ ܰ݁ ̈ ܐܷ ܰ݁ ̈ ܐ ܷ ܰ ݁ܳ ܽ ܰ ܷ݁ ܰ ܱ݁
PA.
ܶ ܶܐ ܶ
ܶܰ ܐܬܐ ܶܰ ܐܬܐ ܶܰ ܐܬܐ ܶܰ ܽ ܐܬܐ ܢ ܶܰ ̈ ܐܬܐ ܶܰ ̈ ܐܬܐ ܷ ܶ ܶ ܳ ܽ ܐ
ETHPE.
ܐܶ ܰ ܐܶ ܰ ܐܶ ܰ ܐܶ ܰ ܶ ̈ܰ ܐ ܶ ̈ܰ ܐ ܺ ܳܐ ܶ ܰܐ ܺ
ܝ ܘ ܽ ܘܢ ܝ ܶ ܰ
IMPERF.
◌ܰ IN
ܰܐ ܽ ܰܐ ܽ ܰܐ ܽ ܰܐ ܽ ܰܐ ܽ ܰܐ ܽ ܶ ܳܐ ܶ ܰܐ ܺ
ܰ
ܽ ܢ ̈ ̈ܶ
ܠ
PE.
PARTICIPLE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE PASSIVE
INFINITIVE
f.
P. m.
f.
S. m.
Paradigm 3 continued
106
IMPERATIVE
107
m.
1st
2nd f.
2nd m.
3rd f.
3rd m.
1st
2nd f.
2nd m.
3rd f.
3rd
ܰ
ܰ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܝ ܶ ܶ ـܽܘܢ: ܰ ܰ ܶ ـ: ܰ̈ ܽ ܰ ܘܢ ܶ ܰ ܰـ: ܰ
PE.
ܶ
ܐ ܰ ܰ ܶܐ ܰ ܶܐ ܶ ܐ ܰ ܝ ܶ ܰ ܶܐ ܶ ـܽܘܢ: ܰ ܐ ܰ ܶܐ ܶ ـ: ̈ ܰ ܶܐ ܶ ܽ ܐ ܰ ܘܢ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܐ ܶ ܰـ: ܰ ܐ
ܰ
ETHPE.
ܰܰ
ܰ ܰ ܰܰ ܰܰ ܝ ܶ ܰ ـܽܘܢ: ܰ ܰ ܰܰ ܶـ: ̈ ܰ ܰ ܽ ܰ ܰ ܘܢ ܶ ܰܰ ܰـ: ܰ ܰ
PA.
ܰ ܰܐ ܰ ܰܐ ܰ ܰܐ ܰ ܐ ܰ ܝ ܶ ܰܐ ܰ ـܽܘܢ: ܰ ܐ ܰ ܰܐ ܶ ـ: ̈ ܰ ܰܐ ܰ ܽ ܐ ܰ ܘܢ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܐ ܰ ـ: ܰ ܰܐ
APH.
Paradigm 4. Verbs ending with a guttural (For final -ā verbs see Paradigm 10.)
108
PERFECT SINGULAR
PERFECT PLURAL
109
IMERFECT SINGULAR
ܰ ܶ ܶ ܝ: ܰ ܶܬ ܰ ܬ ܺ ܶܬ ܰ ܶܐ ܶ ܽ ܢ ܳ̈ ܶ ܶ ܶܬ ܽ ܢ ܳ̈ ܬ ܰ ܶ
PE.
ܰ
ܝ: ܰ ܰ ܺ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܽ ܢ ܳ̈ ܰ ܰ ܽ ܢ ܳ̈ ܰ ܰ
ETHPE.
Note: Ehtpa. and Ettaph. are normal.
1st
2nd f.
2nd m.
3rd f.
3rd m.
1st
2nd f.
2nd m.
3rd f.
3rd m.
ܶ ܶ ܶܬ ܶܬ ܶܬ ܐ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶܬ ܬ ܶ ܰܰ ܝ: ܰ ܰ ܬ ܰܰܬ ܺ ܰܬ ܰ ܰ ܶܐ ܰ ܽ ܢ ܳ̈ ܰ ܬܰ ܽ ܢ ܳ̈ ܰ ܬ ܰܰ
PA.
ܰ ܰ ܰ ܝ: ܰ ܰܬ ܰ ܬ ܺ ܰܬ ܰ ܰܐ ܰ ܽ ܢ ܳ̈ ܰ ܰ ܰܬ ܽ ܢ ܳ̈ ܬ ܰ ܰ
APH.
PARTICIPLE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE PASSIVE
INFINITIVE
f.
P. m.
f.
S. m.
ܰ
ܰ
ܰ
ܰ ܽ ܢ ̈ ܰ ܶ̈ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܰܳ ܺ
PE.
Paradigm 4 continued
110
IMPERATIVE
ܰ
ܽ ܢ ̈ ܶ̈ ܽ ܳ ܶ
ܰ ܶ ܐ ܰ ܶ ܐ ܰ ܶ ܐ ܰ ܶ ܐ ܰ ܶ ܐ ܰ ܶ ܐ ܶ
ETHPE.
ܽ ܢ ̈ ܶ̈ ܽ ܳܰ ܰܰ ܰܰ
PA.
ܰܰ ܰܰ ܰܰ ܰܰ ܰܰ ܰܰ
ܰ ܰ
ܽ ܳ ܰ
etc. (regular)
ܶ
ܶ
ܰ ܰ ܶܐ
ETHPA.
ܰ ܰܐ ܰ ܰܐ ܰ ܰܐ ܰ ܐ ܰ ܽ ܢ ̈ ܰ ܰܐ ܶ̈ ܰ ܰ ܐ ܽ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܰ
APH.
ܰ ܶ ܰܬ
ܽ ܳ ܶ ܰܬ
etc. (regular)
ܰ ܶ ܰ ܐܬܬ
ETTAPH.
111
ETTAPH.
ܶ ܰ ܰ ܐ ܐܬܬ ܰ ܠ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܐܬܬ ܰ ܰ ܐ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܐܬܬ ܰ ܐ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܐ ܐܬܬ ܰ ܝ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܐܬܬ ܰ ܶ ܐ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܐܬܬ ܰ :ـܽܘܢ ܐ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܐܬܬ ܰ ܠ ܐ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܐܬܬ ܰ ̈ :ـ ܶ ܐ ܰ ܶ ܰܰ ܽ ܘܢ ܐ ܐܬܬ ܰ ܶ ܰܰ ܶ ܐ ܐܬܬ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܐ ܐܬܬ ܰ :ـ ܶ
ܶ ܶ
ܶ
ܶ
ܶ
ܶ
:ـܽܘܢ
ܝ
:ـܰ
ܠ ̈ :ـ ܶ ܽ ܘܢ ܶ
ܶ ܶ
ܶ
ܶܠ ܶ ܰ
APH.
ܶ ܶ ܐ ܐܠ ܐܶ ܶ ܐ ܰ ܶ ܶ ܐ ܐ ܶ ܶ ܐ ܐ ܝ ܐܶ ܶ ܐ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܐ ܐ :ـܽܘܢ ܶ ܶ ܐ ܐܠ ܐܶ ܶ ܐ ̈ :ـ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܽ ܐ ܐ ܘܢ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܐ ܐ ܐܶ ܶ ܐ :ـ ܰ
ETHPE.
ܐ
ܶ
ܶ
ܶ
ܶ
ܶ
:ـܰ
ܠ ̈ :ـ ܶ ܽ ܘܢ ܶ
ܶܠ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܶ ܝ ܶ ܶ ܶ :ـܽܘܢ
PE.
1st
2nd f.
2nd m.
3rd f.
3rd m.
1st
2nd f.
2nd m.
3rd f.
3rd m.
Paradigm 5. Verbs with middle
112
PERFECT SINGULAR
PERFECT PLURAL
IMPERFECT SINGULAR
113
IMPERFECT PLURAL
m.
ܶܰܠ ܶ ܝ:ܬ ܰ ܠ ܶ ܬܰܠ ܺ ܶ ܶܬ ܶ ܐܰܠ ܶܶ ܽ ܢ ܳ̈ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܬܶ ܽ ܢ ܳ̈ ܶ ܶ ܬ ܶܰܠ
PE.
ܶ ܶ ܐܠ ܶ ܶ ܝ: ܬ ܐܠ ܶ ܶ ܬ ܐܠ ܺ ܶܬ ܶ ܐ ܶ ܶ ܐ ܐܠ ܶ ܶ ܐ ܽ ܢ ܳ̈ ܶ ܶ ܐ ܶ ܶ ܽ ܬ ܐ ܢ ܳ̈ ܶ ܶ ܬ ܐ ܶ ܶ ܐܠ
ETHPE.
Note: Pa. and Ethpa. are normal.
1st
2nd f.
2nd m.
3rd f.
3rd m.
1st
2nd f.
2nd m.
3rd f.
3rd
ܰܶܠ ܰ ܝ:ܬ ܶ ܠ ܰ ܬܶܠ ܺ ܶ ܰܬ ܰ ܐܶܠ ܰܶ ܽ ܢ ܳ̈ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܬܶ ܽ ܢ ܳ̈ ܶ ܰ ܬ ܰܶܠ
APH.
ܰ ܶ ܰܠ ܰܶ ܝ: ܬܬ ܰ ܠ ܰܶ ܬܬ ܰ ܠ ܰܶ ܺ ܰ ܬܬ ܰ ܶ ܐܬܬ ܰ ܠ ܰ ܶ ܬܰ ܽ ܢ ܳ̈ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܬ ܰܶ ܽ ܬܬ ܰ ܢ ܳ̈ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܬܬ ܰܰ ܶ ܬ ܠ
ETTAPH.
PARTICIPLE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE PASSIVE
INFINITIVE
f.
P. m.
f.
S. m.
ܰ
ܰ ܽ ܢ ̈ ܰ ܶ̈ ܰ ܶ ܰܠ ܶ ܳܠ ܺ
ܰ
ܰܠ
PE.
Paradigm 5 continued
114
IMPERATIVE
ܐܠ
ܶ ܶ
ܰ ܶ ܐ ܐܠ ܰ ܶ ܐ ܐ ܰ ܶ ܐ ܐ ܰ ܶ ܐ ܐ ܽ ܢ ̈ ܐܶ ܰ ܐ ܶ̈ ܰ ܶ ܐ ܐ ܽ ܶ ܳܐ
ETHPE.
ܽ ܳܰ ܶ ܰܠ ܰ ܰܠ
etc. (regular)
ܶ ܰܠ
PA.
ܰܰ ܐܠ
ܽ ܰ ܳܐ
etc. (regular)
ܶ ܶ
ܰܰ ܶ ܐ ܐܠ
ETHPA.
ETTAPH. ܰ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܐ ܠ ܐܬܬ ܰ ܠ ܰ ܶ ܶ ܰܐ ܰ ܐܬܬ ܰ ܶ ܶ ܰܐ ܰ ܐܬܬ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܐܬܬ ܰ ܽ ܢ ܐ ܶ ܽ ܢ ܰ ܶ ̈ ܶ ܰܐ ̈ ܰ ܐܬܬ ܶ̈ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܶ̈ ܶ ܰ ܐܬܬ ܐ ܽ ܳ ܰ ܽ ܳ ܶ ܰܬ ܰ ܶܠ ܰ ܶ ܬܰܠ ܰ ܰܠ
APH.
115
m.
f.
1st
2nd f.
2nd m.
3rd f.
3rd m.
1st
2nd
2nd m.
3rd f.
3rd
etc. (regular)
ܰ
PE.
ܰ ܰ
etc. (regular)
and
Paradigm 6. Verbs beginning with
116
PERFECT SINGULAR
PERFECT PLURAL
ܶ
ܰ ܷ
ܷ
ܷ
ـܽܘܢ: ܷ ܶ ـ: ̈ ـ: ܷ ܽ ܷ ܘܢ ܶ ܷ ܰـ: ܷ
ܝ
APH.
݁ ܰܐ ݁ ܰܐ ݁ ܰܐ ݁ ܰܐ ݁ ܰܐ ݁ ܰܐ ݁ ܰܐ ݁ ܰܐ ݁ ܰܐ ݁ ܰܐ ܰـ:
ـܽܘܢ: ܶ ـ: ̈ ـ: ܽ ܘܢ ܶ
ܝ
ܰ ܶ ܱ ݁ ܐܬܬ ܰ ܶ ܰ ݁ ܐܬܬ ܰ ܶ ܱ ݁ ܐܬܬ ܰ ܶ ܱ ݁ ܐܬܬ ܰ ܶ ܶ ݁ ܐܬܬ ܰ ܶ ܱ ݁ ܐܬܬ ܰ ܶ ܱ ݁ ܐܬܬ ܰ ܶ ܱ ݁ ܐܬܬ ܰ ܶ ܱ ݁ ܐܬܬ ܰ ܶ ܱ ݁ ܐܬܬ
ETTAPH.
IMPERFECT SINGULAR
117
IMPERFECT PLURAL
PE.
ܶ݁ ܩ ܶ ܝ: ܬ݁ ܾ ܩ ܶ ܬ݁ ܾ ܩ ܺ ݁ ܶܬ ܶ ܐ݁ ܾ ܩ ܶ݁ ܽ ܢ ܳ̈ ݁ ܶ ܶ ܬ݁ ܽ ܢ ܳ̈ ݁ ܶ ܬ ܶ݁ ܾ ܩ etc.
etc.
ܷ ܶ݁ ܶ ܷ ݁ܬ
ܰܶ ܰ ܶܬ
Note: Ethpe., Pa. and Ethpa. are normal.
1st
2nd f.
2nd m.
3rd f.
3rd m.
1st
2nd f.
2nd m.
3rd f.
3rd m.
ܷ ݁ܰ ܰ ܝ: ܷ ݁ܬ ܰ ܷ ݁ܬ ܺ ݁ ܰܬ ܰ ܷ ݁ܐ ܰ݁ ܽ ܢ ܳ̈ ݁ ܰ ܷ ܰ ܽ ܬ݁ ܢ ܳ̈ ݁ ܰ ܬ ܷ ݁ܰ
APH.
ܰ ܱ ݁ܶ ܬ ܰܶ ܝ: ܱ ݁ ܬܬ ܰܶ ܱ ݁ ܬܬ ܰܶ ܺ ݁ ܬܬ ܰ ܶ ܱ ݁ ܐܬܬ ܰ ܶ ܬ݁ ܽ ܢ ܳ̈ ݁ ܰ ܶ ܬ ܰܶ ܬܬ ݁ ܽ ܢ ܳ̈ ݁ ܰ ܶ ܱ ܬܬ ܱ݁ ܶ ܰܬ
ETTAPH.
PARTICIPLE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE PASSIVE
INFINITIVE
f.
P. m.
f.
S. m.
ܽ
ܽ ܩ
ـܽܘܢ: ܽ ܶ ـ: ̈ ܽ ܱ݁ܶ ܶܳ ܺ
PE.
Paradigm 6 continued
118
IMPERATIVE
ܷ ܷ ܽ ـܘܢ: ܷ ܶ ـ: ̈ ܷ ܴܽ݁ܰ ܷ݁ܰ ܰ݁ ܰ
APH.
݁ ܰܐ ݁ ܰܐ ݁ ܰܐ ݁ ܰܐ ܰ ݁ ܶ ܰܬ
ܰ ܶ ܱ ݁ ܐܬܬ ܰ ܶ ܱ ݁ ܐܬܬ ܰ ܶ ـܽܘܢ: ܱ ݁ ܐܬܬ ܰ ܶ ܶ ـ: ̈ ܱ ݁ ܐܬܬ ܽ ܴ ݁ ܶ ܰܬ
ETTAPH.
119
ETTAPH. ܶ ܰ ܰܐܘ ܶ ܐܬܬܘ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܐܘ ܐܬܬܘ ܰ ܬ ܶ ܰ ܰܐܘ ܶ ܐܬܬܘ ܰ ܬ ܶ ܰ ܰܐܘ ܶ ܐܬܬܘ ܰ ܬܝ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܐܘ ܐܬܬܘ ܶ ܬ ܶ ܰ ܐܬܬܘ ܰ ܘ :ـܽܘܢ ܰܐܘ ܶ ܶ ܰ ܰܐܘ ܶ ܐܬܬܘ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܐܬܬܘ ̈ ܝ :ـ ܶ ܰܐܘ ܶ ܱ ܽ ܶ ܰ ܰܐܘ ܶ ܐܬܬܘ ܰ ܬܘܢ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܰܐܘ ܶ ܐܬܬܘ ܬ ܶ ܰ ܰܐܘ ܶ ܐܬܬܘ ܰ ܢ ܰ :
̈ܝ :ـ ܶ ܽ ܬܘܢ ܶ ܬ ܢܰ :
ܰܬ ܬ ܬܝ ܶܬ ܘ :ـܽܘܢ
APH.
ܶܺ ܐܬ ܶ ܶܐܬ ܰ ܶܺ ܐܬ ܶ ܶܺ ܐܬ ܶ ܶܐܬ ܰ ܶܺ ܐܬ ܶ ܶܺ ܐܬ ܶ ܶܺ ܐܬ ܶ ܶܺ ܐܬ ܶ ܶܺ ܐܬ ܶ ܶܺ ܐܬ ܶ
̈ܝ :ـ ܶ ܽ ܬܘܢ ܶ ܬ ܢ:ـܰ
ܰܬ ܬ ܬܝ ܶܬ ܘ :ـܽܘܢ
ETHPE.
ܝ
ܺܶ ܶ ܺܶ ܺܶ ܶ ܺܶ ܺܶ ܺܶ ܺܶ ܺܶ ܺܶ
̈ܝ :ـ ܶ ܽ ܬܘܢ ܶ ܬ ܢ:ـܰ
ܰܬ ܬ ܬܝ ܶܬ ܘ :ـܽܘܢ
PE.
1st
2nd f.
2nd m.
3rd f.
3rd m.
1st
2nd f.
2nd m.
3rd f.
m.
3rd
Paradigm 7. Verbs beginning with
120
PERFECT SINGULAR
PERFECT PLURAL
IMPERFECT SINGULAR
121
IMPERFECT PLURAL
ܺ
ܽ ܘܢ ̈ ܳܢ ܽ ܘܢ ̈ܳܢ
ܝ:
PE.
ܰ ܺ ܰ ܺܬܐ ܰ ܺܬܐ ܻܬܐ ܰ ܐ ܻ ܺ ܺ ܺ ܬܐ ܺ ܬܐ ܰ ܺ ܺ ܽ ܘܢ ܳܢ ܽ ܘܢ ܳܢ
ܝ:
ܶ ܺ ܶ ܺܶ ܶ ܬܬ ܺܶ ܶ ܬܬ ܰ ܶܬܬ ܺܶ ܶ ܐܬ ܰ ܶ ̈ܰ ܶ ܰ ܶܬܬ ̈ ܰ ܶܬܬ ܶ ܺ ܶ
ETHPE.
Note: Pa. and Ethpa. are normal.
1st
2nd f.
2nd m.
3rd f.
3rd m.
1st
2nd f.
2nd m.
3rd f.
3rd m.
ܺ ܽ ܘܢ ̈ܳܢ ܽ ܘܢ ̈ܳܢ
ܝ:
APH.
ܶ ܰ ܶ ܰܬܘ ܶ ܰܬܘ ܰ ܬܘ ܶ ܰܐܘ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܬܘ ܰ ܬܘ ܶ ܰ
ܰ ܶ ܰܬܘ ܰܶ ܝ: ܰ ܬܬܘ ܰܶ ܰ ܬܬܘ ܰܶ ܺ ܬܬܘ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܐܬܬܘ ܰ ܶ ܬܘ ܽ ܘܢ ܰ ܶ ܬܘ ̈ܳܢ ܰܶ ܬܬܘ ܽ ܘܢ ܰܶ ܬܬܘ ̈ܳܢ ܰ ܶ ܰܬܘ
ETTAPH.
PARTICIPLE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE PASSIVE
INFINITIVE
f.
P. m.
f.
S. m.
ܰܺ ܺܰ ܝ ـܽܘܢ: ܺ ܰ ܘ ܶ ـ: ܺ ܱ̈ ܝ ܰ ܺ ܶܳ ܺܺ
PE.
Paradigm 7 Continued
122
IMPERATIVE
ܰ ܶܐܬ ܰ ܶܐܬ ܰ ܶܐܬ ̈ ܰ ܶܐܬ ܺ ܶ
ܶ ܺ ܶ
ܝ ܽ ـܘܢ: ܘ ܶ ـ:ܝ ܳ ܽܘ
ETHPE.
ܶ
ܶ ܝ ܘܢ: ܶ ܘ ܶ : ܶ ̈ܝ ܳ ܽܘ ܶ ܰ
APH.
ETTAPH.
ܰ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܐܬܬܘ ܐܘ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܐܘ ܐܬܬܘ ܰ ܝ ܰ ܶ ܰ ـܽܘܢ ܐܘ: ܐܬܬܘ ܰ ܘ ܰ ܶ ܰ ـ ܶ ܐܘ: ܐܬܬܘ ܰ ̈ܝ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܬܘ ܳ ܽ ܘ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܰܬܘ ܰ
123
ܰܐ ܺ ܰܐ ܺ ܰ ܰܐ ܺ ܰܐ ܺ ܝ ܰܐ ܺ ܶ ܰ ܐ ܺ :ـܽܘܢ ܰܐ ܺ ܰܐ ܺ ̈ :ـ ܶ ܰܺ ܽ ܘܢ ܐ ܰܺ ܶ ܐ ܰ ܺ ܰ: ܐ
APH.
ܶܐܬ ܰ ܰ ܶܐܬ ܰ ܶܐܬ ܰ ܰ ܶܐܬ ܰ ܰ ܶܐܬ ܰ ܶܐܬ ܰ ܰ ܶܐܬ ܰ ܰ ܶܐܬ ܰ ܰ ܶܐܬ ܰ ܰ ܶܐܬ ܰ ܰ ܶܐܬ ܰ ܰ ܰ
ܶ
:ـܰ
̈ :ـ ܶ ܽ ܘܢ ܶ
:ـܽܘܢ
ܝ
ETHPA
ܰ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܝ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܶ :ـܽܘܢ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܶ ̈ :ـ ܶ ܽ ܰ ܶ ܘܢ ܰ ܶ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܰ:
ܰ ܶ
PA.
ܶܐܬܬ ܺ ܶܐܬܬ ܺ ܰ ܶܐܬܬ ܺ ܶܐܬܬ ܺ ܝ ܶܐܬܬ ܺ ܶ ܶ ܐܬܬ ܺ :ـܽܘܢ ܶܐܬܬ ܺ ܶܐܬܬ ܺ ̈ :ـ ܶ ܶ ܺ ܽ ܘܢ ܐܬܬ ܶ ܺ ܶ ܐܬܬ ܶ ܺ ܰ: ܐܬܬ
ETHPE./ETTAPH.
ܝ
ܳ ܶ ܳ :ـܽܘܢ ܳ ܳ ̈ :ـ ܶ ܽ ܳ ܘܢ ܳ ܶ ܳ :ـܰ
ܳ
2nd m.
1st
2nd f.
2nd m.
3rd f.
3rd m.
1st
2nd f.
ܳ
ܳ ܰ
m.
3rd
3rd f.
ܳ
PE.
)(XII, section 1
ܳ
Paradigm 8.
124
PERFECT SINGULAR
PERFECT PLURAL
IMPERFECT SINGULAR
125
IMPERFECT PLURAL
1st
2nd f.
2nd m.
3rd f.
3rd m.
1st
2nd f.
2nd m.
3rd f.
3rd m.
ܽ ܡ ܝ:ܬ ܽ ܡ ܬܽ ܡ ܺ ܽܬ ܶ ܐܽ ܡ ܽ ܽ ܢ ܳ̈ ܽ ܬܽ ܽ ܢ ܳ̈ ܽ ܬ ܽ ܡ
PE.
ܢ
ܽ ܢ ܳ̈
ܝ:
ܺܶ ܬ ܺ ܶܬܬܬ ܺ ܶܬܬ ܺ ܺ ܶܬܬ ܺ ܶܐܬܬ ܺܶ ܬ ܺܶ ܬ ܽ ܺ ܶܬܬ ܳ̈ ܺ ܶ ܬܬ ܺܶ ܬ
ETHPE./ETTAPH.
ܶ ܰ ܝ: ܶ ܰ ܬ ܶ ܰܬ ܺ ܰܬ ܶ ܰ ܶܐ ܰ ܽ ܢ ܳ̈ ܰ ܬܰ ܽ ܢ ܳ̈ ܰ ܬ ܶ ܰ
PA.
ܰ ܰ ܶ ܶ ܝ: ܰ ܰ ܬܬ ܰ ܰ ܶܬܬ ܺ ܰ ܶܬܬ ܰ ܰ ܶܐܬ ܶ ܰ ܽ ܢ ܳ̈ ܰ ܶ ܶ ܬܬ ܰ ܽ ܢ ܳ̈ ܰ ܶ ܬܬ ܰܰ ܶ
ETHPA
ܺ ܽ ܢ ܳ̈ ܽ ܢ ܳ̈
ܝ:
APH.
ܺܬ ܺܬ ܺ ܰܐ ܺ ܺ ܺܬ ܺܬ ܺ
ܺܬ
ܺ
PARTICIPLE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE PASSIVE
INFINITIVE
f.
P. m.
f.
S. m.
Paradigm 8 Continued
126
IMPERATIVE
ܽ ܡ ܽ
ܽ ـܽܘܢ: ܶ ـ: ̈ ܽ ܳ ܶ ܳ ܡ ܺ
PE.
ܺܶ ܬ
ܺ ܶܐܬܬ ܺ ܶܐܬܬ ܶ ܽܘܢ: ܺ ܐܬܬ ܶ : ̈ ܺ ܶܐܬܬ ܽ ܳܶ ܬ
ETHPE./ETTAPH.
ܽܘܢ: ܶ:
PA.
ܽܳܰ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܰ
ܶ̈ ܰ
ܶ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܰ
ܰ
ܰ ܰ
ـܽܘܢ: ܰ ܶ ـ: ̈ ܰ ܽܳܰ
ETHPA
ܶ
ܰ ܶܐܬ ܰ ܶܐܬ ܰ ܶܐܬ ܰ ܶܐܬ ܶ ܺ ܰܐ ܺ ܰܐ ܰ ـܽܘܢ: ܺ ܐ ܶ ـ: ̈ ܺ ܰܐ ܽ ܳ ܺ ܳ
APH.
127
ܶܰ ܬܬ ݁ ܱ ܽ ܘܢ ܶܰ ܬܬ ݁ ̈ ܳ ܢ ܰ ܶ ܬ݁ ܱ
ܰ ܶ ܬ݁ ܱ ܶܰ ܬܬ ݁ ܱ :ܝ ܶܰ ܬܬ ݁ ܱ ܬܶ ܰܬ ݁ ܺ ܶ ܰ ܐܬܬ ݁ ܱ ܰ ܶ ܬ ݁ ܱ ܽ ܘܢ ܰ ܶ ܬ ݁ ̈ ܳܢ
ETTAPH.
ܰ ܬ ݁ ܽ ܘܢ ܰ ܬ݁ ̈ ܳܢ ܰ݁ ܷ
ܰ݁ ܷ ܰ ܬ݁ ܷ :ܝ ܰ ܬ݁ ܷ ܰܬ ݁ ܺ ܰ ܐ݁ ܷ ܰ ݁ ܽ ܘܢ ܰ ݁ ̈ ܳܢ
ܶ ܬ ݁ ܽ ܘܢ ܶ ܬ݁ ̈ ܳܢ ܶ݁ ܾ ܙ
ܶ݁ ܾ ܙ ܶ ܬ݁ ܾ ܙ :ܝ ܶ ܬ݁ ܾ ܙ ܶܬ ݁ ܺ ܶ ܐ݁ ܾ ܙ ܶ ݁ ܽ ܘܢ ܶ ݁ ̈ ܳܢ
IMPERFECT APH.
PE.
ܶ ܰ ܐܬܬ ݁ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܐܬܬ ݁ ܰ ܬ ܶ ܰ ܐܬܬ ݁ ܱ ܬ ܶ ܰ ܐܬܬ ݁ ܱ ܬܝ ܶ ܰ ܐܬܬ ݁ ܶܬ ܶ ܰ ܐܬܬ ݁ ܱ ܘ :ـܽܘܢ ܶ ܰ ܐܬܬ ݁ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܐܬܬ ݁ ̈ ܱ ܝ :ـ ܶ ܶ ܰ ܽ ܐܬܬ ݁ ܱ ܬܘܢ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܐܬܬ ݁ ܱ ܬ ܶ ܰ ܐܬܬ ݁ ܱ ܢ :ـ ܰ
ETTAPH.
ܰ
ܰ
ܰ
ܰ
ܰ
ܰ
̈ܝ :ـ ܶ ܽ ܬܘܢ ܶ ܬ ܢ:ـܰ
ܶ ܰܬ ܰܬ ܰ ܬܝ ܶ ܶܬ ܰ ܘ :ـܽܘܢ
S.
3rd f.
3rd
1st
2nd f.
2nd m.
3rd f.
P. 3rd m.
1st
2nd f.
2nd m.
m.
Note: Ethpe., Pa. and Ethpa. are normal.
