Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar
0198154062, 1590459598, 9780198154068
With a facsimile of the Siloam Inscription by: Euting, J.;
274
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17MB
English
Pages 614
[637]
Year 1993
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Table of contents :
Front Matter......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 3
TRANSLATORS PREFACE......Page 6
FROM THE GERMAN PREFACE......Page 8
NOTE TO THE FIFTEENT IMPRESSION......Page 11
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS......Page 13
Table of Contents......Page 14
§ 1. The Semitic Languages in General......Page 22
§ 2. Sketch of the History of the Hebrew Language......Page 29
§ 3. Grammatical Treatment of the Hebrew Language......Page 38
§ 4. Division and Arrangement of the Grammar......Page 43
§ 5. The Consonants: their Forms and Names......Page 45
§ 6. Pronunciation and Division of Consonants......Page 52
§ 7. The Vowels in General, Vowel Letters and Vowel Signs......Page 56
§ 8. The Vowel Signs in particular......Page 60
§ 9. Character of the several Vowels......Page 66
§ 10. The Half Vowels and the Syllable Divider (Sewa)......Page 72
§ 11. Οther Signs which affect the Reading......Page 75
§ 12. Dages in general, and Dages forte in particular......Page 76
§ 14. Mappiq and Raphe......Page 77
§ 15. The Accents......Page 78
A. DISJUNCTIVE ACCENTS (Distinctivi or Domini)......Page 80
A. DISTINCTIVI.......Page 82
II. As Signs of Punctuation......Page 83
§ 16. Of Maqqeph and Metheg......Page 84
§ 17. Of the Qere and Kethibh. Masora rnarginalis and finalis.......Page 86
§ 19. Changes of Consonants......Page 89
§ 20. The Strengthening (Sharpening) of Consonants......Page 91
§ 21. Aspiration of the Tenues......Page 96
§ 22. Peculiarities of the Gutturals.......Page 97
§ 23. The Feebleness of the Gutturals א and .ה......Page 100
§ 24. Changes of the Weak Letters......Page 103
§ 25 . Unchangeable Vowels......Page 105
§ 26. Syllable-formation and its Influence on the Quantity of Vowels......Page 106
§ 27. The Change of the Vowels, especially as regards Quantity......Page 109
§ 28. The Rise of New Vowels and Syllables......Page 113
§ 29. The Tone, its Changes and the Pause......Page 115
§ 30. Stems and Roots: Biliteral, Triliteral, and Quadriliteral......Page 120
§ 31. Grammatical Structure......Page 124
I. First Person......Page 126
II. Second Person......Page 127
III. Third Person......Page 128
§ 33. Pronominal Suffixes......Page 129
§ 34. The Demonstrative Pronoun......Page 130
§ 35. The Article......Page 131
§ 36. The Relative Pronoun......Page 133
§ 37. The Interrogative and Indefinite Pronouns......Page 134
§ 39. Ground-form and Derived Stems......Page 135
§ 40. Tenses. Moods. Flexion.......Page 138
§ 43. Its Form and Meaning......Page 139
§ 44. Flexion of the Perfect of Qal......Page 140
§ 45. The Infinitive......Page 143
§ 46. The Imperative.......Page 145
§ 47. The Imperfect and its Inflexion......Page 146
§ 48. Shortening and Lengthening of the Imperfect and Imperative. The Jussive and Cohotative.......Page 150
§ 49. The Perfect and imperfect with Waw Consecutive......Page 153
§ 50. The Participle......Page 157
§ 51. Niph'al......Page 158
§ 52. Pi'el and Pu'al.......Page 160
§ 53. Hiph'il and Hoph'al......Page 165
§ 54. Hithpa'el......Page 170
§ 55. Less Common Conjugation......Page 172
§ 56. Quadriliterals......Page 174
C. STRONG VERB WITH PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES......Page 175
§ 58. The Pronominal Suffixes of the Verb......Page 176
§ 59. The Perfect with Pronominal Suffixes......Page 179
§ 60. Imperfect with Pronominal Suffixes......Page 181
§ 61. Infinitive, Imperative and Participle with Pronominal Suffixes......Page 183
