Fungi of Switzerland [2/6] 3856040110, 3856041109, 3856042105, 385604020X, 3856041206, 3856042202

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FUNGI OF SWTTZERLAND Volume 2 Non-gilled fungi Heterobasidiomycetes Aphyllophorales Gasteromycetes

dfte

Mycological Societlr of Lucerne 1936-1986

FUNGI OFSWITZERLAND A contribution to the knowledge of the fungal flora of Switzerland

Volume2 Heterobasidiomycetes fiellyfungi)

Aphyllophorales Gasteromycetes

(non-gilled fungi) (puffballs)

528 species described, principally from central Switzerland, with drawings of microscopic features and color photographs

Edited by J. Breitenbach and F. Kranzlin, irycological Society of Lucerne French translation by Dr. Jean Keller, universit6 de Neuchatel, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland English translation by Mrs. V. L. Waters, assisted by Dr. J. F. waters, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA, USA Verlag Mykologia, CH-6000 Luzern 9, Switzerland

Title ot the German edition "Pilze der Schweiz> Band

2

Nichblafierpilze

Tltle ofthe French edition "Champignons de

Suisse" Tome 2

Champignons sans lames

Adresse6 ot the translators: Dr. Jean Keller, lnstitut de Botanique, Chantemerle 22, CH-2OOO Neuchatet, Switzerland Mrs. V. L. and Dr. J. F. Waters, Department ol Biology, Humboldt State University, Arcata, Catif. 9552'1 USA

Adresses of the aulhora: J. Brsitsnbach, Wesemlinstrasse 54, CH-60O6 Lucerne, Switzerland F. Kranzlin, Ruflisbergstrasse 3, CH-6006 Lucerne, Switzerland

Collaborators lrom the Floristics Work croup of the MSL:

Kriens Root T. Honermannt, Luzern W. Kiser, Sarnen

Roiden Dierikon Kriens

P.Amrein,

F. Miiller,

J. Bichler,

W. Oldani, G. Richoz, H. Sutter, Schwyz

J. Wespi, Horw M. Wymann, Kriens A. Zwyssig, Treib

Verlag ilykologia, CH-6000 Lucsrne 9, Swltsedand @ '1986, All rights reserved

Printed in Swilz€rland

Compositron:

lithography:

Color Prinling: Graphics in

introduction

Photographs:

ISBN ISBN ISBN ISBN ISBN ISBN ISBN ISBN

Mengis + Sticher AG,6005 Lucerne E. Kreienbiihl& Co. AG, 6005 Lucerne Mengis + SticherAG,6005 Luceme H. Sutter, Schwyz J. Bachler, J. Breitenbach, B. Erb, T. Honermann, J. Keller, F. Krenrin, W. Kiser, G. Lucchini, F. Marti, D. Seibt, M.Wilhelm, ir.Wymann

3-85604-0'10-2 Volume'1, German, 1st edition 3-85604-011-0 Volume '1, cerman, 2nd edition 3-85604-110-9 Volume 1, French, 'lst edition 3-85604-1

1

1-7

Volume 1 , French, 2nd edition

3-85604-210-5 Volume l, English, lstedition 3-85604-020-X Volume, 2, cerman, 'tst edition 3-85604-120-6 Vdume 2, French, 1st edition

3-85604-220-2 Volume 2, English, lst edition

Table of Contents

Foreword and Acknowledgments

lntroduction

Translator's note Prelace Authors' foreuvord Acknowledgments

10

floristically Methods ol study

12

Front

cover:

Backcover:

Gomphus clavatus (see No.480)

Hydnellumferrugineum(seeNo.262)

14

16 21

23

528 species ol

-

Heterobasidiomycetes (ielly fungi), Aphyllophorales (non-gilled fungi), Gisieromycetes (puffballs), numbered from 1 to 528 49

Color plates of

Cover photographs

11

collecting classification, atudy, identification microscopy

Glossary Survey ol some microscopic features Abbreviations and symbols !dentification key

Bibliography lndex

o

What are basidiomycetes? Systematics of basidiomycetes Overview of the region studied

-

Floristic part

6 7 8

pores

Scientific names of fungi

402

407

Translators' note

We are pleased to present the second volume of Fungi ot Switzerland to English-speaking mycologists. The lungi covered in this book, like those in the lirst volume, are not conrined to central Switzerland but are more widely distributed throughout northern Europe, and many of them occur in North America as well. We congratulate the Mycological Society of Lucerne on its liftieth anniversary. The presentwork, Fungi of Swltzerland, is testimony to their questfor increased knowledge oftheirlungal flora, diligence in preparing this enormous amount of material for publication, and concern for quality and beauty oI production. May this remarkable group ot dedicated amateurs long contnue, and may they inspire other mycological societies around the world to follow their example.

Berger, K. '1980, Mykologisches Wdrterbuch in I Sprachen. G. Fischer Vlg., Jena. Hawksworth, D. L. '1983. Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary ol the fungi. Commonwealth Mycol. lnst., Kew. Snell, W. H. & E. A. Dick. 1957. A glossary of mycology. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass. We would liketo thank Dr. David L. Largent, professorof mycology at Humboldt State University, for technical advice and en-

couragement. The Telonicher Marine Laboratory ol Humboldt State University once again aided us by generously allowing us to usetheir word-processing microcomputer when ours broke down late in the translation.

The German edition provided a common name for each species. Few ol these organisms have common names in English. Our policy was to use only names which seem to be genuine lolk names. ln addition to sources cited in Vol. 1, the translators acknowledge help from the following glossaries:

Trinidad, Calit., February

1986

Virginia L. Waters

James F. Waters Department of Biology

XHi":'3'"'';l3H'::li8[''

Preface

Relatively soon after the appearance of their internationally known book on ascomycetes, the two authors, JoseI Breitenbach and Fred Kranzlin, have once again produced a richly illuslraled summary of their work, this time on the non-gilled fungi (Aphyllophorales), jelly fungi (Heterobasidiomycetes), and puttballs (Gasteromycetes). Like the firstvolume, this one is the fruitof many years' labor which they have performed along with other members of the Mycological Society of Lucerne. A large part of the Aphyllophorales in particular, aside lrom the conspicuous polypores, has long lead a shadowy existence and has not been particularly popular with either professional mycologists or amaleurs. The difliculties of making an intensive microscopical investigation were too qreat, and the possi-

ditficult genera, the name oI the rungus in question can be obtained in a relatively effortless manner. Untilthe appearance olthis bookthiswould have been a purely theoretical discussion, since summaryworks with color illustrations oI the tungal groups treated here have so far been astonishingly rare. Now, however, a book is available which

presents very good color photographs of a large number of species, completed by short descriptions oI the macroscopic and microscopic teaiures and by drawings of the important

small.

details. Many species are very well illustrated in this new volume and relatively easily to identitywith the keys provided;other species can be identilied with other floras. With it, alungal group which until now had thejustified reputation of "being difficult" is made accessible to amateur as well as prolessional mycologists.

ln recent years this situation has clearly changed, for interest in

The amount of etfort which had to be expended to become

the systematics, ecology, and biology of these lungi has noticeably increased, many larger or smaller treatments of

familiar with this not easily accessible and moreoververy heterogeneous group of fungi can be assessed only by someone who has done similarwork. SummaryIloras scarcely existed or were out ol date, the literature was widely scattered in numerous internationaljournals, and illustrations were scarcely to be found. That a splendidly illustrated llora ol Swiss tungi could nevertheless appear is due to the untiring work oI both authors and lheir collaborators. This new volume illustrates the richness o, the fungal flora ol

bility of recognizing species or even genera in the lield too

systematic groups are now available, and identification oI species has become possible in very many cases even for non-

specialists. Numerous amateurs, equipped with good microscopes and other opticaltools, have begunto conquerthe longneglected lield of non-gilled fungi and jelly lungi, and they are

accomplishing exemplarily thorough work in this lield. Their observations and results, based in large part on the investiga-

tion o, living Iruiting bodies in their natural setting, are frequently of great scientilicvalue even Iorthe prolessionalmycologist, who not uncommonly must work chiefly with dried herbarium material. Unequivocal identilication of fungi belonging to the Aphyllophorales, Gasteromycetes, and Heterobasidiomycetes is ordi-

narily not possible without the use of a microscope, since a description only ot macroscopic features usually does not enable the mycologist lo ditf erentiate related genera orspecies. With good color illuslrations, on the other hand, identilication oI the taxa is signilicantly easier, and not uncommonly, even in

central Europe and shows at the same time how great the accomplishment of a group of interested and enthusiastic amateurs can be. Without doubt this second llora, like the ascomycete flora, will be a great help to a large number of mycologists, amateurs as well as specialists; itwill make identi-

lication ol the treated tungi significantly easier and thereby pave the way to new, more thorough observations on the biology and ecology of these fungi. Leiden (The Netherlands), August '1985 Walter Jiilich

Foreword

ln 1981 "Fungi ol Switzerland", Volume 1, appeared,

in

which 390 species of ascomycetes were represented. Spurred by the extraordinarily good reception ol this work, we plunged into Volume 2, which treats the Heterobasidiomycetes oelly

fungi), Aphyllophorales (non-gilled fungi), and Gasleromycetes (putfballs and their allies) in the same manner. After four years ol workthis book has tinally appeared, in the same year in which the Mycological Society of Lucerne can celebrate the fittieth year oI its existence. To the question oI why the above-mentioned groups of fungi are now lreated in Volume 2, we cite reasons similar to those which had moved us to choose ascomycetes for Volume 1 . That is, good color pictures, especially ol the resupinate and rarerfungi, are lacking for many species ofthe Aphyllophorales and Heterobasidiomycetes. Descriptions and drawings ol microscopic Ieatures indeed exist in the literature tor most ot the Iungi represented, but these are unlortunately scattered in

many different publications and moreover often written in a language in which the reader is not lluent. Itwas possibleto producethe presentbook in thislorm only because we have been able to seize upon ground-breaking works, such as BOURDOT & GALZIN (1928), M. P. CHRISTTANSEN (1960), CORNER (1950. 1970), DOMANSKT (1965, 1967), J. EBIKSSON, L. RYVABDEN et al. (1973 to 1984), H. JAHN (1962-1980), MAAS GEESTEBANUS (1975), JULTCH

& STALPEBS (1980), and JULICH (1984), to mention only some. Since we began working on this volume, the nomenclature and

systematics ol the Aphyllophorales have been subject to constant changes. Therefore, the sequence of the presentation and settlement of the nomenclature have caused us no little trouble. Other changes are also to be expected in the near tuture. For this reason we have supplemented the species names with as many new synonyms as possible. ln the author citations we attempted to hold ourselves to the new "Sydney rules", in which is revealed whetherthe epithet will be subject to alteration in the future. ln any case, we listthe synoyms with the conventional author citations, e. g. (. . . ex Fr.). The appearance oI W. JULICH's (1984) identification key has prompted us to adopt his family concept, although it is conservative and very

broad but lor this reason widely accepted. This system will surely be relined in the near future, since proposals for that already exist, e. g. JULICH (1981). For the orientation of our readers who do not have this work, for every species we have included in parentheses the lamily names proposed by J0lich. Although the cyphelloid lungi are in part put in the Agaricales in the literature and are not included in JULICH'S (1984) key,Ior

practical reasons we put them all together under the Iamily designation Cyphellaceae s.lat. in thisvolume. The hypogeous basidiomycetes are very poorly represented in this book, since, because they grow under ground, they are seldom found. ln response to numerous requests, we have made several collections in other parts of Switzerland, so that the tloristically studied region could be eliended trom central Switzerland, which is always emphasized in this respect, to all the rest oI Switzerland. Yet despite these collections the individual species are not represented quantitatively, which is notthe intent of this book. Volume 1 showed us that "Fungi ol Switrerland" Iinds worldwide use. Therelore, in Volume 2 we have provided inlormation on the worldwide distribution oI the individual species, as lar as it was available to us in the literature. As in Volume '1, the descriptions in Volume 2 are based primarily on the collected specimens, especially the microscopic

,eatures. The respective vouchers are deposited in the herbarium ol the Mycological Sociev of Lucerne, which is in the Nature Museum oI Lucerne, Kasernenplatz, CH-6003 Lucerne. Some good keys are already available for the identilication of the non-gilled fungi, but some are in other languages. To help our readers, however, we have prepared our own key to the species treated in this book. The key leads quickly to an artF ,icial group of lungi using macroscopic features, but then can be lollowed further only by means of microscopic features. Personal communications and letters, which we have received in large numbers, have shown that we were able to provide many ascomycete enthusiasts much delightwhich Volume 1. ll we should succeed again in this with the Aphyllophorales in the present work, one of our most important desires would be Iulfilled. The authors Lucerne, March 15, 1986

Acknowledgments This rvork was a joy to write, especialiy because we were able to count again and again on the collaboration of many companions in the Mycological Society ot Lucerne, as well as lriendly people both in this country and outside it. Above all we thank ourcolleagues in the floristics work group, namely P. AMREIN, J. BACHLER, T, HONERMANN T, W. KISER, F. MALLER, W. OAANI, G. RICHOZ, H. SUTTER, J, WESPI, M. WYMANN u1d A. ZWYSSIG. Our fungus enthusiasts J. BACHLER, T. HONERMANN I and G. BICHOZ distinguished themselves by working up particularly large numbers of species. By drawing microscopic leatures and documenting some oI their finds by photographs, we were able to include some rare species in the book which probably otherwise would be absent. We owe thanks to P. AMFEIN Ior his competent organization and anangement of the specimen cards and dried specimens. We are indebted to our illustration specialist H. SUI7EB tor his neat and clear map of Switzerland with the quadrant numbers. We received valuable suggestions and information both orally and written frcm B. ERB, Obererlinsbach/CH, MME. DF. ADAVID, Lyon/F, DR. H. JAHN, Detmold/D, DR. W. JALICH, Leiden/NL, M. JACQUENOUD, St. GaIIen/CH, DR. J. KEL-

LEF, Neuchatel/CH, G. KRIEGLSTEINEA Durlangen/BBD, Frau A. RUNGE, Miinster/BRD, and E. SCHILD, Btienz/Cq, who also had the kindness to reviewthe manuscriptolthe coral and club fungi and to give us his comments. His previously unpublished tables of spore sizes were also a valuable help to us.

The diversity of species in this book was especially increased by finds of B. ERB, DR. J. KELLEF, as well as G. LUCCHINL Gentilino/CH and E. ZENONE, Locarno/CH, who made not onlythe dried specimens but also the corresponding illustrative material available to us. For additional interesting finds we are indebted to R. BERTSCH, Ebikon/CH, F. BRUNELLI, Sion/ CH, J. ELMER, Zuzach/CH, W.HIRSIGER, NeudorflCH, A. lFF, HoNulCH, A. LEEB, Lucerne/CH, Frau J. LIMACHEn Lucerne/CH, L. LOOS, Basel/CH, R. M0RNER, Meggen/CH, W. PELI,ANDINI, Nbedo/CH, A. RIVA, Bale.na/Cq, F. RUS-

CA, Bteganzona/C{, w. SCHWARZ

t,

Lucerne/CH, J.

SCHWEGLER, Steinhausen/CH, E. UHR, Baat/CH, R. VON BAREN t, Horw/CH, Mmes. fOFIlC and HUDOKLIN ot Yugoslavia, as well as Messrs. HOTZ, KABBEL and MACCHI through the intermediary ol 8. EBB, and especially DB. P. A. MAAS GEESrERANUS, Leiden/NL, who during a study week in 1970 was so successful in filling us with enthusiasm for the tooth fungi. All of our finds up to then were veritied by him. The translators ofthis work, DP. JEAN KELLEA Neuchatel/CH and MPS. V. L. and DR. J. F. WATERS, Arcata CA./USA, accomplished a great and ditficult task. We give our hearttelt thanks to our good friends tortheir painstaking, expeditive, and competent work. We would like to include in these thanks F. BRUNELLI, Sion/CH, whowillingly proofedihe French text and helped us with critical additions and remarks. We owe our sincere thanks to the Nature Museum o, Lucerne Ior providing space lor the herbarium. We would also like to thank the many readers of Volume 1 who encouraged us so often, orally and by writing, to publish Volume 2 with the Aphyllophorales as soon as possible. Lucerne, March 15, 1986

The authors

Introduction

What are basidiomycetes?

Survey of the systematics used (as tar as treated in this book)

WhileVolume 1 includes ascomycetes exclusively, in Volume 2 we begin with the basidiomycetes, that is, with the Heterobasidiomycetes, Gasteromycetes, and Holobasidiomycetes; of the last group we treat only the Aphyllophorales (non-gilled fungi) here.

We went into the ditference between basidiomycetes and ascomycetes in Volume '1. Therefore, here we will give only a short presentation ol the nature ol basidiomycetes. They produce theirspores on the outside of basidia, that is, on generally cylindrical to club-shaped or spherical to pear-shaped cells in the hymenium, usually on sterigmata (stalks). The germinating spore produces a haploid (uninucleate) mycelium. Through copulation of two hyphae a diploid (binucleate) mycelium originates, which sometimes lives vegetatively in the substrate for years. After the ensuing development oI the fruiting body, fusion oI the nuclei (karyogamy) takes place in the probasidia, tollowed by reduction division (meiosis). Then the spores, which contain the nuclei (usually 4) arising Irom meiosis, form on the mature basidia. For readers who wish to be more thoroughly informed on cytology, morphology, physiology, and genetics oI fungi we recommend the work ol MULLER & LOEFFLER (1968). The basidiomycetes are divided into the two classes Heterobasidiomycetes and Holobasidiomycetes. Morphologically the heterobasidiomycetes differ Irom the holobasidiomycetes i. a. by having longitudinally or transversely septate basidia (see p. 20, Fig.3), as well as by marked production o, secondary spores in some species. They include i. a. the ordersTremellales, Auriculariales, Dacrymycetales, Exobasidlales, and Tulasnellales, which are included in this book. The majority of large basidiomycetes are gathered togelher in the class Holobasidiomycetes, the members of which have non-septate basidia. lt contains i. a. the orders Aphyllophoraies, Agaricales, Boletales, Russulales, as well as the subclass Gasteromycetes. ln this book only the Aphyllophorales and Gasteromyceies are treated. ln contrast to the other basidiomycetes, the gasteromycetes develop their hymenia within the lruiting bodies. They include also a series ol subterranean (hypogeous) Iorms. ln the next section we give a tabular overview oI the fungal groups dealt with in this book, in which we follow the systematics used by JULICH (1984).

10

(after JULICH 1984) The family names in boldlace contain genera included in this book; the numbers indicate the lirst and last species in each family. For practical reasons we have also included the lamily

Cyphellaceae s. lat. Cyphelloid lungi are not contained in JULICH op. cit., but some are in MOSER (1983).

Basidiomycetes

Order

Family

Helerobasidiomycetes

Auriculariales

Auriculariaceae

Sp. No.

7-9

Ecchynaceae Septobasidiales

Septobasidiaceae

Tremellales

Tromollacea€

t0-

31

Sirobasidiaceae Dacrymycetales

Dacrymycetaceae

Exobasidiales

Exobasidiaceae

1-6 34- q

Ceratobaaldlaceae

41- 44

Tulasnellales

Tulasnollaceas Holobasidiomycotes

Aphyllophorales

481-488

Caniharellaceae Clavariacaae Clavulinaceae Sparaasldaceae Ptorulaceae

430_{.54 455-4.57

478479 477

Clavicoronaceae

Gomphaceae Ramarlaceae Hydnaceae

480

Auriscalpiaceae

243

Herlciaceae Cortlclaceae s.

284-A3A

45H76

282

lat

Coniophoraceae Thelephoraceae

45-223 236-243

244-41

Lachnocladiaceae

Hymenochaetaceae Fiatulinaceae

Bondazewiaceae

Gasteromycetes

Phallales

(epigeous) Nidulariales Lycoperdales

289-327 429 429

Ganodermataceae Polyporaceae s. lat, Cyphellaceae s. lal.

424427

Clathlaceae

52.3-524

Phallaceae

526-524

328_423

224-Xs

Nldularlacsae

49U97

Sphaerobolaceae

498

Arachniaceae Geastraceae

Lycopc.daceae

499-503 507-521

Mycenastraceae Sclerodermatales

Astraeaceae Pisolithaceae

Sclerodemataceae

Gasteromycetes (hypogeous)

Tulostomatales

Tuloslometaceae

Glischrodermatales

Glischrodermataceae

Gastrosporiales

Gastrosporiaceae

Gauthieriales

Gauthieriaceae

Hymenogastrales

Hydnangiaceae Hymenogastraceae Octavianinacaae Bhizopogonaceae

50,t-506

Slephanosporacgag

Gasteromycetes

Hysterangiales

Hysterangiaceae

Leucogaslrales

Leucogastraceae

Melanogastralss

Melanogaairaceas

Agaricales

G

Boletales

Boleiaceae

Russulales

Elasmomycetaceae Russulaceae

(agancoid)

525

489-490

aleropsidaceae Montagneaceae Richoniellaceae Secotiaceae Torrendiaceae

492

1'l

Overview of the region studied

floristically

The members of the floristics work group of the Mycological Society oI Lucerne studied principally central Switzerland (see Fig. 1). Many speciesfound here rarely ornolatallcould nevertheless be included in this book, thanks to the collaboration of

additional mycologists from other parts oI Switzerland. Our thanks are expressed to them in another place.

On the general map oI Switzerland (Fig.2) are presented geographical details and the system oI coordinates with the quadrant numbers used in the present Ilora. The quadrant numbers are derived lrom the numbering o, the Swiss coordinate system and are simple to construct (see Vol. 1, p. 12). A quadrant measures 10 x 10 km. ln order to give a better overview, nol all numbers are inserted in the figure. Dataon geology, vegetation, and climate ot centralSwitzerland can be looked up in Vol. 1, p. '14. For the whole of Switzerland they are contained in the ATLAS OF SWITZERLANO (Atlasder Schweiz) (1965/1978).

The German Mycological Society, in its distribution maps of central European fungi, used the so-called surveyofs table quadrants (Messtischblatt-Felder [MTB]), which are derived lrom the degrees oI longitude and latitude. These do not correspond with our quadrant numbers.

12

Fig.

I

Overview of Switzerland. The region especially studied bythe [rycological Society of Lucerne is outlined. Bern is the point of origin of the Swiss coordinate system. lts longilude and latitude are 4f00' and

08"00'

!s l{ io

g"

l I l

il-

t"

-------*z

a

Fig.2 Overview of the whole ol Switzerland with quadrant numbers. 13

Methods of study

Usetul intormation about general methods oI investigation, such as microscopy, drawing, photography, preparation and storage oI herbarium specimens, and setting up a specimencard lile can be looked up in Vol. 1. These explanations are basically valid lor the fungal groups contained in this volume also. However, for successful collection and identification, one should heed the tollowing advice.

Collection The species treated here have extremely variable requirementswith respect to season (when mature), weather, biotope, and substrate; thus, collecting activity can extend over practically the whole year. While the jelly fungi (Heterobasidiomycetes) occur in their typical form principally in wet periods and in the warmer seasons, the members ol the Corticiaceae s. lat. are less particular in these respects. A large number oI these Iungiqrows on the underside of dead wood oron plant remains.

For this reason one is alwyas successlul when turning over branches lying on the ground or taking old branch piles apart. Damp and herbaceous areas are especialiy productive. ln the summer and lall months the lleshy fungi such as tooth lungi (Hydnaceae), chanterelles (Cantharellaceae), coral and club Iungi (Clavariaceae), annual polypores, and puffballs (Gasteromycetes) appear, while their ecological requirements are again very variable. Since most of the non-gilled lungi can be identified onlywhen mature, it is necessary tocheckthe state of maturity, especially in the case of perennial polypores, by first o, all removing a small piece for study. Often one tinds spores still on the upper surface of the cap when none can be found in the hymenium. Fruiting bodies can be lound during the season of occurrence which we specify, butthey may not always befertile throughout the whole time.

Classitication, investigation, and identification It is especially important to record color and any conspicuous odor oI the Iungus in the habitat, since these teatures can

change very quickly. ln addition, one should pay great attention to the substrate; in the case of wood the species should be noted iI possible, or at least whether it is hardwood or coniler wood. Photographs in the habitat are always valuable. Especially in thecaseof Corticiaceae s.lat. aclose-up photograph of the surface with the marginal zone at a magnification oI 1:1 to 3:1 is recommendgd, because the structure ol the surface

(smooth, hydnoid, etc.) and the marginal zone (e. g. rhizomorphs) are important lor identification. 14

The collected fungi, kept completely separate from each other, are worked up athome immediately ifpossible. lt hasturned out

that when corticiacean fungi in particular are kept in the fresh condition tor severaldays, they very often undergo detrimental changes; forexample, unnatural hyphal proliferationsdevelop, and the basidia and spores collapse to the point that they aIe unrecognizable. lf it is not possible to work the rinds up immediately, they should be dried without delay, thereby preserving all important elemenls. Microscopical investigation of such dried specimens is not more ditficult than that of fresh fungi. One can approach identilication in two ways. ln the lirst, one looks lor the microscopic features and draws them or makes notes, naturally including the measurements (spores, basidia, cystidia, hyphal system and presence of clamps, amyloidity, etc.). These data can now be used during identitication with an appropriate key. ln the second method, a key is used immediately without preparatory work, and the questions in the key which concern microscopic leatures are answeredlrom case to case asthey arise. Obviously, thelirst method is more exacting and time-consuming, but it permits a more objective judgment.

Microscopy Whilethe macroscopic leatures are often decisive in identirying Iungi belonging to the Agaricales (gilled lungi) the microscopic ones are more importantlor the Aphyllophorales, especially the Corticiaceae s. lat. Without a microscope, therefore, it is practically impossible to identify a corticiacean fungus or resupinate polypore with certainty. Nevertheless, we cannot go into the technique of microscopy here. Specialized literature is available forthat, e. g. the work of B. ERB and W. MATHEIS (1982),

which is a thorough introduction to microscopy of lungi. We confined ourselves to listing the following summary oI the media and reagents we used. The microscopic features can also be recorded in drawings, as presented in this book. Drawing tubes which are set up on the microscope are most suitable for this. These allow drawing at an exactly fixed magnification and therefore guarantee the greatest possible objectivity.

15

Glossary anthohyphidia (acanthophyses)

cylindrical to clavate elements in the hymenium with thornlike-spinelike outgrowths (Fig. a P). lf apical outgrowths only = pseudoacanlhohyphidia.

ac,cumbenl acetocarmine

lying down (as hairs againsl surface). 50% solution of carminic acid in acetic acid. For preparation of the solution see EBB & MATHEIS (1982).

acuminate

extreme tips of the teeth of tooth lungi. narrowing to a point.

acute

pointed, or sharp-edged.

Aegerita slage

Agaricales

sclerotia stage consisting of small granules which contain the diaspores. fungus which generally grows on trees high above the Oround in the open air. order to which the gilled fungi belong.

agaricoid

hymenium gill-like and exposed.

agglutinated

hairs or hyphae stuck logether as if glued.

allantoid

sporeshape,

aculei

aeromycophyte

alpine alveolate

t

byssoad

composed ol fine threads.

campanulate

belFshaped.

cantharellc,id

resembling Cartharel/us. sterile threads (hyphae) in the gleba.

capillitium

carinate

with a rounded knob at the tip. wood rot in which lhe cellulose (carbohydrate) is brown decomposed and the wood takes on a color. with keellike sharp ridges.

cartilaginous

tough, breaking with a snap when bent.

catenulate

composed

capitate carbonizing rot

of parts ioined end-to-end and

resembling a chain.

cerebrilorm

cystidia on the stipe. brainlike, highly convoluted.

cespitose

crowded close together over a

chlamydospores

thick-walled conidia.

ciliate

eyelashlike, fringed with hairs. proiections on the sidesof lhe hyphae which arch across the septa (Fig. 5 A-B).

caulocystidia

clamps

curved,sausage-shaped,usually

t

clavarioid

round in cross section.

clavate

vegetational zone, in Switzerland extending from ca. 1800 m above sea level upward. pitted.

colline columella

i

large area.

similar in form to a C/avala s. lat. club-shaped, enlarged at one end. vegetational zone, in Switzerland exiending from the plain to 700 m above sea level. persistenl, central, columnar cord ol hyphae in a sporangrum. shaped like a clam or oyster shell.

ammoniated congo red

1 g congo red in 100 ml ammonium hydroxide.

amorphous

struclureless substance. almond-shaped.

concolorous concrescent

having the same color.

amygdaliform amyloid

said of cell walls which turn blue to blue-gray in an

conducting hyphae

hyphae

confluent

materials and emerge lrom the trama. running or flowing inlo one another.

amphimitic

conchate

iodine reagent (Melze/s): important in spores (l + /J +). hyphalsystem consisling of generative and binding hyphae.

anamorph anastomoses

Aphyllophorales

conidial stage of a basidiomycete with its own botanicalname. cross-connections between lamellae, ridges, or veins, as well as between hyphae or the ornaments on spores.

conidiophore context

appressed

located at the tip. protuberance on a spore by which to the sterigma. lying close against the surface.

arachnoid

cobweblike.

arboriform

branched like a little tree. divided into fields, usually by cracks.

apiculus

areolate arlhrospores

(conidial stage)

order of Basidiomycetes which contains the socalled non-gilled fungi, e. g. the Corticiaceae s. lat., polypores, coral rungi, chanterelles, etc.

apical

conidia

it

was attached

conidia which originate by the fragmentation ol

Ascomycetes

tube- or saclikecells in ascomycetes in whichthe sexually formed spores develop. class ol fungi in which the sexualspores develop in asci (sacs).

in Stereum species which

transport

spores which are not produced sexually but arise bv constriction o, hyphae, usually very numerous. ln a series of fungi there are a sexual staqe with basidiospores or ascospores and also a conidial stage. both stages often occurring separately. structure which bears conidia. the inner tissue of the fruiting body (flesh), often also called trama.

corneous

hornlike in texture.

cortex

the outer layer (rind)of the pilealsurface orstipe, sometimes hairy. having a cortex or rind.

corticate costate cotton blue

coumarin

hyphae. asci (ascus)

grown together.

having crests or ridges. (cotton blue-lactophenol. after Amann) 20 g phenol (crystalline), 20 g lactic acid, 40 ml glycerine, 40 ml water, 0.1 g cotton blue. poisonous, aromalic glucoside which emils an bdor like dried sweet woodtutl lAsperula odonta). lt was formerly used against mice and rals.

crateriform

goblet- or cup-shaped.

crenate

scalloped.

cresyl blue

a

0.3% solution consisisof'17 mlglycerine,2S ml 96% ethyl alcohol, 54.5 mldistilled water. 0.5 ml

athelioid

branched and starlike seta, see Fig. 4 O. looking like Athelia, cobwebby to like a very thin membrane.

crisped

finely waw or crinkled.

auriculate

earlike.

crustose

like a crust.

basal

at the lower end.

cucullate

hood-shaped.

basidium

spore-bearing cell in which reduction division of the nucleustakes place (1-8 but usually4 spores

cutis

Basidiomycetes

on the sterigmata). For shapes of basidia, see Fig.3. class of fungi in which the sexualspores develop on basidia. applied to spores which are a pointed at both

smooth layer of densely interwoven hyphae atthe surface of pilei and stipes. said of spores or hyphaewhich turn blue in cotton blue-lactophenol. Cyphela-like, belFshaped to hoodlike.

asteroseta

biapiculate

invadin IFC conc., and 0.3 g cresyl blue.

cyanophilic cyphelloid cystidia

sterile cells in the hymenium between the basidia or in thetrama, with a greatvariety olshapes and often incrusted.

cystidioid

resembling cystidia.

ends. binding hyphae

thick-walled, branched, sinuous, often solid hliphae which hold skeletal hyphae together.

16

cystidioles

basidialike to cyslidialik€ sterile slements in lhe

funiculus

hymenium. dacryoid

drop-shaped (rounded at one end, pointed al the other).

daedaleoid

likeDasda/ea, thatis,thehymeniumof polypores with elongate and iabyrinthine pores.

lurfuraceous lusiform

threadlike hyphalstrand with which the peridioles are connected to the inner wall of the frb. covered with branlike particles. spindle-shaped.

Gasteromycetes a group of basidiomycetes in which the spores develop within a hollow body (putfballs) (also

decurrent

running down the stipe.

decurved

bent downward toward base of stipe. liquetying.

generative hyphae geniculate

ends of hyphae in the hymenium which are branched like a kee (Fig. 4 M). branched like a tree.

geotropic

sharply bent, like a knee. positively or negatively, growing toward or away from the earth.

glabrous

bald, smooth.

see dendrohyphidia. having smallteeth.

gleba globose

spore-forming tissue inside gasteromycetes.

sliqhtly concave.

gloeocystidia

said of spores or hyphal walls which turn red to brown-red in an iodine reagent (Melzeis). membrane-like layer separating the gleba and

cystidia with contents. when they stain blackish with sulfovanillin = S+, when not = S - (Fig.4 E).

gloeoplerous

hyphae which contain oil droplets in the cytoplasm.

subgleba (especially in Vascellum).

hyphae glutinous

diaspores

spores or conidia serving for dispersai.

guttation drops

dicaryophase

phase of the reproduclive cycle with two nuclei

drop-shaped liquid secretion on frbs., especially during active groMh.

per cell, before nuclear fusion.

guttulate

dichohyphidium dichotomous

two-branched skeletal hypha. forking into lwo branches.

habitus

said of spores containing oil drops. general appearance.

halo

differently colored ring around the opening of a

dimitic

hyphal system consisting of generative and skeletal hyphae, more rarely also of binding hyphae (Fis.5 G).

deliquescent dendrohyphidia dendroid dendrophyses denticulate depressed dextrinoid diaphragm

diploid

said of binucleate cells. or of nucleiwith two sets of chromosomes (2n).

Discomycetes

group of ascomycetes with cup- to saucer-

dissepiments

shaped lrbs. walls of the tubes in polypores. central pore in a septum of a hypha.

dolipore dry rot

rot which causes the wood

lo

ecology

environmental conditions and living requirements.

efluso-reflexed

resupinate frbs. with the margin turning away from the substrate to trom a pileus or pilealedge. innermost layer of tissue.

endoperidium

cystidia with apical drops (Fig. 4 K.) having a single set ol chromosomes (n).

heterobasidia

synonymous with phragmobasidia, see below

(Fis.3).

hirsute

covered wilh rather long, stitf hairs.

hispid

covered with stitf, bristlelike hairs.

holobasidia

single-celled, non-septate basidia. Type of basidia in the group Holobasidiomycetes or Homobasidiomycetes (Fig. 3).

spindle-shaped to worm-shaped part between the hypobasidium and the spores, often bearing

epidermis

only indistinct sterigmata. surface layer o, frb. growing above ground. membranous cover in bird's nestfungi (Nidulariales).

epispore

excretion exoperidium exserted

exsiccalum

farinaceous farinose fasciate

holotype

specimen designated by the author to seNe as the basis of lhe name assigned lo a species

homobasidia

synonymous with holobasidia, see above.

hyaline

colorless, as of spores. Beware ol apparent yellow-green coloration under the microscope, which can be due io relraction of light.

hydnoid

long, conical spines. hymenophore with said ol frbs. which become lighter in color upon loss of waler. the fertile layerwhich contains the spore-lorming

(nomenclature).

epibasidium

epigeous epiphragm

sticky or gluelike.

haploid

cracked, and shrunken. two-layered trama.

spherical.

gasteromycete. halocystidia

appear dry,

duplex trama (duplex skucture)

written "Gastromycetes"). lhin-walled, branched, narrow, septate hyphae.

principal layer of the spore wall, usually the thickest, responsible lor the shape, ornamentation, and color of lhe spore. discharge of metabolic products. outermost tissue layer. projecting.

dried and labeled scientific specimen in an herbarium which can be retrieved for funher examination and study. tasling or smelling like fresh flour. covered with flourlike or mealy particles. bundled, fused together.

hygrophanous hymenium

t

cells. hymenophore

structurewhich bearsthe hymenium, e. g. ridges,

hypertrophy

lamellae, spines, etc. excessive, rapid grolvth.

hyphae hyphidia hypobasidia

hypogeous

tubelike cells, with or without septation, ofwhich a fungus is constructed. paraphysislike, thin hyphalends in the hymenium.

basal, usually spherical to pearshaped part of the basidium from which the epibasisida develop (usually in the family Tremellaceae). growing underground.

imbricate

overlapping like shingles.

immersion lens

the 100 x obJ-ekttue of the light microscope. fo use it a drop of immersion ojl (special oil wifl a coetficient of refraction of nd = 1.515) must b€ placed between the objective lens and the cover slip.

fascicled

bundled together.

lenile

either the mature stage, or parts of a frb. with

imperlecl stage

asexualstage.

inamyloid

librillose

spores (see also sterile). covered with Iine fibrils.

incised

not amyloid. (margin) lookjng as though cut or slit.

liliform ffabellate

threadlike.

incompatible

fungi which are not cross-fertile.

Ian-shaped.

incurved

margin bent inward, toward the stipe.

whiplike appendage. surface loose and cottony. quickly disappearing.

infundibuliform

funnel-shaped.

innate

forming a integral part of the surface, not merely super,icial.

flagellum

ioccose

iJgtrious

17

inrolled

rolled downward, inward, upward, and back out loward the margin.

oidia

interlertile intercompatibility

fungi which are tertile when crossed. result of crossing experiments. a young basidium developing within an older one (Fis. 3 K).

omphalinoid

internal repetition intersterile irpicoid karyogamy KOH labyrinthine lacerated

lagenilorm lagenocystidia lamellae lamellate lamprocystidia

not fertile when crossed. having flattened, slit teeth which can be fused at the base. fusion of two nuclei of ditferent mating types. 2-5% potassium hydroxide. like a labyrinth or tortuous passage. looking as though torn. f lask- or gourd-shaped.

awlshaped cystidia with apical incrustation (Fig. 4 F). gills, as on a true mushroomhaving gills.

conical

to

cylindrical, thick-walled, incrusted

cystidia (Fig. 4 l). lardaceous lateral

lenticular

having consistency of lard. on the side. lens-shaped.

leptocystidia

exserted, thin-walled, and hyaline cystidia (Fig. 4 A_D).

lubricous

slippery, as if covered with oil.

lumen lyocystidia

hollow cenler of skeletal hyphae. thick-walled cistidia which dissolve in KOH (Fig. 4 G).

Maggispice

a Swiss commercial seasoning including fenugreek.

medallion clamp meiosis

Melzer's reagent merulioid metach romatic

monilitorm

monomitic monotypic montane morphology multiple clamps mycelium

mycorrhiza

navicular neotype nitrophilous nodulose nomenclature

18

Oidium. having the general app earance ol an Om phalina, asmall delicate mushroom usuallywith umbilica-

operculum

te pileus and decurrent gills. a lid or cover.

ornamentalion

sculpturing or outgroMhs on surface of spore wall.

ovoid

egg-shaped.

paracapillitium

paraphyses (paraphysoids)

parasile

hypha (Fig. 5 A). reduction division. maturation division. Reduction of the double set of chromosomes to the haploid nuclear state. 0.5 g iodine, 1.5 g potassium iodide, 20 ml water, 20 ml chloral hydrate; see p. 15.

lolded-porose hymenophore whose pore margins are fertile. said orcellwalls which in a reagentturn a ditterent color from that of the reagent, e. g. reddish in

capillitiumcomposedofthin-walled,hyaline,septate hyphae (true capillitium is composed ofthickwalled, brown, aseptate hyphae). threadlike hyphal ends among the basidia. a fungus which attacks living organisms and obtains its nutrition from the substance of their bodies.

pectinate

resembling a comb. short stalk (e. g. remains of sterigma). pierced through. tissue layer sheathing a frb.

pedicel perforate peridium peridiole

small, seedlike capsule which contains the hymenium (in the Nidulariales).

peristome

opening at the apex of the endoperidium in the

perithecium

eanhstars (Geastrum). see Vol. 1, Ascomycetes.

peliole phenol

phlebioid

slalk o, a leaf. phenol aniline or phenol water are reagents for macroscopic color reactions. resembling the genus Prleb,a, irregularly bumpy and ridged, with grooves between, like mountains

phragmobasidia

looplike clamp with a space between it and the

and valleys. basidia with longitudinal or cross septation to form 2-4 cells. Type of basidia in the Phragmobasidiomycetes or Heterobasidiomycetes (Fig. 4 A-E).

pigment

coloring matter.

pileate

having a cap or pileus. shaped like a cap or pileus. outer surlace of the pileus.

pileilorm pileipellis pileocystidia

cystidia on the surface of a pileus. having little caps.

pileolate pileolus

a little cap.

pileus

cap.

cresyl blue.

pilose

hyphalstructure in which constricted septa separate rounded, swollen cells, giving the appearance of a string ol beads (Fig. 4 D). hyphal system which consists only of generative

pip-shaped

covered with long, dense, sott hairs. drop-shaped with tapered end bent.

pleurobasidia (pleurobasidial)

basidia which develop laterally on the hyphae

hyphae (Fig. 5 F). a genus including only one species.

polygonal

multiangled.

poroid

having

vegetational zone, in Switzerland between 700

porose porous

open-textured.

probasidium

early stage of a maturing basidium, also called

proliferation pruinose

lormation of secondary frbs- on an existing frb.

and 1200 m above sea level. the study of the internal struclure of a fungus. see whorled clamps.

entire unditferentiated network of hyphae which grows vegetatively in the substrate and is otten scarcely visible although permeating it. symbiosis between a fungus and the roots of a higher plant. ln ectotrophic mycorrhizae the fungal hyphae only surround fie roots, whereas in endolrophic mycorrhizae they penetrate fie root cells. ln both kinds, exchange of nutrients lakes place. boat-shaped. the substitute specimen chosen to replace the holotype which has been lost or become unusable. liking nitrogen. having small knots (nodules).

the system of naming in botany and zoology. lnternational rules for the legal naming of e. g. fungi, lo keep confusion of names fiom arising.

obtuse odontoid

conidia arranged in chains, as in the genus

rounded or blunt. blunt-spined.

(Fis.3).

:l evident pores. having true pores. hypobasidium in the Heterobasidiomycetes.

pseudocystidia

having a finely powdered surface. extensions of conducting system into the hymenium.

pseudodiaphragm indistinct diaphragm consisting of a dense, feltlike

_

hyphal layer.

pseudoparenchyma hyphal structure resembling plant parenchyma, consisting ol rounded or isodiametric hyphae.

pseudoselae

pubescent pulvinate punctate punctiform pycnidium

pycnospores

upturned free ends of context hyphae. covered with short, sofl, downy hairs. cushion-shaped, convex. having dots. dotlike. spherical to flask-shaped frb., sjmilar to a perithecium, within which the pycnospores (conidia)develop. conidia which develop in a pycnidium.

pyrenomycetes

pyriform raduloid receptaculum recurved reniform resupinate

reticulate rhizoids

ascomycetes which lorm perithecia, frequentlyof coallike consistency and black. Sometimes also called Sphaeriales. See Vol. l, Ascomycetes. pear-shaped.

sterigmata sterile

immature, not producing or containing spores (see also lertile).

with blunt, cylindrical teeth. spongy structure in the Phallaleswhich lengthens at maturity and bears the gleba. curved upward and toward the center. kidney-shaped.

stipe striate

stalk of a frb. having parallel lines.

slroma

f lattened

suballantoid

almost allanloid.

frb. spread out llat and appressed to the substrate, also lrb. margin I appressed and not

subalpine

vegetational zone, in Switzerland between 1200 and 1800 m above sea level.

subdecurreni subgleba

slightly decurrent.

subglobose

almost spherical.

subhymenium

substrate

hyphal layer immediately under the basidia. lowermost hyphallayer, which is appressedlo the substrale. material on which the fungus grows.

subulate

awl-shaped.

suburnilorm

almost urniform. cystidia which show S + reaction (p. '15). S+/S- (sulfopositive and -negative), see p.

forming pileoli. with a netlike pattern.

finger- to thorn-shaped outgroMhs on the apical end ot the basidia on which the spores develop.

or cushion-shaped hyphal network on

or

in which fungal frbs. develop.

lowermost, sterile chambered tissue in gasteromycetes.

rudimentary

hyphal strands or bundles wilh a rootlike appearance. hyphal strands or bundles. cracked. divided into fields by cracks. growing on or near stream- or riverbanks. havinq a rostrum or beak. under-developed, poorly ditferentiated.

saprophyte

a tungus which colonizes and decomposes dead

sclerocysts

organic malerial. hard, lhick-walled, round cells in the trama.

sulfocystidia

resislanl mycelium of compact hyphae, with a dark rind. These are usually small and shaped like a grain of wheat, bean, lentil, or tuber. ln certain fungi they may become larger. The sclerotia enable the fungi to survive unfavorable periods and eventually to grow and form fruiting bodies. surface with branlike flakes. septa which separate a living part of a cell filled with cytoplasm from a dead empty part of a cell.

sulfovanillin

70"/o sulfuric acid + vanillin. Since this solution does not keep long, it is advisable to make it on the slide each time it is needed, by dissolving 2-3 small crystals of vanillin in 1 drop of the acid.

synonym

name which has the same meaning but which is nol valid according to the rules ol nomenclature and therefore should not be used.

taxon

an exactly circumscribed entity or group of organisms, with a particular rank and arrangement (see

taxonomy tomentose

classilication of organisms. densely matted and woolly. like a blanket. hairyJelty clothing ol a part of a frb., usually the upper surface of lhe pileusorthe side ot a resupi-

rhizomorphs rimose rimose-areolate dparian rostrate

sclerotium

scurly secondary septa

subiculum

sulforeaction

nomenclature).

Usually thinner than the primary septa and always without clamps.

secondary spores

one or several new spores lormed by budding lrom sexual spores.

semipileate

cap-shaped and decurrent onto the substrate.

setae

brown, thick-walled, often thornlike

to

lium (mycelial setae), or upper surlace of the

septa

septocystidia

pileus (Fig.4 N). partitions which originate during cell division and separate two adjacent cells in the hyphae. Such septation can also develop in spores (Fig. 5).

cylindrical, septate cystidia, with clamps (Fig. 4 H).

or

tomentum

nate frb. appressed to the substrate.

star-

shaped elements in the lrama, hymenium, myce-

without

'15.

trama trimitic

see context.

truncate

appearing cut otf.

turbinate tuberculate

top-shaped.

hyphal system consisting of generative, skeletal, and binding hyphae (Fig. 5).

having small bumps or tubercles (larger than warts).

sessile

without a stalk.

umbilicate

having a central depression.

sinuate skeletoid

said of margin with embayments.

umbonate

having a central bump or umbo.

said ofhyphaewith thickwalls and narrow lumen.

ungulate

hoof-shaped.

skeletocystidia

cystidialike hyphal ends which grow out of skeletal hyphae.

urceolate

urn-shaped, rounded with the walls curving

skeletal hyphae

thick-walled or almost solid hyphae without septation (Fig. 5).

urniform

inward loward an opening at the top (of frb.). urn-shaped in outline (basidia) (Fig. 3 H).

spathulate sphaerocysts

spatula-shaped, oblong with narrow base. rounded cells. having spines.

spinose sporangium spores

hollow body bearing spores. reproductive cellsof lower plants, formed sexually by nuclear fusion and subsequent meiosis (re-

duction division), or asexually. They serve for propagation and are comparable with the seeds squamose squamulose squarrose stellate stephanocysts stereoid

oI higher plants. covered with scales. covered with small scales. covered with recurved scales. star-shaped.

two-celled, spherical cystidia with toolhed, dlelike zone (Fig. 4 L).

gir

resembling Stereum, smooth orvery slightly and irregularly bumpy.

validated

validly described according to the rulesof nomenclature.

velutinous

covered with short, fine, soft, dense, hairs, velvety.

venose ventricose

swollen or enlarged in the middle.

vermiform

worm-shaped.

veffucose villose

having warts or rounded processes.

having veinlike wrinkles or veins.

having rather long weak hairs.

viscid

having a sticlq surface when moisl.

voucher

specimen deposited in a herbarium as documentation for identification.

white rot

wood rot in which the lignin is decomposed and the wood takes on a light color. 2-6 clamps arranged in a whorl on a single

whorled clamps (multiple clamps) zoned

septum (Fig. 5 E).

having concentric bands or layers of ditferent colors. 19

Survey of some microscopic structures

Basidia of Holobasidiomycetes

Basidia o, H€terobasidiomycetes

H )1 Fig.3

Auriculariatype B Helicobasidium type

c

Cl

C2

epibasidium hypobasidium

often with

H

pleurobasidium K two basidia wilh internal repetition

E1 epibasidium E2 hypobasidium

Tremellatype

clamp sterigmata

H urniform, with basal

D Dacrymycestype E Tulasnellatype

I

F clavate, without basal clamp cylindrical, with basal clamp

hl]

tu&

l// AB

Fig.4

leptocystidium B leptocystidium leptocystidium D leptocystidium

orm, incrusted clavate, smooth capitate, smooth monililorm, smooth f usif

E

F

G H

I

K

Fig.5

thln-walled hyphae with 3 clamps, one a medallion clamp B thick-walled hyphae with clamp c thin-walled hyphae without clamps

gloeocystidium S + lagenocystidium lyocystidium septocystidium with clamps lamprocystidium halocystidium

dimitic hyphalsystem lrom

a

G1 generative hyphae G2 skeletalhypha€, brown

setae asteroseta

N 3 dilferent

o

P acanthohyphidium

D thick-walled hyphae without clamps E hypha with whorled clamps F monomitic hyphal system

trama

20

L stephanocyst M dendrohyphidium

brown

H

trimitichyphalsystem from a light-colored trama

H1 generative hyphae H2 skeletalhyphae H3 bindinghyphae

Abbreviations and symbols A acc.

America

lit.

according to the literature

Af AG Al AR As Au auct. BE BL BS ca. cf. / conl. coll. E elev. esp. ex

Africa

fam. FeSO{ ff. Fig. lo./1. FB frb. GE GR HerbHeO HzSOr l/J i. a. KOH lit. LU MSL NA NE NHs

family ferricsulfale andfollowing figure

nom.

ambig.

nom.

dubium

NW op. cit. OW p. c. P.Herb. quad. s. auct. s- lat. SEM SO sp. S

+/

S

Canton ofAargau Canton ol Appenzell lnnerrhoden Canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden

Asia Australia otheror various authors Canton of Bern Canton of Baselland Canton of Baselstadt

circa(about)

spp. ss. s. str. SV SZ Tl UR var. VD VS W ZG ZH

spore depositon white paper sensu (in the sense of) sensu stricto (in the narrow sense)

sullovanillin Canton ofschwyz Canton

ollessin

Canton

oturi

variety Canlon ofwaadt Canton olwallis

worldwide Canton ofzug Canton ofzilrich

confer (compare with . . .) collected by . . . or colleclion Europe elevation (in metersabovesea level) especially "from" (used in an author citation when an authorvaF idly publishesa speciesand in sodoing draws uponits description by an earlier author)

Abbreviations of the names of the collectors and identifiers The abbreviations Iorthe identifiers of the various Iinds follow in parentheses; in the text they follow the herbarium number.

forma, taxonomic group Canton of Freiburg lruiting body

ItT

Cantonofcenf Canton ol Graubiinden herbarium

water sulfuricacid iodine reaction: + = amyloid, interalia (among others)

AF = A. Fuchs : A. AI AL = A. Leeb BA/Ba(BA):J.Bachler FK (K) = F. Kranzlin : F. Miiller FM (Mu) FZ(Z/ZW) = F. Zwyssig GB (B/Bi) = G. Bichoz : H. Sutter HS (Su)

-

= inamyloid

potassium hydroxide literalure Canton of Lucerne

lrycological Society of Lucerne North America

Canton of Neuenburg ammonia nom6n ambiguum, variously interpreted name nomen dubium, name which cannot be typified satisfactorily Canton of Nidwalden

JB JS

(BR/80 : (Schw.)

JW K (K) MW (Wy) PA (A/Am) Sch TH (Ho) WK (Ki) WO

J. Breitenbach = J. Schwegler = J. Wespi

:

: :

J. Keller M. Wymann P. Amrein

t

= W. Schwarz = T. Honermannt = W. Kiser : W. Oldani

opere citato, in the work cited (within a given species description) Canton of Obwalden personal communication private herbarium

quadrant reaction with sulfur reagents (see p. 15) in the sense ofoiherauthors sensu lato (in the broad sense) scanning electron microscope Canton of Solothurn

speciesorspores

Symbols used

< > = tr ! a ,rm

smallerlhan largerthan synonym (see page 19) edible poisonousor unpalatable

moreorless micrometer (1iooo millimeter) 21

Author abbreviations Abbreviation

Name

Abbreviation

Name

Abbreviation

Name

AlbertinivonJ. AllescherA.

Ev. Fr.

EverhartB.ld.

Alt.

Qu6letl.

Aikinson Auerswald B.

Galz.

Pouz. Ouel. Bom.

A&. Auersw. Baum.

Beft. Boid. Bolt. Bond. Bonord.

Bourd./8. Br.

Bref. Bres. Brinkm. Britz. Brogn. Bull. Chaill. Chev. Christ. Cke. CIem. Cost. Cun. Curt. DC Del. Desm. Dicks. Dom. Duf. Dur. Ehrenb.

E[. Erikss.

22

Baumgartner BerkeleyM.J. BoidinJ. BollonJ. C. Bondartsev A. S.

BonordenJ. BourdotH. BroomeC. F. BrefeldO. BresadolaG. BrinkmannW. Briizelmayer BroqniartA. T.

BulliardJ. B. F. ChailletdeJ. F. ChevallierF. F. Christiansen M. P. CookeM. C.

ClementsF. E. CostantinJ. N. Cunningham CurtisM. A.

DeCandolleA. P. Delise D. F. DesmazidresJ. B. H. J.

DicksonJ. DomafiskiS. DulourJ.-M. L. Durand EhrenbergC. G. EllisJ. B. Erikssonjun. J.

Fries E. M.

/G. Henn. Hjortst. Hook.

calzinA.

Huds.

Hudsonw.

Hiihn.v. lmaz.

Hdhnelvon F.X. R.

HenningsP. C. Hiortslam K. Hookerw. J. Horn./Hornem. Horneman

Jacks. Jacq. Jungh. Jiit. Kalchbr.

Karst. Killerm. Kotl. L.

lmazeki Jackson Jacquin N. J. Junghuhn F. W.

JillichW. KalchbrennerK. KarstenP.A. Killermann Kotlaba F.

Pouzatz. Bomell

Rost./Rostkov. Rostkovius

Ryv. S. Sacc. Schaetf. Schleich. Schn. Schrad. Schroet. Schum. Schw. Scop. Secr. Sing.

F. W. G.

Ryvarden L.

Schweinitzvon L. Saccardo D.

SchaetferJ.Ch. SchleicherJ.C. SchnablJ. N. SchraderH. A.

SchroeterJ. Schumacher

Schweinitzvon L. D. ScopoliJ. A. Secr6tan L.

Sommerf.

SingerR. SommerfeltS.C.

Linnaeusc.

Sow.

Sowerby J.

Laz.

LAzarcb

Sl.Am.

St.-Amansd6J. F. B.

L6v.

L6veill6J. H. LitschauerV. LundellS. MasseeG. E. MontagneJ. P. F. C. MorganA. P. MurrillW.A. Matller F. A. G.J.

Litsch. Lund. Mass. Mont. Morg. Murr.

Md[. Nannr. Neuh. Oberw.

Parm. Pass. Pat. Pers. Pil.

NannfeldtJ. A.

NeuholfV. Oberwinkler F.

ParmastoE.

Syd. Sw. Trott. Tul. Ulbr. Vaill. Vent.

vitt. Wakef. Wallr. Weres. Wettst.

Passerini Patouillard N. T. Persoon C. H.

wiss.

PilatA.

Wulf.

wi

d.

wirh.

Sydow P. Swartz

TrotterA. Tulasne L. B. Ulbrich E.

VaillantS. VentenatE. P. VittadiniC. Wakefield Wallroth C.

F.

W.

Weresub Wettstein von R. Wiggers F. H.

Willdenow Withering Wulfenvon

F.

X.

ldentification key

General remarks This key is applicable only to the 528 species included in the floristic part of the book. The Iirst key leads to groups A to I and uses macroscopic teatures, especially the shape of the lruiting body. Further identification to species can in most cases be undertaken only by using microscopic features. Some knowledge oI how to use lhe microscope is therefore necessary. The drawings of microscopic features in the floristic section considerably aid the user ofthe book in locating the relevant structures. For practical reasons this key is constructed according to an artificial system; ihus the sequence ofgroups and species does nol correspond to any taxonomic or evolutionary relationship. Seen in relation to the whole of Europe, this llora is principally local in character; therelore one must take into consideration the fact that many other species will be found which cannot be identilied with this key. ln such cases, as well as fo r critical identification, monographs or more extensive identitication literature should be consulted (see Bibliography).

ln certain cases more than two statements with the same number are available lor choice. These are always indicated with an arrow pointing downward. We recommend that you observe the lollowing in every determination: Pay attention to each statement and read it through com-

-

How to use the key The characters are presented in the Iorm oI numbered statements, at least two oI them always having the same number (dichotomous). One oI the two statements must apply to your specimen belore you can go on to the indented statement with the next number.

Example No.

-

pletely.

lI a statement does not apply unequivocally, try the other possible alternatives also. The characters always apply to fresh, fully grown lruiting bodies. Some species with variable modes oI growth (e. g. resupinate and pileate) are keyed out twotimes. lfthe identilication is unsuccessful or unsatislactory, you should try the second alternative. ldentilication ol certain species is facilitated by cross references. Since a dimitic hyphal system cannot be distinguished easily from atrimitic one in allcases, you musttry both alternatives when in doubt. Frbs. with a monomitic hyphal system are soft-fleshed, sometimes alsosucculent, and easily broken or torn, whilethose with adi- ortrimitic hyphalsystem are tough and/or hard and therefore dirficult to break or tear. When you have a successful determination, you must compare the description of the species closely with your find. lI significant discrepancies arise, other literature must be consulted.

1

Exidia glandulosa lNo. 2'l) is to be identified. Accordingly, we select among the descriplive stalements A-l in the tirst key as follows: Groups A. B. C, D, E. F, H. ldo not apply. Gruppe G, frb. when moist and fresh jellylike, gelatinous, or like sott cartilage, leaflike or cerebriform, lobed, ear-shaped, sphericalto pulvinate and then often We therelore arrive at Group G on page 45 and begin with statemenl 1.

gregarious

1

1'

t

applies

does not apply, so we continue to applies (not growing on fungi), so we continue to does not apply, so we continue to applies (with other shapes), so we continue to

2 2'

3 does not apply, so we continue to 3' applies (with other shapes), so we continue 4 does not apply, so we continue to 4"

to

applies (with other shapes), so we continue to does not apply, so we continue to applies (with other shapes), so we continue to cerebriform), so we applies (frb. spread out, appressed to the substraie, continue to applies (frb. black with small glandular warts), so we continue to applies (on hardwood)

5

5.

t

6

7

8

Exidia glandulosa

No.2'l 23

Example No.2 Cylindrobasidium evolyerN (No. 92) is to be identified. Accordingly, we select among the descriptive statements A-l in ihe Iirst key as follows: Group A We therefore arrive at Group A on page 25 and begin with stalement 1. applies (smoolh to somewhat uneven), so we continue to

applies

't

2

applies (sp. hyaline, smooth), so we continue to does not apply, so we continue to applies (sp. not amyloid), so we continue lo

3

3.

4

4"

does not apply, so we continue to applies (with cystidia), so we continue to applies (hyphal system monomitic), so we conlinue to applies (septa with clamps), so we continue to does not apply, so we continue to applies (wilh only one type ol cystidia), so we conlinue to does not apply, so we continue to 8- applies (with leptocystidia only), so we continue to

5

6

7 7'

8

9

9.

does nol apply, so we continue to applies (sp. thin-walled, not cyanophilic), so we continue to 10 applies (basidia longer than 30 /rm), so we continue to 11 does not apply, so we continue to 1'1- applies (withoul dendrohyphidia, sp. oval)sowecontinue lo

12 applies

Cylindrobasidium evolven8

No.92

Entrance key to the shape of the fruiting bodies when fresh A Frb. resupinate, flat, or smalland disk-shaped and then appressed tightly tothe substrate, edge of margin sometimes rather detached, but not effuso-reflexed.

Group A

page 25

Frb. semipileate or elfuso-reflexed, more rarely resupinate and then on lhe underside ol the substrate.

Group B

page 34

Frb. pileate, bracketlike, flabellate, with many pilei and/or rosettelike and then poroid or lamellate with (usually) anastomoses, sometimes decurrenl onlo the substrate.

Group C

page 36

D

Frb. divided into pileus and stipe orlurbinate or trumpet-shaped, somelimes clustered orconcrescent compound f rbs.

Group

o

page 39

E

Frb. clavate, coral-shaped, vermiform and erect, branched or unbranched, cauliflowerlike, with

many pilei or rosettelike and then not poroid.

Group E

page 42

F

Frb. cup- to bowl-shaped (if with asci in the hymenium, see Vol. 1, Ascomycetes), if diskshaped then attached to the substrate by a point in the center, tubular, sessile or pendent.

Group F

page 44

G

Frb. when moisl and fresh jellylike, gelatinous, or like soft cartilage, leaflike or cerebriform, lobed, earshaped, spherical io pulvinate and then often gregarious; if semipileate see Au.iculatia mesenteica (No.8l ot Merulius trcmellosus (No. 145).

Group G

page 45

H

Hymenium within the frb., at least when young (epigeous or hypogeous).

Group

page 46

I

Parasitic on living plants, without kue frbs. (here, only Exobasidium). Sometimes causing frb.like deformations on plant pans.

Gruppe

B

c

24

H I

page 48

ldentification key to the 528 species included

Group A Hymenium amooth to somewhal uneven or slighfly tuberculate to nearly verrucose. Spores under the microscope hyaline to taintly colored, smooth (even underthe oil-immer-

2

sion objective!)

3

Spores amyloid Without cystidia or conspicuous cystidioid elements, and without seiae Hyphal system monomitic, most septa with clamps Basidia up to 100 pm long

4

5

I

5'

6 6' 6'

ffi.s

x 1.5-2 pm Spores Spores 4.2-4.8 x 2.1-2.4 pn

5 5'

!

48

Aphanobasldiumallantosporum No.219

6

7 7'

Growing on conifer wood Growing on hardwood Surface o, frb. not turning red when rubbed, skeletal hyphae dextrinoid With cystidia or conspicuous cystidioid elements Hyphal system dimitic, with tamprocystidia

I

3'

7 7'

No.217

No.

Aphanobasidiumg.isellum

No.220

Stereumsanguinolenlum

No.203 No.202

Hyphal system dimitic, septa without ctamps Surface of frb. turning red when rubbed

6'

4-

Vuillemlnia comedens Amylocorlicium laceratum

Basidia less ihan 20 pm long, not pleurobasidiat Basidia up to 12 pm tong, pteurobasidial

Stereum _

rugosum

Scylinoslroma portentosum Amylostereum

.

No. 100

chailletii

No. 196

.

No. '104

citrinus

No. 109

Hyphal system monomitic With gtoeocystidia only

6

6.

6' 6'

7 7'

Septa with clamps Septa without clamps

8 8'

Mogalocystidium luridum

S

cloeocystidia , sp. subgtobose Gloeorystidia S +, sp. elliptical

Vesiculomyces

Megalocystidiumlactescens. No.107

With leptocystidia only Wilh branched dendrohyphidia

7

Dendrothele alliacea

7.

Without dendrohyphidia, sp. gray in Melze/s With lamprocystidia only . With ste ate setae

Hypochnlclellum molle . Amylosiereum laevigatum Asteroslroma lexum .

No. 47 No. '101 No. 197 No. 289

Spores not amyloid Without cystidia or conspicuous cystidioid elements, and without setae Most septa without clamps

4

5

6

Basidia transversely septate, frb. gelatinous, violet-pink

16" Basidia longitudinally septate gelatinous.

I

6'

7 7'

x 8-10pm, with shapeless resting spores Sp. broadly elliptical, 14-18 x 9-10pm, without resting spores Basidia with pyriform to fusiform epibasidia (Fig. 3), frb. thin, waxlike, pink to violet

7

Sp. oval, 10-'13

Sp. fusiform, 10-12

x

4.Hpm

7!

6"

Sp. oval, 6-8 x H.5 pm Basidia undivided (holobasidia, Fig. 3), sterigmata at least 10 r1m tong Sp. broadly elliptical to subglobose, up lo tO /rm tong, basal hyphae brownish

brebissonii No. I

Sebacina epigaea . Sebaclna incrusians

Tulaanella Tulasnella

violacea violea

No. No.

14 '15

No. No.

32 33

No. No.

43

7

I

8. 7" 16.

Helicobasidium

(phragmobasidia, Fig. 3), frb. waxlike,

Sp. Sp.

4.H pm, forming secondary spores 6.H.5 x 5.5-7.5 l.m, not forming secondary 6-9 x

spores Sp. cylindricalor lusiform, over 10 pm long, basal hyphae hyatine Sp. cylindric-e iptic, 8-12 x g-4.5 /rm Sp. fusiform-citrinilorm. '10-15 (24) x

8 8'

Holobasidia up to 22 10

7

Hpm

pLm,

Scotomycqg

subviolaceus ochraceum

Uthatobasidium

44

Ceratobasldlumpseudocornigerum No. 41 Hypochous fusisporus . No. 42

'ately upto 25 /,m long, sterigmata shorter than

Pm Basidia with more than 4 slerigmata Basidia urniform, some hyphae with granular contents, sp. 4.5-S x 2.5_g ll.m Basidia not urniform, cylindrical to somewhat clavate, basal hyphae over 8 pm across

8 I'

Sislotrema communet. efibulatum No. 189

9 9'

Basidia with basal clamp, mostly without clamps on the hyphae

Botryobasidium

medium

No.

64

Botryobasidium Botryobasidlum

laeve pruinaium

No. No.

63

Boiryobasidium Botryobasldlum

botryosum

No.

61

Botryobasidium

candlcans

Complelely without clamps

10 Basalhyphae over 15 pm

1'l

across

Basal hyphae smooth

11* Basal hyphae linely verrucose

10. Basal hyphae less than 15 /rm across '11 Basidia at least I /rm across

12

Sp. biapiculate and navicular

12. Sp. elliptical, apically blunt 11" Basidia up to /rm across, sp. navicular, 8-9 x 3.9-4.3 sm Basidia with 2-4 sterigmata Frb. like a thin membrane, easily detached from the substrate, withoui rhizomorphs, sp. thin-walled

I

7-

Sp. broadly elliptical, 4.5-5.5 x 10" Sp. pyriform, 7.5-10 x 4-5 pm

9'

H.5

pm

Athelia decipiens Athelia pyritormls

Occasional clamps present on the basal hyphae (see also

Athelia

No. 49)

8-

I

I 8' 7 7'

5

51

epiphylla

No.

52

55

Frb. waxlike-membranous, attached tightly to the substrate, sp. elliptical to somewhat fusiform

Piloderma croceum Piloderma byssinum

No. 181

Alhelidium aurantlacum

No. 118

Byssocorticium pulchrum

No.

Erythriclum laetum Phanerochaete tuberculata

No. 121 No. 163

Phlebia cremeo-ochracea

No. 172

No. 180

70

Frb. wilh olher colors

8 8' 8'

Frb. salmon-pink to orange-pink, membranous-cottony

Haplokichum

.

conspersum

No.

68

No. No. No.

1'l

Basidia longitudinally septate (Fig. 3 C), frb. waxlike, gelatinous, or crustose growing on conifer wood

7

6.

6'

8 8'

Exidiopsis calcea Exidiopsis grisea Exidlopsls e-ffusa

Frb. white to gray-white, crustose Frb. loam-gray to dark gray, waxlike

growing on hardwood, esp. Fagus (beech), frb. thin, waxlike

7

. .

13 12

Basidia urniform

8 8'

Sistotrema brlnkmannii Slslolrema octosporum

4-5.5 '. 2-2.5 rm Sp.5-7 . 2.5-3 sm Sp.

No. 188 No. 191

Basidia cylindricalto clavate

8

Basidia cylindrical, hypahe 5-12,rm across Clamps present on all septa

9 9'

Botryobasidium subcoronatum No. 67 No. 64 Boirybasidium medlum

Septa only occasionally with clamps

8" Basidia clavate, hyphae 1.H pm across Holobasidia with 2-4 sterigmata, basidia up lo 25 pm long, rarely up to

7

Paullicorliclumniveo-cremeum No. 187

pm Frb. like a thin membrane, easily detached from the substrate, basal hyphae not swollen at the septa, hyphae not short-celled Basidia two-spored (see also No. 52)

I

8*

'

.

Holobasidia with more than 4 sterigmata

28

Athelia arachnoidea

.

No.

49

No.

54

No. No.

50

No. No.

58

Basidia lour-spored

I

Basidia broadly clavate, 5 pm acrcss or broader

10

Sp. subglobose to broadly elliptical, 10* Sp. elliptical or cylindrical

9t

6-7.5 x 5-5.5 /rm

.

Sp. elliptical, F7 x 2.* pm 11'Sp. cylindrical, F10 x 3.5-4.5,.0m Basidia slenderly clavate, 5 pm across or narrower 10 Sp. narrowly elliptical, H x 'l.5-2 pm, basal part

11

widened

somewhat 10- Sp. elliptical, 26

No. No.

[Iost septa with clamps

7t

I

Rhizomorphs always white, frb. white

Frb. with ,ine rhizomorphs, lrb. white, basidia, 30-35 pm long Frb. without rhizomorphs, ocher wilh greenish tinl, basidia 2G-28 /.rm long Hymenium without basidia, sp. produced on conidiophores (impertect slage ot Botryobasidium conspeEum)

7' I

9*

Holobasidia over 25 /,.m long, rarely shorter Frb. gray-blue to green-blue

tr

5*

62

Frb. like a thin membrane, easily detached from the substrate, with

rhizomorphs, sp. rather thick-walled Bhizomorphs always yellow, frb. white to yellow

6'

No.

All septa without clamps

10

6'

obtuaisporum No. 65

B

I

I

66

4-5 x 2-2.5

pm

Alhelia

neuhofiii

bombacina Athelialibulata Athelia

Fibulomyces septeotrionalis Fibulomyces mutabills .

.

53

57

I

7'

Frb. lomentose-membranous or membranous, basal hyphae swollen at the septa and/or hyphae relatively short-celled

I

Basal hyphae swollen, subhymenial hyphae short-celled

8.

Basal hyphae not swollen, hyphae retatively short-cefled, sp.

.

subglobose

7'

Frb. waxlike, closely attached to the substrate Sp. elliptical to pip-shaped, ,t--4.5 x 2-2.5 rrm (see atso No. .175) 8" Sp. cylindrical, curved, 5.5-7 2-4 pm, basidia with internat repetition (iI sp. undet 2 pm across and basidia without internal repetition = Phleb,,b subcretacea [Litsch.] Christ.) Holobasidia with 2-4 sterigmata, basidia over 25 pm tong, usualty tonger than 30 pm

8

Trechlapora cohaerens

No.

Crlstinia helvelica

No.

Phlebia lilascens

No. 174

1

11

89

x

6' t

7 7' 7*

Frb. bright blue, sp. bluish, with dendrohyphidia Frb. orange- to wine-red or pink

I 8'

incrustans

Pulcherricium

Frb. orange- to wine-red, cartilaginous, tough, on Sa/lx (willow)

Cytidia

salicina

Frb. pink, membranous-waxlike, on Sa/,x and populus tremula (aspen)

Corticium

.

caeruleum

roseum

No. 186

No.

87

No.

97

No.

75

Frb. whitish, cream-colored, lo yellowish

8 8.

Sp. thick-walled, cyanophilic

I

Sp. subglobose,

9.

Sp. oval, 8.5-11.5

6-7 x 5-s pm

x

pm

6_8

Hypochnicium lundellii . Hypochnicium bombycinum

.

No. 134 No. 132

Sp. thin-walled, not cyanophitic

I 9-

Sp. 4.5-5.5 x 2-2.5 pm, basidia 20-30 pm long, frb. whitish and spotted with lilac, surface slighfly merutioid (ifsp.3-3.5 x 2.2-2.5 r!m, see No. 91)

Sp. 7.5-9 x 5-7.5 p'r|, basidia 30-50 pm long,lrb. creamcolored to gray-ocher. common species 4', With cystidia or conspicuous cystidioid elements or setae

5

Galzinia

Ceraceomyces

aerpens

No.

90

Cerocorticium

contluens

No.

93

Hyphalsystemmonomitic

6

Most septa with clamps

7

With more than one type of cystidium in the same lrb. With lamprocystidia and gloeocystidia S + in the same frb.

8

I

Frb. with orange or reddish colors

'10 Sp. 14-17

x 7.5-10

pm, usually on A/rus y,i.idis (green

alder) 10" Sp.

9"

7.H.5 x 3.H.5

pm

Peniophora auranliaca . Penlophora incarnata

No.'146 No.'147

Frb. gray-violet, gray-blue, sometimes with pinktinge

10

On Prrus species, sp. 7.5-9

x 2.5-3 pm

Peniophora

pini

No. 150

Peniophora

plthya

No. 15'l

Penlophora

nuda

No. '149

10'On other coniler wood or hardwood

11

On various conifers, sp. 5.5-7

x 2.5-B pm

1'1" On hardwood and shrubs

12 Commonly in park grounds and gardens, gloeo-

8'

cystidia up to '16 (20) /rm across 12'Commonly on Populus (poplar) or Sa/rx (willow), gloeocystidia up to '10 (12) pm across . With lamprocystidiaand gloeocystidiaS -,sp. 12-'t4 x pm With smooth. sometimes rather incrusted cystidia, gloeocystidia S-. and slephanocysts (Fig. 4 L) (ditficult to see) (see atso No. 1 27) Wilh leptocystidia which are otten incrusted, and capitate hyphal

8-

With lageno- and septocystidia, frb. slightly tubercutate

8' l8'

l

I

3.

