Gesenius' Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures 9781463231187

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Gesenius* Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures

Gorgias Historical Dictionaries

29

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Gesenius* Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures

By

Wilhelm Gesenius Translation and Introduction by

Samuel Prideaux Tregelles

gorgias press 2012

Gorgias Press LLC, 954 River Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA www.gorgiaspress.com Copyright © 2012 by Gorgias Press LLC Originally published in 1857 All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise without the prior written permission of Gorgias Press LLC. 2012

1

ISBN 978-1-61143-312-8

ISSN 1935-3189

Reprinted from the 1857 London edition.

Printed in the United States of America

PREFACE.

THE following work ia a translation of the " Lexicon Manuale Hebraicum et Chaldaicum in Veteris Testament! Libros," of D K . W I L L I A M G E S E N I U S , late Professor at Halle. The attainments of Gesenius in Oriental literature are well known. Tliis is not the place to dwell on them; it is more to our purpose to notice his lexicographical labours in the Hebrew language : this will inform the reader as to the original of the present work, and also what has been undertaken by the translator. His first work in this department was the " Hebräisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch des Alten Testaments," 2 vols. 8vo., Leipzig, 1810-12. Next appeared the " Neues Hebräisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch ; ein für Schulen umgearbeiteter Auszug," etc., 8vo., Leipzig, 1815. Of this work a greatly-improved edition was published at Leipzig in 1823. Prefixed to it there is an Essay on the Sources of Hebrew Lexicography, to which Gesenius refers in others of his works. Another and yet further improved edition appeared in 1828. In 1827, the printing commenced of a much more extensive work, his " Thesaurus Philologicua Criticus Lingua; Hebneas et Chaldseac Yeteris Tcstamcnti." The first part of this work was published in 1829 : the second part did not appear till 1835 (other philological labours, which will presently be noticed, having occupied a considerable portion of the intervening years). The third part of the " Thesaurus" appeared in 1839 ; a fourth in 1840 ; and a fifth in 1842 ; bringing the work down as far as the toot "ÜB'. the 23rd of October, 1842, Gesenius died in his fifty-seventh year. His MSS., etc., were entrusted to his friend, Prof. Rüdiger, in order to the completion of the work. Three years, however, have passed away without any further progress having been announced. Between the publication of the first and second parts of the " Thesaurus," appeared the " Lexicon Manuale," in Latin, of which the present work is a translation; and also (in 1834), an edition of his German Lexicon, conformed to the " Lexicon Mannale." Of several of the above works translations have been made into English. In 1824, Josiah W . Gibbs, A.M., put forth a translation of the second of the afore-mentioned Lexicons, at Andover, in North America. This translation has also been twice reprinted in London.

iv

PREFACE.

The jirst of these Lexicons was translated by Christopher Leo, and published at Cambridge, in 2 vols. 4to., the former of which appeared in 1825. In 1836 there was a translation published in America of the " Lexicon Manuale," by Edward Robinson, D. D. This work of Dr. Robinson, as well as the translations of Gibbs, had bccome very scarce in England, and the want of a good " Hebrew and English Lexicon," really adapted to students, was felt by many. The question arose, Whether & simple reprint of one of the existing translations would not sufficiently meet the want ? It did not appear so to the present translator ; and that on various grounds: Gibbs's wort, having been based upon the earlier publications of Gesenius, was in a manner superseded by the author's later works ; while, as regards the translation of Dr. Robinson, considerable difficulty was felt, owing to the manner in which the rationalist views, unhappily held by Gesenius, not only appeared in the work without correction, but also from the distinct statement of the translator's preface, that no remark was required on any theological views which the work might contain. Marks of evident haste and oversight were also very traceable through the work ; and these considerations combined led to the present undertaking. This translation was conducted on the following plan:—Each root was taken as it stands in the " Thesaurus," and the " Lexicon Manuale" was compared with i t ; such corrections or additions being made as seemed needful: the root and derivatives were at oncc translated, every Scripture reference being verified, and, when needful, corrected. A faithful adherence to this plan must insure, it is manifest, not only correctness in the work, but also much of the value of the " Thesaurus," in addition to the " Lexicon Manuale." Every word has been further compared, and that carefully, with Professor Lee's Hebrew Lexicon; and when he questions statements made by Gesenius, the best authorities have been consulted. In Arabic roots, etc., Freytag's Lexicon has been used for verifying the statements of Gesenius which have been thus questioned. Winer's " Simonis" and other authorities were also compared. In the situations and particulars of places mentioned in the Old Testament, many additions have been made from Robinson's « Biblical Researches." Forster's "Arabia" also supplied (as Aeeta were going to press) some identifications of tribes and nations mentioned in Scnpture. T k e " MonttmenU. Phoenicia" of Gesenius (which was published between the second and third parta of ins " Utesanrus") has been used for the comparison of various subjects which it illustrates, ftjga work of considerable importance to the Hebrew student; and it would be durable that »11 the remains of the Phoenician language therein contained be published separately, so as to exhibit all the genuine ancient Hebrew which exists besides that contained in the Old I estament. « Thefc™«Utorwould here m»ii » renutrk on thenar Semitic, W^torni

1». be« „iron br G»cm». and unplf .a* to twofofct war«.

PREFACE.

v

A few articles omitted by Gesenius have been added; these consist chiefly of proper names. The forma in which the proper names appear in the authorised English translation have been added throughout. When this work was ready for the press, a second edition of Dr. Robinson's translation appeared: this is greatly superior to the first; and it has also, in the earlier parte, various additions and corrections from the MSS. of Gesenius. The publication of this new edition led the translator to question whether it would not be sufficient for the wants of the Hebrew student: a little examination, however, proved that it was liable to various objections, especially on the ground of its neology, scarcely a passage having been noted by Dr. Robinson as containing anything unsound. This was decisive: but further, the alterations and omissions are of a very arbitrary kind, and amount in several places to the whole or half of a column. It was thus apparent that the publication of the new American translation was in no sense a reason why this should be withheld. The translator has, however, availed himself of the advantage which that work afforded; his MS. has been carefully examined with it, and the additions, etc., of Gesenius have been cited from thence. This obligation to that work is thankfully and cheerfully acknowledged. It has been a special object with the translator, to note the interpretations of Gesenius which manifested neologian tendencies, in order that by a remark, or by querying a statement, the reader may be put on his guard. And if any passages should remain unmarked, in which doubt is cast upon Scripture inspiration, or in which the New and Old Testaments aTe spoken of as discrepant, or in which mistakes and ignorance are charged upon the " holy men of God who wrote as they were moved by the holy Ghost,"—if any perchance remain in which these or any other neologian tendencies be left unnoticed—the translator wishes it distinctly to be understood that it is the effect of inadvertence alone, and not of design. This is a matter on which he feels it needful to be most explicit and decided. The translator cannot dismiss this subject without the acknowledgment of his obligations to the Rev. Thomas Boys, M.A., for the material aid he has afforded him in those passages where the rationalism of Gesenius may be traced. For this, Mr. Boys was peculiarly adapted, from his long familiarity with Hebrew literature, especially with the workB of Gesenius, both while engaged in Hebrew tuition, and whilst occupied in the Portuguese translation of the Scriptures. who used these language«:—the Phoenician brunch of the race of Ham, aa well a« the Western division of the family of Shorn. This term, though only an approximation to accuracy, may bo regarded aa a qualification of the too general name Shemitial and, in the present «fate of our knowledge, any approach to accuracy in nomenclature (where it does not interfere with well-known term« which custom ha» made familiar) will be found helpful to the student. The following remark of Gesenius confirm« the propriety of qualifying the too general term Semitic by thai of P k m u a o n . He says of the Hebrew language—" So far as we can trace its history, Canaan was its borne: it was essentially tbo language of the Canaanitlsh or Phoenician race, by whom Palestine was inhabited before the immigration of Abraham's posterity."— DB. B. DJYIEB'S translation of the Irat edition of Omaha't Hebrew Grammar, br Prof. li'odiyer, p. 6.

Ti

PREFACE.

All additions to the " Lexicon Manuale" have been enclosed between brackets [ ] : those additions which are taken from the " Thesaurus," or any correction, etc., of tlio author, arc marked with inverted commas also " ". Nothing further seems necessary to add to the above remarks; they will inform the student as to the nature of the present work,—why it was undertaken,—and the mode in which it was executed. It has been the translator's especial desire and object that it might aid the student in acquiring a knowledge of the language in which God saw fit to give forth so large a portion of those " Holy Scriptures which are able to make wise unto salvation, through faith which is in Christ Jesus." To him be glory for ever and ever! Amen. S. P. T. ROMS, February 24tt, IMS.

The following are the more important MSS. which Gesenius consulted for his work, and which occasionally he cites : — I. The Book of Boots (Jj-=i1 ) by Abulwalid (ajJjII or Rabbi Jonah. is at Oxford. Uri. Catalog. Bibloth. Bodl. iSTos. 456, 457.

This MS.

II. The Commentary of Tanchum of Jerusalem, in Arabic, on the Former Prophets. IIS. is also at Oxford ; Gesenius used a copy of it made by Schnurrer. III. Bar-Bakiul's Syriaco-Arabic Lexicon ; also at Oxford.

This

TO THE STUDENT

IN issuing a n e w impression of this translation of Gesenius's Lexicon, t h e r e are a few s u b j e c t s to which I m a y with p r o p r i e t y advert. T h e a c c u r a t e study of the Old T e s t a m e n t in the original Hebrew, so far from becoming of less i m p o r t a n c e to Christian scholars t h a n heretofore, is now a t t a c k s on Holy

Scripture,

far more necessary.

as such, are far more f r e q u e n t l y made through the Old

For the Testament,

a n d t h r o u g h difficulties or incongruities supposed to tie found there, than was the case when this translation was executed.

I n d e e d , in the eleven years which have elapsed since the

final

proof sheet of this Lexicon was transmitted to E n g l a n d , there has been new ground taken or revived amongst us in several important respects. W e now h e a r dogmatic assertions that

certain passages of the Old T e s t a m e n t have been

m i s u n d e r s t o o d - t h a t they really contain sentiments and statements which cannot

be correct, -

which exhibit i g n o r a n c e or the want of accurate and complete knowledge of truth on the part of t h e w r i t e r s ; a n d this we are told proves be a very p a r t i a l thing.

that all the inspiration

which can be admitted, must

W e a r e indeed asked by some to accept fully t h e religious

truth

t a u g h t "in t h e Law, t h e P r o p h e t s , and the P s a l m s , " while everything else may be

n ——

] f

NAMU AND 3 J OWEK o r t u is HEHUEW L ß ' l T E H S .

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LEXICON N

N

^ J MIE name of this letter of the alphabet, which, like those of the other letters, is of Phomician origin, signifies an ox, i. q. Htb. P)^, as we are told by Plutarch (Quaist. Symp.ix. < for Dil? progeny; SPJ« for fist; !??!« for (SB gift; 313« for 3J3 lying. Compare the Greek x&'c and i x 8 e ' c yesterday; and something of the same kind in words which the French has taken from the Latin; spiritus, esprit; status, etat. In the Syrian manner S is also prefixed to the letter Yod, as and Jesse, l C h . a : i a .

t'ltiK Jer. 52 :15,for multitude; % Arab. J | eto. But on the contrary 8 also sometimes changes into H and V; and generally these letters, as being very construct with s u f f i x T ? « , a?»?«, nearly allied in pronunciation, are very often interchanged. Comp. in tlie later Hebrew for the pi. ilia«, const. nhfct.'with suff. "Ob!« DJ'nbif, DljbEf common YSii on ear of corn, compare Syriac and DIL'flbS, M . F A T H E R ; a primitive noun (see nota 1), common to all the Phcenicio-Shejnitio languages, l ^ r s c n flower; HM and nn?, Jlt6 and also J\, U Chaldee and Syriac DM and t>3¥ to be sad; UK and H i to turn (both are (Arab. ¿J\ const. also found in jEthiopic); 7KJ and to pollute, to But tha word father has often a much etain; 3SJB and to abhor; and S«?i to suck

