Fungi of Switzerland [4/6] 3856041117, 3856042202, 3856040307, 385604230X, 3856042407

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FUNGI OF SWITZ;ERLAND A contribution to the knowledge of the fungal flora of Switzerland

Volume

4 Agarics 2nd part Entolomataceae Pluteaceae Amanitaceae Agaricaceae Coprinaceae Bolbitiaceae Strophariaceae

465 species described principally from central Switzerland, with drawings of microscopic features and color photographs

Edited by J. Breitenbach and E Krtinzlin, Mycological Society of Lucerne French translation by Dr Jean Keller, tjniversit6 de Neuchatel, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland English translation by lvlrs. V L. Waters, assisted by Dr. J. E Waters, Humbotdt State University, Arcata, CA 95521, USA Edition Mykologia, P O. Box '165, CH-6000 Lucerne 9, Swjtzerland

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lhe tanslators:

Dr. Jean Keller, lnstitut de Botanique, Ch anlemeie 22, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland Mrs- V- L and Dr. J. E Waters, Departrnent of Biology, Humboldt State University, Arcata, Calif. 95521 , USA

Adresses of lhe aulhors: J. Breitenbach, Wbsemlinstrasse 54, CH-6006 Luceme, Switzerland E rcihzlin, Ruffisb€rgstrasse 3, CH-6006 Luceme, Switzerland

Collaborators lolm the Florislic Work Group of fhe MSL: P Amrein, J. Bachbr, W. Kiser, A. Leeb, K. Miihlebach, R. Miirner,

F.

Muller, W. Oldani, G' Richoz, H. Sutter,

H. Thomi, J. Wbspi, M. Wymann, A. Zwyssig.

Edition Mykologia Luceme,

P,

O. Box 165, CH6(xro

LEeir q

S,vitzedand

@ 1 995 all rights resorved

Printed in Switzerland Composition: Color lithography: Printing: Photographs: ISBN 3-85604-01 1 -0 Volume ISBN 3-85604-111-7 Volume ISBN 3-85604-21 0-5 Volume

tlDesetting lrom disc by Sticher Prirting AG, 6002 Lucerno Sticher Printing AG, 6002 Lucome Sticher Printing AG, 6002 Lucerne see abbrevations page 23 1 Ggrman

1 French 1 English

ISBN 3-85604+20-X Volume 2 German ISBN 3-85604-'1 20-6 Volume 2 French ISBN 3-85604-220-2 Volume 2 English

ISBN 3-85604-030-7 Volume 3 German ISBN 3-85604-1 30-3 Volume 3 Fronch ISBN 3-85604-230-X Volume 3 English ISBN 3-85604-M0-4 Volume ISBN 3-85604-1 40-0 Volume ISBN 3-85604-240-7 Volume

4 German

4 French 4 English

Table of contents

Foreword and acknowledgments

lntroduction

Floristic part I

I I

I

Bibliography !ndex

I

Cov€r photographs

cover: B*k cover: Front

Copinus auricomus (see No. 266) Entoloma hiftipes (see No. 39)

Translators' note Preface Authors' foreword and Acknowledgments Synopsis of the groups treated in this book Methods of study Remarks concerning the genera treated Glossary Abbreviations and symbols Plant names ldentif ication key, including color strips showing colors of spore prints

6 7

o

11

13 15 19

22 25

26

465 species of agarics in systematic order, continuation of Volume 3 numbered 1-165

Scientific names of fungi

364

Translators' note

Wb are pleassd to offer this fourth volume of the series Pilze der Scrrweiz to readers oI English. Volume 4 is a continuation of the Agaricales, which were begun with volume 3, and includes mostly pink-, brown-, and black-spored species. lnterpreting the color of spore prints is essential as a first step in identifying mushrooms. However, colors are subjective and difficuft to describe so that beginners in particular can understand iust what e. g. .umber-brown" means, ln response to this problem, the authors have developed an innovalive and elegant means of presenting the color of spore prints objectively. They have done this by scanning the spore prints into a computer and codifying the colors so that a printing company can duplicate them on the printed page. (See "Methods" for further details.) As far as we know this is the first time this has been done. This new feature of Vol. 4 will be a welcomed and helpful addition to an already very useful (and beautiful) format.

Again, many rare and unusual species from rare and unusual habitats are included. These collections are a testimonial to the diligence of the authors and other collectors. They are al-

so important as documents of the fungal llora of declining habitats, such as wet and poor meadows and peat bogs, as discussed by Dr. Senn-lrlst in her Preface. Like her, we hope that this series will make surveys of the fungal flora of other parts ofthe world morefeasible by lightening the task o, identification. Our relerences remain the same as for Volume 3. As in the previous volumes, the Glossary is a compilation oJ a translation of the authors' glossary and our own definitions of technical words which we used in the English version. Glosses of the words used also in Vol. 3 are not repeated here. Trinidad, California, August 1995 Mrginia L. Waters James F. Waters Department of Biological Sciences Humboldt State University Arcata, California, U. S. A.

Preface

ln 1992 the widely noticed Earth Summit took place in Rio. lt

concerned the establishment

of

internationally applicable and accepted rules ,or the protection of our environment. A result of this mammoth congress is the so-called Rio Convention, which contains a consensus about biological diversity, and which was signed by Switzerland along with many other countries. An important article is quoted as follows in the original text: Art. 6. General lvleasures for Conservation and Sustainable Use Each Contracting Party shall, in accordance with its particular conditions and capabilities, develop national strategies, plans, or programmes for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity.... Conservation and sustainable use mean utilizing in a manner which does not lead to long-term decline in biological diversity, so that its potential to fullill the needs and wishes of contemporary and future generations is maintained.

But conservation also means that exact and reliable facts must be known about present diversity. This is the thrust of an appeal launched by several organismally oriented American societies in accord at the Eafth Summit in Rio: the Syste-

matics Agenda 2000 is a stirring challenge to discover by combined efforts the diversity of species of this Earth in all groups of organisms. First, the newly discovered species should be precisely described as quickly as possible. Second, they should be classirled, on an evolutionary-biological basis as far as possible. Third, the available knowledge should be maintained in generally accessible data banks. Finally, possible ways of sustainable uiilization should be pointed out. The first step, the discovery includes far more than merely a

correct and valid description in some scientific journal or other. Good information on systematic relationship and ecology is also required. Only when we understand in each case why we on the one hand separate similar species, why we on the other hand assign relatively dissimilar-appearing species to e. g. the same genus, do we begin to comprehend the natural laws of biology. We can preserve this diversity, once we have recognized it, only if we know not only its unique biological characteristics

but also its habitat requirements and its earlier and current distribution. Here the volumes of "Fungi of Switzerland. iill an important gap. The great success of the first three volumes clearly indicates how important splendid visual documenta-

tion, whether color plates or line drawings o, anatomical details, along with descriptions of original observations, or as in the present case a combination of all of these, are for a confirmable understanding of the demonstrated diversity of species. We are indebted to non-specialists for this! Only if it is possible to determine species without using the specialized literature will a larger circle of amateur mycologists concern themselves with questions of distribution and ecology. The higher fungi with their short-lived fruiting bodies are just such a group of organisms in which the astonishing diversity of the native fungal flora is scarcely known beyond a small

circle of specialists. Only good documentation carried out over several years can show us the richness of species which exists, because the fleshy fruiting bodies of gilled fungi are not only very ephemeral but often do not appear every year. The present volume contains several examplss of species which easily escape the notice o, the inexperienced, such as the species-rich geneta Entoloma, Coprinus, ot Psawrella. Entoloma in patlicular thanks to an intensive taxonomic investigation during the last ten years shows on careful examination a truly amazing richness o, species. lvlany members of this genus are found primarily in nutrient-poor meadows and pastures. The authors have succeeded in docu-

-

-

menting species from these habitats whose ranges have decreased very greatly over the last 30 years, primarily because of modification of their habitat (fertilization!). For certain species of poor meadows, such as Entoloma bloxamii, subalpine and alpine meadows and pastures have become declining habitats. The effects ot eutrophication of our environment can be seen indirectly in this fourth volume, more than in any of the former volumes. While on one hand species of threatened biotopes such as poor meadows and rloodplain for€sts could be found and documented by deliberate searching, on the other hand this volume also illustrates species which profit from the increase in eutrophic microhabitats, such as compost piles, flower bordsrs with mulches ol wood chips, roadsides, slump cracks, etc. Some o, these species may be neophytes, that is, recent "immigrants". Color photographs of many such species in the families Coprinaceae, Strophariaceae, and Bolbitiaceae are presented here for probably the first time. They show us once again how versatile fungi as a group are in their ecological requirements. lt would definitely be worthwhile to trace this change in the native fungus ,lora more thoroughly. ln the warmer climate of cities, species could already be found today which could probably expand their ranges very quickly during the predicted global warming!

The constant and progressive destruction of the environment strongly awakens in us the longing for beautiful and simple things, for unsullied nature. Esthetically pleasing pictures fall into this category also. Since the first volume of this series,

we have known that the authors do not let us down in our wish. The authors are not afraid to tread new paths. ln this volume they do so with their attempt to record and reproduce the color of the spore print as objectively as possible. For this they chose a method which has succeeded in the printing indu-

stry: the colors are read by a color scanner and translatsd into numbers and entered into a compuier. A suitable pro-

gram analyses the color and normalizes it. An astoundingly rich palette of different spore colors results from the use of this program, Once again in a novel way one particular aspect ofthe diversity of gilled fungi can be documented. Experience will show how well one's own spore prints can be comparcd with their standards, that is, how narrow or broad the variability in the typical color for a species may be.

-

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It is to be wished that this volume will be distributed rar and wide. Bern, June 1995 Beatrice Senn-lrlet

AUthOfS fOfewOfd

ana acknowtedsments

It is not only the urge to experience nature as intimately as possible, nor is it only the rich diversity offungi which lures us again and again out into the rield, the forests, pastures, meadows, and moors or up into the alpine dwarf shrub-heaths. lt

is primarily the unquenchable thirst to discover, to experience, and to understand something new, To formulate and document these discoveries this is the motive which for years has caused us to work -on the flora "Fungi of Switzerland", a flora which so far comprises 1833 macrofungi.

Meanwhile it has become increasingly clearer how indispensable the ,lora of a definite region is, if measures for protecting the environment are to be planned. Far from being merely a quantitatively detailed listing of the macromycetes of Switzer-

land, Volumes '1-4, with their color photographs of fungi, macroscopic descriptions, and drawings of microscopic features, provide a ,oundation which significantly lightens the work of identifying fungi. As a logical extension of this concept, in this volume we rely, right at the beginning of the key, upon a table of spore-print colors, which allows speedy segregation oI individual groups of fungi.

It is to be hoped that all ol this could be a spur for as many mycologists as possible, to set themselv€s likewise to the task of doing lloristic studies, for even red lists of endangered species of fungi are possible only if reliable floristic foundations exist.

We would like to express our special thanks to the following women and men from other pans of Switzerland: Mme. J. BONNARD, St. Sulpice VD, Dr. B. SENN-lRLET, Bern, Mrs. M. STBEBEL-FRUEr, Tegerig AG, as well as DR. l. BHUNNER, Birmensdorf ZH, DR. H. CLEMENQON, Lausanne VD, M. FLUCK-HESS, Oberbipp BE, E FRELECHOUX. Dombresson NE, , H. GSELL, Dattwil AG, G. LUCCHINI & al., Lugano Tl, E. & J. VALOBONSI, St. Aubin NE, M. WILHELM, Allschwil BL, J.- P PRONGUE, BUChS SG, A. RIVA, BAIETNA TI, A. SCHILLING, Hannover (Germany), L. & M. STAPPUNG, Dottingen AG, J. THIEN, lnnsbruck (Austria), R. WIEDERIN, Mauren (FL), and H. WOLTSCHE, Bern.

All o, them have placed at our disposal interesting collections

of fungi with transparencies. With these the number of species documented could be significantly increased. ln particular, G. LUCCHINI of Tessin sent over 20 collections of linds which we could not have made ourselves. We would like to mention especially J. BACHLER, who has contributed greatly to increasing the abundance ol the groups of fungi presented here, by sending more than 50 collections along with descriptions, microscopic drawings, and transparencies.

We thank F. I/ARTI, Peseux and O. PEHRSON in Naka (Swe-

den) for procuring literature. O. PERSSON has kindly translated the Danish texts into German. We must especially mention the Rijksuniversiteit of Leiden (Holland), which has pla-

ced every desired item oi literature at our disposal without cost. Many thanks.

ln the same manner, we will tackle Volum€ 5,

which deals with

the large family Codinariaceae.

As we did in the previous three volumes, we should again record the help of our colleagues in the Mycological Society ot Lucerne, as well as other mushroom enthusiasts from all ol Switzerland and even from foreign countries, in preparing the present book.

First of all, we thank our colleagues in the Floristics Study P AMBEIN, J. BACHLER, W. KISER, A. LEEB, K. N4UHLEBACH, R. MURNER, F, IVULLER, W. oLDANI, G. RICHOZ, H. SUTTER, H. THOIVI, J. WESPI, M. WYMANN, and A. zwYSSlG. GTOUP,

As in the other three volumes also, G. J. KRIEGLSTEINEB, Durlangen (Germany) has edited and proofread all of the descriptions of fungi. His advice and suggestions have helped us very much in optimizing the writing style and subject matter ot our presentation. For the willingness which he brought to our work, as well as for the considerable amount oI time that he has spent on this editing, he deserves very special thanks.

Dr. H. CLEN4ENoON, Lausanne VD, M. ENDERLE, LeipheimRiedheim (Germany), A. HAUSKNECHT, N4aissau (Austria),

and Dr. E. HORAK, Zurich also stood by as advisors. That

they have taken time for our requests earns our headfelt thanks.

have E &

With constant loyalty and great r€liability the translators again spoiled us: Dr. J. KELLER, Neuchatel, together with BHUNELLI, Sion VS, for the French version, and Mrs. V L. Dr. J. E WATERS, Arcata (USA), for the English edition. We further thank F. BRUNELLI and R. MURNER lor their critical review ol the manuscript. A word of thanks go€s also to our colleague W. KISER, Sarnen OW, who as instructor of the VAPKO reviewed the edibility of the fungi in this

book.

10

Not least, we also thank Dr. P HERGER and Dr. E. RUOSS for their hospitality in the Nature Museum ol Lucerne and the

good-willed support oI our efforts.

Lucerne,

October'lgg5

The authors

lntroduction

Agaricales Parl2, continuation of Volume 3 ln the present volume we treat a second part ot the Agaricales, the families and genera which are listed in the next page.

Because of recent publications, we have included Phollotha as a subgenus oI Conocybe and placed Kuehneromyces in Pholiota. ln addition, Iubana and Crepidotus, formerly in the family Crepidotaceae, have been placed in separaie families. Iubafla is now in the Strophariaceae and Crepldotus is included in the Cortinariaceae.

Wb have worked up about half of the gilled lungi in this volume

and volume 3 together. Neither volume contains the large family Cortinariaceae or the order Flussulales. These will be covered in one or two additional volumes. While working on this volume, we had to take notice of some changes in systematics. For example, the genera Cystoderma and Squamanita, which were originally placed in the family Agaricaceae, were recently transferred to the Tricholomataceae, which has already been treated in Volume 3. We make allowance for this fact by describing the species of these two

genera in the Agaricaceae, while listing both ,amilies in the Synopsis.

Synopsis of the systematics used ln our systematics, we primarily follow MOSER ('1983), and in

our nomenclature we follow KRIEGLSTEINER (1991) and KREISEL (1987), as well as more recsnt monographs.

Genera represented in this volume by one or more species are printed in boldface. The numbers indicate the first and last species of the particular genus.

1'1

BASIDIOMYCETES

lcontinuation of volume 3)

Order

Family

Agaricales

Entolomataceae

Pluteaceae

Amanitaceae

Sp. No.

Clitopilus Entoloma Rhodocybe

1-

5

6-96 s7-102

Pluteus Volvariella

103-127

Amanita (Amanitopsis) Amanita

135- 144 145-160

124-134

Torrendia Agaricaceae

Limacella

16

Agaricus

166-199 200

Chamaemyces

Cystol€piota Lepiota Leucoagaricus Leucocoprinus Macrolepiota MElanophyllum

Phaeolepiota

t

-165

209-212 213-236 237-243 244-247 248-257 259 259

Pseudobaeospora

Seliceomyces

260

Tricholomataceae (Agaricaceae)

Cystodg.ma Squamanita

201-208 261-263

Coprinaceae

Coprinus Lacrymaria

264-307 308

Panagolus

309-318 3't9-360

Psathyrella Bolbitiaceae

Agrocybe Bolbitius Conocybe Conocybe (Pholiotina)

361-371

372-373 374-354 395-404

Galerella Strophariaceae

Flammulaster Hypholoma Melanotus Pachylepyrium Phaeomarasmius

Pholiota

405-407 404-417 418 419 see Vol. 5

420-441

Pleuroflammula

Psilocybe Stropharia

453-461

Tubaria

462-465

Cortinariaceae (incl. Crepidotaceae) planned as Vol. 5 Russulales

12

Russulaceae

planned

442-452

Methods of study

The methods of study have been described in detail in volumes 1, 2, and 3. Since they have not been changed significantly in working up the fungi included in this volume, we do not describe them again here. We have used only a few new genus-specific reactions, which we explain below. (See also the Remarks conc€rning the individual genera.)

example, are very strongly metachromatic, while those of Lepiota s. s. generally lack the reaction.

Sulfuric-acid reaction in Copdnus, Psathyrella, and Panaeolus Under the microscope the spores o, Copinus and Psathyrel to lilac-gray or violet in concentrated H.SO. (sulfuric acid). ln contrast, the spores of Panaeolus do not change color in H"SO.. /a fade

Since most of the fungi in this volume have distinctly colored spores, we have added a color strip lor each species to show the color of its spore print. How the colors are defined is explained in the section of Spore Prints".

"Colors

The micro- and macrochemical reactions in certain genera The Schaffer reaction in Agaricus The so-called Schaetfer cross reaction is a macroscopic reaction which is used almost exclusively forAgaricus. This application was described by Julius SCHAFFEH (1933). To determine the Scheffer reaction, one needs pure aniline or

Demonstration of chrysocystidia Lamellar cystidia, especially pleurocystidia,

are

called

chrysocystidia when they have discrete inclusions (color bodies) which turn yellow in KOH. Such cystidia are round mainly in Hypholoma, Pholiota, and Strophaia. Cystidia which turn entirely or partly, but diffusely, yellowish are called false chrysocystidia. A lamellar fragment is examined in 3% KOH. ln chrysocystidia the contents (colored bodies) turn yellowish. However, this color reaction is not always very distinct.

aniline water (a saturated aqueous solution of aniline) and concentrated nitric acid (HNO3). WARNING: Aniline is very poisonous,

ln another method, the fragment is stained with patent blue % solution in water), washed with ammonia, and then examined in ammonia. The central contents (color bodies) of the chrysocystidia turn blue with this method.

The test is done on the pileus. With a pipette or a small glass rod, one draws a line 10-20 mm long on the surface with aniline, then draws another one across it with nitric acid. ln a positive reaction the intersection of the two lines will turn from yellow to orange-yellow to deep orange or fire-red. lf there is

Colors oI spore prints The color of the spore print is of very great impodance for identification and therefore is also an important factor in taxonomic questions.

(1

no color change, the reaction is negative. Dried specimens can also be tested in this way.

Metachromasia ot the spores in Lepiota s. l. Metachromasia is the property of certain tissues or cells to turn a different color from that of a solution of a dye in which they are placed. This is a method ol microscopic examination which is very helplul in identifying species ol Lepiota. The test is done with a 5% solution of cresyl blue in water. Small pieces of lamellae or spores are laid for a few seconds in a very small drop of cresyl blue on a microscope slide. Then the dye is diluted with a drop of water, a cover slip is placed on it, and the slide is examined under oil immersion.

lf the spores are metachromatic, the endospore turns reddish, while the other parts remain blue. The color change is not always equally intense. The spores ol Leucocoprinus,lot

For every description there is a color sample in the form of a strip on the right-hand page alongside the color photograph of the species. The strip shows the color ol the spore print and also the gradation from a darkor to paler shade ,rom the top to the bottom of the strip. For a few species we lacked a spore print tor our own evaluation of the color. ln these cases we record the fact under the description of the spores (no spore print). Ws also supplement the information on sporecolor taken trom the literature by a code ,or the approximate color.

Common names for the various shades, such as chocolatebrown, tobacco-brown, brown-pink, etc. are extremely imprecise and allow many interpretations. lnlormation on color should therefore be standardized and follow an easy and repeatable system. 13

ln our opinion, the subtractive color system is most suitable.

bers is always CMY As a second example, C5M20Y100 =

This system, which is used in color printing, is called the

-2x.

CMYK system. ln this system the letter C stands ror cyan (a blue-green), M for magenta (a violet-red), Y for yellow, and K for black. B is not used, since this letter is already used for blue in the RGB (red-green-blue) system. These so-called complementary colors are components of the "EURo-skala", that is, they ars colors of ink which when mixed in the proper proportions can reproduce the gntire color scale for color prinring (KUPPERS 1981). For our purposes, we used only the CMY system, that is, a three-color system without black. The mixture of all three o, these colors each at 100% density gives black, while 0% ot each of them gives white. Different proportions ol the pigments can produce an entire color scale with over 5000 colors which can be reproduced again at any time.

Tables of color samples, constructed using this three-color system, are available. They reprcsent the colors resulting from mixtures of the three colors in increments of 5% or 10%. One can compare a specimen with the table and get the corresponding code (KUPPERS op. cit.).

As a practical example, we will give the code for the spore

Visual comparisons can, however, be deceiving. The light used for the comparison and the subjectivity of the person are very important. As a partial solution to this problem, we used a rlatbed color scanner along with a Macintosh computer. With this setup one can digitalize color pictures, i. s. convert them to computer-readable information which then appears on the color monitor as the corresponding picture. lf this is possible with color pictures, then naturally it can be done with spore prints. With a program for processing color pictures, such as "Photoshop", one can analyse a "spore picture". One can probe the individual colors on ihe screen and immediately recognize the percentage composition of the three fundamental colors CMY Although this method eliminates subjectivity, turther problems appear which impair ihe results, such as the color fidelity of

the computer system and the compatibility of the printing company's equipment. Equipment with optimal color processing are exp€nsive and for our purposes impractical. A further problem is the variable thickness o, spore deposits. Thin deposits give somewhat different and paler colors Jrom

deposit of Entoloma s,nuatum, No. 83. The spore print o, this (pink,-spored species is light brown with a slight orange tint. Comparison with the table gives a proportion ol loyo cyan, 50% magenta, and 80% yellow, with the ,ormula C10M50Y80. We have omitted this code from the description of the spores for lack of room. However, we have put it under the color strip for each species in an abbreviated form. The

very thick deposits, which are darker. ln addition, each spore deposit has thinner and thicker areas, which also have differeni proportions of the colors. We tried to reduce this difficulty by measuring the densest areas and then showing in the printed color strip a gradation from 100% of the measured color to 60%.

formula C10M50Y80 is represented as 158. The number 1 represents 10, the 5 is 50, and the I is 80. A density of 5% is re-

For further information about color theory and the color tables mentioned above, see KUPPERS op. cit.

presented by "-., 2n6 a density of 100% is represented by .x". A density of 0% is 0. The order of the three code num-

Remarks for individual genera

These remarks are not complete descriptions ot genera but concern only speci{ic characters which are relevant for an entire genus and which are not repeated in the species descriptions because of lack of room. The genera are listed in alphabetical order within the families. Under "Special literature. are mentioned primarily works which treat the genus +/completely and usually also contain keys.

Sp€cial literature: NOORDELOOS (1988).

Conocybe incl. Pholiotina The species of Conocybe s. s. are easily separated from all other genera by the lecythiform cheilocystidia. Recently, some authors (KREISEL 1987, KRIEGLSTEINER 1991, WATLING 1982) have placed Pholiotina as a subgenus within Co-

Agaricus

nocybe- We follow these authors by listing the species in question as a separate group, in alphabetical order within the

The Schaetfer reaction, applicable primarily in this genus, is a valuable supplemental feature used to identify individual species. lnstructions for use are found in the chapter "Methods of study".

group, and including "Pholiotina. in parcnthesss after "Cono-

Special literature: CAPPELLI (1984), MEUSERS (1986).

Agrocybe Special literature: NAUTA (1987), WATLING 0 S82).

cybe"-

The NH3 reaction is of special help in identifying the species ol Conocybe s. s. This is a microscopic test in which a fragment of lamella is squashed in NHs. After a cedain time needle-shaped crystals form. Evaluating this reaction is especially important for the "tenera, group.

Special literature: ENDERLE (1991), WATLING (1982).

&nanita included the subgenus Amanltops,:s as a separate group at the beginning of the genus Amanit4 with the species in alphabetical order. ln this subgenus the structure of the universal veil is indispensable for identification, especially when it consists of both hyphoid and subglobose cells. ln such cases one must sometimes decide which cell type preu,re have

dominates. Special literature: Amanliops,b FBEITURE (1993); Amanlta MERLO & TMVERSO (1983)i Amanita sec. Lepidella BAS (1969).

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-

Bolbitius Special literature: WATLING

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(1

Coprinus Some species have spores which are difierently shaped in frontal and lateral views, being usually elliptical in lateral view and lentilorm to mitriform in frontal view. ln these cases, the spore sizes are given in the following order: length x width in lateral view x width in frontal view. For the Q-value, the numbers without parentheses refer to the lateral view, while those in parentheses refer to the lrontal view. Since the formula for calculating the volume (Vm) is based on a rotational ellipse, the volume could not be obtained for these spores. We there,ore generally dispense with the volume fot Copinus.

982). ln species with a veil on the pileus, the veil is illustrated under the letter "D"; for species lacking a such a veil, a radial section of the pileipellis is ligured under this letter.

Clitopilus ln some species lhe longitudinal ribs of the spores are not al-

ways obvious, even under oil immersion. ln such cases spores which ar€ on end and so show a transverse optical s€ction are most suitable for seeing the ribs. The spores then ap-

pear as

+/- distinct, rounded polygons.

equipment is particularly helptul here.

Phase-contrast

ln most species the pileus is covered with a veil when young, the examination of which is indispensable for identification. lf only old fruiting bodies can be collected, on which no trace of the veil is recognizable, it is useless to try to identify them.

Many species produce only slender, delicate-capped, and very fugacious fruiting bodies. Therefore, they must always '15

be collected early in the morning, sspecially coprophilous species. They must be identifisd immediately or placed without delay in a preservative. Recipe Ior a fixative and preservative: 100 ml oJ a 35% solution of formaldehyde, 500 ml of a 96% solution oJ ethanol, 50 ml concentrated (glacial) acetic acid, 350 ml distilled water.

Special literaturo: OBTON

&

WATLING (1979), CITERIN

(1992).

Cystoderma Special literature: HEINEI\iIANN

&

THOEN

(1e73), WASSER 0 9e3).

racters such as the width of the hyphae or hyphal ends and the kind of pigmentation, whether it is intracellular or encrusted, are important. The length of the cells of the hyphae in the pileal or lamellar trama also plays a role for some species. Some species with a +/- blue stipe and/or a blue pileus can fade to brown during development. Therefore, it is especially important always to collect young fruiting bodies.

The habiius o, the Jruiting body is also a characteristic feature, especially the shape of the pileus, whether it is conical, campanulate, hemispherical, convex, umbonate, umbilicate, indented, or has a papilla (see Volume 3, illustrations on p. Special literature: NOORDELOOS (1987, 1988, 1992).

Entoloma The spores of this genus appear

Flammulaster Special literature: VELLINGA (1986).

+/- light gray

under the microscope in KOH. However, this color is not important ,or identification. ln contrast, the shape of the spores is decisive.

Hypholoma Special litsrature: WATLING & GREGORY (1987).

Five main shapes are distinguished by NOORDELOOS (1988): (5) isodiametric, (4) heterodiametric, (3) nodose, (1) cubical, and (2) cruciform.

Lepiota s. l.

We did not present information on the volume (Vm) of the spores, because the calculation of volume is based on a rotational ellipse, which is not the shape of Entoloma spores.

Lepiota s. l. includes the genera Cysfo/epiota, Leucoagaricus, Leucocopinus, Lepiota s. slt., Macrolepiota, and Seiceomy' ces.

The structure of the pileipellis is also important lor identification to species. To observe the structure, one makes a radial section, preferably toward or in the center o, the pileus. Cha-

The metachromasia ofthe spores i. a. is important in separating

16

these genera. The method of determining this property is described in the chapter "Methods of study".

ln Macrolepiota the presence or absence of clamps can be important (especially in the "rachodes-venenata> complex). Needless to say, in the so-called "clampless" spscies it is sometimes possible to find occasional clamps after prolonged searching. We noted that during the vegetative period ot Leucocopinus ceprstipes many small white spheres were produced on the substrate, which disappearsd afler a few months. We interpreted these as sclerotia. We do not know whether they occur in other species ol Leucocoprinus also.

Special literature: CANDUSSO

&

LANZONI 0 9S0), BON

(1993a); Secs. Ech,natae & Amyloideae KNUDSEN (1980); Tribus Leucocopineae WASSER (1993).

-

Pluteus The structure oJ the pileipellis is o, decisive significance for identifying the species; in addition, the presence or absence of clamps needs to be determined. Two main groups of species are distinguished on the basis of the structure of the pi-

leipellis: those species with a trichodermal pileipellis and those with a cellular to hymeniform pileipellis. The shape and structure of the lamellar cystidia are also decisive for identification. Special literature: VELLINGA (1990), ENDERLE 0986), OR-

TON 0986).

-

Limacella Special literature: GMINDER (1994). Psathyrella Some species are rooiing or associated with buried wood. Panaeolus The spores of this genus do not fade in H.SO. and can be di-

stinguished microscopically from species ol Coprinus and Psathyrella in this way. ln addition, the spores have dilferent shapes in frontal and lateral views, as in Coprrnus. The dimensions oJ the spores are given in the same order as for Copinus, i- e. length x width ln lateral view x width in frontal view. Q-value without parentheses = lateral view, in parentheses = frontal view. Special literature: WATLING & cREGORY (1984.

Pholiota (Kuehneromyces) The taste of the flesh (mild or bitter) and the chrysocystidia (whether they are pressnt and where) play a role in identifying the species in this genus. We include both species of Kuehneromyces as a subgenus of

Pholiota (subgeneric name in parentheses). The most recent nomenclatorial status (WATLING & al. '1993): these authors elace Kuehneromyces as a subgenus ol Galeina.

Special literature: TJALLINGII-BEUKERS (1984, SMTTH & HESLER (1968).

Therefore, the fruiting bodies must be dug up carefully when collected. Many also have a universal veil, which often can be seen only in very young frbs. Thus very young frbs. need to be sampled also. Since practically all species are hygropha-

nous, specimens which still have

a water-soaked

pileus

(showing color changes) should always be selecied. Red-underlined lamellar edges are an important feature for identify-

ing some species. This character is a red line immediately below the generally white-floccose edge, which is visible only with a hand lens (see No. 330). ln all species the spores are +/- thick-walled. Since this property is not useful for separating the species, we have drawn the spores as single-walled for the sake of simplicity.

One property of psathyrellas is the nature of the cystidia on the lamellar edges. These consist of subglobose to pyriform and so-called pleurotoid cheilocystidia, which vary in abundance depending on the species. ln order to make an objective evaluation, one must make a long, narrow section along the free edge of the middle part of a lamella, showing only the cheilocystidia. Since the shape and size of the pleurocystidia and the pleurotoid cheilocystidia can vary considerably not only from one species to another, but sometimes even within the same Jrb., a number (10-20) of sections should always be selecled for observation. This is the only way to develop an image of the predominant shape. Three main shapes of pleu-

rocystidia are distinguished: lag€niform, utriform, and fusiform. 17

All species have a cellular pileipellis, but the structure can vary somewhat lrom species to species. However, thess difterences are oI little or no taxonomic value. Some species have a thin layer of hyphae above the pileipellis, which represents part of the universal veil and is found only in species with a well-developed veil.

on Hebeloma mesophaeum, which deforms the host frb. (VESTERHOLT 1991). This author suspects thal Squamanita pa-

radoxa also grows parasitically, bul on Cystoderma amiantinum. NAGASAWA et al. (1990) have also discovered an interesting relaiionship between the first find of Squamanita odorata (Cool) Bas in Japan and Phaeolepiota aurea (Mattuschka: Fr.) Mre. ex Konr. & Maubl., which suggests parasitism. They

Special literature: KITS VAN WAVEREN (1985), SMITH (1972).

found the same elements with digitiform outgroMhs on the basal bulb of S. odorata as occur on the pileal surrace of P

Psilocybo Special literature: GUZMAN (1983).

au,ea. see No. 259.

Rhodocybe

When collecting species oJ Squarnanita, one should always search the surroundings for other mushrooms, to see iJ there

The surfaces of the spores of this genus range from almosi smooth to linely verrucose to low-tuberculate or tuberculatecostate. ln an optical cross-section they can appear subglobose and slightly polygonal. The color of the spores varies greatly, from No. 11 to No. '17.

are any deformed ones. We would welcome notification of any such lindings very much, since further observations along these lines are urgently needed. Special literature: BAS (1965).

Tubaria Special literature: ARNOLDS (1982), BON (1992). Special literature: BARONI (1981), NOORDELOOS (1988).

Stropharia Special literature: WATLING & GREGORY (1987) Squamanita The supposition that the species of this genus grow parasiti-

cally on the mycelia or primordia of other members of the Agaricales is supported by the record of Squamanita odorata

18

Volvariella Special literature: BOEKHOUT (l990).

Glossary (see also Vols.

abortive Antabuse elfect

append icu late

atthrospore

basidiole

tipolar

callus

calyptrate capilliform caulocystidium cheilocystidium chlamydospore chrysocystid ium

1+)

failing to develop.

harmful effect

of substances in

mushrooms when eaten with alcohol. Symptomst headache, heart palpitations. drop in blood pressure, increased rates oI pulse and respiration. Lifethreatening. (pileal margin) hung with fragments of the veil. asexual spores which arise by fragmentation of hyphae. They are subglobose to angular resting spores. They are formed to aid in reproduction or to survive untavorable conditions for growth. (see No. 205) a young basidium. (species) (gen6tics) compatibility is possible only when the nuclei belong to two ditferent mating types (e. g. + x -) (see "compatible", (tetrapolar"). (spores) a thin-walled, light-colored, sometimes convex place in the spore wall at the apical end (a rudimentary qerm pore). (spores) with a partial €nvelope or bag (calyptra) around the spore. (cystidia) hairlike. a (dermato)cystidium which occurs on the stipe. a cystidium on the edge of a gill.

thick-walled conidium. cystidium with amorphous contents, the so-called color bodies, which turn yellow in KOH or remain blue in patent blue after washing.

citrif orm/citrinif orm (spore) lemon-shaped. (surface of Irb.)with shaggy hairs. @mate compatibility test see Vol. 3 under "interfertility test"; also see here under "bipolar" and "tetrapolar".

compatible

mycelia are compatible, i. e. can mate, only if

their nuclei belong to different mating types (see

conidium

"bipolar", "tetrapolar,r, asexual spore which arises by constriction oI hyphae.

coprophilous cornute cutis cyanophilic cystidiole dermatocystidium

dung-loving, living on dung or manure. (cystidia in Pluteus) having little projeciions or horns (see fig., p. 21). a pileipellis consisting of prostrate non-gelatinized hyphae. see Vol. 3.

exannulate

exudate fasciculate flocculose frontal view

culus is facing toward you or away from you (see also lateral view, polar view).

Funaria stage

fusiform germ pore

guaiac reaction

heterodiametric heterogeneous hexagonal hilar spot

homogeneous incompatible irregularly

isodiametric ixocuti ixotrichoderm lachrymoid lageniform lateral

epiparietal

lecythiform

see Vol. 3. see Vol. 3.

lentiform lignicolous limoniform

on the cell wall (e, 9., pigmentation), encrusted with granules or clumps of pigment.

when the spore germinates. When one touches the flesh ot arrb. with a drop o, guaiac, the spot usually iums blue-greon to gray-blue. The reaction of interest occurs when

having different diametors

in

length

and

breadth, e. g. elongated spor6s. See fig. p. 16. of varied consistency. six-angled, e. g. spores in frontal view (Psl/ocybe coptophila, No. 4441. in certain spores, a depression or a distinct smooth place above the apiculus. of uniform consistency. (mycelia) genetically incapable of fusing to produce a frb. and sexual spores. banded (stipe) = mottled, q. v. having the same diameter in all directions, e. g. globose spores. See fig, p. '16. see Vol. 3. see Vol. 3. (spores) teardrop-shaped.

(rystidia) flask- or gourd-shaped, with a swollen base and long narrow beak (see fig., p. 21). (stipe) attached at or toward the side of the pileus.

lateral view

cystidium-like cell; see Vol. 3. a cystidium on the outer surlace of the frb., in this book usually on the pileus (in which case =

(spores) barrel-shaped. the innermost layer of the wall of a spore.

(of succession) burned placos which have become overgrown with lhe moss Funaria hygtometrica. Iusitorm see fig. p. 21 (spore)a pale, thin, at times somewhat llattened place in the sporewall, usually opposite the apiculus, where the germinal hypha will emerge

the coloration fails to appear or the spot turns yellow to yellow-brownish. Recipe: 1 g guaiac gum dissolved in 6-10 ml ethanol.

(of spore) side view, i. e. of spore lying on its side so you can see the apiculus (see also frontal view, polar view). (cystidia) ventricose with a constricted or tape-

red neck surmounted by a rounded knob or

pileocystidium).

diverticulate diverticulum doliiform endospore

(stipe) withoutan annulus. a liquid secretion. occurring in bundles. (surface) having little flocci. (of spore) ,ace view, i, e. oI spore rotated so api-

marginal cell membranal

metachromatic

head; shaped like a bowling pin (see lig., p. 21), (spores) lens-shaped. i. e., lentil-shaped.

(frb.)growing on wood. (spores) = citrilorm, q. v see Vol. 3. (pigmentation ot hyphae) see "parietal". see Vol- 2. 19

metuloid

a thick-walled cystidium with apical crystals; see rig. p. 2'1.

mitrilorm Molinia monililorm monostratous mottled

mucronate mycenoid

(spores) with the shape of a bishop's mitre; see figure o, spores oI species No. 264. a genus oI grasses of wet places in heaths. (hyphae or cystidia) regularly constricted so that they resemble a string ot pearls; see fig. p. 21. (pileipellis) consisting oI one layer, e. g. a pp with only one layer of like cells. (stipe) an inegular horizontal banding or zig-zag pattern which arises as the sudace structure is torn irregularly during groMh. having a mucro, i. e., a short sharp apical point, e. g. in cystidia. See lig. p. 21. (siature type) having the shape and stature of a Mycena (see Vol. 3, Nos. 31 1 ff,),

mycorrhiza mytiliform naucorioid

see Vol. 3. (frb.) mussel-shaped.

navicular

(spores) boat-shaped.

NH3 reaction

(in Conocybe) lamellar fragments mounted

nodose omphalinoid palisadiform papilliform parietal

pleurocystidial cystidium pleurotoid plicate polar view polymorphic polystratous primordium pseudocollar pseudocystidium

in

NH,OH (ammonia) produce a positive reaction (long colorless needle-shaped crystals) after

red-underlined

rhomboid

periclinal

perispore peronate phenol reaction pigment pigmentation

pileipellis pileocystidium

a rootlike elongation of a stipe (determinable only when the frb. is dug up carefully). (lamellar edges) an important feature for identifying certain species ol Psathyrel/a. This character, visible only with a hand lens, is a red line immediately below the generally white-floccose edg6. See No. 330. (spores) lozenge-shaped, diamond-shaped: si milar to mitriform, q. v. see Vol. 3.

scalp section

(spores) having bumps bigger than warts. (stature type) having the gen€ral appearance oI Omphalina (*evd. 3, Nos- 378ff.). see vol. 3. shaped like a papilla. (pigmentation) (intra- or epi-) pigments in or on

sclerocystidium sclerotium

a thick-walled pileocystidium (see fig. p. 2'1).

setae

see Vol. 3.

Schaff€r reaction

(in

a

nal") (see fig., p. 21). see Vol. 3. (hyphae in pp) running parallel with the surface oI the pileus. the often slimy and usually rolded outer envelope which sunounds som6 spores. (stipe) booted, i. e. sheathed with the veil. reaction to phenol water (2% solution of phenol in water); used e. g. in Amanita crocea No, 137 and A. tu/va No. 139. colored organic aubstance: it can be in solution or in the lorm ol granules.

pattern of coloration of the cells or cell groups. For lerminology of types oI pigmentation see Iig. p. 21. the outermost layer ot a pil€us: a microscopic term (see cuticle). a (dermato)cystidium which occurs on the pileus.

pleurocystidium

cystidiumlike extension of a lactiferous (see Vol. 3) or conducting, generally non-septate hypha

2-20 minutes (2 hrs.).

the cell wall (incorr€ctly also called "membrapartialveil

see Vol. 3.

into the hymenium.

pseudorhiza

(stature type) having a lleshy stipe, adnate or adnexed gills, and neither an annulus nor a vol-

cheilocystidium with ths shape of a pleurocystidium (e. g. in Psathfel4. (cystidia) see pleurocystidial cystidium. (surface) folded. (of spore) end view. i, e. looking along long axis oI spore (see abo frontal view, laterai view). occurring in various shapes. (pileipellis) consisting of several layers, e. g. a pp with sev€ral layers ol like cells. the knotlike initial stage in a mycelium from which a frb. orjginates.

a cystidium which occurs on the surface (face) (as opposed to the edge)ofthe lamellae, among the basidia.

see Vol. 3.

Agarbus) a line of aniline (poisonousl) (or aniline water, saturated aqueous solution of aniline) is drawn on th€ pileipellis and another line of nitric acid is drawn across it. The reaction is positive when the intersection turns fire-orange, negative when there is no change.

sphaerocysts subpellis suprahilar spot tetrapolar

tibiiform trichoderm tricholomatoid

utriform

rounded cells. cell layer under the uppermost pileipellis (pp). = hilar spot, q. v.

(species) (genetics) having lour mating types (compatibility is determined by two factors, each with two ,orms) (see "compatible", "bipo-

lar"). shaped like a shinbone (tibia) (see fig., p. 21), see Vol. 3. (stature type) having the general appearance of a Inbholoma: see Vol. 3, Nos. 408 tf. underlined with rcd see red-und€rlined. (cystidia) tubular to ventricose or also lagenilorm with a +/- broad neck, i. e., the ratio o, the width olthe necktothewidth olthe swollon part is ca. 1:2 (see fig., p. 21).

veruculose

having small warts.

xerothermic

dry and warm; said of regions inhabited by plants which preler dryness and warmth.

20

)

Shapes of cystidia

/l

il G

pyriform to broadly clavate B stalked-vesicular utriform

D lageniform

subulate

capitate F fusiform

H mucronate

E

L K m€tuloid L moniliform clavate

Termi nology (concerning

P N fusif orm chrysocystidium

o

rostrate

P sclerocystidium

H

I

lecythiform

o

cylindrical cornute cystidium tibiiforme

o R

of pigmentation

"membranal, see "parietal" in th€ Glossary p. 20)

1 epiparietal. hyphae encrusted with granules or warts of pigment 2 epiparietal, hyphae inegularly banded wrth pigment 3 intracellular, pigment dissolved inside a vacuole; observable only in living cells

4 intracellular, pigment dissolved in th€ cytoplasm or granular 5 intraparietal, pigment within a cellwall: easily visible only in thick walls, e. q, o, cystidia 6 int€rcellular, granules or clods of pigment among the hyphae 21

Abbreviations and Symbols

acc. lit. ad inter aff. AG ap.

according to the literature ad interim (Latin) = provisionally, temporarily (reIerring to use of a provisional scientiric name) Africa affinis (Latin) = related, similar Canton o, Aargau

latr. tit.

LU LUG

apud (Latin) = at or in (in author citations) Asia

number of lamellulae (th€ shod incomplete gills which do not reach the stipg) between two lamellae lamellar trama literature Canton ol Lucerne Herbarium ofthe "Museo cantonale di Storia naturale Lugano"

m mm

meter^

auct. p. p. auct. plur.

Australia auctorum (Latin) = of (some) authors. Refers to the interpretation ol a scientilic name by other authors auctorum pro parte (Latin) = of some authors auctorum pluralium (Latin)= of most authors

NA NAf

BE

Canton oI Bern

ca.

circa (Latin) = about conferre (Latin) = compare with

NMLU nom. ambig.

North America North Africa ammonia, ammonium hydroxide Herbarium of the "Natu16 Museum oI Lucerne" nomen ambiguum (Latin) = a name interpreted differently by different authors nomen dubium (Latin) = a name which cannot be ty-

auct.

d.

cm coll. comb. nov.

centimeter collection, collected by combinatio nova (Latin) = new combination, a new binomial formed when a species is transfened lrom one g

E elev.

em. et al. esp.

€x

Europe elevation (in meters above see level) emendavit (Latin) = (he) improved, corrected (in citations when an author has completed or expanded a description of a species or genus) et alii (Latin) = and others

especially from (Latin) (used in an author citation when an author validly publishes a species and in so doing d s that Fries validated a name coined by Persoon. According to the most recent rules of nomenclature, the "ex" means that Fries sanctioned the epithet in

qu€tion,

Irb.

Iorma (a taxonomic rank below variety) lamily and following figure Iruiting body

GR

Canton of Graubunden

herb. H.SO.

herbarium

t. ,am.

ff.

lis.

HCt

HN03 I

incl. ined.

sulfuric acid hydrochloric acid nitric acid iodine reaction (to Melzer's reagent): + = amyloid, - = inamyloid inclusive, including (nomen) ineditum (Latin) = not published (used for a name which an author has proposed lor a new species b

JU

inter alia (Latin) = among otherg Canton of Jura

KOH

potassium hydroxide

r. a-

totalnumberol lamellae (the completegills which extend from the pileal margin to the stipe), counted around the whole circumference

z2

NH3, NH'OH

nom. dub.

millimeterA

nom. nov. nom. nud. non al. NW

pilied satisfactorily nomen novum (Latin) = a new scientific name nomen nudum (Latin) = an invalid scientific name non alii (Latin) = not in the sense o, other authors Canton of Nidwalden

op. cit.

opere citato (Latin)

OW

already cited) Canton oI Obwalden

p. p. pers. comm.

pp

= in the work cited (a

work

pro parte (Latin) = in part personal communication pileipellis

Q: quad.

(quotient) = lengtMwidth ratio oI spores

rel.

relatively

S+/S-

reaction with sulfur reagents (see Vol, 2) sensu auctorum (Latin) = in the sense of other authors sensu lato (Latin) = in the broad sense sensu stricto (Latin) = in the narrow sense section (a taxonomic rank below subgenus) Canton of St. Gall species (singular) or spores species (plural), or spore print, i. e., the spore deposit on white paper for determining the color of t sensu (Latin) = in the sense of.-.

s. auct. s. l./s. lat. s. s./s. str sp. spp.

ss./s. ssp./subsp. TG TI

quadrant

subspecies Canton of Schwyz

Canton ol Thurgau Canton ol Tessin

UR

Canton or lJri

VS

variety (a taxonomic rank below subspecies) average volume of spores in $m3 Canton ol Wdlis

worldwide ZG ZH

Canton o, Zug Canton oI Zurich

Abbreviations ot the names of the collectors and identifiers FK, K

FM, Mi] HS, SU JB, BR KI

KM RI, Bi

Ri,l Schw

rH, HO AN

P Amrein Fred Krenzlin Fritz Muller Hans Sutter Josef Breitenbach Walter Kiser Kilian Miihlebach Gilbert Richoz BolI MUrner Johann Schwegler Theo Honermann Max Wymann

t

AN BA BI

BO BS

CL FF

FK

FU GL GT' HW

s

J.- P Pongu6, Buchs SG

KI

W

KM MF MS ST

t

FrediZwyssig

Abbreviations of the names of the photographers (l@ted

JP

Symbols

< > = +lpm

at the lower left corner ol each photograph)

A. Riva, Balerna Tl J. Bachler, Root LU Dr. l. Brunner, WSL, Birmensdorf ZH J. Bonnard, St. Sulpice VD Dr. B. Senn-lrlet, Bern Dr. H. Cl6meneon, Lausanne VD E Frel6choux, Dombresson NE E Kran/in, Luzern, E Mtiller, Langnau LU G. Lucchini, Lugano G. Meye( Twann BE H. Woltsche, Bern J. Breitenbach, Luzern

Kis6r, Sarnen OW K. MuhlEbach, Hohenrain LU M. Fliick-Hess, Oberbipp BE M, Strebel-Fruet, Tagerig AG M. Wilhelm, Allschwil BL L. & M. Stappung, Dottingen AG E, & J. Valobonsi, St.-Aubin NE B. Wiederin, Mauren FL M, Wymann, Kriens LU

less than more than

synonym more or less micrometer (1/1000 milimeter) (spoken as "micron" lsing.l / "micra" lpl.])

Evaluation of edibility We tollowed the relatively restrlctive guldelines ot VAPKO (Vereinigung dgr amtlichen Pilzkontrollorgane der Schweiz lunion ol otficial mushroom-regulating agel)

C

!

edible inedlble; unpalatable; very rare and to be protected; very small mushroom and therefore of only botanical

+

interest. poisonous, causes serious illne39 deadly poisonous, death from eatinq likely

23

Abbreviations of the authors of species

Abbrevation Name Atb. Atk. Barkm. Beck. Berk. Big. Bolt. Boud. Br.

Bres. Britz. Brond. Brsky. Bull. Cke.

clc. Coudec. Cub. Dass. DC Desm. Ditm. Dum. Fay. Fr.

Gilb. Gill. Gonn. Grev.

Guern. Hauskn. Heinem. Henn. Hes.

Hoifm. Hohn.

24

Albertini von J. Atkinson G. F. Barkman J. J. Becker G. Berkeley M. J. Bigelow H. E. Bolton J. C. Boudier E. Broome C. F. Bresadola G. Britzelmayer M. Brondeau, L. de Bresinsky A. Bulliard J. B. E Cooke M. C. Cl6mengon H.

Courtscuisse R, Cuboni Dassier de la Chassagne, H.G.B. De Candolle A. P. Desmazidres J. B. H. J. Ditmar L. P Fr. Dumee Fayod V. Fries E. M. Gilbert E. J. Gillet C. C. Gonnermann G. Greville R.K. de Guernisac Hausknecht A. Heinemann P Hennings P Hesler L. R. Hoffmann G. E von Hohnel

Abbrevation Name

Abbrevation Name

Holmskj.

Pat.

HolmskjoldTh.

Huds. Hudson Huusm. Huijsman H.S.C. Jacq. Jacquin N. J. Jungh. Junghuhn Kalchbr. Kallenb.

KalchbrennerK.

Kallenbach M. Karst. Karsten P A. Kauffmann C. H. Kits van Wav Kits van Waveren E. Konrad P Korhonen K. Kotl. Kotlaba F. Krbh. Krombholz Krglst. Krieglsteiner G. J. Kiihn. Kuhner R. Kumm. Kummer P Kuyp. Kuyper Th. W. Lge. Lange J. E. Lib. Libert M. E. Locq. Locquin M. Lund. Lundell S. M. Geest. Maas Geesteranus R. A. Marxmiiller H. Marxm. Maubl. Maublanc A. M6tr. M6trod G. Mal€nQon G. Mlc. Moll. Moller E H. Mos. Moser M. Mre. Maire R. Miillsr .l780 Muell. Murr. Murrill W A. Nannfeldt J. A. Nannl.

P. Kauffm. Konr Korh.

Noordel.

Opat. Ort. P D.

Noordeloos M. E. Opatowski Orton P D.

Paul. Pears.

Penn. Pers, Pit.

PouzQu6l. Rabh. Raith. Rick. Romagn. Rostk. Sacc. Schaeff. Schaff. J. Schrad. Schroet. Schulz.

Patouillard N. T. Paulet J. J. Pearson A. A. Pennington L. H. Persoon C. H. Pitat A. Pouzat ZQu6let L. Rabenhorst G. L. Raitelhuber J. Ricken A. Romagnesi H. Rostkovius E W. G.

Saccardo D. Schaeffer J. Ch. Scheffer Julius

Schrader H. A. Schroeter J. Schulzer von

Secr.

Miiggenburg S. Schumacher H. C. F. Schwsinitz von L. D. Scopoli J. A. Secr&an L.

Sing. Sm.

Singer R. Smith A. H.

Smotl.

Smotlacha E

Sow.

Sowerby J. Spegazzini C. L. de Saint-Amans J. E B.

Schum. Schw.

Scop.

speg. St. Am. Tjall.

Tjallingii-Bsukers D.

Vel.

Velenovsky J.

vitt.

Vittadini C.

Wass. Watl. Weinm.

Wasser S. Watling R. Weinmann J. A.

PIant names

Latin

name

English name

Latin

name

Abies

fir

Origanum

Abies alba

silver fir maple lady's mantle

Oxycoccus

Acer Alchemilla Alnus Alnus incana Alnus viridis Betula Calluna vulgaris Carex Carpinus Castanea (sativa)

alder gray alder green alder birch heather, ling

sedge hornbeam sweet or Spanish chestnut

Cirsiumspinosissimum spinythistle

Codiaeum Coffea

Cornus Corylus

croton coffee bush dogwood hazel hav'/thorn

Crataegus Dicranum scoparium broom moss Dryas octopetala mountain avens horsetail

Equisetum Equisetumpalustre Fagus Frangula Fraxinus

marshhorsetail beech

buckthorn ash

Funariahygrometrica twisted-cordmoss Galoopsis tetrahit

common hemp-nettle

lmpatiensnolitangere iouch-me-not

Juglans Juncus Larix

Lens culinaris Malus domestica

Mssobrometum Molinia

Molinietum

walnut rush larch leniil apple tree semidry lawn of Bromus moor-grass a marshy meadow with Molinia

English name ma4oram (Vacciniu m oxycoccos) cranberry

Picea Pinus Pinus cembra Pinus mugo Pinus silvestris Platanus Polytrichum

spruce pine arolla pine, Swiss stone pine mountain pine Scotch pino

alpinum Polytrichumsexannulare Populus Populus tremula Potentilla palustris Prunus

plane-tree alpine haircap moss

six-angled haircap moss poplar aspen marsh cinquefoil stone-fruit trees (plums, chenies,

eic.) Prunus insititia f. Prunus spinosa Ptaridium Pyrus pyraster Quercus Rhacomitrium

syriaca

aquilinum

Bubus Salix Salix herbacsa Salix reticulata Salix retusa

Scirpus Scrophularia Sphagnum Syntrichia Tilia Typha Ulmus Urtica (dioica) Vaccinium myrtillus Vitis vinilera

mirabelle plum

sloe, blackthorn bracken tern pear tree

oak frayed-cap moss blackberry raspbeny vine willow dwarf willow net-leaved willow blunt{eaved willow bulrush

figwort peat moss star moss linden

cattail elm

stinging-nettle whortleberry bilbeny wine-grape vine

How to use the keys

Only ths species included in this volume are included in the following keys. ln particular, the entirefamily Cortinariaceae is

omitted. This family contains those species with spores which are generally brown and have a verrucose to rough or tuberculate surface. This whole ramily will be treated in Volume 5. The tundamental character used for identifying any species is the color of thg spore dsposit on white paper (see Volume 3, pago 15).

Determining the color of a spore print is usually very subjective. Therefore, we have attempted to find the most objective and repeatable method. ln the lit., information on the color of the spore print (if presented at all) is often given by means of numbers, which refer to the color tables provided by various authors, e. g. MUNSELL (1988), KORNERUP & WANSCHER (1967), or KUPPERS (1981). Since lhis literature is not available io most ofthe users of our

books, we have prepared our own table. lt is bassd on the spore prints which we obtained ourselves. We read them into the computer with a color scanner and analysed them with

the color-processing program "Photoshop,, which determined the percentage of the color components in ths subtractive CMY color system. The data were finally coded according to the Euroskala-Norm and so could b€ used for color printing. More details about our procedure are in the chapter "Methods of Study,,, page 13. The color of the spore print is determined from dry deposits. ll necessary (f a spors print was not obtained) one can determine the color approximately from the color oI the lamgllae. However, only mature frbs. are suitable for this. This method is useful only under certain conditions, since color nuances cannot be judged. Furthsrmore, there are exceptions which can lead to the wrong keys (e. g- Melanophyllum haematospermum No. 258).

The keys begin with an entrance key which requires the choics of a spore color. The choice leads to one of three subsidiary keys. These in turn lead to group keys, which generally include a single genus or a group ol genera. A collection can be identified to species using these group keys. Except for the entrance key, the keys are dichotomous.

Entrance key 1

Spore print white, whitish, cream-colored, light yellow or light ocher to pink-ocher spp. colors 1-17 (lf the specimen lacks a veil and/or the lamellae are not free, see also the key in Vol. 3. ln addition, the entire order Russulales, i. e. Fussu/a and Lactarlus, is not included in this key.) Subsidiary key

123

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

page 28

1

14

15

tb

!!! !!!!!!! ! ! I I I

17

ffi

2

k

Spore print with pink-ocher, 18-51 (Species in the family remarks, see lhe next choice

18 19 20

21

page 32 22

24

26

27

28

29

30

33

3't

34

I I I I I I ll I ll nMk; t; I il I :l I I lt $ffiffiffi

L_t L_t

LtLl k k

35 36 37

38

39

40

41

42

43

45

44

46

47

48

49

50

51

:

3

Spore print green, red-brown, purple-brown, gray-brown, lilac-brown, to black spp. colors 52-85 (Species in the family Cortinariaceae are also not included in this key. For the most part these have rough, verrucose, or nodose spores as well as a cortina.) . .

52

53

54

56

57

58

59

bU

page 39

Subsidiary key 3 64

61

65

66

67

68

I I I I I I ll I I ll I I ll I llr I I I I I I I I I ll I I I 69

70

71

74

76

78

79

80

81

a2

84

85

27

Subsidiary key 1 (spp. colors 1-17) 1 1' 2 2' 3 3'

..........2 tamellae tree to almost free Lamellae attached (Cystoderma, Squamanita, Clitopilus, & Rhodocybe p. p.\ universal veil present as a volva at the base of the stip€ and/or velar remnants on the pileus 3 Without a universal veil (Lepiota s. l.) Stipe with a distinctly persistent annulus (Amar,'t4 Stipe without an annulus (Amanlopsis)

Group key

Ll

Group k€y 1.4

page

Group key 1.3 Group key 1.1 Group key 1.2

page 29 page 28 page 28

31

(Amanita)

1

Pileus white, whitish, to gray-white

1',

Pileus distinctly

2

Pileal surface smooth, glabrous, without veil remnants

2',

Pileal surface or margin with veil remnants

colored

...,.

Stipe base with a membranous to lobed volva, stipe +/- smooth, pileus convex, KOH reaction of the flesh, pileus, and stipe negative, in hardwood forests, l+ Stipe base without or with an ill-defined membranous volva, stipe longitudinally fibrillose to squamose-mottled, pileus +/- conical, KOH reaction ofthe flesh, pileus, and stipe yellow, in conilerous forests, l+ Pil€al margin fringed with cream-soft veil remnants at least when young, usually in floodplain forests, l+ ..........5 4' Pileal margin smooth, without veil 5 Pileal surface with conical veil remnants, dingy white to gray-white, usually in floodplain fo-

3

Amanita phalloides v, verna

No. 155

Amanita viroaa

No. 160

Amanita gtrabiliformis

No. 159

remnants

rests,

l+

.

Amanita Golitarla

....

No, 158

6

Pileal surface with patches oI appressed, white veil remnants, pileus snow-white, in hardwood forests, odor like raw potatoes, l+ Pileus red, yellow-red, or

6-

Pileus colored

Amanita caegarea

No. 145

7.

Piled surface usually without veil remnants, red to orange-red, with a large, lobed volva, thermophilic, primarily in Tessin [southern Switzerland], lPileal surface with flake-like to wan-like veil remnants, stipe base without a membranous

I

Pileus bright red to yellow- or red-orange, veil remnanb white, flesh not changing

colorwhen

Amanita muscarla

No. 152

Amanita rubescens

No. 157

Amanita phalloides

No. 154

7

brown-red otherwise

No. 147

......8

volva

cut, l8. Pileus brown-red, gray-red, veil remnants pink-gray, annulus striate on the upper surface, pileal margin smooth, ,lesh reddening when cut or wher€ €aten by animals, l+ Pileus with greenish to olive tones, pileal surface usually without veil remnants, stipe base with a distinct, membranous and lobed volva, l+ 10 9- Pileus with yellow ocherish, or brown 10 Pileus with yellow or ocherish 'lO' Pileus with brown Pileus with yellow 11* Pileus with ocherish, yellowish-brown, or pink- to wine-brownish tones, spores > 12 pm long 12 Annulus membranous, persistent, odor and taste like raw potatoes 12* Annulus distinct when young, but fugacious, or only rudimentary and veil remnants indistinct, pileus with deep wax- to ocher-y€llow or even yolk-yellow colors, spores < 12 pm long 13 Annulus not striate on the upper surface, pilealmargin striate (in maturefrbs.), stipe base enclosed in a tlowerpot-like volva . 13* Annulus striate on the upper surface, pileal margin smooth or not striate . . . . . . . . 15 14 Pileal suface gray- to olive-brown, spores broadly globose, veil spores gray-brown, violet tinge, reddish-brown, usually with a 14. Pileal surface remnants on the pileus gray-violet, flesh underthe pilealcuticle gray-violet 15 Annulus and veil on the stipe base without yellowish tones, veil on the pileus light gray to dingy white 15- Annulus yellow-brown on the margin, stipe base girdled with yellow-brown veil remnants, veil on the pileus with yellowish tones esp. when young

I

tones tones

'tl

Amanita citrina v. alba

.......7 ...........9

.... ..... ll . ..13 ...,. . ........12

.....

tones iones

elliptical

No. 148

Amanita eliae

Amanita

citrina .

.

No. '146

Amanita gemmata

No. 151

Amanita pantherina

No. 153

Amanita porplryria

No. 156

Amanita excelsa

No. 149

Amanita lranchetii

No. 150

Amanita nivalia

No. 142

Amanita Iliabilis

No. '138

.. .. ...14

,. ,. .. ..

Group key 1.2 (Amanitopab)

. .2

ln subalpine to alpine habitats,Irb. white, gray-white, to cream-colored ......... 1r ln other 2 NearAlnus in alder swamps, frb. gray-brown, relatively slender, with flake-like veil r€mnants on the pileus, without a membrandus 1

habitats

volva

2'

ln oiher

habitats

..........3

Universal veil remaining primarily as flakes on the pileus, only ill defined at the base of the stipe (veil consisting primarily of subglobose elements, i. e. sphaerocysts) . . . . . . . . 4 2A

3- Universal veil remaining usually as a lobed volva, only rarely with sparse remnants on the pileus (veil consisting primarily of hyphae and only a few sphaerocysts) . . . . . . . . . 5 Stipe base with 2 to 3 girdl€-lik€ zones, rrb. large, pileus 80-'150(200)mm across, spores globose (O: 1.0-1.1) 4. Stipe base without distinct girdle-like ....,...,.6 5 ln hardwood torests in warm, grassy locations, spores subglobose (Q:1.G1.3) ln submontane to montane coniferous Iorests on acid soils, pileus strongly striate almost to the cente( spores globose (O: 1.0-1.2) 6 Pileus with orange 6- Pileus with other 7 Stipe surrace banded to mottled with orange, outside of the volva white, stipe flesh dark wine-red in phenol, usually near hardwoods Stipe surface longitudinally fibrillose to floccose (not mottled), outside of the volva redbrown, stipe tlesh chocolate-brown in phenol, usually in conilerous Iorests on acid soils 8 Pileus light silver-gray without brownishtones, spores broadly elliptical,9.$-13.1 x 7.2-9.2 Um 8r Pileus gray to gray-brown or I Pileus gray to brownish-gray, spores globose, 9.6-11.8 x 8.9-11,5 pm 9. Pileus brown, stipe surface mottled light brownish, in conilerous forests primarily at montane to alpine elevations on acid soils, pileus staate only up to ca. 1/3 of the distance to the

zones

tones colors

.....,

........7 .........8

.

brown

.......9

globose

center, spores (Finds under hardwoods should be compared wrth Amanita lividopalescers No. 140.)

Amanita csciliae

No. 136

Amanita lividopallescens

No. 140

Amanita submemblanacee

No. 143

Amanita crocaa

No. 137

Amanita tulva Amanita mairei

No. 139

Amanita vaglnata

No. 144

Amanita battarae

No. 135

Macrolepiota procera

No. 254

Macrolepiota konradii

No. 250

Macrol€piota olivascens Macrolepiota pgrmixta

No. 252

Macrolepiota mastoidea

No.251

Macrolepiota excoriata Macrolepiota puellaris

No. 248

No.'141

Group key 1.3 (Lepiota s. l. & Llmacella) 1

,1,

2

2' 3

4

zone zone Stipe with a disiinct, membranous annulus Stipe with an annularzone or rugacious annulus Annulus movable Annulus not movable Stipe distinctly mottled Stipe with an annulus or annular Stipe without an annulus or annular

,...,.2 . . . . . . . . . . . 54 ..........3

........27

. .. .. .. .. .4

.......13 .. .....5

I

Stipe not mottled, smooth to longitudinally tibrillose or at most fibrillose-floccose Frb. not discoloring anywhere when bruised or ...-......6 5r Frb. distinctly discoloring when bruised or ...........7 6 Frb. large, pileus with coarse, concentric, evenly spaced scales, stipe 150-400 mm long, annulus double, easily movable 6. Frb. smaller, pileal surface split in a +/- star-like pattern in the center, stipe 100-150 mm long, annulus gimple, only slightly movable 7 Lamellae and surface of the pileus and sometimes of the stipe discoloring olive-green to blackish when bruised and sometimes also when old 7* Surface and flesh oI the stipe turning orange- to wine-red when cut Flesh when cut and frb. where bruised nowhere discoloring (or at most weakly discoloring) Flesh when cut and ,rb. where bruised turning . . . . - . . . . 12 Pileus with a nipple-like papilla, near hardwoods 9. Pileus without a papilla, at most with an obtuse '11 10 Entire Irb. whiteto whitish 10" Pileus with brown tones, smooth to slightly squamose, in poor meadows, dry lawns, grassy Iorest clearings, or at the edges of forests 11 Pileua distinctly concentrically squamose, in montane coniterous forests 11'Pileus radially librillose to only slightly appressed-squamose, in gardens, parks, among gras4',

cut cut

5

I 8' I

orange-red

..