Hyphoderma

No.'155 No. '125

No. 126

Hyphodema argillaceum Grandinia alutaria

No. 123

Basidia with 6 slerigmata, umiform Basidia with 2-4 sterigmata

Sistotrema coronilerum

No. 190

10

Clavulicium

No.76

With only one type of cystidium With gloeocystidia only

8

I 9-

Basidia with 2 sterigmata

.

10' Basidia with 4 sterigmata. with dendrohyphidia (Fig.4 M), I

mutatum

Hyphoderma praetermEsum

ends

7'

Peniophoraviolaceo-livida

8.

on Populus trcmula laspen) With leptocystidia only Sp. thick-walled, cyanophilic

Peniophora

macounii polygonia

No. 120 No. 152

9

10 Sp. ellipticat, 6.5-7.5 10t Sp. subglobose, ,+-5

9-

x 4.5-S.S pm x 3J.5 rlm

Sp. thin-walled, not cyanophilic

10

Basidia longer than 30 /rm

Hypochnicium geogenium Hypochnlcium sphaerosporum

No. 133 No. 136

11 With dendrohyphidia, basidia

allantoid

1

5H0

irm long, sp.

1' Without dendrohyphidia, sp. elliptic-oval 12 Frb. cream-colored, brown-beige, to reddish(7.5) rrm, ocher, sp. drop-shaped, 8-12 x common 12' Frb. gray-ocherish, opalescent, waxlike, sp. cylindric-elliptic, 7.5-10 (15) x 3.5-5.5 pm

H

.

.

10* Basidia shorter than 30 pm 11 Sp. over 10pm long,

cylindrical

Corticium

macrosporopsia

Cylindrobasidium Phlebia cornea Hyphoderma

evolvans

.

No.

74

No.

92

No. 171

subdefinitum

No. 130

11* Sp. shorter than 10 /rm

12

Sp. subglobose

13 Sp.4.5-5.5 x

H.5

13- Sp. '12' Sp. elliptical 13 Sp. 5.5-7

I

8-

4.5 pm

pm

x

4-5

x

2.5-.3

pm clamps

13. Sp. 3.5-4 x 2-2.5 (3) pm, cystidia usually septate and with With lamprocystidia only (see also No. 214) Basidia 12-14 pn long, cystidia slender, almost needleshaped, 40-70 x 4

9

9.

!.m

Basidia longer '10 Frb. gray-blue with violet or pink tinl 1 1 Margin of frb. usually detached from the substrate '12 Growing only on lira

(linden).

detriticum granulosa

Lagarobasidium

No. 138

Grandinia

No.

82

Grandlnla clneracoa

No.

80

Grandinia

No.

84

. pallidula longlsporum

No. 206

Peniophora

rulomarginata

No. 154

Peniophora

limltata

No. 148

Peniophora

quercina

No.'153

Subulicysiidium

12* Growing on other hardwoods

13

tdargin of Irb. distinctly blackish, usually on Frax,,hus

(ash)

13. irargin of frb. concolorous with the hymenium, usually on Quercus (oak) and Fagus (beech)

.

11-Margin of frb. closely appressed to the substrate, usually on Fagus (beech) and Corylus (hazel),

common

I 10'

123)

8 9 x 3.5-4.5 pm (see also No. 10- Frb. whitish to gray-whitish, with white granules), sp.6.5-9

l8-

cyanophilic.

Aegeita stage (small 4.H irm, thick-walled,

x

With lyocysiidia only (Tubulicinis No.207fi.) Cystidia pointed

9 9'

cinerea Hyphoderma puberum Peniophora

Frb. whitish to cream-colored, withoutAegenla stage, sp.

apically

Cystidia obtuse to capitale apically 10 Sp. subglobose, 3.H.8 x 4.5

irm

Bulbillomyces

larinosus

No.'156 No. 127

No. 119

Tubulicrinis

subulatus

No.212

Tubulicrinis

thermometrua

No. 213

Tubuliqrinis Tubulicrinis

accedens borealis

Tubulicrinis

glebulosus

10'Sp. elliptical to cylindrical

1'l

Spore width above 2 pm 12 Sp. 4-5 x 3 3.5

/,m

12'Sp. H x 2-2.5 p,m 1'l'Spore width up to 2 pm

No. 207 No. 209

12

Lumen attip of cystidia widening abruptly, apex of cystidia upto 12pm across, onlyweakly amyloid, sp. 6-8 x 1.5-1.8 12. Lumen at tip of the cystidia widening gradually '13 Cystidia strongly amyloid, sp.5-7 x '1.5-1.8

pm

8'

pm Tubulicrinis 13'Cystidia weakly amyloid, apex of cystidia barely over 6 pm across, sp. 7-€ x 1 .5-2 pm Tubullcrinis

I 9'

Frb. yellowish to yellow, with rhizomorphs, commonly in

places

burned Frb. white to cream-colored 10 Sp. rather thick-walled and cyanophilic, (6) /rm, cystidia 20H00 irm 10- Sp. thin-walled, not cyanophilic

11 Sp.9-10 x 4-4.5 pm,

long

2A

Amphinema byssoides

6.H

(10)

x 4-5 Hyphodermopsis

long

With leptocystidia only

.

polonensis

setigerum sublaevis

Hyphoderma cystidia up to 220 pm 11- Sp. 3-3.5 x 2.2-2.5 pm, cystidia sparse and often rare, 5H5 rlm Ceraceomyces Most septa without clamps With gloeocystidia only, with phragmobasidia, frb. waxlike, gelatinous Basidiodendron

7 I 7'

No. 211 No. 208

With septocystidia only (see also No. 84)

long

6*

medius angustus

No. 210

No.

73

No. 140 No. 129

No.

91

caesiocinereum No.

'10

I 8t

Sp. subglobose

I 9'

Cystidia thick-walled, subulate, sp, 5.5-7 Cystidia thin-walled, capitate, sp.7.5-11

x s.ffi pm x7-9pm

Subullclum

raltum capitatum

Hyphoderma

No. 2Os

No. 124

Sp. elliptical

I

Frb. with red tinges, whitish, usually staining wood red, cystidia often incrusted apically

9t

.

sanguinea

phanerochaete

No. 161

Frb. without red tinges, whitish, cream-colored, to ocherish

10 With rhizomorphs, cystidia fusirorm, basidia 25-35 rrm

long

phanerochaele calotticha

.

No. j59

10" Without rhizomorphs

11 Cystidia cylindric-clavate, 4-5 pm across, basidia

long

phlebia deflectens s.

No. 173

Phanetochaete

tat. sordida

No. '162

apically

Phanerochaete

sanguinoa

No. 161

Hymenium turning wine-red in KOH, frb. with white to yellowish

phanerochaele

filamentoaa

No. 160

Phanerochaete

velutina

No. 164

'11-

I

7'

35-45 pm Cystidia fusirorm, otten somewhat incrusled, 6-10 pm across, basidia 25-30 lr.m

long

With lamprocystidia only (sometimes with incrusted teptocystidia onty) Frb. whitish with red tinges, leptocyslidia incrusted

8

8"

Frb. without reddish tinges

I

rhizomorphs

9*

Hymenium notchanging color in KOH, on hardwood, rarely on conifer wood and then not on P,nus (pine)

10

Cystidia 10-l5pmacross,oftenwithwhitishrhizomorphs, hyphae in the subiculum usually incrusted with crystals

.

I 10'Cystidia 6-'10 &m across, oflen only sligh y incrusted, hyphae in the subiculum usually incrusted with crystals,

9' I

7. 7"

KOH clamps

sordida phanerochaete laevls phlebiopsis gigantea dry which lack clamps, basidia 15-20 x ,+-5 pm . Scopuloidea septocystidia

hymenium sometimes turning red in 10- Cystidia 4-7.5 /rm across, hyphae in the subiculum thinwalled, smooth, with occasional On Prhus, frb. waxlike when moist, crustose and detaching from the margin inward when

With only septocystidia Without cystidia, but with brown setae Frb. bright red, when old rather wine- to brown-red 8* Frb. with other colors

I

I

.

On hardwoods and shrubs '10 On Ouelcus (oak) and Castanea 10' On Corylus (hazel) and hardwoods

(chestnu0

11

phanerochaete

incrusted smooth

cruenta

No. 295

Hymenochaete

rublglnosa

No.296

Hymenochaete

corrugata cinnamomea .

Hymenochaete

zoned, tobacco-brown with yellow-brown, lighter margin

I'

.

tabasina .

Hymenochaete Hymenochaete luliginosa

Plcea

(spruce)

No. 293 No. 292

No. 297 No. 294

Scytinostroma

odoratum

No.

99

Cystoslereum

murraii

No.

96

Generative hyphae with clamps With bladderlike to clavate gloeocystidia, odor of coconut, usually on With other cystidia

I 8'

2'

chocolate-brown

Generative hyphae without clamps, with gloeocystidia, skeletal hyphae strongly branched and dextrinoid

7-

I

.

On conifers, hymenium dark Hyphalsystem dimitic (see also No.71 and 72)

7

No. 165

No. 167

Frb. always fully resupinate

brown, tips of setae finely 12. Surface ol frb- smooth, velutinous, cinnamon- to rust-brown, tips oI setae 11* Resupinate only on the underside of the substrate, otherwise etfuso-reflexed, hymenium concentrically

6 6'

No. 158

Hymenochaete

12 Surface of lrb. finely areolate, gray- to ocher-

5-

No. 162

Cystidia thin-walled, ventricose-fusiform, tips usually with brownish resinous secretion, sp. fusilorm, T-9 (10) x 3-3.5 (4.5)p|m, on

wood

coniler Cystidia (pseudocystidia) arising from the trama, brown, thickwalled, tips incrusted, sp. oval, 5.5-7 x 3.F4.5 pm, on hard-

wood

Merulicium

Lopharia

fusisporum

spadicea

No. 143

No.24O

Sp. under the microscope hyaline to faintly colored, ornamented (punctate, verrucose, spi-

nose, tuberculate, angular)

3

Sp. not amyloid

4

Without cystidia or conspicuous'cystidioid elements, and without setae, hyphal system monomilic, most septa with clamps (if with bluish sp. and dendrohyphidia see No. 87)

5

Sp. triangular or with irregular coarse tubercles

6 6'

Sp.

triangular

Sp. with irregular coarse

tubercles

Tylospota asterophora Tylospora tibrilosa

.

No.2l5 No. 216 29

5.

Sp. oth€rwise Basidia pleurobasidial, sp. broadly elliptical, verrucose (wans not soluble < 3.F5 sm in KOH),

6

6.

.H

7

Sp. elliptical Frb. yellow, wilh conspicuous yellow rhizomorphs, KOH turns the hymenium wine-red Frb. ocher to honey-yellow, with fine rhizomorphs, hymenium without reaction to KOH

8 8'

Trechispora christiansenii

No. 110

8 8'

Sp. with blunt warts,

3-3.5 x 2.5-3 /,m

Sp. linely rough, thick-walled,

H.5 x 5.5-7.5 !.m

Tr6chispora microspora Granulobasidium vellereum

No. 114

Xenasma pruinosum

No.22'1

xenasma pulverulentum Hypochnicium punctulatum

No.222

Lltschauerella clematidis

No.214

Asterostroma medium

No. 290

Asterostromaochroleucum

No.291

No. 122

5

6

With leptocystidia

7

Basidia pleurobasidial, sp. finely verrucose, warts soluble in KOH Sp.5.5-7.5 x 3.5-4pm, basidiawith 4-6 sterigmata Sp. &-9 x 4.5-5 pm, warts occasionally in spirals, basidia fourspored x 5-6.5 &m . Basidia terminal, sp. thick-walled, with blunt warts, wound which have hyphae around them, With lamprocystidia, sometimes 6sp- subglobose, 4.5-7 x 4-S pm, finely verrucose to smoolh Hyphal system monomitic, most septa without clamps, with stellate asterosetae

8 8'

H

6 6'

Asterosetae with (4) 5 (6) branches, sp. somewhat elliptical, coarsely

6-7.5 x ,t-5.5 pm

tuberculate,

Asterosetae with (4) 6-€ (9) branches, sp. subglobose with blunt, fingershaped warts, 5.H ram .

No. 135

Sp. amyloid

4

Hyphal system monomitic, most septa without clamps Withoul cystidia, with large, subglobose, spinose sp., 2H0 x 22-25 pm 5. Withoul cystidia, with small, globose, verrucose sp., 5-6 pm, basidia pleuro-

5

basidial

4*

.

Hyphal system monomitic, most septa with clamps Frbs. rounded to oblong spots on the bark oI living Quercus (oak), basidia 80-100,rm long Frb. spread out tlat, basidia not over 35 /rm long Sp. subglobose, 4.H lrm, with gloeocystidia S + .

5

5.

6 6'

7 7'

x 2.5-3 pm

With gloeocystidia S +, sp. 4.5-5.5

S

With gloeocystidia elluso-rellexed growth

, sp. 3.H x

2.5-.3 pm, frb. tending toward

4

4.

Sp. yellowish to brownish Sp. yellowish, with large drops,9-12

5

5.

x 6.8-8 pm, frb. light yellow to lemon-

yellow Sp. light brownish, thick-walled, without drops, trb. ocher- to olive-brown Frb. upto 0.3 mm thick, sp. dextrinoid

6

6.

Aleurodiacua Xenasmalella

amorphus deciplens

Aleurodiscus discilormls

Frb.

o.Fl

mm thick, sp. not dextrinoid

.

.

Gloeocystidiellum

No.

45

No. 2'18

No.

46

No. 103

Boidinia furturacea

SP. elliPtical

Sp. under the microscope colored, smooth Hyphal system monomitic, most septa without clamps Sp. somewhat violet, thick-walled, frb. red-violet

3.

No. 117

.

With cystidia, conspicuous cystidioid elements, or selae Hyphal system monomitic, most septa with clamps

5'

3

Trechigpora vaga

Sp. subglobose

7'

3'

No. 223

Basidia terminal

7' 4'

xenasmatella tulasnelloidea

polgsum

No. 105

Laxitextum bicolol

No. 106

Hypochnella violacea

No. 141

Membranomyces spurius

.

No. 137

Conigphora arida . Coniophgra puteana

No.236

Hypochniciellum ovoideum Leucogyrophanapseudomollusca

No.

Jaapia ochlgleuca

No. 239

Coniophora olivacea

No. 237

No. 238

Hyphal system monomitic, most septa with clamps

4

Without cystidia Basidia '10 12

4.

5 5'

Basidia

x 2.5-.3.5 irm, sp. 3.H.5 x 2.5-3 /rm, cyanophilic 30-35 x 5.5-7 /rm, sp. 6-7.5 x 4-5 !.m, cyanophilic

With cysridia With leprocystidia, sp. fusiform, lhick-walled, 1G-19 x 4.5-7 y.m 5. With incrusted septocystidia, sp. elliptical, &-10.5 x 4.F5.5pm 2' Sp. underthe microscope colored, ornamented (punctate, verrucose, spinose, tuberculate,

5

59

No. 241

angular)

3

Hyphalsystem dimitic

4 With clustered, brown septocystidia, sp. verrucose, lubercles 4' Wilhout cystidia. sp. verrucose-spinose

some warts with double

.

3"

tibrosa

Pseudotomentellamucidula.

No.251 No.253

Hyphalsystemmonomitic

4 4-

30

Tomentellina

Septa without clamps, without cystidia, sp. subglobose, with pointed spines Septa with clamps

Tomentellopsisechinospora No.252

5

Without cystidia

6 6'

Basidia 15-20

x 9-10 /rm, sp. 7-9.5 ,rm, globose

Botryohypochnus

7

Frb. cream-colored to sulfuryellow, with unpleasant odor Frb. with other colors, odorless

7*

(garlic)

8

Basidia 60-90 pm long, ventricose, with clavate-vesiclelike elements in the

8.

Basidia shorter

hymenium

9 I'

Trechispora

spines, subiculum darker than the hymenium (when

dry)

,astidioaa

No. 113

No. 250

Tomentella

bryophila

No. 244

,erruginella

No. 246

griseo-violacea

No. 247

Tomentella

pitosa

No. 248

Tomentella

subclavigera

No. 249

plotodontia

picelcola

No.

With hyphalstrands

dry)

With cystidia

6 6.

I

69

terrestris

Hyphal strands up to ca. 40 pm thick, sp. gtobose, 6-7.s pm, subiculum lighter than the hymenium (when Tomentella 10- Hyphal strands up to ca. 120 &m thick, sp. subgtobose, 6-8 x 5.5-7 pm, hymenium and subiculum concolorous Tomentella

I

No.

Tomentella

Without hyphal strands, sp.8-10 pm, globose, with pointed

10

5'

isabelinus

Basidia larger

x 12 pm, with hyphal strands up to 200 /rm thick Cystidia cylindric-clavate, some septa withoul clamps, hyaline, up to '170 Cystidia smooth, yellow-brown, clavate, 50-100

.

x

'10

pm

Hymenium distinclly + regularly verucose to spinose ot with scattered distinctspines or teeth Sp. underthe microscope hyaline to weakly colored, smooth (even underthe immersion-oil objeclive)

2

3

Sp. not amyloid

4

Without cystidia or conspicuous cystidioid elements, and without setae lvlost septa without clamps Basidia longitudinally septate (phragmobasidia), frb. waxtike, soft, grayocher, sp.

5

6

6. 5*

globose

Basidia nol longitudinally septate (holobasidia), stalked, tips of teeth composed of clusters ot incrusted hyphal

ends

.

No. 131

Most septa with clamps

6 6*

Basidia longitudinally septate (phragmobasidia), frb. pink-red, waxlike, sp.

12-18 x 6-7

pm

Eichterie a

degtubens

No.

17

Basidia not longitudinally septate (holobasidia) Basidia up to 20 l.m long (see also No. 288)

7

7'

I Basidia 12 18 pm long, sp. subglobose, 3.8-5.3 x 9.2 pm, subhymenium short-celled and some swollen 8' Basidia 13-15,rm long, sp. cylindric-elliptic, 4 5.5 x 1.5-2 pm .

Mycoacia

Basidia longer than 20 ,0m (see also No. 287) Parasitic on Malus (apple), basidia 20-30 pm long, sp. subglobose, frb. with strong unpleasant

Sarcodontia

I

odor

8" I

Brevicellicium olivascena

aurea

.

setosa

No. 116 No. 168

No. 179

On other substrates

9 I' 9'

4'

Hyphodermella corrugata

18

basidiaca.50irm long, sp.8 11 x 5-7pm Cerocorticium On Carex (sedge), Iypha (cat-tail), and Sc,Tpus (bulrush), sp. On Ouercus (oak),

pm

22 28 x 6.A On various hardwoods, basidia bose, thick-walled, 5-7 &m, frb.

molare

typhae Cristinla galllca

,rm long, sp. subglo-

sulfur-yellow

94

No. 102

Epithele

3H0

No.

No.

88

With cystidia

5

With more than one type of cystidium in the same frb. Hyphalsystem monomitic, most septa wilhoui clamps, with conspicuously abundant lamprocystidia and few incrusted septocystidia, ,rb. waxlike Scopuloides rimosa

6

6-

7

With baldder-shaped halocystidia and with cystidiotes with conspic-

7.

With lagenocystidia and with lepto- or septocystidia

uous stellate cap of

8

crystals

Resinicium

Always with septocystidia having tlvo lo four septa, septa with

H x 4. 4.5 &m, frb. only slightly verrucose With leptocystidia, which rather rarely have one septum, sp. 4.5-5.5 x 3.5-4 ,rm, frb. odontoid clamps, sp.

8-

5'

.

No. '166

bicolor

No. 178

Hyphal system monomitic, most septa with clamps

Grandinia

alutaria

No.

76

Grandinia

arguta

No.

77

No.

16

No.

95

With only one type ot cystidium With only gloeocystidia S

6

7

7'

-

With phragmobasidiia, hyphae only indistinctly visible, irb. thin, waxlike, surface finely verrucose, sp. subglobose,4-S With holobasidia, hyphal system dimitic, generative hyphae with clamps, with dendrohyphidia, surface of frb. coarsely verrucose to

xH pm

spinose

Stypella

vermiformis

cruslomyces

subabruptus

tr

6'

With only leptocystidia or capitate hyphal ends

7

Frb. distinctly raduloid to hydnoid, teeth over 1 mm long Teeth blunt, cylindrical, dispersed, usually on Prunus avium lwild cherry), sp. 8.5-10 x 3-.3.5 pm 8* Teeth dense, subulate and pointed, KOH causes dark-red discoloration ol the frb.

8

7"

9

Frb. sulfur- to wax-yellow, sp.

9"

Frb. whitish, then ocher-yellow to black-brown, sp. 4.5F5.5

5-6 x 2-i pm

Hyphoderma radula

No. '128

Mycoacia

uda

No. 170

Mycoacia

luscoatra

No. 169

Grandinia

barba-iovis granulosa

No. No.

78

Grandinia

x

2-2.5 pn Frb. hydnoid with teeth under 1 mm long or verrucose to almost

.

smooth when young

8

Frb. distinctly hydnoid

9

Sp. subglobose

10

4.H x 3.H.5

Sp. long

pm, cystidia cylindric, up to 280 pm

10'Sp. 5-6.5 x 4-5 pm,

9-

cystidia capitale,

30-50,rm long

.

Sp. elliptical

10 with moniliform cystidiaand capitate hyphalends, sp.4-5 Grandinia

breviseia

No.

79

10' With fusiform, subulate cystidia, some basidia with internal repetition, sp. 5-6.5 x 2.H pm

Grandinia

crustosa

Nr.

81

10'With cystidioid hyphal ends in the aculei, some septate, incrusted wilh coarse crystals, sp.4.5-5.5 x 2.3-2.8 pm Frb. indistinctly hydnoid to almost smoolh or verrucose{uber-

Grandinia

nesporl

No.

83

'

l

8-

82

2 5-3.5

pm

.

culate

9

Sp. lessthan 6/rm long, cylindrical, slightly allantoid,4.5-5 2-2.5 pm, frb. verrucose-tuberculate (see also No. 174)

x

No. 175

Phlebla llvida

9'Sp.Hpmlong 10 Cystidia thin-walled, cylindricjusiform, some rather monililorm and capitate, 7H0 /rm long, sp. 7-8 x 1.5-2 pm

Grandinia

10. Cystidiathick-walled, cylindrical, upto 130 (200)pm long, sp.

3'

Grandlnia

pm

2

16'

With lamprocystidia only, cylindrical and numerous, ,rb. verrucose, wilh distinct rhizomorphs (see also No. 194)

Sieccherlnum timbriatum

6.

With only septocystidia, which are clustered in the aculei, tips of teeth with droplels or stained brownish

Dacryobolus

.

sudans

No.

85

No.

86

No.'193

No.

98

Sp. amyloid

4 4-

2'

6.5-8 x 1.5

stenospora subalutacea .

Frb. verrucose-tuberculate, waxlike-crustose, with ascus-shaped gloeocystidia,

x 7-10 pm Frb. with line spines 4-10 mm long, gloeocystidia fusiform, basidia basidia 45-55

2H5

Megalocystidiumleucoxanthum No.108

x

4.5-7.5 pm

Dentipellis fragilis

No. 285

Trechispora larinacea

No. 112

Kavinia alboviridis

No.60

Tomentella crinalis

No.245

Sp. under the microscope ornamented (spinose, verrucose)

3

Sp. hyaline, finely spinose, I distinctly verrucose-spinose

3'

Sp. brownish to yellowish Frb. with greenish teeth

4

4t

-, 3.H x 2.H

/,cm,

frb. almost smooth, larinose, to

1J

mm long on awhite subiculum, sp. finely verrucose . Frb. rust-brown to dark brown, verrucose to somewhat hydnoid, with rhizomorphs, sp. coarsely verrucose

11* Hymenium merulioid to phlebioid

2 2' 1

"

Without cystidia, with yellowish sp.

3 3'

Growing out ol doors, on conifer wood, esp. Pirus (pine), frb. orange- to gold-brown (see also No. 157) . Growing in houses, frb. whitish, cream-colored, red-brown in the center, serious pest

No. 243

Serpula

No.242

With cystidia, sp. hyaline

3 3'

Frb. radially furrowed, undulating-tuberculate Frb. not radially lurrowed, merulioid to porose

.

Phlebia radiata Phlebia rula .

No. 176

.

No. 177

Hymenlum porose, retlculate-porose, slil-porose (irpicoid)

2

Sp. under the microscope hyaline to faintly colored, sp. not amyloid, smooth (even under the immersion-oil objective)

3

Without cystidia or conspicuous cystidioid elements, and without setae

4

Hyphal system monomitic

5

Most septa without clamps

6

Usually on conifer wood

7 7"

32

aureus lacrimans

Pseudomerulius

Only on Plnus (pine), hymenophore reticulat€-porose to merulioid, orange- to red-brown On other conifers

Meruliopsis laxlcola

.

No.'157

8

Frb. waxlike, carlilaginous, cream-colored, commonly on stumps and spread out over a large area, spotting red-brownwhen rubbed

ffi /rm

and in age, 3-5 indistinct pores per mm, sp. globose, Frb. cottony, sofl, on the underside of the substrate, white when young, then lilac-pink to violet, spotting reddish when handled, 1--3 pores per mm, sp. 3.5-4.5 x 2-2.5 Usually on hardwood, frb. delicateJleshed Frb. white to cream-colored, 3-5 pores per mm, sp. 7-€.5 x 2.5-3

8*

6'

pm

7 7'

pm

Physisporinus sanguinolentus

.

No. 377

Cerlporla

excelsa

No. 37'l

Ceriporia

retlculata

No. 373

Frb. white only when young, laler reddish, somewhat violet, or greenish

I

Frb. cream-colored to pink, later purple-wine-red, quickly spotting purple-red when handled or with KOH, sp. 6-7 x 2-2.3 pm 1-3 pores per mm, frb. whitish when young, later lilac-pink to violel, spotting reddish when handled, sp. 3.5 4.5 x 2-2.5 pm 3-5 (6) pores per mm, lrb. whitish when young, later with pink-violet spots or greenishlo purple-brown (esp. when dry), notspotting when handled, sp. 3.4 5 x 1.5-2 Most septa with clamps Frb. consisting of a sl.oma 3-10 mm across, with small cups 0.2-{.4 mm across crowded on top ol it, near the crown oL4bies (fir)

. .

l8*

8'

5"

pm

6

6t

.

Frb. with true pores Frb. pihk, 5-10 (20) mm 7* Frb. another color and thinner

7

thick

I 8'

Sp. subglobose, small, 2.5-3.5 Sp. elliptical, larger

I I'

x 2-2.5 pm,

frb.

white

greenish

H

vlrldans

Stigmaiolemma

conapetsum

Porpomyces

poresper

.

mucidus

pannocincius

Gloeoporus

No. 372 No. 371

No. 374

No. 234 No. 339 No. 410

No. 367

Sp. broader, hyphae metachromatic (if hyphae not metachromatic and pore layerturning backwhen bruised, see No.329)

10 Frb. not spotting when handled, whitish to usually on Sa/ix

4'

Cerlporla

Tyromyces placenta

2 /,m across,3.H.5 x 0.5-1 /rm, mm, Irb. whitish with a hint of

Sp.lessthan

Ceriporia

pulpurea excelsa .

Ceriporia

(willow)

brownish,

resinaacens gllvescens

Ceriporiopsia

10- Frb. spotting red-brown when handled, whitish with a gleam of pink, on various

hardwoods

Cerlporlopsls

No. 376 No. 375

Hyphalsystemdimitic

5 5*

Generative hyphae without clamps, frb. hard, woody, brown, usually on Sa/ix (willow), 5-7 pores per

Phellinus punctatus

Generative hyphae with clamps Frb. consisting of a cottony-fibrous subiculum with smallcups crowded on top ol it (poroid habitus)

Stromatoscypha

mm

6

6*

.

Frb. with true pores or irpicoid (lacerate-porose) Frb. irpicoid, white to cream-colored, common Frb. with true pores

7

7t

I I'

Skeletal hypahe quickly dissolving in KOH Skeletal hyphae not dissolving in KOH

I

Iimbriata

paradoxa

.

Schizopora

.

Cinereomyces

lindbladii

No. 321

No.232 No. 380 No. 346

Generative hyphae at the mouths of the tubes strongly incrusted 10 Frb. lilac, violet, with a gray tint,

rare

sp.3-3.5 x 0.8-1 pm,

. Skeleiocutls carneogrisea Skeletocutis lilacina

'10" Frb.

9"

.

gray-whitish, sometimes with flesh-colored tint, sp. 3-4 x 'l-1.5 /rm, commoner Generative hyphae nol incrusted 10 Sp. broadly oval, truncate,5-6 x 3.5-5 pm, on Quercus

.

(oak).

Perenniporia

10' Sp. otherwise '11 On coniferwood, usually Plcea (spruce), sp.6.5-9 x

H pm

medulla-panis

No. 364 No. 363

No.369

Antrodia

serialis

No.341

Antrodla

rantha

No.342

11* On hardwoods, only rarely on conirer wood

12 Sp.4-5 x 1r1.5pm,frb. t 12. Sp.

7-9.5

light yellow to

yellow

x

2.5-3.5 ,lm, frb. cream-colored to light brown, 1.F2 pores per mm (if wiih blackline between context and substrate, see

12-Sp. 9,12.5

3"

x

No.348)

3.5-4.5 pm, frb. cream- to pale

wood-cllored, margin blackish, 1-2 pores per With cystidia or conspicuous cystidioid elements, and setae With incrusted cystidia (iffrb. with violet tints, see No.360)

4

5

t

mm

No.

5-

No. 340 No. 350

t

Cystidia thick-walled, apically incrusted, hyphal system monomitic, septa wilhout clamps, frb. annual, white, not spotting, cartilaginous, saprophytic (if perennial with layerd tubes, soft, pithy flesh, and parasitic on hardwoods, see

I

. Dlchomltus campestrls

Antrodia malicola

379)

vilreus Auriporia aurulenta Physisporinus

With lamprocystidia and leptocystidia, hyphal system monomitic, septa with clamps, kb. bright

yellow-orange

No. 378

No. 328

5'

With skeletocystidia incrusted apically, hyphal system dimitic, generative hyphae with clamps

H x 1.8-2,3 pm, frb.

6

On coniferwood, skeletal hyphae cyanophilic, sp. whitish. yellowish

6.

On hardwood, skeletalhyphae notcyanophilic, sp. 4-4.5 x 2-2.5pm, frb.

orange-salmon-colored

4t

Junghuhnia luteoalba

No. 381

Junghuhnla nitida

No.382

With setae

5

5'

On conifer wood, 5-7 pores per mm (if

2J

pores per mm, see No. 311)

6

Frb. in cross section with distinct, thin, blackline between context andiube layer, sp. 5.5-6.5 x 1.&-2.5,am, without setal hyphae

Phellinus nigrolimltatus

No. 320

6*

Frb. in cross section without black line, but with distinct layering of the tubes, sp. allantoid, 4-5 x 1.5-1.8 ,rm, with dark brown setal hyphae

Phellinus lerrugineo-f uscus

No.312

On hardwood

6

On Befula (birch), sp.

6'

On other hardwoods

/r-5 x 3.H/rm, withoutsetae

in

thetrama, skeletal

hyphae paiallel in the dissepiments (il irregular, see No.

7 H .

318)

Phellinus

pores per mm, with long mycelialsetae (up to 500pm), sp.4 5-5.5

3-3.5 pm

7'

2-3 pores per mm, mycelial setae barely over

1

50 /rm long, sp.

laevlgatus

No. 3'17

Phelllnua lerruginosus

No.313

Phellinus contiguus

No.311

6-7 x

3-3.5 Pm

.

L2* Sp. under the microscope hyaline to faintly colored, not amyloid, verrucose

3 3.

Frb. delicate, soft-Ileshed, white, very thin, hyphal system monomitic. septa with No. 1 15 Trechispora mollusca clamps, sp.4-5 . 3.4 yfr Frb. corky, sofi, up to 10 mm thick, ocher-brownish, hyphalsystem trimitic, sp. 9.5-13 Pachylrytosporatuberculosa No.368 / 6-7 irm, warls in longitudinal rows

2. Sp. under the microscope yellowish to brownish

3

Sp. smooth

4

Sp.

H.5

x 3-4,rm, with macrosetae,

lnonotus hasliler

on Fagus ( beech) (see also No. 305)

4'Sp.8-10x5-7.5/rm(basidiosp.),chlamydospores7-'10x3.5-55,rm,without

lnonotus obliquus Lindtneria trachyspora

macrosetae, on Betula (birch) (imperfect frb. tuberous, black)

3'

Sp. spinose to costate, subglobose, 7-€ irm, frb. gold-yellow

.

.

No.303

. .

No.306 No. 142

Group B Hymenium smooth to somewhat uneven or slightly lubelculate lo nearly verrucose Sp. underthe microscope hyaline to faintly colored, smooth (even under lhe oil-immersion

2

objective)

3

Sp. not amyloid (sometimes very weakly

4

5

With leptocystidia in the hymenium and bladderlike, cystidioid hyphal ends in the trama, ap. cylindric-elliptic, frb. somewhal violet (il frb. cream to ocher and without bladderlike elements, but wilh dacryoid sp. see No. 92)

With 1 strongly incrusted, brownish cystidia irost septa with clamps On hardwood, esp. Fagus (beech), kb. with brown tones, sp. 5.5-7

6

7

7' 6'

5'

x

3.H

Lopharia spadicea

No. 240

Columnocystls abieiina

No.71

Columnocystis amblgua

No.

Hymenochaete rubiginosa

No. 296

Hymengchaete labacina

No- 297

2

On Quercus (oak) or Castarea (chestnut), frb. red-brown, hard, brittle' sp 4-6.5 r 2.5-3.5 pm On other hardwoods and shrubs, frb. tobacco-brown with light margin, leathery, sp. 4.5-7 x 1.5-2.5 pm

72

Sp. amyloid

4

Without cystidia, but with ascending, conducting or non-conducting, hyphal ends

5

Surface of frb. reddening when rubbed

6

Growing on conifer wood

6*

Growing on hardwood

7 7*

5.

34

frb with gray and lilac tones, sp

Most septa without clamps, frb. with brown tones, sp. 12-14.5 /rm, on Plcea (spruce)

No. 198

x

3.5-4 5 pm On coniferwood, esp. Picea (spruce), 9-12.5 x 4--4.5 pm

Chondrostereum purpureum

With setae

5 3.

in certain Ste/eum species, see 3t)

With cystidia

5'

4',

l+, esp.

On various hardwoods, usually resupinate, frb. hard and brittle Usually on Ouercus (oak) and Castanea (chestnut), frb. elastic, tough

Stereum sanguinolentum

.

No.203

Stereum rugosum

. .

No.202

Stereum gausapatum

Stereum hilautum

.

No.200

No. 199

Surlace ol frb. not reddening when rubbed

6

Hymenium yellow to yellow-orange, frb. in cross section with thin, yelloworange intermediate layer between cortex and trama

6*

Hymenium ocher-whitish, gray-ocher, to yellow-ocher

7

2* t

ground and planls

Slereum ochraceo-fl avum

No.201

Stereum subtomentosum

No. 204

Amylostereum areolatum

No. 195

Tholephora terrealrls

No. 256

lrpex lacteus

No. 192

1* xymenium dlsrlnc y a

2 2'

I

Pileoli small (5-10 mm), slightly projecting, in rows, usually on Ouercus (oak) and Fagus (beech) 7. Pileoli larger (30-70 mm), semicircutar, with stalklike atiachment, usually on A/rus (alder), Fagus (beech) and Sa/ix (willow) . 4. With lamprocystidia, frb. gray to brown, somewhat violet, on picea (spruce), sp. 5-6 r 2.5-3 rrm Sp. under the microscope brownish, verrucose-spinose, entire frb. brown, overgrowing the

I

regularly verrucose to splnose or wlth sqattered spines or teelh Hyphal system dimitic, generative hyphae without clamps, hymenophore irpicoid, frb. cream-colored to whitish Hyphal system dimitic, generative hyphae with clamps (see atso No. 192) Hymenophore with orange-salmon-colored tones, hydnoid, on hardwood Hymenophore with somewhat violet to gray-brownish tones, irpicoid, on pirus (pine)

3 3'

Hymenium merulioid to phlobioid On Alnus viridis (green alder), rare, hymenophore white, sp. amyloid, ,r-5 x 0.7-1 pm

2

2t

.

Steccherlnum ochraceum

No. 194 No.361

Plicatura nivea

No. 182

3

Hymenophore yellow-orange to salmon-colored, usually with hispid pilei projecting 10-40 mm, frb. elastic, gelatinous, sp. 3.H x 1-1.5 pm

Merulius tremellosus

No. 145

Hymenophore white to ocherish, usually only with pileal edges projecting 5-10 mm to the side,lrb. leathery, tough, sp. 5-6 x 2.5-.3 pm

Meruliopsla corlum

No. 144

3'Hymenophorered-brown,gray-violet,pileiwithgray-tomentose,zoneduppersurlace, frb. gelatinous. tough. basidia with transverse septa Hymenlum poroid. reuculate-porose. slit.porose (irpicoid)

2

.

On other trees

l3*

I

.

Trichapiumlusco-violaceum

Auricularia

mesenlerica

No.

8

Sp. under the microscope hyaline, not amyloid Sp. smooth Without cystidia or setae

3

4

5

Hyphal system monomitic, septa with clamps (if without clamps and frb. pink, see No. 332)

6

Hymenophore discoloring when bruised

6'

Hymenophore immediately turning black when bruised, tube layer dark brown to blackish, on hardwood Hymenophore spotting brownish when bruised, tube layer white, on conifer wood Hymenophore not discoloring when bruised

7

7t

7 Pores rounded-angular, ,H per mm, gray-pink to reddish-brown, tube layer when tresh easily detached with a linger nail 7' Pores irpicoid, slit to flattened, cream-colored, sp. thick-walled, .

I

5t

5.5-7.5 x 5-€ rrm Hyphal system dimitic, generative hyphae with clamps On conifer wood

6

6'

7 7'

Hymenophore yellow-orange-pink to salmon-colored, sp.

1-1.5rlm

H

5'

Poslia fragllls

No.335

Gloeoporus dichroua

No. 366

Sponglpellis pachyodon

No. 41

Skeleioculis amorpha

No. 362

Gloeophyllum odoratum

No. 392

Datronla mollis

No. 348

Datronia siereoides

No. 349

Loweomyces wynnei

No. 333

Skeletocutis nivea

No. 365

7.5-9.5 x

H

pm

Antrodlella semisupina

No. 344

Cerrgna unicolor

No. 345

lrpex lacteus

No. 192

Trlchaptumfusco-violaceum

No.361

On hardwoods

7 7'

Pores

0.5-l mm

across, labyriothine, frb. gray- to ocher-brown,

leathery, tough, with black line between

contef and tomentum

Pores small, 4-5 (6) per mm, lrb. stereoid, gray-ocherish to gray-

Growing on the ground, sometimes in association with rotten stumps, frbs. often clustered, with separate pileoli, yellow-brown, orange-brown, thin,

elastic

7

7"

6' 14"

Sp broadly elliptical, 2.5-3.5 x 2-2.5 pm, generative hyphae not incrusted, 5-7 pores per mm Pore surface gray to gray-brown, 2-3 pores per mm, labyrinthine, old frbs. irpicoid

With incrusted cystidia or cystidia with cap of crystals (see atso No. 379) Frb. white to cream-colored, hymenophore irpicoid, cystidia like lamprocystjdia, on hardwood

5 5'

'l

Frb. thick-fleshed, red- to yeliow-brown, odor like anise/fennel, sp.

Hyphal system trimitic Pore surface white to cream-colored, pores very small, 5-g per mm Sp. cylindrical, allantoid, very small, 3.5_4 x 0.H.7 /,m, generative hyphae incrusted, 8-9 pores per mm

6

No. 329

x

brown, rare

6'

Bierkandera aduata

Frb. with somewhat violet to gray-brown tones, on conifer wood

6 6'

Hymenophore irpicoid to hydnoid even in the marginal zone, on P/rus (pine), rare

Hymenophore reticulate-porose, labyrinthine, even somewhat irpicoid, but marginal zone always remaining reticulale-porose, on coniters,

common

Trichaptum

abietlnum

No.360 35

4*

With setae (see also No.310)

5

On hdrdwood

6 I

6*

6' 5"

On Fagus (beech), hymenophore stepped with knotlike outgrowths, irides-

cent, 3-4 pores per mm, trama whitish to light brown On Prurus species (P. domestica and P- sprhosa), hymenophore cinnamon- to gray-brown, not iridescent, 'l-5 pores per mm, trama rusl-brown

A/rus (alder), trama rust-brown, 5-6 pores per mm

6'

Sp. cylindrical, allantoid, 6-€ x 1.5-2,rm, without chlamydospores, pore surface gray- to cinnamon-brown, 3--4 pores per mm, rare Sp. broadly elliptical,5-6 x 4-5pm, with chlamydospores, pore surface yAllow-brown, 4-5 pores per mm, on Pinus mugo (mountain pine)

x 4--4.5 pm, pore layer whitish to creamcolored, 3-4 pores per mm, on conifer wood, common SD. under the microscope yellowish, pore surface rust- to gray-brown, 3-6 pores per mm, e;p. on Sa/ix (willow). setae usually without tips (as if broken otf)

3.

Sp. finely verrucose, subglobose, 4.5-$

Group C 1 Hymenium t

1*

smooth to lrregularly tuberculate, growing over the ground and Plant parts, ,rb. brown, sp. tuberculate, brown Hymenium distinctly a irregularly spinose 2 Frb. cream-colored to ocher, with long beardlike spines 5-10 (15)mm long, on hardwood, sp. amyloid, 3.H.3 x 2.8-3.3 pm (see also No. 286) 2' Frb. jellylike, gelatinous, opal-whitish to gray-brownish, spines short, 3 (5) mm long' on conil'er wood, sp. not amyloid,

t t

ffi

x 4.5-5.5 pm,

with phragmobasidia

1* Hy.eoirm merulioid to almost venose, also with anastomoses, dingy white to gray1*

No. 305

.

Phellinus tuberculosus

No. 326

Phellinus lundellii

No.3'18

On conifer wood (commonly in mountain lorests)

6

2'

On

lnonolus nodulosua

ocherish, lrb. sofl, elastlc, on hardwood Hymenium porose, reticulale,porose, slii-pored (i.picoid) (if entire frb. including the trama

Phellinu8 vlticola

No.327

.

Phellinus vorax

No. 309

Heterobasidion annosum

No. 397

Phellinus conchatus

No.3'10

Thelephora ierrestris

No. 256

Creolophus cirrhatus

No. 284

Pseudohydnum gelatinosum

No.

Plicaturopsis crispa

No. 183

.

19

orange-red, see No. 353)

2

Sp. under the microscope hyaline to faintly colored, smoolh (even under the oil-immersion

objective)

3

Sp. not amyloid

4

Without cystidia or conspicuous cystidioid elements, and withoui setate

5

HYPhalsystemmonomitic

6

lvlost septa without clamPs

7 7'

On conifer wood (Picea

8

spruce), fib. pink to raspberry-colored,

At the base of Fibes (currant) and Evonymus (spindle tree), para-

sitic,

8' 6"

-

decurrent onto the substrate, soft-fleshed On hardwood and shrubs' frb. colored otherwise

frb woody, rust brown

.

On stumps and roots of hardwoods' esp. Fagus (beech), often apparently on soil

frb very large. clustered, elastic, blackening

Leptoporus mollis

No. 332

Phellinus ribis

No.322

.

Merlpilus giganteus

No. 402

Fistulina hepalica

No. 428

Postia stiptica

No. 336

Postia subcaesia

No.337

Postia tephroleuca

No. 338

Hapalopilus rutilans

No.396

Bierkandera lumosa

No.330

Most septa with clamps

7 7*

Frb. with red tones, thick, succulent, from one another, on Ouercus (oak)

sof

individual tubes separable

Frb. with other colors and tubes not separable from one another

8

Basidia uP to 20 pm long

I 9'

Frb. white even in age, soft, very bitter' usually on conifer 5-5 x 2-2.3 pm Frb. colored otherwise or not remaining white, usually on

wood, sP. 3 hardwood

I

bluish gleam, barely over 20 mm thick, usually on Fagus (beech) and Fraxlrus (ash) (if on conifer wood, see No. 334) 1O' Frb. whitish, then upper surface of pileus gray-brownish, usually over 20 mm thick, mild, on various hardwoods

10 Frb. ocherish with

8t

Basidia over 20 r.m long

9

Frb. with brown tones

10

Entire frb. cinnamon- to ocher-brown, KOH produces intense violet discoloration on upper surface of pileus, esp. on Eetula (birch) and Fagus (beech)

'10'Upper surface ol pileus brown-ocher to coffee-colored, spotiing slightly brownishwhen bruised. with tinedark line between tube layer and trama, esp. on Sarx (willow) (if pore surlace and entire tube layer gray-brown to blackish, see No. 329)

9.

Frb. whitish to light ocher- or gray-brownish, on hardwood (commonly street trees and in park grounds)

10

4.5-5 10"

I

5'

pm

6'

spumeus Auraniioporus ,issilis Spongipellls

Without duplex trama, turning pink upon drying and becoming corneus and hard, sp.4.5-5.5 x 2.H pm

Hyphal system dimitic (see also

6

6-8 x

With duplex trama, not turning pink upon drying, sp.

No.395

5' Hyphal system trimitic)

Gensrative hyphae without clamps

7 Frb. sofl-fleshed, yellow to orange-yellow, succulent, annuai, old frbs. chalky-brittle, esp. on hardwoods and Larrx (larch) 7' Frb. brown, woody, hard, perennial 8 On Abies (silver fir) a. On Hippophae ($ea buckthorn) and E/aeagrus (oleaste0

Laeiiporus sulphuleus Phellinus Phellinus

.

No. 400

hartigii hippophaecola

No.314 No. 315

Generative hyphae with clamps

7

On Betula (birch), upper surface of frb. cream-white lo ocherbrownish, smooth, rlesh

7'

soft

Piptoporus

betulinus

No. 404

On other trees

8

Usually on Ouercus (oak), Fraxrhus (ash) and Pobiria (locusi), esp. at the base of the trunk of living

8*

Mostly on conifer wood

9

trees

Perennlporia

lraxinea

No. 370

,H without typical odor, rare

lachnoderma

benzoinum

No.398

odoratum

No. 392

Pore surface cream-colored, browning when bruised, pores per mm, pilei up to 200 mm across, radially wrinkled, with sharp margin, red-blackish,

9*

Pore surface red- to gray-brown, 'l-2 pores per mm, rounded to oblong

10

Pilei usually amorphous, luberous, plump, up to 30 mm thick, margin inllated, odor typically like anise or fennel, commonly on the upper surface of stumps,

common

Gloeophyllum

'10'Pilei semicircular to linear, a regular, up to '10 mm thick, pores someiimes elongated up to 4 mm, withoul odor,

rarer Gloeophyllum trabeum

commonly on trunks and wood used in construction,

5-

No. 412

.

No. 391

Hyphal system trimitic

6 6'

Enlire frb. bright cinnabar- to o.ange-red, barely over 100 mm

across

Pycnoporus

clnnabarinus

No. 353

Laricifome€

oflicinalis

No.401

Frb. colored otherwise Larix (latch) at montane to alpine elevations, frb. bracketlike to Only ungulate or cylindrical, trama white, chalky, upper surface of pileus

7

o

qay

7'

Not confined lo Lalix

I

On conifer wood

I 9'

8'

Pore surface pink, frb.20-100 mm across, woody, hard, crust on the uppersurface of pileus not melting (match), commonly on alpine

huts.

roaea melting Fomltopsis pinicola

No.388

Fomilopsls

Pore surface and trama cream-colored, frb. 50-200 (400) mm across, woody, hard, crust of the piteal surface

No. 387

On hardwood

I

On Sarx (willow), odor intensely like anise, frb. white when young, brownish when

9"

Not conlined to Sa/ix

old

10

suaveolens

No.358

Antrodiella

hoehnelii

No. 343

Fomitopsis

pinicola

No.387

Trameies

Upper surface of pileus smooth, dull to shiny

'11 Frb. woody, hard

12

Frb. entirelywhite toyellowish, on Fagus (beech), usually associated wiih /rorotus rodulosus, pilei not over 40 mm across and 10 mm thick

.

12' Frb. with other colors 13 Crust of the pileal surface melting (match), frb. in part with red to orange-red colors, bracket-like, trama cream-colored, sp.

x

'13"

3-4.5pm

H.5

Crust of lhe pileal surface not melting, frb.

gray-brown, without red lones, ungulate, trama light brown, sp. 18.5-19 x s.ffi pm Fomes

lomentarius

'11' Frb. elastic, corky, not over 30 (40) mm thick, semicircular, flabellate, pileal surface ocher-brown, redbrown in the center, 1-2 pores per mm, sometimes

daedaleoid

No. 386

.

No. 384

pubeacena

No. 357

Daedaleopaia conrragosa

l0* Pileal surface tomentose to pilose-hispid, becoming glabrous in age 1

1

Frb. white, thinjleshed, not over 7 mm thick, with indistinct concentric zones, soon eaten away by insects, in imbricate colonies (see No. 343)

.

Trametea

11* Frb. with other colors '12 Entirelrb. red-to gray-ocher-brown, even thetrama, 1-2 pores per mm, usually on F.ax,hus

.

Coriolopsls

gallica

No. 347

12" Frb. with olher colors and trama whitish to creamcolored 13 1-2 pores per mm

14 Pores rounded-angular,

denticulate,

whitish, pilsal surface coarsely hispid, commonly on

Populus(poplar)

Funalia

trogii

14'Pores elongated, up to 4 mm long, pileal surface velutinous-tomentose, with distinct umbo where attached '13' 2-.4 (5) pores per mm

14

.

No. 35'l

Trameies

gibbosa

No. 354

Trametes

hirsuta

No.355

Pileal surface coarsely hispid-pilose, uni-

formly whitish, cream-colored, to ocher-

ish

14'Pileal surface densely

tomentose, distinctly zoned with different colors 15 Pileal zones gray-white, gray-ocher,

orange-brownish, f rb. thick-fleshed, triangular in cross section 15' Pilealzones blackish, brownish, reddish, yellowish, bluish, often somewhat gleaming, frb. thin-fleshed, not triangular in cross section

4'

.

Trametes multicolor

.

No. 356

.

Trametes versicolor

.

No. 359

Abortiporus biennis

.

No.393

With cystidia or conspicuous cystidioid elements or with setae With gloeocystidia, frb. rosettelike, turbinate, apparently on soit but associated with wood, spotting red-brown when bruised, with

5

l5'

chlamydospores

With thick-walled cystidia with cap of crystals, somelimes occasional ones uncapped

6

On conifer wood, lrb. annual, tubes not layered, with duplex trama, succu-

lent, sp.

6*

5'

6

6*

. Oxypolus populinus Climacocystls borealls

No.331 No. 379

Confined to Ouercus (oak) or Castarea satiya (Spanish chestnu0

7

Frb. annual, sott, tough, succulent, often with guttation drops, pore pores per surface cream-colored to orange-brown, Frb. perennial, woody, hard, pore surface yellow- to rust-brown, pores per

H

mm

mm

H

dryadeus Phelllnus robustus lnonotus

No. 302 No. 323

On other hardwoods

7

7-

Frb. bracketlike, barely decurrent onto the substrate

8

Esp. on Malus domestica (apple), upper surface of pileus gray, with concenlric swellings, up to 250 mm Esp. on Betula (birch), pileal surface gray-black to black, only indistinctly zoned, frb. up to '100 mm

across

across

Frb. bracketlike to ungulate,

8 I'

1

Frb. far-decurrent, often etfuso-reflexed, esp. on A/rus Frb. only slightly decurrent

I 9'

Phellinus

igniarius

No. 316

Phellinus

nigrlcans

No. 319

Phelllnus

lundellii

No. 318

decurrent onto the substrate

(alder)

(aspen) (willow)

lremulae .

Esp. on Populus trcnula Esp. on A/nus (alder) and Sa/ix

Sp. amyloid, frb. thin-fleshed, soft, succulent, with blue colors, on conifer wood (if on hardwood, see No.337l

.

Phellinus Phellinus trivialis

No.324

caesia

No.334

Postia

No.325

Sp. under the microscope brownish or yellowish

3

Sp. smoolh

4

Without setae, esp. on Populus trcmula

4"

With setae

5 5'

3'

(aspen)

lnonolus rheades

With large anchor- to hook-shaped setae in pileal tomentum, esp. on Acer (maple)

.

With only small setae in the hymenium Esp. on A/rus (alder), some setae bent at the 6" Esp. on Malus doaestlca (apple) and Juglars (walnut), setae subulate Sp. verrucose, with epispore sack

4

6

tip

.

Pileal crust not melting (match), red-brown to cinnamon- or gray-brown Sp.7-€ (9) x 4.Hpm, hymenophore usuallywith insectgalls, trb.2H0 mm thick, trama with whitish inclusions,

5

5. 38

3.Hpm

pm

8'

2'

x

With setae

7*

3'

H

On hardwood, frb. perennial, tubes layered, wilhout duplex trama, soft but not succulent, sp. globose, 3.5-4.5 x &-4.5

common

Sp. 8.5-11.5 x 6.H,rm, hymenophore without insect galls, frb. 40-100 mm thick, trama without whitish inclusions, rare

.

.

lnonotus cuticularis lnonotus lnonotus

No. 308

.

radiatus hispidus

No.301 No. 307 No. 304

Ganoderma

applanatum

No. 425

Ganodgrma

adspgrsum

No. 424

4*

Pileal crust melting (match), orange-copper-red. to brown-red, on Ouelcus (oak),

late

Ganodetma resinaceum

No.427

cloeophyllum abietinum

No. 389

Gloeophyllum sepiarium

No.390

Phaeolus schweinitzii

No. 403

Phaeolus schweinllzll

No. 403

Daedalea quercina

No.383

Lenziles belulina

No.352

1* Hymenium lamellate, labyrinthine, also with anastomoses, sp. hyaline, smooth, not amylold

2

On conifer wood, including wood used in construction Hymenophore lamellate, occasionally with anaslomoses With 8-13 (15) lamella€ per cm at the pileal margin, cystidia thick-walled . With 15-20 lamellae per cm at the pileal margin, cystidia thin-walled 3* Hymenophore labyrinthine, usually on Larix (larch) and Pirus (pine), Irb. soft-fleshed, succulent On hardwood

3

4 4'

2'

3 3'

Frb. succulent, soft fleshed, hymenophore labyrinthine, green-yellow Frb. hard, tough, woody or elaslic

4

Hymenophore labyrinthine, daedaleoid

5 54*

Hymenophore coarsely labyrinthine with,l-5 pores per cm, frb.30-50 mm thick, brown, on Ouercus (oak) . Hymenophore finely labyrinthine with g-10 pores percm, frb. 10-20 mm thick, cream-colored to brownish-ocher, on Quercus (oak) and Eetula (birch)

Hymenophorelamellate

5

Frb. dark red-brown, uppersurfaceof pileusglabrous, 15-20lamellae percm, esp. on Prunus avium (wild cherry), Corylus (hazel) and Fagus (beech) (see

also No. 384)

5*

lamellae per cm, esp. on Quercus (oak) and Betula (birch)

Group D 1 Hymenium smooth io somewaht uneven or slightly tuberculate to nearly verrucose 2 Frb. trumpelshaped, solitary to clustered 3 Frb. dark gray-brown to black, solitary to clustered or cespitose, 30-100 ('150)mm tall, common in beech forests (see also No. 486) 3' Frb. honey-brown, 10-1 5 mm rall, pileal margin fibrillose, rare 2t

I

I

Frb. tubinate to infundibuliform, growing in rosettelike clusters, white to cream-colored, brownish when old

Hymenium spinose (hydnoid) On buried cones of P,rus (pine), pileus eccentric and barely over 15 mm across

2 2'

Daedaleopsls contrag. var.

tricolor

No. 383

Frb. cream-colored to brownish-ocher, pileal surrace finely tomentose, 12-15

Lenzites betulina

No. 352

Cratorellus cornucopioides

Cotylidia undulata

No. 487 No. 185

Cotylldia pannosa

No. 184

Aurisqalpium vulgare

No.283

Hydnum repandum

No. 282

Bankera luligineo-alba Bankera violascena

No.272

Phellodon melaleucus

No.269

Phellodon tgmenlosus

No. 271

Phellodon niger

No. 270

Phellodon conrluena

No. 268

Hydnellum suaveolens

No. 267

Sarcodon lmbricalus

No. 275

Sarcodon leucopua

No.277

Sarcodon versipellis

No.280

Hydnellum geogenium

No.263

On soil

3 3"

Sp. smooth, hyaline, frb. cream-colored to orange-yellow, soft-lleshed Sp. verrucose, spinose, or angular

4

Sp. hyaline, finely spinose, frb. when dry with aromatic odor like Maggi

5 5'

Frb. robust, softJleshed, flesh unzoned in section Under P/rus (pine), sp. 4.5-5.5 x 2.7-€.5 /rm, septa without clamps Under Picea (spruce), sp. 4.5-5.5 x 4-4.5 irm, septa with clamps

6 6'

Frb. thin-fleshed, corky, tough,llesh zoned in section Stipe without duplex trama Flesh dinstinclly staining green with KOH, pileus barely zoned Flesh notoronly indistinctlystaining greenwith KOH, pileusconcentrically zoned

6

6*

4'

7 7'

No. 273

Stipe with duplex trama

7 7'

Flesh distinctly staining green with KOH, pileus blackish to blue-black, zoned Flesh only indistinctly staining green with KOH, pileus gray- to blackish-brown, barely zoned

Sp. brownish to brown, verrucose, tuberculate, or angular Most septa with clamps

5

6

6*

Flesh zoned in section, tough, odor intensely like anise, sp. polygonal (see also No. 259) Flesh zoned in section, soft. frb. thickjleshed

7 Pileus with large concentrically arranged scales, scales in the center fleshy, erect, dark brown lo black-brown 7' Pileus smooth to rimose-areolate or with fine, appressed scales 8 Flesh, esp. in the base of the stipe, turning gray-lilac in section, 8*

5*

pileus brown to purple-brown, odor like Maggi Flesh in the base ofthe stipe turning faintly gray to greenish in section, odor farinaceous, pileus pale orange-brown

lllost septa without clamps

6

Flesh in section zoned and corky, tough Frb. with yellow to green-yellow colors

7

39

Frb. with other colors

I 8'

Flesh sharp and burning, frb. often with red guttation

drops

Hydnellum peckii

No.264

.

Flesh mild

I

Frb. gray-bluish, llesh in section orange-red with bluish zones, without

9*

odor

Hydnellum caeruleum

No. 259

Hydnellum auratlle

No. 258

Hydnellum auranliacum

No.257

Hydnellum ferrugineum

No. 262

Hydnellum spongiosipes

No. 266

Frb. with other colors

10

Frb. with orange-red to orange-brown colors 11 Flesh in pileus orange even when young, later redbrown, upper surlace of pileus zoned and with fibrillose sclaes 11- Flesh in pileus white when young, later pale orange, pileal surf ace barely zoned, tomentose, withoutscales

10* Frb. with brown to red-brown colors, without orange tones

11

Under P,rus (pine), frb. pink when young, later redbrown, often with red guttation drops

'11' ln conifer or hardwood lorests

12

ln hardwood forests

'13 Upper surface of pileus radially wrinkled-pitted, reticulate, tuberculate, Iight to dark cinnamon-brown, stipe in section red-brown wilh white spots 13" Pilealsurface velulinous to rough and hispidspinose, yellow- to dark or black-brown, stipe in section yellow-brown without white spots '12* ln conifer and mixed

6'

Hydnellum

compactum

No.260

forests

'13 Sp.4.5-6 x 3.H.5 pm, upper surface of pileus concentrically zoned and only slightly squamose . 13-Sp. 5.5-6.5 x 4.5-5.5 pm, pileal surface barely zoned, with large, erect scales Flesh not zoned in section, frb. soft-fleshed Flesh ot pileus and stipe in section immediately turning an intenselight pink-lilac, then dark violet, in hardwood forests 7" Flesh in section not or barely discoloring, but sometimes pink-brown-

7

No.261

Hydnellum concrescens Hydnellum sclobiculatum

Sarcodon joeides

No. 265

.

No.276

.

ish or greenish in spots Flesh in section gray-green at the base of the stipe

I

8'

I

Pileus esp. in the center squarrose (scales erect), flesh

9.

strongly bitter, base of stipe smooth Pileus smooth, in the center only squamose-areolate (scales appressed), flesh somewhat bitter, base of stipe smooth

Flesh in section pink-brownish in pileus and stipe, base ol stipe orange-tomentose, pileus velutinous-tomentose, frb. often turbF nate when YounO, rare

Sarcodon scabrosus

No. 279

Sarqodon glaucopus

No.274

sarcodon martiollavus

No. 278

Bondar2ewia montana

No. 429

Grifola rrondosa

No.394

tr1* Hymenium poroid, reticulate-porose, slit-porose (irpicoid)

2

lndividualfrbs. usuallyfused in clusters, or pilei arising from acommon trunk and branched to form clusters (if frbs. white and on Larix [arch], see No. 413)

3

Several branches arising trom a common trunk and with flabellate to leaflike pilei and loming a 1 clustered compound frb. lndividual pilei flabellate, 100-200 mm across, sp. spinose-costate (Eussu/a-like spores), esp. on Ables (li0 (if frb. blackens, see No. 402) lndividual pilei flabellate to leallike, smaller, 20-100 mm across, esp. on Quercus

4 4'

5lndividualpileileaflike,oblong,upto50x'l00mm,laterallystalked,sp.5€x

3.5-4.5 pm lndividual pileiflabellate, rounded, 20-50 mm across, stalk centralto eccentric, sP. 7.5-10 < 3-3.5 irm Frb. usually only fused in clusters, not arising lrom a common trunk, stipe sometimes

5'

3'

Dendropolyporusumbellatus No.405

rudimentary

4 4"

2.

Septa without clamps Sp.5-7 (9) x 4.5 5pm, odor unpleasant to stinking, frb. olive-greento brownolive Sp. 3.5-5 x pm, odor pleasant, frb. whitish to sultur-yellow

5 5'

H

Septa wilh clamps, sp.

4-5 x 3-3.5 pm, frb. baked-rolFyellow

.

No. 407 .

No.409 No. 406

lndividual frb. + distinctly divided into pileus and stipe, not or rarely fused together, not clustered, stipe sometimes only short and laterally attachedto pileus (il on soil, see No.408) Pileus laterally to eccentrically attached to the stipe

3

4

On conifer wood

5 Frb. corky, woody, upper surface shiny like lacquer, dark red-brown, sp. truncate, verrucose 5' Frb. corky, tough, upper surface tomentose, dull, ocher- to cinnamon-brown, sp. smooth, esp. on Ables (fir)

40

to orange-brown

Albatrellus cristatus . Albatrellus subrubescens Albatrellus contluens

Ganoderma carnosum

No. 426

lschnoderma trogii

No. 399

4*

On hardwood (see also No. 422 and 415)

5

Frb. 10G-500 mm across, thickjleshed, upper surface of pileus with large, dark brown, appressed scales, stipe short, thick, with blackish, tomentose base, pores

rounded

5-

3*

Frb. smaller, 2H0 mm across, thin-fleshed, pileal surface with small, light brownish, appressed squamules, stipe short, thin, pores honeycomblike Pileus centrally attached to the stipe, rather rarely eccentric Frb. softJleshed, on soil (similar to a bolete)

.

I

4

5

Flesh white, quickly turning pink in section, pore layer white to gray-white, upper surface of pileus smooth, brown-black, sp. Flesh whitish, not discoloring in section, pore layer cream-colored and spotting yellowish, pileal surface squamulose, red- to black-brown, sp. Frb. tough-fleshed, corky On soil, pileus with narrow concentric zones, yellow- to rust-brown, 15 30 mm across (see also No. 299 and 5* On other substrates On speargrass (Stpa cap,7/ata) in dry grasslands, on the root

tuberculate smooth

5.

4'

5

418)

6

6'

balls

polyporus squamosus Polyporus

.

morl

No. 419

Boletopsis leucomelaena Albatrellus pes-captae

Coltricia

No.42l

.

No. 281

.

No. 408

perennls

Polyporus

No. 298

rhizophilus

No. 420

On wood

7

7*

On conifer wood

8 Confined to Larrx (larch), frb. t turbinate, white to cream-colored, bone-hard when dry 8' Usually on other conifers I Setae subulate. straight I' Setae subulate with tip bent over and hooklike, esp. on P,rus (Pine) .

Osteina

obducta

No. 413

tomentosa Onnia triqueler Oonla

No. 299

No.3oo

On hardwood

8

Stipe black or black-brown enlirely or at least at the base Stipe black only atthe base, esp. on Fagus (beech) (on fallen

I

branches)

9.

Polyporus

vatius

No. 423

Stipe entirely brown-black to black

'10 Upper surface of pileus finely velutinous, radially fibrillose- squamose, sp. 7-€ x 3-3.5pm, seplawith clamps, 3-5 pores permm, apparently on soilbuton buried wood Polyporus 10' Upper surface glabrous, smooth, sp. 6.5€.5 x 3-4 pm, sepla without clamps,

8.

H

pores per

melanopus Polyporus badius .

mm

I

M

pores per mm, stipe mottled brownish, pilealmargin With fringed, sp. x l.5-2 With 0.5-.3 pores per mm

ffi

pm

Polyporus

ciliatus

No.417

Polyporus

arcularlus

No. 414

Polyporus

tuberaster

No.422

Polvporus

brumalis

No 416

10 Pores elongated-polygonal, honeycomblike, 0.5-1

per mm (if lateraily stalked and squamose, see No. 10' Pores rounded to somewhat oblong-angular 1 1 Upper surface of pileus with appressed, pointed, dark brown squamules on a yellow-brcwn ground, sp. 12-15 x 4-5 pm, 0.5-1 pore per mm, commonly on

4'19)

Suercus

(oak)

1'l'Upper surface of pileus smooth, finely tomentose, gray- to red-brown, sp.6-7 x 2-2.5 plr,, 1-2 (3)

.",**ir r"no""

Hymenium wirh riages, onen with anapil",ii;"lll Frb. entirely gray-brown to blackish, infundibuliform, ridges clearly formed, oflen associated with No. 487 (Cratercllus cornucopioides)

2 2'

.

Frb. with other colors Frb. fleshy, stipe usually solid Frb. pureyellow, including the hymenophore, turbinate to infundibuliform, pileus up to 100 mm across and sometimes also whitish, Frb. or hymenophore colored otherwise

3

4 4'

I

common

5

55-

3'

Frb.

4 4'

t

No. 415

Stipe not black, with lighter colors

9.

1*

No.418

Frb. orange-yellow to orange-pink, hymenophore concolorous orpaler, pileus barely over 30 mm across, slender, rare Frb. yellow, often with lilac tint, hymenophore gray-lilac to light pink, rare (also see No.

.

481) clustered

Frb. lilac to violet, when old ocher- to gray-brown with lilac tint, in rows to

membranous, stipe usually hollow Septa without clamps, frb. gray-brown with strongly crisped pileal margin Septa with clamps

.

5

Hymenophore smooth when young, later venose, yellow-orange to yellow-

5t

Hymenophore venose-folded even when young, gray-yellow to olive-gray,

perforate usually perforate

pink, pileus infundibulilorm, barely pileus infundibuliform,

Craterellus cinereus

Canlharellus

.

No. 486

cibarius

No. 481

lriesll Cantharellus melanoxeros Gomphus clavatus Cantharellus

Pseudoqralerellus sinuosus

Cantharellus Cantharellus

.

lutescens. tubaeformis .

No. 482 No. 484 No. 480 No. 488

No.483 No. 485 41

Group E 1 Hymenium smooth to somewhai uneven ol slightly tuberculate to nearly verrucose 2 Frb. soft, elastic, tough, yellow to orange-yellow, with tuningjork-shaped basidia 3 Frb. branched, up to 50 (100) mm tall, viscid, on conifer wood, often clustered 3*

2'

No.

Calocera cornea

No.

Clavaria zollingeri

No. 445

Typhula phacorrhiza

No. 432

Clavaria lumoga

No.443

(pistillaria, pusllla

No. 430

Clavaria acuta

No. 441

Clavalia vermicularis

No.444

At the base of conifers

Sparassls crispa

No. 478

At the base of hardwoods

Sparaasis laminosa

No.479

Frb. simple, more rarely branched once, up to 10 (20) mm tall, yellow, usually cespitose on hardwood (if on conifer wood = Calocera furcata tu: F r.)

Frb. sott,

3

Calocera viacosa

I

2 1

fragile or tibrous-fleshed, with holobasidia

Sp. hyaline underthe microscope

4

Sp. smooth

5

Sp. not amyloid

6

Most septa without clamps (sometimes basal clamps on the basidia)

7 7*

Frb. violet, dichotomously branched Frb. with other colors

I

Frb. brown-yellow, filiform, unbranched, arising from a sclerotium (see also No. 437)

8'

Frb. white to light ocherish, light smoke-gray, unbranched

I 9"

Frb. light ocher, ocher-brownish, to whitish-smoke-gray, clustered

.

Frb. white to cream-colored

10 Frb. barely over 1 mm tall, whitish, on leaves and other plant remains

decomposing

.

10. Frb. larger, 20-100 mm tall, white, unbranched, solitary, clustered, or gregarious,

1 vermitorm

'11 Stalk opalescent, kanslucent, sp. 7-10 (some basidia with medallion clamps)

x 5-g

irm

11* Stalk concolorous with restoffrb., sp 5-7 x 3-4pm

6"

Most septa with clamps

7

Frb. clustered and cauliflowerlike, up to 400 mm across, branches leaf like to crisped-undulating

I 8' 7"

Frb. not as above

8

Frb. clavate, subulate, vermilorm, or fililorm, unbranched

9

Frb. positively geoiropic, small, up to 6 mm tall, subulate (spines), crowded-cespitose, on rotten wood and old polypores

10

Spines 2-$ mm long, sp. 5.5-7 5

10- Spines 0.5-1 mm long, sp.

9'

4.H

x 4.5-7 pm x 3-4 pm

Mucronella bresadolae

.

Mucronella calva var,

.

aggregata

No 287 No. 288

Frb. nsgatively geotropic

'lO

Frb. growing out ol a green, slimy carpet of algae, usually on rotten wood, white to cream-colored, 5-15 mm tall

Lentarla mucida

No. 440

Macrotyphula iuncee

No. 437

10'On other substrates

11 'l 'l

On decomposing leaves, frb. filiform,50-100

x 0.5-2

mm, ocherish (see also No. 432)

* On other substrates

'12 Usually on dead branches of A/rus viridis (green alde0, frb. yellow- to red-brown, 60-200 mm tall

Macrotyphula ,istulosa

.

No.43g

12'On other substrates '13 On plant stalks and remains lying on the ground, frb. clavate, whitish, 2-7 mm tall

'14 Frb. arising from asclerotium, sp.8.5-11

.'354pn

14' Frb. withoul sclerotium, arising directly lrom the substrate,

sp.5.H

x 3-.3.5pm

Typhula sclerotioides

No. 434

Typhula unclalis

No. 436

13'On soil

14

Frb. over 15 mm thick

15 ln conifer forests, frb. 50-100 x 2H0 mm, tip lruncate, even to

wrinkled, ocher- to brown-yellow, basidia 6H0 /rm long. hymenium red in KOH

42

Clavariadelphus

truncatus

No. 454

15' ln hardwood forests, lrb. 100-200 x 20-50 mm, tip rounded, basidia 70-90 pm long, hymenium satfronyellow in

KOH

Clavarladelphus

plstlllaris

No. 453

Clavarladelphus

ligula

No. 452

Clavullnopsls

laeticolol

No.449

Clavulinopsis

fusitormis

No.447

14' Frb. less than 15 mm thick

15

Frbs. not clustered

16 Frb.3H0 x 5-10 mm, tip rounded to compressed. ocher- to brown-yellow, sp. 1G-14 x

3-4.5 pm, in coniler lorests . 16' Frb.2H0 x 1.5-3 mm, gold- or orange-yellow, sp. 4.5r.{j x 3.H ,rm, in forests and mea-

dows

15' Frbs. clustered, in fern marshes and

poor meadows, bright

orangeyellow, branches 3-6 mm thick, sp.

5-$.5 x

18.

4.Hpm

Frb. branched like coral or antlers, negatively geotropic

9

Frb. ocher- to yolk-yellow

10

Frb. small, slender, 15-50 mm lall, in poor meadows and fern marshes, sp. subglobose, 4.5-6 x

H pm

10'Frb. large, cauliflowerlike, yellow

ocher-yellow, 100-'150 mm tall and wide, usually in coniler rorests, sp. 11_14 x 9.5_4

I'

.

No. 446

oblusissima

No.472

Clavullnopsis corniculata

to

r.m

Bamaria

Frb. white, whitish, to cream-colored, or with qray-brownish

tones

10

Most basidia two-spored

11

Frb. white to cream-colored, light ocherish

12

Tips multiply branched with thornlike outgrounhs, sp. 7-9 x 6-7.5

Clavulina

cristata

No. 456

12'Tips hardly branched, truncate, ,lattened, foldedwrinkled, sp. 10-13 x 6-7.5 pm

Clavutina

rugosa

No. 457

Clavulina

cinerea

No. 455

rrm

11' Frb. ocherish with a lilac tint even when young, later gray-lilac, sp.8-10 x 7-€ pm (C. c/stafa attacked by a parasite also keys out

here)

1o.Most basidia four-spored, frb. whitish to ocherish or brownish, 15-30 mm tall 1

1

On rotten wood or wood remains, frb. elastic, white, spotted with pink-violet, sp. 5.5-7.5 x

2.* pm

Lentaria

albovinacea

No. 439

'11. On soit

12

Frb. fragile, white to dingywhite,

pm

sp.3-4 x

H.5

Clavulinopsis

subtilis

No.450

'l2t Frb. + elastic, individual branches filiform, slender, gray-white to ocher-brownish, clustered and

brushlike 18'

8' 5'

No.477

colored, positively geolropic, on conifer

wood

Frb. spathulate, small, barely over 10 mm tall, white, on or near mosses, with

leptocystidia

laeve.

