Fungi of Switzerland [1/6]

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FUNGI OFSWITZERLAND A contribution to the knowledge of the fungal flora of SwiEerland

Volume

1

Ascomycetes

390 species described, principally from the Canton of Lucerne and central SwiEerland, with drawings of microscopic features and color photographs

Edil€d by J. Breitenbach and F. Kdnzlin, Mycological Society of Lucerne French tramlation by Dr. Jean Keller, Universile de NeuchAel Englash translataon by Virgania L. and Dr. Jam€s F. Waters, Humboldt Stale Univelsity (Califomia) vedag Mykologia, CH$om Luc€rne 9 (switrerland)

I

'litle of the German ediiion "Pilze

der

Schweiz"

Tide ol the French "Champignons de

Bandl

Ascomyceten

edton Suisse' Tomel Ascomycites

Addreeg of lhe French lranBlatoc Dr. Jean Keller, lnstitut de Botanique, Chantemerle 22, CH-z)oo Neuchatel

Address ol lhe English translaloG: Virginia L. and Dr. James F. Waters, Department of Biology, Humboldt State l-lniversity, Arcata, caliL 95521, u.S.A. Address€s ot the aulhors: J. Breitenbach, Wesemlinstrasse 54, CH{006 Luzern F. Kranzlin, Ruflisbergstrasse 3, CH4006 Luzern

CollaboraloB lroln lhe Flodstics wolk Group ol the MSL: P. Amrein, Kriens G. Richoz, Kriens H. Sutter, Schwyz J. Bachler, Boot Th. Honermann, Luzern J. Wespi, Horw A. Zwyssig, Treib F. Milller, Reiden

\redag ytololF, o

1984.

CH.6(XD Luzem 9 (SwiEerr.nd)

All dghts rese ed-

Pinted in swiE€rland

composition: Color lithography: Priniing:

Fotosatz Abisz aG, Gigi schmi+Hueiiger, cH-6006 Luzen E Kreienbnhl & Co. AG, CH{005 Luem Mengis + SticherAc, CH{00 Luzem

lnlroduclion. PhoiogEphs:

H. Sutler. Schwyz J. Bachler, J. Breitenbach, F. KraEIin

in

ISBN 3t5604 105 2 ISBN 3€5604{05$ ISBN 3-85@Fm5€ ISBN 3-86@4-110-9 ISBN 3{6604-111-7

(Cohplcte sen6. F.ench) (Complete (Complele (Volume 1, (volume 1,

seri6, German) series, Eng,ish) French 1st ed.)

French znd od. revised)

ISBN 3-85@4{1G2 (volume 1, Geman o g.lst€d.) ISBN 3-S5604{11{ ryolumel, German odg.2nd ed. revised) ISBN 3-85604-21G5 (Volume 1, Enqlish 1st ed. tmnsl.lrom German 2nd rcvised ed.)

Table of Contents

I Page

Foreword and Acknowledgments

Translalors' note

5 6

Pretace Authors' loreword

7

Acknowledgmenls : lntroduction

8

What are ascomycetes? Syslematics of ascomyc€les Overvievu ol the region sludied

9 10

lloristically

12 12 14

Sy3lem ol coordlnalea Geology, vegetaton, and climate ol cenlral Switsedand

Methods of study Collecling and lorays Sorllng, inyeelioEtion, and idenlifcation Microecopy and drawing Pholognphy in lhe fiold and the sludio Sp€clmen-caid

15 15 15 16 17 17

1116

Pr€padlion ol helbarium 5p€cimens

Floristic Part

Explanation o, technical lerms 18 Symbols and abbreviations 21 ldenlilication key 24 390 ascomycetes, with descriptions, drawings ol microscopic characters, and color photographs, numbered lrom l-390 € List ot additional ascomycetes idenlified and deposiled in lhe 304

herbarium

Bibliography lndex

Lalin names ol lungi

307

Cover photogrEphc Front Morchella esculenta va.. rigida with a March tty (genus Bibro)

Back

cover: cover:

Sarcoscypha coccinea

see page 122

Translators' note

lo have the opportunity to present this signilicant contribution to the knowledge of ascomycetes to English-speaking mycolog ists. The fu ngi covered in this book are, needless lo say, not confined to centralSwitzer land bul are more widely distributed throughout northern Europe, and many occur in North America aswell. Asidefrom its exceptionally high quality of production, this We are honored

book is remarkable in having been produced by a group ol dedicated, enthusiaslic, and hardworking amateur mycoF ogists belonging to the Mycological Society of Lucerne, who are interested infungias living organisms, and notjusl as somelhing to eat or otherwise exploit- We havetranslated G.J. Kdeglsteineis preface lo the German edjtion, which vividly explains the significance of the accomplishment of these people, Like G.J. Krieglsteiner, we hope lhat this book stimulates people to pay more attention to these lungi, moslly tiny and inconspicuous bul very beautiful, which are generally igfiored in favor of the more impressive agarics. May the Mycolog| cal Society of Lucerne be an inspiration to other mycological societies around the worldl A noteon common names: TheGerman edition provided a common name lor each species, including newnameswhere none existed belore- Since these fungiare generally small and nol ol interest to the folk, most of them lack English common names.Our policywas to use names which seemed to be genuine commofl (folk) names. The tollowing books Dickinson, C. and J, Lucas, eds,, '1979. The encyclopedia o, mushrooms. Putnam: New York,208 pp. Kibby, G., 1S79. Mushrooms and toadstools: a lield guide. Oxrord LJniversity Press, 256 pp. Miller, O. and D.l-. Farr.'1975. An rndex ollhecommon fungr of Norlh America, synonymy and common names, J. Cramer: Vaduz, 206 pp. Phillips, R.,1981. Mushroomsand other fungi ol Great Eritain and Europe. Pan Books Lld.: London,288 pp.

Common names of trees and other plants associated with the ascomycetes were obtained lrom the rollowing books: Clapham, A.8.,T. G. Tutin, and E- F. Warbur9,1962. Floraof the British lsles. Camb dge University Press, 1269 pp. Milchell, A. F., 1974- A lield guide to ihe trees of Britain and northern Europe- Collins: London,415 pp.

.a

5

Polunin, O-,'1969. Flowers of Europe: afield guide. OxlordUniversity Press, 662 pp. would like to thank the Director of lheTelonicher Marine Laboratory of Humboldt State University lor generously allowing usto uselhe I aboratory'sword-processing microWe

compuler.

!

Arcata, Oclober 1983 Virginia L. Waters Dr- James E Waters Humboldt State University Arcata, Calirornia, U,S.A.

Preface

Srnce H. Behm published his.Ascomyceten Deutschtands,

Osterreichs und der Schweiz" (Ascomycetes of Germany. Ausvia and Swiizerland) in 1896, only a very few professional mycologists have concerned themselves wilh central European ascomycetes in general, and most of lhese only with individual genera and species. These publications are scatlered in iournals which are often difficult of access and in loreign languages.