12

I

umbo

... -.......10 .-.....

ses and herbs, rare Pileus brown-squamose on a brownish background, usually in coniferous forests, more rarely in hardwood forests

12* Pileus brown-squamose on a cr€am-white background, not in forests but in gardens or fields or on compost piles 13 Pileus slimy to lubricous when moist, not - . . . . . . . . , .14

squamose 13* Pileus dry even when moist, not lubricous or viscid

Pileus cream-colored to light ocher 14' Pileus red-brown to orange-brown. flesh white, unchanging when cut, lamellae and lamellar edges not red-spotted (lf flesh, lamellae, and lamellar edges are reddish, see Limacel/a ylnosorubescens No. 165)

conicalwarts

Pil€us with '15' Pileus +/- smooth, at most slightly squamose (never wilh conical '16 Lamellae white, fork6d, edges concolorous, spores >7 pm lons 16" Lamellae white, not forked, edges brownish, spores < 7 pm

.

No. 255 .

No. 249

Macrolepiota rachodeg v. rachodsa Macrolspiota rachodea

No. 256

v. hortensis

No. 257

.....15

14

15

Macrolepiota heimii

No. 253

Limacella

guttata ,

.

No. '162

Limacella gllode]ma

No. 161

Lepiota aspera

No.214 No.227

......,...16

warts) . . . . . . .

17

.. -.. long 17 Flesh when cut or frb. when rubbed turning yellow or orange-red . . . . . 18 '17- Flesh and frb, nowhere discoloring or discoloring only weakly . . . . . . . 19

Lepiota trystrix

29

18 Spores 8.8-12,4 x 6-7.5 pm, metachromatic 1g'Spores 6.4-8 x 3.8-4.6 pm, metachromatic

....

whitish colored mm mm

Leucoagaricus bresadolae Leucoagaricus badhamii

,. .. .. ..........24 ,.......21 ...-......22

'19 Frb. white to .20 19. Pileus distinctly 20 Pilealdiameter usually < 40 20- Pilealdiameter> 40 21 Pileus snow-white, silky to fibrillose, in forests 21" Pileus whitigh and with concentric, ,ine, gray-brown scales, in greenhouses or planter boxes 22 Pileus smooth, without scales, white 22' Pileus slightly to distinctly .23 23 Pileus 4G-60 mm across, sudace with fine gray-brownish scales on a white background 23- Pileus 80-100 mm across, surface smooth, tomentose, splitting up into small gray-brownish

squamose

.. ...

squamules Pileus with brown to brown-black . 24'Pileuswith red or yellow 25 Pileus pale brown to brown, radially fibrillose to squamose, Irbs. robust

24

lones

tones

.. .. .. .:. .........26

Sedceomycee

Lgucocoprinus Leucoagar:cus

No. 238 No. 237

6erenu8 .. cspistipes leucothites .

.. . No.260 .. . No.246 .. . No.240

Leucoagaricus cineraacens

No. 239

Leucoagaricus subcretaceus

,.

No. 243

.25 Leucoagaricus

macrorhizus

No. 241

25'Pileus whitish with a brown-black disc, finely black-brown floccose-squamose toward the

26

margin, frbs. Small Pileus bright red when young, when old Iading and reddish-squamulose toward the margin, in greenhouses

26- Pileus and stipe yellow, in greenhouses or planter boxes 27 Pileus and often the stipe slimy wh€n moist . . . . 27- Pileus and stipe not slimy even when .. 28 Only the pileus slimy when moist, pp hymeniform, stipe dry 28' Pileus and stipe slimy when moist, pp an ixotrichoderm 29 Pileus cream to light ocher, spores smooth . . . . . . 29' Pileus orange-yellow to orange-brown, spores slightly rough, rare 30 Pileal surface farinose to granulose, pp composed o, subglobose cells (sphaerocysts), frbs.

Leuqocoprinus brebissonii

No. 245

Leucoagaricus rubrotinctus Leucocoprinus birnbaumii

No.242

Chamaemyces lracidus

No. 200

Limacella illlnlta .. .. .. Limacella ochraceolulea

No. 163 No. 164

No. 244

moist

small

-.....31

30' Pileus squamose, without sphaerocysts but sometimes with catenate subglobose cells 34

31

Pil€us and stipe whitish to light violei, trbs. small, odor unpleasantly gas-like

faint .....32 up to 6.9 pm long . . . . . . 33

Cystolepiota bucknallii

.

Cystolepiota seminuda Gystolepiota hetieri . .. Cystolepiota spec. . -

. No. 211 . No.210 . No.212

No.209

31' Pileus and stipe white to whitish, without violet tones, odor different and

32

With cheilocystidia, pileus up to 40 mm across, spores

32' Without cheilocystidia, pileus up to 15 mm across, spor6 up to 4.5 Um long

33 Cheilocystidia

lageniform, with a moniliform tip, spp. cream-colored 33' Cheilocystidia lagenilorm, not monilitorm, spp. light yellow 34 Pileus with warts to pointed or conical

scales

...

. . . . . 35 34" Pilealscales not 35 Cheilocystidia usually absent, rarely . . . . . 36 35' Cheilocystidia always present and abundant . . . . . . . 39 36 Cheilocystidia completely 36' Cheilocystidia apparently absent bui sometimes 37 Cheilocystidia absent, basidiole-like cells sometimes present 37" Cheilocystidia absent, but sometimes clusters of apically digitiform cells present 38 Spores 3.G-4.9 x 2,'1-2,9 pm, pileus with dark brown pointed scales up to 1 mm long 38' Spores 3.4-4.5 x 2.1-2.7 pm, pileus with lighter brown pointed scales up to 0.5 mm long 39 Pointed scales 1-3(4) mm long, spores 4-5.4 x 2.$-3.3 pm, spp. , 3gt Pointed scales not longer than '1 mm, spores 4.9-6,2 x 2.3-2.8 Um, spp. cream-colored 40 Spores bullet-shap€d, truncate, with a 40* Spores ovoid to elliptical 41 Pp hymenirorm, odor unpleasant, rubber-like, reminiscent of Sc/eroderma, pileus with redbrown squamules on a whitish background (if squamules cream-color€d to light ocherish) 41- Pp not hymenilorm, composed of prostrate to ascending hyphae or hyphal . . 42 42 Pileus and stipe without green or violet . . . . . 43 42' -Pileus and stipe with green or Iaint violet . . . . . . . . . . . 45 43 Pileus and stipe with brown tones, pileus black-squamose on a pale background, odor un-

conical

present

absent

.

present

... .... ...40 ........38 .........37

white

.

lateralspur ....

tones tones

.....41 ..,.......46 ends

pleasant

tones

..

43- Pileus and stipe with ocher- to orange-brown . ..44 44 Pileus ocher-brown- to orange-brown-squamose, lamellae sometimes spotting orange, spores 7,8-10.1 x 2.7-3.8 pm 44'Pileus ocher-brown- to orange-brown-squamose, stipe base reddening, spores 8.5-13 x 3.3-4.8 pm 45 Pileal surface dark green to oliv€-green in the center, spor€s 9.$-1 1 .9 x 3.$-4.5 pm . . . . 45' Pileal surface dark brown to black-brown in the center with an olive or violet tinge, spores 6.6-9.5 x 3.1-4.7 pm 30

Lepiota Lepiota Lepiota Leplota Lepiota

. . . . . .

gchinacea atf, pseudoaaperula langei

carinl calcicola

Lepiota perplexa

Lepiota cristata Lepiota cristata v. pallidior

.

No.223 No.234 No.231 No.218 No.217 No.233

No.221 No.222

.

Lepiota castanea

.

No.219

Lepiota boudieri Lepiota ignipsg Lepiota grangei

. . .

No.216 No.228 No.225

Lepiota grlseovlrang

.

No.226

46

Frb. whitish to cream or light

colors

.......47 ..........49 .....44

ocher

46* Frb. with other 47 Center ol pileus only slightly darker than the 47. Center ol pileus distinctly darker than the rest

rest .

48

Stipe strongly woolly-peronate, odor pleasantly spicy, hyphal ends oI the pp 90-420 pm long 48'Stipe only slightly woolly-p€ronate, odor unpleasantly like Lepiota cdstata, hyphal ends of the pp 50-200 pm long . . . . .

49

Frb. with wine-brown to purple-brown

...........50 .,.., ........52 oryellowtones

L€piota

alba .

No. 232

.

.

No. 220

... ..

No.213

tones

49- Frb. with ocherto red-brown, orange-gray, 50 Spores 9-'12 pm long, pileus red-brown-squamose on a cream-colored background

so'Spores 40 mm across, habitus tricholomatoid . . '18 Frb, fleshy, pileus usually > 30 mm across, stipe +/- centralto slightly eccentric, spores 9-'12

acrosa

.

xffi.spm

. No. 98 rallax gemina . . , . . No. 99 2 Clitopilus prunulus .......No. Rhodocybe

Rhodocrbe

'18' Frb. thin-Ileshed, pileus < 30 mm across, stipe absent or if present then central to eccentric

............19

19 Stipe absent or only rudimentary frb. lingulateto

semicircular, spores

6.H.5

pm

4.t-5.5

x

.........20 pm ... ...........21

shaped

'19*

Stipe present, centralto eccentric, frb. variously 20 Frb. very small, pileus 4-10(15)mm across, omphalinoid, spores 5.8-8.5 x 3.5-5 20'Frb. larger, 10-25 mm across, inegularly shaped . . 2'1 Odor lruity (not farinaceous), stipe central to eccentric, spores 7-10.5 x 3.5-5.5 pm 21' Odor farinaceous, stipe usually +/- eccentric, spores H.5 x 3.S-5 !m .

.

.

... .

Clitopilus

hobsonii . . . . . . . No.

Clitofilus scyphoid€

. .

v,

1

omphaliiomis No.4

Clitopilus scyphoides v. intermediug No. 3 Clitopilus scyphoid€s v. scyphoides No. 5

Subsidiary key 2 (spp. colors 18-51) 1 Lamellae free (Pluteus & Volvariella) 1' Lamellae attached .........2 2 Spores polygonal, isodiametric to elongated (Entoloma) ..... 2' Spores elliptical or subglobose, not angular ......3 3 Cheilocystidialecythilorm(Conocybes.s.)..,. 3- Cheilocystidia differently shaped or absent (Phaeolepiota, Conocybe [Pholiotina], Flammulaster, lvlelanotus, & Tubaria) ... ...

Group

key2,1

Group key

. . . page

32

pag€

33

...page

37

.,.page

38

2,2 ..........

k6yl2.3 Group key2.4 Group

Group key 2,1 (Pluteus & Volvariella)

1

1'

2 2' 3

3-

4

4"

5

5.

6

stipe

With a universalveil presont as avolva on the baseofth€ Without a universalveil Pleurocystidia thick-walled and with apical Pleurocystidia absent or predominantly thin-walled, without apical

....

white

horns

......27 ...,,..,.,2 ... -........3 horns .,...,.10

Pileus Pileus with other Pileus gray, gray-brown with or without green or olive tones, on hardwood . . . . . . Pileus with brown Pileus gray-brown without greenish tones, hyphae in the pp without Pileus gray to gray-brown, with greenish orolivetones, hyphae inthe pp with clamps

colors

Plut€us pouzarianG (whlte

... ,. .. ...4

tones

.-........6 clamps

-

.

.. ,... ......7

I I' 10

Pp with tusiform, cylindrical, or slightly clavate end cells, ca.

7

7t

I

8*

races clamps clamps

trama

also

clamps clamps

5-10 x longer than

cells

.... wide

paler

tones tones 121)

tones tint

squamules

cally

,, ., ,. ,. ... .. .....13 ..........14

base

...........15

,.

,.. .....16

...

...

.

10) 'l7'Stipe with other colors ... -......18 18 Pp composed oI two kinds o, cells: clavate to pyriform cells and interspersed nanowly fusiform or conicalcells ...,....19 17 Stipe with yellow tones,

pileus brown (if pileus with yellow tones also, see No,

'l

'121

petaeatus .. sallclnus ..... ......

Pluteus Pluteus Pluteus nigrolloccosug

.. Pluteus brunneoradiatus .... ... Pluteus primus Pluteus pouzarianua .... Pluteus

cervinua

No. 115 No. 125 No. 113

No. 104 No. 103 No. 122 No. 120

1 1

. . , , . . 17 10" Pp with at least some clavate to pyrilorm or vesicular end 11 Lamellar €dges 1 1* Lamellar edges concolorous with the faces or , ,.12 12 Pileus with yellow or yellow-brown 12* Pileus with brown or more rarely while 13 Entire frb. white (see also No, '13" Pileus with brown 14 Stipe with a salmon to pink 14' Stipe white to cream-colored at least toward the 15 Stipe smooth to faintly longitudinally Iibrillose, pileal surface gray- to beige-brown with black-brown '15'Stipe piloseto setose, with long caulocystidia '16 Pileus < 25 mm across, cheilocystidia tapered apically, some with digitilorm outgrowths . 1e Pileus > 25 mm across, cheilocystidia clavate to utrilorm, without digitiform outgroMhs api-

brown-black

No.

5

Lamellar edges blackish . Lamellar edges concolorous with the Hyphae in the pp entirely without ....,..,.,.8 ............9 At least some of the hyphae in the pp with Clamps completely absent lrom allth€ other hyphae in thefrb. Occasional clamps present on the young basidia and more abundant clamps present on the hyphae olthe lamellar Allseptaolthe hyphae in the pp with Only about 40% ofthe septa in the pp with

6*

fom)

Pluteus

umbrosus .....,No.

Plui€us

leonlnus ........

Pluteus plautus (white

torm)

roseipes

Pluteus

ephebeus

Pluteus exiguus

No. 110

...

.........

Pluteus

127

No. 124

....

,.........

Pluteus plautus (brown form) Pluteus romellii . . . . , . . .

No. 117

No. 107 No. 108

.. ,.

No. 117 No, '123

'

8' Pp composed of only one kind of cel : clavate to pyriform

'3 -

3'

2:

centet

.21-

2' :'' :2 :2'

.:: ::'

cells

....

21

Cheilocystidla with digitiform outgrowths apically, pleurocystidia absent or sparse, ptleal surtace ret culate-venose to wnnk eo Cheilocystidia without digitiform outgrowths apica ly, pleurocystidia abundant . . . . _ 20 Entire length of stipe with brown fibrillose squamules, piteal surface brown, wrinkled to tuberculate in the .

.

Stipe smooth, at most somewhat brown-f ibrillose scaly toward the base, pileal suface brown, wrinkled to tuberculate in the center P eLrrocystidia absent to very sparse Pleurocystidla +/-

abundant

Spores subgloboseto broadly ellptical, Q: 1.1-1.4, cheitocyst]dia with digtiform outgrowths aprcally Spores elliptical, Qt 1.4-1.7, cheilocystidia ctavate, without apical outgrowths P leal surface spotting darker when gently rubbed

Stipe white-floccose when young, distincfly gray, with caulocystidla PleJrocysttdia fus,form to tageriform 26 .:a' Pleurocyst dia c avate, pileus dark brown to black brown when moist. stipe whitish with a ,ellow sh tinge

.......

eurocystidia s enderly fusiform to tagenlform, 55-90 x 1 5 22 pm .:i' Pleurocystidia lageniform only, 50-80 x 1 2-2s pm . :- Frb. on old fungal fruiting bodies or on wood of hardwoods or on the base of hardwoods 2g :-'Frb. growing onsoil ...._2g :: ;rb. onoldfruting bodies (commonly old ftbs. ol Clitocybe nebular,is [Vol. g, No. 170]) ... :a' Frb. on wood of hardwoods or on the base of hardwoods, pileus 8O-2OO mm across, whitish, inely silky-pilose .:i pileus > 80 mm across, lubr cous when moist, spores > 11 pm long, in waste places, pas :Jres, fields, etc. :

:

j.:-

_ : -' j

:.:'

Pluteus podospileus f. podospileus

No. 119

Pluteus podospileus f. minutissimus

No. 1'18

Pluteus insidiosus Pluteus diettrichii

No. 109 No. 106

Pluleus nanus f. nanus Pluteus nanus L griseopus

No. 112 No. 111

Pluteus pallescens Pluteus phlebophorus Pluteus clnereofuscus

No. 116 No. 105

Volvariella surrecta

No. 134

Volvariella bombycina

No. 128

Volvariella gloiocephala

No. 130

Volvadella caesiotincta Volvariella mu nella Volvariella hypopithys

No. 129

.24 .25

Pi eal surlace not spotting darker when gently rubbed

:-' ::

:';'

No. 126

.. - -..22 ....._...23

:-1 Stipe smooth when young, not distinctly gray, without caulocystidia

:a

Pluteus thomsonii

P

long

.......30 . . . 31 .... _32

Pileus < B0 mm acrosst spores < 1 1 Um Pr eus cream colored with a dark gray or gray-brown . ._.. . Pleus entirely white to Cheilocystidia fus form to lageniform, w th an ap cal protrusion, sometimes forked Cheilocystldia clavate to fusiform, withoLrt apicat outgrowths Stipe white, ent re length finely tomentose-pilose Stipe white, smooth, at most finely white-pruinose when younS . . . . .

centet

cream-colored

No. 1T4

No. 132

Volvaraella pusilla

No. 131 No. 133

Entoloma byssisedum

No.

Entoloma sericellum

No.78

Entoloma cephalotrichum

No.

Entoloma saepium

No.73

Entoloma saundersii

No.74

Entoloma roseum

No.71

Enloloma incarnatoluscescens Enloloma catalaunicum

No.43 No. 16

Entoloma queletii

No.68

G.oop key 2.2 (Entoloma)

' " : :' i :' -1 .:' : :' a a' -' a :' i i' ': ':'

Frb. pleurotold, stlpe rudimentary, pileus whitish, 1O 30 mm across, on moss-covered rocks or stumps Frb. subdivided into pileusandstipe. st pe we developed, usually centrat Fdo. white or

........2 .... .......3 .... _......6

whitish colored

Fdo. differently

across

Frb. small, pileus < 25 mm .4 Frb. relatively fleshy and robust, pileus 30 1OO mm .5 Prleus 10-25 mm across, wlth cheilocystidia Pileus 5-10 mm across, without cystidia but with capitate hyphal ends in the pp and on the sase of tl-e strpe Frb._reddening when rubbed or where damaged, flesh slowly bluing in guaiac, spores with a O of 1.0 1.3 Frb. not d scoloring, flesh immediatety bluing in guaiac, pilea sudace usuatiy with bits of soil on ir. spores with a Q of ] o-t.2 Frb. with pink, blue, or viotet 7

13

across

colors tones

tones

Frb with other

3t

Frb. with pink Frb. wlth blue or v olet tones, without pink P leus and stipe p nk to brownish-pink, with cheilocystidia Only the pileus with pink tones, stipe differenfly

tones

With

chelocystidia

17

colored

.......

_..8 ..... .1

1

..........9 ... .... .10

Without cheilocystidia, pileus brown-plnk, stipe blue St pe blue when young, pileus pink with a I ac t nge, marginai zone blu sh Stipe white to cream-white, pileus with a faint pink to p nk-ocher tinge on a cream colored background -- Pileus and stipe w th blue or violet tones, esp_ in young frbs. _... _ _.12 ' ' ' Only the stipe with blue or violet tones, pileus usually brown sh to ocher _......22

'12 Lamellar edges blue-black, frb. dark violet to violet-black, in poor 12' Lamellar edges concolorous with the faces or brown '13 Without cheilocystidia

1s'With

...

cheilocystidia

frb.

14 Clamps present throughout

meadows ...........13 ..........14 . .... ..

Entoloma

16 Clamps present throughout the lrb (i, the odor/taste is larinaceous and Irb. occurs 16'Without

82

.'16

orin Molinia meadows, see No.28)

clamps

...,

Entoloma pseudocoelestinum Entoloma bloxamii Entoloma

nitidum

, No. 65

.......No.

12

No.

56

near

, . . . , . , . , .17 .. .. .. . . ..'18

17 Always growing on rotten wood, hyphal ends oI the pp up to 27 pm across 17* On soil among mosses or more rarely on rotten wood, hyphal ends of tho across (compare also with No, 56)

18

. -. No-

....,.,'15

the 14' Without clamps, pileus purple- to lilac-brownish, with an indented center, 10-40 mm across, conspicuously radially fibrillose, in poor lawns and mountain meadows 15 ln poor meadows or alpine pastures, frb. tricholomatoid, pileus 40-80 mm across '15' ln acid coniferous lor€sts, pileus 20-40 mm across Sphagnum

senulatum

Entoloma

pp up.to 17 pm Entoloma

Spores 10.3-13.1 pm long, in poor meadows

Entoloma

suchroum ....

.. No. 29

lepidissimum No. 47 .. .. .. .. No. 6

aethiope

18' Spores shorter

19

Young lamellae blue

19'Young lamellae white to whitish

20

Pileus striate almost to the center, frb. dark blu€-violet 20* Pileus fibrillose-scaly, not striat€, frb. dark blue-violet 21 ln wet meadows, pileus gray-blue to steel-blue or violet-brown, umbilicate 21" ln dry poor meadows, in montane to subalpine pastures, pileus dark violet to blue-black

22

Lamellar edges

blue-black

.

races

25

...

Spores 9-12 pm long, pileus'10-20 mm across, light beige-brown, with a darker center, hy-

Entoloma

27- Basidia mostly

4-spored

..

Pileus indented to slightly umbilicate when

mature

,,.,.,.,.,2A

Spores 7.5-10 pm long, pileus 10-.35 mm across, in poor meadows, montane to subalpine

longer

tones

tones

odor

... . . ....

No.

.. ,. ,. , No. .. .. ,. , No.

u 41

griseocyaneum No. 36 lividocyanulum . No. 49

Entoloma

aaprsllum

Entoloma scabrosum

.......No. .. .. .. . No. 76 1'1

faces

May)

. across

...

.. .. . No. 6'1

Entoloma

pleopodium

Entoloma

lncanum .. .. .. . No. 42

.33

33 Pileus and stipe an intense yellow-green, pileus more rarely olive-brown, stipe turning an intense blue-green when broken or rubbed, usually in poor meadows 33' Pileus and stipe with olive-yellow coiors (if stipe with gray-blue tones, see also No. 3'1) 34 34 Lamellar edges olive-brown-ciliate, spores 10-14.7 pm long 34' Lamellar edges concolorous with lhe . . . . . 35 35 Pileus completely smooth, hyphal ends in the pp not broader than 20 pm, pileus 15-25 mm across, in lorests or gardens on soil or humus 35. Pileus scurty to squamose in the center, hyphal ends in the pp up to 30 pm broad, in poor meadows, marshy meadows, alpine pastures up to alpine elevations 36 Occuning in spring (March to .. . .37 36* Occuning in summer or fall (from June on) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 37 Frb. relatively lleshy, pileus 30-80(120) mm . . . . . 38 37'Frb. thinner-fleshed, more slende( pileus conical to campanulate when young,20_40(60) mm actoss 39 34

mutabilipes

......36

Frb. with a striking perfumy odor, pileus and stipe yellow-olive, in forests a striking

15

. . . . . . . . . . .30

Spores 10-14 pm long, pileus 1G.30 mm across, in subalpine meadows or alplne dwarfshrub heaths 30- Spores 10-'12.5 pm long, pileus 2M0 mm across, stipe dark gray-brown with a blue tone, in wet Iorests 31 Frb. with distinctly yellow, green, or olive . . . . . 32 31" Frb. with gray-beige, light ocher, gray-, yellow-, red-, to black-brown tones, without any blue

32'Frb. without

'14

Entoloma Entoloma

30

32

,. .. , No.

...,,..,..,No.

Entoloma sodale .. Entoloma huusmanii

. , , . , . . . . . . 29

28' Pileus conical to campanulate when young, convex or umbonate in the center when mature 29* Spores

No.52 No.25

carneogriseum ..,No.

parvbporigerum

grophanous

29

Entoloma

No. 1 9

Entoloma poliopus v.

,...,.,.,..26

26- Spores 9.5-14 Um long, pileus 1H0 mm across, deep brown with a darker, squamulose center, not hygrophanous (if pileus with olive tones and stipe only with a hint of blue, see No. 31) 27 Basidia mostly 2-spored, pileus indented in the center, reddish to pale gray-brown . . .

28

Entoloma caesiocinctum

No.20

.

Spores 8-1 1 pm long, pileus dark brown, 10-30 mm across, indented in the center

2s'Sporeslonger 26

.. ,.. corvinum

......,.,.23

22* Lamellar edges concolorous with the , . . . . 24 23 Pileus de€p yellow- to red-brown, not hygrophanous, stipe gray-brownish with a blue tone when young 23. Pileus pale reddish-brown, hygrophanous, stipe pale yellow-brown, with a blue tone only when young 24 With cheilocystidia

24'Withoutcheilocystidia

Entoloma chalybaeum v.lazulinum . EntolorE chalybaeum v. chalybaeum Entoloma mougeotii . ,. Entoloma

Entoloma xanthochroum

Entoloma

.. .. . No. 96

chlorophyllum . . No. 21

Er*oloma tormosum

.. .. .. . No. 35

38

Frb. striate up to halfway to the center when moist, hygrophanols, odor and taste farinaceous, stipe flesh turning blue-green in guaiac, commonly neat lJlmus and Catpinus 38'Frb, not or only very faintly striate when moisi, not hygrophanous, odor and taste farinaceous. stipe rlesh negative in guaiac, primarily near species o, Crataegus, Malus, pyrus,

otPrunus.

39 Odor and taste farinaceous to rancid, pileus conical to campanulate, in clear-cuts or

Entoloma aprile

No. I

Entoloma cllD€atum

No.

22

Entoloma hirtipes

No.

39

Entoloma vernum

No.

93

Entoloma pleberum

No.

60

Entoloma amsidss

No.

8

Entoloma rusticoides

No.

72

No.

26

No.

33

No.

18

v. confetendum

No.

23

Entoloma conterendum v. pusillum

No.

24

Entoloma henrici

No.

38

Entoloma aEneosum

No.

1O

Entoloma versatile Entoloma strigogissimum

No. No.

94 86

Entoloma dysthaloides

No.

27

Entoloma elodes

No,

28

Entoloma acabiooum

No.

75

Entoloma lavrci

No.

34

Entoloma oxcentricum

No.

30

Entoloma libiicystidiatum

No.

88

Entoloma lividoalbum

No.

48

fern

marsihes

.

39* Odor and taste not distinctive, not farinaceous . . . . . . . . . . . 40 40 Pileus black-brown, smooth, satiny, hygrophanous, spores 7.8-11.5 pm long, in conilerous forests near Picea orlarx or on heath soils neat Calluna ot Juniperus . . . . . . . . . . .

40' Pileus gray-brown, surface dull, finely appressed-radially fibrillose to tomentose, not hygro-

41

phanous, spores 9.5-'15 pm long, in hardwood and coniferous forests Species with striking

42

With striking macroscopic fealures

leatures 4l'Species without striking features

,,.,.,, . .42 .......,58 such as odor or omphallnoid stature. . .... .43 .

42' With striking microscopic features (shape of spores or cystidia, number of sterigmata, cellular structure of the pp, hairs on the pileus or stipe, or caulocystidia) . . . . . . . . . . . 44

4:) Odor ot the lresh frb. perfumy like Hebeloma sacchariolens, pileus gray-beige, tricholomatoid, 20+5 mm across (if frb. with yellow tones, see No. 61) €'Without a particular odor, frb. smaller, pileus dark gray- to umber-brown when moist, 6-'14 mm across, habitus oI a small Omphalina, e. g. Vol. 3, Nos. 379, 387 ,14 Basidia

l-3-spored 44'Basidia mostly 4-spored 45

Stipe apex with capitate hyphal ends, pileus conical, gray-brown, in wet meadows or on the edges of high moors, in mosses

45' Stipe apex without capitate hyphal

46

........45 .. . . .. ....47

ends

......,....

Pileus 5-15 mm across, ocher- to pink-brown, translucent-stdate, spor€s 9-1 1 .5 x in moors in Sphagnum

6.5+ pm,

,16'Pileus 1G25 mm across, yellow- to orange-brown when moist, translucent-striate, sporos 9-13 x 7-€ pm, in conilerous forests, on wood debris or needle . 47 Spores cruciform, stellate

littet ..........48 ...,.,,.,49

.. ,t7'Spores heterodiametric

,18 Frb. medium-sized, pileus 20-50 mm across, conical to convex, dark brown when moist, gray-beige when dry inside or outside forests, on soil 48' Frb. small, pileus 10-20 mm across, convex to plane, dark red- to gray-brown, in lorests, on or near very rotten stumps 49 Pp hymeniform, composed of clavate to vesicular c€lls, pileus 15-50 mm across, hemisphericalto campanulate or convex, light gray- to beige-brown 49' Pp with a different structure, either a cutis or 50 Hyphae in the pp 12-30(40)pm 5o'Hyphae in the pp 2-12(16) um 51 Frb. with cheilo- and pleurocystidia, rostrate apically, some moniliform .

across across

trichodermal

51'Frb,withcheilocystidiaonly. 52

Entoloma cuapiditerum

.. , ..

.........50 .....51 .....56 .. .. ..52 ..,.,.....53

Pileus gray, cystidia long-rostrate, some monilirorm, stipe base without hairs

Entoloma

,adnogustus

not moniliform, stipe base with white or red hairs Spores up to 18 pm long, pileus and stipe with thick-walled hairs 53' Spores only up to 13 pm . . . . . . . . . . 54 With dark brown, septate, encrusted hairs on the pileus and stipe, cheilocystidia clavate, in

53

long

poor meadows

54' Frb. without hairs on the pileus and stipe . . . . . . . . . . . 55 56 Frb. with clamps, pileus and stipe sometimes with violet tones, cheilocystidia capitate, spores 8.5-11.5 pm long, odor and taste farinaaeous, in Sphagnum bogs or Molinia meadows

56' Frb. without clamps, pileus black-brown-squamulose, some cheilocystidia capitate, some rostrate and somewhat moniliform, spor€s 6.5-9 pm long, odor and taste not distinctive . 56 Without cheilo- or pleurocystidia, but with long, cylindrical to capitate caulocystidia on the stipe apex, pileus 10-20 mm across, conic-campanulate, beige-brown, in wet meadows (iI basidia 2-spored. see No.26) . ,

56'With

cheilocystidia

.

Entoloma cet atum

Entoloma conferendum

52'Pil€us blackish-radially fibrillose on an olive-green background, cystidia short-rostrate and

g

,

46

. . . . . . . .57

58 Frb. robust, tleshy, pileus 40-100(150) mm across, stipe 8-20 mm thick, odor and taste

Iarinaceous, light och6r to gray-ocher or ocher-brown, ln hardwood forests or under hard-

woods

._....59

58' Frb. medium-sized to small, pileus barely larger than 40 mm across . . . . . . 60 59 Pileus hygrophanous, dark gray- to ocher-brown when moist, yellow-brown when dry lamellae white wh6n

young

59'Pileus not hygrophanous, radially ,ibrillose, light ocher to gray-ocher, lamellae light yellow when young Pileus conical, campanulatei to convex or plane and then usually umbonate or with a papilla, never 60* Pileus convex when young, rarely conical, later expanded, with an indented to umbilicate . . . .83 center, never 61 With cheilocystidia, pileus 7-20(30) mm across, conical to campanulate or expanded, always with a papilla, dark hazel- to red-brown

60

Entoloma sinuatum

No-

83

Entoloma hebes

No.

37

Entoloma xanthocaulon

No.95

Entoloma alpicola

No,

Er olomaoccultopigmentatum

No.57

Entoloma turbidum

No.

89

Entoloma politum . . Entoloma rhodopolium

No.

64

f.

No.

69

f. rhodopolium

No.

70

Entoloma hirtum

No.

40

Entoloma f arinasprellum

No.

32

Entoloma subradiatum

No.

87

Entoloma undulatosporum

No.91

.........61

indented

..

umbonate

..

. ...

.

....62

61" Without cheilocystidia . . , 62 Clamps absent, pileus 10-20(30) mm across, hemispherical to plane, often with a small papilla, hygrophanous, gray-brown and striate when moist, brown-beige when .... .63 62* At least some clamps 63 Pigments intracellular in the hyphae ofthe 63- Pigments primarily encrusting on the hyphae of the

present

pp ..

'1.2 1.2

64

pp

dry ... .. .. ,,,,,64 ..........73 ........65 ....'....70

Spores isodiametric, Q: up to 64* Spores heterodiametric, O: > 65 ln alpine dwarf-shrub heaths n€ar Sa/,x herbacea, pileus conical to convex, dark brown

7

..........66

65'ln other habitats

66

Outside torests, in wet poor meadows or Molinia meadows, pileus '15-40 mm across, graybrown, convex with a small papilla, hygrophanous . , . ,

66t

lnforests

......67

67

ln coniferous lorests, on heath-like soils, pileus 25+0(50) mm across, dark gray-brown, butyraceous-shiny 67'ln hardwood forests . ...,.,.,.68 68 Primarily neat Salix, Alnus, Befula, pileus dark brown, 20-40(50) mm across, odor nitrous when fresh. taste slightly farinaceous 68- Primarily in beech forests, pileus 25-40(70) mm across, gray- to ocher-brown . . . . . 69 69 Odor strikingly nitrous, taste not distinctive 69* Almost odorless, never nilrous, taste not distinctive

nidorosum ...

Entoloma rhodopolium

70

Stipe with hyaline or yellowish, non- or sparsely septate hairs with intracellular pigmentation, pileus 4-10 mm across, dark gray-brown, conicalto campanulate, in poor meadows or pastures 70- Stipe without 71 Usually clustered or in groups, in meadows and pastures, at the edges of Iorests, pileus 10+5 mm across, odor and taste strongly larinaceous to rancid, spores 8-10.5 x 6-7.5 pm 71* Not clustered, usually in 72 Pileus 12-25 mm across, slightly umbonate, dark gray-brown, hygrophanous, striate only in the marginal zone, spores s-7-angled, 7.5-12 x 6-10 Um 72* Pileus't0-30 mm across, convex with a small papilla, dark gray-brown to blackish, hygrophanous, striate almost to the center when moist, spores 7-1o-angled, 8-10.5 x 6-7.5 pm

,.,.,,,,71

hairs

forests

Spores isodiam€tic, Q 1.2 or less 73'Spores heterodiametric, Q> 1.2

73

74 Occuning outside forests,

.........72

..,....74 ........79

in poor meadows or pastures, pigments exclusively encrusting 75

74'Occuning within forests or in wet meadows near hardwoods, pigments encrusting and in

intracellular

.......76

part also Pileus 2H0(50) mm across, conical to plane, slightly umbonate, hygrophanous, dark graybrown, not striate 75'Pileus 1G-40(50) mm across, conical to plane, often with a small papilla, hygrophanous, gray- to beige-brown, striate to the center 76 Odor and taste . . . . . 78 76. Odor and taste otherwis€, not 77 ln hardwood forests or wet meadows near hardwoods, pileus 2H5 mm across, conical to

75

farinaceous farinaceous

..........77

convex, with an obtuse umbo, hygrophanous, dark gray-brown, striate, odor and taste farinaceous 77. ln mixed hardwood-coniler forests, pileus 20-40(50) mm across, dark gray- to black-brown, barely hygrophanous. not striate

78

ln mixed hardwood-conifer forests, pileus 10-20 mm across, hemispherical to convex, strongly hygrophanous, gray-brown when moist, odor and taste faintly herbaceous to raphanoid 78' ln hardwood forests, esp. under A/nus, Salix, Populus, Betula, ot Ulmus, pileus 25-40 mm across, hygrophanous, ocher- to yellow-brown when moist, striate 79 Usually outside lorests, in poor meadows, at the edges of forests, in grasses and mosses 80 79* Usually in forests oron 80 Pileus 10-25 mm across, conical to campanulate, with a papilla, hygrophanous, ocher- to chestnut-brown, lamellae pure white when young, spores 8.5-10 pm long

moors

se ceum

g0

No.

Entoloma sgriceum v. sericeum

No.81

Entoloma iuncinum

No.

Entoloma pseudoturbidum

No.66

Entoloma nitens

No.55

Entoloma majaloides

No.

51

No.

44

No.

59

No.

92

45

......,..81

80* Pileus 1G-20 mm across, conicalto campanulate, with a papilla, hygrophanous, dark olive. brown with a purple tint, lamellae dingy white when young, spores 7.$-12.5 pm long, in dwarf-shrub heaths 81 ln coniferous torests or mixed conifer-hardwood forests, under Abies and Plcea, pileus 20-40(50) mm across, hygrophanous, black-brown when moist, lamellae and stipe gray when young, spores 7,5-11 pm long 36

Entoloma

v. cineneoopacum

Entoloma

inlula ... ..

Entoloma papillatum

Entoloma venosum

.

. . . . . a2 81' ln hardwood rorests or on high moors 82 ln hardwood forests, pileus 30-50 mm across, convex to plane, with an obtuse umbo, hygrophanous, dark umber-brown when moist, lamellae and stipe white to whitish when

No,

54

No.

77

Entoloma undatum

No.

gO

Entoloma politollavipes

No,

63

Entoloma sericeoides

No.

79

No-

31

Entoloma sphagnorum

No-

&5

Entoloma ochromicaceum

No- 58

Entoloma myrmecophilum

Young, sPores 7.5-9.5 pm long

82' On high moors or in wet meadows near Betula, Salix, or Alnus, pileus 20-40 mm across, conical, umbonate, hygrophanous, gray- to reddish-brown when moist, spores 8-11 pm long

.. .. .. . . .. ..........85

clamps 83'Frb. without clamps 83

(60)Frb. with

84

Frb. chanterelle-like, lamellae delinitely decurrent, pileus 20-40 mm across, gray to browngray, concentrically zoned, stipe sometimes eccentric, odor and taste usually farinac€ous

Entoloma

se catum

S4

84* Pileus campanulate to convex or plane, with an indented center, yellow-brown to beigebrown, radially ribrillose to granulose or squamose, lamellae broadly adnate, without a distinctive odor or taste 85 Spores isodiametric, Q: 1.G-1.2, pileus 20-40 mm across, convex to plane, hygrophanous, dark brown when moist, b€ige-brown when dry satiny, spores 7.5-9.5 x 6.H.7 pm . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 85- Spores heterodiametric, Q > '1 86 Pileus convex to plane, 10-25 mm across, gray-brown, yellow-brown, with olive or blue tones, stipe gray-olive to gray-blue, spores 8.5-12.5 pm long 86t Pileus and stipe without olive or 87 Pileus copper-brown, 10-20 mm across, satiny, spores 9-'13.5 pm long, in wet meadows and on moors 87' Pileus with cream-, beige-, to ocher-yellow tones, or with ocher-brown, red-brown, or gray. brown 88 Pileus with cream-colored to beige or ocher-yellow , , . . , , . . . 89 88* Pileus with och€r-brown, r€d-brown, or gray-brown . . - . . . . . . 90 89 Pileus beige to gray-beige, cheilocystidia clavate to ventricose, spores 8-1 1.5 x 6.8-8.5 pm, in poor meadows and alpine pastures 89' Pileus cream to ocher-yellow, cheilocystidia cylindrical, spores &-11 x 6-8 pm, in wet meadows and on moors 90 Pileus gray-brown, 10-.30 mm across, spores 8-10 x 6.5+ pm, in poor meadows and Pastures 90" Pileus ocher- to red-brown, '15-.30 mm across, Iloccose-squamose in the center, spores pm, in wet meadows 9-11.5 x

.2

.....47

bluelones

lones

Entoloma

exile

.

.

.. ..88

tones tones

H

Entoloma

kervernii .

.

Entoloma pseudoturci Entolonia longistriatum

No.

46

No-

67

v. sarcitulum

No- 50

Conocybe lactea

No.38'1

Conocybe rubiginosa

No. 389

Group key 2.3 (Conocybe s. s.) Pileus and stipe white or cream-colored, in meadows and pastures ......2 Pileus and stipe distinctly ocher, ocher-yellow, yellow, or 2 Basidia predominantly 2- Basidia predominantly 4-spored 3 Spores > 18 pm long, caulocystidia lecythiform and capilliform, spores 17-21 x 9'1 1 pm 1

'1'

2-spored .

brown

,.,.....3 ........6

.. .... . .4

Spores 11 pm long Spores < 11(12)!m

1

3

.

long ....

4

4' 5

Spores lentiform to mitrirorm in lrontal view, 9.5-1 3.5 x 8.5-'l 0.3 pm, Qi Spores elliptical in frontalview, 9-13 x 5.8-7.5 pm, Q: 1.5-2.0 Spores 8.5-10.5 x 5-6 x 7-8.3 pm

1 .'1

-1

.4 . . .

.

Spores 9.5-12 x 5-7.2 x 6.7-9 pm Setae thick-walled, brown, very long and tapered (100-400 pm lons) . . . - . . . . . . Setae or pileocystidia thin-walled, or if thick-walled then signiticantly shoder (< 100 pm)

8

ln burned areas, spores mitriform in frontalview . . . On manure, soil, or remains of grasses or other plants On manure and rotting remaina of gragses

I'

On soil or beech leaves. pileus not deliquescing

7

.-.

.

.

Basidia 2-spored, spores 10.5-14.5 x 6.8-9.3 pm . . . 10 9' Basidia 4-spor6d, on manure piles, on old manure, or in manured 10 Pileus with brown, thick-walled setae up to 60 x pm and with thin-walled pileocystidia up to 80 x '15 pm, pileus 4-10 mm across 10'Pileus with only thin-walled, hyaline pileocystidia 60-130 x 14-22 pm, pileus $-15 mm

places

I

across

pileocystidia pil€ocystidia

........12 ......16

't Pileus with setae or 1 1' Pil6us without setae or 1

12

Veil composed of branched, cylindrical hyphae, sphaerocysts absent

sphaerocysts Onmanure 13* On soilor rotting wood 12'Veilcomposed of

13

14

type11,5-14x6-7.5pm) .

...

x 3.9-5.4 pm (spores of lhe

.

... ..17

No. 298 No. 279 No. 285 No. 290 No. 266

2&

Coprinu€ angulatus

No.

Coprinus impatlens Coprinus biaporus

No. 283 No. 267

Coptinus heterosetulosus

No. 281

Coprinus ephemerus

No. 275

.,.,.,,.,'13 .,,..14 .,.,.....15

'15 Spores verrucose to rough, 'l'1-15 x 7-9.5 x 8-10 pm, on soil 15* Spores smooth, 7.5-10 x 4-5 pm, usually cespitose on old stumps or buried wood . 16 Frlc. robust, pileus 40-100 mm

high

.. ..

Coprinus hemerobius Coprinus kuehneri Coprinus leiocephalus Coprinus auricomus

Coprinug heterothrix

Spores hexagonal in frontalview, 10-'14 x 6-7 x 7-8.5 pm

14* Spores elliptical, smooth, germ pore lateral, spores 6.5-'l'1,3

Goprinus pllcatilis

Coprinus marculsr us Cgprinus heptemerus Y, paMaporus Coprinua silvaticus Coprinus disseminatus

.

.

No. 282

No. 292 No. 280 No. 302

No.272

39 j

L

16' Frb. small to medium-sized, pileus < 40 mm

high

...........

annulus 17' Stipe without an annulus

19

17 Stipe with a dist nct

..........

1

Coprinus

comatus

No. 270

Coprinus

atramentarius

No. 265

Coprinus

picaceus

No.297

Copfnus

micaceus

No. 294

Cop nus

cinereofloccosus

No. 268

Copdnus Copdnus

saccharomyces . . . stercoreus .

No.3O3

Coprinus

martinii

No.293

Coprinus

tuberosus

No. 305

Coprinus

semitalas laanii

No. 301

Coprinus niveus Coprinus latisporus Coprinus cortinatus .

No.295 No.289

8

1B On soi , buried wood, or near stumps, usually clustered, pileus with gray tones, plicate and

parks

radially sulcate, commonly in floodpla n forests and '18' Usually in beech forests on soil, ve I whitish, splitting up into large patches on a dark brown pileal

surface

19

cells

Veil cornposed predominantly of subglobose to broadly elliptical

-.----

20

19' Veil composed of a mixture of subg obose and filiform cells or exclussively of f liform cells 31 Pileus eniirely covered with a mlcaceous to granu ar white veil when young (sphaerocysts brown sh-encrusted and somewhat th ck-walled), usually clustered on wood, spores mitriform in frontal view, stipe apex with setae 20. Pileus not micaceous, sphaerocysts smooth or verrucose . . . .. .. ..21 21 Sphaerocysts verrucoset warts not soluble in HCI . - . - . 22 21t Sphaerocysts smooth, or f verrucose then warts soluble in HCI . . .. . . . 2A

20

22

2-spored 4-spored

Bas dia

22' Bas d a

........_23 ........ -24

23 Without a striking odor. on soil, spores with a perispore 23'Wth a striking odor of yeast, in wet poor meadows or reed meadows, spores without

indistinct

rispore or perispore only Spores < 10pm long, on manure, pileus 2-5(10)mm 24' Spores > 10 pm

24

a pe-

across

long

.---......25

25

ln poor meadows, fieldsof small sedges, on the rema ns of Ca rex, Juncus, Sclrpus, spores 11.5-16.5 pm long 25' On manure, rotting grass, or manure piles, or on soil orwood ... 26 26 On manure, rotting grass, or manure piles, with sclerot a

26'Onsoilorwood

On soil in grass or leaf litter, spores 10-5 13.5 pm ong, with a perispore 27' On wood or sawdust, spores 8.3-11 pm ong, with a perispore

.....

-27

27

cattle plants

28

.

On manure, usually of 28' On soil or rotting rema ns of 29 Frb. medium-sized, pileus 15-40 mm across, spores 15-19.5 pm 29. Frb. small, pileus 8 15 mm across, spores 12.5 16.5 pm

Copranus

On soil, usually in forests, stipe 30t On rotting remains of plants or on straw mixed with manure. stipe without an annular zone, p leus conspicuousiy radially striate to sulcate 31 Veilcomposed of a mixture of subglobose and filiform cells .. -.....32 31'Veil composed exclusively of fi form hyphae, sometimes branched or coralloid . . . . 35

32 Sporesl3-18.5x7 32'Spores

33

9.5 pm, usually on

On moist soil, frb. s ender and deiicate, pileus 4-1 0 rrm across, spores 9.7-1 1 .3 x 6.3

hardwoods

Pileus 15-40(60) mm across, spores elliptical in frontal and ateral views, 7.3-10 x usually on

stumps

4

7.5pm . 34

36

litter

!m, on wood or needle

smooth

39

cortinatus

No.271

Coprinus

domesticus

No. 273

Cop

xanthothrix

No. 307

coprinus

echinosporus

No. 274

Coprinus

episcopalis

No. 276

Coprinus

radiatus

No. 299

macrocephalus cinereus lagopides Coprinus lagopus

No. 291

nus

Spores mitr form in frontal view, 8.2-10.3 x 5.3-6.5 x 6.7-8.3 Um, in beech litier or on buried

wood

Pieus small, 2 6 mm across, on manure (horse

38' Pi eus larger, '1 0-30(50) mm On

No.277

..........36

36'Spores elliptlcal in frontal and lateralviews .... 37 Velar cels rel. broad, 6-50 Um across, not branched 37'Velar cells rel. narrow,2-10 pm across (up to 30 pm inC. kifiurae No.284)

38

... ....

No. 296

Coprinus

5-5 pm,

ground

usually on small branches on the Spores coarsely verrucose, lentiform to mitrform, 8.7-10.8 x 5.5-7

3s'Spores

patouillardii

Coprinus flocculosus

34' Pileus 1 0-25(35) mm across, spores oval n frontal vrew, 7 .5-10 x 4.7-5.7 x 5.5-6.5 pm,

35

Coprinus

No. 271

..........33

33' On stumps or fallen branches of

34

sawdust

shorter

No. 286

......29 . . . . . . 30

long long with an annular zone when young

30

No. 300

..... -37 . . . . . 38 .......42

manure)

across

.......

manure

3g'Onso, n burned places inside or outside forests 40 St pe never rooting, without pleurocystidia, spores 1 'l .2-15 x 7-8.8 !m 40' St pe often rooting, with pleurocystidia, spores 9.5-11 x 6.5-7.5

39 40

... - - - 41

pm

41

On soil. in burned areas or waste p aces, spores 7.8-9.5 x 5.5-6.3 x 6.5-7.8 41'Usualy in forests on moist soil, spores 10.5-13.5 x 7-8.5 x 7.5-8.7

pm

pm

Coprinus Coprinus Coprinus

42 ln

burned areas, ve ar hyphae not branched or diverticulate, spores subglobose, 7-8.3 x 4.5-6 x 6.5-8 pm 42' On p ant rerrains or on rotting rice straw, coir nratting, ortextiles, veilcomposed of branched and diverticulate hyphae . . . .. .. .43

Coprinus

gonophyllus

No. 269 No. 287

No.288 No. 278

40

l

.........

..44

On remains of plants such as Car.ex, Typha, Uftica, Galeopsis, etc. 43" On rotting textiles, rice straw, coir matting, etc., spores subglobose, 9.8-13.5 x 9-12.5 pm, rare irtroduced spec es

43

44

Copdnus kimurae

No.284

Coprinus tigrinellus

No.304

Copfnus urticicola

No.306

Lacrymaria lacrymabunda

No.308

Psathyrella cotonea

No.327

Psathyrella maculata

No.334

Psathyrella spadicea

No.356

Psathyrella pennata

No.344

Psathyrella cemua

No.324

Psathyrella olympiana

No.341

Psathyrella artemisiae

No.319

Psathyrella candolleana

No.322

Psathyrella multipedata

No.337

Psathyrella pilulilormis

No.347

Psathyrella panaeoloides

No.342

Psathyrella pygmaea

No.354

Psathyrella sacchariolens

No.355

Psathyrella pervelata Psathyrella spadiceogrisea

No.345 No.357

Psathyrella friesii

No.329

Pileus w th dark brown squamu es, cheilocyst dia vesicuiar, pyriform, spores 8.2-10 x 7-8 x

/.2

gIr

.

44' Pileus with wh te velar flocci, cheilocystrd a clavate to lageniform, spores 6.7 8.7 x 5 6 x 5.3-6.3 pm

Group key 3.2 (Psathyrella s. l.)

1 1' 2 2' 3 3'

Pileus markedly appressed-tomentose to appressed-squamose, scales cannot be brushed off, frbs. medium-sized, sl ght y to distinctly Pileus smooth orwithveil remnants which can be brushed ...... Spores coarsely verrucose, with a large, protrudlng germ pore

clustered

clustered

5-

6 5_ -' 3 3' j i' 'I l' ''

.........3

Frb. with brown tones, pileLrs with concentric, appressed, dark brown scales, spores 4.2-5.5

2.5-3.5 pm

Spores 9 pm lons

'-' : i 'i' ::

later

utriform

.....

I

Psathyrella obtusata var. aberrans

No.339

Psathyrella phegophila

No.346

Psathyrella fatua

No.328

.. -.......20

Cells of the pp 30-75 x 20-50 pm, pleurocystidia 42 60 x 12 20 pm, frbs. usua ly gregar ous :'--- Cells of the pp 25-60 x 14-35 pm, pleurocystidia 35-50 x 10-18 !m, frbs. grouped to almost

,

,22 41

pleurocyslidia lsmmacross across

.,.......26 . .. ,. . .23 . . . .. ..24

21- With cheilo- and 22 Frb. small, pileus < 22- Frb. larger, pileus >'15 mm

23

On stems and leaves ol Typha, Phagmites, or other aquatic plants, a few cm above the water 23- On soil or buried remains of wood, pileus completely covered by the whitish veil wh€n young. spores 9-11 x 5.ffi.2 um

24

Pileus with brown, thick-walled setae (use hand lens or 24' Pileus without .

setae

microscope)

.

.

25 Stipe with a membranous annulus, frbs. clustered on hardwoods

Psathyrella

typhae . .

No. 360

.

Psathyrella canocepg Psathyrella conopilus

No. 323 No. 326

Psathyrella leucotephra

No. 392

Psathyrella marcescibili6

No. 335

Psathyrella sphagnicola

No. 358

Psathyrella clivensis

No, 325

Psathyrella lutensis - . Psathyrella tephrophylla

No.333

25'Stipe without an annulus, lrbs, solitary to gregarious on soil, generally alongside paths and roads, pileus with gray tones, strongly hygrophanous

26 Stipe with a delicate, membranous annulus, growing on moorc, in Molinia meadows,

in

Sphagnum or other mosses

26'Stipe without an annulus

.-...-....27 ..... -.... ..........33 .......,,.29

Spores 13 pm

-28

......

31

29

Spores gray-yellow in KOH under the microscope, without or with a barely visible germ pore 29- Spore6 dark red-brown in KOH under the . . . . . . . . . . . 30

microscope

30

Pleuro- and cheilocystidia with an amorphous apical secretion which turns greenish in

NH.OH

,.

,

30* Pleuro- and cheilocystidia without such secrelions, at most with occasional droplets 3'1 On manure or manure mixed with soil, pileus 5-'15(20) mm across, hygrophanous, dark olive-brown and striate almost to the cenls when moist 31" On soil, leaf litter, or buried wood, in hardwood . . . . , , . . . . 32 32 Pileus 20-40(50) mm across, hygrophanous, light ocherbrown wh€n dry without pink- or wine-red tones as it dries, lamellar edges not red-underlined 32'Pileus 1H0 mm across, hygrophanous, cream-yellow when dry tinged pink- to wine-red toward the margin, lamellar edges red-underlined . . . , 33 Pleurocystidia utriform to obtusely 33t Pleurocystidia fusiform to . . . . . . 35 34 Pileus '12-25 mm across, on soil or small buried pieces of wood, pleurocystidia obtosely lageniform to utriform 34t Pileus smaller, 5-20 mm across, on sandy to rocky soils, pleurocystidia utrilorm . . .

,orests

lagenirorm lageniform

35

Pileus < 15(20) mm

across

.....,34

hirta

.... .

.

No. 338

gracllls .

.

No. 330

Psathyrella murcida Psathyrslla

No. 331

.. ..

Psathyrslla pseudogracilis No.353 Psathyrella prona v. utriformis No. 352

.

.40

35' Pileus > 15(20) mm across

36

Pileus cr€am-colored and radially to ocher-brown when moist 36* Pileus not wrinkled even when dry 37 Lamellar edges red-underlined 37* Lamellar edges not red-underlined

38

Psathyrella

No. 359

when dry, hygrophanous, dark

.

No.34O

Psatlryrglla ochracea

37 38

. . . . . . . 39

Pileus '10-15 mm across, hygrophanous, dark red- to black-brown when moist, stipe

whitish Psattryrella prona

to cream-colored 38. Pileus'10-15 mm across, hygrophanous, dark red- to black-brown when moist, stipe light to

v.

prona I. prona

No. 351

Psathyrella prona v. prona f.

picta

No. 350

PsattDrglla prona v. prona f.

cana

No. 349

Psathyrella pellucidipee

No. 343

Psathyrella mlcronhlza

No. 336

Psathyrella polycystis

No. 348

40

Stipe always with a pseudorhiza up to 50 mm long, lamellar edges with cheilocystidia in dense palisade, stipe 70-150 mm long (excluding the pseudorhiza) 40- Stipe without a pseudorhiza, at most slightly rooting 41 41 Stipe 50-'150 mm long, pleurocystidia lageniform, mostly capitate 4'1. Stipe shorter, 4H0(80) mm . . . . . . . . 42 42 Pileus purple- to chestnut-brown, cheilo- and pleurocystidia broadly lageniform, ventricose, to clavate, mostly filled with droplets apically Psathyrella bipellis No. 321 42" Pileus ocher-brown, with an orange or purple tint, pleurocystidia slenderly lageniform, with a long rostrum. without droplets

long

Psathyralla

bipallis .

.

No.321

Psathyrella bifrons

No- 320

Panaeolus foenisecii

No. 313

Panaeolus olivaceus

No.315

Group key 3.3 (Panaeolu6) 1

1',

2

13.3-'17 x

6-9 pm,

3 3*

4

4'

5

5-

6

Stipe with a membranous annulus, on manure of cattle, sheep, horses, or donkeys, pileus up to 60 mm across, with Stipe without an .. .. .4 With pleurocystidia which are modilied as chrysocystidia, pileus lS+0 mm across, dark redbrown to almost black when Without pleurocystidia Spores lentiform in rrontal view, pileus appendiculate from the veil esp. when young, on

chrysocystidia annulus moist ,

manure

..

semiovatus

Panaeolus

ater

Panaaolus

paplllonaceua ...No.316

Panaeolua Panaeolus

cinchrlua . . . . . No. 311 limicola . . . . . . No. 312

Panaeolus

reticulatus .....

No.307

..... Panaeolus guttulatus .,.,..

No,310

,,..,....,5

view

Spores elliptical to citriform in frontal On old manure piles or in manured places in meadows and pastures

........... (if

.....

Panaeolus

.. ..

...

No.318

No.309

6

with guttation droplets,

seealsoNo.31o) .,..,,.,.,7 6- ln other habitats ..,.......8 7 lJsually clustered to group€d, pileus 15-40(50) mm across, sepla without clamps 7' Usually solitary to gregarious, pileus 10-25 mm across, some septa with clamps 8 At the edges oI moors, in wet meadows and Molinia meadows, spgres small, 8-'10,5 x 4.5-5.5 x 6-8 pm 8' ln other habitats ..,.......9 I ln meadows and pastures, on damp, nutrient-rich soils, pileus conical to campanulate, '10-30 mm across, spores 1'1.5-15x 7.5-9.5 x 9-12 pm 9' ln forests in needle or leaf litter, also on remains of wood, pileus convex to plane, spores 7-9.5x4-5.5pm

Panaeolus

caliginosus

No.314

Group key 3.4 (Agaricus)

1

Flesh when cut, or pileus and/or stipe when rubbed, reddening or browning or unchanging 2

2

Flesh when cut, or pil€us and/or stipe when rubbed, Annulus peronate-ascending and peelable Annulua pendent, peelable

yellowing . . . . . . 16 ....... -...3 downward 2' upward .......8 3 Basidia 2-spored, mostly in cultivation, if in nature then in gardens, parks, on manured soils oron horse manure .........4 3' Basidia 4-spored ..........5 4 Pileus white to whitish and so remaining, flesh faintly reddening when cut Agaricus bisporus var. albidus . . No. 171 4' Pileus light gray-brownish when very young, then becoming increasingly darker and surface splitting into fine, appressed, red- to gray-brown squamules, flesh faintly reddening when cut Agaricus bisporus var. bisporua No. 172 5 Odor fishy, rather unpleasant, in Iorests, parks, on soil, pileus 6G-100 mm across, brownishlibrjllose-scaly Agaricusmaleolens........ No. 184 5' Odor different, pleasant ,.,...,.,.,6 6 Alongside pathsand roads, on compact, sandy soils, piieus 4G-100(150)mm across, whitish Agaricus bitorquis ..... No. 173 6t ln other habitats ..........7 7 ln meadows, pastures, fields, on manured soils, pileus 40-'130 mm across, whitish-appresNo. 186 sed-squamose, spores 8.8-'10.8 x 5.3-6.3 pm, with a germ pore (see also No. 174) ..,. Agaricug pampeanus ..... 7'lnconiteroustorestsorparks,inneedlelitter,pileus5G-100mmacross, light brown, slightly Agarlcus subfloccosus .... No. 195 squamos€, spores 5-7.5 x 4-5 pm 8 Schaffer reaction negative . ..........9 8' Schaffer reaction positive ,.,.,...,'15 9 Pileus white to whitish ,.. ..........10 9' Pileus with brown tones ..........12 1'

ln meadows, pastures, or fields, on nutrient-ich soils, spores 6.2-8 x ,{-5.3 pm, with a germ pore (f spores 8.&10.8 x 5.3-6.3 pm, with a germ pore, see No. 186) (if flesh faintly browning and stipe base with rhizoids, see No. 10' ln 11 On needle litter, pileus with light brownish squamules when old, annulus simpl€, membranous, spores 4.ffi x 3-3.8 11'On soil, in open places, in grass, annulus double, brown-squamose-dentate on the underside, spores 5-6 x3.8-4.5 Um

10

190)

forests

......11

pm . , 12 Spores < 6 pm long, primarily in coniterous forests, ,l€sh immediately turning blood-red when cut, spores 4.5-5.7 x 3-4 pm 12. Spores > 6 !m lonS ,.... ..........'13 '13 ln conilerous forests, more rarely in hardwood Iorests, very similar to A. s,:/yatbus but spores 5.8-9.5 x 3-7-5 pm .. 13' ln meadows, pastures, gadens, or parks, in humus-rich places . . . . . . 14 14 Spores subglobose, 5.5-7.5 x 4.5-6.2 pm, Q: '1.1-1.3, pileus dingy tobacco-brown, stipe base with brown '14' Spores elliptical,

15

zones

satiny

x 4.5-6.6 pm, O: '1,,1-'1,6, pileus dark copper-brown, ln forests, usually under Picea, pileus 10G-150 mm across, white, concentrically squamulose, annulus often cogwheel-like, spores 8.5-11-5 x 5-6.5

6.H.7

pm

15'ln meadows, parks, among grasses and herbs, pileus

10G-250 mm across, white och€r-y€llow, annulus often cogwheel-like, spores 8.5-12,3 x 5.2-7 pm . . .

.

Agaricus campeetris

Agaricus silvaticus var.

.......

No. 174

pallidus

........, Agaricus 6ilvaticus . .... Agaricus

benesii

Agaricus langei

.,.,.,...,

No. 193 No. 170

No. 192

No. 179

Agaricus vaporadus ..... Agaricus cupneobrunneus ....

No. 196 No. 176

Agaricus

excelleng

...

No. 178

Agaricus

macrosporus . . . . .

No. 183

to light

43

16

Schaffer reaction negaiive, odor never like anEe or bitter almonds 16" Schalfer reaction positive, odor of cut frb. like anise or bitter almonds 17 Pileus white to whitish 17' Pileus with brown, gray, or gray-brown tones

18 Flesh odorless or pleasant when cut, pileus 50-100 mm across, Picea. in spring or early summer 18' Flesh medicinal or like ink when cut

20

..........

phenolic

18

..........21 il'1"1":

...

19 Odor medicinalto iodine-like, in spring, annulus 19- Odor ink-like to

in

..........t7 .........24

l"li"l ll"i .-.

Agaricus aestivalis

..,.....

very Iugacious, spores 7.2-9.8 x 4.5-6 pm

veneris

Agaricus aestivalis var.

.,.,......20 5.H

Pileus obtusely conical when young,40-80 mm across, in spruce forests, spores x !rm, stipe base laintly yellowing when scratched 20- Pileus 80-100 mm across, trapezoidal in cross section when young, in gardens, parks, meadows, only rarely in loresb, spores 5-€,3 x 3.7-4.3 Um, stipe base turning strongly chromeyellow when scratched 21 Stipe bas€ with conspicuous rhizoids, pileus light brown, odor faintly pleasant in c-ut frb., annulus fugacious

H.5

.....

rhizoids

..,.......22

21* Stipe base without 22 Pileal surface gray-brown when young, later splitting up into coarse scales revealing the white pilealflesh between them 22- Pileal surface radially fibrillose to , , . , , 23 23 Ground color oI the pileal surface whitish, squamules gray-brown

squamulose

23- Ground color ol the pileal surface gray, squamules gray to gray-brown 24 Pileus white to whitish or cream-colored, at least when . . . . . . 25 24t Pileus with yellow, brown, or purple-brown colors even when young 25 Pileus small, 20-30(50) mm 25- Pileus larger, 60-150(200) mm . . . . . 28 26 Lamellae without marginal cells, pileus 20-30 mm across, spores 4.ffi x &-3.8 pm, in meadows and pastures 26' Lamellae with clavate to vesicular marginal . , , , . 27 27 ln coniferous forests, more rarely in hardwood lorests, pileus 30-50 mm across, lilac- to purple-radially librillose, spores 4.5-5.5 x 3+ pm . . . . , 27'ln beech rorests, pileus immediately yel'owing when rubbed, without lilac or purple tones, 2G-40 mm across, spores 4.5-5.7 x 3.2-4 pm 28 ln meadows and pastures, in parks, spores 6.3-7.7 x 4.5-5.3 .

young

across across

No. 166

19

No. 167

Agaricus pgeudopratensis v, nivousNo. 189

Agaricusxanthoderma Agaricus romagnesii

......

.,.....

Agaricus xanthoderma v.

....

lepiotoides

No,'197 No. 190

No. 199

Agaricugpraeclaresquamosus No.188 Agaricug xanthgderm

griseus

No. 198

Agaricus comtulus

No. I75

Agaricus semotu6

No. 191

a var.

.... ......32 .......26

cells

pm

28' ln forests

......29

pileus smooth to appress€d fibrillose-scaly . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 29'Stipe base not bulbous, at most clavate, pileus covered with whitish, woolly, erect fibrillose squamules, spores 5.5-7.8 x 4.5-5.3 pm 30 Marginal cells clavate, ventricose, with a papillitorm apex, spores 6.3-8 x 4.S-5,3 pm

Agaricus niveolutescens Agaricus arvensis

. . ..No, 185 .. No, 168

29 Stipe base bulbous,

pyriform

.. .. .. ..