No.233

Cyphelloslergum

No. 286

Sp. amyloid

6 6'

Frb. whitish, without sclerotia and attached dkectly to the substrate, septa without

Typhula

Frb. with sclerotia, septa with clamps On petioles and veins of leaves, frb. whitish with red-brown stalk, 1-.30 mm

Typhula

clamps

7

7' 4*

multifida Hericium qoralloides Pterula

Frb. beardlike, corallike, twigs with spines, white to cream-

tall

On slalks ol Pteidium aquilinum (btacken), lrb. whitish, stalktranslucent, up to I mm tall

.

setipes

No. 435

erythropus Typhula quisquiliaria

No.431 No. 433

Sp. verrucose, tuberculate, to spinose

5

Sp. subglobose, tuberculate or with very long spines, frb. unbranched

6 6'

lst

Frb. white, vermiform,30 x 1-3 mm, sp.8-9 x 7-€ pm, with spines H.5 /rm long, septa without Frb. yolk-yellow, filiform, 1MO x 1.5-4 mm, sometimes forked once at the tip, sp. 4-7 x 4-5.5 pm, with large, blunt tubercles, septa with clamps

clamps

.

Sp. subglobose, linely

verrucose,3. x

ocherish, lilac-pink toward the branched

5'

2.8-3.3 rr,m, lrb. 10-25 mm tall,

tips

Clavaria

asterospora

Clavullnopsls

helvola

Ramarlopsls pulchella

.

No. 442

No.,l48 No. 451

Sp. elliptical to cylindric-elliptic, verrucose to spinose Most septa without clamps

6

7

Frb. dingy whitish to pale ocher, tips sometimes with litac tint,40-150 mm across, otten with odor of

lraggi

Ramaria

pallida

No. 473

i$

7'

Frb. with saffron- to gold-yellow or salmon tones, 50-150 mm across Frb. spotting wine-red at the base, sp. 7-11.7 x 3 7-5.9,rm Frb. not spotting Frb. with deep gold- to sulfur-yellow colors 10 Frb. deep gold-yellow, tips concolorous to more intense, under Fagus (beech), sp. 8-12 8 x 3.7-5.8 i.r.m

I

8"

I

9'

6'

No. 474

Ramaria sanguinea

No. 459

Ramaria aurea yolk-yellow, tips concolorous, 1O'Frb. sulfur-yellow to light Ramaria tlava usually under Plcea (spruce), sp 10-15 x 4-$.4 tm (beech) Fagus usually under Frb. colored olherwise, '10 Frb. yellow to pale gold-yellow, tips more intense, sp. Ramaria lutea 6.4-'10.8 x 3.2-5.6 pm 10'Frb. with white base, branches yellow with salmon tint,. Ramarla neoformosa tips yellowish, sp. 7-11.7 x 3.218 pm

No. 464

No. 470 No. 471

Most septa with clamps Flesh in section turning wine-red, esp. in the base

7

8

8' 7'

Flesh always turning an inlense wine-red to red-brown in a few minutes. frb. cinnamon-ocherish to purple-gray-brown, tips

yellow. sP. 1 1-17 x 4-5 pm Flesh usually turning :! pink-brownish in several minutes, frb with white base and salmon-orange branches with yellow tips, sp.

8-14.5 x

6.7

pm

Ramaria bataillei

No. 460

Ramaria lormosa

No. 467

Ramaria abietina

No. 458

Ramaria stricta

No. 475

Ramaria giacilis

No. 476

Hamaria flaccida

No.463

Ramaria botrytis

No.46'l

Ramaria fenniqa

No. 462

Flesh not discoloring in section Frb. discoloring when bruised or in age

8

I Frb. yellow-olive, discoloring greenish, 3H0 mm tall, on needle litter o, Picea (spruce), sp. F9.5 x 2.H 6 pn 9' Frb. yellow-ocherish, discoloring red-brown, 40-100 mm tall, elastlc, tough, associated with wood, with white rhizomorphs atthebase, with skeletoid hyphae, sp 6.F10.5x35-53pm (see also No. 476)

8.

Frb. not discoloring Frb. slender, barely over 60 mm tall

9

10 Frb. warm white with whitish tips, odor like anise, with

white rhizomorphs at the base, with skeletoid hyphae, sp. 5 rrm (see also No. 475) finely venucose. 4 5-7.5 tips concolorous, sp. verto 10' Frb. light ocher ocher-brown, rucose-spinose, 5-9 x 2.8-4.5 ,,m, with rhizomorphs Frb. robust, over 60 mm tall, with 1 well-defined trunk 10 Frb. whitish-ocher, pink to wine-red toward the tips, sp.

\H

9'

10.5-'17.5 x 4-6.5,,m

10' Frb. with other colors 1

1

Frb. olive-brown to smoke-gray or brown-beige, with lilac tint in places '12 ln coniler forests, frb. with yellow tips, sp. 7.5-15

x 4-5.5]Im

12' ln hardwood forests, usually Fagus (beech), frb. with violet tips 11' Frb. with yellow to yolk-yellow colors 12 Onlv some septa with clamps, lrb. sulfuF to lighl yol(-yellow, usually under Picea (spruce), sp.

\

,F6.5 /..m 12. All septa with clamps 10-15

'13 ln coniter forests, frb. yellow-orange, sp. 10-16.5 ' 4-6 gm, common 13'tn hardwood or mixed hardwood/conifer

Ramaria tumigata

No. 468

.

Ramaria llava

No.464

Ramaria largenlii

No. 469

Ramaria llavescena

No. 465

Ramaria tlavobrunnescena

No. 466

forests

14 Sp. 8-13.5 x 3.7-5.8 pm, without tendency to spot, rather common

14' Sp. 6.5-10.7 x 3.2-4.5,,m, frb. with lendency to spot brownish (when bruised),

3t 1*

rare Sp. under the microscope brown, spinose, frbs. clustered, gray- to olive-brown pm Frb. when fresh with repulsive stinking odor, sp. 9-10 x

H

4 4'

Frb. without conspicuous odor, Sp. 7-9.5 Hymenium poroid or hydnoid: see group C or D,

Group F 1 Frbs. densely cespitose 2 Frb. ocher- to gray-brown, bowl-shaped 3 Exterioroffrb. tomentose-pilose, ocher-brown, high, sp.

44

Thelephora palmata . Thelephora anthocephala

x 5-7.5 /rm

hymenium cream-colored, 0.2-0

8-9.5 x 3.7-4.5,rm, without subiculum

5

.

No. 255 No. 2g

mm

Merismodes anomalug

No. 224

3'Exteriorolfrb.smooth,withwhitishincrustation,spherical-bowl-shaped,0.2mmhigh, with feltike subiculum, sp. 4.5-5,5 pm, globose (see also No. 234)

2'

Stigmaiolemma urceolatum

No. 235

Rectipllus fasciculatus . Henningsomyces candidus

No.231

Clphella digitalis

No.227

Frb. white, cylindrical to tubular

3 3'

Hyphae at the mouth of the tubes (marginal hairs) simple, unbranched, blunt

.

Hyphae at the mouth of the tubes (marginal hairs) finely branched

ry to gr"g",lous in groups Frb. over 5 mm in size, on Abies (fir), thimble-shaped, pendent, gray- to black-brown

No. 229

1* sotit

2 2'

.

Frb. smaller, on other substrates

3 3'

Exterior offrb. smooth, inlundibuliform to campanulate, pendent, on plant remains lying on the ground

4

Frb. sulfur- to green-yellow, 1-2 mm in size, sp.

4*

Frb. white to cream-colored, 2-5 mm across, sp.

8.5 9.5 x 4.5-5.5 /rm 6-9 x 3.H.5 rrm

Calyptella campanula

No. 225

Calypiella capula

No. 226

.

Exterior ot lrb. with incrusted hairs

4 4-

Hairs hyaline, tips whiplike, frb. 0.3-1 mm in size, white with gray-ocherish interior Hairs hyaline with brownish, dextrinoid base, tips cylindrical, pointed, frb. 0.5-1 .5 mm in size, white with gray-bluish interior, sp. 12.5-15 x 10-1 1 /rm (il sp.7-12 x

5-7 pm = L. villosa)

.

Flagelloscypha minutissima

No.228

Lachnella alboviolascens

No.230

.

Group G 1 Frb. growing on other fungi, parasilic or saprophytic 2 On Aleurodiscus amorphus (No.45), frb. whitish-ocherish, 'l-5 mm in size, hypobasidia I

2' 2'

1*

two-spored, septa without clamps (if hypobasidia fouFspored and septa with clamps = Temella mycophaga)

Tremella simplex

No.

30

On Slereum sanguinolentum (No. 203), frb. whitish to pale pink-brownish, in section with hard core in center, sp. 9-11 x 7.5-g pm

Tremella encephala

No.

26

Tremella globospora

No.

28

Femsjonia pezlzae{ormis

No.

6

Dacrymyc6 variisporus

No.

5

Dacrymyces capitata

No.

3

Dacrymyces stillatus

No.

4

Auriqularia aurlcula-Judae

No.

7

Tremiscus helvelloides

No.31

Tremella foliacea

No.

Exidia recisa

No.23

Exidia truncata

No.25

On hardwood,30-100 mm in size

Exidia glandulosa

No.21

On conifer wood, esp. Picea (spruce), 10-30 mm in size

Erldla pithya

No.

22

Exidia lhuretiana

No.

24

On old frbs. ol pyrenomycetes, esp. D,hpofthe and Eutype alseevol. 1),ontwigsofOuercus (oak), frb.2-5 mm across, opalescing whitish-ocherish, sp. subglobose, 6-7.5 x 5-7.5

/rm Frb. not growing on fungi

2

Frb. spherical, lens-shaped, to pulvinate, isolated orconlluent, whitish, yellow, red-orange to orange, with tuning-fork basidia

3

Septa with clamps

4 4*

3'

2t

Frb. yolk-yellow, 5-10 mm in size, lurbinale to cup-shaped, in section with whitish cote, sp. 22-25 x 8-g pm, esp. on Ables (fir)

Frb. yellow lo orange-red, 2-5 mm in size, sp. 15-19 (27) P/rus (pine)

x 4.5-7 pm, esp.

on

Septa without clamps

4

Sp. (8) 10-13 x 4.5-5 pm, thin-walled, lrb. with distinct small stalk, individual frb.

4-

Sp. 1,+-17 x Hpm, thick-walled, base of frb. at most drawn together to resemble a stalk, individual kb. 1 15 mm in size .

Frb. with other shapes

3 3*

Frb. ear-shaped, lobed, red-brown, olive-brown, to blackish, esp. on Sambucus

(elderberry), on standing trunks and attached branches Frb. with other shapes

4 4-

Frb. infundibulilorm to ear-shaped, orange-pink to salmon- or brown-red, on the ground on soil or rotten wood, commonly clustered Frb. with other shapes

5

Frb. wilh small to large lobes, arising in clusters from a common base

6

Frb. carameF to reddish-brown (if on Plnus lpinel = Exidia saccharina A. & S.: Fr.)

7 7t 6*

Sp.

9-11 x

H

,,m, always clustered, commonly on A/rus (alder)

.

Sp. 14-1 5 x 3-3.5 pm, usually isolated frbs. growing gregariously, on Sa/x (willow)

Frb. dark brown to brown-black, with smallglandular warts, turbinatewhen

young, on Quercus (oak)

5'

27

Frb. with other shapes

6

Frb. spread out, appressed to the substrate,

7

8 8' 7.

t

cerebriform

Frb. black, with small glandular warts

Frb. whitish to ocherish-salmon-colored

8

Frb. whitish, ocherish, opalescing bluish-white, on hardwood, esp.

Fagus (beech), without pycnidia

45

8'

Frb. ocher-pink to salmon-colored, on Prurus avium (wild cherry),

with

6*

pycnidia

Craterocolla

ceraai

7 7t 1

145)

meaenterica

Auricularia

truncata reciaa with pycnidia Ctaterocolla cerasi

g'

On Ouelcus (oak) and Castanea (chestnut),Irb. On Sa/,x (willow), only young hbs.

8"

On Prunus avium (wild cherry), frb. ocher-pink,

brown-black

turbinate

Group H l fro.l,ypog"ou", growlng ln thoground, atmosl

Exidla Exidla

Frb. bright yellow-orange, sp. helmetlike with

3*

thorns

StePhanospora

Sp. brown, with longitudinal ribs, frb. whitish, then brown, spotting black-blue when handled, odor unspecific, commonly

montane

4

Sp. with well-defined, light polar cap, 12-20 pleasantly like leeks or rotten

onions

x

20

caroticolor

No. 491

3

qaespltosa

No 492

Melanogastel

ambiguus

No. 489

Melanogaster

broomeianus

No. 490

Chamonixia

g-11 pm, rhomboid, odor un-

Sp. without polar cap, cylindrical, with hyaline remnant ol sterigma,

fruity

8-10.5 x

H.5

pm, odor pleasantly Frb. epigeous, growing above ground, at most below ground when young Frb. at maturity with exoperidium splitting and slarlike (genus Geastrum)

3-

Frb. large, 4G-100 mm

4

Exoperidium thick, two-layered, at maturitywith collarlike rim around the spherical endoperidium, starlike with 5-6 lobes, frb. cream-colored to

Geastrum

triplex

No 502

4'

Exoperidium one-layered but up to 5 mm thick, without collar, starlike with 6-9 lobes, frb. flesh-colored to pink-brown, sometimes reddening (see also No. 50'l)

.

Geastrum

vulgatum

No. 503

4

Frb. barelyover30 mm across, starlike, at maturity standing on the4 (5) lobes as if on stilts, aeristome with disk-shaped

Geastrum

quadrilidum

No. 500

4*

Frb. usually over30 mm across

gray-brown

Frb. smaller

halo

5 5.

Spherical endoperidium sessile, sp. finely verrucose to almost smooth, 3-4 rrin (see also Nb.5o3) Spherical endoperidium with small distinct stalk and distinct striations near aitachment, sp. bluntly verrucose, rH

.

.

Geasirum

pm

Geastrum

sessile peclinatum

No.501 No. 499

Frb. otherwise

3

Frb. conical, crucible-shaped, turbinate, to spherical, 5-15 mm high, with peridioles inside the frb.

4 4'

Frb. without epiphragm (membranous lid), frb. at maturity rupturing irregularly and disintegrating, irea;- td Frb. with epiphragm which ruptures at maturity, frb. lasting, not disintegrating

yellow-brown

5 5'

Hyphae of the exterior oI the frb. spinose, 'smooth, exterior velutinous-tomentose,

y6liow-ocher, 5-1 o mm high, interior

3.

peridium

one-layered

Nldularia

larcta

Cruclbulum laeve

No. 497

.

No.493

Hyphae of the exterior smoolh

6

lnteriorof the frb. striate, exterior coarsely hispid-lomentose, dark brown,

6'

lnterior smooth

5-15 mm high, peridium

7 7'

three-layered

Peridioles gray-brownish, exterior almost glabrous, lrb. 5-10 mm high, sp. H2-x 5.5-7 Peridioles black, exterior appressed-hispid, frb. 5-'10 mm high, sp. 18-23 x 15-20

pm

rrm

Cyaihus

slrlatus

No. 496

Cyaihus

olla

No. 497

Cyathus

slercoreus

No. 495

Frb. without peridioles

4

Frb. spherical,'l-2 mm across, straw-colored, the apex rupturing at maturity to from ajagged opening, the glebal mass is llung

4-

Frb. otherwise

oul

5

Sphaerobolus

stellalus

No. 498

Frb. spherical, pyrilorm, sacklike, rarely stalked (in fulostorna), glebapowdery

at maturity

6 6'

46

23

Sp- brown, smooth

4'

2*

25

Frb. with brown tones

3

2

No. No. No.

only theapexvislbleaithesurfacewhen

mature

1*

No. I

Frb. turbinate

8

2*

20

Frb. effuso-rellexed, upper surlace of pileuszoned and hispid-tomen-

lose, underside veined-wrinkled, purple-brown (if underside merulioid, pink, see No.

2

No.

Frb. efiuso-reflexed or turbinate

Frb. with spherical head and stalk 20-40 mm long

.

Tulostoma

brumale

No. 522

pratense

No.521

Frb. otherwise

7

Frb. at maturity with

a

regular apical pore and sterile subgleba

8

Subgleba separated trom the gleba by

8-

Subgleba without diaphragm

a

parchmentlike

diaphragm Vascellum

I 9-

On wood, subgleba remaining whitish, with wefl-defined rhizomorphs, sp. smooth

Lycoperdon pyrllorme

No.519

Lycoperdon echinatum

No. 512

Lycoperdon loeiidum

No. 5'13

Lycoperdon perlatum

No.518

Lycoperdon mammaetorme

No. 515

Lycoperdon lividum

No.5'14

On soil, subgleba at maturity colored like gleba, sp. verrucose

10

Endoperidium verrucose, spinose, with reticulate pattern after the spines fall otf 'l 1 Frb. brownish even when young, spinose, sphericalto turbinate

12

3-5 mm long, spp. chocolate-brown, sp.

Spines

verrucose-spinose 12" Spines 1-3 mm long, spp. olive-brown, sp. finely verrucose to almost smooth

11'Frb. white when young, pyriform and stalked, with conicalwarts (see also No. 510) '10. Endoperidium spinose or verrucose to with large warts, smooth after the spinss or warts lall olf 1

1

Frb. woolly-floccose when young, white, then splitting

into large warts (very fugacious), endoperidium then

with pink tint, commonly under Fagus (beech) on 1

'l

chalk - Frb. otherwise 12 Frb. lurfuraceous-granular, Paslures . 12. Frb. spinose

13

in

meadows and

ln moorland and heathland meadows among grasses, sedges, and rushes, spines creamcolored, sp. with pedicels up to 25 pm long

.

Lycoperdon pedicellatum

.

No. 517

13'ln forests, spines brown

14 Sp. finely verrucose, withoul broken-otf remains of Sterigmata lying about, spp. yellow-brown '14*

ken-olf remains

7'

Lycoperdon umbrinum

.

No. 520

Sp. coarsely verrucose, with many bro-

of

sterigmata lying

about, spp. red- to chocolate-brown

Lycoperdon molle

No.516

Vaacellum pratense

No.521

Calvatla utritormis

No. 509

Frb. at maturity iregulady rupturing at the apex or entirely disintegrating

8

With subgleba

9

Subgleba separaled from the gleba by pseudodiaphragm,

f rb.

a

diaphragm or

spherical

10 Subgleba with true diaphragm, frb. not over 50

mm

across, sp. finely verrucose

I'

8.

10t Subgleba with pseudodiaphragm, frb. across, with pyramidal warts, sp. smooth

50-150

mm

Subgleba notoronly indistinctlyseparatedfrom the gleba,lrb. sacklike, clavate, to pyriform, 80-'150 mm high . Without subgleba

I

Calvatia excipulifomls

.

No.51O

Peridium thin, papery when mature, frb. white when young, gleba olive-brown when mature

10 Frb. very large, spherical, '100-500 mm across, tinely velutinous, remaining white for a long time, in meadows and pastures

Langermannia gigantee

No. 511

Bovista plumbea

No. 508

Bovisla nigrescens

No. 507

Scleroderma bovlsla

No. 505

Scleroderma areolatum

No. 504

Scleroderma cltrinum

No. 506

Phallogaster saccatus

No. 525

10" Frb. barely over 50 mm across, spherical, white when youn9 'l

9'

1

Exoperidium scaling ofi like egg shell al maturity, endoperidium lead- to gray-white, dull, atcolline elevations

11' Exoperidium furfuraceous-areolate, slowly disappearing, endoperidium dark red-brown to blackish, shiny, at montane to subalpine elevations . Peddium hick, leathery,lrb. yellowish even when young, with brownish squamules, gleba black when mature (Sclercdema\ 10 Peridium not over 1 mm thick, sp. costate-spinose with lully developed reticulate panern (in KOH), septa with clamps

10' Peridium thicker, up to 5 mm

1'l

Sp. spinose, without reticulate pattern, most septa without clamps 11* Sp. spinose-costate, with incomplete reticulation (in

5'

KOH), all septa with clamps Frb. develops buried in the ground. egg-shaped to spherical, whitish. ocherish.

gleba slimyliquid at maturity, greenish. often with unpleasanl odor

6 I 6'

Frb. when mature pyrilorm-tuberlike, with rhizomorphs, rupturing at the

apex to form a starlike opening, gleba stinking, on roflen wood Frb- when mature with spongy stalk which emerges from a "witch's egg,' and bears the slimy gleba at the tip

7

Frb. 60-100 x 10-15 mm, head with pale green, barely odoriferous gleba which is distinctly set off from the stalk but appressed, "witch's egg" 2G-35 mm, whitish lo ocherish

7'

gleba thimbleshaped, campanulate, extending outward from thestalk, "witch'segg" Frb. 100-200

3M0

Exteriorof the "witch's egg" whitish to dingy cream-colored, gleba stinking, common 8* Exterior of the "witch's egg'' whilish when young, but soon turning pinkto red-violet in the air, gleba barely odoriferous, rare, adventitious Mature frb. squidlike or balloon-shaped with latticelike red meshwork

7

Frb. squidlike wilh 4-6 red arms, gleba olive-green, stinking, adven-

titious

7"

Group I 1 on Rhodod.ndron 1*

fefiugineum and R. hi'sutum (alplne rose-s), inlected leaves develop

On shoots and leaves ol Andrcmeda polyfolia (bog rosemary), leaves becoming red and

widened . On Vaccinium species On Vaccinium oxycoccus (moss berry), upper surface of leaf discoloring red

3 3'

3'

Phallus impudlcus

No. 528

Phallus hadriani

No. 527

Anthurus archeri

No. 523

Clathrua ruber

No. 524

.

Exobasidium rhododendrl

No.38

Exobasidium karstenil

No.

Exobasidium rostrupli

No. 39

Exobasidium pachysporum

No.

37

Exobasldium vaccinli-uliginosi

No.

34

Exobasidium vaccinii Exobasldium juellanum

No. 40

36

On Vaccinium uliginosurn (bog bilberry)

4

Attacks only individual leaves, which spot red to wine-red, spots 2-5 mm across, leat Iorm scarcely altered Attacks the entire plant or individual shoots, leaves change in size and discolor reddish from the margin inward On Vaccinium vitisrdaea (red whortleberry) Attacks only individual leaves, which develop red, galllike thickenings with yellowish borders Attacks entire shoots of the plants, shoots and leaves are smaller and light red

4'

4

4'

48

.

Frb. balloonlike with lattice-shaped, red meshwork, gleba greenish, stinking, adventitious, rare

into apple-shaped swelllngs on other plants

2 2'

No.526

mm

I

6-

Mutinus caninus

x 25-50 mm, head with olive-green

No.35

Floristic part

ol non-gilled lungi, with deacriptions, drawings of microscopic leatures, and color photographs,

528 species

numbered from 1 to 528, including 40 species of Heterobasidiomycetes Nos. 1-40 ,148 species of Aphyllophorales Nos.

41-488

40 species of Gasteromycetes Nos. 489-528 The above groups are subdivided into lamilies and genera; our family designation generally consisls oI two names. The one in large type follows the systematics in JULICH (1984), a retatively conservative system which permits only large groupings. Accordingly, we have added the family Cyphellaceae s. lat. For a finer subdivision we relied primarily on the concept of the basidiomycetes which JULTCH (1980) presented lor discus-

sion. The family names included in this work are printed in

-

-

smaller type within parentheses. We intend them as orientation for our readers. The resulting generic groups and their species $/ere with afew exceptions arranged alphabetically. Obviously, no system can be derived from this purely pratical sequence.

l{ote

-

Very few non-gilled fungi have English common names. The translators have supplied those which they know to exist. The data on habitat and the descriptions ol macroscopic and microscopic leatures are based on our collections, Differences from the literature are specifically mentioned. ln cases where ihe photographs were not of the specimens

studied, there is herbarium material which agrees in all respects with that studied. The letters A, B, C, D1, D2, etc. correspond to letters on the drawings of microscopic features.

All scale markers are 10 mm long. The spores are without exception represented at a magnification of '1000 x. Measurements exclude ornamentation. The scale marker lor the photographs is on the upper left side of each. Under the heading "lmbach", authour o, the,,pilltora des Kantons Luzern und der angrenzenden lnnerschweiz,' (1946) (Mushroom llora oI the Canton ot Lucerne and adjacentcentral Switzerland) (1946)wecitethespeciesincluded there. This llora emphasizes gilled lungi; therelore only the mostcommon members of the Aphyllophorales are recorded. Underlhe term "quadrant' is noted the number ofthe floristic quadrant (see page 12). Edibility oI the fungus is indicated with a symbol after the name (see Abbreviations and Symbols, page 12). lI there is

no symbol, the species should be protected and/or is of bolanical interest only. lt is selr-evident that edible ,ungi

-

should also be protected nowadays and therelore should be collected only with restraint. Literature citations are listed on page 405. On the drawings of microscopic features, positive amyloidity is indicated by J+ and a positive sullovanillin reaction by S+. Negative reactions are not specifically noted. The last number in the paragraph "Specimens examined and photographed" indicatesthevoucherspecimen.Allvouchers are kept in the Herbarium olthe MycologicalSociety ol Lucerne in the Nature Museum of Lucerne. On pp.4O24O4 are three color plates of macrophotographs

showing the pore surfaces of various mostly pileate polypores at 3 x magnification. Numbering corresponds to that ot the species in the Floristic part.

49

Calocera cornea

Fam. Dacrymycetaceae Bref

(Batsch: Fr.) Fr.

(Fam. Dacrymyceiaceae Bref. 1888)

Habital On dead barkless wood of broadleaved trees, especially Quercus (oak) and less Irequently Fagus (beech), acc. lit. also on conifer wood. Summerjall. Not common. Distribution: W.

.

lricroscoplc le6lure3 A: Spores cylind c-elliptic, slightly allantoid, smooth, hyaline, with one septum, with drops, 7-10 x 2.4-4 (5) rrm, | -. Br Basidia lo -shaped, 30-40 x 2.5-4 pm, wilhout basal clamp.

C: Cyslidia not seen. D: Hyphae in part with lhick, gelalinized walls,2-4 /rm across, sopiawithout clamps.

Macroscopic features Fruiting body consisting o, cylindricalto subulate spineswith bluntto pointed, simple, rarely forked, ends, negatively geolropic, surlace smooth, lubdcous, yolk- to orange-yellow, 2-7 (10) x 1-2 mm. Consistencycartilaginous, gelatinous. Solitary, gregarious, toclustered.

Romarks The speciesdescribed hereis easy to recognize inthefield by

ats occufience on harci^rood, as wellas by the short, thomlike, and tough and gelalinous truiting bodies. The similar Caloceta furcata \Ft.l Ft. colonizes conirer wood and. in contrast to this species, has spores with up to three septa,

Specimen6 examined and photographed Giswil/Ow, elev.50o m, quad. 1965. on dead branch ol Fagus (beech), Oct.25. 1982, coll. JB,

25rH2

BR.

olher specimens: widely distribuled throughout region. lmbach: nol included.

2

Calocera viscosa

Fam. Dacrymycetaceae Brel.

(Pers.: Fr.) Fr.

(Fam. Dacrymycetaceae Brel. 1888)

Habitat On rotten coniferwood. Summer-fall. Common. Distribution: E, NA, As.

Macrogcopic leatures Fruiting body consisting of a short, usually rooting trunk and erect lorked brancheswhich end in unbranched or two- to three-branched lips, 1H0 mm tall, yolk- to orange-yellow, trunk 5-20 x 2--4 mm, lighter yellow to whitish toward the base, often up to several lused together atthe base, branchesflattened in lhe lower parts and sometimes longitudinallyfurrowed, becoming 1 cylindrical above, to 1 mm thick and then tapering toward thetips. Flesh gelatinous, tough, pithy within, often hollow, without odor orflavor. Thelruiting body isviscidlubricous when wet. Growing singly or gregariously.

Mlcroacopic fe6tures Spores elliptical lo slightly allantoid. smooth, hyaline. wilh drops. wilh one seplum when mature, (7) 8- I0 . 3.5-4.5 411, somelimes lorming subglobose secondary sporcs, I -. B: Basidia lo*-shaped, 40-50 x $-4 pm, without basal clamp.

A:

C: Cystidia not seen. D: Hyphae 3-5.5 /lm thick, torkod and somelimes wilh anastomoses, septa withoul clamps, lhin- to thick-walled.

Rernarks This common tungus is oft€n coniused with species of the ramily C/avarlaceae (No.,l41fl.), the coralfungi. However, it is tough and very dillicultto lear, whil6 all coral lungi have sott lragile flesh.

Speclmona examlnGd and photographed Adligenswil/Lu (Meggerwald), elev. 550 m, quad. 2167. on rolten stump of P,bea (spruce), July 23, 1982, coll. FK, 2307-€2 K. Other specimens: common throughout region.

lmbach: included.

3

Dacrymyces capitata

Fam. Dacrymycetaceae Bret.

Schw.

(Fam. Dacrymycelaceae Bref. 1888) iillcroscoplc le6tu16

Habilat

On dead wood ol broadleaved trees, more rarely of conifers. Throughout the year, especially during rainy periods. Not common. Distribution: W.

ilacroscopic fealures

o.Fl

Fruiting body low pulvinate to plate-shaped, mm across, attached to the substrate by a short, substantial stalk, stalk rooting somewhat and gradually merging with the upper part, paleyellow, in part somewhat translucent, somooth, and sometimes white-pruinose. Consistency cartilaginous, gelatinous, soft . Gregarious, without accompanying conidial stage.

A:

B: C: D:

(A1) Spores elliplic-cylindric. slighlly curued. smooth. hyaline,lhin-walled. with 3 septa when mature, (8)10-13 x 4-5.5rm, ; (A2) conidia subglobose, cut otf fiom the spores, 4.5-6 x zF5 pm. Basidia fo*-shap6d, 25-30 x 3-3.5 pm. Cystidia nol seen. Hyphae thin-to thick-walled, in parlrinely incrusled,23pm across. septa withoul clamps.

nemarks The species described here is very closely related to Dacrymyces st7/atus (No. 4) and dillers lrom it mainly by the slalked lruiting bodies and lhe somewhal smaller and thin-walled spores.

Specimens examined and pholographed Rothenfluh/Bl, elev.470m, quad- 2562, on deadwood ol Fagu.t (beech), April 9, 1984, coll.84,0904-a4 BA 1. Other speclmena: none.

lmbach: not included.

50

|

Calocera mrnea

Calocera viscosa

a c

A/) ,/// 1'|\ V--'

c

;D"

Y/yr

Dacrymyces

\

n

/i

\//

capita"

\ /us

r,

E[

/'-\ /')o

\((//

/-W '10

pm

^

OU o'b0

4

Dacrymyces stillatus

Fam. Dacrymycetaceae Bref . (Fam. Dacrymycetaceae Bref. 1888)

Nees: Fr.

= Dacrymyces deliquescens (Bull. ex St. Am.) Duby (nomen dubium, DONK 1966) MlcroscoDic le3luras

Habitat On dead wood of broadleaved and coniferous trees, with orwithout bark. Throughout the year, but conspicuous only in wet periods. Common. Distribution: W.

Macroscopic ,eatures Fruiting body cushionlike, knob- to lens-shaped, also cup- to plateshaped, with a stipelike attachment to the substrate in the center,

surface smooth

to

undulaling-wrinkled, sometimes also slightly

cerebriform, orange to light yellow, more rarely almost white' dark orange when dry, 1-15 mm across, flesh gelatinous-elasiic and translucent, deliquescing into a slimy mass when old, solilary, grega ous, or coalescing to form a large groups. Often two lorms appeartogether in the same habitat, namelythe lighterand yellower basidiospore-producing torm andthe darker, orangeone which produces arthrospores (oidia).

I

5

A: {All BLsidiosoores elliplic-cylindric, slightly curued smoolh. B: C: D:

i

lhick_\Nalled.

i7 ffipm l -: lA2) anhrospores Y

sepla wlien malure. 1 4(didia) hvaline, in charns, 12116l , rm. Basida fork-shaped, up to 50 pm long. Cvslidia nol seen Hyphae 2-3 /rm lhick. sepia w hout clamps.

ivaiine, with

I

Romarks

The sD€ciesdescribed here rs exlraordinarily variable in color and lorm. aswell as in thoice of subslrate. Characlelistic lealures are lhe presonce ol arthro' soores. the thickened soore walls, lhe size and three sepla ol the basidio' soores. and the clamole;s hvohae. Other species are described in the monog'raph d REID (197ai. Comddre also Dacrymvces cap,teta (No. 3)

SDecimens examlned and photographed utlioenswil/Lu {Ileooetuald), elei. 550 m, quad.2167. on lotlen barkless bran-ch ol,qbres (srtu;ilir)tyrnd on lheground. July 11.1981. coll. FK, ll07-€1 K,

Other speclmens: widely dislributed lhroughoul region. lmbach: nol included.

Dacrymyces variisporus

Fam. Dacrymycetaceae Bref (Fam. Dacrymycetaceae

Mc Nabb

.

Brel 1888)

= Dacrymyces abietinus Pers. ex Pers. (wrongly used name) Habltat On dead wood ol Pinus (pine), acc. lit. also on otherconifers. Spring to lall. Rare. Distribution: E, NA, As.

Macrogcopic featules Fruiting body knob- to lens-shaped when young, later plate- to slightly cup-shaped with depressed center, uppersurface smooth to slightlywrinkled-plicate, attached to the substrate without a stalk and punctiform in appearance, yellow to orange-yellow when moist, orange to orange-red when dry, 2-5 mm across. Flesh gelatinouselastic, deliquescing into a slimy mass in age. Gregarious in groups and otten crowded.

Microscooic feetures

Soorsa e iotrcal lo cvlindrical, some slighllv curved. smooth hyaline wilh tliree to seven septa when mature, 15 19 \271 4.ar7 prn.l ' B: Basidia to*-shaDed, up lo 75 rrm long C: Cvstidia not seen.

A:

/

D: Hiphae

2J

lrm across. in pan rough. dikaryophyses fo*ed. 1-2 !m

across, sepla with clamps.

Bema*s

We have relied on REID'S (1974) monograph in identilying oul Dacrymyces collecllons. ln his kev lhe proportions ol lhe c.amp connections. among olhsr thinos are taken into consrdeialion. while olher authors place litlle or no weighl nnli.m anher soecieswilh clamosincluded bv him areD. ovisporus Bref wilh broadlv elliDtical ioores. A enatu! {Be,k. & Curi) Mass on hardwoods and with i".i"i ot ba. 10'/ 3.5 !m, D. punctiform,s Neuhofl. on conilers and w(h afuirvoonvses not lorked ar,iaellv, and D. macnabbii Beid, wtth lorled dkaryo_ phys6s an',C medallion clamps. as well as spores wilh 0-3 llansverse sepla. SDecimens examlned and photographed BEli;au,^r'S. elev. 1300 m. oiad. 14i65, on rotlen branchol P/aus mugo (mountain pine/ on the ground. Merch 31. 1983. coll. BA. 3103-43 BA 1. Other specimena: none.

lmbech: not included.

6

Femsjonia pezizaeformis

Fam. DacrymYcetaceae Bref

(L6v.) Karst. = Femsjonia luteoalba Ft. = Femsionia rcdiculata (Fr.) Martin

Habitat On dead wood of Abies (silver fir), as well as various broadleaved trees, usually on the upper side ol fallen branches still with bark. Summer-tall. Rare. Distribution: E, further not known.

Macroacopic leatures Fruiting body cylindrical, turbinate, to cup-shaped (discomyceteIike), 5-10 mm across and the same height, disk generally flat to somewhalconcave but sometimes slightly convex, light yolk-yellow, smooth to somewhal wrinkled, margin even or slightly undulating' white, compressed when fruiting bodies are clustgred, outersurface whitish, finely pubescent, sometimes drawn out toward the base like a stipe. Flesh gelatinous, soft, translucent with whitish core Breaking through the bark gregariously to clustered.

iricrosmoic teaturei l, iooi.i"utina, icai ro elliolical, some sliqhtlv allantoid smoolh. hyaline, wilh

oianular 6ontenls, 22-25 x 8-9 /I m. wden lully malure with lhree lo mulliple ;eota, up lo 32 /,m long, and lomlng secondary spores. I B: Basidia iuninq-lork-shaped, 60 100 / H/rm. C: Cvslidia nol seen. D: Hiphae 2-a l] m across. sometimes inflaled mosl sepla wilhout clamps.

Remorks

Cedarn forms ollhesoecies described here otlen look very much like a disco' mvcete lseeVol. 1). Hbwever, il soon becomesclear under the microscope Ihal ttri,lunglts is not an ascomycele bul a helerobasiclrcmycste wth lork'shaped basidia.

SDecimen6 examined and photographed Ittioe-nswrtifu rMeooerwald). elev: 550 m, quad. 2167, on branch ol /Abies witn"AarX and lying o'n'me ground. Sept. 17.1983,coll.J8 1709-83BB 1. Olher speclmens: in the same quadrant.

lmbach: not included.

52

.

(Fam. Dacrymycetaceae Bref 1888)

4

!

lacrymyces var sponrs

*s

i

7

Auriculariaauricula-judae

tr

Fam. Auriculariaceae Fr.

(Bull. ex St. Am.) Berk.

:

(Fam. Auriculariaceae Fr. 1838)

Hineola auicula-judae (Bull. ex St. Am.) Berk.

Jew's ear

Habilat

Mlcrcscoplc leatures

Usually on living, damaged, ordead parts of Sambucus nig@ \black

elderberry) but also on Acer campestris (field maple), acc. lit. likewise on other hardwoods. Bare. Locally abundant where there are F6hn winds. Throughout the year. Distribution: E, NA, As.

Macroscopic features Fruiting body cap- to shelF orear-shaped, attached to the substrate by the back surface, stipeless or with short stipe, 2H0 mm across and extending up to 40 mm trom the substrate, upper side even to

slightly wrinkled-undulating, finely pubescent, red-brown to olivebrown or blackish, margin smooth and sharp, underside with the hymenium veined, wrinkled, sometimes dull and pruinose from the spores, otherwise color like upper side. Consistency gelatinous, tough, elastic, and corneous and hard when dry;can be returned to its original condition by soaking in water. Solitary, gregarious to clustered, usually imbricate. Without odor, taste mild.

8

E': Basidia cylinddcal, with 3 transverse sepla, with 3 laleral epibasidia, up to 80 x 7.5 pm. C: Cystidianone. Hairs on lhe upper side hyaline, cylindrical, pointed,80-200 x 5.5-7.5 am. Di Hyphae gdlafnized, branched and some with gnarled outgroMhs, 1.H llm across, septa withoul clamps, Bemarkg

This species prelers habitats lavored with warmth and moisture. thus here it is pincipallylound in F6hn valleys on slream banks and lake shores, particularly on Sambucus nigra- As phragmobasdiomycetes. lhe species ol lhe famrly Aunculariaceae have lransversely septale basdia. in contrasl lo lhejelly fungr (Tremellales), which have longiludinally septate basidia.

Specimens examined and photographed Seelisberg/UR, elev.600 m, quad.2068, on Sambucus nigra, Feb.25, 1983, call- F2.2502 43 ZwOthe. specimens: quad. 1256, 1857, 1869, 1955, 1969, 2057.

lmbechi Auiculaia sambuclra Martin,

Auricularia mesenterica

Fam. Auriculariaceae Fr.

Dicks.: Fr. Tripe fungus

(Fam. Auriculariaceae Fr. 1838)

Habltat

Mlcroscoplc fealures

ParasiticorsaprophyticonFagus(beech)

andAce/(maple), aswell as on other hardwoods. Throughout the year. Rare. Distribution: E,

A: Spores cylindrical, allantoid, smooth, hyaline, wilh drops, 15-17.5 x 6-7

Bi C: D:

lracroscopic features Fruiting body resupinateto semipileate, attached looselyto the substrate, forming patches several centimelers to decimeters in e)dent, pileus very well defined, projecting 10-.30 mm from the substrate, pilei sometimes imbdcate, upper surfape of pileus concentrically

t

zoned, hispid-tomentose, undulating, zones alternately light grayl olive-brown, margin undulating, lobed, lower surface and resupinate pan with the hymenophore veined-wrinkled, plicate, in part anastomosing, purple-brown, sometimes whitish-pruinose Irom the spores, 2-5 mm thick, margin distinctly bounded and somewhat lifted. Consistency elastic, tough, gelatinous, when dry corneous, hard, brittle, odor insignificant, taste mild.

9

A: Spores cylindrical, slightly allantoid, smooth, hyaline, some with drops, l7-19 x H/rm, I

Basidia cylindric-conic, up to 70 rrm long, iransversely septate with 2-4 lateral epibasidia. Cyslidia not seen. Hyphae hyaline, 2 7 r.m across, sepia wilhout clamps.

Remarks When viewed superficially the species described here could be confused wilh certain iorms ot Chordrostereum putpureum lNo, 198)- Like Auiculaia auicula-iudae lNo.7),. A. neserlerica is a species which prefers mild habitats. such as soulhem exposures and Fdhn valleys.

Speclmena examlned and photographed

Dallenwil (Grossacherli)/Nw, elev. 1200 m, quad. 1966, on dead trunk ol Acer on the ground, June I2, 1978, coll. JB, 1206-78 BR 11.

Olher specimen3: quad. 1256, 2055, 2066, 2068, 2156,2366,2457,2459.

lmbach: nol included.

Helicobasidium brebissonii

Fam. Auriculariaceae Fr.

(Desm.) Donk

(Fam. Auriculariaceae Fr. 1838)

-

Helicobasidium puryurcun

.|'ul.

Habital Parasitic and saprophytic on trees and shrubs. FalFspring. Rare. Distribution: E, NA.

Microscopic teatures A: (Al) Saores ireqularly elliplrcalto cylindrical, some also somewhatcurved, (A2) with smoolh. hyalne to slightly lilac-brownish. 1 1-13 5 \ 6-7lrm.

l,

polar cap and somelimes wilh attached remnant ol the sterigma.

B: Basidia hyphalike, transverssly seplate, benl over and hooklike to hglical, Maqrgscopic features Fruiting body fully resupinate, attached loosely to ihe substrate, forming thin patches several centimeters in extent, surface smooth to undulating-tuberculale, dull, whitish-pruinose, violetto pink-violet, margin distinctly bounded. Consistency sott, membranous. When dry the fungus is gray-ocher with a slight lilac tint and brittle.

4.5-7rrm across. shghlly lilac-brownish, slengmala subulale

C: Cyslidia nol seen

Dr Hyphae somewhal thick-walled, clamps.

zH

lo cylind cal.

/rm across, hyaline, septa without

nemalks Upon microscopical examination an inexperienced observercould mistake this species for some kind ol conidialform. The lruly lypical Auriculada basidia ae canelike to helically inrolled and are not immediately recognizable as basidia, since they are hyphalike.

Speclmens examined and pholographed Stansstad/Nw, elev.45O m, quad.2066, on A/nus (alder) slump, Apri|15,1978, coll. Keller, K 2432 (P. Herb. Keller). Other specimens: quad. 1965.

lmbach: not included.

54

a

1

c

8

Auric! ar a mesentenca

E

A.

\i

I

10

Basidiodendron caesiocinereum

Fam. Tremellaceae Fr.: Fr.

(v. Hiihn. & Litsch.) Luck-Allen = Boutdotia caesiocinerea (v. Hohn. & Litsch.) Bourd. & Galz. = Sebdcina caesiocinerea (v. Hiihn. & Litsch.) Rogers

(Fam. Tremellaceae Fr. 1821)

Habitat

Uicroscoplc features

On very rotten wood of broadleaved trees lying on the ground, acc. lit. also on conilerwood, in very damp localities. Summerjall. Rare. Distribution: E, NA, As, Af.

A:

Macroscopic feature-s

O: Hyphae gelalinized, wrth gnaded branches. indistncily vrsible. 1-3 pm

Fruiting body f ully resupinate, attached tightly to the substrate, forming thin, waxlike patches several centimeters to decimeters in extent, surface smooth, dull, finely pubescent under a lens, whilish-gray, sometimes with a slight pink tint, darker when dry, margin tenuous, consistency waxlike, soft.

B: C:

Spores subglobose. smoolh tovery linely punclale. hyalioe. wilh dropsand (8) r!m, I a dislincl apiculus, (5) 6 7.5 Hypobasidia oval, 10-15 x 7-9 (10) rrm, longiludinally septaie, with 2--4 epibasidia. Gloeocystidia ascus-shaped, sinuous, somelimes with brownish contents,

'

30-50'6-9/m.

across, no sepia observed,

Rernalk6 Cerlain authors pul this species also in lhe genera Sebacine and Bourdofia-

LUCK-ALLEN (1963) has rearranged lhe genus 8o./rdotla and transfefied species without branched hyphidia and with clustered basidia and short gloeo-

cysiidia up lo 90 r.m long into the genus BasidioderdrorSpecimens examined and photographed Glaubenberg/Ow (Ochsenalp). elev. I 000 m. quad. 1 965, on lhe underside of a rotten A/nus branch on the ground, Nov. 6. 1983, coll. TH. 0611-83 Ho 1. Other specimeos: quad.

1257 , 2056, 2164, 2156,

2256-

lmbach: nol in.luded

11

Exidiopsis calcea

Fam. Tremellaceae Fr.: Fr. (Fam. Tremellaceae Fr. '1821)

Wells

= Sebacina calcea lPers. ex St. Am.) Bres. Habitat

Microscopic Ioaluros

On dead wood ol Plcea (spruce) and Sa/,* (willow) with and without bark, acc. lit. also on wood of other conifers and broadleaved trees.

Throughout the year. Widespread. Distribution: E, NA, As.

Macroscopic teatures Fruiting body attached tightly to the substrate, when moist forming membranous, waxlike coatings several centimeters to decimeters in extent, surface smooth andfarinose, gray-whitish, sometimeswith gray-brown tints, somewhal lissured when dry, resembling old grayed whitewash, distinctly bounded and sometimesthinning out at the margin. Consistency not gelatinous, brittle when dry.

t

A: Spores elliplical B: C: D:

E:

t

lo cylindrical, allantoid. smooth. hyaline. sometimes wilh granular contents and occasionally wilh drops. 12-18 H.5 rm, I pyriform, Hypobasidia oval to longiludinally septate, 12-17 x 1G-15 /rm, usually wilh 4 epibasidia, more rarely 2. Cystidia notseen. Hyphae 2 .4 pm thick, sepla with clamps, olten with scaltered crystals. Paraphyses 1 sinuous or clavate.

Remalks ln our region the species described here is a typical colonizer of dead spruce

wood, where the whitewashlike coatings are conspicuous. ln contrast 10 Eyidiopsis gasea (No. 13) il is neilher gelalinous nor deliquescenl. Olher Sebai,ha siecies s. lal. are described by-MABTIN ( 1952) and PILAT {1957). Specimens examined and photographed Jonen/AG (Biri), elev. zl00 m, quad.2367, on smalltrunkofPicea stillwithbaft, April6, 1982, coll. BA, 0604-82 BA 1. Other apeclmens: quad . 1257 , 2057 , 2064, 2065, 2066,

21

56, 2365.

lmbrch: nol included.

12

Exidiopsis effusa

Fam. Tremellaceae Fr.: Fr.

(Bref. ex Sacc.) Moller Sebacina elfusa (gref. ex Sacc.) Pat.

(Fam. Tremellaceae Fr. 1821)

-

Habilai On dead branches and lrunks of broadleaved trees, especially

Mlcro8coplc fealures

Fagus (beech). Throughout lhe year, but especially in wet periods. Widespread. Distribution: E.

B

Macroscopic fgaiures Fruiting body appearing when moist as a waxlike patch barely 0.3 mm thick and several centimeters to decimeters in extent, when dry filmy almost like a translucent patch of paint, attached firmly to the

A: Spores elliplical

C; D:

allanloid, smoolh, hyaline, somelimeswilh lo cylinddcal, = 12-15 ${4m, I granular conlentsor also drops, l2irm.with Hypobasidia oval to py lorm, longiludinally septale. 1 5 t8 ' 4 epibasdra (accordrng to PILAT 1957 also wilh 2 epibasidia). Cystidia not seen. Hyphae 1.5-2 l.m lhick, sepla with clamps.

'

I

substrate, gray-whitish with a pink tint, fading when dry, surface

The species described here could be conlused with Exldiopsis grisea (No. 1 3) or E calcea (No. 11), but lhe lirst usually forms thicker, somewhat gelalinized, and darker-gray patches and prefers Ables (silver fir) as a subslrate, while the second is nol gelatinized and ,orms whilewash-like patches mostly on Picea (spruce).

smooth and dull, margin irregular and distinctly bounded. The initial stage appears as smaller or larger rounded spots which usually become concrescent later. Trama only weakly gelatinous.

Speclmans examlned and photogr.phed Adligenswil/Lu (Chlusenried), elev. 550 m, quad. 2167, on barkless branch of Fagus (beech), Feb. 13, 1982, coll. FK, 1302-82 K.

olher speclmens: widely distdbuted throughoul region, bul not common. lmbach: nol included.

56

Basidiodendron caesiocinereum

10

Exidiopsis calcea

11

(\ l

',]r {'ti

\

'Jo pm

Et

Exidiopsis effusa

12

E lr)

-t

,/)

.

"^)\

[V, ar\

10 pm

t

:.{ 57

13

Exidiopsis grisea

Fam. Tremellaceae Fr.: Fr. (Fam. Tremellaceae Fr. 1821)

(Pers.) Bourd. & Maire = Sebac,,ha grisea (Pers.) Bres.

Habltat On dead wood with bark, commonly on Ables (silver lir), usually on stumps and branches lying on the ground. Throughout the year. Widespread. Distribution: E.

Macroscopic leatures Fruiting body when moist appearing as a waxlike patch up lo 1 mm thick and several centimeters todecimeters in extent, when dryfilmy almosl like a patch of paint, attached firmly to the substrate, loamgray to darkgray, sometimes lightgraywith an ocherish tint, surface smooth and dull, margin irregular and distinctly bounded. The initial stage appears as smaller or larger rounded patches which usually become concrescent later. Trama gelatinous.

Mlcroscooic fealures A: Sporea ellpticallo cylindrical, = allanlod. smoolh. hyahne, somelimesw(h oianular contents. 11-14 . 5.5-7 rm, | -.

B: Fvpobasidia subqobose to pyrilorm, longiludinally septate 10-15 C: D:

\

8-11

rrm, wilh 2--4 epibasidia. Cvstidia notseen. Hi/phae 1.5-3 /m across. sepla with clemps.

Remarks

The qeneraSotacina and Exd,bpsis are mrcroscopically very similarloEridia bul 6ey clearly ditler flom maaloscopically by their very lhin. mombranous and slidhlly gelatinized. incrusling fruiting bodies.

sDecimens examlned and DhotooraDhed Ailliqenswil/LlJ (Chlusenried). elev:550 m. quad. 2167, on blanch olAb,essiill with bark. Dec. 5, 1981, coll. FK,0512-41 K 2. Other speclmens: widely disvibuled throughout region.

lmbach: nol included.

14

Fam. Tremellaceae Fr.: Fr.

Sebacina epigaea

(Fam. Tremellaceae Fr. 1821)

(Berk. & Br.) Neuh.

Habitat On plant remains lying on the ground, also commonly growing over soil, rocks, etc. Summerjall. Not common. Distribution: E, NA, As.

acroscopic features Fruiting body when moist appearing like a waxy patch up to 1 mm thickand several centimeters in extent, filmy and barely visible when dry, attached firmly tothe substrate, white-gray, opalescent, surlace uneven, shiny when moist, but dull when dry, margin distinctly bounded and irregular. lnitial stages show up as rounded spots. Consistency waxlike, gelatinous.

MlcroscoDic le6turea

A: (All

Sbores oval, smoolh. wilh qranular contenls, hYaline, some germinal' . 8-10 ,rm. I -: (A2Jscatlered so_calleci resling spores wilh in_ Ilated tubercles oresenl, 12-l3gm.longiludilally septate, wilh 4 epibasdia. Hypobasidia 15 Cvslidia not seen. Hiphae rn parl with undulaling surlace. 1.F2.5pm across. sepla wilholrt clamps.

ing,'1(i13

B:

C: D:

18

Remark3 Another Sebacira soecieswhich also covers planldebris and soilis S, inctus_ lars (No. l5). but it has a white_ocherish, non-opalescenl color' is lhicker and waxliie-cruslose, and doos nol have luberculate resling spores. sDecimens eramin€d and ohotoqraphed Fiiieli-Ranft/Ow, elev.600ni, quad: 1066. onwel, barlless piece ol hardwood on the qround. Sepl.25. 1982. coll. FK.250H2 K. Other speclmans: quad . 1256, 1257 , 2454 lmbach: not included.

15

Fam. Tremellaceae Fr.: Fr.

Sebacina incrustans

(Fam. Tremellaceae Fr. 1821)

(Fr.) Tul.

Habltat

Mlcroscoolc feetures

On bare soil and plant remains, as well as growing also over living plants. Summer-lall. Not common. Distribution: E, NA, As.

B:

Macroacopic features Fruiting body lully resupinate, attached tightly to the substrate, forming patches up to 1 mm thick and several centimeters in extent, sometimes also with crest- to conelike outgrowths, surlace smooth to undulating-tuberculate, dull, dingy whitish to cream-colored, also with grayish or pink tint, margin distinctly bounded. Consistency waxlike, cartilaginous.

A: Soorea broadlv elliptical-oval, smoolh hyaline. wilh granular conlents.

rL18

9-10dmTPILAT

1957:

8-16

/ H!m), | -. / 1o-12 lIm. wilh 4 epibasidia

^ loirgiludinally seplale. 17-22 Hypobasidia up to 70 rrm long. No cvslidia observed.

C: D: Hypl'iae hyaline. lhin-walled. 2 3.5 l]m across sepla wilhoul clamps (PILAT op. cil.: . . . with few or no clamps).

Remarks

i. a. Physiospol,nus vitreus (No 378) ot P- sanaiuinolentus (No. 377). but lhese have pores when tully devel_ ooei. Therelor-e. vouno soeaimens should be examined with ahand lens fol the b;oinnino of oo're a6velooment, Warlike-cruslose palches can also be obierved-in a ieries ol ne;bers ol the Corticiaceae, i)specrally when moisl. Thev ditler. howev6r. in havinq non-seDtale, normal basidia. An ascomycele hke a crusl is Hypoclea c,lrina (Vol. 1. No. whiih also can covei lhg qrou-nd -hand lens its wartliko, pustulelike perilheoa are 317). However, under a recognizable.

lntheli6ldthis soecigscould beconlussdwilh

sDeclmena examined Sbr€nbero/Lu tslatlelwald), elev. 12OO m, quad. 1864, on mounds ol soilproduced byheadow mice. Oct. 7, 1983. coll. FK. 0710_83 K. Pholographed in quad. 1864.

Other sp€cimens: quad- 1257 , 2066, 2167

lmbach: not included.

58

.

Exidiopsis grisea

n rf \]A

t_)

L)

Sebacina epigaea

T

F"r.tl ilf t*tilil Sebacina incrustans

@ T

*< \

":/

16

Stypellavermiformis

Fam. Tremellaceae Fr.: Fr.

(Berk.) Reid

(Fam. lryxariaceae Jiil. 1981)

-

StYPe a Paqillata Mdll.

= Hetercchaetella crystallina Boutd. Habilat On very rotten wood of conifers.

Winter-spring. Rare. Distribution: E,

NA.

Microacopic teatuaes A. Spores sutElobose lo broadly elliplical. smooth, hyaline. wilh distinct apiculus. zt-5 \ 3-4 rrm, | -, somo spores germinaling.

B: C:

Macroscopic lealures Fruiting body fully resupinate, consisting of athin waxlike subiculum on which tiny wartlike granules 0.'l mm across are densely crowded; their surface appears irregularly jagged and lhus resembles an accumulation of small shiny crystals. ln some places the granules grow so close together that they almostlorm a soft waxlike coating, hyaline-whitish to ocherish. Thefruiting bodies can reach a size of a several centimeters.

D:

Hypobasidia subglotiose to broadly elhplicai som6 lo;giludinally septate. with 4 epibasidia. Cysldra cylindrical 1o lusitorm, obluse. ihin-walled. filled with qranular material which lurns dark pink (nol black) in SV, up 1o l0O x 6-€ /m. Hyphae only indislinctly visible. branched (OBEBWINKLER 1963: basal hyphae with clamps).

8-10 . 6-0 am,

Bomarka lnlerestingly. lhrs exlremely small lungus was described as €arly as 1895lrom Bra2il by MOLLER as Stypella papilleta. IUCK-AIIEN (1960) recognized Hetercchaetelk cistallina, descibed as new by BOURDOT (1921), to be the same ,ungus, Other phragmobasidiomycetes with longer and morc distinct spines on the hymerrum aretobelound e, g, in ProlodonUa, Speoeswilh lfiJe gloeocyslidia are conlained in the genera Bourdolia and Basidiodendrcn,

Sp€cimens examinad and pholographod Alpnach/Ow (Schoded), elev.500 m, quad. 1966, on rotton trunk ol Picea (spruc6), May 3, 1982, coll. TH,0305-82 BR. Other speclmens: none,

lmbach: not included.

17

Eichlerielladeglubens

Fam. Tremellaceae Fr.: Fr.

(Berk. & Br.) Lloyd = 2 Eichleiella spinulosa (Berk. & Curt.) Burt

(Fam. Tremellaceae Fr. '1821)

Habitat

Microscopic leatures

aswellas

A:

on dead branches and t.unks on the ground. Fall-spring. Bare, only locally abundant. Distribution: E.

B:

On dead parts of living F.ax,nus (ash)and Fagus (beech),

Macroacopic features Fruiting bodyfully resupinate, attached tighlly to the substrate, forming patches up to ca. 0.5 mm thick and a few centimeteG in exlenl, surface smooth, farinose with isolated, sparsely distributed warts, spines, or lhoms up to I mm long, light pink, flesh-colored, turning wine-red when injured, margin distinctly bounded and at times somewhat litted from the substrate, whitish and in part somewhal fringed. Consistency waxlike and softwhenfresh, crustose and hard when dry.

C: D:

Spores cylindrical. slightly allantoid, smooth, hyaline, with drops, 12-18 x (forming secondary spores). 6-7 pm, Hypobasidia clavate lo cylindrical, longitudinally septaie, 30-.40 x 1(F12 pm. wilh 2 4 epibasidia up to 5 sm across. Cystidia noi seen. Hyphae in lhe hymenium thin-walled. 2-3 /rm across. sparsely septate, wrth clamps. basal hyphae thick-walled, sinuous. gnarled. 2-3 jrm across.

I

Bemarks Vrewed purely

su perlicially. lhis species could be conlused wilh e.g. Poriophoincamete lNo- 147). Conrcun roseum (No 75). or resupinale Slereum species. However. lhe sparsely spinose surlace is easily recognizable wth a hand lens, enebling lhe lungus to be idenlilied even in lhe lield.

n

Specimeos examined and phoiographed Hijnenberg/Zc (Zollschlag), elev.400 m. quad.2267, on slub ol a branch ol a living Frax,hrrs, Feb. 1l,1974,coll.JB, 1102 748R.

other speclmens: quad. 2064, 2066. lmbach: not included.

18

Protodontia piceicola

Fam. Tremellaceae Fr.: Fr.

(Kilhner ex Bourd.) Martin

(Fam. Myxariaceae Jril. 1981) MicroBcopic fetlurcs

Habltat On the underside of rotten boards lPicea?) lying on the ground.

A:

Winter. Rare. Distribution: E.

B:

Macroscopic features

C: D:

Fruiting body lully resupinate, attached tighily to the substrate, con-

sisting of patches several centimeters across, covered wilh fine spines, positively geotropic. Spines very dense, 4-5 per mm, up to 2 (3) mm long and 0.1-{.2 (0.3) mm thick, arising from a barely recognizable subiculum or directly trom the substrate, subulate with filiform tips, gray-whitish to gray-ocherish, or brownish when old, individual spines sometimes stuck together at their tips. Consistency waxlike, sott.

Sporesglobos€ tosubglobose, smooth, hyaline, with drops,2.F4 x 3-4(6) Pm' I HypobasidiaS-10 x /rm, with indistinct longiludinal septalion and 1--4 sle gmata which somelimes are separated lrom the basidia by a septum, without basalclamp. Cystidia nol seen. Hyphalsystem monomitic, (D1) tramal hyphae 2-3 l]m across;(D2) hyphal

H

bundles in core of lhe trama of the spines 2-3 pm across and slrongly incrusled. rarely septale withoul clamps; (D3) hyphae in lfiesubhymenium sinuous, slrongly branched, 1-2 pm ircross, with droplets, no sepla obseNed. Subhymenium and hymenium cyanophilic.

Remarks ln therield onecouldtakethis species to be anodontoid member of the Corticiaceae. However, lhe lypical oval and longitudinally septate basidiacleady andicate a helerobasidiomycsle. The coarse incruslation ol the hyphae which we observed in the core of the trama ol lhe spines ls nowhere descnbed rn lhe hteralure. According lo JULICH (personal communcaton) the specimens which he studied did not have such an incruslalrcni lherefore he suspects il lo be a modification arising lrom the habital.

Specimens examined and pholographed Kiens/LlJ (Sonnenberg). elev.800 m. quad.2066. on the underside ol aboard, Feb. 20. 1983. coll. GB. 2002-€3 BR t.

Oher speclmens: quad. 1954, 2056. lmbach: not included.

ou

Stypella vermilormis

rtvt/. Nut

ffi

flhNt so o \/\\ \{)

-

^d

tl l0 pm

19

Pseudohydnumgelatinosum (Scop.: Fr.) Karst. = Trcmellodon gelatinosum Ft. = Trcmellodon crystallinum aud. Jelly tongue

tr

Habltat

Fam. Tremellaceae Fr.: Fr.

(Fam. [4yxariaceae Jiil. .l981)

lrlcroscopic teaturea

On very rotten conifer wood, especially on stumps. Summerjall. Common. Distribution: E, NA, As.

A: Spores globose lo subglobose, smooth, hyaline. conlents granular. 5-6 / 4.5-5.5 rm, with dislincl apiculus, I B: Hypobasidia pyrilom lo oblong. longitudrnally seplale. 10 15 v 7-9!m. with 4 epibasidia

Macroscopic Iealures Fruiting body bracketlike to flabellate, sometimes also conchate, attached to the substrate atthe center by a stipelike structure,2H0

t

mm across, proiecting 20-40 mm, 5-10 mm thick, upper surface rough-furfuraceous, almost smooth toward the margin, usually white, more rarely gray to gray-brown, becoming darker in age, margin undulating, underside with the hymenium densely spinose, whitish to opal-white, more rarely also gray-brownish, spines up to3 (5) mm long and pointed. Flesh gelatinous, solt, translucent, odorless and tasteless. Generally imbricate, densely clustered, more rarely solitary.

20

C: Cyslidia nol seen Dr Hyphae 1.5-2.5 pm across, sepla wilh clamps. Remarks On the same substrale and at the same lime one can find a very similarlungus, namely Pleurccybella por4qens (Pers.: Fr.) Sing., whose undarside, however,

bears lamellae instead of spines; il belongs to the order Agaricales (gilled Iunsi). Speclmona examined and photographed Wauwil/Lu (Santenberg), elev. 500 m, quad. 2264, on rotten stump of Picea (spruce), Oct.8, 1978, coll.

J8,0810 78 BR

1.

Olher apecimens: widespread and common throughout region. lmbach: included as lremelbdon gelatinosus Ft.

Craterocolla cerasi

Fam. Tremellaceae Fr.: Fr.

(Tul.) Bref.

= Ditangiwn cercsi (Tul.) Cost. & Duf. Habitat On dead trunks and b'anches ol Prunus avium (wild cherry), both fallen and standing or attached respectively, acc. lit. also on other Prurusspecies aswellasA/nus (alder), Populus (poplar), and Picea (spruce). Fall-spring. Bare. Distribution: E, NA.

Macroacopic features Fruiting body variously formed, spread out flat and irregularly rounded, cerebritorm, mesenterylike, or weakly cup-shaped, but also short-stalked and then plate-shaped and lobed, appressed tightlytothe substrate and punctiform, 1H0 (50)mm across, upper surface smooth, gelatinous-glutinous, ocher-pink, gray-ocherish to salmon-colored. Consistency somewhat tough, gelatinous, soft. Solitary or gregarious. Pycnidial form turbinate, deeply urceolate, concolorous, in habitus similar to an Ombrophlla (Vol. 1, p. 150).

Microacopic fealurcs

A: (41) B: C: D:

Basidiospores allanloid, smooth, hyaline, with drops, 8-1 1 x 3.F4-5 x 2.5-.3.5 r.m. ; (42) pycnospores (conidia) Hypobasidia spherical lo oval, longiludinally sepiate, 9-10 pm. with 4 epabasjdia, somelimes very long. Cystidia nol seen. Hyphae hyaline, some septate with short cells, sepla wilhout clamps, cove. ed with granulss or droplets, 1.5-3 gm acrossi among lhem are sirongly sinuous hyphae wilhoul idenlitlable septa,0.5-1.5 !m across.

pm,

I

H

Remarks So far we have only found the species described here on dead wood ol wld cher es.lt resembles a lremela, but diflersfrom il by lhe separale occurence of special pycnidial fruiling bodies (photograph, right), which usually appear before th6 basidium stage. ln dry periods lhe fungus shrivels up to lorm inconspicuous spots,

SpeclmeflB examined and photographed Weggis/Lu (Liilzelau), elev.480 m, quad.2067, on dead cherry branches, D€c. 13, 1982, coll. JB, 1312-€2 BR 1. Other 3p€cimens: quad. 1965, 2168. lmbach: not included.

21

Exidia glandulosa

Fam. Tremellaceae Fr.: Fr.

Fr.

(Fam. Tremellaceae Fr. 1821)

= Exidia plana (Wigg. ex Schleich.) Donk Black witch's butter Habltat On dead wood of broadleaved trees, on the cul surfaces of stumps, aswellas on branches lying on the ground, more rarely on wounded places on living trees. Throughout the year. Common, but conspicuous only in wet periods. Distribution: E, NA, As.

Microscopic t€eturea

A:

Spores cylindrical,

t

allanloid, smooih, hyaline, sometimes wjlh dropl€ts,

12 14 v 4.5-5 !m, I B: Hypobasidia oval. pyrilorm, longiludinally septale. 16-18 4 epibasidia.

/

8-9 /rm, wilh

C: Hyphae 1-1.5 rm thlck, septa wilh clamps. gelatnized. R6marks

Macroscopic teatures Fruiting bodywhenfresh and moist appressed firmly to the substrate and irregularly spread out to form expanses 100-300 mm in extent, F15 mm thick. Upper surface with the hymenium cerebriform with undulating folds and punctate with small glandular warts, black to brown-black. Surface elsewhere smooth and when rresh shiny, otherwise dulland often somewhat whitish-pruinose, margin sharply bounded and not attached to the substrate. Flesh gelatinous and soft. When dried out the fruiting body lorms a thin, black, shiny membrane a millimeter thick on the substrate.

62

Eidia glandulosa Bull. ex St. Am. is nol idenlical with lhe species described

hers, but represents E /dia lruncata Fr, ll growing on conifer wood clmpare No 22 Specimens examlned and photographed lmmensee/Sz (Chiemen), elev. 4O0 m. quad. 2167, on cul surlace ol Fagus (be€ch) stump, Ocl.24, 1981, coll. JB, 24lHl K. Olher sp€cim€na: wid€ly dislibuted lhroughout region. lmbach: included as Exldla g/andulosa.

irittcrocolla cerasl

(-"..

) | ,':'

lr,l | - t-

\i

\

- ,' .l ,,'t'L .'' .{{,

I't\-r

r

( .r" A.----,

/

\.'L,'

'\-,--"

^

17 \'i ^\)o lr

(,-,'

',o

:xrdra glanduiosa

i(

-

i,l,!i

,t" .''

-' .

i,-_/ ,./ i

,

r1,,' /,^\ A.=. ,,/

;'

)

22

Exidia pithya

Fam. Tremellaceae Fr.: Fr.

A. & S.: Fr. Tar spot fungus

(Fam. Tretnellaceae Fr. 1821)

Habitat On branches and trunksof Pic€a (spruce) stillwith bark and lying on

the ground, acc. lit. also on other conifers. Throughoul the year. Widespread but not common. Distribution: E. Maqroscopic fealures Fruiling body when fresh and moist appressed firmly to the substrate, young fruiting bodies knoblike and then sometimes coalescing to form irregular expanses up to 30 mm or more in exlent and 2-5 mm thick. Upper surface with the hymenium smooth with tuberculate elevations t arranged in rows, marginalzone often somewhal undulating-ribbed,small glandularwartsscarce, blackto blue-black and sometimes rather light-pruinose, dull to weakly shiny. Flesh gelatinous, tough and hard. When drisd out the fruiting bodieslorm a shiny black membranous film over the substrate and resemble a

ilicroscoplc le6tur6s

Spores cylndrical, somelrmes slighlly allanloid. smooth, hyaline. 12-15./ 4.5-5.5 sm, I -, some lorminq secondary spores. B: Hypobeaidia subglobose to oval. longiludinally septate, l:Fl9 ' l0-14Fm. wilh 4 epibasidia. C: Hyphae 1.F2.5 /,m across. septa wth clamps. gelalinized.

A:

Remarks This species can hardly be mistaken, since il atlacks coniler wood exclusively and alao has scarcely any qlandularwarls on lhesurlaces ollheflUiting bod€s. likewise the laFblack palches which form in dry conditions are a conspicuous characlerislic ol lhis specGs. ENdia sacchaina A. E S.: Fr. also grows on conilerwood, bul mainly on Prrus. and it is colored red-brown.

Specimens examined and photographed Doppleschwand/Lu {Breitabnt), elev. I I00 m. quad. 2064. on branches and lrunis of Picea (spruce) lying on lhe ground. May 29. 1 978. coll. F K. 2905F78 K. Other speclmens: wid€ly distributed in regions with spruces, but notcommon.

lmbach: not included.

streak of tar.

23

Fam. Tremellaceae

(Fam. Tremellaceae Fr. 1821)

Habitat On dead branches of Sa/,x (willow) still attached to the tree, according to PILAT (1957)alsoon Populus (poplar)and Prurug according

l/rus (alde4. Fall-spring. Commonly along river- and skeambanks and lakeshores. Widespread but not common. Distribution: E, NA, As.

to T@RKELSEN (1971) also on

Macroscopic feaiurea Fruiting body 5-.30 mm across and $-15 (20) mm tall, irregularly conical to plate-shaped or conchale and lobed, upper surface with the hymenium almost smooth or undulating to honeycombedwrinkled, slightly shiny, without smallwarls, sterile underside slightly rough and dull, whole fruiting body amber-colored todark red-brown, attached tothe substrate by ashort, indistinct stalk. Fleshgelatinous and tough, limply elastic, dry. Usually growing gregariously. When dry the fruiting body forms only an inconspicuous brownish crust on the subskale.

24

ft .: Fr.

Exidia recisa (Ditmar ex S. F. Gray) Fr. Microscooic festures

A: {A1) Bisidiosporescylindrical, drops, 1,F15

op. cit. 12-15

x 3-4 /,m); (A2) conidia

, 6-1 0 /r m. longitudinally septate, usually wilh 4 lingerlike epibasidia. gelalinrzed, Hyphae 1-3 rrm across, sepla wilh clamps.

B: Hypobasidia subglobose to pyrilorm, 8-1 5 C:

Hab[us, habitat, and lime ol appearance make lhis speoes relalively easy to recoonrze. ln the lil. frd,a repanda ft . and Exidia cart /aginea Lundoll et r',leuhoff ire also menlionedilhey occur mainly on Belula (birch) and have a ce(ain resemblance to the species described here. However,lhey have not yel been identified in our area.

Speclmen3 examined and photogrephed Sbrenberg/Lu. elev. 1100 ni, quad. 18e'4. on atlached dead branch ol Sa/ix (willow), Feb. 23, 1977, coll. FK,2302-77 K. Other ep€clmensi quad. 1965, 1966, 2064, 2166.

lmbsch: included.

Exidia thuretiana (Ldv.) Fr. : Trcmella thuretiana l6v. =

aLlanloid. smoorh. hyaline, often wilh several

x 3-3.5 pm {PILAT

5-6 x 1.5-2/,m),1-.

Fam. Tremellaceae Fr.: Fr. (Fam. Tremellaceae Fr. 1821)

? Exidia albida (Hudson ex Hook.) Brel.

Habitat On branches of various hardwoods with and without bark and lyino on lhe ground (on lower and upper surfaces), especially on Fagus (beech), more rarely on Fraxrrus (ash). Throughout the year, especially in late fall and spring. Widespread. Distdbution: E, Af.

Macroacopic features Fruiting body when moist appressed firmly to the substrate, young fruiting bodies knoblike and then confluent to become 'lHo mm across and up to 100 mm long. Upper surlace tuberculate-undulating with lurrows which often run inwards at right angles from the margin, white to bluish-white and opalescent or alsowith an ocherish or pink tint. Surface smooth and dull, margin sharply bounded or sometimes slightly ciliate. Flesh gelatinous and tough. When dried out the fruiting body forms a transparent membranous lilm on lhe substrate. Phenol stains the flesh pink at first, then violet to dark purple-brown.

Micro.coDic t.atures

A

B: C:

SDored cvlind cal,

cont€nts, 13 18

:

allanloid, smQoth. hyaline. somelimes wih granular

5.F7 r.m (PILAT 1957: 12-24

-.

secondarv soores. I Hypobasi'dia pyrilom, oval. longiludinally septale. 2--4 epibasidia Lrp to 50 pm long. Hyphae 2J /rm across, sepla with clamps.