§ 62. Verbs with Gutturals......Page 185
§ 63. Verbs First Guttural, e. g. עמד to stand......Page 186
I. On Qal.......Page 187
III. היה and .חיה......Page 189
§ 64. Verbs Middle Guttural, e.g. שחט to slaughter......Page 190
§ 65. Verbs Third Guttural, e.g. שלח to send......Page 192
§ 66. Verbs Primae Radicalis Nun ( פין ), e.g. נגש to approach......Page 194
§ 67. Verbs e. g. סבב to surround......Page 196
I. On Qal......Page 200
III. On Hiph'il and Hoph'al......Page 202
IV. In General......Page 203
§ 68. Verbs פ״א e. g. אכל to eat......Page 205
§ 69. Verba פ״י . First Class, or Verbs originally ,פ״ וe.g. שב ) to dwell......Page 207
§ 70. Verbs פ״י . Second Class, or Verbs properly ג פ ״ י e. g. טב } to be good. Paradigm L.......Page 213
§ 71. Verbs פ״י . Third Class, or Verbs with Yodh assimilated......Page 214
§ 72. Verbs *"V (vulgo fv), e. g. קום to rise up. Paradigm M.......Page 215
I. On Qαl.......Page 219
II. On Niph'al......Page 220
III. On Hiph'il, Hoph'al, and Pi'lel......Page 221
IV. In General......Page 222
§ 73. Verbs middle i (vulgo ע״י ), e. g. בין to discern. Paradigm N.......Page 223
§ 74. Verbs ל״א , e.g. מצא to find. Paradigm O.......Page 226
§ 75. Verbs ל״ה , e. g. פלה to reveal. Paradigm P.......Page 228
I. On Qal.......Page 231
II. On Niph'al.......Page 233
III. On Pi'el, Po'el, Pu'al, and Hithpa'el......Page 234
IV. On Hiph'il and Hoph'al......Page 235
V. In General......Page 236
VI. The Relation between Verbs ל״ה and ל״א......Page 237
§ 76. Verbs Doubly Weak......Page 238
§ 78. Verba Defectiva......Page 240
§ 79. General View.......Page 242
§ 80. The Indication of Gender in Nouns......Page 243
§ 82. Primitive Nouns.......Page 246
§ 83. Verbal Nouns in General......Page 247
I. Nouns with One Vowel, originally Short......Page 248
II. Nouns with an original Short Vowel in both Syllables......Page 251
III. Nouns with an original Short Vowel in the First and a Long Vowel in the Second Syllable......Page 252
V. Nouns with a Long Vowel in each Syllable......Page 253
VI. Nouns with the Middle Consonant sharpened......Page 254
VIII. Nouns with the Second and Third Consonants repeated......Page 255
X. Nouns with Preformatives......Page 256
XI. Nouns with Afformatives......Page 259
§ 86. Denominative Nouns......Page 260
§ 87. Of the Plural......Page 262
§ 88. Of the Dual......Page 265
§ 89. The Genitive and the Construct State.......Page 268
§ 90. Real and Supposed Remains of Early Case-endings......Page 269
§ 91. The Noun with Pronominal Suffixes......Page 275
§ 92. Vowel Changes in the Noun......Page 281
Explanations of the Paradigms (see pp. 264, 265).......Page 283
§ 94. Formation of Feminine Nouns......Page 296
§ 95. Paradigms of Feminine Nouns......Page 297
§ 96. Nouns of Peculiar Formation......Page 302
§ 97. Numerals, (a) Cardinal Numbers......Page 307
§ 98. Numerals, (b) Ordinal Numbers......Page 313
§ 99. General View......Page 314
§ 100. Adverbs......Page 315
§ 101. Prepositions......Page 318
§ 102. Prefixed Prepositions......Page 319
§ 103. Prepositions with Pronominal Suffixes and in the Plural Form......Page 321
§ 104. Conjunctions......Page 326
§ 105. Interjections......Page 328
§ 106. Use of the Perfect......Page 330
§ 107. Use of the Imperfect......Page 334
§ 108. Use of the Cohortative......Page 340
§ 109. Use of the Jussive......Page 342
§ 110. The Imperative......Page 345
§ 111. The Imperfect with Wäw Consecutive......Page 347
§ 112. The Perfect with Wäw Consecutive......Page 351
§ 113. The Infinitive Absolute......Page 360
§ 114. The Infinitive Construct.......Page 368
§ 115. Construction of the Infinitive Construct with Subject and Object.......Page 373
§ 116. The Participles......Page 376