ܰ ܐ݁ ܷ ܰ ܐ ݁ ܰܬ ܰ ܐ݁ ܷ ܬ ܰ ܐ ݁ ܷ ܬܝ ܰ ܐ ݁ ܶܬ ܰ ܐ ݁ ܷ ܘ :ـܽܘܢ ܰ ܐ݁ ܷ ܰܐ ̈ܶ ܝ :ـ ܶ ܰ ܽ ܐ ݁ ܷ ܬܘܢ ܰ݁ ܶ ܐܷܬ ܰܐ ݁ ܷ ܢ :ـ ܰ
PERFECT APH.
PE.
)Paradigm 9. Verbs with second root letter doubled (XII, section 2
128
f.
P. m.
f.
S. m.
129
PARTICIPLE PASSIVE
PARTICIPLE ACTIVE
INFINITIVE
IMPERATIVE
ܽ ܙ ܽ ܙܝ ـܽܘܢ: ܽ ܙܘ ܶ : ܽ ̈ ܙܝ ܰ ܶ ܶ (f. ܳ ܳ ) ܳ ܙ ܺ
PE.
ܰ ܷ ݁ܐ ܰ ܐ݁ ܷ ܝ ܰ ـܽܘܢ: ܐ ݁ ܷ ܘ ܶ ـ: ܰܐ ݁ ܷ ܝ ܰ ݁ ܴ ܽܘ ܷ݁ ܰ ܱ݁ܰ
APH.
ܰ ܱ ݁ܶ ܬ
ܰ ܶ ܱ ݁ ܐܬܬ ܰ ܶ ܐܬܬ ݁ ܱ ܝ ܰ ܶ ـܽܘܢ: ܐܬܬ ݁ ܱ ܘ ܰ ܶ ܶ ـ: ܐܬܬ ݁ ܱ ̈ܝ ܰ ܶ ܬ ݁ ܴ ܽܘ
ETTAPH.
ETTAPH. ܶ ܰ ܰܐܓ ܺ ܐܬܬܓ ܺ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܐܓ ܐܬܬܓ ܰ ݂ ܶ ܰ ܰܐܓ ܺ ܐܬܬܓ ܺ ݁ ܝ ܶ ܰ ̇ ܰܐܓ ܺ ܐܬܬܓ ܺ ݁ ܝ ܰܐܓ ܺ ܶ ܰ ܺ ܐܬܬܓ ݂ ܶ ܰ ܐܬܬܓ ܺ :ـܽܘܢ ܰܐܓ ܺ ܶ ܰ ܰܐܓ ̈ ܐܬܬܓ ܻ ̈ ܶ : ܶ ܰ ܰܐܓ ܺ ܐܬܬܓ ܺ ݁ ܾ ܘܢ ܶ ܰ ܺ ̇ ܰܐܓ ܺ ܐܬܬܓ ݁ ܷ ܶ ܰ ܰܐܓ ܺ ܐܬܬܓ ܺ :ـ ܰ
:ـܽܘܢ ܶ: ܽ ݁ ܘܢ ̇ ܷ݁ :ـܰ
݂
݂ܰ ݁̇ ݁ܝ
APH.
ETHPA. ܰܓ ܺ ܐܬܓ ܺ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܰܓ ܐܬܓ ܰ ݂ ܶ ܰ ܺ ݁̇ ܰܓ ܺ ܐܬܓ ܰܓ ܺ ܺ ݁ ܶ ܰ ܐܬܓ ܝ ܰܓ ܺ ܶ ܰ ܺ ܐܬܓ ݂ ܐܬܓ ܺ :ـܽܘܢ ܰܓ ܺ ܶ ܰ ܰܓ ̈ ܐܬܓ ܺ ܶ : ܶ ܰ ܻ ܰܓ ܺ ܶ ܰ ܐܬܓ ܺ ݁ ܾ ܘܢ ܶ ܰ ܺ ̇ ܰܓ ܺ ܐܬܓ ݁ ܷ ܰܓ ܺ ܐܬܓ ܺ :ـ ܰ ܶ ܰ
:ـܽܘܢ :ـ ܶ ܽ ݁ ܘܢ ܷ݁ :ـܰ
݂
݂ܰ ݁ ݁ܝ
PA.
ܶܐܬܓ ܺ ܶ ܰ ܐܬܓ ܶܐܬܓ ܺ ܶܐܬܓ ܺ ܶܐܬܓ ܺ ܶܐܬܓ ܺ ܶܐܬܓ ̈ ܻ ܶܐܬܓ ܺ ܶܐܬܓ ܺ ܶܐܬܓ ܺ
ܳ
ܓ ܓܳ ݂ܰ ܓܰ ݁ ܓܰ ݁ܝ ܓܺ ݂ :ـܽܘܢ ܓ ܰ ̈ܰ ܶ: ܓ ݁ ܽ ܘܢ ܓ ܰ ݁ܶ ܓܰ :ـܰ ܓ ܰ
ETHPE.
ܳ◌ܐ
݂
݁ܝ ݂ ܽܰ :ܓ ܘܢ ܶ: ܽ ݁ ܘܢ ݁ܶ :ـܰ
݁
PE.
1st
2nd f.
2nd m.
3rd f.
3rd m.
1st
2nd f.
2nd m.
3rd f.
m.
3rd
Paradigm 10. Verbs ending in
130
PERFECT SINGULAR
PERFECT PLURAL
ܶ ܰ ܶ ܬܓ ܶܰ ܶ ܬܬܓ ܶܰ ܶ ܬܬܓ ܶܰ ܬܬܓ ܶ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܐܬܬܓ ܰ ܽ ܶ ܬܓ ܢ ܶ ܰܬܓ ̈ ܳ ܶܰ ܬܬܓ ܽ ܢ ܶܰ ܬܬܓ ̈ ܳ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܬܓ
ETTAPH.
ܰ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܬܓ ܰ ܶ ܬܓ ܰܬܓ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܐܓ ܰ ܽ ܰ ̈ ܰܬܓ ܽ ܰܬܓ ̈ ܰ ܶ ܳ
ܳ
ܢ
ܢ
APH.
ܶ ܰ ܶ ܓ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܬܬܓ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܬܬܓ ܬܬܓ ܶ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܐܬܓ ܶ ܰܓ ܽ ܶ ܰܓ ̈ ܬܬܓ ܽ ܶ ܰ ܬܓ ̈ ܬܶ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܓ
ܳ
ܢ
ܳ
ܢ
ETHPA.
ܰ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܬܓ ܰ ܶ ܬܓ ܬܓ ܶ ܰ ܶܰ ܶ ܐܓ ܰ ܽ ܰ ̈ ܬܓ ܽ ܰ ܬܓ ̈ ܰ ܰ ܶ
ܳ
ܳ
ܢ
ܢ
PA.
ܶ ܓ ܶ ܶ ܬܬܓ ܶ ܶ ܬܬܓ ܶܬܬܓ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܐܬܓ ܶ ܓܽ ܶ ܰܓ ̈ ܶܬܬܓ ܽ ܬܬܓ ̈ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܶ ܓ
ܶ
ܳ
ܢ
ܳ
ܢ
ETHPE.
ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܬܓ ܶ ܶ ܬܓ ܶܬܓ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܐܓ ܶ ܽ ܶ ̈ ܶܬܓ ܽ ܶܬܓ ̈ ܶ ܶ
ܳ
ܳ
ܢ
ܢ
PE.
1st
2nd f.
2nd m.
3rd f.
3rd m.
1st
2nd f.
2nd m.
3rd f.
3rd m.
IMPERFECT SINGULAR
131
IMPERFECT PLURAL
PARTICIPLE PASSIVE
PARTICIPLE ACTIVE
INFINITIVE
f.
P. m.
f.
S. m.
ܺܓ ܳܓ ܰܓ ܰ ܓ ܽܘܢ ̈ ܳܓ ܳ̈ ܷ ܓ ܳ ܶ ܶ ܳ ܓ ܳ (f.) ܳܓ ܶ ܓ ܳ (f.) ܰܓ
PE.
Paradigm 10 Continued
132
IMPERATIVE
ܶ ܓ ( ܳ ) ܶ ܰܓ
ܶ
ܽ ܳܶ ܓ
ܳ̈ ܶ ܷ ܐܬܓ
ܰ ܶܐܬܓ ܳ ܶܐܬܓ ܰ ܶܐܬܓ
ETHPE.
(ܳ
(ܳ
ܽ
ܳܰ ܓ ܳ ܰܓ ܰ ܰܓ ܰ ܰܓ ܾ ܘܢ ̈ ܳ ܰܓ ܳ̈ ܷ ܰܓ ܳ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܰ ) ܰ ܰ ܰ )
PA.
ܶ ܰ ܶ ܓ ܳ ܰ ( )ܶ ܓ
ܳܰ ܶ ܐܬܓ ܳ ܐܬܓ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܐܬܓ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܐܬܓ ܾ ܘܢ ̈ ܰ ܶ ܷ ܴ ܐܬܓ ̈ ܳ ܐܬܓ ܰ ܶ ܽ ܳ ܶ ܰܓ
ETHPA.
(ܳ
(ܳ
ܳ ܰ ܐܓ ܳ ܰܐܓ ܰ ܰܐܓ ܰ ܰ ܐܓ ܾ ܘܢ ̈ ܰ ܷ ܴ ܐܓ ̈ ܳ ܰܐܓ ܽ ܳ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܰ) ܰ ܰ ܰ)
APH.
ܶ ܰ ܶ ܬܓ ܰ ܳ ( ) ܶ ܬܓ
ܳ ܰ ܶ ܐܬܬܓ ܰ ܶ ܳ ܐܬܬܓ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܐܬܬܓ ܽܰ ܶ ܐܬܬܓ ܘܢ ܱ ܰ ܶ ̈ ܐܬܬܓ ܷܴ ̈ ܳـ ܳ ܶ ܰܬܓ
ETTAPH.
133
ܶ
ܽ
ܰ:
ܘܢ
ܝ
݂
ܰ
ܰ
ܰ
ܳ ܽܘ: ̈ ܰ ܴ ܳܶ : ܳܰ ܽܘ ܳ ܶ ܰ
ܰ
ܰ
ـܽܘܢ: ̈ ܰ ܶ : ܰ ܰ ܰ
ܺ
ܳ
ܰ
ܽ
ܶ
ܰ
ME
ܰ
ܶ
݂ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܰ
ܰ
UNSUFFIXED
ܳ ܰ
ܰ
ܴ
ܰ
ܳ ܰ ܟ ܰ ܽ ܟ ܳ ܽܘ: ̈ ܰ ܴ ܳܶ :
ܟ
ܳ
YOU (M.S.)
ܶ
ܶ
ܷ
ܽ
ܰ
ܰ
ܰ
ܰ
ܰ
ܶ ܽܘ: ̈ ܰ ܷ ܶܶ :
ܶ
YOU (F.S.)
ܶ
ܶ ܳ ̱ܝ ܺ ̱ܗܝ ܶ ܗ ܽ ̱ܗܝ ̱ܝ ܴ̈ ̱ ܝ ̱ܝ ܽ ܘ ܳ ̱ܝ ܶ ܳ ̱ܝ ܴ ̱ܝ
ܗ
HIM
ܰ ܰ
ܰ ܰ
ܰ
ܰ
ܰ
ܰ
ܰ ܳ ܽܘ: ܰ ܳܶ :
Paradigm 11. Pronoun suffixes to simple verb forms (A. Perfect)
134
ܽ ̇ ܳܘ ܶ ̇ܳ
̇
ܴ̇
ܳ ̇ܗ ܳ ̇ܗ ܺ ̇ ܳ ̇ܗ ̇ܗ ܰ
ܰ
ܰ
ܰ
ܰ
ܰ
̇ ܳ ܽܘ: ̈ ܰ ܴ ̇ ܳܶ : ܰ ܰ ܰ
ܽ
̇ ܳ
HER
ܰ
ܰ
ܰ ܰ
ܰ
ܰ
ܳ ـ ܽܘ: ̈ ܰ ܴ ܳܶ : ܳܰ ܽܘ ܳܶ ܶ ܰ
ܽ ܢ
ܰ ܢ ܳ ܢ ܺ
US
ܰ
ܰ ܴ ݂ܽ ܢ
ܽ ݂ ܳ ܽܘ: ̈ ܰ ݂ܽ ܳ ܶ :
ܽ
ܰ
݂ܶ
݂ܶ ܰ ܴ
݂ܶ ܽ ܰ ܶ ݂ ܳ ـ ܽܘ: ݂ܶ ̈ ܰ ݂ܶ ܳ ܶ :
ܰ
݂ܶ ܰ ݂ܶ ܰ ܶ
ܰ ݂ܽ ܢ ܶ ܰ ݂ܽ ܢ
݂ܽ ܢ ݂ܽ ܢ ܢ ݂ܽ ܢ ܢ
YOU (F.P.)
YOU (M.P.)
135
ܺ
̈
ܽ ܢ
ܠ
ܠ
ܴ
ܶ
̈ ܴܴ
ܶ
ܶ
ܳ ܺ
ܶ ܬ : ܶ
ܳ ܽ
ܶ ܬ ܰ ܽ ܶܬ
ܶ ܬ
ܰ
ܽ ܶ ܬ
ܶ
ܰ
ME
ܽ ܶ
UNSUFFIXED
̈ ܴܴ
ܳ ܽ
ܳ
YOU (M.S.)
ܶ
ܶ
ܶ
Paradigm 11 Continued (B. Imperfect)
̈ ܷܴ
ܶ ܽ
ܶ
YOU (F.S.)
ܶ
ܶ
ܶ
ܺ ̱ܗܝ ܶ ܺ ̱ܗܝ ܽ ܳ ̱ܝ ܶ ܺ ܳ ̱ܝ ܶ ܺ ܽ ܳ ̱ܝ ܶ ܽ ܴ̈ ܴ ̱ ܝ ̈ ܷܴ
HIM
̇ ܴ ܴ̈
̇ܳ ܽ ܶ
ܴ ̈ ܴـ
ܳ ܽ ܶ
ܶ
ܶ ܬ
ܳ ܺ
ܶ ܬ ܶ
ܶ ܬ ܰ ܽ ܶܬ
̇ܳ ܺ
ܰ
ܶ ܶ ̇ ܺ ܬ ܽ ܶ ̇ ܶ ܬ
ܶ
ܶ ܬ ܶ ܬ ܶ ܬ ܶ ܬ ܶ ܬ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ
ܰ
̇ ܺ ܶ
US
ܶ
HER
ܴ̈ ܴ ݂ ܽ ܢ
ܽ ܳ ݂ܽ ܢ
݂ܽ ܢ
ܶ
ܽ ܶ
YOU (M.P.)
ܶ
݂ܶ ̈ ܴܴ
݂ܶ ܳ ܽ
݂ܶ
ܶ ܶ
ܽ ܶ
YOU (F.P.)
INF. PA.
INF. PE.
ܽ
ܽ
ܽ
ـܽܘܢ: ̈ ܽ ܶ: ܰ ܶ ܽܳ ܰ
ܠ
UNSUFFIXED
Paradigm 11 Continued
136
IMPERATIVE
ܰ ܽ ܺ ܽ ܽ ܽ ܳ ܽ ܽ ̈ ܽ ܴ ܳ ܷ̈ ܽ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܽ ܬ
ME
ܳ ̱ܝ ܺ ̱ܗܝ ܽ ̱ܗܝ ܽ ܳ ̱ܝ ܳ ̈ ̱ܝ ܷ̈ ܳ ̱ ܝ ܶ ܶ ܳ ܽ ܬܗ
HIM
ܽ
ܽ
ܽ ܽ ܰ
ܶ
ܽ
US
ܰ ܽ ܺ ܽ ܽ ܢ ܳ ܽ ̈ ܽ ܴ ܳ ܷ̈ ܽ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܽ ܬܢ
HER
ܽ ̇ ܶ ܽ ̇ ܺ ܽ ܽ ̇ܗ ܽ ܽ ̇ܳ ܽ ̇ ܳ ܽ ̇ܳ ܶ ̇ ܳ ܶ ܳ ܳ ̇ ܽ ܰ ܬܗ ܶ ܰ
ܽ ܽ
137
ܓ ܰ ܳ ݂ܶ
ܓ ܰ ܳ ݂ܽ ܢ
݂
݂ܽ ܢ ܢ ܢ
ܓ ܺ ݂ ݂ܶ ܓ ܰ ܽܘ ݂ ܶ ܓ ̈ ݂ܶ ܱܴ
ܓܳ
ܓܳ
݂ܽ ܢ ݂ ݂ܽ ܢ
ܓܺ ܓ ܰ ܽܘ ݂ ܽ ܓ ܱ̈ ܴ ݂ ܽ
ܓ ܳ ݂ܶ ܓ ܳ ݂ ݂ܶ
)YOU (F.P.
)YOU (M.P.
ܰ ݂ܢ ܳ ݁ܢ ݁ܺ ܰ ܓ ܽܘܢ ܓ ܱ̈ ܴـ ܓ ܰ ݁ ܽܘ ܳ
ܓܰ ܓܰ
ܓܳ
ܓܳ
US
ܓܳ ̇ ܳ ܓ ܳ ݂ ̇ܗ ܳ ܓ ܰ ݁ ̇ܗ ܓ ܰ ܻ݁ ̇ ܳ ܓ ܺ ݂ ̇ܗ ܰ ܓ ܽ̇ ܘܗ ܓ ܱ̈ ܴ ̇ ܽ ܓܰ ݁ܘ ̇ ܓܰ ܳ̇
HER
ܓ ܳ ̱ܝ ܶ ܓܳ ݂ܗ ܳ ܓ ܰ ݁ ̱ܝ ܓ ܰ ݁ ܻ ̱ܗܝ ܶ ܓܺ ݂ܗ ܰ ܘܗܝ ܓ ܽ ̱ ܓ ܱ̈ ܴ ̱ ܝ ܽ ܓ ܰ ݁ ܘ ܳ ̱ܝ ܓ ܰ ܳ ̱ܝ
HIM
)◌ܳ (A. Perfect Pe.ܐ
ܓܰ ݂ܶ
ܶ ܓܺ ݂ ݂ ܰ ܓ ܽܘ ݂ ̈ ܓܱ ܷ݂
ܓ ܰ ݂ܳ
ܓ݂ܳ ܳ ܓ ܳ ݂ ݂ܟ ܳ ܓ ܺ ݂ ݂ܟ ܰ ܓ ܽ ݂ܘܟ ̈ ܓ ܱ ܴ݂
ܓ݂ܳ ܶ ܓܳ ݂ ݂
)YOU (F.S.
)YOU (M.S.
ܰ ܓ ܽܘ ̈ ܓܱܴ ܓ ܰ ݁ ܽܘ ܳ
ܳ ܰ ܓ ݂ ܰ ݁ܳ ܓ ݁ ܓܱ ܻ
ܓܳ
ME
ܓ ܓܳ ܓܰ ܓܰ ܓܺ ܓܰ ܓ̈ ܱ ܓܰ ܓܰ
ܳ
݂
ܽ ݁ ܘܢ
݁ܝ ݂
݁
UNSUFFIXED
Paradigm 12. Pronoun suffixes on verbs ending in
138
ܰܓ ܺ ܳ ݂ ܶ
ܰܓ ܺ ܰܓ ܰܓ ̈ ݂ ݂ܶ ܽ ݂ܶ ܳ ݂ܶ
ܰܓ ܺ ݂ ܶ ܰܓ ܰ ݂ ݂ ܶ
)YOU (F.P.
ܰܓ ܺ ܳ ݂ ܽ ܢ
ܰܓ ܺ ܰܓ ܰܓ ̈ ݂ ݂ܽ ܢ ܽ ݂ܽ ܢ ܳ ݂ܽ ܢ
ܰܓ ܺ ݂ ܽ ܰܓ ܰ ݂
ܢ ݂ܽ ܢ
)YOU (M.P.
ܰܓ ܽ ܢ ܰܓ ̈ ܳ ܰܓ ܺ ݁ ܽ ܘ ܳ
ܰܓ ܰ ܰ ܰܓ ܰ ݂ ܢ ܳ ܰܓ ܺ ݁ ܢ ܺ ݁ ܰܓ ܻ
US
ܰܓ ܳ ̇ ܳ ܰܓ ܰ ݂ ̇ܗ ܳ ܰܓ ܻ ݁ ̇ܗ ܰܓ ܻ ݁ ܻ ̇ ܳ ܰܓ ܺ ݂ ̇ܗ ܰܓ ܽ ̇ܗ ܰܓ ̈ ܳ ̇ ܽ ܓ ܰ ݁ ܘܳ ̇ ܰܓ ܺ ܳ ̇
HER
ܰܓ ܶ ܶ ܰܓ ܰ ݂ ܗ ܳ ܰܓ ܺ ݁ ̱ ܝ ܰܓ ܺ ݁ ܻ ̱ܗܝ ܶ ܰܓ ܻ ݂ ܗ ܰܓ ܽ ̱ܗܝ ܰܓ ̈ ܳ ̱ ܝ ܽ ܓ ܰ ݁ ܘ ܳ ̱ܝ ܰܓ ܺ ܳ ̱ ܝ
HIM
ܰܓ ܺ ܶ ݂
ܰܓ ܺ ܰܓ ܰܓ ̈
ܶ ݂ ݂ ܽ ݂ ݂ܶ
ܳ ݂ ݂ܟ ܽ ݂ܟ ݂ܳ ܰܓ ܺ ܳ ݂
ܰܓ ܺ ܰܓ ܰܓ ̈
ܰܓ ܶ ݂ ܶ ܰܓ ܰ ݂ ݂
ܰܓ ܳ ݂ ܳ ܰܓ ܰ ݂ ݂ܟ
)YOU (F.S.
)YOU (M.S.
ܰܓ ܽ ܰܓ ̈ ܳ ܰܓ ܺ ݁ ܽ ܘ ܳ
ܰܓ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܓ ݂ ܺ ܰܓ ݁ ܴ ܺ ݁ ܰܓ ܻ
ME
ܰܓ ܺ ܰܓ ܰܓ ܺ ܰܓ ܺ ܰܓ ܺ ܰܓ ܺ ܰܓ ̈ ܻ ܰܓ ܺ ܰܓ ܺ
139
ܽ ݁ ܘܢ
݂
݂ܰ ݁ ݁ܝ
UNSUFFIXED
)Paradigm 12 Continued (B. Perfect Pa.
TABLE OF SCRIPTS AND VOWEL SIGNS SCRIPTS HEBREW
א ב ג ד ה ו ז ח ט י כ ל מ נ ס ע פ צ ק ר שׁ ת
ARABIC
ا ب ج د ﻩ و ز ح ط ي ك ل م ن س ع ف ص ق ر ش ت
EAST SYRIAC ”“NESTORIAN
ESṬRANGELĀ
ܐ ܒ ܓ ܕ ܗ ܘ ܙ ܚ ܛ ܝ
ܐ ܒ ܓ ܕ ܗ ܘ ܙ ܚ ܛ ܝ
SERṬĀ )(WEST SYR.
ܐ ܒ ܓ ܕ ܗ ܘ ܙ ܚ ܛ ܝ
ܟ ܠ ܡ
ܠ ܡ
ܠ ܡ
ܣ ܥ ܦ ܨ ܩ ܪ ܫ ܬ
ܣ ܥ ܦ ܨ ܩ ܪ ܫ ܬ
ܣ ܥ ܦ ܨ ܩ ܪ ܫ ܬ
140
TABLE OF SCRIPTS AND VOWEL SIGNS
141
VOWEL SIGNS These are frequently used inconsistently or not at all in Syriac manuscripts. Not all distinctions of quality and length are represented unambiguously.
◌ܰ ◌ܳ ܶ ◌
WEST SYRIAC a ā (pronounced as in “raw”)
EAST SYRIAC
ܿ ◌ܼ ܵ ◌
a ā (also used in the diphthong
aw) e
◌ܺ
i
◌ܽ
u/ō
◌ܸ e/i ◌ܹ (or ◌ܸ) ܼܝī ܼܘ ܿܘ
u/ū o/ō
ē
READINGS INTRODUCTION It is emphasized that these readings are an integral part of this introduction to Syriac. They contain examples of grammatical features and information which complement the main grammar section. Most of the readings are given in vocalized serṭā script. However, since the student needs to become familiar with other scripts, Text 2 is given in each of the three scripts, while Text 9 is in esṭrangelā and Text 10 is in the East Syriac script (commonly called “Nestorian”). The punctuation follows that of the printed editions and, as in the manuscripts, is not consistent. The notes with each text are aimed at making it as easy as possible for the student to read the text without recourse to further works of reference. Hence on grammar and vocabulary quite full information is provided, though unnecessary repetition is avoided. Familiarity with the grammar section of this work is assumed and cross-reference is made where necessary. Reference is occasionally made to sections of Nöldeke’s grammar (see p. xix). Vocabulary is not cross-referenced. New items of vocabulary are translated where they occur first. The Glossary aims to be comprehensive and may be used where vocabulary items have been forgotten. Personal and place names
143
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(asterisked as before wherever confusion could arise) do not appear in the Glossary. Verbs are translated in the past tense, the meaning given ܰ being that of the particular stem in question. Thus is glossed as “killed”: the particular form means specifically “he killed”.
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READINGS
)Text 1: New Testament (John 1:1-18 and 20:19-25 The following text is taken from the Pešiṭtā version (early 5th )! 14, ♪ 24 cent. A.D.
ܳܽ ܽ ܳ ܀ ܶ ܰ ܐܘ ܶ ܺ ܳ ܢ ܰ ܺ ܳ ܘܙܘܬ ܕ ܽ ܳ ܰ ܺ ܳ ܰ ܀ ܺ ܰ ܘܗܘ ܶ ܗܘ ܶ ܳ ܽ . ܘܗܝ ̱ ܳ ܺ ܺ 1 ܐ ܘܗܝ ̱ ܳܐ ̱ 2 ܳ ܰ ܳܳ ܰ ܳ ܺ ܰ ܗܘ ܽܗܘ ܶ ܘܗܝ ̱ ܳ ̱ܳ ܳ .ܗ ܳ ܐ ܘ . ܬ ܗܘ ܴ ̱ ܺ ܰ ܳ ܬ ܴܰ ܳ ܽ 3 . ܻ ܶܗ ܳ ܘܗܝ ̱ ܳ ܗܘ ܺ ܺ ܗܘ . ܐ ̱ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܶ ܶ ܰ ܳ ܶ̈ ܰ ܶ 4 ̈ ܳ ܶ ܳ ܰ ܘܗܝ ܐ ܘ ܗܘܬ ܡ ܕܗܘ . ̱ܗܘ . ̱ ܺ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܘܗܘ ܽ ܗܪ ܶ ܽ ܳ ܘ ܰ ̈ܶ ܐ ܽ ܘܢ ܽ ܗܪ ܰܕ ܰ ܳ ̈ ܽ 5 . ܰ ܰ ܪ܆ ܘ ܶ ܽ ܳ ܳ ܰܐܕܪ ܶ ܀ 6ܗ ܳܘ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܶܕܐ ܰ ܰܕܪ ܶ ܶ ܽ ܰܳ ܳܶ ܳܳ 7 ܳ ܽ ܳ ܕܘܬ ܕ ܶ ܰ ܕ ܰ ܴܰ ܳ . ܐܬ ܗ ܇ ܳ ܳ ܽ ܳ ܶܳ ܽ ܳ ܗܪ .ܕ ܽ ܳ ܰ ܶ ܺ ܻ ܰ ܶ ܗ 8 .ܘ ܽܗܘ ܗܘ ܗܪ .ܐ ܗܘ ܶ ܽ ܳ ܽ ܳ ܕܶ ܰܕ ܰ ܘܗܝ ̱ ܳ ܗܪ ܰܕ ܳ ܳܪ ܆ ܗܪ 9 ܶ .ܐ ̱ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܳ 10 ܕ ܰ ܰܪ ܽ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܳܕܐܬ ܳ ܰ ܶ ̱ ܳ ܶ ܶ ܺ 11 .ܗܘ ܺ .ܘ ܶ ܳ . ܐܬ .ܘܕ ܻ ܶ ܗ ܗܳܘ .ܘ ܰ ܰ ݁ ܽ ܗܝ 12 .ܐ ܶ ܽ ܘܢ ܶܕ ܕ ܰ ܰ ݁ ܽ ̱ܗܝ܆ ܰ ̱ ܒ ̱ܳ ܳ ܶ ܶ ܽ ܶ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܺ ܰ ܳ ̈ ܽ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܕ ܕ ܕ ܳܘܘܢ. ܳ . ܴ ܰ 13ܐ ܶ ܕ ܰ ܶ ܕ ܳ .ܘ ܶ ܶܨ ܳ ܳ ܕ ܶ ܳ .ܘ ܶ ܶ ܳ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܶܳ ܶ ܰ ܳ ܶ ܺ ܐܬ ܶ ܘ 14 .ܘ ܶ ܳ ܶ ܳ ܕ ܨ .ܐ ܴ ܗ ܳܘ ܰܘܐ ܶ ܰ ܰ .ܘ ܰ ܽ ܶ ܰ ܳ ܽ .ܐ ܺܕ ܺ ܳ ܳ ܕ ܶ ܰܐ ܳ ܆ ܰܕ ܷ ܰ ܽ ܳܬ ܘ ܽ ܳ ܀ ܳ ܰ ܽ 15 ܶ ܕ ܰ ̱ܗܝ ܰ ܳ ܶ ܰ ܳܰ ܰ ܶ ܶ ܳ ܰ ܳܶ ܘܗܘ ܶ ܐܬ ܰ ܳ ܘ ܘܐ .ܗ ܗܘ ܕܐ ܬ ܕ ܪܝ ܳ ܰ ܰ. ܶ ܽ ܕ ܰ ܳ ܽܗܘ ܶ 16 .ܘ ܶ ̱ ܰ ܽ ܶܬܗ ܰ ܽ ̱ ̱ ܰ .ܘ ܰ ܽ ܳܬ ܳ ܰ ܽ ܳܬ ܽ ܶ 17 .ܕ ܳ ܽ ܳ ܰ ܽ ܶ ܶܺ ܐܬ ܶ ܒܳ ܳ .ܪ ܶܕ ܘ ܰ ܽ ܳܬ ܰ ܶ ܽ ܥ ܺ ܳ ܳ ܗܘ .