1

.TQK-3N wider meaning (see Fesselii Adv. sacra, vi. 6); it is u s e d : — ( 1 ) Of any ancestor (X^vXbniiftr), i Ki. 15: 1 1 ; 2 Ki. 1 4 : 3 ; 15:38; 16.-2, do., as of a grandfather, Gen. 28:13 ; 3 1 : 4 2 ; 3a: 1 0 ; 3 7 : 3 5 ; great grandfather, Num. 18:1, 2; 1 Kings 15:11, 24, etc.; Isa. 43:24, «90 ¡ ^ > 7 collectively, " thy remotest a n c e s t o r s have sinned" [this should, however, be taken strictly]. So, very often in pi. finx ancestors, Gen. 1 5 : 1 5 ; Ps. 45:17. As to the phrase ni3K-i>« t|OtO see under the word «IP«. (а) Used of the founder, or first ancestor, of a nation, Gen. 10:21; 1 7 : 4 , 5 ; 1 9 : 3 7 ; 3 6 : 9 - 4 3 ; Josh. 24:3, Here belongs Gen. 4:a 1, " the f a t h e r of all who handle the harp and pipe," i. e. the founder of the family of music; inventor of the art of music. (3) Of the author, or maker, of anything, specially of the Creator, Job 38.-28, " h a s the rain a f a t h e r ? " i . e. Creator. And in this sense God is said to be " the f a t h e r of men," Isa. 63:16; 6 4 : 7 ; Deut. 3 2 : 6 [ ? ] comp. Jer. 2:27. [See note 2.] A l l these tropical uses come from the notion of origin; there are others taken from the love and care of a father, from the honour due to him, etc. For — (4) Father is applied to a bringer up, nottriaher, as bestowing his benefits like a parent, Job 29:16, " I was a f a t h e r to the needy;" Ps. 68:6, " a f a t h e r of the fatherless;" Isa, 22:21, " a f a t h e r to the inhabitants of Jerusalem" (said of Eliakim, the prefect of the palace); Isa. 9:5, the Messiah is called IV "eternal F a t h e r " (of the people); eomp. pater patriot in Latin [?]. B y the same metaphor God is called the Father of the righteous, and of the kings of the earth, both of whom are called sons of God, 2 Sa. 7:14; l C h . 17:13; 22:10; Ps. 89:27,28 [these passages refer to Christ i/ie Son of God]. A s it is a lather's place to instruct his children

called til repot VTIIP of Artaxerxea (Kst. 3:13, L X X ) . Compare 1 Maco. n : 32, and Turkish t^jjli'l fiitherprince; also Lata, father, applied to the vizier; Jiiblonskii Opuscc. ed, to Water, torn. i. p. 206, tmi Barhebrrei Chron, Syr. p. a 19, lino 15). The same was understood by sonic of the ancient interpreters whom Luther also has followed in the word T p K Gen. 41:43, which they explain, " f a t h e r of tile king," or of the land, or kingdom. (7) It is further used to express intimate connection and relationship; Job 1 7 : 1 4 , ' W J J r i n ^ rws " J have said to the pit [rather corruption, sec nnC'J, thou art my f a t h e r ; " in the other hemistich, " a n d to the worms, my mother and sister." Comp. Ps. 88:19. (8) In Arabic nod iEthiopic, the word futher is also applied to a possessor, and is used of one who is endued with any thing, or excels in it; e.g. Ji\ " f a t h e r of odour," i . e . an odoriferous tree. So in Hebrew, but only in pr. n.; e. g. Diiwat« " f a t h e r of peace," i . e . peaceful. Note 1. Although this word in its grammatical form follows the analogy of verbs so that it may be said to be for ilJN (Lelirg. § 118), yet it must most certainly be regarded as a primitive word; since both the words 2N father, and DtJ mother, imitate the most simple labial sounds of the infant beginning to articulate; like mimic (wa-inrafa), papa, pappus, avus, Persic b b . — For the ustial const, state (the form '3??), there was also anciently 3*5 and even 21? (likell, OJli), though only found in compound proper names Dirnti, O ' l ^ X , i n ; ? « , although in these also we very often find the form '3N, as ItJJ'a«,

Once, Gen. 1 7 : 4 , 5 , in order more plainly to shew the etymology of the name 3N is used in the text (5) It is used of a master, or teacher, 1 Sa. itself. 10:13; and hence, priests and prophets, as being T A ote 2. The interpretation of this word in Job teachers endued with divine authority, are addressed 34:36, is uncertain; 3i>K |n3< '3K, Vulg. pater mi by the name of father out of respect, even by kings, probetur Jobus, etc. [ " my f a t h e r let Job be tried"]. s K . 2 : 1 2 ; 5:13 [this passage does not apply]; 6 : 2 1 ' But by taking ' 3 « for an address to God [in the 13:14 (comp.8:9); Jud. 17:10; " b e unto me a sense of § 3], the sense is weak. The Chaldee is not f a t h e r and a priest," 18:19. So also the Kabbins amiss, " I w o u l d that Job were tried,"rendering 3« or were called n n K ; and so, too, we should understand '13« as signifying w i s h or desire,from the root ¡13^, the titles of honour, tin fathers of the church; papa although there is 110 other trace of this form. Wilpope; mat holy father, etc. [But see Matt. 2 V f l 1 mett's conjecture [ap. II. A . Sclmltens] is not una'J Nearly the same i s — suitable, who would read tO?l? IS?. [But conjecture (б) Specially the_/ai A fir of the king, a name given is always unsafe ground with regard to the text of the to his supreme counsellor, such as the Orientals now inspired word of God. In Arner. Trans, "others not inaptly make '3N i. q. woe",] L j i j j } Wezir, vizier; Gen. 45: " h e hath made me a f a t h e r toPharaoh/Soiianian is

2 K Cliald, with suffix ' 3 « (1 pera.),

2

'nWjf,

N-ON-SK

M A X - A S

of the words p » 1 ? D e i > M : 2 6 ; 1 1 : 1 7 ; J°sli. 2 3 : 1 3 , 1 6 ; also used of a land and houses which are laid waste, Jer. 9 : 1 1 ; Ain. 3 : 3 5 ; metaph, of hope, (from the root 33N) m . greenness, ver- wish, desires which are frustrated, Ps. 3:19; 1 1 2 : 1 a ; dure of ¡111 h e r b ; J o b 8 : 1 2 , iah.IJi "while it (the Pro. 1 0 : 2 8 ; 1 1 :y; Ezek. 1 2 : 2 2 . Const, followed b y grass) is ye1 in its g r e e n n e s s , " i. e. is still verdant, ^ of pers., 1 Sam. 9 : 3 , 20; also followed by IP, Deut. {{ flourishing; Cunt. 6:11, i>rw the g r e e n n e s s 2 2 : 3 ; Job 11:120, DnJO "UK D t o " r e f u g e p e of the valley" Vulg. pom a, from the Chukiee usage. r i s h e d from them;" Jer. 2 5 : 3 5 ; Ps. 1 4 2 : 5 ; Ezek. 7 : 2 6 , a o n nasi'3 « mil the buffalo be w i l l i n g to serve thee?" Foundalsowithanaccusative, Pro. 1:25; and absolutely, Isa. 1:19, DljjVPfi latin DM " i f ye shew yourselves w i l l i n g and obey;" Pro. 1:10. With a dative of pers, to be willing towards any one, to be willing in mind, to obey (often with the synonym 7 S"??'), P s . 8 i : i 2 ; Den. 13:9; Pro. 1:30. (2) to desire, to long for, to be hi want of; a signification which is found, at least in the derivative nouns, 'n*?, ¡Va$, nji'af?. (3) In Arabic it has a power altogether the reverse —to be unwilling, to refuse, to loathe, so that it answers to the Hebrew il3K ¡6. It must not however be supposed that this signification is actually contrary. For the sense of inclining ncigen, gentigt fein) is used in the Hebrew, for propensity towards, and good will Oundgung); in Arabic, for turning away from (Mnci0uti0), and a loathing mind; whence J - U stagnant, marsh water, prop, causing loathing, f i L I a marsh reed (compare ¡3«, |te>J(?); see nan, and the other derivatives, No. a. 'm->

rse

4 papyrus, i. q. Arab. i f bf collect.

[i»oi«r! ffTTttiSouiraic], render ships of desire, i. e. hastening with very groat desire to the port. The reading found in forty-four MSS. na'N, should no doubt be read (as was done by the Syriac translator) and must be understood of hostile vessels, pirates,passing as quickly as possible over the water; and, suitably enough, in the other hemistich it is joined to the eagle darting on its prey. But tho common reading may have the same meaning, if for nat? we read H3N. (from the root naif No.2) poverty, misery, a word once found, Pro. 23:29, of the form PlOp, no doubt formed for the purpose of paronomnstically answering to the words 'IK and ^rt; compare Lehrg. 374, note r, and Isa. 1 5 : 4 ; 1 7 : 1 ; 59:13; so Abulwalid, whom I unhesitatingly follow, Kimchi, who is followed by most of the moderns, takes it as the same as

adj. (from the root " O K ) . _ ( i ) strong, mighty, used of men commonly as a subst, as, a mighty one, Jud. 5 : 2 2 ; Lam. 1 : 1 5 ; Jcr. 4 6 : 1 5 ; Ps. 76:6, ^ " the Btrong of heart." Poetically used, tar iiox'li' — («) of a bull; Psa. 2 2 : 1 3 , 1 ' ? « " t h e s t r o n g ones, i.e. bulls, of Bashan;" Ps. 50 :i 3 ; and metaph. of princes, Ps. 6 8 : 3 1 ( i ) of the horse, only in Jeremiah 8 : 1 6 ; 4 7 : 3 ; 5 0 : 1 1 (comp. Gramm. § 104. 2, note). (2) powerful, noble, Job 2 4 : 2 2 ; 3 4 : 2 0 ; D'Tax "food of nobles, or p r i n c e s , " i.e, more delicate, dainty food, Pa. 7 8 : 2 5 ; comp. Jud. 5 : 2 5 ; D'jnn T3N " c h i e f of the herdsmen," 1 Sa.ai:8. (3) $ obstinate, stubborn, a man of perverse mind, Isa. 4 6 : 1 2 ; comp. ¿ J pin. ( " f a t h e r of l o f t i n e s s " ) , [Ahiram], pr.n. m.— ( 1 ) N u . i 6 : i , 1 2 ; 2 6 : g . — ( 2 ) 1 £ . 1 6 : 3 4 . J#\3N(«fatheroferror"),[^Sisiai],pr.n.of David's concubine, 1 K. 1 : 3 ; 2 : 1 7 . J i ^ ' S i t ( " f a t h e r of w e l f a r e " ) , \_Ahishu{], pr.n. m . — ( 1 ) i C h , 8 : 4 - — ( 2 ) 1 0 1 . 5 : 3 0 ; Ezr.7:5. ( " f a t h e r of a wall"), pr.n. m., I Ch. 2:28, 29.

[iiia/i»!'],

( " f a t h e r of g i f t " ["comp. Ges. add.]), [Abishai"\, pr.n. m. of the son of David's sister, who was also an officer, the brother of Joab, l'Sa. 26:6, sqq.; 2 8 3 . 2 : 1 8 , 2 4 ; sometimes called ' » 5 « , 2 Sa. 1 0 : 1 0 .

D i ^ n X ( " f a t h e r of peace"), [Abishalovi], ( " f a t h e r of p l e a s a n t n e s s , " or of pr. n. m. of the father-in-law of Rehoboam, 1 Kings grace), [A b in 0am], pr. n. of the father of Barak, Jud. 1 5 : 2 , 1 0 . But 2 Ch. 1 1 : 2 0 , 2 1 , there is found 4=6; 5=1. T ' J ? ^ ( " f a t h e r of p l e n t y , " for i t f ? « ) , U ' i « ( " f a t h e r of light"), [Abner, marg. pr.n. of a son of Ahimeleoh tlio ^li£n«f],pr.n.m., 1 8 3 . 1 4 : 5 0 ; elsewhere"IHN,which \Abiathar\, priest, very closely joined in friendship to David, tee. on whom, together with Zadok, the high priesthood

6

'»K-'-pN was bestowed by David, of which he was deprived b y Solomon, l Sa. 22:20, sqq.; 2 3 : 6 ; 3 0 : 7 ; 2 Sa. >5:24; as to the passage, 2 Sa. 8 : 1 7 , see I^BTOt. a root, &RAI \ay6fi. prob. TO KOLL, 10 ROLL UP, also TO INTERTWINE, Itjiljtn, tmrftltli Ofrs rottfclit. Kindred roots are ipa C - H j to intertwine, to be entangled; 13} to boil up, aufroatien, aufautlten, ["T|3D to interweave, to braid."—Ges. add.]; also the more harsh

to turn.

IIiTHFAEL, to be rolled together, used of smolte, which l i f e itself up in the air in a dense volume, not unlike water bubbling forth from the fountain; I s a . 9 : i 7 , ]Vh> row WfSTO " a n d they shall be r o l l e d t o g e t h e r with the lifting up of smoke," ta(j ti in SHaucf) auftoaUe (ba§ ®idicf|t)/ comp. Vidg., Syr, Syr. -j j is explained b y grammarians, to be proud, to walk proudly, perhaps, prop, to roll oneself forward, used of the walk of a corpulent man, fid) foriroSijen. I. ^ fut. b s . ; TO MO UKN, followed b y W, Hos. 1 0 : 5 ; A m . 8 : 8 . Arab., Syr. id. The proper signification appears to be, TO BE LANCUID, TO WALK WITH

THE HEAD CAST n o w N

(compare the

1. ^ adj., mourning (from the root No. I), Gen. 3 7 : 3 5 ; Lam. 1 : 4 , n i ^ X (V* "the ways to Zion m o u r n . " Const, state Ps. 35:14Pl. const. '!????, Isa. 6 1 : 3 , with Tzere impure; coins f pare Arab. ^ L j l . H. (from 3STo.II), apparently S-t a grassy place, a pasture, meadow; Arabic JJI fresh and long hay, sea weed. Used as an appellative, 1 Sa. 6:18, unless for nVt^n ^gej we should read nVl|n, w h i c h is almost demanded by verses 1 4 , 1 5 , and is given by the L X X . and Syriac. It is of frequent use in geographical n a m e s — (a) n^jp-n'S ^QK^ie/ Beth-MaachaK],i.e. situated near Beth Maachah (which see); a town of Manasseh to the east of Jordan, at the foot of Mount Lebanon, 4 8 3 . 2 0 : 1 4 , 1 5 ; l K . 1 5 : 2 0 ; 2 K . 1 5 : 2 9 ; elsewhere called 2 Ch. 1 6 : 4 ; compare J K . 15:20, and simply 2 Sa. 20:18. (J) D ^ n ("tile m e a d o w of a c a c i a s " ) , [Abel-shittim], N u . 3 3 : 4 9 , a place situated in the plains o f M o a b ; the same apparently, N u . 2 5 : i , Micah 6 : 5 , is simply called D'Dt?. (c) D>D">| i>3K ( " m e a d o w of the v i n e y a r d s " ) , Jud. 1 1 : 3 3 , a village of the Ammonites, which is stated by Eusebius to have abounded in vines even in his time. (if) H^np ( " the m e a d o w of d a n c i n g " ) , [Abel-mekolah'J, a village of the tribe of Issachar, between Scythopolis and Neapolis, the birth-place of Elisha the prophet, Jud, 7 : 2 2 ; I K - 4 : 1 2 ; 19:16. (e) DilVO i>at; Gen, 5 0 : 1 1 ( " m e a d o w of the E g y p t i a n s " ) , \_Abel-mizraiiti], the name of a threshing-floor situated near Jordan, -which ia so explained in tlie context, that the sacred writer appears to have read "without the points, and pronounced it (mourning of the Egyptians). [ B u t why may not be here taken in the sense of mourning; •—mourner Egypt?"] with of suff,