Popular mushroom picture-books generally ignore the large group of ascomycetes or include only a few common and especially photogenic morels, sadc,le fungi, trutfles, and large cup fungi. Even lhe more technical standard works, when added to these, bring thetotalupto only about 25O ascomycetes. Therefore, until now, an amateur or lay percon who wanted towork on ascomyceles was generally dependent on the key by Moser (1963) or could turn to Dennis' .British Ascomycete$ (1978) if he had command ol the

English language. So it is no wonder that the ascomycetes in central Europe became stepchildren ot general floristic or chorologac and ecological studies, and that mushroom enthusiasts much prelerred lo take their chances with lhe well-explored polypores, boletes, and agarics. lf one com pares the n um bers ol basidiomycetes and ascomyceles lisled in localor regional lungusfloras, the proportion comes out between S 12 to 1. ln recent years theonly local ascomycetes which have be-

come known have been lound sporadically, and they indude on the order of no more than 200 species. This book bymyfriendsJos€fBreitenbach and Fred Kranzlin is written to remedy this disproportionate emphasis. Atter long years of intensive collaboralion with enthusiastic and industrious companions in the Mycological Society ot Lucerne, they present hereaworkwhichwitt certaintyfitt a gap in the literature. Wilhthis book they providean idealexampte

of what a regional society of molivaled amateurs can accomplish, despile many ditficulties, quantitative as wettas qualilalive, when people do not merely indulge in finding things occasionally and bychance bul work systematically and persistently. This means searching not only durang the

€eason" bul allyearlong, and in all parts of the countryside which are distinctive in thek geology, climate, and ptant ecology, and recordingtheresultscartographicatty. tn addilion, such people also, sell-evidently, recognize cdlically signilicant finds as such. They document forms which are

mt identifiable

at first with the hetp of photographs, pains-

takingly accurate drawings of macroscopic and microscopic f eatures, morphological and ecological descraplions, and commentaries, in addition to well-preserved dried spe. cimens, Toilsomeacquisition and thorough study of the liteF ature, and exchange of information with other mushroom enthusiasts and mycological societies in Switzerland and other countri€s as well as with specialists, lead in most cases,

though with toil, finally to the goal. This book, which iscompelling becauseof its [tcid representalion of macroscopic and microscopic characters of 390 species, ln which many forms are pictured in a book of platesforthefirsltime, will quicklyattain its rightfut ptaceas lhe "Ascomycete Handbook" in the German tanguage. As a corollary, however, two hazards should be expressed. The irst isthat lay peopleand beginners will expect a "comptete" flora. No book, however, can meelthisexpectation_ Acomparison after 10 or 20 years will show that several "new" ,orms have been added, be lhey true "neophytes" or longoverlooked species. {Cerlainly many "old'species are gorng to be lamented, having been exterm inated byenvironmental changes caused by civilization.) The other hazard isthat the

artfully photographed pictu.e-caialog could be used by ilselfas a quick and exclusive meansofidenlilying ascomycetes which one f inc,s, because the beauty and variety ol the

oulstanding piclures and drawings are fascinaling. Therefore t should beexpresslyemphasEedthai only the prosaic use of keys {one is included), ot the microscope, and in many cases also o{the specialized literature can lead to a defensible diagnosis. Th€€e slatements do not disparage the great accomptishment oftheauthors and theircoworkers but onlyset falseor rash expectations to rights. We wish allthe readers ofthis bookwell inthe hopelhat it may gi\,e strong impetus to future work with the ascomycetes, so that they can very soon emerge from their

former shadowy

existence in popular and scientific knowledge of central European fungi. Durlangen (Fed. Rep. Germany), October1981 German J. Krieglsteine.

Foreword

Thiswork

is the result ot an intensive and syslemalic investigation of lhe fungal llom of cenlral Switzerland and presents a cross-section o{ the variety ol colors and forms of ascomy-

celes. The species included are largely representative of those occurring throughout ceniral Europe. All vouchor specimens are deposiled in the Herbarium of the Mycological Society of Lucerne in the Natural H isiory M useum ol Lucerne, The book is directed nol onlytoward mycologists but also qu ile generally to lovers of m ushrooms and natu re, foresters,

and schools, and so we have made the attempt to include the entire scienti{ic narnes of species, as well as to conslruct an identilicalion keywhich is based primarilyon macro6copic When the FloristicsWork Group orthe MycologicalSociety of Lucerne was formed underlhe leadership ol the two authors, in 1968, nobody suspected that their work would some day lead to a publication. Even severalyears earlier, some of these amateur mycologists had cometogetheron occasion f or collecting trips, special evenings f or identilication, and sludy weeks. Nevertheless lhis work, done as a

pastime and out ol pure delight in nature and mycology, could not remain without purposeand coordination.Therefore soon elery colleclion was remrded on a special specimen card, provided wilh drawings ot microscopic characters, photographed, and deposited in the herbarium.lnthisway hundreds of species were accum ulated from the Canlons o, Obwalden, Nidwalden, Schwyz, Uri, Zug, Aarau, Bern, and Luzern.

Encouraged bya suggestion of Dr. R.A. MaasGeesteranus, Leiden, we studied the possibilities of a floristic evaluation orthe collected material, This material became the present book no laterlhan it did also because theformer President ol our Society,

E.

J. lmbach, who had died several years earlier,

had akeady accomplished the pioneering work, with his "Pilrlora des Kantons Luzern und derangrenzenden lnnerschweiz" ("1/ushroom flora oltheCanton Luzern and adjacenl central Switserland, (1946). [,4oreover we were strengthened in ourintention to publish a well-documented lloraalso bya passage in Dennis (1968), p.

xxix,which reads: "Lists of recordsthatcannot beverilied

are mere wasle paper".

The present work can therefore on the one hand otfer the mycologist useful c,ocumentalion, as accurate as possible scienlif ically, whilethe opportunity existsto request voucher material for one's own investigations or to learn about the 7

distribution of our linds and theirhabitatand subslrate. On lhe oLher hand, the amateurand the lay person receive an attractive and informative representation of each species, which enables them lo make idenlilications either with the key developed especially lor this book or by simple picturebook methods.

Fundamentally,wehaveplannedlobringallotlheidentified macroscopic fungi in our floristic study area together in a series of books. ln so doing we have in the first place not waited for the greatest possible completeness but have ds' cided to put out the firstvolume as soon as the number ol

species reached a reasonable size. Although this book, which we thought of at first only as a catalogue intended to serve as a contribution to the knowledge ot the Swiss tungal flora, with special em phasis on central Switserland, we have attached an identification key in response lo numerous re' q uests. Th is simplifies even for beginners the identilication of theirtinds with lhe species contained in this workThere are several reasons why ascomycetes are treated in ihe lirstvolume- Of this incrediblyspecies-rich group, good color pictures ot on ly the larger and more abundant species of the Pezizales are to be lound in the lilerature, while authentic photographs of the rare and especially of the small fungi are

lacking. Moreover, many outstanding illuslrations (wateF colorc and line drawings). as well as drawings ol m icroscoprc charactersand descriplions, are scatlered in various publications and therefore very diflicult of access for the amateu r. Also, it will be a long time before lhe standard wo*s mentioned in the second paragraph below are in every library, afld moreoverlhey pose certain language probiemslormany people.

Itisclearlhatourpictures,whichweretaken primarilyinthe

nalural habitat, can not show certain macroscopic characters to the degree that is possible in subiective water_color drawings, bul one should consider tha! lhe collectorencounters the fungi in nalure in exactly this condition. Small iungi of 0.25-10 mm were nevenheless photographed in thestudio, because the appropriate technical requ irements for photo_

macrography are present only there. These very pictures make it possibleforthe loverofnalurelo have accesslothe diminutive beauty of lhe smallest fungi, which an unaided eye caflnol otherwise perceive. The identif ication otthe specieswas undertaken in the main using the customary identification books and slandard works such as Moser 0963), Dennis (1978), Boudier (1905-1910), Seaver (1928,1951), Behm (1896), and Winter (1887). ln

addi

lion, a large amount of speciatized titerature had lo be exam_ ined, especially monographsand pertinenl iou rnats. tn the process we wore allowed lo rety on the assrslance ot a number of mycol€isis Since alt of ihe spect€s rnctuded are deposrted in the Natuml H islory Museum of Lucerne as dried specimens (Herb. LU), review is possibte at a times. I herp was a series o, olher ascomycete finds which we could not include here (see list on p, 304), constdenng lhe scope of ihis worl €s wellas the lack of good photooraphs.

lf much is wiitten today about protection of fungi, and gove,nmenlal reslrictions on colecting are introduced or

pranned, nev€nhetess most specresol ascomycetes wou td b€ endangered very httle rndeed by the co ector, because

ma4y are exlraordinarily trny or inconspicuous. and onty

the morels and,n certail Londitions some sadd te lungiare

used as looo. Beat dangsr ihreatsns alt fungi in generat aboveallthrouoh alerat,ons orth€ €nvironm€;t whrch accompanyourcivitization, such asdraining, road_building, alterjng lhe stabitityof forests, air poltution, ,ertitizerc, hei_ bicides,lungicides, inseclicides, andolhersimitarthings. tn

thls regard rt isworthwhileto mak€ 166ponsrbte peopt€ sen_ silive, sothat rn lhe ltrture our descendanistoocan lderive untroubledjoyfrom the rich fu ness of our beautifut nature.