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READINGS
ܽ ܶ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܰ 18 ܰ ܰ ܳܳ ܺ ܺ ܰ ܳ ܘܗܝ ܐ ܕ ܗܘ ܐ . ܘܡ ܴ ܻ ̱ ܰ ܶ ܽ ̱ܐ ܺ ܀ ܽ ܳ ܐ ܰܕܐ ܽ ̱ܗܝ ܗܘ ܐ ܰ ܳ ܰ 19 ܳ ܰ ܰ ܗܘ ܶܕ ܰܪ ܳ ܐ ܕ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܰܗܘ ܕ ܺ ܺ ܘܬ ܶ ܐ ܰܐ ܐ܇ ܰ ܳ ܶ ܽ ܶ ܶ̈ ܺ ̱ܰ ܰ ܗܘܘ ܰܕܐ ܳ ܐ ܺܕܐ ܰ ܽ ܘܢ ܇ ܗܘܘ ܬ ܕ ܳ ܶ ܶ̈ ܳ ܽ ܺ ܰ ܶܘܐ.ܐܬ ܶ ܽ ܥ ܘ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܽܗܘܢ ܳ ܳ ܐ.ܽ ܘܢ ܶ ܶ ܳ 20 ܕ ܰ ܽܘܕ ܐ܆ ܺ ܽܶ ܺ ܰ ܶ ̈ ܶ ܰ ܰ . ܘ ܽ ܗ.ܘܗܝ ̱ ܶܗܕ ܐ ܆ ܘ ܰ ܝ ܐ ܶܢ ܐ ܰ .ܰ ܺ ܢ 21 ܺ ܽ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܶ ̈ ܰ ܬ ܘ ܐ ܳ ܳܘܢ ܕ ܬܘܒ.ܕ ܘ ܰ ܢ ܳ ܐ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܕ ܰ ܰܪ ̱ ܐ ̱ ܐܦ ܷܐ. ܳ ܳ ܐ ܰ ܽ ܢ.ܶ ܽ ܥ ܰܰ ܪ ܰ ܘ ܰ ܐܶ ܰ ܳܗ ܶ ܆22 .ܽ ܢ ܰ ܽ ܘܢ ܶܘܐ ܳ ̱ܐ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܳ . ̱ܳ ̈ ܐܢ ܰ ܬ ܽ ܢ23 . ܰ ݁ ܶ ܽܪܘ ܳ ܐ ܕ ܶ ܽ ܕ ܳ ܐ.ܽ ܰ ܘܢ ܶ ܶ ܬܐܘ ܰ ܐ ܶܕ ܴ * 24 . ܳ ܺ ܺ ܳ ܶܘܐܢ ܬܐ ܽ ܘܢ ܶ ܕܐ̱ ܳ ܳܐ. ܶ ܽ ܢ ܰ ܳ ̱ ܳ ܗܘ ܬ ̱ܳ ܳ ܰܗܘ ܕ ܶ ܐ ܰ ܬܐ. ܰ ܶ ܬ ܰ ܬ ܗܘ ܐ ܳܶ ܰ ܽ ܰ ܰ . ܶ ܺ̈ ܳܘܐ ܺ ܶ ܰܬ25 .ܐܬ ܶ ܽ ܥ ܘܢ ܳ ܶ ܶ ܳ ܳ̈ ܽ ̈ ܰ ܰ ܘܗܝ ܕܘ ̱ ܺ ܻ ܳ ̱ ܐ ܳ ܶ ܐ. ܽܗܘ ܶܕ ܐ ܰ ̈ ܳ ܽ ܘܢ.ܳ ܶ ܳ ܢ ̈ܶ ܕܨܨ ܇ ܘܪ ܶ ܐ ܐ̱ ܳ ܶ ܶܨ ̱ܝ܇ ܘ ܰ ܶ ܐ̱ ܳ ܐ ̱ܝ ܰ ܶ ܆ ܳ ܰ ܶ ܐ̱ ܳ ܀ ܳ ܶ ܰܐܘ ܶ ܻ ܳ ܢ, “gospel”; ܳ ܽ ܽܘܙܘܬ, “preaching”. -ūtā is a common ܳ ܶ, ending for abstract nouns; 1-3a: see Exercise v.4; ܳ ܳ “without”, with sfx. added as if to a p. noun; ܳ ܶ̈ ܰ ܐ, “also ܳ not one, not a single one”; ܗܘܬ, “it (f.) was”; 4: ܐ, “life”; ܰ ܶ ܳ ܽ , “light”; 5: ܶ ܽ ܳ ܐ, ܻܐ ܽ ܘܢ, p. sfx. because ܰ ̈ܐis p.; ܗܪ ܶ ܰ, ܰ ܰ , aph. ptc. of ܰ ܪ, “shone, illumined”; ܐܕܪܟ “darkness”; ܪ ܰ ܶ aph. perf. of ܕܪܟ, “attained, understood”; 6: ܰܕܪ ܐ, ethpa. of ܳ ܽ ܳ ܶ , ܰ ܰ ܪ, “sent”; 7: ܕܘܬ , “testimony, witness”; ܕ ܳ ܽ , “everyone”; ܶ ܰ , impf. of ܶ ܰܗ, in “witnessed”; effect a pay‛el stem (see XIII.B) based on ܗ, a by-form of
READINGS
147
ܰ ܶ ܐ.
It is like an aph. and means “believed”; 10: ܺ ܰ ܥ, ܳ̈ ܰ ܳ , “son”; ܶ ܽܘܘܢ, “knew”, perf. with sfx.; 12: ܐ, p. of ܳ ܺ ܰ , p. absolute ptc. of ܶ ( ܰܗabove); 13: impf. of ;ܗܘ ܺܶ ܶ ܺ , “begat, ܰ , “not”; ܳ ܶ , “flesh”; ܐܬ ܶ ܘ , ethpe. of ܰܶ bore”; 14: ܐ, aph. of ( ), “dwelt, descended”; ܶ ܰ ܽ ܳ ܳ ܳܐ , “glory”; ܐ, “as”; ܺ ܺ ܐ, “only, sole”; ܳ ܳ ܽ ܰ , passive pe. ptc. of s.; ܬ , “goodness, ܳ ,ܽ “filled”, here construct ܳ ܰܳ ܳܳ grace”; , “truth”; 15: ܐ, “cried out”; ܗ = ܗ+ ܶ ;ܽܗܘis a kind of “ethic dative”, approximating to “for ܰ ܳ , “before me”; ܳ ܰ , himself” (see Nöldeke §224); ܳ ܽ ܰ ܳ , “first” (ordinal); 16: ܬ , “fullness, abundance”; ܳ ܽ ܳ , “law”; 18: “instead of, in exchange for”; 17: ܐ ܽ ܶ ܽ ܶ , “from everlasting”); ܽ ܳ ܐ, ܘܡ , “ever” (ܘܡ ܺ ܰ ܶܐ, root ܐ, ethpa., “told, narrated”. “bosom”;
ܰ
ܳ
ܰ
ܰ , “Sunday”; ܺ ܺ ܐ, passive 19: ܪ ܳ ܐ, “evening”; ܰ ܐ ܰ ܶܰ ܰ ptc. of ܐ, “closed, retained”; ܐ ܳ ܐ ܕ, “where”; ܳ ܺ ܬ, ܳ ܽ ܺ , “Jew”; ܳ ܰ , “among”; ܳ ܳ ܐ, “peace”; “disciple”; ܘܕ ܳ ܐ ܳ ܶ , “side”; ܺ , ܺ 20: ܰ ܝ, root in pa. stem, “showed”; ܳ root ܺ ܝ, “rejoiced”, like (XII), but some intransitive types like this retain the ܝin the pe. perf. Compare the ܰ , “breathed”; 23: intransitive verb-type ܶ (IX.4); 22: ܳ ܰ ܶ ܶ ܳ ܳ ܐܢ, “if”; 24: ܬ ܬܪ , “the twelve”, a collective; ܬܐ ܐ, “twin”; ܳ ܽ ܳ ܳ̈ ܽ 25: ܕܘ , p. of ܕܘ, “place”; ܶܨ ܳܨ, “nail”; ܪ ܳ ܐ, “put”; ܳ ܶ ܨ, “finger”; ܶ ܰ , aph. ptc., root , “stretched, ܳ ܰ held out”; ܕ ܐ, “side”.
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READINGS
)Text 2: Old Testament (Psalm 110 The following text is taken from the Pešiṭtā version (c. 2nd cent. A.D.).
ܶ ܕܬܒ ܳ ܶ ܰ ܺ 1ܐܶ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܳ ̱ܝ ܶ ܰ ܳ ܽ 2 : ܶ̈ ܳ ܰ ܽ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܶ ܶܨܗ ܽ ܢ .ܘ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܶ̈ ܳ ܰ ݁ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܕ ܰ ܳ ܶ .ܕ ܰܝ ܽ ܕ ܳ ܶ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܺ ܶ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܳ 4 ܺ ܘ ܐ ܬܟ. ܻ ܶ ܰ ܳ ܗܘ ܽ ܳ ܽ ܰ .ܬܗ ܕ* ܶ ܺ ܶܕܩ: ̱ ܽ ̈ ܶ ܺ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܶ ܳ 6 ܰ ܕܪܘ ܗ ܰ ܶ ܰ .ܬ ܶ: ܺ ̈ ܶ .ܘܶ ܽ ܩ ܪ ܳ ܕ ܰ ܺ ̈ ܰ ܪ ܳ ܘܶ ܶ ܽ ܽ ܘܪ ܳ ܶ ܶ : ܳܗ ܳ ܶ ܺܬܪ ܺܪ ܶ . ̱.
ܰ ܳ ܶܕܐ ܺ ܕ ܽ ܳ ܰ ܰܪ ܰ ܳܰ 3 : ܰ ܳ ܶ ܰ ݁ܶ ܽ ܰ : ܒܰ :ܕܐ ̱ ܳ ܳ 5 ܰ̈ ܶ ܽ ܘܢܳ ܰ ̱ ܶ 7 :ܘ
ܕܬܒ ܳ ܳ ܝ ܶ ܶ ܐܰ ܳ ܳ ܶܕܐ ܺ ܽ ܳ ܶ̈ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܶ ܰ ܳ ܽ .ܕ ܽ ܳ ܶ ܰ ܰܪ ܳ ܳ ܶܨܗ ܽ ܢ .ܘ ܶ ܰ ܰ ̈ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܰ . ܰ ܕ ܰ ܳ ܶ .ܕ ܰܝ ܽ ܕ ܳ ܶ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܐܶ ܳ ܺ ܺ ܰ ܳ ܶ . ܰ ܳ ܬܟ. ܽ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܘܳ ܻ ܳ ܰ ܶ ܒܰ .ܕܐ ̱ ܽ ̱ܗܘ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܶ ܽ ܰ .ܬܗ ܕ ܶ ܻ ܶܕܩܳ ܳ . ܶ ܽ ܰ ܻ ܳ .ܬܰ ܰ ܳ ܕܪܘ ܶ ܗ ܰ ̈ . ܰ ̈ ܶ ܶ ܰ ̱ ܶ̈ ܘ ܺ ܽ ܘܢ ܶ .ܘܶ ܽ ܩ ܰ ܳ ܪ ܳ ܰ ܐܪ ܳ .ܘ ܶ ܕ ܰ ܺ ܶ̈ ܐ ܺ ܺ ܶ ܶ ܽ ܶ . ܽ ܐܘܪ ܳ ܳܗ ܳ ܶ ܬܪ ܪ ܶ . ܶ
ܰ ܺ
.
! 15
READINGS
149
ܵ ܵ ܝ ܕ ܬܒ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܼ ܿ ܸܐ ܼ ܵ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܕܹܐ: ܼ ܵ ܿ ܼ ܸ ܸ ܿ ܵ ܼ ̈ ܿܵ ܸ ܵ ܕ ܼ ܵ ܼ ܪ . ܼ ܼ ܸ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܘ: ܨܗ ܼ ܢ ܵ ܿ . ܿܵ ܵ ݁ ܼܿ ܼ ܵ ܼ ܿ ܸ ܵ ܼ ܼܿ ܼ ܸ ܵ ܿ ܼ ܸ ܵ ܵ ܸ ܵ ܸ :ܿ ܼ ܿ ܸ ܵ ܸ ܵܕ ܼ ܝ ܵ ܼ ܕ: ܵ ܼ ܕ ܵ ܼ ܵ ܘ .ܿ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܸ ܬܟ ܗܘ ܿ ܼܕܐ:ܼ ݁ ܸ ܒ ܼ ܼ ܼ ̱ ܿܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܼ ܿ ܬ: ܼ ܿ ܼ ܼ ̈ ܵ ܿ . ܼ ܼ ܹܬܗ ܿ ܕ ܼ ̈ ܼ ܸܕܩ: ܵ ܼ ܼܸ܆ ܸ ܸ ܿ ܵ ܼܘܢ ܼ ܿ ܹ ܵ ܘ. ܹ ܼ ̈ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܕܪܼܘ ܵ ܹ ܗ : ܸ ܸ ܵ ܼܘܪ ܼ ܸ ܘ. ܘ ܸ ܩ ܵ ܵ ܹܪ ܕ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܪ . ܹ ܗ ܸ ܬܪ ܼ ܹܪ ܸ ܶ ܶ ܬܒ, impv. s. of ܻ ܒ, “sat”: note the irregular imperative ܳ , ethic dative, see Text 1:15; ܰ ܳ ܐ, “right (see XI.3); ܻ ܶ ܳ ܺ ܰ hand”; ܐ ܕ , “until”; ܐ, 1 person pe. impf. of ܳ , ܳ (XII); ܽ ܳ ܐ, “footstool”; “put”, which is otherwise like ܳ ܶ ܰܪ, “foot”; ܳ ܽ , “staff, rod”; ܽ ܳ ܐ, “strength”; ܰ ܶ , ethpa. impf., root , “ruled”; ܰ ݁ ܳ ܐ, pa. ptc. ܳ ܳ ܰ , “womb”; ܶ from , “gave praise”; ܗܕܪ, “glory”; ܐ ܺ , “first, of old”; ܰ ܳ ܐ, “young man, child”; ܶ ܺ ()ܐ, ܳ “begat”, here 1 person s. perf. with sfx.; ܺ ܐ, “swore” (see ܳ ܰ ܽ ܰ XII) ; ݁ ܶ ܒ, pa. impf., “broke faith”; ܕ ܬ, “likeness”; ܬ, ܶ̈ ܰ ܳܰ “broke”; ܽ ܘܢ, pe. impf. of ܳܕܢ, “judged”; ̱ ܐ, p. of ܐ, ܰ , “corpse”; ܶ ܽ ܩ, pe. impf. of ܰ , “cut “people”; ܳ ܳ ܰ ܶ ܶ ܳ off”; , “stream, wadi”; , pe. impf. of , “drank”. st
st
Note the letter combination t‚ in the “Nestorian” script ܺ ܶ ܳ version; ܬܪ, ettaph. impf. of “ ܪܡraised up”.
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Text 3: The Addai Legend (c. 4th/5th cent. A.D.)
! 16
The text, concerning the coming of Christianity to Edessa, records the letters exchanged by Jesus and King Abgar and refers to the blessing of the city by Jesus and the image of Jesus preserved there.
ܳ ܽ ܰ ܳ * ܶ ܽ ܥ ܐ ܳ ܐ ܳ ܐ ܶܕܐܬ ܺ ܝ ܰ ܬܳܪ:*ܐ ܰ ܐܘ ܳ ܳ ܐ . ܳ ܳ ̱ܝ: ܶ ܽܕܐܘܪ ܳ ܳ ܽ ܳ ܰ ܶ ܳ ܶ ܗܘ ܰ ܳ ̈ܶܐ ܰܘ ܶ ܶ ܰ ܳ ܕ : ܬܟ ܐ ܘ ̱ ̱ ܶ ܺ ܰ ܘ: ܐܶ ܳ ܶ ܳ ܟ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܚ ܰܐ: ܰ ܶ ܐ ܰܐ ̱ ̱ ܰ ܰ ܰܘ ܰ ܶ ܐ: ̱ ܰܘ ܰ ܶ ܐ ܰ ܶ ܐ ܰܐ: ̱ ܰ ܶ ܰܐ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܳ ܶ ̇ ܳ ܰܘܰ ܽ ̈ܘ ܶܳ ܐ ܰܘ ܰܶ ܐ ܳ ܶ ܰ ܰܘ ܰ ̈ ܐ: ̱ ܐ ܳܟ ܘ ܰ ܳܗ ܶ ܬ ܺ ̈ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܬ. ̱ ܐܦ ܺ ̈ ܰ ܺ ܐ. ̱ ܰ ܶ ܐ ܳ ܐ ܶ ܳ . ̱ܶ ܶ ܕܳ ܶ ܐ ܳ ܳ ܰܘܪ ܰ ̱ ܳ ܶ ܕܐܘ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܰܐ ̱ ܰܕ ܶ ܬ ܐܘ.ܽ ܶ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܰܘ ܰ ܰܬ ܳܗ ̱ ܶܗ ̇ ܐ ܶ . ̱ ܳܕܗ ܶ ܽ ܶ ܳ ܶ ܐ. ܴ ܳ ܰܕ ܶ ܳ ܳܗ ܶ ܺ ܳ ܘ ܺ ܽ ܳ ܐ. ܳ ܳ ̱ ܳ ܬܝ ܰ ܳ ܶ ܐ ܕܬܐܬ . ܳ ܶܺ ܻ ̱ ܰ ܶ ܳ ܐܦ. ܳ ܶ ܰܕܗ ܗܕ ܬܘܒ ܺ ܱܬܐ ܶ ܐ ܐ ܶ ܶ ܡ ܕܐ ܳ̈ ܽ ܺܕ: ܶ ܶ ܰ ܺ ܘܕ ܶܐ ܳܪ ܳ ܽ ܶ ܳܘܐܦ ܕ: ܳ ܺ ܳܘܪܕ ܳ ܽ ܳ ܳ ܺ ܺ ܶ ܰ ܺ ܪܬ ܰܐ ܙ ̱ ܶ . ܳ ܳ ܳ ܶ ܰ ܺܘ ܳ ܶ ܰܚ. ܳ ܳ ܐ ܘ. ݁ ܰ ܘ: ܳ ̱ܐ .ܰ ܳ ̇ ܶ ܳ ܐ ܳ̈ ܽ ܰܪܒ ܳ ̈ܶ ܺܕ .ܘܕ ܶܐ ܶ ܳ ܺ ܳ ܟ ܕ ܰ ܳܪܟ ܶ . ܺ
ܶ ܥ ܶ ܰ ܳܬ ܰ ܶܙܠ ܶܘܐ. ܳ ܳ ܶ ܰ ܳ ̱ ܰܗ
̱ܳ ̇ ܳ ݁ܰ ܰܘ ܽ ܶ ܗܘ ܽ ܰ ܳ ܰ * ܶ ܰ ܶܐ ܳ ܰ ܽ ܰ ܕ.ܶܨ ܰ ܝ
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ܺ ܺ ܳ ܰ ܽܢ ܶ ܳ ܰ ܰܕܐ ܶ ܕ ܶ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܰܗܘ ܶ ܶ ܡ ܶܕܐ ݁ܕܶܪܬ ܰ ܳ ̱ܗܝ.ܺ ܺܕܐܬ ܶ ܰ ܳ ܬܟ ܘܕ ܰ ܶ ܶ ܺ ܳ ܶ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܘ. ܶ ܐܬ ܪܐ ̱ ܶܬ ܐ ̱ܐ ܳ ܶ ܶ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܰ ݁ ܪ ܐ:ܬܗ ܘ ܐ ܕ. ̱ ܕ ܰ ܰ ݁ ܰܪ ̱ ܳ ܺ ܘ ܺ ܳ ܐ ܶ ܶ ܡ:ܬ ܺ ̈ ܰ ܝ . ܶ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܶܐ ܘ ܕܐ ܳ ܶ . ܰ ܳ ܰ ܶܐ ܽ ܐ ܽ ܢ ܳ ܰ ̈ܐ ܰ ܰܕ.ܳ ܬܟ ܰܘ ܽ ܠ ܰ ܺܕܐ ܰ ܶ ܶ ܰܘ ܶ ܳ ܳ ܐ ܬܘܒ. ܺ ܘ ܰ ܳ ܶ ܶܘ . ܰܳ ܶ ܗܘ ܳ ̱ ܰ ܶ ܳܕܗ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܐ: ܳ ܳ ܽ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܗܘ ̱ܳ ܳ ܰ ܶܕ ܰ .ܗܘ ܕ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܶ ܗܘ ܳܘܨܪ ܰܨ ܳ ̱ ܳ ܳ ܰܘ ܰ ܰܕܨ.ܶ ܽ ܥ ̱ܳ ܶ̈ ܳ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܗܘ ܳ ̱ ܰܘܐ ܺ ܝ.ܰ ̈ܳܐ ܰ ܱ ܐ ܕܶ ܽ ܥ ̱ ܰ ܳ ̱ ܘ ܰ ܳ ̱ ܝ.ܰ ܳ ܐ ܳ ܶ ܗ ܗܘ ܐ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܳ ܽܰ ܳ ܳ ̱ ܶ ܳ ܘ. ܳ ݁ ܘܬ ܰܪ .ܗܘ ܻ ܳ ܳ ܰܪ ݁ ܳ ܐ ܰܗܘ ܰ ݁ ܶ ܳ ܶ ̱ܗܘ . ܶ ܰ ܶ ̈ ܳܕܐ ܰ ܳ ܺܕ (Jn 20:29)
ܽ ܳ ܺ ܶ ܐܘ ܳ ܳ ܐ, “black”; ܐ ܳ ܐ, “healer, physician”; ܐܬ ܝ, ethpe. of ܳ , “was seen, appeared”; ܳܐ ܽ ܳܬ, “healing”; ܰ ̱ ܳ ̈ܶܐ, p. of ܰ ܶ ܳ ܐ, “drug, pigment”; ܳ ܳ ܶ , “root, herb”; ܰ ܶ ܐ, pa. ptc. of ܐ ܳ ܐ, “healed”; ܰ ܳܪ, “blind” (pa. passive ptc. of ;) ܪ ܶ ܰ , pa. ptc. of ܗ, “went”, here “made to walk”; ܰ ܳ ܐ, “leper”; ܶ ܰ ܶ ܐ, pa. ptc. of ܕ ܳ ܐ, “purify”; ܰ ܳ ܐ, “silent ܶ ܳ ܳ ܐ, “roof-top” – ܳ ܳ ܰ ܐ, “demon”; (deaf, dumb)”; ܰ ܳ ܳ ܐ, pa. passive ptc. from , “afflicted with pain”; ܺ , “dead”; ܺ , aph. ptc. of ܳ ; ܬ ܺ ̈ܳ ܳܬ, “wonderful ܶ ܳ , pe. ܳ ܰ things” (strictly a pe. passive ptc.); ܪܘܪ ܐ, “great”; ܰ ; ܺ , 1 person perf. pe. of ܳ ܐ, “sought”; ptc. of ܶ ܺ ܳܶ ܬܐܬ, 2 m. s. impf. of ܐܬ, “came”; ܰ , approximately st
nd
152
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“while”, but in context “so that”; ܶ ܡ, “anything”, hence as ܰ an adjective “any” or “a certain ….”; ܕ ܐ, “as”; ܶ ܰܗ: ܶ ܰܗin Text 1:7; ܺ ܳܪܕ, p. ptc. pe of ܰܪܕܦ, see the verb ܳ ܽ ܶ , 3rd p. impf. pe. of ܰ ܙ, “crucified”, “persecuted”; ܶ ܳ , ptc. ( ܳ ܐabove); ܶ ܰ ܚ, pe. with pronoun sfx.; ܺ ܳ , pe. ptc. of ܳ , “looked ܰ infinitive of ܚ, “injured”; ܳ ܽ ܺ ܰܐ, pe. passive ptc. used at, considered”; ܙ ܪ, “small”; ܳ ܺ ݁ܰ , with an active meaning, “holding”, see Nöldeke §280; ܶ “fair” (here f. absolute); ܬ, “two”; ܳ ܳ ܐ, pe. ptc. of ܰ ܶ , pe. infinitive of ܰ , “dwelt”; , “sufficed”; ܳ ܶ ܶ ܳ ܐ, “peace”; ܐ ܰ ܬ, “letter”; ܶ can mean “at the house ܰ ܰܰ of …” without an extra ܒprefix; ܪܒ, construct s. of ܪ ݁ ܐ, ܳ ܳ ܽ ܰ , “tabularius (scribal official)”; “great one, chief”; ܶ ܶܙܠpe. impv. from ܰܐܙܠ. This is not regular (see X). A further pecularity with this verb is the non-pronunciation of the ܠin forms in which it should carry a vowel after ܳܳ ܳ vowelless ܙ. E. g., the ptc. is not ܐܙbut ̱ ܳܐܙ, pronounced ‚āzā; ܰ ܶܐ, also impv.; ܰ ݁ ܳܪܟ, ܰ ݁ ܰ ܪwith sfx.; ܶܨ, ܶܨܐܕ, “to, at”, with ܳ ܽ , “good” (noun), may be used as a p. with sfxs. to sfx.; ܐ ܳ ܰ nd give “blessed is he, are you, etc.”; , 2 m. s. perf. pe. ܶ ܰ ܳ nd of with sfx.; ܗ, 2 ܰ m. s. perf. of ܶ ( ܰܗsee above); ܻ , pe. passive ptc. of ܒ, “wrote”; ܶ ܳ ܰ , pe. ptc. of ܳ ; ܰ ܰ ܽ ܢ, 3rd p. impf. of ܶ ( ܰܗabove); that ܶ ܺܕ, “and st you wrote, as regards the fact that you wrote”; ܐܬ, 1 s. impf. ܳܶ ܶ ܰܗܘ, “that thing”; ܐܶ ܰ ܶܕܪܬ, ethpa. pe. of ܐܬ, “came”; ܶ ܡ ܰ : the sfx. refers to the perf., 1st s., of ܰ ܰ ܪ:“I was sent”; ܗܝ ̱ ܰ ܶ ܳܗܪ ܳ ܐ ; ܶ ܶ ܡ, “here”; ܺ ܶ , “now”; ܰ ܐܬ, ethpa. of , ܶ , ethic dative, see Text 1:15 and Nöldeke “was finished”;
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ܺ is the same; ܶ ܳ , pe. ptc. of , “went up”; ܰ ܰ ݁ ܪ, ܰ ݁ ܰ ܪwith sfx. ; ܳ ܐ ܕ, “when”; ܰ ݁ ܰ ܪ, pa. ptc.; ܶ ܰ , ܶ ܰ , aph. impf. from ܽ “one of …”; , “healed”; ܠ ܰ ܕ, “whoever”; ܰ ܶܐ, aph. impf. from ܳ ܐ, “made return”; ܰ ܰ ܳ ܐ, “city”; ܺ , “blessed” (pe. passive ptc.); ܰ ܶ , ethpa. impf. from , “had dominion”; ܰ ܕ, “by the ܳ hand /power that …, by reason of the fact that …”; ܳ ܰܨ, ܰ , “took”, can mean also “began”; ܳܨܪ, “painter, carver”; ܳ , “painted”; ܰܨ ܳ ܐ, “picture, image”; ܰ ̈ܳܐ, pe. perf. like ܳ , “chose”, passive ptc. pe. (emphatic) p. (s. ) ܰ ܳ ܐof ܐ ܳܶ ܺ ܰ hence “chosen, choice”; ܐ ܝ, aph. perf. from ܐܬ, the first ܝ being unusual since the normal aph. of verbs beginning with ܐ ܶ ܰܐܘfrom ܐ. The second ܝfollows the regular is like pattern for verbs in final ܐ. Hence, “he caused to come, ܶ ݁ ܰ , ܶ ݁ ܰ (pa.) with sfx.; brought”; ܳ ̱ ܝ, ܳ with sfx.; ܶ ܳ , ܳ with sfx.; ܳ ܳ ܺܐ, “honour”; ܶ ܳ̈ , p. of ܳ ܰ (see ܳ ܰ ܳܐ, “palace”; ܺܕ, “belonging to”. VI.F); §224;
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)Text 4: Bardaiṣan (A.D. 154-222 From The Book of the Laws of Countries (early 2nd cent. A.D.): a dialogue on fate in which it is argued that Christians are everywhere free to reject the customs and laws of the societies they live in.