kindred roots fes, >»K, also n^a, i>W, all of which are from the bi-literal stock, bal, fal, having the sense of falling, comp. ir/i\\v, fallo, Germ, fatten), as done b y mourners; but it is transferred from the dress and manner of mourners to the voice, and to lamentation (see Poet, used of inanimate things; A m . 1 : 2 , D ' p r i T i i N i •'¿Off 11 the pastures of the shepherds m o u r n ; 1 ' Isa. 24:4, 7, I.SJ t r w i bit* " the new wine i n o u r n e t h (1. e. the clusters mourn), the vine languisheth ;" 33:9, HiPHIL to cause to mourn, to make to lament, Ezek. 31 ¡15; used of inanimate things, Lam. 2:8. HITHPAEL, prop, to act as a mourner, hence, to mourn, i.q. Kal, especially in prose, while Kal is appropriated to poetic diction, Gen. 3 7 : 3 4 ; E x . 3 3 : 4 ; m. (from No,I), mournwith and of person, 1 Sa. 1 5 : 3 5 ; 2 Sa. 1 3 : 3 7 . ing, E s t . 4 : 3 ; 9 : 2 3 ; specially for the dead, G e n . 2 7 : T h e derived nouns almost immediately follow. 41, T P ' ?JS? " m o u r n i n g for an only (son)," A m . No. I, i>3«.] 8:10; Jer. 6 : 2 6 ; Mic. 1 : 8 , flJK frii?? baai. " and (I will make) a m o u r n i n g like the ostriches," II. A r a b . J j | a n d J J I TO BE W E T WITH which make a wailing c r y ; ? flfeTJ " to make TUE I I O I S T U B E OF ORASS, h e n c e , S y r . \ A I grass. a m o u r n i n g for any one," Gen. 50:10. ' j i t j a d v . — ( 1 ) in the more ancient Hebrew, affirCognate is the Hebrew , J j to moisten, to water. mative, truly, indeed, Gen, 4 2 : 2 1 ; 2 Sa. 1 4 : 5 ; Hence is iqit No. II. 2 K . 4 : 1 4 , also having a corrective power, nay indeed, Gen. 1 7 : 1 9 ; but nay, l K . 1 : 4 3 . (To this

7

and the p l u m m e t of desolation," i.e. all shall be destroyed as if by rule anil line. (As to the thin?, comp. Am. 7:8.) (6) Sometimes stones serve to designate places geographically; thus—(n) Iff 13» « s t o n c 0 f help" [Ebcn-e-ir\, placed at Mizpeh by Samuel, 180.4-1 • 5--i; 7 : 1 2 — ( J ) Dtf " s t o n e of departure," 1 Sa. 20:19; compare f p n h

answers the Arabic particle of correcting, J j but indeed, but rather; taken from the root ft* , prop. l. q. Heb. 73, so that its primary power lies in denying the contrary. The K is prosthetic.) (a) in the later Hebrew, adversative; but indeed, on the other hand, Dan. 1 0 : 7 , 2 1 ; Ezr. 1 0 : 1 3 ; 9Oh. 1 ¡4.; 1 9 : 3 ; Arab. J j but. Other particles of this kind, which are both affirmative and adversative, are 1«, ¡3?, »3 [these two latter words are omitted in Amer. Trans.]; comp. the Lat. venm, vera.

emphat. st. N3?« Ch. id. Dan. 2:34,3s. • I J a X a K i . 5:1a, in 3>ns for njijit w hicli see. Comp. the letter 3.

see an unused root, which had, I suppose, the force of constructing and building; comp. >"U3 to build, and 19« to prop, to found, whence I»« faber, an artificer, re'nw. Hence is — J2N "with suff. pi. \?3$?, (commonly fem. and so Job. 28:2, but masc. 1 Sa. 17140). (1) a stone oi any kind, whether rough or polished, very large or very small. Collect, stones, Gen. 11:3. Used of the foundation stone of a house, Isa. 28:16; of vessels of stone, Ex. 7 : 1 9 ; Syr. id., but of rare occurrence. JEth. M f t ; Metaph. 1 Sa. a 5 - 3 7 , , " and he became a s t o n e " stiff as a stone. " a s t o n y (i.e. hard) heart," Eze. 1 1 : 1 9 ; 3 6 : 2 6 ; used also of a bold and intrepid mind, Job 4 1 : 1 6 , " m ¡3« "hail s t o n e ; " Isa. 30:30; whence Josh. 10: u , niriJ EMJti-is used of great hailstones, called a little below "nan »33$. (?)K*TlZ3 Clialdee Pilpel VIV3 to boil up, to swell up ; hence Syriac )1 pustules ; in Hebrew K prosthet. was prefixed. Compare S'3, ¡333.

Poetically

(perhaps "of tin"), [/2>ia»],pr.ri. of a judge of the Israelites, Jud, 12:8,1 0.

cn-pss: Abraham, pr.n., the founder and father of the Jewish nation; the son of Terah, born in Mesopotamia, wliich he left [as called of God], and sojourned in the land of Canaan with his flocks, in a kind of nomadic life, see Gen. 12—25. In the book of Genesis until 17:5, he is always called ^•33«, i.e. " f a t h e r of e l e v a t i o n ; " Gr. 'Appa/i [Abram]. But in that passage in which a numerous progeny is promised to spring from him, he iB called b y a slight alteration of his name Bn"i3N, i.

3 root not used in Kal, which I suppose to have had the force of to pound, to make small, from the onomatopoetic syllable pa, 13, JQ, pD, 1 which, as well as p i (see i? !), had the force of pounding; comp. »133 to drop, to distil; pan, JHB, C3Q, also arijyi), jrijyciu, Germ, yorfjen, bofen (comp, specially Cttj pt>tf)en). Hence P3tf jiust, NIPHAI P3«) Gen. 38:25, 26, recipr. to wrestle,

father of a m u l t i t u d e , " (comp. Arab. ^ U j a large number), or as the contest itself explains it, D!'ia Itori 3N.— Drrati " t h e God of A b r a h a m , " for " J e h o v a h , " 2 oil. 30:6; Ps. 4 7 : 1 0 ; O'Tni« SHJ " the seed of A b r a h a m , " o f the Israe^tes, Ps. 1 0 5 : 6 ; Isa. 4 1 : 8 . In the same signification there is simply used DIT)3i\ engariden, to paint, to write; * F U T . " ! I $ . — ( I ) T O C O L L E C T , TO G A T H E R IN (theharvest), Den. 28:39 ¡Pro. 6:8; I 0 : 5 i comp."M whcnce í> eng&re, anything whatever written. No. 2, and'1??, also Gr. iiyilpm. (Prob. this root has the m., exhalation, or vapour of the ground signification^ to scrape together, comp. the kindred whence clouds are formed, so called from surroundl i s . B y softening the roughness of the letter "I we ing and covering the earth like a vail. [Prom the have and root UK No. 1.] This derivation is confirmed by the , which are used of the rolling and Arabic, in which 0L1I, from the root j f nied. Ye, confluence of water.) i (2) In the cognate languages the signification of gain and profit is found (from the idea of scraping to surround (comp. "1'N No. 1 ), is whatever guards and together), also of wag en as arising from that of gain; strengthens anything, defence, bark, vail, also atmosphere. To this answers the Ch. TK vapour. Gen. a :6; see nilN. Other derivatives are >13«, ""JWi?, accordJob 36:27. ing to most H>13S. n H N see nh'ws. N"Jilti emphat. state Ch. an epistle, a letter, i.q. Heb. fVTSS, which see. E z r . 4 : 8 , i l ; 5:6.

11

tns-rtN

DIVlK-inN

a ™ by transposition of letters, i.q. TO PINS AWAY, which see. Only found in Hiph. inf. 1 for ^i.SCi , l Sa. 2:33, Compare especially Deu. 28:63. I

s y.t

T i i S ^ X (perhaps " m i r a c l e of God," from i _ o ! miracle), [ . ¿ d i e e i ] , pr.n. of a son of Ishmael, Gen. 25:13^i £~ an unused root. Arab. to befall,

D^sn ^ " t h e Lord of l o r d s , " i.e. Jehovah; used of idols, Zeph. l : 9, comp. ' This word is not found in the cognate languages, except in the Phceniciau, in which ' A W , "AWi C (Hesych. tvpioc) is the name of an idol [ " where it is applied to princes, kings, mid gods, sec Monnmen. Phrenic, p. 346." Ges. add.], and the Chaldee, in which some traces are preserved in the pr.n. IIS???.

the Lord; only used of God, Gen, 18:27; J u d . i 3 : 8 ; Ezr. 1 0 : 3 ; N e h . i n i , etc., etc. ["Chiefly (in the Pentateuch always) where God is submisas misfortune, hence ol misfortune. Hence Wi! nnd sively and reverently addressed; as in the phrases " H i * \_IIadad~], p r . n . of an Edomite, 1 K, 11 : 1 7 ; ' j V ' a Ex. 4:10,13; Jos, 7:8; ' p s Neh.i:n, •who is called Tin, verse 14. comp. Gen. 15:2; 18:30—32; Ex. 34:9, etc. Then an unused root, prob. denoting the same also where God is spoken of, l K . 1 3 : 1 0 ; 22:6; aK. 7 : 6 ; 19:23; Isa. 6 : 8 ; 8:7. Frequently other divine as ¡I'M and rnji to pass by. Hence names fire added, as iljnj 'J"!^ (which the Masorites i W [ / ¿ d o ] , pr.n. m., Ezr. 8:17. write niiv J3 rather too desirous to attribute to B>5»M the signi- 1Sa.26-.29; 1 Ki. 8:39; P s . i 4 5 : i 8 ; Ecc. 1:13; fication of pearls. comp. Syr.) A "son of men," for man. [See 13.] P O A L part. B ^ N I ? mack red, dyed red, Na. 2:4 ; B I N & D h K adj., f. pi. Ö'B-IN (of the form Ex. 25:5,35; 7:23. VoiJ, riittp, which is frequently used in the names of H I P H I L , TO he red (probably to make oneself red), colours, Lehrg. § 120, No. 21), red, ruddy, used of Isa. 1:18. a garment stained with blood, Isa. 6 3 : 2 ; of rosy I I I T H P A E L , to le red (as wine in a cup), to sparkle, cheeks, Cant. 5 : 1 0 ; of a chesnut or bay horse (gutftä), Pro. 23:31. The derivatives immediately follow; see Zee. 1:8; 6 : 2 ; of a red heifer, Nu. 19:2; of the also D1!. redness of lentiles, Gen. 25:30; subst. what is red, D"1S! m.—(1) man (perhaps so called from the redness, Isa. loc. cit. idea of redness, compare D"J [ " The Arabs distinD I N pr.n.—(1) Edom, the son of Isaac, Jacobs guish two races of men; one red, ruddy, which we call white, the other black." Gesen. add. But both elder twin brother, Gen. 25:25, more often called these races are sprung from Adam]). It has neither Esau (IfcT). fTlii? Ch. adv. afterwards, then, i.q. Ileb. 'W, prop. times, from the singular (from the root ,TJK -= dTlJf, nix to pass by); Dan. 2 :15,17,19;— ¡HNg prop. " at t h e s a m e time," i.e. immediately; Dun. 2:14,35; 3:13,19, 21,26, 1H« IP " f r o m that time i'orth;" Ezr.5:i6, i.q. Ileb. !Np. [But see NJ.]

13

ana-cn«

TW-6TK

(2) the descendants of Edom, i.e. the nation of the Edomites or Idmnseans; and also the country [Idumrea], The nation is called more fully CIS \J3 Ps. 1 3 7 : 7 ; and poet. O'li? na "daughter of Edom," La.4:21,22; the countrj-is more fully called )'>S Gen. 36:16; 2 1 : 3 1 ; CHK Am. 1 : 6 , and Gen. 32:4; Jud. 5:4. When it stands alone it is of the masculine gender, where it denotes the people, liu. 20:20; of the feminine when it means the land, Jer. 49:17. The country of the Edomites consisted of the mountainous tract between the Dead Sea and the JElanitic gulf of the lied Sea, afterwards called Gebalene, rr/3aXij> - JebAl.

P ' V ! i n ™wsed root, prob. i. q. ¡ n Arab. J j mod. Waw, to be lower. Hence ("JS. [(2) " transit, i.q. |«t to judge', to command, to domineer. Hence lord,owner,master, and') 1 !« * ' the Lord; also t W Ges. add.] m [Addttn], pr.n. of a man who returned to Jerusalem with Zerubbabel, Ezr. 2:59; this name is written in the parallel place, Neh. 7:61, IHN. n ? m. pi. const. >31« a foundation.— (1) of a column, base, pedestal, Cant. 5 : 1 5 ; Ex. 26:19, seq.; 27:10, seq.; 36:38. (a) of a house, Job 38:6.

The gentile noun is W X cm Edomite, an Idunuean, Deu.23:8; fern. M ' 9 % pi. ni'p'lN Idmmean (women), 1 Ki. 1 1 : 1 .

' ^ i ? see above after fn!J. p D " 1 ^ ( « l o r c i o f Bezelc"), [Adoni-Sezebl the name or title of tlie king of the Canaauitc city Bezek, Jnd, l -.5—7.

O^N m., some gem of red colour, perhaps rubv, garnet,Ex 28:17; 39:10; Eze. 28:13; LXX.,VuIg. ^rwLHi)-. Sardius.

p T T ^ i ? ( " l o r d of j u s t i c e " ) , [Adoni-zedek], pr. n. of the Canaanite king of Jerusalem; Jos. 10:1,3.