s

Lucerne. October tg8l

The authors

Acknowledgments Many colleaguesand 6ympathenc peopte haveconlnbut6ct

tothesuccessol thrswork. To ihem wewoutd tikeioexpress here our deeply fp't thanks. We espeoa y lhank our com_ pan'ons in the Flofislics Wor\ croup ot the Mycotogicat So-clely ol Lucerne namety p. AMREIN. J. BACHLER, TH H.oNERMANN, F MaLLER, a. atcnoz, w_ scuwlhzl, H- SU T T E R, J. W ES p l, andt. ZWySS/G, who haveespecia y undertaken most of lhework ot processing and registerinq thecollections. Therr setltess dedicalion a-nd their cheerlul coop€ration despite th€ high d€mands which had to b€ placed upon them, as well as their companionsh ip, have repeatedly

encoufaged usto bringthis extensivework locomptelion.

rH - H ON ERM AN N, F. MU LLE R, W. OLDAN I, and H. SU T f ER haveeSpecrallyappliedthemsetveslothepreparatronO{1he parnsraking mic/oscopicat drawtngs. H. suIIfR mosl ex pertly executed alsoattofthedrawingsand maps in the in-

lroductory part.

We were privileged 10 receive scientific counsetand good advrce ltom DR. R. A. M A/4S GEES rE,q/4l,i US. Lerden; DR.

.!.

u!!t_P1y!yELEN. Leden: H.o. B/4pAt, rdbrngeni

Beli\ c_J KBIEGLSTE/NER, Dunanaen; r.B- LOHMEYFR. Hamburg: W MArHfiS. Mnnchwilen, and J SCHWEGLEP. SternhaLsen. we present our sincere thanks to allol ihem Wbarealso obliged to DR p HEBGEP, the Curatorofthe Natural Hisiory Museum of Lucerne, for accommodating the Herbarium of the Mycotogicat Soctety ot Lucern€, a; E GERHARDT,

wellas lor hrs advrce on eniomotoqrcatOuesltons. Special heartfelt thanks are due to our friend DR JE4N KELIEA Neuchatel, forhis spontaneous readine6s io read

through lhe manuscript critica yand totranstate it into French And Io V IRAINIA L, WATERS and DR. JAMEs F. wAT ERs, Humboldt State LJniversity, Arcata, Catir. U.S.A. tor their

accurate lranslation into Enolish. Finallywethank atllhe unliri;g peoptewho year in and year oul hav_e helped .us in colecting the tjngr, especra y p AMREtN. J. BAjHLER, H_o_bARAt. E. a5f,tsci, A, BURI I. B ERA, A, FUCHS, 1H- HONTRMANN, A, IFF, A" LFFa T, R, LoHMLYER, F- MaLLER, w, 1LDANI.

9.1tg.!1o2. J RAEDt. J. SCHryEGLER, H.SUrlLR,

J. WESPI, and A. ZWYSS|A. Luc€rne. October lgS3

Theauthors

lntroduction

What are ascomycetes ? It is notsupposed lo belhefunclion ol this book logive an introduction lo mycology and to explain lhe systorn atics and biology of lungi. For lhat there is a whole series of good works

which explain that entire field ot knowledge very well, for beginners as well as for advanced people (see Bibliography).

lnthe planned complelework "Fungi of Swilze and"thesocalled higher fungiwill be ireated tloristically. The presenl volume concerns lhe ascomyceles exclusively The somewhat artilicial concept "higher fu ngi,, comprises the basidi_ ornycetesand ascomycetes, who6elluiling bodies can attain a size ol atew tenlhsola millimelerto several decimeters. Of the olher groups oJ fungi, lor example phycomyceles, molds 6nd mildews, rust and smut lungi, d€uleromycetes (imperfecttungi), myxomycetes, and oth6rs, the myxomy_ celes (slime molds) al most are studied by mushroom en thusiasts because they form peculiar, beautilul' and interesting lruiting bodi€s. ln order lo explain brielly what a6comycetes are' we musl lirstoJ allclearly understand by what characters they difier from the basidiomycetes. The basidiomyceles are distinguished by the generally conspicuous lorms of the tuiting bodv. orwhichwewrll mentron onlyal€w oneBrmmedralely recoq nEable T h rs ls lhe welFk nown mushl oom tne agarrc f ruiling body, divided into cap and slalk. Otherf ruiting bodies io be menlioned arethe sheel- or brackellike Corticiaceae and polypores, lhe club- orthread_like corallungi, and lhe

spherical gasteromycsles. The most importantcharacter, however, is ;rscertainable only microscopicallyi lt is the club- to pearshap€d cells of the nvmenium. the socalled basidia, Frg. l. onwhose lreeends the spores develop. Th€ hyphae ol tFe germrnatrng spor6 lorm a haploid (uninucleate) mycelium. Through copulalion oftwo hyphae, adiploid (binucleate) mycelium is formed, which depending on circumstances conlinues io develop vogelalrv€ly underground lor yea16. Only when condilions become lavoraDle do€s ii form a flurtlng body. which lhen consistsexclusivelyoldiploidhyphae. Fusionof nuclea (ka ryogamy) occurs inlhe probasidiaof thefruiting body, where immecliately afterwards reduction division (meiosis) also takes place, and thesporesarelormed onthe ripe basid'um' The ascomyceles are immed iately distiflguishabl€ externally by their cup-shaped or hollow sphericalfruitinq bodies. A

I

Flg.1. Basilia ol Photiotina bleltana (Fr.) Favod wath voLrng spo,es (phase_

very large propodion oi ascomycetgs clel/elop6 small to m inute

fruiling bodies.

The main microscopic differences, however, arethespore tormrno oroans, the scHslled ascl Fig.2. inside which lhe soores-de"itop Tt' ese a,e gen6rallv 8, but lhere can be 2 or 4, or even a multrple ol eighi. ln contlast to lhe basidiomycetes, the ascomycete lruiting body at lirst consists only oi haplord hyphae.andcopulatronol twodiflerenthyphaefirsl takes plaae inthe lruil,ng body.ln lhedrploid (binucledte) or socalled ascogonous hyphaewhich lhen develop karyogamy occurs. lnthedeveloplngploasc,lhenucleardrvlsionsoccur, and the (8) spores are formed in the mature ascus.

lnsummaN.rtcanbesaidthatlhebasidiomvcelesditlerfrom lh6 ascomycsles above all rn the ofterent lorms ol lherl spore_ proolJcr.g organs. the basrd,a or asct. as lheir very names in.li.rle ihis is a clearcut m rcroscopic characlel whlcl' rn

most cases allows one to assig n a fungus to one of the two groups using its ripe lruiting bodies (forexampte, cupshaped

Systematics ol ascomycetes

cyphelloid fungiwhich belong to the basidiomycetes but have fruiting bodies whose form is otherwise kno$/n onty in the

(atrer Dennis 1978)

Very soon. even beginflers witt tind Lheir way lhrough the multitude of forms and be abte to recognize intuftvety. on the basis of the exlernal form, to which ofthe two large groups a specimen belongs.

The systematics used in lhiswork is shown in thefottowing table. Syslems of olher authors can ditfer from this, and in dividual taxonomic groups can also bear other names. Genera in this book belong tofamilieswith botdtacenames. Thenumbers refer to the first species in the corresponding families. Thetermsin parentheses arealsoused inthe litera

F19.2. A6ci ol Pachyella viotaceonig.a (Fehm) ptisrer, with

spor6

10

Ascomycetes

Sp. no

Taph.in

Taphhnales

Claviciprlales

cac 374 375

-

Cephalolhecaceae

-

Elaphomyc€tacgae

:_l\9osPhaeEce@ - cllYloFht c.!!