30* l,Iarginalcells ovalto 3'1 Spores 5.2-6.7 x 3.8-4.5 pm

3'1'Spores6.5-8x4.5-5.2

32 33

....

..........33

colors

No. 180 No. 182

Agaricus silvicola Agaricua essettei

No. 194 No. 177

.31

Pileus straw- to gold-yellow, purple- to lilac-brown in the cente( 30-50 mm across, in coniferous forests

32'Pileuswith brown

Agaricus leucotriqhus Aga cus macrocarpua

Pileus 5H0(100) mm across, copper-brown when young, later paler with a brown disc,

spores 5.3-6.2 x 3.5-4.3 !m, in warm locations 33' Pileus 10G-250 mm across, with concentric, brown, appressed fibrillose scales throughout lile, disc dark brown and smooth, spores 7.8-9.3 x 5.2-6.3 pm, in forests and parks

Agaricus

luteomaculatus ...

No. 181

Agaricug porphyrizgn

No. 187

Agaricua augustus

No. 169

Group key 3.5 (Agrocybe, Bolbitius, & Melanophyllum) Lamellae dark purple-red, spp. olive-green when fresh, pileus farinose to granulose, gray-brown to dark brown

brown

sifiilat lg Democybe sanguinea,

. . . . . . . .2

1'*

Lamellae whitish to

2

Lamellae finely adnexed to almost Iree, pileus lubricous to slimy, hygrophanous, piled flesh thin and membranous, pleurocystidia absent , . . , ........,..3

Melanophyllum haematospemum No. 258

.

2- Lamellae narrowly to broadly adnate, pileus never slimy, at most somewhat lubricous or Obutyraceous, hygrophanous, pilealtlesh thin but not membranous, pleurocystidia general-

present

.4

ly ..... Pileus yolk- io lemon-yellow when moist and young, stipe white-powdered on a whitish light yellowish background, spores 10.7-12.7 x 7-8.5 pm

to

Pileus olive-green when moist and young, sometimes with brown venation, stipe deep sulfur-yellow, spores 11.5-15.2 x 7.$-9.2 pm 4 Stipe with a distinct annulus when ..,.,......5 4', Stipe without an annulus even when young, only rarely with a faint annular 5 On the base of trunks or on stumps oI Populus, Ulmus, Quercus, Salix, Acer, F'axinus, n warm locations, clustered

young

44

zone

Bolbilius viiellinus Bolbitius vitellinus var.

No. 372

variicolor

No. 373

I

Agrqcybe cylindracea

No. 362

habitats

5.

ln other

6*

ln wet meadows, Molinia meadows, at the edges of moors ln forests, parks, gardens,

6 7

7*

8

8"

9

9-

.

etc.

... ,.. .. .6

ln spring to early summer, spores 8.$-10.7 x 5.7-6.7 Um, on soil or remains of wood or bark ln summer to fall, rarely as eady as Basidia 2-spored, without clamps, spores 1'1-15.7 x 5.5-7.2 pm

spring

... -.......8

Basidia 4-spored, with clamps, spores'10-'14.2 x 6,5-7.5 pm On rotten wood of hardwoods, in damp places, spores 6-7.5 x 4-5 ln oth€r

habitats

pm . . .....,...,10

spores 7.H.5 x 4.5-5 . 10" ln meadows, pastures, Iorests, parks, fields, and .... 1 1 Frb. arising from a sclerotium, pleurocystidia with digitilorm branches apically '11. Frb. without a

gardens

sclerotium

No. 367

Agrocybe praecox

No. 368

.....

Agrocybe erebia

Agrocybedura .

10 ln semidry lawns (mesobrometa), in spring, stipe with a faint annular zone when young,

pm

Agrocybe paludosa

..........7 No. 36,1 No. 353

,

Agrocybe firma

No- 365

Agrocybe glbberosa

No- 366

Agrocybe arvalis

No. 361

Agrocybe vervacti

No.37'l

1 1

.. .... .. ..12

12 Without pleurocystidia, spores 7+.8

x 4.3-5.8

pm

.

No- 369

13- Spores 13.5-16.3 x 8-'10.5 spp. very dark brown

!m,

cheilocystidia fusilorm to lageniform, not constricted apically,

. -. ..

Group key 3.6 (Hypholoma, Pholiota s.

1

1'

1.,

Agrocybe splendida

No- 37O

Psllocybe sgmilanceata

No. 451

Stropharia, Psilocybe)

purple-black

Spp. violet- to purple-brown or violet- to .,.,..,,.,.2 Spp. dark gray-brown to dark ocher-brown or dark reddish-browo, without violet or purple tones Without chrysocystidia, pileus < 2G-25 mm across, stipe without a membranous annulus (only Psilocybe merdana with a fugacious annular zone) (Psilocybe) . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Generally with chrysocystidia, il not, then pileus > 25 mm Pileus conical to campanulate, usually with a distinct papilla, not expanding to convex or plane, spores 13-15.2 x 6.7-7.5 pm, in meadows, pastures, and Pileus hemispherical when young, later convex to On manure or soil mixed with ......5

(Pholiota) -.......-.31 2 2' across ,..,,.,13 3 lawns .... plane 3' .. .. ... ...4 4 manure 4' On other substrates ....,...,.,7 5 Sporos olliptical, large, 1G-20 x 9.t-1 .8 Um, pileus 8-20 mm across, red-brown and lubricous when moist 5. Spores hexagonalto rhomboid . . . . . . . - .6 6 Stipe with an annular zone at least when young, pileus red- to olive-brown and lubricous when moist, spores hexagonal, 1- 13.5 x 6.3-8.2 pm 1

'1

6.

.

Stipe always without an annular zone, only marginal zone of pileus appendiculate lrom the veil when young, pileus dark ocher-brown and lubricous when moist, spores rhomboidal, 10.5-14.2 x G-8 x 7.5-9.2 pm . . ln mossy places, at montane to alpine elevations (with Polytrichum sexangulare and P alpi-

7 num) .. ......8 7' ln meadows and pastures or in forests ,..,..9 8 A damaging parasite oI mosses, spores rhomboid to mitrilorm, 6.8-8.5 x 4'-5 x 4.H !m 8' Not damaging mosses, not parasitic, spores elliptical to rhomboid, 7-9 x 3.8-4.8 x 4.7-5.5 pm 9 ln meadows and pastures, in grass .......10 9' ln forests or at the edges of forests, on wood debris, mosses, or leaves .......12 10

Pileal cuticle not gelatinous, not rubbery and peelable, strongly hygrophanous, date- to gray-

brown when moist, cream-colored when dry 10' Pileal cuticle gelatinous, rubbery and peelable . . . . , . . 'l 1 1 1 On grass roots or remains of grasses, spores slightly rhomboid, 6.8-9 x 3.7-5 x 4.5-5.5 pm 11'On soil, in nutrient-rich places or on roadsides, spores slightly mitriform, 6.5-8 x 4-4.5 x 4.7-5.8 pm 12 Spores distinctly rhomboid to mitriform, 5.7-7.5 x3.54.5 r< 4.7-$ pm 12'Spores elliplicalto slightly rhomboid, 6.2-8 x 3.H.7 x 4.5-5.5 pm '13 Stipe without an annulus, at most with a laint annular zone, pp with a cellular subcutis

Psllocybe subcoprophila

.. ..

Psilocybe merdaria Psilocybe coprophila

No. 452

No. 447

.. .. ,.

No. 444

Psilocybe chlonophila Pallocybe montana

No. 443 No. 448

Psilocybe physaloides

No. 449

Psilocybe lnqulllna v. lnqulllna

No. 446

.

(Hypholoma)

Psilocybe bullacaa Psiloct|be rhombispora Psilocybe inquilina v. crobula

.

No. 442 .

No. 450 No. 445

.......,...14

13' Stipe with a membranous, +/- persistent annulus, pp completely hyphoid (Stropharia) 23 14 On rotten 14'Onsoil, peat, or in moss, in forests oron . . . . . . . . . . . 19

wood

15

Frbs.

moors

clustered

clustered

..........15

...........16

15' Frbs, solitary to gregarious, not . . . . . . . . . . 18 16 Flesh immediately bitter , . . . . .17 16' Flesh mild, pileus yellow to olive- or orange-brown, lamellae gray-white with a Iilactone, dark olive-brown when old, growing only on coniler wood

.

.. -. ..

Hypholoma capnoides

No. 408

45

'17 Entire frb. incl. the lamellae sulfur- to green-yellow, center of pileus orange-brown, pileus 20-60 mm across 17- Pileus brick-red, covered with concentric. sulfur-yellow velar rlocci when young, 3G-80(100) . mm across, lameilae yellow to olive-brown. stipe ocher- to

red-brown

18 Frb. with a distinctly rooting stipe, stipe whitish-mottled, taste bitter, usually

Hypholoma fasciculare

No,411

Hypholoma sublateritium

No. 416

Hypholoma radicosum

No.415

Hypholoma marglnatum

No. 412

in

spruce lorests on rotten stumps, spores 5.5-6.7 x 3.7-4.5 pm

18'Stipe not rooting, whitish-mottled, taste bitter, planar to montane, on conifer wood, spores 7.8-9.5 x 3.8-5 pm

..........20

long

19

Spores > 12 pm 19'Spores < 12 pm long

20

21

1,3-19 x 6.2-8.3 pm, on peat or in Sphagnum . 20'Spores smooth, 13.5-18.5 x &-10.5 pm, in alder or birch swamps, seeps, or on moors, in Sphagrum or on peaty soils 21 Spores 7.5-9.5 x 4.3-6.3 pm, in coniferous or mixed Iorests, in Powtichum Spores finely verrucose,

1

Hypholoma udum

...

No. 417

Hypholoma myosotis Hypholoma poMrichi

No.413

Hypholoma ericagoides

No.410

Hypholoma elongatum

No. 409

Slropharia aeruginosa

No. 453

Stropharia caerulea

No. 455

No.414

21' Spores larger

22

On heath soils and river deposits, in grass, not in moss, spores 9.3-'12 x 6-7 pm. gregarious to almost clustered 22' On moors, in wet places in lorests, in Sphagnum, solitary or gregarious, spores $-11.7 x 5.3-7.2 pm 23 Pileus distinctly colored, with blue, green, purple- or wine-brown lones 23' Pileus with pal€r colors, often whitish when young, later yellow to ocher-yellow or brown and wilh concentric, white fibrillose scales 27 24 Pileus with blue or blue-green tones 24t Pileus with purple- or wine-brown tones 26 25 Stipe with a distinct membranous annulus when young, lamellar edges white-floccose, spp. brown-violet, cheilocystidia not or only occasionally modified as chrysocystidia . - . 25. Stipe with only a rudimentary annulus when young, lamellar edges brownish-floccose, spp. purple-brown, cheilocystidia modif ied as chrysocystidia 26 Pileus 1H0 mm across, purple- to violet-brown when young, later gray-yellow with a violet tinge, spores 7-9 x 4-5 . 26t Pileus 60-'150(200) mm across, dark wine-brown when young, later ocher-brown and wineto violei-reddish-tibrillose, spores 9.5-12.5 x 7-9 pm . . 27 Pileus brown with concentric, white fibrillose scales, stipe also with whitish fibrillose scales below the annulus 27' Pileus whitish to cream-colored when young, later often yellow to ocher-yellow 28 Pileus remaining whitish, only the disc yellowish, slimy, cheilocystidia clavate, flexuous, spores 7+.5 x 4-5 pm 28- Pileus whitish when young, later yellow to ocher-yellow. or light ocher throughout life 29 Pileus light ocher when young, later yellow-ocher, annulus conspicuously striate on the upper surface, pleuro- and cheilocystidia modilied as chrysocystidia, spores 7.3-8.5 x 4-5 pm 29. Pileus whitish to gray-beige when . . . . . . . . . . . 30

........24

pm

young

30

On manure or soil mixed with manure, in meadows and pastures, spores 15.5-20 x 8.3-11.5

lnuncta ...

... ,. .. ,.

lubricous

43 40 4'l

No. 457

Stropharia rugosoannulata

No.459

Stropharia squamosa

No. 461

Stropharia albonitens

No. 454

Strophariacoronllla

..

.

!m Stropharia semiglobata

30* Not on manure, in grass, in meadows, pastures, at the edges of ,orests, spores 9-11.5 x 6-7.5 pm 3'l Pileus lubricous and hygrophanous, smooth. dingy gray-brown, spores 7.7-1'l x 4.7-6 pm, annulus generally only rudimentary, on rotting leaves 32 31* Pileus smooth, squamose, dD/ or lubricous 32 Pleurocystidia / chrysocystidia absent 38 32- Pleurocystidia / chrysocystidia present 34 33 Pileus smooth, dry hygrophanous 36 Pileus 33' squamose mm 34 ln burned areas, pileal surface dull lo finely granulose, tobacco-brown, across, spores 6.8-10.5 x ffi.s pm (iI plleus lubricous, see also No. 424 . . . . . 35 34' On rotten wood, usually on stumps, clustered . . 35 Primariry in montane spruce forests, pileus 10-30 mm across, cheilocystidia tuberculate to nodose apically 35' Primarily on hardwood, pileus 2G-50 mm across, cheilocystidia lagenifom, somelimes subcapitate and sunounded with a hyaline substance apically 36 Pileus dry not .37 36* Pileus lubricous, 3G-60 mm across, with red-brown squamules on a yellow background, spores 6.8-8.7 x 4.5-5.7 Um, on roots or buried wood 37 Pileus 2H0 mm across, sulfur-yellow when young, surlace later splitting up into orangebrown squamules, spores 7-9 x 4.5-5 Um, on dead hardwood 37'Pileus 60-100 mm across, with imbricate brownish scales on a cream-beige background, spores 6.5-10 x 4.7-6 pm, on poplar wood . . . . . . . . . . . 39 38 Pil€us squamose, dry slimy, or

lubricous

Siropharla

Stropharia melaspema Pholiota

oedlpus

... ..

No. 456 No. 460

No.458 No. 436

No. 419

Pholiota (Kuehneromyces) lignicola Pholiota (Kuehneromyces)

No. 430

mutabilis

No. 434

.

Pholiota lucifara

. ....

No. 433

Pholiota tuberculosa

No. 441

Pholiota populnea

No. 437

40

Usually clustered on the base of hardwoods, commonly on fruit trees, more rarely on coni-

3H0 mm across, concenlrically squaffose on a straw-yellow background, spores 6.5-8.5 x 3.7-4.5 40t Usually clustered on rotten wood of conifers, pileus 20-40 mm across, sullur-yellow, squarfers, pileus

41

pm ..

rose. SPoreS 3.5+.7 x 2-2.5 Urn . Usually on living hardwoods, sometimes a few meters above the ground, pileus 4G-90 mm across, with orange.brown scales on a yellow background, spores 7-10 x 4,5-6 pm

,...

41" Usually on dead wood of hardwoods, such as stumps or fallen trunks or branches .42 42 Pileus 5G-80 mm across, with red-brownish, pointed, erect squamules on a gold-yellow background, spores 6.5_8 x ,l+ Um, commonly on Alnus ot Betula 42. Pileus 25-50 mm across, with black-brown squamules on a gold-yellow background, tips conspicuously black, spores $-7 x 3-4.2 pm ,13 Pileus when young with white squamules floating in . , . , . . . . . 44 4i)* Pileus when young lacking squamules floating in . . . . . . . . . . 47 44 Usually outside lorests, on soil, buried wood, or roots, pileus 20-50 mm across, whitishbeige, with a greenish tinge, spores 6-8 x 3,5-4,5 pm

Pholiota squarrosa

No. 440

Pholiota flammans

No- 424

Pholiota cerifera

No.42'1

Pholloia llmonella

No. 431

Pholiota

slime slime

,14* Usually in

lorests

Pileus cream-colored to light ocher, strongly slimy when moist, 50-90 mm across 45t Pileus yellow to ocher- or orange-brown 46 Pileus yellow to light ocher, cheilocystidia 35-55 x 10-17 pm, spores 5,8-7.2 x 3.2-4 pm 46- Pileus orange- to dark red-brown, cheilocystidia 60_80 x 12-20 pm, spores 6.5+ x 3.2-4.5 pm 47 Pileus distinctly lubicous when 47' Pileus only viscid, not , . , . , . , . . 50 4g n burned areas, pileus 15-40 mm across, yellow to orange-brown (i, pileus dry and granu-

.

......46

moist lubricous

.....48

lose, s€e No. 419)

49

wood

.........4S

Pholiota gummosa

No. 428

No. 426

Pholiota

lenta ,

.

No. 429

Pholiota lubrlca Pholiota decussata

No.4i]2 No.423

Phollota hlghlandensis

No. 427

Pholiota nematolomoides

No. il3s

Pholiota spumosa

No. iti}g

Pholiota scamba

No. 438

Pholiota graminis

No. 425

Pholiota conissans

No. 422

Phollota astragalina

No. 420

Pileus 15-25 mm across, light orange-y€llow, spores 4.5-6 x 3-4

!m, chrysocystidia on the lamellar edges and Iaces similarly shaped (if pileus orange- to satfron-yellow and flesh blackening when cut. see No. 420) 49'Pilous 2$-50 mm across, lemon- to gold-yellow, spores 5.7-7.8 x 3-4-3 pm, without chrysocystidia 50 Pileus with pale colors, whitish, cream-beige, to light , . . . . . . . 51 50" Pileus distinctly colored, with yellow or orange-red . 51 ln rotten, often mossy coniler wood, such as stumps or trunks or branches on the ground, pileus 15-25 mm across, covered with the veil when young, whitish to light brown, spores 7-9.2 x 4.5{.8 pm 51* ln wet meadows, among grasses, Carex, or Juncug pilous 20-50 mm across, cream-beige with a brownish center, spores 6-7.5 x 3.3-4.3 .. 52 Pileus red-brown in the center, orange-brown to light yellow toward the margin, 15-30 mm across, pleurocystidia modified as chrysocystidia, cylindrical to ventricose or flexuous, Irbs. clustered on soil, in moist places underA/rus or Sa/,ix, or in stands of Phmgmites 52* Pileus deep orange-red, saffron-yellow toward th€ margin, 2G-70 mm across, pleurocystidia modified as chrysocystidia, lagenilorm to clavate, sometimes with an apical papilla . . .

ocher tones

.. .. .. ..52

pm

,..,,

L-

.

.........45

45

48'On rotten conifer

iahnii .

Floristic part

456 species, number€d 1.465, ar€ included in the floristic

part wlth descriptions, drawings of microscopic tea-

The symbol "Q" designates ths lsngth/width ratio from the statistically obtained spore measurements.

tures, and color photographs: The abbreviation "Vm" represents the mean spore volume in pm3 (see Vol. 3, .Methods").

102 species o, the fam. Entolomataceae

32 31 98 97 44 61

species species species species species species

of the fam. of the fam. ol the fam. oJ the fam. oJ the ,am. ol the tam.

Pluteaceae

Amanitaceae

The color of the spores under the microscope is of spores in 3% KOH.

Agaricaceae

Coprinaceae Bolbitiacsae

A color strip, located to the right of the color photograph, represents ths color o{ the spore print (see "Methods of study", p. 13).

Strophariaceae

llote

All scale lines are l0 mm long.

would like to call attention to the following points on the use of this book:

$Je

D€ylight (5000 Kelvin) gives the best possible reproduction of color in lhe photographs and the color strips for the spore pdnts. Artificial sources oJ light falsify the colors.

Brery description is based on the collection examined, with dfferences from the literature set off in parentheses. Under tp heading "Habitat", the ecology of the species is given as compiled from our own experience and from information in lhe literature.

The spores are always represented at

a

magnification of

To describe the closeness of the lamellae to each other, we use the symbols "L, and (b,. (L' is the total number of complete lamellae (those which extend from the pileal margin to the stipe). "1, is the number of shorter (incomplete) lamellae between two of ths complete ones.

The edibility of a species is given by a symbol (see "Abbre-

viations and symbols"). lnsignificant, small mushrooms,

which are of only botanical interest, are marked with the symbol "not edible.. All figures of micromorphological elements were drawn Irom dried material.

l@0x. The spore measurements are the product of a statistical eva-

lration of 20 spores (see Vol. 3, "Methods"). The measure-

trsts

always exclude ornamentation.

The heading "lmbach" refers to the "Pilzflora des Kantons Luzern und der angrenzenden lnnerschweiz, by E. J. lMBACH (1946). lfthe species is included in this work, we cits it exactly as spelled thera.

Fam. Entolomataceae

Clitopilus hobsonii

Kotl. & Pouz.

(Berk. & Br) P D. Ort. = Clitopilus pleurcte oides (Kiihn) Joss.

Habitat Solitary to gregarious on the remains of dead wood or plant material such as branches, bark, grasses, herbs, etc. Spring-fall. Rare (probably only overlooked). Distribution: E, A, NAI.

Macroscopic features Pileus 2- 15 (20)mm across, somewhat circular to lingulate or sq' micircular, surlace finely appressed- tomentose, white, margin inrolled lor a long time. Flesh membranous, white, odorl€ss, taste mild. Lamellae white when young, ocher- pink when old, broad, L = 5- 10, I = 1- 5, rinely adnexed to the stipe orthe attachment point to the substrate, edges finely Iringed. Stipo absent or up to 1 mm long, white, powdered.

Mlcroscopic featurea

A:

B: c:

Spores elliptical, smooth, hyaline, longitudinally striate, distinctly

6- 10-

angled in end vi€w' 6.6- 8.5 x 4.3- 5.3 pm ;Q: 1.4- 1.8;Vm:91;spp. dingy pink. Basidia cylindric- clavate, 16- 20 x 5.5- 7 pm , with 4 sierigmata, without basal clamp. Cvstidia not seen.

+/- periclinal to in€gular hypha€ 2- 4 Um across, occasional hyphal ends exserted, septa wilhout clamps.

D: P6 composed of

Remarka

hobsorii is one ofthe smallspecies of the genus and is characlerized by absenc€ of a stipe orthe presence of a very sho(, lateralstipe. CrIop,ius alaamsi Noordel., with larger spores (8- 11.5 x 5- 6.5 Um ), and c. scyphodes f. reductus Noord€|., wlh smaller spores (&- 7 x 3.5- 4.2 Um ). ploCiitop,Tus

duce simllar fruilinq bodies. Clitopilus scyphoides L omphaiiformis lNo. 4). whrchis also small,has a distinct, +/- cenlralstpe and spores 5.8- 6.2 x 3.34.9 um

.

Coll€ction examan€d and illustrated

Hohenrain LU, elev. 580, quad. 2266, on peeling dead batk ol vitis vinilera, Feb. 13, 1992, coll. KM, 1302- 92 BR.

Other collectlona: none.

lmbach: not included.

2

Clitopilus prunulus

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouz.

(Scop,: Fr.) Kumm, Microscopic fseturgs

the miller

A:

Habltat

B: Basidia clavale, 32- 47 x

Solitary to gregarious in hardwood and coniferous Iorests, Iorest clearings, on pathsides, in pastures, on neutral to slightly basic, moist, moderately nutrient- rich soils, colline to subalpin€. Summer-fall. Common. Distribution: E, NA, As, NAf.

Macroscopic features Pileus 3G- 80 (100) mm across, convex when young, later plane to expanded, with an obtuse umbo, at times somewhat depressed in lhe center, surlace when dry chalky- dull to dull silky, finely velutinous- tomentose, white to cream- white, sometimes with yellowish or pink tones, when moist somewhat lubricous, margin incurved for a long time, often irregularly undulating and sinuate in age. Flgsh white, thick in the center and thin toward the margin, odor farinaceous, taste mild, strongly farinaceous. Lamellae pale beige when young, soon beige- pink to flesh- colored, nanow, L = 50- 60 (70), I = 3- 7, decurrent, edges smooth, somewhat undulating. Stipe 2G- 40 (60) x 5- 10 (15) mm, oft€n eccentric, +/- cylindrical, enlarged ioward the apex, base tapering or at times somewhat enlarged, stipe solid, surface white to whitish, dull, tinely tomentose.

Spores ,usiform- elliptic. smooth, with 6- 7(8) longrtudinal nbs, hyaline, 8.7- 10.6 (12) x 5.3- 6.5 um ; O: 1.5- 1.8: Vm: 177: l- : spp. brown- pink. 1 1 - 1 4 pm , wilh 4 sterigmata, withoul basal

clamp.

C: Cvslidia

not seen.

D: Pi, an ixocutis compossd of irregular hyphae 3- 6 pm across, all slghtly gelatinized, septa without clamps. Tramalhyphae not metachromatic (stipe trama examined).

Remalks

The miller can hardly be confused wilh olher white mushrooms in nature. il one pays attention io the following characters: lamellae strongly decurrenl and ioi snow- white. but beige to dingy pink, spore deposit pink. and odor and taste distinctlv larinaceous. ln addilion, it has typical C/ilopilus spor€s. ll is conceivable that the miller could be confused with white poisonous clitocybes, such as: Crr'tocybe dealbata (Vol. 3, No. 156), c. candicars (Vol. 3. No. 153), C. a/retorum fvol.3, No. 149), c. ptylrophira (Vol.3, No. 176). or wilh Lyophyllum connatum (Vol. 3, No. 256). Olher species of Critopilus are barelyovei 30 mm in diameter or have eccentric, lateral. or rudimentary sti_ pes, ar no stip€ at all. Larger flbs. of C/itop,/us scyphoi

!

ffi

Entoloma aethiops D

,@H-1;,o

@ ,4 ^a

4ou,

\,/..1>

/),J\ n^ D y[4"(?po? -q'

ffi

!il;

;

7

Entoloma alpicola (Favre)Noordel. = Bhodophy us clypeatus v. alpicola Favre

I Microacopic feelures

Habitat Solitary to gregarious in alpine dwarf-shrub heaths or on poor pasture soils, primarily near Salix herbacea. Auoids calcareous soils. Summer Rare. Distribution: E.

Macroscopic features Pileus 3G-45 mm across, conic-{ampanulate when young, later convex to plane with an obtuse umbo, with an uplifted margin when old, surface when moist smooth, silky, slightly hygrophanous, dark gray-brown or sometimes almost black-brown, when dry paler and in part cracked revealing th€ pale Ilesh, margin inrolled for a long time, smooth. Flssh whitish, gray-brown under the cuticle, thin, odor absent or slightly farinaceous, taste mild, slightly farinaceous. Lamellae white when young, later pink-brownish, broad, L = 42-50, l='l (3), notched and relatively broadly adnate, edges smooth to slightly undulating. Stipe 2G50 (70)x 5-10 (15) mm, cylindrical, at times somewhat tapered toward the base and apex, solid to pithy-hollow, rigid, surlace white and with fine, white, longitudinal fibrils.

8

Entoloma ameades

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouz.

O:1.G-1.21 1.G-1.2; spp. sp indistrnclly 5-6-angled.8-11 x 7-9.6 pm: Q: Dink-brown acc. lit. (no spore print). with 4 sterigmata and basalclamp. x 12-13 B: Basidia clavate,35-50 B: um,

A: Spores

Cl No cvstdia seen. D: Pp citmposed of periclinal hyphae 2-'10 um across, hyphae of the upper-

most layer gelatinized. wilh intracellular pqmentalion, most sepli wilh clamps, length of the kamalcells < 100 Um.

Remarks

F

Ouel.. ths species is the largest EntoNexl lo Entoloma prunuloides (Fr.: /oma rn aloine reoions.lt belonqs tothe "c/ypeatus" groupand was descnbed (1955tas clypeatus. Entoloma prunuloi FAVRE vatiely ol Rhooophylus by a des prefeE momane to subalpine paslures. has a non-hygrophanous. paler, gray-berge prleus, and has smaller spores (6.5-9 x 6.5-8 pm).

Collection examined and illustrated

Bedreto Tl (ValCorno), elev.2200 m, quad. 1467, in a dwarf-shrub heath ne_ at Salix herbacea, Aug.28, 1988, coll. Macchi, LUG 5081. Other collectlons: quad. 1467, 1566.

lmbach: not included.

+

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl & Pouz

(Bert. & Br.)Sacc.

Habitat

Micloscopic features

Solitaryto gregarious in and outsidelorests, at the edges of lorests and on pathsides, in poor meadows, among leaf litter, grasses, etc., on calcareous soils. Summerjall. Rare. Distribution: E.

A:

Spores

B:

Basidia cylindric-clavate, basal clamp.

Macroscopic features Pileus 2G-45 mm across, conic-campanulate when young, later

C: D: P6 composed

broadly conical, center always umbonate, surface hygrophanous, gray-brown and +/- striate when moist, gray-beige and finely radially fibrillose and silvery-shiny when dry darker toward the center, margin acute, incurved lor a long time. Flesh white, thin, odor sweetish like amyl acetate, reminiscent of Hebeloma sacchaiolens Quel., taste mild, unpleasant, soaplike. Lamqllae gray-beigewhen young, later pink-brown, broad, L = 26-30, I = 1-7, ascending adnate, edges crenate. Stipe 50-70 x 5-7 mm, cylindrical, somewhat thickened toward the base, hollow, Iragile, surface whitish floccose-longitudinally fibrillose on a grafbeige background, especially toward the apex, white-tomentose toward the base.

*angled,

8.6-10.8 x 6.6-8.5 pm; O:1.2-1.4;spp. orange- to

4H5

x 10-12 !m. with (2)4 sterigmata. with

ol periclinal hyphae 4-10 pm across, occasonal hyphal ends exaened, with weak enciustinq pigmentation, occasional septa with clamps.

Remarks The aromatic, perfumelike odor of this species is striking. Other species, such as Hebeloma sacchaiolens Aud. and Entoloma sacchano/ers (Ro_ maqn.) Noordel,, have a similar odor. The latt€r specres has similal macroscoplc and microscopic features, bul it has cheilocysndia. Entoloma pleopo' dxrm (No. 61) has a similar aromatic odor, bul ts trbs. are greenrsh.

Collection examined and illustratcd GiswiloW (Grundwald), elev.600 m, quad. 1865, leaves.

Sepl.2l, 1992, coll. JB. 2109-92 BR

on a pathside among beech

1.

Other colleclions: none.

lmbach: not included.

I

Entoloma aprile

+

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl

(BriE.) Sacc-

Hebitat Usually gregarious, more rarely solitary in or outside hardwood or mixed hardwood forests, at forest edges or near hedges, in the viclnily ol Ulmus ot Carpirus. Spring. Not common. Distribution: E, As.

Macroscopiq features Pileus 20-60 (80) mm across, conical to campanulate when young, laler campanulate to expanded, usually with a distinct umbo,

surface smooth, hygrophanous, dark brown to dark gray-brown and shiny when moist, somewhat butyraceous, striate from the margin to almost hafway to the cente( pale brown to beige-brown or gray-beige when dry non-striat€, silky, margin incurved tor a

long time, acute. Flesh white, firm, thin, odor and taste Iarinaceous-rancid, mild. Lamellae white when young, later gray-pink to brown-red, broad, L= 37-50, I = 1-3 (5), notched, ed-

ges slightly undulating. Stipe 5H0 (100)x 5-'15 (20) mm, cylindrical, solid when young, soon hollow and fragile, surrace white when young, later increasingly brownish-fibrillose, especially toward the base, apex white-powdered. Stipe flesh turning slowly blue-green in guaiac.

A: B:

Spored s-7-anqled,8.1-11.4 x 7.2-10.4 Um: O: 1.0-1.2: spp. brown+ink Basidia clavate, 4HS x 10-13 Um, with 4 sterigmata and some with ba_

salclamp,

c: Cvstidia not D:

se€n.

P;compos€d of perichnalhypha€ 2-8

um across. undulating and strongly

qelatinized in the uppermost layer, wft intracellular pEmentaton. septa apalse and only rarely wilh clamps, lenglh ol lhe tramal cells < 100 um

Ramalks

This ls one of the entolomas which grow only rn spring. lts characlers are the hygrophanous. usually strialg and umbonate pileus, lhe rel. slender habilus. tie posrtive quaiac reaction, and occurrence plincipally near Uimus or Carp,nus. Howeve( it may be confused with E c/ypeatum (No. 22). which grows mostly under membars ol the rose lamily. such as Prunus. Malus, Pyrus, ot C/ata;4./s, is siqnificanlly more robust, and has an almost nogatMe guaiac reactrcn. Other brown spnng entolomas are E h,l4rioes (No. 39), wth a co_ nlc-campanulate pileus and a long stipe rel. to the diameter of the pileus. as well as a strongly rancid-farinaceous odor and taste, and E vemum (No. 93), with a similar habilus as E ap,re, but lacking a farinaceous odor and occur_ ring in coniferous for€sts.

Colleclion examined and illustrated

BeinwilAG, elev. 600 m, quad. 2366, at a forest edge near Carp,hus, May 3, 1981, coll. BA, 0305-81 BA 1.

Othcr collectlom: quad . 2267 , 2367

lmbach: not included. 54

& Pouz'

MicroscoDic features

-

20 pm

-

:o orna

u pm

ameides

E

B

7_

a:

--

D

_-.l\:--i-._

-i

-:

>_ _.::,t-!

!

--:_

-_ "if-

40.^

,-,.-.

B

.\

--tA 20

pnr

i0 pm JB

-olorna apri e

40 pm r..

.4

'..-..'f'

/

pn-l

:

LI

i;--;'

,1 ..,.

if 20

ll

,,--..]) 1,.

l

T0 pm

F

-',,

I \_-,'

-.,

10

Entoloma araneosum (Qu6l.)Mos.

+

= Entoloma fulvostig:osum (Berk. & Br) Mos.

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl

& Pouz.

Microacopic leatures

Habitat Solitary to gregarious at the edges of forests and forest roads, on moist, nutrient-rich, basic soils, among herbs, Summer-Iall. Not common. Distributi-

A: Spores H-angled, 9.5-12 x7.3-a.4 Um; Q: 1.2-1.5; spp. reddish-ocher B: Basidia clavate, 40-55 x '12-15 Um, with 4 sterigmata, without basal

on: E.

C:

Macrosooplo l€aturas Pileus 15-30 (35) mm across, conical when young, then soon conic-{ampanulate to broadly conicalor convex, center always with an obtuse umbo, somewhai depressed around the umbo, surface from the young stages onward with appress€d mous4ray to beig4ray radial fibrils, +/- splitting between the fibrils to r6v€al lhe gray subcutis, centor appressed-tomentoso and rather faintly gray-brownish. when old somewhat more coarsely fibrillose and slightly librillose-split toward the margin, covered with fine fibrils from theveilwhen young. Flesh dark Oray-brown, palerwhen dry, thln, odor weakly farinaceous, taste mild, farinaceous. lamellae cream to gray-beige when young, later grayish, with gray-pink tones only when old, broad, L = 22-30, I = 3-6 (7), ascending and notched, sometimes with a subdecunent tooth, 6dges finely floccose, concolorous, sometimes also slightly grayish. Stipe 30-50 O0) x 2-5 mm, cylindrical, generally bent and slightly enlary€d at the base, hollow. fragile, surface pale gray, with a poorly defined strjgose-tomentose annular zone of lhe same color at the apex, wilh silver-gray longitudinal fibnls below to the base, base gray-whlte fibrillose. rarely with reddish mycelium (also named var. /u/yostngosum Berk. & Br).

O:

clamp.

fusifom wlth a narrowed apex, rarely with two apices, 7O-110 x 10-27 !m; (C2) pleurocystidia similar but somewhat shorter. Pp composed of periclinal hyphae 3-11 um across, occasional hyphal ends exserted, slightly lhick--walled, up to 25 pm across. wilh intrapellular and encrusted pigmenlation, septe wilhout clamps, l€ngth of the tramal cells > 100 Um. (C1) Cheilocystidia

Romarks This small, gray-tomentose entoloma resembles in some respects a small Tticholotua tertum Nol,3, No. 438) or an /nocybe. Entoloma araneosum is somewhat variabl6 in size and shape, as wellas apparently also in thesize of the spores (NOORDELOOS [1979]: [9.5]10.2-141151 x 7-8[s] um; KUHNER & ROMAGNESI [1953]: 12-13 X 7.5-€.5 pm), and esp€cially in the color of the mycelium at ihe base of the stip€. Collections with reddish basal mycellum ara so/hetimes described as a distinct species, E fu/voslr0osu/r. However, NOORDELOOS (op. cit.) places it as a variety ol the species described here. Entoloma ve6atile lNo.94). with an olive-green pileus, belongs lo this species group. See No. 94 for lurther remarks.

Collection examined and illustrated

Lucerne (Bireggwald), elev. 450 m, quad. 2066, at the edge of a forest road, in e waste place, on moist soil, among hebs, Oct. 7, 1991, coll. Rl, 0710-91 BR 2.

Other coll€ctions: none.

11

Entoloma asprellum (Fr.) Fayod

I

Habitat Usually gregarious, more rarely solitary in poor meadows, alpine pastures, dwarf-shrub communities, among grasses, sedges, and herbs. Primarily at montan€ to subalpine elevations. Summer-late summer. Rare. Distribution: E, NA.

Macroscopic features Pll€us 10-20 mm across, hemisph€rical when young, lat6r campanulate-convex to planoconvex with a slightly indented center, more rarely with a small papilla, surface dull, finely radially fibrillose, squamulose to granulose toward the center, slightly hygrophanous, striate up to 1/3 the distance to the center when moist, dark

chestnut-brown, light gray-brown when dry, almost black in the center, margin acute and projecting somewhat beyond the lamellae. Flesh gray-brown, thin, odor slightly spicy, pleasant, taste mild, chanterelle-like. Lamellae white when young, later dingy pink, broad, L = 18-24, l= 3-9, ascending and +/- broadly adnate, edges smooth. Stipe 3ffi5 x 2-3 mm, cylindrical, solid when young, hollow when old, elastic, surface smooth, dull, gray-blue when young and fresh, later brown with a win6-r€d tinge, base white-tomentose.

12

Entoloma bloxamii (Berk. & Br.) Sacc. = Entoloma madidum (Ffl Fr.) Gill.

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouz.

Mlcroscopic teat!rcs

A: Spores s-8-angled, 7.9-13.7 x 5.9-8.7 pm;Q: 1.1-1.9;spp. brow*+ink. B: Basidia clavate,2S-45 x 9.5-14 um, with 4 stedgmata, without basal clamp.

C: Cystidia not se€n.

D:

Pp in lhe center of the pileus a trichoderm composed ol ascending. clavate hyphal ends 35-120 x l1-30 Um. with bown rntracellular prgmentation. septa w(hout clamps,

Remarka ldenlilication ol this sp€cies is not €asy and causes problems when very young lrbs. are not available, since only they show the distinctly gray-blue color of the stipe. The stipe becomes lncreasingly brown with age. As in many entolomas, the microscopic features are then decisive, €specially the structure ofthe pileipellis and the kind of pigmentation of its hyphae. Ne€dl€ss to say, the abundance of clamps, the presence of cystidia, and the shape and size ofthe spores also play a role.

Collection examin€d and illustrated St. Antdnien GR, quad,2078, elev 1650 m, in

a mountain meadow near A/chem,i//a on chalk, Aug. 18, 1994. coll. FK, 1808-94 K 2.

Other collectiona: none.

lmbach: not included-

I

Habitat Solitary to gregarious in unfertilized meadows, dry lawns, alpine meadows, on basic, preterably unfedilized chalky soils. Summer-fall. Bare. Distribution: E, NA, As.

Macroscopic features Pileus 40-80 mm across, conic when young, later conic-campanulate to €xpanded and then with a distinctly umbonate center, surface dull, dry radially wrinkl€d, dark violet-blue to gray-blue,

gray-brown when old, margin acute and incurved for a long time, projecting somewhat beyond the lamellae. Flesh white, blue under the cuticle, thick in the center olihe pileus, thin toward the margin, odor farinaceous-rancid, taste mild, farinaceous to raphanoid. Lamellao whitish when young, later cream-pink to light pink-brown, broad, L = 80-100, I = 3-5, ascending and nanowly adnate, edges smooth, concolorous, Stipe 40-60 x 10-25 mm, +/- cylindrical, solid when young, hollow when old, rigid, surface dark blue and with whitish longitudinal librils in places, base often white-tomentose.

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouz.

Micrcscoplc I6aturBs Spores with rounded angl6s, 6.2-9.1 x

ffi

A: B:

Basidia cylindricalto v€ntricose, ta and basal clamp,

3H0

H

pm; Q: 1.0-1.2; spp.

x 8.5-11 Um, with (2)4 sterigma-

C: Cystidia not seen. D: Pp an ixocutis composed of periclinal

hyphae 2+ Um across. subcutis composed of short-c6ll6d olements 20+5 x 12-20 pm, all blue-pigmented, som6 septa with clamps.

Remarks This species is somewhat similat lo Entolona nitidum (No. 56). The latter is somewhat more slender and has completely drfferent ecologlcal requirements, occurrinq only on acd soils in coniferous lorests. ln additrcn. it has lewer lamellae (L = 25-35, | = 1-5). There ar€ oth6r blue entolomas, which differ mostly ln havmg a -/- less radially tomentose-fibrillose or squamose pileal surfac€; moreover. they are usually smaller,

Collection examined and illusbatod

Himmelried SO (Lalschgenweid). elev. 530 m. quad. 2561, in an unfertilized paslure on chalk, Oct.20, 1988, coll. Wilhelm, 2010-88 K 10. Other collectiorc: quad. 2578.

lmbach: not included.

56

- lmbach: not included.

Entoloma araneos!m

10

E

a

,10

3l

!

J'

/f./'/].'-'...\]

C'

.'},,

",t'

'r

C2

.i'

liit

"

20 !m

10 pnr Jts

Ento on]a aspre lurn

F

11

I

!

,10 prn

10 !m Ento oma b oxam

E E NL

,Jr;i .iI Ii

12

w

:l]

40

Un-l

rl I

ii

i'r

li'i l l' 20

Um

/'

hilr

ir

,-

A--

B

r

'.

\'--.1

\---i

i

l ./.

',

\ .\.

I

1-d

,

'

/'

l

ffi

'il\ I

al 10 pm

w, \,

13

Entoloma byssisedum (Pers.: Fr) Donk = C/audopus byss,bedus (Pers.: Fr.) Gil.

!

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouz.

Microscooic features

A: Sporei wilh 5-7

Habitat Usually gregarious, more rarely solitary in and outside forests, in shady, moist places, on mossy rocks or stumps, on rotten wood or rotting plant remains. Summer-fall. Bare. Distribution: E, NA, NAf.

Macroscopic features Pileus '10-30 mm across, semicircular to reniform and laterally attached to the substrate, with or without a stipe, more rarely circular and then with a +/- central stipe, surface radially Iibrillose,

+/- arachnoid to finely tomentose toward the point of attachment to the substrate, dingy whitish to gray-beige, gray-brownish when old, som€times concentrically zoned, margin incurved to inrolled for a long time, proiecting somewhat beyond the lamellae, acute, smooth. Flesh whitish, thin, odor and taste farinaceous, mild. Lamellae white when very young, soon pink, pink-brown when old, broad, L = 15-25, I = 3-5, broadly adnate, edges smooth to slightly crenate. Stipe mostly rudimentary 2-6 (10)x 1-2 mm, cylindrical to conical, somewhat tapered toward the base, surface dingy whitish and whitish-pruinose, base sometimes with white anchor hyphae.

rounded anqles, 8.8-10.9 x 6-7.6 Um (NOORDELOOS 1992:9.5-12.5 x 6.5-€ Um);O 1.2-1.7;spp. pink-brown. B: Basidia clavate, 16-.30 x 8-11 um, with 4 sterigmata and basalclamp. C: Cvstidia not seen. D: Pp composed of perichnal hyphae 2-6 pm acoss. hyphae ol the upper most layer undulating. in lhe center ofthe pileus occasional hyphalends ascending and up to 12 pm across, barely pigm€nted. sepla yrthout clamps.

Remark6

This sp€cies could be conlused in nature with species ol Crepidotus, which also have oink-brown lamellae and occur on similar substratos. bul have subqlobose to elliptical, non-angular spores. Although thls collection would correspond better with Entoloma depluens (Batsch: Fr.) Hes. ln spore_size INOORDELOOS 1992: 8.5-11 x 7-7.5 um), we assigned it to E byssisedum, since we observed onlv l€rtile lamellar edoes without cheilocystdla. Anolher species which is similrr but smaller and ihite is E parasilrcurn (Ou6l.) KreisAl; il'occurs on old funoal fruiting bodies, especially ol Cantharellus and C6. tercllus. Entoloma unclatum (No.90)also can produce small. excenlrically sii' ped frbs., but it is daft gray-bown and usually has a central stipe,

Collectlon oxamined and illust'aied Schoried OW elev. 650 m, quad. 1966, on a damp, mossy rock, Sept.

14,

1976, coll. JB, 1409-76 BB 3.

Olher colleclions: none, lmbach: not included.

14

Entoloma caesiocinctum

+

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouz.

(Kilhn.) Noordel. = Entoloma purpureomarginatum Atnolds Mictoscopic leatJres

Habitat Solitary to gregarious in forests, on moist, humusJich or peaty soils, among mosses, leal litter, or herbs. Summerjall. Rare. Distribution: E.

Macroscopic teatures Pilgus 15-40 mm across, convex when young, later expanded and plane, with a depressed to umbilicate center lrom throughout life, surface radially librillose and with distant black-brown squamules on a dark brown background, more densely scaled in the center, fading to ocher-brown when old, margin dark blue and translucent-striate throughout life, crenate, incurved for a long time when young. Flesh gray-beige to cream-colored, thin, odorless, taste slightly bitterish, somewhat unpleasant, Lamellae whitish when young, then increasingly pink to gray-pink, broad, L = 18-30, I = 3-5 (7), broadly adnate and sometimes subdecurrent, edges blue-black ciliate throughout life. Stips 35-60 x 2-4 mm, cylindrical, sometimes slightly thickened toward the base, pithy to hollow, fragile, surface smooth, silky, gray-blue with an olive tone when young, gray-brown when old, apex bluish-powdered when young, base white-tomentose.

A: Spores 5-6(+angled, 8.9-'11.6 x 6-7.9 pm; O: 1.3-1.7; spp. pink-brown. B: Basidia slenderly alavate, 40-45 x 1G12 um, with 4 sterigmata, without a basal clamp.

C: Cheilocystidia cylindrrcalto fusiform. clustered. dark blue, s(HO x 6-12 pleurocystidia not seen,

um; D: pp compos6d of periclinal hyphae 6-18 pm acoss. hyphalends exsert€d

in blrndles. wilh slightly clavale to tusiform end cells up lo 40 pm across,

with inlracellular piqmentalion, sepla wilhout clamps,

This species is characlerized i. a. by the brown pileus usuallywilh a blue marain, tlie blue stroe, and the blue-black-{iliate lamellar edges. Other entolo' as with blue-6lack cihate lamellar edgss are Enloloma serrulatum (No. 82) with dark blue to pulple-blue colors on lhe pileus and slipe throughout life, and E. carneognsaum {No. 15)with a gray-brown to light brown or whilish pi' leus and wilh blue tones on lhe stipe only when young. There is a whols s€ries of olher enlolomas with bluecolorson the pileus and/or stipe. whrch, howsver, do not have blue-cilate lamellaredges.

Collectlon €xamlned and illuEtrated

Alpnach-Dorl Ow (Wichelsee). elev. 500 m, quad. 1966. in a floodplain forest, on mossy-moist soil. Sept. 9. 1992. coll. Rl. 0909-92 zw 1. Other collectiorc: quad. 2167.

lmbach: not included.

15

Entoloma

carneogriseum I

(Berk. & Br.) Noordel. = Agaricus serrulatus

val expallens

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouz.

Fr.

Habitat Solitaryto gregarious in poor lawns, on grassy pathsides. Summer. Rare. Distribution: E, NA.

Mlcioicoplc ,6atures

A:

B:

Macroscopic features

C:

Pileus 10-20 mm across, convex when young, later plane, all stages ind€nted to umbilicate in the center, surface finely radially fibrillose, squamulose in the cente( hygrophanous, translucentstriate almost to the center when moist, dark lilac- to pink-brown, with blue tones toward the margin, especially when young, brown-beige with a lilac tint when dry, margin incurved fora long time, smooth to slightly crenate. Flesh whitish, bluish under the cuticle, thin, odor and taste not distinctive. Lamellae white when young, sometimes with a bluetint, later gray-pink, broad, L ='15-22, I = 5, broadly adnate to subdecurrent, edges undulating and darkblue-floccose. Stipe 25-50 x 1-2.5 mm, cylindrical, hollow, fragile, surface smooth, silky, blue to gray-blue when young, ,ading to light brown to yellow-brown when old, apex whitish-powdered.

D:

Sporea 5-7-an9led. 8.5-1 1 .9 x 6.2-€ um: O:1.2-1.7: spp. brownish-pink acc. lit. (no spore print). Basidia cylinijricaito clavate, 27-32 x 9-10 Um, with 4 sterigmata, with_ out basal clamp. Cheilocyslidia cylindrlcalto clavate, with blue conl€nts when fresh.40-70 x 9-20 umi Dleurocystidia not seen. Pp composed of pedclinal hyphae 5-10 !m across, some ascending, eap. in lhe cenler of the pilelis. with exserted hyphal ends up to 35 Um across, wth intracellular pigmentation, sepla withoul clamps,

Rsmarka The only oth€r enlolomas with blue to blue-black lamellar edges ar€ Entoio_ ma se/irlatum {No. 821 wth an enlirely dark blue to blu$-black frb. and blue lamellae when vouno. E caesioc,nctum (No. 14) with a collybioid stature and brown pileus, aild E quelquedula lRomaqn.) Noordel. wtth olive tones on the pileus end slipe. Acc. lit. E cala/sunicum (No. 16)can also have dark blue lainellar edges. but they were not color€d in eitherol our two colleclions.

Collection examined and illGtrated

Cerentino Tl (Spa), elev. 1200 m, quad, 1286, in a poor lawn, Aug. 26, 1983, coll. Macchione, LIJG 3416.

Other collections: none,

lmbach: not included.

58

t

E

13

o

J0 ,;

!

!r

".1

r,L

nr

'rl 1l

i_ '1, l,

,,r

iil

20

..1

l0

pn-l

Lrm

14

l

20

pm

,10

!r

10

nr

Lrm

orna carneogr seum

=fto

E

F

.,> 40 pm

\ .,,' ,r-','t "l/'l l' 't' -.c

ll

.)

i

]

!,

i rl

ii

l

,- i...

I

I', ,.!,.

--l 20

Lrm

20 pnr

i

10

Lrm

,/

15

16

Entoloma catalaunicum (Sing.) Noordel.

+

Habitat Solitary to gregarious in poor meadows or alpine pastures, also at the edges of lorests or brush with A/rus and Plcea montane to alpine. Summer-fall. Rare. Distribution: E.

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouz.

Microscopic Iealures

A:

Spores 6-9-angled, 8.6-10.5 x 6.6-8.1 pm; O: 1.2-1.5; spp. pink-brown.

B: Basidia clavate,25-35 x 8-10 um, with4 sterigmata, without basalclampC: Cheilocystidia fusifom to lagenfform or cylindrical, 40-60 x 9-15 pm; pleuroc\,slidia nol seen,

D: Pp coniposed of inegular hyphae 4-10 um across. occasonal hyphal

Macroscopic teatures Pileus 10-30 (40) mm across, hemispherical when young, later conic-convex with a slightly indented center, surface radially librillose to radially squamulose, pink- to red-brown with a darker center, marginal zone with a lilac- to dark blue tint, margin incurved for a long time and projecting somewhat beyond the lamellae. Flesh pink-brown, thin, almost odorless or somewhat unpleasant, taste mild, not distinctive. Lamellae whitish to cream-colored when young, later pink to pink-brown, broad, L = 25-36, I = 3-5, notched and narrowly adnate, edges flocculose, mostly concolorous. Stipe 30-60 x 3-5 mm, cylindrical, solid when young, hollow when old, elastic, surface with pink to lilac- or gray-blue tones when young, when old ocherish to ocher-brownish and often with faint grayblue tones still remaining only on the base, apex mostly cream-colored.

ends ascendlng and up to 25 lmacross, 6sp. in ihe centor of the pileus, with intracellular pigmentation, septa without clamps.

Remarks This species is very close to Entolotua rcse/m (No. 71), which differs in lacking blue to violet ton6s on the pileal margin and stipe or on lhe stipe base, and by having an intense pink- to coppeFbrown pileus. Oth€r sp€cies which corld be cbnfused with E catalaunicum arc e. g. E. ianlhinum lqomaqn. I Favre) Noordel. without cheilocystidia. and E queleti (No. 68)wilh pink tones only rn thecenterofthe pileus, whil€ lhe colors toward lhe margin are light ocherish to brown-ocherish.

Collection exahined and illu3trated

Schwarzenb€rg LU, Egental, elev. 1000 m, quad. 2065, at the edge of a forest (A/nus) in poor grass, Sept. 11, 1989, coll. JB, 1109-89 BR 2.

other collectiorc: quad. 2276. lmbach: not included.

17

Entoloma

cephalotrichum I

(P D. Ort.) Noordel. = Rhodophyllus molliusculus (Lasch) Romagn.

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouz.

Microacopic leaturos

Habltat Solitary or up to a few gregarious in Iorests or parks, terrestrial, on nutrient-rich, acid to neutral, moist soils. Summer-rall. Rare. Distri

bution: E.

Macroscopic leatures Plleus 5-'10 mm across, convex when young, soon plane and slightly inlundibuliform, surface under a hand lens smooth, dull, slightly hygrophanous, Iinely chalk-white-radially ,ibrillose on a cream-white background, striate when moist, margin undulating, browning in age. Flesh white, thin, odor and tast€ tarinaceous. Lamellae white when young, later pink, broad, L = l2-15, I = 0-1, distinctly decurrent, edges +/- smooth. Stips 20-30 x 0.5-1.5 mm, cylindrical, solid to hollow, fragile, whitish-hyaline, smooth, the whole length with fine white hairs.

A: Spores 5-7-anqled, 8.2-1 I x 5.8-7.9 !m: O: 1.2-1.7:spp.pinkacc.l:t. B: Basidia clavata, 35-40 x 12-15 pm, with 4 sterigmata, without basal clamp.

c: Cvstidia not seen. D: Pit composed

of short-celled, pe clinal hyphae 4-30 um across, nter-

spersed wilh som€ exserted. capilate hyphal6nds. septa wilhout clamps. E: capitate hairs on the strpe base op to 120 pmlong.

Rema*s

The small stature, decunent lamellae, and whit€ color could mimic certain hemimycenas or a Deircalula (Vol.3), which, however, never havo pink lamellae even ,n aqe and are barely infundibuliform. The capitale prleocyslidia and slipe hairs are tvpical ol thls species. lt is the only member of lhe sec. CeDhrlotn'.ha. lt is most readrlv confused wilh Entolorn€ Dercandiclum Noorctel,, which, however, lacks capiiate hyphal elements on the pileus and stipe. SF milar species wilh somewhal laeer frbs. erc e, g: Entoloma obinum lRo' maqn. & Favre) Noordel. and E sencslum (No. 78). Both llkewise lack capi tat€ hyphal eleinents. the hyphal septa have clamps. and E sertbe//um in ad_ dition has cheilocystidia.

Collection examined and lllGtral€d

adhqenswil LU (Meggelwald). elev. 550 m, quad. 2167, on damp soil on the edge of a slream. Sapt. 7. 1991. coll. FK. 0709-91 K. Othor collectiona: none.

lmbach: nol includ€d.

18

+

Fam. Entolomataceae

Soliiary to gregarious in coniferous ,orests, at the edge of high moors, near Picea, on the remains o, brushwood or needle litter, also among mosses (acc. lit. also in high moors neat Sphagnuml. Early summer. Not common. Distribution: E.

A: SDorea 5-8-anqled, 9.2-13 \ 7.2-9.3 u'r,; Ot 1.2-1.6: spp prnk'brown B: Basidia clavatd 33-40 x 9-'12 um, with 2 sterigmata, without basalclamp

Entoloma cetratum

Kotl. & Pouz.

(Fr.) Mos.

Hebitat

Macroscopic leatures Pileus 10-25 (40) mm across, conic-campanulate when young, later convex to plane, sometimes undulating, somelimes also umbonate or depressed in the center, surface hygrophanous, when moist yellow-brown to orange-brown, translucent-striate almost to the cente( when dry light ocher-brown, paler toward the margin, margin acute, projecting somewhat beyond the lamellae. Flesh yellow-brown, thin, odorless, taste mild, insipid, slightly farinaceous. Lamellae beige when young, later pink-ocher, broad, L = 18-28, I = 3-5,linely adnexed, edges smooth. Stipe 20-60 (80)x 'l-3 mm, cylindrical, at times somewhat enlarged toward the apex and base, sometimes slightly twisted, rigid, fragile, hollow, surface longitudinally white-fibrillose on a warm brown background, apex white-powdered when young, base white-tomentose,

Microscopic foatures

C: Cvstidia not seen.

D: Pit composed of periclinal hyphae 3-13 um across, hyphae somewhat swollen in the subpellis. w(h membranal and faint intracellular pigmenlation, septa without clamps. Lenglh ot the tramal cells > 10O pm.

Remarks This spocies is charactedzed by 2-spored, clampless basidia, rel. large spo_ res, the orange- to yellow-brown color of the pileus, and its occurrence in or at the edge 6f hiqh moors, ifl spruce forests on needle litter or on heathlike /anogmosipes Noorsvnonvmized E to/ona to/oDa /anog,hosipes soils. KRIEGLSTEINEB (1991b) synonymized del. and e p€l/escers (Karsl.) Noordel., along with var cuneatum (Br€s.) (1992) lhesg importantly, thosg Kneglst. NOORDI Krieglst. NOORDELOOS does not concut Mosl rmportantly. three la)G allhave 4-sDor€d, clamoed basidia. However,lhe olher differences ar€ very sliqht, consisirnq only ofdarker vs. lightercolorsol thefrbs. and entirely \,s. partly powdered slipos.

Colleclion examlned and illustrated

Gals AR (Hirschborg). elev '1'160 m. quad. 2475. at the edge ol a high moor. under P,i6a, on neeile litter, June 8, i989, coll. BA. 0806-89 BA 2.

Other collectiona: quad . 1a6r', 2066, 2367

.

lmbach: included as No/anea cetrata (Fr.)Qu6..

60

Entoloma catalaunicum

>g UXC n \

40 pm

(1'

N

\\-/

[1"

t\xn f iu:q

269

HoO t---/
100 pm.) Caulocystidia on the stipe apex.

Remark6 Characteristic of this species are the slender. thinJl$hed habitus. dark brown colors, distrncl papllla, as well as lhe presence ol cheilocystdE and clamos in the hvmenium and its occurrence in fall, Theodor ls oven in the lit. as +/- dEtincth; Iarinaceous or absent. This facl has possibly lead lo conlusion with Entoi ms mammosus (L.) Hesler, since this epithel is not clearly in_ lerpreiable- Enlolome papillatum (No. 59) is very closaly related and usually similar, but it lacks ch€ilocystidia.

Coll€ction €xamined and llluitrated

Luceme {Fdedental), elev. 450 m. quad. 2166. in a wet. mossy meadow, un' der Fra(,hus, Oct.29, 1992, coll. FK,2910-92 K.

Oth6r collections: quad. 2066. lmbach: not included.

I

Entoloma henrici Horak & Aeberhardt

Habitat

Solitary to gregarious in poor meadows and alpine pastures on chalky soils. Summer-rall. Rare. Distribution:

E.

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouz.

Microscopic leatures

A: Spores s-S-anoled, 8.€F12 x 6.8-9.3 ym: Q: 1.1-1.5: spp. pink-ocher. B: Basidia sl€nderly clavate to venkicose. 3&-45 x 1G-12 Um, wlth 2-4 sle_ rigmata, without basal clamp.

Macroscopic feafures Pileus 15-30 (50) mm across, hemispherical when young, later campanulate-convex, surface dry dull, velutinous-granulose, light gray- to beige-brown, margin acute, smooth, incurved lor a long time. Flesh whiteto light gray, thin, ododess, taste mild, slightly her baceous. Lamellae white when young, later pink, broad, L = 't8-22, l= 7-9, ascending and broadly adnate, edges smooth. Stipe 35-60 x 2-€ mm, cylindrical, at times somewhat tapered toward the apex, sometimes longitudinally grooved and compressed, fragile, hollow, surface dull to satiny, entire length longitudinally whitish-fibrillos€ on a light gray background, apex white-powdered, base slightly white-tomentose.

c: Cvstidia not seen. D:

hvmenilorm, composed of clavate to vesrcular cells 3HO x Im, with brown intracellular plgmentation, septawithout clamps.

P;

lt25

Remarks To our knowledoe, thls species is the only Entoloma here with a hymen orm oileioellis. Enloiama /'srnyi Noodel. &Ten Cate has a similar, but more lncho_ dermal pileip€llis with pileocyslida. Entolor@ henr,c, very greatly resembles Demoloma cunelfolium Nol. 3, No. 206) macroscopically, sinc€ lhe latler also has a campaniJlate-convex pileus with a pruinose, dull, hght brown surfa_ ce. Our spore measurements ditfered slighlly kom those in the origlnal descripton, which were gven as 8.$-11 x 7.7-9 pm (the basldla were exclusiveti 2-siored). Acc. NboRDELoos (1992), this species rs known onlyfrom a few localities in Switzedand, ltaly, England, and keland.

Colleclion 6xamin6d and illustatod

St. Antdnien GR, elev. 1750 m, quad.2078, in a mountain meadow on chalk, Aug. 19, 1994, coll. FK, 1908-94 K 1.

Othor collectiona: none. lmbach: not included.

39

Entoloma

hirtipes

(Schum.: Fr.) Mos. = Nolanea mammosa (L.: Fr.)Qu6l, ss. Boud., Rick. = Rhodophyllus mammosus ss. Kiihn. & Romagn.

I

Solitary to gregarious in and outside coniferous or mixed conirerhardwood forests, in clearcuts, in lern heaths, on soil, leaf mold, or on piles ol rotting wood or bark. Spring. Common. Distribution: E, ?NA,

Macroscoplc features

Plleus 3H0 (80) mm across, conic-campanulate when young, later campanulateto expanded and with an acute umbo, surface hygrophanous, when wet satiny, smooth, dark brown to black-brown, translucent-striate almost to the center, when dry paler to beige-brown, dull, appressed radially ,ibrillose, margin acute, striate

radially cleft. Flesh gray-

to

beige-brown, thin, odor Ia-

rinaceous-rancid, taste mild, Iarinaceous, strongly rancid. Lamellag whitish when young, soon dingy-pink, pink-brown when old, broad, L = 26-33, I = 3-5 (7), ascending and finely adnexed, edges undulating to crenate. Stipe 80-120 (150) x 4-€ mm, cylindrical, progressively enlarged toward the base, often twisted, hollow, rigid, fragile, surface gray-brown, somewhat paler toward the apex, darker toward the base, longitudinally whitish-fibrillose, white-powdered at the apex, base white-tomentose. 74

Microscopic featurcs Spores s-7-angled, 10.1-14.4 x 7.9-9.6 !m;O: 1,2-1.6;spp. yellowish

A;

orange-brown.

Habitat

to

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouz.

B: Basiaia clavate,

2H8

x 1G-12 um, with 4 sterigmata and basal clamp.

c: Cheilocystidia cylindrical to ventricose, sometimes subcapitato, 3ffi0 x 8-16 umi pleurocystidia not seen,

D: Pp compos€d of periclinal hyphae 4-15 pm across, occasional hyphal

ends soinewhat exserted in places, encrusted and with iniracellular pigmentation, septa wthout clamps.

Remarks This species occurs in spring and has lhe following typlcal macroscoprc features: a long slip€ relativeto the diameterofthe pileus, a conic-campanulale pileus usuaily with a papilla, a brown frb., and a conspicuous train-oil to fa-

rinaceous odor and l€Fle. Entoloma hirtipes is often synonymized with E mammosum (1.: Fr)Qu6l., whoso original diagnosis is variously interpreted. Thus, e. q. E mammosum ss. lvoser 1983 should be synonymized with E he' bes (No. 37). Entoloma vemum (No. 93) is likewise found in spring in coniferous foresls. However, it lacks a fadnaceous odor and taste and lacks cystidia.

Collection examined and illustrat€d

Sarnen OW (Ramersberg), elev 900 m, quad. 1966, in a clearcut in a mixed hardwoodroniter forest, May 1, 1978, coll. JB,0105-78 BR 1.

Othercollections: quad. 1864, 1965, 2068, 2166, 2167, 2265, 2267, 2367. lmbaoh: included as No/anea hlrtlpes (Fr ex Schum.) Qu6l.

Ento oma hebes

.-_ r.

A

,,/ \ c . -L...-. ./ .-l i\l ,- '-. / P-..ll ,1

,'r 1 ' l li, -r rtl

'.-,1 \I Lr II

il

! \-/' \ ''/'-:--

1

r-,

I

i

l ,/

1

l

"--', l0 !m

20 pnr Entolonaa henricr

1i tl

",'lr B

r I

r,

rr J' rl 1

-]

i,/ i'

20

!m

Entoloma h d pes

)r..,.

l

I

...t

1!)i \ i-ri'

r\\t_.!:-' i

il

Pl

')

i-1"'

itl l11lr-

\.

i'

,10 Lrm

i

\\

i> 10 Lrm

F F

R

t-l 358

40

Entoloma

hirtum

(V61.)Noordel. -- No/anea setu/osa Vel.

I

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouz.

MicroBcopic leafure3

A:

B:

Habitat Solitary to gregarious in poor meadows and pastures, in warm locations, on calcareous soils. Summer-late summer. Rare. Distribu-

tion: E.

out basalclamp.