D ' l p l i i f. J1OT01K; pi. £ nisnpit?; adj. reddish, r6t§ti4 It is used Lev. 13:19, seq.; 14:37, in speaking of the spots of leprosy, which are described as being IliBlpi.K n m ^ « white, r e d d i s h . " f . _ ( 1 ) earth (pert, so called from being red, or tawnyish [ " see Credner on Joel, p. 125, s e q." Ges. add.]), Ex. 20:21; used of dust which mourners put upon their heads, 1 Sa. 4 : 1 2 ; 2 Sa. 15:32. (2) the ground which is tilled,/iiid, land. Gen. 4 : 2 ; 47:19,22,23; Ps.105:35; Isa. 28:24; TO1S " one who loves the g r o u n d , " i.e. agriculture, 2 Ch. 26:10; used of the produce of the ground, Isa (3) land, region, country;Geti.28:15; n»1K " the l a n d of Jehovah," i. e. Canaan, Isa. 1 4 : 2 ; pi. niD-JK. lands, regions, once Ps.49:12. (4) the earth, Gen.4:11; 6 : i ; 7:4. (5) [A damak], pr.n. of a town of the tribe of Naphtali, Josh. 19:36. HEHX [Admah], pr.n. of a town destroyed together with Sodom and Gomorrah, Gen. 10:19; 14:2, 8; Den. 29:22; H o s . l l ; 8 . ' "JiiHN & ' j b n N adj. ( 0 f the f o r m red> i.e. red-haired, rotijijaarig, used of Esau, Gen.25:25; of David, 1 Sa. 1 6 : 1 2 ; 17:42; L X X . v v f t a w , Vulg. rufus. W f c ? (pr. " h u m a n " ) , [Adami], pr.n. of atown of the tribe of Naphtali, Josh. 19:33. seeD'-W. N n a i N [Admalha], noble, Est. 1:14.

pr.n. of a certain Persian

( " J e h o v a h ( i s ) m y lord"), [Adonijuh], p r . n . — ( 1 ) a son of David who headed a sedition against his father; l Ki. 1: 8, seq.; also called n*3'-l_ei verse5; 2 S a . 3 : 4 . — ( 2 ) 2 Ch.i7:8,—(3)Neh. 10:17'. Also Ezr. 4¡13, called DiJ'jnN ( " l o r d of enemies"), [Adonikani], comp. 8:13; Neh. 7:18. O j ^ i ^ ' see

No. 3.

( " l o r d of h e i g h t " ) , [Adoniram], pr.n. of a man who in the reigns of David and Solomon, was a royal minister, 1 Ki. 4:6. In an unusual manner contracted into O l h s , [Adorain], 2 Sa. 20:24; > Ki. 12:18, a-)iin [.Eadoram], 2 Ch, 10:18. a root not used in Kal, prob. TO BE WIDE, (see

nn'lX), comp.

to have hernia (prob. to

swell out); inflated, swelling (of the belly). Kindred is Tin. Henoe, to be great, magnificent, (see T-5«). NIPHIL, to he made great, glorious, Part.; Ex. 15:11, and 6,(133 ' ' t w j n'w ?j;i>e> « thy right hand, 0 God, has become g r e a t (i. e. is rendered illustrious) in power." Yod in 'TIKJ is paragogic. HIFITTL, to render great, illustrious, Isa.42:21. The derivative nouns see under Kal, also the compound words n j J p S and I^TR}. [ T W Addar,

pr.n. m., 1CI1.8:3.]

the twelfth of the Hebrew months, from the new moon of March, to that of April (according to

14

3HK—D*TN

anti-riK tlic Rabbins, from the new moon of Eebruary, to that of March); Est. 3 : 7 , 1 3 ; 8 : 1 2 ; 9 : 1 , 1 5 , 1 7 , l g , a i . Greek 'A^ap, 1 MWjc. 7:43- Syriac i t j ;

o r — ( 6 ) compounded of j king (Darius), and appearance, figure," Ges. add.] In value, the Daric equalled the Attic ^pvnovc, in German money about a ducat and a half [13s. 6d. Engl.]. These coins bear the image of a foot archer kneeling. Golden (and also silver) darics are preserved in the numismatic museums of Paris and "Vienna; see Eekhel, Doct. Num. P . I . vol. IH. p. 551.

Anib.^ljl, a n d j l j l , the sixth of the SyroMacedoniati months. The etymology is uncertain. Perhaps this month is so called from the flowers and trees being so splendidly covered with leaves. [I11 add. this suggested derivation is omitted, and instead " perhaps from Pers, j d f fire."]

^ a T j N (contr. from T!« " m a g n i f i c e n c e of the k i n g " ) , [ A d r a m m e l e c K ] , p r . n . — ( 1 ) of an idol of the Sepharvites, brought from Mesopotamia into Samaria, 2 Ki. 1 7 : 3 1 . (2) a parricide son of Sennacherib, king of Assyria, Tsa. 37 : 3®; 2 Ki. 19:37.

T l i i Ch. id. Ezr. 6:15. T j t $ see "AK IS". m. prop, amplitude, wideness,hence—(1) a wide cloak; Mic. 2:8, i.q. tTJ/JiS. (2) magnificence, whence Zee. 1 1 : 1 3 , TJiiJ 1"J8 " m a g n i f i c e n c e of the price;" a magnificent price, said ironically. T I N Ch. a threshing floor, Dan. 2:35. Syr. 9n s-IHESH, found in one passage, Isa. 28:28, « m ; » n « " t h r e s h i n g he will thresh it." c t Z l i l X fHt. 3H«; and 1 pers. 3HN Pro*. 8 : 1 7 ; and Hos,14:6; inf. 3 ™ Eec. 3:8 and naq«. (1) TO DESIKE, TO BEEATHE AFTER anything. (The signification of breathing after, hence of longing, is proper to the syllables i n , an, and with the letters softened, 38«, IK, comp. the roots tan, 33n, a 1 to desire, to love; and '13K to breathe after, to be inclined.) Construed with an accusative, P s . 4 o : i 7 ; 70:5, seq.; Pb. 1 1 6 : 1 .

15

(a) to love (in which signification, it accords with 23JJ ayairaiu), construed with an ace. Gen. 37:3, 4 ; D e u . 4 : 3 7 ; more rarely with i> Lev. 19:18, 34, and 3 Ecc. 5 : 9 ; 1 Sa. 20:17,i3ilSlB i ajn?n(S"he l o v e d him as his own soul." Part. 3nfc< a friend, i. e. one •who is loving and beloved, intimate; different from •S3 a companion, Pro. 18:24; Est. 5:10, 14; Isa. 41:8, nn'N a r n ? x j n j « t h e seed of Abraham my friend." (3) to delight in anything, in doing anything; construed with a gerund of the verb; Hos. i a : 8 , 3P? f^TH " h e d e l i g h t s i n oppression," or to oppress; Isa. 5 6 : 1 0 ; Jer. 14:10. NIPHAL p a r t 3NGJ to be loved, amiable, 2 Sam. 1:23. PIEL p a r t . 3 N I < Q , _ ( L )

a

f r i e n d , Zee. 1 3 : 6 .

(•2) a lover, especially in a bad sense; one given to licentious intercourse, a debauchee, Eze. 16:33, s e • the same sense with the prefix 3 Hos. 3 : 1 ; and [O Hence 7i3« so called from its sliining vibrating apDeu. 7:8, inn; rnqND "because that Jehovah pearance. See Hiph. I o 7 e t h you." (2) denom. from (2) love, to move one's tent, used of specially as between the sexes, Cant. wandering nomades, sometimes pitching their tents, 2 : 4 ; 5 : 8 ; 8 : 6 , 7 ; of God towards men, Hos. 3 : j ; Gen. 13:12, sometimes removing them, Gen. 13:18, of friends towards one another, 1 Sa. 18:3. D-J3S ^N»; ; LXX. (3) love,delight, concr. of a beloved female, Cant. LLTroairrjyu3(rai 'Afipap. Vulg. 2: : 7 ; 3 5 ; and BO perhaps also verse 10 ["where movens tabernaculurn suum, n others take it as an adv. lovdy \ PIEL fat. SI«', contr. i, q. Kal No. 2, to pitch an unused root, i.q. tret be joined a tent-, Isa. 13:20. Comp, ijjB for together, hence "1WK and Hii'HiL, i.q. Kal N o . i , to shine, probably ©f,mj T I N [OhacC], pr. n. of a son of Simeon, Gen. 46:10. »(r&rtiten, to give tight; Job 25:5, ^ v n f r w j m p J J "behold even the moon, and it s h i n e t h not," i.e. inteij. of lamentation, from the sound it is not pure, clean in the sight of God. Jerome ecce! hma etiam non sjalendet. LXX. cu< hrtfaiacti. uttered, AHI ALAS! comp. Arab, i t , ilf, whence the [Derivatives, the following words.] with suffix tyft, ^¡IN ( m i c h a ) , with n 1 16parag. " J " « ; pi. D^nfc (by a Syriacism, for D ?^.;

3T1N only in pi. 0 ' 5 n i J . _ ( 1 ) loves, specially in a bad sense; amours,amourettes, Euifdjaftin. Tropically used, of fellowship entered into with foreign [idolatrous] nations, Hos. 8:9. (2) delight, Pro. 5:19, fiV'K " h i n d of d e l i g h t , " i.e. most pleasant, most lovely.

iK-anK

itt-n^N Lehrg, p. 152,572) ; with pref. S ^ K S Jud. 8 : 1 1 ; J e r . 3 5 : 7 i 1 0 ; const. 7JIK, -with suff. l^n'K, ^ n ' K — Q??n«. (1) a tent, a tabernacle, Gen. g:27, etc.; ^n'K "llto " the t e n t of the congregation," commonly called the tabernacle of the covenant, i.e. the moveable and portable temple of the Israelites in the desert, which is described Ex. 26 and 38; called also simply ^¡fN? 1 K. 1:39. With regard to the tabernacle, when is distinguished from is the outer covering of the tent, of twelve curtains of goats' hair, 1 placed abo've the dwelling-place (I??* ?), i.e. ten interior curtains which rested on the boards, Ex, 26:1, 7; 36:8,14,19. (2) a house, or habitation of any hind; Isa. 16:5, "in " t h e h o u s e of David;" 1 Ki. 8 : 6 6 ; Jer. 4 : 2 0 ; Lam. 2:4. Poet. Ps. 132:3, s a s W3?Q'K3 " I will not enter into the h a b i t a t i o n of my house." (3) Specially of the temple, Eze. 41:1. (4) [Ohet], pr.n. of a son of Zerubbabel, I Ch. 3:20. [Aholah~\, pr.n. of a harlot, used by Ezekiel the prophet to denote Samaria, Eze. 23:4, seq. pr. "(she has) her own t e n t . " r6f]S is written for Pljnjj with the omission of Mappik. ^ V ' / W ( " f a t h e r ' s tent"), [AKoliaf], an artificer, E x . 3 1 : 6 ; 35:34.

pr.n. of

n r m an unused and uncertain root. perhaps"] —

Hence

P T l S i pr.n. (perhaps i.q. mountainous, comp. Arab. Aaron, the elder brother of Moses, Ex. 6 : 2 0 ; 7 : 7 ; consecrated high priest by his brother, Ex. 29; Lev. 8 ;—p"l[]i? " sons of A a r o n , " Josh. 21:4, 10, 13; and poet. ¡i"in8 1*3 " the house of A a r o n , " Psal.115:10,12; 118:3; used for the priests, just as Aaron, Ps. 133: 2, is used for any high priest. W const, st. IK (a noun of the form IS, from the root n j s to will). (1) prop, will, desire. It occursonce as a substantive, Pro. 31:4, in a ' r o , where it should be pronounced "DE? IX D'jp^l " and the d e s i r e of strong drink (does not become) princes." n p : ISi? ' 8 (it does not become to say) " w h e r e is strong drink?" (2) free will, choice (©¡(It, HSay), hence conj. that which gives the power of choosing tliis or that, or, like vel (and the word abbreviated from it, ve), from velle (Arab. J)cu. 13:2, npio lit rfK " a sign or portent;" J o b 3 : 1 5 ; 2 K. 2:16, Dnnn ini?? fiitOJn "tnso i s " into some mountain or valley." When doubied, whether, or; Lev. 5:1, 3HJ i f i« " w h e t h e r he hath seen or known;" Ex. 21:31. Sometimes it intensifies the expression; or rather, 1 Sam. 29:3, " w h o has been with me now many

days, D W n j iK or r a t h e r years;" (sojt in Arabic, t,whicli they explain J j ) . Sometimes ellipt. used for IS obev (cs feg) bat, obet (ei(, Jer. 3:8. A s to the reading of the editions in 2 Sa. 1 3 : 1 6 , n M K btt itappearsto have arisen from the blending of two readings, the one nilix the other niliN bl). i.

m »

a root not used in Kal.

to turn

aside,

to turn

aside

W (prob. i.q. 'i*f, ^ " r o b u s t " ) , [ ¡ 7 : n i ] , pr.n of a man, Neh. 3 : 2 5 . [Vzal], Gen. 1 0 : 2 7 ; one of the descendants of Joktan, but here taken in a geographical sense, a city or region of the Joktanite Arabs, afterward called Sanaa, which is the metropolis of the kingdom of Yemen. See Bocbarti Phaleg. ii, 2 1 ; J. D . Michaelis, Spicil. Geogr. Hebr. ext. torn. ii. p. 164, sqq. [ " Autger's Hist. Jemente, p. 217."]

Properly, TO

BEND, TO I N F L E C T , c o m p . RILJ); w h e n c e

(1)

ilJN f. (from the root No. 1 , 2 ) . — ( 1 ) desire, lust; used of desire of food, Deu. 1 2 : 1 5 , 2 0 , 2 1 ; 1 8 : 6 ; of sexual desire, Jer. 2:24. (2) pleasure, will, 1 Sa. 23:20. A l w a y s applied to the soul (fBJ), except Hosea 10:10.

—

to lodge,

to

dwell, i.q. Arab. 1 C o n j . I . II. , j j j U dwelling, see the derivative .. (2) i.q. Arab. sire, to long for;

to have an inclination, to desee Pi. Hithp., and eomp. l*Sn.

I N (" d e s i r e , " or " h a b i t a t i o n / " ^ . ' « ) , [Evi], pr.n, of a Midianitish king; N u m . 3 1 : 8 ; Josh.13:31.