ܳ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܐ ܶܕ ܺ ܰ ܰ ܬ ܺܕ ܰ ܰܕ ܺ ܶ ܳ ܶܐ܇ ܶ ̈ ܳ ܰܐ ܺ ܰܐܰܬܪ ܰܘ ܽ ܰܕ ܽ ܺ ܳ ܐ ܶ ܻܬ ܗܳ .ܕܗ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܰܕ ܺ ܳ ܐ ܶ ܶ ܰ ܻ ܳ ܶ ܳܐ܇ ܽ ܐܬܪ ܺܕܐ ̱ ܰ ܰ .ܘ ܰ ̈ ܳ ܰ ܳܐ ܶ ܰ ܺ ܘ ܰ ܰ ܳܐ ܕܰ ܳ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܰܕ ܺ ܺ ܶ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܬ ܶ ܐ ܽ ܺ ܰ .ܘ ܰ ܐ ܶ ̈ܶ ܐ ܰܕ ܰ ܺ ܰܳܐ ܳ ܰ ܺ ܶܕ ܶ .ܘ ܐ ܶ ܺ ܰܕ ܳ ܰ ܰܬܘ ܳ ܳ ܰ ܺ ܬ ܬ ܶ ܺ ̈ .ܘ ܐ ܶ ܕ ܺ ܽ ܘܕ ܶ ܰ .ܘ ܐ ̈ ܬܢ ܕ ܶ ܶ ܴ ̈ ܷܐ ܘ ܶ ܳ ܳ ̈ܶܐ ܶ ܰ ̈ܘܬ ܳ ܰ ܽ ܳ ܶܐ .ܘ ܳ ܰܐ ܶ ܰܕ ܳ ܶ ܣ ܳ ܺ ܰ ܰ ̈ܳ ܽܗܘܢ .ܘ ܳ ܰܐ ܶ ܰܕ ܰ ܰ ܝ ܳ ܺ ܶ ܻ ̈ ܽ ܘܢܳ .ܐܘ ܳ ܺ ܽ ܘܢ ܶ ܽ ܽ ܘܢ ܰ ܰ ܻ̈ ܰ .ܐܘ ܳ ܺ ܘܪܗܝ ܳ ܺ ܶ ܰ ̈ ܽ ܘܢ ܰܐ ܶ ܰ ̈ ܶ ܐ .ܘ ܳ ܰܐ ܶ ܕ ܽ ܳ ܕ ܳ ܳ ܢ ܰܐܘ ܰܐ ̈ܳ ܬܽܗܘܢ .ܐܶ ܴ ܶ ܰܪ ܺ ܶ ܶ ܘܰ ܺ ܺ ܶ ܰܕ ܳ ܳ .ܘ ܳ ܰܐ ܶ ܶ ܰܕ ܽ ܳ ܳܪ ܺ ܳ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܰ ̈ܳ ܶ ܐ .ܐ ܰܐܬܪ ܳܕܗ ܽ ܢ ܰܘ ܽ ܽܕܘ ܳ ܐ ܺܕܐ ܽ ܘܢ܆ ܕ ܰ ܷܰ ܺ ܶ ܽ ܽ ܽ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܺ ܰ ܘܢܳ. ܐ ܕ ܳ ܶ ܘܢ ܘܬ ܳ ܳ ܽ ̈ ܰ ܐܬ ܴ ܘ ܶ ܳ ܐ ܰܕ ܰ ܳ ܶ ܶ ܰܳ ܽ ܶ ̈ ܳ ܳܬ ܽ ܘܢ ܰ ܳ ܕ ̈ ܳܢ ܽ ܘܢ ܽ .ܪ ܳܗ ܳ ܶܕ ܰ ܰ ܘ ܽ ܳ ܳ ܐ ܘ ܽ ܳܬܪ ܘ ܶ ܺ ܽ ܬ ܆ ܗܘ ܕ ܺ ܽ ܽ ܳܗ ܳ ܕ ̱ ܳ ܪܘܬܗܘܢ .ܐܬܪ ܳܕܗ ܽ ܢ ܳ ܶ ܨ ܰ ܽ ܘܢ.
! 17
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Note that this passage contains many tribal and place names: they are not in this case marked with *. ܳ ܳ ܰ ܰܳ ܰܐ = ܳ ܳ ܐ, “what?”; , “race, rank, tribe”; ( ܰ ܬf.), ܳ ܰ “new”; ܐܬܪ, absolute form of ܐܬܪ, “place”, the absolute often ܽ (see Nöldeke §202); ܳ ̈ ܶ , absolute p. of being used after ܳ ܺ ܺ ܰܐ, aph. of ; ܳ ܶ ܬ, “coming”; ܳܕܗ, , “region”; ܻ ܰܰ ܳ ܰ ܶ ܶ, “for behold”; ܐܬܪ ܕ, “wherever”; ܐ , “name”; ܳ , “called”, with enclitic attached for ܰ ; ethpe. ptc. p. of ̱ ܰ ܺ ܰ ܶ , ethpa. ptc. from ܶ ܰ , “gathered”, also with ܳ ܳ̈ ܰ ܳ enclitic; , common p. of ܻ ܺ ; ܰ ܐ, passive ptc. of ܰ ܚ, “became bald, exposed”, the passive ptc. being used as an adjective, “evident, specified, special”. Hence “special ܳ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܺ ܶ ܰ ܐ, ethpe. ptc. p. from days”; ܬ , “food”; ܶ ܠ, “abstained from”, with enclitic “we”; ܰ ܻ ܰ ܐ, “Gallia, ܺ ܳ , pe. ptc. of Gaul”; , “took, took in marriage”; ܳ ܶܕ, “male person”; ܰ ܬܘ, “Parthia”; ̈ ܺ ܶ , p. absolute of ܾ ܳ ܰ ܺ ܰ ܶ, ܐ ̱ ܬ, “woman, wife” (VI.F); ܺ ܽ ܘܕ, “Judaea”; ܪ ܰ ܳ̈ ܰ ethpe. ptc. p. of ܰ ܪ, “cut, circumcized”; ܐ ܬܢ, “our sisters” ܳ ܳ ܶ , “among”; ܶ ܳ ܶܐ, “the Geli” (a tribe); (p. of ); ܰ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܳ ܳ ̈ܐ, “Kushanians”; ܳ ܶ ܶ ̈ܘܬ, f. p. ptc. ܐ ܘܬܦ, “had intercourse”, the passive of ܰ ܬܦ, which is basically a šap‛el ܳ ܽ , “foreigner”; ܳ ܶ ܣ, “Persia”; ܳ ܳ̈ stem (see XIII.B); ܳ ܐ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܰ p. of ܬ, “daughter” (VI.F); ܰ ܝ, “Media”; ܩ, “fled”; ܳ ܺ ܰ , “buried”; ܻ̈ ܰ , p. absolute of , “a dead man”; ܳ ܽ ܶ , “food”; ܰ ܳ ܐ, adjective ܰ ܳ ܐ, “alive, living”; ܳ ܽ ̈ ܶ ܶ̈ ܶ ̈ ܶ “dog”; ܰ ܘܢ, ܐ, see ܺ above; ܳ ܢpe. ptc. f. p. ܳ , “committed adultery”; ܴ ܶܐ, “but”; absolute from ܺ ܶ ܰܪ, ethpa. ptc. of ܪ, meaning “avoiding, keeping
156
ܺ
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ܰ
away from”; , aph. ptc. of , “handed over”; ܳ ܺܕ ܐ, “judgement”; ܳ ܽ , “Hatra”; ܰ ܪ, “threw stones at”; ܳ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܐ, “thief”; ܽܕܘ ܳ ܐ, “place” (absolute of ܕ ;) ܽܕܘoften ܳ ܽ ܳ , “law” (here has the sense “lest, so that … not”; ܐ ܳ ܳ ܰ ܰܳ ܺ ܰ , aph. ptc. construct p.); ܐܬ ܘܬ, p. of ܐܬܪ, “country”; ܰ ܳ ܶ, of the root ܩ, “caused to withdraw, separated”; ܐ ܳ ܳ ܰ , “governor, ruler”, used here of the (heavenly) “fate”; ܶ ܳ powers controlling a man’s destiny; , pe. participle of ܰܶ ܶ ܳ ܽ ܰ , “forced, pressed”; ܳ ܳ̈ ܶ ܳ ,ܽ ethpa. infinitive of the root , “used”; ܨ ܬ, p. of ( ܨ ܬf.), “thing”. Note the ܽ ܳ mutation of the vowel ( ܘū) into a consonantal ( ܘwā) in the plur. This occurs in a number of nouns with vocalic endings ܳ ܽ ܳ ܳ̈ ܰ ܽ in the absolute: here ܨ. See also ܨ ܬ, “prayer”, p. ܬ ;ܨ ܰ ܳ̈ ܰ ܽ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܢ, f. absolute p. of , “unclean”; ܪܗ, “sickness”; ܶܕ, “however”; ܽ ܳ ܳ ܐ, “health”; ܽ ܳܬܪ, “wealth”; ܳ ܳ ܶ ܺ ܽ ܬ, “poverty”; ܺ ܽܪܘܬ, “free-will”; ܰ ܨ, “came to pass, befell”.
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)Text 5: Aphrahaṭ (flourished A.D. 337-45 From his Demonstration 8, discussing the resurrection of the dead.
ܽ ܽ ܰ ܶ ܘܗܘ ܬܘܒ * ܽ ܶ ܐ ܐ ܶ ܙ ܰ ܳ ܻ ܰ ܰ ܺ ̈ . ܐ̱ ܳ ܰܐ ܕ ܶ ܽ ܳ ܐ ܰܕ ܴ ܶ ܗܶ : ܕܐ ܴ ܻ ܽ ܶ ܳ ܐ̱ ܳ ) .(Deut. 32:39ܬܘܒ ܐܦ * ܰ ܳ ܐ ܳܗ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܐ ܰ ܬ ܕ ܳ ܳܐ ܺ ܘ ܰ ܶ ܐ ܘ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܽ ܠ ܘ ܰ ܶ ).(I Sam 2:6 ܶ ܶ ܺ ̈ ܰ ܳ ܳܐ ܳܘܐܦ ܰ *ܐ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܺ ܳ ܐ ܳܗ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܐ ܰ :ܕ ܺ ܽ ܢ ܰܘ ̈ ܽ ܘܢ ܽ ܽ ܢ :ܘ ܶ ܬ ܺ ܽ ܘܢ ܰܘ ܰ ݁ ܽ ܢ ܳ ܰ ̈ ܰ ܳ ܱ)ܳ .(Is. 26:19ܘܐܦ *ܰܕܺܘ ܰܐ ܶ ܙ ܶܘܐ ܰ ܳ :ܕܗ ܺ ̈ ܶ ܳ ܶ ܶ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܐ ̱ ܬܕ ܰ ܳ ܬ ܳܘ ܰ ̱ ݁ ܳ ܶ ܽ ܽ ܢ ܘ ܰ ܽܕܘܢ ܳ :ܘ ܶ ܰ ܽ ܢ ܰܕ ܰ ܶ ܶ ܽ ܬܟ )ܰ .(Ps 88:11-12ܘܐ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܰ ܶ ܶ ܳ ܰ ܽ ܶܬܗ ܰܕ ܴ ܳ ܆ ܐܶ ܕ ܰ ܳ ܺ ܳ ܺ ܽ ܳܪ ܕ ܳ ܶ ܘ ܰ ܳ ܳܕܙ ܳ ܐ ܶ ܰܪܘ ܳ ܐ ܰܘܙܘ ܳ ܐ ܳܕܗ ܶܘ ܘ ܰ ܶ ܕ ܶ ܰ ܺ ܘ ܳ ܺ ܰ ݁ܳ ܶ ܶ ܽ ܳ ܘ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܳܘܐ ܺ : ̱ ܗܘ ܰ ܰ ܢ ܰܘܗܘܳ ̱ܳ ܕ ܰܪ ݁ ܳ ܐ ̱ܗܝ ܰ ܽ ܳܬ ܶܕܐܬ ܰ ܰ ܬ ܰ ܰ :ܕ ܺ ܽ ܳ ܶ ܽ ܳ ܐ ܰܘ ܰ ̱ܰ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܰ .ܘ ܺ ܺ ܗܘ ܗܪ : ܰ ܳܳܺ ܶ ܰ ܘܐܙܕܪ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܘ ܳ ܶ ܽ ܳ ܶ :ܘܐܬ ܰ ܰ ܢ ܰ ܳ ܽ ܳ ܽܪܘ ܳ ܳ ܶ :ܘ ܰ ܐܙܕܪ ܬܘܒ ܰ ܺ ܽ ܘܬ ܘ ܳ ܘܳ ܻ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܶ ܗܕ ̱ܗܝ ܽ ܬ ܕ ܶ )ܳ ܳ .(I Cor. 15:43-44 ܰ ܶ܀ ܗܘ ̈ܶ ܷ ̱ܗܘ ܰ ܽ ܕ ܰ ݁ ܺ ̱ ܐܶ ܰ ܘܳ ̱ ܳ ܰ ܴ ܳ ܕ ܰ ܶ ܐ ܐ ̱ ̣ܳ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܺ ̈ ܶ :ܐܶ ܳ ܳܐܦ ܰ ܳ ̈ܶ ܰ ܰ ܳ ̈ܕܘܬ ܰ ̈ ܴ ܬ ܕ ܶ ܶ ܶܘ ܰ ܳ ܶ ܳ ܶ ܳ ܐ ܶ ܳ ܰ :ܡ ܘ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܳ ܻ ܳ ܻ * ܰ .ܐ ܶܐܬ ܰ ܰ ܬܕ ܽ ܪܬ ܕ ܳ ܶ ܺ ̈ ܘ ܳ ܺ ܳ ܰ̈ ܶ ܰ ܳ ܳܶ ܳ ܳ ܰ ܺ ܰ . ̇ܗ ܰܕܐܪ ܰ ܶ ܐ ܶ * ܻܐ ܐܶ ܰ ܶܘܐ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܶ ܐ ܰ ܽ ̇ ܬܗ: ܶ
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ܶ ܺ ܰ ܽ ܰ ܘܰ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܬܘܒ ܬ ܺ ܶ ܶ ܗ ) .(I Kg. 17:17-24ܘ* ܰܐ ܺ ܰ ܳ ̇ܗ ܕ ܺ ܽ ܳ ܳ ) :(II Kg. 4:8-37ܕܬܶܬ ܰ ܰ ܘܬ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܽ ܳ ܕܘܬ ܰܕܬ ܶ ܳ .ܘܐܦ ܰ ܰ ܰ ̱ܗܝ ܽܬܘܒ ܶܕ ܺ ܰ ܺ ܳ ܰܘ ܳ ܐ ܘ ܳ ܰ ܘ ܰ ܽ ܘܢ ܰ ̈ ܻܐ ܳ ܶ ܰܗܘ ܽ ܳ ܺ ܳ ) :(II Kg.13:20-21ܘ ܶ ܰ ܕܘܬ ܰܕܬ ܳ ܳ ܀ ܳܘܐܦ ܰ ܬ ܽ ܶ *ܰ ܺ ܺ ܳ ܐ )37:1-10 ܰ (Ezek.ܐܬ ܰܰ ܰ ܳ ܬܘܒ ܰ ܳ ܻ ܷ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܺ ̈ ܶ ܰ ܐ݁ ܶ ܰ ܳܳ ܘ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܶܐ ܰ ܺ ̈ܶ ܰܘܐ ܶ ܗ ܰ ܽ ܘܢ ܳ ܰ ܽ ܘܢ ܶܘܐ ܰ ܶ ܶܳ : ܰ ܽ ܰ ܶ ܐ ܳܗ ܳ ܶ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܐ܆ ܶܘܐ ܰ ܶ ܶ ܰ ܺ ܷ :ܐ ̱ ̱ܗܘ ܳ ܰ ܥ ܳ ܶ ܳ ܰ ܳܘܬ ܶ .ܘܐ ܰ ܶ ܳ ܳ ܐ :ܐܬ ܰ ݁ ܳ ܐ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܐ ܰ ܰ ܶܐ ܶ ܳ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܐ ܰ ܺ ̈ ܶ ܐܰ : ܳܗ ܶ ܶ :ܐܬ ܰ ݁ ܳ ܐ ܶܘܐ ܰ ܳ ܶ ܳ ܰܳ ܳ ܘܬ .ܘ ܰ ܰܐ ܰ ܐܶ ܽ ܢ ܶ ܳ ̈ܶ ܐ ܳܗ ܶ ܳ ܗܘ ܰܙܘ ܳ ܐ ܕ ܰ ܺ ܰ ܶ ܐ ܳܐܦ ܰܐ ܶ ܰܕ ܰ ܳ ܽ ̱ܗܘܘܰ ܘ ܳ ܳ ܶܘܐܬ ܰ ܰ ܶ ̈ܳ ܗܘܘܰ .ܘ ܳ ܐܶ ܽ ܢ ܺ ܳ ܐ ܰܘܬ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܽ ܰܘ ܰ ܺ ̱ ܰ ܳܶ ܳ ܳܺ ܳ ܗܘܘ ܘ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܰ ܶ ܗ ܰ ݁ ܶ ܐܬ ̱ ܰ ܳܬ ̱ܗܘ ܘ ܰ ܬ ܰܙܘ ܳ ̇ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܘܐܬܪ ݁ ܰ ܰ :ܘܰ ܺ ܽ ܽ ܬܗܘܢ ܶ ̱ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܰ ̈ܳ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܶ ܘܪܬܚ ܕ ܳ ܐ ܶ ܳ ܐܶ: ܰ ܪ :ܘܐܬ . ܶܘܐܬ ܶ ܡ ܶ ܳ ܐ ܰ ܶ ܳ ܺܘ ܳ ܐ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܶ ܰ .ܘ ܶ ܽ ܗܘܘ ܽܘܪܘ ܳ ܐ ܰ ̱ܳ ̱ܰ ܗܘܬ ܽ ܘܢܳ .ܗ ܶ ܬܘܒ ܰ ܳ ܶ ܗ ܰ ܺ ܳ ܐ ܶܘܐ ܰ ܶ ܶ :ܐܬ ܰ ݁ ܳ ܐ ܰ ܽܪܘ ܳ ܐ ܶܘܐ ܰ ܳ ̇ .ܬܝ ܽܪܘ ܳ ܐ ܶ ܰܐܪ ܰ ܽ ܘ ܶ ܐ :ܘ ܽ ܳ ܶ ܺ ̈ ܷ ܘ ܺ ܽ ܢ .ܘ ܰ ܰܐ ܰ ܐܶ ܽ ܢ ܶ ܳ ܳ ܐ ܐ ܺ ܳ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܽ ܘܢ ܽܪܘ ܳ ܐ ܰܘ ܰ ܘ ܳ ܶ ܰ ܽ ܰ ܳ ̱ܳ ܰ ܺ ܕ ܘܢ ܀ ܽ ܰ , aph. perf. of the rootܐ ܶ ܙ ;” ܶ ܽ , “Mosesܐ ;”, “againܬܘܒ ܰܰ ;” ܶ , “preached, proclaimed”; ܻ ܳ ܰ ܰ , “clearlyܙ ܳ ܽ ,ܐ ;”, “as, as ifܐ ܕ ;”̈ ܺ , “resurrection of the dead ;”ܺ , aph. perfect of ܺ , “caused to die ;”“mouth
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ܳ ܰ ܶ ܐ, aph. ptc. ܰܺ of the slightly irregular ܐ, “lived”. The aph. perf. is ( ܐonly one )ܝ. Compare verbs with reduplicated ܳ second root letter, XII and Nöldeke §183; ܰ ܐ, “Hannah”; ܳ ܽ ܨ ܬ, “prayer”; ܶ ܰ , aph. ptc. of ܶ , “descended”, hence “making go down” (see XI, verbs with initial ); ܽ ܠ, “Sheol” (Hebrew name of the underworld); ܶ ܰ , ܶ , “went up”. This verb is odd in that it aph. ptc. from assimilates the ܠ, somewhat in the same way as verbs beginning with . Its vowel distribution is identical with verbs in this latter category. As Nöldeke notes (§183), it behaves as ܶ ܺ ܳܰ ܳ if it were ; ܐ ܰ ܳ ܐ, “Isaiah”; ܳ ܐ, “prophet”; ܗ ܐ, “thus, ܺ likewise”; ܽ ܢ, 3rd person p. impf. pe of ܳ ܐ, “lived”. The ܺـ ܶ instead of reflects a tendency to treat this verb as if it began ܰ , “corpse”; ܽ ܽ ܢ, 3rd p. pe. impf. of ܳ ; with ܳ ;ܐ ܶ ܬ ܺ ܽ ܘܢ, 3rd p. impf. ethpe. (XII and Paradigm 8: some ܳ treat this as ettaph., see Nöldeke §177) of , meaning in this stem, “was aroused, awakened”; ܰ ݁ ܽ ܢ3rd p. impf. pa. of ܰ ܳ , construct p. pe. ptc. of , “praised, glorified”; ̈ ܳ ܰ , “dust”; ܰܺܕܘ, “David”; ܳܗ, “behold”; , “slept”; ܳ ܽ ܶ ܶ ܳ , ptc. of ܰ , “did”; ܶܬܕ ܳ ܳܬ, p. of ܪܬ ܬܕ, “wonder”; ܳ ܳ ݁ ܰ , “giant, mighty man”; ܰ ܽܕܘܢ: 3rd p. impf. aph., the ̱ main form in which the root appears, meaning ܰ ܰ ܶ ܽ ܺ “confessed” (ܐܘܕܝ, perf.); ܢ , ethpa. impf. of the root ܳ ܐ, “related” ( ܺ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܳ ;)ܐ, “grave”; ܰ ܽ ܳܬ, “grace”. We may note here that the Hebrew of this verse (Ps 88: 11-12) is interrogative and it is implied that God does not do wonders for the dead. Aphrahaṭ takes it as indicative, with the Syriac ܶ ܰ ܶ , see ܺ ܰ ܶ ܐabove; ܺ ܳ ܳܰ ܰ version; ܐ ܐ, “how?”;
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ܳܳ
pe. ptc. of , “heard”; , construct s. of , “voice, ܳ ܽ ܶ ܳ pe. ptc. of ܳ , “called”; ܺ sound”; ܪ , “trumpet”; ܳ ܰ , “horn”; ܳܙ ܳ ܐ, pe. ptc. of ܰ ܙ, “called”; ܰܪܘ ܳ ܐ, “height, ܳ ܶܳ ܳ high place”; ܰܙܘ ܐ, “shaking, earthquake”; ܗܘ, pe. ptc. of ;ܗܘ ܰ ܺ ܰ ܶ , ethpe. ptc. of the root ܚ, “was opened”; ܺ ܳ , pe. ptc. of ܳ ; ܳ ܽ ܶܬ, “hymn, praise, glory”; ܰ ܰ , “one to one, to each other”; ܰܪ ݁ ܳ ܐ, f. absolute, “great”; ܶ ܐܬ ܰ ܰ ܬ, ethpe. 3rd f. s. perf. of ܰ ; ܺ , passive ptc. pe. ܰ , “cut off”; ܳ ܰ , “hope”; ܺ , passive ptc. pe. of ܰ , 1st p. perf. of ܗܘ ܳ ; ܶ ܽ ܳ ܐ, “darkness”; ܰ , “shut in”; ܗܘ ܶ ܰ , ethpe. of the root ܰܙܪܥ, “sowed”, in which the ܬ ܐܙܕܪ changes place with the ( ܙsee IX). In addition, as happens with ܨalso,ܳ ܙcauses the ܬto changes ܰ ܶ into ( ܕwithܰ ܨthe ܬbecomes ܰ ܳ ;)ܛ, “corruption”; ܐܬ ܢ, ethpa. of , “was buried”; ܳ ܳ ܽܪܘ, regarding physical life”; ܻ ܳ ܳ ܰ , “naturally, ܻ ܳ ܳ ܽ ܺ “spiritually”; ܘܬ , “weakness, sickness”; ܰ , “strength”; ܶ ܳ , “this (f.)”). ܳ ܳ , “this is” ( ܗܕ ܗܝ ̱̈ ܶ ܗܕ ܳ ܶ ܰ , “only”; ܺ ݁ ܰ , “beloved, , “word”; ܽ ܕ ܷ , p. of ܳ , “deed”; ܰ ܰ , ܰ ܺ ܝ, pa. of the root , friend”; ܳ ܳ ܳ̈ ܳ ܳ ܳ , “witness, “showed”, with sfx.; ܕܘܬ , p. of ܽܕܘܬ ܳ ܽ ܳ , pe. infinitive of ܳ , testimony”. See ܨ ܬin Text 4; “put”, used as a compound with various nouns. Here literally ܰ “putting in thought”, hence here “doubt” (see VIII.5); ݁ ܶ ܡ, ܶ ܶ pa., “be early/quick (in doing)”; ܻ ܳ ܐ, “Elijah”; ܰ ܰ ܐܬ, ethpe. 3rd f. s. perf. of ܳ ; ܶ ܳ , m. p. ptc. of ܳ ܐ, “lived”; ܰ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܐܪ, “widow”; ܶ ܐ, aph. of ܺ )ܐ ܺ ( ܶܳ ܐwith sfx.; ܶ ܰ ܰ , ܰ , “Elisha”; ܳ ܺ ܬ, ܰ ̱ ܒ, “gave” with sfx.; ܳ ܳ ܽ ܺ ܰ ܶ “disciple”; , “Shulammite” (f.); ܰ ܬܬ, ethpa. 3rd
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ܳ
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s. f. impf. from , “was established”; ܰ ܬ, pe. 3rd s. f. impf. ܶ ܰ of ܪ, “was proved true”; ܕܬ, “of two”, i. e. “another, ܳ ܰ ܰ second”; ܐ , “bone”; ܘ, ܳ , “threw”; ܳ ܐ, “revived”; ( ܶ ܶ ܰ ܬabove), 3rd f. s. perf. ܰ ܺ ܰ , “Ezekiel”; ܶ ݁ ܐ, aph. of ܰ , “caused to go ܳ ܰ ܶ ܰܐ, aph. of ܰ , out”, with sfx.; , “plain”; ܗ ܽ ܰ “caused to pass by”, with sfx.; ܳ ܘܢ: “( ܳ ܪcircle”) is used as a preposition, “around”, with sfx. added to the p. form ܳ ܶ ; ܳ ܰܝ, pe. ptc. p. of ܰ ܳ ܳ ܐ ; ܳ ܐ, “man”, literally “son of ܶ ܳ, a human being”; ܳ ܰ ܥ, pe. ptc. of ܺ ܰ ܥ, “knew”; ܳ ܳ ܳ / ܳ ܳ ܐ, “lord”; ܳ ܰ ܳܘܬ, p. of the same; ܶܐܬ ܰ ݁ ܳ ܐ, construct of ܰ ܶܐ, impv.; ethpa. impv. from the root ܐ, “prophesied”; ܺ ܰ , “dried up”; ܰ pe. impv. m. p. of ܰ ; ܶ ܳ ܳ ܐ, ܰ ܰܐ, aph. of ܰ ; ܰܙܘ ܳ ܐ, “shaking”; ܳ ܳ , “saying, word”; ܰ ܰ ܶܐܬ, ethpa. of “voice, noise”; , “was gathered”; ܽ ܳ ܰ , pa. infinitive of the root ܕ, “broke in pieces”. The infinitive is here used in a special construction to emphasize the meaning of a following finite verb, or ptc. used ܺ ܰ , as a verb, of the same root (see Nöldeke §295-8); which follows, is the passive ptc. of the same pa. stem. Hence ܺ ܰ , pa. “also those which had been finely crushed”; ܰ ܬ, “shattered”; ܰ ܬ, “was stupefied, passive ptc. of ܶܳ ܳ̈ ܶ , absolute p. of ܳ ܺ , “region”; ܐܬ amazed”, pe. ptc. ܳܶ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܶ ݁ p. of ;ܐܬ , pa. ptc. of , ܳ , ܺ “companion”; ܳ ܰ ܳ “accepted”; , “joint”; ܬ , “to”; ̱ ܬ, construct of ܳ ܰ ܰ ܬ, “daughter”; ܙܘ ܳ ܐ, “yoke”, the whole phrase being used ܰ ܰ ܶ , 3rd f. s. for “companion ( if m.), wife, associate”; ܰ ܶ , ethpa. of the root ܶ ܪ, ܶ ܰ ݁ ܐܬܪ pe. of “ ܒdrew near”;
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ܽ ܰ , “dryness”; “was ܪ. 3rd s. f. pe. of ܶ constructed”; ܬ ܶ ܶ ܪ, “was/became moist”; ܐܬ, ethpe. of , “was ܳ ܳ joined” (note the short form of the f. plur.); , “tendon, ܰ ܶ ܶ ܳ ܶ ܳ ligament”; ܪܬܚ, “bubbled up”; ܐ , “vein, etc.”; ܐܬ ܡ, ܶ ܳ ܶ , “skin”; ܳ ܶ , ethpe. of ܡ, “was spread over”; ܐ ܳ ܰ , “hair”; ܳ ܳ ܐ, “nature”; ܳ “flesh”; ܺ ܐ, “sprang up”; “nature”; ܶ , pe. passive ptc. of ܳ , meaning “lying, ܰ , pe. perf. from ܰ , ܳ thrown down”; ܶ ܗ, “then”; ܶ ܗ ܳ ܽ “commanded” with sfx.; ( ܪܘ ܳ ܐf.), “spirit, wind”; ܬܝirregular ܳܶ ܽ ܰ ܰ impv. f. s. of ܘ ܶ ܐ ;ܐܬ ܐ, “the four winds”, is an unusual numerical expression of a type used for close and fixed compounds (see Nöldeke §152). We would normally ܽ ܰ ܰ expect ܘ ܶ ܐ ܽ ܺ ; ܳܐ, impv. f. s. from ܳ , “breathed” ܰ ); ܺ (note also , “slain”; ܽ ܢ, 3rd p. impf. pe. of ; ܳ ܐ ܳ ܺ ̱ܐ, “other, another”; ܰ ܶ , 3rd f. s. pe. of ܰ , “entered”; ܳ ܶ ܳ ܺ ܰ , “great, ܪ, “foot”; as an adverb: “very”; many”.