§ 117. The Direct Subordination of the Noun to the Verb as Accusative of the Object. The Double Accusative.......Page 383
§ 118. The Looser Subordination of the Accusative to the Verb......Page 393
§ 119. The Subordination of Nouns to the Verb by means of Prepositions......Page 398
§ 120. Verbal Ideas under the Government of a Verb. Co-ordination of Complementary Verbal Ideas.......Page 406
§ 121. Construction of Passive Verbs......Page 408
§ 122. Indication of the Gender of the Noun......Page 410
§ 123. The Representation of Plural Ideas by Means of Collectives, and by the Repetition of Words......Page 415
§ 124. The Various Uses of the Plural-form......Page 417
§ 125. Determination of Nouns in general. Determination of Proper Names.......Page 422
§ 126. Determination by Means of the Article......Page 425
§ 127. The Noun determined by a following Determinate Genitive......Page 431
§ 128. The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State......Page 435
§ 129. Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocution......Page 440
§ 130. Wider Use cf the Construct State......Page 442
§ 131. Apposition......Page 444
§ 132. Connexion of the Substantive with the Adjective......Page 448
§ 133. The Comparison of Adjectives. (Periphrastic Expression of the Comparative and Superlative......Page 450
§ 134. Syntax of the Numerals.......Page 453
§ 135. The Personal Pronoun......Page 458
§ 136. The Demonstrative Pronoun......Page 463
§ 137. The Interrogative Pronoun......Page 464
§ 138. The Relative Pronoun......Page 465
§ 139. Expression of Pronominal Ideas by means of Substantives......Page 468
§ 140. Noun-clauses, Verbal-clauses, and the CompoundSenten......Page 471
§ 141. The Noun-clause......Page 472
§ 142. The Verbal-clause.......Page 476
§ 143. The Compound Sentence.......Page 478
§ 144. Peculiarities in the Representation of the Subject (especially in the Verbal-clause)......Page 480
§ 145. Agreement between the Members of a Sentence, especially between Subject and Predicate, in respect of Genderand Number......Page 483
§ 146. Construction of Compound Subjects......Page 488
§ 147. Incomplete Sentences......Page 490
§ 149. Sentences which express an Oath or Asseveration......Page 492
§ 150. Interrogative Sentences......Page 494
§ 151. Desiderative Sentences......Page 497
§ 152. Negative Sentences......Page 499
§ 153. Restrictive and Intensive Clauses......Page 504
§ 154. Sentences connected by Wäw......Page 505
§ 155. Relative Clauses......Page 506
§ 156. Circumstantial Clauses......Page 510
§ 157. Object-Clauses (Oratio Obliqua)......Page 512
§ 158. Causal Clauses......Page 513
§ 159. Conditional Sentences......Page 514
§ 160. Concessive Clauses......Page 519
§ 161. Comparative Clauses......Page 520
§ 163. Adversative and Exceptive Clauses......Page 521
§ 164. Temporal Clauses......Page 522
§ 165. Final Clauses......Page 524
§ 166. Consecutive Clauses......Page 525
§ 167. Aposiopesis, Anacoluthon, Involved Series of Sentences......Page 526
THE PARADIGMS......Page 528
A. The Personal......Page 529
Β. Strong......Page 531
C. Strong Verb......Page 533
D. Verbs primae gutturalis......Page 535
Ε. Verbs mediae gutturalis......Page 536
F. Verbs......Page 537
G. Verbs mediae geminatae......Page 539
Η. Verbs Γ».......Page 541
I. Weak Verbs, .פ״א......Page 542
Κ. Weak Verbs......Page 543
L. Verbs properly .פ״י......Page 544
Μ. Weak......Page 545
N. Weak Verbs, .ע״......Page 546
0. Weak......Page 547
P. Weak......Page 549
Q. Verbs לי......Page 551
Hiph. הכ......Page 552
A......Page 554
C......Page 555
E......Page 556
H......Page 557
J......Page 558
N......Page 559
P......Page 560
S......Page 562
U......Page 563
Z......Page 564
II.INDEX OF HEBREW WORDS AND FORMS......Page 565
III.INDEX OF PASSAGES......Page 586