Cognate roots are H3K aveo, and Arab. ¡Jjn to desire. PIEL njX i. q. Kal No. to desire, to wish for; Pro. 2 1 : 1 0 , JH n n w y e n ute: "the soul of the wicked d e s i r e t h evil." Always applied to the soul (K'SJ), Deu. 12:20;

1 4 : 2 6 ; Job 3 3 : 1 3 ;

1 Sa.2:16;

'IN (comp. ill« N o . I I ) . — ( 1 ) subst. lamentation; Prov. 23:29, »tag 'tfc " w h o hath l a m e n t a t i o n , who hath misery?" [ " want"]. (2) interj.— (a) of lamentation, alas ! with a dat. 1 Sa. 4 : 8 ; Isa. 3 : 9 ; 6 : 5 ; rarely with an acc. Eze. 24:6, 9; and absol. Num. 24: 23.—(b) of threatening and imprecating, Num. 21:2g.const, Cognate 'in. i. q. Ps. 120:5, with aisdat.

s 8a.

3 : 2 1 , except the instances, Ps. 132:13,14. Isa. 26:9, W W 'P?? " m y soul, i.e. I d e s i r e thee in the night." Comp. TOS for I, followed by 1 pers., Gen. 4 4 : 3 2 . HITIIPAEI, NJXNN fat. apoc.

; ( P r o . 2 3 : 3 , 6 ) , i. q.

^ I N pi. D'V?« m. (root i>1K).

Pi.; but pr. to des ire, wish, for oneself. Const, absol. l Ch. 1 1 : 1 7 ;

w i t h a n acc. D c u , 5 : 1 8 ; J e r .

with a dat. Pro. 23:3, 6. niNpn prop, " t o d e s i r e a desire,' 1 i.e. to burn with desire, to lust after, Num. 1 1 : 4 ; Ps. 106:14. There is this difference between Piel and Hithpael, that the latter is never joined, the former [almost] always to the aubst. The derived nouns, besides those "which follow, are constr. to, >K No. I, D'JISP, n i p . II. r i l i ^ i

an unused root, but

(1) a fool, foolish, either as an adj. ^'IS t^t? Pro. 29:9; Hos. 9 : 7 , or as is more often the case, as 3

17:16;

onomatop. to

subst. J o b 5 : s ; Isa. 1 9 : 1 1 ;

3 5 : 8 ; Pro. 7 : 2 2 ;

10:

14; 1 1 : 2 9 ; 1 4 : 3 1 * 5 : 5 ; opposed to the prudent (tHTtf), Pro. 12:16,and to the wise (D?n), p r o . 10:14; sometimes — (2) it includes the notion of impiety, Job 5 : 3 . id. with the termination belonging to adj. as if nirrifif!, tfjfividjt, foolish, Zee. 1 1 : 1 5 .

[.Evilr-merodaok], pr.n. of a king of Babylon, who at length liberated Jehoiachin king of Judah, who had been long held in captivity b y It appears necessary to defend the Nebuchadnezzar, 2 Ki. 2 5 : 2 7 ; Jer. 5 2 : 3 1 . He sucpower of, to mark, to designate, to describe, as ceeded Nebuchadnezzar in liis dominion, and held belonging to this root, as found in HNIJ and f i n > it, according to Berosus (in Jos. o. A p . i, 20), for two comp. H3N, njij, to long for. This signification years. A s to the signification, T p C (which see) is is manifest both in the noun nix (for f)Vx) a mark, the name of a Babylonian idol, and in Hebrew and in the words, Num. 34:10, CD^ Dn^SUW " y e signifies fool; but it may be taken for granted that howl, to cry out; Arab. ^j.e. to howl as a dog, wolf, or jackal; see 'W, 'N.

19

DVlK-^lX Rome other noun of Assyrian or Persian origin is shall devour it;" Jer. 21 -a. In like manner, Arab «concealed in it, which the Jews moulded so as to re- « - semble their own language; perhaps pleasing them- J*1 and J c perhaps, prop, is 06 ni^t, ellipt. As to «o "what, if?" "perhaps," which is read for the Hebr. a Toot not used as a verb, but of 7»» Isa. 47:12. wide extent in the derivatives. The primary notion XI. Ulai, pr.u. ofa river of Susiana, emptyis, TO BOLL, as in the kindred ^ln, Vn, ^ J ; comp. ciXew, ei\vu, tXXw, and the remarks below under ing itself into the Euphrates and Tigris, after their junction. Gr. Choaspes, now called Kerah; Dan. the Toot ; whence a ram, so called from its 8:2; - see Herod, v. 49; Plin. N. H. vi. 27, $ 31; twisted and curled horns. Also WN belly, abdomen. Ker Porter's Travels, vol. ii. p.412, and map. Applied— O^X (with Kametx impure), pl. (ss) to strength and power (comp. & ^iO), root No. 3, prop, front; hence—(1) vestibule, •whence strong, God; WK terebinth (as if "robust portico (SSor^tlU), i Ki. 7:6, seq.; Ezc. 40:7, sqq. tree"); oak; also ntyfe strength, aid. Specially applied to the porch erected to the east of The of strength and power is applied — (3)notion to pre-eminence,-vvlicnceArab. J^l to precede, Solomon's temple; Gr. o fpoVnoc, 1 Ki. 6:3; Joel 2: to go before, J j ) first (properly princeps, like iteW), 17; more fully n)n< D^IN, 2 Oil. 15:8; 29:17. As to the height of this porch, which is said to have been a comp. Hebr. 7«',. Hence 0^1«, D'Vs? powerful ones, hundred and twenty cubits high, 2 Ch. 3:4, see the leaders; DJ1K the front, adv. in front, subst. vestibule; treatise of A. Hirt (Der Tempel Salomo's, Berlin, No. 2, and OJ'K a projection of a building; rta« 1819,p.26). No. 3, pre-eminence. (2) adv. prop, in front, hence opposite, and m-—(*) W y , body, abdomen, so called from tropically strongly adversative particle; but, but its roundness; see the root No. 1; Arab. J if, J)". Ps. indeed, ov fiqv it. itXka, as well given by the LXX., Job 2 : 5 ; 5 8; 13:3. More often also D^IK); LXX. 73 = 4ov fii)v U a\\u, Gen. 48:19; Ex. 9:16; J o b i : l i ; (-) p l - p o w e r f u l ones, i.e. leaders, 2 Ki.24:15; 12:7; 33:1. Where two adversative propositions in 2'rD, H*?? " the l e a d e r s of the land." n p has the common form The root No. 2 follow each other, as in Germ, abet... unb, in Hebrew and No. 3, both significations of the verb being united an adversative particle is repeated D^INl... D/'W, Job 1 3 : 3 , 4 ; comp, Once, Job 17:10,it is in this word. written where some copies incorrectly have Di^. I. comp. of iX and ^ =: «V t b not, It may be inquired by the learned, whether this comp. 7D6S, *gh. particle may not, as well as be regarded as (1) if no t, unless; so once in a passage with which compounded of zz te whetherand Winer has of late rashly meddled, Num. 22 "1-1 '11! nriM, V " u n l e s s she had turned from my ^ not, in this sense—"but I do not know w h e t h e r face, I would have slain thee;" LXX. el Aben or not," oietteidfjt fiber. This conjecture certainly Ezra rightly seems to be confirmed by the Syriac word j (2) whether not,3« with Y a v , redundant mater lectionis.

ships;

DJÎX (" s t r o n g " ) , [ O n a m ] , pr.n. m . — ( 1 ) Gen. 3 6 : 2 3 . — ( 2 ) 1 Ch. 2:26. (id-), [Oiuin], pr.n. of a son of Judah, Gen. 38:9; 4 6 : 1 2 ; Nu. 26:19. TSiit XTphaz, pr.n. of a region producing gold, Jer. 10:9; D a n . i o : g . As the letters 1 and t are also elsewhere interchanged {as in PJ3 and lightning, j ^ i andJ^i to boast, to glory), IÇîK seems to be corrupted from I'siS. •VÛÏK, 1 3 Î N , T 3 N pr.n. Ophir, a very celebrated region abounding in gold ; the sailors of Solomon went thither, together with the Phoenicians, from the ports of the iElanitic gulf, and brought thence every three years, gold, precious stones, and sandal wood, i K i . g : 2 8 ; 1 0 : 1 1 ; 2Ch.8-.1S; 9:10. According to 1 Ki. 10:22 (where Ophir is also to be understood, although not mentioned by name), silver also, ivory, apes, and peacocks were brought thence. " The gold of 0 p h i r " is very often mentioned in the Old Testament, aa Job 28 . 1 6 ; Ps. 4 5 : 1 0 ; Isa. 1 3 : 1 2 ; l C h . 2 9 : 4; once even TBIX is put for the gold of Ophir, Job 23:24. As to the situation of Ophir, various opinions have been formed. The moderns, however, have mostly supposed it to be in one of two regions, India, or some part of Arabia. And that we should seek for Ophir in India, as among the ancients was supposed by Josephus, Arch. viii. 6, § 4 ; among the moderns, by Vitringa, Eeland, and others, is sought to be maintained by these arguments :—First, the Indian regions abound with the above-mentioned commodities ; and several of them, as ivory and sandal wood, are only found in India: and the words used for apes and peacocks, altogether agree with those used in India on the Malabar coast, and they are no doubt taken thence (see D»3R). Also, the L X X . translators have put for TBiK always (except one place, Gen. 10 :

29) Zuvftp, Sowpdp, Swip/p, Smfeip, 2u3D$? 1?, a Sa. 2:27, but the plants mentioned can hardly be called hairy.

25

na-'fliK

'JIN-llIN the pointed form), and )!«, tVilS (sharp) weapons. (Compare anh, anovu, and icfj, acres, acwo.) A cognate root apparently is tVJf, which see. H i p h i l PJKn ( a s if Dfyrcti m a c l j e n , to make ears) to 'IS i.q. tif adv. then, at that time, thereupon, prick up the ears; MeBi>ttnfpiicn,t™riii l i a B P Fall together! r i g h t ! to your Isa. 6 5 : 2 5 ; in the same sense is said i n ^ Jud. port 1 left I 9 0 : 8 ; 1 S a . n : 7 ; Ch. «"Jíl?-

28

n v w - m

nmtMriM (8) f. Ting ellipt. for n n « OSS one time, once, 2 K i . 6 : 1 0 ; Ps, 62:12. (9) n n t « 3 _ ( a ) i . q . niJSNo.8, Num. 1 0 : 4 . — ( i ) suddenly (mit tinem Male), Pro. 28:18. — ( c ) i . q. "IpS? altogether, Jer, 10:8.

root HOT, used in the Hebrew only in R e l , b a t in Chaldee in this conjugation likewise. n j r i N f. brotherhood, ntt brother, which see.

Z e o . n : l 4 , denom. from

niriijl [Ahoafi], pr.n., 1 Ch. 8:4, for which there is verse7, nW«, Patronymic is'pni* [Ahohite], aSa.

(10) TnN^ one after another, one by one, Is». 27:12, and ¿ 0 0 . 7 : 2 7 , n f l t ^ fin« " o n e after another." Note. In the passage which has been unnecessarily discussed, Isa. 6 6 : 1 7 , should retain the common signification. It should thus be rendered, " who sanctify and purify themselves . . . "inN "intj after one," i.e. following one; the hieropliant who presides over the Test in sacred rites. Comp. my Coram, on the passage. PI. O 1 ! ™ ? . — ( 1 ) the same, Gen, 1 1 : i ; comp.Lat. uni, as urns moribus vivers (Cic. pro Fiasco 26; Terent, Eun.ii.3,75). (2) joined in one, united; Eze. 37:17, D'lntJ? Vill '' and they shall be (the two Bticks) joined in one." (3) some, a few, Germ, cinigtr ciiljclnf, Gen. 27:44; 29:20. Deriv. the verb ID?, also pr.n. Tins.

23:9, 28. f n n « Ch. a s hewing, declaration, prop. Inf. Aph., from nin-

Dan.5:12;

'O-int^ ( " b r o t h e r of," i.e. " d w e l l e r near w a ters"), [ A h u m a i ] , pr.n.m. I Ch.4:2. •fin« m.—{1) id.

hinder part, rear, end.

H e n c e — ( a ) "tfntcp from

to M S B 2 Sa. 10:9.

behind,

Arab.^

Arab.jjS-i

behind,

^

opp.

(S)

6 ac ri/, Ps, J 1 4 : 3 , 5 ; with averted face (abgeroanbt), Jer. 7 : 3 4 . — b a c k w a r d ; Pro. 29:11, " a fool uttereth all his anger, n|n?E>; lin«3 D3IT1 but a wise man keepeth it b a c k," drives it back, so that it returns *.1 to himself.—(d)"fln«jn acc. adv. Arab. behind, (Mt'lel), an Egyptian word denoting marsh on the ba ck, opp. to M S and Dn^- Eze. 2 : 1 0 , " and grass, reeds, bulrushes, and any verdure growing it (the roll) was written "linijl D'JS before and b e h i n d , " in a marsh, Gen. 4 1 : 2 , 1 8 ; Job 8 : 1 1 . This word is within and without; 1 Ch. 1 9 : 1 0 ; Ps, 1 3 9 : 5 . Also, not only used in Hebrew, but also in the Greelc of backward; Gen. 4 9 : 1 7 , "rinN ta^l i>S2 "and his fett> Job 18:20, Tye- Itn« D'jteng «the ancients took hold of horror," for "horror t o o k hold of them;" Job 2 1 : 6 ; Isa. 13:8, ¡«ntO D^sm DnJ i Q Hithp., and iX0lxai T "'".\ onomatop. from the sound TO!, to cry out ah! repeatedly. In Hebrew perhaps, to groan (idjjen), to howl, whence D'nit. The Arabs have Tinder the same root — II. the signification of heat, burning, anger, in S -i s - 1 the word rived nK, ^

whence, perhaps,may be deB

pot, a furnace.