C: Cheilocystidia clavate to ventricose, 3M5 x '15-26 gm; pleurocystidia

D:

E:

Macroscopic teatures Pileus 4-10 (15)mm across, conicalwhen young, later conic-campanulate, sometimes with a smdl papilla, surface finely radially tomentose, shaggy-tomentose toward the center, dark gray-brown, soot-brown, center black-brown, margin laintly lranslucent-striate when moist, acute. Flesh dark brown, thin, odorless, taste bitterish. Lamellae gray-bown when young, pink-brown when old, broad, L = 18-20, I = 1-3, edges flocculose and paler. Stipe 25-35 (50)x 1-2 (3) mm, cylindrical, hollow, ,ragile, surface dark brown to gray-brown, entire length pale- to brownish-floccose, somewhat longitudinally grooved, base slightly strigose from brown-yellow anchor hyphae.

Spores 6-8-angled,10-13.5 x 6.H.3 Um; O: 1.3-1.7; spp. pink-brown. Basidia ventricose to clavate,40-50 x 10-15 Um, with 4 sterigmata, with-

Pp composed of periclinalto ascending hypha€ 6-24 pm across, o@asional capillilom hyphee 6xs€rted, brolvn-encrusted, sepla without clamps. Hairs on the stipe, hyalane or yellowish, with intracellular pigmentation,

slightly thick-walled, not or sparsely septate. R€marks This species belongs to the group of pilose entolomas and is characterized bysmooth, not encrusted, stipe hairs, clavate cheilocystidia, and spores < 15 Um long. Other species in this group which we found are E toloma st goslss,j?um (No.86) with spores > 15 Um long and smooth, brown, bristle-like hairs on the pileus, and E- d)slha/odes (No. 27) with spores < 1 5 Um long and thick-walled, brown-€ncrusled stipe hairc. The following species are described in the lil.: E dysthales (Peck) Sacc. wlth spores > 15 pm long and wlth browri-encrusted halrs on the pileus, E romagnegi Noordel. wilh spores < 15 pm long and with smooth, brown hairs on the pileus and stipe, and F. pulveru/um Rea with spores < 15 pm long and brown-encrusted hairs on the pileus and stipe.

Coll€ction examined and illuBtrated Weggis LU (Lii,tz€lau), €lev 500 m, quad. 2067, in an unfertilized meadow n€at Lan, and Alnus, in alocality with a southe.n exposure and subject to Fdhn wlnds, Sept. 3, 1989, coll. FL/, 0309-89 Mii 1.

Other collocdons: none,

41

Entoloma

huijsmanii

Noordel. = Rhodophy us griseorubel/us ss. J. Lge.

- lmbach: not included.

+

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouz.

Microacopic features

Habitat Solitary to gregarious in unfertilized meadows and pastures, as well as in open hardwood forests. Colline to alpine. Summer-fall, Rare. Distribution: E.

Macroscopic features Plleus 10-25 (35) mm across, hemispherical to convex when yo-

ung, later planoconvex to expanded with an indented center, surface translucent-striate almost to the center, light reddish- to graybrown, dark brown in the center, finely rad ially fibrillose, appressed squamulose in the center, margin acute. Flesh lighl gray-brown,

thin, odorless, taste mild, insipid. Lamellae whitish when young, later gray-pink, broad, L = 2O-2a,I = 1-5, +/- broadly adnate, edges smooth. Stipe 3H0 (80) x 1-3 mm, cylindrical, solid when young, hollowwhen old, elastic, surface smooth, gray-violet, whitishpowdered toward the apex, whitish-tomentose toward the bas€.

A:

Spores

*angled,

B: Basidia clavate,

8.5-13.9 x 5.9-7.9 Um; Q:1.2-1.8; spp. reddish-

26-30 x $-12 um, with 2-4 sterigmata, without basal

clamp.

c: Cystldla not seen. D: Pp composed of periclinal hyphae 2.5-10 !m across, occasional hyphal ends exserted in the center of th€ pil€us, up to 30 pm across, with intra-

cellular pigmentation, septa without clamps.

Remarks This species ls characlerized bya blue-to gray-violet stipe and brown pileus, the absence of clamps and cheilocystidia, and lhe presence of 2-€pored ba-

sidia or equal numbers of 2- + ,l-spored basidia. E toloma lividocyehulun (No.49) is a similar species also lacking cheilocystidia, but with smallerspores < 11 !m long. Oh6rsimilar sp€cies such as E soda/e (No.84) and E poiiopus (No. 62) dffer pnmarily by the presence of cherlocystidia. E/,to/oma caeeocrnctum (No. 14) is another double of E huismaaii bul it has blue lamellar edges.

Collection examined and illustaied

Hasle LIJ (Schwarzenbergkreuz), el6v 1100 m, quad. 1964, in a wet meadow (Mol/laa grassland), Sept. 25, 1991, coll. F1,4, 2509-91 IVU 2.

other collectlons: quad. 1564, 2366. lmbach: included

42

Entoloma incanum (Fr.) Hes.

as ? Eccirra 9r,seo-rube/ra (Lasch) Ou6l.

I

Fam. Entolomataceae Koll. & Pouz.

= Rhodophyllus euchbrus (Lasch: Fr) Ou6l. = Agaricus

cemeovircscens Jungh.

Habitat

Solitary to gregarious in unfertilized, poor, dry lawns, among grasses and mosses, on +/- warm, baslc soils. Summer-fall. Rare. Distribution: E, A, As.

Macroscopic feaiures Pileus 15-45 mm across, hemispheric-convex when young, then planoconvex 1o conical, later broadly convex to conic-campanulate or even uplifted. always wlth an indented center. also rrregularly undulating when old, surfsce smooth, satiny. yellow-green, olive-green, also olive-brown, darker olive toward the center, lighter yellow-green toward the margin, center green-squamulose, +/-glabrousand dingy brown-green when old, radially dark striategrooved up to ca. 3/4 the distance to the cenler, margin acute, somewhat split when old. Fl*h gre€n to light green, thin, odor faint, unpleasantly like mouse urine, taste mild. insipid. unpleasant bul not distrnclive. Lamellae pale yollow when young, later pale pink to pink. sometimes also tinled graygreen. broad. L = 15-22. | = 5-9, ascending adnate, al limes also subd6cuF re1t, edges smoolh. Stlp€ 30-60 x 1.H mm. cylind cal, hollow. fragile, surface smoolh, shiny, often bright yellow-green, progressively and intens€ly green lo green-brown toward the bas6. lurnlng an rnteflse blue-green when brok€n or rubbed.

Microacopic features Spores 6-9-angled, 10.5-13.9 x 8-10.3 pm; O:1.2-1.5; spp. reddish-

A: B: C:

Basidia clavate to ventricose, without basal clamp. Cystidia not s6en.

3H5

x 10-15 pm, with (2.3) 4 sterigmata,

D: Pp composed of peiclinal hyphae 3-7 pm across, with ascending end

cells in the center of the pileus which are up to 20(30) pm across, with brown intracellular pigmentation, sepia without clamps.

Remarks This yellow-green Entoloma is easy to recognize in nature and is difficult to mistake. Entoloma chlorophylum (No, 21) with ollve-bown stipe, long, cyllndrical cheilocyslidia, and no odol and E. pleopodium (No. 61) (= E ,cierhum lFr.l lvos.)without cystidia but with a conspicuous aromatic-perfumelikeodor are somewhat similar Hygrocybe psittaci,a (Vol. 3, No. 98) is less similar lt also grows in meadows among grass, but it is skongly lubricous-viscid and

Colloction examined and illGtrat6d Alpnach OW Wichelsee), elev 450 m, quad. 1966, in a poor lawn among grasses and mosses, Oct. 6, 1991, coll.

FN,4,

0610-91 BR 2.

Other collocdons: quad. 1679, 1865,2268.

lmtlach: included

as Leptonia incana lFr') Gill-

20 pm Entoloma huijsmanii

=A /\

r-{ -/ \.- 1",,a .-( I

n\\ (v(-r,\J io

]

1,,'

Entoloma incanum

40

!\$,

u,

.-t,

t/\ A

)

/-un

0A^r\\ il' (/UV[,&b

, Y* IrV iop;,

ffi

43

Entoloma incarnatofuscescens (Britz.) Noordel. = Entoloma leptonipes (Kiihn. & Romagn.) Mos.

I

Habitat Solitary in forests, gardens, and parks, on road- and pathsides, on bare, moist, nutrient-rich soil. Summer-Iall. Widespread, but usually overlooked. Distribution: E.

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouz.

MicroscoFic f6alur6s Spores 5-7-angl€d,8.4-10.6 x 5.9-4.1 Umi Q: 1.2-1.5; spp. brownish-

A:

B: C:

Macroscopic teatures Pileus 8-22 (35) mm across, plane throughout lile, later increasingly depress€d in th€ center, omphalinoid in age, surlace smooth to slightly radially fibrillose and translucent-striate to the center,

hygrophanous, dark gray- to pink-brown when moist, Iight fleshbrown when dry darker and with a lilac tinge in the cent€r, slightly squamose, margin acute. Flesh whitish to light brown, thin, odor faintly spicy-fungoid, taste mild, farinaceous. Lamellae white to gray-white when young, later reddish-brown, brcad, L = 1+22,1= 3-5, decurrent, edges smooth. Stipe 20-40 (60)x 1-2 mm, cylindrical, sometimes slightly €nlarged toward the base, rigid, fragile, hollow, surface smooth, dull, iniensely gray-blue when young, later gradually fading to beige-gray, with faint whitish longitudinal Iibrils in places, base white-tomentose.

D:

pink. Basidia clavate-ventricose, 28+8 x 8-12 Um, with 4 stedgmata, without basal clamp. Cystidia not seen. Pp composed of periclinal hyphae 5-15 pm across, occasional end cells exserted and up to 30 Um across, with intracellular pigmentation, septa without clamps.

Remarks Characteristic of this species are the dislinclly gray-blue stipe. translucentstdat€. umbllicate prleus, decurrenl lamellae, and the complele absence of clamps. Aclosely relatgd species s Entoloma palkensis (Fr)Noordel. lacking bluetoneson lhestipe and with clamped basid'a. So far thesimilarE amygda.linum Noordel. has be€n found only in Holland. lt also has a bluish stipe and dqcuffent lamellae, but it has sisdle lamellar edges with cheilocystidia and occasional clamps in the hymenium.

Collection examined and illustrated

Lucerne (Bireggwald). elev. 450 m. quad. 2166. in a mixed hardwood forest. on a roadside on bar6 sorl. July 25. 1992. coll. FK 2507-92 K.

Other collections: none. lmbach: not included

4

Entoloma infula (Fr) Noordel-

+

Habitat

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouz.

Microaooplc ,eaturcs

Usually gregarious in poor meadows, on Iorest edges, in open stands ol trees, among grasses or mosses, on rather acid soils. Summer-Iall. Rare. Rare. Distribution: E.

A: Spores s-7-angl€d, 8.5-10.2 B: Basidia cylinddcalto clavate,

Macroscopic lgaturcs

D:

Pileus 10-25 (30)mm across, conic-campanulate when young, later campanulate-convex, barely plane, sometimes with an uplifted margin when old, center usually with a distinct papilla, surface hygrophanous, when moist dark deer-brown to chestnut-brown and translucent-striate almost halfway to the center, when dry graybrown to light buff, smooth, Iinely radially fibrillose, margin acute, somewhat crenate. Flesh brown to oche( thin, odorless, taste mild, not distinctive. Lamellae white when young, soon pink, broad, L = 16-27, I = 'l-5, +/- Iinely adnexed, edges smooth. Stipe 3G90 x 1.5-2.5 mm, cylindrical, base at times somewhat enlarged, hollow, tragile, surface smooth, silky, entire length weakly Iinely white-fibrillose, deer-brown to ocher-brown, paler toward the apex and white-powdered, base often white-tomentose.

some with basal clamp.

x 6-7.3 pm; Q: 1.2-1.6; spp. pink-brown. 23-30 x 9.5-11 Um, with 4 sterigmata and

C: Cheilocystidia not se€n.

Pp composed of periclinal hyphae 2.5-9 Um across, hyphae in th€ upper most layer brown-encrusled, those below with faint inlracellular pigmentation. only very oclasional septa with clamps. Lenglh of the tramal cells > 100 um.

Remarks This species is clos€ to Entoloma so/sr?ial€ (Fr) hyphae olthe pilerpellis having only mtlacellular sted pigments). Entoloma cl,iorhosum Arnolds milar lrbs. and barely ditfers mlcroscopically. odor; therefore NOORDELOOS (1 992) reduced

Noordel., which diflers by the pigmentation (lackrng encru8 Noordel. alsp produces sihas a pronounced nitrous it to the rank of a variety of e

bul

Colloction examined and illustrated

Schoded OW, elev. 650 m, quad. 1966, in an open alder grove among mosses. on damp soll, Sepl. 14, 1976, coll. JB. 1409-76 BB 5.

Other colleclions: none. lmbach: nol included.

45

Entoloma iuncinum

(Krihn. & Romagn,) Noordel. = Nolanea globispota Vel. = Nolanea zonata Vel.

I

Habitat Solitary to gregarious in grassy, moist, hardwood forests, at the edges of forests, or in wet meadows near hardwoods. Summer -Iall. Bare. Distribution: E.

Macroscopic featuros Pileug (10) 20_35 mm across, conic-convex throughout life, later planoconvex, often with an obtuse umbo or papilla, somewhat indented when old, surface smooth, dullto satiny, hygrophanous, finely radially fibrillose, dark gray-brown and translucent-striate aF most to the center when moist, beige and barely striate when dM margin irregularly crenate, acute. Fleah gray-whitish, thin, odor farinaceous, taste mild, farinaceous. Lamsllae dingy whitish when young, later gray-reddish, broad, L = 20-24, I = 3-5, notched, edges smooth. Stipe (40) 50-75 (90) x 2-3.5 mm, cylindacal, fragile, hollow, surface with fine longitudinal grooves, with white longitudinalfibrils on a gray-brown background, base white-tomentose.

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouz.

Mlotlicoplc leatures

A: B:

Sporos 5-6-angled, subglobose, 7.9-9.9 x 6.6-8 umi Q: 1.0-1.3; spp. reddish-ocher Basidia venlricose to clavate, 3H0 x 11-13 Um, with 4 sterigmata and basal clamp.

C: Cystidia not

seen.

D: Pp composed of p€riclinal hyphae 3-15 !m across, a few €nd cells so-

mewhat exserted and up to 20 pm across, with intracellular brown pigmentation and in part finely encrusted, septa wthor,t clamps. (Length of th€ lramalcells > 100 Um.)

Remarka The characioristic features are the dark, gray-brown, strongly radially groo-

ved pileus, smooth, finely longiiudinally st aie stipe, and the distincl fanaceous odor lvlicroscopically, the subgloboss spores, absence of cysiidia,

and the clamped basidE are noteworthy, whrle clamps are absent or rare outside the hymenium. Entolorna nrlens (No. 55) is closely related. but it has a liqht brown. somewhat satlnv pileus and no farlnaceous odor.

Colleciion exrmlned and llluslrated Sorenberg LU (Arnischwand), elev. 1400 m, quad. 1864, at the edge of a for€st in a wet meadow near Picea and Alnus incana, Aug. 20, 1 990, coll. FK,

2008-90 K.

Olher coll€ctions: none. lmbach: not included.

Entoloma incarnatofuscescens

43

D

B /)ulI

a-) \--!

40 pm

cz,;

0 8.1

A Ury\ /* U,O{/ '\/n 0 aaD il 'ft

nnA

/^\'-.-J

fi,,

\-/,-\

ffi

Entoloma juncinum

?ou,

45

t1

\cr 14 ^ Ar 0)Vn( )roK \l// I l\t v.(() H v, v

Dar) ffiiol,;

t 257

46

Entoloma kervernii (Guern.) Mos,

I

Habltat

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouz.

Mlcroscopic Ieatures

Solitaryto gregarious in wst msadows, moors, among grasses and mosses. Summer-Iall. Rare. Distribution: E.

A:

Maqroscopic teatures

C: Cheilocystidia cylindricalto slightly clavate, some flexuous, 35-78 x

Spores s-7-angled, 8-1 1 x 6.1-8.2 pm; Q: 1 .1-1.6; spp. red-brown.

B: Basidia cylindric-ventricose. 25+8 x 10-15 um, with (2)4 sterigmata, without basalclamp.

Pileus 1H0 mm across, convex when young, later plane, with an indented center, surface finely radially fibrillose, later increasingly appressed-squamulose toward the center, cream-yellow when young, later increasingly ocher-yellow, margin acute and somewhat crenate. Flesh white, thin, odor pleasantly lruity, taste mild, pleasant. Lamellae white when young, later brownish-pink, broad, L = 30-38, I = 3-5, ascending and nanowly adnate, edges smooth. Stipe 3H0 x 2-5 mm, cylindrical, solid when young, hollow when old, fragile, surface whitish when young, smooth, later finely longitudinally white-Iribrillose on a yellowish background.

pm; pleurocystidia not seen,

5-10

D: Pp compos€d of periclinal hyphae 5+ um across, with prostrate to erect hyphal ends 10-20 um across in the center of the pibus, with faint intra-

cellular pigmentation, septa without clamps.

Remarks Characteristic features of this species are the pale cream-colored to ocheryellow tones of lhe frb. and the squamulose, non-striate pileus. Similar pale frbs. are also produced by the relatively common E toloma sericellum lNo. 78), which difters by clamped septa in the hymenium, and by E. oloinum \Romagn. & Favre) Noordel., which has a translucent-striate pileus and clamps.

cole;don examlned and lllustrated Haltikon SZ (MeggeMald), elev. 580 m, quad. 2167, in a wet meadow among

Sphagnun, July 17,1993, coll. FK, 1707-93

K.

Oth6r collections: none.

lmbach: not included.

47

Entoloma Iepidissimum (Svrcek) Noordel.

I

Habitat Solitary to gregarious on soil among mosses, needle littet and saw

dust, in conilerous or mixed conifer-hardwood torests. Summer -fall. Rare. Distribution: E.

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouz.

Macrcscopic f€atrres

A: SporesBangled,

8.6-11 x 5.7-6.5 pm; Q: 1.4-1.8; spp. reddish-ocher.

B: Basidia clavate, 40-50 x 10-12 pm, with 4 sterigmata and basal clamp. C: Cheilocystid6 irregularly cylindrical, 15-30 x 5-10 pm. with basalclamp: pleurocyslidia nol seen,

D: Pp composed of periclinallo irregular hyphae 5-17

Macroscopic leatures Pileus 10-30 mm across, +/- convex, sometimes with an indented center, surface dull, tinely radially appressed-tomentose, dark blue-black to dark violet, margin undulating, acute, wine-red initially. Flesh gray-white, sometimes with a blue tinge, thin, odor her baceous, taste mild, insipid. Lamellae pale blue initially, then white to bluish-white, later dingy pink to gray-pink, broad, L = 2,F29, I = 3-4, some lorked and anastomosing, adnate to notched, edges smooth, never blue. Stipe 3H0 x ,F7 mm, usually compressed and with a single longitudinal furrow, surlace smooth to slightly tomentose, apex tomentose, blue-black, faintly whitish-f ibrillose, base dingy white-tomentose.

Um across, some ascending, with gray-brown intracellular pigmentation, septa with clamps.

Remarks The shape of the pileus is variable in our expedenco. Wo observed convex6onic, indented, and sllghtly umbilicate pilei within one week in the same locality. The species is characterized by the tomentose pileus, the dark blue pil€us and stipe, and the presence of clamps. Enioloma corv,irurn (No. 25) is a similar speci€s. lt differs i. a. by the absenc€ of clamps and th€ white lamellae throughout life. There is a whole series of entolomas with blue colors which are not easy to distinguish lrom one another, especially when the blue tones fade or darken to brown in older frbs.

Collection 6xamin6d and illustrated Haltikon SZ, elev 600 m, qued.2167, on an old pile of saw dust, July 20, '1991, coll. FK,2007-91 K 1.

Odter collections: none,

lmb.ch: not included.

48

Entoloma

Iividoalbum

(Kilhn. & Romagn.) Kubicka

+

Habitat Gregarious, in groups, or even slightly clustered, more rarely soli-

tary in hardwood ,orests or parks, in meadows near hardwoods, on moist, loamy soils. Late summerjall. Widespread. Distribution: E, NAf.

Macroscopic leatures Pileus 30-100 (130) mm across, obtusely conical when young, soon convex to plane, center slightly umbonate or indented, inegularly undulating in age, surface smooth, dull or silky, hygrophanous, drying in spots or zones trom lhe center outward, dark graybrown when moist, paler gray-brown to yellow-brown when dry margin incurved, striate when moist, acute, sometimes split when old. Flesh white, brownish under the cuticle, thick in the center of the pileus, thin toward the margin, odor larinaceous when fresh or when cut, taste mild, farinaceous. Lamellae whitish when young, later cream-colored, dark pink when old, broad, L = 45-62, I = (3) 5-11, uncinate, edges crenate. Siipe 40-100 x 7-20 mm, cylindrical, at times somewhal bent and slightly enlarged toward the base, stiff,Iragile, solid when young, hollow when old, surfaco white and the whole length longitudinally white-fibrillose, discoloring somewhat yellow-brownish when old, apex white when young, fibrillose-Iloccose. 80

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouz.

Microscopic featureg Spores s-7-angled, 8.1-10.4 x 7.5..9.3 Um; Q: 1.0-1.3; spp. reddish-

A:

B: Basidia slonderly clavate, 3H3 x 8-13 um, with 4 slerigmata and basal clamp. c: Cystidia not seen. o: Pp composod of periclinal hyphae 2.5-10 um across, occasional hyphal ends in the center of the pileus slightly exserted, up to 16 pm across and

slightly thick-walled, with brown intracellular pigmentation, occasional septa vvith clamps. Length of ihe tramal cells < 1 00 Um.

Remarks There is no doubt {see IMBACH below) that tinds of this species used to be considered lall forms ol Entoloma clypeatun lNo.22). The new description by KUEHNER & ROI\,,IAGNES (1954b) first showed that these are two separate species. Entoloma clypeatum dilles frcm E- ividoalbum i. a. as follows: season of occunence in spring, occun€nce under members of the Rosaceae, larger spores (ca. 1 pm longer and broader, and pileipellis an ixocutis. Entoloma rhodopolium lNos.69, 70) also appearc in fall in hardwood forests and produces simrlar frbs.. butthe pileus is palerand the stipe is longer relatNe to the diameter of the pileus, and lhe frbs. do not smell larinaceous.

Collecdon examlned and lllustrated Luceme (Hubelmatt), elev. 450 m, quad. 2'166, in a park under Sa/,ix, Oct. 12, 1990, coll. FK, '1210-90 K 2.

Othor coll€ctionE: quad. 1965, 2066, 2067, 2167.

lmbach: included that it als6

as Enloloma clypeatun in fell

6.drF mcasionellv

lft- exL-) Oudl., wih the comrenl

46

I

40 pm

il(

489

t/ffinn , VVV,

ffi

Entoloma lepidissimum

47

I

40 pm

HH'

579

.\C

U

I',N,

uun h r,;

\t

P

I

Entoloma lividoalbum

40pm

I\ --z)

,,_--\

/- )r^l ax \-/ \/n \r( ^

:4\-)

l

.91-) ua)^ v-d )

20 pm

10 pm

: 264

49

Entoloma Kiihn. ex Noordel.

lividocyanulum

I

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouz.

= Eccilia giseorubella Lasch ss. Bres. Microscopic features

Habitat Usually gregarious, more rarely solitary in poor meadows and cow pastures on chalky soils. Summerjall. Widespread. Distribution: E,

Macroscopic features Pileus 15-40 mm across, hemispheric-convex when young, with an indented center, planoconvex with a plane to slightly indented center when old, surface smooth when young, laterlinely floccose to slightly squamose, especially in the center, weakly hygrophanous, gray-brown to yellow-brown, sometimes with a hint oI blue, darker to black-brown in the center, margin smooth, acute, translucent-striate when moist. Flesh gray-whitish, thin, odor somewhat musty, taste mild, not distinctive. Lamellae cream-colored when young, soon pink, brcad, L = 20-24,I = 3-7, broadly adnate when young, some with a decurrent tooth, notched and broadly adnate when old, edges smooth, concolorous. Stipe 35-50 x 1,5-4 mm, cylindrical, at times somewhat compressed, stiff, fragile, solid when young, hollow when old, surface smooth, satiny, pale blu€ to gray blue, brownish and sometimes with an olive tone when old, apex slightly powdered, base somewhat €nlarged and white-tomentose, stipe hollow, elastic.

50

Entoloma

longistriatum

(Peck) Noordel. var. sarcitulum (P D. Ort.) Noordel. = Entoloma sarcitulum (P, D, Ort.)Arnolds

A: Spores s-7-angled, 7.9-10.5 x 6-7.5 !m; Qr 1.2-1.5;spp. pink-brown. B: Basidia clavate, 3H0 x 8-10 pm, with 4 sterigmata, without basal clamp.

C: Cystidia not seen. O: Pp in the center of the pileus

a trichoderm composed of +/- 6rect, relatively short-celled hyphae wilh somewhat clavate end cells 30-70 r 13-25 pm, wirh brown inlracellular pigmentation, septa wilhout clamps.

Remarks This species belongs to the group of brown-capped entolomas with blue stipes and lamellae which are white when young and have concolorous edges. Examples of very similar s pecies arc Entoloma giseocyan€um (No. 36) with a longitudinally striate, non-shiny stipe and a non-striate pileus even when moist. and E ho,ismarri (No. 41) with a pileus which is translucent-striate to lhe center. a smooth slipe, spores 8.:F'13.9 Um long, and 2- and 4-spored basidig. Cheilocystidia are otten present in olher srmilar species.

Coll€ction €xamined and illusuated Oberiberg SZ (bergeregg), elov. 1380 m, quad. 2069, in a poor meadow among grass, Sept. 1, 1994. coll. JB, 0109-94 BR 2.

Other collections: severalin ihe same quad.

lmt ach: not included.

+

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouz.

Mlcroscopic features

A:

Habitat Solitary to gregarious in poor wet meadows, Mol,n,a meadows, usually on somewhat acid soils. Summer-fall. Not common. Distribution: E, As, NAf.

Macroscopic teatures Pllsus 15-30 mm across, h€mispheric-campanulate when young, later plane with an indented center to almost umbilicate, surface weakly hygrophanous, translucent-striate almost to the center when moist, smooth, floccose-squamose toward the center, redto ocher-brown, dark brown in the center, margin incurved when young, acute and crenate when old. Flesh watery-brown, thin, almost odorless to slightly aromatic, taste mild, slightly rancid. Lamellas whitish to cream-colored when young, later pink-brown, broad, L = 18-25, I = 3-5 (7), broadly adnate to somewhat ascending and with a small decunent tooth, edges crenate, concolorous to somewhat brownish. Stipe 30-50 (60)x 1-.4 mm, cylindrical, fragile, hollow, surlace smooth, silky, yellow- to gray-brown, bas€ slightly white-tomentose.

Spores 13.5

*angled,

9.1-11.3 x 6-8.1 Um (NOORDELOOS 1992: up to

Um broad): Q: 1.2-1.7: spp. prnL-brownish. cylindrical to clavate. 28-38 x 9-11 pm, wth (2) 4 sterignaia.

!m long and 9

B: BasdE

wilhout basal clamp.

C: Cheilocyslidia cyhndflcal lo clavate, only occasional. 3H0 x 7-16

Um.

some with brownGh contents, septa withoul clamps: pleurocystidia nol

D: Pp composed of periclinal to in part ascending hyphae 5-20 um across,

with clavate-vesicularelemenls up to 35 pm across in the center of the plleus, septa without clamps.

Remarks This speciesseems to be somewhat variable microscopically and macroscoprcally, since the size ol lhe spores in our collection did not fully match either ol the two related vaneties which have be€n described. These are var, /ong,'st 'atum, which is supposed to be dastinctly hygrophanous and have spores up to 15 pm long, and var mlcrosporum Noordel. with spores 6.5-10 x 5.5-9 tm. Entoloma formosum \No. 35) issomewhal simila( bul it has moreyellowbrown to olive-brown tones on the pileus and sltpe and is less slrongly striale,

Collection exsminsd end illGtratod

Stalden OW (Golpi), elev. 1000 m, quad. 1966, in a Mollnla meadow among grass and moss, Sepl. 3, 1990, coll, Ja, m09-90 lvlu 2. Other collectons: none.

lmbach: not included.

51

Entoloma maialoides

+

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouz.

P D. On.

Habitat Mostly gregarious in hardwood torests, under A/nus, Ulmus, Salix, Populus, ot Betula (acc. lit. also in conirerous forests). Summer -fall. Rare. Distribution: E.

Microscopic Ieatureg Spores s-7-angled,7.5-10 x 7-8.8 pm; Q: 1.0-1.3; spp. pink_brown.

A:

B: C: D:

Basidia clavale, 4G.52 x 10-12 Um, with 4 sterigmata and basal clamp. Cvstidia nol seen. P6 composed of periclinal hyphae 2-7 pm across. hyphae in th€ upper most layer tinely brown-encrusled, deeper hyphe€ with intracellular pigmenlatidn, some sepla wth clamps. Lenglh ol lhe tramalc€lls < 100 Um.

Macrogcopic Ieatures Pileus 30-80 (90) mm across, hemispherical to convex when young,later planewith an obtuse umbo ora somewhat indent€d cen-

Remarks

ter, surface smooth, dull, hygrophanous, when moist ocher- to yellow-brown, translucent-striate up to 1/3 the distance to the center, in part slightly whitish-pruinose, when dry beige to yellow-ocher, margin paler, incurved for a long time, acute. Flesh gray- to beigebrown, thin, odorraint, not distinctive, taste mild, insipid. Lamellae whitish when young, later dingy pink, broad, L = 36-45, I = 3-6, broadly adnate, some with a subdecunent tooth, edges smooth to

This rel. robust species could be confused with the more common Enfoloma rhodopolium (Nos. 69, 70), with a more gray-brown to gray-beig€ pileus and barely pigmented, non-encrusted hyphae in the pileipellis, or with E sercatum (No. 77), also wth a gray-brown pileus. bul w(h encrusled pigmenls on lhe hvphae rn the pilerpelhs, Both of lhese specEs can also be found near hatdwoods. Entoloma turbidum (No. 89) is also somewhat simila( but it grows primarily in montane coniferous forests or on heaths and has a distinct ixocutis with intracellular pigmentation.

slightly undulating. Stipe 50-80 (100)x 6-10 ('12) mm, cylindrical, base at times somewhat enlarged, solid when young, hollow when old, Iragile, surface with fine white longitudinal fibrils on an ocherish background, apex white-powdered, base white-tomentose, with a tendency to turn yellow.

Colleclion examined and illustrated Lucerne, elev 500 m, quad. 216€, undet Alnus incana, Ulmus, and Acer, among leaves and small branches, Oct.27, 1992, coll. FK,2710-92 K. Other collections: none.

lmbach: not included.

:.toloma lividocyanu um

I 499

:'rtoloma longistriatum v. sarcitulum

\Ahl; t.\

/u/\\ lqt

)l

I\/i\,ll r in

I

ffi Entoloma majaloides

40 Um

W(

' )

D/0\

l[u\/

l|/ /\ lt /e )

\\\/\t ul/ rrl( F\\ (

il

to

;

^ ,-'tO \)/)

^o5z

,Q-A5

uuD ffi

k 267

52

Entoloma mougeotii

+

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouz.

(Fr.) Hes.

Habitat Solitaryto gregarious in poor meadows and wet meadows (Molinla grasslands), atthe edges oI moors, among grasses, mosses, rarely Sphagrum. Colline to alpine. Summer-Iall. Widespread. DistributiON: E,

NA.

Macroscopic leatures Pileus 20-60 mm across, planoconvex and umbilicate when young, later expanded, irregularly undulating when old, with a depressed center, surface linely radially librillose-tomentose to slightly squamose, usually squamose in the center, gray-violet to violet-brown, sometimes dark blue when young, fading to brownish when old, sometimes faintly zonate, margin incurved lor a long time, projecting somewhat beyond the lameilae. Flesh gray with a bluish tinge, thin, odor Iaint but pleasantly sweetish, taste mild, not distinctive to slightly rancid. Lamellae yellowish-white wh€n young, later increasingly pink-brown, broad, L = 27-35, I =

3-7, broadly adnate, sometimes notched and subdecurrent, edges slightly crenate. Stipe 50-'100 x 2-5 mm, cylindrical, often slightly enlarged at the apex and base, at times somewhat twisted, pithysolid, corticate, fragile, surface longitudinally fibrillose, often with a distinct white zone at the apex, gray-blue to gray-brown below, base white-tomentose.

53

Entoloma mutabilipes

Microscopic leatures

A:

Spores s-g-anqled, 9.1-l

]

6 x 6.5-8 Um: O: 1.2-1.7lspp. orange-brown.

B: Basidia clavate,3H0 x 1G-12 um, with 4 steigmata, without

C: Cheilocystidia cylindrcal, 20-75 x B-11 Um: pleurocystidia not seen. D: Pp composed of inegularly peflchnal to ascending hyphae rF10 Um across, exserted hyphae up to 25 pm across, with inhac€llular pigmenta_ tion, septa without clamps. Remark3 This widely disubuted species is well characterized by the gray_blue colors oflhe prleus and stipe, the squamulose-librillose. non_striate, non-hygropha_ nous dileus, the uncolored lamellar edges, the absence of clamps. and lhe presence ol cvlindrical cherlocystidia. There is a whole series ol other €ntoloinas with blue or violet tones oir the pileus and stipe. Only a few can be iden_ tilied in the field, such as Entoloma nitidum lNo. 56) with deep blue colors, white lamellae when younq, and occurence rn coniferous forests, and E euchroum (No.29) withthe aamecolors, bul occurring on rotten wood. Allthe others can be identrtled only microscopically.

Collection examined and illustrated Stalden OW (Golpr. elev. 1000 m, quad. 1966, in a wei meadow (Mornia m€adow). Sept.3. 1990, coll. \ryY,0309-90 wy 1. Other collections: quad. 1865, 2065.

lmbach: included

as Eccilia Moug:eoti Quel.

+

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouz.

Noordel. & Liiv

Habitat

Microgcopic featur€s

Solitary to gregarious in and outside forests, under hardwoods, in grassy places, on damp to moist soils. Summerjall. Rare. Distri

B:

bution: E.

Macroscopic featurcs Pileus 10-25 mm across, slightly convex throughout life, with an indented to umbilicate center, irregularly undulating with a somewhat uplifted margin when old, surface hygrophanous, translucent-striate almost to the center, beige-brown and with a pink tinge in places when moist, fading to gray-beige when dry, center always dark brown and appressed-squamose, margin incurved for a long time and acute. Flesh gray-whitish, thin, odor faintly spermatic, taste mild, somewhat unpleasant. Lamellae white when young, later brownish-pink, broad, L = 20-25, l= 1-3,Iinely adnexed to almost lree and with a small decurrent tooth, edges smooth, with a tendency to turn brown. Stipe 30-50 x 1-1.5 mm, cylindrical, base at times slightly enlarged and white-tomentose, stiff, fragile, solid, surface smooth, satiny, bright biue when young, later blue-gray to dingy gray,

Spores *anqled, 9.9'12.6 x 7-9 um: O: 1.2-1.6: spp. brown-red. Basidia cylindrical to clavate, 20-38 x 11-13 um, with 4 sterigmata, with_ out basalclamp. C: Cheilocystldla cylindrical to clavate, 30-70 x 7-13 pm, in clusters; pleurocvstidia not seen. D: Pp'comoosed of periclinal hyphae zt-l4 um across, wilh exserted hyphal ends up to 20 pni across in ihe center of the pileus. with brown intracel lular pigmentation, septa without clamps.

A:

Remarks This specles, whrch was first described briefly by NOOBDELOOS & LllV (1992), is very simrlar lo Entoloma sodale (No. 84). lt diflels lrom E. sodale i. a. by a hygrophanous pil€us whlch is beige-brown with pink lones in places wheir moial,lamellae which are adnexed to almost {ree. narrower cherlocyslidia. and rath€r short soores, The two species also seem to differ ecologlcal_ lv, in lhat E. sodale haga boreal-subarctic and subalpine distrrbution. while E lirutabilipes is planar to colline rn grassy hardwood forests. Entoloma exile (No.31)could also be confused with this species, However, E. exile has nar_ iower ind differently shaped spores, broadly adnale lamellae. and a stipe with more olive-brown colors and wilh bluish_green tones atmostonly on the

Coll6ction examlned and illustrated

Udligenswll LU lMeggeMaldl, el€v.550 m, quad, 2167. in a hardwood for€st. Sept.25, 1992, coll. FK,2509-92 K. Other collections: none.

4

Entoloma myrmecophilum Habitat

Usually gregarious in hardwood or mixed conifer-hardwood forests, under Quercus, Catpinus, Fraxinus, Acer, Betula, elc., on moist, slightly acid soils. Summer-Iall. Widespread. Distribution: E.

Macroscopic leatures Pileus 30-50 (90)mm across, conicalwhen young, later convexto plane, with an obtuse umbo, somewhat depressed and undulating when old, surface hygrophanous, dull, Iinely velutinous-radially Iibrillose (not striate), dark umber-brown when moist, gray to beigebrown when dry center always somewhat darker, margin barely striate even when moist. Flesh gray-beige to beige, thin, odor farinaceous, taste farinaceous-raphanoid, mild. Lamellae white when young, soon pink to brown-pink, broad, L = 4H5, I = 5-7, notched and with a decurrent tooth, edges slightly undulating. Stipe 30-80 (100)x $-8 (10) mm, cylindricaland sometimes flexuous, enlarged toward the base, hollow, fragile, surface pale gray-brown and whitish longitudinally librillose-linely grooved, apex slightly pruinose.

-

lmbach: not included.

+

(Romagn.) Mos. = Rhodophy us platyphyl/oides ss. Horak

basal

clamp.

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouz.

Micro6copic foaturEs

Spor€i 5-6-€nsled, 7.6-9.6 x 5.9-7.3 pm: Q: 1.0-1.5: spp pink-brown Basidia clavate;35-50 x 9-11 um, with 4 sterigmata and basal clamp C: Cvstldla not seen, D: Pi composed of periclinal hyphae 4-10 Um across, wth brown inlracel' lular and encrusted piqmentdlion, some sepla with clamps. Lenglh oftho tramal cells < 10O pm.

A:

Bi

Remarks

Th6 sze ofthe spores ofourcollection agre€s betterwththe size gMen ln the oriqinar description bv ROI4AGNESI {1974) (8-9 x 7-7.2 um) than with that

gi

NOORDELOOS (1981a, 1992). who described the spores as significantlv laroer r8-11 x 6.5-9 umr. This soecies mLrst nol be confused wilh Ehodopl;yttu; pdtyphylloides Aomagn. 1954 (in Fev. Mycol. 19: 5). which has a radiailv fibrilloie-striat€ pile!s like Megacollybia platyphyl/a (Vol. 3, No. 296). as weil as laroer spo.ei (8.5-11 x 6.5-8.5 um). According to ROITAGNESI lop. cit., p.379), R. platyphylloides ss. HORAK (1971) is undoubtedly E myrmecophiium. slmilar lrbs. are formed also by Enloloma venosutu lNo- 92). a funqus of coniferous forests, with lamellae which are gray when young. a gray stipa, and likewise encrusled hyphae in the pileipellis.

vei bv

Colleollon examined and illuskat€d

Sempach LU (Ch0senrainwald), €lev. 570 m, quad. 2166, in a hardwood forest on soil among grass, Sept. 24, 1992, coll. JB, 2409-92 BB 6. Oth€r collections: quad. 1966, 2165, 2268.

lmbach: not included.

Entoloma mouqeotii

!

40 Um

sKc

-:16

cy)/UD \\ Bl 20 pm Entoloma mutabilipes

I 589

Entoloma myrmecophilum

54

n 40 pm

AAI

I

ll/+l

/

u( ir /)1 1) l/

fl

ffi

B

^Q /\1 ) h

-,,,\

cioO oaQ O\]U 10 pm

L] -45

55

Entoloma nitens

+

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouz

(Vel.)Noordel.

Habitat Solitary to gregarious in hardwood and mixed hardwood-conirer forests on needle litter and buried wood, near Plcea. Summer-fall. Rare. Distribution: E.

Macroscopic features Pileus 10-20 mm across, hemispheric-convex when young, later convex to plane and sometimes slightly umbonate, surface smooth, dull, strongly hygrophanous, gray-brown and translucent-

striate up to 3/4 the distance to lhe center when moist, fading to gray-beige from the center outward when dry Iinely fibrillose-pruinose and silky-shiny, non-striate, margin acute and slightly undulating. Flesh beige to dark brown, thin, odor slightly herbaceous to raphanoid, taste mild, slightly herbaceous to raphanoid. Lamellae white when young, later dingy pink-brown, broad, L = 12-20, | = 3-5, ascending and nanowly adnate, edges smooth. Stipe 30-45 (60)x 1.5-2 (3) mm, cylindrical, slightly enlarged toward the base, solid when young, hollow when old, fragile, surface smooth, dull, dark gray-brown, entire length with indistinct, distant, whitish fibrils, base white-tomentose.

MicroscoDic features A: SDorei 5-6-anqled, 7.7- I O x 7.5-9.8 Um: O: 1.0-1.1lspp. orange_brown. B: Basadia clavate:ventricose, 2$-38 x 10-15 pm, with 4 sterigmata and basalclamp.

C:

C\,stidia not seen.

D: Pi composed of periclinal hyphae 3-12 um 6cross, occasonal hyphal

ends exaedecl. uo to 20 um across, with encruslsd pigmentation, septa without clamps, aubpellis with shon cells up to 40 Um across. with intra_ cellular pigmentalion. Lenglh of lhe lramalcells > 100 Um.

Remarks One could be lempted to assiqn this collection Io Entoloma iuniperinum Ba*m. & Noordel., primarily beAuse it was in a coniferous forest, had slender frbs.. and resembled oldet E. iuniporinum whenlhe siipe is no longer blue but has turned brown wilh aoe. These speces dilfer microscoprcally bydifle_ renl pigmentation in the prlerpellis, in thal E./'un,p€rint m has hyphae with onlv invacellular oiomenlatonl in addition, it has narrower spores, I he very sl_ ;ilarE: iuncinrr;tNo. 451his a dislinctlv farinaceous odoi and taste and has a darlei more red-browri pileus which does not shine like silk when dry

Collection examined and illustrated

Haltikon SZ (Meqgeruald), elev. 600 m, quad. 2167, in a hardwood_conller forest near Picea-6n needle litter and buried wood, Sept. 26, 1992, coll. FK, 2609-92 K. Other collectlon6: none.

lmbach: not included.

56

Entoloma nitidum

+

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouz.

Ou5lMlcroscooic features

Habitat Solitary to gregarious in coniferous lorests or mixed conirer-hardwood forests, also on peaty soils, preferentially in acid habitats. Colline to montane. Summerjall. Not common. Distributionl E, As.

Macroscopiq teatures Pileus 2H0 mm across, conic-campanulate when young, later campanulate to expanded, with an umbonate center, surface smooth, sllky, finely radially librillose, dark blue to st€el-blue, grayblue when old, centeroften darker, margin incurved lor a long time and projecting somewhat beyond the lamellae, sometimes undulating. Flesh whitish, blue underthe cuticle, thin, odorless to slightly larinaceous, taste mild, insipid. Lamellae whitish when young, soon pink to brown-pink, broad, L = 25-35, I = 1-5, notched and narrowly adnate, edges smooth. Stipe 30-70 x 24 (6) mm, cylindrical, sometimes twisted, tapered toward the apex and base, solid when young, hollow when old, surface blue to blue-gray and sometimes longitudinally whitish-fibrillose, base white-tomentose and sometimes with yellow tones.

A: Sporei wilh 5-8 B: C:

D:

rounded angules.6.H.7 x 6.1-8 Um: O:1.0-1.2i spp.

Basidia cylindricalto clavate. 26-39 x 8.5-11 Um, with 4 stedgmata and basal clamp. Cvstrdia not seen, Pp composed of periclinal hyphae 2-6 pm across, hyphae in lh€ subcutis up to 25 um across, fainlly gelatinized. with intracellular pigmentation, some septa with clamps.

Remarks

This species can be easily recognized in the field, lts typrcal features ar€ the persisiont blue colors of pil€us and strpe.lhe smooth, silky pilealsurface the i/h e to Drnk-brown lamellae whrch contrast with the blue color, and occur-

rence in ;onilerous forests wilh acid soils. The almost isodiametnc spores wilh roundsd anqles and the clamped basidia are striklng microscopically. Enlolofia bloxamii (No. 12) ls somewhel similar, but it has more robust tricholomatod frbs. and occurs in unlerlilized meadows on chalk. Ertoloma euchlour, (No. 29) grows on rotten wood and has blue lamellae throughout li_ fe. E zlidrm couldalso be confused with other blue entolomas, which can be distinguished only microscopically.

Coll€ction examined and lllusttated

Lucerne {Bireogwald), elev. 550 m, quad. 2066, rn a mixed hardwood_conif€r

forest, sept. i6, 1988. coll. Rl, 1609-88 R 5. Other collections: quad. 1966, 2068, 2165.

lmbach: included.

57

Entoloma occultopigmentatum

+

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouz.

Arnolds & Noordel.

Habitat

Micrcscooic lEatures

Solitary to gregarious in unlertilized meadows, wet meadows, or Molinia meadows. Late summer-fall. Rare. Distribution: E.

A: Soord ,+anqled,

Macroscopic features

C:

Pileus 15-40 mm across, hemispheric-campanulate when young, soon convex, later plane, often depressed when old, usually with a small papilla in the center, surface hygrophanous, smooth, silky, when moist shiny and black-brown to dark gray-brown, striate to the cente( when dry ocher-gray to ocher-brown, margin +/- incurved, at times somewhat undulating, acute. Flesh dark brown-watery ocherish when dry thin, odorstrongly farinaceous, taste mild, strongly rarinaceous-rancid. Lamellae gray-beige, later ocher-brown with a pink tint, broad, L = 25-35, I = 3-11 (14), notched and broadly adnate, sometimes with a decunent tooth, edges somewhat undulating, smooth. Stipe 40-90 x 3-7 mm, cylindrical, splitting longitudinally into fibrils, slightly enlarged toward the base, hollow, Iragile, surface ocher- to gray-brown, longitudinally silvergrayjibrillose-striate, whitish-tomentose toward the base.

H.2

pm;O: 1.1_1.3: spp. red-brown.

1G-13 pm, with (1-2) 4 (5) sterig'

mata, some with basal clamp. Cvstidia not seen.

D: P6 comoosed of penchnal hyphae 3-8 pm across. occasional hyphal

ends somewhat €iserled and not > 11 pm across. with inlracellular pig_ mentation, septa without clamps. Length of the tramal cells > 100 Um.

Remarks Similar brown entolomas with +/- isodiametric spores and with cells in the tramal hyphae of the pileus over 1 00 pm long are e . g. Entobma serbeoides (No. 79) with a srmrlar habitus and odor, bul with clampless basidia and enarusted hyphae in lhe pileipdlis, and E. costalum (Fr.) Kumm. wilh a kicholomatoid-clitocyboid habitus, wihout a larinaceous odor. wilh clampless basi dia, and wilh end cells in the pllelpelhs up to 15 pm wide.

Collection exarnined and lllustrated

Hasle LU {Juchmoos), elev. 1090 m, quad. 19&. rn a wet Morrnia meadow among mosses. Sept.24. 1991. coll. J8.2409_91 BR 2.

other collections: none. lmbac_h: not included.

86

7.2-9.8 x

B: B sdra venvicose to clavale, 23-35 x

_^ -----__z__\_, L_--\

B )vo^ \& ( )/" ^ rh) /\ l(

40

um

A

..--j /t \ l

X

\tz t )t, F 100 pm. Spores

ReInarks This species is easy lo recognize in the fi€ld b€cause of its strikrng, perflrmy odor and the yellow-green color lts double. Entoloma chbrophyllun INo.21). ls odorless and unlike E p/eopodium has cylndncal cheilocyslidia. Green to yellow-green frbs. are rare in entolomas. Theonlyotherone known to us is E incanum (No.42). whose slipe turns somewhat blue-green when rubbed and which occurs primanly in poor grass: moreover rts spores ar€ larger (up to '13.9 x 10.3 Um) and the basidia lack a basal clamp.

Collection examined end illuatrated Bedigliora Tl (Banco), elev 580 m, quad. 0971, Lrnder moist place, Oct.26, 1980, coll, Lucchlnl, LUG 1199.

Sa/i,y and /A/nus in a

Other collections: quad. 0970, 1071, 1857.

lmbach: not included.

62

Entoloma

poliopus

(Romagn.) Noordel. var. parvisporigerum Noordel.

f

Habitat Solitary to gregarious in poor meadows, Morhla meadows, among grasses and mosses. Summer-fall. Rare. Distribution: E.

Fam. Entolomataceae Micioscopic Ieatures Spores s-7-angled, 8.3-11.3 x 5.9-7.7 pm; Q: 1.3-'1.7; spp. reddish-

A:

ocher.

B: Basidia cylindrical to clavate, 28-35 x without basal clamp.

9-11 um, with (2) 4 si€rigmata,

Macroscopic featurcs

C: Cheilocystidia fusiform to lagenilom, 3N5 x 10-15

Pileus'l$-30 (40) mm across, conical to hemispherical when young, later convex to plane, with a depressed center and someti-

Dr Pp composed of periclinal hyphae 6-15 pm across. occasional hyohal

mes undulating, surface dull, weakly hygrophanous, radially appressed-squamulose, squamules dark gray-brown on a paler background, with a black-brown center, somewhatfading from the margin inward when dry margin slightly undulating, acute. Flesh whitish, thin, odorless, taste mild, slightly larinaceous. Lamellae white when young, later pink to brown-pink, broad, L = 20-32, I = 3-5, broadly adnate, edges smooth. Stipe 30-50 x 2-3 mm, cylindrical, hollow, fragile, surlace smooth, satiny, gray-blue when young, paler brownish-gray when old, base white-tomentose.

Um; pleLrrocystidia

ends ascendrng. with end cells up to 30 um across, wnh inlracellular pigmentation, septa \flithout clamps,

Remarks

The variety described here differs from the type variety p marily by smaller spores. which on the average are not longer than '10 Um (type 9-13.5 x 6-9 um), and by somewhal smaller and diflerently shaped cherlocystidia. The cherbcystrdia of this collection conespond to the drawing in NOORDELOOS (1988), but not to those in NOOROELOOS (1987); later he showed the cysti dia for var. poliopus (NOORDELOOS '1992). A clear expression of the stipe color is necessary lor idenlification: young iibs. are necessary for this. since the color fades in older frbs. and turns gray or brown.

Collaodon examlned and lllustrated Adligenswil LU (Meggerwald), elev. 600 m, quad. 2167, in a wet meadow (Morria grassland), at the edge of a forsst among mosses, July 13, 1989. coll. FK, 1307-89 K 2. Other collections: none.

lmbach: not included.

63

Entoloma politoflavipes

I

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouz.

Noordel. & Liiv

Habitat L-rsually

gr€arious in poor meadows and pastures on chalky soils.

Summer-fall. Rare. Distribution: E.

Macroscopic featur€s Pileua'lG-20 mm across, campanulate-convex when young, later plane, center always indented, surface dull to satiny, Iinely radially fibrillose, finely granulose€quamose in the center, hygrophanous, when moist dark yellow-brown and translucent-striate up to 2/3 the distance to the center, wh6n dry beige-brown, center always remaining dark brown, margin acute, incurved Ior a long time. Flesh whitish, thin, odor faintly spicy, taste mild, faintly astringent, somewhat herbaceous. Lamellae whitish when young, soon pink, broad, L = 15-18, I = 3, broadly adnate and subdecurrent, edges smooth. SUpe 30-45 x 1-2 mm, cylindrical, base somewhat enlarged, fragile, hollow, surface smooth to satiny, pale dingy yellow to olive-yellow, paler toward the base, base white-tomentose.

Microscopic loatul€3

A:

Spores s-7-angled, 6.8-9.4 x

F7.4 um; Q: 1 .1-1.4: spp. pink-brown.

B: Basidia clavate, 25-35 x &-11 !m, with 4 sterigmata C: Cystidia not s€en.

and basal clamp.

D: Pp in the cent€r of th€ pileus a trichoderm composed of ascending hyphae with clavate end cells 50-120 x 10-25 Um, with brown intracellular pigmentation, most septa with clamps. Remarks

Examples ofspecies producrng similarfrbs, areE toloha xenthochroum lNo96) with cheilocystidia, spores > 10 um long, end brown-cikate lamellar edges, as well as E foaosur,? (No. 35) and E ocrrcmlcaceum (No. 58), both also with cheilocystidia. Howev6r, all three have clampless septa.

Collecuon examlned and lllustrated

St. Antdnien (Litzistafel), elev. 1750 m, quad.2078, in a mountain meadow among grasses and herbs, Aug. 23, 1994, coll. FK, 2308-94 K 4.

Oth6r collection6: none.

lmbach: not included.

Entoloma pleopodium

MU/

(\tlv

4opm

I )

dCIC

Dnn r-\v\4

ru\/

':!- ()

ffi

10 pm

Entoloma poliopus v. parvisporigerum

62

D

#A ^^

BA ,ry(

\

40 pm

A

/

-\

//I,RD

lv', /\ t/l

\pn

;

\\tJA< i'll/)\ ) "YL/ \l/c)' -'-r

"

20 pm

iY

10 pm

Entoloma politoflavipes

63

t w

tfB\:t t til.{ 'i ,

f.

-\

(.\1-\\/ (\-),1 \J/-t(

066

\

ov 1,2, and the species occuls in be€ch forests. The very similar E serlcafl4 (No.79) when very fresh also has a nitrous odor which disappears quickly.lts spores are som.ewhat longerand more heterodiametric,

Collection examined and illuslrated

Eigenial LU (Forenmoos), eiev. 1000 m, quad. 2065, at the edge of a high moor, in a poor meadow near Sa/,x, Oct. g, 1990, coll. JB. 0910-90 BB. Other collections: none.

lmbach: not included.

65

Entoloma

pseudocoelestinum I

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouz.

Arnolds = Rhodophyllus coelestirus ss. KUhn. & Romagn.

Micro6copic featurea

Habitat Usually gregarious in poor lawns and in mountain meadows, generally on silicate soils. Summerjall, Rare. Distributioni E,

A: Spor€s S-7-angled, 8.2-11 .5 x 6-9 Um;Q: 1.1-1.5;spp. pink-brown. B: Basidia clavate, 33-47 x 10-13 pm, with 4 sterigmata, without basal clamp.

C: Cystidia not seen.

D:

Macroscopic featurcs

Pileug '10-40 mm across, convex when young, later plane, undulating when old, center indented to slightly umbilicate throughout life, surfaca dull to satiny, conspicuously radially fibrillose, fibrils violet-blue on a paler background, dark brown to black-squamulose in the center, beige-brown and without wine-red tones when old, margin incurved for a long time, projecting beyond the lamellae, smooth. Flesh whitish, thin, odor slightly and pleasantly spicy, taste mild, chanterelle-like. Lamellae white when young, later gray-pinkto salmon-pink, broad, L = 18-27, I = 5-7, broadly adnate, edges smooth, not colored. Stipe 3(H0 x 3-7 mm, cylindrical, somewhat tapered toward th6 apex, rigid, fragile, hollou surface smooth, dull, gray-blue with a violet tint, apex whitish and whitepowdered, base white-tomentose.

Pp in the center of the pileus a trichoderm composed of in part ascending hyphae with clavate end cells 70-150 x 20-36 Um, with brown intracellular pigmentation, septa without clamps.

Rema*s Examples of species producrng similar frbs. are Entoloma coNinum lNo.25l with cherlocystidia. E /ivdocyanulurn (No. 49) wlth a lighl brown prleus without any bluetintorat most a faint blue tint when young, and the two varieties of E chatbaeulh (Nos. I 9, 20) with cherlocystidia. E toloma coelestinum \Ft.) Hesl. ss, Fr.. Lge. is a sm6ll6r mushroom wilh a pileus al most up lo 10 mm in diam€ter, usually with a papillaand never indont€d, not hygrophanous and not translucent-striate, and with spores 6.5+.5 x 5.5-6 Um and clamps on tho septa.

Collection examined and illustrated

Davos GR (D6rfli), elev. 1800 m, quad. 1978, in a poor meadow on silicate soil, Aug. 17, 1994, coll. FK, 1708-94 K.

other collections: none. lmbach: not included.

66

Entoloma pseudoturbidum (Romagn.) Mos.

I

Habitat Gregarious to almost clustered, more rarely solitary, on soil, in hardwood foresb or mixed hardwood-coniter Iorests in damp to moist places. Late summer-lall. Rare, Distribution: E.

Macroscopic leaturgs Pileus 2G55 (70) mm across, convex-hemispherical when young, later campanulate-convex, plane and undulating when old, with a small umbo, surfacesmooth to slightly radiallywrinkled, slightlytuberculate to tuberculate-wrinkled in the center, dull to satiny,

slightly hygrophanous, dark gray- to sepia-brown when moist, gray-brown when dry, margin incurved fff a long time, smooth,

acute, not or only slightly striate. Flesh white, thin, odor and taste distinctly farinaceous-rancid, mild. Lamellae dingywhite when young, pink when old, broad, L = 35-50, | = 5-7, broadly adnate, edges smooth. Stlp€ 40-80 (100) x 5-10 mm, cylindrical, rigid, fragile, solid when young, hollow when old, surface longitudinally dark gray-brown-fibrillose on a pale background, apex usually whitepowdered, base slightly white-tomentose.

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouz.

Microscopic foalures

A: Spor€s s-7-angled, 6.4-9 x 5.8-8 pm; Q: 1 .G-1.3; spp. pink-brown. B: Basdia clavale, 35-48 x '10-13 pm, with 4 stengmata and basalclamp.

C: Cystrdla not seen. O: Pp composed ol pedclinal hyphae 3-7 pm across, occasional hyphal

ends in the center of the pilous exserted, with intracellular brown pigmentation, septa with clamps. Length of the tramal cells < 100 Um.

R€marks This species is characterized by the very dark ftbs., the rolatively small spores. and the distinct odor and taste of flour The usually srmrlar spec@s Entoloma tubidum lNo.89j ts almost identical microscopically. but it has sign ts cantly paler frbs. and lacks a larinaceous odor or tasle. Entoloma myrmecophilum (No. 54) could also be confused with E pseudoturbldum, but it has spores up to 11 Um long and partly encrusted hyphae in the pileipellis.

Collection examined and illu6trated Adligenswl LU (Stocken), elev.550 m. quad.2167.

rn a damp mixed hardwood-conifer foresl, on soil, Oct. 19, 1994, coll. FK, 1910-94 K.

Other collecliorc: none-

lmbach: not included.

Entoloma pol tum

40

!m

a \',':

'11

1 \'.v

.-1

i

i

iir l^ I

\. B ilv

(,

i

i-r

20

,,' \

-/--i\\

. --l,'r' \

)

I

-)],].-.i. ,,

-_.

\.

/ 10

Lrm

,l

!m

Ento oma pseudocoe estinum

'il 1r

,,

\!

\/

'/-

11f-

r

'i

- -.-..i

.,1,,

u ,]

:--r l']i ^/l

,r-''.,('

I!,'i) 't

./

20 pm

-/

/ )

"':''i;/4\

-''.,

'ffi;s

,-'

10 Unr

Entoloma pseudoturb dum

66

.10 Lrm

\ ,/..1\

!_ /,,

\.

'-, _r_,_.)

:{- -7 - t-L!-. --', r.r l t., ,/ r\- !,)' -' ' i)

.i nt'

I

./i

,/.:

20

Lrm

10 unr

l

67

Entoloma aff. pseudoturci Noordel.

I

Habitat Solitaryto gregarious in wet alpine pastures, poor meadows, at the €dge of moors. Planar to subalpine. Summerjall. Rare. Distribution:

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouz.

Microscopic leatures

A:

B:

Spores 5-6-angled, 8-10 x 6.6-8.2 pm; O: 1.1-1.4; spp. brownish-pink. Basidia clavat6,3153 x 9.5-12.5 pm, with (44 sterigmata, without basal

clamp.

E.

C: Cheilocystidia only occasional, fusiform to lageniform, 25-50 x 5+ um; pleurocystidia not seen.

Macroscopic Ieatures Pileus 10-30 (50) mm across, conic-campanulate when young, later convexto expanded, with an indented center, surface dark brown to light gray-brown, finely radially fibrillose, appressed-squamose, margin incurved for a long time, acute, smooth. Flesh whitish, brownish under the cuticle, thin, odor faintly pleasant, taste mild to somewhat sourish. Lamellae white when young, later pale pinkto brown-pink, broad, L = 22-30, I = 3-5, narrowly adnate, some with a subdecurrent tooth, edges smooth. Stipe 3G-50 x 2-4 mm, cylindrical, at times somewhat enlarged toward the apex, hollow, elastic, surface smooth, dull, yellow- to olive-brown, with occasional white fibrils, base white-iomentose.

D: Ppcomposed of poriclinal hyphae 5-12 um across. ascendrng

in

thec€n-

ter of the pileus, with exserted hyphal ends up to 22 um across. with intracellular pigmentation, septa without clamps.

R€marks This species differs from ils double Entoloma turci (Bres.) lvlos. pnmarily by paler frbs. with lamellae and stipe base which do not redden when rubbed, and microscopoally by smaller spores (ave. > 10 Um). The lamellar edges of the described collection are heterogeneous and have drfferently shaped cystidia from those illustrated by NOORoELOOS (1987, 1992), but all the other characters agree with his descriptions.

Collection 6xamin€d and illustrated

G6schenen UR, Elev. 1200 m, quad. 1668, ln a wet alpine pasture, Sept.6, 1989, coll. F[4,0609-89 MLr 5. Other collections: none.

lmtach: not included

68

Entoloma queletii (Boud.)Noordel.

Habitat

+

to

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouz.

Microscopic features

gregarious on heathlike soils, at the edges of high moors, near A/nug Eetula, Fraxinus, and Ftangula, among mosses in moist places. Summerjall. Rare. Distribution: E.

A: Spores s-7-angled, 9.3-13.1 x6.8-9.4 um; Q: 1.3-1.5; spp. red-brown. B: Basidia clavate, 35-50 x 1G-13 pm, with 4 sterigmata, without basal

Macroscopic features Pileus 10-25 (35) mm acr@s, hemispheric-convex when young,

D: Pp composed of priclinal hyphae 5-15

Solitary

later convex to plane and somewhat indented in the c€nter, suface f inely appr€ssed-fibrillos€-scaly on a cream-colored to ocherish

background which is sometimes red-brownish or pink-brownish, esp. when young, with a darker center, scales light yellow to light

brown, margin acute. Flesh ocher to light brown, thin, almost

odorless, taste mild, weakly fungoid. Lamellae white when young, later light ocher with a pink tint, pink when old, broad, L = 21-34, I

= 3-7, ascending-adnexed, edges irregular, slightly undulating, whitejloccose. Stipe 25-45 (60)x 1-4 mm, cylindrical, sometimes twisted, hollow, lragile, surlace white to cream-white, Iinely longitudinally fibrillose, apex slightly white-Iloccose, base somewhat white-tomentose.

clamp.

C: Cheilocystidia cylindrical, often flexuous, subcapitate, 25-70 x 5-10 !m; pleurocystidia not seen,

Um across, occasional hyphal ends exserted and up to 30 Um across, with intracellular pigmentation, septa without clamps.

Remarks

Entoloma quebtii is very clc'se to E kervem, (No. 46) macro- and microscopically. lt dffe6lyom the laner by a pink-linted prleus pnmarily when young and by somewhat larger spores. lt could also conceivably be conlused with pale forms of e roseum (No. 71), with lageniform cheilocystidia, and with E ,enthinum (Romagn. & Favre) Noordel., wiihout cheilocystidia.

Collection €xaminod and allustrat€d

Kems OW Gerzenseeli, elev. 580 m, quad, 1966, in a high moor on heathlike soil. among mosses, neat Alnus, Betula, and Frangula, Sept. 26, 1991, coll.

FM,2609-91 MU 2. Oth€r coll€ctions: none. lmbach: not included-

69

Entoloma rhodopolium f. nidorosum (Fr.) Noordel. = Entoloma nidorosunl \Fr.l Qael.

+

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouz.

(Fr.) Kumm.

Habitat Solitary to gregarious in hardwood and mixed hardwood-conifer forests, commonly n€ar Fagus, on soil or among leaf litter. Summer-fall. Widespread. Distribution: E, NA, As, NAf.

Maciogcopic featureg Pileus 30-70 (90) mm across, convex when young, later expanded with a +/- depressed center, surface hygrophanous, smooth, dull, gray-beige to gray-brown or ocher-brown when moist, sometimes with a laint olive tint, light beige to yellowish-beige when dry margin incurved lor a long time, at times somewhat striate-crenate, undulating when old. Flesh whitish, thin, odor nitrous, taste mild, somewhat unpleasant. Lamellae whitish when young, later pink to pink-brownish, broad, L = 37-48, | = 3-5 (4, +/- broadly adnate, sometimes notched and with a decurrent tooth, edges smooth. Stipe 3G-90 x 3-9 ('12) mm, cylindrical, apex and base somewhat enlarged, stuffed when young, hollow when old, corticate, surface longitudinally whitejibrillose on a dingy whitish to beige-brownish background, dull to satiny, base at times somewhat white-tomentose.

Microscopic features

A: Spores S-7-angled, 6.4-9.4 x 5.5-7.8 Um; Q: 1.0-1.4; spp. rust-brown. B: Basidia cylinddcalto ventricose, 33-.44 x 1G12 Um, with 4 sterigmata and basal clamp.

Ci Cystidia not

seen.

D: Pp composed ol periclinal hyphae 3-12 !m across, hyphal walls slighlly

gelatinized, barely pigmented, some septa with clamps. Length of the iramal cells < '120 pm.