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)Text 6: The Chronicle of Joshua the Stylite (c. A.D. 507 The following text concerns the period of Persian-Roman wars of A.D. 502-6.
ܘܰ ܳ ܶ ܗܘ * ܰ ܳ ܕ ܰ ܳ ̇ ܰܕ ܺ ̱ ܳ ܆ ܰ ܰ ܪ * ܰ ܳ ܶ ̱ܳ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܕ ܰ ܳ ̈ܶܐ ܰ ܽ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܆ ܕ ܺ ܽܙ ܢ ܰ ܬ ܳܐ ̱ ܶ * ܳ ܳ ܳ ܶܐܳ .ܘܐܦ ܶ *ܶ ܰ ܳ ܕ ܽ ܳ ܐܶ ܳ ܳ ܰ ܺ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܽ ܘܢ ܰ ܳ ܐ * ܽ ـ ܱ ܳ ܐ ܶ ܺ ̱ ܰ ܺܕܗܝ ܷܬ ܳ ܽ ܗܘܘ ܘ ܳ ܺ ܘ ܰ ܺ ̱ܰ ܘܳܺ ܐܬܪ ܽ .ܡ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܕܬ ܺ ܝ ܐ ܳ ܝ܆ ܰ ܶ ܬܳ ܰ ܶܕ ܷ ̱ ܶ ܳ ܶܘ*ܐܘ ܶ ܳ * ܳ ܽ ܺܳ ܽܕܘ ܕ*ܬ ܽܕܘ ܗܘ ܶ ̱ܳ ܕ* ܺ ܺ ܺ ܺ ܆ ܰܕ ܶ ܰ ܳ ܐܶ ܰ .ܗ ܽ ܶ ܳ ܢ ܘ ܰ ܽ ܶ ܘܢ܆ ܘ ܰ ܶ ܽ ܳ ܶܐ ܶܕܐ ܰ ܽ ܳ ܐ ܰܕ ܳ ܳ ܝ ܰ ܬ ܆ ܶ ܰ ܒ ܐ ܽ ܢ. ܶ ܰ ܘ ܰ ܶܐܬ ܺ ܰ ܺ ̱ ܰ . ܐܘܕܥ ܐ ܽ ܢ ܐ̱ ܳ . ܳ ̈ܺ ܺ ܰ ܳ ܰ .ܘ ܰ ܰ ܺ ܰܪ ܺ ܺ ܕܰ ܶ ̈ܳ ܐ ܐ ̱ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܶ ܽ ܘܢܶ . ܘܗ ܽ ܢ ܶܐܬ ܰ ܺ ܰܙܠ ܰ ܽ ܘܢ .ܘ ܶ ܰܕ ܽܗܘ ܳ ܶܐ ܕ ܰ ܽ ܘܢ܆ ܐܬ ܰ ܰ ܕܘ ̱ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܽ ܗܘܘ ܳ ܽ ܽ ܘܢ ܺ ̈ ܷ .ܘ ܶ ܽ ܠ ܕ ܺ ܳܐ ̱ ܳ ܗܘ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܺ ܳ ܕ ܰ ܽ ܢ ܳ ܽ ܳܪ ܰ ܺ ܰܪ ܳܪ .ܘ ܶ ܽ ܘܢ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܰ ܕ ܶ ܰ ܽ ܢ ܬܗܘܢ ܐ ܶ ܶܕܐܬ ܰ ܰ ܕܘ ܰ .ܙ ܳ ܶܐ ܶܕ ܕ ܽ ܳ ܶܐ ܳܗ ܶ ܳ ܽ ܶ ܳ ܰܘ ܰ ܳ ܕܳܶ ܺ ܰ . ̱ܰ ܗܘܘ *ܬ ܶ ܰ ܙܗܪ ܕ ܽ ܰ ܳܪ ܳ ܳ ܽ ܶ ܰܘ ܰ ܰ ܽ ܘܢ ܶܘܐܬܘ ܳ ܕ ܰ ܳ ܆ ܰܙ ܷ ܰ ܽ ܘܢ .ܘ ܰ ܰ ܘ ܰ ܳ ܶ ܐ ܰܕ ܽܗܘ ܳ ܶܐ ܽ ܳ ܶܐ ܳܕ ܰ ܺ ܰ ܻ ܶ ܐܶ ܽ ܢ ܶ ܽ ܘܢ .ܗ ܰ ܐܶ ܘ ܳ ܶܐ ܶܕ ܽ ܘܢ. ܶ ܰ ܳ ܽ ܶܳ ܶ ܰ ܐܬ ܰ ܽ ܰ ܳ ܽ ܶ .ܘܐܬ ܰ ܰ ܘܢ ܘ ܐ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܳ ܽ ܺ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܕܗܝ ܐ ܝ ܕ ܶܘܐ ܰܕܪܘ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܐ .ܘ ܘ
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ܳ ܳ ܰ .ܘܐ ܶ ܶ ܳܳ ܰ ܺ ܴ .ܘ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܶ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܽ ܶܘܢ ܽ ܰ ܳ ܽ ܳ ܶ ܶ ܰ ܘܐܬܬܘ ܰ ܬܘܒ ܰ ܽ ܘܢ ܽܗܘ ܳ ̈ܐ ܘ ܳ ̈ܐ. ܐ: ܰܕ ܶ ܰ ܰ ̈ ܳ ܶܕ ܶ .ܘܐܬ ܰ ܰ ܽ ܘܢ ܶ ܰ ܽ ܘܢ ܶܘܐ ܶ ܘܐܬܬܪ ܰ ܶ ܽ ܶܘܐܬ ܶ . ܰ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܶ ܐܰ .ܘ ܰ ܳ ܕ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܕ ܳ ̈ܐ ܶܐܬܬ ܺܕ ܶܘܐܬ ܶ ܰ ܺ ̈ ܷ ܶ ܽܗܘ ܳ ܶܐ ܘ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܐ ܺ ܀ ܶ ܰ ܳܪ ܶܕ * ܽ ܰ ܳ ܐܶ ܺ ܳ ܳ ܗܘ ܶ ̱ܳ ܳ ܐܬܬ ܐ * ܕ ܐ ܻ ܶ ܻ ܶ ̱ܰ ܳ ܡ ܕ ܶ ܽ ܘܢ ܶ ܿ ܽ ܳ ܶܐܰ . ܗܘܘ ܰ ̈ ܘ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܰ .ܘ ܰ ݁ ܰ ܳ ܬ ܰ ܺ ܳ ܐ ܳܘܪ ܶ ܺ ܳ ܘܣ ܺܕ ܳ ̇ ܰܳ ܽ ܽ ܶ ܺ ܳ ̈ܶܐ ܳ ܺ :ܘ ܰ ܺ ܳ ܐ ܶ ܳ ̱ܝ * ܰ ܰ ܳ ܣ ܽ ܘܢ ܐ ܺ ܳ ܳ ܐܰ .ܘ ܰ ܰ ܺ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܰܕ*ܐ ܳ ܺ ܰ ܐ܆ ܰܕ ܺ ܕܗܘܘ ܰܬ ܳ .ܘ ܳ ܰ ܪ ܶ ܰ ܐܶ ܽ ܢ ܺ ܳ ܳ ܽ ܽ ܘܢ ܰ ̈ ܳ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܽ ܳ ܰ ܺ ܳ ܰܰ ܳ ܶܐܬ ܰ ܰ ܕ ܺ ̱ܬ ܐ ܘܪ ܪ * ܶ ܶ ܳ ܰܐ ܰ ܺ ܰ ܳ ܐ܆ ܺ ܻ ܳ ܣ ܺܕ ܳ ̇ ܳܕ*ܐ ܺ ܶ :ܐ ܺ ܽ ̱ܗܝ ܘܗܘ ܰ ܳܪ ܽ ܳ ܰ ܰ ݁ ܶ ܘ ܰ ܶ ܗ ܽ ܘܢ ܐ ܺ ܳ ܳ ܐܽ . ܺܪ ܽ ܬ ܳ ܽ ܳܬ ܰ ݁ ܰ ܪ * ܳܬܘ ܰ ܐ ܽ ܶܪܐ ܺ ܳ ܳ ܐ ܺܕ ܶ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܺ ܳ ܳ ܺ ܆ ܕ ܶ ܰ ܳ ܺ ܳ ̈ܶ *ܽ ܺ ܗܘ ܬ ܳ : ܕܐ ܐ ̱ ܰܘܕ ܶ ܰ ܠ ܰ ܰܗ ܳ ܶ ܶ ܡ ܶ ܰ ܳ ܐܶ .ܘܐ ܺܘ ܰ ܶ ܳ ܗܘ ܰܬ ܳ ܆ ܰܘܐ ܺ ̱ܳ ܰܐ ܶ ܺ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܽܕܗܘ *ܬܘ ܰ ܐ ܕܐ ܽ ܘܢ ܐܶ ܺ ܽ ܳ ܐ .ܘ ܰ ݁ ܶ ܰ ܳܐ ܳ ܽ ܽ ܶ ܶܘ ܬܗܘܢ. ܳ ܶ ܰܘ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܺ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܕ ܶ ܶ ܐ ܽ ܢܳ .ܘܐܦ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܰ ̱ ܒ ܽ ܘܢ ܰܕ ܳ ܳ ܐ ܐ ܳ ܐ ܕ ܶ ܠܰ . ܶܕ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܘ ܰ ܺ ܰ ܳ ܐ ̱ ܰ ̈ ܳ ܳ ܺ ݁ ܳܬ ܳܕܐ ܺ ܰ :ܘܕܗ ܳ ܐ ܰ ܺ ܳ ܕ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܶܗ ̈ ܺ ܶ ܶ ̱ ܽ ܰ ܳ ܆ ܽ ܽ ܘܢ ܰܐ ܶ ܗܕ ܶܐܬ ܰ ܰ ܳܶ ܳ ܐ .ܘ ـ ̈ܰ ܶ ܺ ̈ ܶ ܳ ܺ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܰ ݁ ܕ ܰ ܬ ܳܘܬ ܐ̱ ܴ ܶ ܕ ̱ܗܘܘ ̱ܗܘܘ .ܘ ܘܗ ܶ ܳ ܺ ܶ ܗܘܘ ܶ ܶ ܡ ܕ ܶ ̱ܰ ܽ ܽ ܡ ܶ ܳܐ ܺ ܳ : ܽ ܘܢ܀
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ethpe. ptc. of ܳ , “was able for, a match for, ܳ ܰ ܳܰ prevailed over”; ܕ, “Kawad”; , “strength”; ܰ ݁ ܰ ܪ, pa., ܰ ܳ ܰ , “Nu‘man”; ܳ ܳ ܐ, “Ṭayite”, a tribal name which “sent”; ܽ ܺ came to mean “Arab”, later “Muslim”; ( ܙ ̱ ܢsilent )ܠ, 3rd ܶܰ p. pe. impf. of ܐܙܠ, from which the ܠfalls out whenever the ܙhas no vowel. The vowel of the ܠis transferred to the ܰ ܬ ܳ ܐ ;ܙ, “south”; ܶ , construct, “house, district”; ܳ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܐ, ܶ , used here partitively, “some of”; ܽ ܪ ܳ ܳ ܐ, “Harranite”; ܶ ܰ with verbs of “Persian”; ܒ, “drew near”; ܳ ܡ ܳ ܰ ܽ ـ, movement means “forwards” (with sfx.); ܻ ܐ ܳܶ ܶ ܳ , pe. ptc. p. of ܙ, “Constantina”; ܬ, “Tella”, ܺ ܳ , pe. ptc. of ܰ , “plundered, did “plundered”; ܺ ܰ , aph. ptc. of ܰ ܒ, “devastated”; violence to”, ܰ ܰ ܳ ܬ ܰ ܰ ܰ = ܬ, “nineteen”; ܶܬ ܺ ܝ ܐ̱ ܳ ܝ, month name, c. November; note that some of the verbs in the following passage appear in the MSS in the singular, where p. ܳ ܺ ܾ ܳ , “Olympius”; “ ܽܕܘcommander, is expected; ܳ ܶ ܷܐܘ, “Eugenius”; ܺ ܻ ܺ ܺ ܐ, “Melitene”; ܶ , dux”; ܰ ܷܐ, an anomalous verb, ܳ “descended”; ܰܙ ܐ, “time”; treated like an aph. despite the first vowel, “was able, found”; ܳ ܺ ܰ ܽ ܳ ܐ, irregular p. ofܶ , “village”; ܳ ܰܝ, “round”; ܒ, ܺ ܐܬ, ethpe. of ܐ, “turned back, returned”; “devastated”; ܰ ܶ ܰ , pe. infinitive of , “turned back, returned”; ܰ ܳ ܶ ܰ , “500”; ܺ ܳ ̱ܐ, ܰ ܺ ܰ ܐܘܕܥ, aph. of ܥ, “caused to know”; ܳ ܳ ܰ , “torrent, wadi”; ܺ ܰ ܰ , “not absolute p. of ;ܐ ̱ ܳ ܐ ܺ ܰܪ, “far”; ܰ ܰ ܶܐܬ, ethpa. of the root much, very little”; ܺ ܒ, “was prepared, prepared oneself”; ܰܙܠ, pe. infinitive ܶ ܳ ܽ of ܪܗܘ ܳ ܐ ;ܰܐܙܠ, “Roman, citizen of E. Roman Empire”;
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ܰ ܶܐܬ: passive of the four-root verb ܰ ܶ ܕ, “scattered”. ܽ , “for themselves”, a The pattern is similar to the pa.; ܘܢ ܳ ܰ , pa. infinitive so-called “ethic dative” (see Text 1:15); ܽ ܰ , meaning “strip” (transitive); ܺ ܳ ܐ, “night”; of ܳ ܳ ܰ ܽ ܢ, aph. impf. of ܰ ܕ, “caused to burn”; ܪ, “high ܰ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܳ place”; , “blow a horn”; ܕ ܐ, “such/so that”; ܰ ܰ ܶ ܶ ܳܳ ܰ ܽ ܢ , ethpa. impf. from , “was gathered”; ܙ ܐ, ܶܳ, “general” (strictly “border guard”, of Persian origin); ܶ ܳ , “dwelt, encamped”; ܰ ܶ ܬ, “Tell pe. ptc. of ܳ Beshmai”; ܰ ܘ, ܳ , “saw”; ܰܙܗܪ, “brightness”; ܶ ܰܙ, pa. perf. ܳ ܰ , “cavalryman”; ܺ ܺ ܰ , ܽ from the root ܙܘܢ, “armed”; ܳ ܐ ܳ ܺ ܰ ܰ ܗ, “turned”; ܽ ܘܢ, ethic p. absolute of , “many”; ܳ ܶܪ, “infantryman”; dative, see above and Nöldeke §224; ܳ ܐ ܰ ܰ ܶܐ, though formed as if from ܕ, “was ܐ ܶ ܘ, aph. of ܽ ܳ ܰ ܶ ܰ , “escaped, able”; , ethpa. infinitive from ܰ ܰܶ saved himself”; ( ܐܬܐ ܘmiddle ܐnot pronounced, hence here ܰܶ ܽ ܳ ܰ aph. omitted), ethpa. of , “was compelled”; ܶ “fought”; ܐܶ ܰ ܰܕܪ, ethpe. (with infinitive of ܒ ܳܳ , transposition of s and t) of ܰ ܪ, “was set in order”; ܐ ܰ ܶ , ethpe. ptc. f. of ܳ , “called”; ܳ ܾ , the battle”; ܳ ܐ ܳ ܳ Greek word xelw&nh, “tortoise” (military); , “tortoise”; ܰ ܶ ܳ ܳ ܶ “time”; ܳ ܐ, “multiplied”; ܐܬܬܘ, ettaph. , ܰ ܶ of ܰ ܽ ܳ ܳ “was increased, added”; ܗܘ ܐ, “Hun”; ܐܬܬܪ ܶ , ethpa. of ܰ ܳ ܶ ܶ ܬܪܥ, “was broken”; ܪ, “rank”; ܐ, ethpe. (with ܰ transposition of š and t) from , “was troubled, put in ܰ ܰ ܶܐܬ, ethpa. ܶ ܳ ̈ disorder”; ܕ, “each other” (see ܰ , “one”); ܰ , “was mixed”; ܳ ܰ “dust” (possibly read ܶ ܶ , of ܰ “hooves”); ܪ ܳ ܐ, “horse” (form also used as a collective for ܰ ܕܘ
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ܰ
ܺ , ethpe. of ܳܕܫ, “was trampled”; p.); ܐܬܬܕ ܶ, ܰ ܳ ܺ “trampled”; ܒ, “slew, destroyed”; ܱ ܐ, “rest”; ܐ, ܳ ethpe. of ܐ (with transposition), “was led away captive”. ܰ ܰ ܳܪ, ܶ “excellent” (pa.ܳ ptc. from ܺ ܪ, “increased”); ܐ ܺ ܶ ܳ ܳ ܐ, “bishop”; ܺ ܐ, “Amida” (modern Diyarbekir); ܺ ܐܬܬ, ethpe. of ܳ meaning “was at rest, took rest”, here ܶ, “died” (some regard the from as ettaph.); ܳ ܡ ܕ ܽ ܶ ܳ , “encamped, etc.”; ܶ , “went up”; “before”; ܘܢ, ̈ ܰ , construct p. of ܳ , “son”. “son of …” often indicates ܳ ܺ , “clergy”; ܶ ܳܪ, pe. ptc. “someone belonging to …”; ܘܣ of ܶ ܪ, “loved”, here in the construct used as a noun; ܰ ݁ ܰ , pa. passive ptc. of the pa. verb ܨ, “adorned”; ܳ ܰ ܰ , “Flavian”; ܰ ܺ ܰ ܳ ܐ, ܰ ܺ ܳ ܐ, “illustrious”; ܣ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܺ ܰ , “grasped ܺ ܺ “patriarch”; ܐ ܳ ܰ ܐ, “Antioch”; ܳ ܰܬ, “there”; ܶ ܳ ܰ ܪ, with honour, held in honour”; ܶ ܶܐܬ ܰ ܰ ;) ܳ ܰ ܪ, ethpa. of ܰ , “made “afterwards” (also ܳ ܽ , “Nonnus”; ܰ ܺ ܳ ܐ, his escape”; ܶ ܳ ܐ, “captivity”; ܰ ܳ ܰܰ ܳ ܰ ܰ “priest”; ( ܪ )ܪܒ, “steward”; ܺ ܐ, aph. with sfx. from the root pys, meaning “persuaded, asked, petitioned”. This verb is a loan from Greek pei=sai; ܶ ݁ ܰ , pa., “received”; ܺܪ ܽ ܳܬ, ܺ ܺ ܳ ܣ, “clergy”; ܳ ܽ ܳ “headship”, here construct with ܬ , “priesthood”; ܱ ܰ ܪ, ܳ pa., “sent”; ܬܘ ܰ ܐ, “Thomas”; ܶܪܐ ܺ ܳ ܳ ܐ, “chorepiscopus”, a priestly subordinate of a bishop in charge ܰ ܕ, “led, governed”; ܳܐ ܺ ܳ ܳ ܐ, of a (country) district; ܳ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܶ “Amidan”; ܱ ܠ, impf. of ; ܶ ܠ ܗ , “gift”; ܶ ܡ, ܶ “anything, some”; ܐ ܺܘ, ethpe. of ܳ (with
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transposition), meaning in this stem “agreed with, conspired ܳ ܽ ܳ ܰ , “sent”; ܳ , “forced, with”; ܬ , “petition”; ܰ ܰ , ܳ ܳ ܳ resisted”; ܰܕ ܳ ܐ, “judge”; ܐ ܐ ܕ, “who”; ܰܕܗ ܐ, “gold”; ܶ ܺ ̈ ܶ , “poor” ܶ ܽ ܳ ܶܕ, “for this pa., “distributed”; ܐ ܳ ܳܰ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܺ ̱ܐ, “other”; ܳ , reason”; ܐܬ ܘܬ, p. of ܐܬܪ, “land”; ܺ ݁ ܰ , aph. ptc. of ܰ ; ܳ ܰ , “corpse”; “wandered”; ܶ , ethpe. ptc. of ܰ , “was ordered, ܶ ܳܗ, “then”; ܶ appointed”.
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Text 7: Barhebraeus (A.D. 1226-86)
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Barhebraeus (Syriac Bar ‛Ebroyo, Arabic Ibn al-‛Ibrī) was Syrian Orthodox Maphrian of the East. The following text is taken from his Chronography: part of his account of the Crusades, specifically the dealings of King Richard of England with Saladin and his entourage in A.D. 1191.
ܰ ܳ ܰ ܺ ܘ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܰܕ*ܐ ܺ ܰ ܐܪ ܰ ܰ ܪ ܐ ܳ ܬ * ܰܨ ܳܚ ܶ ܰ ܶܘܐ ܰ ܰ ܳܕܗ ܶܐܬ :ܰ ܳ ܐ ܰ ̈ ܰ ܰ ܘ ܰ ܽ ܢ ܳ ܰܘ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܶ ܰ ̱ܝ ܳܗ ܰ ܳ ܐ .ܕܗ ܺܪܘ ܰ ܰ ̈ ܘ ܰ ܰ ̈ ܽ ܢ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܳ ܰ ܶ ܰܐܗ ܺ ܶ ܐܬ ܰ ܳܘܬ ܰ ܰܕ ܰ ܽ ܳ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܢ ܶܕ ܕ ܰ ܶ ܳ ̇ܗ ܰ ܰ ܆ ܕ ܶ ܽ ܩ:ܽ ܺܘܪ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܬܢ ܶ ܳܕܗ: ܺ ܰ ܰܘܨ ܳܚ ܺ ܶܕ. ܰ ܶ ܺ ܘ ܺ ܰܙܠ ܰܬܪܢ ܘܬܬ ܳ ܰ ܶ ܰ ̱ ܰܐܬ ܰܳܘܳܬ ܰ ܺܕ ܽ ܢ ܰ ܘ ̈ܳ ܶܐ:ܗܘܘ ܶ ܶ ܰ ܽ ܕ ܺ ܶ ܷܐ ܕ ܰ ܳ ̈ܐ ܶ ܘ ܰ ܐ.ܽ ܳܪܝ ܰ ݁ ܰ ܽܗܘܢ ܶ ܰ ܳ ̈ܐ ܐ ܺ ܐ ܽ ܢ ܰ ܶ ܽ ܽ ܰ ܽ ܰܶ ̈ܳ ܶܐ ܰ ܺ ܆ ܰ ܐܬ ܰ ܘܢ ܐ ̱ ܘܢ ܰ ܘܢ ܐ ܽ ܢ ܶ ܽ ܽ ܘܢ܆ ܰ ܰܘ ܰ ܳܗ ܳ ܐ ܐܬ ܰ ܳܘܬܢ ܗ ܶ ܘ.ܶ ܽ ܢ ܰ ܰ ܺ ܽ ܶ ܳܐܦ:ܬܢ ̱ܗܝ ܶ ܐܘܪ ܶ ܳܕܐ ܺ ݁ ܽ ܘܢ ܕ ܶ ܺ ܶ ܰ ܺ ܰ ܘ ܰ ܺ ܶ ܽ ܢ ܰ ܪ ܺ ܰ ܰܘ: ̇ ܶ ܰܬܢ ܽܬܘܒ ܻܐ ܽ ܰ ܰ ܶܘܬܘܒ ܰ ܰ ܪ. ܶ ܐ ܳ ܐ ܰܕ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܽ ܪܐܐܢ ܺܕ: ̇ ܳ ܳ ̱ ܐ ܳ ܳܨ ܶ ܐ ܐ: ܰ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܰܕܐ ܺ ܐܪ ܳ ܬ ܰܨ ܳܚ ܺ ܶܘܐ ܳ ܰ ܕ ܶ ܰ ݁ ܰ ܢ ܺ ܰܐ ܽ ܟ * ܰ ܶ * ܰ ܶܕܠ ܳ ܶ ܺܕ ̱ ܰ ܳܕܗ ܳܶ ܺ ܶ . ܶ ܶ ܰ ܽ ܺܘܪ ܰ ܐܬܬ ̱ ܐܢ ܳ ܳ ܶ ܒ ܐ ̱ ܰ ܺ ̈ܳ ܳ ܰܕ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܰ ܽ ܟ ܕ ܶ ̈ ܶܐ ܰ ܰܘ ܺ ̈ ܳ ܰ ܽ ܕ ܶ ܽ ܘ ܽ ܳ ܐ:ܶ ܽ ܕ ̈ܳ ܰܘ ܳ ܐ ܳܘܐ ܺ ܐ ܳ ܶܐ ܶ ̈ܘ ܳ ܇ ܳܗܘ ܳܳ ܐ ܶ ܽ ܳ ̱ܝ ܳ ܺ̈ ܳ ̱ ܳܘܐܦ ܐܶ ܳ ܳ ܶ ܒ ܐ. ܗܕ ܰ ܽ ܳܬ ܶܳ ܺ
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ܰܕ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܰ ܕ ܺ ̈ ܰ ܝ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܶ ܳܐ܆ ܘ ܶ ܶܘ ܰ ܬ ܳ ܶ ܳܐ ܕ ܳ ̱ܝ ܳ ܶܕ ܶ ܶ .ܐ ܰ ܰ ܶܕܠ ܰ ܽ ܺܘܪ ܶ ܰ .ܨ ܳܚ ܳ ܺ ܶܕ ܐ ܰ ܶ ܐ ܽ ܗܝ ܺ ܶ ̈ ܗܝ ܰ ܰ :ܘ ܰ ܰ ܪ ܪܘ ܳ ܶܐ ܘ ܳ ܐ ܳ ܬ ܐ ܽ ܶ ̱ ܰ ̱ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܺ ܺ ܳ ̱ܗܘ :ܐ ܳ ܳܘ ܕ .ܘ ܰܨ ܳܚ ܽ ܶ ܳܗ ܽ ܢ ܻ ܶ ܐ :ܕ ܳ ܺ ܰ ܳ ܶ ܕܗܕ ܘܡ ܶ ܳܗܘ ܳ ܐ ܰ .ܐ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܶ ܕܬܗܘ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܳܐ. ܳ ܐ ܽ ܳܗܝ ܳܐ ̱ ܬ ܰ ̱ܬ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܰܪ ݁ ܳ ܐ ܳ ܰ ܥ ܳ ܶܕ :ܘ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܕ ܰ ܳ ܕܬܗ ܰ ܰܘܐ ܽ ̇ ܬܘܒ ܗ ܶ ܶ ܰ ܐ ܳ ܐ ܰܕ ܳ ܳ ܰ ̱ܗ ܳܘ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܽ ܰ ܺ ܽ ܶܬܗ ܰ ܰ ݁ ܰ ܪ ܐ ܰ ܰ ܳܗ ܶ . ܽ ܟܳ . ܺ ܰ ܽ ܢ ܬܶ ܘܗ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܐ ܰܕܠ ܰ ܰܨ ܳܚ ܘ ܰ ܰ ܪ ܺܐ ܰ ܳ ܕ ܰ ܽ ܳܬ ܳ ܬ ܰ ܳ ܐ .ܘ ܰ ܐ ܶ ܗ ܻ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܶܬܗ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܬ ܺ ܳ ܳ ܐ ܐܶ ܰ ܬܳ ܳ ܰ ܺ ̈ ܶ ܆ ܳܕܗ ܳ ܶ ܬ ܳ ܳ ܰ̈ ܺ ܻ ܳ ܐ ܘ ܻ ܳ ܳ ܐ ܰ ܶ ܠ ܐ̱ ܳ ܳ ܝ ܘ ܳ ܶ ܰ ܕ ܳ ܳ :ܘܐ ܳ ܶܕܐܢ ܳܗ ܶܘ ܺ ܳ ܳ ܐ ܰ ܺ ܳ ܳܗܘ ܳ ܐ ܳ ܶ ̱ܶ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܺ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܺ ܰ ܺ ܳ ܰ . ܕܨ ܚ ܰܗܕ ܽ ܘܐ ܰܳ ̈ .ܘܗ ܳ ܐ ܺܗ ܐ ܰ ܽ ܰ ܰ ܺ ܽ ܳ ܐ ̱ܗܝ * ܘ ܰ ܘܢ ܶ ܰ*ܬ ܰ ܳ ܶ ܶ ܳ ܽ ܶ ܰ ܺ ̇: ܘܪ ܳ ܐ ܕ* ܛ ܐܙܠ ̱ܗܘ ܕ ܒ ܰܕܨ ܳܚ ܰܘܐܗ ܽ ܗܝ ܘ ܰ ܽ ܘܗܝ * ܰ ܶ ܺ ܳ .ܗ ܳ ܰ ܺ ܳ ܶܐ ̱ ̱ ܗܘ ܆ ܰܘܕ ܰ ܶ ܐ ܐܶ ܰ ܕ ܳ ܐ ܰܕܐ ܶ ܳ ܶܐ ܰ ܳ ̈ ܐܶ ܳ ܺ ܺ ܶ ܳ ܶܐ ܴ ̱ ܺ ܗܘ ܶܕ ܰ ܶ ̱ܳ ܶܗ ̈ ܐ ܰ ܳܬܪ ܕ* ܰ ܶ ܽ ܪ .ܐ * ܰ ܰ ܶ * ܰ ܽ ܘܪܳ .ܗ ܳ ܐܬ ܰ ܰ ܳ * ܰ ܶ ܺ ܰܰ :ܘ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܪ ܳ ܬ ܰܨ ܰ ܳܚ ܺ ܶܘܐ ܰ ܶ ܶ ܶ :ܕܐܢ ܳ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܐܬ ܰ ܳܘܬ ܰܕܐ ܽ ̱ܗܝ ܬ ܳ ܺ ܆ ܰ ܶ ܶܐܘ ܰ * ܽ ܳ ܐ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܕ ܶ ܛ .ܘ ܰ ܳ ܶܕ ܺ ܰ ܶ ܶ ܰܐܗ ܺ ܳ ܰ ̱ܒ ܺ ܕܳ :ܘ ܪ ܰܨ ܳܚ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܶܕܠ܇ ܘ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܽ ܘܪ ܰ ̱ ܒ ܽܐܬ ܰ ܳܘܬ ܰܕܐ ܽ ̱ܗܝ ܐܘܪܗܝ ܘ* ܳ ܳ ܢ ܰܘ* ܺ ܳ .ܘ ܰ ܰ ̈ ܳ ܬ ܬ ܶ * ܳ ܽ ̈ܶܕ ܰܕ ܰ ܳ ܶܐ ܰܘܕ ܰ ܳ ̈ܶܐ ܽ ܰ * ܰܐ ܳ ܳ ܢܰ : ܶ ܰ ܰ ܳܐ ܰ ܳ ̈ܶܐ ܺ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܶܐ ܳܗ ܽ ܢ ܕ ܳ ܺ ܗܘܘ ܶ ̱ܰ ܳ ܽ ܳ ܰ ܺ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܰ ̈ ܶ ܐ .ܘ ܰ ܰ ܘ ܰ ܳ ܶܐ ܰ ܺ ܳ