308-315 316-321

sss - 362 33a - 352

Verrucanac€aa

coro!9plgEgEq

373

291

295

Ph.{!E999L

296

131

Orbllllceas

130

142

250-254 255

- 290

210-249

143 160

Oslropales

-

Oslrop9€ao

159

- 2!9

299 - 302

1-

11-

33

r0 32 66

111-117

-

118

S.rco.cyphacaac

rB@!EgL Leono6les

Locld.'e.c

119-123

-

110

124

125

67

126

,97 -298

379 3AO

341

- 3€6

*2 Hy3tadaccaa

347 - 3SO

377

- 374 376

11

Overview ol the region studied floristically

Th€ region studiedwas principally central Swiiz€nand. Fig.3 shows SwiEedand, indicating ihe region investigaled in detait

System ol coordlnales

florislically.

We have chosenlhe method otcoordinate mapping in order lo record s mply yet elfectively enough the distribution ot

On theenlarged map segment Fig.5, geographic features and thegrid system used in thisflora are represented, atong wiih the numbers ol lhe quadranls (see also the next section). These quadrant num bers are simply construcled on the basis ol the olficialcoordinales lor altot Switzertand. The mapcoordinales used bythe German Mycological Society in mapping central European lu ng i are also g iven along ihe borders of the large-scale map in Fig. 5, along with geographic degrees of longilude and latitude. These data attow tlanstation lrom one system oI coordtnaies to another.

Jungi which we lound. U p to now, lwo principal methods have been used for map, ping fungi. Thefirst isthecoordinatesystem (t T8)usedby the German Mycotog ical Society in its drsrribution maps of centml European fungi, in which the q uadrants are ca. toro km. The second is based on degrees ol tongrtude and tatirude and rs used in inlernational mapping. Both systems are nol especially suitable for Switzenand. ln lhe inlernatio nat sys, tem lhe single quadranls are too large. ln contrast, lhe German syslem of coordinates might have been used instead, but t extended atfirslonlylo4T" tat. Moreover,lheMTBcoordinate system is nol printed on Swisstopographic maps and woutd have had flrst to be added. These facts, as wellas the circumstance that the topographic mapsolSwilzenandare already provid€dwtththenown coordinate sysiem, prompted us to adopt il for numbering Analogously wlth the international numbering ot geographic areas, the four-place quadranl numberwas construcled of the firsi two numbers ol the corresponding ordrnate and

2t0

FiS,3,

:!J.r_

Ovediewo,Sw'lzenand.Thereg onstudiedindelaiLUorisrcal ysout rned Bern s the poinr ot origin oi the SwEs coord nare system. lls ons ludeand lalitude area7.0O and0e"0o.

h

I

oL-

( I

9b

Ellg.JJ

*ry

+ I

I

I I

i

r;?h

-_-L 4ry

@

=

@

9

I

I

Conslruction ol lhe numbers

I

ollhelorislrc quadrants 12

labscissa.Thefirsllwo numbersareder vedlrorn theabscissa and theiwotollowing from the ordinale.Thequadrant mea sures 10x10 km (Fig.4). OLrr sysiem of numbering the quadrants can be applied 10 allofSw tzerland at anyiime using the coordinate data.Vlce

coordinales

versa, il ispossibletoderivethecorresponding of each quadranl from its quadrant number.

Fis. s.

Overviewoltheilorslcreqionstudied ndeta,withquadrant.umbers lprl ma,o n wr h abs.issd , -mb"r- 'owar -.rqr1 $rrr ordit'a

l:mb.F rrql's1drppe ^d'qn $ a 16M BnLmoa's LIe5or ola ruod ord a,|l' oa dr. 1oi pa'olle * rl rSo .oo'd. 'lo'

€l MTB

240

MTB

13

'El

4

M'I

' .2365 I\

, ll

23 64

E

BI5 I

MIB

MTB

16

2366

17

\ \ l=:] \:",

\.2367

Ilbfl

I

I MTB

18

l_

2369

',,

\4i

1.

210

2264

",2263

-E

"

2265 r..

{\Y266

rr\ \\ 216y'.r.

2164

rr"no'

,..,4 e

tl

-\

J,196S-

J

.

t:

rfoo'

r80

l.VU

E

{

\Jtr?":f"

nl;'i {rs

'\

; Tq\ .,,,'

@

I'

@

@ I

46-50

,,,i' t \ rtr

1765

l @

de6e I | **6:'

Idi \r866

1864

i*l'

'/

1196? I

.,!i'

/

1863

63

206&1

,#-

190

-t; l: thTf"

,'f,

ill iir^

.-,.1963

l;1

./l

hP.306B-:

.f

200

13

,,IUIETI

2167

2066 '

2065

2064

2€,163

)G.

"-'

toq,:t'

269r* 47-10

2166

.-r'

2)Q

2

?1^t

1160 i i .4

qfli -t i{{i @ @ lu

46 40

Geology, vegetation, and climale ol central Swilzerland The following maps provide an overv ew ol the geoloqical tion zones of the region studied llorislically in detait. and climalolog ca cond tions aswellaslhe nalura vegeta-

Geology

Natural forests ::i

I

'l

:

1

rr'i {! lt_:---:_'l

m IIITITIII

t

wm)

ffi

F+1

Average precipilalion

r' rl t tn!ft n!

(nlheSwEsPalea!

rots.(

now mosnymod J €d byloreslry pract ces)

Average temperatures

f\,

,

\\3 ". ,.

IIH l,'/!'

sour.Fs Ara. der S.hwetr (r%J 1973r Arun-He

119771

14

Methods of study Collecling and forays Oneof themostimportantactivitiesof afloristicstudyisthe collectingtrips inthestudy area, as wellas thesuitable preparation of the specimens founc,. Our collecting activity extends throughout the whole year. There is a series of fungi which fruit only in the winter months. Naturallythe main growing periods are thewarmer seasons ofthe year, from springtofall- During ourcollecting excursions the most d iverse environ ments are deliberately soug ht out, and the various quadrants are examined geographically at various limes. ln order to find certain species, one must also go oul looking for specific substrates, because many species are veryseldom found bychance. Allthefinds are packed separately in plastic boxesand labeled with collecting data, becauseworking onthem and identilying them inthe field are usually not possjble. Ascomycetes generally keep very well il one lays some dam p moss on the collecled material. ln winter a great variety of

ripe pyrenomycetes may be collecled from dead wood. Even when these are dried oul, they are easy to work on afler being wetted again. Oneobtainsan interesting survey ofthe dung-loving ascomycetes if one collects excrement of different animals, puts it in a

plastic box lined with moist paper, and cultures it al home.

Thiscultuing

is verysimpletocarryoul and isan especially rewarding and interestifl g undertaking during the long winter days.

Soding, investigation, and identilication The collected fungiare examined forlheir state of maturity andthe immature ones are discarded or, in the case of rare

species,laid asideto mature. The macroscopic and microscopic invesligation follows upon this, during which the drawings of microscopicfeaturesare prepared andthe collecting data are recorded on lhespecimen cards. Withthis foundalion, subsequent identification is possible for many species, often, to besure, onlyafterlhestudyorthe relevant n ical literatu re. Doubtlu I or uncertainly identified species are favorile objects ol discussion in the work group. For helpwith u nusual problems, we turn occasionallyto outside

tech

friends and specialists- l{ the specimens have not already been photographed in the field, pictures are taken in the studio, as is always the case lor lhe small and the minute fungi. Finally, thefruiting bodies are dried and deposited as specimens in the herbarium. 15