I had lather how-

ever take the signification of furnace, from the root « i to b u m , to kindle as fire; Conj. II. to set on fire, heat, etc. See J. [ £ A t ] , see Hm«. ' n t i (perhaps contracted from

h "], pr.n.

m — ( 1 ) 1 C h . s : i 5 i — ( * ) » Ch.7^34-

D S ' H t ? (for 3K), the Parthian metropolis, which name has itself sprung from a softer pronunciation of the ancient word. The accounts given by travellers respecting the remains of this oity have been collected by Hoeck (Veteris Medite et Persias Monumenta, pag-144—155). If the word be PhrenicioShemitic, it means- undoubtedly the same as fioq (from the root TOn), and denotes citadel, fortress; if it be Persic, it is i. q. ¡ J j M a cultivated place, and full of inhabitants. The former explanation, however, is preferable. [But see fles. corr. above.] 'SDTlfr? [Ahasbai], pr.n. of a m a n , 2 83.23:34. The etymology is unknown. Simonis considers it to be contracted from 'IDrtiJ " I flee to the Lord." [So Ges. in corr.} TO BE AFTEK, BEHIND, TO STAT BEHIND ($inten fepn, $intfn bttiben), hence to tarry, delay. In Kal it occurs once, 1 fut. insil Gen. 32:5. (Arab. y i j Conj. H. to defer, to delay. Syr. Aphel and Shaphel, ;JLoJ & i-uOL« id.) PIEL "VBf PL n n s for »1QB Jud.5:28, iut. IDS!— (1) to retard, to delay any one, Gen. 24:56; to defer any thing, Ex. 32:28, and by ellipsis, Deu. 7:10, " He will not d e l a y (punishment) to him that hatefh him." ( s ) intr, i.q. Kal (Germ, lange modjen), Jud. 5:28, "why do the wheels of his chariot t a r r y ; " Ps. 40:18, TOKir^lf " t a r r y not; Ps. 70:6; Gen. 34:19(3) to tarry at any thing, with 7?, Pro. 23:30, I«n tsnm«? " who t a r r y long at the wine," i.e. who drink ¿11 late at night. Comp. Isa. 5:11; Ps. 127:2. The derivatives imnjediately follow, except "WK.

iTfi^riti f., Ex. 28:19, the name of a precious stone; LSX. Vnlg. afiiSveroc- Josephns (in whom there appears however some confusion in the order of words), Acinic. This word appears to be a verbal of the conj. Hiph. from D/fl to dream, perhaps from [the superstitious idea of} its causing dreams to those f t « (with Dag. forte occult) f. n^n», plur.antRS who wore i t An idea of a similar kind gives its rise to HVtOS (from (he unused sing. "«1« with Kametz pure). the name a/ieflum-oe, because of its' [having the sup- — ( 1 ) a d j . properly following, another, specially posed power o f ] keeping away drunkenness from the one who follows a first, second, (from the idea of folwearers; compare Braun, de Vestitu Sacerdot. Heb. lowing [compare secundus a eequenifo]); Gen. 17 :21 > (ii.16). rVJIJNn n;W5 "ill the f o l l o w i n g year, n e x t year," fotgcni»« Sfl^tj 1 Ki. 3:3». Hence generally, another, Ezr. 6:2 [Aehmetha], Ecbatana. [" The ancient orthography of this name is traced by Gen. 4:25; 8:10,12; 29:19 etc. etc. ( A r a b . i d . Lassen (Ind. Biblioth. iii. 36), in the Sanso. apxuSuma, Syr. P L C . ^ 1 , Ch.W«). O H * w f c i.e. brwoaraaia; the Sansc. 5 passing over sometimes into a gnttaral, and sometimes into s. The corre- " o t h e r gods," ofidols, D e u . 6 : 1 4 ; 7 : 4 i Jer. l : l 6 i sponding modern name is Ispahan." Get. corr.—In 7:18, and very often. Sing. Ut Ex. 34: >4, W>d Muroalfi]. The metropoHa of Ancient Media, and without Isa. 42:8, iEiyrift* ID«? n t a ? 'iandlwilT the summer residence of the kings of Persia; situated not give my glory to a n o t h e r (God);" Isa. in the same place where afterwards was, and still is Once apparently, adv. elsewhere, Psa. 16:4, P W

32

prw-trvro«

priM-ma 'TP® IDS " who hasten e l s e w h e r e , " sc. from the true GocI to idols. [In Ges. corr. this passage is taken aa " another (god)."] (2) [jdftir], pr.n. of a man, 1 Ch. 1 : 1 2 . i r i N prop, what is behind, hinder part, mity. Hence—

extre-

(1) adv.—(a) of place, behind, in the background; Gen. 2a: 13, VJji» inw i n x Vis fiSiJl "and bohold a ram behind," i. e. in the background (im ^infergrunbc) " caught by it« horns in a thicket." Not that Abraham beheld the ram behind his back, as it is commonly thought, with the Vulgate, but at a distance in the part which lay before his eyes, im iiinttr^tunbt bee ©cenc, and there is no occasion to read with the Saiu., L X X , Syr, and 42. MSS. H J $ . _ ( i ) adv. of time, afterwards, then, Gen. 1 0 : 1 8 ; 1 8 : 5 ; 24: 5,5; 30:21, etc.

24:4; Josh.C):i6; 23:1; more rarely is omitted, Lev. 25:48; once fLiiS "SOS Josh. 2:7. (4) RTffli? prop, after that things had so happened, i.e. afterwards, Gen. 1 5 : 1 4 ; 2 3 : 1 9 ; 3 ^ 2 6 , etc. Comp. Syr. ^.oii^a and ^ j e n j i ^ s . "With the addition of it becomes a conj. i. q. "Ig'S V M , like the Lat. posteaqmm for postquam, Gen. 6 : 4 ; 2 Sa. 24: 10. In the later [?] Hebrew there also occurs ^D*? ns any one, Gen. 37:17; Job 3 1 : 7 ; IHSp pregn. 5:23-—(3) prop./rom behind (Sinter [ttrooi] meg). Ps. 78:71, "inN pi. const. 'Ids? also Ch. (but by a Hebraism), n&y i n « » "from a f t e r the milch cattle he Dan. 2 r 29, 45; 7:24. In the more pure Chaldee is brought him," i, e. he brought him who had followed "used the prep. the cattle.—(A) of time, after, Gen. 9:28. BHJ^n "ID® P O ^ fem. (from i n » with the adj. termi" a f t e r these things," i. e. afterwards, a formula of transition; Gen.l5:l; 22:1. Followed by an Inftu. nation fl)—(1) hinder, latter, opposed to former, after that, Num. 6:19, IS IDS prop, after so, i.e. foremost, lie's«"!, E x - 4 : 8 ; Deu. 24:3; Gen. 33:2, D;n after that it had so happened, i.e. afterwards, Lev, fnn.Kn «the h i n d e r (i. e. the western) sea," the Mediterranean, Deu. 1 1 : 2 4 ; 34:2; Jod 2:20. 14:36; Deu. 21:13. (2) after, later, following, iVl " a f t e r (3) Conj.ipS TIN a f t e r that, Sze-4o:i; and withgeneration," Ps.48:14; t'nqs Di' "after-time," Pro. out IK»«. Lev. 14:43; Job 42:7. 31:25; Isa.30:8. PI. BVfrnij those who come after, Note. Instead ofinti there occurs far more frequently •posterity, Job 18:20. PI. for which see jnst below, andit is constantly (3) last, Neh. 8:18; Isa. 44:6, " I (God) am the used when suff. are joined with this word. first and l a m the last;" Job 19:35. Fem. HihqN PI. D'"inti only in const, state HHS; with suff. adv. at last, last. Dan. 11:29. Also npqNS Deut. 05^5«, DijHD«, etc.— 13:10, and nj'iq^; Num. 2:31; Eccl. 1 : i i , at last, (1) subst. the hinder parts, 2 Sa.2:23, rwnn nqK? lastly. " the h i n d e r end of the spear." n l l l N (for nsfinx " a f t e r a b r o t h e r " ) , [_Aha(2) Prep.—(a) of place, behind, Jud. 18:12 (here roft], pr.n., 1 Ch. 8:1. i.q.to the west); more frequently after, (¡¡Met, ¿inter (¡em.) f;er, Lev. 26:33; 1 Sam. 14:37; 2Ki.19.-21; (" b e h i n d the b r e a s t w o r k , " w a l l , sc. o n n ™ (X'N) " those who f o l l o w them," i. e. their born), [ ^ A a r l s r j t p r . n . , 1 Ch.4:8. flatterers, and parasites, Ps.4g:i4. Hence it isjoined Ch, adj, fem. another, Dan. 2 : 3 9 ; 7 : 5 , 6 , to verbs of going,= to folloio; 'B 'iqK n;n is to follow for the common Tav of the feminine {sender any one's side, Exod. 23:2; 2 Sa. 2:10; comp. 1 Ki. being cast away by apoc., as V t O for n'^tfl, I f f l J i i t 1 : 7 ; Pro.28:23, KVIp: jrj 'in.« Dl« "he who m^of o l l o w i n g me (i. e. my precepts) rebukes a man, p n N Chald. adj. ["for W T W ] , Dan. 4:5, " V shall find favour."— (A) of time, after, Gen. 16:13; fTUTff? properly, at the last, i.e. lastly, at length. I f 1 7 : 8 ; followed by an inf. after that, Gen. 5:4. (3) For conj. after that, commonly Den. is pleonastic, see this particle A , 1. [ " >Tp

33

b s - m n » whence arose b y degrees the softer carpanV add.]

i^TJii £~{i) the tatter part, extremepart,Y$. 1 3 9 : 9 . M o r e frequently used of t i m e . — (a) end, D e u . 1 1 : 1 3 ; issue, event, latter state, J o b 8 ; 49:1»; fro-5'-4; ™ S J V i n s " h e r e u d (the adulterous w o m a n ' s ) is bitter," i. e. t h e latter state of those w h o m she s e d u c e ; c o m p . P r o . a 3 : 3 a . Sometimes used o f a happy i s s u e o r event, P r o . 2 3 : 1 8 ; 3 4 : 1 4 . — { i ) latter time, future time. T h e prophetic phrase should b e noticed, S W T r r p K 2 " i n f u t u r e days" [prop, the end of the d a y s , or latter d a y s ] , Isa. a : 3 ; G e n . 4 9 : 1 ; Mic. 4 : 1 ; N u . 8 4 : 1 4 ; Dan. 1 0 : 1 4 , (a) ["eoncr."] 9 : 1 ; Dan. 1 1 : 4 .

-posterity,

p j a - l - n ^ n s * Ch. m. pi. i, q. n e b . , Dan. 3 « , 3 , 3 7 ; 6 : 2 , 3. B'VliB'ÇlJJ Ahasvérus, apparently the ITtbrew f o r m of t h e name Xerxes, It occurs Est, 1 : 1 , and frequently in that b o o k ; also, E z r . 4 : 6 (where, from the date, Cambyses m u s t be understood), and Dan. 9 : 1 (of A s t y a g e s , the father of Darius the Mede). As to the etymology, I formerly was of the opinion myself that this word is compounded of Pensic j j i i i ï prize (sec the syllableJJ war, denoting

Ps. 1 0 9 : 1 3 ; A m , 4 : 2 ;

I C h . i. q. t h e H e b r e w JVirej N o . 1 i D a n . 2:38. H O « Ch. adj., another, I V 3 i r t N adv. backward,

other,

Gcs

Dan. a: u .

Gen. 9 : 2 3 ; i Sa. 4 : 1 4 .

m . pl., Esth. 3:1-2; 8 : 9 ; 9 : 3 , etc., satraps, the governors of the greater provinces amongst the ancient Persians, w h o h e l d both civil and military power, and were, i n the provinces, the representatives of the k i n g s , whom t h e y rivalled in m a g nificence. T h e particular parts of these provinces were governed b y procurators ( ™ n | ) , while the satraps rnled the w h o l e province. S e e B r i s s o n , D e Regio P e r s . P r m c i p a t u , i . § 1 6 8 ; Heeren,Ideen,tom.i. p . 4 8 9 , seq, ed. 4. A s to the etymology, m a n y suppose this word to be compounded of the Persic alkesh L e . price, value (perhaps, excellence), satrap, and t h e Chald. termination [ 7 . However, I have no d o n b t that the Hebrews expressed b y this word the ancient and harsher Persic word itself, Kshatrap, (since, for s and eh, i n the Zendish and Sanscrit ksh w a s often used ; conap. khshetrao, shetrao, king, hhshesh ^ j t h six), -with the addition at the beginning of A l e p h prosthet and the termination [ 7 . I n resemblance of t h e same harsher form, the G r e e t ciarpâmjc is formed i n Theopompus. See BT)5?n«:- [ T h e etymology of t h e Persic word ( S ^ n t t has been excellently u n folded b y Silv. de Sacy (Mémoires de l'Institut, Cl. d'Histoire et de Littérature Anoiemie, ii. p. 2 2 9 ) ; he regards it to b e compounded of the Kshetr empire, province, and lan, ^ keeper, prefect, lord. Ges. A p p . ] [ " T h e g e n u i n e form of this word, which has lately been found i n an ancient Indian inscription, is is'atrapa, i . e . warrior of the host; see G i i t t . G e l . A n z . 1 8 3 9 , p. 805, seq. ; Lassen, Zeitschr. f. d. MorgenL iii. sSi. T o this harsher form corresponds the Greek i£aipœnK.i&uBpârtic (Boeckh. Corp.Inscr, No. 2 6 g i , c . ) ,

possessor, and t h e termination esh (e. g. Dorai, Darabesh, W - f l t ) . B u t the true orthography of the n a m e has come to l i g h t of late from what is callcd the cuneiform writing, i n w h i c h i t is written Khshyrtrshà, or Kishteershe. T h i s appears to be for A i ^ - i , i.e. lion-king, an old and harsher form. In imitation of this harsher form, the G r e e k s formed the word Xeroses ; t h e H e b r e w s , b y prefixing A l e p h prosthet. made Akhashwerosh. Instead of the letters of softer pronunciation, s and sh, w h i c h t h e modern Persians use, the ancients enunciated much harsher sounds, as in the words hhshihiôh = Shah, k i n g , iltshatrap~Satrap. See St. Martin i n t h e Journal Asiatique, iii. p. 85 ; Champollion, Precis d u Système Hieroglyph, tableau général, tab. v i i . 2, p. 24 ; Grotefend, in Heercn Ideen, ed. 4, i, 2, p. 348, seq.; and m y remarks in T h e s . p. 7 5 . [ " L a s s e n , ub. d.Keilschrift, p, 167:"] E h Ç ' n t ? Est. 1 0 : 1 , 3>ro for CTTJipntJ' " V t è î T l ^ (110 doubt, " m u l e t e e r , " a word apparently of Persic origin. See the following word), [Haaltashtari], p r . n . m., 1 Ch. 4 : 6 . D ' i ' T f l t y n S ; p l . m . mules. P e r s i c ^ U - j estar,JJ\ ester, mule, from the old and harsh form eBshter. [ " Sansc. açwatara."] See the remaries a little above. T h e r e is added, b y epexegesis, eons of mares, Est. 8: 10. I 7 is put as a termination, as i n D'J^llÇ'tlK; M f i? see i n « t i t ? (from the root 0 0 « ) subst. m . — ( 1 ) a gentle sound, murmur, sigh, and pi. concr. whisperers, i . e . vtKpaiulmiç, ventriloquists, b y the murm u r of an artificial voice imitating the voice of to spirits of the dead (see under iÎN), Isa. 1 9 : 3 . ( 2 ) a gentle going, a gentle flow, a gentle mode of acting, whence OSS, OK?, B^?, commonly adv. gently, slowly,wai of the gentle and slow pace of one mourning, t K . 2 1 : 2 7 ; used of water Rowing gently,