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ܰ ܶܕܐܬ ܺ ܪ ܶ ܽ ܰ ܽ ܶ ܰܘ ܰ ܰ ܺ ܳ ܕ ̈ܳ ܶܐ܇ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܳ ܬ ܳ ܶ ܰܘܪ ܳ ܶܐ ܶ ܰ ̈ ܶ ܰܕܨ ܳܚ ܺ ܶ .ܘܐܬܬ ܶ ܘ ܘ ܰ ܳ ܶܐ ܬܪ ܰ ܳ ܶ ܐ ܰ ܽ ܕ ܶ ܶ ܺ ̈ ܶ ܐ .ܘ ܰ ݁ ܪܰ ܰ ܺ ܰ ܶ ܽ ܺ ܳ܆ ܐ ܺ ܐܪ ܐ ܽ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܬ ܰ ܶܕܠ ܰܘܪ ܳ ̱ ܝ ܶܘܐ ܰ ܶ ܬܘܒ :ܕ ܳ ܶ ܐ ܐ ܳ ܶܕܐ ܶ ܶܘܐ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܳ ܰ .ܘ ܰ ܺ ܳ ܰ ܳ ̱ ܺ ܶ ܶ ܽ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܶܐ ܳ ܪ݁ ܶ ܗܘܢܰ :ܘܐܙܠ ܰ ܶܕܠ ܶܨ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܰܕܐ ܺ ܰ ܐܪܺ :ܘ ܶ ܒ ܽ ܰ ܳܐ ܬܳ ܆ ܰܪ ܳ ܐ ܰ ܶ ܘܽ ܰ ܰ ̈ܳ ܶܕ ܶ ܰ .ܘܐ ܰ ܶ ܶ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܰ ܶܕܠ :ܕ ܳ ܶ ܐ ܐ̱ ܳ ܳܕܐܦ ܰ ܽ ܢ ܐ ܽ ܟ ܶ ܐ ݁ܬܒ ܳܗ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܳܶ ܳܺ ܳ ܰܕ ܶܘܐ ܳ ܶ ̱ܗܝ ܶܘܐ ܱ ܽ ܶ ܰܰ ܶ ܶ .ܘ ܰ ܐ ܰ ܰ ܶܕܠ ܶ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܺ ܳ ܳ ܕ : ܶ ܬܬ : ܨܐ ܰ ܳܚ ܳ ܰ ܰܘܐ̱ ܺ ܬ ܳܕ ܐ ܶ ܕ ܺ ܰܙܠ ܳ ܬܗ ܶ ܳ ܰܕܗܘ ܽ ܰ ܰ .ܢ ܰ ܺ : ܕ ܰ ̈ ܳܶ ܐ ܳܙ ܶܕܩ ܕ ܶ ܰ ܽ ܢ ܶܨ ̈ ܳ ܷܕ ܐ ܳ ܪ ܽ ܳܪܪ ܶ ܰ ܳ ܳܐ܆ ܰܺ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܪܶ .ܘܐܢ ܶ ܽ ܒ ܰܕ ܰ ܰ ܪ܆ ܐ ܳ ܘܗ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܽܗܘ ܺ .ܘ ܶ ܐ ܰ ܺ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܐ̱ ܳ ܰ ̱ ܶ ܰ ܐ ܺ ̱ ܰܕ ܰܪ ܳ ܳ ܐ ܶ ܶܘ ܰ ܳ ܢ ܰ ܽ ܢ ܐ ܰ ܳ ܶ ܺ ̱ܗܝ ܰ ܪ ܳ ܳ ܐ :ܘ ܰ ܺ ܽ ܶ ܳ ܐ .ܘ ܰ ܳ ܬ ܗܘ ܴ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܺ ܶ ܰ ܳܘ ܽ܆ ܰܐܙܠ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܰܕܐ ܺ ܐܪ * ܰ ܰ ܽ ܰ .ܘܨ ܳܚ ܰܐܙܠ ܺܘܪ ܶ ܰ :ܘ ܰ ݁ ܰ ܰ ܪ ܶ ܺ ܺ ܰܘܐܪ ܳ ܐ ܰ ̈ܳܐ ܺܕ ܳ ܰܕܗ ܳ ܐ܇ ܘ ܰ ܰ ܪ ܽ ܘܢ ܐ ܺ ܶ ̈ܳ ܶܐ ܶ ܐ ̈ ܰ ܝ ܰ ܳ ܶܐ܀ ܺ ܰ ܰ ;”, “messenger, ambassadorܐ ܰ ܳ ܶ;”, “Englandܐ ܺ ܐܪ ܶ , “was devoured,ܣ , ethpa. ofܐܬ ܰ ܰ ;”ܳ, “beholdܗ ܳܰ ,ܐ ܶ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܝ ;” ܰ , “sideܐ ;” ܰ , “warܐ ;”broken in pieces ܳ ܰܳ ;”, “thusܗ ܐ ;”)?“how long? (literally: until when ܺܪܘ ;) ܺ in Text 1:20ܝ , “became drunk” (compare ܪܘܝ from ܻ ܰ ,ܗ ܰ , aph. impv. ofܐܗ ܶ ;”, “bloodܕ ܳ ܐ ;” ܳ ܰ , “swordܐ ;”ܺ ܶ , “now, therefore ܰ ,2 ;”“returned, changed nd
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s. perf. of , “took”; ܢ ܶܕ , “rather, especially” (see ܳ ܳ ܳܽ ܶ ܽ ܶ ܶ Greek ma~llon); ܬ , “worship”; ̇ܗ : ܰ ܰ , 1st p. of ܰ with with sfx., “on account of it”; ܽ ܶ , 1st p. impf. of ܰ , “left desisted”; ܰ enclitic ̱ ; ܩ ܶ ܺ ܬܬ, the ethpe. equivalent for verbs like ܳ , from the root ܳ , often ܺ ( ܶܐܬܬwith two ܬs) in the perf.; here impf. 2nd s. ܺ ܰ , pa. from ܳ ܐ, “replied”; ܰ , “not”; m., “was at rest”; ܶ , “formerly” (see ܽ ܰ ܡ, “first of all”); ܽ ܳܪܝ, ܺܽ ܕ ܳ ܰ݁ ܰ ܳ construct of ܽ ܪ ܳ ܐ, “beginning”; , “eruption, going ܰ ܺ out, emergence”; ܐ, aph. perf. of ܳ , “snatched”; ܰ ܺ ܰ , “a little”; ܶ ܐ, aph. of , “were weakened”; ܳܶ ܽ ܰܶ ܳ ܳܗ, “now”; ܽ ܶ , ܐܬ ܘܢ, 2nd p. m. perf. of ܐܬ,ܽ “came”; ܐ ܺ ܳܐ, ptc. p. of ܰ ܶܐ, with 2nd “because of, concerning”; ܘܢ ܺ ܶ ܺ ܺ p. m. enclitic pronoun; ̇ ܐ, ܐwith 3rd f. s. sfx.; ܰ , ܰ ܺ ܰ ܪ, aph. ptc. with enclitic pronoun of “much more”; ܶ ܰ (root ) ܺ ܶ ܒ, “made great, honourable”; ܰ ܺ ܰ , pa. ܐܘܪܒ ܳ ܰ ptc. with enclitic (root ), “treated with reverence”; ܐ ܐ ܰ ܰ ܕ, “as”; ܽ ܪܐܐܢ, “Qur‚ān”; ܳܨ ܶ ܐ, ptc. of ܨ ܳ ܐ, “wanted”; ܶ ܰ ܢ, ethpa. impf. (root ܢ ), “connected himself by marriage”: ܳ ܰ, this verb is a denominative based on the noun ܰ , with the foregoing, “relation by marriage”(see VIII.B); ܰ ܰ ܶ ܰ “through, by way of”; ܐ ܽ ܟ, ܐ ܳ ܐ, “brother”, with sfx.; ܳ ܳܶ ܶ ܳ “ ܰ ܶܕܠMalik ‘Adil”; ܳ , “sister”; ܐܬܬ, 3rd f. s. pe. ܶof ;ܐܬ ܶ , “worshipped”; ܐܢ, “if”; ܰ ܶ ܳ ܳ ̈ ܺ , pe. infinitive ܳ ܺ of ܳ ܳ , “bank, side” , p. of ̱ , “city”; ܳ ܳ (construct); ܰ ܐ, “sea”; ܶ ܐ, “fort”; ܱ ܽ ܕ, “alone only”; ܶ ܕ,ܳ ܰ , “ordered, ruled, had command”; ܽ ܳ ܐ, irregular ܺ , “town, village”; ܳ ܰܕܘ ̈ܳܐp. of ܳܕܘ ܳ ܐ, “afflicted”, the p. p. of
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being used of “templars, knights templar”; ܐܪ ܳ ܐ ܳ ܽ ܰ ܐ, ܳ ܳ ܳ “knight hospitaller”; ܗܘ ܐ, f. ptc. of ܬ ;ܗܘ , ܺ ܰ ̈ “relationship created by marriage, wedding”; ܐ ܝ, contruct p. ܺ ܶ , “agreed to”; ܳ ܰ of ܳ ܐ, “hand”; ܬ ܐ, “dwelling-place”; ܳ ܶ ܺ , “was inflamed”; ܶܪ, “desire”; ܰܪܘܪ ܳ ܳ ܐ, “prince, great ܰ ܶ , impf. of ܶ ; ܺ ܰ , “much”; ܳ ܳ man”; ܐ, “elder”; ܶ , ptc. from ܶ , “was difficult”, ethpe. “made ܶ ܳ ܺ , “astute, clever”; ܰ ܺ ܳ , ptc. pe. of himself difficult”; ܐ ܳ ܽ ܳ ܳ ܺ ܰ ܥ, “knew”, with enclitic pronoun; ܘܡ , “never”; ܐ, ܰ ܶ ܳ “nor”; ܳ ܐ , ethpe. ptc. (with transposition) f. of ܨ ܐ, ܳ ܰ ܰ “was willing, consented”; ̱ ܬ, construct of ܬ, “daughter”; ܳ can mean “married”; ܳ , adverb, ܰܪ ݁ ܳ ܐ, “great”; ܗܘ ـ ܰ passive ptc. (“emphatic”) of ܳ , “was able”, “well”; ܳ ܐ ܳ ܳ ܰ , “by way of”; hence, “it is possible”; ܙ, “kind, type”: ܰ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܬܗ, “jest, mockery”; ܐ ܳ ܐ, “as”; ܳ , aph. ptc. of ܳ , ܰ , aph. infinitive of ܰ ܚ, “joked”; “was accustomed”; ܽ ܳ ܳ ܽ ܺ ܰ ܨ ܬ, “cunning”; ܰ ܽ ܢ, “therefore”; ܰ ܶ ܶܬ, 2nd s. impf. aph. of ( ), “saddened, hurt”; ܰܕܠ ܐ, ethpa. (withܺ ܰ transposition) of ܠ, “was enticed, cajoled”; ܳ ܰ ܐ, ܳ ܽ ܰ ܰ ܶ “ambassador”; ܬ , “agreement”; ܐ ܶ ܗ, ܰ ܐwith sfx., ܺ ܳ ܳ ܺܐ, “day-time”; ܰ ܶ ܠ, “retained, kept”; ܳ ܐ , “night”; ܐ ܳ ܳܐ, f. absolute ptc.; pa. ptc. of ܰ ܠ, “enticed, cajoled”; ܳ ܺ ܰ , “true”; ܰ ܗ, “returned”; ܺ ܰ , pe. passive ptc., of ܳ ܰܬ, ܶ ܬ, “was ashamed”, henceܽ “in shame”; ܰ ܽ ܰ ܺ ܶ “Taqi al-Din ‛Umar”; ܐܘܪ ܳ ܐ, “journey, road”; ܛ, “Khilaṭ”; ܶ ܳ ܶܐܙܠ, ptc.ܰ of ܰ ܶ ܒ ;ܰܐܙܠ, aph. impf. of ܒ, “fought”; ܐܗ ܽ ̱ܗܝ, aph. 3rd m. p. perf. of ܰ ܗ, with 3rd m. s. sfx., ܽ ܰ , “buried”; ܺ ܶ ܰ, “brought him back”; ܘܗܝ ̱
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ܳ
ܳ
“Maipherkaṭ”; ܐ, pe. ptc. of ܐ, “hated”; ܕ, “without”; ܶ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܐ, p., “mercy”;ܺ ܰ ܐ, “shed”; ܐܪ ܳ ܳ ܐ, “Armenian”; ܰ ܳ ܳ ܐ, ܳ , “wronged, miserable”; ܽ ܪ ܰ, “labourer”; ܐ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܰ , “Malik Manṣur”; ܰ ܰ ܐܬ, ethpa., “Gabal Gur”; ܽ ܘܪ ܶ ܳ , pe. ptc. of “was confirmed, fortified, took refuge”; ܰ , “left”; ܶ ܶ ܶܐܘ, ethpe. ptc. of the root ܐܘ, “agreed with, ܰ ܽ ܰ ܐ, “Begtimur”; ܳ ܳ , “Lord”; made alliance with”; ܺ ܰܐܗ, aph. of ܗ ܳ ܐ, “ignored, turned ܰ ܳ ܶܕ, “therefore”; ܳ ܳ ܺ ܰ , “a little”; ܐܘܪܗܝ ܳ ܽ, away”; ܕ, “at that moment”; ܳ ܳ ܺ , “Samosata”; ܳ̈ ܰ , “Edessa”; ܳ ܢ, “Harran”; ܰ , “set off”; ܶ ܰܬ ܰܬ, ܶ ܰܬ ܬ, “two”, aph. ptc. f. p. of ܰ ܽ , with sfx., “the two of them”; ܽ ܳܕ, “band” (f.); ܰ ܳ ܳ ܐ, “Ashkelon”; ܶ , pe. passive ptc. of “towards”; ܢ ܳ “encamped, etc.”; ܳ , ܳ “put, set”; ܳ ܺ , ܺ ܳ , ptc. of ܰ ; ܳ ܺ ܰ , “camp”; ܽ ܳ ܰ , “ambush”; ܰ , “collected”; ܰ ܳ ܐ, “piece of wood”; pa. infinitive of ܳ ܶ ܰ ܘ, ܳ ; ܺ ܐܬ, ethpe. of , “was uncovered”; ܶ ܪ, ܽ , “every one”; ܽ ܳ ܐ, “horse”; ܰ , “met, “rode”; ܰ ܶܶ ܶ ܶ ܰ ܰ attacked”; , pa. of , “slew”; ܐܬܬ ܶ ܘfor ܶ ܐܬܐ, ܶ ܳ ܰ , “horseman”; ܽ ܕ, ethpe. of ܰ ܐ, “was seized”; ܳ ܐ ܱ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܺ “only”; ܐ , “ordinary”; ̱ ܝ ܪ, ܪ ܐ, “blamed, ܶ st accused”, ܶ ܳ ܳ ܶ with sfx.; ܐ, pe. ptc. of ܐ, “sought”; ܐ, 1 s. impf. of ܳ with sfx.; ܶ ܰ ܶܐ, pa. 1st s. impf. of the root , ܳ ܺܳ ܰ “spoke”; , “pitched (tent), encamped”; ܶ ܺ , “tent, ܶ ܰ ܶ etc.”; , “outside”; ܨ, “towards, at”; ܒ, “sat”; ܳ ܰܬ, “there”; ܰܪ ܳ ܐ, “evening”; ܰ ܫ, “departed”; ̈ܳ ܶܕ, ܰ ܽ , “sultan”; ܶ ݁ܐܬܶܒ1st s. impf. of ܺ ܶ ܒ, “each other”; ܢ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܳ “sat” (see XI.3); ܨ ܐ, “was willing”; ܬ ܬ, “two (things)”; ,
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“indeed” (Greek me/n). It is used for “on the one hand …”; ܰ , “was afraid”; ܐ̱ ܺ ܳܬ, “other (thing)”; ܶ ܰܐ, aph. perf. of ܶ ܳ ܰ ܰ , “conceded”; ܬܗ ܕܗܘ , “towards him”- ܕܗܘ emphasizes that Richard is referred to: by implication, ܰ , “therefore”; Richard ought to come to Saladin; ܽ ܢ ܺ ܰ , pa. of ܳ ܐ, “replied”; ܳܶܙܕܩ, pe. ptc. of “ ܙܕܩwas fitting”; ܶ ܰ ܽ ܢ, ethpa. impf. of , “were gathered, assembled”; ܽ ܳ ܳܪܪ, “strength, agreement” (here construct); ܰ ܳ ܐ, “peace”; ܺ ܰ , “until now”; ܱ ܰ ܪ, pa. passive ptc. of ܰ ܰ ܪ, “fixed, ܶ ܰ “reckoned, thought”; ܰ ܰ ܶ , agreed”; ܽ ܒ, ethpa. ptc. of (with transposition), “understood”; ܺ ܰ ܶ ܰܐ, “of necessity” (Greek ܰ ܴ ̱ , “speech, language”; ܳ ܳ ܰܪ ܳ ܰ , “between”; a)na&gkh); ܐ “interpreter”; ܶ ܺ ̱ܗܝ, pe. impf. of ܰ , “made, worked, appointed” with sfx. anticipating the object: probably 1st p. with jussive meaning: “Let us appoint the ambassador as interpreter” ܰ , “there is not”; ܺ ܽ ܳܬ, “need”; (alternatively 3rd s.); ܶ ܳ ܐ, “meeting”; ܰ ܳܘ, ܰ “winter”; ܽ ܰ , “Akko”; ܺ ܶ , ܰܳ ̈ ܰ ܳ , “1000” (hence 24,000); ܳ ܳ ܺܕ, “20”; ܐ , p. of ܐ ܰ ܳ ܺ ܰܐ, ܳ “dinar, denarius”; ܰܕܗ ܐ, “gold”; ܰ ܪ, pa., “set free”; “prisoner”.
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Text 8: St Ephrem the Syrian (d. A.D. 373) Part of a poem (Nisibene Hymn 17, dated c. 361-63) marking the death of Vologeses, Bishop of Nisibis, and in praise of Abraham, his successor. Note the pattern of seven syllables in each phrase. Note on Chanting (by George A. Kiraz)
Syriac music is syllabic (i.e., each musical note is associated with a syllable). Sometimes the melody of a particular line contains one more syllable than provided in the text. For ܰ ܰ ܶ ܶ̈ ܽ ܰ example, the first line in the melody ܗܘܘ ܰ ܕ ܐܬ, ̱ which is used here, consists of eight syllables, while the text is made up of only seven syllables. In such cases, the chanter adds an extra syllable at the end of the line according to the following rules: ܰ ܳ ܽ i) If the vowel of the last syllable is ◌, ◌ or ◌, a ܡ is added and it takes the same vowel as the last ܽ ܽ ܰ in the first syllable. For example, ܪܘܬܝ ̱ ܽ ܰ ܽ ܽܪܘ. Similarly, stanza is chanted ܬܝ ̱ ܰ ܕ ܰ ܺ ܰ ܢof the second line is chanted ܰ ܺ ܰ ܕ. ܶ ܺ ii) If the vowel is ◌ or ◌, a ܝis added instead. For ܳ ܰ of the third line becomes ܶ ܳ ܰ . example, ܷ ܷ
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܀ ܕ ܰ ܰܐ ܳ ܳܗܡ ܐܶ ܺ ܽ ܳ ܰܕ* ܺ ܰ ܳܳ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܗܘܘ ܰ ܽ ̱ܰ ܕܐܬ .. ܰ ܰܐ ݁ ܶ ܳ ܝ ܳܐܦ ܰ ܽ ܽ ܕܬܪ ܶ ܪܘܬܝ ܰ ܳܟ ܳ ܽ ܳ ̇ . ̱ ܰ ܰ ܳ ̱ܳ ܰ ܺ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܺ ܳ ܽ ݁ . ܶܕܪ ܢ ܐ ܬ ܕ ܰ ܶ ܰܘ ܰ ܫ ܰܘ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܺ ܰ ܳ ܷ ܳ. ܐ ܰ ܰ ܺ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܬ ܺ ܳ ̱ܳ ܕܗܘ ܺܪ ܳ ܗܘ ܰܕܬ ܳ ܰ. ܳ ܗܘ ܶ ܰܪ ݁ ܳ ܪ ܺ ܳ ܳ ܺ ܽ ̱ܗܘ ܕ ܰ ܶ ܗ ܽ ܳ ܢ.. ܶ ܶ ܽ ܶ ܰ ܺ ܳ ܶ ܐ ܽ ܘܠ ܐ ܽ ܢ. ܰ ܽ ݁ ܳ ܐ ܘܟ ܐ ܽ ܢ ܘ ܰ ܳ ܰ ̈ ܽ ܘܢ ܰ ܺ ̈ ܶ ܰܘ ܰ ܰ ̈ ܽ ܰܘܢ ܰ ̈ܶ ܶ . ܰ ܰ݁ܳ ܰ ܰ ܘܕܬ ܺ ܶ ܗ ܕܳ ܰ ܶ ܶ ܐ * ܻ ܳ . ܕܗܘ ܪ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܽ ܶ ܺ ܺ ܶ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܶܪܬ ܰ ܘܐ ܬܗ ܕ ܘܗܘ ܪ . ܶܘܐܬ ܰ ܺ ܰ ܳ ܘܗܘ ܰܪ ݁ ܳ ܺ ܽ ̱ܗܘ ܕ ܰ ܶ ܗ ܺܪ ܳ ܳ .. ܺ ܀ ̈ܶܕ ..
ܰܘ ܺ ܰ ܺ ̈ ܶ ܕ ܳ ܳ ܰܕ ܶ ܳ ܰܕܪ ܰ ܳܪ ܶ . ܶ ܰ ܰܕ ܳ ܕ ܰ ̈ ܰܕ ܰ ܘ ܽ ܳ ܰܕ ܰ ܽ . ܘܢ ܶ ܴ ܷ ܰ ܽ ܳ ܰ݁ܳ ܺ ܳ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܪ ܶ ܕ ̱ܬ . ܐܱ ܪ ܰܘ ܺ ܺ ܶ ܰ ܳ ܗܕ ܰ ̈ ܳ ̱ܗܝ ܰܕ ܽ ܽܪܘܢ ܶ ܶ ܰ ̈ ܰ. ܺ ܽ ̱ܗܘ ܕ ܰ ܶ ܗ ܰ ܽ ܐܘܨܪܗܘܢ.. ܽ ܳ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܰ ̱ܬ ܳ ܳ ̱ ܝ ܶ ܽ ܳ ܕ ܰ ̈ ܷ ܕ ܰ ̱ ܒ ܶ ܳ ܳ ܰܕ ܳ ܰܶܪܗ. ܰ ܶ ܗ ܰܙ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܰܘ ܳ ̱ ܝ ܽ ܳ ܐ ܽ ܳܪ . ܺܕ ܰ ܒ ܶ ܳ ܰ ܽ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܳܗ ܽ ܳܪ ܰ ܺ ̈ ܷ ܰ. ܶ ܰܨܘ ܳ ܰܙ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܨ ܽ ܬܟ ܰ ܳ ܰܕ ܺ ̱ ܳܢ. ܬܪܢ ܰ ܳ ܺ ܳ ܶ ܶ ܪܽ ܬ ܺ ܽ ̱ܗܘ ܕ ܰ ݁ ܶ ܫ ܶܕ ̈ܳ ܟ܀
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ܺ ܺ
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, “Nisibis” (modern Nusaybin on the Turkish/Syrian ܳܳ border); ,”voice, tune”, followed by the title of the tune to ܰ ܰ ܰ ܶ be used; ܐܬ, ethpa., “was slain”; ܰ ܽ ܳܕ, “infant”;ܳ ܶ ݁ ܐ, ܽ ܽ ܰ ( aph. impv. of ), “permitted”; ܙ ܪܘܬ, “smallness”, often used with 1st person sfx. for “my poor ܶ ܰ ܳ self”; ܬܪ ܐ, 3rd f. s. aph. of ܪ ܐ, “threw” (agreeing with ܳ ܽ ܽ ܳ ܰ ܰ ;)ܙ ܪܘܬ, “treasury”; ܳ ܽ ܳ , “farthing, mite”; ܳ ܳ ܬ, “merchant” (this refers to the previous bishop, Vologeses); ܳ ܺ ܰ ܳ ܰ, ܺܰ ܳ , “flock, diocese”; ݁ ܪ, pa. of ܪ ܐ, “increased”; ܳ ܳ ܽ , “teaching”; ܰ ܫ, “set “talent” (coin) (construct); ܐ ܳ ܺ , “harbour”; ܶ ܰ ܶܐ, 1st s. impf. apart, departed, died”; ܳ ܳ ܰ , “disciple, shepherd, pastor”: pa. of , “spoke”; ܐ ܳ ܳ ܰ here “disciple”; ܕܬ, “of three, third” (see XIV.5). The numerical allusion here is to the fact that Abraham of Nisibis is the fourth in a line of succession: Jacob, Babu, Vologeses, Abraham. He is the third disciple, but the fourth master ܶ ܗܘ ܳ : ܗܘ ܳ , “became”, with “ethic (bishop) in the series; ܶ , “for himself”; ܰܪ ݁ ܳ ܐ, “master”; dative” (see Nöldeke §224) ܪ ܺ ܳ ܳ ܐ, “fourth”; ܺ , “blessed” (pe. passive ptc.); ܰ ܶ ܗ, ܰ with sfx.; ܳ ܽ , “comfort”; ܽ ݁ ܳ ܐ, “love” (“with one” ܳ ܺ ܽ ܶ st goes with this and , “crown”); ܘܟ ܐ, 1 s. impf. pe. of ܰ ܟ, “mixed, wove, embroidered”; ܰ ܠ, “wove, ܰ, ܳ ܳ ܰ ܰ intertwined”; ܗ ܐ, “flower”; ܺ ܳ ܐ, “splendid”; ܳ ܐ ܳ ܺ ܰ , “sweet”; ܳ , “remained” (like ܳ ); ܶ “blossom”; ܐ ܰ ܶ ܶ here “after”; ܳ ܺ , “Elisha”; ܰ ܪܬ, 3rd f. s. of “ ܪܬܚwas ܳ ܰ , “horn”; ܰ ܽ ܳܬ, heated, inflamed, boiled up”; ܺ ܰ ܶܐ, eštap‘al stem from the root ܳ (see “election”; IX.C; XIII.4), “was perfected (in the fullness of the
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ܺܰ ܶ
ܳ
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ܳ ܺ
priesthood)”; ܐܬ, ethpa. of , “was raised”; ܪ ܳ ܐ, “chief”; ܺ , 3rd p. pe. of ܺ ܝ, “rejoiced”: see Text 1:20; ܰ ܺ ܳ ܐ, “fat one”; ܳ ܳ ܐ, “fed, tended” (of sheep etc.); ܶܪ ܳ ܐ, ܰ ܪ, 3rd p. pe. of ܪ ܳ ܐ, “grazed, fed” (of “pasture, fodder”; ܶ ܳܪ, ptc. of ܪ ܳ ܐ. Hence “that on the pasture on sheep etc.); which they grazed they are (still) grazing”; ܰ ܶ , 3rd f. s. of ܳ ܳ ܰ here ( ܺ ܝabove); ܳ ܰܕ, “home, habitation, fold, circle”; ܐ ܳܳ ܽ “shepherd” (meaning clergy); , “succession” (construct); ܰ ܳ ܶ ܰ ܳ ܕܪ ܐ, “step, rank”; (pe.), “fastened”; ܪ ܳ ܐ, “mind”; ܰ , “inside”; ܽ ܳ ܐ, “body”; ܺ ܳܬ, “church” (note that ̱ ܰ the MSS have here , meaning “festival”); ܟ, “placed, ܳ ܳܰ, wrapped round”, here pe. ptc. passive, “encircling”; ܗܕ ܐ ܽ ܽ , ܳ , “supplied, imported, bought”; “member, limb”; ܪܘܢ ܳ ܳ ܰ , “store house”; ܰ ܳ ܐ, “food, bread”; ̱ܬ, “new”; ܐܘܨܪ ܳ ̱ ܝ, ܳ ܐ, “chose”, with sfx.; ܳ ܽ , “multitude”; ܶ ܳ ܳ ܐ, “test”; ܳ ܳܪ, “truth, steadfastness”, perhaps here ܳ , ܳܐ, ܳ “orthodoxy”; ܰ , “tested”; ܰܙ ܐ, “time”; ̱ ܝ ܳ ܽ , “a long time”; ܽ ܳܪ, “furnace”; “examined” with sfx.; “ ܕthat”, here approximately “because, in that”; ܶ ܳ ܐ, “proof, ܳ ܽ , “person”; ܽ ܳܪ, “wall”; ܶ , for ܶ ܶܘ examination”; ܐ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܳ (Nöldeke §183); ܰܨܘ ܐ, “fasting”; ܰܙ ܐ, “armour”; ܐܬܪ, “land”; ܳ ܨ ܽ ܬ, “prayer”; ܳ ܰ , “(round)ܳ shield”; ܺ ܳ ܐ, “incense, ܰ ܽ ܰ ܶ ܶ ܳ censer”; ܐ, ܐ, “obtained”; ܬܪ ܬ, “truce, peace”; ݁ ܶ ܫ ܳ ܶ (pa.), “sanctified”; ܕ, “sacrifice”.