Remarks This forma was formedy listed as a separate species, E ,ldorosa/m, but because of the rel. shght macroscopic and microscopic differences from the type ol E, thoclopohum, il was reduced to the rank ol I nidolosum ot that species. The differences from the type species consist primarily of the nitrous

odor and the length-width ratio of the sporesi f. nidorosum has somewhat narower spores with a Q value up to 1.4, while thevalueforthe type does not exceed 1.25. Entoloma por-tum (No. 64) has a nitrous odor when very fresh, but it has different ecological requirements and much darker trbs.

Collection examined and illustrated

Alpnach OW (Kernwald), elev, 500 m, quad. 1966, in a mixed beech forest on leaf litter, Oct. 8, 1990, coll. WY 0810-90 !VY.

Other collections: quad. 1966, 2066, 2068.

lmbach: included

as Entoloma nidotosum lFt.) QueL

Entoloma pseudoturci

/)-

\{4 B \ \r$'

40 Pm

/

/ilroml ffi

A

_n $v

H -44

a-fl-) V./^>

(M "V 10 pm

Entoloma queletii

k 258

ffi Fl\,1

Entoloma rhodopolium f. nidorosum E

o NL

)r^, --( \x QilV mililu 20 pm

{\e

6() hr,;

k 269

70

Entoloma

rhodopolium

(Fr: Fr) Kumm. f. rhodopolium

+

Habitat Solitary to gregarious in hardwood or mixed hardwood-conifer forests, usually near Fagug on soil or among leaf litter. Late summer-fall. Common. Distribution: E, NA, As, NAf.

Macroscopic leatures Pileus 2G80 ('100) mm across, convex when young, later increasingly expanded, with an indented to umbilicate center, almost infundibulilorm and undulating when old, surface hygrophanous, smooth, dull, gray to ocher-brown and somewhat butyraceous when moist, light beige to yellowish-beige when dry, margin incurved for a long time, slightly crenate, undulating in age. Flesh whi-

te, thin, odorless, taste mild, faintly herbaceous. Lamollae white when young, later pink-Ilesh-colored, broad, L = 30-55, I = 3-7,

notched and broadly adnat€, edges smooth to somewhat undulating. Stipe 40-90 (110) x $-8 (12) mm, cylindrical, apex and base somewhat enlarged, hollow, corticate, stilf, Iragile, surface smooth, satiny, white to light yellowish, also dingy white, strongly longitudinally Iibrillose, apex white-powdered.

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouz.

Microscopic featuGa

A: B: C: D:

Spores s-7-angled, 7-10.1 x 6.7-9.3 um;O:1.0-1.2;spp. rust-brown. Basidia cylindriaalto ventricose, 32-40 x 9-11 pm, with 4 sterigmata and basal clamp. Cystidia not seen. Pp compos€d of periclinal hyphae 3-9 !m across, hyphal walls slightly gslatinized, barely pigmented, some septa with clamps. Length of the tramalcells < 120 pm.

R6marks This rs a tvoical fall mushroom in beech forests. lt can be confused with its f. nidorosu; (No.69) if the distinctly nttrous odor of lhe latter is overlooked. These forms were formerly list€d as distinct speciea. Enbloma n)qmecophi/um (No. 54)grows in simihr habitats during the sametime of y€at lt has darker ind somawhat smaller frbs, with a distinct farinaceous odor and taste, and rn additon lhe hyphae ol the pp have encrustsd pigmentaton. Entoloma /ivldoalbum (No, 48) also appears in the sam€ season. but it produces darker frbs. with a farinaceous odor and occurs in parks and meadows under soli-

Collection oxamined and illustrated

UdloenswilLU (Meqoerwalo, elev 600 m, quad.2167, in a mixed hardwood' conrier torest ndar Figus, on moist sorl, Oci. 6. 1990. coll. FK. 0610-90 K 3. Oth6r collections: quad. 2067, 2068.

lmbach: included.

71

Entoloma (Longyear) Hes.

roseum

I

Habitat Solitaryto gregarious in poor lawns, open conilerous forests, grassy forest edges. Planarto subalpine. Summer-fall. Bare. Distribution: E, NA.

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouz.

Microscopic Ieaturer

Ai B:

C:

Macroscopic features

Sporea s-8-angled. 8.3-1 1 .2 x 6.8-8.3 um;O: 1.1-1.4ispp. pinkacc.lit. (no spore print). Basidia cylindncal lo clavate.22-35 x 10-13 Um. with 4 stengmata. wilh_ out basal clamp. Cheilocystidja polymorphic, lagenirom to fusiform, 3(F70 x 8-18 pm; pleurocyslidia not seen, Pp composod ol periclinalto ascendrng hyphae 5-17 pm across, gxser_ led hyphal ends up to 30 Um across. wilh intracellular pigmentation. septa without clamps.

Pileug 15-.30 (40) mm across, hemispheric-convex when young,

D:

acute, somewhat split and lringed when old, Flesh white, pinkbrown under the cuticle, thin, odorless, taste mild, not distinctive. Lamellae white when young, later brownish-pink, broad, L = 15-23, l= 3-5 (7), notched, edges smooth. Stipe 2H0 x 2-6 mm, cylindrical, hollow, Iragile, surface light pink-brownish, whitish and powdered toward the apex, base sometimes white-tomentose.

R6marks This speciescould be confused wth the likewse monlane Entolor@ catalau' r,icum {No. 16), whrch, however, has blue to lrlac lones on the margin ol lhe pileus ind loward the base ol the slipe, oralso with E queiet,(No.68), which is prnk-brownish only in the center of the pileus and has only fillom cheF loiystdla. Entoloma ia,thinum {Romaqn. & Favle) Noondel. also issrmrla( bul it occurs rn Sphsqnum, has llesh.colored frbs,. and lacks cheilocystidia.

later planoconvex, with a slightly depressed center, surface dull, finely radially fibrillose, slightly squamose in the center, pink-brown to copper- or brick-red, margin inrolled when young, later smooth,

Colleclion examined and illustrated

Olivone Tl (Lukmanier-Passstrasse), elev. 1800 m, quad. 1570, ln a grassy, open stand bf Plrus mugo, on chalk, Aug.29,1986, coll. Lucchini, LUG4307.

Other collectons: none.

lmbach: not included-

72

Entolomarusticoides

I

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouz.

(Gill.)Noordel.

Habitat

Microscoplo l€atures Spores 5-6-angled, 7.1-'10.6 x 6.9-9.6 um; O: 1,G-1.2, spp. reddish-

Solitary to gregarious in field paths, on pathsides or banks, on bare soil. Summer-tall. Rare. Distribution: E, NA.

A:

Macroscopic features Pileus 6-14 (20) mm across, convex throughout life, sometimes with a small papilla, later depressed to umbilicate in the center,

stedgmaia, without basal clamp. C: Cystidia not seen. D: Pa composed of penchnal hyphae 3-15 um across. occasronal hyphal ends exserted and up to 35 um across, with laint brown6h membranal pigmentation and in part sparsely encrusted, septawithout clamps.

surface hygrophanous, when moist smooth, translucent-striate lo th€ cente( dark gray- to umber-brown, when dry light beige-brown, finely lomentose, center always whitish-fibrillose-scaly, margin incurved lor a long time and undulating. Flesh cream-colored to whitish, thin, odorlaintly herbaceous, taste mild, faintly rancid. Lamellae pale gray-beige when young, then brown with a pink tint, broad, L = 15-20, l= 3-7, decurrent, edges smooth. Stipe'12-22 (30) x 1-1.5 mm, cylindrical, solid, stiff, surface smooth, dull, graylo ocher-brown, base usually white-tomentose,

ocher.

Br Basidia cylind cal to clavat€-ventricose, 3H0 x 10-14

Um, with (2) 4

Remarka The habitus and color ofthis smallEnto/oma mimican Omphalina, e.g. Omphalina griseopalhda, O. obatra. or O. velut pes (Nos. 379.381. 387 o, Vol. 3). Howeve-( a microscopical examination clariliea the siluation. Other similar omphalinoid entolomaswith rsodrametric spores are e. g. E. rhodoc^ (Iasch) Moa. with clamps, thin lagenifom cheilocystidia, and paler frbs.; E f/occulosum (Bres.) Pacioni with a non-striate and dens€ly floccose-scaly pileus:and E phaeocyathus Noordel. with clavate cheilocystidia.

Colleclion examined and illustrated

Adlig€nswil LU (Fohrenmoos), elev. 550 m, quad. 2167, on a road embankment, Sept. 2,, 1991, coll. FK, 2109-91 K. Other oollocdons: quad. 1874, 2066.

lmbach: not included.

96

Entoloma rhodopolium f. rhodopolium

E E

o

40 pm

'H HU,ry

.-A'[v

"QO ^5e) ffi

\{'\{ ,o

.^o

A \)/--.l

t;

Entoloma roseum

E a o

Entoloma rusticoides

E a o

\t\ _-/

\ru ^^o / Mu -alo \i-\/V\/ )\ /( )LV.) "., CUO H M,\1 \wq/

ffi

\----'

ffi

I 57x

73

Entoloma saepium (Noulet & Dass.) Richon & Roze = Agaricus prunaii S,chulz.

I

Habitat usually gregarious in meadows, gardens, and parks, near sloe bushes and plum and damson-plum trees (species of Prunus). Spring-early summer. Not common. Distribution: E.

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouz.

Microscopic features Spores with 5-7 rounded angles, 7.8-11.1 x 7-9.5 !m; Q: 1.t)-1.3; spp.

A: B: C: D:

Macroscopic Ieatures Pileus 25-100 (120) mm across, conical when young, later coniccampanulate to plane and undulating, center often obtusely umbonate, surface smoolh, dull, whitish when young, later creamwhitish with light brownish to gray-brownish tones, butyraceous when moist, margin inrolled for a long time and somewhat split in age. Flesh white, thin, reddening where eaten, slowly bluing in guaiac, odor farinaceous, taste mild, farinaceous. Lamellae white when young, soon pink to pink-brown, broad, L = 45-70, I = 5-11, notched and narrowly adnate, edges smooth to slightly crenate. Stipe 30-100 (120)x 5-15 mm, cylindrical, pithy-solid, Iragile, surface white and Iinely longitudinally whitishjibrillose, turning brown-reddish where rubbed or eaten-

Basidia clavate to ventricos€, 35-45 x 10-12 !m, with 4 steigmata and basal clamp. Cystidia not seen. pm across, walls of the hyphae Pp composed of p€riclinal hyphae in the uppemost layer strongly gelatinized (ixocutis), with intracellular

l.H

pigm€ntation, occasionalsepta with clamps. Length ofthe tramalcells < 100 pm.

Remarks Entoloma sepium is alypical spring species associated with members ol the rose family (species of Prur,ut Malus or Pynls), The same applies also to the following species: E ,ipholdes (Romagn. ex) Noordel. with a snow-white pileus, E saurders/? (No. 74) with a silvergray pileus which does not spot, and E. clypeatum lNo- 22) wilh a brown pileus. Howevet, both Entoloma moseianum Noordel. with a whitish pileus whach spots reddish where rubbed, in hardwood lorests. and E prunulotdes \Ft.: Frl Auel. with a light gray-brown pileus, in montane poormeadows, occur in summer and lall, Somelimes one sees the spelling E s€p/in, which acc. NOORDELOOS (1985 p. 459) is in-

Collection examined and illustated

Lucorne, AEenalstrasse, elev. 450 m, quad. 2066, in a home gard€n under Prunus domestica, in a lawn, June 4, 1973, coll. Rnedi M., 0406-73 BR 1.

Other colloctlons: none.

74

Entoloma saundersii (Fr.) Sacc.

- lfibach:

not included.

I

Habitat Solitary to gregarious in and outside forests, usually near shrubby members of the rose family, such as Crategus and Prurus spirosa, but also near U/mus. Spring. Rare. Distribution: E.

Macroscopic teaturcs Pileus 35+0 ('100) mm across, hemispheric-convex with a strongly inrolled margin when young, later convex to plane, sometimes with an indented center or also obtusely umbonate, undulating when old, surface dull, smooth, whitish when young, later creamto gray-beige or silver-gray, often spotted and with bits of soil stuckto it, sometimes arachnoid veillibrils visible, margin incurved for a long time, acute, smooth. Flesh white to light brownish, rel. thick, never reddening, immediately turning blue in guaiac, odor and taste farinaceous, mild. Lamellae whitish when young, later gray-pink to pink-brown, broad, L = 46-60, I = 1-5, notched, edges smooth. Stipe 40-100 x 7-20 mm, cylindrical, at times somewhat enlarged toward the base, solid, apex while-powdered, surface white when young, later dingy white to brownish, longitudinally whitishjibrillose, not discoloring when rubbed or eaten.

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouz.

Microscopic feature3

A:

Spor€s indistinctly polygonal, 9.7-12.4 x 9.2-10.9 !m; O: 1.0-1.2; spp. reddish acc. lit. (no spore print). B: Basidia clavate, 5H0 x 13-'17 pm, with 4 sterigmata and basal clamp, c: Cystidia not seen. D: Pp composed of periclinal hyphao 3-8 !m across, the uppermost layer g€latiniz€d, with intracellular yellowish pigmentation, septa without clamps. Length ofthe tramalcells < 100 pm.

Rema*s This species could easily be conlused with the very slnila( Entoloma saepium (No. 73), which also occurs in sping, but usually grows under cultivated species in the rose family such as Prunr./s domesiica. e saep,um has smaller and disiinctlyangular spores, and its frbs. spot brown-reddish where eaten or rubbed. Entoloma niphoide', (Romagn. ex) Noordel. also appears in spring near members of the Hosaceae.lt differc from the oth€r two species by shiny white frbs. and spores which are similar to those of E saepium. For further remarks see E saeplum,

Collection examined and illust.aied Balerna Tl (S. Antonio), elev. 300 m, quad. 0771, under Crat€gus in a lou open b€€ch lorest, March 13, 1977, coll. Biva, LUG 0522.

Oher collections: quad. 0871. lmbach: not included.

75

Entoloma scabiosum (Fr)Ouel.

I

Habitat Solitary to gregarious in hardwood and coniferous lorests on leaf humus or needle litler. Summerjall, Rare. Distribution: E,

Macroscopic Ieaturgg Pileus '15-30 (40) mm across, conic-convex when young, later convex to plane, with a slightly umbonate center, surface covered with fine brown-black squamules with the cream-colored llesh showing between them, th€ center with the squamules crowded together and brown-black squamose-hispid, margin acute. Flesh whitish to cream-colored, thin, odor Iaint, not distinctive, taste mild, not distinctive. Lamellae gray-white when young, soon pink, pink-brown when old, broad, L = 2H0, I = (1F3{4, ascending nanowly adnate, €dges slightly crenate. Stipe 25-45 (60) x 2-5 (7) mm, cylindrical or compressed, somewhat enlarged toward the base, hollow,fragile, sudace smooth, with fine brownish longitudinalfibrils on a gray-brown background, bas€ white-tomentose.

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouz.

Microscopic feaiures

A: B: C: D:

Spores 5-7-angled, 6.4-9.1 x 5.3-7.2 Um: Q: 1 .1-'1.4; spp. brown-pink.

Basidia cylindric-clavate, 28-32 x $-10 pm, with 4 sterigmata, wlthout basal clamp. Cheilocystidia lagenifom to ventdcose, apex capitate, moniliform, or mucronate, 35-60 x 7-17 pm; pleurocystidia noi seen. Pp composed of periclinal hyphae 8-12 Um across, some ascending in clusters, with clavateends 20-30 pm acro$, with brown intracellular pigmentation, septa without clamps.

Remarks This species is close to E toloma iubatufi lFt.tFt.)Karst. and E fuscotomentosum Moll., both also with dalk brown frbs. Entolom a jubatum dillets frc'r], E. scabiosum primarily by afinely rad ially fibillose and non-scaly pileus as well as by somewhat narrower spores (O: 1,2-1.r. Entoloma fuscotomentosum has a squamulose pileus similar to that of E scabiosum, but it is of smaller stature, has a silv€ry-white fibrillose stips, and occurs principally on heath soils. Thefrbs. of thedescibed collection have a stature likeE fuscotomertosum, but they agree with E sc€blosum in the other characters such as stipe ornamentation. crenate lamellaredges, and habitat. KITS VAN WAVEREN (1976) dBcussed this complex and mentoned that these last two species

could possibly be conspecific.

Collection examined and illuatsate.d Fenkneden AG, 6lev, 500 m, quad. 2267. in a spruce lorest on needle litter Sept. 28, 1992, coll. JB, 2809-92 BR 1.

Other collections: none.

-

lmbach: not included.

Entoloma saepium

; "-)

oQ.

,ryM

r--n /

\lJ

t/V"n

\/nJl (

ovo" -(,J-o

\/r fle

fi;

I 267

io pr'

Entoloma saundersii

Ie

I

+()

I

Entoloma scabiosum

E l-

o

n\MB (>^

\/ry

0t Ail.E

v'ogg 'vw) h r,;

10 pm

6Sx

76

I

Entoloma scabrosum

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouz,

(Fr.) Noordel.

Habitat Solitary to gregarious in hardwood and coniferous forests, usually in grassy places. Summerjall. Rare. Distribution: E, NA.

Macroscopic fsaturss Pileus 2H0 (60) mm across, hemispherical

to

conic-convex

when young, later campanulate to planoconvex, often with an indented center, surfacelinely radially librillose to slightly squamose, weakly hygrophanous, hazeFbrown to dark gray-brown, margin incurved for a long time, acute. Flesh whitish, brown under the cuticle, thin, odor aromatic, taste mild, not distinctive. Lamqllae whitish when young, later gray-white to gray-pink, broad, L = 2H5, I

Mloroscoplc features

Spores s-7-angled, 9.1-13 x 6.4-9 pm;Q: 1.1-1.8;spp. pink acc.lit. (no spore print). B: Basidia cylindrical 1o clavate, 27-36 x 1G-14 Um , with 4 sterigmata, without basal clamp. c: Cystidia not s€en. D; Ppcomposed of periclinal hyphae5-12 um across, asconding in the center of the plleus, hyphal ends up to 25 !m across, with intracellular pigmentation. septa without clamps.

A:

Remark3

the base, solid when young, hollow when old, fragile, surfac€

The characioristic features ofthisspecies arethe rel. robust habitus, the brown. non-stdate pileus, the faintly violet to blue-toned stipe, the absence of cheilocystidia, and the clampless septa. E toloma aratlnum (Lasch:Fr) Donk is similar but wdh a distinctly whteJibrillose to floccose strpe and occuning on acid. nutrient-poor soils such as Cal/uaa heaths, Other srmilar species with brown pilei and blue-toned stipes either are smaller, have stfiat€ pilei, or

smooth, dull, gray-brown with a violet to blue tinge, longitudinally whitish-fibrillose in places, ap6x white-powdered, base white-to-

differ microscopically.

menlose.

Collection examined and illGtrated

Olivone Tl (Casaccia), elev. 1800 m, quad. 1570, in an op€n stand of Pinus mugo among grass, Aug. 21, 1986, coll. Macchi, LUG 4274.

= 3-5, notched, ascending adnate, edges smooth. Stipe 4G80 (90) x

3-5 (6) mm, cylindrical, at times somewhat enlarged toward

Oth6r colleclions: quad. 1286.

lmbach: nol included.

77

Entoloma sericatum

+

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouz.

(Britz.) Sacc.

Habitai Solitaryto gregarious in boggy meadows, high moors, in wet hardwood forests, undet Betula, Salix, Alnus, Fraxiruq etc., often among Sphagrum or other mosses. Summer-fall. Not common. Distribution: E, NA.

Macroscopic features Pileus 2G-40 (60) mm across, conical when young, soon expanded, indented or umbonate in the center, surface smooth, satiny, hygrophanous, gray-brown to reddish-brown and somewhat striate when moist, light brown and dull when dry, margin inrolled for a long time, smooth. Flesh whitish, brown under the cuticle, thin, odor nitrous when very fresh, later larinaceous, taste mild, farinaceous. lamellae white when young, later brownish-pink, broad, L = 22-{5, I = 1-3 (5), Iinely adnexed and with a decurrent tooth, edges smooth to slightly crenate. Stipe 4G70 (90)x 4-€ (12) mm, cylindrical, at times somewhat enlarged toward the base, hollow, fragile, apex white-powdered, surface almost white when young, later dingy gray to gray-brown and longitudinally white-fibrillose, base sometimes white-tomentose.

Microscopic features Spores s-7-angled,8.1-11 x

6.H.5 ym;Q: 1.1-1.5; spp. brown-pink acc. lit. (no spore print). Basidia cylindrical to clavate, clavate, 26-45 x 10-15 um , with (2) 4 sterigmata and baaal ba8al clamp. C: Cystidia not s€en. pa clinal hyphae Pp D: composed of paiclinal hy 2-8 pm across, hyphae In the upper gelaiinized. in part parl slightly encrumost layer often oflen flexuous and strongly gelatinized, Lenqth of the tramalcells < 100 Um sted. most septa sted, seota without clamps. clamos. Length um .

A:

B:

Remarks This species is characterized by a robu6t habitus, occurrence under hardwoods in somewhat wet to moor-like places, the warm brown color of thg pileus, and the nitrous odor when very fresh. Other entolomas with a nitrous odor are E. politurn (No. 64), which grows rn slmilar habrtats and has somewhat shoner, more rsodiametric spores. and E hodopolium f- nidorosun (No. 69), with pale( more gray-brown colors, occurrence primarily in hardwood forests, and with larger frbs. with a longeFlasting odor

Collection oxamin€d and illustrated

Dalp6 Tl (Bednna), 6lev. 1240 m, quad. 1470, near Betula among Sphagnum, Sept. 13, 1990, colr. Lucchini, LUG 5922.

Oth

c,oll6ctions:none.

lmtach: not included.

78

Entoloma sericellum (Fr: Fr.) Kumm.

+

= Rhodophyllus carneoalbus With.) Ou6l.

Habitat Solitary to gregarious inside and outside forests, in wet meadows, poor meadows, also among mosses or on moist, bare soil, Colline to subalpine. Summer-fall. Widespread. Distribution: E, NA, As, NA'.

Macroscopic featurca Pileus &-20 (30) mm across, hemispherical to obtusely conical when young, later conic-campanulate to convex, sometimes also plane or slightly indented, surface smooth, linely silky-radially fibrillose, white, pale ocherish oryellowish in the center in age, mar-

gin acute and slightly undulating, not striate even when moist.

Flesh watery-white, thin, odorless, taste mild, not distinctive. Lamellae white when young, later pink, broad, L = 15-25, I = 3-5, ascending, relatively broadly adnate and with a decurrent tooth, edges smooth to slightly undulating. Stipe 25-50 x 1-2 (3) mm, cylindrical, sometimes longitudinally grooved to banded, solid when young, hollow when old, surlace smooth, white, finely longitudinally striate, lightly white-powdered, with a yellowish tone in age or from handling.

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl Microscopic f6atur6s

A: Spor€s *angled,9.1-'11 x 6.H.7 Um;Oi 1.1-1.5;spp. pink-ocher B: Basidia clavate, 3H0 x 10-13 um , with 4 steigmata and basal clamp.

lag€nilorm. 22-70 x 3-13 Um : pleurocystidia not se€n. D: Pp composed of periclinal hyphae 5-15 um across, with occasional ascending hyphal ends up to 30 um across in the center ofthe pileus, occasional s€pta with clamps.

C: Cheibcyslidia cylindrical to narowly

R€markB There are not very many small whitish entolomas. ln addition to this species lhere are only the very similat Entoloma olorinum lRomagn. & Favre) Noordel. wth a strongly slriate plleus and without cherlocystidia. E. percandidum Noordel. with narrower spores and smallerfrbs. (pileus zt-10 mm across). and E cephalotichum lNo.17) also with smaller frbs. and wiih capitate pibo- and cauloEyslidia. Enloloms sen'ce//um isa very plastic species. nol only macroscopically (pileus white to yellolyish and campanulate to umbilicate), but also

microscopically in th€ size of th€ spores and abundance of cheilocystidia.

Thus, spore lengths up to 13 um are given in the llterature, but we could not lind spores that long in any of our collectlons.

Colleclion examinod and llluairatad

S6renberg LU (Salwide[). elev. 1400 m. quad.'1864. in an alpine pasture, Sept.3, 1985, coll. FM, 0309-85 Mrj 2.

Other collections: quad. 1966, 2066, 2165, 2167.

lmbach: not included. 100

& Pouz.

76

k

/\'

267

/\->.'\-/ \ \\ '\,-^n

\frn -u N/Vt' \)ur-\ ,

,o p,'

10 pm

\,/

Entoloma sericatum

^

.\.0 L)u

OY2 {-\L)

ZO 10 pm

78

um

n

Ilryffid(

E C5

"ll,

O*

40

\\\.s

;o

J\"

r/,lN) JA H u,n'

lJll

-L) 10 pm

['l

tt L] tt

145

79

Entoloma sericeoides (Lge.)Noordel.

+

Habltat Usually gregarious in poor meadows, pastureland, on calcareous, often sandy and dry soils in mild locations. Colline to alpine. Spring-Iall, Rare. Distribution: E.

Macroacopic featursg Plleug20-40 mm across, convex when young, soon plane and undulating, with an indented center, surface hygrophanous, smooth to slightly radially wrinkled, dark brown and somewhat butyraceous when moist, beige-brown and satiny when dry margin acute, incurved for a long time. Flesh whitish, brownish under the cuticle, thin, odor and taste distinctly farinaceous, mild. Lamellae cream-colored when young, pink-brown when old, broad, L = 30-40, l= 3-5, ascending and nanowly adnate, with a small decunent tooth, edges undulating. Stipe 20-50 x 3-8 mm, cylindrical, sometimes compressed with longitudinal grooves and the apex somewhat enlarged, solid when young, hollow when old, rigid, fragile, surface gray-brown, finely longitudinally fibrillose, apex paler to whitish, base usually white-tomentose.

80

Entoloma sericeum

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouz.

Microscopic f6alur€s

A: Soorea 5-6-anqled, 7.5-9.5 x 6.H.7 um;O: 1.0-1.2;spp. red-brown. B: Basidia clavate: 35-43 x 10-13 um, with 4 ste gmata, wdhout tasal c:

clamp.

D: P6composed of periclinal hyphae 3-9 um across, brown-encrusled, sep-

ta without clamps. Length of the tramal cells > 100

!m.

Remarks This soecies is verv close to Entoloma senceum (Nos. 80. 8l). bul it drffers primaiily by the de,ressed, paler, and barely striate pileus and by the absen_ ce of clamps, Similar brown speces can t€ ditferentiated only microscopi cally. pnmidly by shape and size ol lhe spores, type of cystdia, and struclu_ re ofthe pileipellis and the tramalhyphae ol the pileus.

Collection €xamined and illustrat€d

Spliiqen GR (Splijgenpass). elev. 1950 m. quad. 1574, in an alprne pasture nearCi6,um spinosss,mum, Aug. 26. I 992. coll. FK, 260A-92 K 2. Other collections: none. lmbach: not includad.

+

Fam. Entolomataceae

(Bull. ex) OuAl. var. cinereoopacum Noordel.

Habitat

Microscopic featu€s

Solitaryto gregarious in dry or poor meadows. Planarto subalpine. Summerjdl. Rare. Distribution: E,

A: SDores 5-6-anqled, 7 .1-10.2 x 6.7-A.1 umi O: 1 .0-1.2; spp. brown_phk. B: Basidia clavate to ventricos6, 33-40 x 12-15 um, with 4 sterigmata and

Macroscopic leatures

c: Cystidia not seen.

basal clamp.

Pileus 2H0 (60) mm across, planoconical when young, then plane, sometimes with a small umbo or somewhat indented, suface smooth, dull, finely radially fibrillose, hygrophanous, umber- to dark gray- or black-brown when moist, beige-brown when dry always non-striate, radially spotted when drying, margin sometimes cleft. Flesh gray-brown, thin, odorlessto slightly farinaceous, taste mild to som€what bitter, unpleasantly larinaceous-rancid. Lam€llag gray-white when young, later gray to gray-brown with a pink tint, broad, L = 20-28, I = 1-3, ascending and narrowly adnate, edges somewhat crenate. Stipe 30-50 (70) x 2-3 (O mm, cylindrical, sometimes banded ortwisted, solid when young, hollowwhen old, fragile, surface gray-brown to dark brown, longitudinally whitish-fibrillose when young, apex sometimes white-powdered, base white-tomentose.

81

Entoloma

sericeum

Um across. brown-encrusled. septa septa without clamps. Length Len o{ the lramal cells > 100 Um.

linal hyphae 2,5-10 o: Pp composed of periclinal

Remarks Thrs vanety of

E s€rceum ditlers from the type

when moist and by a dalk gray-brown stipe. They agree in the isodiametric spores as well as in the othar hicroscopic leatures such as lhe absence of cistidia, the presenc€ of clamps on the basidia. and encrusted hyphae in the pil€ip€lhs. See the lype variety for fu(her remarks.

Collection examlned and illustrated

Susauna GR, elev. 1700 m, quad. 1679, in a dry poor lawn alongside a road, Sept. 3, 1992, coll. JB, 0309-92 BR 3.

Other colloctions: none.

lmbach: not included,

+

Family Entolomataceae Kotl. & PoLlz.

(Bull. ex) Qu6l. var. sericeum

Habitat

Usually gregarious in meadows and pastures, on road- and pathsides, on poor to rich soils. Colline to alpine. Summer-fall. Widespread. Distribution: E, NA, As, NAf.

Macroacopic featurgs Pileus 1G-50 mm across, conic-convex when young, later campanulate-convex, with a small papilla, surtace dull to silky, finely radi ally fibrillose, hygrophanous, gray-brown and translucent-striate up to 1/2 the distance to the center when moist, fading to beigebrown in radial streaks when dry not translucent-striate, margin incurved for a long time, acute. Flesh gray-brown, thin, odor and taste distinctly larinaceous, mild. Lamellae gray-white when young, later gray to gray-brown with a pink tint, broad, t= 2743,I = 5-7, narrowly adnate, edges smooth. Stip€ 25-60 (80) x H mm, cylindrical, at times somewhat enlarged toward the base, fragile, hol low' suface dull, longitudinally whitish-fibrillose on a gray-brown background, base often white-tomentose,

Microscopic Ieaturcs Sporea wlth 5-6 rounded anqles, 7.4-11 x 6.8-9.4 uml Oi 1.0-1.2; spp.

A:

reddish-ocher

B: Basidia clavate to ventricose, 33-40 x 10-12 um, with 2+ sterigmata and basal clamp. c: Cystidia not seen, D: Pp compos€d of periclinal hyphae 2.5-10 !m across, strongly brown-enciusted, septawithout clamps. Length of the tramal cells > 100 Um.

Remarka

y closely related and occurs in similarhaEr,toloma senceordes (No. 79) is very bitets lt has hes similat similar but somewhat at smaller, likewise isodiametric spores, bitats. lacks clamps anywh€rc. and has a depressed and barely striate pileus. A varietv of the'species described here is vat cinereoopacum (No. 80). which dif_ fera bya dafter and non-striate pibus. E toloma /r/ncinum (No.45) is another similaispecies, also wlth afariniceous odor and taste, butthe hyphae of the pileipellis have two sorts of pigmentation, intracellular and linely encrusted, and the pileipellis has exserted end cells up to 20 pm across. Collection exEmined and illuslrated

Splig€n GR (Splilgsnpass), el€v 1950 m, quad. 1574, in an alpine pasturo on poor soil, Sept. 3, 1992, coll. FK,0309-92 K 1. Other colleouons: quad. 2164, 2167.

lmbach: included.

102

(No. 8'1) only macroscopcal-

ly by a dad\ oray-brown to blackrsh-brown pileus which is not striate even

Ento oTna ser ceo ales

E

L

! v c nereoopacutn

Ento oma ser ceum

E

40

A

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yt'

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.,

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--i\i;!\.:__,/

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a-Li !

10

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orna ser ceum v. ser ceum

,10 Um

ur (,1

80

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.,---.! / ,,'- \ i >--' '-.

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81

r

a2

Entoloma (Fr.: Fr.) Hes.

= Rhodophyllus

serrulatum

atides (Lasch:

+

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouz.

Fr.) Qu6l.

Microscopic leature3

Habitat Solitary to grouped in meadows and pastures, on neutral to basic soils. Planar to alpine. Summer-fall. Wid€spread. Distribution: E, NA, NAf.

Macrogcopic teatures Pil€us 8-40 mm across, conic-campanulate when young, later campanulate-convex to almost plane, center always umbilicate, surface radially appr€ssed-fibrillose, center slightly appressedsquamose, blue-black when young, later violet-black, dark violetbrown in age, margin acute, incurved for a long time, slightly undulating, Flesh gray-blueto paleviolet, thin, odorslightlyaromatic, polyporoid, taste mild, insipid, polyporoid. Lamellae whitish when young, then pale gray-violet to pink-brownish, broad, L = 12-30, I = 3-5, ascending, narrowly adnate, edges crenate, black-violet. Stipe 2H0 x 1-4 mm, cylindrical, solid when young, hollow when old, surface smooth, silky, gray-blue to gray-violet with a white-powdered apex when young, brown with a violet tint when old, base white-tomentose.

A: Spores s-7-angled, 8,5-12.3 x 6.3-8.4 !m: O: 1.2-1.7: spp. pink-brown. B: Basidia clavate.23-32 x 1r-15 Um. wth 4 sterigmata. wlhout basal clamp,

C: Cheilocystidia cylindrical

to fusiform, clustered, with gray-blue pigmsnta-

tion, 40-100 x 5-17 !m; pleurocysiidia not seen. D: Pp composed of periclinal hyphae 6-17 !m across, with occasional exs€rted hyphalends upto40 Um across, with gray-brown intracellular pigmentation, septa without clamps.

Remarks Other entolomas with blue lamellar edges are E, guerquedula {Romagn.) Noodel. with olive-.blue tones on the pileus and stipe, E- catalaunicuil \No. 16) with pink-brown to flesh-colored pilei, and E caesiocirctum (No. 14)with lilac-brown to gray-brown, iranslucent-stiate pilei. To identify lhe blue entolomas it is important to collectyoung frbs., since the blue coloron the pileus orstipe very often lades in age orturns to brown, in which case assignment to the blue entolomas is no longer possible.

Collection examined and illuatrated

San Bernardano GR Fallialp), elev. 1950 m, quad. 1534, in an alpine pasture, Aug. 25, 1992, coll. FK,2508-92 K 1.

Other collecuons: quad, 1571, 1764, 1864,

lmbach: included as Leptonia seffulata \Fr) Q!41.

8ir

Entoloma

sinuatum

(Bull. ex Pers.: Fr) Kumm. = Entoloma eulividum Nootdel. = Entolorna lividum (Bull.) Ouel. ss. Ouel. non ss. Bull. (= P/uteus cerv,rus)

+

Kotl. & Pouz.

Microscopic features

A: SporesBangled,8.2-10.7x6.4-10Um;Q: B:

Ci D:

Habitat Solitary to gregarious, more rarely almost clustered, in hardwood forests, primarily near Fagus and Ouercus, on moist, base-rich, loamy soils. Late summer-fall, Not common. Distribution: E, NA, As, NAf.

Macroscopic featurss Pileus 60-110 (200) mm across, hemispheric-conic when young, later convex, then plane and usually undulating, surface smooth, dull, innately radially fibrillose, light ocher to gray-ocher, also brownish-ocher, margin incurved, acute. Flesh white, thick in the center of the pileus, thin toward the margin, odor larinaceous, taste mild, farinaceous. Lamellae light yellow when young, later creamyellow to pink-yellow, finally pink-brown, broad, L = 7.1-€5, I = 3-7, notched to almost tree, edges undulating to slightly crenate. Stipe 5G120 x'12-'15 mm, cylindrical, base somewhat enlarged to slightly bulbous, pithy-stuffed to hollow, corticate, rigid, fragile, surface smooth, longitudinally fibrillose, white to cream-colored, gray-brownish when old.

u

Fam. Entolomataceae

H

Renalks

Thls very poisonous species was newly described by NOORDELOOS (1985) as Entoloma eulividum, because the names E s,nuatum and E. liwdum rcptesent two different species, and funhermore E /lvidrlm Bull. is unequivocally P/uteus cerv,hus. NOORDELOOS (1 992) no longer considers E sinuatulr, ss. Romagn., with white lamellae when young and a more gray-brown pilaus, as a distinct species, but merely as a rare form ol the species described here. We were able to find marginal cells in all our collections, which would indicateE rrosedarum Noordel. Howevet allparts ofthe latler speci€s are suppo-

sed to turn yellowish or reddish when rubbed, which did not occur in our collections. Collectors for the table should beware, since young frbs. can be confused with C/ifocybe nebula,s (Vol. 3, No. 170), which has white, slightly d€current lamellae ihroughout life, and does not smell or taste farinaceous.

Collcction examined and illustrated

Lucerne (Eichwald), elev. 450 m, quad. 2066, under Quercut among grass on loamy, base-rich soil, Oct.6, 1990, coll. R1,0610-90 BR. Other collection6: quad. 2167, 2366.

lmbach: included

Entoloma

sodale

Noordel. = Leptonia brunnea Vel.

Solitary to gregarious in meadows and pastures, dwarr-shrub heaths, on acid, poor soils. l\,lontane to subalpine. Summer-fall. Wide-

spread. Distribution: E.

Macrogcopic features Pileus 10-20 (40) mm across, hemispherical when young, then campanulate-convex, center usually somewhat depressed, sur{ace radially fibrillose, with violet-brown tones and a viol€t-black center when very young, later gray-brown with the center sharply set oIf aa a dark brown disc with small crowded squamules, margin acute, somewhat split. Flesh gray-white, thin, odorless, taste mild, insipid. Lamellae gray-white when young, later increasingly pink-brown, broad, L = 22-30, | = 3, ascending adnate, with a small decunenttooth, edges smooth. Stipe 15-30 (50)x 1-2 (3) mm, cylindrical, solid when young, hollow when old, elastic, surlace smooth, silky, bright blue when young and Iresh, laterturning grayblue, the whole length faintly whitish-fibrillose, base sometimes

whitetomentose.

as

E toloma /ivldum (Fr ex Bull.) Ou6l.

I

Habitat

1.G-1.3;spp.orange-brown.

Basidia clavat€, 27-35 x 7.5-9.5 pm, with 4 stoigmata and basal clamp. Maroinal cells cylindrical, some undulating and subcapitate, 40-55 x Um (acc. llt. wthout cystidE)t pleurocystdo not seen. Pp composed ol periclinal hyphae 3-7 pm across. with yellowish rntracel lular pigmentation, hyphalwalls gelatinized, septa with clamps. Length of the tramal cells < 100 Um.

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouz-

Microscopic featur6s

A: Spores s-7-angled, 1 .5-14.4 x 7.2+.9 Um: O:1.3-1.7:spp. brown-pink. B: Basidia ryhndncal to venticose, 33-40 x 12-15 pm, with 4 stengmata, 1

without basal clamp.

clavate to cylindric-clavate, 50-90 x 12-26 um; pleurocystidia not se€n. Pp composed of p€riclinal hyphae 1.5-9 pm across, occasional clavate celis exserted. up to 18 Um across. with inlrac€llular pgmentatrcn. septa without clamps.

C: Cheilocystidia D:

Remarks This montane to (sub)alpine E tolo/ra is characterized by a smooth, blue stipe, brown, radially librillose pileus, non-blue lamellar edges, clampless sopta, and the presence of cheilocystidia. Similar irbs. are produced by E folo-

rra g/aucobasis Noordel, with a bicolored stipe which is brown toward the apex and bluish towad the base. and E pollopus (No.62), with a barely striate and dark brown pileus and narrower cheilocvstrdia. A look-alike with blue lamellar edges is e. g. E caesiocinclrr, (No. 1 4').

Collection exsmined and illusirrt d SplLjgen GR (Splugenpass), elev. 1900 m, quad. 1564, in an alpine pasture neat Rhocloclenchon fettugineum, Aug. 26, 1 992, coll. FK, 2608-S2 K 1 .

Other collections: quad. 1578.

lmbach: not included.

Enloloma serrulatum

82

ffi

u

B

245

tr Entoloma sinuatum

ao

frct

83

M

ffi

u'

ll

c

a /-)

\ /M,t (\

l// I \\\\t(n

€

e\l\/

ffi

n\1n

0o ))\lll\\ llll

ll

+1 i( H ri ;o p,'

Entoloma

L] 158

sodale E

84

:\1

40 pm

/w1 /\t ) fl\l//)xoA \l / \l )5 /i

Y\)l I )/.4 " vu\1/()

rrnt v

20 pm

-lr

I 69x

85

Entoloma sphagnorum (Romagn. & Favre) Noordel.

I

Habitat

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouz.

Mictoscopic teatures

Solitary to gregarious in or at the edges oI high moors near Sphagnum, Oxycoccus, Comarum, Molinia, or Carex. Summer-fall. Rare. Distribution: E.

A:

Macroscopic teatures

C:

Pil€ua 10-20 mm across, campanulate-convex when young, later expanded, with an incurved margin and indented to umbilicate center, surface satiny, radially fibrillose to streaked, slightly hygrophanous in age, copper-brown, margin smooth. Flesh whitish to light brownish, thin, odorless, taste bitterish- Lamsllae whitish when young, later gray to gray-pink, broad, L = '18-25, I = 3-5, ascending adnate and with a small decurrent tooth, edges smooth, brownish. Stipe 40-100 x 2-4 mm, cylindrical, solid when young, hollow when old, fragile, surface smooth, satiny, gray-brown to reddish-brown, whitishJibrillose toward the base and the base often white-tomentose.

Di

B:

Spores 6-€-angled. 9,2-13.7 x 6,6.€.2 !m:O: 1.3-1.6i spp. prnk acc. [1. (no spore print). Basidia ventricose to clavate, 25-35 x 11-14 Um, with 2 and 4 sterigmata, without basal clamp. Cheilocystidia cylindricalto clavate,3(H0 x 6-13 pm; pleurocystidia not Pp composed of periclinal hyphae rF15 pm across, some ascending toward the center of the pileus. wth hyphal ends up to 25 Um across. wilh intracellular pigmenlabn. septa without clamps.

Remarka Characteristic of this species are the occunence among Sphsgrum in moors, the radiallyfibrillose, copper-brown pileus, the smooth stipe, the cylindricalto clavate cheilocystidia, and the clampl€ss septa. Entoloma formosurn (No.35) and E. xanthochroum lNo. 96) produce similar but paler and more yellow- to ocher-brown frbs. Both preler drier habitats such as poor meadows and alpine pastures, not moors.

Collection examined and illustrsted Chironico Tl (Gfibbio). elev. 1300 m, quad.1470, in ahigh moor among Sphagrum, Aug. 16, 1983, coll. Lucchjni, LIJG 3401. Other oolleotlorc: quad. 0970.

lmbach: not included.

86

Entoloma (Rea) Noordel.

strigosissimum I

Habitat Solitary to gregarious in and outside lorests, on soil or rotting wood, in moist places among herbs or shrubs near Alnus incana, Sarx, or Eetula. Summerjall. Rare. Distribution: E, NA. Maqrogcopic Ieatures Pilous 10-25 (30) mm across, conical when young, later coniccampanulate to conical, surface red-brown-tomentose-scaly on a gray-brown background, with radially disposed, fine, appressed hairs, margin fibrillose. Flesh dark brown to black-brown, thin, odorless orwith afaintly musty odor, taste mild, not distinctive. Lamellae dingy gray when young, later gray-pink, spotted, broad, L = 23-25, I = 3, ascending adnexed to almost free, edgea smooth, paler or darker than the taces. Stipe 3G-50 (60) x 2-4 mm, cylindrical, sometimes bent, sometimes with longitudinal grooves and somewhat banded, hollow, rigid, surface dark brown to black-brown, the entire length tomentose-hairy from rust-red hairs, base brown-red tomentose.

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouz.

Microscopac fsalures Spores nodoso-undulating, distinctly thick-walled, 1'1.3-17.9 x 6.3-9.5 um: Qr 1,4-2.3;spo. pink-brown. B: Basidia clavate,4H5 x 14-16 um, with 4 sterigmata, wathout basal clamp. c: Cheilocystidia vesicular, clavate, to lageniform, 4H5 x 22-29 Um; pleurocystidia not seen. D: Pp composed of mostly ascending, rel. short-c€llod hyphao 10-28 Um across. brown-encrusted, septa without clamps, wth solitary thck-walled. brown, smooth, non-encrusled, bristlelike hairs upto ca.800pm long scattered among them. Stipe hairs thick-!'ralled, brown, up to ca.800 Um long, septate.

A:

Remarks Thls speoes is probably the most drstrnctrve member of the subgenus Pouzarel/a and ls distingurshed pnmarily by the long, bristlelike hairs on the pileus and strpe. as wellas by long, nodose spores over 15 pm long w[h an average O value > 1.7. Enloloma dyslhales (Peck) Sacc. has the same spore

length, but it differs by multiply septate, not bristlelike, but finely €ncrusted hairs. Olh€r speci€s of this subgenus are e. g. E pulvercum Rea. E. hirtum (No. 40), E. dysthaloides (No. 27). and E romagn6sr', Noordel. They differ from each other by dfferences rn therr spores and differently shaped hairs.

Collection examined and illustrated Alpnach OW (Wichelsee), elev. 450 m, quad. 1966, in an alder swamp on small, rotten pieces of branches, among hebs. Oct. 8, 1990, coll. Rl, 081090 BR 2.

Other collections: none.

87

Entoloma subradiatum (Ktihn. & Romagn.) Mos.

I

Habitat Usually gregarious, more rarely solitary on humus-rich soil, in hard-

wood lorests and mixed hardwood-conifer forests. Summer-fall. Rare. Distribution: E.

Macroscopic featurea Pileus 12-25 (40) mm across, conic-hemispheric when young, later campanulate-convex to plane, with a small umbo, somewhat undulating when old, surfac€ smooth, dull, hygrophanous, when moist dark gray-brown usually only in the marginal zone, sometimes also translucent-striate up to hallway to the center, when dry light olive- to beige-brown, margin smooth, acute. Flegh gray-white, thin, odor faintly to distinctly farinaceous, taste mild, +/- stronglyfarinaceous. Lamella€ white when young, later pink, broad, L = 25-30, I = 3-5, notched and broadly adnate, edges smooth, slightly crenate when old. Stipe lHS x 3-6 mm, cylindrical, solid when young, hollow when old, Iragile, surface whitish to gray-white, finely longitudinally fibrillose, base slightly white-tomentose.

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouz.

Mloro3ooplo leatules Spores 5-7-angled, 7.3-11 .9 x 6.1-9.9 pm; Q: 1.0-1.4; spp. salmon-pink. B: Basidia clavate.40-50 x 12F20 um. with 4 stengmala and basalclamp. C: Clstidia nol seen. D: Pp composed of periclinal hyphae 3-10 pm across, with light brown intracellular pigmentation, septa with clamps. Length of the tramal cells
-

)d\.-l o-\A \:/i /;a te) Q: :lLJ

40 Pm

M

A

())tut \/ \1

/\J\').---v{'-Y,.\( \()

'-c,

) / t-)-

[104U,^'(

-\a1 ,gx U| ) ()rlc) C) :ffi ffi d i.-

Entoloma venosum

nr\

92

11

.'-----.3

{-\(

)

r^\u)1 VT-lV

o50 \/ \t crO[) ,f, \,

VM[/A

ffi

93

.-

,4O !_-/

I

\

\ -/,4

{-)t-) -\-,/\ yil4rr((,n-/--/)L2

\ / u(-/ \

ffi

256

ffi

Entoloma vernum

Ur-

M

io

p,n'

I 479

94

Entoloma versatile

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouz.

(Fr.) Mos.

= Rhodophyllus viridulus Hetink Microscopic featur€s

Habitat Solitary to gregarious in hardwood and mixed hardwood-coniler forests, on humusy soils among leal or needle litter. near herbs. Summer-fall. Rare. Distribution: E, NA.

Macroscopic features Pileus 15-30 (35) mm across, conical when young, later conic-

campanulate to plane, with an umbonate center, surface with blackish radial fibrils on an olive-green background, margin incurved when young, acute when old, with a lemon-yellow outermost marginal zone especially when young. Flesh olive-brown to graybrown, thin, odor sourish-spermatic, taste mild to slightly astringent, not distinctive. Lamolla€ yellowish when young, later graygreenish, with a pink tint when old, broad, L = 28-35, I = 3, ascending adnexed, edges smooth. Stipe 20-40 (50)x 2+.5 mm, cylindrical, solid when young, hollow when old, surface longitudinally white-striate-streaked on an olive-grayish background, base whitish-strigose, sometimes also reddish lrom reddish hairs, apex whitish-powdered-

A:

Spores s-€-angled, 9.5-12.4 x 6.3-9.4 Um; O: 1.1-1.7; spp. brown-pinkbasal clamp, (C1) Cheilocystidra lagen orm to fus orm. some wth a prolonged beak, 42-7 5 x 14-25 Wt lC2J pleuroclstidia similar but somewhat shorter Pp composed of periclinal hyphae r!-10 Um across, occasional hyphal ends exserted and up to 20 pm across, with brown intracellular pigmentation, septa without clamps.

B: Basidia clavate,sHS x 11-14 pm, with 4 sterigmata, without

C: D:

Remark5 There are two other entolomas in the group to which thas species belongs (s€c. yersat lis [Romagn.] Noordel.) with very similar microscopic f€atures, E araneosum (No. 10)and E indutum Boud.. both lacking olive tones. Entoloma araheosum has a mouse-gray pileus with a sllvery-tibrillose surface. and

E

,adulum has a pileus wilh gray-blue lones an4.a reddish-tinged center & ENDERLE (1987) cite SCHWOBEL, who considers all these species, as well as E. fulvostigosum (Betk. & Br) Mos., to be merely color variants of on€ speci€s, E varsatie. KRIEGLSTEINER

Coll€ction 6xamin6d and illustrated

Schneisrngen AG (Bowald), elev. 600 m, quad. 2666, on a paihside on damp soil in a mixed hardwood-coniler foresl, Ocl. 5. 1992. coll. Schiliing, 0510-92 BR 6.

Other collections:

none.

.

lmbach: not indluded

95

Entoloma xanthocaulon Arnolds & Noordel.

I

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouz.

Macrcscopic fedture6

Habitat Solitary to gr€garious in wet meadows, at the edge ol high moors,

on heath soils, among mosses, on acid soils. Summer-lall. Rare. Distribution: E.

Macroscopic teatures Pll€us 1G-20 (30) mm across, hemispherical when young, later convex to plane, with a slight papilla, surface smooth, silky, somewhat fibrillose in the center, hygrophanous, when moist gray-brown and translucent-striate up to 2/3 the distance to the center, when dry brown-beige and somewhat spotted, with a dark brown center, margin incurved for a long time, acute, smooth. Flesh watery light brown, thin, odorless, taste mild, somewhat farinaceous. Lamellae whitish when young, later brown-pink, broad, L = 20-25, I = 3, ascending and narrowly adnate, sometimes with a small decurrent tooth, edges smooth. Stip€ 30-50 x 1.$-2.5 mm, cylindrical, hollow, fragile, surface smooth, satiny, yellow-brown to olivebrown, apex slightly whitish-powdered, base white-tomentose.

A:

B: C: D:

*angl6d, 7.4-9.5 x 5.7-7.2 Um; Q: 1.2-1.5; spp. acc. lit. pinkbrown (no spore prinl). Basidia clavate.3G-40 x 11-14 Um, with 4 sterlgmata. wthout basal clamp. Cystidia not seen. Pp composed of periclinal hyphae $-1 0 pm across, ascending in the center of the pil€us ends up to 30 pm across, with encrusted and intra',yiih septa without clamps. Lenglh of the tramal cells > cellular pigmentaiion, Spores

100 Um.

Remarks The enlolomas in the so-called derranolae! group are characterized primarily by microscopic fealures, nam€ly clampless septa, absence of cysiidia, a cutis composed ol hyphae 1-10 pm broad (but which have ascending ends in the center of the pileus up to 20[30] Um broad) with encrusted and intracellular pigmentation. and cells of the pileal and lamellar trama > 100 pm long. The chlef features glven by NOORDELOOS (1980) to distinguish E ranlhocaulon from th6 vory srnilat Entoloma femandae (Romagn.) Noordel. (= E psi/opus Arnolds & Noordel.)are the distinctly hygrophanous pileus with welldefined striations and th€ yellow- to olive-brown, smooth stip6.

Colloction examinod and illustiated

Kriens LU (Kienseregg), elev. 1000 m, quad.2167, at the edge of a high moor, among mosses, Aug. 20, 1992. coll. J8,2008-92 BR.

OtlEr collectiona: none. lmbach: not includ6d.

96

Entoloma xanthochroum (P D. On.) Noordel. = Rhodophy us whitae ss. Bomagn. & Favre

I

Habitat Usually gregarious, more rarely solitary at ihe edges o, moors, in heaths or heath-like poor meadows, on chalky soils. Summer-rall. Rare. Distribution: E.

Macroscopic fsatures Pil€us 10-30 mm across, conic-campanulate throughout life, slightly indented in the center, surrace smoolh, satiny, translucentstriate up to 2/3 the distance to the center, only weakly hygrophanous, yellow to orange-yellow when fresh, later och€r- to brownyellow centerdark brown, margin acute and projecting beyond the lamellae. Flesh whitish, thin, odorless, taste mild, not distinctive. Lamellae whitish with a yellow tinge when young, later pink with a yellow tone, broad, L = 16-22, I = t-/, 6sqqn6ing and broadly adnate, edges olive-brown-ciliate. Stipe 35-65 x 2-4 mm, cylindrical, somelimes compressed and longitudinally grooved, hollow fragile,

surface smooth, dull, light yellow to olive-yellow, base white-tomentose.

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouz.

Microscopic loaturcs

A: Spores s-g-angled, 9.9-14.7 x 7-9.5 pm; Q: 1.2-1.7; spp. pink-brown. B: Basidia clavate to ventricose, 2H0 x 1G14 !m, with (2) 4 sterigmata, without basal clamp.

C: Cheilocystidia polymorphic, clavate to cylindrical or lageniform, some s€ptate, 35-70 x 7-15 um, slightly brown-pigmented; pleurocysiidia not

D:

Pp ioward the cent* of the pileus composed of pedclinal, in part ascending hyphae, hyphal ends 45-110 x'1rF35 pm, with brown intrac€llular pigmentation, septa without clamps.

Rema*3 EntolofiE formosum \No. 35) is very similar, but it differs primarily by white lamellae wheo young and by uncolored lamellar edges. ln addilion, it has somewhat smaller spores and smaller cheilorystidia- Entoloma politoflavipes (No. 63) also has very similar frbs. and is also found in similar habitats on chalk, but il has clamps and smaller spores and lacks cystidia. E toloma chloropolium lFi M@, also sometimes resembles E, xahthochroum macrcscopically, but it lacks cystidia.

Collectlon eramlned and lllustrated St. Antonien GR (Litzistafel), elev 1800 m, quad. 2078, in a mountain meadow on chalk, Aug. 23, 1994, coll. FK, 2308-94 K 2.

Otller collections: none. lmbach: not inclLdad.

112

i'.toloma versati

F'gs-r

-o

94

. .-.

.fip , ,:i-.

"\i................

....*.{__.

:o r,. :ltto oma

';fi\

xilll lhocaLr o|r

95

-

20

:

!m

10 lrn

r

rto oma xanthochrornr

96 o

I

10 prn

97

Rhodocybe

caelata

I

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl & Pouz

(Fr.) Mre.

= Rhodocybe dubia

Fatte

Micmscoolc featurEs

A:

Habitat

Solitary to gregarious, also in groups on +/- dry sandy, poor, acid soils such as in juniper heaths, Iields of tall perennial herbs, etc. Summer-fall. Rare. Distribution: W

Macroscopic teatures

Pileus 7-25 mm, convex when young, later plane with an indented center, undulating in age, surface not hygrophanous but dark graybrown and sometimes concentrically zoned when moist, more gray to gray-ocher when dry dull, finely granulose to appressedsquamose. margin incurved for a long time, acute and undulating in aoe. Flgsh whitish. brown under the cuticle, thin, odorless to fung-oid, taste mild, insipid, not distinctive. Lamellae whitish when youhg, later dingy cream-beige, broad. L = 26-40, I = 3-7, some iorked, broadly adnate and with a subdecurrent tooth, edges smooth to slightly crenate. Stipe 15-30 x 1-3 mm, cylindrical, solid when young. hollow when old, elastic, tough, surface smooth. dull, dark gray:brown, entirely or partly white-powdered or fibrillose, base white-tomentose.

B:

c: O:

Soorea olliptic-amydqeliform. irnely verucose, hyaline 5 T-a 4 x 3.6-5 3 um: Q: 1.3-1.9rVm: 75;spp. hght pink-yellow. baadra slenderly clavate.22-30 x 6-8 pm, with 4 slerigmata. wrthout basal clamo.

lCll Chdilocvstdia loseudocvslidia) cvlind cal1o fusilom, flexuous, with

x

qrairular-qlo6ular, y6ltow conients in kOH,40-75 F9 um: (C2) pleurocvstidia {oseudocvstidid similar. Po ;omooled ol a iudac; lavsr of oericlinal, hvaline lo slightly brown6h

hiphae 1.5-3 Um acoss. subcutis composed of periclinal intertwhod hyphae 4-0 Um across. brown-encrusted,

Remarka

This species strongly resembles a species of Ompl,arha, such as O obafra and O'. velutlDes ddl. 3r. toth of which occur rn similar habitats. Howovet Rhodo.vbe ;aelala has onlv sliohtlv decurrenl lamellae. lt is well characteri_ zed micioscooicallv bv the iineli verrucose spores and esp. by the so'call€d oseudocvstdia. wliictihav€ vellowcontents in KOH like chrysocystldia. PhoAocvb finnmarchiee Nood6l. also has similar pser.rdocystidia lt is described from Norway (Finnmark) neat Betula nana and prcbably barely gels into cen' tral Europe.

Collection examlned.nd illGtratad Sol]om GR lsol0oenoass). el€v. 1780 m, quad. 1574, on rock rubble (dneiss), amonb Folitn'itrum sexangu/are and lichens, Aug 30. 993, coll FK. 1

3008-93 K 3.

(xher collectlons: quad. 14i9. - lmbach: not included.

98

Rhodocybe (Ou6l.)Sing.

fallax

I

Habitat

SolitaN to oreqarious in hardwood or mixed hardwood-conifer forests, 6n s;l o-r plant remains. Summer-fall. Bare. Distribution: E, NA.

Macroscopic features

Pileus 1G-20 (30) mm across, convex when young, soon plane to infundibulilorm, surface smooth, dull, white to pale cream-colored, margin incurved lor a long time, acute and smooth when old. Flgsh whita, thin, almost odorless, taste bitterish. Lamellae white when vounq, later cream-colored, with a faint pink tinge. broad, L = iO-Sd, t= s-2, Aecurrent, edges smooth. Stipe 10-.30 x 1.5-3 mm, cvlindrical, somewhat enlarged toward the apex or base. solid when young, hollow when old, elastic. tough, surface smooth, dull. white io cream-colored and white-fibrillose esp. toward the base.

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl & Pouz. Micro3coDic featurcs A: Soored elliptical to amyqdaliform, frnoly verrucose to smoolh hyalin6. cvanoohilii. 7-€.6 x 3.&-4.8 um: O: 1.7-1.9; vm: 76; spp. pink-vellow B: B:asidiA cvlindrical to cylindria-clavate, 17-24 x 6 H.5 um. with 4 sterig_ mata, without a basal clamp. C: No cvstidia seen. D: Pp c6mposed ot penchnal, intertwined hyphae 3-5 !m across some hy_ pialends exserted, colodess. septa without clamps R€marks

This small. inconsDic,Jous, white mushroom which is infundibuhform in age is somewhat similar to white soeces of Crlocvbe. Howeve( it differs by cyano-

ohilic. finelv verrucose-tubercutale soores, clampless septa throughout the a 6ltter tasle. The spore orriamentatron is nol always clearly visible with a lioht mcroscoDe. ev€i in mature spores from a spoG deposit Other specbsil Rhodocybb are larger, and at least meture frbs. are not white, but colored.

ilb., and

Collection examined and lllustrated

Obergil,sgen AG, elev. 4OO m, quad. 2463. in a floodplain lorest on sorl Sepl. 12, 1989, coll. JB, 1209-89 BR 3.

Other collections: none. lmbachr not included.

99

Rhodocybe

gemina

tr

(Fr) Kuyper & Noordel. = Rhodocybe truncata (Qu6l,) Bon.

Habitat

Gregarious to in troops in coniferous lorests, more rarely also near hardwoods or at the edges ol forests. Not common. Early sum-

mer-Iall. Distribution:

E.

Macroscopic features

Pileus 4G-1OO mm across, convex when young, soon plane, at times somewhat indented or wiih a slight umbo, usually inegularly circular and often undulating, surface smooth, dull, finelytomentgse-floccose when young, orang€-ocher to brownish-ocher, margin incurved for a long time, inrolled and somewhat tomentulose when young. Flesh whitish to cream-colored, thick in the center of the pileus, thin toward the margin, odorlaintly spicy, not distinctive,taste mild to bitterish. Lamellae light beige when young, later darker to pink-brownish, broad, L = 71+0, l= 3-7 (9), relatively broadly adnate to slightly notched or subdecurrent, +/- easily detached lrom the pileut, edges slightly crenate, occasional lamellae forked toward the stipe. Stipe 4G70 x S-20 mm, cylindrical, at times slightly tapered toward tho base, solid when young, pithy-hollow when old, entire surface finely floccose-fibrillose on a concolorous whitish to light beige background, somewhat longitudinally grooved in places.

114

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouz.

MlcroscoDic leaturcs A: Soorea elliotical to broadlv elliDlical. uneven to low-tuberculate, someti' nies iimoit angutar in p6hr;iew. yellowish, 4.9-6.1 x 3.&-4 7 um; Q: I 1-'1.5: Vm: 52: soD. oink-brownish, B: Basidia slenderi i6vate, 22-28 x 6-7 um, with 4 sterigmata, without basal clamo. C: {C1r Chelbcvstdia cvlindric{ililom. some fleruo$-nodulose, 17-45 x 2-5 lc2l ole0rocvstkiia sDarse. similar to th€ cheilocvstidia but shorte. i,o ionidosed df periclinal, ir.egularly intertwined, rel. short-cellgd hy_ o: 'rmi oirae 44 um acrois, occasional-hyphal ends somewhal exserted, someiimes in birndles, with fa'nt or no didmentation. sopta without clamps Remarks

The soores olthis collection are somewhat smaller than the sizes giver in lhe n. Mdst authors oive a size between 5-7.5 x 3-5 5 um. An Oclober collection 1 31 0-86 BA I lioin lhe same habitat had spores of this size range, while three SeDtember collections lrom ditferent localities had spores not > 6 Um, as did thd colleclion described herc. Ths mushroom is otlen misidentified and i. a confused with old lrbs. of Carocvba qambos€ (Vol 3, No 144), since the lal_ ler is sometimes also common in late sprinq to 6arly summ€r Bhodocybe glem,ha could also be confused with specios ol Ticholoma or lepista. The detachabl€ lamellae are a feature shared by Lepista and Rhodocybe.

Collection examlned and illustrat€d

SemDach LU (Ch0senrainwald), el6v. 580 m, quad 2166. in a spruce lorest on s6il among herbs, June 13, 1993, coll, JB. 1306-93 BR.

Other collections: ouad. 2066. lmbach: included as Phocloparillus truncatus

\ft

ex Schaetfer) R. Iraire

Rhodocybe caelata

I

^cl

ffi

012

lilri,fr

qffi ))"" '

ffi

Rhodocybe fallax

,r,/\

20

r'^

/Irn{

A.

l\rl

A

{)ror \ / "(>:\

!UL] U '

ffi

\qi \,)eu

Rhodocybe gemina

/1 n t'n c2 :.

ilrr^# 4#frlnil e{ ltlut] Q-C ffi

h,,"

I 355

100

Rhodocybe (Lasch: Fr.) Sing.

mundula

I A:

Usually gregarious, more rarely solitary in hardwood or coniferous for€sts, parks, on soil among grass or leaf or needle litter. Prelers chalky soils. Summer-fall. Rare. Distribution: E, A, As.

Macrogcopic teatures Pileus 25-50 (60) mm across, convex when young, later plane, usually with an obtuse umbo or somewhat indented, surface dry,

dull, smooth to pubescent-tomentose, also spotted or somewhat zoned, whitish when young, later remaining so or becoming graybrown with a lilac tint, margin incurved and inrolled for a long time, undulating in age. Flesh whitish, thin, reddening when cut and then tading, but also blackening, odor farinaceous-rancid, taste Iarinaceous, quickly bitter. Lamellae white when young, cream-colored to gray-ocherwith pink tones when old, broad, L = 3G45, I = 3-7, decurrent, strongly forked near the stipe, edges smooth, concolorous with the faces. Stipe 35-50 (60) x 5-12 mm, cylindrical, somewhat enlarged toward the base or also the apex, solid when young, hollow when old, rigid, elastic, stipe flesh not discoloiing when cut, surtace whitish-tomentose on a whitish to gray-brownish background, white-tomentose toward the base and base with white rhizoids. Surface of pileus and the lamellae spotting black when touched or rubbed. Swabbing any surface with KOH causes it to turn red-brown.

Rhodocybe (Fr.) Sins.

Kotl. & Pouz.