34

W-HMt Isa.8:6,—''¡3^ prop,"at my s l o w pace," nad) twitter @im4tf)ti(f)(eif, iillatmad)/ 6 0 1 . 3 3 : 1 4 . — Used of acting and speaking, a f?a.i8:g,TSl!?'? "deal gently for mt with the youth;" Job 1 5 : 1 1 , ^sy -]TT! " and a word g e n t l y spoken to tliec." an unused root. Arab, to be firm, II, to make firm, to establish.

Conj.

i m

m., buckthorn {Rhamnus paliwus Liun,), BO called from the firmness of its roots, Jnd. 9:14,15; Ps. 58:10 (Arab. jJ^f, i. (j. the more frequent ^Jy^)-

3:15; 20:16, tan?! T " b o u n d in the right hand," i. e. who could not well use the right hand, - "X left-handed ; Arab. J a 1 V . to be hindered; compare Jjic to bind, which is applied to an impediment in speech.

[So in Eng. tongue-tied.]

constr. — ( 1 ) adv. of interrogation., w h e r e ? with sntK " w h e r e art t h o u ? " Gen. 3 : 9 ; VK " w h e r e is he?" Ex. 2:20; w h e r e are t h e y ? " Isa. 19:10. More often with n parog. which sec*.

Arab. J is proa, mterrog. who? f. ¿ 1 , So also the ./Eth. Comp. Germ, too, and Engl. who. ra., thread, yarn, [This appears to have been formed by the rejection of linen or cotton, ©am (Ch. siring, cord). Once of Nun from (-whence whence?), and this found, Pro. 7:16, "coverings of Egyptian thread," appears to be the same word as negative; just as which was of the greatest fineness, and as highly many negative words are applied afterwards to the esteemed as Turkish yarn is now (Siritfifies» ©am) in sense of interrogation (compare Lat, -tie; Germ. mdji Germany. Compare Gels. Ilierob. i., 89, seq. Alb. ttjabr?). I'X is therefore, properly, there is not present Schultens compares Gt, ¿dory, oddytov (linen gar- (i. q. ^ ^ comp. Job 14:10), interrogatively, is there ment). Koot not present? which is nearly the same as where t is? No.I. and II. are in this manner very closely an unused root.— (1) to utter a gen- joined. Comp. Heb. Gram. § 150. Ges. App.] tle sound, used of the sighing sound a wearied (2) a mark of interrogation put before adverbs and camel; of the rumbling of the bowels when empty pronouns, giving them an interrogative sense, just a» and hungry ('jpv&iv). Compare my remarks on lsa. gives tliem a relative sense. Comp. Germ, loocon ? (2) to go gently; see t5S No. 2. for oon rceldjem? Hence—(a) fit who? which? what? but always (cxcept Ece.11:6) with reference TO SHOT, TO CLOSE UP, TO STOP, e.g. to place; 1 Ki. 13:12, TOO nj " b y what the mouth, the ears, Pro. 1 7 : 2 8 ; 2 1 : 1 3 ; nWj>n way did he go?" (or itbi vice? rjuorswn vim? See rtOOH, Eze. 40:16; 4 1 : 1 6 , 2 6 , " c l o s e d windows, nip »K under (fi); 2 ^ . 3 : 8 ; ü « 1 . 1 8 : 2 3 ; Job38:24; with s h u t lattices," the bars of which being let into and without an interrogation., Jer. 6:16; Eccl. 1 1 : 6 . the wall and planks, could not be opened and shut at In oilier places it ia where ? (from HJ here), Job 28:12; pleasure. L X X . {/v/iiSes StKruwrai. Symm. To£iKat.Est. 7 : 5 . Sometimes written together ^ i ? , see below. - , Eze. 26:18. anfdjnaufcen; compare my remarks on the letter n. in which the idea of breathing after ( 1 ) p r . habitable, or inhabited landiScom the [ " Kindred is Toot WS No. I, x), as opposed to water, the sea, and passes over into that of desire and love"]). The finite rivers; Isu.42-.15. n h n i mps> " I will tarn the verb occurs once, Ex. 23:22. But of very frequent rivers into h a b i t a b l e l a n d ; " compare 153.43:19; use is the part. 3?)!< an a d v e r s a r y , an enemy, a foe, Gen. 2 3 : 1 7 ; 49:8; sometimes it retains the 50: a. Hence — (2) maritime land, whether the sea coast of a proper construction of a participle, 1 Sa. 18:29, S^S n continent, or an island; ¡ike the Indian Dsib, which 1 ! T ? " an e n e m y of David."—f. na;)« a fmak denotes both shore, and also an inland. Specially enemy, collect used of enemies (comp. Lehrg. 477), and— — (a) ii« sea shore,Isa. 20:6; 2 3 : 2 , 6 ; Eze.37:7, Mic. 7:8,10. Hence "i< " the c o a s t s of Elishah," i.e. Peloponnesus, n x s * (contr. for na^t, as np>K f o r fWK) i n or Greece.—(6) an island; Jer. 47 ,-4, '¡¡S " the mity, hostile mind, Gen. 3 : 1 5 ; Nu. 35:21. i s l a n d of Capthor," i.e. Crete; D ' f o ' » » " t h e i s l a n d s of theChittim;" Eze.27.6; Jer.s:iO; comp, m., prop, a burden, load, by which one is Esth. 10:1, where DJ? are opposed to the conti- oppressed, or crushed; (root UN No. 2); whence— nent. The plural is very often used generally of ( 1 ) heavy misfortune, calamity, Psa. 18:19; maritime and transmarine regions (Jer. 35:22, by Job 21:30. epexegesis, CM - g j g ^ n ) , and hence of those (2) destruction,ruin, J o b i 8 : i 2 ; 2 1 : 1 7 ; 30:12. very for remote, Isa. 2 4 : 1 5 ; 40:15; 4 1 : 1 , 5 ; 42:4, 78 TK " d e s t r u c t i o n of God," i.e. sent by God. 10,12; 49:1; 5 1 : 5 ; especially used of the coasts HJN f. (for r m , from the root No. II.), prop. of the Mediterranean sea, Ps. 72:10; Dan. 1 1 : 1 8 , which are called more definitely D'n «S Isa. 11:11, cry, clamour, hence — (1) some unclean clamourous bird of prey, Lev. and a;ian »8 Gen. 1 0 : 5 ; Zeph. 2 : 1 1 . Eze. 27:15, 11:14, Den. 14:13, to which very great acuteness of the Indian Archipelago is to be understood. sight is attributed. Job 28:7. L X X and Vnlg. someH. contr. for 1« from the root ¡11« No. H, com- times render it vulture, sometimes kite. Nor is the pare above island;—(1) pr. howling, cry. Hence opinion of Bochart improbable (Hieroz.ii. p.i93, s e ( l) as a concrete, a howler, i.e. a jackal; Arab. that it is a kind of falcon, called b y the Arabs j j y pi! t u U j son, daughters of howling, ["i.e. falco « I d « ' ] now called smirk, emerillon [Eng. Pers. J I i i Shakal. It ia so called from itsnoctornal merlin]. However, the Hebrew word may perhaps cry, which is like the scream of an infant. Damiri be more comprehensive, and include all the hawk or in Bochart. Hieroz. torn. L p. 843. It only occurs falcon tribe, whence Lev. and Deu. locc. citt. there is added M'?^. in pi, C«K Isa. 1 3 : 2 2 ; 34:14. (2) interj. i.q. % woe! with a dat Ecc. 10:16; (2) [Ajah, AiahJ, pr.n. m . — ( a ) Gen. 36:24.— 4:10, where several editions read unitedly, 'iVn " w o e (b) 2 Sa. 3 : 7 ; 21:8. to him." i.q. where? w i t h n - parag., as in fjil, |n, 1

HI. ^ adv. not. It occurs in Job 22:30, and Gen. 3 : 9 ; 18:9, etc., and without an interrogation, in proper n a m e s i n g l o r i o u s " ) , 1 Sa.4-.21, Job 15:23, " he wanders for bread n.'K w h e r e (it and It is of may be"). more frequent use in the Rab3VN pr.n., Job, an Arab of the land of Uz, a man binic, especially in forming adjectives with a privative signification (just as in Germ, un, oi?n [Eng. in, remarkable both for his wealth and piety, tried by toi], &r the same purpose), and in the jEthiopic, in God with calamities of every kind; mentioned only which is also prefixed to verbs, I have no doubt [in the Old Test.] in the book that bears his name, that it is shortened from PS (see the root P#), like a " *f privative in Greek, and in Sansc. from are. and in Eze. 14:14,20; LXX.'Ill{S, Arab. (_JjJl' t o ? " ' * (" i n g l o r i o u s " ) , [7-cÄaioef); see 'K The name properly signified a man persecuted (from No-HI. the root as W I one born, from 1?;), and it

36

pS'tt-'ttrN appears to refer to the

which he endured.

Others take it as serió resijpiscena, i. q. Arab. t—Aj] (from the root 31«, i_jT TO return); comp. Kor. Sur. xxxviii. 40—44, but see against this opinion in Thes. p.8i,col.i, £ (prob. " w ' i t h o u t c o h a b i t a t i o n , " i.e. aXo^oc,Plat,p. 249,B, chaste,modest; comp.Agnes, a very suitable female name, and not to be estimated from the conduct of the celebrated Jezebel of Tyre): Jezebel, Isabella, pr. n. of a celebrated woman, daughter of Ethbaal, ting of Tyre, and wife of Ahab, infamous for her Idolatry, and cruel persecution of the prophets, 1 Ki. 1 6 : 3 1 ; 18:4,13; 21:5,seq.; 2KÍ. 9:7, seq.

24,26,29,33,36,37.48,49- l a plorepidmes; or projections in front of a building, commonly ornamented with columns or palm trees, between which are spaces occupied by windows, Eze. 4 1 : 1 ; 40:10, 14,16,38; comp. verses26,31,34,37. The ancient versions sometimes reader it posts, sometimes columns; Aquila Kpiai/ia, as if ram's-hom-work, i.e. the volutes of columns, especially those of the Corinthian order, elsewhere called tpiifc; see the copious remarks in Thes. p. 43—45. As to the etymology, it is either prop, a projection, prominence,ffiocfpnmn,from the root No. 3, or else, following Aquila, we must regard prop, as denoting the capitals of columns, so called from the volutes resembling rani's horns; hence applied to the whole post or column. Comp. D^1*!?.

"•pi? how? abbreviated from Gen. 26:9. Often of lamentation, (alas) how/ Ps. 7 3 : 1 9 ; Isa. 14:4; Ecc. 2 : 1 6 ; without an interrogation, Ruth 3 : 1 8 ; 2 Ki. 17:28.

and íl??=n?, f ó so. ; see the root VlX. m., a stag, hart, Deu. 12:15 ; 14:5 ; Isa. 35:6; pi. D'r Cant. 2:9,17. Always of the mosc. gen., but in Ps. 42:2; joined with a f. in the maimer of common nouns, it denotes a bind, which ia elsewhere called by its own peculiar form iljjíí, so Ch. and Syr. id.; Arab. J j l wild goat, mountain * goat, chamois;

m . — ( 1 ) a ram, from its curved and twisted horns; see the root ^K and 7'«, which properly has the sense of rolling, or twisting, Gen. 1 5 : 9 ; pi- D1?'!? Ex. 25:5, and D^K Job 42:8. Intensive of this is (2) a term in architecture, cre/ndo porta, or the projecting ledge surrounding a door at the top and the two sides, often adorned with columns on each side, with a frieze above, with a projection below, bfc Derjterte Sinfaflimg bet SEfjiic mit ©iulrnpfoffen, grits un& Sorftl. 1 Ki. 6 : 3 1 ; Eze, 4 1 : 3 ; compare Eze. 40:9,21,

where? Job 38:19, 24; comp. of the interrogative particle 'Í? (see tinder that word, No. 2,) and ni this.