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Text 9: Philoxenus of Mabbog (d. c. A.D. 523)
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From his Discourse 2, on faith, here advocating childlike simplicity before God. Note the significance of the diacritical points in an unvocalized text. For full treatment of these points see Nöldeke §§ 6-17. Vocalized serṭā script is used in the notes.
܆ ܕ ̇ܙܕܩ ܕ ܪ ̇ ܘܐ .ܒ ܕ ܐ ܐ ܬ ܐ ܗܝ ܘܐ ܆ ܕܐ ܘܗܝ ܇ ܘ ܬ ܬ ܐ ܐܦ ܼܗܘ ܘ ܗ ̇ ܕ ܘܐ .ܬܗ ̈ ̇ ܗܝ ܪ ܆ ܘ ̈ ̇ ܘ ܗܝ ܆ ܐܦ ̇ ̇ܡ ܕ ܕ ܆ ܕܐܢ ̇ ܘ ̈ ̇܇ ܕ ܘ ܕ ܕ ܡ ̇ܕ ܕ ܘ ܐ ̇ܙܕܩ ܆ ܗ ̇ ̈ ܗܝ ܆ ܇ ܬ ܐ ̇ ̈ ̈ .ܗܝ ܕܐܢ ܗܝ ܘ ܘܬ ܘܐ. ̣ܗܘ ̇ ܐܦ. ܬ ܘ. ̇ ܕ: ܐ ܪ ܗܕ ̇ ̈ ܆ ܘ ܕ. ܗܘ ܕ . ̣ ܐܬ ܬ ̇ ̇ ܇ ܕܐ . ̇ ܪܘ ܇ ܕ ܕ
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̇ ܬ .ܘܐ ܕ ̇ܕܗܘ ̣ ܘܬ ܇ ܕ ܕ ̇ ̇ ܥ: ܐܡ܆ ܘ ܡ ܕ ̇ ̇ ̇ ܪ ܇ ܘ ܘ ܘ ̇ ܕ ܐܢ ܕܪ ܆ ܐ ܘ ̈ ̈ ܘܢ ܪ . ܕ ܘ ̈ ܕܪܘܚ܇ ܐܦ ܗ ܆ ܗ ̣ ܕ ܕ ܇ ܕ ܕ ̇ ܨ ܕ ܘ ܆ ̈ ̇ ܗܝ . ܕ ̇ . ܬ ܬ ܆ ܘܗܘ ̇ ̇ ܒ. ܬܗܘܢ ̈ ܆ ܘ ̇ ̈ ܆ ܕ ܕܗܘ ܘܐ ̣ ̈ ̇ ܕ ܕܨ ܬ : ̇ ̈ ̇ ܐܦ ܗܪ :ܗ ܘ̈ . ܠ ܐ ܕ ܘܐܪܙ ܆ ܬ ̇ܗܝ ܐ ܕ ܕܐ ܨ ܘ ̈ܕ ܗ ܕ ܘ ܕܐܦ ܆ ̇ ̈ ܐܬ ܬܢ. ܗ ܬ ܢ ܐ ܢ .ܕܕܐ ܬܝ ܘ ̇ ܬ ܐ ܢ ܐ ܗ ܕܐ ܘ ) .(Mt. 19:14ܘܬܘܒ ܕܐ ̇ ̇ ܬ ܕ ܐ ܬ ܐ .ܕ ̇ ܠ ܐ ܕܐ )(Mk. 10:15܀
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ܳ ܰ
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, “young child”; ܳܶܙܕܩ, ptc. of ܙܕܩ, “was fitting”. Note that a dot above a form like this indicates that it is a participle ܽ, ܶ ܶ ܳ ܳ ܰ (see II.A(ii)); ܐ, impf. of ܐ, “possessed”; ܐ ܐ ܕ ܰ ܰ ܶ , ethpa. ptc. of ܶ ܒ, “drew near”; ܰܐ ܰ ܳ ܐ “whoever”; ܒ ܳ ܕ, “just as”; ܰ ܳ ܽ ܬ, “guidance, dispensation, government”; ܶ ݁ ܰ , pa. ptc. of ܰ , “received”; ܰܪ ݁ ܳ ܐ, “great man, ܶ ܶ̈ ܳ ܶ ܳ master”; ܶ , pe. ptc. of ܳ , “investigated”; , p. of , ܶ ܰ “word”; , pa. ptc. of ܶ ܳ , “discussed,ܳ disputed, ܳ ܳ ܽ examined”; ܐ , “thought”; ܕܐܢ, pe. ptc. of ܕܢ, “judged”; ܶ ܰ ܶ ܗܘ ܡ, “anything”; ܶ ܰ , pa. ptc. of ܶ ܺ , “taught”, ܶ ܰ , like verbs beginning sometimes found in the form ܰ̈ ܰ ܳ with ܳ ܐ ;ܐ, “soul”; ܰܕ ܳ ܐ, “judge”; ܳ ܐ , pe. p. passive ptc. of ܳ ܐ, “covered, kept secret” (the verb being used in the pa.); ܳ ܳ ܽ , “deed”; ܽ ܘܬ, impf. of ܳܨܬ, “listened to”; ܰܗ ܳ ܽ ܳܬ, “faith”; ܶ ܺܪ, “afresh” ( ܰ ܶ ;) ܺܪ ܳ ܐ, aph. ptc. of ܶ ܺ , ܰ ܰ : ܶ ܰ , impf. pa. of “bore, brought forth, gave birth to”; ܶ ܺ (above) with 1st p. sfx.; ܶ can mean “originating from”; ܺ ܶ st ܶ ܺ with enlitic pronoun attached: ܰ ܶ ܐܬ , 1 p. ethpe. of ܰ , f. ܳ ܰ , “belly, womb”; ܳ ܺ ܳ “we have been born”; ܐ ܰ , “progenitor, producing, generative” (used ܳܳ of ܳ ܺ , f. absolute passive ptc. ܺ , “put”; adjectivally); ܐ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܺ ܽ ܰ , “middle”, here “as the means”; ܕ , ܺ ܰ ܳ “baptism”; ܐ , pe. passive ptc. of ܓ, “mixed” (f. ܶ , ethpe. ptc. of ܶ ܺ ; ܳ ܰܐ, “likewise” ( ܳ ܙ ܰ ܺ absolute); ܳ ܽ ܳ ܽ ܳ “manner”); , “baby, infant”; ܳ ܐ, “nature”; ܰ ܘܬ, ܶ ܳ ܳ which can mean “simplicity, childishness”; ܡ, ptc. of ܶ ܰ ܶ , ethpa. ptc. of ܪ ܳ ܐ, here “thinking, “existed”; ܪ ܐ ܶ ܰ , pa. ptc. of ܰ ܪ, reasoning”; , “spoke”;
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ܰ
ܳ
183
“moved, wriggled”; ܽ ܕ , “only”; ܰܙܘ ܐ, “movement”; ܰܺ ܪ, “far”; ܽܕܪܘܚ, “of spirit, spiritual”; ܳ , “instead of”; ܳ ܳ ܰ , see ܶ ܰ above; ܳ ܰ , “condemned, guilty, liable”, used for “ought”; ܶܨ, “at, in the presence of”, here with ܗܘ ܳ ܳ ܽ, means “had something to do with, was a party to”; ܐ ܰ ܳ , ptc. of ܰ ; ܰ ܽ ܳܬ, “investigation, enquiry”; ܳܳ ܳ “sincerity”; , “sound, saying”; ܳ ܬ, “examination”; ܶ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܒ, ethpa. ptc. of ܶ ܳ ܳܒ, “drew ܳ near”; ̈ ܳ , p. of ܳ ܐ, “name” (see VI.F); ܶܨ ̈ ܬ, p. ܰ of ܨ ܽ ܬ, “thing”; ܶ ܳ , ܶ ܺ , “learned”; ܰ ܶ , ethpa. ptc. (with pe. ptc. of ܳ ܳ transposition) of , “understood, recognized”; ܗܪ ܐ, ܳ ܳ ̱ , “mystery, secret”; ܳ ܳ ܽ , “here, now, herein”; ܐܪܙ ܶ݁ ܶ “understanding, meaning”; ܠ, pe. impf. form used for ܳ ܰܺ ܳ ܶ, the impf. of ܰ ̱ ܒ, “gave”; , “knowledge”; ܳ ܰ ܶ “wisdom”; , ethpa. ptc. of , “was spoken” ܰ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܽ ܳ the phrase means “ineffable”; ܘ ܐ, “saviour”; ܬܢ, , ܽ ܰ “called, designated”, with sfx.; impv. p. of , ܰ “left, let”; , “namely”, but it stands for quotation marks ܶܳ ܶ̈ ܳ ܰ , “child”; ܐܬ and need not be translated; ܐ , p. of ܳ ܐ , p. ܳ ܳܶ ܽ ܶ ptc. of ܢ ;ܐܬ ܬ, impf. of , “forbade”. ܰ Note that the ܶ impf. is used for negative commands; ܐ, here “those” (see ܳ ܽ )ܗ ܳܢ, but usually interrogative (see Nöldeke §§68, 236); ܽ ܳ ܳ ܽ ܽ ܰ ܬ , “kingdom”; ܬܘܒ, “again”; ܕܘ, “place”; ܐ̱ ܺ ܬ, f. ܳ ܺ ̱ܐ, “other”; ܰ ܕ, “whoever”; ܶ ܽ ܠ, pe.impf. of of ( ), “entered”.
READINGS
184
)Text 10: Thomas of Marga (9th century A.D. From this Church of the East author’s Book of Governors on monastic history. (East Syriac script and vowel signs).
ܿ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܿܪ ܿ ܵ ܝ * ܼܿܐ ܵ ܵܗܡ ܿܪ ܵ ܀ ܼ ܵ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܹܪܫ ܼ ܼܕ ܼ ܪ ܕ*ܐ ܼ ܵ ܼܿܕ ܼ ܵ ܵ * ܼܿܐ ܵܗܡ ܼ ܿܐܘܪ ܕ ܼܿ ܵ ܹ ܿ ܿ ܼ ܸ ܡ ܼܿܐ ܿ ܼܿ ܵ ܵܗ ܹ ܿ ܵ ܕܼ ̈ ܹ܇ ܼ ܫ ܼܿܐ ܵ ܵ ܵ :ܘ ܵ ܹ ܼܿܐ ܵ ܼܿ ܵ ܼ ܵܬ ܵܗ ܿ ܵ ܿܘ ܘ ܵ ܵܗ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܕ ܵ ܵܬ ܿ ܵ ܬ ܼܵ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܿ ܼ ܼܵ ܼ ܵ ܼ ܘܐܘܪ ܵ ܹ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܸ ܼ ܗܡ ܼܪܘ ܼ ̇ ܼܐܪ ܵ ܕ ܼ ̱ . ܼ ܼ ܿ ܵ̈ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ̈ ܿܵ ܘ ܼ ܿܬܪ ܘ ܼ ܹ ܵ ܼ .ܕܐ ܼ ܵ ܹ ܼܐ ܿ ܵ ܸ ܵ ܼ ܿܕ ܼܘ ܹ ܼܿ ܵ ܵ ̈ ܘ .ܗ ܢ ܕ ̱ ܿ ܼ ܹ. ܼܿܐ ܵ ܼ ܹ* ܿ ܿ ܵ ܼ ܿ ܹ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵܬ .ܘ* ܿܪܹ ܿ ܕܬ ܼ ܗ ܕ*ܪ ܿ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܿ ܵ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܹ ܿ ܿ ܼܵ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܝ ܵ ܹ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܿ .ܗ ܵ ܼܕܪ ܼ ܼܿܪܘ ܵ ܵ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܕ* ܿ ܹ ܿ ܕ* ܥ ܘܕ ܼܕܪ ܼ *ܙ * ܼܵܐ ܗܡ ܹܪܫ ܿ ܼ ܐܵ ܿ ܼ ܵ ܕ ܼ*ܐ ܼ ܿ .ܘ ܹ ܿ ܿ ̈ ܹ ܹ ܼ ܵ ܸ ܿ .ܐܙܠ ܿ ܼ ܵ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܸ ܹ ܵ ܹ ܼ ܵ ܼܵ ܘܐܬ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܼܬ ܿ ܘ ܼ ܿ ܸ ܿ ܸܐ ܿ ܹ ܵ ܕ ܼܿ ܵ ܼܵ ܬ ܵ ܸ . ܵ ܼ ܪ ܕ*ܐ ܼ : ܼܐ ܼ .ܘ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܬ ܼܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܸܐܬ ܼ ܼ ܥ ܼܵ ̱ :ܘ ̇ ܼܕ* ܿ ܼ ܵ ܼ ܵܬ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܿ ̈ ܵ ܵ ܵ :ܕ ܵ ܕ ܼܬ ܵ ܵ ܵ ̈ ܿ ݂ܹ̈ ܼ ̱ ܵ ܗܘ : ܿ ܸ ܿ ܼ ܼܿ ܵ ܵ ܹ ܿ̇ ܕܗܘ ܹܕ ܿ ܡܼ ܿ ܕ ܵ ܘ̈ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܼ ܬ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܿܗ ܼܘ ܿ ܵ ܹ̈ܿ ܵ ܼ ܸ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܵ ܵ . ̈ ܼܘ ܿ ܸ ̈ ܼ ܹ ܬܗ ܵ ܸ ܼܬ ܵ ܼ ܵܘܢ ܼܐ ܵ ܬ ܼ ܵ ݂ ̈ ܹ ܿ̈ ܵ :ܘ ܵ ܹ ܕ ܼ ܿ ܹ ܿ ܘܐ ܼ ܹ ܿ ܼܕܐܪ ܿܕ ܵ* ܹ ܿ ܘܕܿ* ܼ ܐܬܘ ܹ ܵ ܼ ܿܘܕ* ̈ ܹ ܼ . ܵ ܼ ܵ̈ ܼ ܵ ܿ ܼ :ܚ ܿ ܸ ܵ ̈ ܼܕ ݂ ܹ ܗ ܵ ܼ ܕܗ ܿܘ ܿ ܹ ܹܪ ܵܵ ܹ ܵܗ ܵ ܹܬܗ ܘܐ ܹ ܕܼ ܹܸ . ܸ ̈ ܸ .ܐܬ ܼ ܼ
! 23
READINGS
185
ܿ .ܵ ܕ ܿ ܗܘ ܵ ܝ ܵ ܼ ܵ ܿ ܕ ܼ ܿ ܼܿ ܪ ܘܐ ܼ ܹܵ ̈ ܵ ܹ ܼܵ ܿ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܼ ܿ ̈ ܼܵ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܼܿ ܕ ܹ ܼܬ ܼ ܵ . ܼ ܼ ܹ ܼܕ ܼܘ ܵ ܗ ܿ ܹܵ ܼܿܘܙ ܵ ܕ ܹ ܬ ܼ ܹ ܗ ܹ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܿ ܹ ܿ ܿ ܸ ܼ ܵ ܼ ̱ ܿܗܘܘ . ܹ ܵ ܼ ܸܐ ܹ ܵ ܵ ܼ ܕ ܵ ܹ ܼܘ: ܵ ܹ ܸ : ܼ ܼ ܘܐ ܼ ܵ ܕ ܼ ܿ ̱ܵ ܼܿܕ ܼ ܵ ܿ ܼ ܵܬ ܿ ܼ ܵ ܕ ܵ ̈ ܹ ܵܨ ܼ ܵ ܹ ܿ ̈ ܗܘ ܹ ܵ ܼܿ ܿ ܼ ܵܬ ܕ ܼ ܵ ܹ ܹܐܙܠ ܘ ܿ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܵ ܼ ܵ ܹܬ ܿ ܣ ܼ ̱ ܵ ܘܗܪ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿܕ ܵ ܿ ܵܬ ܪܘ ̱ܵ ܵ ܵ ܼܿ ܵܗ: ܗܘ : ܼ ܿܿ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܼ ܿ ܵ ܼ ܵ̄ ܼܕܪ ܼ ܵ ܝ ܗܘ ܇ ܕ ܸ ܵ ܼ ܿܬ ܿ ܼ ܪ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܿ ܗܘ ܇ ܘ ܿ ܵ ̄ ܼܿܐ ܵܗܡ ܵܐܙܠ ܵ ̱ ܼܿ ܹ ܒ . ܗܘ ܕ ܘܬ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܹܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵܿ ܵ ܿ ܵܿ ܵ ܬ ܵ ܿ ܕܐܬܪܘܪ ܿ ̈ ̈ ܼ ܼ ܼܵ ܼ ܸ ܼ : ܿܘܗ ܼ ܵ ܼ ܪ ܼ ܿ ܼ ̈ ܼ ܬ ܵ ܿ ̈ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܿ ܼܘ ܹܵ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܵ ܵ ̈ ̱ ܵ ܕ: ܹ ܵ ܘܬ ܵ ܹ ܿ ܘ ܵ ܼ ̱ ܿ ܼܘ ܵ ܼ ܹ ܼܐ ܬ ܼܘ ܕ ܼ ܨܘ ܼ ܼ . ܼ ܿ ܼ ܗܘ ܿ ̈ ̈ ܹ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܘ ܼܿ ܼ ܵ ܬ ܸ ܸܐܬ:ܵ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܹ ܼ ܵ ܼ ܹܬܗ ܕ ܸ ܼܿ ݁ ܼ ܬ ܀ ܽ ܳ ܳ ܐ, “blessed, holy”; ܰ ܰܪ, literally “our master”, an ܺ ܳ ܽ , “monastery”; honorific title; ܪܫ, “head” (construct); ܽ ܳ ܺ ܺ ܳܗ, “therefore”; ܽܐܘܪ ̈ ܳܪ, “mountain”; ܐ, “Izla”; ܕ ܰ ܳ ܶܐ, “Ur of the Chaldaeans”; ܰ ݁ ܶ ܡ ܰ ܫ, “appointed in advance, predestined”, a combination of two verbs, ܫ, “separated”, and ܡ (pa.), “did beforehand, anticipated, ܶ ܳ ܳ , “put”, with sfx.; ܳ ܽ , prevented”; , ܶ̈ ܰ ܳܰ “multitude”; ̱ ܐ, p. of ܐ, “nation”; ܘ, here “also”; ܳ ܳ ܽܕܘ, “way of life, custom”; ܺ ܺ ܳ ܽ ܳܬ, “being alone, ܰ monastic life”; ܶ ܰ ܬ, šap‛el stem with sfx. of the root ܪܬܚ, ܶ ܰܐܘܪaph. of ܺ ܶ ܒ, “made great, enlarged”. “made abound”; ܵ Note that the Eastern script often represents –aw as ;◌ܘ ܰ ܳ ܐ, “East”; ܳ ܰ , “man”; ܽܪܘ ܳ ܳ ܐ, “spiritual”; ܶ , passive
186
ܳ
READINGS
ܳ
ptc. of , “was even, worthy”, meaning “equal”; ܳ ܶ, ܰ ܺ ܳ ܶ ܳ “deed”; ܐ, aph. ܬ ܐ, ܳ ܽ of , “established”, with ܳ sfx.; ܺ “legion, class”; ܘ , “celibate, virgin” (m.); , “ascetic, ܰ ܳ ܰ ܺ ܳ ܳ Nazirite”; , ptc. p. of ܒ, “wrote”; ܐ , “ancient, ܵ ܰ ܳ ܰ former”; ܗܝ : note the Eastern spelling with ◌; ܢ ̱ ܳܰ ܳ (usual spelling), “rather, in particular”; ܰ ܽ ܐ ܐ, “Father ܳ ܳ ܰ , “writer”; ܳ ܺ ܰܬ, “history”; ܰ ܺ ܳܬ, “Bar John”; ܐ ̱ ܳ ܽ ܽ ܳ ܶ ‛Idta”; ܪܘ, “Rosṭam”; ܐ Qoqa” (in ܶ̈ ܳ , “Beth ܳ ܶ ܽ ܺ Adiabene); ܥ ܙ ܐ, “Zeka Isho‛”; ܐ , Beth ‛Abe”; ܳ ܰ “desert”; ( ܐܶ ܺ ܺ ܐusual spelling), “Eskete” (Scete in ܳ ܺ ܶܐ, “form, manner of life”; ܰ ܳ ܽ ܳܬ, Egypt); ܐ ܳ ܽ , “command”; ܰ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܐ, “divine”; ܰ , “asceticim”; ܳ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܳܰ “dwelt”; ܬ , “cave”; , pa. passive ptc. of ܳ ܐ, “hid”. Note the Eastern script combination of t and ‚ ܺ at the ܳ ܺ ܰ ܳ ܽ ܳ end of the word; ܬ , “neighbourhood”; , ܺܶ ܺ ܰ ܰ “quickly, shortly”; ܐܬ ܥ, ethpe. of ܥ, “became known, ܳ ܶ ܳ ܳ ܰ (western ܳܳ famous”; , “cause”; ܽ ܬܪ, “profit”; ܳ ܐ ܺ , pe. passive ptc. of ܳ , “put, vocalization), “general”; ܳ ܽ ܰ appointed”; ܬ , “priority”, used in construct to mean ܳ ܰܺ “fore-”; , “knowledge” (hence “foreknowledge”); ܳ ܽ ܘ ܳ ܐ, “eternal”; ܶ ܳ ܽ ܳܬ, “middle, means”; ܶ ܰܬ ܽ ܘܢ: ܶ ܰܬis an anomalous verb based on ܳ ܺ ܰܬ, “disciple”, meaning “taught, made disciples”. Here we have an impf. passive (some would call it the ettaph. of ܰ ): “theyܳ will ܳ̈ ܳ ܰ ܳ (might) be made disciples”; ܴܬ ܐ, p. of ܐ ܐ, “father”; ܳ ܽ ܘ ܐ, ܶ ̈ ܰ , pa. passive ptc. of : the verb means “founder”; “named, gave a name to”, this ptc. means “famous, ܳ ܽܳ ܳ ܳ , Babylonian”; ܺܪ ܳ ܐ, renowned”; ܐܬܘܪ ܳ ܐ, “Assyrian”; ܳ ܐ
READINGS
ܳ ܽ
ܰ
187
“odour”; ܗܪܘ ܐ, “spice”; ܳ ܐ , “chosen, choice” (passive ܶ ܳ ܳ ܺ̈ ܰ ܳ ptc. of ܐ ); ܚ, “spread”; ܐ, “report”; ܳ ܺ ܰ ܰ ܶܐܬ, ethpa. of ; “splendid deeds”; , “region”; ܰ ܳ ܳ ܐ, “poor, ascetic”; ܺ ܳ ܐ, “set apart, special”; ܰ ܺ ܝ, pa. ofܵ ܳ ܺ , “showed, revealed”. ܰ ܶ Note again vocalization with ◌; ܰ , “crown”; , ethpa. impf. (with transpositon) of ܰ , “was trimmed, cut”; ܳ ܳ ܶ ܰܬ, “novice”; ܰ ܳ ܐ, ܳ ܶ ܰ : vocalization with ◌ܵ; ܳ ܺ ܰ , “until”; ܻܬ, “coming”; ܗܘܘ ܳ ܺ , “shaven” (passive ptc. of ܶ ܰܘܪ ܳ ܳ ܐ ;) ܥ, “true”; ܐ “follower of Severus” (Patriarch of Antioch: the author of this text shows his opposition to the so-called “monophysite” ܰ ܰ ܳ ܰ tradition.); ܳ ܽ ܽ ܳ ܺ , adverbial useܳ ܳ ofܰ ܙ ܐ, meaning “formerly”; ܳ ܬ , “philosophy”; ܐ, “foreign, heathen”; ܳ ܳ ܐ, ܰ ܶ , pe infinitive of ܶ ܳ “Greek”; ܳܨ ܐ, ptc. of ܨ ܐ, “wished”; ܶ ܺ , “learnt”; ܽ ܳ ݁ ܰ , pa. infinitive of ( ܰ ݁ ܺ ܝpa), “held fast ܽܶ ܳ ܳ ܻ ܰ ), to, had mastery of”; ( ܐܬ ܣalternative spelling ܐܬ ܣ ܳ ܽ ܳ ܺ , “philosopher”; “ ܳܗܪ ܳ ܐnow, in this “Athens”; ܐ ܰ ܽ , “whoever”; ܺ ܪ, “desirous”; place/case”; ܕ ܳ ܽ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܘܬ, “sonship”; ܒ , aph. ptc. of ܒ, “enrolled, ܳ݁ ܰ̈ ܳ ܶ ܶ , “after”; ܰ ܐܬܪܘܪ inscribed”; ܳ ܐ, p. of ̱ ܰ , “year”; ܕ ܰ ܶ , one of the additional derived stems (see XIII.B), ܰ ܐܬܪܘܪ or ܳ ‚etpawpal of ܪ, here “was increased” (3rd f. s.); ܺ ܽ ܘܬ, ܶ , “through him”; ܶ ܰ ̈ܰ ̱ܗܝ, “during his “abstinence”; ܳ ܰ ܽ , “congregation”; ܰ , from life”; ܽܨܘ ܐ, “person”; ܳ ܐ ܶ ܽ ܰ ܳ ܽ ܐ, “built”; ܕ ܬ, “likeness”, hence ܬܗ , “in his ܶ ܶ ܐܬ, ethpe. of , “was gathered, likeness, like him”; ܳ ܳ ܐ, “honour”; ܺ ܰ pa. died”: the ethpa. is more common; ܻ
188
ܳ
READINGS
of ܐ, “changed, migrated”; “corruption, corruptibility”.
ܳ
ܕ,
“without”;
ܳ ܰ݁ ܳ ܾ ܬ
ܶ,
GLOSSARY This glossary contains all the vocabulary items which appear in the main part of the book, with the exception of the following: most pronouns, numerals, day and month names (see XIV), rarer ethnic names and, of course, personal and geographical names. Verbs are given in an unvocalized “root” form, though vocalization is given where necessary (e.g. to indicate verbs with an e vowel like ܶ ). This is followed by an indication of which stems are used and the meaning in those stems. ܰ are listed as ܳ are listed as Verbs like . Verbs like ܳ and not, as is often the practice, as ܡ. Genders of nouns are only given if not obvious. Adjectives are given in the masculine singular “emphatic” form.
ܰ ܐ ܳܐ ܐ ܳ ܰܐ ܳ ܳ ܶܐ ܳ ܶ ܐܶ ܰ ܬ ܳ ܰ ܰܐܕ ܐܘ...ܐܘ ܐܘ ܽ ܐܘ ܳ ܳ ܐ
father (takes sfxs. irregularly: see VI.F) pe. perished wages roof-top letter Ear (f.) either … or ethpe. agreed with, made alliance with black 189
190
GLOSSARY
ܳ ܳ ܽܐܘ ܶ ܰ ܰܐܘ ܶ ܻ ܽ ܢ ܳ ܐܘܨܪ ܽ ܐܘܪ ܳ ܐ ܰܐܙܠ ܐ ܳܐ ܐ ܳ ܺ ̱ܐ ܳܺ ܬ ܳ ܳ ̱ܐ [ܺ]ܐ ܳ ܐ ܳ ܰ ܺܐ ܳ ܺ ܰܐ ܰ ܽ ܘܬ ܰܐ ܰܐ ܕ ܰ ܕ ܰܐ ܳ ܰܐ ܐ ܕ ܰܐ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܺܐ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܕ ܰܐ ܳ ܳ ܐ ܺܐ ܳ ܐ ܕ ܳ ܳ ܐ ܺ ܰܐ ܳ ܐ ܰܐ ܳ ܐܶ ܳ ܐ ܕ ܐ ܳ ܴܰ
distress gospel store house journey, road pe. went brother (see VI.F) pe. took hold of, closed, retained other, another (see VI.F) other thing (see VI.F) ܳ ܳ̈ ܰ sister (p. )ܐ ܬ hand, power (construct ܰ , see VI.F) envoy embassy like, as as, as if such/so that where, anywhere how? just as day-time who, whoever honour there is (see V) together pe. ate as if not, except, but god
GLOSSARY
ܰ ܴ ܳ ܳܐ ܶ ܐܳܐ ܐ ܺ ܰܐ ܶܐ ܐܢ ܺ ܰ ܰܐ ܳܳ ܳ ܰܐ̱ ݁ ܐ ܐ ̱ ݂ܬ ܐ ܐ ܳܳܐ ܺ ܰ ܳܐܪ ܐ ܳ ܳܐ ܐ ܳ ܳ ܰܐ ܽ ܬ ܳ ܺܐ ܶ ܳܐ ܺ ܳ ܐ ܐܦ ܳ ܰ ܳܐ ܶ ܰܐ ܺ ܳ ܽ ܳ ܐ ܳ̈ ܐ ܺ ܶܶܐܪܐ ܳ ̱ܳ ܐܪܙ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܐܪ ܳܰܐܪ ܐ ܐ ܳ ܳ ܶܐ ܰ ܶܐ
191
divine pe. pa. forced, pressed mother aph. was able truly pe. said if necessity (Greek a)na&gkh) ܳ man (absolute ̱ )ܐ ܶ ̈ܶ woman (plur. ܐ: see VI.F) pe. healed knight hospitaller healer, physician healing prisoner form, manner of life also palace bishop raisins (plur. only) heresy mystery, secret widow land (f.) pe. shed document, deed was able, found (anomalous, but like an aph.)