Microscooic leatures

Habitat

101

Fam. Entolomataceae

nitellina

Soored broadly elliptical lo subqlobose. subpolygonal acc. 6 SEM of BABONI (1981) coarsely tuberculate, hyalln6, cyanophilic. 4.5-6.2 x 3 5-5

uml Q: 1.1-i.4: Vm:49ispp. pink_ocher )( 5 ffi.5 Um with 4 sterigmata without basal clamp. Cvstidia not seen. Pb composed of +/- periclinal hypha€ 2.5-6 ym across. encrusted, (tur_ nrng red-brownish in KOH). s€pla wilhout clamps.

B: basidia cylindrical. 25-35 C: D:

Remarks

DesDite manv attemots to clarifu the Bhodocvbe mundula-poptnalis sqeciesconiolex (bv'BARONI 1981, NdORDELOOS'1983. WILHELM 1992. BABOS el al. 1994, NEUKOMM el al. 1994, among oth€rs). no useluland unequivo'

cal differentiatino features have been found. Ovsrlapping or contradictory features are miniled rn all lhe descriptions of these two species. This is the

reason whv e. o.-NOORDELOOS (1983) and KRIEGLSTEINER (1991a) svnonvmized ttiem ;nd assioned orioriiv lo ihe epllh€l B. poplhalis. BABoS 6t al hav6 oublished a +/- ei'ectiv; key ior separaling the taxa. According to rt. F mun.iura discolors either reddish or blackish wh€re cut, while B. popul,hus does not chang€ color. The red-brown discobration in KOH (macro_ and microscopically) is peculiar to the whole species-gtoup. Rhoclocybe obscun (Pil.) Mos., whibh aiso belongs to lhis complex, has cheilocystidia and larger soores (7+.3 x 6.3-7.3 um).

Collection examined and illustrated

Laax GR, elev. 950 m, quad. 1 873, in a coniferous forest near Pi,us, S€pt. 6, '1992, coll. Neukomm,0609-92 BA 1.

ottEr collections:

none-

- lmbach: not includ€d.

t

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouz.

= Rhodocybe cuptea (Favre) Horak

MicrGcooic leaturcs

Habitat Solitary to gregarious or grouped in base-rich hardwood Iorests, on humus or leaf litter. Summer-rall. Widespread. Distribution: E, NA, NAf.

Macroscopic Ieatur€s Pileus 15-50 (70) mm across, hemispherical when young, later convex to plane, with an indent€d cenier, surface smooth, silky, butyraceous, hygrophanous, dark orange-brown when moist, sometimes concentrically zoned, barely striate, ocher-yellow when dry, margin acute, incurved for a long time and undulating in age. Flesh cream to gray-beige, thin, odor farinaceous, taste mild, farinaceous, with a sourish component. Lamellae whitish to creamcolored when young, later light reddish-brown, broad, L = 3G-50, I = 3-6, broadly adnate, sometimes with a subdecurrent tooth, edges smooth to slightly undulating. Stipe 3(F70 x 4-9 mm, cylindrical, at tim€s somewhat enlarged toward the apex, cartilaginous, hollow, surface smooth to slightly longitudinally grooved, orangebrown, paler to yellow at the apex, entire length slightly longitudinally white-Iibrillose, base often whito-tomentose.

102

Rhodocybe

stangliana

(Brsky. & Pfafo Riousset & Josserand = Squamanita stangliana Brsky. & PIaff

A: Sporei elliotical to amygdalilorm, cristate-verrucose.

B:

cvanophilic,

H.9

x 4-5 um; Q: 1.4-1.9iVm:79:

B:asid'a slenderly clavste, 2&-40 x 7-9 pm, wilh 4 sterigmate and basal clamp. C: Cvstidia not seen. D: Pi composed o{ pencllnal, intertwined hyphae 2-7 um across, colorless. most septa wilh clamps.

Remalk6

r esetnbles Collybia clryopnira (Vol.3, No. 18S). which in similar habitats. Howevei it lacks a larinac€ous odor or laste and has a cream-colored sporedeposit. smooth spores. and a pileipelliswith a diflergnt struclure. Smali llbs. oi R ,iter,ha with a Dileal diameter of only 1 G-20 mm are descdbed as f. miror Lge.

This soecies somewhat

can

;cur

Collection examlned and illuskatod

Sarnen OW. elev. 5OO m, quad. 1965, in a beech lor€sl with a chalk sub6oil, on leaf litter, Sepl. 5,'1989. coll. K|,0509-89 Kl 1.

Oth6r collections: quad. 1864, 1865, 1873, 2066, 2068, 2168

lmbach: noi included.

I

Fam. Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouz.

Micmscobic leaturEs

Habitat

A:

Solitary gregarious, to grouped in spruce forests on needle litter. Late summerjall. Rare. Distribution: E.

B:

Macrcacoplc teaturss

C:

Plleus 10-.30 mm across, hemispherical when young, later convex to plane, slightly umbonate to indented in the center, surface dull, smooth to finely radially librillose, whitish to light ocher-brownish, with a pink tinge, margin incurved for a long time, projecting somewhat beyond the lamellae, acute, smooth to linely crenate, Flssh whitish, pink-spotted in places, thin, odor and taste farinaceous. Lamellae white when young, with a pink tinge when old, broad, L = 3G{0, I = 3-5, narrowly adnate to almost free, edges smooth. Stipe'15-20 x 3-7 mm, cylindrical, solid when young, hollow when old, elastic, tough, surface smooth, dull, longitudinally whitish-librillose when young, later longitudinally brownish-librillose, with a pink tone. Base with a white-tomentose bulb, sometimes several bulbs concrescent.

D:

Soorea broadlv elliptical, finely luberculate_crislate. linely angular_unduldting in profll€i. hyaline, cyanophilic, ffi.7 x 3 3-4.9 um: O: 1.2-1 7:vm: 51: spp. not obtained, ecc. lit. dingy pink. Basidia sbnderly clavate, 23-32 i6,H.5 pm. wilh 4 st€igmata and ba_ sal clamp. Cvstidia not se€n. Pi composed of periclinal hyphae 3-7 um across, colorless, most septa

with clamps. Ramarks

This rare spacios was originally included in Sguamarita because of ils fleshy basat buttj BRESINSKY-& PFAFF 1968). The pink, rough spores caus€d FIIOUSSET et al. {1974 to transler the species to Fhodocybe. This v€ry inconsoicuous mushrooi'r, which acc. WLHELIV (1991) r€s€mbles a Colryb,a or Hdbeloma, has b€en found mostly in spruce lorests and was recorded for ihe fiGt time in Swilzerland in 1989 during a workshop.

Coll€clion examined and illustrated

Doppleschwand LU (Fontannental). elev. 600 m, quad. 2064, in a spruce fo_ rest, Seot, 23, 1989. coll. Wilhelm,2309-89 K 10. Oth€r colloctions: none.

lmbach: not included.

116

hyaline lo grayEh

spp pink-ocher.

Rhodocybe mundula

100

ffi

H ,"...Gc9 \ZzrG,t)

o#oQ #'iltil u v(> 17

fi;

LI 356

//

Ve

10 Um

Rhodocybe nitellina

101

Itss+,

,

hff'l

"ut''

)u n\l

\/

c+\ \s\\i

["'] ^

dAXN --^ k!,)\:)€ [,;J *@o:S@ ^

tst vv

l/.1\\

+{

B

A

20 um

10 um

Rhodocybe stangliana

,ryv,,

20 t)m

lJuw

n

,'\

/,14

\]UI/ ", H ^K886 BA-@ 20

pm

10 pm

u 356

103

Pluteus brunneoradiatus Bonnard

I

Fam. Pluteaceae Kotl. & Pouz.

Microscopic leaturcs

Habliat together in hardwood lorests, on stumps or fallen Solitary or trunks or branches oI hardwoods such as Fagug Quercus, etc., also on buried wood. More rarely on conilerwood. Summerjall. Rare. Distribution: E. a few

Macroscopic features Pilsus 30-70 mm across, hemispheric-campanulate when young,

later plane and often with a small umbo, surface covered with +/dark brown to red-brown radialfibrils on a paler background, silky, slightly appressed punctate-squamose in the center, margin acute and paler to whitish when young. Flesh white, thin, odor strongly

and unpleasantly like wet washcloths. Lamellae white when young, later salmon-colored to brown-red, broad, L = 50-60, I = 1-3, Iree, edges smooth to flocculose. Stipe 25-95 x 2.5-7 mm, cylindrical, slightly enlarged toward the base, solid, rraqile, surface lonqitudinally brown-Iibrillose on a whitish background, increasingly brown-appressed-squamose on the upper half.

A: Spor€a broadly elliptical, smooth, gray-pink,5-8-6 x,t-5.8 pm;

Q:

1.1-1.7i Vm: 111; spp. pink acc. ht (no spore print). B: Basidia clavale, 21-38 x 7-9 pm, with 4 slerigmata. withoul basalclamp (young basldia with an occasional clamp, and the hyphae of the lamellar trama with more abundant clamps). C: lcl) Cheilocvstdia clavale. 30-90 x 15-30 um, interspersed wilh (C2) in_ terriediate, thick-walled cystidia;(C3) pleurocystidia thlck-walled. wilh (0J 2-4 horns apically, 60-85 x 15-23 !m. D: Pp composed oI pedclinal hyphae 7-10 !m across, with exserted hyphal ends 70-170 x 8-25 Um, with light brown intracellular pigmentation. occasionally also lightly encrusted. septa without clarnps.

Remalks

This sp€cies is inlermediate b€hveen P/ut6{./s cerrnrs (No. 104). P pouzafl'a_ nus (No. 120), and P pri?us (No. 122). and can be separaled fiom them only micr6scopicallv while P. pouzananus and P primus hav€ r€lalively many clamps iri the dibipellis, lhal oI P brunneoradaius lacks lhem entirely. P cer_ vinus also lacks clamps in lhe pp, as well as lhroughout the frb. ln P brun_ ,eoladiatus, m contra:st. young basidia occasionally have clamps- while the narrow hyphae ol lh6lamAlarliama have more abuidant clamps. BONNARD {lg87t di+overed these relalionships and described P. brunneorad@tus as new. Our descnption is based on his (op. c .) work.

Collection examined and illustrated

Apples VD, elev 520 m, quad. 1567, in a beech forest, on a hardwood stump, Sept. 11, 1985, coll. Bonnard,Typus JB 86/128 LAU.

Other collections: quad. 1568, 1588, 1590, 1690.

104

Pluteus

cervinus

(Schaeff.)Kumm, = Pluteus aticapi us \Batsch) Fay.

tr

-

lmbach: not included.

Fam. Pluteaceae Kotl. & Pouz.

Mlcroscoolc featurcs A: Sporei broadly elhplical. smooth. gray-prnk, 6.1-8.6 x 4.2-6.4 Vm: O:

Habliat Solitary, gregarious, grouped, or up to arew clustered in hardwood and conilerous forests, on stumps, dead wood on the ground, pi-

les of bark and sawdust, wood of hardwoods and conifers.

1.2-1.6; Vm: 112, spp. reddish-ocher

B: Basidia cylindric-clavate, 25-38 x 8-9.5 C: (Cll Cheilocvstidia clavale to

Spring-Iall. Common. Distribution: E, A, As, AI.

D:

Macroscopic leatures Pileus 40-130 (150) mm across, conic-campanulate when young, later convex to plane, often with an umbonate center, surface smooth, satiny to dull, dark ocher- to red- or black-brown, center usually darker to black, margin acute. Flesh white, thin, odor faintly raphanoid-potato-like, taste mild to bitterish, Lamellae white when young, later gray to flesh-pink, broad, L = 85-95, I = 4-6, finely adnexed to free, edges line white lringed under a hand lens. Stipe 5G-100 (120) x 7-20 mm, cylindrical, base slightly enlarged, stipe solid, fragilejibrous, corticate, surrace smooth to weakly longitudinally striate, with gray-black longitudinal fibrils on a whitish background.

Um, with 4 sterigmaia, without

basal clamp,

Dvrilorm, 25-47 x 1l-27 um, interspersed with pleurocvslidial lhick-walle'dcyslidia, with orwrthout homsi(C2)pleurocGtidE thick-walled, wilh (0)-3 (4) horns apcally. 6H5 x 13-21 um. Pp composed ol periclinal hyphae 5-10 pm across, wth exserted mds 100-250 x 8-30 pm, with light brown pigmentation, septa without clamps.

R€marks

Pluteus pouzatianus (No. 120). which has clamps on at least a tliird ol lh€ septa of the hyphae ol the prleipellls. Similar muslirooms with clamps on practlcally all ol these septa should be compared with P prl?,us {No. 122). BONNARD (1993) p'rblished a key to the clampbearinq species with cornute cystidla (sec. P/uteus Fr.). Another species in this ss6tidn on con erwood isC nigrofibccosus (No. 1l'3)wilh blaci lamellar edaes. Ptuteus brunneoa.liatus {N6. 103) with very sparse clamps (< 10%) P aa/iciaus (No. 125) w(h many clamps and a gray prleus. and a lew while species also occur on hardwood.

A look-alike ol this species E

Coll.clion examined and illustratod

Jonen AG (Jonental), elev.460 m, quad.2367, in a spruce forest near a rotten stump, L{ay 11, 1992, coll. JB, 1105-92 BR.

other collectiolrs:

quad . @7o, 2066, 2068, 2264, 2267

.

lmbach: included as P/uteus cervlrus (Secr ex Schaeff.) Qu5l.

105

Pluteus

cinereoluscus

I

Lge. = P/uteus o/ivaceus P D. Ort. = P/ufeus godeyl ss. Lge.

Habitat

Fam. Pluteaceae Kotl. & Pouz.

MicroacoDic feahrres

A: Spore; broadly elhptcal. smooth, gray-pink. 6.2+.8 x 5_7 um:

O:

1.2-'1.41Vm: 144r spp. reddish-ocher.

Usually solitary or a few together in ,orests, on rotten, usually buried wood, Summerjall. Rare. Distribution: E.

B: Basd6 venlncose, i 6-j0 x 8-10 um, with 4 sterigmata, without basal clamp. C: (Cl) CheilocystdE lusiform to broadly lageniform. 3HB x 10-26 Um:

Macroscopic features

O: Pp himenifdrm. composed of clavale elements 30-90 x 1H0 pm wilh

Pilsus 1$-30 (40)mm across, conic-campanulate when young, later convex to plane, depressed or with an obtuse umbo in the center, surface smooth, dull, olive-brown to gray-brown, sometimes darker in the centet margin not or only laintly striate, acute. Flesh

white to light gray-brown, thin, odorless, taste mild, somewhat

astringent when chewed a fairly long time. Lamellae whitish when young, later gray-pink to pink-brownish, broad, L = 42-63, I = l-3, free, edges white-Ilocculose. Stipe 40-60 (70) x 2.ffi mm, cylindrical, sometimes twisted, sometimes slightly enlarged or tapered toward the base, hollow, fragile, white when young, later light gray, linely longitudinally white-f ibrillos€.

(C2) pleurocFtidia similar,50-80 x 12-25 um.

lighl brown pigmentatron. septa wlthout clamps.

Remarks Thls speoes is rath€r close to lhe following species: P/uteus phlebophorus (No. 116), P pailescers (No. I14), P diettnbh,i (No. 106). and P /r,srd/'osus (No. 109). They difier from each other i. a. by varioLlsly shaped cheilocystidia and by the pnasence or absence of pleurocystdia. Characteristrc of P c,he' reofuscus ar€ lhe olive-brown color ofthe pileus and the abundant pleurocystidia.

Collection examincd and lllusltated

Sarnen OW (Happenwald). elev.800 m. quad. 1965. on buried wood, Aug 1978, coll, Kl,0108-78 Kl.

Other collections: quad. 2165.

lmbech: not included.

l

P uteus brunneorad atus

-,1 B

P uteus cerv

n!s

D

:

: ,10

e1

,,'

!m

P uteus c nereotuscL s

105 O

o

106

Pluteus

diettrichii

I

Bres. = Pluteus dmulosus Kuhn. & Romagn.

Fam. Pluteaceae Kotl. & Po!z.

MlcrmcoDic feaiures A: Sporei elliptic-oval, smooth. gray_pink,7.4-10.5

Habitat

1

Solitary alongside paths and roads, on bare (sandy) soil and rotting remains of leaves. Summer-fall. Rare. Distribution: E.

Macroscopic teatures Pileus 30-40 (50) mm across, conic-campanulate when young, then convex to plane, with a depressed center and low, obtuse umbo, sometimes with an uplifted margin when old, surface dry, dull. finely micaceous-velutinous to granulose, grooved-venose

and areolate toward the margin, with the cream-colored flesh becoming visible between the areolae, dark- to black-brown, pal€r toward the margin, margin acute and clett. Flesh cream-colored, thin, ododess, taste mild, musty, not distinctive. Lamellas deeply cream-colored ,or a long time. later increasingly pink, broad. L = 60, l= 1-3. free. edges flocculose, Stipe 3M0 x it-7 mm cylindrical, solid, hollow when old, rigid. surtace cream-colored. whole length covered with silvery-white fibrils, later gray-brownish, base slightly enlarged and white-tomentose.

x 5.2+.6

pmi O:

.4-1 .7: Vm: 1 65: soo. reddish-ocher

B: Basidia'clavate, 2i-.41 x 9-11 pm, with 4 sterigmata. without

ttasal

3H0 x 10-25 umi oleurocvstidia not s€€n, po pyriform clavate lo €lements some mosllv of hvmenildrm, composed D: cilinarical, in part cdtenate.3H0 i 8-32 pm brown_pigmenled. septa without clamps.

C: Cheilbcvstidia primarily clavate. occasionally cylindncal

Remarks

rel rare soecies has distinctiv€ characters whlch eneble it to be identi_ lied macrosco;icallv and even more confldantlY microscopically. Macroscooicallv, the finelv areolate lo qranulose margin istypical. lt occurs 6ven in yoLno libs. and b6comes mord and more pronounced w h age and can mimic a d-rv lorm. lvlicroscoo,callv relevant are th€ elliptic-oval spores lhe 6bsonce ol oieurocvstidia. and the hvmeniform slruclure of lhe pp which consisls +/uniformtu 6l stalked sohe al-ovriform cells. P/uteus poriocnemis Kilhn. is a verv cloielv related aoecies. li ditlers bY a wrinkled-lolded prleal cuiicle whth mav'become s6mewhal rimose, but at mosl only at the marqrr, by cells m th6 pibipellis up lo 60 Um broad. and by the presence of caulocysli-

This

dia.

Collectlon examinsd and illustrat€d

wilen OW lForstwald. elev. 600 m, ouad. 1965, on sandv sorland rotting leaves, on a liresl pathln a be€ch lorelt, Crct 4, 1991 coll.Jq0410_91 BR1 Other collections: quad.2366,2367.

1O7

Pluteus

ephebeus

(Fr: Fr.) Gill. = Pluteus lepiotoides Pea$, grcs. ss. Romagn. = Pluteus mudnus

I

Fam. Pluteaceae Kotl. & Pouz.

A:

B: C:

Habitat

Solitary or grouped in forests, in shady, damp places, on sawdust or buried wood. Summer-lall. Rare. Distribution: E, NA

D:

Macroscopic features

Pileus 30-45 (70)mm across, hemispheric-campanulate when young, later convex to plane, sometimes slightly umbonate, surface gray- to beige-brown, tomentose-radially fibrillose, with crowded, aoncentric, black-brown scales in the center, the scales sparser and appressed orabsent toward the margin, margin acute and crenate. Fiesh white, thin, odorless, taste mild, insipid, astringent after being chewed for a long time. Lamellae white when young dingy pink to orange-pink when old, broad, L = 48-58 1=1-3,free edg;sslightly deniate. whitish. Stipe 50-70 (80) x 3-5 (7) mm. cylindricd, base sometimes enlarged. solid, fragile. surface smooth, white to hyaline-white, with gray-brown fibrilstoward the base, somewhat librillose-scaly in places.

Pluteus (Pat.) Sacc.

exiguus

Soorea broadly elliptical to subglobose, smooth pink'gray, 52-7.2 x 4:H um: O: r.1-1.3: Vm:90; spp. reddish_ocher. Basidib cylindicat to vsnricos6, 25-40 x 7.5-10 um, with 4 slerigmata. withoul basal clamo. lcl) Cherlocvstidia clavate to ventricose_fusiform, 30-83 x 15_35 Um: (in coll. 1210-92 BF iC2, pburocistidia similar.4HO x 15-33 um. sparse 3 abundant).

Po comDos;d o, oe clnal hvDhae, ascending in the center of the pileus, hyphal dnds fusif6rm, occasl6nally clavate. 58-300 x 12-20 um brown_ pigmented. septa withoul clamPs.

Remarks Ones firsl imoressron upon ftnding this specEs ln the freld is that it is Lcho_ consi t"-j relra,rri wot. s. Nb. 438). H6wever, the lree lamelles and lragile si.n.v in.licat; Pruleus. even'in vouno frbs. which still have while gills The Dreseirce ol smooth. thin-walled cvstii,ia without apical horns logelher wilh ihe radial hvohae of the oiloioellis dnd lhe proi€ctinq scales characl€rizo this soecies. Th'e srmilar P/utars hisprdl.rrus (Fr.: Fr)Grll. is somewhat smaller and ldcks oleurocvstidia. The variabilitv ol P ephebeus was treated by SCHREURS I1!)8 . ln addrtion, VELLINGA (1990) discussed which taxa are valid- Brown-caDod kbs. of P p/autus (No 117) could be confused in the lield with P epr;beus. However, P p/aulus differs primarily by larger spores and by the powdered, hairy stipe.

Coll€ction exsmined and illwtrated Haltikon SZ (M6ooeMald). elev.600 m, quad.2'167, on buriod wood on an old pile of sawdGi. Aug.3. 1991 coll. FK,0308-91 K1 Other collections: quad. 1652, 2065, 1067, 2068, 2166, 2264lmbach: not included.

f

Habitat

Usually solitary in rorests, on soil (buried pieces of wood), small branches. etc. Summerjall. Rare. Distribution: E.

Macroscopic leaturss Pileus 7-15 mm across, hemispherical when young, later plano-

convex, surface hygrophanous, finely granulose-squamose, translucent-striate up to halfway to the center and ocher-brown when moist, cream to beige when dry margin acute and undulating. Flesh white, thin, almost odorless, taste mild to slightly bittensh. Lamellae white to cream-pink, broad, L = 29-36, I = 'l-3, free, edges finely white-ciliate. Stips 20 x 2 mm, cylindrical, base with a amall buib, solid, fragile, surface white. entire length finely white-

setose-hairy

lmbach: not included.

Microscooic featurEs

= P/uteus v,I/osus (Bull.) Ou6l.

108

-

Fam. Pluteaceae Koll' & Pouz

Mt*cooic r.aturcs

broadly elhptrcsl, smooth, hyalne, thick-walled.5.7-8.2 x um: O: 1.(F'1.3: Vm: 128: soo. brown_red.

A: Sporei

B: baiidla ventricose, z3+7 C:

o: E:

;

1

5.m.8

1-13 vm. with 4 sterigmata, without basal

clamo. (Cl ) bheilocystidia fus orm to subcapitale. rarely rostrate. 35-80 x I 2-30 umi lC2) oleurocvstidia similar bul very sparse. Fo iicn6berma.'comoosed of proslraie io ascending hyphae wlth clavatd to fusiform end cells 8o!l7d x 10-24 pm. with yellow-brownlsh intrac€llular oomentation, septa without clamps Caulocisli-dia on the entire length ol the strpe.

Remarks

kuEiNER & RoMAGNESI (1956) described P,uteus exigurrs with d€finitely

rostrate to caoitate cheilocvstidd, and spores 6.5-8.5 x 4.ffi pm (O: 1.4). Ourcollection differed somdwhat from thisdescnption in th€ shapo of the cy' stidia tonlv sliohtlv caortate and with a roskat€ apex) and by somewhat bro_ :aar siorir t6: i(Fi-31. The above authors mentioned a find whose cheF locvstrbra and soores aireed wilh those of the sp€cies descnbed here Howeier. thev hesiiated to-assionthis collectrcn loP 6x,gtrus. VELLINGA (1990) oescribedihe soores of P erl'quus as H x 4.5-6 um (O: '1 25-1 35) and lhe cheitocvstidia ;s clavate to aliohtlv capilele or wrth a prolong€d ap€x lt seems as if this species, like otfied ln P/utous {e. g. P p/autus lNo. 11Zl). ls very plastic.

Collection examined and illustr6ted Luc€rne (Seeburg), elev.45O m. quad.2166. on a small hardwood branch. Sepl. 16, 1993, coll. FK, 1609-93 K. Other coll6clions: none, '120

- lmbach: not included.

P

!tcus drettr ch

F-

1tr1

106

N-o 01 ,QO )QO OC >O AO ol \oo )o_ ^0@,

oa)o' o >ir

il "tn \e\rr U I) \\\ qn\

.

ru um

c2

)00, ,00 ()( )0m ,l()0(

0tt

20 um

n:'

lL\tte

\l[ (1il'"

l

t !*i!Nn{

L] 37r,

)0Qm ,I ,J\

AA/ot,

1)th( /V/L^,[

sM/, 0 t1 tl Im W ffi 7t1\l

-=

40 pm

Volvariella murinella

SgK o0

n -.-ir; 40

AO :^a

---\.->-

;C/

UO 00/\ o\)\) eo vc2Y V 4 a\ r'A C A A

,,--.

Prrnr,*r

,.'o{n

I

:o

\)t\l)0(\///t00 , i\ )/ llv L/ l1 v

cl\,t

40 pm

r-,,

132

M 389

133

Volvariella

pusilla

(Pers.: Fr.) Sing. = Volvatie a parvula 0/./ein.) Spag.

f

Fam. Pluteaceae Kotl. & Pouz.

Microscopic features

Habitat Solitary to a few together inside or outside forests, in parks or gardens, among grasses or herlls, on bare, humus-rich soiloron plant humus. Summer-fall. Widespread. Distribution: E, NA, NAf, As.

Macroscopic leatures Pileus (5) 10-30 mm across, spherical-hemispherical when young, later convex to plane, not oronly weakly umbonate, surface dull, finely tomentose-fibrillose, white, sometimes slightly beige when old, margin acute, smooth, split when old, Flesh whitish, thin, odorless, taste mild, insipid. Lamellae whitish to gray-pink when

young, later pink, broad, L = 35-50, I = 1-3, free, edges +/smooth. Stipe 1H0 x 1-3 (5)mm, cylindrical, with a clavate base and enclosed by a 2+-lobed volva, solid, rigid, fragile, surface white, smooth, white-pruinose or slightly fibrillose-hairy when young at most, glabrous when old, volva membranous, whitish, sometimes dingy light gray,

A:

B:

Spores elliptical, smooth, pale yellow, thick-walled, 5.8-7.2 x 3.8-4.7 pm; O: 1.zt-1.7; Vm: 61; spp. pink-brown.

Basidia cylindric-clavate, 25-32 x 7-8.5 Um, with 4 sterigmata, without basal clamp. C: (C1) Cheilocystidia fusiform to lagenitorm, 40-70 x 11-27 pm; (C2) pleurocystidia similar, 5G-70 x 1G-30 pm. D: Pp composed of pe clinal, rel. long-celled hyphae, occasional hyphal ends exserled,4-10 Um across, in part with slight colorless encrustation, septa without clamps.

Fema*s This species ls closely relaled to Volvariella hypopitllys (No. 1 31 ), and differs from it chiefly by the smooth stipe surface. ln addition, we have determined that the hyphae ot lhe prlerpelhs in ll pueTla are longer-celled than those rn hypopithys.Fot lulhet rcmarks. see ll hypoprthys (No. 131).

ll

Coll€ction examin€d and illustrated

Hohenrain LU (Oberhilti), elev. 630 m, quad. 2266, on bare soil in a manured meadoq Aug. 14, 1991, coll. KlV. 1408-91 KM.

Other collections: quad. 2066, 2166. lrhbach: included as yolvarbpsis pusi//a

134

(Fr.

I

Volvariella surrecta (Knapp)Sins.

ex Pers.) l\/aire.

Fam. Pluteaceae Kotl. & Pouz.

= Votuaia loveiana \getk,l Gill. Ml6roscoplc f6atur6s

Habitat Crowded to clustered on rotting fruiting bodies ol Clitocybe nebu/anis (Vol. 3, No. 170) and acc. lit. also on C/ltocybe clavipes ('lol.3, No. 154) as well as on species of Tricholoma. Late summerjall. Rare, relatively common in certain regions. Distribution: E, NA.

Macroscopic leatures Pileus 30-50 (80) mm across, spherical when young, later hemispherical to convex, plane with an obtuse umbo when old, surface gray-white and finely appressed radially fibrillose when young, later dingy light gray, sometimes with a pink tinge and appressed radially fibrillose, margin acute and projecting somewhat beyond the lamellae. Flesh white, turning gray in places when cut, thin, odor sweetish or polyporoid, taste mild. Lamsllae white when young, soon light pink, broad, L = 130-145, I = 1-3, Iree, edges smooth, whitish. Stipe 30-60 (90) x 5-10 mm, cylindrical, base bulbous, with a lobed, whitish volva, solid when young, hollow when old, elastic, surface whitish, entire length longitudinally white-fibrillose when young, later glabrescent.

135

Amanita

(Amanitopsis)

battarae

Spores elliptical, smooth, pale yellow, 5.1-6.5 x 3.1-.4.1 pmi Q: 1.3-1.9i Vm: 39; spp. reddish-brown. Basidia cylindric-clavate, 2G-30 x 6-8 Um, with 4 steigmata, without basal clamp, G: (C 1) Cheilocystidia fusiform, rostral€.35-75 x 7-20 Um: (C2) pleurocyslidla srmrhr or boadly clavate, 4H5 x 10-32 Um. sparse. D: Pp composed of periclinalto ascending hyphae 5-10 um across, septa without clamps.

B:

Remarks

nature because ol (s specialzed habilat This species is easy lo recognize 'n it is rare: KRIEGLSTEINEB (1991a) on rotting frbs. of grlled fungr. However. lists it in only 30 [4TB-quads. for central Europe in his "Vedreitungsallas der Grossprlze Deutschlands' (Dislribulion atlas ol the macrofungiof Gemany).

Collection examined and illusiraled Schneisingen AG (Schuliberg), elev. 600 m, quad. 2667, on a rotting C/itocybe rebularis, Oct. 7, 1992, coll. FK, 0710-92 K 1.

Olher collecfions:

quad - 2166, 2267 , 2366, 2454.

lmbsch: iflcluded as yolvarbpsis hypopit ys subsp. /ovelara (Berk.) Konr &

tr

Boud. = Amanita umbinolutea Secr. nom. inval.

Habitat Solitaryto grouped in coniferous forests, primarily montaneto subalpine, on silicate soils. Summer-lall. Not common. Distribution: E, NAf.

Macroscopic teatures Pileus 7G-100 (120) mm across, conical when young, soon convex center, surface smooth, with fine appressed radial fibrils, yellow-, olive-, to graybrown, striate up to 1/3 of the distance to the center, margin somewhat paler, obtuse. Flesh white, thick in the center of the pileus, thin toward the margin, odorless, taste mild, nutty. Lamellae whitish, broad, L = 110-120, I = 1J, rree, edges smooth, brown toward the margin oI the pileus. Stipe 100-130 x 1G12 mm, cylindrical, gradually enlarged toward the base, apex slightly widened, Iragile, solid when young, hollow when old, surface increasingly red- gray-brown mottled on a pale ocher background toward the base, apex linely red-brown floccose, base with a membranous, adherent, dingy-white, sometimes ilFdefined volva.

to plane with an obtuse umbo and depressed

A:

Fam. Amanitaceae Roze

Mlcroscoplc fealures

Spores globose to subglobose. smooth. hyaline, I6-15.3x9.4-14pm: Q: 1.0-1.2; Vm: 913; l-; spp. white. Basidia clavalB,45-50 x 13-15 Um, with 4 sterigmata, without basal clamp, C: Cystdla not seen, maroinal cells clavate (cystidioles or basidioles?). D: Pp composed of periclinal to ireqular hyphae 1.5-6 um across, hyphae in the superficial layer strongly gelatinized and embodded in a gelatinous substance, deeper hyphae brownish-pigm€nted, septa without clamps. E: Elementsfrom the veilat the stipe base, veilcomposed mostly of hyphal, tubular elements interspers€d with occasional sphaerocysts.

A:

B:

Remarks This species is a double of Ananita submembranacea (No. 1 43), which is easy to confuse with it macroscopically, allthe more so since it also commonly

occurs in montane habitats. Our investigations showed the following differences: veil composed p marily of hyphal, tubular elements with only occasional sphaerocysts, pp strongly gelatinized, veil remnants absent from the pileus (=A. battarae); veil composed pdmarily of sphaerocysts, pp not or only weakly gelatinized, pileus with veil remnants (= A. subfiembranacea).

Coll€ction examined and illustrat€d

Pontresina GR (lvlonte Bello), elev. 1900 m, quad. 1479. in a mountain coniferous forest near Plnus cemba and Larix on silicaie soil, Aug. 8, 1991, coll. JB, 0808-91 BR.

Other colleciions: quad. 1 578, 2264, 2368-

lmbach: not included. 138

EI E]

133

ro

kffi trl 257

134

Volvariella surrecta

40 pm

2 CIQ

^AA) , nvo t, -06 -8Q

I

-oQ

48x

iln lr ^@s l(B '10

'_ ''H

c'1

n

um

-

/l ,A)\

hfrno \)\til\l 40 um

FK

Amanita (Amanitopsis) battarae

EI EI

135

ol NI

! 000

40 pm

eI o

N

136

Amanita

(Amanitopsis)

(Berk. & Br.) Bas = Amanita inaurcta Seci. ex Cill, = Amanita strangulata (Fr,) Sacc.

ceciliae

tr

Fam. Amanitaceae Microscopic featirea

A:

Spores globose, smooth, hyaline, 10.4-14.1 x 3.7-14.0 !m; O: 1.0-1.1; Vm:917; l-;spp. white.

Br Basidia clavate,45-65 x 14-20 pm, with (2)4 sterigmata, without

Habitat Solitary to gregarious in hardwood and coniferous rorests, at lorest edges, in forest meadows, in parks, on calcareous soils. Colline to montane. SummerJall. Not common. Distribution: E, NA, As, NAl.

C:

Macroscoplc leatures

E:

Pileus 80-150 (200) mm across, ovoid when young, later campanulate-convex, then plane, surface dull to satiny when dry slightly

lubricous-viscid when moist, yellow-brown, reddish-brown, to

gray- or olive-brown, darker toward the center, translucent-striate 1/5 to 1/4 of the distance to the center, covered with thick veil remnants, remnants dingy gray-white when young and brownish when old, almost in contact with each other in the center, increasingly separated toward the margin, margin acute. Flesh white, thin, odorless, taste mild, nutty. Lamellae white, slightly brownish when old, broad, L = 100-110, I = 0-1, free, edges floccose. Stipe 12O-2OO (25O) x 2O4O mm, cylindrical, €nlarged toward the base, solid when young, hollow when old, fragile, surface whitish, apex finely striate, base without a vaginate volva but girdled with 2-3 scalyzones, stipe dingywhite- to brownish-Iloccose abovethe zones.

D:

basal

clamp.

Marginal cells subglobose lo pydtom, 20-55 x 15-35 !m; pleurocystidia

+/- periclinal hyphae 1 .5-5 pm across, hyphae in the uppermost layer gelatinized and embedded in a gelatinous subslance, deeper hyphae brownish-pigmented, sepia without clamps. Elem€nts from the patches of veil on the pileus, patches consisiing mostly ol sphaerocysts, interspersed with hyphoid elements. Pp composed of

Remarks This specles ls the la€est vaginate amanita, except lot Amanita llvidopallescens (No. 140). lt is characterized by the stipe base with two to multiple zones (doubly vaginate) and the thick patches of veil remnants on the pileus. Ahanita lividopallescens, in contrast, has no or rare veil rerhnants on the pileus and has a well-defined, large, lobed, sheathing volva at the base of the stipe. The exannulate aman itas (vaginate amanitas)were formedy included in a separate genus. /Amanrtops,b Roze. The type species was A. vagnala (No. 144). and many spec€s recognized today were inclLrded as mere vanetres of thrs speces,

Collection examined and illustrated Alpnach-Stad OW (Schofeld), elev 880 m, quad. 2066, at a forest edge near hardwoods, above a calcareous subsoil, May 30, 1 988, coll. BA, 3005€8 BA

1

.

Other colleciions: qLrad. 2166, 2265, 2266.

lmbach: included as,4manitopsis inaumta Sect.

137

Amanita

(Amanitopsis)

crocea

(Ouel.) Sing.

T

Habitat Solitary to gregarious in hardwood forests, more rarely in mixed coniler-hardwood ,orests, also at forest edges in grass, usually neat Betula, Quercus, or Fagus, primarily on silicate soils, +/- thermophilic. Summer-fall. Rare, Distribution: E, NAI.

Macroscopic teatures Pileus 6G'100 (120) mm across, hemispheric-ovoid-campanulate when young, later convex to plane and often with a small umbo, surface lubricous when moist, smooth and satiny when dry, rarely with whitish veil remnants, ocher- to yellow-orange, margin acute, striate up to ca. 1/3 of the distance to the center. Flesh white, orange-brown under lhe cuticle, thin, almost odorless, taste mild, not distinctive. Lamellae cream-colored, broad, I = 7A-112, I =

1-3, free, edges slightly floccose, somewhat darker. Stipe

120-150 (180) x '12-20 mm, cylindrical, somewhat tapered toward the apex, stipe solid when young, hollow when old, Iragile, surface banded-mottled yellow-orange, floccose-squamose on a whitish background, stipe base enclosed by a membranous volva, whitish on the outside and yellowish on the inside, very long-lasting and robust. Phenolturns the stipe flesh dark wine-red.

Fam. Amanitaceae Micro3ooplo leaturea Spores globoseto subglobose, smooth, hyaline, 9.7-1 1 .7 x 8.5-10.4 Um; Q: 1.0-'1.3; Vm: 503, l-;spp. whitish. B: Basidia clavate, 60-70 x 14-16 pm, with (4 4 sterigmata, without basal clamp, C: Marginal cells pyriform, 2H5 x 17-26 pm; pleurocystidia not seen. D: Pp composed of periclinal hyphae 1-6 Um across, hyphao in the upper most layer gelatinized and embedded in a gelatinous substance, deeper hyphae brownish-pigmented, septa without clamps. E: Elements from the veil at the stipe base, veil composed mostly of hyphoid cells, interspersed with occasional spha€rocysts.

A:

Renarks This species is a double ot Amanita fulva \No.139), which, however, occurs primarily in acid coniferous forests or chestnut forests. ln addition, it has a whitish, longitudinally fibrillose{loccose, the stipe is not mottled, the volva is generally orange, and the stipe flesh iurns chocolate-brown in phenol. Whil€ A. fulva is commonly encountered here, A, crocea prefers warm regions and therefore is rare in our floristic area, The other species of vaqinate amanitas do not have orange-brown colors on the pileus.

Colleclion examined and illustrated

Selma GF, elev. 900 m, quad. 1373, ai the edge ot a forest in grass, under Eetule. Aug.8, 1985. coll. Lucchini. LUG 3982.

Oth€r collections: quad . 2167 , 2466.

lmbach: not included.

138

Amanita

(Amanitopsis)

friabilis

(Karst,) Bas = Amanita alnicola Rouzeau & Massart = Amanita sternbergii Vel.

I

Habitat Solitary to gregarious in alder groves. Probably forms mycorrhizae with all species ol A/nus. Colline to alpine. Summer-fall. Rare. Dis-

tribution:

E.

Macroscopic features Pileus

3H0

mm across, ovoid when young, later hemispherical

to convex and eventually plane with an uplifted margin, surface smooth, dull, translucent-striate up to 'll4 ('ll3) oI the distance to the center, center gray- to olive-brown, increasingly paler toward the margin, irregularly covered with gray-brown veil remnants, margin acute, striate. Flesh whitish, thin, odorless, taste mild, not distinctive. Lamellae white, broad, L = 47-52, I = 1, free, edges finely floccose. Stipe 5G-'100 x 5-12 mm, cylindrical, somewhat enlarged toward the base and otten with a small bulb, solid when yo-

Fam. Amanitaceae Roze

Mlcroscopic ,eaturcs

A: Spores subglobose to broadly elliptical, smooth, hyaline, 8.2-11.6 x 6.5-9.5 pmi Q: 1.0-1.5;Vm:335i l-;spp. white. B: Basidia slenderly clavate, 42-50 x 10-14 !m, with 4 sterigmata, wilhout basal clamp. C: l arginal cells py lom lo clavate, 2H0 x 10-20 pm; pleurocystidia not D: Pp composed of +/- periclinal hyphae 3-6 pm across, the uppemost hyphae +/-weakly gelatinized, the deeper hyphae bown-pigmented, sepla withoul clamps. E: Elementsfrom the veilon the stipe base and pilealsurface. This sp€cies is characterized bythe slendorfrbs., the association with A/rus, the exannulale stipe, and the almost completeabsence of a volva on the base ol the stipe. lts habtus rs the reason lhat was once pui in sec. yaginatae. However, Bas (1974) placed it in sec. /qrnanita because of lhe bulb on the stipo and the way it develops from lhe pimordium. The microscopic structures of our colleclion were generally rather small, but in the lit., e. g. BAS op. cil., they are menlioned as varyrng in srze in lhis species.

ung, hollow when old, fragile, entire surface gray-brown woollyfloccose on a whitish background, apex +/- smooth, base sometimes +/- distinctly girdled with volval remnants (without a sheathing

Colleclion eEmined and illu6t6ted

volva).

Other collections: quad. '1679.

Buchs LU (Eichwald), €lev 520 m, quad. 22M, in an alder grove at the edge of a pond, Sept. 18, 1988, coll. F[,4, 1809-88 MU 1.

lmbach: not included. 140

Arnan ta (Aman tops sl

cec

ae

=i

Amaf ta lArran tops

s) crocea

tJ/

,' -1, ,- -_l I

.:,

|

l

..)

,

I

10 pm

Arnanita LAnran tops s) fr

ab

i.t,! I

,.l

,hx#

s

\r.._

139

Amanita

(Amanitopsis)

(Schaetf.)Sing.

fulv?

I

= Amanita vaginata var. fulya (Schaeff.) Lge.

Fam. Amanitaceae Microscoplc leaturss

A:

Habitat Solitary to gregarious in hardwood and coniferous forests on acid soils, on heath-like edges of moors nea( Vaccinium and Calluna. Summerjdl. Common. Distribution: E, NA, As, NAI.

B:

clamp.

C: Ma(iinalcells D:

Macroscopic foatures Pileus 50-80 ('100)mm across, ovoid when young, soon convex to plane, center sometimes indented and with an obtuse umbo, surface smooth, satiny, butyraceous, translucenl-shiate 1/4 to 1/3 of the distance to the center, fox-colored to orange-brown, marginal zone somewhat paler and the center darke( margin obtuse, striate. Flesh white, thin, odor laint, not distinctive, taste mild, insipid. Lamellae white to whitish, broad, L = 86-115, I = 0-1(3), lree, edges cr€nate-serrate, sometimes faintly brownish. Stipe 70-120 x 6-15 mm, cylindrical, somewhat enlarged toward the base, apex siightly widened, stuffed to hollow, Iragile, sudace linely longitudinally fibrillose-floccose (not mottled), whitish to cream-colored toward the apex, red-brownish below, base with a red-brown, membranous volva. Stipe rlesh turns chocoiate-brown with phenol.

Spores globoseto subglobose, smooth, hyaline, 9.5-14.3 x 9.2-13.2 !m; Q: 1.0-1.1;Vm:813; l-;spp. white. Basidia clavate, 5M5 x 14-18 Um, with 4 sterigmata, without basal

E:

pyriform.

2€5

x 15-20 pm, not abundanl: pleurocystidra

Pp composed of periclinal hyphae 1.5-6 um across, hypha€ in the upper most layer gelatinized and embedded in a gelatinous substance, deeper

hyphae brownish-pigmenled, septa without clamps. Elements from the veil on the stipe base, the maiority hyphoid and tubu_ lar, interspersed with occasional sphaerocysts.

R€msrks

Amanita crccea (No. 137) is a very similar species. lt differs by a distincly oranqe-brown-mottled strpe and a drflerent phenol reaclion ol lhe strpe flesh (darliwine-red). Th€ ecoloqrcal requrremenls ofA. crocea aledifferenl also. rn ihat it occurc in warm locrlities in hardwood forests or near hardwoods (8etula, Quercut or Fagus).

Collection examined and illustrated Kriens LIJ (Eigenthal-Forrenmoos),

elev. 1000 m, quad. 2066, at ihe edge of

a high moor, neat Vaccinium, Betula, and Picea, Sept.4, 1990. coll. 0409-90

FM,

[,4U.

Other collectons: quad. 1965, 2065, 2068, 2167. lmbach: included as ,4maritops,s vagl)?aia subsp. fulva (Kdch. ex Pers.) Konr & Maubl.

140

Amanita (Amanitopsis) lividopallescens Gi

I Micrcscopic ,eatures

A:

.

Spores subglobose-broadly elliptical, smooth, hyaline, 9.6-13.5 x 8-12.1 um: Q: LG-1.3iVm: 627; l-;spp. white. basal

B: Basidia clavate,4S-56 x 11-16 um. wth 4 slerigmala. without a

Habitat Solitary to gregarious in dry places in forest clearings, at forest edges, in grass, usually near hardwoods. Summer-lall. Rare. Distribution: E, NAI.

Macroscopic feaiures

Pileus 8G-120 (180) mm across, ovoid to hemispherical when young, lat€r convex, plane with an obtuse umbo or indented in the cenler when old, surface lubricous when moist, satiny when dry sometimes covered with a few dingy-whitish veilremnants, whitish when young, later pale to darker ocher-gray, margin acute, striate, rarely with some veil remnants hanging from it. Fl€sh white, thin, odor faint, rather unpleasant (rancid cream), iaste mild, nutty. Lamellae white tg cream-colored, broad, L = 85-120, I = 3-5, Iree, edges finely Iloccose. Stipq 7G-120 (250) x l2-30 mm, cylindrical, tapered toward the apex, solid when young, hollow when old, surface white, entire length floccose to girdled with whitish to ocherish veil remnants, often with the suggestion of an annular zone

Fam. Amanitaceae

to-

ward the base, base enclosed by a m€mbranous, robust, whitish volva, rigid.

C: D:

E:

clamp.

Marqrnal cells pynform lo subglobose. 2540 \. 15-27 Um, abundant: oleumcvstidia not seen. Fp com'posed ol periclinal to irregular hyphae 1-6 ym across, uppermost layer strongly gelatinized and embedded an a gelatinous substance, deeper hyphae brownish-pigmented, sepla without clamps. Elemants from the veil on the stipe base composed of hyphal cells, with only occasional sphaerocysts,

Remarks The typical characters of thas rare vaginate Amarlla, which formerly was considered to be a variety ol A. vagirata (No. 1 44), are: the usually large dimsn-

sions otthe frb. (pileus up to 250 mm across, stipe up to 250 x 35 mm), the light ocheFgray colorof the pileus, the stipe sometimes girdled with the par_ tiel veil, andlhe subqlobose to broadly elliptical spores (Q: 1 .0-1 .3). Other vaginate amanitas areamaller, have different colors, or haveglobose spores (Q: 1.0-1.1).

Collection examined and illustrated Barbenqo (Fjgino) Tl, elev 300 m, quad. 0971, in a meadow in grass under Quercus, July 6, 1991, coll. Lucchini, LUG 6849.

Olher collections: quad. 1874. lmbach: includ€d

141

Amanita Gmanitopsis) mairei

A,,anitopsis vaginata ssp.livido-pal/escers (Secr) Konr

I

Foley = Amanita argentea Auiisrnan

Habitat Solitary to gregarious in hardwood forests or mixed hardwood-conifer forests, preterentially on dry, calcareous soils. Summer-fall. Rare. Distribution: E, NAI.

Macroscopic leatures Pileus 80-110 mm across, ovoid when young, later convex to plane, somewhat indented when old, center not umbonale, surface smooth, dull, grooved-striate from the margin inward up to 1/5 to '1l4 of the distance to the center, silver-gray with a gray-brown component, usually with one or several whitish veil remnants, margin obtuse, grooved-crenate. Flesh white, thick in the center orthe pileus, thin toward the margin, odorless, taste sharpish-irritating, especially after being chewed for a rather long time, nutty. Lamellae white, broad, L = 85-100, I = 1-3, free, edges Iinely lloccose. Stipe 80-100 x 8-15 mm, cylindrical, enlarged to slightly bulbous toward the base, solid when young, hollow when old, fragile, surfac€ gray-brownish-mottled on a white background, base enclosed by a membranous, white volva.

as

Fam. Amanitaceae Roze

Microscopic fualures

broadly elliptical, smooth, hyaline, 9.9-13.1 x 7.2-9.5 Umi O: 1.2-1.5; Vm: 413; l-; spp. white. Basidia slenderly clavate, 4H x 11-14 pm, with 4 sterigmata, withoLJt basalclamp. Marqinal calls subglobose to pyriform, 2H5 x 15-2'l pm, pleurocystidia

A: Spord B: C: D:

E:

Pp composed of periclinal hyphae 1.H Um across. stronqly gelatinized and embedded in a gelatrnous substance, sepla wilhou clamps. Elementa from th€ v;ilon the slipe base. composed almost exclusively ol hyphoid elements with only occasional sphaerocysts.

Remarks

This species can be eastly confused with Amanita vag,i?ata {No. 1 44), since it ditfels onlv sliqhlly macroscopicelly, e. g. by a non-umbonate pileus, sturdy stipe, and usuallyby veilremnanis on the pileus. The lwo species can beseparated with most certainty microscopically. ln contrast to A. vaglnate this species has broadly elliptical spores and more slender basidia. Although PI. l}us ha.lepensis was given as the associated lree in the original description (I\,IALENQON & BERTAULT 1970). the linds rn Europe mentioned in lhe lit. came mostly from hardwood forests.

Collection examlned and illustrated

Muri AG (HaslD. elev. 460 m. quad. 2366. at the edge of a forest in grass ne_ at Pinus, Aug.7,1982. coll. BA. 0708-82 BA 1.

Other collections: none,

lmbach: not included.

^,:.:^'::]:-x

't39 5

ffil-=!^Q -€+'Lto

!

lr.\ffi[!=,O (/( )(')6'6 \1,\ll/

^\i

000

v

\J)t Wtau#S" Amanita(Amanitopsis)lividopa

escens E

40 pm E l-

140

! 000

o

141

! 000

142

Amanita

(Amanitopsis)

nivalis

I

Fam. Amanitaceae Roze

Grev. = Amanita oreina (Fa\re) Heim ex Bon. = Amanita hyperborea Karcl.

auct. p. p.

Microscopic Ieatures

A:

Habitat Solitary

to gregarious in dwarf shrub communities in alpine regF

ons, on silicious or calcareous soils, neat Dryas octopetah, Salix hetbacea, S. rctusa, or S. /eficulata. Summer. Not common. Distribution: E.

Macroscopic leatures Pileus 25-50 (80) mm across, ovoid when young, then campanulate to convex, usually obtusely umbonate, surface smooth, satiny when dry, lubricous when moist, whitish to gray-white or cream- to gray-beige, usually irregularly covered wilh whitish, appressed veil

remnants, margin incurved Ior a long time, acute, striate. Flesh white, thin, odorless, taste mild, not distinctive. Lamellae white when young, later cream-white, broad, L = 7H5, I = 1-3, 1r*, "Oges finely floccose. Stipe 40-70 x 7-15 (20) mm, cylindrical, slightly tapered toward the apex, solid when young, hollow when old, surface white to whilish, almost smooth, apex at times somewhat powdered, base not bulbous, enclosed by a membranous, whi'tish, fragile, +/- distinct volva.

B:

Spores qlobose to subglobose, smooth, hyaline, 7.7-1 1 .4 x 6.8-10.8 pm; O: 1.0-1.2;Vmr 394; l-;spp. white. Basidia clavate,4H5 x 11-15 Im, wiih 4 sterigmala, without basal

clamp.

C: lllarginal cells subglobose to pytilotm,z740 x 12-20 Um, abundant; pleurocysiidia noi f ound. D: Pp composed of +/- periclinal hyphae '1.H Um across, hyphae in the uppermost layer strongly gelatinized and embedded in a gelatinous sub-

Ei

stance. deeper hyphae faintly pigmented. septa w(hout clamps. Elements from the veil on the stipe base, with abundant sphaerocysts.

B6marks

BAS (1982) and BON (1987) have thoroughly consid€red this species and compared rt with closely related laxa. such as Amantta orcina, A, hwerbotea, A. brunneoconulus Bas & Gr69er. and A. b€cieri Hurjsman. Nevertheless, il is not possible lor us to assign the descnbed colleclion to a taron uneqJivocally, ln our opnrcn. these taxa can at most be forms or varieties, The conditions in theAlps are extremely variable: therefore.lhe morphological fearures ofthelab. also have a large range of variation, Somecolleclions which we examined from localities near eath other strenghthened our view. Like GRO GULDEN & al. (1985), we are keeping th€ old, broad concept ofA. nlvarb.

Collection examined and illustrated

Bedretto Tl (Val Corno), elev 2100 m, quad. 1467, near Sa/,,i retusa, S, reticulata, and Dryas octopetala, Aug. 28, 1988, coll. Lucchini, LUG 5101.

other collections: quad. 1879, 1880.

143

Amanita(Amanitopsis)

submembranacea

I

-

lmbachr not included.

Fam. Amanitaceae Roze

Microscopic teatures

A:

(Bon) Grd,ger

= Amanitopsis submembnnacea Bon

Spores globose to subglobose, smooth, hyaline,9.2-14-7 x8.9-14-2Vml

Q: 1.0-l.2iVm:860; l-;spp. white. Basidia clavate, 50-57 x 13-19 pm, with (1) 2-4 sterigmata, without basal clamp. C: Cystidia not seen. Marginal cells clavate (cystidioles or basidioles?). D: Ppcomposed ofrnlertwined l/- penclinalhyphae H pm across. hyphae in the uppermost layer only slightly gelatinized. brownlsh-pgmented. sepla without clamps. E: Elements from the veil on the base of the siipe, composed primarily of sphaerocysts, intersp€rsed with hyphal elements. Remarks This species is a characie stic mushroom of acid montane spruce forests. lt belongs to the group of vaginate amanitas which have many to large numbers of sphaerocysls in the veil. ln co tasl. Ananita battatae (No. 135). which also occurs at monlane elevatrons, has only a few sphaerocysls. The nalure otthe v€ilremnants on the pileus ls relaled to the abundance of spha. erocysts. When there is a heterogeneous tissue from many sphaerocysts, mostly split remnants remain on lhe pileus fA. sur,embranacea), while in conlrast when lhere ar€ few sphaerocysts and therelore a homogeneous tissue, no vei: remnanls r€main on the prleus fA. battaae). Amantta subalpina l\,{oser ined. seems to be only a form of the very variable A- submembraracea, according lo KRIEGLSTEINER (1984a). All the collections we examinod have '1-{-pored basidia, which explains the large range in the size of

B:

Habitat lJsually solilary lo a few togelh€r in monlane conifercus foresls. more rarely at colline €levalions. neat Picea. Pinus. Abbs. and Lar,x (acc. lit. also near Fagus and Ouercus), on acd sorls. otten in associalionwilh Vaccinium myF tZus. Summer-fall. Widespread. Dislnbution: E.

Macroacopic featurea Pileu64M0 (80)mm across, ovoid-campanulate when young, then convex to plan6, center somewhai obtusely umbonateand indented, surface satiny, smooth, olive-brown to gray-olive or also yellow- to reddish-brown, grooved-striate almost to the centet the center usually covered with separated or coherent. g@y-whtish veil remnants, margin acute. striale. Flesh white, th ck in lhe cenler ol lhe pileus, thin toward the margin, odorless, tasle mild, nutty. Lamollae white when young. later cream-colored, broad, L = 66, I = 1+, free, edges slightly floccose. Stipe 5H0 (120)x 9-12 mm, cylindrical, slightly thickened toward the base, apex somewhat widened, hollow, fragil€, surface white when young, finely longiiudinally whitejibrillose, whiteflocculose to almost mottl€d on a light brownish background toward the base, base with a membranous, lobed volvawhich is +/-whitewhen young,laterturning gray, especially on the inside.

the spores,

Colloction examined and illuatrated

Stalden OW (Schw€ndi-Kalibao, elev. 1400 m, quad. 1965, in a montane spruc€ forest, near yacclh,um, Sept. 4, 1991, coll. Kl, 0409-91 BR 3. Other collections: quad. 1864, 1964. - lmbach: not included.

144

Amanita

(Amanitopsis)

(Bull.: Fr.)Vitt.

vaginata tr

Grisette

Fam. Amanitaceae Roze

Micro3copic teatures

A:

Habitat

B: C:

Solitary to gregarious in hardwood forests, more rarely in coni-

D:

Ierous lorests, not associated with particular trees, not soil-specific. Summer-fall. Not common. Distribution: E, NA, As, NAI.

E: Macrosqopic teatures Pileus 5G-100 (120) mm across, ovoid to cylindrical when young, later convex to plane with a +/- distinct umbo, surface smooth, dull, grooved-striate up to ca. 1/3 of the distance to the center, mouse-gray to lead-gray, more rarely with a faint brownish tone, margin obtuse, striate. Flesh white, thick in the center of the pileus, thin toward the margin, odorless, taste mild, nutty. Lamellae white, broad, L = 75-90, I = 1-3, free, edges slightly lloccose. Stipe 9G120 (180) x 6-10 (15) mm, cylindrical, slightly enlarged toward the base, solid when young, hollow when old, ,ragile, the whole length slightly whitish-rloccose on a white background, base enclosed by a membranous, white to whitish volva.

Spores globose, smooth. hyaline, 9.6-1 1 .8 x 8.9-11.5 Um: O: 1.G1.li Vm: 590: l-i spp. white. Basidraclavati). 47-55 x 15-19 pm, with 4 slerigmata, without basalclamp. Marginal cells subglobose to pytilotm,27-52 x 12-30 !m. abundant. ol€urocvstidia not se€n. i,p com'pos€d of periclinal to irregular hyphae 1.H um across. hyphae in th€ uppermost layer strongly gelatiniz€d and embedded in a gelatinous matenal, deeper hyphae brownrsh-pigmenled. septa wilhoul clamps. Elements from the veil at the base of the stipe. composed almost exclu. sively ol hyphoid elements, only occasional sphaerocysts present.

Remarks The typacal form of Amanita vaginata has a gtay pileus without veil remnants on it. ll brown tones and/or veil remnants are present, the microscopic fea-

tures must be carefully examined, since such mushrooms may be another species, such as A. mairel (No. 141), A. battarae (No. 135), A. submembraracea (No. 143), etc. The microelements in the volva are an important diflerentiating leature. Amanila vagr'nala belongslo tho groupwilh sparsespha€rocysts, lhat ls with a pr€dominately hyphoid slruclure. Several varieties of this species have been d€scibed: e. g. var. gr,sea DC, presumably the type species, var p/umbea Schaefi. with a datk gray pileus, and var. a/ba Gill. or ,ival,3 Grev., the white-capped lorms. Collocdon examinod and illuslrated Seelisberg UR, elev. 1000 m, quad. 2068, in a lorest cleaing noar hardwoods, July 7, 1977, coll. Vtt, O7O7-77 AN 1.

other collections: quad . 1460, 2267 . lmbach: included as A/rarrtops,b vagi@ta lFt ex Bull.) Roze with diverse

! 000

Amanita (Amanitopsis) submembranacea

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)

r^\

ffi(-/t, )

\ (^-r)( l\ / .t( ('\

;;J;

;r,v/tl

\

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ll LA/v

A lt,.\

! \l]/,

5

! 000

145

Amanita caesanea (Scop.: Fr.) Pers.

tr

Caesar's mushrcom

Fam. Amanitaceae Roze

Miqtscoplc feature3

A: Spor€s broadly elliptical, smooth. hyaline,8.4-11 x 6.r-7.8 pm;

Habltat Solitary to gregarious in hardwood ,orests in warm places, mainly near Ouercus and Castanea, widespread in southern Switzerland, rare in the north. Summer-fall. Distribution: E, A, As, NAI.

Macrcscoplc teahrBs Pileus 7G-150 (200) mm across, sphericalto ovoid and completely enclosed by the thick, membranous, white veil when young, later hemispherical to campanulate-convex, eventually plane, surface satiny when dry smooth, more rarely with white veil remnants, slightly lubricous when moist, bright red, orangered, margin acute, strongly striate. Flesh white, yellow under the cutlcle, thick, odor pleasant, taste mild, nutty. Lamsllae pals yellow when young, later gold-yelloq broad, L = 8$-95, I = 1, fiBe, some lorked, edges linely floccose. Stipe 80-'150 x 20-30 mm, cylindrical, somewhat tapercd toward the apex, enlarged toward the base, solid to pithy-hollow, longitudinally striate above the annulus, Iinely longitudinally fibrillose-floccose below, entire stipe and annulus lemon- to gold-yellow, annulus pendent, membranous, p€rsistent, upp6r surfac6 striate, lower surlace smooth, stipg base enclosed by a white to gray-white, saccate-lobed, thickly membranous vol-

B:

C:

Q: 1.3-1.5;Vm: 247; l-;spp. white. Basldia clavato, 5H7 x 10-17 Um, with (1)2-4 starigmata, without basal

clamp.

I\rarcinal cells clavate-capilate. 22-45 x 9-14 pm; pleurocystidia not seen. Um across, hyphae in lhe uppermost ley€r slrongly g€latinized, deeper hyphae lighlly pigmenled. septa without clamps. El€m€nts trom the veil on the stipe bas6 compos€d of hyphoid cells, some septa wilh clamps.

D: Pp composed ot periclinal hypha€ 'l.5-i

E:

Roma 6 Caosarb mushroom has been a prized edible mushroom since Julius Caesar's time. lt was probably intoduced north of the Alps by the Roman armles. since it occu6 there prihadly along the old Roman highways. The only speci€s it could b€ confused with is Amarlta muscana (No. 1 52) when the white v€il r€mnants on the cap ofA. musc€ra have been washed off by rein. The latter, however, dilfe6 distinctly by the lamellae which remain white and the white stip€ without a saccate-lobed volva. Collecdon examined and illu6t6tod Babengo Tl (Figino), elev 370 m, quad. 0971, near Quercus and Castarea,

Sept.8, 1979, coll. Weidmann, LUG 802. Other collections: none.

lmbach: not included.

146

Amanita

citrina

(Schastf.) Gray = Ama.rta mappa (Batsch) Qu6l.

I

Fam. Amanitaceae Roze

Mlcioscoplc leafursg

A:

Habitat Solitary to gregarious in hardwood and conifercus forests, on san-

dy, base-poo( acid soils. Summer-Iall. Widospread. Distribution: E, NA, As, NAf, Au.

B: C: D:

Macroscopic leaturss Pilsus s(HO mm across, hemispherical when young, then plane, surface smooth, dull to satiny, pale yellow to green-yellow, cov€red with inegularly shap6d, ysllowish to yellow-brown patches ol appressed veil remnants, margin obtuse, sometimes slightly striate and lringed. Flesh white, thin, odor and taste like raw potatoes, mild. Lamollae white to pale yellow, broad, L = 7H0, I = 'l-3, lree to finely adnExed, edges smooth to finely white-ciliate. Stipe 60-120 x i0-15 (bulb up to 30) mm, cylindrical, somowhat enlarged toward the base, solid, ,ibrcus, surfac6 smooth, dull, whitish to pale yellow, with a pendent, delicate, pale yellow, membranous annulus on the upperthird, base with a soft, marginate bulb, young frbs. with lob€d, very lugacious veil rEmnants.

E:

Spores subglobose, smooth, hyaline, 8-10.4 x 7-8.8 Um; Q: 1.(F1.3i Vm: 302; l+, spp. white. Basidia clavale, 40-45 x 1G13 um, with 4 sterigmata. wilhoul basal

clamp.

Ch€ilocystidia clavate to vesacular, some concrescent, 3G-40 x 17-25 Pm; pleurocystidia not seen. Pp clmposed of peoclinal hyphae 1.H.5 pm adoss, the uppermost hyphae strongly gelatinized, sopte without clamps. Elements lrom lhe v€il remnants on the pileal surface,

Remarks ln contrast to the deadly polsonous /qmanita pfiarroides (No. 154), this specl€s is only sllghlly poisonous. lt has typical warl-lik€ to scale-like veil rcmnants on lie pileua, which, however, can be washed off by rarn, in which case it can be confused with pale loms ol A. pha.lkdes. However, it lacks the typical saccate volva at the bas€ ol the stipe of A. pharlodes. ln addition, il ditfeG by th6 distinct odor ot raw potato€s. lt is generally not advisable to eal it b€ceus€ of the potential for conflrsing it with A. pharroideq entiroly aside ftom its infedor taste. S6e also the white var €rba (No. 147). Amanita gefi' mata (No. 151) is a srmilar species, but it has bdghl yellow pilEalcolols, a fugacious annulus, and inamyloid spor€s 10-12 Um long.

Collacton oxemlned .rld illu3tlatad S€elisbelg UR, elev.

1

000 m, quad. 2068, in a mixed hardwood-conifer forest,

Aug. 1, 1977, coll. ZW 0108-77 ZW 9. Oulor colloollon3: quad. 2167, 2266, 2367.

147

Amanita

citrina

(Schaerf.) Gray vaG alba (Gill.) Gilb.

I

Habttat Solitary to gregarious in hardwood and coniieEus ,orests, on sandy, nutrient-poor, acid soils. Summer-fall. Not common. Distribution: E.