MicrGcopy and drawlng ln our work group we use principally Wild, Leilz, Admiral, Olympus, and Nikon research microscopeslor microscopical investigation. The optical equipment consists throug hout ol

achromatic objectives with magnifications ol 4x, 10x, 4Ox, andloox (oilimmelsion), which aresupplemenled in parl with phasecontrast equipment. All instruments are provided with low-voltage Kdhler illumination- As additional equipment, adapter tubes for photomicrography are available, as well as drawing attachments. Preparation of the material, prefeaably fresh, takes place eitherbycutting it byhand with razor bladesunderthe binocular loupe (6 mx) or by simply squashing it into small lragments. Herbarium material isfirsi softened somewhat in a damp chamber and then cut with a hand microtome or processedwith the above methods. Su bseq uently lhe sections are lested with thefollowing reagents in lurni distilled waler, Irelzels reagenl, somelimes KOH (polassium hydroxide, 50,6), ammoniated congo red, cotton blue-lactic acid, and sofonh, Sectionsofherbarium material are lirst placed in KOH lo expand, then rinsed, and linallyinvestigated in the above reagents. To complete the florjstic documentalion, we male permanent shde preparations ol many species. which are mounled in cotton blue-lactic acid, drained well, and ringedlwicewith nailpolish (solhat theywill be hermetF cally sealed). Forthe produclion ofthe mrcroscopical d rawings we usp in most cases drawing apparalus which enables us to work according to precisely tixed magnifications. This melhod perm ils the g reatesl possible obiectivityi even so, the occasional subjective inlluence of the illustrator is not entirely excluded. These drawings aresuitedto a clearand understandabte represenlation ol the microscopic characters better than photomicrographs, which we nevertheless use also lor documentation in rare cases. Thedrawing is done on the appropriate specimen cards.ln this way the same elements can be represented as far as possible to lhe same magnilication, ,or example, spores always 20O0x and asci1000x. Theworking drawings so obtained served as a foundation for the preparation of the final drawings on tracing paper, which then afler reduction by 5OY0lormed the camera-ready copy for this book.

Us€s ol the most cornmon aids to investtgation

Photography in the field and in the studio Thepictures reproduced hereweretaken withoutexception with reflexcameras, principally in 6x6cm format butatso in 24x36 mm- Fortaking the pictures we used the positive fitm Agfachrom-Professional and the negative films Kodacotor and Fujicolor, from which positive copies had to be made for reproduction. For photographs inthefietd, uptoa ratio ofll, a macro-objective of normal tocal tength, with an ex tension tube or bellows, could be used. Pictures with greater magnifications, to 7J, were taken at homewith revers€d wide-angle objectives on the appropriale tubes or bellows. Whether in field or taboratory, the camerawasal ways mounted on a stand in the usuat manner. Experience has shown lhat instantaneous photographs and long exposures by daylight otten show u ndesirabte, d istu rbing tinges of color (diflerences from color temperature ol daylight, color reflections, the Schwaischild effect). For this reason we have committed ourselves to the eleclronicllash method with principaland accessory ftash or reftec tors. A constant diaphragm setting of f/16 gives optimat deplh of lield and also allows easy use of the etectronic flash. By means of a test series the distances to the flash were established lorvarious magnitications and recorded in a table- Very bright or very dark photographic obiects required a correclion of 1/2 to 1 f-stop.

A test series was made, by preference on positive film throughout, as follows. A picture was taken al each flash distancecalculated (see box); lhen, foreach otthese, others were taken with the llash distance shortened and tengthened by 1/3. Ol course these data musi be recorded in writing.

16

r'

+s Nqllq'or5

L.

$E^.,

Nshe

1!!!I

areMlLo!

!, .].da rr3 / c;li.r ;*

,mt-8c Ho,

Eiampe ofa n ed oul specimen card

Forfiula torcalculailon lhe lheoreilcal dlstance lrom llash lo objecl 0iqhl striking obiecl al approximately 45

degre*):

conec{oa lactor - u5 (u.ing wo*ing firrop)

rrqnltlctllon

=

+1

dblance in melers

Formula lor calcLrlatang correclion lactor using lhe

wo*ing t-slopi flash guide number at 2] DIN iASA,/|SO 1ml

{usualtodav) ..

-

worhrnq r*rop Correction o, guide numberlorother lih speeds; for 1 DIN = 2 uaits of suide-number, + or Formula for the practical calculation of magnilicalion: length of Picture formal (ror example 36mm in

24x361!t91!9

lenglh ol rield lo be pholoqraphed (in mm)

Sp€cimen-card file The liled-outspecimen cards (Flg 6)Iorm thebasis ofthe card ,ile. On the lront s de these cards carry ihe names of genus and species, author, and lamily, the quadrant numb€rs, dateoicollect on, ocality, descript on oiihe habital including the subslrale, abundance, and commentson sociability, as

we las in,ormatron on the literalure used for idenlif cat on, lhe herbariur. number, and the names of the collector and the identif er. O n the back side are lhe microscopical drawings and any remarkson theiinds. Every lind isgiven a d snnc_ tive spec men number. which is derived asiollows:day and month as a4-place number then theyear (lasl2 dig ls), as well as the nit als oI lhe ideniifier. wth its number in the sequence ol lhe day's finds For example. the third lind of lhe day on Augusl2.l980, rdenlifled byJ. Bachler received lhe specrmen number0208-E0 aA 3. The person 1n charge ofthecard lile inserlsthesecards in theappropriale place n rhe card tile. which is arranged taxonomlcaly. Alllhedried specrmens are provided with herbarium labes and depos' ited in the Societys own herbar um in the Nalural History Museum of Lucerne

The length of the lield to be photographed is deterA ruler is placed at the distance or lhe object to be

photo-

graphed. tocu3ed sharply on thegrounclglass, and the total lehgth in mm read off.

Exdnpl€: Film used 18 DlN, flashguide numb€r 22 desired magnilicalion 21, I/16. Conection ot the guide numbergivesi

atZ

DlN,

Diflerence of DIN numbers is-3 =6tlash-guide points =corrected number 16.

(gul!9!q4!94-lq (r/)16 1

=1

correcrion ractor

(correctlon faclor) - 0.2 2 (magnrlication) + I

0.8

l

=

0.27 meters

Thedisiance from flash to obiect at a twofold magnilication accordingly amounls to 27 cm at 45-degree incidence ol light.

-17

Preparation ol herbaium specimens Once examined, the funglare dried torpreseruat on, e ther w th an eleclricaldrying apparatus (forexamp e Dorrex')or by means ol freeze-d ryinq equipment. The second melhod s parl cularlysuilable lor lhe small ascomyceles, sincetheir form is hardly allered. although in some cases the color fades badly. The dried specimens are stored in plastic boxesand bags, each wLlh rls appropnate herbarium label. Thespecimensarethen pul away in order. underthelollowing groups: myxomycetes, ascomyceies, Aphyllophora es, Agaricales, and gasiromycetes, withinthese groups alphabetically by genus a nd with n I he gen us likewise alphabetF cally byspecies. Forthis purposewe use cardboard herba_ rium boxes 50x30x18 cm which are prolecled with an insectic de againsl attack by pests

B.erlenbach Halshalioerele

Glossary lying aqaidsl {as haE againsxhesu.l@

sruck together

cured like

a

6

olttEliuiling

i, glued.

$usage usually applied lo spor6.

veqelalional zone, in Swilze and .bove €.1300 m

pillikedopcssio.sinmorelswhichare inedwilhlh6 veinlrke connections or branchings, lor erample n

lhe spor*rc|€si.q mechanism oi an acus: s olten chadcleristic ol a genus.

irs

ldm

nngl k6lhickenlnq ol lhe wall rearthe lip ol an eus. saucff- or cutsshaped lruiting body wilh an qposed trymonium comp@d ol aci and paEphyses

class

oflunqiin wh

lub. oreclikeell

ch the

sexualspor6 develop in

inthe hymenium

olMomycet*

whrchthe*xually lormedspores (usuallyS, moe 6rery2or4, orarsoa murlipre ota, inalew qeneB up

v€gelalionalzonewhichexlendsi.Swilzo andfrom lhe prain ro 700 m abrye

s

depNd

asueror

or holl@ like

1g congo red in

10O

ldet.

cup.

mlammonia.

a spoE whch is nol produced *xually lrom lsed n u crei, b d anses lrom hyphae pu rery regelatively by onslriclion q budding. The spo.6 may b€ nonsp tate or have one to epta TheE is a ol

sns

serd

sp&i6 ol @omycal6 whi.h ae

known to have bolh a sexual (or perlecl) slaa6 and .n exud (imperfcl) conidial stage which sually p@edes il.

bulging

ouM.d, lenshaped lo

b.*liks lals ol lissuowhich

is

round€d, cushion-

spaBble.