'

4.5-7,rm). foming

1zt-20 8.5-12!m wilh

R6marks

Simrlarfruiting bodes are also lormed by species ol the genus lremel/a, which however have subqlobose lo oval spores. For example, an oval-spored, white sDecies was described in lhelil. as Tremella albtda Hudson ss. Bourdol S Gal' zin, whlch accordino lo DONK (1966) nevertheless corresponds lo l/emel/a cardida Pers. We have nol yet lound it. REID (1970) reiecled lhe name Exdia a/Dida (Huds. ex Hook.) Brel., srnce Hudson's original descriplron does nol unequuocally represenl lhe species described here and lherefore during the course ol time has been used lor dilfelenl laxa

SDecimens examlned Hbhenrain/Lu (lbenmoos), elev. 500 m. quad. 2266. on branch of Fagus {beech) stillwiih bark and lying on the ground, Nov. 15, 1981. coll. FK, 1511-81 K. Photograph ol specimen 0102-€2 BR 1 F/arirus. Other specimens: widely distribuled throughout region. lmbach: included.

64

'

Exidia pithya

^\(\\[1 9/JN N

?

ilUNI/IA

l,')"(.',''\(\

A

Y-Ytn o

-.",,K A?ft,.r Exidia recisa

V vu'

W5\ 10 pm

Exidia thuretiana

Et tr

;

25

Exidia truncata

Fam. Tremellaceae Fr.: Fr. (Fam. Tremellaceae Fr. '1821)

Ft.

=

Exidia glandulosa (Bull. ex St. Am.) Fr.

Habitat On dead hardwoods, principally with bark, especially on Que.cus (oak), more rarely Corylus (hazel), acc. lit. also on I/,a (linden), BeF u/a (birch), Fagus (beech), etc., on standing and lallen trunks and branches. Throughout the year, butconspicuous only inwet periods. Distribution: E.

Macroacopic leatures Fruiting bodies on tallen branches turbinate to plate-shaped and attached to the substraie by a

1 long stalk, while the fruiting bodies

on standing wood are shelflike and usually stalkless. Old fruiting bodies become irregularly lobed-auriculate. Size 1M0 mm, upper surlace with the hymenium black to brown-black, dull to shiny, smooth to undulating-wrinkled with pitlike depressions, as well as punctate with isolated glandularwarts, lowersurface t concolorous

Mlcro6coDic foatures A: Sporea cylindrical. allantoid. smooth. hyaline. sometimes with droplets.

l,t-19\4.5-55lrm,l-.

B: Hypobasidia ovalio clavate. longiludinally septale, 4 epibasidia.

C: Hyphae .5-3.5 / 1

It 25 I

13 pm.

with

m across, sepla with clamps. gelatinized

Remarks fhis sDecies can be conlusedwilh the ascomycele I ulgana inquinans Uol- 1, p. 156j. However, some ofthe Dlack colorrubsofl lhe hymenrumofB. irguinars when it is stroked with alinger. Soecimens examined and photogiaphed Sbmoach/Lu (Chrisenrainwild), elev. 500 m, quad. 2166, on branch o{ Orercus aoak) still viith bark and lying on lhe ground. I- eb. 8. I 982. coll. JB. 0802-€2 aR 1. Other specimens: widely dislributed in slands of Ouelcls.

lmbach: included.

and with dense bluntspines. Young fruiting bodies knoblike, typically

not concrescent. Flesh gelatinous, soft, and tough. When dry the fruiting bodies form small black crusts on the substrate.

26

Tremella encephala

Fam. Tremellaceae Fr.: Fr. (Fam. Tremellaceae Fr. 1821)

Pers.: Pers.

Habilat On dead conifer wood, especially Abies (silver fk), Picea (spruce), and Pinus (pine), always in association with Stercum sanguinolentum (No. 203), which it attacks parasitically. Spring to fall, but conspicuous only in wet periods. Not common. Distribution: E, NA, As

Macroscopic leatures Fruiting body when moist and fresh irregularly hemispherical-pulvinate, appressed flat to the substrate. Upper surface with the hymecerebriform, white to nium tuberculate-undulating and furrowed, yellowish, ocherish or iale pink-brownish, sometimes ratheropalescent. smooth, dullto shiny, margin sharply bounded. Fruiting body in section through the center of the base with rather hard white core which is surrounded by gelatinized material. JAHN (1979) cites

t

BANDONI, according to whom the core of the fruiting body consists

of transformed hyphae of Stereum sanguinolenturn. Solilary

1o

gregarious.

27

Micro6coDic features A: Sporoi qbbose lo shori-elliplic. smoolh. hyaline somelimes with droplels with dislincl blunl apiculus,9-11 / 7.5 9l]m.l-. B: Hypobasidia subgldbose. longiludinally sepiale. 13-m 13-18 /rm. with 2lonq epibasidia.

C:

-Hyihae of the gelatinized laYer 1 .5-2.5 p m across. sepla wilh clamps: (Cz1 tryi:trae trom tne core 2.5-4 pm acloas. lhick-walled. septa wthout clamps. (C I )

Remarks This soeciesis readilv lecoqnizable -(No. because

Stereim sanauinoh;nlum

occnrsonlvon hardwoods. Olher paras ic jelly lungi arcTrcrnella simplex (No3ot and Tiemella mvcophaoa Martin, which atack Aleurocliscus amotphus (Nb. 45).

SDecimens eramined and photographed Eiqenrhal/LlJ, elev. l oOO m. huad. 206t, on a Picea lrunk on Stereud nolentum, Oct 3, 1977 , coll. J B, 03 1 0-77 I R 9.

the year, but conspicuous only in wet periods. Rare. Distribution: E, NA, As, Al.

Macroscoplc leaiureg Fruiting bodywhen lresh and moist a spherical cluster, consisting of leaflike lobes growing together compactly and arising from a common base, caramel-brown to reddish-orange-brown, 30-100 mm. The individual lobes are undulating and ruffled and have a smooth, dullto shiny upper surface allover, which bearsthe hymenium. Flesh gelatinous and soft. Solitary. :fhe va(. succinea (Pers.) Neuhotf occurs on conifer wood, also with brown-violet colors.

lmbach: not included.

Fam. Tremellaceae Fr.: Fr. (Fam. Tremellaceae Fr' 1821) Microscooic leatures

A: Sporei ovallo

ovoid-globose, aprculus large. smooth. hyaline,9

B: Hypobasidia qlobose-oval, longitudinally septate, I 3- 1 6 2-.4 eoibasidia. C: Hyphae 2-6 pm across. septa wilh clamps. gelatinized.

/

'l

l1

\

6-€

0-1 3 sm. wilh

Remaaks The sDecies is easilv recoonized bv its torm and color. lt could be confused with

lhe leaflike forms dl lhe ;scomv6ete lveobu/garia pura (Fr') Petrak (Vol.

1,

o. 152). ln lhe lil. a var. succ,hea {Pers.) Neuholl is d€scnbed, which diflers ;omevihat in color and occurs on conffer wood.

soecimens €xamined and Dhotoqraphed H;sle/Lu (Anostbodenr. elei,. 1000 m, ouad. 1964, on dead trunk ol Sorbus Olher specimeis: quad. 1954, 1957,2055, m56,2166, 2168 {var. srccirea lmbach: not included.

65

sargl/i

olher speclmens: quad. 1957, m64,2166.

(Pers.: S. F. Gray) Pers.

On dead wood ol broadleaved trees, more rarely of conifers, on standing and fallen trunks and branches, stillwith bark. Throughout

alwaysgrowsln associationwilh

lhurellara 1N6,24)does not occur in association with Stereum species and

Tremella foliacea Habitat

il

203) on con ers. The very similar ExdA

/? V

o,r)

()-,'

,0

(-/

hr; Tremella encephala

1o

um

./v.,'1-\ \)

A \_-/

:/o

i----..5Q

Tremella foliacea

2A

Tremella globospora

Fam. Tremellaceae Fr.: Fr. (Fam. Tremellaceae Fr' 1821)

Beid = Tremella tuberculaia Berk. s. auct. llicroscoDic l€atures

Habltat On dead fruiting bodies ol pyrenomycetes, especially Diapofthe and

Eutypetla, commonly on twigs of Quercus (oak) and Castarea (chestnut) in piles of branches which are one year old. Throughout the year during rainy periods. Rare. Distribution: E, NA.

Macloscopic features Fruiting body when lresh and moist irregularly hemispherical-pulvinate, arising as dots from the opeoings made in the bark by the pyrenomycetes, 2-5 mm across, upper surfacs with ihe hymenium tuberculate-undulating, whitish and opalescsntto light ocherish, also somstimes discolored greenish by algae, smooth, dull to shiny, deliquescent in age. Flesh gelatinous, soft. When dry lho fungus is practically invisible. Gregarious and often covering entire branches.

A: SDorei subqlobose lo broadly oval, smooth hyaline. a;iculus doraal. ioding stains

1he

6-7

-5

/

5-7 pm

c{oplasn blown.

B: Hypobasidia subglobose, longitudinally

(rarely transversely) soplate

l2-16

x 11-13.m wilh 4 eDibasidia.

C: IC1) HvDhas with oranular conlents, 1.5-4lm across, septa wilh clamps:

ic2lsdme hvohae-monililorm to calenulale septa wrthout clamps. according io PILAi(1957) breahing apart rnto individual componenls (conidia).

Remarks The soecies described here ts anolher fremel/a which parasitizes lungr (see also Nio 26 and No. 301. Bocause ol its small size and ihe lacl lhat rt appeals only during rainy pedods it is probably otten ov€rlooked.

SDecimen6 oxemined and photographed Sbmoach/LU {Chijsenrarnwald), elav. 500 m. quad. 2265 on pyrenomycetes on lwigs of Ou'ercus, May 24. 1982. coll. JB. 2405-€2 BR 1. Olher speclmens: none.

lmbach: not included.

29

Fam. Tremellaceae Fr.: Fr.

Treme!!a mesenterica

(Fam. Tremellaceae Fr. 1821)

Retz. ex Hook. Yellow brain fungus, common witch's butter lricro3coolc le6trrg3

Habitat On dead wood of broadleaved trees, mostly branches and trunks lying on the ground, especially Fagus (beech) , Fraxinus (ash\, Quetcus (oak), Carp,hus (hornbeam), and Corylus (hazel). Throughout the year, but conspicuous only in wet periods. Widespread but not common. Herelhe mosl common conspicuous species ofthe genus Iremel/a. Distribution: E. Au. As, Af. Macroscoplc teatures Fruiting body when lrgsh and moist cerebrilorm when young, later with irregular clustered lolds consisting of several distorted lobes, pale to gold-yellow, more rarely also whitish lTrcmella lutescens Pers.: Fr.), shiny, 20-50 (100) x 2H0 mm. Upper surtace oI the

t

lobes with the hymenium smooth, flesh gelatinous and soft Solitary.

i'i-riiidlJiaidifriJi",al B:

c:

i

10

ovoid, smooth. hvaline,

I

o

16

x 7-€rrm (PILAT

6-10 am), I i (A2) Conidia subglobose'oval smooth. hvalino 3-4 5 r 2.5-3.5 rm. igiT'- 7-12

H'ypobdsidia oval-clavale: lonEludinally septate. 20-25

\

12-17 pm. with

4 epibasidia.

Hyihae 1.5-3 Fm across, sparsely seplele. wth clamps. gelatinized.

Remarks Before the basidia of lhis soecies malure and lorm spores. a conidial stage develoosonthe hvmenium (bne ol lhe lew lrernel/a speciesw hlhispeculian_ lvl. Liohter to whitish soecimens are desc bed in lhe lit as I /ulescers Pers.: El oANx r i sssr cired heUHoFF "lch slelle hieh€r nur dieienigen Slilck€. die steGibin. biasioelb und ohne Konidien sind." (lplace hereonly lhose specimens which are;kavs small, palevellow, and without conidia). Moroover' he cil;d LOONEYS ooin-ion that lliese i\,vo speciescannolbe keptseparate ll /u_ 6scens, wilh largei spores ( 10-16 [22] .< 7-10sm) is mentioned in the lil.. e g PILAT op. cit.

sDeclmen3 examined and Dhotoqraphed nitausenTru, eter. aoo m, quad.2166, on branch ol Fagus (bqq:h) slillwith bark and lying on the ground.'Dec.28, 1977 coll. JB 20t2'77 BR6Olher speclmens: quad. m66, m6a,2264-

lmbach: included.

30

Fam. Tremellaceae Fr.: Fr.

Tremella simplex

(Fam. Tremellaceae Fr.'1821

Jackson & Martin

Habital Parasitic on A/eurodiscus amorphus (No. 45) , on branches ol Abies (silverfir), with bark and either attached or lying on the ground, more rarely ol Picea (spruce). Throughouttheyear, Widespread. Distribution: E, A, As.

Macroscoplc features Fruiting body 1-5 mm across, knob- to lens-shaped, laterbecoming concrescent Io form rather large expanses, whitish to ocherish or yellow-brown, upper surface with the hymenium smooth to slightly tuberculate, attached firmly tothe hymenium ofthe host. Consistencywaxlike, soft, gelatinous, deliquescing and becoming slimyinage. Solitary or several together.

MicroscoDlc featutes

l, teit a5siaiosoores

subolobose, smooth, hvaline, withoLrl distincl apiculus, (42) conidi; subglobose. smodlh. hyaline, 3_4 rrm hyphalparl with conidial constriclions, Hypobasidiatwo-celled, subglobose lo clavate, 10-1 2 x 8-12Pm, wilh 1-2 eDibasidia. livohae with colorless incruslalion lormlng cross-bands. 1 .5 lr m across up to'6 tm across at the swellings, septa wihout clamps.

b /sm. l -:

B: C:

Remarks

itemelh mvcoDhaoaMatlin ls described in the lit. as lhe mosl kequonlly oclur_ rinosDecieS. h is ditlerentialed microscopically namelybyclamPed septa ant uLuallv lour-cellad hvpobasidia. Despite having examined a large number o, collecti6ns. we were oilv able lo idenlifv lhis sp€des once and therelor€ susoectthatitismuchlesscdmmon lhan theapeciesdescribed here Therelore.

dv

h ;i

opinion floristic reporls wilhoul micrdscopical examination cannot be

considered as certain.

SDecimena exemined and photogra9hed SE.oacntu (chiisenrainwAld), efev 5oo m. quad. 2166 on aleuodiscus amoiphr.,s on ibles branch on the ground. Feb. 12. 19a2' coll- JB- 1202-{12 BB 1. Other a,peclmerB: widely distributod lhroughoul region. 2167 (1901-€6 K).

lmbrch: not included-

68

)

T.

mycophega qlJad-

Tremella globospora

o ^c)

o -/oo

Tremella mesenterica

o?" oO

ax -U ;q V

o

oo

UO '(

)2.

,hK

31

Tremiscus helvelloides (DC: Pers.) Oonk = Guepinia helvelloides ft. = Gyrccephalus rufus Btel, = Phlogiotis helve oides (Fr.) Martin

tr

Habltat ln damp shady places on path and street sides, as well as under shrubbery and

in f orests,

commonly on old wood-processing places, onlhesoil, but usually in associationwith buried rotten wood, prefers limy soils. Summerjall. Widespread. Distribution: E, NA, As, Af.

Macroacopic features Fruiting body earshaped to conical, elongated and incised on one side, tapering into a stalklike base which is often whitish, margin usually flaring outward, 30-100 x 20-50 mm, orange-pink to salmon- or brown-red, inner surface smooth and dull, sometimes whitish-pruinose, outer surface smooth, often wrinkled-veined in age, hymenium on upper part of the outer surface. Flesh elastic, gelatinous, odor and tasle not characteristic. Solitary to crowded-

Fam. Tremellaceae Fr.: Fr. (Fam. Myxariaceao Ji.il. 1981)

Microscoplc le6tures

A:

Spores irregularly elliplical, somowhal llatlened on one side, wth dislinct apiculus, smoolh. hyahne. 9.5 11 . 5.H rrm, I -. B: Hypobasldia oval. longiludinally seplate. l,F 20 \ 10 11/rm. with 2--4 eprbasidia.

C: Hyphae 1-3 pm across, septa with clamps, gelatinized. FomarkE This easily recoqnizod species is commonly coilecled as a salad lungus. Mistakes are hardly possible. allhough cerlain Ordoa species have similar lorms bul diflerent colors (see Vol. 1, p. 82). Speclmens examlned and photographed Adligenswil/Lu (f.4eggeMald), elev.55O m, quad.2167, on the soilin an area of alder reloroslation, Sept- 5, 1981, coll. FK,050H1 K. Other specimons: widely dislributed throughout region-

lmbach: included as Gueplh,e rufa (Jacquin) Patouillard.

cespitose, also in rows or clusters.

32

Tulasnella violacea

Fam. Tulasnellaceae Juel

(J. Olsen in Bref.)Juel

Habitat

(Fam. Tulasnellaceae Juel 1897)

lrlcrosclpic teatures

On dead wood of broadleaved trees and conifers. Summer-fall. Not common. Distribution: E, NA.

A: Spores fusiform. smooih, hyaline. wilh drops. l0-13 \ 4.5-€ lrm. I -. some

lracroscopic teaturqg

C: Cystidia not seen. D: Hyphae hyaline, thin-walled, 1.5 4pm across, septa without clamps.

Fruiting bodylully resupinate, attached tightlyto the substrate, forming filmy patches several centimeters in extent, surface smooth,

lilac-violet, cream-colored when dry. Consistency waxlike, gelatinous.

spores loming secondary spores.

B: Hypobasidia subglobose, clavate, 10-15 epibasidia, i.5-5 !m.

x

6-10 pm, with 4 lusilorm

Femarks

the similat Tulasnella violea

(No. 33) occurs on lhe same substrates and is much commoner. lt differs by distinclly pink-lint€d lruiling bodies and broadly elliptical, not lusilom, spores.

Speclmens examined and photographed Knutwil/Lu (Stockacher), elev.500m, quad.2264, on barkless P,]?us branchon the ground, Sept. 19, 1984, coll. FK, 1909-44 K. Other speclmens: none. lmbach: nol included

33

Tulasnella violea

Fam. Tulasnellaceae Juel

(Ouel.) Bourd. & Galz.

(Fam. Tulasnellaceae Juel 1897)

Habltat On branches o, hardwoods and conifers with and without bark and

lying on lhe ground, as well as on old polypores. Throughout the year. Widespread. Distribution: E, NA.

ltlacroacopic leaiutes The fruiting body consists of afilmy waxlike tofarinose palch one to

several cenlimelers in extent, lilac-violet when moist, more pink when dry, attachedfirmly tothe substrate, surface smooth to slightly and irregularly tuberculate, margin hregular, distinctly bounded to thin and translucent.

Mlcroscopic featrres

A: Spores oval to subglobose, smooth, hyaline, 6-€ x 5-6.5 pm, some wilh

B: Ci D:

droplets. Hypobasidia oval to clavale, 10-20 x &m, with 4 oval to pyrirorm basidiaCystidia not seen. Hyphae 3 4 pm across, seplawilhout clamps.

H

epi

Remarks On dead wood one finds a whole series of macroscopically similar lungi from olherfamilies and g€nera. Thegenus fulasasi/a dillers kom lhem micros@pically by ilsconspicuous hypobasidia with the subgloboss to ovalepibasidia on top.

Specimens examlned and photographed GUnikon/LU (lbenmoos), elev.600 in. quad.2266, on small lrunk ol Abies (sil. ver fir) slill wilh bark, Feb. 9, 1974, coll. FK, 0902-74 K.

Oitier specimom: widely disaibuted throughout region. lmbach: nol included.

70

Tremiscus helvelloides

o bx EI E

^ro l)"0

/N\T)

\}\( Y

F1 (,

$l,'

0 0^0

aE$0 -J

asnella violea

NL

34

Exobasidium vaccinii-uliginosi

Fam. Exobasidiaceae Schroet.

Boud. ap. Boud. & E. Fischer

(Fam. Exobasidiaceae P. Henn. 1898) Microscoplc ,eatures

Habitat Pa'asilic on Vaccinium u/,ginosum (bog bilberry), montaneto alpine elevations. Summer-fall. Rare. Dislribution: E, NA, As.

A:

Spores elliptic-cylindric. smoolh. hyaline. some

lenls,20-22'8-10!m,l

w

h drops oI granularcon_

to cylindric-clavate, 7H0 x 8-10 &m, wilh 2 sterigmala, without basalclamp. nol Cystidia seen. Hyphae 1 .t-3 rrm across, septa without clamps.

B: Basidia cylinddc

Itlacroscopic f eaiures

C: D:

The fungus infects entire shoots ol the plant, causing its leaves to become larger or smallerthan the healthy ones and to rollunderlrom the margins. lts upper surface is colored purple- to light wine-red, especially toward the apex of the leaf; the lower surface, covered with the white hymenium, appears dull light green, while the veins are somewhat darker (small picture). A true fruiting body is not produced.

Exobasidium expansum Nannl. attacks lhe same host plant, but differs i.a. by distincfly small€r spores tg 1 5 \ 2.5-4 s m). Although acc. lil. the hymenium in lhe speaiesdescibed here is supposed lo attack the entire lowersurfaceof lhe leal as a conlinuous covering, we delemined underthe mrcroscope lhal lhsle was no hvmenrum on the main leal veins in our colleclion.

Remerks

Speclmens examlnea and photographed Si. Nroritz/GB (Stazerwald), elev. 1800 m, quad. I578, on Vaccinium uligino' sum, Sep. 5, 1985, coll. FK, 050H5 K. Olher specimens: none.

lmbach: nol included.

35

Exobasidium juelianum

Fam. Exobasidiaceae Schroet.

Nannf.

(Fam. Exobasidiaceae P. Henn. 1898) Mlcroscoolc f6alures

Habitat Parasitic on livinq leaves and Migs

A

Distribution: E.

B:

of Vaccinium vitis-idaea Fed whortleberry). Summer. Widespread but only locally abundant. Macroscopic leatures The fungus inlects eniire twigs of the hosl plant, causing it to be stunted and to form smaller leaves and shoots. The leaves are conspicuously light red, softer than the healthy ones, and always somewhatwavyto inrolled. Thefungus coversthe undersidesof the leaves with its hymenium and forms lhere awhite, farinose, very thin layer. A true fruiting body does not form, since the basidia grow out kom between the epidermal cells of the leaf.

C: D:

(A1) Besidiospores cylindrical. some irregularly benl. smoolh. hyaline, with drops and one to several sepla, some also budding off conidia,9-13 x (A2) Conidia zt-s x 1 rrm. 2.H lrm, Basidia cyhndncal. sinuous,25-45 ,HFm. with zSslerigmala, w[hout basal clampCvslidia not seen. Hiphae sparse, l-3 /rm across, sepla wilhoul clamps.

L

Remarks The red whonleberry ls also atlacked by olher ErobasdxJm species, such as E sp/e,didu., Nannl., which likewise atlacks entire shoots but has dislinclly largi,r sporss (20 27 \ 6-11.5 /rm). and E vaccir, (No. 40). which attacks indlvidual leaves which lhen develop gall-like. red spols. SDecimens exsmlned and ohotooraDhed Guarda/OR, elev. 1400 m, q'uad. 1680, in larch forest on chalk. Aug. 7. 1984. coll. FK,070H4 K. Other specimens:

.'

widely dislribuled !n alprne region.

lmbach: not included-

36

Exobasidium karstenii

Fam. Exobasidiaceae Schroet. (Fam. Exobasidiaceae P. Henn. 1898)

Sacc. & Trott.

Parasitic on twigs and eaves ol Andrcmeda pollrclla (bog rosemary) in bogs. Summer. Widespread, but only locally abundant. Diskibution: E.

MlcroscoDic teatuaes A: (A1) B'asidiospores cyhndrical. some bent. smoolh. hyaline. some with drops and 1 (4) sepla as wellas budding conidia, 11-18 x 2.5-3.5pm, I -; (A2) conidia l0-12 . 1-1.5!m. B: Basidia cylindric-clavale. 3t50 3.5F5 irm. wth 4 slerigmata. without

Macroscopic features

C: Cvstidia none. D: Hiphae sparse,l-2.5 /m across, septa withoutclamps.

Habitat I

The lungus infects entire twigs of the host plant, commonly causing

them to hypertrophy, that is, the shoots become longer than the healthy ones, and the leaves are strongly broadened and oval, lhinner, soft, and raspberry- to purple-red, even red-violetwhen old. The fungus covers the underside of the leaves and also part of the petiole with its hymenium. After spore production the shoots die, much earlierthan the healthy parts ofthe plant. A true fungalfruiting body is not formed.

basal clamp.

Bemarks Exobasidium sundstroemll Nannl. also occurs on the same host plant, but according to lhe lit, il is rare and has smallerspores than the species described here. Moieover, lhe leaves anfected by il become only a little broader. Speclmeoa eramlned and photographed Siirenbero/Lu (Ramisboden), elev 1300m,quad. 18 . on And@meda polifor:a in a liiqh moor, Auq 27,1984, coll. FK.27OH4 K. Otlrer speclmens: none,

lmbach: not included.

72

-xobasidium luel anum

/r ,-trt

t,].

37

Exobasidium pachysporum

Fam. Exobasidiaceae Schroet.

Nannf.

(Fam. Exobasidiaceae P. Henn. 1898)

Habitat

llicroscopic leatur6

Parasitic on living leaves ol Vaccinium u/glrosul, (bog bilberry), commonly in high moors. Summer. Widespread, but only locally

(A1) Basidiospores cylindic-ellaptic, smooth, hyaline, some wilh drops or oneseptum, somelimes also budding ollconidia, 11-17 x 3_5am,l-;(A2) conidia S-g x 1-1-5j1m. B: Basidia cylindic-clavate, 50-55 x 4.5-5.5 4m, with 4 slerigmata, wilhout basal clamp. Cr Cyslidia nol se€n. D: Hyphae 1-2 llm across, seplawilhoul clamps.

abundant. Distribution: E, NA, As.

lllacroscopic f eatures The fungus inlects individual leaves of the host plant, causing the inlected places on the upper surface to have to red wine-red spots which can merge to form larger spots, leaf not thickened, underside of the leaf covered with spots of white. farinose hymenium. A true lungallruiting body is not produced.

A:

Rema*s Exobasidium vaccinii-ulglrosl (No. 34) and E exparsom Nannf- also occur on the same host planl. Bolh ol thes6 atlack the Bntire plant or large parts ol it.

Specimen6 examined and photog.aphed Lieli/LU (Ballmoos), elev.800 m, quad.2366, in high moor, Aug.23, 1984, coll. FK, 2308-84 K. Other specimens: none,

lmbach: not included.

38

Exobasidium rhododendri

Fam. Exobasidiaceae Schroet.

(Fuckel) Cram.

(Fam. Exobasidiaceae P. Henn. 1898)

Habitat Parasitic on Rhododendron ferugineum, R. hirsutum, and theit hybrids (alpine roses). Summer. Widespread, but only locally abundant. Distribution: E.

Macro6copic leatures The fungus infects individual leaves ol lhe host plant, causing them to form irregular rounded swellings '1H0 mm in diameter. The latter areyellow-greenish atfirst, laterpinkto red andlinelywhite-pruinose lrom the hymenium, which covers the entire upper surface. These applelike swellings are not the fungal fruiting body, but only the spongy, proliferating leaf tissue. Usually the leaves at the ends of the shoots are infected.

Microscoplc lgatures

A: (A1) Basidiospores cylindrical. somewhal curved, smooth, hyaline, wilh drops or granular conlents, with 1 septum when mature,

I

i(A2)conidia5-g . 1.5-2lrm.

B: Basrdracylindrcal,slalked.40-50

I2-15 x 3-4 /rm,

. 8-l2pm.withzL6sterigmata.withour

basal clamp,

C: Cystidia nol seen. D: Hyphae not seen, Rema*s The "alpin6-rose apples, are unmistakable and are usually to belound in large slands of alpine roses. Olherspecies ol Exobasdlum also occur on cultivated Rhoclodenclrcn (azaleas), e.g. E. iaponrcun Shrrai, a dangerous plant palhogen observed in Europe since the beginning ol this cenlury (JULICH 1984).

Specimens eramlned and photographed Fleschseeli-Biel/UR. elev 1780 m. quad. 1969. on Rhododendrcn lerugi,eum, Aug. 15, 1984, coll. JB, 150H4 BB. Other speclmens: widely dastribuled throughout enlare alpine region. lmbech: not included.

39

Exobasidiumrostrupii

Fam. Exobasidiaceae Schroel.

Nannf.

(Fam. Exobasidiaceae P. Henn. 1898)

Habital Parasitic on living leaves ol Vaccinium oxycoccus (moss berry), commonly in high moors. Summer. Common. Distribution: E.

Macroscopic teatures The fungus infects individual leaves of the host plant, causing the infected places on the upper surface to have bright red spots 2-3 mm in extent, often even the entire upper surface of the leaf is colored red, leaf not thickened, underside of leaf covered entirely or partly with white, farinose hymenium. A true fungal fruiling body is not produced.

Microscopic ,eatures

A:

(A l) Basidiosporescylindrical. some ralhersinuous, smoolh. hyaline, occasionally wilh one septum. 10-13 . 2.5-3.5 sm. I -: (A2) conidia H .

B:

Basidia cylindrical, 18-25 x 2.5-4 pm, with 4 sterigmata, withoul basal clamp. Cyslidia not seen. Hyphae sparse, 1 2-5 r.m across, Septa wilhout Clamps-

C: D:

1-1.5rm.

Rema*s This inconspicuous hosl plant is attacked by yet anolhet Exobesidium, namely E oxycocc, Rostrup ex Shear, which inlects enlire shoots, causing the leaves to become deformed and to lum pink,

Speclmen6 eramlned and photogBphed Lieli/LU (Ballmoos), elev- 800 m, quad.2366, in high moor, Aug.23, 1984, coll. JB, 2308-€4 BR. Other specimens: widely distribuled in lhe approp ate habitat-

lmbach: not included.

74

Exobasidium pachvsporum

n -.a.---) n 7I '-> !

). 'ii, ,l

''Ur,pr YY

ftu

-1

2----

i)= A.

I

Q{ I0 lrn

40

Exobasidium vaccinii

Fam. Exobasidiaceae Schroet.

(Fuckel) Woronin

(Fam. Exobasidiaceae P. Henn. 1898)

Habitat Parasitic on living leavesol Vaccinium vitis-idaea (red whortleberry). Summer. Widespread, bul only locally abundant. Distribution: E.

Macroscopic features Thelungus infects individual leaves of the hostplant, usually causing the infected places to become thickened and gall-like and to turn bright red wilh a yellowish border on the upper surface of the leal. The undersides of these places are covered with the white, farinose hymenium. Sometimesthe entire ends of the shoots can be attacked and then show an abnormally increased groMh. A true fungallruiting body is not produced.

irlcro6coplc leatures

A:

(A1) Basidiospores cylndricai, some bent, smooth. hyaline. wfi drops. with one lo six sepra when malure. some also budding otl conrdra. i1-16 2.5-4.5 pm, I -; (A2) conidia 5-g x 1-1.5pm. B: Basidia slendedy clavate, sin uous, 50-€0 x 5.H/rm,withzl- 5steigmala, withoul basal clampC: Cyslidia nol seen. D: Hyphae spars€, l-2,rm across, septa without clamps.

Remarks Allhough the lungus seems lo be very widely distribuled. nevertheless il may not be tound for a long lime in a given stand ol red whorlleberries. Olh€. yaccirium species are also attacked by their own species ol Exobasiclium. Fot olher species on red whortleberries see No. 35.

Specimona examlnsd and photographed ArdezlcR, elev. 1400 m, quad. 18a0, in larch-pine forest, Aug.4, 1984, coll. FK. 0408-84 K 1.

Other specimens: widely distributed throughout enlire alpine region.

llnbach: not included.

41

Ceratobasidium pseudocornigerum

Fam. Ceratobasidiaceae Martin

Christ.

(Fam. Ceratobasidiaceae l\rartin

Habitat On dead, barely decomposed branches ol hardwoods, lying on the ground. Spring-lall. Rare. Distribution: E.

Macroscoplc teatures Fruiting body fully resupinate, attached loosely to the substrate, forming filmy patches several centimeters in extenl, surface arachnoid, smooth, gray-whitish, almost invisible when dry, margin diffuse. Consistency waxlike, fugacious, easy to wipe otf.

1

948)

Microscopic teatures

A: B:

C: D:

Spores olliplic-cylindric lo almosl fusiform. smoolh. hyaline. S-12 . -, forming secondary spores. Basidia subgloboselo oval, 10-13 x 8-10 /rm, with 4lo 15long sterigmala, without basalclamp. Cystidia not seen. Hyphal system monomilic, hyphae thin- io thick-walled, with branches at dght angles, 4 5.5 r.m across, septawithout clamps.

H.5

pm, |

Fem.lks The species described here is molpholoEcally very close lo the heterobasidiomyceles (Nos. 10fi.). The subglobose, nol longiludinally septale basidia with loirq, sturdy sterigmata, and the clampless septa are typical ol the genus Celatobasiclium. Ceratobasidium comigerum (Boutd-) Rogers dilfers by broadsr, ovalsporos. Many oftheserungican only belound by deliberale soarching and duing wetwealher, because of lheirlilmy qualily.

Specimens exomlned and photographed Hergiswil/Lu (Anzi-Loch), elev. 700 m, quad. 2064, on dead hardwood branch on the ground, June 3, 1984, coll. JB, 030H4 BR. Olher speclmens: none. lmbach: nol included.

42

Hypochnus fusisporus

Fam. Ceratobasidiaceae Martin

Schroeter

Habltai On rotlen wood of broadleaved trees. Fall. Rare. Distribution: E, NA, AS,

Macroscoplc leatures Fruiting body fully resupinate, attached loosely to the substrate, forming lilmy patchEs several centimeters in extent, surface ,loccose, cottony, whitish to cream-colored, sometimes also with an olive tint, margin dirfuse. Consistency cottony, soft.

lrlcroscoplc ,eatures

B:

l0

15(24) 10 lemon-shaped. smooth. hyaline, with drops, forming secondary spores, Basidi cylindfical lo shorl-clavale. 18-23 Y $ I 1 ilm. with (2) 4 slerigmata 15 (m) irm long, withoui basalclamp. Cvstidia nol seen,

A: Sporea lusilorm

. 6-{ rm, I -,

Cr D: Hiphal system monomilic. hyphae thin-walled, 6-10 rm across. sepla withoutclamPs.

nemarks

The species described here belongs to a group of fungi which is molphologically inlermediate belwegn the Heterobasidiomycetes and the Holobasidiomycetds. rn this case the Corliciaceae s. lal. Typical ol lhis group are first the formalion of secondary spores and also especially lhe slerigmata which are more lhan 10 /tm long.

Specim.ns examined and photographed

Samen/OW (Glaubenberg), elev. 1200 m, quad. 1965, on the undersids of a Fagus (beech) branch on the ground, Ocl. 30, 1983, coll. TH, 301H3 Ho 1. Other apecimens: none. lmbach: nol included.

76

Et

Exobasidium vaccinii

40

EI

eL

nffiffi dslfi\' t,

j:

,.t

(

x.

tQu 10 pm

Ceratobasidium pseudocorni gerum

EI E tr)

--t

t

41

* .:

.--

10 Fm ET

Hypochnus Iusisporus

El LO

\tV D?^

-t

\j? t) YtQ 4:J fl A,.-1r\ v \

nu1ln\J

t./

^ !O

pm

81

49

Fam. Corticiaceae s. lat.

Athelia arachnoidea

(Fam. Atheliaceae Jiil. 1981)

(Berk.) Jiil. = Athel,a blspora (Schroet.) Donk

Habital

Microscoolc ferlureg

On branches ol hardwoods with and without bark, more rarely on conifers, acc. lit. also on leaves and lichens. Throughout the year.

B:

Not common. Distribution: E, NA, As.

A: Soored ellDtical, smooth, hyaline, 8-10 . Basidia clavale lo ventncoJs, Cvstidia not seen,

,5-20

4--5 ]rm. I 4.S 5.5 rrm, two-spored.

C: D: Hiohal svslem monomiltc, basal hyphae hyaline and a lew septa wilh clahps, the other hyphae withoul clamps, hyphae 2.5-5 i,m across ollen branched at right angles and incrusled wilh large cryslals

Macroscopic teatures Fruiting body resupinate, easily detached from the substrate,lormingthin, membranous patches several centimeters in extent, surface whitish to cream-colored, smooth to slightly undulating, somewhat fissured when dry, margin sharply bounded to fringed, consistency soft, cottony.

Rema*a

The soecies described here is very well characleriz€d by its moslly two_spored basdia However, as is evidenl kom acomparison ol the lil., the various mllec_ tions seem nevenhelesslo be ralhervariablein regard lo the sizes ofthespores and basidia andlhe incrustation of lhe basalhyphae. (Sizes ol spores:JULICH

\1972) O) a-|l (12) 3.H.5 pm).

.

(3 5)

4-5.5 {6) l,m: CHRISTIANSEN (1960)

e{

u

SDecimens examined and photographed ldwrl/Lu. elev. 4oo m. quad.-2166,bn branch ol Corylus (ha2el) still wilh bark and lying on lhe ground. Jan. 3, 1982, coll. FK, 0301-{2 K. Othor specinens: none,

lmbach: not included.

50

Fam. Corticiaceae s. lat. Jiil 1981)

Athelia bombacina

(Fam. Atheliaceae

(Pers.)J01.

Habltat

lllcroacooic leatures

On dead ferns and leaves lying on the ground, as well as on dead conifer wood. Summer-fall. Not common. Distribution: E, NA, As.

B: Basidia sliilhlly clavale. tO 14

Macroscopic teatures Fruiting body fully resupinate, attached loosely to the substrate, forming thin, delicate membranous patches a lew centimeters in extent, surface even, smooth, silky-dull, white, margin distinctly bounded. Consistency soft, Iinely membranous.

A:

SDored elliDlical, smoolh, hyaline, some wilh orops,

/

4.5-5

5-7 x 2.5

.3

/rm. I

-.

/m. wlh 4 slerigmata and basal

clamp.

C: Cvstidia nol seen. D: Hiphal system monomilic. hyphae

ttrin_ to thrck-walled.

hya|ne 2-3 Fm

across, septa with clamPs,

Bema (s The soecies described he rcis close lo Athelia fibulala (No. 53). which occurs rn the s;me habitals but has laroer soores and basidia. Specimens wh'ch have ontv a lew clamps on lhe basaihyphae, bul nolon the basidia, should be looked lorin lhe species complex around A. ep,irrnyl/a (No. 52) soeclmens exomlned end Dhotgftphed latioenswil/Lu {MeooeMald).61€!.5b0 m, quad.2167, on dead stalks ol Dry;pters (wood leini on the ground, Sept. 30. 1984. coll FK 300H4 K Other specimen6: quad. 1955. lmbach: not included.

51

Fam. Corticiaceae s. lat.

Athelia decipiens

(Fam. Atheliaceae Jill. '1981)

(v. Hiihn. & Litsch.) Erikss.

Habitat On dead wood of broadleaved trees and conifers, according to

Mlcroscoolc leatures

JULICH (1972)in Europe almost exclusively on conilerwood. Spring to lall. Not common. Distribution: E, NA, As.

B:

A: Spored broadly elliplical, smoolh, hyaline. thin_walled. 4.5 5.5

C:

t-.

\

3.3.5 irm.

H

Basidia clavate to venlricouse, 22-25 " !m. moslly t /o-spored (ac_ cording to JULICH op. cil.: 10-14 / 5-€ sm. usually wilh 4. more rarely 2 sterigmata). Cvstidia nol seen. HiDhal svslem monomitic, hvDhae 2.5'5 rrm across, hyaline nol or only slidhw iicrusted. sepla wilhoul clamps bul wilh dlstinctly visible central pore.

Macroscopic teatures Fruiting body fully resupinate, appressed tightly to the substrate, forming thin, membranous patches several centimeters in extent,

Di

surface smooth to slightly tuberculate, somewhat fissured when dry,

Hemaaks The clamotess hvDhae throuohoul lhe lruitinq bodv and lhe cenlralpore visiblo as a thic(enino iri the hvphil s€pta {dolipoie) are lypical o, the species de_ scribed here. durcolleclion has longer and moslly two'spor€d basdia. NeveF theless it seems to us that il belongs here.

whitish to cream-colored to ocher, margin sharply bounded to lringed. Consistency soft.

Spaclmens examin€d and photographed Giinrkon/Ll.J llb€nmoos). elgi.45O-m, quad.2266, on branch ol Frax,nus (ash) still with balk and lyrng 6n he ground. March 27, 1977. coll FK 2TB-77 K Other spocimens: quad. 1257. lmbach: not included.

a2

7'r J.

Athelia arachnoidea

t1

t ,.,

n

j,n1

0u

n

,p

{=S

Athelia decipiens

ruj

W

52

Fam. Corticiaceae s. lat. Jiil 1981)

Athelia epiphylla

(Fam. Atheliaceae

Pers. Microscoolc lealures

Habltat On plant remains such as branches, leaves, needles, etc Throughout the year. Not common. Distribution: E, NA, As.

A: Sporei

t-.

ellipl'cal. wilh obtuse base. smoolh. hyaline, {5)

B: Easidia clavate,

fi-22 x 4.#.5 ,:fi,

6-8

2.5-3

5

am.

vtith 4, more rarely 2 sterigmala'

uthout basal clamp.

C: Cvslidia not seen. D: Hiohal svstem monomitic, basal hyphae

iracroscoplc fealureg Fruiting body fully resupinate, easily loosened from the substrate, forming thin, membranous patches several centimeters in extent, surface smooth, white to cream-@lored, margin distinctly bounded to thinning out, consistency cottony, soft.

3.H Am across, occasional s6ota witir ctamps, hyphae in subhymenrum 2.5-4.5 pm across. some

coarsely incrusted, septa without clamps.

Remarka

The sDecies describ€d here belonqslo a species group which ischaractsrized hv clainDless hvDhae in the subhvrienium. but oclasional clampod septa in lhe basd hvohae.'The moloholoqrcal Isalules ol lhe inclividual members are not ."n.iarinfin ttrat aittererices in-the samelruilinq bodv can belound. JULICH & A- aluta' sierpe'ns t t ggot inctud e Athelia acrcspora Jil., A tenuispora cea Jil.. A. tiutobu@ensis tB nkm.)Jirl.,A.rlivoaJirl.,A. sa/rcum Pers., anda. (Bourd. others. a/ricola & Galz.) Jill., among

Jil

so.clmens examinod and Dhotoqraphed

t'fieaerwitzO, etev. lso m. iuad.2367. on branch ol Fagus (b€ech) on lhe ground. Nov. 25, 1982. coll. BA, 2511-{2 BA 5 clth€r speclmens: quad . 1955, 2056, 2057 , A- nivea quad- 2264. lmbach: not included.

53

Fam. Corticiaceae s. lat. Jiil 1981)

Athelia fibulata

(Fam. Atheliaceae

Christ.

Habitat

llicroacooic tealt ras

On dead hardwood branches on the qround, acc.lit. alsoonconifers' mosses, and plant debris. The winter half of the year. Not common.

B: Basidia cldvale, 20-25 , H/rm with 4 ste gmata and basalclamp. C: Cvstidia nol seen. D: HiDhalsystom monomilic, hyphaelhin_walled. hyaline,2 t_4.5 !m across s6pta witl clamps, sometimds rather constrict€d at the sepla.

Dislribulion: E, NA, As. Macroscoplc teatures loosely attached lo the substrate Fruiting body lully resupinale, and detachable in small fragmentrs, forming thin, membranous patches several centimeters in extent, surface even, smooth, white to cream-colored, fissured when dry, margin ditfuse. Consistency

j

soft.

a: Sooiei

ettiotical. smootlr. hvaline, with drops, 7-9.5 x

3.H.5

irm.

I

Bernarks

sDecies described here is characlenzed i,a. bylhe presence of clamps on and basalhvphae, aswellas by lhe narrowly elliptical spores. At e/la bombac,ha (No.50), which is similarin appearanceand occurs in the same

Ihe

$e bdsidia

habilats, has smaller spores and basidia. sDecimens examlned and Dholoqaaphed FEaenrLU tscnacnenwatd), i,l9v.4aO il, quad 2l66 on small dead branch on the ground, Jan.6. 1977, coll. FK,0€01-77 K 2 Other sp€cimens: none.

lmbach: not included.

54

Fam. Corticiaceae s' lat.

Athelia neuhoffii

(Fam. Atheliaceae Jill. 1981)

(Bres.) Donk

Habltat On dead wood ol broadleaved trees and conifers. Spring and fall. Widespread. Distribution: E, NA, As.

Macroscoplc fcatures Fruiting body fully resupinate, appressed 1 looselyto the substrate, forming thin, membranous patches several centimeters in extent' surface smooth to stightly undulating, somewhat fissured when dry' white to cream-white, margin distinctly bounded to fringed. Consistbncy soft.

Mlcroacooic loatura3

n:

B: C: D:

SporeJsuOgloUose to broadly elliplical, smooth hyaline, som€times wilh dioos. 6-7.5 x F5.5 4m, | Baiidia clavale, 2G-3O . 4m, with 4 ste gmata Cvstidia not seen. Hi6hd svslem monomilic. hyphae rH /rm across and otten branched al riohl angles. most sepla wilh clamps.

-. H

Remarks

in.

Jrtototose soores and lhe clamps on most ol lhe septa are characterislic leatures-of lhe s;ecies described here. Another spec€s wilh subglobose soores 5-8-6.5 /'4-3-5 tmisA coPtoph,i/a (Wakef.) Jtilich. which, however' his almosl no clamps ori the basal hyphae. we have not ygl lound il here. soeclm€ns examlned and pholographed nEtioenswitffU {M6ooerwad). elei. 550 m, quad. 2167. on lwg ol P,bea (spr-uce) still wilh bari;nd lyind on lhe ground, Nov. 28. I 98 . coll FK, 281 1 -41 1

R2. Olher sp€clmcns: widely distributed throughoul region.

lmbech: not included.

84

Athelia epiphylla

\\t \\;0 =c

c)

\)

o@

Athelia fibulata

p0 Sc?

0 c;>

A

0 g(')0

Athelia neuhoffii

2olV \-,/ / o

.l

.-.o/,7"

{c\'\" .re

tb

55

Athelia pyriformis

Fam. Corticiaceae s. lat. (Fam. Alheliaceae Jiil. 1981)

(Christ.) Jill. = Xenasma pyritorme Christ. Microacoolc fealures

Habitat On dead wood and plant debris, as well as acc. lit. also on living herbs,lerns, and grasses. Spring-fall. Rare. Distribution: E. Macroscopic leatules Fruiling body Iully resupinate, easily detached from the substrate, forming thin, open, arachnoidto membranous patches severalcentimeters in extent, surface porous to smooth, whitish to creamcolored, margin thin. Consistency cottony, soft.

< (3.5) 4-5 /rm, | -. 6.5-8 r.m, wilh 4 sterigmaia, withoul basalclamp.

A: Sporei pyritorm, smoolh, hyalne. 7.5-10 B: Basidiaciavale, 10-25

\

C: Cyslidia not seen. D: Htphal system monomitic, hyphae 3.5-7 /.m across, septa without clamps. Remarks

The species described here is characterized by lhe complele absence of clampa from all hyphae, as wellas by the pyriform spores. The similarArhe/,a

bnualeospora Eiikss. & Ryv. has occasional clamps al least on fie basal hyphae, and its spores are smaller (4.5-$ 2.5-3 rrm) and conlarn as a peculiar lealure lwo cell nuclei. which can be observed in acelocarmine,

So.cimens exsmined end ohotooraohed M'eooen/Lu (MeoaeMald), .lev. 550 (spiu-ce) branch

6; the gr6irnd. March

2167, on lhe ba(k ol a Picee h, quad '1984.

coll.

24.

rK

2'103-84 K.

Othet speclmens: none.

lmbach: not included-

56

Confertobasidium olivaceoalbum

Fam. Corticiaceae s. lat. (Fam. Atheliaceae

(Bourd. & Galz)Jiil.

Jtil 198'l)

Habitat

Microscopic leaiures

On the underside of dead coniler wood, acc. lit. more rarely also on hardwoods. Spring-fall. Rare. Distribution: E, NA, As.

B: Basidia clivale, 1O-15 t 3-4.5 rrm. with 4 slerigmala and basalclamp. C: Cvslidia not seen. D: Hi/ohal svstem monomitic, (O1) hyphae in subhymenium hyaline. lhin-

Macroscoplc lealurea Fruiting body fully resupinate, attached loosely to the substrate, forming thin, membranous palches several centimeters in extent, surlace smooth, cream-colored, sometimeswith an olive tint, margin fringed. Consistency membranous, soft. Subiculum brownish, with rhizomorphs.

A:

5

SDorea elliptical, smoolh, hyaline, 3.5-4

\

2-2.4 ]]m. I

-.

w;lled, some sparsely incrusled, 1.5-3.5rrm acrossi (D2) hyphae in subi_ culum brownish, some incrusled. lhin- lo lhick_walled, 2-5 rrm across. All septa with ciamps-

Remarks

fhe membranous consistencv and lhe basidia disDosed like a candelabrum indicate a relationshrp to /qlreiia. However. it ditleraclearly lrom lhis genus by ils relalively dark, ocherish color wilh an olive lint, as well as by the blownish hyphae in ihe subiculum. soecimeos eramlned and ohotooraDh€d

L6nzburq/Ac (Lenzhard), ek;v. 4 oo-m. huad. 2465, on lhe underside of a Pinus (pine)truink lying on theground, lllarch 3, 1979, coll- B. Erb,0303-79 BR, olher vouchers P Herb. Erb, Other specimens: quad. 1880, 2465.

lhbach: not included.

57

Fibulomyces mutabilis

Fam. Corticiaceae s. lat. Jtil 1981)

(Fam. Atheliaceae

(Bres.)Jril. Microscopic teatrraS

Habitat On dead wood of conifers, acc.lit. on plant debris on the ground. Fall. Rare. Distribution: E, NA, As.

Macroscopic teatures Fruiting body fully resupinate, attached loosely to the substrale, forming thin but dense, membranous-tomenlose palches several centimeters lo decimeters in extent, surface white when young,later cream-colored, smooth, with poorly developed subiculum, margin

I

diltuse, sometimes with illdefined rhizomorphs. Consistency cottony, soft.

A: B:

C: D:

Sporea elliptical, smoolh, hyaline. rt-5 2 2.5 pm l - Basidia cldvate, I I-18 . 3.5-4 rm, with 2 4 slerigmala and basal clamp. Cvstidia not seen. HiDhal svslem monomitic, basal hyphae raher lhick-walled, the resl thin_ wiiled,3--lam across. someincrusledwithcryslals, allseplawithclamps

Bomarks Athelia bombacina tNo.50) ls very close lo the species desc bed here: il barely dilters macroscopically and onli insgn icantly microscopically. Therelore. EBtKSs. & BYv.il975) consideilhe s-eparalion lo be ratherdoubfiul. Fibulomyces fuso/deus jijl. has lonqer, fusilorm spores (6) 7-€ \ (2) 2.3-2.6 p m, bul hts nol yel been identified hare. Also see F. seplenl,oral,s (No 58). SD.cimens examined and oholooraohed Ailliqenswil/Lu (MeggerwalO. elev: 550 m. quad. 2167. on branch of Abies (silvar ln) in brush pile. Ocl. 14, 1983, coll. FK, 141H3 K.

other specimens: quad. 1257. lmbrch: nol included.

86

'

Athelia pyrilormis

55

ET

EI

t"c j0o0 \"-,)

ro

,jL

N

"r^\

Conf

56

EI

ertobasidium olivaceoalbum

(o

10 pm

57

Fibulomyces mulabilis

/o\oN oLZu lln' az-lg

t rL'

I

87

58

Fibulomyces septentrionalis

Fam. Corticiaceae s. lat. (Fam. Atheliaceae Jill. 1981)

(Erikss.) J0l. lricro3coolc leetures

Habital On very rotten wood

ofconifers, acc. lit. also ofhardwoods. Through-

out the year. Rare. Distribution: E, NA, As.

Macroscopic leature6 Fruiting body resupinate, easily detachable f rom the substrate, f orming thin, membranous patches several centimeters to decimeters in extent, surface white when fresh, laier ocher-yellowish, acc. lit. sometimes also with a tinge ol pink, smooth lo slightly merulioidtuberculate, fissured when dry, margin slightly filamentous, often with small rhizomorphs which also are discernible in the substrate. Consistency cottony, soft .

t

A:

B: C: D:

Sporea narrowly elliplical. someltanened on one side, broadosl atlhe base, . 1.5-24m, | smooth. hvaline. Basidia cl;vale, 1G 18 v 4-5 rr m. usually w h 4 nerigmala, more rarely 2 Cvstidia not seen. Hiphat syslem monomilrc. basal hyphae somewhal thick_walled. '/H pm

H

-.

a;ioss, the other hyphae thin-wailed,

2.H

/,m across, all sepia with

clamps.

Remarks

The oenus Fibulorrvces is verv closelv relaled lo Alhera bul has a more

densdfu interwoven ivmenrum. es well ds more slender, less clavaie basidia, and sniallor sDores, Moreover,lhe speoes desc bed here ischaraclerized by the oresence bf smallrhEomorphs. ihevery similarF. a'rulab,Tis (No.57) dflers 1 .8-2.8 lr m) and normally lacks in having somewhat broader spores 13.5 5.5 rhizomorphs.

\

SDeclmens examlned and photographBd Rbdi-Fiesso/Tl, elev 100o ni, quadl1568. on rotlen stump ol La,x (lafch). May 16, 1982, coll. JB, 160!82 BR 1. Other apecimens: none,

lmbach: not included,

59

Hypochniciellum ovoideum

Fam. Coniophoraceae

& Ryv. = Leptosporcmyces ovoldeus Jul.

(J01.) Hjortst.

Habitai On plant and wood debris, in piles of branches under decomposing needles and leaves. Fall-spring. Rare. Distribution: E, NA.

MlcroscoDic lealua6s A: Sporei elliptical. smoolh, slighlly yellowish. slighllythick walled.3 5-4.5 \ 2.5-3 -m.l . cvanoohilic. B: Basidia cylindiic6l lo alaveie, io-l2 x 2.5-3.5 lrm. with 4 stengmala and basal clamp.

Macroscopic feature6 Fruiiing body fully resupinate, attached loosely to the substrate, lorming athelioid, cottony-tomentose palches several centimeters in extent, surface smooth to slightly luberculale, whitish, cream-colored, to ocherish, margin diffuse to distinctly bounded. Consistency cottony, soft.

C: Cvstidia nol seen. D: Hiohalsvstem monomilic, qeneralive hyphae abundantly branchod. 2 2.5

rni

acrolst somelimes incrusted with smallcrystals, hyphae ol subiculum 4m across, allsepta wilh clamps

2,H

Remarks The soecies described here has cyanophilic and slighlly yellowrsh spores: therefore, il was removed lrcm Laplosporcmyces end placed ln lhe new genus Hypochniciellum. We eslablishgd lhalgenerative hyphae lrom lhe cenler of the lruitino bodv in our colleclion were sometim€s incrusted wilh line crystals. a lealu6 whiah is nol menlioned anwvhere ln lhe tilelalure. One could imagine contusinq it wilh Celaceomyces srb/aev,s (No. 91). Hypochniciellum subtlla' quealu.t (Litsch.) Hprisl. l- LeucogyophanaJ. and nechispota cohaercns (No. 111).

sDecimens examin€d and ohotoqraphed Airlioenswil/Lu {l\,{eqo€mald), elev:550 m, quad 2!67' on branches ol 'Abies (lir)."w,lh and wiihou'i'bark anA in a pile. I\rarch 27. 1983, coll. FK, 270H3 K. Olher speclmens: none.

lmbach: not included.

60

Fam. Corticiaceae s. lat.

Kavinia alboviridis

(Fam Beenakiaceae Jiil. 1981)

(Morq.) Gilberts. & Budington

Habital On rotten wood of broadleaved lrees and conifers. SpringF-fall. Bare.

Distribution: E, NA, As.

Macroscopic leatures Fruiting body lully resupinate, attached loosely to the substrate, consisting of an open, white, cottony subiculum with subulate, greenish spineson top, geotropic. Spines 1-2 (3)mm long and upto 0.2mm thick, soft, fragile, surface covered with the hymenium. SubF culum verythin, open-arachnoid, cottony, permeatedwith numerous white rhizomorphs, margin thin, with rhizomorphs. The fungus can form expanses several centimeters in elitent.

Microscoolc leatures

A: Sporei

I

elliplrcal. verrucose, ralher lhich_walled, yellow.

.

3-4 !m,

lil. 20-25 (40) / 5-7!m. wth 4 stengmata and basal clamp. Cvstidia not seen. Hiphal system monomitic, hyphaethin- tothick_walled, some incrustedand 3;mewhat inflaled, 2.5-5 (9) rlm across, septa with clamps.

B: Basidia noi seen: acc. C: D:

Thlsextremelv raresoeciesis recoonizable in lhefield bv itsdelicate, qleenish soines. whictiorow 11

3?gr.

'lo

Kavinia alboviridis

Fm

eI E

.ol

59

61

Botryobasidium botryosum

Fam. Corticiaceae s. lat.

(Bres.) Erikss.

(Fam. Botryobasidiaceae (Parm.) Jiil. 1981)

Habilat On dead coniler wood lying on the ground. Summerjall. Widespread. Distribution: E, NA, As.

ilacroscopic leatutea Fruiting bodyfully resupinate, appressed closely to the substrate but easily detached, forming thin, cottony-tomentose patches several centimeters in extent, su rface smooth to somewhatuneven,farinose, arachnoid, dull, white to cream-colored, margin dirfuse. Consistency soft, f ibrous, cottony.

Mlcroacopic teatrrcs

A: Spores navicular. smoolh. hyaline, 8.F1 I . 4.5-5.5 sm, | -. B: Basidia cylindrical, 16-25 x 10-12 /rm, with 6 sierigmata. without basal clamp.

C: Cyslidia nol seen. D: Hyphal system monomitic, hyphag ol subhymenium thin-walled, up to l0 pm across, basalhyphas thick-walled, upto 12pm across, yellowish, all septawithoul clamps. No anamorph observed. Remarks Botyobasidium candicans (No. 62) is very similar to the species described horeintheshape of the spores. However, ils spores aresomewhatsmaller, 3 4 /,rm. ln addilion, il is normally found in association wilh is anamorph Odlirm cand,bans {Sacc.) Lindor.

H

\

Speclmons oxaminod and photographed Adligenswil/Lu (Meggelwald), el€v.55o m. quad.2167, on branch ol Ab,es still with bark and on the ground, Nov. 6, 1983, coll. FK, 0611-83 K.

(lar)

Other specimens: quad. 2066, 2167-

lmbach: not included.

62

Botryobasidium candicans

Fam. Corticiaceae s. lat.

Erikss.

(Fam. Botryobasidiaceae (Parm.) Jiil. 1981)

Habitat On dead wood of broadleaved trees and conilers, on trunks and branches, either bare or with bark. Summerjall. Rare. Distribution: E, NA, AS.

Micaoscopic tealuros

A: (A1) Basidiospores navicular, smooth, hyaline, S-9 (10) x 3.5-4-3pm,l-; (A2) conidia oval, thick-walled, hyaline, 15-17 x 9-12,rm, I -. B: (Bl) Basidia cylindricalto somewhal clavaie or subumiform, 11-20 x6-9 l.m, with 6 sterigmata, without basalclamp; (82) conidiophore. C: Cyslidia not seen. D: Hyphalsystem monomitic, hyphae thick-walled, hyaline, 5-10 &m acrossi

Macrogcopic leaturea Fruiling body tully resupinate, attached loosely to the subslrale, lorming thin, open patches several centimeters in extent, surface porous-reticulate, farinose-furfuraceous, yellowish (acc. lit. also white to light gray), margin finely arachnoid. Consistency soft,

R6marks A macroscopically and microscopically similar species is Bowobastdium bollyosum (no.61). which ditfeG by broader basidia (9 12 /rm) and larger spores. The spores ol B. obtrrsisporuD (No. 65) have a diflerenl shape. The conidial stage of th6 species described here is nam ed Heplotrichum capitaturn

fibrous, easily wiped off.

(Link: Pers.) Link.

septa withoul clamps.

Specimens examined and photographed Weggis/Lu (L0tzelau), elev.450m, quad. m67, on the undersideofaPinus (pine) branch on the ground, June23,1984, coll. FK,23OH4K2. Haplottichum capitatum = coll- 0206 34 K2Other speclmens: quad. 1957.

lmbach: not included.

63

Botryobasidium Iaeve

Fam. Corticiaceae s. lat.

(Fam. Botryobasidiaceae (Parm.)Jiil. 'i98'l

(Erikss.) Parm.

Habitat

irlcroscopic fe€turq9

On dead wood of broadleaved trees, acc. lit. more rarely on conifer wood. Summer-fall. Rare. Distribution: E, NA, As.

B:

Macroacopic leatures Fruiting body fully resupinate, attached loosely to the substraie, forming thin, open-tomentose patches ssveralcentimeters in extent, surlace smooth, linely reticulate, tomentose, gray-white with creamcolored tint, margin diffuse. Consistency cottony, soft.

A:

C: D:

)

Spores oval-elliplic. smoolh. lhick-walled, hyaline. wrth distnct apiculus, ,-7 , cyanophilic. y m, with 6 slerigBasidia cylindricalto somewhal conslricled. 13-25 { mata, without basal clampCystidia nol segn. Hyphal system monomitic, hyphae of subhymenium thin- to thick-walled, ,l-€ rlm across, basalhyphae thick-walled, yellowish, upto 18 pm across, allsepta without clartps. Allhyphae smoolh, not incrusted.

. H.5 ,m,l

H

Femarks

This species was formedy described as a variely of Eowobasidium pruinatum (No.66), and was raised to species rank by PARMASTO. lt seems lo have constanlly smooth hyphae, in contrast to B. pruiratum, the hyphae of which are always densely incrusted wilh warts. The similar L obtus/'sporum (No. 65) has larger spores and basal hyphae which sre maximally 10 l]m across.

Sp€cimons €xamined and photogrephed Sempach/Lu (SchwaElachenwald). elev. 500 m. quad. 2265, underside of Colyrus (hazel) branch on the ground, Oct. 13. 1984, coll. FK. 131H4 X.

Oher speclmena: quad. 1955, 2057. lmbech: not included.

90

Et

Botryobasidium botryosum

61

E

3 ,/1 .--/ / \-./

7\\,-z /-\\ \ / {/ U

I

\\

15 pm

3

Botryobasidium candicans

62

Botryobasidium laeve

63

C)U

rci

Aon

YoK ,obu \r-r^t

-F hP; 1

tr)

91

64

Botryobasidium medium

Fam. Corticiaceae s. lat.

Erikss.

(Fam. Botryobasidiaceae (Parm.) Jril. 1 981

Habitat On rotten conifer wood. Spring-fall. Not common. Distribution: E, NA, As.

Macroscgpic feature€ Fruiting body fully resupinate, appressed closely to the substrate, forming lhin, open-tomenlose palches several centimeters in extent, surface smooth, farinose, light gray to light ocher, margin thin. Consistency cottony, soft .

)

Microscopic l6alur€6

A:

Spores navicular, blapiculale, smoolh. hyaline. wilh droplels,9-ll ,4.5-5 -, cyanophilic. B: Basidia cylindrical to claralo,lT-2O x 7.5-10 pm, usually wilh 6 sterigmata and basal clampCr Cystidia not seen. D: Hyphal system monomitic, hyphae lhin- 10 lhick-walled, 6-3 l.m across, occasional sepla with clamps. E: Anamorph presenl Conidiophore and spores. spores 15-19 5-7Fm.

,rm, |

\

Remarks The species described here isvery similar lo 8. boiryosum (No.61), blrt rn addition lo lhe sexualstage occasionally has a conidialstage (anamorph) Haplofnchum medium lHol.-Jech.) Hol.-Jech. Moreover, its septa haveclamps atthe base of the basidia.

Specimens examlned and pholographed Adligenswil/Lu (Meggerwald), €lev. 500 m, quad. 2'167, on a mossy rotten spruce trunk, June 8, 1982, coll. FK,0806-32 K.

olher specimens: none, lmbach: not included.

65

Botryobasidium obtusisporum

Fam. Corticiaceae s. lat.

Erikss.

(Fam. Botryobasidiaceae (Parm.) Jiil. 1981)

Habitat On dead wood of conirers, acc. lit. more rarely on wood of broadleaved trees. Spring-fall. Not common. Distribution: E, As.

Mlcroscopic leatuaeg

A: Sporeselliplical, obluse apically. smoolh, hyaline, 8-l I / 3.F4.5xm, I -. B: Basidia cylindncalto clavate. l2- 5 ,/ 8-9lrm, with 6 (7) sterigmata, without 1

basalclamp,

Cr Cyslidia not se€n.

Macroscoplc teatures Fruiting body fully resupinate, atlached loosely to the substrate, torming thin, membranous arachnoid-cottony patches several centimeters to decimeiers inextent, surlaceopen and porous, gray-white when moist, whitelo cream-colored when dry. Consistency cottony, sott, easily detached.

D: Hyphal system monomitic, basal hyphae y€llowish, lhick-walled, 6-9 r.m across. somewhat branched, other hyphae thin-walled, all septa withoul clamps.

I

lhe same widlh.

Remarks The spocies described here is closely relaled to Botryobastdium botryosun (No.61). whosespores. however. are navicular (distinctlybiapiculale). An addilional similar species is 8. /aeve (No.63). in which the basalhyphae are more lhan 1y, times widerlhan lhe hyphae ol the subhymenrum. Sp€cimens examined and photographed Adligenswil/Lu (MeqqeMald), elev.55O m, quad.2167, on bark o, dead Abies (fir) trunkon the ground, June 4, '1983, coll. FK, 040H3 K. Other specimens: quad. 1554, 1955, 2055, 2154.

lmbech: not included.

66

Botryobasidium pruinatum

Fam. Corticiaceae s. lat.

(Bres.) Erikss.

(Fam. Botryobasidiaceae (Parm.) Jfil. 1981)

Habitat

MicroBcoplc fertures Spores oval-elliptical, smooth, rather, thick-wailed, hyaline, with droplets and distinct apiculus, 5.H x 2.F3.5 pm, | , cyanophilic. B: Basidia cylindrical, somewhat conslricled, 18-22 . H /rm. wilh 6 sterigmala, withoul basal clamp.

On dead wood of broadleaved kees, acc. lit. more rarely also of conifers. SpringF{all. Not common. Distributionj E, NA, As.

A:

Macroscoplc teatures Fruiting body fully resupinate, attached loosely to the suhstrate, forming thin, open-tomentose patches several centimeters to decimetersin extent, surfacesmoolh, finely reticulate to arachnoid, white to cream-colored, margin thin. Consistency cottony, soft.

C: Cystidia not seen. D: Hyphal system monomitic, hyphae thin-walled,

H

rlm across, basal hyphae ralher lhick-walled and up lo ,7 i,m across. lighl brownlsh, septa wilhoul clamps. All hyphae finely verucose.

Rernarks

The specios described here is well characterized by its relatively wide, brownish, and finelyverrucose basalhyphae. A closely relatod species is 8oWobasidiuh laeve lNo.63), which has smooth hyphae asthe only diflorence. Specimeo3 examlnGd and photographed Hohenrain/Lu (lbenmoos). slev. 500 m, quad. 2266. on lhe underside of a small lrunk o, Fagus (beech) lying on lhe ground, lray 31, 1982, coll. FK, . 3105-€2 K 2.

Oher spoclmers: quad. 1955, 1956, 2056, 2156. lmbech: nol included.

92

Bolryobasidium

medium

E

t

o^tC>iL

'*M,0w ^ Qtl ^ IE r,o

tr

'15 pm

EI

Botryobasidium obtusisporum

E

0=' YrIl$kf5lf{,') !l nY 0

/,1N0D \\l ( ILri \-/' / \\

\\,2,/l

\ "\,/

,-& \ ,,-\\

A

,.-

I' rF

1o pm

'Y \\ r\

"_--

Et

Botryobasidium pruinatum

FL

\oo

/^bq

3t l-

-- .:!F'' ,a*-'\

-

t?0

hp;

15 pm

93

67

Botryobasidium subcoronatum

Fam. Corticiaceae s. lat.

(v. HOhn. & Litsch.) Donk

(Fam. Botryobasidiaceae (Parm.) JLil. 1 98'l

Habitat

Mlcroscopic fe5fures

On rotten wood of Fagus (bsech), acc. lit. on hardwoods and conifers. SummerJall. Widespread. Distribution: E, AN, As.

B:

Macroacoplc leatures Fruiling body fully resupinate, appressed tightly to the substrale, Iorming thin, open-tomentose when young, later almost membranous patches several cenlimeters in enent, surface smooth, dull, tomentose, whitish when young, cream-colored to yellow-ocherish when older, margin thin. Consistency cottony, soft.

)

lo slightly navicular, smooth. hyaline. 6-9 . 3-3.5 rr m. I - . cyanophilic. Basidia cylindncal, 15-25 , 6 10 r,m. wilh 6 sle gmala and basal clamp. Cvstidia nol seen

A: Spores elliplical

Ci

O: Hiphal syslem monomitic, hyphae thin- to thick-walled, 5-10 (12) pm across, all sepla with clamps.

Remarka The species described here is theon,y one in thegenuswhich has clampson all septa, Otherspecieswilh clamps on only some septaol lhe hyphae are Botryobasidium medium lNo 64), wilh an anamorph, and L argrrslisporum {Boid.) Eikss., with spores 7-10,/ 1.F2.5 ,lm. The olher species ol lhe genus are clampless.

Specimeos examinod and photograph€d Entlebuch/Lu (Finsterwald), elev. 1000 m, quad.2065, on rotlen branch of Fagus, Sept. 19, 1983, coll. HS, 190H3 Su.

other speclmens: quad. 2167. lmbach: nol included.

68

Haplotrichum conspersum

Fam. Corticiaceae s. lat.

(Pers.) Hol.-Jech. = Oidium conspersum (Link) Linder

(Fam. Botryobasidiaceae (Parm.) Jiil. 198'l)

Habitat On the underside of dead conifer wood, acc. lit. also on hardwood. Throughout the year. Not common. Distribulion: E, NA, As.

Micaoscopic ,eslures A: Spores (conidia) ovoid, lhick-walled, hyaline, 1F18 \ 1l-13 pm. acc. JULICH (1980) wilh linely ornamenled inner wall. (A1) Basidiospores acc.

|it.79x2.5-3pm.

B: Conidiophore with transverse septa. hyaline, hyphalike, Macroscoplc leatures Fruiting body fully resupinate, appressed loosely to the substrate, forming very thin, open, moldlike patches several centimeters in extent, surface floccose, arachnoid, tilamentous, gray-whitish with an olive lint. Consistency arachnoid, filamentous, soft.

up to 7 /rm across,

with capitale outgrowths- (81) Basidia acc. lii. 12-15

C:

4 sterigmata. wilhout basal clamp. Basal hyphae up 10 1 0 /rm across, septa wilhoul clamps.

x

6-8 lrm, with

R6malki The species described here is lhe anamorph ol Botryobasidium conspersum Erikss. Ditferentiation belween B. corspe/sum and 8. aureum Pam. is not possible without regard to lhis conidial siage. The anamoFh of the latter species has lemon-shaped conidia. Such conidial stages are also known lor olher species of Botryobasldium. Speclmena examined and photographed Udligenswil/Lu (Megqemald), elev. 550 m, quad. 2167, on barkless wood of Picea (spruce), April 23, 1984, coll. FK, 230H4 K. Oth€r sp6cim6m: quad. 1257.

lmbach: not included.

69

Botryohypochnus isabellinus

Fam. Corticiaceae s. lat. (Fam. Botryobasid iaceae (Parm.)Jill. '1981)

(Fr.: Schleicheo Erikss.

Habltal On the underside of rotten trunks and branches ol Picea (spruce), acc.lit. also of other conifers, aswellason hardwoods. Summerjall. Bare. Oistribution: E, NA, As.

Macroscoplc leatures Fruiting body lully resupinate, attached loosely to the substrate, forming thin, tomentose-membranous patches several centimeters in extent, surface cottony, lomentose, light to ocher-yellow, margin finely fringed. Consistency soft, cottony.

Microacopic teatures

A: Spores globose, spinose, sligh{y yellowish, rather thick-walled, some wilh drops,7-€.5pm (excluding spines), spines cylindrical, 1-2.5/lm long,

B:

cyanophilic. Basidia short-subcylindrical, 15

22x9

|

,

10.5 pm, with 4 slerigmata, without

basaiclamp,

C: Cystidia not seen. D: Hyphal system monomitic, hyphae in subhymenium thin-walled, hyaline, shon-c€ll€d, 6-€ pm across, basal hyphae yellowish, lhick-walled, up to 12 pm across, wilh right-angled branches. Allseptawilh clamps.

Bemarka Wilh its short-celled, relatively broad hyphae and short, subcylindical basidia, this species strongly resembles a Botryobasidium (No. 61f1.) microscopically.

The globose. distinctly spinose and yellowish spores, however. make one suspocl instead a relalionship lo lhe lamily Telephoaceee le.g. Tofientella). Speclmens oxamln€d end photographad Giswil/Ow (Lauibach), elev. 500 m, quad. 1965, on underside of rotten spruce trunk, Nov. 15, 1981, coll. TH, 1511-€1 Ho 2. Other specimans: quad, m55.

lmbach: not included.

94

Bolryobasidium subcoronalum

E E

67

lr')

,2 o1,) C\

,d lt ET

Sistotrema commune fo.

189

^tr)

()c

V1

€$, )

175

190

Sistotrema coronilerum

Fam. Corticiaceae s. lat.

(v. Hdhn. & Litsch.) Donk

(Fam. Sistotremataceae Jiil. 1 98'l)

Habital On dead, barkless hardwood. Throughout the year. Nol common. Distribution: E, NA, As.