Macroscopic leaturss

Pileus 5H0 mm across, hemispherical when young, then plane, surlace smooth, dull to satiny, white, covered with iregularly shaped, white patches of appressed veil remnants, matgln obtuse, sometimes laintly striate. Flesh white, thin, odor and taste like raw potatoes, mild. Lamellag white to pale cream-colored, broad, L = 78-85, I = 1-3, free to linely adnex€d, edges smooth to linely whiteciliate. Stlpe 6G-l'l0 x &-15 (bulb up to 30) mm, cylindrical, somEwhat enla€ed toward the base, solid, librous, surlace smooth, dull, white, with a yellowish cast in places, with a pendent, delica-

te, white, membranous annulus on the upper thid, bass with a soft, marginate bulb.

-

lmbach: inciuded.

Fam. Amanitaceae Roze

Mlollgooplc lealulEs

A:

B:

Sporea subglobos€, smooth, hyaline,7.5-€.7 x 6.6-9.0 um; O: 1.0-1 2; Vm: 278; l+; spp. whit6. Bssidia clavat6, 4G.45 x t0-13 ym, with 4 sterigmala, without basal

clamp.

C: Cheilocystidia clavale lo vesicuiar, some conc€scent, 30-.35

D: E:

x

'l

t

35 um;

oleurccvstldla not seen.

pp com'posed ol periclinal hyphae 1.(H.5 Um across, the uppermost hyphae strongly gelatinrzed, septa without clamps. pileal surface. Elemeots ftom lhe veil remnants on the

R€markB This while variety of /4r,anrta cllrha is characterized by the following characte6: wart-like to flake-like veil remnanls on the pil6us, odor like rav, potaloes, smooth siipo, and a maEinate bulb which shows transitory voval lob€s in young ftbs. at most. Species in the very poisonous "phariodes goup" produce similar lrbs., e. q. A. pn6rro,t es var. v6ms (No. 155) also with a smooth stipe but with spoes bver '1 0 pm long and A. vitosa (No, 1 60) with a conical pileus and squamoso-mottl€d stip€. Both have an entil€ly dfferent odor For further r€marks s€€ th€ desc ptions of those speci€s.

Collection ex.minedand lllustratod

Adligeoswil LU (Chlussnrleo, elev. 550 m, quad. 2167, in E mix€d hadwoodconiler fore6t under Fagus, oo acid soil, Sept. 22, 1990, coll. FK, 2209-90 K 1. Othea colloc{ioo$ none,

lmbach: not included. 146

E E

lr o E f

o

145

(,,1r^\R /\

,Ye\-J

l

( )c\

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'=Q qtl n? Yc sLr()o tq \ A(\(

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000

t]# l/ 146

a)a' \/rX rt(

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000

EI

Amanita cilrina v. alba

p

20 pm

EI

'147

RL /-\ \ i\i--\)

.1a^) vJ+\ J+ /-\

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)

! 000

18

Amanita eliae

+

Fam. Amanitaceae Boze

Qu6l.

Habitat

Solitary to gregarious in hardwood forests, forest clearings, at forest edges, mostly only in warm locations. Summer-lall. Rare. Distribution: E. NAf.

Macroscopic features Pileus 40-80 mm across, spherical when young, then convex to plane, surface when young completely covered with the whitish veil which quickly splits up into warts and is very fugacious, the surlace smooth when fully expanded, dull, center ocher with salmon to light buff tones, paler to whitish toward the margin, margin acute, usually striate. Flesh whitish, yellowish under the cuticle, thin, odor insignificant, taste mild, at times somewhat musty. Lamellae white, broad, L = 85-93, l= 1-3, free, edges flnely ciliate. Stipe 8O-'120 x 10-20 mm, cylindrical, somewhat tapered toward the apex, solid when young, hollow when old, surface above the annulus white-mottled on a white to brownish background, surface below longitudinally whitish-librillose on a white to brownish background, base with a small, marginate bulb deeply buried in the soil, often with remnants ol the fragile volva above it, annulus whitish, pendent, membranous, fugacious to only weakly developed.

MicroscoDic festures Sporea broadly elhptrcal, smooth. hyalne,9.5-13.2 x 61-7.9 Um: O: 1.4-1.8;Vm:295; l- (+?); spp. white. B: Basidia clavate, 35-50 x 12-14 pm, with 4 ste gmata, without basal

A:

clamP,

C: Marqinal cells pyriform-clavate, olten in chains ol

several cells. end cell 18-35 x 9-14 Um, abundant; pleurocystidia not seen. D: Pp composed of periclinal hyahae 1.5-6 um across. hyphae in the uppeF niost laier qelatinized and embedded in a gelatinous substance. deeper hyphae without clamps. E: Ei6ments from the veil on the stipe base, sphaerocysts abundant.

Remarks The stioe. which is lono relative to the diameter ol the pileus, annulate, and -bulb buried deeolv in the soii, and lhe white'mottled nas a imill marornate aoer are tvolcal-of this rare Amanrta. lt s one ol the smaller spocies ofAmanita. such';s A. oemnata (No. 151) and A. fr:D,/is (No. 138) JAHN (1972) di_ rcuises A. era€-and mentlons that in habitus it looks "wie eine Ama4lopsis lscheidenstreifling) mit Rinq" (like an,Amanitops,b lvaghate Amaflta] wilh an annulus). ln addrtibn, he observed weakly amyloid spores in agreemenl with B. HEIM. ln our collectron they were also weakly amylord Therefore. it is conceivable that drtlerent colleclions could show various degrees of amyloidily of the spores.

Collection examined and illustrated

BenzenschwilAG, elev.450 m, quad. 2367, in a mixed hardwood_conifer forest, on the soil, July 23, 1989, coll. BA, 2307-89 BA 5.

Other collectlons: none,

149

Amanita

excelsa

f

(Fr.)Bertillon = Amanita ampla Pers. = Amanlta spissa (Fr) Kumm.

Fam. Amanitaceae MicroscoDic Ieatu.B3 Sporea broadly elliptical. smooth. hyaline, 7.9-11.2 x 5.8+.4 pm: O: 1.2-1.4; Vm: 257; l+; spp. whiie. B: Basidia slenderly clavat6, 33-50 x 8-12 !m, with 4 sterigmata, withollt

A:

tasalclamp.

Habitat

Solitary to gregarious in hardwood and conilerous ,orests, primarily under Picea, on acid to neutral soils. Sometimes colline, but primarily montane. Summer-fall. Widespread. Distribution: E, NA, As, NAI.

C: Cheilocystida clavate to vesiculat 20-.j0 x 12-25

D: E:

Macroscopic teatures

Pileus 5G-100 (150) mm across, sphedcal when young, then soon hemispherical, convex, to plane, surface when very young covered with the pale gray universal veil which soon splits up into regularly to irregularly Concentric flakes or wads on a smooth, gray- to olive-brown background, which are easily wiped off. Margin incurved for a long time. smooth. sometimes very taintly striate. Flesh white, thick-in the center of the pileus, thin to\4ard the margh. odor faintly herbaceous, taste mild, faintly raphanoid. Lamellae white, broad, L ='100-125, l= 1-3, free, edges smooth. Stipe 60-120 (150) x 20-30 (bulb up to 40) mm, cylindrical, base €nlarged into a bulb which is tapered below, solid, firmjleshed, girdled with 2-5 pale ocher-brown zones of scales, smooth to fibrillose-scaly above them to the annulus, white to pale gray, annulus membranous, pendent, upper surface striate, stipe white to pale gray above it likewise slriate.

150

Amanita

- lmbach: included,

franchetii

Um: pleurocystrdia nol

Po comoosed of periclinal hypha€ 2-5 um across. the uppermost hyphae flaxuoua. hyalne. and somewhat gelatinized. the deeper hyphae brownish-piqmented, septa without clamps.

ElemenG lrom th€ verl remnants on th6 prleal surface.

Remark3

This soecies is verv variable: lherefore, a series ol varietes has been descri' bed under the "old A, spiss€, e. g. var, valida wth a striate margin and bro_ wnino when handled oraul, var. eicelsa with an odor of potatoes and almost withoiut a bulb and rooting deeply in the gound. and the smaller var cariosa wth a chambered-holbw-stioe. li could 6o confused wilh the hLewise €dible /4, rubescens No. 157), all parts of whose irbs. turn red as well as wth the verv poisonoui A. paritherha (No. '153). whrch has a striate pileal margrn. a smadth annulus which is not stiiate on th€ upper side, and a stipe which ends in a "flowerpot-like" bulb.

Colteotion examined and ill$trated Sdrenberq LU (Sch6niseil, elev. 1250 m, quad. 1965. in a spruce lorest on needle htGr, Auq. 6, 1991. coll, FK. 0608-91 K 2. Other collections: q!ad. 2068, 2367.

lmbach: included

as

Konr. & Maubl.

Amarita

f

Fam. Amanitaceae Roze

(Boud.) Fay. = Amanita aspera IFL) Gtay

Microscoolc f6atues Spore6 ellptcal. smooth. hyaline. 244i l+;spp. while acc. lit.

Habitat

A:

ferous roresis, a soil-generalist. Summer-tall. Rare. Distribution: E, NA, NAf.

B:

Macroacopic teatures Pileus 40-80 mm across, hemispherical when young, then convex, expanded with a slightly indented center when old, surface completely covered with the gray-yellow veil when young which splits up into small, +/- concentric, flat, yellowish scales, cuticle

D: Fp coniposed ol penclinal hypha€ L5-3(6) pm across. walls ol lhe up-

Solitary to gregarious in hardwood forests, more rarely in coni-

light yellow to ocher- or yellow-brown, satiny when dry, slightly lubiicous when moist, margin incurved fora long time, smooth, acute, sometimes hung with ocher-yellow veil remnants. Fl€ah white, yellowish under the cuticle, barely discoloring when cut, at most

becoming somewhat brownish (not pink or wine-red), thin, odor rather unpleasant, taste mild, unpleasant. Lamellae white, broad, L = 85-'100, I = 1-3, free, edges finely floccose. Stipe 5G+0 x 1O-'15 (20) mm, cylindrical, base generally bulbous, stipe solid to hollow, surlace above the annulus white to cream-colored and smooth to faintly striate, surface below banded with fine, yellowish flocci-squamules on a whitish background, bas€ often girdled with coarse scales, annulus pendent, membranous, white to whitish, margin yellow- to brownish-floccose, upper surface faintly striate. 148

C:

Ei

8.2_1 1.5 x 5 8-7.8

!m: Q:

1 3-1.6i Vm:

Basidia cidvate to vontncose, 33-38 x 9-12 pm, with 4 sterigmata, with_ out basal clamo, Marginal cells subglobos€ lo pyriform, 2240 x 13'27 ym. abundant: oletiroc\,stid ia not seen,

permost hyphae slightly gelalinized. septa without clamps. Elements from the veil on the stipe base.

Remarks The brown.caooed ,ormes of lhis soeoes could be conlused pnmanly with Amanila rubes;ens (No. 154 with llesh which turns led where eaten and wilh a lenqth-width ratio of the spores of 1.5-2.0, A. exce/sa (No. 149) wth a gray to or;v-brown orleus and with a verl which is whte or grav_white everywh€re (ne-ver vellowish-ocherish-brownish), orA. pantherha (No. 153)wilh a striate ,ilealmarqin and marginate-bulbous stipe base. The yellow_capped forms ol A. fanchetii lofiely wete called Amanita aspen var. fftnchetii

Collection examin€d and illustrated

[,4eride (Murgala)Tl, elev 650 m, quad.0871, in an open mixed hardwclod

rest, among grass, Aug.21, 1982, coll. Lucchini, LLJG 2751.

Other colleotlon6: quad. 1864, 1865.

lmbach: rncluded

as Amar,la aspera lFr.) Ouel.

fo-

148

\a

20 pm

! 000

"ri7)/ .Atl\

\( )mlY

,} WB Amanita excelsa

149

::=t--r(l

".(x-

@xx r.,y[, =:=,'-o,,)

*-^5ffi

d-b

! 000

\)Al (T( ) h L\) }/h. 20 pm

Amanita franchetii

150

! 000

ilL)

151

Amanita gemmata

+

Fam. Amanitaceae Roze

(Fr.) Bertil.

junquillea Que1, = Amanita Mlcmscooic features

Habitat Solitary to gregarious in hardwood and coniferous lorests, on base-poor soils. Late spring-fall. Rare. Distribution: E, NA.

Macroscopic features Pileus 4G70 (100) mm across, hemispherical when young, soon convex to plane, center slightly umbonate or indented, surface smooth, slightly lubricous and shinywhen moist, silky when dry, le-

mon- to yolk-yellow, irregularly covered with white velar warts when young, glabrous or with only occasional warts when old, margin acute, striate. Flesh white, yellow under the cuticle, thin,

odorless, taste mild, not distinctive. Lamellae white, broad, L = 80-95, l= 1-3 (5),Iree, edges smooth. Stips 60-100 x 6-10 mm, cylindrical, somewhat enlarged to slightly bulbous toward ihe base, solid when young, hollowwhen old, with awhite, membranous, very fugacious annulus, surface smooth and white to pale yellowish above the annulus, longitudinally librillose to slightly floccose and white below, basal bulb +/- white-girdled.

A: Sporei subglobose to broadly elliplical. smooth, 6.H.7 umi Q: 1.1-1.4;Vm:310i l-;spp. whil€. 'clavate,

8:

C: D:

E:

4248 x

Basidia

hyalin€. 8.9-10.8 x

12-15 Um. wilh 4 sterigmata, wthout basal

clamp.

Mardrnal cells subglobose-vesicular. 15-30 x 12-17 um. not abundant: oleurocvstidia not seen. Fp com'posed of periclinal hyphae 1 .5-3 um across. some flexuous. gela_ tinized, septa wthoul clamps. Elements from lhe velar warts on the pil6us.

Remarks This species ts most likely to be confused wilh Amanita c,tnha (No. 146). which smells like raw pol^oes. Amanita gemnata is odorl6ss, usually has a bnoht vellow oileus. and has very fuoacious veil remnants on the pll€us and sti;e hich oiten can no lonqer 6e c-learty recogniz6d in olderfrbs. Probably th6 most unequivocal diff€renliating charact€r isthe amyloidity of the spores: A. citdna l+, A. g:emmak l-.

Collection examined and llluetrated

lmmensee SZ (Chiem6n), elev. 400 m, quad. 2167. in a mix€d hardwood forest under Fagus, June 4. 1979, coll. Schwegler. 0406-7s Schw

Other collection3: quad. 1 170, 2068.

lmbach: included.

152

Amanita muscaria

+

(1.) Pers.

Micrcscoorc

A:

Fly agaric

Br

Habitat Sometimes solitary, usually gregarious or grouped primarily in coniferous Iorests, also along Iorest edges, in pastures, Mycorrhizal

partner principally Picea, Pinus, and Betula, Summer-fall. Common al montane elevations, more rarely colline. Distribution: W

Macroacopic teatures Pileus 50-200 (300) mm across, spherical and completely covered with the white universalveil when young, later hemispherical, then conv€x, and finally plane when old, surface signal-red and covered with concentric, conical, white velar warts which later disappear or are washed off by rain, pileus then tading to orange to pale yellow, margin incurved lor a long time, acute, striate. Flesh white, yellow under the cuticle, thin, odor pleasantly spicy, taste mild, nutty. Lamellae white, broad, L = 300, I = 1, ,ree, edges smooth. Siipe 6G220 x 15-30 mm, cylindrical, base usually bulbous, stipe solid, when old pithy-hollow, fragile, surface white, longitudinally white-Iibrillose-woolly, annulus pendent, delicately membranous, viscid, whitish to pale yellowish, bas€ ending in a marginate, white to yellowish bulb, bulb girdled with flocci-warts.

153

Amanita pantherina

Fam. Amanitaceae

C: D: E:

teatures

Sporei subglobose-broadly elliplical. smoolh. hyaline. 9.2-11.6 x 6 G9.5 um: O: 1.0-1.7iVm:346; l-; spp. whil€ Basidia clavate. 4H0 x 1G-13 pm, with 4 stengmala, occasionally wilh basal clamp. IVarqrnal cells basidiol€-hk€ to cystidiole-like: pleurocystidia not seen. Pp ciomposed ol p€ clinal hyphae 1-4.5 pm across. strongly gelatinEed. occasional septa with clamps. Elements from the velar warts on the pil€us.

Remarks This mushroom. well known ever!'\ /here, do€s nol present problems wth identrfrcation in its woical form, H6wever, it can occur in diller€nt lorms and colors. For this reason a series of vanetres has be€n descnbed, such as vat aureola with an oranqe-v6llow pileus lackinq velar warts. var' /eg@lis (also consdered a separato spaciesl with a liver-bown pileus. vat emilii wlh a cr€' am to oale yellowish pileus, var, forrT,osa with a yellowish stlpe. and var pue//a wrih aricrle irbs. with a salmon-colored pileus. The edible /qrnanita caesa/ea (No.-145) is very similar, but it has red pilei lackrng velar warts yellow la' mellae and annulus, and a lobed, white volva. Thefly agaric containstho poi_ sons muscimol, muscazon, and muscarin, These toxins cai cause severe symtoms of poisoning but ar6 also halluctnogenic,

Colloction exsmined and illwtrated

S6renberq LU (Arnischwand), elev. 1400 m, quad. 1864, in a poor meadow near Prcea. Oct. 2. 1990, coll. FK, 0210-90 K 2.

Olher oollections: common at montane elevations, widespr€ad at colline elavations.

+

Fam. Amanitaceae Roze

(DC: Fr.) Krbh.

Habitat

Solitary to gregarious in hardwood and coniferous forests, colline

to montane, var abietinum in montane conif€rous forests, a soilgeneralist. Summer-fall. Widespread but not common. Distribution: E, NA, As, NAf.

MicroscoDic leatul€s Sporea elliptic-oval. smoolh. hyaline, 8.9-1 1 .5 x 7 0-8.4 um: O: 1 .2-1 .5i Vm:318; l-; spp. white. B: Basidia slend€iy clavat6. 47-60 x 10-15 um, with 4 sterigmata. without basal clamp. C: [,{arginalc6lls subglobose, clavate.l5-30 x 10-16 !m: pleurocyslida nol

A:

D:

Pp composed of periclinal hyphae 1-6 Um across. the uppermost hyphae

E:

clamps, Elements lrom the velar warts on the prleal surface,

Macroscoplc features

Pileus 5G-100 (120) mm across, hemispherical when young, Iater convex, plane when old, surface somewhat lubricous when moist, satiny when dry, light to dark brown, covered with +/- concentric, evenly spaced, whit€ veil remnants, margin incurved for a long time, obtuse, normally striate or striate at leaat when old. Fl€sh white even under the cuticle, thick in the center and thin toward the margin, odor faintly raphanoid, tast mild, not distinctive. Lamellae white, broad, L = 95-1'10, | = 1-3 (5), free, edges linely Iloccose. Stipe 60-100 (150)x 1G-20 (25)mm, cylindrical, with a marginate bulb at the base, bulb up to 40 mm across, stipe solid when young, hollow when old, surlace white, finely longitudinally tibrillose to slightly squamose, with 'l-2 floccose-squamose zones above the bulb, annulus membranous, pendent, white, upper surface smooth, not striate.

RoTe

sirongly gelatrnized. the deeier ones brownish-pigmented septa without

Remarka Characterislic of ths very polsonous Amanita are the "flowerpot-like basal bulb, st ate pileal margin, smoolh upper surface of the annulus, and wh(e flesh beneath the cuticie. ltcan beconfused most easily with th€ edible spe_ cies Amanila ercelsa (No. '149) and A. rubescens (No. 157). However. both have a smooth orleal maroin. an annulus with a striate upper surfac€. and amyloid spores. Amanile Egatis (Fr) Mre. (b.own fly agaric lsee No '152D al_ so broduaes similar fibs., itpoisonous, and has rnamyloid spores, but it has a dlfferent stipe base and like all fly agarics has colored flesh under tl'6 culicle. The var. abielinum {Grlb.) Ves. is found rn montane spruce forests and has more robust frbs. with a dark brown pileus.

Collectlon oxamln6d and illustEted

Wilen OW (Forst), elev. 55 m, quad. 1965, in a beech lorest among leal litter, Aug.9, 1975, coll. BA, 0s08-76 BA.

Olher coll€ctions: quad. 1864, 2167, 2266. - lmbach: included. 150

Amanita gemmata

#'=,C)O .-::o-l

.., .__ _l/ ^&pmr.-\ , \t1\_/

#-.vO/\ ^

40

)

atr=-l

q'ltO \ Of I /\ i. s "cY

\i4(

lLtl

fr)'d/lF TYY

f-

!

i

000

0a HV

Amanita muscaria

! 000

I)" [q

EI 1l ol Nl

D

r--1

i,NJ

,oa O\)

! 000

,VilI

1il

Amanita phalloides (Fr.)Link

+ Mlcroscoplc leatures

Death cap

A:

Habitat

B:

Solitary to grouped in hadwood (Quercus, Fagus) forests, rarely in coniferous forests or ouiside of forests. Summer-fall. Widespread. Distribution: W

C:

Macroscopic leatuEs Pileus 6G-120 (150) mm across, ovoid and completely enclosed in

thewhite universal veil when young, the veil soon breaking and the pileus soon conic-convex to plane, also uplifted in age, surface satiny when dry somewhat viscid when moist, finely radially fibrillose, color ranging from pale yellow-green to deep olive-green or brown-olive, without oronly rarely with white veil remnants, margin smooth, acute. Flesh white, yellowish under the cuticle, thick in the center ofthe pileus and thin toward the margin, odor sweetish, unpleasant when old, taste mild, nutty, Lamellae white when young, yellowish in age, broad, L = 110-128, I = G-3, free, edges smooth. Stipe 8G150 (200) x 10-20 mm, cylindrical, base bulbous, solid when young, pithy to hollow when old, elastic, surface with laintto distinct gre€nish to brownish bands on awhitish background especiatly toward the base, annulus membranous, whitish, more rarely pale greenish, pendent, upper surlace striate, base with a whitish, +/- well defined, membranous-lobed volva.

155

Fam. Amanitaceae

Amanita (Fr.) Link var,

phalloides

D:

E:

Sporea subglobose to broadly elliptical, smooth, hyaline, 7.7-10.1 x 6.7-8.5 Um;Q: 1.1-1.3;Vm:272; l+;spp. white. Basidia clavate, 5M2 x '12-15 Um, with 4 sterigmata, without basal clamp. Ivarginal cells pyrifom to vesicular, 2H5 x 13-25 !m, abundanti pleurocyslidia not seen, Pp aomposed of poriclinal hyphae 1.ffi pm 6cross. hyphae in the upper_ most layer gelaiinized, deeper hyphae brownish-pigmented, septa without clamps, Elementsfrom theveilon the bas€ ofthe stipe exclusively hyphoid.

Remaiks

The dealh cap is one ol the most dangerously poEonous mushrooms and has caused many dealhs of peopl€ who confused it with gre€n russulas or tricholomasor confused the young stages w h button mushrooms (&arbus) or pufiballs, Characteistc ofthrs species are the lamellae whoh remain whi. tethrouqhoutthe hte of lh€ lyb., lhe membranous annulus. and lhe lobed. va_ ginate v-olva on the bulbous bas€ of the stipe. Especially dangerous is the long latent period of up to 48 hours during which keversible damage to organs can b€ exp€cted,

Collection examined and lllustraGd

Seelisberg UR Oannwalo, elev. '1000 m, quad. 2068, in a mixed hardwoodconiferous forest, July 24 , 1977 , coll. zw, 2407-77 ZW l'l .

Other collections: quad. 'l 965, 1 966, 2066, 2166 , 2167 , 2266, 2267

+

Fam. Amanitaceae Roze

verna Bull. Microscopic teatures

Habitat Solitary to gregarious in hardwood forests principally under Quercus in warm localities, primarily in southern Switzerland. Spring(summer). Rare. Distribution: E, NA, As, NAf.

Macrogcopic featureg

Pileus 4H0 mm across, ovoid to hemispherical when young, later convex, plane in age, at times slightly indented in the center, sudace linely radially fibrillose to smooth, dull, slightly lubricous when moist, white to pale cream-colored, rather rarely with a few veil remnants, margin acute, smooth. Flesh white, thin, odor faint and rather unpleasant, taste mild, somewhat nutty. Lamellae white, broad, L = 90-120, I = 0-3, free, edges smooth to Iinely floccose. Stipe 70-100 (120)x 10-15 mm, cylindrical, somewhat tapered toward the apex, solid when young, hollow when old, smooth above th€ annulus, smooth to finely appressed white-floccose below, annulus membranous, pendent, white, fragile, often torn, base of the stipe bulbous and enclosed in a +/- membranous, saccate, white volva which turns cream in age. Frb. not turning yellow in KOH.

A:

Sporeaelliptical,smooth, hyalino, 8.3-11.'1 x 6.3-€.9 pm:O: 1.1-1.5lVm: 297i l+; spp. white. B: Basidia clavate, 50-60 x 15-'18 Um, with 4 sterigmata, witholt basal clamp. C: Marqinal cells vesicular. 15-20 x 12-15 Um: pleurocystdia not seen. D: Pp composed of periclinal hyphae 1-4 Um across. allstrongly gelatinized. s€pta not seen. E: Elements from the veilon the base ofthe stip€ oxclusively hyphoid. Remarks Amarita vlrosa (No. 1 60) is better known here than A, phalloides vaf' vema- ll also is a white, bulbous sp6cies, but it occurs p ma ly in coniferous forests, It dillers i. a, by a conical pileus, coarsely squamose sttpe. and a strong yellow XOH reaciion. Certain authors considerA. phalloides var. vema lo be a distinct species. other white species in the circle of forms aroundA. pl,a//oi_ des are described in the lit. (KRIEGLSTEINER 1984\t A. phalloides va"' alba Gill. with spores < 'i 0 !m long and A. veha var dec,biens Trimbach with a yel low KOH reaction. The whilti Ananila citina var aiba (No. 1 44, the whiie A. a/ba Gill., as well as peftaps A. nvalls (No. 142) should not be confused with these taxa.

Collection examlned

Novaooio Tl (Clnica militare), elev. 650 m, quad. 097'1, rn a hardwood forest unde;ouercrs. May 17. 1981. coll. Riva. LUG 1569 B. Pholograph from ano' ther quad.)

Othsr collections: quad.2068.

156

Amanita porphyria AIb. & Schw:

-

lmbach: included.

I

Fam. Amanitaceae Roze

Fr.

Habitat

Usually solitary or up to a few together in coniferous forests, primarily near Picea Pinus, o( Larix, on acid soils- Colline to montane. Summer-fall. Widespread. Distribution: E, NA, As, NAf.

Macroscopic features

Pileus 5H0 (90) mm acro$, obtusely conical when young, soon convex to plane, sometimes with an indent€d center when old, surface satiny, smooth, gray-brown, reddish-brown, with a violet tint, sparsely covered with irregularly distributed, appressed, grayviolet veil remnants, margin acute, smooth, not striate. Flesh white, gray-violet under the cuticle, thin, odor moldy, taste mild, faintly nutty, Lamellae white, broad, L = 130, l= 0) 3-5, free, edges white-Iloccose. Stipe 60-100 (150) x 8-15 mm, cylindrical, enlarged and bulbous toward the base, bulb marginatewith a +/- strongly dev€loped edge composed ofthe remains of the veil, stipe solid, hollow when old, fragile, apex whitish, longitudinally striate, increasingly gray-violet to violet-brown toward the base, with irregular bands from the remains ol the veil, annulus membranous, pendent, lower surface gray-violet, upper surface paler and striate.

Microscopic ,eaturcs

A:

B: C: D: E:

Spores globose. smooth, hyaline.7.6-11.7 x 7.5-11.1 umi O: 1.Gl.11 Vm: 450; l+; spp. while. Basidia clavate, 33-46 x 11-13 pm. wth 4 sterigmata. wthoul basal clampl,{arginal cells vesicular to pyriform, 20-45 x 13-24 pm, abundant; pleurocystidia not se6n. Ppcomposed of periclinal hyphae 1.5-7 pm across, hyphae in th€ uppeF most layer gelatinized and embedded in a gelatinous substance, deeper hyphae brownish-pigmenled. septa withoui clamps. Elements from the veil remants on the pileal surface.

Remarks

A. porphyia could be confused with slender frbs. of A. panthen a (No. 1 53). A. erc6/sa (No. 149), and.4. rubescens (No. 157). They drtfer dislinctly from A. porphylia microscopically i. a. either by the shape and size or lhe amyloidty of thespores, ln any case. the dark, gray-Molel veil remnants on the plleus arc lypical ol A. porphyia.

Collection examined and illustratod

Stalden OW (Schwendi-Kaltbad), elev 1440 m, quad. 1966, in a montane coniferous forest, under Plcea, on rather acid soil, Sept.2, 1991, coll. \ /y, 020391 BR 4.

Other colleodons: quad. 1965, 2066.

lmbach: included.

152

.

154

! 000

Amanita phalloides v. verna

=#

155

E')r-la

o ,--u---totuy'

!

=xao Affi.Xoo

000

\I\/AVQM/

]/.[W?N ?opr'

,.^ \

t

Amanita porphyria

ET

EI

156

-t (l)l

:^q:J^>=' I ______'-____- \ =Pt-\( lwt\t1 *"7 trO u ( 40

,/ \___/

um z--'-v J+,

Il \l \\+:4t{l/ \l\ l\)n KtO (

rtr-l .oo\A/ K Y'Y li\\l '' \l,V

20 pm

! 000

157

n

Amanita rubescens (Pers.: Fr.) Gray = Amanita pseudorubescens Herrfurth

Roze

Mlcrcscoplc reaturcs

The blusher

A:

H€bitat

B:

Solitary to gregarious or grouped in hardwood and coniferous Iorests, on acid to slightly basic soils. Planar to alpine. Mycorrhizal with Picea, Abieq and Fagus. Late spring-fall. Common. Distribution: E, NA, As, NAl.

C:

Macroscopic teaturrs

Pileus 5G-120 (150) mm across, hemispherical when young, later convex to plane, surface smooth, dull to satiny, sometimes pale ocherwhen young, soon ochor-brownto reddish-brown, entirely or partly covered with lighi gray to reddish-gray, usually concentric, oft6n wart-like veil remnants which can b€ wiped ofi, cuticle peelable, margin smooth, acute. Fle8h white, brownish to reddish under the cuticle, thin, usually turning reddish when cut or where eaten, almost odorless, taste mild, rarely bitterish, insipid, faintly nutty. Lam€llae white, wine-reddish in age and where eaten, broad, L = 110-122, | = 3, finely adnexed to ,ree, edges smooth. Stipo 8G150 x 12-25 mm, cylindrical, tapered toward the apex, base bulbous, zoned, stipe solid, hollow when old, corticate, surface whitish to reddish-brown, appressed-lomentose to rinely squarrose, striate to smooth, white above the annulus, annulus white, membranous, pendent, upper surface striate.

158

Fam. Amanitaceae Spores cylindric-pip-shap6d, smooth, hyaline, 8-11.4 x 4.7-6.5 pm; Q: 1.5-2.0;Vm: 161; l+; spp. whitish. Basidia clavate,3H4 x 1(F12 pm, with 4 sterigmata, without basal clamp. Cheilocystidia clavate to v€sicular, 20-.j0 x 10-20 pm; pleurocystidia not

O: Pp composed of periclinal hyphae 1,$-3.5 pm across, gelatinized, septa

E:

without clamps. Elemonts from the velar warts on the pileus, brown-pigmented,

Remarks This sp€cies is v€ry clos€ to Amarita excersE (No. 149). but the latter difig6 macroscopically in that its frbs. lack r6dd6h tones and its fl6sh remains an unchanging white wh€r6 eaten. ln addition, its spores aro broadly elliptical wth a O value of'1.2-1.4. Amanlta rubescers is v€ry plastrc. /4 serbs of vaneties and forms has been described, such as var, €rnulososrrrpfr{./rEe Gill, w[h a sullur-y€llow annulus, The "talse blusher" fA. pseudorubsscers), mentioned primarily in the older literature, most prcbably refers to dark violetbrown, hard-fleshed dry forms of lhe sp€cies described here cov€red with poinred warts. Accoding to KRIEGLSTEINER (1984a)thrs binomialshould be consid€red only a synonym ofA. rubesceas,

Collecton .tamlncd and lllustraled

Adligenswil LU (Meggerwald), elev. 550 m, quad. 2167, in a spruce nursery on n66dle litter, July 22, 1989, coll. FK, 2207-89 K 1. Other collecfions: widespread throughout the region.

+

Amanita solitaria (Bull.: Fr)M6rat = Amanita echinocephala (Vitt.) Quel.

- lmbach: included.

Fam. Amanitaceae Roze

MicrcBcopic foaturcs Spores boadly elhptlcal, smooth, hyahne. 8.2[-11.3 x 6.4-€.2 um: O: 1.2-1,5; Vm:279: l+; spp. greenish wheo fresh, de€p cream-color€d

Habitat

A:

Usually solitary to a few together in hardwood forests, floodplain lorests, on moist, nutrient-rich, neutral to basic soils, primarily in warm regions, Summer-fall, Rare. Distribution: E.

C: Cheilocystidia clavate to vesicular, 22-58 x 8-20 Um; pleurocystldia not

Macroscoplc Pileus 70-'t 00

feafutss

B:

Basidia clavate, 40-55 x 11-14 um, with 4 sterigmata and basal clamp.

D: Pp composed of +/- periclinal hyphae 2-7

Um across, the uppermoat

hy-

gelatlnlzed, some septa with con- -E: phae -clamps. E€nents from th€ upper surface ofthe pvramidal veil remnants on the pirous gr€Remarks may This sp6ci6s is one of the most robust amanitas. lt Is characterized by the pf^--t-'- remi.l;l vc'lremnantson lhe pjleus. which separale it even from the two clo'

50) mm across, spherical when vounq, then vexto plane, surfacb white to dingi white; gray-rhite t6 orowniinwhite. ienter usually somewhat d-aiker. sorietimes also with a enish tinge, slightly lubricous when moist, densely covered primarily when young with +/- concolorous, pyramidal warts which O6 nea yLbSe-nt in OtO 1r5g.666 g11g..Ei-,, ^-;^.t. ^,+;^tbre. mar6in proiectins oeyond the ramerlaelJrig_.li^l'+lyrl'a, sometimes with a greenish tinge, especially in the stipe. thin. unpleasantly medicinal, taste mild, insipid, not distinctive. Lamellae whitish with a green tint, turning yellow when old, broad, L 100, l= 1-3, adnexed to almost rree, edqes ciliate. Stipe 70-'100 (rsri) , r o-zi: (zs) ,rn, cyrinaricar, onin ward th6 base and sometimes with a bulb, base fusiform-rooting, stipe solid, sudace whitish with a greenish tinge. somewhat brow('t

fi1"f,[t"Yll odor ii,J :11,:fl,"*SS.,"1."",ffi,,3f9H.S:;1i"13i.,."*",Jli.,51{ !Zr,-r!i,i, ,i. iriiio;,rli",ilEl"- *Jiiii"ijniea in or,, rioooprain "ijitli'jiil'ii forests and is atso knbwn as an edibte mushrodm. Amarita vittadirl lias a = more llleditorEnean distribuiion. iriciiiJing.l,,li*:::1"^- ii|:i"l8l.i,f,[,$fl"?i:,lll,;.,1fli30 ,, 0,"0. ,,66, in a noodprain rorest ori'6liUii,

Sept.

i

it

eO, 6orr. eA, bi Og,-Si BA 2.

ning when bruised, +/- smooth above the annulus, fibrillose-to- other collsciions: quad.2165. mentose below and with girdlelike zones on the base. annulus lmbach: rnclud€d as Lepideira ecl,inocephala Mtt.) Grlb membranous, Striate on the"upper Surfa;

159

Amanita

strobiliformis

tr

(Paul. ex Vitt.) Bertillon = Amanita solitaria (Bull.: Fr.) Kumm. ss. auct. europ. plur. (incorrectly used name) = Amanita pe ita PauL ex Bertillon

Fam. Amanitaceae Roz€

Microscopic f6aturEg

elliplical, smooth, hyaline. 10.2-12.3 x 7.4-8.8 um: O: 1.3-1.5;Vm: 385; l+;spp. whit6. Basidia sl€nderly clavate, 5ffi0 x 11-14 um, with 4 steigmata, without

A: SpoGs broadly

B: Habitat Solitary-hardiool-conifer to gregarious in floodplain forosts. hardwood forests or ^ PisaLcl?mpi. mixeo foresti, in parksi-n i,iiJt,'i"'#i"n ** '-' *"i6rri. c: Ma€hal cells clavate to vesiculat 2o-4o x 15-25 um. not abundant: (fa summer). widespread. Distribution: E, ir;i.'" ,, B'i'.ffi!"jl,tJi l?'ri?i"l;ar hyphae 2-7 um across, bownish-pismented, hyphae in the uppermost layer gelatinized, septa without clamps.

Ei Elements from the veil remnants on the pileal maQin. Macroscopic features Pileus 10G-150 (250)mm across. hemispherical when younq, soon convex to plane. ienter sometimes ini,entgo, s rtaci w11tis11o lf.flf,l5""o,*r, tto. ,j.ut) is found in the sam€ habitats. arthoush it .s rar6r rt gray-whitish, covered with irregular, concolorous or darker, ap;iin lroa;irriymrs, irinougt' ,1 never rras-fr"e coirn-iott. pressed, soft and delicat€ veil remnants, margin acute, usually white "iii66i6-.ir!n scraps of the veit hanging ftom th6 ma6in ofthe pileus.ln addition, it hung with whitish, cream-like veil r€mnants. Flssh white, delicate, has pylamidal warts on the pilealsurfac6. These tw-o-spoci6s belong to sec. thici, odor faint. pleasant, taste mild. pleasant, faintly raphanoid. flelde'31.yrPl'"Ya: lloP-,pllY tlf!*^bv..-819 11969I caution: lhe poisoLamerae white t6 cream-iororea. uroaaifl-1+:i1,1, lSli;#! J39,ilsiti.31'''* '-"'- ii,;?!33i"",fi1X15i'i331ffifi{f""rlJlt nex6d to free. edges smooth to finely floccose, Stipe 12G-200 2G30 (40) mm, cylindrical, somewhat thicker toward the collection examined and illustrat€d L{alteis LU (Eischachon], elev. 450 m, quad. 2165, in a floodplain forest, Aug. usually with a +/- distinct, zoned to marginate bulb, solid, firm,

.="*irl.: x

ire suhace covered with whit€ to cre;m_colored, Soft,

base, ent-

fibrillose

scates which stick to the finger, sometimes wlgl y.]l-q te, very transitory annulus which is striate on the upper surface.

yill-1yhi

'-'

3.1991. coll. AE 0308-9'1AF.

Orher cofi.ctions: quad, 1966, 2166, 2167.

lmbach: not included. 154

Et

Amanita rubescens

F

r--'..Ar--->i \\\-/ \ ,,'-\ / /

(,/,9

)a tf al\-,')-,' A \ \ ol \

/ --\ \ \-/ )

UD

! 000

-\r\ 40 pm

o(l\t

ilffi f8 JV r$ Y ,;

Amanita solitaria

! o-2

Amanita strobiliformrs

10

J[\ B/

,il

\/

o io

l

do

160

Amanita

virosa

(Fr) Bedillon = Amanita verna \Bull.: Fr) ss. auct. p. p. non Bull.

+

Fam. Amanitaceae Microscopic featur€s

A: Spores subglobose to

Destroying angel, death angel

Habitat Solitary orgrouped primarily in coniferous torests, but also in hard-

wood foresls, on moist, acidic, basic, and nutrient-poor soils. Summerjall. Widespread. Distribution: E, NA, As.

MaqroEcopic teatures Pileu6 40-70 mm across, hemispherical when young, soon coniccampanulate, with an obtuse umbo, surlace smooth, viscid-lubricous and white when moist, silky when dry sometimes also slightly pale cream-colored, also with y6llowish tones when old, margin acute, inrolled for a long time, sometimes hung with veil remnants. Flesh white, thick in the center of the pileus, thin toward the margin, odor unpleasantly sharpish, taste mild, not distinctive. Lamellae white with a cream-colored tinge, broad, L = 62-70, I = 3-5, free, edges floccose. Stipe 70-120 (150) x 8-12 (20) mm, cylindrical, base clavate-bulbous, stipe solid to pithy-hollow, surface longitudinally whlte-fibrillose to almost fibrillose-squarrose on a white background, apex with a white to yellowish, pendent, membranous, often torn annulus, basal bulb with an appressed, membranous, white volva. All parts ol lrb, turning yellow in KOH.

broadly €lliptical, smooth, hyaline, 8.2-11.3 x 6.7-9.7 Umi Q: 1.0-1.4;Vmi 350; l+;spp white. Br Basidia clavate, 40-57 x 10-13 Um, with 4 sterigmata, without basal clamp. C: Cheilocystidia +/- clavate, 1 0-25 x 8-1 2 um; pleurocysiidia not se€n. D: Pp composed of periclinal hyphae 2+ pm across, ihe upp€rmost hyphae somewhat gelatinized, septa without clamps. E: Volva compos€d of intertwined, branch€d hyphae. Remarks

This white amanita otten causes lile-threatening cases ol poisoning, not rarelyending in death, because it is confus€d with white, edible species ofAga,als, 6sp. wh€n young. While the lamellae of amanitas remain whit€, becoming at most off-white in age, those ofAgaflcus species soon turn pink, graypink, 10 purple-red or dark purple-brown because ot the dark spores. 11 is al-

so possible to confuse Amanite viosa w,lh Leucoagaicus ieucoth/tes (No, 240), also wh(e, which occurs primarily rn Oadens and meadows (not .n forests) and is edible. Another white species of bulbous, maaita which is de-

adly poisonous isA. phal/od€s var. vema (No. 155), with a convex rather than conical pileus and a srnooth stipe. and nol turning yellow with KOH.

Collection examined and illudrated

UnterageriZG (Riselen), elev.970 m, quad.2168, in a coniferous forest under Plcea and Abl€g Sept. 16, 1990, coll. BA, '1609-90 BA 1.

Othercollections:quad. 1966, 2167, 2466. lmbach: included.

161

Limacella glioderma (Fr) Mre.

I

Fam. Amanitaceae Roze

Mloroscoplo featurcs Spores globose. smooth, hyaline, some dextrinoid,3.H3 x 3.H.7 pm; Q: 1.0-1.1; Vmi 35; spp. whitish acc. lit. (not spore pdnt). B: Basidia slenderly clavale, 20-27 x 6 pm, with 4 sterigmata and basal clamp. C: Cystidia not seen. Dr Pp in the center of the pileus an ixotrichoderm composed of erect, cylindrical, in part flexuous hyphal ends 2(F50 x 3-6 pm, hyaline, subcutis brown-pigmented, all strongly gelatinized, septa with indistinct clamps.

A:

Habitat Solitary to gregarious in hardwood and conirerous forests on leaf or needle litter, preferentially on calcareous soils. Summer-lall. Not common. Distribution: E, NA, As.

Macroscopic featurcg

Pilsus 3M0 mm across, conicalto campanulate when young, later convex to plane, surface slimy-lubricous and shiny when young or moist, dull when old and dry red-brown to orange-brown, margin incurved fora long time, sometimes hung with whitish veil remnants when young. Flesh whitish, thick in the center of the pileus

and thin toward the margin, odor farinaceous, taste mild, farinaceous. Lamellae whitish when young, later pale yellow to cr€-

am-colored, not discoloring reddish, broad, L = 48-67, I = 1-3, free, edges smooth to slightly crenate, concolorous, not discoloring. Stipe 4M0 (80) x 7-12 mm, cylindrical, base at times somewhat enlarged, stipe solid, surface above the annulus smooth, whitish, sometimeswith a pinktint, surface below woolly-tloccose and sometimes peronate toward the base, with ocher-brownish to pink-brownish bands, annulus concolorous, woolly-membranous, ascending and f ugacious.

R6marks Limacella vinosorubescens (No. '165) is a very similar species which can be distinguished from L. g,,bderma only by macroscopic lealures. ln contrast to L. glbalerma,llhas awlne-€d plleus which is somewhat squamulose in age and its lamellae turn pink on the edges and become red-spotted in age. w€ could not find microscopic or ecologicaldifferences worth mentioning. Therefore, it seems to us that drank ol vaiety 01L, glio 10 um long. Beware of confusF on with the poisonous. likewiae wh(e A. xantnoderma (No. 194. which also turns yellow, especially on the base.

Collection €xamined and illGtrated

Udligenswil LIJ (MeggeMald), €lev. 600 m, quad.2167, in mixed hardwoodconiferous forest, among grass, Oct. 6, 1990, coll. FK, 0610-90 K. Other collections: quad . 2068, 2267

lmbach: not included.

.

AA1

\/ \/ H ir

.^\

A

0 @:oo _ 7.5 pm and a paleus with light-color€d scales, both wiihout a bulbous siipe base. A white variety of the spec. d€scrib€d is A. s,i/yarbus v. palidus (Nr 193).

Sempach LU (Chilsenrainwald), elev. 500 m, quad. 2265, in a forest of young spruces on needle litter, Oct. 1, 1990. coll. JW 0110-90 Br Other collections: quad. 2167,

lmbach: includ6d-

217 4.

Aqaricus romaonesii

EI EI

190

ol NI D E

o

>=-o uoo

\trf 5L

I

oA^a CIao n

n

999

10 pm

qe \"u2

Agaricus semotus

'alre :^oo

191

E E

t

%o

I

rrV A

w\.fr aa @o =, t r t -'Q?v -.4) -=l

Q

Rt

999

o=l

\)/

^1fi

FK

EI

Aqaricus silvaticus

EI

192

sl

l)

EI 1l ol

o

.A

$

a

c-C Co fln HH _.u

0oc 10 pm

I 9xx

193

Agaricussilvaticus Schaefi.: Fr, var. pallidus (Moll.) Moll.

tr

Habitat Usually gregarious in spruce foresls on needle litter, Summerjall. Rare. Distribution: E.

Maqrggcopiq teatur€g Pileus 6G-105 mm across, hemispherical when young, later convex to plane, surlac€ wh€n young white, tomentose, dull, later progressively splitting into concentric, appressed squamules which stain light brownish in age, margin obtuse, Flssh white, thick in the center o, the pileus, thin toward the margin, atter a rather long time turning faintly reddish when cut and then turning brown, espocially in the center of the pileus and the bas6 ofthe stipe, odor pleasantly spicy, sourish, taste mild, rather unpleasant. Lamellae whitish when young, soon pale pink, finally pink-brown, broad, L = 64+6, I = 3, Iree, some forked, edges smooth. Stipe 60-100 x 9-15 mm, cylindrical, somewhat tapered toward th€ apex, base marginatebulbous, solid when young, stulfed to hollow when old, ,ragile, surface white and smooth above the annulus, white and banded on a white background below it throughout life, annulus simple, thin, membranous, whitg, pendent. Scheffer reaction negative.

Fam. Agaricaceae Mlcroscopic ,ealurcs

A:

B: Ci

Spores elliptical, smooth, honey-brown, thick-walled, 4.5-6.1 x 2.9-.3.8 pm: O: 1.3-1.9: Vm: 31: spp. purple-brown. Basidia clavate, 18-25 x 6.F7.5 pm, with 4 sterigmata, without basal clamp. Maroinal cells somewhat clavate, 15-25 x 5-12 pm; pleurocystidia not

D: Pp composed of periclinal hyphae 4.5-7.5 pm across, with colo ess

en_

crustation in places, septa without clamps. This whit€ variety ol Agarbus s]Tvaticus (No. 192) ditlers from the oth€r similar, rodd€ninq, silvicolous species primarlly bytheshoner(< 6 pm) and narrower (< 4 umfspores. The srmilar species A. sgusmuiifel'(lvloll.) Pil., which al_ so occurs in coniferous lorests, ditlers by laEer spor€s (5-7 x 3.5-4.5 um) and by adouble annulus with a cog-wheelmaryin. Olherwhite specieseither stain yellow orgrow mostly outside to€sts,

Collaction €xamined.nd illustrEted

Haltikon SZ (Meggerwald), elev 550 m, q!ad. 2167, in a spruc€ forest among mosses and needle lilter, Aug. 11, 1993, coll. FK, 1108-93 K 1.

Oth.r colloctions: none. lmbach: not included.

194

Agaricus

silvicola

tr

Fam. Agaricaceae Fr

(Vitt.) Sacc. = Psa/rota sl/vlcola (Vitt.) Rick.

Mlotosooplc leatul€s

Habitat Solitary, grouped, to slightly clustered in hardwood and coniforous forcsls, on soil,leaves, or needles. Summ€rjall. widespread. Distribution: E, NA, As, NAf, Au.

A: B:

C: D:

Macroscopic featuros Pil€us 5(F100 mm across, obtusoly conlcal with a plane disc when young, then homispherical to convex, finally expanded and plane, usually with a plane umbo, surlace dull to satiny, finely innately radially fibrillose, milk-whiteto cream-oolored when fresh, later with a yellowish tone, also with a lilac tinge, €6p. in th€ center, ocher in age, turning sul fur-yellow when touched, maein incurued for a long time, ioined to the stipe by a membranous v€ilwhen young, later projecting beyond the lamellae. Flesh white, slightly gray-lilac in placos, thlck in the cent€r of the pileus, thin toward the maEin, odor like anis€, taste mild, pleasantly nutty. Lamellae gray-white when young, remaining pale fora long time, then gray-pink, finally gray-violot to violet-black, narow, L = 120-140, I = 1+ (5), frce, edges finelyjagged. Stipe 50-100 x 8-12 (15) mm, cylin-

drical, base oft6n bent and clavale to bulbous, also with a maEinato bulb, solid to hollow, fragile, surface abovelhe annulus smoolh, whitish to faintly pink-violet to gray-violet, surface below whitish and slightly longitudinally tibrillose, strcngly yellowing when touched, annulus membranous, p6ndent, white, uppersurface smooth, low6l surface coarsely floccose (second rudimentary annulus). Schaffer reaction positive.

195

Agaricus (Lge.)Pil.

subfloccosus

Solitary to gregarious in conilerous for€sts, among needle litter and sparse grass, also montane. Summer-Iall. Rare. Distribution: E.

Pileus 50-'100 (160) mm across, spherical when young, later convex to plane with an incurved margin and usually a plane to ind6nted center, surface light brown to gray-brown in the conter, progressively splitting up into fine, concolorous squamules toward the margin where they become larger, the whitish-cream flesh b€coming visible between them, margin acute and covered with white veil remnants when young. Fle6h whitish, reddening and then browning when cut, thick, odor aromatic, sourish, taste mild, nutty, Lamellaa pale pink when young, soon purple-brown to purple-black, narrow, L = 12G-155, l= 3-7, ascending and narrowly adnate to almost free, edges paler and somewhat undulating. Stipe 4(H0 (100)x 15-25 (30) mm, cylindrical, somewhat enlarged toward the apex and base, solid to pithy-hollow, surface above the annulus smooth, whitish and finely white-powdered, surface below the annulus whitish to light brown, smooth and slightly longitudinally fibrillose, reddening slightly at first when rubbed, then browning, annulus white, thick, double, sheathing (can be slid downward), margin at times somewhat dentate. Schaffer reaction negativ€. 174

Remarks

The typical features of this sp€cies ar6 the whitish color ol the frb., its occuF renc6 in forests, the distinct yellowing of the pileus and stipe, and the conspicuous odor of anise. lts look-ahke ia Agalrcus essettei (No. 177). which differs by laQer spores (BON 1983r [6]7-8(8.5) x 4-5 Um). A. €ssellei was foF

merly named A. abruptibulbus because of the generally margnate-bulbous strp€'bas€, Bocause ihis feature can also be observed in the species descri bed here, it rs of no use for separating them, The spore size in our collection of A. s,ivicola was somewhel lalg€r lhan thal given in most ol lhe lit. (5-6 x 3-4 um), as we also observ€d in-other collect6ns both wthin and outsid€ of Switzerland. Only MARCHAND (1971) gives a spore size of 6.25 x 4.4 Um.

Collecdon axamlned and illustrated

Sins AG (Brandwald), €lev 480 m, quad. 2267, in a mixod hardwood-conifer forest, July'11, 1989, coll. BA. 1107-89 BA 2.

other collections: quad. 1964. lmbach: included.

I

Habitat

Macroscopic feafuies

Spores elliptical, smooth, thick-walled, honey-brown, 5,2-6.7 x 3.H.6 um: O: 1.3-1.6: Vm: 55i spp. purple-brcwn. Basidia clavaie, 20-28 x 7.5-9 Um, with 4 stedgmata, without basal clamp. MaEinalc6lls oval, '13-30 x '1G20 Um, abundant pleurocystidia not s€€n. Pp composed of penclhal hyphae 4+ pm across, wilh faint brownish piOmentatlon, septa without clamps.

Fam. Agaricaceae Fr MlcroscoDlc loefures broadly elliptical, smooth, +/- lhlck-walled, dark gray-brown, 5-7.4 x 3.9-5.1 pm;O: 1.2-1.6; Vm: 68: spp. purple-brown. B: Basidia clavate, 21-30 x 7€ pm, with 4 sterigmata, without basal clamp. C: Marqinal cells clavate, 3H0 x 10-16 pm; pleurocystidia nol s€6n. D: Pp aomposed of periclinal hyphae 4-15 um across. occasonal hyphal ends exserted, septa without clamps.

A: Sporei

R6marks The characteristic features of this speci€s are the flesh which r€ddens when cut. the sheathing annuluswhichcan beshd downward, the presence ofmsrqinalcells, and th;4-spored basidra. More common species with a sheathing annulus are r. a. ,/Agarcus b,sporus (Nos. 171, 172) with 2-spored basidia. /4. bitorqu,s (No. 173t gowing on road- and pathsides and having subglobose spores, and A. malab/ens (No. 184)with a distncl. unpleasant, fishy odor.

Collection examined and illustrated

Bern, elev. 550 m, quad. 1959, in a park under conif€rc on bare soil, Sept. 8. 1992, coll. Woltsche, 0809-92 WO.

Olh6r colleclions: quad. 2266. lmbach: not includ€d.

Aqaricus silvaticus v. pal idus

'

193 10 pn ,, lrr,

A@ rO

I

q"\9Q )a ) a,t ,K€ Qo >S

t "tflfl /1 :A^c/ \t )) a ti H)V dt\ \NH

o>o9 7@ 'a

788

(

rr,

ffi ?\)

Agaricus silvico a

. -*---:-

E] EI

Ili

D

.1ry = 'at l\

-=r'

(l\ln ,rin

\/BV^t L/ lll/

3l

o@ G \]

@^o

oCI

Aqaricus subfloccosus

E

tr

195

um ;

5 t)10

D

,..-,

{ )

(JU

Le'Q

.Oc a o N

I

EO

0 pQ

v

E

194

I

196

Agaricus (Vitt.) Mos.

vaporarius

tr Microscopic f6atur6s

Habitat

Generally grouped or clustered in gardens, parks, on path- or ro-

adsides, in garbage and reluse dumps, in humus-rich places Summer-fall. Not common. Distribution: E.

Pileus 100-200 mm across, hemisphericalto trapezoidalwhen young, soon convex, plane and with a +/- indented center when old, surface almost smooth and dark dingy brown to tobacco-brown when young, Iater splitting to form +/- concentric, appressed, fibrillose scales on a pale background, browning when bruised,

margin incurved for a long time, hung with the whitish veilwhenyoung. smooth. Flesh white, reddening when cut, later brownish. thick, odor pleasantly nutty, taste mild, nutty. Lamellae pale pink when young, later gray-pink to dark purple-brown, L= 118-135, I = 1-3, free, edges +/- smooth, somewhat paler. Stipe 70-120 x 25-45 mm, cylindrical, at times somewhat tapered at the base, solid when young, hollow when old, surlace +/- smooth and whitish above the annulus, variably brown-floccose on a whitish backgro-

und below, usually girdled with +/- distinct brown zones toward the base, annulus pendent, membranous, whitish, with a double margin, upper surface smooth, lower surlace with brown squamules. Schaffer reaction negative.

Agaricusxanthoderma

A: Sporei B: C:

Macroscopic features

197

Fam, Agaricaceae

D:

broadly elliptical to subglobose, smooth. thick-walled, dark bro_ 4.M.2 um: O: f .i-1.3: Vm: 100i spp. dark pumle_brown. Basidia slenderly clavate,20-30 x 7-9 um. with (1-2)4 slerigmata without basal clamp. Margrnalc6lls consisting of one- to several-celled hyphalends, cyhnd cal to clavale, sometimes thrck-walled, 7-13 um across. Pp composed of periclinal hyphae 5-10 !m across, in pari brown_pig_

wn, 5.5-7,4 x

niented and encrusted, occasional hyphal ends exsened, septa without clamps,

Rcmalk3

Characterislic features of lhis species are the generally cluslered mode of qroMh in humus- or compost-rich places in gardens or parks, the annulus fuith adouble marqin and a brown-squamose lower surface. and the variably brown-souamose atroe whrch often has brown zones aound the base., gE_ n.us subDeroratus {Loe., Sino, is verv closelv related and occurs in stmilar habrtats, bul it has so;Ewhainarrow,ir spore! and a more slender lrb.. and rs drstrnouished onmarilv bv a second annular zone ln the center of th€ stip6 AqaabuS auqustirs (No.'16i)) also produces very robust irbs wilh a brownsquamose pileus, bul il occurc in different habilats and has an odor of bilter almonds and a positive Schaffer reactlon.

Collection examined and lllGtrated

Emmenbnicke LU, elev.460 m, quad.2166, in a garden on compost_rich soil, Sept. 18, 1989, coll. BA. 1809-89 BA 1. Other collections: quad. 2'167.

- lmbach: included.

+

Fam. Agaricaceae Ft.

Genevier

Habitat

Generally gregarious, more rarely solitary in gardens, parks, brus-

hland, m6adows, etc. Summerjall. Widespread. Distribution: E, NA, NAf.

Macroscopic teatui€9 Pileus 8G-100 (150) mm across, trapezoidal when young, later

convex with a plane center, tinally plan€, surface smooth, dull, whi-

t€, sometimes with a darker center, cuticle sometimes slightly squamose in age, margin incurved for a long time, hung with white

veil remnants in places. Flesh white, turning yellow when cut, thick, odor phenolic to ink-like, especially when cooked, taste

mild, repulsive. Lamellae palewhen young, then pink, dark purplebrown when old, narrow, L = 130-158, I = 5-7,Iree, edges smooth. Stipe 8G100 (150) x '1(F20 (25) mm, cylindrical, bulbous at the base, sometimes also marginate-bulbous, solid when young, hollow

198

Micmscooic f.aturEs

A:

B:

C: D:

Sporea broadly elliptical, smooth. honey-brown. thlck-walled. 4 H.3 x 3.7-.4.3 umi O: 1.2-1.6;vm: 46;spp. dark purple_brown. Basdla clavate, 20-25 x 7-8.5 tm, with (2)4 sterigmata wthout basal clamp, Ma(iinal cells subglobose. pyriform, to clavate. 17+0 x 1 1-20 um: pleurocvstidia not seen, -composed Pp of periclnalhyphae 3-12 Um across. in part brown€h_pigmented, septa wilhout clamps.

Remarks

This mushroom is unmistakable in its typicalfom, with whitefrlcs., aconspi_ cuoustv cvlindric-trapezordal pileus esp, when young. an intense yellow dis' coloratlon of the stipe bulb when scratched. and an unpleasant rnk_lik€ to ohenolic odor However, there is a series of color variatons in this group ilhich are relenecl to as species or van€ties. e. g. var /epioioides {No 199) and var. qr'seus {No, 1 98), as well as the sp€cies A garicus pneclaresqualfiosus (No. l88). A. phaeolepidotus all.. andA. pseudopratensis Bohus.

l

when old, surface below the annulus white, finely longitudinally striate, surface abovewhitish to flesh-pink, smooth, annulus white, membranous, pendent, thick, lower surface brownish and squamose, The entire frb. turns yellow when rubbed; the yellowing is especially strong at the base of the stipe, both inside and outside.

Collecton examined and illustrated

Schaff er reaction negative.

lmbach: included.

Agaricus xanthoderma

Lucerne (Wesemlin), elev. 500 m, quad. 2166, in a garden in a meadow near a rhula hedge, Sept. 20, 1989, coll. JB, 2009-89 BR.

Other colloodons: quad . 2066, 2067

JL

.

Fam. Agaricaceae

Genevier var. gdseus (Pears.) Bon & Cappelli

Habitat Solitary to gregarious in open hardwood forests, under bushes, in parks, on soil or among grass. Summer-fall. Rare. Distribution: E.

Macroscopic features

Pileus 5H0 ('120) mm across, hemisphericalto trapezoidal when young, surface radially fibrillose when young, later splitting to form radial squamul€s, gray-brown to gray-ocher, margin inrolled for a long time, acute. Flesh white, barely yellowing when cut, thick, odor Iaintly phenolic, sometimes absent, taste mild, unpleasant, Lamellae gray-pink when young, later increasingly purple-brown to purple-black, narrow, L = 118-145, I = 5-7, free, 6dges smooth. Stipe 5G-100 (120) x 10-15 mm, cylindrical, base bulbous, at times also somewhat marginate, solid when young, hollow when old, rigid, surface above the annulus white to pale pink and smooth, surface below white and smooth, annulus white, membranous, pendent, upper surface smooth, lower surface linely lloccose, Ilesh and surface ot the base of the stipe +/- strongly yellowing when rubbed or cut. Schaffer reaction negative.

Microscooic features A: Sporea broadly elliptlcal. smooth, pale honey_brown. thick-walled.

4.8-6.2 x 3.7-4.7 Um: O: 1.1-1.5: Vm: 51: spp. dark purple-brown 15-22 x 5-7 Um. with 4 sterigmata. without ba_ salclamp, Marginaicells vesicular to pyriform, 15-30 x 9-19 pm abundant: pleu_ roc\,stidia not seen, Pp ;omposed of periclinal hyphae 4-3 pm across. in parl brownlsh_pigmented, sePta wilhout clamps,

B: BasidE cylindflc-clavate,

C: D:

Remarks

The yellowlng of the stipe bas6, phenohc odor and unpleasanl taste put ths sDeiies in the qroup ol phenolc species ol Agarcus. Sp€cies in lhis group wilh gray to gray-biown pilei are i. a. A. p/aesc/aresquamosus {No. 188) and A. Dheeole}tdotus lMoll.) Moll., both usuallywth slrongly contrastrng gray_ to qriv-browi-squaniose pilei even when young, unlike the specles described ie.e. agaicus xanlhodema var. /epiotoides No. 199) has a coarsely squa' mose to areolate-squamose, brown pileus.

Coll€ction examined end illustrated MendrisioTl (Canevee), elev.350 m, quad.0871. under hardwoods fRobinia, ,Acer, in grass, Oct.9. 199'1, coll. Lucchrnr. LUG 6765.

Oth$ collections: none. lmbach: not included.

180

Aqaricus vaporarius

196 pm

10 -;i

-a a +L

=9^ -(\) -*

EI 1l ol NI

il

u

UB

c/

(

))

Oo A,A

fl uo* l\ \-/

\

Agaricus xanthoderma

eI

s

l,-\ L-J

"-.ob ,.UC)

ID {J?ao aa ! E

a o N

g-a

b

I 197

-D :=

o

)

D

I 99x

10 pm

? 198

O

o

\frt ;g

il

OP3

Rxa

I 99x

199

Agaricus xanthoderma

+

Fam. Agaricaceae

Genevier var, lepiotoides lVre. Microscopic Ieaturea

Habitat

Solitary to gregarious in hardwood forests, gardens, and parks. Summerjall. Rare. Distribution: E.

A: B:

Spores elliptical, smooth, honey-brown, thick_walled, 4.s_7.8 x 3.3-5 pm; O: 1.3-1.7; Vm:57;spp. dark purple_brown. Basidia clavale, 15-23 x 7+.5 um. with (1-2)4 sterigmata. wilhout basal

clamp.

x 9-16 Um; pleurocystidia

Macroscopic features Pileus 60-'100 mm across, hemispherical-trapezoidal when young, laler convex to plane, surface gray-brown-squamulose when young, soon splitting into coarse scales or areolae revealing the

C: Ma(iinalcells subglobose to pyriform, 13-30

white pileal flesh between them, margin incurved for a long time, acute. Flesh white, quickly turning chrome-yellow when cut, thick, odor strongly phenolic to inklike, taste mild, phenolic. Lamellae whitish when young, then pinkto purple-brown, black-brown when old, narrow, L = '140_'150, l= 3, free, some forked near the stipe, edges smooth. Stipe 6G-80 x 1G-15 mm, cylindrical, solid when young, hollow when old, rigid, surface smooth both above and below the annulus, whitish when young, longitudinally yellow-brownish-fibrillose to smooth when old, annulus membranous, pendent, whitish, lower surface white-floccose, base of siipe strongly yellowing both inside and outside when iniured. Entire lrb. +/- yel-

R€marks Although the "xarthoderma, group is well separated from the other species of Agaibus by the phenolic olrnk-lke odor and the strong and conspcuous vello,-winq of tlie stiie base,lhe vanous species and vanet-es ol this group ofien caus,-e drtficulties rn identifrcalion. The variety described here is prinarily characterized by the coarsely squamose pileal surface. Another variety. vat griseus (No. 196,, has a lineli raiiially gray-frbnllose and al most ind6tnctly iquamuiose pileus. Phenohi spec@a havrng prlei with gray to gray_brown sduamules contrastinq strongly with the whita surlace between them should bd compared with e. d. A. praeclaresguamosus (No.188) ot A. phaeolepido-

lowing when bruised. Schaffer reaction negative.

D: Pp composed ol periclinal hyphae 3-6

Um across. occasional hyphal ends exaeded, rn part brownish-pigmented, septa without clamps.

tus tvloll.

Coll.ciion examined and illustrated

Emmenbrucke LU, elev.44o m. quad.2166, in a garden under hardwoods and conifers, Sept. 22, 1990, col. BA, 2209-90 BA 1. Other colloctions: none. lrnbach: not included.