Wit (from ^ No. 2, and i. q, ¡lb so, here), — (1) how? Deu. 1 : 1 s . (2) where? Cant. 1:7. Often used in lamenting and deploring (as Tí?), Isa, 1 : 2 1 ; Lam. 1 : 1 ; -without an interrogation, Deu. 12:30. ro'g where? without an interrogation, in one passage, 6:13,how? whereCant.5:3; in n p there is 8:6; Í3'¡?. from npytt irKi. (Milél), Est.

wltbe 3iigen, and in Latin they ara called capreie, from their likeness to a goat, ccjprsr. L X X . always eXatpoc-

m, strength, Root VlX No. 2.

might,

Once found Ps. 88:5.

pl. D'Vk m., prop, strong, robust. (1) pl. mighty ones, leaders, nobles of a state, Ex. 1 5 : 1 5 ; Eze. 1 7 : 1 3 ; 2 K i . 2 4 : 1 5 (in Hp). See^K No. 2, 3. (2) a strong, robust tree, like Spvc, specially, the oak or terebinth; sometimes the palm, i. q. which is more in use. Sing, occurs once, Gen. 14:6, in the pr.n. ^'fi; LXX. rtptfltyBoc rrjc $apdy. Pl. D^K, D>i>R Isa. X: 29; 5 7 : 5 ; 61:3. f., a hind, and perhaps also caprea, wild ahegoat; two kinds of animals, which are hardly distinguished in the common use of the language, Gen. 49:21. Pl. w W , c o n s t . ni^KaSa. 22:34; Cant. 2:7.

or " b e l o n g i n g to a stag"), iEth. -SPA:, an orthography which confirms the relation of the roots and ÍW- As [Ajalon, Aijalon], pr.n. of a place, so called from to the etymology, ^ is as it were intensive of the abounding in stags, like the Germ. -£>itfciiaU/'-£iiTrf)feli>. word W , prop, therefore it denotes a great ram, 'V'K This was the n a m e — ( l ) of a town of the Levites, in alarge she-goat, The Hebrews appear to have called the tribe of Dan, Josh. 10:12; 19:42; 21:24; Jud. several species of deer and gazelles, some of which 1:35. [See Kobkison,.iii, 6 3 . ] — (2) a town in the have horns twisted like those of a ram, great rams, or tribe of Zebulon, Jud, 12:12, wild rams, as in German they are called SSir&iitgtn,

37

( " o a t , " see [E2on],pr.r,.—(Y) of a Ch. m., tree, Dan. 4:7, 8, acq. Syr. (Lii^j town in t i e tribe of Dan, Josh. 19:43; 1 Ki. 4:9. id. It answers to the Hebrew P S ; but the Chuldee (2) mase.— (o) Gen. 26:34; 36:8.—(6) Gen. 46: word has a "wider use. 14.—(c) Jud. 12:11. see rt^Si ("trees,""a grove,"perhaps,of palm trees, n ^ J i i f. i.q. n^S (to which it is as a const.), hind, see under iKi. 9:86; aKi. 16:6, and a loving address of a woman, Pro. 5:19. It is hard (for riW Lehrg. p. 467, used coll. for n'6'X), Deu. 2:8: to be explained what it means in the title of Ps. 32, 2Ki.14-.a2; i6:6(Ws).EioiA, Elath, pr.n. of a city "il|?:0 " 011 the hind of the dawn." These of Edom, situated on the eastern gulf of the Eed Sea, •which is hence called the Elanitic gulf. After the words' appear to me to be the name of some poem, to Edomites were conquered (2 Sa. 8:14), David took the tune of which the psalm was to be sung, Comp. a Sa. 1. " Hind of the dawn," prob. was the possession of it, and Solomon afterwards held it; and hence his fleet sailed to Ophir, 1 Ki. 9:26, It was morning sun itself shedding its first beams, which the afterwards recovered by the Edomites, but Uzziah Arabians call gazelle; comparing, according to the again added it to the kingdom of Judah, a Ki. 14:22; use of the language, the rays to horns (sec 1$). See but Eezin, king of Syria, again drove the Jews thence, Schultens on Job, p. 1193; on Har. Cons. v. p. ] 63. 2 Ki. 16:6, and they never again possessed it. It is an unused root. Ch. and Talmud. US? to called by Josephos, EiXa'n;: "F.Aam, by Ptolemy; frighten. The proper sense of the root appears to -ffilana, by Pliny, vi. 32, 5 38. See Kelandi Palast. me to be to stup i f y (oer|tummen madjen), comp. the P- 217, 554, seq.; Le Quien, Oriens Christ torn. iii. root DOH, Dfl. Perhaps we should also compare D3{, — tf which sea. Hence — p. 758. In Arabian writers it is called iLL>\. Among Q'i? f. na^S adj. terrible, formidable, Hal). 1:7; the moderns, E. Kiippell, of Frankfort, was the first to visit its ruins, which he did lately, and mentions Cant 6.4,10, and — that they (for "Pis), f. terror, Deu. 32:25. Followed are now called Gelena. A neighbouring by a genitive of the causer of terror to others. Pro. castle with the modern town, which is shaded by a 20:2, l^B rp'N " t e r r o r of a king," which the royal palm grove (compare Strab. xvi p. 776, Casaub.), is majesty causes. Job 33:7,'nO'S? "my terror," i.e. called ¿Jlc i.e. mountain. See v. Zach, Correspond- which I cause. With'n parag. nnD'K Ex. 15:16. PI. ence Astronom., vii. 464. PI. D'O'X —(1) terrors, Ps. 88:16. £ i.q. ptap. fortitude, strength, hence aid, Ps. 22:20. Eoot^KNo.i. (2) idols, Jer. 50:38 ; BO called from the terror pi O'bVk and nis^x, a term in architecture which they cause to their worshippers. Comp. which it is very difficult to define. It appears to have (3) Emim, pr.n. of a very ancient people, who are signified the projection of a pediment, Seftmfe. mentioned as having occupied the land of the MoabIt is clearly distinguished from DJWi, with which many ites before them, Gen. 14:5; Deu. 2:11. confound it, in Eze. 40:7, seq. The D'S^K were carried round a building, and they are almost always p i i an unused root, signifying the same as ]-lN> joined with D^'S. See Eze. 40:16; 22:26, 29. which see. Hence — [ " Compare Boettcher, Pro ben, p. 319."] I. ¡IN const, st prop, subst. nothing, empJ ("trees," perhaps, palm grove), [.Eiim], tineas, vacuity. Isa.40:23, D'Jfl |Ijig "who pr.n. of a station of the Israelites in the desert, their brmgeth princes to nothing." Hence adv.— second station after they came out of Egypt, " where (1) nothing. Often including the verb subst. lKiwere twelve wells and seventy palm trees," Ex. 15: 8:9, D'M&tn iliil1? ^ p>l jbhta r « " t h e r e was no27; 16:1; Worn. 33:9. With n parag. iiD^sj Ex. t h i n g in the ark besides the two tables of stone,"Ps. 15:27. Geographers compare a valley of that region, 19:7; Ex.22.-2. calledGarendel fWady Ghimindel], but Ehrenberg (2) not, including also the verb subst. it not, to as informed me that he found & valley, called , . M f*) in not, are not, were not, ete. i. q. B?. Arab. yuJ, that neighbourhood, in which word it is very probaAram, i i i » , JV^, /rilfZ- Num. 14:42, P« ble that there is a trace of the ancient name.

38

rttw-fN fljflj " because Jehovah is n o t among you," Jud. 2 1 : 2 5 , " in those days^!? 1 ^!? P8 there w a s not a king in Israel." Gen. 37:29, "1V33 f|D^> |>N " Joseph w a s n o t in the cistern." Ps. 1 0 : 4 ; Ex. 1 2 : 3 0 ; Lev.i3:31. In those phrases in which Misused affirm a t i v e l y ^ the same when negative, is used, as 'T ^ EV* Gen. 3 1 : 2 9 , and « T . ^ P« Nell. 5:5. Moreover, it should be observed—(a) wherever any personal pronoun constitutes the subject of a sentence, it should be suiExed to this word, as " I (am, was, willbe), n o t ; " " then (art, wast,wilt be) no t;" IPS, rt}J>», D}% and in the pi. form (as if from O-Vb) iOJ'i!, Ps.59:14; 7 3 : 5 . — ® When t i e verb substantive, from the usage of the language, is included in this negative particle, it is almost always joined to a participle. Dan, 8 : 5 , " behold a he-goat came from the west upon tile face of the whole earth jnija ¡n: and d i d n o t touch the ground," i. q. yy Est! 3 : 8 ; 7 : 4 ; Ezr. 3 : 1 3 ; Ex. 5 : 1 6 , 1351 |»jf "straw was n o t given," i.q. ® Thus often as a circumlocution, no one, Josh. 6:1, pti K3 ptjl "there (was) no one going out, nor (was there) any one coming in," i. o. no one went ont and no one came in. Lev. 26:6; Isa.5:2g. Very rarely, and not without solecism, it is joined to a finite verb; Jer. 38:5, - m Ml}*? l ^ f i 1 PS for the king avails n o t h i n g against you." Job 3 5 : 1 5 : and even the particle Ps. 1 3 5 : 1 7 , ^ ^ " P i i "there is n o breath in their mouth." It would be more correct to write in both places ¿6- In like manner, however, the more modem Arabs write ^ ^ J for 3 — (c) P8 there is not to me, for I have not, I had not. Lev. 1 1 : 1 0 ; 1 Sa. 1:2, like the Arab. ^ J Followed by a gerund it is often equivalent to non licet, it is not allowed, like owe itmv for oil* Egc, and Arab. J ^ I S a " th e r e is to me," for," it is permitted tome," Koran iv:94, x. 100; Est.4:2, NiaS ¡'K " i t is n o t lawful to go in." R u t h 4 : 4 ; Ps. 4 0 : I ' « "there is n o t h i n g to be compared with thee," where TW. poet, is used for f 1 !^.— (d) It is joined with various words; E"« PS " n o o n e (is, was)," Gen.31-.50; Ex. 9:ia;1?'it,8 Ex.5:U,and n»W».ps iKi.i8:43, " n o t h i n g whatever (is, was);" 73 PS " n o t h i n g at all (is, was)," Eccl. 1:9.

H^N Kirn "behold he had d i s a p p e a r e d . " Of death, Ps. 3 9 : 1 4 .

(4) I t may be rendered without,i.q. PS?. But properly the examples must be referred to No. 2, Joel 1:6, " m i g h t y and w i t h o u t number," prop. " a n d there is n o t a number;" Deu. 32:4, (5) with prefixes—(a) PS? prop, in not, in defeat of,(a) " w h e n there w a s n o t ; " P r o . 8 : 2 4 , nwinfl "when there (were) n o t yet any waves," i.e. before the waves were created, comp. (j3) often i.q. without,Eze. 3 8 : 1 1 , n»in ¡%3 " w i t h o u t a wall." Pro. 5 : 2 3 ; 1 1 : 1 4 . (b) PS3 almost, well nigh,Vs. 7 3 : 2 , prop, almost nothing; hence, there was nothing wanting from, comp. Djjtp? "therewas l i t t l e w a n t i n g f r o m , " i . e . almost. (c) ISV? (a) for TS W " t o him, to whom (it is) not," Isa. 40:29; " t o him, to whom n o t h i n g (is), Neh. 8:10, (/3) for n'Vn " s o that there (was) not," Ezr. 9 : 1 4 . (d) PS? (a) so that not (with a double negation. See Lehrg. 5 224, note 2); Isa. 5 : 9 , PS!? " so that there is n o t an inhabitant." Isa. 6:11, Also because that (there is) not, Isa. 50:2. (/3) i.q. pS with JO pleonastic (comp. 'I? No.l, d), no one, Jer. io:6, 7 ; 3 0 : 7 , JVote. PS, the absolute Btate of the noun, only occurs at the end of a sentence; PS const, state, is always so used that it belongs to what follows, e,g. Num. 20:5, DV? " there is n o water," for which also d;0 PK may be said. -oi n. adv. interrog. where ? Arabic ^ ¡ 1 i . q . with ! added, as in '!?W " a m a n of form," i.e. hand9:38; Pro. 6:3, in some editions; but it would be some; O W B"« " b l o o d y ; " "intellimore correct to write WEN, which see. gent," etc.; Q^n " c e l e b r a t e d , " Gen.6:4; comp. ntyiiin ¡¡"if " a h u s b a n d m a n , " Gen.g:2i.— t i ^ with suff. a?"«; in pi. found (i) it is used coll. of soldier 3, Germ. SJtan nfcf)a ft/ Jtricgfc only three times, Psal. 1 4 1 : 4 ; Pro. 8:4; Isa. 5 3 . 3 ; mannfaaft, Isa. 2 1 : 9 ; comp. 01$ Isa. 3 2 : 6 . — (m) ; in the place of which the use of the language denotes a man of more noble quality; opposed to has substituted D'C-^. (from the unused sing. ; a man, or men, of the common people; see under const, state with suif. VMS, and perf- BIN No. 1, letter ( i ) . — ( n ) when joined to numerals, phrasticaUy \?3; comp. 'No. 6. after numbers below ten is put CWJ8, as DTJK i®?? (1) A «AS. Specially—(rt) opposed to woman, a Gen. 18:2; between ten and twenty commonly B"1! male; Gen. 4:1, 'J I have acquired a man with Nu. 1 : 4 4 ; above twenty, always B"!? 1 Sa. 14'H! God," i.e. male offspring, 1 Sa. 1 : 1 1 . Used even of 22:2,18, etc., etc. brutes, Gen.7:2; comp,i:27; 6:19. So in Latin (2) followed by n« or Ti.one, another; see of animals,Yirg.Ecl.vii.7.—(4) a husband, opposed to a wife, Ruthl : i l ; Gen.,3:6; 29:32,34; with suff. and Jn . U'S'M " our men," i.e. husbands, Jer. 4 4 : 1 9 : so in (3) any one, some one, Gen. 1 3 : 1 6 ; Ex. 16:59! Greek ariip, U. xv'ui. 291; Lat. vir, HOT. Sat. i., 2, Cant. 8 : 7 ; so Syr. o » j | for nc e.g. pjOJ a 127,—(0) opposed to an old man, it is the name of virile age, 1 Sa. 2:33. Sometimes—(