Macroscopic fealures Fruiting body fully resupinaie, attached loosely to the substrate, forming thin, membranous patches several centimelers in elitent, surface smooth to floccose-granular, white, margin diffuse. Consistency membranous, powdery, soft-

Mlcroscopic f6atures

A: Sporeselliplic

tocylindric-elhptic. slighlly allanioid, smoolh. hyaline.4.6-4.9

zR Nn, | B: Basidia urniform, 1,F24 x ?F7ram, wilh 2l-6-8 sterigmata, very rarcly also x 2.1-2-4 ot 5-6-$-5 x

-

1 2_3 slerigmata, with basal clamp. C: Gloeocystidia cylindrical.30-€0 \ 6-9 rm,

S

D: Hyphal syslem monomilic. hyphae 3 5 rm across, septa wilh clamps. swollen up lo 12 lrm at lhe septa.

R€markB Anoiher European spocies wilh glo€ocastidia is Sistotre, a senandeti lLilsch.) Donk, which, however, has only 2-4-spored basidia. Striking in lhe collection described here is the presence o, 2 groups of spores wilh spores o, dilrerent

Specimens oxadined and photog.aphed Alpnach/Ow, (Wichelsee), elev. 500 m, quad. 1966, on the underside of a branch ol Sa/ix (willow) lying on the ground. F6b. 26, 1984, coll. TH, 2602-€4 Ho

l.

olher.peclmen6: quad. 1954, 2055, 2057, 2156,

21

57.

lmbsch: not included.

191

Sistotremaoctosporum

Fam. Corticiaceae s. lat.

(Schroet. ex v. Hohn. & Litsch.) Hallenb.

(Fam. Sistohemataceae Jiil. 1981) Microscoplc l6alures

Habiiat On dead ferns, acc. lit. also on mosses, small branches, and other plant remains. Summer-fall. Not common. Distribution: E.

A: Spores elliptical, smoolh, hyahne, 5-7 . 2.5-3 /rm. I 8: Basidia urnilorm. l2-23 \ ,l-{ rrm. wilh 6 {8) sterigmala and basalclamp. C: Cystidia nol seen. D: Hyphal system monomitic, hyphae 2-{ pm across, septa wilh clamps, swollen al lhe sepla,

Macroscopic leatutes Fruiting body lully resupinate, attached loosely to the substrate, lorming filmy patches alew centimeters in extent, surface smooth lo slightly reticulate-poroid, gray-white, margin ditfuse. Consistency delicate, soft, easy to wipe otf.

Remarks The species described here is lisled by JtJl ICH (1984) as a synonym ol Sistotrema bdnkmanniilNo. 188). However, ERIKSSON et al. (1984) demonstraled by incompatibility with th€ two closely rslaled species S. fuinkmannii and S. oblorg,sporum Chrisl. & Hauersl., aswellaswilh the mycelia of olher sp€cies, lhatS, octospotur, is a good species. Theyconsid€r the open lexlure. relalively broad basalhyphae. shape of the spores. and ottenyellowish coloralion ol lhe dried fruiting bodies to be typicallealures ol lhis species.

Specimens examined and photographed Adligenswil/Lu (Meggerwald), elev. 500 m, quad. 2167, on dead Dryopteis (wood fern), Sep. 15, 1984, coll. FK, 150H4 K. Other specimens: none.

lmbach: not included.

192

lrpex lacteus

Fam. Corticiaceae s. lat.

(Fr.: Fr.) Fr.

(Fam. Steccherinaceae Parm. 1968)

Habitat On dead wood of broadleaved trees such as Fraxrhus (ash) and others, also of Hede.a (ivy). Throughout the year. Rare. Distribution: E, NA.

Macroscopic teatures Fruiting body effuso-reflexed, semi-pileate, to pileate, more rarely also resupinate, pileoli 1G-20 mm across and extending 5-10 (20) mm from the substrate, upper surrace tomentose-pilose, somewhat zoned and radially f urrowed, cream-colored, whitish, to dingy yellow,

margin sharp, somewhat incurved, in resupinate forms fringed to distinclly bounded. Hymenophore irpicoid, irregularly porose toward the margin, pores then angular, teeth up to 0.5 mm long, whitish to ocherish, context o. subiculum 0.5-1 mm thick and concolorous. Consistency leathery, fibrous. The fungus has a tendency to form bracketlike pilei in rows.

Microsclpic teatures A: Spores cylindric-e'liptic. smoolh. hyaline. ffi.s . 2.2-2.8 pn.l -. B: Basidia cylindric-clavate, 20-25 x 3-4pm, with 4st€rigmala, without basal clamp,

C: Skeletoid hyphae (like lamprocystidia) exserted beyond the hymenium, lhick walled. incrusted parl rylindrical to conical, 25-35 . 3-7 pmD: Hyphal system dimilic. (D I ) generalNe hyphae lhin- lo lhick walled. 2-3 am across. septa wilhoul clamps: (D2) skeleral hyphae lhlck-walled.

Remarks ln his monoqraphic lrealmenl of the gensra /rpex and Steccher,irum MAAS GEESTERANUS (1974) concludes that solely the proportions ol the clamps and the goneticbehaviorcan be used io separate the two genera. He considers lhe name hpex tulipiferae, which is usod lor the clampless colleclions, to be a synonym otl /acleus. Accordingly, collectionswith clamps shoirld be soughl in lhe genus S,eccl,enhum. DAVID I BOIDIN (1984) confirm by successlul crossing experimenls lhal lhe clamp-bea ng '/rpex kcteus ot 'hpex lulipi,erae" is identical wilh the Nonh Ameican Sfecche/i, um oreophilum Lindsey & Gilberlson. ltis conceivable thal this species may be confused wilh SchDopora palado(a (No.380). Speclmens examined and photogiaphed Ascona/Tl, elev. 200 m, quad. 1170, on dgad hardwood on the ground, Sepl. 15, 1979, coll. Luccini, 1509-79 K. Oth€r speclmens: quad. m57.

lmbach: not included.

176

2 I rrm

Sistotrema coronif erum

Sistotrema octosporum B

\07

ACl.-/

vo\

\J^ o!

lrpex lacteus

,=c

\? 'e!l) /

193

Steccherinumfimbriatum

Fam. Corticiaceae s. lat.

(Pers.: Fr.) Erikss.

(Fam. Steccherinaceae Parm. 1968)

Habitat On rotten wood of broadleavsd trees, more rarely olconifers, usually on the underside. Throughout the year. Widespread. Distribution: E,

NA, As.

Macroscopic teatures Fruiting body fully resupinate, attached loosely to the substrate, forming membranous patches several centimeters to decimeters in extent, surlace uneven, tuberculate-wrinkled, finely verrucose, warts upto 0.5 mm long, but usually shorter and finelylringedon the

tipsfrom theexsertedcystidia, gray-pinkto gray-lilacorpink-brown, margin lighterto cream-colored and strongly fringed, often also with conspicuous mycelial strands (rhizomorphs). Consistency membranous, tough.

Microscopic t€6tua6s

A:

Spores elliplical.oval. smooth. hyaline. some wrth drops.4-5

r

2.5-3!m.

I

3.H //m, wilh 4 steigmata and basal clamp. hall Skeletocystidia thick-walled. upper strongly incrusted, exserted part 2G-4O x 2.;9 pm, aggregaled on the tips of the aculei. Hyphalsystem dimitic, (Dl )generative hyphaethin- to thick-walled,2-4 pm

B: Basidia slenderly clavate, 15-18 x C: D:

t

across, sepla with clampsi (D2) skeletal hyphae lhick-walled, 2-6 /1m

Remarks The spocies desc bed here is usually easily recognized in lhe field on the basis of its color, the llnely vefiucose surface, and the conspicuously lringed margin with rhizomorphs.

Sp€cimens €xamin€d and photographed Gersau/Sz, elev. 450 m, quad. 2067, on rotten branch of Quercus (oak), May 7, 1983, coll. FK, 070H3 K. Other specimens: widely distributed throughout the region al colline elevations.

lmbach: not included.

194

Steccherinumochraceum

Fam. Corticiaceae s. lat.

(Pers. apud Gmelin: Fr.) S. F. Gray

(Fam. Steccherinaceae Parm. 1968)

Habiiat On dead wood ofbroadleaved trees (especiallyFagus, beech), more

rarely of conifers, with or without bark, resupinate forms principally on trunks and branches lying on the ground, pileate forms on standing trunks. Throughout the year. Widespread, principally at colline elevations. Distribution: E, NA, As.

Macroacopic ,eatures Fruiting body lully resupinate to semipileate, forming patches 0.5-2 mmthickand severalcentimeters to decimeters in extenl, hymenium linely odontoid, leeth subulate, 1-2.5 mm long, orange to salmoncolored, fading when dry, resupinate marginal zones distinctly bounded, growth zones white and somewhat fringed, projecting edges of the pilei on the upper surface tomentose-velutinous, at times somewhat zoned, ocherish to grayish-orange and undulating, often imbricate. Consistency leathery-tough.

Microscopic leaiures

A:

Spores oval. smoolh. hyaline, some wilh 1 drop,

3.H

B: Basidia slonderly clavale, 15-27 x 3.5-4 pm, with

2-2.5 pm,l

4 sterigmala and basal

clamp,

C: Skelelocystidia 1 cylindrical, thick-walled, incrusled, 5 '10 pm across,

>

100 rrm lonq, usuaily abundant and exserted beyond the hymenium.

D: Hyphal system dimitic, (Dl ) generative hyphae thin-walled, 2-3 pm across, septa with clamps; (D2) skeletai hyphae thick-walled, 3-7 pm across.

Remarks When examined superficially, lhe sp€cies described here could be confused wilh Junghuhnia nitida lNo.382), which, however, has afinely porose hyme-

nrum but almosl lhe same cyslidia. Steccheinufi lastrbolo/ (Berk. & Curt. apud Berk.) Banker (= S. robrsiius Erikss. & Lundell) rs very smilar bul has somewhatlongerteeth (over 3 mm long)and spores /H.5 x 2-3 /rm;it has nolyet been idenlafied here.

Specimens examined and photograph€d lnwil/Lu, elev. zl00 m, quad. 2166, on barkless branch of Fagus on the ground, March 6, 1982, coll. FK, 060H2 K. Other speclmens: quad. 206A. 22U, 2267, 2366, 2367

-

lmbach: not included.

195

Amylostereum areolatum

Fam. Corticiaceae s. lat.

(Chaill. in Fr.) Boid.

(Fam. Stereaceae Pil6t 1930)

Habitat On dead wood of Prcea (spruce), commonly in mountain coniferous lorests, onlallen trunksand on stumps. Throughout the year. Widely dislributed, but only locally abundant. Perennial. Distribution: E, NA,

Microscopic fe6tures

A:

Spores elliplical. smooth. hyaline,5-6

/

2.5-3

+.

irm.l B: Basdra slenderly clavate. 18-25 . 3-4 /rm. wilh 4 sterigmata and basal clamp

C: Skeletocyslidia abundanl, conical. thlck-walled. pointed al lhe lip. brown. tips lor ihe mosi part incrusled, some exserted beyond lhe hymenium,

4H0

6-9 /rm.

D: Hyphal syslem dimilic. (Dl) generalive hyphae lhin-walled. 1.5-,3 pm

Macroscopic fealures Fruiting body usually effuso-reflexed, with pileiextending 1O-30 mm lrom the substrate, pileiseparate or often up to several concrescent, 50-100 mm across, 1-2 mm thick, upper surlace of pileus undulating, with short tomentum, zoned, yellow-rusF to dark brown, commonly overgrown by mosses, margin undulating and lighter, lower surface with the hymenium decurrent onto the substrate, smooth to

tuberculate-undulaling, somelimes incorporating debris from the substrate, in growth gray-violet to brown-violel with a lilac tint, dull, later ocher-brownish, margin distinctly bounded. Consistency corky and leatherywhen fresh, brittleand hardwhen dry. Trama separated from the tomentum ol the pileus by a dark line. Usually imbricate above and next to each other.

across, seplawilh clamps: (D2) skelelal hyphae brownish. thick-walled. 2-4

Remarks The spocies desc bed here diflers macroscopically from the closely related Amylosteteum chailletii lNo. 196) principally by the iormation of distincl pilei which projecl 10-30 mm from lhe subslrale. lhicker (1-2 mm thick) fruilrng bodies. and thedarkline ot demarcation between the trama and thetomenlum or lhe pileus. At best, the microscopicdifrerenceswhich occurdonotseem lo be constant. Conrusion with Columrocyst:t abletira (No. 71) should not be entrrely excluded, but lhis lungus is clearly separable mEroscopically. According IoJAHN (1971). A. arcolatum prcduces oidia inculture, which is nol Specimens ex.mined and photographed Alpnach/Ow (Lutoldsmax), elev. 1300 m, quad.2066, on rotlen trunk o, Plcea on the ground, June 12, 1984, coll. JB, 120H4 BR.

Oth

sp€cim.rs: quad. 1763, 1864, 1954,2055,2264.

lmbach: nol included.

174

ET

EI

^ u

Lo-l

orL

*1

t

Amylostereum areolatum

!|$

ffiffi)

196

Amylostereumchailletii

Fam. Corticiaceae s. lat. (Fam. Stereaceae Piiet 1930)

(Pers.: Fr.) Boid.

Habltat (silverlir)with bark, acc. lit. more rarely also on Prcea (spruce). Throughout the year. Widespread. Annual to On dead wood of Abr'es

perennial. Distribution: E, NA, As.

Macroscoplc leaturea Fruiting body resupinate, more rarely effuso-reflexed, forming patches 0.5-'l mm thick and several centimeters to decimeters in loosely attached lo lhe subslrate, surface smooth, dull, exlent, even to slightly tuberculate, cinnamon to dark brown, gray-brown when old, sometimeswith ahintof lilac, when dry lighter and rimoseareolate, margin :t distinctly set oft by a dark brown edge, sometimes also with pileoli projecting up to 10 mm, the upper surface of which has a fine dark brown toftentum toward the edqe of the margin. Consistency waxlike and sott when fresh, brittle and hard

I

when dry.

MlcroscoEic tealures A: Sporei cylindricallo slighlty allantoid. smooth. hyaline, 5.5-7

"

l+.

2.5-3 irm.

B: Basidia slendedy clavate, 33-45 x 4-5 pm, with 4 slerigmata and basal clamp.

C: Sheletocvstidia 4HO

\

3-S xm, brownish. conical. lhick-walled. upper part stro;gly incrusted. A lew thin-walled cyslidia withoul incrustalion. 1m

,5$m,

D: Hyphal syslem dimilic, (Dl) generatve hyphae 2-5 rrm across, lhin_ lo thlck-waliod, some branched, sepla wrth clampsr (D2) sleletal hyphae brownish, thick-walled,

H

pm across,

Remarks

The look-alike of lhis speciesis Amylostercun arcdatum (No. 195), usually on Picea, wilh lhicker lruiling bodEs and more llequently with distinclly lomed pilei; moreover, il has a lFin dark line between lhe hymenium and lhe corlex iduplex trama). Conlusion wilh Columnocyslis abietina (No. 71) should nolbe exciuded. How€ver, thrslunqus is easy to drstinguish by lhe pronounced rust_ brown lomontum on lhe subiculum, lhe gray_violel hymenrum. and the in' amyloid sporss. as well as by lhe slightly incrusled cyslidE arising from lhe subhymenium.

SDecimen3 examinad and photographod Airliqenswil/Lu (Meqqerwald), elev. 55O m, quad. 2167. on branch of Ab,bs wilh bark in a branch pib, March 1'l, 1983, coll. FK, 1103-{3 K. Olher specimens: widespread in Ab,es arsas.

lmbach: not included.

197

Amylostereumlaevigatum

Fam. Corticiaceae s. lat. (Fam. Stereaceae Pilat 1930)

(Fr.) Boid.

= xerocarpus iunipei Karcl. Habitat

MlcroscoDlc feetures

On the bark of living laxus baccata (common yew), as well as on deadwood ol Juniperus comn uris (common iunipe4; in Sweden as here identified also on Thuia occidentalis (white cedar). Throughout the year. Rare. Distribution: W.

B

ilacroscopic leatures Fruiting body fully resupinate, attached tightly to the substrate, forming cruslose patches up to 1 mm thick and several centimeters in

extenl, surface smooth, dull, gray-ocher, with transverse cracks when dry, margin distinctly bounded. Consistency waxlike when fresh, hard and brittle when dry.

A: Spored cykndric-elliptic, smoolh. hyaline. 7-€ Y Basdra slenderly clavate.

30-35 H

H pm,l

.

pm. with 4 slerigmata and basal

clamp.

C: Skelelocasldra + cvlinddcal lo acumrnale, thick-walled, brownish. uppsr half stronblv incrusted, up to 130 am long, incrusled parl2H0 , 5-10,, m. to thick-walled, hyaline to brownish,

D: Hyphal sysiem monomitic, hyphae thin1.t-3 irm across, septa with clamps.

Remaaks ln lhe lil. Juriperus rs named as the moslfrequenl hosl. Since il isrelatvely rare here and found almost exclusively in monlane reEons, oul colleclions are conlinedfortheoresentlo faxus and lruia. ERIKSS. S RYV. (1973) mention larger spores (9-12 am looq) in lorms on Iaxus, which we are unable to conlirm. Our colleclions on both Lxus and fiua have spores 7-€ pm long.

SDecimons examined and photographed G'ersau/Sz, elev. 450 m, qud. 20ffi. on ba* ol living larus, April 15. 1983 coll- FK, 1502H3 K.

Other specimens: quad. 1751, 2055, 2166 on lhula, as well as in the Swiss Jura (JAHN 1971).

lmbach: not included.

198

Chondrostereum purpureum (Fr.) Pouz. = Stereum puryuteum tu . ex

Fam. Corticiaceae s. lat.

ft .

Habitat

lricro3cooic leairrres

On dead wood of broadleaved trees, more rarely of conifers, on standing andlallen trunks, aswellas on wood piles, but also aweak parasite on living hardwoods. Throughout the year. Widespread.

B: Basidia sldnderly clivale.

A: Soorei elliolDalto clamp.

\

D:

(cortex).

4H0 , 6-7

C: Cystidia: (Cl) Leptocyslidialusform. soms lesembling stinging hairs, some

Distribulion: E, NA, As.

Macroacopic teatures Fruiting bodyfully resupinate to semipileate with pileoliwhich extend several mm to 2-4 cm lrom the substraie, forming patches several centimeters to decimeters in extent, upper surface ol pilei hirsutetomenlose, gray-whitish, indistinctly zoned, margin lighler, hymenium smooth, undulating-tuberculate to slightly wrinkled, bright, pink-violet to dark violet, when old brown-violet, margin distinctly bounded to slightly fringed, flesh 'l-2.5 mm thick, tough, without characteristic odor, taste mild. ln cross section a black line is visible which separates the tomgntum from the conte)d and hymenium

6.F8 2.5-3.5 /rm. I -. i,m. wilh 4 sterigmala and basal

cvlindrical, smoolh, hlaline,

4.:-7.5 /rm: (C2) in subhymenium many conspicuous incrusted, 60-70 hvDhae with bladdedrke ends 7-15 !m across. H'vphal syslem monomfic, hyphae ihin- to lhick-walled. 2.H Fm across. septa with clamps.

R€marks

Fruiling bodies of the species described here are normally easy to re@gnize in

the tieid. ln doubtful cises lhe bladderhke hyphal ends ln lhe subhymsnium. cleadv recoqnizable und€r lhe microscope, provide a valuable identi{icalion charailer. U-nder cenain conditions some species ol lhe geneta Amyloslercum (with amyloid spores), Columrocystls (with long, incrusled cystidial Sfereum,

irerioDh;ra {with stmnolv incrusled. subulale cvslidia),

as

Speclmena oxamined and photographed Aillioenswil/l^U (Meggerwald), elev. 550 m, quad. 2167. on fle bark o{ a living i4inui g/utirosE (coihon alder), Oec. 2, 1 982, coll. FK, 0212-42 R. Olher specim€ns: widely dislributed throughoul region.

lmbach: included as Stereum purpureum Pe$-

180

wellas lachaplum

abied;um {No. 360) (witliporose hymenophoreican bi, conlused wilh old fruil' ing bodies of this lungus.

bl FI

tol

;$' u^ 1D I,?D

Chondrostereum purpureum

199

Stereum gausapatum

Fam. Corticiaceae s. lat.

Ft.: Ft.

(Fam. Stereaceae Pil6t 1930) Microscopic leaturcs

Habitai On dead wood of Quercus {oak) with and wathoutbark, on trunks and branches both fallen and standing or atlached respectively, acc. lit,

rarely also on other hardwoods. Throughout the year. Rare. Annual to perennial. Distribution: E. NA, As, Au.

Ar Spores e liplic cylindnc, smooth. hyahne. 6 5-9 i 3-4 rm. I + very weak. B: Basidia slendeny clavate 40 50 x 6-8 pm with 2 -4 slerigmala. wilhout

C D

Cyslrdia ends ofconduct ng hyphaevery numerous. thin waLled,upto6rm across wiih brown red.lsh contents Hyphalsystem dimilic. (D1)generatrve hyphaethin to lhrck-walled. sepia wilhout clamps. 1 5-5 /rm across: (D2) skeletal hyphae lh ck-walled, 3-5

Macroscopic features Fruiting body effuso-reflexed, also fully resupinate on lhe underside oi the substrale, torming patches several centimeters to decimeters in extent, pilei usually lused in rows and exlending 10 15 mm lrom lhe sLrbskate, 1-2 mm lhick, upper surface appressed{omentose lo glabrous, rust-brown, margin crisped, whilish to ocherish, sharpedged, underside with lhe hymenophore and lhe surface oi the resupinate part smooih to tuberculate, gray-, red-brown, 1o ocher brown, with gray overcasl in places, fresh lruiting bodies turning red when injured, marginal zone when growing white, tuberculate, pli cate, undulating, distinctly bounded. Consistency elastic and lough when ,resh, hard and briltle when dry. Perennial fruiting bodies are multilayered. Often covering entire trunks and branches ior meters

200

Remarks

lh s speLres rs l.le ra esl of the rnrea red sraining Ste.eum specres o!cLrr rq l^ere Srn(e acc I l,pddpn.nq'o'ms ol Sle.etrm h/surum ! an also b" ob"Prued row a1d inpn onp qhoJlo la"p lhis possrbrlrry rn o accounl d.r'rr g rdenlilLdnon Ac,oro nq toJULtCF 8 STALPTBS(1980J rl.F 5porp sireswh.cl a eqrvenbv Amercan aulhors for S. qausapalum are always smaller lhan lhose given by European aulhors According to CHAMUBIS (1985). S. gausapatum can be distinguished Irom specresol lhe "Stereum hirsutum complex'by the lhickness of lhe walls ol ls pseudocystd a (ends of lhe conduclrng hyphae). The average wall thickness in S. gausapatum is less than 1.5 /am. whereas thrs slze is exceeded in rhe olher species. Specimens examined and photographed Maschwanden/ZH. elev. 450 m quad 2367. on Auercus branches on lhe groLrnd, Feb. 6. 1984. colL JB. 0602 84 BR l Other specimens: q!ad 2265. 2267 lmbach: nol ncluded

Stereum hirsutum

Fam. Corticiaceae s. lat.

(Willd.r Fr.) S. F. Gray

(Fam. Stereaceae Pilat 1930) Microscopic fealures

Habitat On dead wood of broadleaved trees with and without bark, on trunks

and branches both fallen and standing or altached respectively, especially oI Ouercus (oak), Fagus (beech), A/rus (alder), etc. Throughout the year. Common. Dislribulion: E, NA, As.

Macroscopic leatures Fruiting body pileaie to semipileate, also fully resupinate on the underside of the subslrate, pilei proiecting 5-30 mm, semicircular to flabellate, usually coalescent to form rows and imbricate, broadly attached and often decu(ent, undulaling, 1-2 mm thick, upper sur face hirsute tomentose, zoned, yellow orange with gray whitish tomentum, tading to gray-ocherish and glabrous when old, margin undulating, inilated and somewhat lighter, lower sudace with the hymenophore smooth, slightly tuberculate to even, brighl yelloworange to brown-orange, when old gray-brown, does not lurn red when injured. ln cross seclion a thin, yellow orange intermediate layer is distinctly visible belween the corlex (tomentum) and trama. Consistency elastic, tough. OIten covering entire trunks and bran-

A:

Spores ellipl c'cylindric. smooth. hyalne.5 5 65x2-3rlm. I I weak. 3 5F4 5 pm, wilh 4 slerignrala. withoul

Br Basidia senderly clavale,30 -45

:

C: Cyslidia none. bulcyslidialike endsoithe obluse.4

ske 5 /,1m across (conduclinq hyphae).

elalhyphaelhick walled

t ps

D: Hyphalsyslemd mtic.(D1) generalivehyphaelhin lothick_wal!ed,2-3!m

across. sepla wilhoul clampsr (D2) skeelalhyphae 3-5 pm across. thick_

Remarks The species described here is missing ,rom scarcely any hard\,\,ood ,orest and can be desgnaled as the most common specres ol Stererm. However, because o, ils mulliplicily ol Iorms, oLd specimens parlicularly can be coniused wilh Stereum ochnceo flavum (No. 201) and S. srblomenlosum (No.204). A!(ordr,lq ro JAhN l lq/ I ) i ullrnq bodres rar also be'ound wh(h dufl ng heir pn;se ol qrowrh lurn red wren ,rtured Specre< ol Sre,erm whn h n o e "clrve cuslomarily lurn red when handled are S. gausapalum (No. 199) S. rugosufi (No 202) and S. sargurolentum (No. 203).

Specimens examined and photographed lMeggen/Lu (Meggerwald). e ev.550 m. quad.2l67 on branchesol Ouercus si llrrth bark and iying on lhe ground Jan. 16. 1983. coll FK. l601 83K Other specimens: commor rhrorqhoul regioa

ches for melers

2O1

Stereumochraceo-flavum

Fam. Corticiaceae s. lat. (Fam. Slereaceae Pilat 1930)

(Schw.) Ellis = Stereum rameale \Pers. ex Fr.) Burt

Habitat On dead branches and lwigs of hardwoods, especially Quelcus (oak), slillwith bark Throughout the year. Notcommon. Dislribulion: E, Af. NA, As.

to ih ck wa led. 2 4.5 ,rm across. septa w lhoul clamps: (D2) skelela hyphae lhick wa led. 5-7

D: Hypha syslem drmrtlc. (Dl) generalive hyphae lhin-

Macroscopic features Fruiling body semipileate, pileoli up to up to 5 mm irom the substrale,0

Microscopic Ieatures

A Spores cylindric lo elliplrc. smooth. hyaline. 7 9 x 2-3 /m. I + B Bisrdia sienderly clavale, 3G.-37 x 6 7 4m. w th 4 slerigmala. wilhoul basal C Pseudocyslidia wlhoul conlents.lh ck walled. emerginq lrom the skelelal hyphae 80 110!5 7 sm. Cyslidioles 30 35 t3 45pm.

l0 mm across and extending

2-0 4 mm thick, young pileolioften

cyphelloid, upper surlace finely hirsute-tomenlose. indistinctly zoned, hairs gray- to ocher whrlish, sometimes colored greenish by agae, margin sharp-edged, fiinged, underside wilh the hymenophore smooth, undulating-tuberculate and commonly somewhat umbonale at lhe place of attachment, brown- 1o gray-ocher. Consislency somewhat tough, elastic. Usuaily concrescent to lorm rows and resupinale on the underside ol lhe substrale. Occasionally massively covering branches lying on lhe ground.

Siereum h,rsulum 1No.200)can be foundtusl as luxurianlly on Quercus. When I occurs on sender twigs can mosl ikely be conlused with the species described here S. hirsulum, however. always has a brrq hi oranqe-ocher hyme_ nium when lresh and subslanlialy thicker lruilinq bodes. S. ochacea-flavum prelerentially colonizes lwrgsand prunrnqs. while n conlraslS. hirsutum isalso loun.l on lrunks in crevices and on th ck branches

i

Specimens examined and photographed

GersaLr/SZ. elev.45om. quad 2068 on broken and hangrng lwigsolOuercus, Apfll9. 1983. coll. FK. 0904 83 K 2

Other specamens: quad 1764. 2066 2068 2165

lmbach: not rnoluded

142

Stereum gausapatum

Stereum hirsuhrm

}.\

ll,

.).

i

t-

l l

E

Stereum ochraceo-flavum 10 pm

F

\eL

G

u5 ,4

CC

183

202

Stereum rugosum

Fam. Corticiaceae s. lat.

(Pers.: Fr.) Fr.

(Fam. Stereaceae Pilat 1930)

Habltar On dead, standing or fallen wood of broadleaved trees, with and without bark, especially Fagus (beech), Coly/us lhazel), Betula (birch), Quercus (oak), etc. Throughout the year. Widespread.

Mlcroscopic tealures

Perennial. Distribution: E, NA?, As.

hyphae (C1). thick-walled. 5-6 /rm across and up to over 250 am long, cylindncal to acuminate. some with brown-reddrsh contents. Cyslidioles (acanthohyphidia) w(h poinled oulgrowhs, 25-35 . 34 pm lC2\D: Hyphal syslem dimilrc. (D l) generelive hyphae thin- to lhicl-walled. 1.F3.5 /rm across. sepla wilhoul clamps: (D2) skeletal hyphae thick-walled, without septa, up to 8 r.m across. Remarks Fruiting bodies on thin twigs of Betula olten appear as while, rounded, small spots and thus r€sembl€ an A/eurodiscus. Finds on O./ercus must be checked carerully, because in addition lo the species described here, ihe substratespecilic Sle/err, gausapatum (No. 199), which also lurns red, occurs on lhis tree. lts marginal zones are always prqecting and pileate, elaslic and sott, and covered on the upper surface wilh a yellow-brown to red-brown lomenlum, bul he hymenium never has yellow colors. ln the lil, rare relalives of Stereum h,7

Macroscopic features Fruiting body resupinate, more rarely in old specimens with slightly projecting, brown, pileate marginalzones, forming patches0.5-2 (3) mm thickand Several centimeters to decimeters in extent, uppersur-

face smooth to uneven or tuberculate, dull, whilish, ocherish to orange-gray, also gray-pink or if wet grayish, when fresh or moist turning redwhen injured, margin distinclly bounded, easily detached when old. Consistency when fresh leathery and tough, when dry hard and crustose, brittle. ln cross section a distinct layering is recognizable in fruiting bodies which are several years old (acc. lit. up to 20layers).

A: Spores elliptical, sometmes flattened

3.H.5pm, l+.

on one side, smooth, hyaline, 6.5-€

B: Basjdia slenderly clavate,2H0 x 5-7 /,m,

/

with 4 siedgmata, wjlhoutbasal

clamp.

C: Cyslidia none, but ends of conducling hyphae emerging from skelelal

sutum (No. 200), which also turn red, are also menlionod.

Speclmens eramlned and photographed Adligenswil/LlJ {Fohrenmoos), elev.550 m, quad.2167, on lallen branch ot Eetula stillwith bark, Feb. 2, 1983, coll. FK,0202-€3 K. Olher speclmens: widely distributed lhroughoul region.

lmbach: not included.

203

Stereum sanguinolentum

Fam. Corticiaceae s. lat.

(Alb. & Schw.: Fr.) Fr.

(Fam. Stereaceae Pilet 1930)

Habitat On dead wood of conifers, with and withoul bark. such as Ables (silver fir), P,hus (pine) , Picea lsptucel, La x llarch). Throughout the year. Common. Annual. Distribution: E, NA, As.

Mlcroscopic features

A: Spores elliplic-cylindric. smoolh. hyaline. 6.F7.5 x 2.5-3 i,m. L B: Basidia slenderly clavate, 40-50 x 5-7 /tm, wilh 2-4 stedgmata, withoul basal clamp.

C: Cystidia none, bul ends of conducting hyphae emerging from the skeletal hyphae, thick-walled,

Maqroscopic features Frb. resupinate to semipileate, forming crustose-leathery patches several centimeters to decimeters in extent on underside of substrate, appearing at first as spots which later coalesce to form expanses, detachablef rom substrate, laterally growing f rbs. with slightly projecting to pileolate marginal zone projecting up to 15 mm, pileoli imbricate, hymenophore smooth to tuberculate-wrinkled, yellow-, gray-, pink-, to brown-ocherish, often with hint of violet, margin lighter, quickly turning blood-red when iniured. irargin when young white, undulating, crenate, and distinctly bounded. Upper surlace of pileus linely hirsute-tomentose, undulating, with yellow- to brownred concentric zones. Margin whitish. ln cross section (hand lens) a yellow-reddish cortex is visible under the tomentum. Consistency elastic, leathery, tough, when dry hard.

H

jam across and up to over 250 pm long, fusiform,

with brown-reddish contents (C1). Cystidioles (acanthohyphidia) lhinwalled, wilh knoblike tothornlike lips,3H0 x 2-3-5 r.m (C2).

D: Hyphal system dimitic,

(D 1) generative hyphae thin- to

lhick-walled, 1 .5-3.5

pm across, sepla without clamps; (D2) skeletal hyphae lhick-walled,

withoul sepla, uP lo 8 rrm across. Remalks The collection described here has smaller spores than given an lhe lil., and therelore mighl be considered a small-spored form ol Stereum sanguinolentum (JULICH & STALPERS 1980). Specimen 1002-73 BA 2 has spores 6-11 x 2.5-3 (4) r,mi otherfindsalsohave spores ol similarsizes. Addillonal reddenrng species of Stereum are S. gausapalum (No. 1 99) on Oarercus and S. rugosum (No.202), which is usually perennial (mullrlayered). thlcker. andmorecruslose, grows on hardwoods, ana'lurns red more weakly and slowly. S. sargrinolerfum is somelimes parasitized by the white ielly lungus Ttemella encephela (No. 26).

Speclmens examined Dierikon/Lu (Gdlzental), elev. 550 m, quad. 2167, on branch of Abies (fir) still with bark and lying on the ground, Dec. 15, 1982, coll. FK, 1512-€2 K. Pholographed an anotherquad. Oiier sp€cimens: common throughout region-

lmbach: not included.

204

Stereum subtomentosum

Fam. Corticiaceae s. lat.

Pouzat

(Fam. Stereaceae Pilet 1930)

Habitat

MlcroScoplc tealureS

On dead wood of various broadleaved trees, such as A/rus (alder), Sari (willow), Fagus (beech), etc., commonly in floodplain forests, alder swamps, and creek ravines. Throughout the year. Not common. Annual, sometimes also perennial. Distribution: E, NA, As.

C: Cyslidia none. Cystidialike ends ol skelelal hyphae thick-walled, lips

Frb. when lateral on substrate llabellate to semicircular with narrow to stipelike attachment, when on underside of substrate usually pileate and attached at the apex by a short stalk, alsooccurring fused

in rows, individual trb. 3G-70 mm, upper surface concentrically zoned, undulating, slightly appressed-tomentose, olderfrbs. almost glabrous, grayish to gray-orange or ocher-yellowish, later greenish lrom algae, margin lighter to whitish, underside smooth to slightly

to

gray-

yellowish orocherish when fresh, spotting yellow when injured, grayocherwhen dry. Flesh uptoca.0.5 mm thick, elasticand toughwhen lresh, leathery and tough when dry. Gregarious, sometimes covering entire branches.

144

clamp.

rounded or with smallpoints,

H

pm aooss (conduciing hyphae).

D: Hyphalsystem dimilic, (D1) generative hyphaethan- lo thick-walled,2.H r,m across, sepla withoul clamps; (D2) skeletal hyphae up lo 8 rm across, thick-walled.

Macroscopic leatures

undulating-tuberculate, fissured when dry, yellowish

A: Spores elliptic-cylindric, smoolh, hyaline, 5.H.5 x 2-3 rrm, I +. B: Basidiaslenderlyc avale,4ffi x 5-6pm, wilh 4 sterigmata, withoutbasal

Remarks The species described here could be confused with the much commoner S. hlrsuaum (No.200), in which, however, the pileus is coarsely hirsute and the hymenium bright yellow. Moreover, lhe latler is always broadly atlached lolhe subslrale and usually decurenl onlo il. and lorms thicker fruirng bodies. S. osl.ea (Blume 8 Nees) f r. S. ,irsigritu/m Ou6l. is anolher sralked species. which occurs in mild regions of Europe and is lare. ln conlrast to the spscies described here, it has pseudoacanthophyses.

-

Specimena examined Ennetmoos/Ow, elev.600 m, quad. 1966, on attached branch ofAlrus, May 2, 1983, coll. JW, 020H3 BB 1. Photographed in quad. '1865. Other speclmena: quad. 1a65, 1954,2257.

lmbach: nol included.

202

Stereum rugosum

o.$A

Stereum sanguinolentum

l0

0*

pm

I

aA

rsU

'/Dn (u.h

J\"

=?" c,y

2rN

205

Subulicium rallum

Fam. Corticiaceae s. lat.

(Jackson)J01.

(Fam. Subulicystidiaceae Jiil. 1 981

)

= Subulicystidium rallum (Jackson) Hjortst. & Ryv. = Peniophora ralla Jackson Habitat On the underside of a rotten trunk of Picea (spruce), acc. lit. also on otherconilers aswell as hardwoods. Summerto fall. Rare. Distribu-

tion: E, NA.

Microscoplc l€elures

A:

Spores subglobose, smooth, hyaline, wilh small drops, 5.5-7

t-.

B: Basidia suburnifom,

20-25 x 4-5 pm, with 4 sterigmala,

x 5.5-6 pm,

withoui basal

clamp

C: Cyslidia subulate. rather thrck-walled. hyaline, 55-70 , zl-5 /,m.

at times

somowhal incrusted.

Macroacopic featules Fruiting bodyfully resupinate, attached tightly tothe substrate, forming thin, farinose patches several centimeters in extenl, surface slightly poroid under a hand lens, with projecting clusters of cystidia easily visible with 20x magnification, light gray to bluish-gray when moist, margin diffuse. Consistency floccose, soft.

D: Hyphal system monomilic, hyphae shorl-celled, 3-5 pm across, somelimes incrusled, sepla withoul clamps.

Remarks This colleclion seems to represent a species which is rare here, since in the lit. only finds lrom Nonh America and Scandinavia are mentioned. Under the microscope lhe masses ol cystidia are conspicuous and somelimes make il dilticultlo find lhe olherelemenls. A similarspecies is Subulicium lautum lJackson) Hiorlst. & Ryv. ll differs by cysiidia which are longerand notincrusled and exlend laterally lrom he hyphae (coll. l0l l-€4 Ho).

Specimens examined and photographed Alpnach/Ow (L0toldsmatt), elev. 1350 m, quad. 2065, on lhe underside of a hollow trunk ol Picea, Nov. 6, 1982, coll. TH, 061'l €2 Ho 1. Other apocimens: none. S. /aulum quad. 1865.

lmbech: not included.

206

Subulicystidium longisporum

Fam. Corticiaceae s. lat.

(Pat.) Parm. = Peniophora longispora (Pat.) Bourd. & Galz.

(Fam. Subulicystidiaceae JUl. 1 981

Habitat On dead barkless conifer wood, acc. Iit. also on hardwood. Fall. Bare. Distribution: E, NA, As.

Macroscoplc features Fruiting body lully resupinate, attached loosely lo the substrate, forming lhin, open-membranous patches a few centimeters in extent, surface smooth, dull, arachnoidjarinose, whitish to grayish, thinning out at the margin, without rhizomorphs. Consistency soft, open.

Mlcroscopic leaturqt

A

Spores narrowly cylindrical to

.rm.

I

lus om. smoolh, hyaline. 10

(FRIKSSON et al. 1984: 12-15

STALPERS 1980: 10-16

. l.Hrrm).

(25)

11

1

8

)

2 2

(2) 2.5-3 sm: JULICH &

B: Basidia subumilom. 12-14 . 4.H /, m. wth 4 sterigmala and basalclamp. C: Cystidia slender, acuminate, thick-walled toward the base, midportion strongly incrusled, tip usually smooth, 40 70 x 4 rrm. D: Hyphal system monomitic, hyphae lhick-walled, weakly incrusled, 1-5-3 Ilm across, septa with clamps. Remarka The uncommon shape of the cystidia is characteristic of the species described here, while the delicate arachnoid consisloncy ol lhe rungus macroscopically would indicate an Atheira s. lal. The anamorph is named Aegeik tor Josa-

Specimeis examined and photographed Sijrenberg/Lu {Laubersmad-Ghack), elev.

12100

m, quad. 1864, on rollen

stump of Plcea (spruce), Sepl. 20, 1982, coll. FZ, 2009-82 BR.

Olher specimenS: none.

lmbach: not included.

207

Tubulicrinis accedens

Fam. Corticiaceae s. lat.

(Bourd. & Galz.) Donk

(Fam. Tubulicrinaceae J0l. 1981)

Habitat

lrlcroscoplc leatures

On rotlen conifer wood, especially Prcea (spruce). Fall. Not com-

A:

mon. Oistribution: E, NA, As.

B: Basidia cylind cal-clavale, 12-14 x rF5 i,m, wilh 2-4 sierigmata

ilacroscoplc teatures Fruiting bodyfully resupinate, attached tightly to the substrale,,orming filmy, 1 continuous patches several centimelers in exlenl, surlace smooth, delicately farinose. under20x magnilication pubescent from the proiecting cystidia, gray-whitish, thinning out atthe margin. Consistency very f ugacious.

C: D:

Spores broadly elliptical, smooth, hyaline, with drops, 4-5 (5.5) x 3-.3.5 rrm,

t-.

and basal clamp, Lyocystidialhick-v,/alled, capitate, usually looting, dissolving in KOH,4H0 pm across, neck 2.5 3 pm across, I /rm long, head Hyphal syslem monomitic, hyphae 1.5-2.5 pm across, septa wilh clamps.

H

-.

Remarkg The species desc bed here is characteized by its capitate cyslidia. Similar cyslidia are also lound in Tubulicrinis thermometrus (No. 213), with subglobose, broader spores, I so.or,:us (Bourd. & Galz.) Oberw., wilh allantoid spores. and I sceplrilerus (Jacks. & Weres.) Donk. the capitate cyslidia ol which have a very thin neck (< 1.5 rrm across). Specimens eramined and photographed Giswil/Ow (Feldmoos), elev.650 m. quad 1965. on rotten board ol Picea on a stream obslruction, Nov. 22, 1982, coll. JB, 2211-82 BR 1. Other speclmens: quad. 2167.

lmbach: not included.

t60

ET

Subulicium rallum

cl

(o_l

o

(^'l *L

Subulicystidium longisporum

fl.Y/

tle

:sc0 nu0 {lr

v/

Tubulicrinis accedens

208

Tubulicrinis angustus

Fam. Corticiaceae s. lat.

(Rogers & Weresub) Donk

(Fam. Tubulicrinaceae Jiil. 1981)

Habital

Microscoplc featurc6

On rotten wood of broadleaved trees and conifers. Throughout the year. Not common. Distribution: E, NA.

Macroscoplc leatures Fruiting body fully resupinate, appressed closely to lhe substrate, forming thin, open, poroid-floccose, conlinuous patches several centimeters in extent, surface under a hand lens farinose, poroidreticulate, cream-colored to yellowish, margin diffuse. Consistency soft, waxlike.

t

A:

Spores cylindrical, slightly allantoid, smooth, hyaline, T-9

x 1.5-2pm,l-.

B: Basdia clavate. 8-15 .,1-5 sm, wilh 4 sterigmala and basal clamp. C: Lyocystidia thick-walled, slenderly cylindrical. lumsn gradually enlerqing loward the tip, soluble in KOH, 60-130 x 4-6 pm, base rooting. I +. D: Hyphal system monomilic, hyphae lhin- to thick-walled, 1.5-3.5 pm across, sopta with clamps.

Remarks Thelungusdescribed here lsvery similar lo species of ihe g/ebulosus compler, e. g. fubulbinis neclius lNo. 2l I), 7. prop,hquus (Bourd. & Gal?.) Donk, and I g/ebulosr./s (No. 210), the separalion ol which is nol always easy. The dilference occurs principally in the width of the cystidia. where lhose ot I argostrrs never gel broader lhan 6pm, while the width in the g/eburosus complex atlains 12 r.m and the cystidia become wider loward lho tip, quile in contrast lo L argustus, which has a tendency toward lapered lips. Specimens examlned and pholographed Vilznau/Lu. elev.450m. quad. m67. on rotlen branch of Fagus (beech)on the ground, I\rarch 31, 1984, coll. FK. 310H4 K.

olher speclmens: none. lmbrch: not included.

209

Tubulicrinis borealis

Fam. Corticiaceae s. lat.

Erikss.

(Fam. Tubulicrinaceae Jill. 1981)

Habitat On rotten wood of broadleaved trees and conifers, aswell as on old resupinate polypores. Throughout lhe year. Not common. Distribulion: E

lrlcroscoplc le6ture6

A: Sporeselliplic-cylindric, slightlyallantoid, smooth,

t-.

B: Basidia shon-clavale,

8-12 x 4-S

hyaline,

H

x 2-2.5pm,

pm, wilh 2-4 steigmata and basal

clamp,

C: Lyocyslidia thick-walled, cylindrical wilh a slightly widening lip in some and abruptly thin-walled, tip somelimes incrusted, base rooting. Dissolving in

Macroscopic teatures Fruiting bodylully resupinate, bound tightly tothe substrate, lorming lhin, floccose-pubescent, more rarely open-membranous patches a few centimeters in extent, surtace tinely pubescent-hispid (use a hand lens), margin ditfuse, entire surlace while to gray-while. Consistency waxlike, soft.

KOH, 60-90 , 4-7 lrm, I + D: Hyphal syslem monomilic, hyphee lhin- lo thick-walled, 2.5-5 /rm across. -

sepla wilh clamps.

Remarks Thecollection described here has some cyslidia which are incrusted al lhe lip, which is not evident in lhe lil. Such an incruslation can be observed in other species, e. g. Iubul,cr,his calot i (Pat.) Donk, with somewhat longer spores and a very asymmetrically widened lumen at lhe tip ot lhe cystidia. I /redius (No. 21'l) has similar cystidia but narower, allantoid spores. Specimeos examined and photographed Luceme (Bireggwald), elev- 500 m, quad.20m, on rotlen branch of Fagus (beech) on the ground, Feb. 18, 1976, coll- JB, 1802-76 BR 10.

olher Bpecimens: quad. 0869. lnbach: not included.

21O

Tubulicrinisglebulosus

Fam. Corticiaceae s. lat.

(Bres.) Donk

(Fam. Tubulicrinaceae Jril. 1981)

:

Tubulicinis gracilima (Ell. & Ev.) Cunningham

Habitat

Mlcroscoplc lealt res

H x

On roien conirer wood, especially of Plcea (spruce) and P/rus

A:

(pine). Fall. Not common. Commonly montane to subalpine. Distribution: E, NA, As.

B: Basidia clavate, 15-20 x 4.5-5 /1m, with 4 sledgmata and basalclamp. C: Lyocyslidia lhick-walled, t cylindicalwith blunt tip,lumen at the tip cylindicaland enlarging abruptly, dissolving in KOH, 105-140 x 8-'12 pm, I +

Macroscopic leatures

D: Hyphal system monomitic, hyphae 2-4 pm across, lhin- to thick-walled,

Fruiting bodyfully resupinate, attached tightly tothe substrate, forming thin, continuous patches several centimeters in extent, surface

smooth, under a 10x lens finely hispid from cystidia, whitish to cream-colored, margin f ilamentous. Consistency thin-membranous, waxlike.

Spores cylindrical, slightly allantoid, smooth, hyaline,

septa with clamps.

Remarks A very similar species is fubulicinis mec us \No.211) wilh slrongly amyloid

cystidia. the lumen o{ which enlarges only gradually toward the tip.

Sp6clmen6 examined and photogrophed Sbrenberg/LlJ (Laubersmad-Ghack). elev 1400 m. quad. 1864, on rotlen branches ol Picea and Pirus mugo (mounlain pine), Oct. 9, 1982, coll. TH,

091H2

Ho 1.

oiher Bpeclmens: quad. 1257, 2055, 2056, lmbach: not included.

'188

1.5-1.8 pm,

I

21 56, 2357.

10 pm

Et

Tubulicrinis borealis

A'-o

D\O

; -t

0t

YWn (E-Ya

ubulicrinis

'rr[)

189

211

Tubulicrinismedius

Fam. Corticiaceae s. lat.

(Bourd. & Galz.) Oberw.

(Fam. Tubulicrinaceae Jiil. 1991)

Habltat

Mlcroscoplc

On rotten wood of Picea (spruce), commonly on branches on the

A:

ground and overgrown with mosses and lichens. Fall. Rare- Principally montane to subalpine. Distribution: E, NA, As.

B:

Macroscopic leatures Fruiting body tully resupinate, attached tightly to the substrate, forming thin, continuous patches several centimeters in exlent, surface smooth, under a 10x lens tinely hispid from cystidia, whitish to cream-colored, margin f ilamentous. Consistency thin-crustose.

leatu.6

Spores cylindrical. slightly allanloid. smoolh, hyaiine. I

Basidia slendedy clavate, 12-18 clamp.

\

5-7

\

1.5-1.8 sm.

,l-4.5 /rm, wilh 4 slerigmata and basal

C: Lyocyslidra lhlck-walled. -L cyhndrical wiih blunl. sometimes lightly incrusled lip, lumen gradually enlarging allhelip. soluble in KOH,60-95' 6-7lrm. l+ slrong. D: Hyphal syslem monomitic. hyphae 2--4 /rm across. lhin- to thick-walled, septa with clamps,

Remark6 The difleronce in amyloidity of the lyocystidia between lhe species described herc and Tubulictin$ gleburosus (No. 210) may not be clnslanl, accordinq lo OBERWINKLEB ( 1966). However, a clear-cul dillerence belween our lwo aol. leclionswas evident. For separating lhe individual s pecies ol Tubulicinis,lhe lealures oflhe lyocyslidia and spores are mosl userul. Spccim€ns examlned and photogEphed S6renberg/Lu (Laubersmad-Ghack). elev. 1400 m. quad. 1864. on rotten branches ol Picea overgrownwith lichens, Oct.9, 1982, coll.TH,091H2Ho 2. Olher specimeis: none.

lmbach: nol included.

212

Tubulicrinissubulatus

Fam. Corticiaceae s. lat.

(Bourd. & Galz.) Donk

(Fam. Tubulicrinaceae J0l. 1981)

Habitat On rotten wood of conifers. SpringF-fall. Notcommon. Distribution: E,

NA. As.

lricro3coplc leatures A: Spores narowly elliplical, allanlod, smooth, hyaline, wilh 2 drops, 7-9

.

1.5-2 /,m (JULICH and STALPERS 1980: 6-7.5 (9) . 1.5-2.5 !m), I B: Basidia slenderly clavale. 18-25 . ,H.5 /,m. with 4 slerigmaia. wilhoul basal clamp.

Macroscopic teatures Fruiting bodyfully resupinate, bound tightlyto the substrate, lorming thin, floccose-crustose, non-membranous, and rarely continuous patches a few centimeters in extent, surface finely tuberculale and with an open punctiform texlure toward the margin, finely haired under a hand lens, while to cream-colored. Consistency waxlike, soft.

C: Lyocyslidia thick-walled with very thin lumen, subulate, becoming abrupily thin-walledtowardlhe tip and somelimes incrusled, base rooling, dissolving in KOH, 7G-130 x 10 rtm, I -.

D: Hyphal system monomitic, hyphae 2-4 pm across, sepla with clamps.

RemarkS Characteristic o, lhe genu s fubulictinis a@ lhe lae€, thick-walled, and rooting c,yslidia, which dissolve in KOH. The genus conlains overa dozen other Species (see OBEBWINKLEB 1966).

Speclmens oxamined and photogrephed Schwarzenberg/Lu (Spinnegg), elev. 1000 m, quad. m65, on the underside ol rotlen spruce wood, N,lay 31, 1982, coll- TH, 3105-82 Ho 1. Other specimens: none.

lmbach: not included.

213

Tubulicrinis thermometrus

Fam. Corticiaceae s. lat.

(Cunn.)Christ.

(Fam. Tubulicrinaceae Jfil. 1981)

Habitel On the underside of dead conifer wood. Fall-spring. Rare. Distribution: E, Au.

ll icroscopic ,ealrrrcs A: Spores globose lo subglobose, smoolh, hyaline, with drops,

B'

C: Macroscopic teatureg Fruiting bodyfully resupinate, bound tightiyto the substrate, forming filmy, continuous patches several cenlimeters in extenl, surlace smooth, delicately farinose, under a 20x lens pubescent from the exserted cystidia, gray-whitish, thinning out at the margin. Con-

I

sistency very fugacious.

Di

3.H.8

pm,

width sometimes up lo 0.5 /,m less than the length, I Basidia shorl clavate. T-11 . 4--5Fm, with 4 sterigmala and basal clamp. lyocyslidia thick-walled. capitate-globose, rooting. dissolving in KOH, 3H3 pm long, head 7.5-9.5 pm across, neck 2.5 .3.5 pm across, | Hyphal system monomitic, hyphae 1 .8-2.5 pm across, sepla walh clamps.

-.

Remerks The species described here is very closely relaled lo Tubulic nis accedens (No. 207) and dilfers rrom it principally by the qlobose spores and lhe smaller basidia. According 10 OBERWTNKLEB (1966) it is still insufliciently clear whelher separation ol lhe two species based on lhe shap€ ol lhe spores is ilrstified. We suspecl that the name tl,ermomet us is denved kom the shape ol the lyocystidia, sance lhey resemble a thermomelerlube with ils globose base and narrow lumen in th€ glass mlumn. Speclmens examined and photographed Samen/OW (Gedsbach), elev. 500 m, quad. 1965, on underside of a rotten conilerlrunk, Feb.4, 1984, coll. TH,0402-€4 Ho 1. Other specimens: none,

lmbech: not included.

190

Tubulicrinis medius

211

ET

El

r D lo^r'

"/ CD

:{ rri

i'l'{l h.i -t

ET

Tubulicrinis subulatus

EI

ol

:1*

.

-t

IE

t

l1

o

rll,'416+,"''

l*u.f.,,

15 Fm

Tubulicrinis thermometrus

Et

oo

rol ,-iL

O"o

ocb (Yffi8.

Y,p,/

191

212

214

Litschauerellaclematidis

Fam. Corticiaceae s. lat.

(Bourd. & Galz.) Erikss. & Ryv. = fubulicium clematidis (Bourd. & calz.) Oberwinkler

(Fam. Tubulicrinaceae Jril.'1981

Habirat On the bark on the underside of living, climbing C/ematls (traveleds joy), as well as on rotten wood oI Ab,es (silver fir). Spring and fall. Rare. Distribution: E, NA, As.

Macroacoplc leatures Fruiting body{ully resupinats, attached tightly tothe substrate, forming thin, tomentose-pubescent patches a lew centimeters in extent, surlace smooth but appearing pubescentfrom the exserted cystidia, whitish to ocherish, distinctly bounded to thinning out at the margin. Consislency soft.

)

MicroGcopic foalures

A: Spores subglobose, smooth to linely vsfiucose. hyaline. wilh or B: C:

wrthoul drops, 4.5-.7 x 4-6,rm, | pleurobasidial (acc x lil. also terminal), 10-18 4-6 r.m, wilh 2-4 Basidia steriomata. Lam-p.ocystidia subulale. lfiict-wailgd. strongly incrusted. rooting h/vo lo many times, somelimes with hyphae wound around them, SO l0O x 10 18

-.

D: Hyphal syslem monomitic, hyphae 1.5-2 l.m across, sepla with clamps. Remark6 ln the lit. the very similar Penlophora abierb (Bourd & Galz.) Sarlory & I\,laire is also described. which has larger and smooth spor€s bul is said lo correspond wilh this species in olher respects. Cenain authors nevenheless consder lo be a synonym of L c/ematidls- When our specimen 1 202-€2 K was collected in February only smooth spores could be lound. lntereslingly. specamen 061 1-€2 K. from Novemberolthe same year and the same habital, contained in contrasl only rough spores somewhatsmaller in size, This observation could slrengthen

lhe view that P abierrs is idenlicalwith lhe species doscdbed here. Speclmens examined and photograph€d lnwil/Lu, elev.400 m, quad. 2166, on ba* ot C/erratis, Feb. 12, 1982, coll. FK, 1202-42 K. Other speclmens: in the same quadrant on Abies.

lmbach: nol includod.

215

Tylospora asterophora

Fam. Corticiaceae s. lat.

(Bonord.) Donk = Tylospema aste@phorum (Bonord.) Donk

(Fam. Tylosporaceae Jiil. 1981)

:

Cotticium trigonospemum Btes.

Habitat On the undersideofvery rotten conirer branches lying on the ground and overgrownwith moss, acc.lit. also on deadleaves, mosses, and bare earth. Summer-fall. Rare. Distribution: E, NA, As.

Macroscopic teature€ Fruiting body fully resupinate, attached loosely to the substrate, torming thin patches several centimeters in extent, surface arachnoid, floccose to open-membranous, white, verythin, margin slightly tilamentous. Consistency cottony, soft, easily wiped ofi.

Mlcroscopic leatures

A:

Spores stellale-lriangular, with lhree distinct iubercles, hyaline, 4.5-6 iam, I

B: Basidia slenderly clavale, 18-25

x zt5

indislinct basal clamp.

/rm, with

24

C: Cyslidia not seenD: Hyphal syslem monomitic, hyphae thin- to thick-walled,

sledgmata and

H

/rm across. rough with line granules to spinose with short pointed spines, sepla wilh clamps.

Rema*s The triangular spores are so typical thal the species desc bed here is identiliable wilhout difficulty. The nexl species. Iylospora fbnl/osa (No. 216) diflers Irom il principally in thal its spores are d lerenlly shaped and omamented, Sp€cimens oxamin€d and photographed Alpnach/Ow (Lijtoldsmatt), elev. '1,100 m, quad. m65, on the underside of rotlen conil€r branches, Sept- 3, 1983, coll- TH, 030H3 Ho 3Other specimens: none.

lmbech: not included.

?16

Tylospora fibrillosa

Fam. Corticiaceae s. lat.

(Burt) Donk

(Fam. Tylosporaceae Jtil. 1981)

= fylospema fibillosum (Burt) Donk Habital On dead wood ot conilers lying on the ground, alsogrowing over sur-

rounding plants and plant remains- Summer-fall. Rare. Distribution: E, NA,

Macroscopic fealules Fruiting body fully resupinate, attached loosely to the substrate, forming thin, membranous patches several centimeters in extent, surface arachnoid, tomentose, farinose, white to cream-colored, margin sharply bounded to diffuse. Consistency cottony, membranous, soft.

Microscopic fe€tures

A: Spores ifiegulady oval wilh coarse. swollen tubercles. hyalne. 5.F7 \ 3.F5 pm, I B: Basidia slendedy clavate, 1rt-18 x ffi pm, wilh 4 steigmata and basal clamp.

C: Cystidia not seen. O: Hyphal system monomitic, hyphae thin- to lhick-walled, some incrusled with granules, 3.5-5 pm across, septa wilh clamps.

Remarks Similar sculptured, butcolored, spores in resupinate tungiare found also i. a. in

lhe lamily Thelephoraceae (study the spor€s in watoo. Macroscopically lhe species described here resembles an Athelia (No.49tf.) or a young truiling hody ol Trechispora tainacea (No. 112).

Speclmen6 examlned and'pholograph€d S6renberg/Lu (Laubsrsmad-Ghack), elev. 1400 m, quad. 1864, on standing remains of a trunk of Picea (spruce), Sept. 22, 1982, coll. GR,

Other speclnens: quad. 17&, 1864.

lmbach: not included.

'192

220H2

Ri.

Fi R'

Litschauerella clematidis

ro

W"Y \i 2/

Mtl,v

//

)).-

L( c: \)

)7DO o()"

4.v

[l,W\/"i

10 pm

Bjerkandera adusta

bcQcY' )\ 0

fr

"D-:

o

10 pm

Bjerkandera fumosa

Et

ol NL

269

331

Climacocystisborealis

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat.

(Fr.) Kotl. & Pouz. = Sporgrpe/,s boreal,s (Fr.) PaL

(Fam. Bjerkanderaceae Jiil. 1981)

Habliat

Microacoplc foafures

On dead wood of Picea (spruce), on stumps and standing or lallen trunks, acc. lit, also on P,hus (pine) or Abies (silver fir), rarety on hardwood, occasionally a weak parasite. Early summsr--late fall. Common. Annual. Distdbution: E, NA, As, Au.

Spores oval. smoolh, hyaline, sometimes wilh granular conlents,

3.5-4 /rm, I -. B: Basdia slonderly-clavale. 18-27

7-€ irm. with 4 sterigmata and basal

C: Cystidia fusiform-ventricose, slalk€d, lhick-walled, with or without tuft of crystals. 30-50 \ 7-10 i,m. with basal clamp. e)(serted beyond lhe D: Hyphalsystem monomitic. hyphae3-6/]m across. septaw(hclamps, thin-

Frb. bracketlike, spathulate, or flabellate, attached to the substrate broadly or by a short stipelike prolongation, 5-2OO mm across and proiecting 30-120 mm from the substrate, 15-30 mm thick, upper surf ace coarsely librillose-scaly-hispid, radially channsled-grooved, uneven, white when young, then straw-yellow, margin inflatsd when young, then sharp, undulating, usually yellowsr than thepilealsurface,lower surface with whits f,ore layer when young, later yellowish, pores rounded to angular, somewhat labyrinthine when old, 1-3 per mm,tubelength 2-6mm,flesh elastic, fibrous,tough,succulent, with duplgx structure, white lo cream-colored, odor pleasant, taste bitter, sourish. Gregarious, sometimes concrsscent, rarely solitary, otten

myces chioreus (Fr.) Karst. However, both have briltle flesh and ditfer microscopically by complet€ly different spores and the absence ol cystidia. In addilion. the ll6sh of P. s0blrca is extraordinarily bitler.

pores p. 402.)

lmbach: included as Spongipellis borcalis

t

up to dozens on one stump. Causes white soft-rots. (Surface of

lo slighliy thick-walled.

Rema*a

Other white polypores with juicy llesh are i. a. Poslia st prbe (No. 336) and

lylo-

Speclmena qamlnod and photographod Sdrenberg/L1., (Staffelwald), elev.1300 m, quad.1864,on stump of Picea, July 31, 1982, coll. FK,3107-a2 K 1.

Ohar speclmens: widely distributed throughoui region.

Leptoporus mollis

lFt.)Pa|

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat.

(Pers.: Fr.) Pil6t = Tyrcmyces mollis lFr.) Kotl. & Pouz.

(Fam. Bjerkanderaceae J0l. 1981)

Habitat

Mlcroacoplc testures

On dsad, standing or prostrate trunks of Picea (spruce), acc.lit. also

Pirus (pine), in mounlain coniferous loresls. Summer-fall. Rarg. Annual. Distribution: E, NA, As.

Macroscopic features Fruiling body pulvinate when young, then inflated and bracketlike

ffio

333

t

clamp,

H \

hym6nium.

lracroacoplc leaturss

332

A:

A: Sporos allanloid. smooth, hyaline. some with 2 drops.5.F7.5 r"m, I B: Basidia slenderly-clavate. 17-25 basalclamp. C: Cyslidia noi seen.

\

,

1.5-2.3

/t-5 gm. wilh 4 stedgmata. w{houl

m across. t thick-walled, some with attached granules and branched, septa wilhoul clamps.

D: Hyphal syslem monomilic, hyphae 2.5-6 / Rsnalks

and attached broadly to the substrate, mm across,2H0 mm high (where attached), extending 2H0 mmlrom the subslrate, con-

Th6 species descdbed here could be conlused with Postia fraglls (No. 335), bul lh6 latter has whilish lruiting bodi€s which turn red or brown only afler contacl or

crescent truiting bodies corrsspondingly larger, upper surface softtomentose, pink to pink- or purple-brown, irregulariy colored, uneven, margin inflated to sharp, undersids with whitish to pinktintsd pore layer, pores rounded-ovalto labyrinthine and slit,3-4 per

Speclm€oa examln€d and pholographed S6renberg/Lu (taubersmad-Ghack). elev. 1300 m, quad. 1864 (Naturs pr6s€rv6), on slandinq dead lrunk ol Picee, AuO. 23, I 982, coll. JB, 2308-a2 BB 2.

bruising. Microscopically, howev6r, lh€ two sp€cios are easily differentiated, since L morlis, in conlrast lo P frag,7ls, has clampless septa.

mm, flesh soft, spongy, succulent, lurning pink where cut, odor unspeciric and weak, taste mild. Solitary, laterally concrescent, or

Other apecinens: none.

imbricate. Causes carbonizing rots.

lnbrch:

not included.

Loweomyces wynnei

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat.

(Berk. & Br.) Jiil.

(Fam. Bjerkanderaceae Jril. 1981)

= Tvomyces wynnei lB€rk. & Br.)

Donk

Habliat

MlcroBcoplc laaiurea

On the ground in hardwood lorests, as well as in mixed hardwoodconifer forests, on plant r€mahs, leaves, small branches, rotten stumps, etc. Summorjdl. Rare. Annual. Distribution: E.

Macroacoplc teatures Fruiting body resupinate, semipileate, to pileate, pileoli solitary or concrescenl in rows, individual pileolus 2G-40 mm long and 10-20 mm across, 1-3 (5) mm thick, flabellate to spathulate, semicircular, sometimes attached by stipeliks structure, upper surface appressed-tomenlose to glabrous, weakly zoned, undulating, orange-yellow, yellow-brown, with white margjn when growing,

a

margin sharp, undulaling, crenate to cleft, under.Side line-pored, white to ocherish, pores rounded-angular, (5) per mm, tube length up to 3 mm. Trama cream-colored to whitish, consistency

H

elastic, soft, with strong fungoid odorwhen lresh, taste mild. Growing over and through lhe substrate in groups and rows, interspersed with rhizomorphs. Causes white soft-rots.

I

270

A: Spo.es broadly elliptical, smooth, hyaline, some with drops, 3-5-.4 x tm, l-.

2.5

B: Basidiashon-clavate, 10-12 / 5-6/rm. with 4 sterigmata and basalclamp. C: Cystidia nol s6en. D: Hyphal system d'milic. (D1) gonerative hyphae thin-walled, 1.F4 rrm across, septa wilh clampst (D2) skeletal hyphae thick-walled, 5 with scaltergd sepla.

rr

m across,

Bemalks Th6 species described here is very inconspicuous and is reminiscenl of

a

stereoid lungus. Csnain f oms when viewed superlicially could be taken lor falllotes yersicolor (No. 359), but lh€ latler is much tougher-lleshed and distinctly zoned.

Specimors exemlnad and photographed Giswil/Ow (Forsl). elev. 5O0 m. quad. 1967. on the undgrside ol a F6gus branch lying on lhe ground. Sepl. 21. 1983. coll. FZ.

Other.p.cimens: quad. 1657, 2166, 2366, 2466. lmtach: not included.

210H3

Zw.

Climacocystis borealis

"#^o

r-nAs' A /'l util \ )0@ G,.

u[\l \/ vl/ hP;

\-/

={

E

Leptoporus mollis B

\\

r

MA

$) \k

otL

Ita,o

t_/ i (./ ('[

^v Qr\ \) \\^ L-----_) n

\3z/

yt

Loweomyces wynnei

E

o ?aoo 'aroQ

tr

el

334

Postia caesia

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat.

(Schrad.: Fr.) Karst. = Tvomyces caesius (Schrad. ex Fr.) Murrill

(Fam. Bjerkanderaceae Jiil. 1 98'l

Habitat

)

Mlcroacoplc ferture6

On coniferwood, usuallyon fallen trunks and branches, as wellas on

stumps, acc lit. more rarely on hardwood. Widespread and fairly common. Annual. Diskibution: E, NA, As. Macroscopic ,eatures Fruiting body semicircular, ,labellate, sometimes rather decurrent onto lhe substrate, individual pilei 10-50 (75) mm across and projecting 1H0 mm from the substrate, narrowly attached at the center, upper surface finely hispid-pilose, often wsakly zoned, white when young, later becoming increasingly bluer, but also ocherish to light brownish with only a slighl blue color, radially wrinkled, tuberculate, often with a dark reticulate structure when dry, margin undulating, sharp, white, lower sudace porose, pores roundedargular to lacerated, ,+-5 (6) per mm, tubes 4-5 (6) mm long. Consistency fibrous, soft. Solitary or imbricate. Causes carbonizing rots.

A: B:

Spores cylindric-elliplic, allantoid, smoolh, hyaline, with drops, 4.5-5.5 x 1.5-1.7r.m, | + {spore deposit in mass amyloid). Basidia cylindric-clavate. 10-13 5-6 r,m, with 4 sterigmata and basal

clamp,l+inparl.

\

C: Cystidia nol s6en. D: Hyphal system monomilic. hyphae thin- to thick-walled. 2--4 Fm across, septa with clamps.

Remaaks Post/a caesia was formerly treated as a coll6ctiv6 species unlil DAVIO (1974) removed lhe lorms colonizing hardwood as separate species (see Rema*s und€r No.337). JAHN {1979) pointed oul another good identilication characler, namely the lormation ol a reticulale slrucfure on lhe upper surface of lhe prleus ol lhe species descdbed her6. Fruiting bodios wilh blus colors which grow on conifer wood can beeasily recognized in the field, butfruiling bodieswhich have whilelo brownish colors and lack any glimmerol blue are also nol uncommonly lound, ln lhe latter lungioflen a blue-gray poresudacecan beobseNed wheil the lruiling bodies arefully developed.

Speclmons axamlned and photographed Entlebuch/Lu (Finstelwald-Wissenegg), olev. 1200 m, quad. 2065, on stump ol Picea (spruce), Sept. 19, 1983, coll. FZ, 190H3 Z 3. Other apeclmoG: wadely distributed throughout area ol coniferforests.

lhbach: not included.

335

Postia fragilis

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat.

(Fr.)Jiil.

= Tyromyces l€gilis

(Fam. Bjerkanderaceae Jiil. 1981) (Ft

.\ Oonk

Habltat

Mlclogcopic f€eture!

On dead wood of P,rus (pine), Picea (spruce) and Ables (silver fir). Summer-Iall. Rare. Annual. Distribution: E, NA, As, Au.

A:

Spores cylindrical. somewhal allantoid. smooth. hyaline. with drops.

x1.5-2pm,l-.

B: Basidia cylindrical lo clavate, 15-25 x

zl--5.5

4.H

pm, wilh 4 sterigmata and

basal clamp,

Macroscoplc teatureg Fruiting body semi-pileate to pileate, pilei bracketlike to ,labellate, 2H0 mm across and projecting 2H0 (50) mm from thesubstrate, Fl0 mm thick where attached, upper surlace shallowly undulatingtubsrculate, somewhat radially librilloss, linely tomentose and not or weakly zoned, yellow-ocher to orange-brownish, margin somewhat undulating, white to ocherish, sharp, lower surface porose, white, spotting brownish when handled, pores angularto labyrinthine, 2-.4 per mm, tube length 2-€ mm, tube layer usually decurrent onto the substrate. Context white, 2-8 mm thick, succulent, Iibrous, elastic, odor insignificant, taste mild. Entire fruiting body spotting brownish

t

when handlsd. Usually gregarious and imbricate, pilei otten also concrescent laterally. Causss carbonizing rots.

c: Cyslidia not sgen. D: Hyphal system monomitic, hyphao ihin- to lhick-walled,

septa with clamps.

2-4 /,.m across,

Romarkg Antrodia seni6/is (No. 341) with v6ry tough consist€ncy, Trametes multicolot (No. 356) growing on hardwood, Loweomyces wynnei (No. 333) w'lh sott. thin pileoli and usually growing on the ground. and Arlrodie a hoehnelii lNo.343l oclurring on F€gus (beech) usually on old /nonotus nodulosus (No. 305) can also form similar truiling bodies. An importantf€alure ol lhe species described h€re is lhe tact that lhe sudace ol lhe fruiting bodies tum brownish when handled.

Spaclmena examined and photographed Se€lisberg/UR (Tannwald), elev. 860 m. quad. m68, on fallen rotten trunk ol Pinus (pine), Sept. 28, 1984, coll. JB,

280H4

BB.

Oth€. sp€clmena: quad. 1057.

lmbach: not included.

336

Postia stiptica

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat.

(Pers.: Fr.) Jill. = Tyromyces stipticus (Pers. ex Fr.) Kotl. & Pouz.

(Fam. Bjerkanderaceae Jiil. 1981)

Habiiat On dead conifer wood, more rar€ly on hardwood, on stumps and lallen trunks, rarsly a weak parasite. Summerjall. Not common. Annual. Distribulion: E, NA, As, Au. Macroscopic features Fruiting body bracketlike, broadly attached to the substrate, 30-120

mm across and projecting 20-50 mm, up to 40 mm thick where attached, triangular in cross section, upper surface flat, slightly inclinsd, finely tomenlose and tuberculate-undulating, white when young, later ocherish-cream-colored, margin sharp, underside wilh white pore layer, pores rounded lo elongated, also somewhal labyrinthine,3-4 per mm, lube length up to '10 mm. Flesh fragile, sott, somewhat fibrous, white, odor like Heterobasidion arrosua (No. 397), tastE strongly bitter and astringent. Generally isolated, som€times 2-3 fruiting bodies concrescent top and bottom.

272

Mlcrolcoplc leature!

Sporss elliptical. smoolh, hyaline, 3.5-5 , 2-2.3 {n, | -. B: Basidia clavat€. 1!20 \ H rm, wilh 4 stongmata and basal clamp. C: Cystidia nol seen. D: Hyphal system monomilic. subhymenial hyphae thin-walled, 2--4 rrm across. hyphagin the pilealflssh thick-walled kes€mbling skeletal hyphae), ,l-6 pm acroe€, melachromatic in crosyl blue, sparsoly septale, all s€pta

A

with clarnps.