200

Ghamaemyces

fracidus

(Fr) Donk = Lepiota defiisannula.Secr" ss. Rick. = Lepiota inomta Quel

I Microscopic ,eaturcs

A:

B:

Habitat Solitary, gregarious, or grouped in hardwood and coniterous forests, parks, on path- and roadsides as well as on banks, among leaf litter or mosses. Late spring-lale summet Not common. Distribution: E.

Macroscopic leatures

Pileus 4H0 (80) mm across, hemispherical when young, later convex to plane, with an obtuse umbo, surface smooth, dull when dry, lubricous when moist, cream-white when young, later ocherish with brownish spots, margin acute, with white veil remnants when young, brown when old. Flesh white to whitish, thick in the center of the pileus, thin toward the margin, odor faintly and unpleasantly lepiotoid, taste mild, unpleasant, not distinctive. Lamellae white when young, later cream-colored, broad, L = 95-'106, I = 1-3, free to finely adnexed, edges smooth, somewhat whitish-Iloccose. Stipe 4H0 (80) x 5-10 mm, cylindrical, at times somewhat enlarged toward the apex, solid when young, fibrous-hollow when old, surface whitish and longitudinally fibrillose above the annular zone, brownish-punctate to banded on a whitish background below it, annular zone whitishfibillose-membranous, with a brown-punctate margin, base sometimes slightly bulbous. Young frbs. often produce guttation drops on the pileus and stipe.

201

Cystoderma (Bres.)Sing.

Fam. Agaricaceae

ambrosii

C: (C1) Cheilocystidia laganiform, ventdcose, fusiform, clavate,4M0 x i2-18 !m, s6me weakly incrusted apically; (C2) pleurocystidia similar

D:

E:

Habitat

bution: E, NA. Pileus 25+0 mm across, hemispherical to hemispherical-conical when young, later convex to pianopulvinate, surface densely covered with whitish, pyramidal, Iibrillose squamules causing itto appear granular, squamules on a concolorous background, beco_ ming +/- glabrous and browning when old, margin incurved for a long time, projecting beyond the lamellae, with white veilremnants when young. Flesh whitish to pale yellowish, orange-yellowish when old, thin, odor somewhat spicy, fungoid, taste mild to som€what astringent, lungoid. Lamellae white when young, somewhat yellowish toward the margin, browning when old or dry, broad, L = 55-65, I = 1-3, broadly adnate, edges smooth. Stip€ 20-35 x 3-6 mm, cylindrical, solid when young, hollow when old, surface +/smooth above the floccose annular zone, with light ocherish flocci below, glabrous and all +/- browning in age.

Remarks The tricholomatoid habitus of this species is deceiving because it does not look like Lep,ola s, l. The cellular slructure of the ptleus, the nearly annulale stroe. and thefreetofinely adnexed white lamellae are typicalof lhisspecies. However the sDores are neitheramvloid nor dextrrnoid, in contrast to the ge' nus Lepiote s. a. wlh dexlnnod spores. BON & BOIFFARD {1974) described the variety pseudocastaaeus with a fox_brown pileus. somewhat shorler and broader spores, and no cheilocyslidia.

Coll.ction examined and illustrated

Kems OW (Kernwald), elev. 580 m, qLrad. 1966. on a mossy bank of a lorest road, Aus. 14, 1978, coll. JB, 1408-78 BB 11.

Oth6r collections: quad . 2067 , 2166, 2267

.

lmbach: included as Lep,ote meclullata (Fr) Oual. var. dem,sannu/a

(Secr.)

Qu6l.

Fam. Tricholomataceae Roz€ ex overeem (Fam. Agaricaceae Fr)

Mlcro3copic Ieatuaes

Ar

B:

Sporea elliptical, smooth, hyaline,3.8-5.1 x 2.2F3.1 !m;Q: 1.3-2.0;Vm: 17; l+;spp. white. Basidia;hvate, 1:-18 x 4.5-5.5 pm, wth 4 sierigmata and some wilh basal clamp. Cystidia not seen.

C: O: P6 composed oi cylndrcal to allantoid as well as oval to subglobose. thick-walled cells,25-40x 6-25 um, with yellow-brown pigmentaiion, oc_ casional septa with clamps.

Remarks The collection descibed here was photographed during a dry peiod and therelore tacks the lypical snow-white color (compare BRESADOLA 1929, plate 5O). However. tib other characteristics. auch es the s|ze of the spores. ihe sub,lpine habital, and mosr importantly the structure ol the prlerpellis. de' scribed bv HEINEMANN & THoEN {1973), which ditlers lrom that of lhe other speces ol Cystod€rma, aqre€ wilh C. amDros/i. The pileipellis does not con_ sist primariliol subgloboae elements (sphaerocysBl, but has manY cyhndn' cd tb alhnt6d cells;nterspersed amond them. ihis speoes could beaonfu_ sed with C, calchanas (No,203). which also occurs in montane conilerousio_ rests on needle litter, but the latter has a percistent, membranous annulus and a distlnct lnpleasant odor

Collection examined and illusirated Pontresina GR (Roseggtal), elev. '!800 m, quad. 1479, on a gravel bank among mosses nearA/rus and Larx, Aug. 20, 1989, coll. FK, 2008_89 K. Other collections: none.

182

in

shape and size. Pp irvmeniform, clmposed ol clavate cells 2ffi0 x 1G'15 pm yellowsh_ pigm'ented. inte6peBed wth ascending hyphal ends with yellow_brown piqmentation {dematocyslidia?), septa wth clamps. Elamenls lrom the velar scales on the strpe. with lighl to dark brown pig_ mentation, septa with clamps.

I

Solitary to gregarious inside and outside forests, primarily montane to subalpine, in pastures, on mossy gravel banks, or also on needle liner, neat Picea, Larx, or A./nus. Summer-fall. Rare. Distri-

Macroscopic features

Spores cylindric-elliptic, smooth, hyaline,4.7-6 x 2.8-3.5 Um;Q:1.5-1.9; Vm:29; l-; spp. cream. Basidia clavate, 2G-23 x 5-6 Um, with 4 steigmata and basal clamp.

-

lmbach: not included.

EI

Aqaricus xanthoderma v. lepiotoides

EI

199

ol ('I

06

40

bp

Lrm

I

(--\ - \,/

nAn X0(e ^ ,uv l/ \-\u.a; a\:(a/ eY@

rl tuP

10 pm

o

99x

o

N

Chamaemvces fracidus

,Ol oC ) oo o)a) J-(

)co ffi C,.5)c( C: c-s

!

(

An t11)

VV 0

'10 10J ur um Um

nA

0U \/ lt c2 )1 ^

00-

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lI

/9

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)

Cl1

JB

Cystoderma ambrosii

ET

EI

rL

"tlnfltr\fl "v

ffi

of^o^

qp^Z.0 ^UUO

"D $r*

ffi

! 000

202

Gystoderma (Scop.: Fr) Fay.

amiantinum

I

Fam. Tricholomataceae Roze ex Overeem (Fam. Agadcaceae Fr)

Mlcroscopic teatures

Habitat

Solitary to gregarious inside and outside Ior€sts, on humus or needle litter, in wet meadows, among grasses or mosses. Summer-fall. Widespread. Distribution: W

Macroscopic featurgs Pileus 1 0 mm across, conical when young, later increasingly expanded with a +/- acute umbo, with an uplift€d margin when old, surface finely micaceous when young, +/- smooth when old (if radially wrinkled =1. rugosorerbulatum llor;nser]Sm. &Sing.), dull, yellow-och€r to yellow-orange, margin acute, hung with whitish to yellowish veil remnants when young, Flesh orange-yellow, somewhat watery thin, odor faint and unpleasantly musty, taste mild, not distinctive. Lamellas pale yellow, broad, L = 29-34, I = 3-7, as-

H

cending and finely adnexed, edges smooth. Stlps 30-60 x mm, cylindrical, hollow surface cream-colored and longitudinally fibrillose-flocculose above th€ lloccose, fugacious annulus, coarsely orange-brownish-squamose-floccose below, progressively more finely floccose and darker toward the base.

A: B:

Spores elliptical, smooth, hyaline. 5.4-6.5 x 3.2-4.1 Umi O: 1 .4-1.9: Vm: 41: l+; spp. cream-colored. Basidia slendedy clavate, 24-29 x 6.H.5 pm, with 4 sterigmata and ba-

6al clamp.

C: Cystidia not seen. D: Pp composed of subglobose cells 20-45 x 1H0 l,m, interspersed with hyphoid eloments 5-12 pm across,6ome s6pta with clamps, allelements with faint yellow-brown pigmentation.

R6marks This common specaes is very va able in color lt6 pilous can be pale yelloq ocher-yellow, oranqe-yellow, to olive-yellow, or €ven rust-red, lt is identified by amylold spores (sometimes very woakly amyloid), g€nerally yellow pileal colors, an annu,us which rs only floccose and not membranous, and the absence of cystrdia. Other species wilh similar pileal colors worthy of mention atet Cystoderma iasonis lNo. 205) also with a floccose annulus, but with spor€s up to 8 !m long and arthrospores on the pileal surface, and C. fal/ax Sm. & Sing, with a well defined membranous annulus. Cystodenla ganulosufi (No. 204) and C. tena (No. 208) diff€r by d stincily red-brown pileal colors and lnamyloid spores. ln additron. c. tenei has nettle-hair-like cherlo- and pleurocystidia which are encrusted at the apex.

Collectlon examined and illustratod Lucerne (Wesemlin), elev. 500 m, quad. 2166, in a gard€n lawn among mosses, Nov.2, 1990, coll, JB, 0211-90 BR.

Oorer collectioB: quad . 1479, 2065, 206A, 2167 , 2367

,

26tf.

lmbach: includ.d.

203

Cystoderma (Pers.) Fay

carcharias

f

Fam. Tricholomataceae Roz6 ex Overe€m (Fam, Agaricaceae Fr.)

Habitat Solitary to gregarious, primarily in coniferous forests, on needle litter. Summer-fall. Widespread. Distribution: E, NA, As.

Macroscopic teatureg Pilsus 2G-50 (60) mm across, conical when young, later coniccampanulate to plane, with a sharply bent margin and obtuse umbo, surface linely granulose-farinose, dingy white to pale gray, usually with a pink tint (if snow-white = f. a/bum (Fr) Sm. & Sing., umbo sometimes darker, margin usually whitish-fimbriate from the

veil remnants. Flesh whitish, thick, odor unpleasantly moldy to gas-like, taste mild, unpleasant, Lamellao whitish to cream-colored, narrow, L = 31-38, I = $- (7), broadly adnate and with a decurrent tooth, edges smooth. Siipe 25-50 (70) x 3-.5 (7) mm, cylindrical, base at times somewhat enlarg€d, solid when young, hollow when old, surface above the annulus white and smooth, surface below whitish to cream-colored, sometimes with a pinktint, granulose-floccose-banded, annulus membranous, ascending, flaring to infundibuliform, uppersurface smooth, white, lowersurface granulose-floccose.

Microscopic ,6atures

A:

B:

Spores broadly elliptical, pip-shap€d. smooth. hyalins. 3.9-5.7 x 2.9-3.8 Um: O: t.2-1.7;Vm:28; l+;spp. white. Basidia slenderly clavate. 21-25 x 5.5-7 ym, with 4 stengmata and basal

clamp.

C: Cysiidia not seen. D: Pp compos€d ol subglobose to oval cells, +/- thick-walled, 1 2-40 x 8-30 ym. interspersed with hyphoid elements 3-8 pm across. some septa with clamps,

REmarkg This species of Cystoderma is easy to recognize in nature by its characteristic f€atur€s, such as the granulose-farinose pileus and stipe, persistent, membranous annulus, pale, dingy white, olten pink-tinted pileus and stipe, and most importantly the strong, unpleasant odor Other sp€cies of this genushaveyellowlo brown- or orange-red colors and do not have a strolg and unpleasanl odor. lt could beconfused with white vanetles ofother specles of Cystodemla or with white species ol Cyslo/epiola and Lepioia. However, the latter have free lamellae.

Collection examined and illustrated

NoderwrlLU, elev.650 m, quad.2365. in a spruce forest on needle ltter Nov. 3, 1S91, coll. JA, 0311-91 BF. Other collections: quad. 1864, 2068, 2265.

lmbach: included.

2O4

Cystodermagranulosum (Batsch: Fr.) Fay.

I

Fam. Tricholomataceae Roze ex Ovoreom (Fam. Agaricaceae Fr.)

Habitat Solitary to gregarious in hardwood and conilerous forests, on acidic and calcareous soils. Summer-fall. Rare. Distribution: E, NA, As, NAI.

Macroacopic teatutes Pileus 15-35 (50)mm across, convex when young, later plane, sometimes undulating, surrace fox-brown to orange-brown, granulose-verruculose on a concolorous background. margin paler, acute. slightly undulating. bordered with line veil remnants when young. Flesh cream-colored, thin, odorless, taste mild, not distinctive. Lamellae white when young, later cream-colored, broad, L = 30-42, l= 3- (7), ascending and narrowly adnate, edges slightly crenate. Stipe 20-50 (70) x 3-{ (6) mm. cylindrical, stipe solid, rigid, surface above the annular zone flesh-colored and whitish-powdered, surface below flesh-colored to reddish-brown, +/- smooth to slightly brownish-squamose, marginal zone composed ol pale flesh-colored flocci and longitudinal fibrils.

Micrcscopic teatures

A:

B: C: O:

Spores elliptical, smooth, hyaline, 3.7-4.5 x 2.3-2.8 Um; O: 1.4-1.8; Vm: 14, l-;spp. white. Basidia slenderly clavate, 1 7-28 x 4.5-5.5 pm, with 4 sterigmata and basal clamp. Cystidia not seen. Pp composed of subglobose cells 14-.40 x 10-30 Um, interspersed with occasional hyphoid elements 5-8 pm across, some septa with clamps, all elements with faint yellow-brown pigmentation.

Remarks This sp€cies can be most easily confused with certain color variants ol Cystoclerme afiiantinum (No. 202) and c. /'asonrs (No. 205), and especially 'xrth C. lei.6i (No. 208). However, C. tere, can be clearly separated by the presence of cyslidia shaped lik6 nettle hair6. Lile c. grarulosum, bolh C. amL antinum and C- jasonslack cystidia. but C, em,batr,um has spor€s up to 6,5 THOEN Um long and C./asoris has spores > 6.5 Um long. HEINEI/ANN (1973) revised the genus Cystoderma. They provrded a check-hst of species

I

and a key.

Collection exarhin€d and illustrated

Pontresina GR, elev 1800 m, quad. 1578, on a pathside near P,nus cembra and Lal,& Sept.2, 1992, coll. JB,0209-92 BR 1.

Other collecdons: none,

lmbach: included. 184

Cysloderma amrantinum

40

B

(

""

iq, tilr lw7

\ ) I / J/

/

ffi

001

\r,

:rc",

\( \t l \llr rr

!

ti,

^)e-',-a1 -^fJ

Lrm

(/*C)"

t(

fl

h r,; JB

Cystoderma carcharias

ET

EI

-t Nl

! 000

(fl\] B

20 pm

'10

pm

Cystoderma granulosum

40 pm

!rel 20 pm

^ooc)on oa)

CooYloa ax 0

r:d

?tu..n'

205

Cystoderma

jasonis

(Cke. & Mass.) Harm. = Cystodema amianthina v.longisporum K hn. nom. nud. = Cystodema amianthinum u. sublongisporum Sing.

f

Fam. Tricholomataceae Roze ex Overeem {Fam. Agaricaceae Fr.)

Microscopic teatures

Habitat Solitary to gregarious in coniferous lorests, on acid heaths near Calluna, among mosses. Submontane to subalpine. Summer-fall. Rare. Distribution: E, NA.

Macrogcopic featurea Pileus 15-30 mm across, hemispherical when young, later convex to plane, sometimes with an obtuse umbo, surface granulose-verruculose, ocher-brown to reddish-ocher, margin acute, dentate from the pale veil remnants when young. Fl€sh light yellow, thin, odor Iaint, not unpleasant, taste mild, not distinctive. Lamellae white when young, later cream-colored to pale brownish, broad, L = 45-55, I = 1-3, ascending and finely adnexed, edges smooth. Stipe 30-60 x +-4 mm, cylindrical, solid when young, hollow when old, surface above the annulus dingy cream-colored, surface below squarrose-floccose, pal€ to ocher-brown, annulus ,loccose,

A: Spores fusiform-elliptlc, with a depression under the apiculus, smooth, hyaline, 5.5-7.1 x 2.6-3.7 pm; Q: 1.8-2.2;Vm:34; l+; spp. cream-colored. B: Basidia slenderly clavate, 20-24 x F7.5 um, with 4 sterigmata and some with basal clamp. C: Cystidia not seen. D: (Dl) Pp composed olsubglobos€to citrinifom, thick-walled cells2H0 x 15-35 pm, brownish-pigmented, interspersed with occasional hyphoid elements 3-7 um across, some septa with clamps. (D2) Abundant angularounded arthrospores 7-10 x 4-5 Um interspersed among them. Remarks This specres was d$cnbed by KUEHNER (1936. nomen nudum) as a longspored variety ol Cystoderna amiantinum lNo. 2O2\, wth an average O-value ol2.O 11.6inC. amiantinum). lt s distinguished pnmarily by the abundance of arlhrospores on lhe prleal surface and by a small depression on the spores underthe apiculus. According lo HEINEMANN & THOEN (1973), however the arthrospores can be absent, even if the other characters agree. The vafi€ty purpurascers Heinem. & Thoen has been described. lt differc by a violet stipe apex. For further rema*s see C. amiantinum.

Collection examined and illustrated

fugacious.

Stalden OW (Glaubenberg), elev. 1450 m, quad. 1965, in a mountain spruce forest nea, Plrus and Cal/ura, among mosses, Sept. 4, 1991, coll. Kl, 040991 BR 5.

Other collections: none.

206

Gystoderma simulatum P D. Ort.

- lmbach: not included.

I

Fam. Tricholomataceae Roze ex Overeem (Fam. Aqaricaceae Fr.)

Habital usually solitary or a few together in forests, on rotten wood. Summer-fall. Rare. Distribution: E.

Macroscopic teatureg Plleus 15-25 (30) mm across, convex when young, later campanulate to plane, surface even to somewhat radially wrinkled, dull, finely granulose to verrucose, ocher-brown to reddish-brown, paler toward the margin, margin hung with white veil remnants for a long time. Flesh whitish, thin, odor weak, rather unpleasant, taste

mild, insipid. Lamellae white when young, later cream-colored, broad, L = 45-50, l= 1-3, finely adnexed, edges slightly crenate. Stipe 40-60 x 3-5 mm, cylindrical, hollow, elastic, surface above the annular zone white and white-powdered, surface below redbrown granulose-squamose on a whitish background, annular zone floccose-squamose, brown, fugacious.

MicJoscopic l6atures Spores elliptical, smooth, hyaline. 3.8-4.8 x 2.2-3.3 pmr O: 1.2-2.0: Vm: 17; l+: spp. hght yellowish. B: Basidia cylindric-clavate, 17-26 x 4.5-5 um, with 4 sterigmaia and basal clamp. C: Cystidia noi seen. D: Pp (in the warts) composed of subglobose to oval or cylindical, slightly thrck-walled. coloress to hght brownBh cells 16-35 x 10-25 Um. septa with clamps.

A:

Remarka This species is charactedzed by the reddish-brown color of the pileus, the floccos€ annularzone, the white to cream-colored lamellae, and most impor tantly by the strongly amyloid, small (< 5 pm long) spores. The amyloid reaction is so strong that rt can be observed macroscoprcally. Srmilar species of Cystodema have eith& larger or inamyloid spores or a memblanous annulus. Cystodemla supe/bum (No. 207) has a conspicuously wine-r€d to purple-tinted pileus, bitter flesh, and inamyloid spores.

Coll€ction €xamin€d and illustrated Neudorl LU, elev 770 m, quad. 2265, on a rotten stump of Picee, Oct.

13,

1991, coll. BA, 1310-91 BA 1.

Other collectiona: none.

lmbach: not includ.d-

207

Cystoderma

superbum

I

Fam. Tricholomataceae Roze ex over€€m (Fam. Agaricaceae Fr)

Huijsm. = Cystodema haematites Berk. & Br ss. auct. p. p. Microscopic Ieatures

Habitat

Ai

Usually gregarious to clustered, more rarely solitary in hardwood and coniferous lorests, on thick cushions ol leaves or needles, al

B:

Distribution: E, As.

C:

so on small pieces of rotten bark and wood. Summerjall. Rare.

D: Macroscopic features Pileus 20-50 (60) mm across, convex when young, later plane, with asomewhat uplifted margin in age, surfacedull, dark wine-red to wine-brown ,inely granulose to finely appressed-verrucose on a pale pink to lilac background, usually with a wine-brown granulose disc in the cente( margin acute, smooth, often somewhat paler. Flesh cream with a pink tinge, thin, odor musty, polyporoid, taste

mild, unpleasant, eventually bitter and astringent, Lamellae whitish to cream-colored when young, later with a flesh-pinkish tinge, broad, L = 38-48, I = 5-7, broadly adnate, edges smooth to slightly crenate. Stlpe 25-40 (60) x 3-7 mm, cylindrical, at times somewhat enlarged toward the base, often flexuous, hollow, elastic, surIace abovethe annular zone finely white-floccose on awine-brown background, surface below linely whitish-fibrillosejloccose when young, entire stipe glabrescent and dark wine-brown in ag6.

Spores broadly elliptical, smooth, hyaline, with droplets, with an amyloid hllar spot, not distinct (at most visible in lateral view), 3.3-4.7 x 2.5-3.3 Um; Q: 1.2-1.6; Vm: 17i l-; spp. white. Basidia cylindric-c avate, 20-25 x 4.5-5.5 pm, with 4 steigmata and basal clamp. Cystidia not se€n. Pp (in the warts)composed ofsubgloboselo cyhnclricalor oval. thick-walled cells 22-50 x 12-22 um, wilh lilac-brown membranal pigmentation.

nemarks JAHN (1962) discussed the history of this species end gave a thorough description of it. He pointed out the peculiadty of th€ spores, which are not amyloid but hav6 an amyloid suprahilar spot. lt was difficult for us to repeat this observation, since we could not be sure that we were seeing truly amyloid hilar spots or were imagining the amyloid rcaction trom wishful thinking. KRIEGLSTEINER (personal commLrnication) has also had this difficulty. Furthemore, HUUSMAN'S (1958) comments also indicate this. This sp€cios is easily separated from the othe6 in the genus by the wine-reddish colorofthe frbs. Wine-reddish to lilac frbs. with white, free lamellaeshould be looked for in Limacella. Limacella vinosolubescons (No. 165) has wine-reddish frbs., but it is slimy and has a completely different pp without sphaerocysts,

Collection examined and illustrated Unterdgen 2G (Brand), el€v 1120 m, quad.2168, among small piecea of wood and ba*, Oct.9, 1993, coll. lvartinelli G., 09'10-93 BR. Other collections: none.

186

- lmb6ch: not included,

Cystoderma jasonis

EI EL

OI

-l

-'&o

'\N

ee | "aF .

L

2't4

L] 001

.ror1-

-ZOf,, I[

\\ \

^--l

I

!ee!V JB

Lepiota aff. bettlnae

EI

215

3

! 003

Lep ota boudreri

E E

^c

216

lcl

UCNC

c0c 10 pm

! 001

upm

217

Lepiota

calcicola

Knudsen = Lepiola hispida ss. Pai., Lse. = Cysto/ iota hispda ss. Bon = Cystalepiota calcicola ss. Bon & Courtecu sse

I

Fam. Agaricaceae Microscopic features

A:

Habitat

Spores broadlyellipt cal, snrooth, hyaline, dextrinoid. 4-5.4 x 2.5-3.3 pm; Q: 1.3 2.0iVm:21ispp. wh ie. Basidia clavate, 12-43 x 5-6.5 um, w th 4 sier gmata and basal c anrp.

Solitary to grcgar ous n parks, gardens, iorests, among grass and herbs, on damp, cacareous sois. Late summer-fa l. Bare. Distribution: E.

B:

Macroscopic features

Dr Pp cons

C: Cheiocysiidia basidole ike, cavate, fusform, venticose, 20-30 x 5+ !m;

Pileus 40 80 mm across, hemispherical to conical when young, later convex to plane, often somewhai irregularly d storted to undu at ng. sudace dry wine- to gray-brown, completey covered when young wth dark brown, pointed squamules 2 3 mm long, hedgehog-like, aier wih somewhat ap' pressed brown fibrilose scales toward the margin, and with erect, pointed scales rerraining or y in t1e ce4ier shgFiy splfiing fror the -na.grn inward, 'eveal r9 rhe c'ear-yellow orlea flesh. narg,r yelow brown ard f brillosefloccose. Flesh white, thick in the center of the pieus, thin toward the mar gin, odor unpleasantly ike Lepiota cistata, taste mild, Lrnpleasant, not dist 1cuve, Lamellae wl_lle \,!hen young, later liq-l yelow, broad, L ca. I00. , - 3-7. free. eoges shq"i,y oa.e.l oc( ose. Stipe 50.90, 6-- 0 nrr. gradJally c avate toward the base, solid, iragile, suface ong tudinally lig ht brown fibrillose above the iibrilose membranous annu ar zone, increasingly brown to dark red-brown squarrose below, annular zone cons st ng of erect, brown, fibr llose flocci.

p eurocyst dia not seen. st ng of prostrate to ereci, catenate hypha ends, individual

cels 25-80 x 18-38 pm, arising from short celled, radial hyphae below, wth yelow-brcwn pgmentation, most septa with clamps.

Remarks There s a series of very sim lar lepiotas which are often ditficult to separatei Lepiota hystrix (Na.227) also w th a brown p leus with acute scales, but w th spores 5.5 7 x 2.4..3 um and brown to backish lamelat edges, L. perplexa (No. 233) wth a yellow- to reddish-brown pileus, similarly-szed spores, but w ih acute sq uamu les only up to 1 mm long i and l echiracea (No. 223) wiih a chestnut-brown pileus and inconspcuous to absent chellocystidia. Lepiofa fuscavinacea lNo.224) is very sim lar in coor, but compeiey different in the structure of the pilea surface.

Collection examined and illustrated

St. Sulpice VD, elev. 370 m, quad. 1652, in a garden in a meadow near conifers, Oct. 12, 1SS2, coll. Bonnard, 1210 92 BR 2.

Other collections: quad - 2066, 2267

.

lmbach: not ncluded.

218

Lepiota

carinii

I

Fam. Agaricaceae

Bres.

= Lepiota echinella auct. non Qu6l. = Lepiota etiophora (Peck) Knudsen var. asperula auct. non (Atk.) Ki.ihn. & Romagn., ss. Mlq. & Bertault

Microscopic Ieatures

A: B:

Habitat Solitary to gregarious in coniferous or mixed conifer hardwood forests, in needle or leaf litter Sommer fall. Rare. Distribution: E, NAf.

C: D:

Spores elliptical, smooih, hyallne, dextrinoid, 3.4-4.5 x 2.1-2.7 !m; Q: 1.4-1.9; Vm: 12; spp. pa e cream. Bas d a cyl ndr c-clavate, 13 18 x 4.5-6 Um, with 4 sterigmata and basal

camp,

Cystidia not seen, but basidioe like to filiorm marginalce ls occasionaly Pp composed of prostrate to erect, catenate hyphal ends, the indivdua 8 27 ! m, brown-pig mented, some sep-

cel s ova to su bglobose, 22-40 x

Macroscopic features Pileus 25+0 (50) mm across, convex when young, later plane, sometimes with an obtuse umbo, surface entirely covered on an ocher to light brown background with concentric brown scales which are acutely conical when young and appressed when old and can be wiped off, center usually somewhat darker, margin acute, smooth when young, split when old. Flesh white, thin, almost odorless, rather unpleasant, taste mild, insipid. Lamellae whitish, broad, L = 40-45, I = 3 7, free, edges smooth. Stipe 30 50 x 2-5 mm, cylindrical, base at times somewhat thickened, solid when young, hollow when old, fragile, sudace above the annular zone white to reddish-brown and smooth, surface below it brownish granulose-squamose on a cream-colored background, glabrescent and +/- smooth when old, annulus (annular zone) white and fibrillose-cottony when very young, fugacious, later brownishfloccose.

219

Lepiota castanea

Remarks

This spec es beongs to sec, Echmaiae Fay. along wilh Lepiota pseudoasper.u/a (No. 234). The latter has a p leus 8-27 mm across and a stipe < 3 mm across. Leplota /angei (No. 231) has dark brown sca es on a pale background and a p leus 1G-65 mm across and a stipe > 3 mm acrcss. Lepiata echinacea (No. 223) can also be coniused wilh L. cainii. lt has larger spores (up to 5.6[6.4] !m Long) and lttle contrast between the coor of ihe scales and the oaikqrbund, Like L. car,n/i, all rhese species ack cyst d a. favrng al nosl rn_ conspicLoLs lrargina cells. \NUDSE\ (19801 has wo.\ed oL1t1e drferenria ting characters,

Collection examined and illustrated

Neuenkirch LU (Chiisenra nwald), eev. 570 m, quad.2166, n a Picea forest on needle itter, Sept.24, 1992, col. HS, 2409-92 BA 8.

Other collections: none.

lmbach: inc uded as?

Oue.

+

Fam. Agaricaceae

Ou6l.

Habitat Gregarious to solitary in hardwood and coniferous forests, on leaf or needle litter, on pathsides among herbs or under bushes and

brambles, on base-rich, damp soils. Summerjatl. Not common. Distribution: E, NA, As, NAf.

Macroscopic leatures Pileus 15-30 (35) mm across, obtusely conical when young, soon plane, with a +/- obtuse umbo, with an uplifted margin when old, surface with concentric red-brown to black-brown, appressed scales on an ocheryellow to orange-ochersh background, the center concolorous and +/- smooth to tomentose, margin paler and less scaly, obtuse. Flesh cream-colored, thin, odor rather unpleasant, taste mild, not distinctive. Lamellae cream-yellowish when young, ocher-yellow when old, sometimes spotting orange, broad, L = 35-40, l= 1-3(5), free, edges slightly floccose. Stipe 30-50 x 2-4 mm, cylindrical, base at times somewhat thickened, hollow, fragile, surface cream-ocher sometimes with an orange tone, with a fugacious, fibrillose annular zone on the upper third, pa le longitudinally fibrillose above the annular zone, with red- to dark brownish fibrillose scales below to the base, base with white rhi zoids.

Microscopic features

A:

B:

Spores truncately bullet shaped, with a lateral apicu us, smooth, hyal ne, dextrinoid, 8.3-1 0 x 3.H,.T Um;O: 2.2-2.9; Vm:65i spp. whiteBasro.a clavale, - 9-32 r 7-9 Jn. w'lh 4 stelgrraia and basalc arrp.

C: CheJocysidra fusi'o.r lo L dvale.28-40 x

D:

Urr: ole-ocysndra 1ol

Remarks

Thls species is varously nterpreted in the lit. QUELET'S original descr ption (1880) gave, in addition to the description of macroscopic features, a spore ength of 8-9 pm as the on y microscopic feature, which +/- agrees wlth our colectron. / eprota caslarea ,s intF.p.eled d '1ere1t y oy .losl aurhols as rla_ vr.q spo'es over l0 llrn lo1g. e. g. BO\ (1981) spores S-l l(12) x 3-4.5{5) pT. CANDUSSO & LANZONI (1990) (8)9-13(14.7) x 3.5 4.4 !rm; ENDEBLE & KBIEGLSTE NER 0 989) 10.5-14 x 4-4.5 pm. The descripiions and draw ngs ofthe hyphaLends in the pileipells cause further confus on. Acc. BON op. cit. the ends must be mu tipy seplate and constricted, but most authors do not represent them that way. Why s more importance not given to the spore size in the orig naldescription? See the remarks ior No.22A Lepiok ignipes)-

Collection elamined and illustrated

Hrlnenberg ZG (Langho z), e ev. 450 nr, quad. 2267, on a pathside n a foresi of young spruces, Sept. 6, 1987, coll. BA, 0609 87 BA 1.

Other collections: quad.

1C4

/.5-ll

Pp composed to prostrate to exserted hyphal ends 12G-320 x 1 0 30 pnr, mult ply septate, septa usually wth clamps, with peric ina, irregular hyphae below, all with membranal brcwn pigmentation.

2066. lmbach: included.

Lepiota calcicola

217

E E

o

^ r-i ?^\)ar-

A,--

C>

t,;BEP

!

Htrffi

/H (/\ QI

,\

v,B

000

i

il

Lepiota carinii

218

^tgsg ".23? -Y

!

^O

upm uum

40 pm

00

s8u !\i// F HT

BA

Lepiota castanea

/)n

v* N N'^N r.,

fS v \(&'\ ,lA "\l

i)sn 0

)IilION tril\ fr/rnil

E

220

Lepiota

clypeolaria

(Bull.: Fr.) Kumm. = Lepiota colubina (Pe$.) G@y

I

Fam. Agaricaceae Microscopic Ieatures

Habitat Solitary to gregarious in hardwood or mix€d hardwood-coniler forests, on leaf litter orterestrialon neutralto base-rich, damp soils. Summer-fall. Widespread. Distribu'tion: E, NA, As, NAL

A: B: C: D:

Macroacopic teatures

Pileus 3H0 mm across, hemispheric-campanulate wh€n young, then conic-campanulate, eventually broadly conicalwith an obtuse umbo, center smooth to scurfy, ocher-brown to reddish-brown, cuticle toward the margin splitting up to lorm concentric, line, erect, ocher-brown squamules, marginal zone fibrillose, surface creamcolored between the squamules, cuticle peelable to the center, margin floccose when young, striate and split when old. Flesh whitish to white, thin, odor spicy-fungoid, taste mild, fungoid. Lamellae hygrophanous, gray-white when moist, white when dry broad, L = 45-58, I = 1-3, free, edges slightly crenate-floccose. Stipe 50-100 x 4-8 mm, cylindrical, thickened to clavate toward the base, rigid, fragile, hollow, surface whitish-cottony atthe apex, increasingly whitish cottonyjibrillose below sheathed with whitish woolly to cottony zones toward the base, straw- to ocher-yellow when

Spores €lliptic-navicular, smooth, hyaline, dextrinoid, 1 1 .4-16.1 x4.H.3 ptn; Q 2.2-2.9; Wt 211i spp. cream-yellow Basidia clavate,3HT x'11-'13 pm, with (2)4 ste gmata and basalclamp. Cheilocystidia vesicular to clavate, 22-35 x 1 Cl.-'1 6 pm; pleurocystidia not

Pp composed of prostrate to exserted hyphalends 9H20 x 8-12 pm, interspersed with clavate to cylinddcjlexuous cells at their base, all with light brown membranal pigmentation, most septa with clamps.

Remarks

vent osospora (No. 235), which has a yellowish to orange peronate-woolly stipe. lt also has longer spores. L. crpeo/ara var. /allspola Kiihn. has also been described; it has smaller spores 10-12 .5 Um, lt has recently been listed as a separate species, L- kuehneiena (No. 230). Another species which should be compared is L. &r,volvata (No. 22S), which is distinguished by a reddening siipe base. ln addition, its stipe only has zones of scales and is not peronate-woolly, A doubl€ of this species is Leplola

x

Collection examined and illustrated Kleinwangen LU (lbenmoos), elev.550 m, quad.2266, in a beech forest on leaf littei Oct.30,1991, coll. FK,3010-91 K1. Other collectiol|3: quad - 1966, 2 166, 2167, 2367.

old, flesh ofthe cortex weakly yellowing, browning in the base.

221

Lepiota cristata (Bolt-: Fr) Kumm.

I

Habitat

Fam. Agaricaceae Microscopic features

Usually gregarious, more rarely solitary in and outside forests, on road- and pathsides, in gardens, parks, meadows, among grasses, herbs, or on bare earth. Summer-fall. Common. Distribution: W

A:

Macroscopic features

C: Cheilocystidia clavate, pyriform, to

Pileus '10-30 (40) mm across, almost hemispherical when young, then convex to plane, with an obtuse umbo, surface when veryyoung smooth, dull, and dark date-brown, but soon with concentric, appr€ssed, red-brown scales on a milk-white to cream-colored background, disc remaining red-brown, margin incurved for a long time, acute, sometimes fringed, somewhat uneven when old. Flesh watery gray-white, thick in the center oI the pileus, thin toward the margin, odor unpleasant, repulsive, like rubber or reminiscent of Sc/erodermq taste mild, unpleasant. Lamellae white when young, later pale cream-colored, broad, L = 65-72, l= 3-5, Iree, edges cr6nate. Stipe 4M0 x 2-4 mm, cylindrical, base sometimes enlarged, hollow, Iragile, surface white and smooth above the annulus, longitudinally white-fibrillose below, somewhat dingy pink to wine-reddish in age, annulus membranous-Iibrillose, white, ascending.

B:

Spores truncately bullet-shaped, with a lateral apiculus. smooth, hyaline, dextrinoid, 5.9-9.3 x 2.7-3.7 pm;Q: 1.9-2.8; Vm: 42; spp. yellow. Basidia clavate to venticose, 2G'22 x 6-7.5 um, with 4 steriqmata and

basalclamp.

veslcular, 22-41 x 11-15 um; pleurocystidia not seen. D: Pp hymeniform, composed of clavate to cylindrical, somewhat thack-wal led cells 22-70 x 9-14 Um, with brown membranal pigmentation, some sepia with clamps.

Remarks This species rs well charactenzed by ltsdlstrnct. strong. and unpleasantodor. 11 is relatively common and is easrly recognEable in ils typical Iorm with redbrown, concentric scales on a white background. lt differs from similar lepiotas by its membranous annulus and microscopically bythe hymeniform pileipellisafldth€ bullet-shap€d spores. Fomswith black scales on the pileusare refer€d to as var lelinoicles Bon. not to be confused with L. ferira Qu6l.,

which also has black scales, but has elliptical spotes. Lepbta kuehneiana (No.230) is also similartoL. cdstata and also has elliptical spoGs.

Collection examined and illGtrsted Alpnach OW Wichelsee), elev.450 m, quad. 1966, on a pathside among grasses and he6s, Oct. 8, 1990, coll. WY 0810-90 WY 5. Other collections: widespread throught the region.

lmbach: included.

222

Lepiota

cristata

(Bolt,: Fr.) Kumm, var. pallidior Boud. ex Bon

I

Habitat Solitary to gregarious in and outside forests, in meadows, pastures, or under hardwoods. Summerjall, Widespread but not common. Diatribution: E.

Macroscopic fgafures Pileus ('15) 20-.35 (40) mm across, conic-campanulate when young, later plane with an obtuse umbo, sometimes irregularly undu-

lating, surface with concentric, appressed scales on a whitish background, scales cream-colored to light ocherish or ocher-brownish, umbo smooth, yellowish to ocher-brownish, margin incurved for a long time, undulating. Flesh whitish, thick in the center of the pileus, thin toward the margin, odor faintly like Lepiota cristata, taste mild, unpleasant, Lamellae white when young, later pale cream-colored, broad, L = 60-75, I = 3-7, free, edges smooth. Stipe 3H5 (60) x 2-4 mm, cylindrical, base at times somewhat enlarged, solid when young, hollow when old, flesh pale brownish to pink-brownish, surface white-Iibrillose on a brownish background, with a cottony-membranous, very fugacious annulus.

Fam. Agaricaceae Midoscopic Ieatures

A:

B:

Spores kuncately oullelshaped, with a lateral apiculus. smoolh. hyaline, dexlrinoid, 6-7.7 x 2.8-3.6 pm;O: 1.&2.4: Vm: 37: spp. hght yellow. Basidia clavate, 15-20x 7-9 um, with 4 sterigmata and occasionalbasal

clamp.

Ci Cheilocystidia clavate, lusifom, 23-{,5 x 6-13 um; pleurocystidia not D:

Pp hymeniform, composed of clavate to cylindrical, somewhat thick-walled cells 22-70 x 9-14 um, with bro\a,n epimembranal pigmentation, some

septa with clamps. R€marks

This variety of Lepiota castata could easily be mistaken ,or L. suba/ba Kijhn.

ex P D. Orl., shce lts pileus is white to $fitish. has no or only occasional ocherish scales, and has only an ocher-yellow, smooth disc. lts identity as L, cristata is proved as soon as the scales are examined microscopically. L, cri

stata and all its varieties and forms have a hymeniform pileipellis in the scalss amd pedclinal hypha€ betwe€n th€m. ln contrast, L, suba/ba has clustered to solitary cylindric-clavate hyphal ends in the scales which become up to nearly 1 50 pm long.

Collectlon examined and lllustated

Hergiswil NW (Renggeli). el6v. 90O m, quad. 2066, in a meadow under Pyrus pyraster Sept.26,1991, coll. J8,2609-91 BR3.

Other collections: quad. 2166, 2266.

lmbach: not included. 196

Lepiota clypeolaria

\M\S\

M

ryr,ffiFS

l [, 002

r/V')/l/??0Q ffi

Lepiota cristata

rr x)

^

"

/D-tl I

Wfi;X 40

', YJ" pm

10

um

\\ \./

flt\fl O0 ()L/ / tr

!!

Y"

\,]

uu, \/ao U N (V Y

;op,'

ffi

Lepiota cristata v. pallidior

A^

c o.,r--.,.,- i.6. Lebiole ventndsos;ora No. 235r is frequenllv simiiar. lt is mainlv dr_ slinquished microscoprcalli and very clearly by havrng slenderly lusiform

sporeswithaQvalue> 3.8. Collection examlned and illustaied

Stalden OW (Hdlzliwald), elev. TOO m, quad. 1965, on plant debris in a beech forest. Oct. 2. 1991, coll. JB, 0210-91 BR 2.

other collections: quad. 2666. lmbach: not included.

I

Locq. = Lepiota clypeolaia var /atispora Kiihn. = Lepiota latisporu (Kthn. ex Wass.) Bon

lt35

Fam. Agaricaceae Mlcroscoolc features

A:

Habitat Solitary to gregarious in hardwood for€sts on bare soil or among leaf litter. Summer-rall. Rare. Distribution: E.

B:

C: Cheilocystidia clavate to lusifom, lageniform, 22-33 x 7_10 pm; pleu-

D:

Macroscopic features

Pileus 25-40 mm across, convex when young, later convex to plane, with an obtuse umbo, surface concentrically squamulose on a cream-colored background, squamules red-brown, obtusely to acutely conical, distant toward the margin, increasingly crowded toward the center, disc red-brown-granulose, margin acute, smooth. Fl6h white, thin, odor weakly fungoid, taste mild, raphanoid. Lamellae white, broad, L = 52-55, I = 3, free, edges smooth. Stipe 4HO (70) x 4-8 mm, cylindrical, somewhat tapered toward the apex, slightly enlarged toward the base, rigid, Iragile, hollow, surface above the annular zone whitish, silky and finely whitejibrillose, surface below it covered with scattered brown squamules on a whitish background, with somewhat fibrillose-cottony zones when young, annular zone whitejibrillose with a brownish margin.

fi.z

Sporea elliptic-pip-shaped, smoolh, hyahne. dexlnnod, 9.2-12 x umi Q. 1.6-2.21V'r,t 17 4i spp. cream-yellow. Basidia clavate. 27-3'1 x 9-12 pm, wth 4 sterigmeta and a basal clamp.

rocystidia not seen. Po comoosed ol orostrate to er€cl hvphalends 90-500 x 8-13 um. inler' sa€rsed with claiale to cylind cJleiuous cells basally, allwith light bro_ wn membranal pigmsntation, most septa with clamps.

Remarks

KUEHNER described Lepiota clypeolaia var lelspora as a new variety rn 1956. ln the same vear LOCQUIN (1956) proposed L kuehneiana aE a new soecies. When the ijescriptions are studied rl becomes apparenl that both taxe can hardly be separaled lrom €ach other. KUEHNER'S new description

was not vahdlv oublished lnomen nudum). Since the two laxa seem to be dentical, rhe ;a;€ L. kueiiner'ana Locquin has priority. desp(e later legitt_ mization ol KIJEHNER's variety by WASSER (1978)and BON (1981)

Collection examln€d and illustrat€d

Bekinq6n AG (Vumberg), elev. 500 m. quad. 2666. under Ouercus-Fagus, on soil. Oct. 5, 1992, coll. Wollweber, 0510-92 BR 7.

Other collections: none.

lmbach: not includod.

231

Lepiota

langei

I

Knudsen = Lepiota echinella avct. non Qu6l. = Lepiota echinella v. erlophora auct. non Peck = Lepiota etiophora a\tct. non Peck

Habitat

Solitary to gregarious in hardwood or mixed hardwood-conifer forests, on leaf or needle litter. Summer-rall. Not common. Distribu-

tion: E.

Macroscopic Ieatures Pileus 20-45 mm across, conical when young, then conic-campanulate to convex, with an obtuse umbo, surface with dark brown scal€s on a cream-colored background throughout life, scales sharply pointed, margin acute. Flesh white, thin, odor faint, not di stinctive, taste mild, insipid. Lamellae white when young, later pale cream-colored, broad, L = 40-50, I = 3-7, free, edges smooth. Stipe 30-50 x 3-6 mm, cylindrical, solid when young, hollow when old, fragile, surface whitish to ocherish at the apex, with alaint annular zone below when young, then gray-brown-floccose-squamose on a cream-brown background toward the base.

Fam. Agaricaceae

MlcroscoDic featurca elliptical, smooth, hyaline, dextinoid, 3.6-4.9 x 2.1-2.9 pmi Q: 1-4-2.0: Vm: 14: sDD. oale vellowlsh, B: Basidia cylindrii-idvite. t3-te x 1.5-6 um. wilh 4 stengmata and basal clamp. C: No tiue cystidia, but with occasional cylindrical to lagenriorm marginal cells which oroiecl 15-20 um. D: Po in the scab6composea of catenate to loosely aranged oval, allanto_ ld', also subqlobGe al€ments, 10-40 x 7-27 Um. at times somewhat geniaulate apdallv, brown-piomented, s€pta without clamps.

A: Sporei

Rsmarks

The soecies in sec. Echlnatae Fav aredvided inlo lwo qroups, those without an.l rhdse with chellocvsridia. t*r latter includino l. as;era lNo. 214), L. carcicoia {No. 217), a d L. perptexa (No. 233). Lebiota lange, belongs to the orouo ivithout cvstidia, such es L. pseudoaspetula (No. 234). L. carinr, (No. ,1al: and L. ect;inacee lNo. 223). lt differs from L. echr,ecea by somewhat smaller spores.

Collection €xamined and lllustrated

Buchs LU {Eichwatd), elev. 500 m, quad.2264, in a mixed con er_hardwood forest near P,'cea on soil among needle littet Oct. 17, 1990 coll. F[4. '1710' 90 [/,t0 3,

Olher collectiona: none. lmbach: included

202

as? Lepiota ech/rara (Fr ex Roth) Qu6l.

! 00

20

Lrm

Lepiota kuehneriana

\^(7? .N\to3

WF ssLZi

! 002

'ilil??@olu 20 pm

20 um

Lepiota langei

) 33R ,i0cr" "oo o 0o0 \>o-o

:"uS ,'1

*

unf

S

t/ )l l/e /l

F'H ffi

ru

Lrm

lln

\\ 0^

ll il" ffi

! 00

232

I

Lepiota oreadiformis = Lepiota laevigata (Lge.) Rea = Lepiota prafensls (Fr.) Rea

Fam. Agaricaceae Fr

Mioroscoplc leaturcs

A: Spores elliptical to

Habitat Solitary to gregarious in dry lawns, pastures, among grasses, primarily at montaneto subalpine elevations. Summerjall. Rare. DE-

tribution: E.

Macroscopic features Pileus 20-30 (40) mm across, conical when young, later coniccampanulate to convex-plane, surface cream- to light ocher, dark ocher to red-brownish toward the centeG smooth, partly covered w,th distant, brownish, granular squamules, radially wrinkled and somewhat splitting when dry margin acute, tinely fringed, somewhat white-floccose when young. Fl€sh white, thin, odor raint and unpleasant to musty, taste mild, insipid, not distinctive. Lamellae whitish when young, light ocher when old, broad, L = 40-48, I = 1-3, ,ree, edges slightly floccose. Stipe 40-50 x 4-5 mm, cylindrical, hollow, tough, surface above the fibrillose annular zone white and slightly longitudinally fibrillose, surface below increasingly light ocher and longitudinally white-f ibrillose.

navicular, smooth, hyaline, dexvinoid, 10-16.2 x 4.5-6.2 um; Q: 1.7-3.0; Vm: 191; spp. cream-yellow. B: Basidia clavate, 25-35 x 9-12 Um, with 4 sterigmata and basal clamp. C: Cheilocystidia clavate, 1735 x 7-12 Um; pleurocystidia not seen. D: Pp compos€d of prostrate hyphae in part with erect ends 40-210 x 5-11 um, interspersed with clavate cells basally, all hyaline to with light brown pigmentation, septa with clamps. Remarks Thesynonyms listed above are considered to be separate species by certain aulhors, such as BON (1981) who gave i. a. different spore sizes ror them. The following spore siz€s are guen for L. oread,'formis: MOSER (1983) 1G-1a x 4.t-5.5 Um: CANDUSSO & LANZONI (1990) (l0) 11-14 (15.5) x 5-5.7 (6.2) Um; BON op. cit. ('10) 1'1-13 (15)x 5-6.5 pm. The spor€s in our collection were longer than these measurements and corresponded better to those ol L. /aevlrata Lge., which BON op, cit. gives as (12) 14-16 (19)x 4.5-6.5 pm. lt seems as if these species can hardly be separated on the basis of spore size and thal the species are probably conectly listed as synonyms. Lepiota a/ba (No. 213) is similar. bul lhe cente. of lhe pileus is not dislinclly darker in color,

Collecuon e,Gmined and illustret€d

Pontresina GR. elev. 1800 m, quad. 1480, in a dry meadow alongside a path,

July 10, 1990, coll. JB,'1007-90 BR. Other coll€ctions: none,

lmbach: not included-

233

Lepiota perplexa Knudsen = Lepiota acutesquamosa f. typlba ss, KL]hn. & Romagn. = Cystolepiota perylexa (Knudsen) Bon = Lepiota hispida \Lasch) cill. ss. auct. p. p.

I

Fr.

Microscopic leatursE

Ai

Spores cylindric-elliptic, smooth, hyaline, dextnnoid, Um; Oi 1.9-2.4; Vm: 19; spp. cream-colored.

4.M2

x 2.3-2.8

B: Basidra clavate, 11"18 x 5-6Um. wth 4 sterigmata and basalclamp. C: Cherlocystdia fusilorm, ventricose, laoeniform, or tr'nlotm, 13-27 \ 4-7

Habitat Solitary to gregarious in coniferous or mixed coniler-hardwood forests, on needle litter or bare soil. Late summer-fall. Widespread. Distribution: E.

Macroscopic

Fam. Agaricaceae

features

Um; pleuroclstidia not seen,

D: Pp compos€d of +/- periclinal hyphae 3-10

Um across, with occasional exsert€d clavate hyphalends up to 20 pm across, septawith clamps, ihe warts composed of thick-wall€d, subglobose cells (sphaerocysts) 20-120 x 20-100 pm, all brown-pigmented.

Remarks

Pileus 20-80 mm across, hemispherical when young, later obtuse- This species is a real double of Leplota aspera (No. 214) and can be distinly campanulateto plane, surface when young dinseiy covered with gulsh€d in nature only by experts, since it can also occur in similar habitats.

;I.,,

.n. r'igr, ;r,ich o_"-l,i:g later glabrescent toward the margin and with the wads arranged concentrically on a yellow-brown background, in age splitting up form fibrillose scales and revealing the light pileal flesh, maGin rolled Ior a long time and projectiig 2-3-mni beyond the la;ellae, acute. Flesh wfit€, thin, oaor'rnpt"Z"int, ionical dark brown wa.ti up io r

:ll

to inii. iiiti t ii.ti iriiaa (No.221). taste mild. spicy but iinpleasdnt. Lamellad white when young, later cream-colored, broad, L = 65-90, I = 3-7, free, rarely somewhat lorked, edges white-dentate. Stipe 40-80 x 7-12 mm,

11,111"fi"T1""t:Tr.i"il]t:r.""#i':i5Bi,if#r"::ffi:l3 ff,T,i'gliH:fl1:

pEJid iisiiv;'it orners microscdbicaly 6y the distinctrv sr,ortiiliores G 6.!

irm on the ai;rage)and rho welt-spac6d 6phaerccysts'in the wart's. This species could also be confused with-1.-calcrtoh (No. 217), which also has short spor€-s, but the conical warts are 2+ mm high; moreover,.the cells of its warts are Lepiole edhinacaa (No 223) also has small spores' but it lacks lc€tenate uvsuora

Collection examlnad and tttlatrated quad. 2267, in a spruce forest on Sins AG (Schachenw-ald), elev. 490 -m, needle litt€r' oct 6 1990' coll BA 0610-90 BA 1'

cylindrical, with a irulbius base, rigid, solid t; pithy-hollow, surface of the upper third.with a fugacious, usually. poorly defined. whitish olher co octions: quad .2offi,2264. annular zone, whitish and smooth above it, brown-fibrillose-scaty rmiittr: iniiuala' )"-iLiati' ZZiii"qu"rosa (Weinm.) Gi[. var h/sp,ira below, increasingly covered with conical scales toward the (Lasch) Konr & Maubt.

base.

234

Lepiota aff. Knudsen

pseudoasperula I

Fam. Agaricaceae Microscopic leatures

Habitat

dextrino'd' 3s-s5 x 23-30 soritary to.gresarious inside and outside.Jorests. under Fasus, ifl:3:,".I]1:dl"i;lliti:'"ffillli"n'uun" Quercus, Ulmus, on moist, nutrient-rich soil. Fall. Rare. Distributr- B: basdia stendeity ctavaiei ifZZ x S+ pm, with 4 sterigmata and basat on:

^

E

c, 3flIB"r"t,o,..o"rnt

to occurring in crusters, porymorphic, apicatty oft6n

forked or with digitilorm outqrolvths, 18-31 x 3-8 um; pleurocystidia not Macroscopic teatures Pileus 25j50 mm across,. wrren young conic-campanulate and o, B"ptll tn" *"rt" of catenate etements 10-38 x 6-20 !m, with with an incurved margin which isjoined tothe stipe by a cream-co- fdrnt tight brown pidmentation, stigh{y thick-wa|ed, some se'pti with "orposed clamps. lored, fibrillose veil, later convex to plane, sometimes with an ob-

tuse umbo, surface when young completelv covered with concentric, black-brown spines ui to ols trn tongl distantand only remaining crowded toward :Pl::]?l:|.^?TgTiils thecenter of the us, surface breakjng up toward the margin to form distant, centric, closely appressed squamules. background cream to pink-ocher. margin acute. somewhat fringed=. Flosh white, thick ihe center of th; pileus. thin toward the ";arqin, odor tike

[i[3&"" j'zCir4 t, rrot o"""no ed L. pseudoasperutai. a. as smar, with a pirear diapile- iiii"Tii'i ;, ,nd a's1i6 rrfio;14 mm, ina as racxins cner_ con- bcystidia. ENDER(E & KntECLST'ftNen (tseg) gave c'haracteE whicF diffewarm red from those given by KNUDSEN: pileus up to 40 mm across, stipe up to 40 in x 5 mm. and cheilocystidia which are digrtiform aplcally.(s-imilar to those rn feplota :g^corection) but spores nerthel amvloid nol dextnnoid Because of these ca"t"t (No. brj, t ,ira, ,"pr.*""!i1:"qr-[i,..+;:il; 3iL"51i!&i;lli"T]1$,X,13[[7],]3"itf,?"31.?,'^Elh'"3'rX;8S;T,]*; "ti, whitish to pale cream-colored, broad, L = 80-95, I = 3-5, free, ed- in thes€ respects or ihese ar; new species or varieties. ges in part white-llocculose. Stipe 2G.40 x H mm, cylindrical, enlarged toward the apex,

tapera toward the base, solid,

surface

l',,";:,$:"tUfl ;:*lS:5J..,1 T,[li,:,l":: ;:#::,,"H,""y background.

204

Collection.examined and

illuilraled

:xxxf#":"fl{eut]"":;f?0*la3i3.o'.'l?o Onrer co €ctions: none.

-

'" "

nome sarden under u/mus'

lmbach: not included.

Lepiota oreadilormis

fr/K#a^^,o

I

W$ ,&l

nl'tw '-

oo2

top,1-

\U/ ?@il 20

Lrm

20 pm

Lepiota perplexa

EI

s=e)

xt -E

ZZIA

\,;O o(\"aQ

ffi

{'1 \\

.,4

M\)

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)

40 um

P,

! 00-

20 pm

lpo ft0 Lepiota aff . pseudoasperula

)0 oaC)

Ce

lo B a o 20 ua0( ,'tr Q. ,r"( U(

$ Itl

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)

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pm

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D

235

Lepiota

ventriosospora

Reid = Lepiota metulaespora (Berk. & Br.) Sacc. ss. Bres.

I

Fam. Agaricaceae Fr Microacopic features

Habitat

Solitary to gregarious in hardwood and conilerous torests, on damp to moist soils. Fall, Not common, Distribution: E, NA, As,

A:

Br C:

Macroscopic featurgs

Pileus 4H0 (80)mm across, hemjspherical when young, then conical to broadly conical, finally plane, surface in the center when young red-brown and venose to slightly tuberculose-verucose, toward the margin increasingly ocher- to orange-brown and splitting up to form isolated squamules, later with concentric, broadly conical, erect, dark red-brown squamules on a light ocher-yellow background, center remaining dark red-brown, margin radially fibrillose and floccose from the veil remnants hanging from it. Flesh whitish, brownish in the center of the pileus, thin, odor pleasantly fungoid, taste mild, pleasantly lungoid. Lamellae white, broad, L = 38-43, I = 3-7, free, edges smooth. Stipe 60-100 x H (10) mm, cylindrical, solid when young, hollow when old, elastic, entire surface densely fibrillose-floccose when young, apex white, woolly, fibrillose-cottony, color grading from ocher-yellow to orange to orange-brown below, base slightly thickened, glabrescent and ocher-yellow when old.

Spores fusiform, smooth, hyaline, dextrinoid, 17.A-22.4 x 4.2-a.4 ptn; Ql 3.8-4.6; Vm: 245; spp. light yellow. Basidia clavate, 25+3 x 10-'12 pm, with 4 sterigmata and some with basal clamp. Cheilocystidia clavate, venticose, pyiform,22-35 x 11-20 pm;pleurocystidia not seen,

D: Pp composed of exserted, cylindrical, clavate, to fusiform hyphal ends 200-360 x 6.5-10 Um, some with cro$-walls, d€eper hyphae +/- periclinal, with light brown inhacellular pigmentation, some septa with clamps.

Rema*s Lepiota clypeolaia lNo.220) ls a double ol thls sp€cies. However, it has a wh ish-peronate-woolly strpe. ln addltion. it has shorter sporos. Whil6 tho ty. pical form of L, vent 'osospora has an ocher to yellowish veil on the stipe and lacks an annular zone. the torm with an orange verlon the stipe, reddish floccl on the pileusand stip€, and a dislincl annularzone is described as var fu/va Bon. Lepbta ventriosospora is characterized microscopically by the strikingly long, nanow spores.

Collection examlned and lllusfated Meggen LU (Megger\lYald), elev.550 m, quad.2167, in a mixed hardwoodconifer forest, underAb,et Quercut Fagus, Sept. 12,1989, coll. FK,1209-

89K2.

Other colleclions: quad. 2067, 2O8. lmbach: not included.

2

Lepiota P D. Ort.

xanthophylla

I

= Lepiota citrophylla (Berk. & Br.) Sacc. ss. auct. europ., non Berk. & Br.

Habitat Solitaryto gregarious in hardwood and coniferous forests, near Larix or Cedrus, also in greenhouses, Summer-fall, Very rare. Distri bution: E, NAI.

Macroscopic teatures Pileua 30-50 mm across, convex when young, later convex to plane or broadly conical, sometimes with a slight umbo, surface with concentric brown scales on a lemon-yellow background, yellowbrown to brown in the center, usually areolat€, increasingly broken up into scales toward the margin, individual scales appressed and somewhat fibrillose toward the margin, margin somewhat swollen in age and grooved. Flesh pale yellow, thin, odor faintly aromatic, fungoid, taste mild to slightly bitter, fungoid. Lamellae green-yellow, lemon-yellow, broad, L = 3G-35, I = 3-(5), free, edges somewhat undulating. Stlpe 3M0 x 4-6 mm, cylindrical, hollow, surface at the apex greenish-yellow, Irom the middle downward brownfloccose-scaly on a greenish-yellow background, the scales coarser at the the middle and increasingly finer toward the base, llesh weakly staining reddish-brown toward the base, base at times somewhat thickened and with mycelial strands.

237

Fam. Agaricaceae Microacopic features

A:

Spores cylindric-elliptic, hyaline, smooth, dextrinoid, 6.8+.4 x 3.4-4.3 !m; Q: 1.8-2.4; Vm: 63; spp. whitish. Basidia clavate, 22-26 x H !m, with 4 sterigmata and basal clamp. C: Cheilocystidia subglobose, oval, to pyriform, mostly with cross-walls, 2G38 x 7-15 Um; pleurocystidia not seen. D: Pp composed of +/- exserted, cylinddcal, sometimes flexuous-nodulose, also somewhat clavate hyphal ends 10-20 pm across and up to 350 pm long, interspersed with short-clavate elements basally, de€p€r hypha€ +/- periclinal, all yellow-pigmented (pigments soluble in KOH), in part encrusted, some septa with clamps.

B:

Remarks Oiher fnds do not seem to be known from Switzerland. REID (1968) described this species verythoroughly and cited a series of reports in the literature offinds from England, France, and Morocco.ln can be inlsrr€d that this mushroom requires a mib climate and shows no specific association with any plants, Thls assumption is especlally supported by the peculiar locality olthe described collection, under a coffee bush ln a Oreenhouse at 20" C,

Colleclion examined and illustrated Zuich (Bot. Garden), elev.500 m, quad.2468,

in agr€enhouse under Cofea,

on peat humus, May 7, 1990, coll. Gsell, 0705-90 BR.

other collgctlons: none. lmbach: not included.

Leucoagaricusbadhamii

Fam. Agaricaceae

I

(Berk. Br) Sing. = Lepiota meleagroldes Huisfi, = Leucocoprinus badhamil (Berk. & Br) Locquin

Microscopic features

A:

Habitet

Solitary to gregarious in floodplain forests, hadwood torests, on nutrientand humus-rich, basic and neutral soils. Late summer-fall. Rare. Distribution: E, NA.

B:

clamp.

C: Cheilocystidia clavate to flsiform-lageniform, some with a papilliform

Macroscopic festurg3

Pileus 4M0 (80)mm across, conic-campanulate when young,later convex to plane, sometimes obtus€ly umbonat€ in lhe cent6r, surlace cream-white and linely radially fibrillose when young, later increasingly spottrng red-brown and becoming slightly squamose, center dark red-brown, maein acute, smooth, hung in places with whitish veil fibrils when young. Flesh whitish, tuming orange-red only underthe cuticle when cut, thin, quickly tuming green with NH4OH, odor weak, not distinctiv€, taste mild, sourish- Lamellae white when young, later crsam-color€d, broad, L = 130-160, I = 3-5, fr€e, wilh a pseudocollar, edges smooth, red-bown-spotted in places. lurning red-brown in age or when louched. Stipe 5H0 (100) x :F10 (15) mm, cylindrical, slightlytapered toward the apex, usually bultous toward the base, stuffed when young, hollow when old, ootire surlaco whitish-cream and finely fibrillos€-floccose, annulus membranous, ascending, whitish, marginal zon€ and underside lumrng brown to blackish in age. Allparts otlrb. turning oranqe-red when iniured and rubb€d, turninq red-brown to black wh€n old.

Spores elliptical, smoolh, hyaline (a lew brown-red in KOH). dextrinoid. metachromatic. thick-walled. withoutagerm por6,6.4-8 x 3.8-4.6 Um: O: 1.5-'1.9;Vm:66i spp. whit6? (not seen). Basidla clavate, 18-23 x 8-10 um, with 4 sterigmata, without a basal

D:

apex, some with greenish contents in NH4OH, 3H5 x 12-22 vm; pleurocystidia not seen. Pp in the cenier of the pileus and in th€ scal€s a trichoderm compos€d ol kregular hyphae with slendedy clavate to lusiform ends 100-360 x 6-20 Um, brown-pigmented, septa without clamps.

Remarks Leucoagaricua bresaclolae (No. 238) produces more compact frbs. with flesh which when cutturns yellow at first and then orange towine-red; in addition,

the frb. when rubbed tums yellow at fi6t and then red and tinally brown to black. lt has larger spores (8.8-12.4 x 6-7.5 pm) with a germ pore. L. bresado/ee was for a lono time confused with L. badhamii and erroneouslv referred to as La.,coagar,ius badhamil. As the differences given above indrcate. these are two clearly separable species. JOSSERAND (1S74) and KRIEGLSTEINER (1991c) discussed the synonymy and compared them with similar taxa.

Collection examined and illusEated

Cudrefin VD (Fan6l), el€v. 435 m. quad.2057, in a lloodplain lorsst. Oct 18. 1992, coll. F. Frel6choux, 1810-92 K 5. Other collections: none.

206

-

lmbach: not included.

Lepiota xanthophylla

!l-s,o

^0-s,\

,C4 \*

7

A " 7\\/

,,5, Qr/r.':,

oQg50 :^f\ ,.2n,

L

OQY-*'. nt/ll?

^:

00

^

Qno n\)Dl(l) vv \l uu\)l 'Y ,r\

n

20 pm

r

Leucocoprinus brebissonii

,TP6]M?V

qNw0 -On

!

.^zoprl\,

ffrtnnirXv

000

\1VVY.Y^UO

.00fl&t))00 H

v )r L-- '-fv

tu pm

Leucocoprinus cepistipes

;REffi