192
GLOSSARY
ܐܬ ܳܰܐܬܪ
pe. came place, region (p.
-
by, in, with, through cathedra, bishop’s chair, also a kind of pulpit inside (preposition) therefore pe. was ashamed comfort pe. plundered pe. tested among, between evil thing among ܶ , p. house, district (construct ܶ ܳ̈ : see VI.F) ܳ always (see ) ܰܙ ܐ only palpel confused without pe. built sweet pe. made merry flesh pe. sought petition husband, master
ܺ ܰܐ ܰ
ܰ ܽ ܢ ܶܬ ܳ ܽ ܙ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܺ ܶ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܽ ܰ ܽ ܕ ܳ ܶ ܐ ܳ ܰ ܺ ܐ ܶ ܳ ܶ ܳ ܳ ܽܐ ܳܬ ܰ
ܳ ܰ )ܐܬ ܰ ܳܘܬ
GLOSSARY
ܶ
ܳ ܳܐ
ܳ ܳܬ ܐ ܶ ܳܐ ܳ ܳ ܽ ܘܬ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܳܐ ܺ ܶܟ
/
ܰ
ܳ ܳܐ ܳ ܬ ܳ ܽ ܰܘ ܪ ܶ ܰܪ ܶ ܰܪ ܳ ܐ ܳ ܐ ܳ ܽܬ ܳ ܠ ܫ ܳܕ
ܰ
ܳ ܳ
ܽ
ܰ ܰ
ܰ
ܳ
ܳ
193
enemy pe. investigated examination, investigation pe. examined proof, examination ܰ son (construct : see VI.F) sonship foreign, heathen creation pe. bent the knee, pa. and pe. passive ptc. blessed man, literally son of a human being ܳ̈ ܰ ܳ (see ;ܐ ̱ ܳ ܐp. ܳ ܐ ) ܳ ܳ̈ ܰ daughter (construct ̱ ܬ, p. : see VI.F) virgin, celibate (m.) after afterwards
tortoise pe. chose side election man pe. wove pe. happened band (usually f.)
194
GLOSSARY
ܽ ܳܕ ܳ ܐ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܳܐ ܽ ܳܐ ܳ ܰ ܪ ܳܳ ܶ ܻܳ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܳܐ ܳ ܳ݁ ܰ ̱ ܶ ܳܐ ܰ ܳ ܳܐ ܺ ܬ ܰ ܳܐ ܣ ܥ
ܳ
ܳ
ܕـ ܶܕ ܕ ܳܰܕܗ ܐ ܳ ܳ ܽܕܘ ܳܕܘ ܳ ܐ ܽܕܘ
blasphemy general body treasury pe. cut, circumcized tendon, ligament for, since (not the preposition “for”) pe. revealed clearly thief giant, mighty man aph. dwelt, descended race, family pe. committed adultery leper loaf bone pa. devoured, broke in pieces pe. shaved of, that, in order that, because, which, who (relative pronoun) sacrifice pe. took, led, drove, guided gold way of life, custom afflicted, knight templar commander, dux
GLOSSARY
ܳ
ܽܕܘ ܶ ܳ ܶܕ ܕ ܳ ܰܕ ܳ ܳ ܰܕ - ܺܕ ܶܕ ܺܕ ܳ ܐ ܰܕ ܳ ܳ ܐ ܳ ܳ ܺܕ ܳ ܰܕ ܰܕ ܳ ܳ ܐ ܕܐ ܳ ܶܕ ܳ ܕ ܕ ܳ ܳ ܕܽܐ ܕ ܬ ܳܕܢ ܰܕ ܳ ܐ ܕ ܰ ܶܕܪ ܳ ܐ ܕܪܟ ܳܕܫ
place pe. feared fear demon demoniac, possessed person belonging to but, now, however judgment judge dinar, denarius home, habitation, monastery monk pa. purify male person without pe. blazed blood likeness pe. judged side pa. broke in pieces step, rank aph. attained, understood pe. trampled
ܳܗ ܰܗ ܳ ܳ ܐ ܳܰ ܗܕ ܳ ܐ
behold flower member, limb
195
196
GLOSSARY
ܳ ܶ ܗܕܪ ܗܘ ܶ ܳܗ ܳ ܰ ܗ ܶ ܰܗ ܳ ܰܗ ܳ ܽ ܬ ܳܗ ܳ ܬ ܺ ܳܗ ܳܗ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܗ ܗ ܐ ܗ ܽ ܳ ܶܗܪܘ ܐ ܳܗܪ ܳ ܐ ܳܗ ܳ ܐ
glory pe. was, became then temple believed (pay‛el of ܗor )ܐ faith thus, similarly therefore thus pa. went, made walk aph. ignored, turned away pe. turned, returned, changed spice here, now, in this place, in this case now
ܘـ ܰ ܰܘ ܘ
and, also pe. fitting (used as active ptc.) etcetera
ܙ ܳܰܙ ܐ ܙܕܩ ܳ ܰ ܙܗܪ ܰܙܘ ܳ ܐ ܰܙܘ ܳ ܐ ܰܙ ܳ ܐ ܳܙܢ
pe. bought (imperfect ); pa. sold time pe. was fitting (used as participle) brightness yoke shaking, movement armour pa. armed ( ܶ ) ܰܙ
ܶ ܶ
GLOSSARY
ܳܙ ܳ ܪ ܳ ܽܪܘܬ
ܽܙ ܽܙ ܙ ܳܙ ܺ ܐ ܙ ܙܪܥ ܰܙܪ ܳ ܐ ܳ ܺ ܽܪܘܬ
ܰ ݁ ܺ ܳ ܳܐ ܳ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܺ ̈ܳ ܶܕ /ܝ ܳ ܽ ܘܬ ܳ ܰܝ/ ܳ ܳ ܪ ̱ܬ ݁ ܳܐ ݁ ܳܐ ܳ ܳ ܳܐ
ܰ ܰ ܰ ܽ ܽ
ܰ ܽ
kind, type; likewise small smallness pe. called cross pe. crucified pe. sowed seed
197
ܳ ܰ:
free-will aph. loved beloved, friend corruption companion pe. shut in crippled one each other pe. rejoiced joy around new pa. showed love debt staff, rod health
by way of;
ܳ ܰܐ:
198
GLOSSARY
ܽ ܳ ܳܐ ܳܳ ܳ ܺ ܶܐ ܰ ̈ܐ ܰ ܳܐ ܰ ܳ ܳܐ ܳ ܰ ܽܳ ܬ ܰ ܳ ܶ ܳ ܺ ܳ
ܻ
ܶ ܳܐ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܶ ܳ ܽ ܳܐ ܰ ݁ ܳܐ ܐ ܰ ܳܐ ܶ ܳ ܳܐ ܺ ܳ
mind, thought pe. saw sin sin pe. plundered, did violence to pe. lived, revived life (plur.) living condemned, guilty, liable (ought), as a noun: debtor animals (sing. collective) strength, force, army wisdom pa. mixed valiant aph. healed instead of fate wine anger strangling pagan pa. absolved holy, holy man pa. strengthened fort diligently pe. looked at, considered
GLOSSARY
ܒ ܐ ܺ ܳܐ ܡ ܪ ܳܐ ܳܐ ܰ
pe., aph. devastated, destroyed, slew war, sword sharpened aph. excommunicated pa. set free silent, deaf, dumb suffering (noun) pe. reckoned, counted, thought darkness ethpa. used pe. suffered; aph. saddened, hurt sister ethpa. connected himself by marriage marriage relationship, wedding
ܰ
ܰ
ܰ
ܶ ܽ ܳܐ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܰ ܽܢ ܬ ܳܐ
ܶ
ܳܐ ܴ ܳܐ ܳ ܳ ܴܽ ܱܳ ܽ ܐ ܽ ܳ ܳܐ ܳܽ ܪ ܳ ܱ ܽ ܬ ܱ ܳ ܳܐ ܷ ܳܐ ܳ ܰ ܐ ܳ ܰܺ ܽ ܬ ܳܐ
/
199
ܶ
report good pa. prepared tabularius (a scribal official) good (noun), blessed is … blessed, holy, holy man mountain goodness, blessedness, grace Arab, Muslim order, rank young man, child youth wronged, miserable
200
GLOSSARY
ܳ ܱ
ܽ ܻܳܳ ܴܽ ܳܘ ܐ ܺܰ ܳ ܰ ܺ ܽܐ ܬ ܥ ܳ ܰ ܻ ܒ ܳܺ ܽ ܳܘܕ ܐ ܳܳ ܽ ܽ ܳ ܳܐ ܰ ܳܐ ܰ ܳ ܳܐ ܳ ܽ ܳܬܪ ܳ ܺ ܺ ܳܽ ܬ ܻ ܺ ܳ ܳܐ ܶ ܻ ܳܰ ܽ ܕ ܐ ܰܳܐ
pe. was finished; pa. finished, used up unclean pe., pa. buried with mistakes, imperfectly tyrant pe., pa. hid dried up dryness pa. handed down, etc.; aph. brought aph. confessed pe. knew (see notes on XI.3); ethpe. became famous knowledge ܶ݁ ܶ pe. gave (for impf. use ) ܠ Jew succession teaching day Greek profit being alone, monastic life only, sole pe. begat, bore infant pe. learnt; pa. taught pe. swore sea
GLOSSARY
ܰ ܺ ܳܐ ܐ ܻ ܶܒ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܳܺ ܐ ܻ ܶܬ ܶ ܻ ܒ ܳ ܰ ܻ ܺ ܳܐ ܰ ܒ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܽ ܳ ܬ ܳ ܳ ܳܐ ܽ ܳܐ ܳ ܽ ܽ ܳܪ ܽ ܶܪܐ ܺ ܳ ܳ ܐ ܳ ܽ ܳܪܗ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܳܐ ܳ ݁ܰ
201
right hand aph. added pe. sprang up aph. burnt pe. was heavy, pa. honoured pe. was/became great; aph. made great, enlarged ܰ ܰ ܺ month (construct ܐ ܚor ) ܻܐܪܚ tent pe. inherited aph. stretched pe. sat, encamped (see XI.3) much, more, abundant sickness, pain when, as pa. broke faith priest priesthood priestly, holy footstool priest furnace chorepiscopus sickness kail (measure) nature talent (coin)
202
GLOSSARY
ܽ ܰ ܽ ܳܐ ܳ ܳ ܺ ܰ ܽ ܽ ܶ ܶܡ ܳܐ
ܳ ܺ ܽ
ܐ ܳܐ ܶ
ܳ ܳ ܽ ܽܘܙܘܬ ܳ ܽ ܺܙ ܘܬ ܺ ܳܳ ܐ ܟ ܰ ܳܐ ܰ ܳܐ ܳܒ ܺ ܳܐ ܳܐ ـ
ܰ
ܽ
ܳ
all; : always (see ) ܰܙ ܐ pe. forbade, prevented dog tortoise crown everyone ܶ everything (see ) ܶ ܡ pa. crowned (with martyrdom) ambush congregation pa. gathered pa. covered, kept secret (pe. passive participle used as adjective) money pe. denied preaching aph. preached, proclaimed weakness, sickness Christian pe. placed/wrapped round (walled) city ܶ womb, belly (construct ) ܣ pe. wrote book, writing beaten to, belonging to, by (with passives) (also used as sign of accusative)
GLOSSARY
ܳ ܶ ܰ ܽ
ܰ
ܰ ܰܡ
ܽ
ܳܬ ܰ ܳܐ ܳܐ
ܺ
ܰ
ܰ
ܳ ܺ
ܳ
ܶ ܳ ܳܐ ܽ ܶ ܳ ܶ ܻܬ ܳܽ ܐ ܰ ܳܐ ܳ ܰ ܳܳ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܽܳ ܬ ݁ ܺ ̱ ܶ ܶܡ ܳ ܰ ܐ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܗ
203
ܳ
not; ܕ: without pe. grasped, held outside not opposite, against, towards first of all towards bread, food there is not night namely (indicates associated words are a quotation) harbour pe. joined pa. collected tongue, speech, language food coming Magian, Persian priest altar, sanctuary desert governor guidance, dispensation, government city anything, any the East gift
204
GLOSSARY
ܰ
ܳܳ
ܳ ܰ ܬ ܰ ܬ ܳܐ ܓ ܳ ܽܐ ܬ ܳ
ܽܐ ܶ ܽ ܶ ܕ ܶ ܾ ܳ ܶܕ ܳ ܺ ܰ ܳܪ ܺ ܶ ܰ
ܳ ܳܐ
ܳ ܰܰ ܐ ܳ ܰ ܽܬ ܳ ܐ ܳ ܽ ܬ ܰ ܴ ܢ ܰ ܳ ܢ
ܰ ܰ
progenitor, producing death dwelling-place pe. mixed pe. struck, beat blow pa. weaken, aph. was weakened tomorrow pe. reached for, on account of, concerning because … for this reason pe. died dead, dead man excellent now, therefore pe. was low, lay down; pa. laid low, humbled writer pe. filled, was full; šap‛el completed, made full; ‚eštap‛al was perfected angel fullness pe. reigned; ethpa. took counsel ܶ ) king (construct kingdom pa. spoke rather (ma~llon)
GLOSSARY
ܳ ܳ ܳܐ ܳ ̱ܽ ܘܡ
ܰ ܶ
ܰ
ܶ
ܰ ܕ
ܰ
ܶ
ܰ
ܶ ܕ ܰ ܶ ܳ ܪܕ ܳ ܳܐ ܳܺ ܐ ܳ ܺܽܬ
ܺ ܳܐ ܳ ܺ ܕ
ܶ
ܶ
ܳ ܳܰ ܪ ܽ ܰ
ܳ ܰ ܬ ܳ ܰ݁ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܳܐ ܳ ܶ ܳ ܽ ܳܬ ܰ ܳ ܶ ܳܪ ܐ ܳ ܰ ܽ ܬ ܳ
205
teacher word speech, language from everlasting (see ) ܾ ܘܡ who? whoever indeed (me/n) from, than, some of after … after … ܰ : on account of ܳ ܳ what? ܐ what? poor poverty punishment, capital punishment blind baptism pe. trampled cave eruption, going out, emergence maphrian pe., ethpe. was able middle, means middle, means Egyptian priority (with another noun means fore-) pe. supplied, bought
206
GLOSSARY
ܳ ܳ ܳ ܝ ܳ ܳܐ ܰ ܳܐ ܰ ܙ ܳ ܳ ܳܐ ܺ ܰ ܺ ܳܐ ܶ ܳܐ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܳܐ ܺ ܰ ܽ ܽ ܘܡ ܳ ܳܘ ܐ ܳ ܶ ܰ ܰ݁ ܳ ܽ ܬ ܪ ܳ ܳܐ ܳ ܳ ܶ ܱܬ ܐ ܺ ܳܐ ܳ ܳ ܰ ܶ ܳܪ ܪ ܳ ܽ ܳ ܽ ܗܪ ܽ ܳ ܳܐ ̈ ܺ ܽ ܳ ܽ ܽ ܳܪ
ܶ ܳ
ܳ ܳܰ ܳ
lord (construct , plur. ) ܘܬ my lord, but used as a title of holy men the Lord (of God) womb general flock, diocese the Messiah, Christ skin deacon camp everlasting, ever (adverb) eternal (adjective) corruption, corruptibility interpreter novice ethpa. prophesied prophet carpenter vow aph. shone, illumined long time light foreign, foreigner plur. nummus (coin) fish fire
GLOSSARY
ܳ ܺ ܳ ܺ ܽ ܘܬ ܳ ܰ ܶ
ܳ
ܳ ܽ ܳܐ ܶ ܳ ܳܐ
ܰ ܳܐ ܻܳܳ ܰ ܳ ܽܘ ܳ ܐ ܰ ܺ ܳܐ ܺ ܳܐ ܳ ܳܐ ܳ ܰ ܐ ܳ ܬ
ܶ ܶ
ܺ ܰ ܴ ܺ ܰ
ܳ
207
ascetic, Nazirite abstinence pe., ethpe. was at rest, took rest, died stream, wadi ܶ pe. descended (imperfect ) ܽ ܬ pe. kept, guarded law pe. took (see Paradigm 6) experience, test aph. raised, waved pe. breathed ܶ ݁ ܶ : see Paradigm 6) pe. fell (impf. pe. went out soul naturally, regarding physical life founder illustrious, splendid pe. pitched (tent) silver old man, senior person pe. bore hope pe. multiplied pe. worshipped worship much (adverb) much, many
208
GLOSSARY
ܢ
ܰ
ܪ ܳܪ ܶܕ ܳ ܳ ܽܕ ܕܘܬ ܳ ܳܳ ܶ
ܳ ܽ ܽ
ܽ
ܽ ܳܐ ܳܳ ܽ ܽ ܪ ܳ ܳܐ ܳ ܶ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܳܬ ܺ ܰ ܳܐ ܳ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܳܐ ܳ ܽ ܺܐ ܬ ܳ ܰ
ܳ
ܳ
pe. set in order rank pe. witnessed martyr, witness testimony, witness, example multitude understanding, meaning sultan horse deed Syrian pe. threw, overthrew, demolished ܰ ܰ side; ܘ: and other, etc. except, aside from pay‛el bore food treasure sword ethpa. understood (round) shield pe. went up pe. put drug, pigment pe. rested, lay pe. hated need hair pe. sufficed
GLOSSARY
pa., aph. cut, clipped coast, bank, side pe. devastated, injured; aph. ordained futility winter
ܳܳ ܳ ܺ ܽܚ ܬ ܰ ܳܘ
ܳܳ
ܳ ܰ ܳ ܺܰ ܠ ܰܳܐ ܰ ܳ ܐ ܶܕ ܰܳܐ ܰ ܝ ܳܳ ܶ ܳ݁ ܺ ̱ܬ ܽ ܳ ܳܐ ܽ ܳ ܽ ܽ ܳ ܳܐ ܽ ܳܐ ܽ ܳܬܪ
209
pe. made, did, worked, appointed ܶ ܶ ); šap‛el enslaved, (imperfect caused to serve work, deed servant pe. passed by, crossed over pe. was accustomed pe. touched; aph. snatched until now, as yet pe. rebuked, complained until, up to until … how long? time church bosom baby, infant dwelling, monastery investigation, enquiry strength wealth pe. turned back
210
GLOSSARY
ܰ ܰ ܳ ܶܕ
ܳ ܳ
ܳ ܳܐ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܳܐ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܳܐ ܳܐ ܳ ̈ܐ ܳܳ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܽܐ ܬ ܶ ܳ ܰ
ܳ ܳܶ ܺ ܳܐ ܰ ܳܐ ܨ ܩ ܕ
ܳ
ܰ
over, against, concerning; ܐ : on account of what? therefore pa. raised up pe. entered world, eternity pastor, shepherd cause with ܶ̈ ܰ people (plur. ) ̱ ܐ pe. dwelt pe. answered flock, sheep (collective) poor, ascetic asceticism pe. was difficult dust pe. forced, resisted pa. discussed, disputed, examined pe. uprooted root, herb ethpe., ettaph. was aroused, awakened astute, clever bed pe. came to pass, befell pe. fled pa. prepared
GLOSSARY
ܳܐ
ܶ ܳ
ܳܐ ܳܳ ܳ ܳܐ ܪ ܳ ܳܐ
ܰ
ܳ ܽܐ ܬ
ܳ
ܳܐ
ܳܐ ܰܺ ܽ ܳ ܽ ܳ
ܽ ܽ
ܳ
ܽ ܶ
ܳ ܰ ܺ
ܺ
ܺ
ܳܐ ܰ
ܶܕ ܰ ܳ ܳܐ ܳ ܺܐ ܚ
211
pe. met, attacked meeting body pe. wandered mouth command Persian salvation pe. breathed answer patriarch philosopher philosophy ܰ aph. form ܻ ݁ ܐpersuaded, asked, petitioned (anomalous verb from Greek pei=sai) incense, censer pa. divided, distributed scattered (four-root verb) pe. worked labourer ethpa. escaped pe. returned, turned, pa. replied region aph. permitted pe. cut off aph. joked pe. commanded
212
GLOSSARY
ܰ ܳ ܳܐ ܰ ܳ ܽܘ ܳ ܐ ܚ ܺ ܳܐ ܰ ܳ ܳܐ ܰ ܽܨܘ ܳ ܐ ܩ ܫ ܰ ܳ ܳܐ ܳ
ܶ ܳ ܳܐ ܚ ܟ ܶܨܐܕ/ ܶܨ ܨܐ ܳ ܨܽ ܬ ܳܳ ܶ ܳ ܶܨ ܐ ܨ ܨ ܳ ܰܨܘ ܐ ܳ ܳ ܰܨ ܨ
blossom plain saviour pe. spread Pharisee Frank person aph. separated pe. set apart, separated, departed, died passive ptc. used as adjective: special cavalryman pe. remained pa. explained saying, word pe., pa. opened pe. mixed, wove towards, to, at pe. wanted; ethpe. was willing, consented thing will finger pa. adorned fasting painter pe. bent; pa. pray
GLOSSARY
ܳ ܬ ܳ ܳܐ ܽ ܬ
ܽܨ ܰܨ ܺܨ ܶܨ ܳܨ ܳܨܪ ܳܨܬ
ܰ ܳܐ ܳ ܰ ܺ ܰ ܰ ܺ ܳܐ ܡ ܳܡ ܰ ܳ ܳܐ ܫ ܽ ܕ ܳܐ ܽ ܪ ܳ ܳ ܳܐ ܽ ܳܐ
ܳ
213
prayer picture, image cunning nail pe. depicted, painted pe. listened to qab (measure) pa. received, accepted pe. fixed, fastened pe. buried grave pa. held fast to first, of old holy, holy man pa. was early/quick, did beforehand, anticipated ܰ : ahead, forwards; before; ܳ ܡ ܶ ܳ ܡ ܕ: before…; ܶ : formerly ܺܽ ܕ first, ancient, former pa. sanctified pa. remained holiness offering truth pe. killed vintage, grape harvest
214
GLOSSARY
ܳ ܰ ܳܐ ܳ ܰܳ ܳܐ ܺ ܰ
ܳ ܺ ܻܳ ܺ ܰ ܘܣ ܺ ܺ ܳ ܣ
ܳ
ܳ
ܳ ܺܰ ܐ ܽ ܳܐ ܐ ܶܒ ܳ ܳ ܳܐ ܺ ܡ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܳܐ ܰ ܺ ܳܐ ܪܐ ܰܪ ݁ ܳ ܐ ܪ
summer resurrection piece of wood voice, sound, tune little quickly, shortly clergy clergy pe. arose, existed pe. obtained, possessed lampstand, candle person, substance, hypostasis pe. was afraid pe. cried out pe. called, blew (on horn) pe. drew near, touched; pa. brought near, offered; aph. fought war, battle ܽ : see VI.F) village, field (p. ܳ ܐ pe. spread over horn harsh elder, priest pa. increased great, master pawpel made increased
big;
‚etpawpal
was
GLOSSARY
ܳ ܰܰ ܪ ܺ ܪ ܳ ܶ ܪ ܳܶܪ ܳ ܐ ܪ ܳܽܪܕܘ ܐ ܪܕܦ ܳܽܪܗܘ ܳ ܐ ܪܗܛ ܪܘ ܳ ܽܪܘ ܽܪܘ ܳ ܐ ܽܪܘ ܳ ܳ ܺܐ ܳ ܳ ܽܪܘ ܰܪܘܪ ܳ ܐ ܰܪܘܪ ܳ ܳ ܐ ܰܪ ܺ ܳ ܐ ܶܪ ܰ ܶܐ ܪ ܶ ܶܪ ܪ ܺܪ ܳ ܐ ܳ ܺܪ ܐ ܳ ܺܪ ܽ ܳܬ ܺ ܺܪ ܶܪ
215
steward desirous foot infantryman pe. threw stones at persecution pe. persecuted Roman pe. hastened, ran pe. became drunk anger, wrath spirit, wind (f.) spiritual spiritually great nobleman far pe. loved mercy (plur.) pa., aph. put away; ethpa. avoided, kept from pe. was moist, became moist pe. murmured odour head headship beginning pe. rode; pa. constructed, composed
216
GLOSSARY
ܰܪ ܳ ܐ ܳܪܡ ܪ ܐ ܰܪ ܳ ܳܐ ܳܪ ܪܐ ܶܪ ܐ ܶܪ ܳ ܐ ܪ ܳ ܳܐ ܪ ܪ ܐ ܳܰܪ ܺ ܐ ܪܬܚ ܠ ܳ ܽܳ ܐ ܬ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܶ ܳ ܺܐ ܐ
ܳ ܰ ܳ ܽ ܰ ܘܬ ܳܽ ܐ
horse pe. was/became high; ethpe. was exalted pe. threw, lay (hands), put (chains); aph. threw, poured, raised (voice) evening high place ethpe., ethpa. thought pe. fed, tended (sheep etc.) pasture, fodder mind, heart pe. moved, wriggled pe. blamed, accused wicked man, apostate pe. bubbled up, boiled up, was heated/inflamed; šap‛el made abound pe., pa. asked; ethpe. abstained from pe. led away captive neighbourhood pa. praised tribe captivity splendour pe. pardoned, left, desisted young child simplicity, childishness trouble
GLOSSARY
ܠ ܪ
ܐ
ܐ ܳܳ
ܽ
ܳ ܽ ܳ
ܳܪ ܳܪ ܳ ܐ ܳ ܶ ܳܪܪ ܬܦ
ܽ
ܽ ܽ
ܰ
ܽ
ܺ ܳܐ ܰ ܳܐ ܳܺ ܽ ܪ ܳ ܰ ܺ ܳ ܰ
ܳܐ ܳ ܳܐ ܐ ܶ
ܺ
ܶ ܺܰ
217
pe. troubled pe. threw pa. beguiled, enticed pa. sent pe. was even/worthy; ethpe. conspired, agreed with glory authority beauty, virtue wall beginning strength, agreement šap‛el partook of, associated; ܰ ܰ ܶ ܐ ܘܬܦ: had intercourse, communicated ordinary peace trumpet fetter, bond, chain pe. slept corpse pe. sent; pa. stripped pe. ruled, prevailed over; pa. gave power; ethpa. ruled peace apostle in authority (adjective) pe. was fulfilled, finished, agreed to;
218
GLOSSARY
ܰ ܳܐ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܰ ܽܐ ܬ ܳܐ ܽ
ܳ ܳܐ ܳܐ ܰ
ܺܰ
ܳ݁ ̱
ܳܳ ܐ ܳ ܰ ܽܬ ܳ ܺ ܰ
ܳ ܰ
ܶ ܳ ܳܐ ܳ ܺܰ ܰ ܺ ܳ ܳ ܻܐ ܺܳ
ethpe. was handed over; pa. finished, offered; aph. handed over perfect, complete peace agreement ܶ̈ ܳ name (plur. : see VI.F) pa. called; passive forms: was called, was famous farthing, mite heaven fat, fatling pe. heard, listened to; ethpe. was heard, obeyed pa. afflicted with pain year ethpa. told, narrated ܳ ܳ hour; ܕ: at that moment sincerity fair aph. conceded pe. took, began; aph. departed pe. loosed, dwelt, encamped; pa. began race, rank, tribe vein, membrane true truly joint
GLOSSARY
ܰ ܳܐ ܪ ܳܳ ܪ ܳ ܰܺ ܳ ܬܐ ܳ ܐ ܬ ܶܬ ܳ ܰܬ ܐ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܽ ܶܬ ܳ ܰܬܕ ܰ ܪܬ ܽܬܗ ܬܘܒ ܳܰܬܘ ܐ ܽ ܰܬܘܪ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܐ ܬ ܳܐ ܺ ܻ ܳ ܰܬ ܶ ܬ ܳ ܺ ܰܬ ܬ ܳ ܰܬ ܳܬ ܰܬܪܥ ܬܪ ܳ ܐ
219
rest pe. was proved true; pa. agreed truth chain pe. drank twin pe. exacted satisfaction from, asked recompense from pe. broke; pa. shattered legion, class merchant wonder jest, mockery also, again worm Turkoman south hastily, earnestly, urgently anomalous verb derived from the ܳ ܺ ܰܬ: taught, made noun disciples disciple pe. was amazed, stupefied there here pa. broke door
220
GLOSSARY
ܳ ܽ ܬ ܳ ܽ ܳ ܺ
ܰ ܶܬܪ ܰܬ ܬ
truce, peace hymn, praise, glory history
ܘ
ܐܕ