{cotlon blu+laclophenol), alter Amann 20 g phe.ol (cr,€tallin6), 20 g laclic eid,,O mlglycerine, 20 ml lorming a crust over the substhte. Cyphell.like struciure of lhe lruiting bady (Cyphella s a genus o, bGidiomyceles whe lruiling bodi6 @ cup-shaped or rubular and have a sm@rh hy-

in

(arso

clss

sxual spor6 ddelop on

of lungi in which the

sac or ctub-shaped cett n the hymenium of bGidic rry@16 inwhich moiosislak6 plee. The (usually4) sporcs develop exlernally on oLngrofihs ofthe basidium,lhe so€lled stengmala (s@ page 9) spd6which ac aranged in lwo Dm in lhe asci

a$l which harea double wall, pnncipally inthe loascomycele (see arso

"u

n Ltu nr

cale,.

leu

rregulany spheiml, hollow, and open al lhe lop. wirh

.

rounded knob ar rhe rip coarrike back and b ttre

ds ol lu.gi i. which sexoal Rsproduclionlak*placebylh6

Fu.oi hpefecri)

lusion isunknown. said ol

mderialwhich whs r6red wirh

iodiresoldio

trrns violel to broMish under lhe micrMope. The dtoration persisis sen afier the matend is nrsed plant wilh tBo seed l@v6 (colyledons)

(se.mono

said o, a

nuclec. @ll, hypha, orrruinng body having

twoets

of

p6e.t

(2n

chromcom6, one sl coming lrom 6ch 6h.om6om6)

growinq on lho surla@ ol lhe ground

(*

"hypc

app.aring alter havinQ biok6n through lhe bark or lruitino body, lhat

wilhkeellikesharp dg6.

lhe oule. surface of

brainlike, highly m.voluled.

dnedand labeled specimen in sn h€rba umwhich

cr@ded cl6e logether @er a large area. eyel*hlike, fringed with hai6. c lub-s h6ped, .nlarg6d al on€ end. llsue corer ng an embedded lrulting body, usually

hyer ol

en

a

li$@ opp6ile

is, ihe

oule.

lhe hymenium.

be @m@ed lor turlher eiaminanon and sludy.

visous sBtion;may

b€ quire rhick,

*n.rFtarrine

cder€d with nounike or meollik€ pafticl€s. €ither lhe mslure sl.A€, or p.rls ol a lruiting body wilh spo6 or sporeproducinq slrucluB (see

18

covered wlth bBnlike panicl6.

a

genc which conr.ins only on6 sp€cis

vegelational zone, in switserrand belwee. To0 and

mafted cleft in spore which

ltE mi

is visible under

liquid sec.elion in ihe tom ol droplets on haiB, bns n6, etc., cau*d by high humidityoi lhe surounding air whi6h drys *apomtion. genedl apFea6nce or m.nner of growlh.

saidolanucleus,@ll,hypha,orlruinnq bodyhaving oi ch.omGomes (n chromosomes) the sp&imn designaled by lho aulhorlo srye as lhe basis ol lho name Nigned lo a specEs (s@ onlyone

s€r

in spore Bewarc ol yellow gren 6lc ationunderthemicrccopeshich€nbeduelore

colon6s, 6

sid olacelllayerwhi.h is onstrucled nium, rhar is,ltE lryphal cells

like

a

@ aGnged side

hymesi.le

by

and pelpendicular lo lhe surlac€

bnile hy€r. ln the asomycel6 lhe lissue layet @ntaining lhe 4ci, whi.h are qensally aftnqed

lhe

rubelike cell with

*Dlalion lse de @ptumr.

qrowinq undersround (see de @pigeous, elongale fruiling body oi lhe Hy$sial4 which is dosed unlil m.ture. when itfnallyopens by a lonQ slit. an

said ol asciwhEh discharqethesporesthrcush

ao6al oo@ {ee @p€rculaler. spermen subsl(uled lor lhe holotype. lusion ol tlo *xual nuclei lanceshaped, widened and taperlng

trs

and shrubswhich seNes lor

po

.l

ai

lhe

n lhe balk

ol

96 dchange.

cavily, embedded in a slroma wheE rhe hymenium forms (in spsi6 which do nol lom perilh*ia). centEl cav tv ol a hypha, Dahphysis, han, etc

lhe subslrab atlacked by a lungus or on which it lhe middle

lay* oflisue belw@n

the doubre sel ol chromosomes io lhe haploid state.

potasum iodide,

20 ml

mler

20 ml

hyphal struclu@ (Id eEmpre of paraphles) in which constncbd *pia s€p.rate rounded, swollen cells .tranged endroend likeachain (e no 4,4){submoniifom: alm6t donirilorm)

't9

cycle lhey lom an ameboid mde in definite di@ctions

plEmodiumwhichen

with smarr bumps, k^obby. rhe system ol naming in bolany and zoology

l

erolionalru16lorlheleg3lnamingof,ldemde, onlusion ol na mes liom arising. placinq a drop oi imme6ion oil (special oilaith a c@fficient ol rcfraclion of 1515) bel@n the 1(XJx tungi, io keep a

objective lens ol a light mi.roscop. and the

eiwhich

open

api€lly by

wd

slip.

a lid (operculum)(see

poG in the perilheium ol lhe sphaeialE, usua ly api€lly located, ior lhe eleas oi lhe spor6 (onen at the lip ol a long beak). hyphae wilh more or l6s sphencallo clavate tips which are a(anged side by side and p€rp€ndicular lo lhe

surla€

(G

"hymeniformr.

prant

m

(oreimal) shich hd b*sne specializd to live or other subslan.6 ol a living hct and +/-

jui6

c@€ ng lisue, oLnermosl layer sohe @llo ovaliiuilino body ol asmmyels which

r€s.^ iniornal evity oround which the hymenium with fte asci ddelop6 The spo@s are @leased $rough an opening, the osliole or poe. subclas ol basidiomycet6 characlerized by

*F

rhe hymenium and

.eductiondivision, maturation division. B6duclion o, 0.5 g iodine,1.5 9

slire molds Thevareeoeli6@nsideed lo belono to lhe animal kinqdom b€sus in one pon ol fien lile

sterile hypha betwen lhe 6ci 8nd panllel to them. The lom of lhe paraphls s somelime impodant

to.

clefilikeopeningr@quenllyoccu nq

sald o, spor6 wilh lorgiludinal and tracvee *pla, iregulany aranged like slon6 ln a woll. enlie und,fbrenlialed network ol hyphae which G@|]y q.oM wq€tatively and inconspicuously in he colmized sb6iaie&d olten i.€d6 itthoughout

ccuring

in

sed

lorms

small openinq atlhetipolan asuslo.fi e releaseol the spores (see .in opercu lalec.

sporear sing sexually intheasus

(walso"mon-

the6cusarisinq lrom an .s.ogenous

ell

Educlion division GU6. celll@m whi.h the basidium dovelops.

in which

pertheciumlikelruit ng bodyolE/ious tmutoasco pa6sponJda rhespo.eb..nng p6rl. lo the mass

ol an

ol6ci

in pyrenomycetes,

usaly

app ied

debrhe

part

asus whrch contains lhe spor6

marked wrlh sma I dors doried

a.d

a onen of coaltike brack. Atso sometimG ca €d

qrownq'nverl€d, allached by D6nswhrch sre e.eF alryatthe rop ofthe kudrno bodv.a basdro;vc€re lyrnq f al o. thesuL\srare w'lh lhe hymenium f,crng

ma

ed wilh a nellike paflern.