Rcmarks The species described here is easily diflorenliated lrom lhe other while Posrie sp€'cies by ils bilter taste and occuirence principally on coi)ler wood. BONDARTSEV (1953) inc'udgs this species under the name Tyromyces albdus (Schitf. ex Secr.) Donk. See also remarks lor No.338.

Sp€clmens axamlned and photographed Luceme (Biregqwald), €lev.450 m, quad.2066, on slanding dead trunk ol Abl'es (silverfir), Ocl. 7, 1982, coll. GR, 0710-82 BR 2.

Ohar apeclmcns: quad.2r64. 2165. lmbach: not included.

ET

EI

ol A -L

,7 B\ " (s'" -a

a\"

J+

EI

Postia lragilis

EI

.ol

A -L

H \\ at/1,)

ai\ s

4

0

C"9 n c.:. U

balt

0-,

0

337

Postia subcaesia

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat. (Fam. Bjerkanderaceae Jiil. 1981)

(David) J0l.

= Iyromyces subcaesius David lrlcroacoplc leat

Habltat On dead hardwoods such as

Fnxi,us

(ash) and Fagus (beech), acc.

lit. also on oth6r hardwoods. Fall. Widespread but nol common. Annual. Distribution: E.

I.a

A: Sporos cflindrical, allanloid. smoolh, hyaline. with drops. 4.5-5.5

'

1-1.2

B: Basidia cflindric, l2-15 \ 4--4.5 rm, with 4 slerigmata and basal clamp. I -. C: Cystidia nol seen. D: Hyphal system monomitic, hyphae lhin- to thick-walled, 2.5-4 pm across, septa with clamps.

Macroacoplc teaturoa Fruiting body semicircular, flabellate, sometimes concrescent to form bandlike rows, otten decurrent onto the substrate, individual pilei 10-.40 (60) mm across and projsciing 1G-40 mm lrom the subslrate, nanowly attached at the center, upper surface finely hispid-pilose, sometimes weakly zoned, white to ocherish wilh

t

bluish gleam, radially wrinkled, margin sharp, whitish, lower surface per mm, tubes 2-5 porose, pores rounded-angular to lacerated, mm long. Consislency fibrous, sott. Solitary or imbricate in rows. Causes carbonizing rots. On the lower twig there are yellow fruiting bodies of the Discomycele Bisporclla citina (Vol.1).

H

The lype. which was described by Mm6. A. DAVID ('1974). is a white brackel lungus 20-30 mm lhick with a pilose upper surlace, which does nol lurn blue andwhich grows on hardwood. JAHN (1979) relerred to lhis lype and staled lhal th€ trlin-floshedformswhich turn blue, whichcorrespond to lho collection

t

descnbed here, are far more common, He provisionally named them lorma ,r,hol, since lhey agrse microscopically with the type. Poslia ca€sia (No. 334) colonizos principally conifer wood and usually has distinc{y blue colors. ln addition, its spores are broadet,1.5-1.7 12) LLm. Spaclmena examln€d and photographed Diorikon/Lu (G6lzental), elev. 500 m, quad. 21 67, on rotten branch of Fagus on the ground, Oct. 16. 1983, coll. FK, 161(H3 K. Olher apeclmons: widely distribuled throughout region bui not common.

lmbech: nol included.

338

Postia tephroleuca

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat.

(Fr.)Jul.

(Fam. Bjerkanderaceae Jiil. 1981)

= Tyrcmyces tephrcleucus (Fr.) Donk Habitat On dead wood of broadleavod trees, acc. lit. more rarely also on coniters. Summerjall. Rare. Annual. Distribution: E, NA.

MlcroocoDic lesturea

A:

Spor€a cylinddcal, allantoid. smoofl. hyaline, wilh drops. zF5

t-.

. 1-1.5rrm,

B: Basidia cylinddc-clavate, 10-m x 3-S lrm, with 4 sterigmala and basal clamp.

Macroacoplc features

Fruiting body luberous whsn young, latsr bracketlike, broadly attached to the substrate, 40-100 mm across, projecting 20-50 mm from the substrate, up to 40 mm thick where attached, kiangular in cross section, upper surface convex lo flat and spread out, finely tomentose to smooth, somowhat undulating, whitish at first, then gray-brownish, margin obtuse, 1 sharp in age, lowsr surface with white, fine pore layer, pores rounded-angular, ,r-5 per mm, tube length upto 10mm. Context 10-15mmthick, soIt, fragile,white, hard and brittle when dry, lasle mild. Solitary to imbricato. Causes carbonizing rots.

C: Cvslidia not seen. O: Hiphal system monomilic, hyphae in the hymenium lhin-walled, 2.5-3.5 lrii acroas; hyphae in the contexl thick-walled, H.5 pm across, most sopta with clamps, melachromalic in cr6sylblue.

Rerna*s

Postia lactea (Fr.) Karsl. (our coll. 010H3 BA) agrees wilh the species described here in its microscopic leafures, However, a cenain obscurity slill prevails about the id€ntity of lhese lwo species. The separalion ls based mainly bn dilferencls in taste, which is absolutely mild rn lhe llesh d P- teph@leuca. P. /actea in conlrasl has somewhat bittor llesh, and in addilion accordinq to Fries the upper surfaco ol the pilous is completely whrte.

Speclmena examined and photographad Llrceme (Bkeggwald), elev.5"m m. quad.2066. on standing dead trunk of Fagus (b€ech). Ocr. 10. 1983, coll. GR, 1510-83 K. Other apeclmens: none.

lmbach: nol included.

339

Tyromyces placenta

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat. (Fam. Bierkanderaceae Jiil. 198i)

(Fr.) Ryv.

Habitat On dead barkless wood of P,bea (spruce), acc.lit. alsoon otherconi-

Iers, as well as on wood used in conslruction. Summer. Rare. Annual. Diskibution: E, NA.

Macroacopic teatures Fruiting bodyfully resupinale, attached tightly to the substrats,forming patches up to 10 (20) mm thick and several centimeters to decimeters in extent, flat-pulvinate, surface porose, raspberry-crsam to salmon-pink, veryyoung fruiting bodieswhitish, old ones gray-white to dingy ocher, pores rounded to elongated with a suggestion of being labyrinthine, also sliton vertical substrates, 2-4 per mm, tube length 10-15 mm, context barely presenl, margin disiinctly bounded. Consistency when lresh elastic and tough, when dry corneous and hard, strongly astringent. Causes white soft-rots.

lricrosclplc teatrrea

A: Sporea glliplical, smoolh, hyaline. 5-6 . 2-2.5 irm.l , cyanoPhilic. 8: Basidia clavale, 1+20 . H rm, wilh 2 stedgmata, basalclamp not seen. C: Cystidia nol seen. D: Hiphal sysiem monomillc, hyphae thin- lo lhick-walled.2--4,rm across, sdpta wilh clamps, hyphae in part strongly agglutinated.

nemaakr Confusion would be possible wilh leptoporus mor,,s (No. 332). which occurs in mountain conilerous foresls but torms pileale lo semipileat6fruiting bodies and has clampless hyphae, as well as wilh Hapalop,i/us sa/monicoior (Be*. & Curt.) Pouz.. a iikewis€ iesupinale polypore with a pronounced orango-rgd colorand a slrong wine-red reaclion to KOH. Very young lruiting bodies of Fom,lops,b ros6a (No. 388) can also have pink-red. pulvinate forms. See also Aunpona aurulenta lNo. 32a).

t

SDeclmens examlned and photogr.phed Biunngn/Sz, elev. zl40 m. quad. m68, on stump ol P,bea, Aug. 29, 19&3. coll. FZ,290A-{3 Z',t. Other apeclmen3: quad. lmbach: not includBd.

274

1

257,

1

260,

1

857, 199 , 2166, 2167.

Postia subcaesia

E E

\- .i q, .f, B

'r

lL

I

i\

.l

E E

o N

10 pm

E

Tyromyces placenta

u l,,f\ '\

I ,l

,'.,, ), ).,

F

.^1

i ,

l

A9

i'!:N

i,,

ir,''),, ! a-,

lo

'10

pm

275

340

Antrodia malicola

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat. (Fam. Coriolaceae Sing. 1961)

(Berk. & Cud.) Donk = Coriole us malicola (Berk. & Curt.) Murr.

Habltat On dead wood ot broadleaved trees such as Populus tremula (aspen), A/nus i?cara (gray alder), and Sorbus aucupaia (moenlain ash), acc. lit. commonly on Pyrus malus (apple). Fall--spring. Not common. Annual. Distribulion: E, NA.

Macroacoplc feafures Fruiting body resupinate to semipileate, attached tighlly to the substrate, forming patches several centimsterc in extent, pileoli 1CH30 mm across and projecting 5-15 mm lrom the substrate, upper surface of pileus tuberculate, smooth to appressed fine-tomentose, cream-colored to light brown, margin obtuse, hymenophore porose, whitishwhen young, then pale brown to sand-@lored, poresangular mm long, some to somewhat elongated, 1 .5-2 (3)per mm, tubes tube mouths toothed-slit, margin ol the resupinale part distinctly bounded to somewhat fringed. Consistency corky, soft, hard when dry. Causes carbonizing rots.

H

341

A:.Spor€i cylindric-elllptic, smooth, hyaline. T-€.5 / 2.5-3.5pm,1 B: Basidia Clavate, 15-25 . 5-7 (10) Fm, wilh 2 4 sterigmata 6nd basal clamp.

C: Cvstidia not seen, D: Hiphal syslom dimitic,

(D I ) generative hyphae lhin-wali€d. 2-4 i, m across. sapta wilh clamps: (D2) skei€lalhyphae thick-walled, yellowish, 2-€.5,rm across. ends clavale wilh widened lumen.

Rernarka

Similar species, bul w(h larger pores (0.5-2 per mm) , ate i. a. Ant@clie setpens {Fr.) KaGl. and ,{ erbida {Fr.) Donk, both occurring likewise on hardwood as il,eli ds A. heteromoeha (Fr.) Donk and A. ramerlacsa {Berk. & Br.) Oonk, which colonizo primaily conil€r wood.

SDoclmens examln€d end photographed

Miiiswanqen/LlJ, (Grooderwdld), els=v. 800 m. quad. 2366. onwoundon trunkol Sorbus aucupa a, Match 1 2, 1 978, coll. BA, 1 203-78 BA 2.

Othor spoclmcns: quad. 1966, 2055, 2057, m65, 2761.

lmbach: not included.

Antrodia serialis

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat. (Fam. Coriolaceae Sing. 1961)

(Fr.) Donk

Hsbitat

Mlcro6coplc ,eatur€3

On dead wood of Picea (spruce), acc. lit. also on Abies (silver fir), Pinus (pine), and Larix (larch), commonly on stumps and fall€n trunks, as well as on wood used in conslruclion, fence pickets, etc. Throughoutthe year. Widespread but notcommon. Annual. Distribution: W.

B:

Macroacopic Ieatu1e9 Fruiting body resupinate to effuso-reflexed, attachsd + loosely lo the substrate, ,orming patches'l-s mm thick and several centimeters to decimeters in extent, surface porose, white to cream-colored, older fruiting bodies often somewhat ocherish and spotted with pink lrom anack by parasitic fungi, sometimes with knotlike outgroMhs and rudimentary pilei, pores rounded, some slit,2-4 permm, tubes near the knots up to about 5 mm long. Trama white, consistency corky, leathery, tough. Margin distinctly bounded, irregularly undulating, whits to brownish, sometimes recuNed and pileuslikg. Causes carbonizing rots.

342

lllcroscooic festure3

Antrodia xantha

A: Spores elhptical, smooth, hyaline,6.5-9 13-4pm,l C: D:

/

zl-6 fm, with 4 slerigmala and basal Basidia cyiindric-clavale,18-?5 clamp. Cvstidioles beaked. 30 > 4 !m. HiDhal svstem dimitic. { D 1)'oenerative hvohae thin- io thick-wall€d, 1 5-.3 rrii acro&; septa with clafiis; (D2) skelaal hypha€ thick-walled. uP 10 5 rm across, some hyphao incrusled with crystals.

Femarka The soecies described here can be lound in mosl spruce lorests. lt is easy to recoohize in thefield bv ilscream-whte color, he lealhery'lough consislency, and 5v the facl thal is ;asv to detach kom lhe subslrate. ll would be possble lo confuSe il with i. a. Heterobasd,bn an osum (No. 394 with clampless septa. Anercomvces lindbladii (No. 346) in which the skeletal hyphae dissolve in KOH. and with ,Arrodla rartha (No. 342) wilh smaller spores and amyloid subiculum,

Sp€clmens examlned and photographad Luceme (Wesemlinwald). elev. 500 m. quad. 2166, on lence pickel o[ spruce wood, Dec.3, 1983, coll. FK,0312-€3 K.

Oth.r speclnens: quad. 1866, 1964, 1966, 2066. lmbach: not included.

Fam. PolyPoraceae s. lat.

torma pachymeres Erikss.

(Fam. Coriolaceae Sing. 1961)

(Fr.: Fr.) Byv.

Habitat On dead wood ol broadleaved trees and conilers, on stumps, as well

as trunks and branches on lhe ground. Summerjall. Not common. Annual, more rarely perennial. Distribution: E, NA.

MlcrorcoDlc leatrrea

A: Soored cvlindrical. allanloid, smooth, hvaline,4-5 . 1-1 5sm l-. B: Basidia cvlindrical, 10-12 x 3-4 ,rm, wilh 4 slerigmala and basalclamp C: Cvsiidia nol seen. ' D: Hiohal svstem dimilic, (Dl) generalive hyphae thin-wali€d. 1.5-3 rrm aiioss, s_epta with clampsi (02) skelelal hyphae $ick-walled 3-5 lrm across, swa,lling rn KOH. ends lhin-walled, some amyloid.

Macroscopic lgatu196 Fruiting bodyfully resupinate, attached tightly to the substraie, forming patches 1-€ (10)mm thick and severalcentimeters to decimaters in extent, surface porose, whitish, cream-colored, light yellowish to yellow, on vertical substrates with small, ungulate pileoli, some of which are concrescent, and which project up to 5 (8) mm (rorma xantha = surface even, at mostslightly knotty), pores rounded-angular,

,H

per mm, tube length 3-5 mm, margin thinning oul, white, sterile and without pores. Subiculum scarcely 'l mm thick, cream-colored and amyloid. Consistency soft when fresh, brittle to rather chalky when dry, tasie bitter. Causes carbonizing rots.

276

Remarkg

Certain lorms ol lhg soa,cies described h€ro oflen look very similar to Antrod,a se/,aris (No. 341). However, lhe latter has larger spores and is nol amyloid in any part ol the lruiting body. For turlher remarks see lhere.

Sgeclm€os examined and photographed Birx,ryD, elev. 4oo m, quad.-1357.-on a slump, Aug. 30. 1980, coll. Keller, K 2641 (P HeIb. Keller). Other apaclmana: quad. 1256.

lmbach: nol included.

Et

Antrodia malicola

E

rr)

A-L

rh{

\^d

i.a

W/ {L(q

Antrodia

c\ \--l n

n\)n\\

UnU (,/C\

\J

q\

serialis

,$,M1 fl

u/dru (0< /i,-">'\"1 Antrodia xantha B

Iu\ p9

lvlt

.:/

(/,c. NN

\

\f )D \a, V

E

R

3/f3

Antrodiella hoehnelii

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat.

(Bres. ex Hoehn.) Niemela = Irameles hoehreri (Bres.) Pil.

(Fam. Coriolaceae Sing. 196'l)

Habltat

iilcro3copic fstur.3

On dead wood of Fagus (beech), acc. lit. also on other hardwoods, on trunks and branches, both tallen and standing or attached respeclively, commonly near dead fruiling bodies ol ,ronotus nodulosus ati l. ndiatus. Summerjall. Not common. Annual. Distribution: E, NA, As, Au.

drops, 3.5-4 . 1.5-2rrm, l-. B: Basidia cylindric-clavate. 11-15 . zl-4.5 /,m. wilh 4 sterigmata and basal

iracroscopic tsatures Fruiting body bracketlike, semicircular, b.oadly attached to the

substrale, individual pilei 2H0 mm across, extending 15-25 mm from the substrate, upto 10 mm thick where attached, uppersurface tuberculate, with concentric undulations, dull and velutinous, whiteto cream-colored when young, lateryellowish, margin slightly undulating, 1 blunt, and inlensely yellow in active growth, underside finepored, white to ocherish, pores irregularly rounded, $-5 per mm, tube length 2-3 (5) mm. Trama 6lastic, tough, cream-colored, odor weak, pleasant, taste mild. Usually in rows and imbricate. Causes white soft-rots.

344

A: Spores cylindric-elliptic. slighlly allanloid, smoolh. hyaline, some with clamp.

C: Cystidia nol seen. Oi Hyphalsystem timilic, (Dl ) generativo hyphae 2-3.5 pm

acro6s, sepia wath

clamps; (O2) skeletal hyphae thick-walled, zl-6 r,m across; (D3) binding hyphae lhick-walled, branched, 2-4 pm across.

Remeaks The occurrence of this fungus in ihe immediate vicinity o, old ,norotus lruiting bodies is v€ry obvious and can provide a good clue lor its idenlilication. The implicalions ol this fact, however, to our knowledge have not yet been invesligalod, Thespeoes describ€d herecouldbeconlusedwilhe, g lrametes /ruricolor (No. 356) and small iruiting bodies of 7. gibbosa (No. 354). as well es with hirsura (No. 355).

I

Speclmens axamlnad Giswil/Ow (Forst). elev.500 m, quad. 1967. on lallon lrunk ol Fagus, S€pl. 12. 1983, coll. Ja,

120H3

BR. Photographed in quad 2066.

o|her .poclmens: quad. 1155, 1955, 2056, 2057. 2066,2157. 2164. 2166. 2367

lmbach: not included.

Antrodiella semisupina

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat.

(Berk. & Curt.) Ryv. & Johansen = Antrodid semisupina (Berk. & Curt.) Ryv.

(Fam. Coriolaceae Sing. 1961)

Habltat On dead wood of broadleaved trees, acc. lit. rarely also on conifers.

Summerjall. Bare. Annual. Distribution: E, NA. iracrogcopic loatur€a F.uiting body resupinale to pileate, pileatefruiting bodiesrlabellateto conchate, 5-20 mm across, extending 5-15 mm from the substrate, 1-3 mm thick, conslricted and rather stipelike toward the substrate,

upper surface slightly undulating, smooth, cream-colored to yellowish, almost translucent and with slight concentric zones, margin thin, undulating, underside porose, cream-colored (small picture), pores rounded-angular, also sometimes elongated, F7 per mm, tube lenglh ca. 1 mm. Trama 1-2 mm thick, whitish lo creamcolored, toughish, odor weak, taste mild. Usually concrescent in dense cluslers, more rarely solitary. Causes white soft-rots.

MlctoScopic te€trreg

A: Spores broadly elliplical, smoofr. hyaline,

t-.

whh

dtops,2.*.5 . 2-2.5

am.

B: Basidia clavate. 10-15 4 5/,m. wth 4 sledgmata and basalclamp. C: Cystidia not seen. D: Hyphalsyslem timitic, (D1) generative hyphaethin- to thick-walled, 1.5-3

pm across, septa wilh clampsi (D2) skeletal hyphae lhick-walled. 2-{ l,m across; (D3) binding hyphae thick-walled, nodulose-branched, 1-3.5 r.m across, found only in lhe trama ol a pileaie fruiting body. Hymonial layer weakly amyloid.

Remarka Thisspecies soems to be rare here and lo be confined to monlane elevalions, RWARDEN (1976)described it as dimitic, but he mentioned lhat pileate truiting bodies especially could also have a

l

mitic hyphal system. and lhis holds tru€ generic

lor our colleclion. There are various opinions concerning ils

assignmonl: thus BONDARTSEV (1953) pul this species in Aporpium. DOIyromyces, and RYVARDEN op. cil. in Anlrcdia and also MANSKI (1967) 'n in frametes. discuss€d its membership Spaclmen3 axamln€d and photographed Entebuch/Lu {FinsteMald-Wassenegg), elev. 1200 m, quad. m65, on lallen branch of Sorbus aucuparla (mountain ash), Sept. 19,1983, coll. Fz, 190H3 BB 3.

Other 5peclm6ns:

none. .

lmbach: not included.

345

Cerrena unicolor

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat.

(Fr.) Murr. = T,ametes unicolor (Bull. ex Fr.) Cooke = Daedaled cinercd Ft.

(Fam. Coriolaceae Sing. 1961)

Habltat

irlcroacoplc f€efura3

On living hardwoods (wound parasite) or dead trunks, as well as oo stumps and hardwood on the ground, commonly on Aescu/us (horse chestnut), Ace.(maple), Fagus (beech), Quercus (oak), acc.lit. also on other hardwoods, colline lo montans. Throughout the year. Widespread but not common. Annual. Distribution: E, NA, Af, Au.

B: Basidia clavale, 18-25 . ffirrm. with 4 slengmata. C: Cystidia not seen. D: Hyphal system trimitic, (DS) binding hyphae thick-wailed with short bran-

lracrogcopic teature€

A:

Spores elliptical. smooth. hyalino, 5.5 7

/

3-3.5 ,m,

| -.

ches, 2-5 r.m lhicki (D2) skelelal hyphae lhick-walled, little branched, 3-7 ,rm trick: (DI) generative hyphae lhin- to thick-walled. 1.$€ /rm thDk, sepla with clamps.

Rernatka Characterisiic of the species descdbed here are the ash-gray, finely labyrin-

Frb. on erect substrates brackeilike, often with imbricate pilei and decurrent, concrescent hymenia, pilei projecting up to 50 mm, total expanse up to several decimeters across, upper surface of pileus pilose-tomentose, undulating-tuberculate, concentrically zoned,

lhine hymenium which does nol discolor when bruised and lhe distinct black line which separates the tomentumfrom the lrama (visible in cross seclion). Weare very struck by the regular occurrence of lhis lungus on Aescu/us in park grounds and slre6ts,

marginal zone light gray, gray-brownish to brownish toward the center, underside sirongly labyrinthine-porose, broken up into litte flat teeth in old specimens, gray to gray-brown, 2-€ pores per millimeter when young. Trama corky-tough, cream-colored, distinctly separated from the pileal tomsntum by a thin black line. Causes white soft-rots. (Surlace of pores p. 402.)

Kulmsrau/Lu, elev. 500 m, quad. 2364, on stump ol Fagus, Jan.3, 1982, coll. JB, 0301-€2 BR 1.

278

SpeclnsE cranlncd and pholographed

Other specimeis: quad. 1966, 2066, 2264.

lhbech: not included,

Antrodiella hoehnelii

n17flD

vK

D Q'

orB

jo

eI

Antrodiella semisupina

n

EI

tL

oo?o'.. o

='o'o5l

Cerrena unicolor

9,flvt' Rooo v2s Ocz

\(U7 l--:-::

D,

346

Cinereomyces lindbladii

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat.

(Be*.) Jiil.

(Fam. Coriolaceae Sing. 1961)

= Antrodia lindbladii (Berk.) Flyv.

= Pora cinerascers Sacc. & Syd. Iticroscooic feature3

Habltat On dead wood oI Abies (silverfir) stillwith bark, acc. lit. also on other

A: Sporei

conilers as well as hardwoods, commonly in piles of rotting branches. Especially in the winter half of the year. Rare. Annual to bien-

B: Basidia clavate. l2- l8 y 4.5-5.5r1m, with

nial. Distribution: E, NA.

elliptical lo pip-shaped, smoolh, hyaline, with droplels. 5.$-7 (8)

1.8-2.8 rrm,

\

I

C: Cystidia not seen. D: Hyphalsyslem dimilici

2--4 sterigmala and

basalclamp.

(D'l ) generative hyphae thin- tothick-walled,2.5-3.5

,rm across. not soluble in KOH, s€pla wilh clamps: (D2) skeletal hyphae thick-walled.3.5-7 Bm across, dissolving in KOH wthin sevelal minutes, woakly amyloid.

Macrccopic lGaturos Fruiting body tully resupinate, forming patches several centimeters to decimeters in extent on the undersides of the branches, easily detachable, pore surface whitish to cream-colored, gray-whitish when old, pores rounded-angular, somewhatlringed at the margin, 2-3 (4)per mm, tube lenglh upto3 mm, two-year-old fruiling bodies with layered tubes are relatively thicker, margin distinctly bounded,

fringed-cottony. Consistency pithy, cottony-fibrous, dry, odor faint and unpleasant.

R€marf6

We could see lhe grayish color ol the pores monlioned rn the lit. only in older lruitinq huitino bodies, funoi ln in growlh aooeared completely comDlelely while to lo creambodies. while fungi orowlh appeared unpleasant odor procolored. Th6 cottony-fibrous consistency and the weak, unp qood in lhe lield. Microscopically, fie amyloid vide hrnts fcr identilicalion skeleial hyphae, which dissolve in KOH, areveryconspicuous. The similarPo/pomyc1s mucidus (No.410) has a monomilic hyphalsystem and subglobose spores.

Spacimons eramlned and photog.aph€d Adligenswil/Lu (Megg6rwald), elev. 550 m, quad. 2167, on branch of Ab,es with balk in branch pile, March 8, 1983, coll. FK, 08m-a3 K. Other specimens: quad. 2066.

lmbach: not included.

347

Coriolopsis gallica

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat.

(Fr.) Ryv.

(Fam. Coriolaceae Sing. 1961)

= Tnmetella

extenuata (Dur. et Mont.) Domanski

HEbltat

Mlcroacopic Iaelures Spores cylindric-elliptic, smooth, hyaline, 10-15 x 4.5-5.5 lrm, I -. pm, with 2-4 steigmata and basal B: Basidia cylind c-clavate. 25-,30 x

On dead orliving wood of Fraxinus (ash), acc.lit. alsoon otherhardwoods such as Fagus (beech) and Populus (poplar). Throughoutthe year. Widespread but not common. Annual. Distribution: E, NA, As,

A:

Al.

D: Hiphal syslem trimitic, (D1) generalive hyphae thin-wallgd. hyaline. 2-4

Ci Cvslidia not seen.

am across. sepla w(h clampsr(D2) skslotal hyphae lhick-walled. brownish, 3-7 4m across: (D3) binding hyphae brownish, thick-walled, gnarled, abundanlly branched, 1.5-3 pm across.

Macroacoplc teaturea Fruiting body pileate to semipileate, more rarely alsoentirely resupinate, pilei semicircular, bracketlike, also linear and composed of individual concrescent pilei, individual pilei 100-150 mm across, projecling

2H0

(100) mm Irom the substrate and 10-.30 mm thick, zoned, sometimes upper surface coarsely hispid-lomentose, rather radially furrowed, hairs stifl and some agglutinated into tufts, dark brown, rust- to gray-ocher-brown, margin sharp, appressedtomentose and slightly undulating, somewhat lighler than the upper surface when young, lower sudace porose, ocher-brown when young, latergray- to dark brown, pores rounded-angular, sometimes also oblong, 'l-2 (3) per mm, tube length up to 10 mm, tubss not layered. Trama 5-10 mm thick, brown, corky, tough, blackening with KOH. Solitary or in groups to rows. Causeswhite sofl-rots. (Surface of pores p. 402.)

348

a

H

clamp.

nemarks

A@ording to ourobseruationslhisfungusprefers F axirus as a substrate in our floristic region. lts peculiar leatures are the hispid, brown upper surface ol the pileus and the brown lramawhich reaclswith KOH lo turn black. entirelyincontrasl to ils look-alike Furalk trogii (No.351), which has a lighl lrama without a KOH reactron.

SDeclm€os examined Liceme, elev.45O m, quad. 2166. on trunk of F/arirus, Oct.26. 1983, coll. FK. 2610-83 K. Photographed in quad. 2165. Other 6peclmana: quad. 1865, 2068, 2165.

lmbach: not included.

Datronia mollis

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat. (Fam. Coriolaceae Sing. '196'l)

(Sommerl.) Donk MlcloccoDlc f..tur€s

Habltat On dead hardwoods, on fallen and standing or attached trunks and branches, acc. lit. very rarely also on coniter wood, especially on

A: Sporea cylindric-elliplic. smooth. hyaline, some wilh drops. 8-10.5

F89us (beech), Sa/ix (willow), and A/rus (alder). Throughout the

Ci

year. Widespread but not common. Distribution: E, NA, Si.

Macroscopic teatu196 Fruiting body resupinate to semipileate, forming patches several centimeters to decimeters in extent, bound loosely to the subskate, edge of pileus undulating, in stepped rows, pojecting up io 15 mm lrom the subslrale, upper surfaca brown lo black, with narrow concentric undulations, tinely tomentose when young, later

a

glabrous, hymenophore labyrinthine-porose and in pan daedaleoid on horizontal substrates, with longitudinally slit pores on vertical substrates, irregularly tuberculate-knotty between lhem, also wilh

poreless, smooth, but likewise fertile places, gray-brownish to ochsr-brownish, discoloring somewhat brown when bruised, pores 0.5-1 mm across and up lo 5 mm long. Context cream-colored to ocherish, leathery and tough when fresh, hard and brittle when dry. ln cross section lhrough the fruiting body a black line is distinctly visible between the context and the tomentum (use a hand lens) Causes white sott-rots.

280

4m, |

-.

B: Basidia clavate. 30-.35

\

!

3.

S-4

7-9 /rm, with 4 slerigmata and basal clamp.

Cvstidioles between the basidia a ,usiform D: Hipholsyslem dimitic, (Dl)generative hyphae 1.5-.3.5 sm across, septa

with clamps; (D2) skeletal hyphae thick-walled, brownish, in part strongly branch€d, 2-6 pm across.

RernarkS

Thg largg, 1 labyrinthine to incised pores, the color ol the hymenophore, the usually effuso-reiexed growlh fom, and the black line between the lightcontext and lh€ tomenlum make lhis species easy to recognize in the field. ll would be possible to contus€ il wilh an efluso-reflexed Corolops,s gal/ica (No. 347). which diflors by having regulady formed poros and larger, hispid pilei, and ditfers microscopically by having a tdmitic hyphalsyslem. ln addition, iis conlext is brown and does nol havg a black line.

Sp€clmona €xamlned and photographed Sachseln/Ow (Flueli-Banft), elev.600 m, quad. 1966, on tallen lrunk ol Fagals slillwith bad(, May 12, 1983, coll. FK, 120H3 K 2. Other .p.clmon8: quad. 1965, 2066,

lmbach: nol included.

21

65, 2267.

FI

Cinereomyces lindbladii

^^ i ,/s Sn

OU

7s $nu

Av Dr

Coriolopsis gallica

Datronia mollis

346

349

Datronia stereoides

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat.

(Fr.) Ryv.

(Fam. Coriolaceae Sing. 1961)

Habltai On the underside of dead trunks and branches of Fagus (beech) lying on the ground, at alpine to montane altitudes, acc. lil. also on other hardwoods. Summer-.{all. Bare. Annual. Distribution: E, NA,

Macroscopic leaturoa Fruiting body resupinate to semipileate, forming patches sevsral centimeters in extent ofl the underside o, the substrate, fruiting bodies growing laterally with pileolus-like margin projscting 5-20 mm, solitary or in rows, upper surface of pileoli dark brown to blackish, narrowly zoned, slightly tomentose, hymenophore porose,

gray-ocher to gray-brown, sometimes wiih slight pink tint, when ,resh turning slighlly brown when handled, pores rounded, 4--5 (6) per mm, tube length 1-2 mm, context ochor-brownish, up to 1 mm thick, margin distinctly bounded, whitish, free of pores. Consistency corky, tough. Causes white soft-rols.

350

Microscoplc teaturea

A: B: C: D:

Spores cylindrical, smooth. hyaline. with drops. 9.5-12 . 3.5-4.5 rrm, I Basidia clavale. 30-40 7-€ am. with 4 sterigmala, basal clamp indistinct. Ctslidie nol seen Hiphalsyslem dimillc. (Dl ) g6n6ralive hyphao lhin-wall6d. 1 3 pm across. s€pta with clamps; (O2) skeletal hyphae yellowish, thick-walled, sinuous, some b{anched, 213.5 pm across-

Romalks

Dat orh molr,is (No. 348), a second species in lhis genus, is common and is ditleronliated i. a. by large labyrinlhine pores and a lhicker fruiting body. The speci€s d€scdb€d here has a fino pore surlace such thal il could be mistaken for a StereurD species wh6n viewed superlicially, Th€ g€nus Oatronia is separatod lrcm Antrodh chielly by lhe presence ol a colored skeletal hyphae.

Speclm€.l3 examlned and photograph€d Entlebuch/Lu (Finsterwald-Wissenegg), elev. 1200 m, quad. 2065, on the underside of small Fagus lrunk on the ground, Sept.19, 1983, coll.JB, 190H3 BB 2.

Other speclmon3: quad. 2156.

lmb.ch: nol includ6d.

Dichomitus cam pestris

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat.

(Qu6l.) Dom. & Orl. = Cotiolellus campestris (Ou6l.) Bond. = Irametes campestris Ou6l.

Habltat On dead, usually standing o. attached trunks and branches of Cory-

lus (hazel), bul also on Quercus (oak) and Juglans (walnul tree). Throughout the year. Bare. Annual to perennial. Distribution: E.

ilacroacoplc teature€ Fruiting body resupinate-pulvinate, 30-50 (200) mm in size, 5-10 (15) mm thick, entire fruiting body coverod with pores, the tubes on the upper surface remaining sterile, cream- to pale wood-colored, margin soon iurning black, pores irregulariy polygonal and large but irregular in size, 1-2 per mm, tube length 1-3 mm, layered in perennial ,ruiting bodies. Trama light wood-colored to ocherish, corky, 1 sofl, solitary to severalfruiting bodies on one trunk. Causes white soft-rots.

-.

\

(Fam. Coriolaceae Sing. 1961)

lc,roacoplc

t€€trr6

A: Spores nanowly elliptical, smoolh, hyaline. with drops. 9-12.5 . 3.H.5 B: Basidia clavate. 15-20 ,/ 6-9 pm, wilh 2-4 sterigmala and basal clamp. C: Cystidia not seen. D: Hyphal syslem dimilic, (D1) generative hyphae thin-walled, with granular

contents, 2-4 pm across, septa with clamps; (D2) skeletal hyphae branched like binding hyphae, thick-walled, 2-S /lm across.

Reinarka The species described here is easy to recognize in the field because ol its pulvinale groMh lom,lhe black marginalzone, and ils subslrate. The genus Dichomitus is r€lalsd to Artlodia and Antrodiela (No.340ft.) and diff€rs microscopically lrom them by dichotomously branched, arboriform skelelalhyphae.

Sp€clmena examined and photographed Luceme (Bireggwald). elev. 50O m, quad. m66, on lallen branch of Quercus, March 31, 1974, coll. A. Leeb,313-74 R 1. Other Bpecim.n!: quad . 2056, 2267 , 2557

.

lmbach: not included.

351

Funalia trogii

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat.

(Be*.) Bond. & Sing. = Trametes trogii Betk. = Tnmetella trcgii (ge(k.) Oom. Habitat

(Fam. Coriolaceae Sing. 1961)

Mlcrcacoplc taaiuraa

On dead wood ol Populus (poplar), more rarely also on other hardwoods such as Fagus (beech). Throughout the year. Rare in cenlral Switzerland, widespread in Wallis. Annual. Distribution: E, As, NA.

A: Sporgs cylinddc-€lliptic, smooth, hyaline, 6.5 11 x 3-3.5 rrm, | -. B: Basidia clavate. 15 20 v H pm, wilh 4 slerigmata. C: Crvstidia not seen. D: Hiphal syslem timilic. (Dr)generalive hyphae thin-walled, 2--4 Fm across,

Macroacoplc features Fruiting body pileate to semipileate, pilei semicircular to extended laterally, upper surface coarsely hispid-pilose, zoned with indistinct undulations, hairs stiff and agglutinated into iufts, gray-ocher to brownish, margin sharp, appressed-tomentose and slightly undulai-

Thisspecies colonizes chiefly poplar wood horo. Conlusion would bs possible wrth Trarheles hirsuta (No. 355) wilh sotter, non-agglutinated hairs, smaller pores (2-.4 per mm), and lubemouthswith entremargins. aswellaswith Coflo-

ing, individual pilei up to '100 mm across and extending nearly 60 mm

septa with clamps: (D2) skeletalhyphae lhick-walled. 5-7 4m across: (D3) binding hyphae thick-wall€d. 2-3 gm across and strongly branched.

Sama*a

/opsls galrrca (No. 347), which has a brown to rusl-brown trama and a blackish KOH reaction.

from the substrate, 1G-30 mm thick, underside porose, cream-

Sp€clmena eramlnrd and photographed

colored toocherish, olten with a hintof pink, pores rounded-angular, denliculate, 1-2 per mm, tube lenglh upto 8 mm, acc.lit. sometimes

coll. BA,0104-€3 BA

also with 2 layers. Trama 5-20 mm thick, whitish-cream-colored, corky, iough, without KOH reaction. Occasionallysolitary, butusually irrsgularjy imbricate. Causes white soft-rots.

282

Raron/VS, €lev. 700 m,

q

uad. 1156, on Populus trcmula (aspgn), April

1.

Other 3pecimens: quad. '1865, 2056, 2057, 2166, 2267.

lmbech: not included.

1

,

1983,

o 00

t"-'-'>

b 1

hp; . Drr

il 1(

/\)

Funalia trogii

352

Lenzites betulina

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat.

(1.: Fr.) Fr.

(Fam. Coriolaceae Sing. 1961)

= Tnmetes betulina

(L. Ex Fr.) Pil.

Habitat

lrlcroacoplc le6turea

On dead wood of various broadleaved trees, especially Quercus (oakl, Betula (birch), Fagus (beech). Throughout the year. Not common. Annual. Distribulion: W.

B:

ilacroacoplc leatures Fruiting body pileate to more rarely semipileate, pilei semicircular, flabellate, or rosettelike, attached laterally or by the apex, 2H0 x 10-5O mm, 10-20 mm thick, upper surface even or radially undulat-

ing to furrowed, with nanow concenlric zones, with fine regular lomentum, light to gray-ochsr, light brown, often colored greenish by algae, margin sharp, lower surlace with the hymenophore lamellate, lamellae entire to slightly crenate, undulating, unequal and lorked, 12-15 per cm, up to 10 mm wide, cream-colorsd to ochgr or graybrown, trama (context) 2-3 mm thick, wh ilish, tough. Soliiary to a few concrescent. Causes white soft-rots. (Surface oI pores p. 402.)

A: Sporos olliplical. smooth. hyaline.4.H.5 x 2-i} rlm, C: D:

I

Basidia slendedy-clavale, 18-25 x 3.5-4.5,rm.with4 sterlgmata andbasal clamp, Cystidia not seen. Hyphal system trimitic, (Dl ) generative hyphae 1 .5-.j pm across, septa with clamps; (D2) skelelal hyphae thick-walled, zr-7 ,rm across; (D3) binding hyphae in lhe subhymenium branched wilh subulate oulgrowths, up to 10 pm acloss, in lhe conlext branched and 1,t\3 ,,m across.

Remark3 When viewed lrom above lhis species could be conlused wilh Lametes h,rsuta (No. 355) and cenain loms of L versico/or (No. 359). However, lhe lamellate hymenophore makes this fungus immediately recognizable. Olher polypores with lamellate hymenopho€s ate i. a. Daealaleopsis conhagosa vat. ltholot (No. 384) and som6 species ol Gloeophy um.

Speclmons aramlnod and photographad Adligenswil/Lu (MeggeMald), elev. 55o m, quad. 2167, on oak trunk, Apdl 1, 1983, coll. FK,0104-a3 K.

Olher apecimena: quad. 2266.

lmbtch: included.

353

Pycnoporus cinnabarinus

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat.

(Jacq.: Fr.) Karst. = Trumetes cinnabaina (Jacq. ex Fr.) Fr.

(Fam. Coriolaceae Sing. 196'l)

Habltat

Itlcroacoplc te6tures

On dead wood of broadleaved trees and more rarely also of conifers, commonly in clear-culs. Summsrjall. Widespread but not common.

Distribution: E, NA, As, Au.

A: Spores olliptical. smooth. hyaline, rt-5.5 / 2-2.5 rlm, | -. B: Basidia clavate. 10-15 x 4-5 rrm. wilh 4 slerigmata and basal clamp. C: Cystdia nol seen. D: Hyphal syslem tdmilic, (D1) genorativehypha€ 1.5-.3pm across,seplawith

clampq (D2) skelelal hyphae thick-walled, 2.H l.m across and wilh reddish incrustation; (D3) binding hyphas lhick-walled io solid, branched, 1-2 pm aCrcSS.

Macroacoplc leatures Fruiling body bracketlike, semicircular to flabellate, usually broadly attached lo the substrate, on ihg upper side o, the substrate also attached by lhe center, 20-1 00 mm across and projecting 2H0 mm from the substrate, 1(F20 mm thick where attached, upper surface tuberculate, venucoss, dull and appressed-tomentose to smooth, with indistinct concentric undulations, orange lo orange-red, older fruiting bodies also orange-wine-reddish, margin sharp and concolorous, lower surface fine-pored, deep orange-red, pores angularroundod, also elongated to labyrinthine, 2-3 per mm, tube length 4-€ mm. Trama the same thickness, corky, tough,librous, orange-red, without odorortasle. Solitary or several concrescent. Causes white soft-rots.

3s4

Trametes gibbosa

Barnatka Th6 color of lhis polypor€ is so lypical that il can not be confused wilh any olher. When the subshate is broken open the orange-red mycelium is apparent.

Spaclmens examlned and phoiograph€d Adliqenswiulu (Meqqerwald), elev.550 m, quad.2167, on dead branch of Fegus (beech) on the ground, Aug- 29, ,983, coll. FK, 2908-8il K.

O{h.r speclmsls: quad. 1865, 1866, 1965,2065,2066, 2068, 2268. lmbachi TrameEs cinnabarha Fries

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat.

.

(Pers.: Fr.) Fr.

ex Jacq.

(Fam. Coriolaceae Sing. 1961)

lrlcro6coplc featuras

Habltat On dead wood ol broadteaved trees, especially on stumps of Fagus

A: Spores elliptic-cylindric, smooth, hyaline, som€limes with drops, ir-5.5 x

(beech), exceplionally also a weak parasite. Throughout the year. Widespread. Usually annual. Distibution: E, As.

B: Basidia clavate, 15-22 C: Cystidia not s6en.

Macroscopic fsatursa Fruiting body bracketlike, semicircular-plate-shaped, broadly

-.

\

H

ltm. with

4 stengmata and basal clamp.

O: Hyphal system trimitic, (D1) generative hyphae 2.5-4.5 pm across, sspta

Hpm

with clamps; (D2) skelelal hyphaethick-walled, ing hyphae branchgd, thick-wallod, 2-3 pm across.

at

tached to the substrate, up lo 200 mm across and extending 150 mm Irom the substrate, 10-40 mm thick where attached, upper surlace tuberculate-undulaiing, sometimes zoned, with distinct umbo where attached, here and there with proliferations, ,inely velutinous lo tomenlose, then becoming glabrous, whitish when young, then ocherish to yellowish-brownish, also green from algae, margin sharp, undulating, often crenate, whitish to brown, underside porose, whit ish to cream-colorod, gray-ocher when old, pores elongated, otten almost lamellate toward the margin, 1-2 per mm, pore length up to 4 mm, lub€s with thick partitions, 5-'10 (15) mm long. Flesh white to cream-colored, very tough and elastic, odor like Hetercbasidion an,osulr, (No. 397), taste somewhat bitter. Solitary to gregarious and imbricate. Causes whitE sotl-rots. (Surrace of pores p. 402.)

284

2-2-5 pm,I

across; (D3) bind-

Remarka The species descdbed here is easily recognized in the fi€ld because of ils elongatad pores with relativ6ly thick paditions (al least when young). Another typical feature is the ollen very pronounced umbo at the place ol attachmenl. The lungus is rather variable in form, color, and porodevslopment DOMANSKI (1967) describes 5 dillergnt lorms. Specimens examined lmmens€e/Lu (Chiemen), elev. 400 m, quad. 2167, on stump 198i1, coll. BA,23O,l-€3 BA 1.

Ap l23,

Olh.r sp.cln.nr: quad. 2064, 2066, 2167, 2366. lmbach: included.

ol

Fagus,

Lenzites betulina

QAN Z2 tuda t oJ. rl

NUI

(L.lt5 \o

/-\l ([Q]/ \, )\)( I

\l !1/ -j/-

qou

r \

355

Trametes hirsuta

Fam. PolyPoraceae s. lat. (Fam. Coriolaceae Sing. 1961)

(WulI.: Fr.) Pil. Micloscoolc lealula€

Habltat On dead wood of broadleaved trees and shrubs, acc. lit. rarely also on conifer wood. Throughout the year. Widespread. Annual. Distribution: W.

B: basidia clavale, 13-20

C: Cvstidia nol seen. D: Hiohalsvslem l milic,

\ + 5 rrm, wilh 4 slerigmala and basal

Frb. on vertical substrates semicircular, flabellate, broadly atiached,

onhorizontalsubstrates rosgttelike,30-1 00mm across and extendmm from the substrate, 5-10 mm thick where attached, ing upper side zoned with concentric undulations, with alternating strongly hispid-hirsute and pilose-tomentose zones, especially pronounced toward the center, whitish, cream-colored, ocherish, yellow-brownish, often green from algae, margin sharp, undulating to crenate, Iringed-pilose to glabrous when old, underside finepored, whitish to crsam-colored, later brownish with grayish tone, peres rounded-angular, 24 pet mm, tube length 1-4 mm, flesh whitish to cream-colored, 2-S mm thick, corky, elastic, tough, odor slightly aniselike, taste somewhat bitter. Sometimes solitary, but

2m

usually in rows, imbricate, sometimes fused with the ones beneath. Causes white soft-rots.

Ramarks

I

so6clmcns €xamlned Oberdlli/Ac, elev.38O m, quad.2267, 198:], coll. BA,

on deadtrunk of Fraxirus (ash). Apdl20, in quad. 2168.

200H3 BA 1. Pholographed

Other 6poclmens: widely disiribuled throughout region.

lmbech: Colb/rs

h,irsutus (Fr. ex wuffen) Ou6l

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat. (Fam. Coriolaceae Sing. 1961)

lrlcroscoDic lettraas

Habitat

On dead wood ot broadleaved trees, especially Populus tremula (aspen), Ouercus (oak), Carp,nus (hornbeam), Fraxlrus (ash). Throughout lhe year. Widespread. Annual. Distribution: E. NA?, As

tilacroscoolc f€turgs

Frb. semicircular, conchate to bracketlike, more rarely torming rosettes, 1H0 mm across and extending 1H0 mm trom the substrate, up to 15 mm thick where attached, almost triangular in cross section with orange-brownish line underthe tomentum of the pileus (cortex) (use ahand lens), uppersidewith zones of undulations, umbonate toward the place ol attachment, with fine dense tomentum, gray-white to gray-ocherwith orange-brownish zones (nsver blackish'or bluish zones), the a glabrous cortex is visible in the brownish zones, margin sharp. gray-tomentose, later brownish and glabrous. underside fl-ne-pored, cream-colored to ocherish, pores roundedanqular, sometimes rathsr elongated, (2) 3- 4 per mm, tube length mm. Trama corky, lough, whitish, odorslightly acidic. taste mild. lmbricaie in groups, otten somewhat decunent onto the substrate. Causes white soft-rots. (Surface oI pores p. 402.)

l-i

A: SDoreacvlind cal, some slightly curved, smooth, hyaline.5 5-7.5

\ 25-3

lrm,l-

B: basidia clavale, 15-?3 x zt-s rrm. with 4 steigmala and basal clamp. C: Cvstidia not seen. D: Hiohal svslem t.imitic, {D1) gensralNe hyphae thrn-walled l5-,3 Am a;ioss. saota with clamDsi (D2) skelelal hyphae lhick_walled acrossi (og) bindrng hybhae thick_wall6d. slrongly branched

2.'6

l.F5

irm

irm

Bemark!

The soecies descdbed here could be confused p marily wlh Irametes versico/o; {No. 3591. whose lruitinq bodigs are always lhinjleshed even where attacheil (nol ov;r 5 mm lhick) a-nd otten have blackish or bluish zones, aswell as also u;ith younq lruiling bodies of 7. hirsuta (No.355). which is slrongly hirsute and has only wea( light-colored zones. I pub€scens (No 357) has lhin kuiling bodies wilh a tinely lomenlose. while to crearn'colorod upper sur tac€ and concolorous zones.

SDecimona examined and photographed iiuienZH tBitterswrler MobI), el;v.600 m, quad.2367, on dead lrunk ol Populus trciula, Aptil11, 1983. coll. JB, 110,H3 BR. Othor sp.clm€ns: quad. 2064, 2065, 2066, 3367.

lmb.ch: not included.

Fam. Polyporaceae s' lat.

Trametes pubescens

(Fam. Coriolaceae Sing. 1961)

(Schum.: Fr.) Pil.

lllcroecooic featrrea

Habliat Beala

(bkch), Fagus (beech), Prurus avium (wild cherry), and Populus (poplar). SpringFfall. Rare. Distribution: E, NA, As, Au.

Macrogcoplc teaiurea Fruiting body pileate, pilei semicircular to flabollate or rosettelike, individual pileiso-'l OO mm across and extsnding 20-70 mm from the substrats, 2-7 mm thick, somelimes attached to the subskate by a stipelike outgrowth or narrowly attached, upper surface undulating, radially wrinkled, wiih indistinct concentric zones, surface finely appressed silky-velutinous, becoming glabrous in age, white to cream-colored when fresh, yellow to ocher-yellow in age, margin undulating, irregularly crenate to cleft, sharp and thin. Underside with the hymenophore porose, white to ocher, pores rounded-angular, sometimes rather elongated, (2) 3-5 per mm, tube length 1-3 (5) mm. Tramawhite, leathery, tough. Generally in rows and imbricate, more rarely solitary, also in large colonies. Causes white sotl-rots.

2A6

clamp.

Similar lunoi are i. a. Irameles versico/ot (No. 359). which is lhinnarlleshed --velutinous end linelv bul nol hirsule, T. multicolot {No. 356), with linely velutinoui lruitino bodies which are lrianqular in cross soctron I. g,bbosa (No. 354) with an um_bo at lhe olace of attachhent and larqer, elongat€ pores. and L oiibescers (No.357), which is usuallv snow-white lhin_floshed, andwdhoul coiored zones. The uaper surlace ol Lenzites betulinus (No. 352) can be deceplively similar to hirsuta-

Trametes multicolor

On dead wood of broadleaved tress, especially Alnus (aldet),

1.5-2.5

(D1) qeneralive hvphae lhin-walled.2-'4 4m across (D2i skeietal hyphae thick-walled zt-7 irm across. (D3) branc_hed, thick_walled, 3-6 rrm across hyphae slrongly biidinq

(Schaeff.)Jiil. = Tnmetes zonatella RW. = Trametes zonata lNees ex Fr.) Pil.

357

,

s;ita witfi chmpsi

Macroacopic foatures

356

A: Sporea cylindricallo somewhal curvod, smoolh. hyaline 6-7.5 rm. I

A: Sporei cylind callo

t-

slighlly allantoid, smooth, hyaline

fr /

I-7'254m.

B: Basidia davate, 12-16 x 4-5 l.m, with 4 slsdgmata and basal clamp. C: Cvstidia nol seen.

Di Hiohal svslsm

!fr acrods. 'across:

lrimitrc. (D1) qenerative hvphae lhin_ to lhick-walled. 2-3

_5 seDta wilfi ciampai {02) skeletal hypha€ lhick-wallgd. 2

irm

(D3) bindino hvphde in the trama gnad€d branched. 1-2 5 ,rm

Remarka

Accordino to our obsgrualions, $e fruitinq bodi€s ol thespecies described her€ are not a; bno lastino as e. o. those ol Ttametes velsico/or (No 359). princF Dallv b€cause-its hv;enoohirs is verv quicklv atlacked and consumod by velsico/or (see insdcts. Possibilily'ol conlusion exist! principally with remarks there).

I

soeclmana €xamlned and Dhotoqraphad Giswil/Ow (Lauibach), elev.'5,o0 m;quad. 1865. on small dead lrirnk ol A/,us, July 11, 1977, coll. JB. l107-77BA11.

oth.r speclmena:

quad. 2066,

lmbach: not included.

21

66.

Trametes hirsuta A

El lf)l NL

u0 [o(>u (s\= ot)

Trametes multicolor

E E tr)

Trametes pubescens

E E LO

N

;,

287

358

Trametes suaveolens

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat.

(1.: Fr.) Fr.

(Fam. Coriolaceae Sing. 1961)

Habltat On old, dead orstill living trunks and branches ol Sa/,x (willow), acc. lit. rarelyalsoon Populus (poplar).Throughoutlhe year. Widespread. Annual. Distribution: E, NA, As.

Macroacoplc featu.es Fruiting body semicircular-bracketlike, broadly attached to the substrale, 20-120 (150) mm across, projecting 15-80 mm from lhe substrate and

1F40

mm thick where attached, upper surface even

io slightly undulating, velutinous-tomentose, white to gray-whitish, ocher-brownish when old, margin sharp, lower surlace poross, pores rounded-angulal to oblong, 1-2 (3) per mm, white, then ocherish to brown, tubelengih up to 10 (15) mm. Tramawhite, when fresh corky and soft, tough, with conspicuous odor of anise, when dry corneous, hard, tough,light. Solitary or imbricate, otlen alsolorming concrescent, more rarely resupinate ,orms. Causes white sott-rots.

359

Mloroaco9lc Lafurea Ai Sporescylindricalloslighllycurved,smooth,

t-.

hyaline, 7-1 1 x 3-3.5(4)pm,

B: Basidia clavale, 20-25 / 6-7 pm, with 4 sl€rigmata and basal clamp. C: Cystidia not seen. D: Hyphalsyslem trimilic. (Dr) generative hyphae thin-walled. 2-4 sm across, soplawilh clamps: (D2) skelelalhypha€ thick-walled, 3-5 rm across: (D3) binding hyphae branched. thick-walled, 1-4 rlm across.

Romarka Tha sp€cies descdbed here is easily recognizod in lhe fiold by its conspacuous odor ot anis6, typical occurrenco on Sa/,t and whit6, r€lativoly larg€ fruiting bodies. The boreal Haploporus suayeo/ens (L.: Fr.) Oonk is mentioned in the lit. ll agrees wilh slreveorers in odor, color, and substrate, but distinc{y diflers microscopically (verrucose, subglobose spor€s).

I

Speclmena examined and photographod

Htingnborgzc (bank ol the Reuss), el6v.

Sa/,, Dec. 3, 1982, coll. BA, 0312-42 BA

othd

4O0 m, quad. 2367, on old stump ol 2.

spoclmon3: quad . 21ffi, 2264.

lmbech: included.

Trametes versicolor

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat.

(Fr.) Pil.

(Fam. Coriolaceae Sing. 1961)

many-zoned or many-colored polypore

Habitai

lllcroscoplc t€atur€s

On dead wood ol broadleaved trees, with and without bark, more rarely on conifer wood. The fungus colonizes chiefly attached or fallen dead branches, trunks, and stumps, but it is also a weak

A: Sporescylindricalloslightlyallanloid,smoolh.hyaline,(5)47.1.5-2rrm, B: Basidia clavate, 15-20

parasite. Throughout the year. Common. Annual. Distribution: W.

C: D: Hyphal system tnmilic, (D1) generativo hyphae thin-wallod. 1.5-3.5 /rm

Macroacopic leaturea Frb. pileate, more rarely semipileate, pilei semicircularto

f labellate

t

yellow-ocher, pores rounded-angular to oblong and curved,2-4 (5) per mm, tube length 0.5-4 mm. Consistency leathery and tough. ln rows and imbricate, more rarely solitary, otten in large colonies. Causes white soft-rols. (Surtace of pores p. 403.)

x 5-6

pm, wiih 2--4 steigmata, basal clamp

indislinct. Cystidia nol s6en.

across, septa wilh clarnpsi (D2) skeletal hyphae thick-wallod, 2.5-5 ,rm across; (D3) binding hyphae thick-walled, strongly branched and curved, H irm aClOSS,

or

rosettslike, individual pilei 20-70 (100) mm across and projecting 10-50 mm from the substrate, rslatively thin, 1-5 mm thick, often attached lo the substrate by a stipelike outgrowth, also sometimes decurrent, upper surface undulating, radially wrinkled, finely velutinous, concenkically zoned with different colors, zones blackish, bluish, brownish, reddish, yellowish, often somewhat gleaming, margin undulating, inegularly crenate, sharp. Lower surlace with the hymenophore porose, whitish to cream-colored or

360

t-

RernarkB Confusion with the tollowing species is conceivablei Trametos nufticolot (Nopubescers (No. 357). wilh 356). usually 5-10 mm thick where atlacied, whitish, not colorlully zoned upper surface. L hiEuta (No.355). with slrongly hirsutg, l€ss colorfully zoned upper surface, and Lenzites betuline (No- 352), vvith lamellate hymenophore.

I

Sp€clmqls €xamlned and phologr.ph.d

Luceme (Ldchli), elev.500m, quad.2166, on slump ol lruit tree, March 5,1983,

coll. FK,

050H3

K.

Oth€a spaclmansi common throughoul region.

lmbach: Co,brus velslco/or (Fr. ex Linn6) Qu6l.

Trichaptum abietinum

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat.

(Fr.) Ryv.

(Fam. Coriolaceas Sing. 1951)

= Hitschioporus abietinus (Dicks. ex Fr.) Donk lllcro6coplc faaiura6

Habltat On dead conifgr wood, standing and fallen or attached trunks and branches, especially of Ab,bs (silver ,ir) and Plrus (pine), but also Picea (spruce) and Larix (larch). Throughout the year. Common. Annual. Distribution: E, NA, As.

l,m across, septa with clamps; (D2) skelelal hyphae thick-walled with very narow lumen, 5-7 pm across.

lrlcroscoplc f€aturea Frb. resupinate to semipileate or pileate, pilei solitary or concrescent in rows, flabellate to hood-shaped, projecting up to 25 mm, upper surface of pilgi hispid-tomentose, glabrous in age, zongd with concentric undulations, even totuberculate, gray-whitish to brownish or greenish lrom algae, broadly attached to the substrate, margin undulating, crenate, sharp, lighter, lowsr surlace when young reticulate-porose, when old labyrinthine, slit-porose (irpicoid),

H

pores per mm, violet whsn young, brown-violet or yellow-brown when old, marginalzone remaining reticulate-porose, violet. On the underside offallen lrunksthefungus islully resupinate, on the sides it has projecting marglns, on standing trunks it commonly is clearly pileate. Consistency elastic, tough, thin-fleshed. Forming decimeter- or meter-long resupinate patches, pileaie forms sometimes in colonies with hundreds ol pilei. Causes white soft-rots. (Surface o, pores p. 403.)

2AA

Spores cylindrical to allantoid, smooth, hyaline, 7-8 r 2.5-3.5 rrm. I -. B: Basidia clavale. 15-25 x 4--5 am. wilh 4 slongmata and basal clamp. C: Clstidia clavale lo lusilorm, lhick'wallod, barely exserled, somelimes wth cap of crystals (dissolving in KOH), 18-.30 x 3-6pm. D: Hyphalsystem dimilic, (D1)generative hyphae thin- to lhick-wallod, 2-5-3

A:

Refiarkg

The very similar but rare lrbh aptum fusco-iolaceum \No. 361 ) pr6l6rs Plrus. ll difters from th6 spocies doscdbed here by a distinctly hydnoid-irpicoid hymenophore with small isolated teeth. kpicoid forms of I. aOier,hum always have a reliculate-porose, never a hydnoid, hymenophore in the marginalzone.

Sp.clmenr examlnad and photographed

Adligenswiulu (Meggerwald), elev.550 m, quad.2167, on small dead trunk o, Abl'es, Dec. 7, 1982, coll. JB, 0712-€2 BR.

olh€r.pecim€ns: widely distdbuted and common throughout region. lmbachi included as Conolus abietirus (Fr. ex Dicks.) Qu6l.

Trametes suaveolens

358

D, l0 !m

Trametes versicolo

t

359

=

BN

A

''l':

./||

lO um

360

D

l0 fm

2U9

361

Trichaptum fusco-violaceum

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat.

(Ehrenb.: Fr.) Ryv.

(Fam. Coriolaceae Sing. 196'l)

Habitat On dead wood of Pinus (pine), on fallen and standing or attached

trunks and branches, acc. lit. rarely also on Picea (spruce). Throughout the year, Onlylocally abundant, absentin centralSwitzerland. Annual. Distribution: E, NA, As.

Mlcroscopic faaiures

A: Spores cylindricalto allantoid, smooth, hyaline,T-8-S x 25-3 pm,l -B: Basidia clavale, 15-20 x 4.5-5.5 pm, with 4 steriomala and basal clamp. C: Cyslidiaclavaleto fusilorm,thick-walled. barelyexserted, usuallywith cap of crystals (dissolving in KOH),20-35 x 4-5pm. D: Hyphalsyslem dimilic, (O1) generative hyphae thin- to thick-walled,2.5-3 pm across, septa with clamp$ (D2) skeletal hyphae thick-welled, 4-5 &rn

Macroacoplc ieaturea Frb. resupinate to effuso-reflexed, also pileate, pileisolitary or concrescent in rows, tlabellate, projeciing '10-30 mm, upper surface of

pilei hispid-tomentose, glabrous in age, zoned with concentric undulations, even to tuberculate, gray-whitish to brownish, broadly attached to the substrate, margin undulating, crenale, sharp,lower surtace densely covered with small flattened teeth 1-5 mm long (irpicoid) which become shorter and arranged in rows toward the

margin, violet when young, gray-violet to gray-brown when old, resupinate parts sometimes almost smooth and withoutteeth or slit and lamellate.Onthe underside of the substrate ihe fungus is resupinate, on the side it has projecling pileiin rowsand often imbricate. Consistency elastic, tough, thin-tleshed. Causes white sott-rots. (Surface of pores p.403).

362

Remark3

The species described here is practically identical microscopically wilh Trichaptum ebietinum \No.360) and dilfers lorm il only in the skuclure otlhe hymBnophore. The lwo speci€s are inlerslerile and diller somewhat in their subslrate prelerences-

Spccimans cxamincd and photogr.phcd Aurigeniofl, elev. 350 m, quad. 1269, on dead branch of P,hus sy/vest/s (Scotch pine),Nov.10,1979,coll.zenone,1011-79 Zenone.

Olher3p€cim.ns: quad.1777 (Herb. Jaquenoud). lmbach: not included.

Skeletocutis amorpha (Fr.) Kotl. & Pouz. : Gloeoporus afio@hus (Fr.) Clem. et Shear HabiiEt

On dead wood of conifers, principally P,nus (pine) and Picea (spruce), on failen and standing trunks with or without bark. Summer-fall. Rare. Annual. Distribution: E, NA, As.

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat. (Fam. lncrustoporiaceae JUl. 1981)

Microacopic fealure3

A: Spores cylindrical, allantoid, smooth, hyaline,3-4 x 1-1.5ll!m,l-. B: Basidia cylindriclo clavate,10-15 x 4-5&m, with 4 sterigmataand basal clamp.

C: Cystidioles f usilorm. O: Hyphal system dimitic,

(D1) generative hyphae thin-walled, 1.5-2.5 pm across, hyaline, somelimes incrusted, septa with clemps; {D2) skeletal hyphae lhick-walled. hyaline, 3-6pm across.

Macroscopic leaturgs Fruiting body resupinate to efi uso-ref lexed, pileoli bracketlike/conchate, projecting up to 10 mm trom the substrate and up to 25 mm

across, easily detached from the substrate, upper surface finely tomentose and weakly zoned, smooth, gray-whitish, edge o, pilei sharp and whitish, underside with pore layer up to 1 mm thick,total thickness of fruiting body up to 2 mm, pores whitish when young, then yellow-pinkto orange-pink, salmon-colored, rounded-angular, 3-4 per mm, flesh in section two-layered (duplex), upper layer whitish, fibrous, lower one yellowish, gelalinous (glassy and brittle when dry), as is the attached tube layer, odor and taste indistinct, weak. Usually irregularly concrescent and decurrent onlo the substrate, otten also fully resupinate. Causes white soft-rots.

363

BR,othervoucherP.Herb.

Remalk3

This species is characterized principallybylhe salmon-colored poresurface, resupinate to eftuso-reflexed growlh, thin huiting bodies with a gelatinous tramal layer above the pores, and small allantoid spores. The genus Groeoporus with similar pore color and likewise a gelatinous trsmal lsyer differs from the

speci* described here by a monomitic hyphal sysl€m. Fruiting bodies ol Junghuhnia niti.la lNo. 381) could also cause conlusion. Microscopically, however, th€y are €asily distinguishable by thek typical strongly incrusted cystidia. Sp€cimen6 examined and photographed Entlebuch/LU (Finslerwald-Vwssenegg), elev. 1200 m, quad. 2065, on standing dead lrunk of Picea Sept. 19,1983, coll. FZ, 1909-83 Z 1.

Olh€r ap.cimens:

quad . 2056, 2066, 2164, 2167 .

lmbrch: nol included.

Skeletocutis carneogrisea

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat.

David

(Fam. lncrustoporiaceae J0l. 198'l)

:

Leptoporus amoryhus (Fr.) Quel. forma molluscus (Karst.) s. Bourd. & Galz.

Habitat On dead wood of conifers, acc. lit. commonly on Pirus (pine). Springjall. Not common. Annual. Distribution: E, NA.

Microscoplc teature3

A:

Spores cylindrical, strongly allantoid, smooth, hyaline,3-4 x 1-1.3&m,l-.

B: Basidia cylindric-clavete,10-14 x 3.5-4pm,with

4 sterigmata and basal

clamp,

C: Cystidiol€slusfform. Macroscopic tegtures Fruiting body resupinate, more rarely somewhat effuso-reflexed with pileoli'10-20 mm across, attached +/- tightlyto the substrate, lorming patches'l-2 mm thick and up toabout 70 mm in exlent, surIace porose, gray-whitish with tlesh-colored tint, pores angular, 4-6 per mm, tube length 0.5-1 mm, margin distinctly bounded, whitish, lifting when dry. Context duplex with gelatinous (harder, more brownish when dry) tramal layer above the tubes and, next to it, a white, tomentose, orweakly developed to lacking subiculum layer lying directly on the substrate. Consistency elastic and soft, when dry comeous, hard, and brittle. Causes white soft-rots.

O: Hyphal systemdimitic,(Dl) generativehyphaethin-walled, 2-4FInacross, some strongly incrusted, especially toward lhe tube mouths, septa with clamps; (D2) skeletal hyphae thick-walled, 2-4 ptn across, extending nearly lo the tube moulhs, Ramarks The fungus d€scrib€d her€ belongs to tho species grou p around Ske/etoculis amolph? (No. 362). lt diflers lrom the latter in that its pores are not salmon-

colored but flesh-gray. ln addilion, its subiculum layer i6 less distinctly to scarcelylormed and its spores are mors slronglycurued, A related specios, newly described by DAVID and KELLER (1984), is Ske/etoculrs /rraciaa (No. 364). DAVID (1982) has treated the genus monographically. Specimena examined ahd photographed L€ Landeron/NE, elev.440 m, quad.2157, on d€ad wood ol Abies (silverlir), Nov.22,1970, coll. Kelbr, K 1367. (P. Herb. Keller).

Other 6pccimcns: quad. 2267, 2366,2368.

lmb.ch: not included.

290

Skeletocutis carneogrisea

a

^nt7^\',a\ )j D-a

oU6 A

364

Skeletocutis lilacina

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat.

David et Keller

(Fam. lncrustoporiaceae JUl. 1981)

Habitat

Microscopic fealures

On dead trunk of P,bea (spruce), still with bark and lying on the ground, in mixed hardwood-conifer forest. Summer-fall. Rare. Annual. Distribution: E, NA. Macroscopic leaiures Fruiting bodyfully resupinaie, forming rounded spots or fairly small, irregular expanses up to 60 mm in extent, 0.5-1 mm thick, surtace fine-pored, lilac-colored with a gray tint, pores rounded-angular, 5-6 per mm, tube length 0.5-1 mm, margin distinctly bounded and appressed, whitish, sterile, without pores. Context duplex with gelatinous (harder, more brownish when dry) tramal layer above the tubes and, next to it, a white, tomentose, rather slightly developed subiculum layer lying directlyon the substrate. Consistency elastic and soft, when dry corneous, hard, and brittle. Causes white softrots.

A: Spores cylindrical, st(ongly allanloid, smooth, hyaline,3-3.5 B:

(4)

x 0.8-1

Basidia cylind ric-clavate, 11-14 x 3.5-4.5pm, with 4 sterigmata and basal

clamp.

Cr Cystidia not seen.

D: Hyphal system trimilic, (Dl) generative hyphae thin- to thick-walled, 2-4 pm across, some slrongly incrusted, especially toward thetube mouths, sepla with clamps; (D2) skeletal hyphae relalively sparse, thick-walled, with gnarled outgrowths, 2-3 &m across,

Remarks Thisfungus represents a new species, which solar is known onlylromSwitzerland and Canada {personal communication NiemeH). DAVID E KELLER (1984) discovered and described it. According lo these aulhors it is very similar to Ske/etocutls carreogr,sea (N o. 363), but difters from lhe latter by its lilac pore surlace and sparser skeletal hyphae. Their intercompatibility oxperiments wilh Skeletocutis amorpha (No. 362) and S. carneoglsea showed that S. ,/acma is a good speciesSpecimen3 examlned end pliotogr.phed Seig neux./VD, elev- 570 m, quad.1855, on deadtrunkofPiceastillwithbarkand lying on the ground, Oct. 9, 1983, coll. Keller, K 3255. (P. Herb. Keller).

Oiher rpeclm6ns: none. lmbach: not included.

365

Skeletocutis nivea

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat.

(Jungh.) Keller = lncrustoporia nivea \Jungh.) Ryv. = Leptotrimitus semip,/eatus (Peck.) Pouz. = Leptoporus chioneus (Fr.) Quel.

(Fam. lncrustoporiaceae J0l. 1981)

Habitat

Microscopic features

On dead wood of broadleaved trees, usually on branches ofFagus (beech), Frcxirus (ash), or Coly/us {hazel) with and without barkand lying on the ground, more rarely on other hardwoods as wellas on conifers. Summer-fall. Widespread.Annual to biennial. Distribution:

A: Spores cylindrical, allantoid, smooth, hyaline,3.5-4 x 0.5-0.7pm,l-. B: Basidia cylindric-clavate, 8-10 x 3-3.5 pm, with 4 liliform sterigmata. C: Cystidia not s€en. D: Hyphal system trimilic, (01) qenerative hyphae thin-walled. hyaline, in crusted, 1.5-3.5 am across, septa, wilh clampsi (D2) skeletal hyphae thick-walled, sinuous, hyaline, without septa, 3-5 l.m across; (D3) binding hyphae thin-walled, hyaline, with many short branches, wilhoul septa, 1-2 &m across-

smoolh to strongly

E, NA, As.

Macroscopic ,eatures Frb. fully resupinate (forma resupinatus B.&G.) todistinctly projecting and pileiform, pileoli extending 5-30 mm lrom the substrate, individual lrb. 10-60 mm long, often also concrescent to lorm rows several decimeters long, easily detachable from the substrate, upper surlace ol pileus finelylomentose to glabrous, slightlytuberculate, whitish to dark-brown with white, decurved growing edge, underside 2-4 mm thick (two-year-old frbs. layered), white to cream-colored, olten with grayish orgreenish spots, (7) 8-9 rounded pores per mm, barely visible to the naked eye. Flesh whitish to light brownish, corky{ough when fresh, hard when dry, with

odorol

Hetercbasidion arrosum (No. 397), taste slightly bitter. Causes white soft-rots.

366

The pores barely visible with lhe naked eye, the semiresupinate and otten linear growth form, and occurrenco on hardwoods are good lealures lor recognizing this species even in the field. During microscopic examination looktorthe extremely small bacterialike spores (use oilimmersion). KELLER (1979) detemined that the species of ,ncrustoporia, excepl lot l. carneola (Bres.) Ryv., have the same ultrastructure in lhe incrusted hyphae asthetype species olSke/elocul,s,S emof ha {No. 362). Sincelhe older nameSke/etocut/s enjoys priority, he transferred the sp€ci€s ofrncrustoporiainloSkeletocutis. /rcrustoporia is lhererore a synonym ot Ske/elocutis. Specimens eramined and pholographed Lucerne (Bkeggwald), elev.500 m, quad.2066, on Fagus branch on the ground, July 23,1982, coll. J8,2307-82 BR 3. Other specimens; widely dislributed throughout region. lmbach: not included,

Gloeoporus dichrous

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat.

(Fr.) Bres.

(Fam. Meruliaceae Rea 1922)

:

Calopotus dichrous lFt.l RW.

Habitat On rotten wood ot broadleaved trees such as Quercus (oak),Betula (birch),and Corylus (hazel), etc., acc.lit. alsoon old fruiting bodies ol Phellinus punctatus and /nonotus obliguus. Spring-fall. Bare. Annual. Distribution: W.

Macroscopic fealures Fruiting body resupinate, erluso-ref lexed,to pileate, attached tightly to the substrate, f orming patches several centimeters to decimeters in extent, individual pilei '10-30 mm across, but commonly up to several concrescent in rows or imbricate, extending 5-20 mm from the substrate, 3-6 mm thick where attached, upper surface

appressed-tomentose, barely to weakly zoned, whitish to grayocherish, margin sharp, lower surface with the hymenophore porose, gray-pink to red-brown, margin white and sterlle when young, pores rounded-angular, 4-6 permm,tube length 0.5-'1 mm, tubes gelatinous. Context white, fibrous-teltlike, 2-4 mm thick, distinctly separate fromthetube layerand when lresh easily removed from it. Causes white soft-rots.

292

Microscopic teeture3

A:

Spores allanloid, smoolh, hyaline, some with drops,4-5 x 0.7-1.3 4m,

I

-.