hyphal s:tandsd bundte of hyphae

aho zotal underg.ound

+/

cushionlike lunaal

lhe sub6tate, on or

a$omy@le which form perithec mnsistency

mmature, nol producing or .onlaining spores, not

@mbting rools

slem ol higher ptanrs which

aiends in a delinile direciion. perly ddeloped or dilferentiated

planttisue invaded

by lungal hyphae, which chanqe ils @ or (usuallyto black sh) and tom vegetallo.al zone, in sw tserland berween 1200 and

ti$ue layer immediarely beMth lhe hymenium. or6brebby mat of hyphae atlhe b6es ot zls@ frycete ,ruiting bodi6, or around them

lehy

matenal on which a rungus qro6 anamewhich isnolongervalid becau* of rhe ru es ol nomenclature .nd theretore shou d nol be

an 6xaclly

resislanl mymliLm ofcompacl hyphae, Mlh

a dark

p6it

on

(G

{omenctaturcC.

cleilication ol organisms

lerminologyoltrssuestuclure(F E Eckblad 1963). woolyio lelly coating on

a pan oi

$e lruiling body

llesh ota lungaltruitna bodv comoosed of

mvering Thse are usuaty smattand shaped likea qrain olwheat bean. lenrir.orluber tn @na'nlund'

gel.rinous, like lne lruiring bodies ot the

lhey may b€come tarqer. The rcrerona enabte rh"e lunqilo survire uniavorabte periods and evenlualy to grow and lorm fruiling bodi6

taronomic unil between lamily and genus.

a* li

smal spor6 derived from nomally developed spoB, by budding or by hnsformation inlo a mu lude or smale, spores (ofien o6uE rhe Mi). 'n Thevare someLmes cons'dered conidia). I quid or resinous sub6tan@ @ eased tothe oliside.

crNwallbelwncersfdreddu

nocelldivisiof

bri*lelile

brow.: ueua y

and separaring lwo adjacenl ets i. hyphae irom @ch olher Seplation mn also arise in sporcs cerrutar format'on usua[y

(no

visibreonry throlqh lhe mkrGcope

denteness of gowlh, degree

o

Lsd.

circlGcribed group ol orga.isms with

panicular mnk and sc entilic

plantwhichcotonizGdeadmatenatandd€qBdesrt, using lhe deqradar'on produ.ts lor l@d (se.para.

li$!e, emeltmes enctGino which the truil.g bodie;

r

a

tissue

bGidie

having sma I bump6 or tubercr6. ir@gularly round, like a tuber havino a @rlral deorAson.

havlrg a@nlralbump or umbo spo6 a(anged in a singe row in rhe ascus (see urn shaped, rounded with thewalls cuding nward roward lhe openinq al rhe lop.

b€.oft

or*prration betwen

spalula shaped, ;bnqare with a narow b@ reprodldiye cetls ol lower ptants, tormed k\ualv

bynucl@ lus onandsLr6€quenlmeic'st€ductron

divslon), orer!arry. They *Ee rordEpeBtand ae @mpa6ble wilh the wds ot higher ptants. clusler or conid'ophors lsI uctur6 bear no mn]d'a

whch.re sharpv she

bounded and

cushr;ti|e

ike and deve op on stromalized

ro

ti$ue.

20

I

Symbols and Abbreviations according io the riteGtue I

Cadon of Appenzell-,nnetrhoden publi€lion ot, ced in an atnhd ciralion "in" kin the

t

*henarewderiplion oranewcombinalion byan ethor is pubtistEd tn rhe wdk ol another authoi

BE BL

eldalion (fre16 abore

s ld€l)

.ilrom" (used in an author citation when an aurhor Elidly publishes a speies and i. s doing dra6 upon lts descriplion by an eadier aulho,

f9 laonomic unll below lhe sp&i6 l@el

Herbanln ol lhe Mycological S@iety of Luceme, l@led in the Nalural History M6eum ol Lucerne pcilive iodine @ction ol lhe a$i, lhat

i

negalive iodire

I

the cullue

I

leus

i

is, rhe

scus

@ci'on (nol tuhing blue)

oltungiin glffi or dasric conraineB

cilatus (prace

i.lhe

literature slBady

LU MSL

MycoloQi@l Soarely ol

Luerno

opus cilalus (work just ciled)

i paB sporiiera (part or lhe

I

Flq. Pe6onal communi€lion

I 21

I

I

a*us mnlaining th€

z

Terminoloqy ol lissue structure

Abbrcvladon ot lhe ndnea ot lhe co$€ctas.nd klen0ters Flnrteis

so

(abbrevialions in parsnthe6€6 arethce ol lh€ identifeE listsd aflef the herbadum numb€rs)

sz

ldtua TI

(e

p3s6 m

21)

AA = A Biirli AF = A. Fuchs : A. Leeb AL AZ (Z,Zw) = A. zwissig BA (BA) - J. Bachbr BE (E) FK (K) FM

= B, Elb

GR HS JB (BR,

= =

(Mn) (R) (Su) B)

zc

=

F.

Mills

G. Richoz H. Sutter

= J. Brcitenbadl

JS

ZH

(Ho) - T. Honermann rrtro = W. Oldani TH

Symbols

a o

I

poisnqE" sm. €dibl. atisr panicuhr pepaation

(* m6hr(M @kbooks).

miconerer

d

micron flnom milinBr€r)

Abbreviations ol the names of aulhors 176S-1431

Milt.

t7a4

1466

1776

1A58

185,1-1918

1818-1870

€o3

1aa9

1830-147S

1A2A 1920 1612-1886

Br

1a3t

1883

1822-1499

1454 1926 1752 1193

B!tt.

1ao6-1383

1422 1g)5 1449 1910

1425-1S14 DC

lAOa 1472

1a32 1a99

1TT8 1A41

1a06-1841

1746 1462

1841-1S12

-144,1

1a45-1920 Duieu de Maisonneuve M C

1796-1878 17S5-1476

1437-1494

GiI

1421 1476 1ao6 €96

1751-18,3t)

1730-1799

1794 1838 1757 1a22 1a5a 1926

1452 1923 1760 1426

17aO-1434

1A7a 1955 1A15 1a85 1A5a 1949

1792 1a5T

L,

1432 1905 1796-1870 1742-1465

1881

1497

1971

1413 1a6a 1466-1923

23

ldentification key General remaaks This identilicataon key is basically conslructed according to artificial features, which are primarjly macroscopic and ecological, and is applicable only to the 390 species

included in this work. With il we would like to make it possible for even inexperienced mushroom- and naturelovers to work successfu lly. The seq uence of species wh ich develops from this artificial system corresponds in no way lo a laxonomic grouping, but arases arbitrarily out of the chosen characters. ln most cases lhis dichotomous or polychotomous key leads lo the species by use of just macroscopic featu res, so thal m icroscopic characters rarely haveto be used-This key can certainly notsutficetorcritical identificalion. How to us€ the key

The characters are presented in the form ol numb€red slatements, at least two o, them always having the same number (dichotomous). One of the two statements musl

apply lo your sp€cimen belore you can go on to the indenled statemenlwith the next number- ln certain cases morelhan twostatementswith thesame numberare availableforchoice. These are always providedwith an arrow poinling downward. We recommend that you observethe following in every determination:

-

Pay attention to each slatement and read it through completelylf aquestion cannot beanswered unequivocally,

-

trylhe

other possible alternatives. The characters alwaysapplytofully grown, ripelruiting When you have a successful determination, you must

compare the description o, the species closely with yourf ind. lf discrepancies arise, other literature must be Abbrevlations used in the key frb. = fruiting body/bodies hy. = hymenium w. dr. = with drops wo. dr. = without drops w. sep. : with sepla wo. sep. = without sepla

24

Example No. s.,r./r,,,

1

sc,r,//at! (no.32)

The

fisl lhr@

A B c

Frb

is lo be identilied sratemenrs can the@lore be d.l!al.d as

,olloE

.....................,...... .-................-....... ...................-.....-..

.. exle Frb unders(1o)mmin6xl6 Mrso

mm in 6xl.nl Frb. (5) 10-50 (70) mm in

B oh p. 26 and b€gin

ariire ar s@up

We therclore

vilh sialemenl no

doe nol 6pply .psri..

do6

not apply

1

1 dmnolapply,econllnuero 1*

Frb withouia

appri6, so ontlnu€ to

3rark

2 d6 nol apply, e@nllnue ro 2" Frb wirh haiG .ppri6, so contrnu€ ro 3 On wood appl6, so continue ro ,4 Hy €d, h.'€dark brown, poinl€d

applies

...,..............