B: Basidia cylindrical-clavate, 12-15 x 3.5-8&m,with 4sterigmata and basal

clamp. C: Cystidaa not seen. Dr Hyphal system monomitic, (Dl) hyphae in the subhymenium thin-walled, hyeline, 2-5 &m across; (D2) gelatinized hyphae 2-5 &m across; (D3) hyphae ot the context thick-walled, hyaline, sparsely branched,2 5&m across, allsepta with clamps. Upon su perlicial examination the species described herecould belakenlora decrepit Stereum orold Eierkadera adusla {No.329}. However, il istypicalof ,resh G, dichrous lhat the elastic tube layer can be removed lrom the while, librous context with one'stingernail. RWABDEN {1976) putlhis species inthe genus Caroporus because he attached fiore decisive importanceto its fertile pore mouths than did other authors, who placed more weig ht on the other morpholog ical features such as pore structure,Ske/etoculls amorphus (No.362) also has a gelatinous subhymenium but has a dimitic hyphal system.

Speclm6n3 exemlned and photoqiaphed Hilnenberg/Zc (Zollischlag), elev.400 m, quad.2267, on rotten branch ot Quercus on the ground, Apral 11,1976, coll. GR, 1104-76 Ri 1. Other 3pecimens: quad. 1955,2057.

ltnbach: not included.

Skeletocutis lilacina

trJ^S^-, G (,C;

ET

Skeletocutis nivea

$ffu'

A ;-r ( \z x/n '()2,^ l]\ ul,

Gloeoporus dichrous

A

cuJottc, B

d^ \ u"a"-ur=. 6:n

367

Gloeoporuspannocinc{us

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat.

(Romell) Erikss.

(Fam. Meruliaqeae Rea 1922)

Habitat On dead wood of broadleaved trees such as Quercus (oak), A/rus (alder), Betura (birch), acc. lit. also on conilers. Fall. Rare. Annual. Distribution: E, A, As.

ltlacroscopic teatu]es Fruiting body fully resupinate, attached tightly to the substrate, forming patches'l-2 (4) mm thick and severalcentimeters in extent, surface fine-pored, pores rounded, (3) 5-8 per mm, whitish to grayocherishwith hintolgreenish, old fruiting bod ies brown ish and often overgrown byyoung ones,tube length'l-2 mm, underlhetube layer is a very thin gelatinous layer and underthatan open-rleshed,whitish subiculum, margin sterile and whitish, thinning out, red-brown when old. Consistency corneous and hard when dry. Thicker, older fruiting bodies have conspicuous r,vide cracks when dry. Causes white soft-rots.

Itlcroacopic l6alurc3 A: Sporesallantoid,smooth,hyalane,withsmalldroplets,3.5-4.5x0.5-1/lm,

t-.

Basldia clavate 12-15 x 3-4 pm, with 4 stsrigmata and basalclemp. C: Cystidia not seen. D: Hyphal system monomilic, (D1) hyphae thin- to thick-walled, 2-4 pm

B:

across, 6epta with clamps; (D2) gelatinized hyphae 1-2 &m across; (O3) embedded crystals.

R6markr

Species of the genera Ceriporia (No.371 fl.) and Ske/elocul,ls (No.362 ff.)lorm lruiting bodaes which are macroscopically and in part also microscopically similar. Hovrever, the septa of Ceriporia are clampless and Ske/etocltis has a dimitic hyphalsystem. we considerthe gelatinized layer between the subiculum and tube hama lo be a characteristic identifying fealure ot the species

Spccinan3 axtrnlnad end photographed NiedeMiyzG, elev.400 m, quad.2367, on ba*lessbranch ol Quercrs

on the

ground, Nov. 25, 1982, coll. 84, 2511-82 BA 3. Other specimenar none.

lmbech: nol included.

368

Pachykytospora tuberculosa

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat.

(Fr.) Kotl. & Pouz.

(Fam. PachyMosporaceae JUl. 1981)

Habitat On dead standing orattached trunks and branches ot hardwoods, usually Ouercus (oak).Throughoutthe year. Rare. Annualto peren-

nial. Distribution: E, NA, As.

Macro€copic ieatures Fruiting body fully resupinate, attached tightly to the substrate, torming low-pulvinate patches up to 10 mm thick, surface porose, ocher-brownish, gray-brownish, with a pink or violet tint when young, also sometimes with orange-brown spots, on verticalsubstrates pores sometimes longitudinallyslit and forming sterile zones between them, pores otherwise rounded-angular, ('l) 2-3 per mm, tube length 2-3 (8) mm, perennial fruiting bodies indistinctly layered. Context verythin,0.5-1 mm thick,light brown, margin distinctly boundedtothinning out, in part with narrow porelesszone. Consistency corky and soft, brittle when dry.lndividualsmallfruiting bodies sometimes becoming concrescent to form rather large patches. Causes whiie soft-rots.

369

Micaoscopic ,6aiuaas

A: Sporeselliptical,finelyverrucose,warts

Rcmarks

Th€ speci6s described here is easy lo identily microscopicelly, principallyon the basis ofitslargesporeswithfinewartsarranged in longitudinalrows.Such spores are otherwise not lound in the Polyporaceae,

Specimens eramln.d and photogrephed NeuchaterNE, elev.430 m, quad.2456, on kunk ot Quercus, Sepi.17,1972, coll. Keller, K 1751. {P. H€rb. Keller).

Other 3pacimens: none.

lhbach: not included.

Perenniporia medulla-panis (Fr.) Donk : Polypotus unitus Pets. : Poia medullaris S.F.Gruy Habltat On dead wood olOuercus (oak), acc.lit. also on Bob,h,a (locust) and Picea (spruce). Throughout the year. Rare. Distribution:W.

Macroacopic leaiure! Fruiting body fully.esupinate, irregularly spread out like a pancake and 200-300 mm across, on vertical substrates also with small knotlike rudimentary pileoli, surface slightly undulating, with fine rounded pores, whitish-cream-colored to ocherish, tubes layered, each layerl-5 mmthick,4-6 pores per mm, margin somewhatlighter and sharply bounded, sometimes detached lrom the substrate.ln cross section the older layers are darker than the younger ones. Consistency tough, odor insignificant, taste bitter. Causes white sofi-rots.

arranged in +/- long itudinal rows,

thick-walled, yellowish, 9.5-13 x 6-7/rm, I -, cyanophilic. B: Basidia short-clavate, some stalked, 20-30 x 11-12 pm, with 2-4 storigmata and basal clamp. C: Cystidioles clavate,20-30 x 8-9&m. D: Hyphalsystomtrimitic, (O1) generative hyphae thin-walled, branched,1.52.5 &m across, sepla with clamps; (D2) skelelal hyphae th ick-walled, some gnarled and branched, 2.5-5 pm across; (D3) binding hyphae strongly branched, thick-walled to solid, 1-3 I.m across. Skeletal and binding hyphae +/- dextdnoid and saongly cyanophilic.

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat. (Fam. Perenniporiaceae J[il. 1981)

Microacopic lcatures

A: Spores broadly

oval, lruncale, thick-walled, smooth, pale yellow, 5-6.5

3.5-5&m, l-, cyanoPhilic. B: Basidia clavate,15-18 x 4-5 C: Cyslidis not seen.

I1m.

with 4 sterigmata and basalclamp.

D: Hyphalsystem dimitic, (O1) generative hyphae 1.5-2.5 pm across, septa

wiih clampsi(D2) skeletal hyphae th ick-walled andsome stronglybranched,1-5&m across, not dexlrinoid.

Remerk3 A series ol other, macroscopically similar polypores grow on dead wood. However, lhe species descdbed h€re is well characterized by its kuncale sporcs.lts look-alike which occurs on Picea (spru cgl, Perennipoia subactda (P6ck) Don k, ditfers by dextrinoid and baroly branched skeletal hyphae. A lu F ther, rare, annual species ofi 8et /a (birch) and A/rus (alder) is P. lenuis (Schw.) Ryv.

Sp€clm6n3 examlnod and photogr6phed Ebikon/Lu (Sedelwald), elev.420 m, quad.2166, on rotten stump ol Quetcus, Feb.17, 1973, coll. FK, 1702-73 K.

Other 3p€camens: quad. 1954, 2055, 2056, 2267.

lfibach: not included.

294

x

Et

Pachyllnospora tuberculosa

F

;l

BC

\ \J

,(.\u .GA /.--T

u..n \.r:;',I

Perenniporia medulla-panis (/$)

^

!' [M,l

E

A

t,lU On 01\ o o.^o"o H#rffi c>u O \( t/-

XL

370

Perenniporia fraxinea Rw. : Fomitopsis cytisina \Berk.) Bond. et Sing. : Haploporus cytisinus (Berk.) Dom.

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat.

(Fr.)

Habitat

Mlcroscopic Ioaturas

Parasitic on Ouercus (oak), acc. lit. usually on Fraxinus (ash) and Bobir,ia (locust), as wellas on other hardwoods, commonly at the base of thetrunk.Throughouttheyear. Bare. Perennial. Distributionl

A: Spores ovalto subglobose, smooth, hyaline, with drops, 6.5-8.5 x 5-6.5

E, NA, AS.

C: Cystidia not seen.

ilacioscopic fcaturcs Frb. bracketlike, broadly attached to the substrate, 100-200 mm

across (up to 600 mm when several fruiting bodies are concrescent), projecting 60-200 (300) mm, up to 100 mm thick where attached, upper surface undulating-tuberculate,smooth, dull, f inely

velutinous when young, cream-colored to light ocher, becoming glabrous and brownish to blackish when older,greenishlromalgae, sometimes with enclosed plant remains, margin +/- sharp, irregularly undulating-crenate, cream-colored to cream-orange when young, then brownish, lower surface fine-pored, pores roundedangular,3-5 per mm, cream-colored, with pink-lilac tint when dry, turning brown-lilacwhen bruised, sterile toward the marginalzone, tube length upto 6 mm,the individualtube layers attimes separated by a thin layer o, context. Trama (context) corky, iough, light woodcolored, weakly zoned, turning brown in Melzer's, odor unpleasant, taste slightly biiterish, acc.lit. sometimeswith odor of anise. Sometimes solitary but usually up to severalconcrescent, often alsowith secondary pilei. Causes white sott-rots. (Surface ol pores p. 403).

371

(Fam. Perenniporiaceae JUl. 1981)

pm, l-,

+/- dextrinoicl. cyanophilic.

B: Basidia short-clavate, 12-20 x 8-10 l.m, wilh 2-4 sterigmala, no basal clamp seen.

D: Hyphalsyslem dimitic, (D1) generative hyphae 1.5-3.5 &m across, septa with clamps; (D2) skeletal hyphae thick-walled, sinuous,3-7&m across, dextrinoid.

Remarks The species described here has often been conrusedwilh Bigidopolus u/marius (Fr.) lmazeki (not yet fou nd here).The latterdiflers by an orange-to brickred pore layer and by a monomitic hyphalsyslem with clampless septa and

non-dexlrinoid spores. Speclmen3 examined and photographed Kriens/Lu, elev.480 m, quad.2066, on base o, trunk ofa living, free-standing Ouercus, July 20,1983, coll. G8,2007-83 B.

Olher specimens: quad. 2055, 2060. lmbach: not included.

Ceriporia excelsa

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat.

(Lund.) Parm.

(Fam. Rigidoporaceae Jiil. '1981)

= Poia rhodella lF(.) Cooke

Habitat On the underside of rotten wood ofconifers and hardwoods.Sum-

mer-tall. Widespread but not common. Annual. Distribution: E, As.

Micro3coplc leaturcs Spores ellipticaltocylindric, sometimes somewhat allanloid, smoolh, hyaline, with or without drops,3.5-4.5 x 2-2.5l.m,1-. B: Basidia cylindric-clavate, 10-12 x 3-4&m, wilh 4 slerigmata, without basal

A:

clamp,

Macroscopic features Fruiting body fully resupinate, attached tightly to the substrate, torming thin, cottony and soft, porose patches several centimeters inextent.lsolatedsmallcrateriform cupswithalringedmargin,0.l50.2 mm in diameter, developon atomentose-cottonysubiculum and then become concrescent to form a continuous pore layer, 1-3 pores per mm, rounded to angular, ocherish-whitish with pink places when young, quickliy turning pinkwhen handled, entire fruiting body lilac-pink to violet when older, marginal zone cottony-f loccose andwithout pores when young, later distinctly bounded and porose. Consistency cottony, soft .

C: Cystidia not seen. D: Hyphalsyslem monomitic, subiculum hyphae rather thick-walled, 4-6 rrm across, subhymenial hyphae thin-walled, 2-3pm across, sepla wathout clamps.

RemarkB When developing, partsoftherruiting bodyare remin iscenl ol Sfromatoscypra fimbriata (No.232) because ofthe isolated cups developing in a coltonysubiculum-The spscies described here isveryvariable in colorirom lightocherish to delicate pink and violel.The elliptical spores with a width of not less than 2 um andthe relatively large pores are characterislic- Ceriporia v,ridar.s lNo374), the most closely.elated speciesand prcsumedto be a synonym by some authors, in its typacallorm is supposed lo be greenish when dry andlo have spores less than 2 um wide.

Sp€cimens examined and pholographed Adligenswil/LlJ (Meggeruald), elev.550 m, quad.2167, on the underside ofa rotten branch of Abies (fir), July 17, 1982, coll. FK,1707 -82 KOther specimens: none.

llnbach: not included.

372

Ceriporia purpurea

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat.

(Fr.) Donk

(Fam. Bigidoporaceae JUl. 1981 )

-

Ceiporia btesadolae (Bourd. & Galz.) Donk

Habitat On dead wood ofbroadleaved trees, commonlyon tallen trunks and branches ot Fraxinus (ash) and Fagus (beech). Spring to fall.Widespread but not common. Annual. Distribution: E, NA, As, Af.

Macroscopic teatures Fruiting body tully resupinate, attached tightly to the substrate, lorming porose patches several centimeters to decimeters in extent, pores roundedto oblong and somewhat slit, (3) 4-5 per mm, tube length 2-4 mm, whitish to pink when young, also salmon to purple in spots, later purple (collection 2709-75 BB 20 bright orange), quickly turning purple-violet when touched or when dabbed with KOH, purple-brown to wine-red when dry, margin distinctly bounded, white and without pores when young. Consistency waxlike and soft when young, hard and brittle when dry.

Mlcro6copic features

A: Spores cylindrical, 2-3

pm,l--

2-

clavete, 11-15 x 4.5-5 /rm, with 4 sterigmeta, wilhout basal clamp, C: Cystidia nol s6en. D: Hyphal syslem monomitic, hyphae 2-4 pm across, lhin- to thick-walled, septa without clamps, some incrusted wilh amorphous substance,

B: Basidia slenderly

Relnarks Another Cerporia which lurns red when touched isC. excelsa (No.371),with larger pores and shorter spores.The genus Cer,ipo,a is cheracterized i. a. by waxljke, soft, and conspicuously coloredlruiting bodieswith +/- short-celled

hyphaeinthesubhymenium,aswellasclamplessseplaandcylind cal,allan-

toid spores. Specimens oxamlned and photographed Hohenrain/LU (lbenmoos),elev.500m,quad.2266,on rottenbarklessbranch of Frax,rus on lhe ground, April 19, 1975, coll. FK, 1904-75 K.

Oth.r specimenB:

quad . 2064,2166,2265,2267

lmbach: not included.

296

allantoid, smooth, hyaline, somewath drops,6-7 x

.

Perenniporia lraxinea

Ff

Ceriporia excelsa

E

tol

^A.-.L n \>^ ^USa\)

^oooo uoD

Ei

Ceriporia purpurea

EI

n 'L A. ]UP))

aD\n\

N..-u \\:,

373

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat.

Ceriporia reticulata

(Fam. Rigidoporaceae Jol. 1981)

(Pers.: Fr.) Doman.

Uicrolcopia taalure3

Habitat On the underside of rotten hardwood, more rarely oI coniler wood. Springjall. Rare. Annual. Distribution: E, As, M.

A: Spores cylinclrical-allantoid. 2.5-3 ptn,l--

smooth, hyallne, somewilh 2 drops, T_8.5

\

B: Basidii clavate, 15-20 ./ 5-6.5rm, with 4 sterigmala,without besalclamp C: Cystidia not seen.

Macrqrcopic featurea Fruitlng body fully resupinate, attached loosely to the substrate, forming thin patches up to 'l mm thick and a iaw centimeters in

D: Hyphalsystem monomitic, hyphae thin- io thick-walled,2 5-5pm across,

short-ceiled in the subhymenium, some in lhe trama lncrustedwilh amorphous slbstance and with anastomoses, septawithout clamps.

Remerka

extent, surface reticulate-porose, whitish-ocherish when young, later ocherto pale orange-ocher, pores +/- polygonalto rounded, rudimentary toward the margin, 3-5 per mm, subiculum very thin and whitish, margin filamentous and lighterto whitish. Consistency

When young, the species described herc can have a pore structu re similarto Ce Doia eicelsa lNo.371r see remarks there).ll dillerslormthe latter, howevei, by small6r poies, and microscopically by larger spores. Another sp€cies, C, purputea lNo.372l, has narrower spores and is chsracterized by wine_ purple truiting bodies (or by so coloring when handled).

waxlike and soft when fresh, brittle when dry.

SDccimens examlned and photogrlphad Aipnach/Ow {Kernwald), elev.600 m, quad. 1966. on dead wood of P,bea (spruce), Oct. 2,1980, coll. Tonic & Hlrdoklin, 0210-80 BF.

oiher speclmen3: quad. 1250,1880, 2065,

2167-

lmb.ch: not lncluded.

374

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat.

Geriporia viridans (Berk. & Br.) Donk : ? Polyporus hod ellus F t.

(Fam. Bigidoporaceae J0l. 1981)

lrlcro3coDic loaiure3

Habitat On dead wood of broadleaved trees, commonlyonlallentrunksand branches of F.axrhus (ash). SummerJall. Widespread but not common. Annual. Distribution: E, NA, As.

Macroacopic featurss Fruiting body fully resupinate, attached tightly to the substrate, forming waxy-soft, porose patches several centimeters in extent, pores rounded to somewhat angular, also oblong on verticalsubstrates,3-5 (6) pores per mm,tube length 1-2 mm,whiteto creamcolored, faintly spotting pink-violet, not discoloring when bruised, becoming ocherish when dry. Acc.lit. thefungus can also become greenishto purplewhen dry. Margin reticulate-porose on awhitish subiculum when young, then distinctly bounded. Consistencywaxlike and solt, hard and brittle when dry.

375

A: S oorea cylnclrical, slightly allanloid, smooth, hyaline,3.4-5 ' L5-2 Ii m, | -. B: Bisidia clavate, t0-14,,4-4.5 pm, with 4 sterigmata,wilhoul basalclamp. C: Cystidia not seen. D: Hvohalsvstemmonomitic,{Dl) subhymenialhyphaethin-walled.2.5-44m

aaioss andsomewith yellowish contents; (D2) su bicu lum hyphaethin-lo thick-walled, up to 5pm across. Allsepla without clamps.

Relnarks

The soecies described here is very close to Ceriporia excersa (No. 371) and th€refore has olten givsn riseto confusion, lt dillers from the latler bydistinctly smaller pores which do not discolor when bruised and by nanoMrer spores

usuallyunder2pmuride.Also,accordingtoourobseruationstheinilialstageis rcticulate-porose and not bowl-shaped as in c. excersa, SD6cimen! oxemlned and photographed

lb;n moos/LlJ, elev. 600 m, quad. 2266, on underside ol Fraxhus branch ground, July 15,1983, coll. FK,1507-83 K.

the

Olh.r specirnons: quad. 1954, 2056, 2156, 2163, 2166, 2365. lmbach: not included.

Ceriporiopsis gilvescens

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat. (Fam. Rigidoporaceae J0l. 1981 )

(Bres.) Dom lricro3coplc teature3

Habitet On dead wood of broadleaved trees such as Fagus (beech), also Quercus (oak), Belula (birch), and Popurus (poplar), as

on

acc.lit. wellas

more rarely also on conifer wood. Summer-fall. Annual. Bare.Distri-

Ar Sporea ellipticsl to slightly allantoid, smooth, hyaline, some wilh drops, 4-5 x 2-2.3

B: Bssidia C:

ptn,

l-.

ctav€ite,10-15 Cvstidia not seen.

x 3.5-4.5 pm, with 4 sterigmata and basalclamp.

bution:E, NA.

D: Hiohal svstem monomitic, hvphae thick-walled, 2-5 I,m across som€ inciusled, branched, spersely septate with clamps. Hyphae melachromatic in cresyl blue.

ilacroscopic features

Bemarks

Fruiting body tully resupinate, attached tightly to the substrate, forming waxlike, fleshy patches 'l-5 mm thick and several centimeters in extent, surface fine-pored, when young and fresh white, sometimes with a pink gleam, spotting red-brown when bruised, when dry ocher-brownish with a pink tint, porss rounded-angular, oblong to labyrinthine, 3-5 per mm, tube length 1-5 mm, margin somewhat lringed and white to faintly pink when young, later distinctly bounded wlth the pores concolorous. Consistencywaxlike and soft when fresh, brittle and hard when dry. Causes white soft-rots.

298

Certain species ollhe genus Ceripo,a (No.37l ff.)lorm similarfruitino bodies-

MacroscoDicalv lhe two geneta Ceipoie and Cefliootiopsis ars scarcely distinguishable. Microscopically, however, Ceniporiopsis dillers by clamped septa and metachromatic hyphae.

Spaclmenr examincd.nd phologrrphcd

NeuchateuNE, elev.43o m, quad.2456, on dead wood ol Fagus, July 9,1973, coll. Kelle( K 1845. (P. Herb. Keller).

Other3pecimen!: quad. 1954. 2056, 2156. lmbach: not included.

Ceriporia reticulata

-l E

Et

Ceriporia viridans

tr

374

el

375

oaL s47nao

-5 a\

Ceriporiopsis gilvescens

F

A

t

,fnoo,rq '7"o {o

r..

I

376

Ceriporiopsisresinascens

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat.

(Romell) Dom.

(Fam. Rigidoporaceae Jril. 1981)

Habitat

377

Mlcroacoplc teaturas

hyaline, u/ith drops,4-5 x 2-2.5 pm,l-. 4 sterigmala, basalclamp notseen.

On the bark and in knotholes in dead trunks and branches of Sa/ix (willow), stillstanding orattached respectively, acc.lit. also on other hardwoods and rarely on conirers. Throughoutthe year. Rare, but appears repeatedly in the same place. Annual. Distribution: E, As.

A: Spores elliptical, smoolh,

Macroacopic ieatures Fruiting body fully resupinate, attached tightly to the substrate, formlng waxlike, crustose patches 1-3 cm thickand severalcentimeters in extent, surface fine-pored, whitish, cream-colored when young, laler ocher- to orange-brown, pores rounded-angular, longitudinallysliton vertical substrates,3-6 per mm, tube length 0.5-2 mm, margin distinctly bounded with narrow, porefree, whitish zone. Consistencywhen fresh softand waxlike,when dry brittle and hard from hyphae agglutinated with resinous secretion, without definite odor or taste. Causes white soft-rots.

R6mark3 Our specimena are lolally contined lo willows in high moors, which unfoF tunai€ly are becoming rarer and rarerhere. RWARDEN (1978)included fyromyces resinascens (Rom.) Bond. & S ing., whoso type had spores 6-8 x 2.5-3 pm, and mentioned other colleclion s wilh spores 4-6.5 x 2.5-3 pm. He also conjectured lhat there could be 2 different species involved.

B: Basidia clavate 12-15 x 5-5.5&m,with C: Cystidia not seen.

D: Hyphalsystemmonomitic,hyphaethin-lothick-walled,2-5.5¯oss, septa with clamps, sometimes interspersed with amorphous, yellowish subslance, metachromatic-

Speclmcns examinad 6nd photographed Einsiedeln/SZ (Schwandtenau), elev. 900

m,

quad- 2269, on the bark ol a small

slanding trunk ot Salix, Nov. 6, 1983, coll. JB, 0611-83 BR.

Oth.r speclmen3:

quad . 2057 , 2367 , 236A.

lmbrch: nol included.

Physisporinus sanguinolentus Piht : Bigidoporus sanguinolertus (Fr.) Donk

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat.

(A. & S.: Fr.)

(Fam. Rigidoporaceae JUl. 1981)

= Podopoia sanguinolenta (A. & S. ex Fr.) von Hoehn. iricro3copic laatures

Habitat On moistdead wood ol broad leaved trees and conifers, commonly on stumps and then often growing oversurrounding plant remains and soil. Summer-fall. Widespread. Distribution: E, NA.

A: Spores subglobose, smooth, hyaline, with drops, 5-6

pm,

l-.

B: Basidia clavate,25-30 x 6-8pm,with 2-4 stsriSmata,withoul basalclamp. C: (C1) Cystidioles inconspicuous, fusiform, smooth, in the hymenium 12-

x 5-7 rmi (C2) in eddition occasionel cystidielike hyphal ends with incrusted tips. lhin-walled, 3-5 /r m across, D: Hyphal system monomitic, hyphae thin-walled, 3-6 rm across, sepla without clamps, usually interspersed with cryslals. 25

Macrogcopic teatures Fruiting body fully resupinate, densely covering the substrate over

+/- large areas, laterally growing fruiting bodies without knotlike proluberance, only with slit pores, 2-4 mm thick, white, when old cream-whitish, spotted, soon discoloring reddish when handled and laterturningbrown,surfacefine-pored, poresroundedtoangular,3-5 per mm, tubes 1-2 mm long, margin distinctly bounded. Consistencywaxlike, watery. Odorweak,taste mild. Dried specimen red-brown, spotted, strongly shriveled. Causes white soft-rots.

Rigictoporus nigrescens lBres,) Donk, wh ich turns brown-reddish to blackish when handled and is perennial and therelore has severalgrowth layers, is described in the lit.ltisarerespecies, notyetlound hete.Potloporiaexpellens (Karst.) Donk, non-discoloring lorm called forma expal/ens (Karst.) Domanski, is described by DOMANSKI (1972) as a synonym o, the species described here.

a

Specimens examined end photogreph6d Adligenswil/Lu (Meggeruald), elev. 550 m, quad. 2167, on rotten branch of A/nus g/ulirosa (common alder)on the ground, Dec. 3,1982, co11. FK,0312-82 K 1.

Olher 3pecimens: widely distributed throughoul region-

lmb.ch: not included.

378

Physisporinusvitreus

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat.

(Pers.: Fr.) Donk = Rigidoporus vitrcus lF(.) Oonk = Podoporia vitrea lft.l Donk

(Fam. Rigidoporaceae J0l. 1981)

Habitat On moist dead wood ofbroadleaved trees and conilers, commonly on stumps and lhen often grolving over surrounding plant remains and soil. Summer-fall. Widespread. Annual. Distribution: E, NA, As.

Macroscopic fegturgs Fruiting body fully resupinate, densely covering the substrate over i/- large areas,laterally growing fruiting bodies often with knotlike protuberances, 3-6 (10) mm thick, cream-whitish when young, ocherish when old, not discoloring when handled, surface finepored, pores rounded, on the side of the substrate somewhat slit, 36 permm, tube length 2-4 mm, margin distinctly bounded. Consisl

ency waxllke, cartilaginous, when dry corneous and hard. Odor unpleasant, taste mild. Sometimes the fungus is bound with brown rhizomorphs.Colorindriedspecimencreamtoocher.Causeswhite soft-rols.

Micro3copic teatures

A: Spores subglobose, smooth, hyaline, with drops, 4.5-5

(5.5) r.m, l-. B: Basidia clavate,l4-18 x 5-Opm, with 4 sterigmata, without basalclamp.

Cr Cystidialike hyphal ends numerous, cylinddcal,lhick-walled, with apical crystals 4.5-5.5pm across (mostly toward the base ofthe tubes). D: Hyphal system monomitac, hyphae lhin- to thick-walled, 4-7 pm across, septa without clamps. Remaak3

The species described here is very similar in habitus, mode ol groMh, and occu rrence to Prysisporirus sargulrolertus (No. 377), but lhe latter turns reddish voryquicklywhen handled and has a softer consistency.ln addition, its spores are somewhat larg et,Hypocrea cittina lvol.l, No, 31 7) oll€n forms similar but more yellowish fruitang bodies. Thisfungus is an ascomycele, the surface ofwhich is smooth end without pores bul punctate tom the perithecia.

Spacimenr axamined end photogrephed Adligenswil/LU (Meggelwald), elev.550 m,quad.2167,on small rotlen tru nk of A/nrrs g/ulinosa (common alder)on the ground, Dec.3,1982, co11. FK,0312-82

K2.

Other spccimens: widely distributed throughoul region. lmbach: not included.

300

_er poflopsts restnascens

Et E

A

I900o r7 o

LO

-L

sdQO

Physisporinus sanguinolentus

E

Physisporinus vitreus

E

r .L ^CoO OO-,i

ae'o

{i

"t

379

Oryporus populinus l, icroscopic featureB

Habitai Parasitic on various hardwoods, especially on U/mus (elm) Sambucus agra (black elderberry), Fagus (beech),A/rus (alder), elc., commonly on wounded places such aa frost damage and knotholes. Throughout the year. Widespread but not common. Perennial. Diskibution: E, NA, Af, Au, As.

Macroscopic featureS Fruiting body resupinate or pileate, pilei bracketlike, flabellate to semicircular, 30-70 mm across and extending 20-40 mm from the substrate, upper surlace smooth to slightly tuberculate, finely appressed-tomentose to glabrous, often overgrown with mosses, lichens, and algae, cream-colored to ocher-brown, marginalzone whitish in growth, margin sharp, undulating, underside with the hymenophore fine-pored, cream-colored to ocherish, pores rounded-angular,5-7 (8) permm,tube length 2-3 mm, with multiple layers of tubes, the number depending on age, trama (context) creamcolored, elastic, soft, hard and brittle when dry, odor weak, taste mild. Usually imbricate. Causes white soft-rots. (Surface ol pores

A: Spores subglobose to globose, smooth,

hyaline, some with drops, 3.54.5x 3-4-5 am,l-. B: Basidia clavate,10-12 x 4-5 pm, with 4 sterigmata, without basalclamp. C: Cystidla exserted beyond the hym€nium, lhick-walled and capped with crystals, 15-20 x 4-7 pm. D: Hyphal syslem monomitic, generative hyphae thin-walled, 1.5-2 r.m across, hyphae ol the lrama 2-5 pm across and thick-wal,ed, all septa without clamps.

Remark3 The layered tubes provide a good featu re tor identifying the species described here in lhe field. The iollowing polypores i. a. are macroscopically similar bul annual. Bje*ancleta fumosa (No. 330) with a dark line between the lube layer and the lrama, Trameles Dullrcolor (No.356)with zoned, elastic,thickfruiling

bodies, and Iralr,etes verc/'coror (No. 359) also with zoned, elastic, bul lhin lruitins bodies. Microscopically, O. populinus i5 well characierized by its

capped cystidia and subglobose spores. Fully resupinatelruiling bodieswith spores of4-5.5 x 3-4rim ate named Oryporus obducens (Pers.:Fr.)Donk by some authors, Speclmens examinod and photographod Giswil/Ow (Lauibach), olev. 500 m, quad.1865, on Alnus incana

l$av

aldet),

April3,1983, coll. JB,0304-83 BR. Other 3peclmem: quad. 2055, 2064, 2066, 2165, 2166, 2168, 2265. 2266, lmbach: not included.

p. 403)

380

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat. (Fam. Rigidoporaceae Jtil. 1981)

(Schum.: Fr.) Donk

Schizopora paradoxa (Schrad.: Fr.) Donk : Polypotus ve6ipotus Perc.

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat. (Fam. Schizoporaceae Jul. '1981)

Mlcroscoplc teaturag

Habitat On dead fallen and standing or attached trunks and branches of hardwoods, somewhat more rarelyalso of coniters, with andwithout bark. Preferred substrates are Ca.pi,4us (hornbeam),Fagus (beech), Quercus (oak), and ADies (siMer lir). Common in valleys. Annual. Distribution: W.

A: Sporesbroadlyellipticaltooval,smooth,hyaline,somewithdrops,4.5-6x 3-4pm,l-.

B: Basidia cylindric-clavate, 12-17 x 3-4.5r.m, with 4 stsrigmata and basal clamp.

C: Cyslidioles

in thehymenium clavale,fusitorm, or ventricose, 12-15 x

2-5

(D1) generative hyphae thin- to lhick-walled,2-3.5 I,m across, branched, sepla with clamps, some hyphalends g lobose-capitale and sometimes surrounded by a yellowish substancei (D2) skeletal

D: Hyphalsyslem dimilic,

hyphae thick-walled, 3.5-5 pm across, occasionally with crystals.

Macloscopic features Fruiting body resupinate, attached tightly to the subslrate,Iorming patches several centimeters to decimeters in extent, on horizontal substrates flat and spread out, pores angular, labyrinthine-lacerated, to irregularly denticulate or platelike, on vertical substrates

knotlike or slepped and pores lacerated to almost irpicoid, 1-3 pores per mm,tube length 1-4 mm, becoming shorterfrom the center toward the margin, cream-white to ocher-yellow, marginalzone lighter to white, finely filamentous to distinctly bounded. Consistency soft when fresh, hard when dry. Causes white soft-rots.

381

Ramerks

is extremely variable in appearance. Wb have collections with a fine-pored surlace to a surface wilh su bdividod pores like lfpex. ln doubtfulcases the microscopically visible capitale hyphalends provide a good indication ot the genus, Another species. nol yel lound here and evidenlly rare, is Sclr,zopola carneo-lulea (Rodw & Clel.) Kotl. & Pouz. (: scrzopora phellinoicles lPild:J Domanski), which is distinguished macroscopically by smaller, not denliculate por6s (5-7 per mm) and a flesh-yellowish color when lresh, es well as microscopicallv bv somewhat smaller spores (3 5-4 5 x

Thespeciesdesc b€d here

2.5-3.5pm).

SDecimen3 examined and photogaaphed Haltikon/SZ (Msqqelwald), elev.550 m, quad.2167,on the undorside ota small trunk ol Abies stillwith bark, Jan.23,1983, coll. FK,2301-83 K. Other apecimens: widely dislributed throughout region. lmbrch: not included.

Junghuhnialuteoalba

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat. (Fam. Steccherinaceae Parmasto 1968)

(Karst.) RW. Chaetoporus luteoalbus (Karst.) Christ.

:

Mlcrcscopic toeiuras

Habltst On the underside

ofdead coniferwood, especially on branches ot

Pirus (pine) lying on the ground. Throughout the year. Rare. Distribution: E, NA, As. Macroscopic features Fruiting body fully resupinate, attached tightly to the substrate, forming patches '!-4 mm thick and several centimeters in extent, surlace fine-pored, cream-white to yellow in places, poresangular, 4-5 per mm, tube length 1-3 mm, margin distinctly bounded, sterile and whitish for a width of 0.5-'l mm, in part somewhallringed. Context with the subiculum upto 0.5 mm thick and white. Consistency librous and tough, odor weak, uncharacteristic, taste unpleasant, somewhat bitter. Causes white soft-rots.

A: Spores &m,

cylindrical, allanloid, smooth, with drops, 5-6.5 (7) x 1.8-2.3 (2.5) 1.5 rm; Christiansen 1960: 7-8 x 1.8-2.5

l-. (Ryvarden 1978: 4-5 x

Basidaa clavate, 20-27 x 5-6 ri.m, with 2-4 sterigmala and basal clamp. C: Skeletocystidia clevate, imbedded in the hymenium, upto 100 x 7-l5pm,

B:

thick-walled and with coarse, dense incrustation on the upper part. than- to thick-walled,1.5-3 /tm across, seplawith clamps; (D2) skeletal hyphee thick-welled toalmost ends incrusted, solid,3,5-5pm across, cyanophilic, some

D: Hyphalsystem dimitic, (D1)generative hyphae

The large, clavate, coarsely incrust€d cystidia and the dimitic hyphalsyslem are typical leatures ol the genus. Junghuhnia collabens {Fr.) RW. is also found on coniler wood, bul it produces red-brown to brick-redfruiting bodie6. rrpex ,acteus (No.192) when young can look similarto lhe species described here, but it develops split pore mouths in age. Microscopically, large incrusted cystidia can also be seen in , but clamps are completely absant from the septa.

Spcclmcna eramlned and photoglaphed BoswiUAG (Egghau), elev. 400 m, quad.2364, on the underside ola branch of Pinus stillwith barkand lying onth€ ground, April 19,1984, coll. BA, 1904-84 BA 1,

Other 3pecimen!: none.

lnb.ch: not included. 302

Et F

oQcsI

C^CY(] UC>

Schizopora paradoxa

eI E ol

10 pm

303

382

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat.

Junghuhnia nitida (Pers.: Fr.) RW. : Chaetoporus nitidus (Pers. ex. Fr.) Donk : Poria eupora (Karst.) Cke.

(Fam. Steccherinaceae Parmasto 1968)

Habitat On the underside of fallen dead hardwoods, especially Fagus (beech). Summerjall. Not common. Annual. Distribution:

E,

NA,As,

Macroscopic leatures Fruiting body lully resupinate, appressed closely to the substrate, forming patches 2-3 mm thick and several cenlimeters in extent, surface f ine-pored, cheerf ul orange-ocher to salmon-yellow, pores rounded-angular,5-6 permm,tubesl-2 mm long,margindistinctly bounded, white to cream-colored. Consistency soft when fresh, hard and brittle when dry, odor faintly musty. Causes white soft -rots

MicrGcoDic faatures

A:

Soorea elliotical to oval. smooth, hvaline,with drops,4-4 5 Y

2 2.5/rm.l-.

B: Basidla clavate, 11-15 4-5 r.m, wth 4 slerigmata and basal clamp. C: Skeletocyslidia thick-walled, numerous, rising oul ol the hymenium and some exserted, incrusled parl20-50 / 8-10 /,m D: Hyphal system dimitic, (Dl) generalive hvphae lh in- to thick-walled,1.5-2.5 &ni across, septa with clamps; (D2) skeletalhyphae thick-wailed,2-4 4m across, +/- sinuous, not cyanophilic,

Ramark! Ihe soecies described here when viewed superlicially could be easily confused'with Sleccier,hum ochraceum (No. 194), bul lhe lallel has a spinose hymenophore (use a hand lens).The iuo species also resemble each other v;ry clo;ev miiroscopicelly and lherefore make one inler a close relalionship soecim6n3 eramined and oholograph6d Die kon/Lu (Gotzental). elev. 550 m, quad. 2167. on undorside ol Fagus branch on

lh; ground, Sepl.

15, 1983, coll. FK, 1509-83 K.

Othar specim.ns: quad. 2066, 2266.

lmb.ch: not included.

383

Daedalea quercina

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat. (Fam. Daedaleaceae JUl. 1981)

L.: Fr.

oak maze-gill

Habitat On dead wood oI Quercus (oak) and Castanea safiva (Spanish chestnut), on stumps, railroad ties, andwood used in construction, but also a wound parasite.Throughoutthe year.Widespread but not common. Annuallo perennial. Distribution W.

Macroscopic Ieatures Frb. bracketlike, semicircular, on the upper side of the substrate also turbinate to rosettelike,l00-200 (300) mm across and extending 1OO-200 mm Irom the substrate,30-50 (70) mm thick where attached, broadly attached, upper surtace uneven, tuberculate, with +/- concentric undulations. somewhat umbonate toward the place of attachment, light brown to gray-brown and appressedtomentose, margin sharp, lightocher-brownishwhenyoung,lower suriace with labyrinthine lamellae, beige and sometimes with a pink tint, lamellae 10-30 mm across, 1.5-2 mm thick, distance between individual lamellae 1-2 mm. Pilealtrama light brown, coffee-brown, corky, tough,weaklyzoned, odor pleasantlytungoid,taste sharpish. Solitary to gregarious, sometimes also concrescent. Causes carbonizing rots. (Surface of pores p. 403)

384

lricroscopac features

A:

SDores elholical. smooth,

hvaline,5-7

2-5-3-5 pm

B: Basidia slenderly clavete, 22-30 \ 2 -4 rm. with

C

2

l-.

- 4 sterig mata and basal

clamp. Cystidia as erserled lusilorm ends ol the ske letal hyphae, thick-walled, up

to55x4pm.

Di Hyphalsystem trimitic, (D'l)generetive

hyphae thin-walled, hyaline,1.5-4

pniacrois, septawith ciamps; (D2) skeletal hvph ae yellowish, th ick-wall_ ed, branched, upto 5 pm across; (D3) binding hyphae solid abundanlly branched and gnarled, yellowish,3-4 pm across.

Remark3

The oak maze-qillis nol ditlicull lo recognize. Other polypoles wilh lamellsle hvmenoohores-are clearlv dillerent in h,bitussnd have distinctly more finely divided iamellae, e. s. tenzites oetu/,ira {N o. 3 52, , Daeclaleopsts conhagosa var. lr'coror lNo. 385t. and G/oeophvl/um species (No. 3 89 tf.). Our observation lhat speciea which typically coioriize oaks ususlly occur also on Caslanea saliva is also true lor lhe species described here.

sDoclmens eremlned and photoEraphed W;rthenstein/LU (Chiienweid),elev. 50Om,quad.2065,on stumpolQuercus, May 1S,1977, coll.8A,1905-77 BA 1.

Oth.r specirnens: quad. 1966, 2165, 2166, 2067 (on Caslanea). lmbach: Lenzr'tes quelcina (L.) Quel.

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat.

Daedaleopsis conft agosa

(Fam. Daedaleaceae Jul.'1981)

(Bolt.: Fr.) Schroet.

= Ttametes rubescens (A. & S. ex Fr.) Fr. Habitat

Microscooic f6ature3

On dead wood ol broadleaved trees, ontrunks and branches, both fallen and standing or attached respectively, especially of Alrus (alder), Sa/,tr (willow) and Fagus (beech). Common. Throughoutthe year. Annual. Distribulion: E, NA, As.

C: Cystidia not seen. D: Htphalsystemtrimitic, (01)generative hyphae thin-walled,2-3

Macroscopic teatures Frb. semicircularto flabellate, 40-100 (150) mm across, extending up to 1OO mm from the substrate, 15-40 mm thick where atlached, +/- broadly attached, upper side radially wrinkled-lurrowed, concentrically zoned, uneven, slightly umbonate, glabrous, dull, ocherish when young, then darkerto brown, often bro\f,n-red toward the center. Margin sharp, +/- undulating, whitish to ocherish in growth, then brown, underside porose, daedaleoid to lamellatewith anastomoses, whitish to light gray when young, spotting pink-brownish when handled, grayto dark gray-brown when old, pores roundedangular to daedaleoid-labyrinthine, 0.5-1 mm across, tube length 5-10 mm, tubes usually somewhat decurrent. Trama thin, up to nearly'10 mm thickatthe base, gray- to brown-ocher,weaklyzoned, corky, tough, without odor, taste mild to somewhat bitter. Solitary,

gregarious, to imbricate, sometimes concrescent. Causes white soft-rots. (Surface of pores p.403) 304

A: Sporea cylindrical, slighlly allantoid. smooth, hvaline. some with drops, 6 5-8 \ (1.5) 2-2.5 4m,l-. B: Basidia abnderly clavate,lS-22 3.5-5rrm. with 4 slerigmala and basal clamp. /.{ln across, sapta wiih clampsi (D2) skeletal hyphae thick-walled 4.5-6 &m across; (D3) binding hyphae thick-walled, branched, 2_3pm across.

R6merks

The similar var. tricolor{No.385) dillers lrom the species described here by llat, thinJleshedf ruiting bodieswith upper surlaces which are narrowlyzoned and wine-red to black-ied lrom lhe very beginning, as wellas by an always purelv

lamellate hymenophore, For other remarks see there.

SDecim6ns examined and photographed Giswil/Ow (Kleinteil), elev. 550 m, quad. 1865, on dead trunk of Sarx April 9, 1983, coll. BA,0904-83 BA 2. Other spccimens: quad. 1966, 2066, 2166, 2264,2268,2367

lmbach: not included.

-

Junghuhnia nitida

E E LJ)

E E LO

C\i

tr\($ t_q" Z

384

E E

Daedaleopsis contragosa

ro

N

^

305

38s

Daedaleopsis confragosa (Bolt.: Fr.) Schroet. yar.

=

(Fam. Daedaleaceae J0l. 1981)

(Bull. ex Merat) Bond. & Sing. Lametes rubescens (A. & S. ex Fr.) Fr.

Habitat On dead trunks and branches of hardwoods, especially Fagus (beechl, Prunus avium (wild cherry), and Corylus (hazel). Throughout the year. Widespread but not common. Annual. Distribution: E (rarer toward the north), NA, As.

iracrolcoplc ,oaiuros Frb. semicircular to flabellate, 40-100 (150) mm across, projecting up to '100 mm, 5-15 mm thick, broadly attached, upper surlace radially wrinkled-striate, zoned, uneven, slightly umbonate toward the center, smooth, dull, dull brown-red, zones dark red to blackred, margin sharp, undulating, light brownish in growth, underside lamellate, lamellae forked and unequal, 5-10 mm across, edges waw, slightly crenate, gray-brown, lamellar faces ocher- to graybrown,l5-20 per cm,trama thin, ocherish to red-brownish, corky, tough, without odor, taste mild. Usually gregarious or imbricate, more rarely solitary, u pper aurface of pileinot rarelywithsecondary pilei. Causes white soft-rois. (Surface of pores p.403)

386

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat.

tricolor

Mlcrcacoplo iaeture3

Ai Spores cylindrical,

allantoid, smooth, hyaline, some with drops,6.5-8.5

2-5 ],/,tn,l--

Br Basidia sl€ndefly clavale, 30-35 x 3-5

x

&m, v/ith 4 sterigmata and basal

clamp.

C: Cystidia not seenD: Hyphal system trimitic, (D1) generative hyphae thin-walled, 1.5-3 /rm across, septa wilh clamps; (D2) skelstal hyphae thick-uralled, 2-8 /rm across;(D3) binding hyphae thick-walled, strongly branched, up to 4pm across.

Remark!

The species described here is variously Inlerpreted, derrending on the author, as a tom orvariety otDaedareopsis crnrragosa (No.384) oreven as a separale species. ltseems to us to be ratherconstanl insuchleaturesascolorand f orm ot the lemellae, as well as in choice of subskate (ospecialty Prunus avium end Fagos). A conrragosa can also havealamellate hymenophorg,butinthis case the other leatures slillcorrespond to the contagosa type, The var, tr,color is signiticantly less common and acc. KRIEGLSTEINER (1982) occurs in Ger-

many practically only south of the Main. Sp€cim6n3 oxemined and photographed GeBau/Sz, elev.450 m, quad.2067, on branch ofFagus with bark and on the ground, April9,1983, coll. FK,0904-83 K 1.

Oth.r 6p.cimens: quad. 2055, 2068, 2166. lmbech: Lerzies trlcolor Fr. ex. Pat.

Fomes fomentarius

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat.

(1.: Fr.).Fr.

(Fam. Fomitaceae

Jil.

1981)

tinder conk, hoof fungus

Habitat

lllcro3coplc lealures

A saprophyte or weak parasite on Fagus (beech), also on olher hardwoods and rarely on conifers. Throughout the year. Not common. Perennial. Distribution: E, NA, As, Al.

B: Bssidia clavate,20-30 x 7-l0Am,with 4 sterigmala, basalclamp notseen. C: Cystidia not seen,

Macroscopic teatures Frb. ungulate, broadly attached, 100-250 (300) mm across and equally high, projecting 50-200 mm, upper side with concentric waves and grooves, smooth, with hard, glabrous, dark brown crust 1-2 mm thick in crosssection,ocherto red-brownwhen young,later light to dark gray, margin blunt, finely tomentose and whitish in growth, underside porose, cream-colored when young, then light ocherto brownish, pores rounded,3-4 per mm,tube length 2-5 (8) mm, perennial fruiting bodies with layered medium-brown tubes. Trama corky, tough and fibrous,light brown, concentrically zoned. The mycelialcore, which is softand towlike with whitish marbling, is located althe attachment place of the initiallrb. Odor pleasantlyf ungoid, taste rather bitter. Solitary or up to severalconcrescent:forms misshapen lrbs. when growth is disturbed. Causes white soft-rots. (Surface oI pores p.403)

387

A: Spores elliptic-cylindric, smooth, hyaline, 18.5-19 x 5.5-6 pm, l-.

D: Hyphal systemtdmitic, (Dl) generativehyphaethin-walled, 2-Spmacross, septa wilh clamps; (D2) skelelal hyphae thick-walled, brownish, 6-7pm across; (D3) binding hyphae strongly branched, gnarled,3-4pm across, brownish.

Renark3

The sp€ci€s described here could be contused with Phel/irus igrialus (No. 316), v,hich, however, has a hard,daIk brown irama, and wath c€rlain lorms ol Fomdopsis piricola (No, 387), which hes a cream-colored pore layer and |.rama. Ganodema appknatum {No. 425) has flat. bruckellike fruiting bodies and a cream-colored pore layer, as well as truncate, vorrucose spores. ln cases oldoubt,the KOH roaction helps:Apiece olcrustlromthe upper surface ofthe pileusis put in KOH andthen laidonawhitepaper.llitisF tomerler,uq a dark red palch ol colorforms. Spacimens exahined and photographed Luceme (Bireggwald), elev. 450 m, quad. 2066, on standing dead trunk of Fagus, Oct.9,1983, coll. GR,0910-83 Ri.

Olher specinen6:

quad . 1256, 1865, 2267

.

lmbach: the same.

Fomitopsis pinicola (Fr.) Karst. : Polyporus maryinatus Pers. ex Fr.

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat. (Fam. Fomitopsidaceae Jril. 1981)

-Ungulina maeinata \Pers. ex Fr.) Fr. Habitat On dead wood of conifers and hardwoods, on standing or fallen trunks as wellas on stumps.Throughouttheyear. Common. Perennial. Distribution: E, NA, As, Af. Macroscopic teatures Frb. bracketlike to ungulate, broadly attached, 50-200 (400) mm across, projecting 50-100 (200) mm, 50-150 mm thick where attached, upper surlace regutarly luberculate, with broad concentric growth zones, smooth, crustose, hard from resinous surface which melts in heat (match), gray to blackish when old, new growth zones orange-red toyellow- orgray-pinkwith whitish margin, margin rounded, even, underside porose, cream-colored, alsoyellowish when young, brownish when old, pores rounded,3-4 per mm, tube length upto 2 mm, tubes layered.ln g rowth with g uttation drops on pores and margin. Trama up to 40 mm thick where attached, cream-colored to ocherish, hard, tough, odor of young fruiting bodies intensely acidic, taste bitter. Solitary to imb cate. Causes carbonizing rots. (Surtace of pores p. 403)

306

illcrcicopic IGaturei A: Sporeg ellipticel, smoolh, l-.

hyaline, with dislinct apiculus,6-8.5 x 3-4.5lrlfi,

B: Besidiaclavate,l3-24 x 6-8pm,with 4shortsterigmata,with basalclamp. C: Cystidia not seen. D: Hyphalsystemtrimitic, (Dl)generative hyphse 1.5-3pm across, septa with clamps; (O2) sksletal hyphae thick-walled, 4-6 pm across; (03) binding hyphae thick-walled, with shorl branch€s, 2-3.5 pm across.

Rarnark3 The sp€cies described here is very variable in form and color. Olderkuiting bodiescould b6 conlused withFomes lomenta,us (No.386), but its pileal crust does not meh in heal but only becomes charred. ln contrast, young fruiting bodies are olten shiny orange-gray and covercd with manyguttation drops. The cream-colored trama also distinguishes this species clearly lrom the Pherihus species wilh brown context. Th€ rare Fomrlopsis rosea (No. 388) has a pink-red pore surlace. Specimons examln€d

Bisch/zc, 6lev. 400 m, quad.2267, ontrunkofa living peartree,July28,1983, coll.8A,2807-83 BA 3. Photographed in quad.1965.

Olhcl apeclmen3: common throughout region. lmb.ch: Fomes margirarus

(Fr.) Gillet.

Fomes fomentarius

=omitopsis pinicola

&

'\..l lr rl*

i'.F,.I

388

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat.

Fomitopsis rosea

(Fam. Fomitopsidaceae Jtil. 1981)

(A. & S.: Fr.) Karst.

Habitat On dead wood of Pr'cea (spruce) with andwithoutbark,commonlyon wood used in construction such as beams ofold alpine hutsat mon-

tane to subalpine elevations. Throughout the year. Perennial. Not common. Distribution: E, NA, As. Macroscopic featureg Fruiting body bracketlike with a +/- decurrent tube layer, 20-100 mm across and projecting '10-40 mm, pileus up to 30 mm thick, upper surface appressed-tomentose, weakly zoned, undulating, with tubercles-swellings, pink-,gray-, to dark brown, margin sharp when young, then blunt and undulating with sterile poreless zone, lowersurface porose, pink, pores rounded to elongated,3-4 (5) per mm, tube length 5-7 mm, perennial fruiting bodies with indistinctly layered tubes. Rudimentary pileiare often lormed in thetube layer. Trama pink, indistinctlyzoned within, corkytotowlike,tough, woody toward the outside, hard, odor weakly fungoid, taste somewhat bit-

ter. Solitary io gregarious. Causes carbonizing rols. (Surface of pores p. 403)

389

Micro!@pic fcalure3

A: Spores cylindric-elliptic, smooth, basal clamp,

C: Cystidia not seen. D: Htphal syslem lfmitic, (01) generativo hyphae thin-walled,

2 5-3 &m aaross, sapla wilh clampsi (D2) sk€letalhyphae solid,3-6pm across;(D3) sinuous, with shortoutgrowths, io solid, binding hyphae verythick-walled

2-4pm across. Remaakg

ln contrast to Fom,lopsis pir,bola (N o. 387) the su perlicial crust of the species described here does not meltwhen it is heated with a match, bul onlychars. Other polypores with a pink hymenophorcare i. a. Leptoporus mori,s (No.332)

and Tfom@s placenta (339), which, however, have a sofler consislencv.

SDecimens examinad.rld photogrtphed Oberberg/Sz (Muotatal), elev.1200 m, quad.2069, on roofbeam ol an alpine hut, July 17, 1968, coll. v. B0ren t, 1707-68 BR 1.

Other.pecimans: quad. 1966, 2068. lmbech: Fomes roseus (A. & S.) Fr.

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat. (Fam. GloeophyllacEae Jul. 1981)

Fr.: Fr.

Lenzites abietina (Bull. ex Fr.) Fr.

Habitat On dead wood ofconifers, especially Picea (spruce), commonlyon fallen trunks, fence pickets and laths, and wood used in construc-

tion, prelers dry habitats. Throughout the year. Common. Annual, but oft6n lasting severalyears. Distribution: E, tlA, As, Af. Macroscopic featurea Frb. usually pileate, bracketlike, turbinate, flabellale, or conchate, also in linearrows or,on the underside olthe substrate, fully resupinate, Dileioften imbricate, u pper surtace hispid-tomentose,becoming glabrous r,vhen old,with +/- concentric undulations and turrows and zoned,lobacco- to red- or dark brown, with whitish to yellowbrown marginal zone when young, center commonly somewhat umbonate, underside lamellate, often with anastomoses, lamellae ocher-lo gray-brown, wavy, edges crenate,4-10 mm wide,8-13 (15) percm (countedatthe pilealmargin), individualpilei20-50(80) mm across, broadly attached. Pilealflesh thin, tough, fibrous, tobaccobrown, without odor, tiaste mild to somewhat bitter. Causes carbonizing rots. (Surface of pores p. 403)

390

x 2.5-3

B: iSasidia cylindricalto venkrcose,l0-15 \ 4-5.5Fm,$/ilh 4steligmate end

Gloeophyllum abietinum =

hyaline, some with drops,6-7

llicro3cooic t6sturca

A: Sporea cylindricalto somewhal allantoid, smooth, B:

Basidia slenderly clavate,

hyaline, 10-13

3-4

clamp.

C: Cystidia thick-walled, brownish, with basalclamp, obtuse to acumlnate, tios rarely incrust€d, 40-50 / 5-7 plr,D: Hyphalsystem tnmitic, (D1) gsneralive hyphae hyalin€,1.5-2lm across. s;pta with clamps; {D2) skeletalhyphae brownish, lhick-walled, 3-5 /rm across: (D3) brnding hyphae hyaline, thick-walled. srnuous and sllongly branched,2-54m across, sepl6 with clamps. Remarks Gtoeophytlufi sepierium lNo. 390) is tound ln lhe same habitats, oflen even togetherwith lhe sp€cies irescribed here, a habit which could lead to misidentilication.lt diftors bythelargernumberoflamellae p€r cm (15-24) and bythinratherthan thick-wslled cystidia in the hymenium. Both species are danger_ ous saorophytes, which lrequently damage wood us€d in conslruciion by intense carbonizlng rots. SDeclmen3 examined and photographod Hiinenberg/ZG (Zollischlag), elev.400 m, quad.2267. on spruce slump.Nov. 13,1982, coll. JB, 1311-82 BR.

Other 3p€cimen!: common ihroughoul region. lnrb.ch: included as Lenz,les abietina (Bull.) Fr'

Fam. Po lyporaceae s. lat.

Gloeophyllum sepiarium

(Fam. Gloeophyllaceae Jol. 1981)

(Wuf.: Fr.) Karst. = Lenzites sepiada Wulf. ex Fr.) Fr.

Habitat On dead wood ol conifers, especially Pr'cea (spruce), on tallen

lllcrolcopic toeture3 A: Soores cvlindrical, slishtly allanloid, smoolh, hyaline,

trunks, fences, lumber, usually outside forests, mainly in dry habitats.Throughoutthe year. Widespread. Annualbut olt€n lasts several years and is then no longer fertile. Distribution: E, NA" As, At.

B: I3asidia slenderly clavate, 40-50 x 3.5-6

Macroqclpic leature3 Fruiting body usually pileate, bracketlike, turbinate, flabellate, or

\

25-35 x 5-7 &m, with 4 sterigmata and basal

8.5-11.5

,

3.5-4.5

pm, with 4 sterigmata and basal

clamp.

C: Cystrdia thln-walled, hyaline,35-45 x 3-3.5lrm, $/ilh basalclamp.

D: Hyphal syslem trimrlic, (Dl) gen€rative hyphae thin- to thick-walled, hya-

line. 2.5-3 rm across, septa with cldmps; {D2) skeletal hyphee brownish. thick-walled, 2.5-5 r4n across; (D3) binding hyphae brownish, lhick_ walled.2.5-4 rrm across, sinuous, slrongly branched,

conchate, also in linear rows or, on lhe underside ofthe substrate, fully resupinate, pileioften imbricate, uppersurface hispid-tomentose, becoming glabrouswhen old, with concentric undulations and turrows and zoned, tobacco- to red- ordark-brown, with whitish to

Remarka For the posslbilrty of conlusion with Groeophy,run abietirum (No 389) see rema*s there. Another, but rather rare, species with vsry crowded lamellae or labyrinthine-porosehymenophore (2-4 pores/lamellae per mm) is G. lraDeum (No.391), whose lruiting bodies are hazelnut- to gray-brcwn

yellow-brown marginal zone when young, cenler.commonly

Spacimen3 axeminad rnd photographed lmmens66/Sz (Chiemen), olev. 450 m, quad.2167, on hedge-stake ol P/'cea Aug.27,1983, coll. FK,2708-83 K.

somewhat umbonate,lower surlace lamellate, often with anastomoses, lamellae ocher- to gray-brown, wavy, edges crenate,4-10 mm wide, 15-20 per cm (counled at the pileal margin), individual pilei 20-50 (80) mm across, broadly attached io the substrate, Pileal flesh ihin, tough, fibrous,lobacco-brown, without odor, tasie mild to somewhat bitter. Causes carbonizing rots. (Surlace otpores p.403)

308

Othar 6paclmana: widely dislributed throughout region. lmbach: Lerzrtes sepiafla (I\fullen) Fries.

Fomitopsis rosea

ET

EI

A

Wil"

ol NL

r:)^

YEJA \ "---, A

391

Gloeophyllum trabeum (Pers.:Fr.) Murrill : Lerzles trabea (Pers. ex Fr.) Fr. Habital On dead barkless wood o, broadleaved trees and conifers, commonly on wood used in construction in sunny places. Throughout ihe year. Not common. Annual but lasting. Distribution: E, NA, As. It

Mlcrcacopic Laiu.aa

A: Spores elliptical, smooth, hyaline, 7-8.5 x 3-4.5 /im, l-. B: Basidia slenderly clavate,35-45 x 7-6@ (specimen 1204-79

BA 2:17x 5-6 pm) with 4 sterigmaia and basalclamp. C: Cystidioles 25-35 x 4-5.5 pm (acc. lit. some with excretions al the tips). D: Hyphal syslem dimitic, (Dl) generalive hyphae 1.5-3 pm acrcss, thin- lo

25

lhick-walled, septawith clemps; {D2) skelelal hyphae thick-walled, brownish,2.5-5 pm across.

acroscopic teatureg

Fruiting body bracketlike, llabellate, oI semicircular, 30-80 mm across, projecting 10-30 mm lrom the substrate, sometimes also concrescent and linear, now and again decunent onto the substrate, broadv attached, upper surface uneven, tuberculate to radially undulating, finely tomentose when young, then becoming glabrous, cinnamon- to ocher-brown, margin lighter to gray-brownish, irregularly undulating to crenate, sharp, lower surface finepored, light brown, ocher-brown, pores rounded-angular, usually somewhat elongated (specimen 1204-79 BA 2: lamellate, daedaleoid),0.25-0.5 mm across and up to 4 mm long, tube length upto 4 mm. Context cinnamon-brown, elastic, tough, 1-3 mm thick, without odor, taste mild. Solitary or gregarious, but also concrescent in rows. Causes carbonizing rots. (Surface of pores p.403)

392

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat. (Fam. Gloeophyllaceae Jol. 1981)

Remark3 Purely lamellate forms are easy to separale lrom Groeophyllum abietinum lNo, 389) and G. sepiarium (No. 390) because ol their very crowded lamellae. Porose or daedaleoid lorms do nol make one think st lirst ot G/oeophyrium.

Specim.nr.ramincd.nd photographcd

Sachseln/Ow (Floeli-Ranll), elev.600 m, quad.1966, on lallen, barklsss hardwood trunk on lorest edge, May 12,1983, coll. FK, 1205-83 K.

Othe. spocimens: quad. 1765, 1865, 2055, 2056, 2057, 2066, 2265. lmbrch: nol included.

Gloeophyllum odoratum

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat.

(Wulf.: Fr.) lmazeki

(Fam. Gloeophyllaceae Jiil.

,l981)

= Osmoporus odoratus (Fr.) Sing. Habitat On dead wood of Picea (spruce), especially on the cut surfaces of stumps, butalso on tallen trunks and branches, more rarely on oiher conifers and hardwoods. Throughout the year. Common. Perennial. Distribution: E, As.

Macroscopic features Fruiting body tuberous, pulvinate,lo turbinate, or bracketlike, semicircular to linear, broadly attached, pilei 50-200 mm across and projecting 20-100 mm from the substrate, upper surface undulating, tuberculate, dull-tomentose (like deer leather) when young, yellow-brown to orange-brown, becoming glabrous and rusi- to dark brown or black when old, margin inflated, undulating, +/- blunt, underside porose, yellow when young, later gray-brown, pores rounded-angular to elongated, 1-2 per mm, tube length 5-10 (15) mm, tubes distinctly layered in perenniallruiting bodies.Trama cinnamon-brown, consistency corky, lough, odor like fennel/anise, taste mild, somewhat bitter. Solitary or concrescent to form shapeless clumps. Causes carbonizing rots. (Surlace ol pores p. 403)

393

llicros@pic leaturcs

A:

Spores cylindric-elliptic, smooth, hyaline, some with drops, 7.5-9.5 x

B: Basidia slenderlyclavale,l T-24

x 3.5-4l.m, with

2-4 sterigmata

3-4

and basal

clamp,

C: Cystidioles lusiform, up to 30 x 7r(m, yellowish

in KOH.

(D1) generalive hyphaethin-tothick-walled, 2-3pm across, hyaline, somelimes with crystals, septa with clamps;(D2) skeletal hyphae thick-walled, brownish, 2-5pm across.

Dr Hyphal systom dimitic,

Remerks This polypore is common and is hardly ever missing lrom a sprucelorest.lt is easy to recognize, thanksto itslypicalodor. RWARDEN (1978) describedlhe sp€ciesasdi-tohimiiic- He observed that binding hyphae were ditliculttofind and were lo be seen only in afew of his specimens nearthebas€olthefruiting bodies. He lurther provided the good hintthal in sterilefruiting bodies mature spores could be sought successlully in the tomentum ol lhe pileus.

Specimens axamin€d Lucerne (Rultisbergwald), elev.500 m, quad.2166, on spruce stump, Oct.31, 1983, coll. FK,3110-83 K. Photographed in quad.1965. Other 3pecimens: common lhroughout region.

lmbach: Trameles odorata

Fr.

exwullen.

Abortiporus biennis

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat.

(Bull.: Fr.) Sing.

(Fam. Grifolaceae JUl. 198'l)

: :

Daedalea biennis BulL ex. Fr. Hetercporus biennis (Bull. ex Fr.) Laz.

Habitat

liicroacopic leaturgr

On soil in meadows, pastures, gardens, park grounds, and floodplain forests, but always associated with buried dead wood such as slumps, etc. Summer-fall. Bare. Distribution: W.

A: Spores (A1)

Macro3copic teatures Frb. turbinate to rosettelike, also irregularly undulating and lobed when old,80-200 mm in diameter, uppersurface of pileus smooth, slightly undulating to somewhat pitted, f inely velutinous-tomentose, whitish when young,later ocher to brownish, margin thin, undulating-lobed, in part crenate, lighter to white, spotting red-brown when handled, lower surface labyrinthine-porose, nhitish, spotting reddish-brown when bruised,l-3 pores per mm,tube length 2-5 mm, slipe imbedded inthe ground,cylindric-conic,20-30mmthick,4070 mm long, usuallywilh adhering soil, pores somewhat decurrent. Context duplex, white, hardwithin and soft on the outside, ca. 5 mm thick, tuming red when cut, odor unpleasant, fungoid, taste mild. lncorporated pieces of plants are usually observable in thisfungus. Solitary to in groups, also with imbricate lobes. Causes white soft-

C: Gloeocystidia cylindric-sinuou6to clavat€,30-'!00 x 6-10pm, containing

rots. 310

basidaospores elliptical, smooth, hyaline, thin-walled, with

droF, 4.5-6 x 3.5-4.5 llm, l- (spore deposit yellowish); (A2) chlamydospores subglobose, lhlck-wall€d, with drops,3-5 x 3-4.5 /rm.

B: Basidia slenderly clavate, 17-34 x 4.5-6

rrm, wilh 4 sterigmata and basal

clamp,

drops.

D: Hyphal systom monomitic, hyphae thin- lo thick-walled, 2-6 #m across, some swollen up to 10pm, sepla with cl6mps.

R€merk6 Typicall€aturos ot this rare polypore are its habitat6nd habitus, aswellas ils property ol lurning red-brownish when handled and injured.ln addition, it is unusual in producing chlamydospores on various parts ol the fruiting body such as e. g. tho pileus and stipe. lrregularly tuberous fruiting bodies ofthis species, the impertect stage, are also called e. g. CeromJrces lerrestris Sch ulzer, They produce chlamydospores in smell cavities in their interior, Sp€cimcn6 craminod and photogreph€d Steinhaus6n/zG, €l€v. 450 m, quad. 2267, in home garden above buried Pirus stump, Aug.26,1984, coll. Uhr,2608-84 Schw.

Other speclm.n3: quad.

lhbach: not included

1251, 1853, 1857, 1956, 2056, 2166.

EI EI

9L

C

rtDa "5>D

C\ .,,? Dr

Gloeophyllum odoratum

FI

U%

[\\m

406

Albatrellus confluens

tr

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat.

(Alb. & Schw.: Fr.) Kotl. & Pouz.

(Fam. Scutigeraceae Bond. & Sing. ex Sing.1969)

Habitat

llicro3copic fealua€s

On soilin con ifer forests or in alpine pastures underPicea (spruce),

A:

commonly at montane to subalpine elevations. Summer-fall. Not common. Distribution: E, NA, Au.

B:

Macroscopic fealurgs Fruiting body consisting of rounded, pulvinate, almost stipeless pilei

which usually are contluent to lorm amorphous tuberous structures, individual pilei 30-'100 (150) mm across, upper surface convex, tuberculate, in part pitted, smooth, dull, finely tomentose, later

glabrous and areolate, baked-roll-yellow to orange-brown, margin sharp, incurved, lower surface with the hymenophore fine-pored, white when young, later cream-colored, pores rounded, 2-4 per mm, tubes 2-3 mm long, decurrent onto the stipe, stipe short and thick, usually up to severalfused and trunklike, gradually merging with the pileus. Flesh corkyJleshy, 10-25 mm thick in the piteus, white to cream-colored, odor pleasant, taste somewhat bitter. Usually confluent to lorm clumps 200-300 mm across.

407

Albatrellus cristatus (Pers.: Fr.) Kotl. & Pouz.

Remarks The species described here is hardty misiakabte in the fietd ifone pays attention lo its porose hymenophore, pileal surlace lhe color ol a baked roll, and clod-likegroMh lorm.ln addition, confluent fruiting bodies do not have individual stipos but a branched tru nk instead. Nevertheless, older fruiting bod ies ot Albattellus subrubescens (No.409) and Hldnum repand./m (No.2{i2), as weI as certain Sarcodo, specEs {No.274 fl,) can look simtlar. Sp€camens aramined and photogrephed Alpnach/OW (Horweli), elev.1300 m, quad.1965, in alpine paslure und6rp/'cea, Aug. 13, 1983, coll. GR, 1308-83 Ri.

Other 3pecimens: quad.1057, 1256, 1864, 1869.

lfibecii

Polyporus confluens Ft.

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat(Fam. Scutigeraceae Bond. & Sing. ex Sing.1969)

Microscopic ,ealure3

ln broadleaved and coniterous forests, principally at montane elevations. Summer-fall. Not common. Annual. Distribution: E, NA, As.

Macroscopic teatures Fruiting bodydivided into pileus and stipe, piteus30-'100 (120) mm, concrescenl pilei correspondingly larger, irregularly rounded to fl a-

bellate with undulating margin, upper surface velutinous-tomentose, areolate-squamose toward the center, otten the entke surface rimose-squamose in age, pale olive-green to brown-olive, pileus up

decur-

renttube layer'l-3 mmthick, pores rounded toangular,l-3 permm, stipe relatively short, 20-40 x 10-15 mm, solid, finely tomentose, whitish. Flesh soft and fragile, whitish, odor unpleasant to stinking, taste mild but unpleasant. Sometimes solitary, but usually up to several concrescent. H2SO! on the flesh quicklyturns itbright redviolet,and it remains so for a rather long time;no reaction with KOH.

408

Basidia cylindric-clavale, 18-25 x 5-6.5 /1m, with 4 sterigmata and basat clamp. C: Cyslidia not seen. D: Hyphal system monomitic, hyphae 2-6 &m across, thin-watted. hyohat walls not amyloid, septa wilh clamps.

r

Habitat

to 10 mm thick, lower surface with whitish to yellow-brownish,

Spores broadly elliplical,6mooih, hyaline,with drops,4-5.2 x 3,3.5r.m, t+

A: B: C: D:

Spores subglobose, smooth, hyaline, with drops,5-7 x 4.5-5pm, t+ (acc. lit. not or only weakly amyloid). Basidia clevate, '17-28 x 6-8 pm, with 4 sterismata, wiihout basat ctamD. Cystidia not seen. Hyphal systom monomitic, (Dl) hyphae 1-4 (5) pm across, septa without clamps, thin-walled, hyphalwalls amyloid:(D2) inllaled hyphatends in the hymenium wilh greenish contents

Remrrks It is possibleto confusethas spocies with A/bafe//us oy,irus (Fr.)Kott. & Pouz. orA. subftrbescers lNo.409), both ol which are edible. However, they have

whiiis h to slightly g reen-yellowish truiting bodies and pleasant-smettang mitd liesh andalso have largerspores./4. crlstatus is much rarerherethanA.s-ubru-

bescers.

Spocimens examined and pholographed Oberschongeu/Lu, elev. 700 m, quad. 2366, in beech foresl, Aug. 22,1982, coll. 84,2208-82 BA 1.

Olher 6pecim6n3: quad. 1954, 1955, 2055, 2065, 2066lmlrach: included

as Polyporus crlsfatus pers. ex Fr,

Albatrellus pes-Gaprae

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat.

(Pers.: Fr.) Pouz.

(Fam. Scutigeraceae Bond. & Sing. ex Sing.1969)

:

Scutiget pes-caprae (Pers. ex Fr.) Bond. et Sing.

Habitat On soil in montane to subalpine coniler forests or mixed coniferhardwood forests. Summer-lall. Rare. Distribution: E, NA As.

Macrorcopic features Fruiting body divided into pileus and stipe, piteus 50-120 mm across and fleshy, irregu larly rou nded, convex to umbonate, upper surface finelysquamose, red- to black-brown, margin lobed, undulating, incised, sharp and concolorouswiththe pileus, lowersurface coarse-pored, cream-colored to yellowish, pores somewhat decurrent, often spotting yellowish when handled, irregularly angularrounded,6-10 pores per cm, tubes up to 5 mm long, slipe usually eccentric, more rarely laieral, cylindrical to clavate-bulbous, 30-60 x '15-30 mm, finely squamose, yellowish to orange-brownish, solid. Flesh fragile, solt,whhish, odor pleasant, taste mild, nuflike. solitary or concrescent to form groups.