[email protected].

Ht ll.L .-.........................

No

32

Example No. 2 xytaia ttypoxyton \no. 34el

ts

to b. i..ntnied. rcto.e be ryaluaEd as lollom:

............................ .......-.................... ............................

A F6. over 50 mm in ened .. B Frb. (5)rHo Oo) mm in exl c Frb.und€rs{10)mmin.xr. we rh6r6ror6

I

ariv.

again at gfoup B on

applies, thererore conrinue

2

apprr.s,

3

p

26 and begin wirh staremenr

no

dM

not apply

.ppliG

do6 nol

apply

1.

to

rh.r.lo6 conrinuoro

appli6, rhe@ro@ oontinue to 4 do$ nor appry, th6r€loE@nlinu6lo

la'

d@s nol apply, iherelo@ @nrinue

4* appr'6,

5

lo

rherelore mnrmu€ to

appli6, lhereloG conrinue to

6 do*

not 6oDlv, therelo.e conlinue ro

16" do6 not appry, the€iore conlinu6lo

6'applies--.................

-....-...

xyl.n. hyroryld

...

......

..

...

..

...

.,,,..,...

.

No.3,l9

ldentificalion key lor the ascomycetes contained in this book A

r,rry qrown ip€ rrb., or ru*d D6lryp6l orer 50 mm in

o. shenike

ene

B C

Furry

srryn .ipe 16

FuIy srown npe

,

or

tusd

ilb, or

(ro

l.nnpt ,Hypnffia

s@!ps ol lrb. (in py6nomy..l6) under 5 (1o) mm in

o

rr.rar.

rn

G.owing on wood (includins wood buried

iD

ndd (rh. kngrh ortrr.

3'

Frb @rebrilom, rord€d and robed sialk lhick and slout

.

Pase 26

dtel 66upc. ... .... ......... ..... ... ,..

Pase3s

Goup B

..

....................................

hy

rcd ro

ol..{n!

p.lm

.....

......

. ,... .............. No

Growing in spinqlime, cerebilorm, red ro

black-

Grmoit *d6t

.........

5a Growinq in summer to autumn, mit€Hh5p.d, red brown .. , . . .. , . , . . . . . . . Gr@mtlr. lntul. . . . . . . .....................-.. 4*Sp.rinelyGliculale,inspring,commonlymontane,nearspruc€31ump3....... GytDmltr !l!6...,,..........,....,,.......--.

No

13

No.

12

Frb honeycomblike pilted,conicaltoconel|G,rhebord€rollh€caplus€dwilhlhe

4

olivebrown ro grarbrosn, Febtuary-Aprl

,4' B.d brown, May lo Jun.

..

.................

.

l3'Frb as above, but spheica 4 Frb. vrvid yerrow, 6und, rarg 14' Frb ochE lo hon€y-yellow Jl'rro.gray-orownro ignroch6,round€droconical....... 4. Frb blak-brown, @unded, broadry conical . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . L3'capcampanulal6locylindrical.surtacehoneycomblikelowintled,narginoIcap rcr lus€d with slalk

25

30

Sp smoorh

5

3

Pa962s

inlh.grcund)

Frb. disk shaped ro undulatinq and pratFshaped, scloo mm acr6, yelro*brown, sralk shod and lorded and pit€d (sede no 31)

4

erlent

Gep4.............-.........................

rtdx.t r.-r h.r nE

s

'

Eutypa,

or sheerlirG rrb , or qroups ol trb. (5) 1G5o (70) mm in

Group A l rrb. *fth aodna.bog.!nd.i.lk 2

rb., qsroups ofrrb

lrdlti.lL@ q............................... ird.hdr. d.L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Moch.ll. @Enr. v.r. ngld.

No.

1

.

ll..sl.nLvr.Fturd........................ No. I. .*ulenL !.r fllq.r. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . , . . . ... No rl. .Bl.nl. r*. umbnn. . . . . . .

4 6

4 l4r

lo.€nt.r or upperftnd ot

Cap honeycomblike. shaDry conicat, slatk anached

ep.. .....

Cap honeycombtik€. ovar, srark ataclred lo apox ot mp. ..

4'

-..

Capsmoolh ro*nnkt.d. hinbteshapeo ... 13* cap rotded into tob€s or eddreshaped, sm@th 4 F.b. whiro ro ochre*,trire, slatk pin6d and turo*ed, Gtarivery l4+ cap wirh shades ot b.own, ratati€ty stender 5 Cap robed, eith a rm@rh undeGide, statk smooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5' 4t

Cap saddrdshaped, wilh a downy und€€'de, srark sm@th

Cap

..............

.

Frb craval€ or €pirate 4 Flb. consEho otastark and

4 trb rh(tvctavale, pulpteb * 1 r,n. *rr'-r . *rr, Ilrh . rhon rt.lr .mb..rd.d -.r... 2 On wood (incrudingwood buried in the ground) 3 Frb. .ed brown, yello* lo crmm{otored 4 Frb saucer, disc to prattsshaped, undutaling odort$s (se atso no 30,...... ..... 4r F6.

3t

spr@d our

r. b.

tut.r.l.i

trk6 a crusr,

or

l2*

fi$h

Especi.rryon roer(mapre), so. wo. dr.,

.p. w.

arm

alanroid.........................

2 smatr dr.

3

Emb6dd.d in rhe ground, btaddertike uhen young, th€n teanng open lo b€.ome

3t

On rhe su.Ia@ ol lh6 ground, wirh shades oi brown

cro*r.rhapPd whilish, th a

4 F6

x.

cupshap€d,stronqtywnnkbd,thick

commonly in

iorals

.rr.

cddyc.p.

aPr.t..........................,...

Drrdn. p..l.r. HYPoca

sp@d oui lt.t. crusrose ro @6ona.eG, bt&k, sirh s6y whit€ {con'dial srase) when youns. on Frb. embedded in !h. sood or ba.k, sp@d oui as a sher, elbona@us, suria€ linety punctate

tr6,

L.p{o9odi.

yelow ro

.ni.r.*

On other broaCl@v€d on lhe qround orsomewha

Lom{ ..........-........-....-.....

15

. No

19

No. 309

.

Flb. cushionrike, spreadoul,.tinginq d@rytorhesround, with a wh[emargin when young sp. roush, w 2 dr., | {also on burned ground) 2'Onbu.n€dgroundorcharcdwood.lrb.culshaped,hy brown, rh€ ouler sid€ usualy ' isee also no.32, .

..................

_

_

. No. 3l

. ,..._.... ....

....

dfin. ..... --..........,.............

€uryp..ch.rrr

-...........,.... -...............

Dhrrrp. r$sm

. ..... .. ...._.... ...... ..._....

.

S.@ h..r cllq ...........................

No. 317

No 3:,3 No 35€

No.

34

rno.................................. No

10

Pdia.lamdh ............................. No

36

Dlsloltu

14* F6. cupshap.d, smoolh, thinjlsh€d, commontyin bHh rorels sp. stiOhty

. ...._....

..

U!tulinad.u.L....-..........

lt6had,wirhasrikiasodorotchronne,

on rrood pra

4r

.................,............

.

No.

sb$ng .r .

,4 Frb

5 5r

H.lv.ll.

lhu.mddum ,Lop(pudm

and wrinkted, red b.own.

lral,6v.rinq theground and wood

F.b. brack. cadoaaceous

4r

L.pro9odi..phhprum.........

smbergarbrown lo black

s Frb Elarively robust, cap cereb rorGlobed, slatk lunowed .............. 5' Flb r€ralrvery srende., cap t *ddreshaped ro tobed, rubercutal€, sratk smoolh ............. 3'

kprororri.d6te ................ -........... No m

............................... No 32

Rhinn. undur.t

P.:la.