320

Micao3copic leatur€s Spores broadly elliplical, smooth, hya line, with drops, S.5- 12 7-8l.m.t-. B: Basidie cylindric-clavate. 35-40 , 7.5-8.5 !m. with 4 sterigmata a nd inctistincl basalclamp. C: Cystidia not seenD: Hyphalsyslem monomitic, hyphae than-walled, 4-34l]m across (widest in the pilealflesh), septa with clamps.

A:

Remarl3 Th is tu ngus is one of the rarest

terreslrial polypores and hard ly mistakable in has a boletoid habitus, butthe tube layer is notdetaihabtelromthe pileus. Although various authors consider it edible, this lungus shoutd be uncondilionally protected because ot its rarity.

thelield.lt

Speclmena ar!min€d end photogrrphed Mellers/Lu (Schwarzenberg-Untertangerten), etev. 1200 m. quad. 2065, on soil in mixed conile.-hardwood {orest, Oct. 6, t975, cott. AF, 0610-75 BA L

Olher specimens: quad. 1965, 2068. lmbach: Polyporus pes-caprae Pers.

Albatrellus confluens

[ll1

.$'\ I ') \. \ 1,/"

o6 t.

)lu

Qo Da

tr

Albatrellus cristatus

,

DO OAO

u el*

oot-\

Albatrellus pes-caprae

409

Albatrellus subrubescens

tr

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat.

(Murril0 Pouz. = Albatrerlus simrilis Pouz.

Habit t conifertorests and mixed conifer-hardwood lorests, on needle litteror bare and moss-covered soil. Summer-tall.Widespread. Distribution: E. ln

(Fam. Scutigeraceae Bond. & Sing. ex Sing.1969)

lricrcscoplc features

A: Spores subglobose, smooth, hyaline, wilh drops, 3.5-4.5 x 3-4 pm, l+ B:

D: Hyphalsyslem monomitic, hyphae 2.5-10

(15) pm across, thin- to lhickvralled, some incrusted with amorphousyellowish subslancewhich in lrypan blue appears bright purple under phase contrast, hyphalwalls in part amyloid, septa wilhoul clamps.

Macroscopic festures

iniopileusand stipe, pileus 30-120 (150) mm,confluent pileicorrespondingty larger, irregularly rounded to Ilabellate with an undulating and furrowed margin, upper surface finely tomentose, often areolate when dry,\,hitish when young,then sulfur-togreenyellow, in age ocher-brownish, thickness oI pileus up to'10 mm, lower surface with whitish pore layer, 1-5 mm thick, turning yellow when bruised,slightlydecurrent, pores rounded to angular,2-4 per mm, stipe olten eccentric, 10-50 x '10-20 mm, solid, finely tomentose, tapering below, rounded to compressed and also straplike, whitish, sometimes with brownish spots. Flesh Iragile, granular, white, odor pleasant, taste mild, nutlike. Generally fused to lorm clusters, more rarely solitary. H,SOI causes the Ilesh slowly to turn faintly red-brownish, quickly fading; with KOH it quickly becomes Frb. divided

yellow.

410

Basidia clavate, 16-2 5 x 5-7.5/Im,with 4 sterigmata, without basalclamp.

C: Cystidia not seen.

Rcnarks

The look-alike, /4rbalrerius oy,irus (Schaefl.: Fr) Kotl. & Pouz., ditferslrom the speci€s d6scrib6d here principally by having inamyloid spores. For a long time itwas not known that two ditferent species oflhis widely distribuled lungus exist. Macroscopicallytheyare hardly distinguishable lrom each olher, However, POUZAB (1966) specilies violet-tinted, appressed-squamose places around the cenlerolthe pileus ofa. subrubescerq primarily in young lruiting bodies, es a mecroscopic diflerence, We could nol corroborate his supposilion lhal this species pr€l€rs pine f orests, since our mosl abundanl lindswere confined almostexclusivelyto spruceforests, principallyin theAlps.A. ovrrus occurs in the same habilals but is much rarer. Specimens examined and pholographed GiswiUOW (Forst), elev.500 m, quad.1965, in coniler-hardwood lorest under P,'cea (spruce), Aug. 25, 1982, coll.

J8,2508-82

BR 1.

Other sp€cim.n3: quad. 1864, 1953, 1954, 1966, 2066, 2068, 2167. lmbicht Polworus oinus Fr. ex Schaefl.

Porpomyces mucidus :

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat.

(Pers.: Fr.) J0l. Fibulopoia donkii Oomanski = Polyporus molluscus Fr. ss. Bres.

Habitat On rotten wood oI Pr'cea (spruce), acc. lit. also on other conifers, more rarely on hardwood. Fall. Notcommon.Annual. Distribution: E. NA, As.

Macroscopic leafuaes Fruiting bodyfully resupinate,lorming membranous patches on the underside ofthe substrate and growing up ontolhe sides,l-4 mm thick and several centimeters to decimeters in extent, bound loosely to the substrate, surlace smooth to slightly uneven, fine-pored, pores polygonal,3-5 per mm,lubes 1-2 mm long, surface white to cream-colored when young, later yellowish to orange-yellow, margin distinctly bounded but growing zones fringed with fine rhizomorphs. Consistency spongy, soft, odor weakly fungoid, taste mild to somewhat bitter.

llicroscopic features

A:

B: C:

Spores broadly ellipticallo subglobose, smooth, hyaline, sometimes with 2-2.5 Nn,l-. small droplets, 2.5-3.5 Basidia short-clavate 7-10 x 4.5-5.5 /lm, with 4 sterigmata, with basal clamp. Cystidia not seen.

/

D: Hyphalsystemmonomitic,hyphaethin-tothick-walled,2-4.5pmacross, sepla $/ith clamps, acc.

lat,

sometimes incrusled.

RGmark3

Th€ sp€ci€s d6scrib6d here has a certain macroscopic similarity to Irechispora morlusca (No.115), which, however, produces signilicantlythinner and solterfruiting bodies and also has spinose sporos. RWARDEN (1976)goes inlo detailsolthe inleresting nomenclatorial problems wilh lhese lwo species, Specimens examlned and phoiographed Eschenbach/Lu, elev.450 m, quad.2266, on smallrotten trunkofPicea, Nov. 17,1982, coll. FK,1711-82 K. Other 3pecimens: quad. 1954, 1955, 1965, 2055, 2156. lrnbach: not included.

411

Spongipellispachyodon

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat.

(Pers.) Kotl. & Pouz.

(Fam. Scutigeraceae Bond. Sing. ex Sing.'1969)

Habitat Parasitic and saprophytic on hardwoods such as Quercus (oak), Acer (maple), Fagus (beech), Juglans (walnut). SummerJall. Rare. Annual. Distribution: E, NA.

Macroscoplc featureg Fruiting body resupinate to eff uso-ref lexed, torming patches several centimeterc in extent, pileoli imbricate, 20-50 mm across and projecting 10-30 mm from the substrale, upper surface smooth, linely tomentose, white to cream-colored, usually unzoned, brownish and glabrous in age, margin sharp and somewhat incurved,

lower surface with the hymenophore irpicoid to hydnoid with variously developed teeth, some o, which are flattened, labyrinthine-porose toward the margin when you ng, white to cream-colored, length of the teeth up to ca. 12 mm. Context with weak duplex structure, 3-8 mm thick, cream-colored, upper layer sott, lower harder, consistency corky, soft. Causes white soft-rots.

322

lricloscopic tealure3

A:

Spores oval, smooth, hyaline, ratherthick-walled, with drops,5.5-7.5 x 5-6 l-, not cyanophilic. B: Basidia cylindric-clavate, 30-40 x 5-6 !rn, with 4 sterigmata and basal clamPC: Cystidia not seenO: Hyphal system monomilic, hyphae thin- to thick-walled, some with drops, 1.5-6 /rm across, septa with clamps. Am,

Remark6 Similar irpicoid hymenophores are also lound in irpex /acleus (No. 192), whose septa lackclamps, and Scl,izopore peradoxa lNo - 380),which produces much lhinnertruiling bodies. Ths spsciss doscribed he.e was formerly included in various hydnoid genera and seemstobedefinitivelyandcorrectly placed now in the genus SporgrDerriq since its th ick-walled, oval spores and duplex trama agree wellwith ihe other, albeit porose, members olthe genus.

Speclmens €ramined and photogaaphed B0lach/ZH, elev. 430 m, quad. 2669, on lhe underside ol a dead oaktrun 23, 1980, coll. B. Erb/H otz, 2311-80 K 2, other vouchers P. Herb. Erb.

Otherspecilnensrquad. 1555 (Herb- Jaquenoud).

lmb.ch: not included

k,

Nov.

Et

Albatrellus subrubescens

E ro

uO Cl'

qY

ff

co o

Porpomyces mucidus

I'u

qt

/ 1-. t.

O

A

o^

l)^ O a" "'>)--). t"44t -. .

lvP

a /\i/ ;v

YW

ET F

q\ ^A u

5n 7\\ u

Polyporus ciliatus

l$ \/\\,1W i \",, -,

Wolr

il V\ tlU

r,

c_) u

Lr)

c\l

418

Polyporusmelanopus

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat.

Fr.

(Fam. Polyporaceae Corda 1839)

Habitat On buried dead wood of broadleaved trees and conilers (only apparently on soil), acc. lit. also parasitic on roots of hardwoods. Summer-fall. Rare. Distribution: E, NA, Au, As.

Mactos@pic features Fruiting body divided into pileus and stipe, pileus round, convex to

Microscopic faature3

A: Spores cylindric-elliptic, smooth, hyaline, some with drops, T-8 x 3-3.5 B: Basidia clavate, 20-25 x 5-8 C: Cystidia not seen.

(D4), 1,5-6/zm

plane and slightly infundibuliform,20-100 mm, upper surface smooth,verylinelyvelutinous, dullto somewhat innately squamoseradially f ibrillose, light leather-brown to gray-brown, margin strongly undulating, sharp, thin, lower surface line-pored, white, creamcolored to brownish, pores irregularly rounded,3-4 per mm, tube length 1-2 mm, sometimes decurrent onto one side of the stipe, stipe cylindrical, 15-55 x 3-15 mm, smooth to longitudinally wrinkled, velutinous, brown-black, apex disiinctly set off from the pore layer. Pilealllesh 1-2 mm thick,white, corky,tough, odor pleasant, taste mild. Solitary or gregarious. Causes white soft-rots. (Surface of pores p.404)

419

across,verydominanl.

Remarks This species isamongthe rarest ofthe stalked polypores here.Although identification inthelield is easy, only 2 localilies are known tous.P val,i/s (No.423) andP badius (No.415) have slipeswhich are usuelly black onlyfromthe base to aboutthe middleandare not wrin kled. Moreover, the generative hyphae ol P, badius are without clamps.

Specim€ns oxamined and photographed

Brienz/BE(Hofstetten),elev.600m,quad.lT64,onburiedwoodinmixedhardwood-coniforous forest, Sept. 10, 1981, coll. FZ, 1009 81 Zw

1.

Other specimens: quad. 2168. lmbach: not included.

Polyporus mori

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat.

Pollini:Fr.

(Fam. Polyporaceae Corda 1839)

: :

Polyporus alveolaius (rc. ex Fr.) Bond. et Sing. Favolus eurcpaeusFt.

Habitat On dead wood of broadleaved trees, especially Fraxirus (ash), Juglans reglus (walnut), etc.April-May. Not common. Annual. Distribution: E, NA, As.

Macroscopic features Frb. divided into pileusand stipe, pileus20-80mm, round to ovalor reniform, otten somewhat indented laterally, center+/- depressed to umbilicate, upper surface appressed-squamose and slighllylurfuraceous-tomentose, cheerful orange-yellow, scales somewhat darker, margin inrolled for a long time, then undulating, sharply bounded and somewhat lringed, lower surface coarse-pored and honeycomblike, cream-colored to paleyellow, pores elongated and polygonal,1-5 mm long and'l-1.5 (2) mm across, smallertoward the margin, often somewhat decurrent, tube length up to 5 mm, pileal flesh cream-colored, 2-3 mm thick. Stipe eccentric, cy'indrical, 5-20 x 3-'10 mm, smooth, whitish to cream-colo.ed, solid. Consistency softJleshed, odor weak, taste mild. Solitary to gregarious. Causes white soft-rots. {Surface of pores p. 404)

420

&m, wilh 4 sterismata and basal clamp.

D: Hyphal system dimitic, (D1) generative hyphae thin walled, 2-3.5 /lm across, septa with clamps; (D2) hyphal ends clavate capitate, browfl ish in the velvety haars olthe stipe, shorl-celled, septawith clamps;(D3) binding hyphae th ick-walled, strongly branched, arising Irom thick skeletal hyphae

Microscopic leatureg

A: Spores elliptic-cylindric, smooth, curved, 7.5-12 x 3-4pm,l-.

8:

Basidia slenderly clavate, 25-35 clamp. C: Cystidia not seen.

hyaline, some with drops and slightly

x 6-8

pm, wilh 4 sterigmata and basal

O: Hyphalsystem dimitic, (Dl)generstive hyphaethin- lo th ick-walled, 2.53.5 pm across, septa with clamps; (D2) binding hyphae thick-walled, sinuous, up to 5 &m across, septa rarely without clamps. Remarks Polyporus arcularius (No. 414) has a similar coarse-pored hymenophore. However, this lungus belongs lo the brumali's group and in cross seclion shows adense hyphalzone abovethe pore leyerlleather layerJAHN 1980), which is absenl in the species described here, P morihas only a shorl vegetative p€riod and is commonly eaten away by slugs and snails. ln conlrast lo DOI!4ANSKl {1 967) and BON0ABTSEV (1953) we have f ound septawith clamps in the generative hyphae. Specimens examined and photographed Ennetmoos/Ow, elev.600 m, quad. 1966, on lallen branch o, F/axinus, May2, 1983, coll. JB,0205-83 BR.

Other specimens: quad. 1966,1967, 2065, 2066,2068,2166,2264, 2268lmbach: not included.

Polyporus rhizophilus

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat.

(Pat.) Sacc.

(Fam. Polyporaceae Corda 1839)

Habitat Parasiticatthe base of tufts ofspeargrass (Sl,pa capilata), on top of the root ball. Typicalespecially on dry grasslands and steppes, acc. lit. also on othersteppe grasses. Spring and fall.Very rare.Distribution: E, Af, As.

Macros@pic leatures Frb. consisting ol pileus and stipe, pileus 10-4O mm, thick-fleshed,

hemispherical when young, then plane to concave, upper surface smooth to slightty wrinkled, f inely tomentose, gray-yellow to yellowbrown, margin sharp to slightly inrolled and somewhat undulating, finely lomentose and whitish when young, later concolorous with the pileus, underside fine-pored, cream-colored, pores rounded to oblong, 0.5-1 x 0.2-0.5 mm, very small toward the margin of lhe pileus, decurrent, sometimes nearly to the base ol the stipe, tube length uptol mm. Stipe r/- eccentric,20-40 x 2-5 mm, cylindrical, slightly tapering toward the base and somewhat bulbous from a hyphal network interspersed with soil (BONDARTSEV 1953 mentioned the presence of sclerotia), smooth to reliculate (from pores), apex finely tomentose, r^,hitish to gray-whitish, dark gray-brown toward the base. Flesh leathery, tough, whitish, without odor, taste mild, pleasant. Solitary, more rarely up to a few together.

328

Micro3copic faaturog

A: Spores asymmetrical, elliptical, smooth,

hyaline, wiih drops, 9-11

x 3-4

(4.5)pm,l-. B: Basidia clavate,23-30 x 7.5-8.5&m, with 4 slerigmata and basalclamp. C: Cystidia not seen. D: Hyphal system monomitic, hyphae lhin- to thick-walled, 3-7 pm across, septa with clamps.

Remark3 This species seems to be very rare.The locelity listed here is lhe onlyone in Swatzerland so lar and is where FAVRE identified the fungus back in 1947 {FAVRE & RUHLE 1947). According to the observations ol BONOAHTSEV op. cit. the parasitjsm ol this lungus is significant, even ifunimportant because of the rarily ollhe lungus, in lhal the aitacked grasses remain sterile.

Specimons examin€d and photographed Les Follataires/Vs, elev.600 m, quad.1057, on root clusters olStDa capil/ala on steppe-like slopeon crystalline soil, April 5, 1981, coll. F. Brunelli, voucher Erunelli, Sion.

Other spacimans: none.

lmbach: noi included

Polyporus melanopus

E

F

,ftA o \\l r*' '\l I I Ot 6< ro

N\

r

\) ,,l1ll

//)

l

il-ll

,

(-

10

pm /.

\o,

//

Ei

Polyporus mon

E TO

N\

l)

Ni .-O! ,A\

illl '/l (/

V

(= U/2

V.

Dolyporus rhizophilus

^cD \\

421

Polyporus squamosus

tr

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat. (Fam. Polyporaceae Corda 1839)

Fr.

scaly polypore or dryad's saddle

Habitai

422

oval, hyaline,with drops,11-15.5 x

A:

Macrosqopic teatures Frb. with rounded-oval, lid-shaped to flabellate pileus and short, lateralstipe. Upper surface ofthe pileus yellowto oche r-yellow \,vith concentric light to dark-brown appressed scales, smooih and slightly glutinous, up to 500 (800) mm across and 10-50 mm thick, stipe 30-100 mm long and 10-60 mm thick, narrower toward the base and dark brown- to black-tomentose, solid, lower surface large-pored, pores irregularly angular-oval, 0.5-1 pore per mm, cream-colored to pale yellow, pore layer not detachable lrom pileus, up to 10 mm thick, subdecurrent onto the slipe and there reticulate, margin decurved and sharp-edged. Flesh leathery, tough, white to cream-colored, taste and odor larinaceous. Solitary or imbricate. Causes white soft-rots.

E: Cells ofthe stip€ tomentum brown, inflated,10-25 x 5-8pm.

4.5-5.5

B: Basidia clavate, 35-40 x 7-9 lrm, with 4 sterigmata and besel clemp. C: Cystidia not seen. D: Hyphalsystem dimitic,

(O1) generative hyphae th in-walled,

hyaline,1.5-3.5

r.m lhick, septa with clamps; (D2) scierotized binding hyphaethick-walled and branched, hyaline, 2-8 mm thick, sparsely seplate.

Rem6rk3 This large and b€autifulpolypore is oasy to recognize.lt usuallygrows here as a wound parasile on living lrees, somelimes upaslaraslhe crown ofthetree. when young it is considered edible.A look-elike which one should walch out for, but with much smaller lruiling bodies, is Poiyporus tuberasler (N o. 422).

Spaclmen3 examined Seelisberg/UR, elev.1000 m, quad- 2068, on livingAcer, May31,1982, coll. Fz, 3105-82 BF. Photog.aphod in another quad.

Other 3p€clmens: widely distributed lhroughout region.

lmb.ch: Melaropus squamosus (Hudson) Patouillard.

Polyporus tuberaster

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat.

(Pers.: Fr.) Fr. = Polyporus loquignonl (Qu6l.) Sacc. = Polyporus lentus Berk.

(Fam. Polyporaceae Corda 1839)

Habitat

423

Microscopic lcaturcs Spores cylindricalto nanowly

Saprophytic and parasitic on hardwoods, esp. Juglars (walnut), Fraxirus (ash),,Acer (maple), Aescu/us (horse chestnul), also other hardwoods,commonlyin parkgrounds.Collinetomontane.Springsummer. Widespread. Annual. Distribution: W.

Micro3coplc faature3

smooth, hyaline,with drops,l2-15 x 4-5pm,l-. B: Basldia slenderly clavate, 35-45 x 7-10pm, with 4 sterigmata and basal

On deadwood ofbroadleaved trees, esp. Quercus (oak) and Fagus (beech). Spring-summer. Bare. Distribution: E, NA, As.

A: Spores cylindric-elliplic,

Macroscopic teatures Frb.divided into pileus and stipe, on vertical subslrates with eccentric stipe and oval to llabellate pileus, on horizontal substrates usuallywith centralstipe and +/- round pileus, pileus 30-100 (120) mm and'10-'15 mm thick, convexwhen young,then plane to somewhat inf undibuliform, upper surface appressed-squamose, scales sometimes arranged somewhat concentrically, pointed and often with dark tutts of hairs at the tips, yellow- lo orange-brown with somewhat ocher ground color, scales darker, margin undulating, sharp, fringed-ciliate, slightly inrolled when dry, underside coarsepored, cream-colored to yellowish, pores rounded to elongaled, 0.5-2 x 0.5-1 mm, decurrent far onto the stipe,tube length'l-4 mm, tube mouths denticulate, stipe cylindrical, 10-60 x 5-15 mm, tlesh white, elastic, soft, odor lungoid, taste mild, often eaten away by snails and slugs. Solitary to gregarious. Causes white sott-rots. (Surface of pores p. 404)

C: Cystidia not seen.

clamp,

D: Hyphal system dimitic, (D1) generative hyphae thin-walled, some slightly intlated, 2.5-8 /,m across, sepla with clamps; (D2) banding hyphae

conspicuous only in the stipe, thick-wall€d, little branched, 1.5-4 pm acrossi (D3) Hymenilorm hyphal outqroMhs toward the base ol the stipe.

Remark3 This fungus has been misunderstood for a long tim6. Only in 1980 JAHN published a paper on the relationship between Polypotus lentus and P. tuberaster The latter suppos6dly occu rs on ly in southern countries and arises from a scleroliu m (fu ngus slone, "pielra fungaia, buried in the grou nd. JAHN would like to conlkm his opinion byinlerlertilitytests. Back in 1920such fungus stoneswerefound in Holland. Asclerolium can produce newkuiting bodies continuouslyfor severalyears. H owever, lormation ol truiling bodaes is also possiblewithout a sclerotium;in central Eu rope th is isevidentlythe normalsituation lor climatic reasons, Speclmens examinod.nd photogr6phed Sempach/LU {Ch0senrainwald), elev. 500 m, quad.2165, on deadbraflchesol Ouercus, May,25,1979, coll. JB,2805-79 BR 4.

Oth.r 3pecimem: quad. 2066. lmbachr not includ6d.

Polyporus varius

Fam. Polyporaceae s. lat.

Pers.: Fr.

(Fam. Polyporaceae Corda 1839)

Habitat On dead wood of broadleaved trees, onlrunks and branches, both fallen and standing or attached respectively, aswellas on stumps, especially of Fagus (beech) in valleys and A/nus incara (grayalder) at montane elevations. Throughout the year. Common. Distribution:

Macroscopic features Fruiting bodydivided intopileus and stipe, pileus rounded to flabellate, convex when young, then plane to infundibuliform orturbinate, 10-50 (80) mm, uppersurface smooth and somewhat radiallywrinkled toward the margin, glabrous, dull, ocher-yellow when fresh, later pale brown to orange-brown, margin undulating, crenate, sharp, thin, underside fine-pored,whitish when young, then creamcolored to ocher- or gray-brown, pores rounded toangular, (4) 5 (6) per mm, tube length 0.5-2 mm, tubes decurrent, stipe centralto eccentric, cylindrical to slightly conicai, 10-40 (50) x 3-10 mm, cream-colored to brownish, smooth, dull, base or entire lower half black and dull with a distinct boundary. Pilealllesh 2-5 mm thick, white, corky tough, odor pleasant, taste mild. Solitary to a Iew together. Causes white soft-rots. (Surface of pores p.404) 330

lricroscopic teaturea

A:

Spores elliptical, smooth, hyaline, wiih drops,9-11 x 3.5-4pm,l-. (RYVARDEN

B:

1978:7-g

(10)

x 2-3.5Fm; DOMANSKIeI al.1967: 7.5-8.5 x 3.5-4

Basidia cl6vale,13-25 x 5-7.5pm, with 4 sterigmata, withoul basalclamp-

C: Cystidia not s€en.

O: Hyphalsystem dimitic, (Ol) generative hyphae 2-5&m across, most sepla with clamps; {D2) skeletal hyphae thick-walled, branched, 2.5-6 Fm Remark3 The species described here could be conlusod with Poryporus badius (No. 415) and P melanopus (No.418), but both have an entirely black and usually longitudinally-wrinkled stipe, while the hyphalseptaotP badlus do not have clamps. Forolher remarks seethere.Smalltruiting bodiesotP variuswith pilei 10-30 mm across are also relered to asvar, nummular,us bull, ex Fr, orconsidered a synonym by certain authors, Specimens examined Dierikon/LU (Gotzental), elev. 550 m, quad. 2167, on barkless branch of Fagus on lhe ground, J une 18, 1983, coll. FK,1806-83 K- Ph otog raphed in quad. 2267.

Oth.r 3pecimeN: widely diskibuted throughout region. llm.bacht Melanopus varius (Fr. ex Pers.) Patouillard.

Er

Polyporus squamosus

5l rol ET cl

ol col

Et C

Polyporus tuberaster

^-;

^00 /\/r('' UU

1( .'t_/\

't

)

Y

ll

E

Polyporus varius

F

An tt / I AV lJ e z) \'\ " (,-..' hp;

;

\l DI 0l

Typhula phaconhiza

Y9K

tt33

Typhula quisquiliaris

Fam. Clavariaceae Chev.

(Fr.) Corner

(Fam. Typhulaceae J0l.'1981)

Habitat On dead stalks of Pleridium aquilinum lbtacken), still standing or lying on the ground. Fall. Not common. Distribution: E. Macroscopic leatures Fruiting body consisting ofa sterile stalk and a fertile head, clavate to capitate or almost cylindrical, up lo ca. 8 mm tall, arising from a sclerotium lying in the pith ofthe stalk, head white, smooth, clavate, capitate, upto 5 mm long and 3 mm across, stalkcylindrical,translucent whitish, finely pubescent, up to 3 mm long and 1.5 mm thick. Consistency delicate, soft. Sclerotium yellowish, not gelatinized within,2-3 mm long and upto 0.5 mmthick. Scattered in rows along the ribs of the stalks or longitudinal lissures.

Micro3copic foatures

A: Spores cylindric-ellipiac, sometimes concave on one side, smooth, hyalin6,9-11.5 x 3.5-5 pm,l+.

Br Basidia slenderly clavale,40-50 x 6-8pm, with 4 sterigmata and basal

ci

clamp.

Caulocystidia (stalk haks) cylindricalto somewhat conical, thickened at the base, lhick-walled, hyaline, with obtuse tip, 2-3pm across, base u p to 7 pm across, some branched. D: Hyphal system monomitic, hyphae hyaline, ihin-walled, 3-7 pm across, strongly agglutinated in the cortex ofthe stalk, septawith clamps. Remark3 Species otthe lormer genusPisrTrara, nowadays unitedwith Iyphula, produce lruiti g bodies similarto this lungus, but they lack sclerotia. Since flo other substrales are given in the literature, the species described here seemsto be specialized on brecken fern. Speclmens examin€d and photographed

Kussnachvsz(Meggeflald nearHaltikon),elev.550m,quad.2'l67,ondead slalks ol Pteridium aquilinom, Oct. 20,1975, coll. JB, 2010-75 BR

1.

Oth€r sp€clmen3: none. lmbech: not included,

434

Typhula sclerotioides

Fam. Clavariaceae Chev.

Pers.:Fr.

(Fam. Typhulaceae Jiil. 198'l)

Habitat

tl35

Mic.oscopic t66tura3

On dead petioles and stems ot Cicerbrta a,pi"a (blue sow-thistle), acc. BERTHIER (1976) also on Petasltes a,bus (white butterbur), Gentiana lutea lgreal yellow gentian), and Ch aerophy um lchetvill. Commonly at montane and subalpine elevations. Summer-fall. Not rare. Distribution: E, NA, As.

A:

Macroscopic featurea

Rcm6rk6

Fruiting body consisting of a sterile stalkand af ertile head,slenderly clavate to almost cylindrical, upto 7 mmtall, arising from a sclerotium on topofthe substrate, head %-% thetotallength and up to 0.8 mm thick, smooth, dull, white to somewhat translucent, stalk cylindrical, concolorous, finely pubescent, up to 0.4 mm thick. Consis! ency cartilaginous, gelatinous,when dry corneous and hard. Sclerotium irregularly rounded to lens-shaped, brown to brown-black, 1-2 mm long, gelatinized within. Growing in rows.

Iyphura orciaris (No. 436) is also lound at higher elevetions on stems of helbs, but it has smaller spores. ln addition, itsfruiting bodies arise directly from the substrate and nol trom a sclerolium. The species described here sesms to occur prererentially on C/cerbrla and Pelasites.

Spores cylindricallo slightlyallantoid,smoolh, hyaline,8.5-11x 3.5-4pm,

t-.

Basidaa clavate, 25-30 x 5-6.5 lrln, wiih 4 sterigmala and basal clamp. C: Caulocystidia (slalk hairs)with thickened base, up to c4.80&m long. D: Hyphal system monomitic, (D1) hyphae in the subhymenium indistinct,

B:

skongly gelatinized, 1-2.5 &m across; (D2) hyphae in the pith 3-5.5 &m across, septa with clamps; (D3) hyphae in the cortex ofthe stalk strongly agglutinated.

Specimens examined and photographed

Firihli/LU (teufimatt), elev. 1600 m, quad.1864, onthe previousyearsstemsof Cicerbita alpina, Aug 13,1977, coll. GR,1308-77 BR 6.

Othe. specimens: none. lmbach: not included.

Typhula setipes (Greville) Berthier : PisrTarra senDes Greville HabitEt On decomposing fallen leaves of various hardwoods. Fall-winter. Not common. Disiribution: E. Macrosaopic teatures Fruiting bodyconsisting oIa sierile stalkand a fertile head, capitate or clavate, up to ca. 2 (3) mm tall, head whitish to cream-colored, smooth, hyaline, capitate,0.5-'1 mm long and 0.2-0.4mmwide,stalk

cylindrical, longer than the head and somewhat darker, finely pubescent, brownish toward the base, base sometimes thickened and anchored to the substrate with fine hyphae, without recognizable sclerotium. According to BERTHIER (1979) this species occurs in nature with orwithout a sclerotium. Gregarious, scattered.

Fam. Clavariaceae Chev. (Fam. Typhulaceae JUl. '1981)

MicroScoplc loatures

A: Spores elliptical, smooth, hyaline, 7-8 x 3-3.5 pm, l+. B: Basidia slenderlyconical,22-30 x 5-6I.m, with 4 sterigmata,without basal clamp.

C: Caulocystidia liliform, somelimes branched, up to 100 x 1 &m, hyaline. D: Hyphal system monomitic, hyphae hyaline, thjn-walled, 2.5-4 pm across,

septa moslly without clamps, some hyphee rather thickened near the septa, occasionally incrusled with crysl6ls,

Remarka This very variable species vras treated monographically by BERTHIER op. cit. As is evident from this monog raph, lhe lungus can occurwith orwilhoul scleats hyphae lorm sepla with or without clamps. According to his interpretalion ol the species our coll. would correspond to lyphula selipes.

rolia and

Sp€cimen3 eramined and photogrephed Buchrain/LlJ (bank ol the Reuss n€ar Perlen), elev. 400 m, quad.2166, on decomposing leaves of Popurus n,gra (black poplar), Dec. 7, 1976, coll. JB, 0712-76 BR 5.

Other 3p€cim6ns: none. lmbach: not included.

338

Typhula quisquiliaris

Typhula sclerotioides

ET E

Typhula setipes

-' 0oD ",r A C\ LO

\Y,, (\"n \

1/

1/

436

Typhula uncialis

Fam. Clavariaceae Chev.

(Greville) Berthier = Pisti aia typhuloides (Peck) Burt

(Fam. Typhulaceae JUl. 1981)

Habitat

Microscoplc tertures

Ondead plantstems lying on the ground, such asAconr't m(monKs hood), Epilob?t/m (willow-he(b), Chaercphyllum (chervil), etc. Summer-fall. Not common. Diskibution: E, NA. Macroscopic features Fruiting body clavate,3-5 x 0.4-0.8 mm, white, yellowish in age, upperhallsmooth and lertile, markedly clavate, acc.lit. alsosomewhat compressed and flabellate,lower halfsterile and Iinelyfurfuraceous from white crystals, base without scleroiium but sometimes slightlythickened, consistencyelastic, tough, and hard when fresh, corneous and hard when dry. Solitary or gregarious.

A: Spores elliptical, smoolh,

hyaline, 5.5-8 x 3-3.5 am, with drops, l-. ,l2m, with 4 sterigmata and basal

B: Basidia slenderly clavate, 25-30 x 4.5-6 clamp,

C: Cystidia not seen. Acc.

lit. somelimes presenl.

D: Hyphal system monomitic, hyphae hyaline, thin-walled, 2-13 sepla with clamps, incrusted with cryslals.

/zm across,

Ramerks ln choiceolsubstralethe species described here seemsto b6 specialized on decomposing parts ol herbs. Acc. CORNER (1967) "Pistillaia" uncialis lcrcville) Cost. ei Dufouroccurs principallyon umbellile.6,while "Pistillatia" typhu,oides (Peck) Burt colonizes chiefly Epilob,r/r. BERTHIER (1976) synonymized these two and placed the species in the genus lyprula. Specimena examinad end photogrephed S6renberg/Lu (Arni-Schwand), elev.1300 m, quad. 1864, on dead slems of Aconitun, Aug.23,1978, coll. FK, 2308-78 K.

Othd specimens:

none,

lmb6ch: not included.

437

Macrotyphulajuncea

Fam. Clavariaceae Chev.

(Fr.) Berthier

(Fam. Clavariadelphaceae Corner'1970)

= Clavatiadelphus junceus (Fr.) Corner

Habitat On

decomposing stems of herbs, bud scales, remainsolleavesand

twigs, in damp, humusy locations. Fall. Rare. Distribution:

E, NA,

As,

Af, Au.

lricroBcopac lealurcs A: Spores emygdalilorm, smoolh, hyaline, T-10 x 3.5-4&m,l-. B: Basidia clavale, 30-35 x 7-9 pm, with 1-4 sterigmata and besal clamp.

C: Caulocystidialowardthebaseolth€stalkhairlike,hyaline,+/-thin-walled, sinuous, up to 150 x 4pm. D: Hyphal system monomitic, hyphae 2-9 lrm across, septa with clamps.

Macroscopic features

Rem6rks

Fruiting body erect, slender and fi lif orm, cylindrical, somewhat bent, ending in an obtuse tip,30-70 x 0.5-1.5 mm (acc. lit. up to 150 mm long), sterile stalk'10-25 mm long, sometimes with lateral thornlike outgrowths, almost imperceptibly merging with the insignificantly thicker fertile part, ocherto orange-brownish, smooth, stalk somewhat darker, basewith white, appressed hyphae. Fruiting body solid when young, laler hollow,Ilesh firm, tough, odor and taste sourish.

The species described here could be conlused with lyphula phacorrhiza

LJsually gregarious.

Other specimens: none.

(No.432),whach occurs in similarhabitatsbuthastuberlikebrownish

sclerotia

atthe base and also substantially larger spores. Anolher slender. bul larger,

speciesisMacro@hulafislu/osa (No.438)on rotten wood lying on lhe ground, found by us so lar only on iqlnus v.iridls (green aider). Specimen3 examlned and photographed Flohli/LU (Unler-Teutimatt), elev.1400 m, quad.1864,on rollen twigs and leaf remains, Sept. 30, 1978, coll. J8,3009-78 BR 1.

lmbach: not included.

tl38

Macrotyphula fistulosa : Clavadadelphus ti$tqlosus (Fr.) Corner

Fam. Clavariaceae Chev.

(Fr.) Petersen

Habitai On dead wood of.Arnus y,rrdis (green alder), with and without bark, acc.lil. on hardwood and conifer wood in general. Summer-fall. Not

common, occurs repeatedly in a given habitat but is absent for years. Distribution: E, NA, As. Jtlacroscopic f gatures Fruiiing body erect, slenderly clavate, stift tip obtuse and sometimes rather irregularly tuberculate, 30-200 x 5-10 mm, exterior smooth, dull, basetapered and sometimes finely pubescenl,ocheryellow to reddish-ocher-brown, upper Iertile part ca. ,,6 the total length. Hollowwithin, flesh elastic,tough, yellowish, without odor or taste. Solilary to gregarious, occasionally in masses.

(Fam. Clavariadelphaceae Comer 1970)

lllcroscopic leeturei

A: Sporeselliptical, smooth,hyaline, (acc.lit.with granularcontents),10-15 x 5.5-8 lm, l-. B: Basidia slenderly clavate, sinuous,50-60 x 6-11&m, with 4 sterigmata and basal clamp.

C: Cystidia not seen. D: Hyphal system monomitic, hyphae

3-11 pm across, sepla with clamps.

Romarks 'Clavaiadelphus" contortus (Fr.) Pil. is a vory closoly related, il not conspecilic, lungus,which usualtyoccur3 on dead standing or attached trunksand bmnch€s ol A/rus incana (grey alder) and acc. lit. also on other hardwoods. lts fru iting bodies are subslanlially smeller, thickset, bent, and stunted, as weli as lighter in color, rather gray-ocher, Certain authors consider it lo be a variety lvar- contorta Holmsk. ex Fr.) ol the species described h6r€ which was checked in ils developmenl by unfavorable conditions during growth. SCHlLD (verbal commun ication) considers c- contoltus to be a good species,whose spores are up lo 24 &m long. He bases his opinion on lhe observation of hundreds ol collections. Speciman3 exemin€d and photoglaphed SOrenberg/Lu (Schdnisei), elev. 1250 m, quad.1864, on branches olA/rus dis on the ground, Oct. 8, 1973, coll. FK, 0810-73 K.

Olher sp€clmens: quad. 1964, 1965, 2056, 2068. lmbach: not included.

340

y,ir,-

".

Typhula uncialis

436

rl -a;Ll i . ra

,

listulosa

E

vN^000' I ) \Vo^O-

i;

I

ta

t.:

>od 437

[.4acrotyphula juncea

Macrotyphula

'e;fo{rk*f

f

439

Lentaria albovinacea

Fam.

Piht

(Fam. Lentariaceae JUl.'1981)

Habitat On dead conifer wood, collected specimens on wood excelsior laid out on the ground in mixed lorest, acc. PILAT (1958) only on hardwood. Fall. Bare. Distribution: E, NA, As.

Macroscopic leatures Fruiting body corallike, with a short,weakly developed stalk, 2-4 mm thick, from which arise branches which fork dichotomously many times, forks U-shaped, branches rounded to somewhat compressed, 0.5-1.5 mm thick, ends obtuse to pointed, surface white to cream-colored, ocherish in age (amber-colored in dried specimen), with linewhite coating,turning pink-violetwhen handled orenclosed in a box,laterfading again,lruiting body 15-30 mm talland upto 40 mm across. Flesh soft and elastic, white. Solitary to gregarious.

C

lavariaceae Chev.

Microscopic ,€atur63

A: Spores elliptic-cylindric, smooth, hyaline, 5.5-7.5 x 2.5-3 /,m, l- lacc. CORNER'1970: amyloid).

B: Basidia slenderly clavate,2S-28 x 5-6.5am,with 4sterigmataand basal clamp.

C: Cystidia not seen-

monomitic, hyphae thin- to thick-walled, abundanlly branched, 2.5-25 /tm across, some swollen, septa with clamps.

0: Hyphal system Rema*s

Fungi ot lhe genus lertaria reveal themseives by the lollowing leatures, among olhers: occurence on wood, smooth, hyaline spores, +/- swollen hyphae, and four-spored basidia. Lentai a affl ata lLagger.) Cornerwith clamp less sepla, L. epicrnoa (Fr.) Cornerwith hyphae uplol2pmacross,andL.der'cata (Fr.) Corner lorma brspora Favre with two-sporcd basidia also b€long to the lorm complex ol the species described here. Speclmen3 exemlned end photographed Luceme (Bireggwald), elev.500 m, quad.2066, on wood excelsior on the ground, Sept. 23,1976, coll. BA, 2710-74 BA 1. Other 3p€cimens: none-

llnbach: not included.

440

Lentaria mucida (Fr.)

Fam. Clavariaceae Chev. (Fam. Lentariaceae Jtil. 1981)

Corner

Hsbitat On dead wood saturated with waterand often with algaegrowing on it, usually stumps. Spring-fall. Not common. Distribution: E, NA, As,

Microscopic feaiures

A: Spores cylindrical-elliptic, smooth, hyaline, B:

2

3

!m,l--

Basidia cylindric to clavate,l6-20

some with 2 drops, 5.5-6.5

x

x 3.5-5I.m, with 4 (6)sterigmata and

basalclamp.

C: Cystidia not seen. Macroscopic teatures Fruiting body cylindrical, slightly fusitorm,3-'10 (20) x 0.3-0.8 mm, sinuous, negatively geotropic when growning laterally on the substrate, usually unbranched, more rarelyforked oneto severaltimes, tips pointed, base narrowed and stalklike, surface smooth, dull, whitish to yellowish-ocherish, in age brown to blackish, base often surrounded by white mycelial feltwork. Consistency waxlike, soft. Usually gregarious.

D: Hyphalsystem monomitic, hyphae 2-6lum across, some swollen nearthe septa, septa with clamps,

Remarks Its occurence on very rotten wood overgrown by algaeseemsto uslo be lypicalofthe species. According to CORNER (1970) it occurs in symbiosis with algalcellso, Coccomlaa. Although according to the earlier interprelation the basidiaof lhespeciesdescribedhereonlyhave4sterigmata,CORNEBop.cit. attested lhat lhey could also occurwith 6-8 sterigmata, as we discovered in thecollectiondesc bed above. ERESADOLA described a var, rosea Bres, with salmon-colored fruiting bodies- Simila. truiting bodies are also found in the genus lyphula (No. 431 lf-). However,lhey arise mostly trom a sclerotium. Specimena exemined and phoiographed Giswil/Ow (Lauibach), elev.550 m, quad- 1865, on wet, rotten stump (oveF grown by algae), Jan.17, 1983, coll- JB,1701-83 BR 2.

Oth6r specimens: quad -2164,2166. lmbach: not included.

441

Clavaria acuta

Fam. Clavariaceae Chev.

Fr.

(Fam. Clavariaceae Chev. 1826)

Habltat On bare soiloramong leaf litter and grass, in hardwood lorests, on path embankments, etc. Summer-Iall. Widespread. Distribution: E, NA, As, Au.

ilacroBcopic featurss Fruiting body vermiform to slenderly clavate, skaight upright to somewhat bent,10-60 x 1-3 (5) mm, rounded toslightly compressed, obtuse to pointed above, more rarely forked, surface smooth, dull, white when young,then ocherish-grayish, usually solid within, later hollow, base ot stalk finely floccose for 5-'10 mm of its length and often translucent and opalescent gray-ocherish. Flesh white,

fragile, without particular odor or taste. Solitary to gregarious in groups, more rarely in clusters.

Micro3copic ,eaturas

oval, smooth, hyaline, with drops, T-10 x 5.5-7 sm,l-. Br Basidia clavate,45-55 x 8-l0pm, with 2-4 sterigmeta, base ol somewith

A: Spores broadly

medallion clamp.

C: Cystidia not seen. D: Hyphalsystemmonomilic,hyphae4-22Fmacross,septawithoutclamps, somelimes consticted at the septa. Remarks The species described here is very similarto C/avaia vermiculais lNo- 444!,, which, however, is usually larger, grows in clusters,and haslheslalkconcolorous with the club, ln addition, it ditfers microscopically by narrower spores and the absence of medallion clamps at the bases ofthe basidia. Sp€cimens examlned and photographod Lucerne (Bireggwald), elev.450 m,quad.2066,on path embankment on bare soil, Oct. 7, 1982, coll. JB, 0710-82 BR 1.

Olh.r 3peclmens:

quad. 1966, 2068.

lmbach: not included.

342

Lentaria albovinacea

'ff(c,C,a, 0c Aat

tr

?\.) ()

OL

il"

,t_

C

#:.:

11r

Leniaria mucida

\Y.ff !)) 31) |{ Q

ocz

Clavaria acuta

I

.

AN

o^'"ou

^uo ()D

442

Clavaria asterospora

Fam. Clavariaceae Chev.

Pat.

:

(Fam. Clavariaceae Chev. 1826)

Clavulinopsis asterospora (Pat.) Corner

Habitat

lricroscopic leatures

On bare, loamy soil underFubus (blackberry). Fall. Rare. Distribu-

A:

tion: E.

B:

Macroscopic features

C: D:

Fruiting body filiform to slenderly clavate, straight uprightto somewhat bent, '15-30 x 1-3 mm, cytindricat, tip obtuse, simple, not branched, surface smooth, dull, white, sometimeswith slightyellow tint, hollowwithin, somewhat narowed toward the base and fainfly lightyellowish-hyaline. Flesh white,f ragite, without particutarodoror taste. Gregarious.

pores su bg lobose to g lobose. with drops and sparsety distributed spines long, hyaline, S-g ttt) 7-8l,m Easdia clavate.30-50 r 6-9tm, wrth 4 sterigmata and occasionalb6sat clamp. Cystidia not seen. Hyphal system monomitic, hyphae thjn- to thick-watled, 2-S /tm across, some swollen up to 25 pm, septa without clamps, S

3-4.5@

\

t-

'

Remark3 Thespecies described here cannol be distinguished in the lietd trom other, similarwhite club lungi. such as Ciaya,e acL/ta (No.441) a at C. vernicularis (No.444), or can be only with ditticulty. Howeier. the tong-spined spores enable the species to be quEkty recognized microscopicaily. C/avuliropsls l,e/vola (No,448) hss coarsely verrucose, quate diflerenl sporesand hasyellow lruiting bodies. Specimens examined and photographed Steinen/Sz {Blatliswald), elev. 600 m. quad. 2168. on bare, toamy soit Uncter Fubus, Oct.13, 1984, co . HS.1310-84 Su. Other 3peclmcN: quad. 2264.

lmbech: not included.

443

Clavaria fumosa

Fam. Clavariaceae Chev.

Fr.

(Fam. Ctavariaceae Chev. 1926)

Habitat On soilamong grass inlorest meadows oralong forestedges, acc. lit. more rarelyalso on bare soilin forests. Summer-fall. Rare. Distribution: E, NA, As.

Macroscopic leatutes Fruiting bodies growing in clusters, slenderly clavate when young, later vermiform, fusiform, rounded to sligh y compressed, sometimes longitudinally f urrowed, exterior smooth, dull, whitish-smokegray to ocher-brownish,tips pointed a irst, then somewhatobtuse, sometimes brownish when old. lnterior hollow, flesh whitish, fragile,

withoutodor, taste mild.Size of the individual fruiting body 20-BO 2-5 mm (acc. lit. up to'140 x I mm). Clustered and cespitose.

x

Microscopic featuros

A:

8:

Spores

e

lhplical, smooth, hyaline, with drops or gran ular conlents, 5-6.5

3.5-3.8xm,l-.

\

Basidia slenderlyclavate,35-45 x 7-9lrm, wath 4 sterigmata,without basat clamp. C: Cystidia not seen. D: Hyphal system monomitac, hyphae thin-watted, 2-25 &m across, some short-celled, septa without clamps, sometimes alsowith secondary septa.

Remarks CORNER (1967) is of the opinion that the species described here represents only a larger color variant ol Ctavaia vemicularis lN o, 444). Since itsfealures seem to be.constant (whach we coutd not chockwith onvone collection), it is con sidered to b6 agood species by most aulhors,Asimiiarspecaes is CEwrnops,s fusiformis{No.447),which. however, has a brig hl orange-yelow cotor

and ditlerenl microscoprc lealures,

Specimen3 exahined and photograoh€d stansstad/Nw {B0rgenberg).etev. 7oo m, quad.2067.in poormeadowal lhe edge oI a lorest, Sept. 21,1981, cott. JB, 2109-81 BR 3. Other specimens: none.

lmbach: not included.

444

Clavaria vermicularis

Fam. Clavariaceae Chev.

Ft. Habitat On bare soil, commonly among grass or moss, in and nearrorests. Fall. Not common. Distribution: E, NA, As, Af, Au.

Macroscopic tealures Fruiting bodyvermiform, more rarely cylindric-clavate or somewhat fusilorm,straighttobent,30-100 (120) x 3-7 mm, rounded to stighfly compressed, surface smooth or longitudinally grooved, simple, more rarely forked at the tip, the entire length ot the fruiting body white, tips occasionally yellowish, tips blun y pointed to obtuse, solid within,later hollow,without stalk of a distinc y different cotor, but sterile Ior several millimelers at the base. Flesh white, fragile, odor weakly earthy-spermatic, taste mild, somewhat earthy. Usually in clusters. more.arely solitary or gregarious.

(Fam. Clavariaceae Chev. 1826)

Iticroscopic leatura3

A: Spores B:

oval, smooth, hyaline, some with many smalldroplets orgranuler

conlents,5-9 x 3.5-5 lrm, t-.

Basidia slenderly clavate, 45-50 x 6-8pm,with 4 sterigmata,wilhout basat clamp. C: Cystidia not seen.

D: Hyphal system monomitic, hyphae 2.5-15 pm across, septa wilhout c,amps.

Remarks Cerlain forms of C/awrrra rugosa (No.457) coutd be confused in the tietd with lhe species described here. However, the tormer is easv to ditferentiaie mi-

croscoprcally by ils globose spores and septa with remarks see C. acuta (No.44l).

Specimens €r.minad snd photographod Sursee/LU (Su rseewatd), e tev. 400 m, quad. 2265. on soilamono moss under P,'cea (spruce) and F axrrus (ash), Nov. 5, 1982, co . FK, 05fl-82 K.

Olhe. specimens: quad. 2066, 2165. lmbach: included.

344

;hmps. For further

Clavaria asterospora

Clavaria fumosa

frh\

)

o(f Ob

445

Clavaria zollingeri

Fam. Clavariaceae Chev.

L6v.

(Fam. Clavariaceae Chev. 1826)

Habitat

Microscopic fGature!

On soil in poor meadows with scattered ferns and open sland ol Eetula (birch) and Quercus (oak), acc. lit. also in forests. Summerfall. Rare. Distribution: E, NA, As, Au. Macroacopic leatures

A: Spores broadly ellipticalto subglobose, with dislinct apiculus, smooth, B:

hyaline,5.5-7 x 4.5-5.5 pm, l-. Basidia slenderly clavate, 50-65 x 7-9-5 pm, with 4 stsrigmata, without basal clamp.

C: Cystidia not seen. D: Hyphalsystemmonomitic,hyphae2-20¯oss,septawithoutclamps, some hyphae with secondary septa.

Fruiting body 40-80 x 30-60 mm, arising corallike from a common base, with severalbranches which repeatedly fork dichotomously toward the ends,Iorks broadlyV- to U-shaped, branches rounded

to somewhat compressed, sinuous, wrinkled and longitudinally striale, base whitish to cream-colored, branches amethyst-blue to pink-violet, sometimes lightertoward the ends,tips sometimes whitish, ends branched two to three times and blunt. Flesh pale violet and lragile when fresh, light ocher and brittle in dried specimens, odor pleasanl, taste mild. Solitary to gregarious.

R€merk3 wrth violel or lilac hues and normally more abundant growth a- Rama a lennica \No- 462) and Banatia lunigala (No.468). However, fung i with yellowish spore deposiis and hyphae

Coralfungialso ara

i-

the genusBaaa/a conlains with mosily clamped septa.

Specimons examin6d and photographed Seelisberg/lJR (Treib), e16v.500 m,quad.2068, in poor meadow, Nov.1,1978, coll. FZ, 0111-78 Zw. Other specimens: none.

lmbach: nol included.

446

Clavulinopsis corniculata (Fr.)

Fam. Clavariaceae Chev.

Corner

(Fam. Clavariaceae Chev. 1826)

Habitat

MlcrcBcopic fe6ture6

On soil in mossy poor meadows among grasses and ferns, acc. lit. also in meadows and forests. Fall. Rare. Distribution: E, NA, As, Au.

A: Spores subglobose, smoolh,

hyaline, with 1 drop, 4.5-6

Br Basidie slenderlyclevete, stslked,40-60 x 6-8&m, with basal clamp,

C: Cystidia not seen.

Macrogcopic featureg Fruiting body consisting oI a simple or multiply dichotomously branched, straightorsinuous stem which isforked antlerlike above, 15-50 mm tall, 2-4 mm thick, ends dichotomously to multiply branched, forks U-shaped, tips blunt and sometimes incurved, exterior smooth, light yolk yellow and lighter toward the tips when young, laterocher-yellow. Stem solidwithin, flesh yellowish,lragile, odor slightly rancid, taste somewhat bitter. Solitary or grouped to clustered.

x 4-6 pm, l-4 sterigmataand

D: Hyphalsystem monomitic, hyphae

th

in-walled,1.5-9 pm across, septa wiih

clamps.

Remarks Fung i which are similar in habitus arc also found in lh€ genus Bamariopsis (No,

451). However, they have smaller, subglobose, and finely verrucose spores, The species described here should nol be conlused with Ca/ocera vlscosa (No- 2), which also has yolk-yellow branched kuiting bodies, but occurc on wood.Thislungus hasanelaslicconsistencyandbelongstotheHelerobasi-

Specimen! ex.mined and photographed

Seelisberg/l.JR (Volligen-Treib), elev. 550 m, quad.2068, in mossy poor meadow, Oct.18,1981, coll.JB,1810-81 BR 2.

Olher specimena: none.

lfibach: Clevaie cohiculata

447

Clavulinopsis fusiformis (Fr.)

Fam. Clavariaceae Ghev. (Fam. Clavariaceae Chev. 1826)

Corner

Habiiat in poor meadows and fern marshes among Pteidium aquilinum (bracken fern) and mosses,

Fr. ex Schaefl,

in

shady places. Latesummer-lall. Bare.

Distribution: E, NA, As. Macroscopic Gatures Fruiting body slenderly fusiform, usually sinuous and twisted, 50100 (150) x 2-6 (10) mm, rounded to compressed with longitudinal grooves, with tapering base and pointed, unbranched tips, surface smooth, dull, light chrome-yellow to light yolk-yellow, often darker toward the base and also brownish at the tips when old, hollow within. Flesh corticate, fragile-tibrous, odor weak, taste somewhat bitter. Growing in clusters with usually 10-20 and more individual clubs.

Microscopic teatures

A:

Spores subglobose, smooth, with drops and large apicu lus, 5-6.5 x 4.5-6 pm, apiculus up to 2 ,lzm long,l-. B: Besidia slenderly clavate, stipitate, 50-60 x 6-9 srn, with 2-4 sterigmata and basal clamp. C: Cystidia not seen. O: Hyphal system monomitic, hyphae1.5-Tllmacross,thin-walled,seplawith clamps and sometimes with medallion clamps.

Femarks Poor meadows and fern marshes, the habrtat of this splendid coral lungus which is becoming very rare, have unlorlunalely increasang ly ,allen viclim to conlemporary methods of intensiv€ management, A sjmilar, smaller, and nol clustered species is Cravui,hopsis helvola (No.448)with almostthe same biotopes. The species described here could be confused wilh certain lorms of C. /aer'co/or (No. 449), wh ich, however, has elliptical spores 5-7.5 x 3.5-5-5 pm, and with c. /uleoarba (Rea) Cornerwith spores 5-8 x 2.5-4.5l.m and a shorter apiculus. Speclm6nB examined and photographed K0ssnacht/SZ, elev,500 m, quad,2167, among mosses 1982, coll. FK, 0110-82 K. Other specinens: quad. 2063, 2065, 2066, 2068.

lmbach: included as C/avaria inaequalis FlotaOanica?

346

in a fern

marsh,Oct.l,

I

445

avaria zo |nger

ff 'f$

' ilt

:ff'1'( '.

.,ttldg.

ffii ,1.,t

ii*,:. .,E 446

,-_1

^

LO

^-

OJU

-a)

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^() O '-) o

EL

()

\,1/!

i-t )1

r

ooao^ 3t) ,-__,(]D

\,)

448

Clavulinopsis helvola

Fam. Clavariaceae Chev.

(Fr.) Corner

(Fam. Clavariaceae Chev. 1826)

Habitat

llicroscopic tealures

ln mossylorest meadows. Summer-fall. Bare. Distribution: E, NA, As,

tubercles, with 1 drop, hyaline,4-7 x 4-5.5 pm lexcluding warts), l-. Br Basidia slenderly clavate 45-55 x 7-9/.m,with 2-4 ste gmataand basal

A: Spor€s broadly elliptical to subglobose, with coarse blunt warts and clamp.

Macroscopic features Fruiting bodylilif orm to slenderly clavate, usually sinuous orlwisted, 10-60 x '1.5-4 mm, cylindrical, +/- rounded (in var. geog/ossoldes Corner compressed aod with longitudinal grooves), surface smooth to slightly uneven, yolk-yellow, paler toward the base,tips pointed,

unbranched, rarely with a single lork, solid within, hymenium extending to the +/- clearly recognizable narrowing of the stalk, stalkpalerand sterile.Flesh paleyellow,fibrousandfirm,odorinsignificant, taste usually somewhat bitter. Solitary, more rarely clustered, commonly gregarious.

449

C: Cystidia not seen. D: Hyphal syslem monomitic, hyphae 4-10 pm across, sepla with clamps. Remarks The species described here is recognizable by its coarselywarty spores, a leature which can be characterized as truly unusual in coral fungi. Oolythe \ htle Clava a astercspora {No.442) also has round, long-spined spores. Specimens exemined end photographed Giswil/Ow (Grundwald), elev. 500 m, quad. 1865, in lorest meadow among mosses, Oct.4,1982, coll. JB, O410-82 BR

Other sp.cim.n3:

1.

quad. 2066.

lmbach: nol included.

Clavulinopsis !aeticolor

Fam. Glavariaceae Chev.

lBerk. & Curt.) Petersen Clavulinopsis pulchrc (Peck) Corner

(Fam. Clavariaceae Chev. 1826)

:

Habitat On soilin forests. Summer-fall- Rare. Distribution:

Microscopic featureg

E, NA, As.

Macroscopic features Fruiting body cylindricalto slenderly clavate, straight to somewhat sinuous,20-40 x 1.5-3 mm, acc. lit. upto 100 x 6 mm, unbranched, somewhat narrowed toward the base, surface smooth, gold- to

orange-yellow(darkorangewhendry),endspointedtoobtuse,acc. lit. also flattened and spathulate or wrinkled, hymenium extending down to the.r/- distinctly recognizable narrowing ofthe stalk, stalk paler there or also darker and sterile. Flesh light yellow, soft, odor insignificant, taste mild. Solitary to gregarious, acc. lit. also in clusters.

A: Spores broadly elliptical-subglobose,

smooth, yellow, with drops and an apiculus which is 1-2 pm long and often lateral,4.5-6 x 3.5-5/.m,1-. Bi Basidia sinuous, slenderly clavate, 3 5-50 x 6-8&m,with 4slerigmataand basal clamp. C: Cystidia nol seen. D: Hyphal system monomilic, hyphae 2-7 pm across, septa wilh clamps.

Remerks Small clubf ungi with yellowio orange colors can onlybe identif ied microscopically.The species described here is distinctive primariiy by its broadly elliptical-subglobose spores with an apiculus 1-2 pm long. Sp6clmen3 €xamin€d and photogrephed Adligenswil/Lu (Megge ald), elev. 500 m, quad. 2167, on soil under young Picea (spruce) and Ab,es (fir), Oct. 5, 1984, coll. FK, 0510-84 K.

Oth€l 3peciman3: none.

lmb.ch: nol included.

450

Clavulinopsis subtilis (Fr.)

Habitst ln

Fam. Clavariaceae Chev. (Fam. Clavariaceae Chev. 1826)

Corner

forests and atlorestedgeson bare soiloramong grass and moss.

Microscopic feature!

A: Sporcs

subglobose, smooth, hyeline, wilh 1 drop,3-4 x 3-4.5pm,1-, cyanophilic. Basidie slenderly clavate, 30-35 x 4-5 pm, with 4 sterigmata and basal

Fall. Rare. Distribution: E, NA.

B:

Macroscopic ieatures

C: Cystidia not s€en. O: Hyphalsystem monomitic, hyphae thin-walled,2-5 pm across, septawiih

clamp.

Fruiting body antlerlike,l0-40 mm tall, sometimeswith distinct stalk 5-15 mm tall and 1.5-3 mm thick, dichotomously branched inlo

slender,densetyarranged branches0.5-1 mmthick,endssimpleor branched up to 4 times and blunt, entirefruiting bodywhitish to lighi beige, dingy whitish, tips somewhat darker to brownish. Flesh fragile, odorweak, taste mild. Growing in groups to clustered.

clamps.

Remarks Another species, Cravurirops,s dichololra (Godey in Gillet) Corner, is described inthe lit.Accordingtothe description it issupposedto have somewhat larger spor€s, Som€ aulhors consider it to be merely a form ol tho speciss described here, while others separate it as avalid specles, Ciavulina c,stala (No. 456) sometimes torms similar truiting bodies, but it is distanguished microscopically i. a. by larger spores and two-spored basidia.

Spocim6n3 examirGd and pholographed Melters/Lu (Emmenberg), elev.500 m,quad.2165,on bare soilatthe edge ofa lorest, Oct. 11,1982, coll. JB, 1110-82 BR 2.

Other 3pacimana: none.

lhbach: nol included.

348

Clavu rnops s heivo a

rri ? I

If

lr

1,1 vf

i

lri liil

iu

l)

l0 f L-'

,.

C avu Lnops

"i'i i \.

^B

s

\l/

aelrcolor

.\//./

\,,,,1i

.

7

,, |*1 .i\.-^i_l

L.

A

,J

'.-;

L,

\

.l,l

Clavu inops s subtrl s

t-

B

il:.

10 frrf

*'r

m ',..,.t.*1

:_tt9

451

Ramariopsis pulchella

Fam. Clavariaceae Chev.

(Boud.) Corner

(Fam. Clavariaceae Chev. 1826)

Habitat

lricaoscopic laature3

On bare soil in forests and gardens. Fall. Rare. Distribution: E, NA.

A: B:

Macroscopic leatures Fruiting body consisting of a simple or dicholomously branched, straight to sinuous, cylindrical trunk which is forked antlerlike above,'10-25 mm iall, 1-2 mm thick, base white and tomentose, ocherish to brownish toward the top, smooth, ends dichotomously branched two to three times, tips simple and thornlike orsomewhat thickened and widened with shortdenticles, palevioletto light pinklilac. Flesh solt, waxlike, odorweak and uncharacleristic,taste mild. Generally solitary, but also clustered and gregarious.

Spores subglobose, finelyverrucose, hyaline, with drops,3.5-4 x 2.8-3-3

Ilm,l-, cyanophilic.

Basidis cylindric-clavate, 15-20 x 3.5-4,sm, wilh 4 sterigmataand basal clamp. Cystidia not seen.

C: D: Hyphalsystemmonomitic,hyphaehyaline,thin-walled,1.5-204macross,

septawilhclamps,somehyphaeswollenandoccasionallyincrustedwath crystals. Romark3 Species ofthe genus C/ayutiropsh (No.446 tf.)also have similarlorrns- However,these produce smooth spores. Yellowand white colors predominale in coralfungi;thusthis dainty little fungus with its splendid lilac{inted tips provides an interesling and beautiful change, Spocimens examined and photographed Beckenried/Nw, elev. 500 m, quad. 2067, in garden on bare soilunderl,eruslrum (privet), Oct1, 1979, coll. Al, 0110-79 BR 5.

Other sp€cimens: none. lmbach: not included.

452

Clavariadelphus ligula

Fam. Clavariaceae Chev.

(Schaetf.: Fr.) Donk

(Fam. Clavariadelphaceae Corner,1 970)

Habitat

Uicroacopic teeture3

On soil in coniferrorests, commonly at montane to subalpine elevations. Summer-fall. Widespread but not common. Distribution:E, NA, As, Af.

Macroscopic features Fruiting body slenderly clavate to almost cylindricaland somewhat compressed, 30-80 ('100) X 5-10 ('15) mm, ocher-yellowto brownish-yellow, surface smooth to somewhat wrinkled or grooved, tips obtuse to slightly gnarled or flattened, conical toward the base. Flesh white, son, not discoloring, spongy, odor and taste weak, unspecif ic. Commonly cespitose.

A: Spores elliptic-cylindric, smooth, hyaline,l0-14 x 3-4.5pm,1-. B: Basidia slenderly clavate, 50-60 x 6-8 l.m, with 4 sterigmata and

basal

clamp.

C: Cystidia not s6en. D: Hyphal system monomitic, hyphae thin- to thick-walled, 2.5-5-5 pm across, some swollen up to

10

pm, septa with clamps.

Remark3 Tho species described here could be relerred to as a minialu re form ol Crayar,hderplruspisli//aris (No. 453), from wh ich it diflerrs only bythe size of its rru iling body, the wiclth ol its spores, and the dimensions of its basidia.In addition, C. prsti//aris occurs in hardwood lorests. Madotyprola fistriosa (No. 438) can produce similarfruiting bodies, but it is red-brownish, longer and more slender, and grows on dead hardwood, principally l/nus vriidis (green alder). Similarfruiting bodieswith immediately reddening IIesh are a species oltheir own, Clavaiadelphus helvetcus Rahm + Schild.

Specimens €xamined Willisau/LU (Wallbrig), elev.600

m, quad.2164, in coniferforest on soil, Sepl.16, 1984, coll. W. Jillich,1609-84 K. Photographed in quad.1864.

Olher s9ecim.n3: quad. 1864.

lmb.ch: C/avaria

453

Clavariadelphus pistillaris (Fr.) Donk

/,gula Schaeff. ex Fr.

I

Fam. Clavariaceae Chev. (Fam. Clavariadelphaceae Corner1970)

giant club

Habitat

liicroBcopic fe6tures

On chalky soilin beech forests. Summer-Iall.Widespread. Distribution: E, NA, As.

B:

Macroscopiq featurea Fruiting body slenderly cylindrical-clavate lo thickly clavate,'100200 mm talland club 15-50 (80) mm thick, tip rounded (notflattened), light yellow when young, laler orange-brownish to brownyellow, also cinnamon-brown with a hint of lilac, darkertoward the base, surlace with the hymenium longitudinally wrinkled, dull, glabrous,the hymeniumcoloring saffron-yellowwith KOH,spotting violet-brown when rubbed or pressed. Flesh sponsy, white, soft, librous, cut surface discoloring violet-brown, odorweakly pleasant, taste bitterish. Solitary to gregarious.

A: Spor€s elliplical, smooth. hyaline, with drops. 1l-12(13)'6-7rrm, lUULICH 1984:11-16 x 6-7am) Basidia slenderly clavate, T0-90 clamp. C: Cystidia not seen.

x 9-11&m, with 4 sterigmataand basal

D: Hyphal system monomitic, hyphae somewhat thick-walled, 6-13 4m across, septa with variably developed, often indistinct clamps.

Ramarks Otherclub lungiwhich are somewhat similarare i. a. Clavariaalelphus xanthocepralrs Rah m + Schild, with aslenderstipe upto 5 mmthickandsporesolS12x 4.6-6.5 pt ,Clava adelphus lrurcalus (No.454), with llat, truncate tips, and C. rilula (No.452),with smallerkuiting bodies, uptoca-80x15 mm insize. All these species are indigenous to coniferous rorests, ln North America occurs the var. arrericara Corner, wilh somewhat smaller spores (7-12,5 x 3.7-7.5pm) and pinkto llesh-colored truiting bodies. Specimens axamined and photographed Sarnen/Ow (Forst), elev.500 m, quad.1965, in beech/mixod hardwood torest on soil, Sopt. 21, 1983, coll. HS,2109-83 SU.

Other specim.n3: quad. 1764, 1966, 2065, 2066, 2167,2266,226A,2366. lmbach: C/avaria p,st//aris Fries ex Linne.

350

Ramariopsis pulchella

Clavariadelphus ligula

-a 1

ol -l

0]Clc /l

I1 I /

\))Ct0

I

,)\

D

454

Clavariadelphus truncatus (Quel.) Donk

I

Fam. Clavariaceae Chev. (Fam. Clavariadelphaceae Corner 1970)

Habitat

Mlcioscopic loatur€3

On chalky soil in coniferous foresis, as well in mixed conifer-hardwood forests. Summer-fall. Not common. Distribution: E, NA, As, Af.

A:

Macroscopic featutea Fruiting body cylindrical to clavate when youn9, later conicalto turbinate, usually with truncate head, 50-100 1150) x 20-50 mm, head +/- flattened, folded-wrinkled with inflated margin, also coarsely tuberculate-crispate in age, yellow to orange-yellow, conicalslalk tapered toward the base, longitudinallywrinkled, dull, brown-yellow, ocher-yellow, sometimes with a hint of lilac,frb. solid within. Flesh white, spongy, soft, turning lilac-brownish when cut, odor weak, pleasant, taste mild, sweetish. Solitary to gregarious. KOH colors

D: Hyphalsystemmonomitic,hyphaethin-walled,2-6¯oss,septawith

the hymenium red.

Spores elliptical, smooth, hyatine,with drops orcoarce granular conlents, 10-13 x 6-7.5/.m,1-. B: Basidia slenderly clavate, 60-80 x 9-11 /rm, with 4 sterigmata and basal clamp. C: Cystidia not seen. clamps.

Romark3 This species is delinitely raret hete lhan Clava aclelprus pistl,/arh (No.453) and prelers mounlain spruce foresls, but it can be found also in hardwood

forestswilhscatteredconifers. ltcanhardlybemislaken(KOH reaclion).For further remarks see No. 453.

Specimens eramined SOrenberg/Lu {Usser-Sorenb€r9li), elev. 1250 m, quad. 1 864, in spruce lorest on chalk, Sept. 3, 1977, coll. FK, 0309-77 K. Photographed in quad. 1764.

Othei Epecimens: quad. 1764. lmbacn: Clavaia tuncah

455

Clavulina cinerea (Fr.) Schroei.

I

A|]el

Fam. Clavulinaceae (Donk) Donk (Fam. Clavulinaceae Donk 1961)

gray coralfungus

Habitat ln mixed hardwood-conifer forests on soil, sometimes on rotten wood and buried cones. Late fall. Possiblywidespread. Distribution:

iricroscopic leatures

A: Spores broadly elliplic-sutrglobose, smoorh, hyaline, with drops, 8-10 7-8lrm,l- (JULICH 1984:7-1t . 7-1O pml B: Basidia cylindric-clavale, 40-50 x 5.5-7pm, with (1)2 (4) sterig mala and basal clamp.

C: Cystidia not seen. D: Hyphal system monomitic, hyphae 2-7 &m across, septa with clamps,

Macroscopic leatures Fruiting body up to

110 mm tall,

hyphse swolien at the sepla.

with branches rising corallike lrom a

common base, trunk short, often developed only as a common clustered base,whitishto ocherish, branches rounded to flattened, rising vertically, sometimes sinuous, many times dichotomously branched and ending in usually untorked tips, forks o, branches Vshaped, branches of the base up to 8 mm thick, in the tips'!-2 mm, surface longitudinally grooved, uneven, ocherish with lilac tintwhen young, later gray-lilactoviolet-gray, tips somewhat lightertodingy white-yellow. Consistency soft, somewhaltough, odor moldy, taste mild like Cantharel/us tubaefomis (No. 485). Growing in isolated clusters or in rows.

Remark6 The identfficalion ol thas speci€s is always somewhat problematic, because Clawlina cristata (No. 456) when attacked by Spadicioides clavariarum (Desm.) Hughes (parasite) also produces gray-violet truiting bodies which cannot be ditferentiated microscopically from the species described hor€.ln ourjudgment, the following features can be called u pon for separaling lhem: young lruiting bodies akeady wilh a lilac tint, tips trlunt, not oronly sparsely branched,lrunk barelydeveloped, base usuallywhiteto lightocherish.lnthe lit. is described C/aw./ira amethysL,na (Fr.) Oonk,which datfers in having conspicuous violet colors and fragile llesh, Speclman3 examined and photographad Adiigeflswil/Lu (Meggerwald), elev. 550 m, qued. 2167, on bare soilamong mosses, Nov.1,1982, coll. FK,0111-82 K.

Other 3peclmens: none,

lmbach: included

456

Clavulina cristata (Fr.) Schroet.

as Crava a cinereaFr-

I

exBull.

Fam. Clavulinaceae (Donk) Donk (Fam. Clavulinaceae Donk 1961)

white or crested coralfungus

Habitat

ilicroscoplc leatureS

On soilin hardwood and coniferforests, commonlyin spruceforests on needle litter, more rarely also outsideforests in grass. Summerfall. Common. Distribution: W.

B: Basidiacylindrical-clavate,25-50x 5-64rn,with l-2 sterigmataand

Macrgscopic ,eatures Fruiting body20-60 (80) mm tall, consisting ol individualor clustered, clavale to compressed brancheswhich torkonce or manytimes toward thetips, white to cream-colored or ocherish, otten attacked by a parasitic fungus (Spadicioides clavaiael and then grayto lilacto black-gray, branches 5-10 (20) mmthickatthe base,surface lon-

gitudinally grooved, smoolh, ends usually subdividing manytimes into small points and teeth. Flesh soft and rather tragile, odor insignificant, taste mild. Usually cespitose, but also in solitary clusters, sometimes lorming complete fairy rings.

A: Spores broadly elliptical-subglobose, smooth, hyaline, drop,7-9 x 6-7.5&m,l-.

C: D:

one large

basal clamp, sometimes secondarily septale, Cystidia not seen. Hyphalsystem monomitic, hyphae 2,5-15/rm across, septawlth clamps, conslricled at some septa.

Reharks The species described here is veryvariable in its occurrence; lhus a seies of lorms and varioti€s is described in the literature. ll cou ld be conlused lirst ol all

wilh Clawlina rugosa (No. 457), which, however, has larger spores. The branches ol a typical c. crislala always end wilh highly branched points or teeth.ll is olten attacked bya parasitic fungusandlhen appears deceptively similar to C. cirerca (No.455).

Specimens examined.nd photographod Alpnach/OW (Schoried), elev. 650 m, quad. 1966, ter, Sept. 11,1981, coll. JB, 1109-8t BR 2. Othea spaciman3: common throughout region,

lmbach: Crayaria

352

wath

cr.,stata Fr. ex Holmsk-

in spruce roresl on need le

lil-

Clavariadelphus truncatus

ry1

"ll

ll_ ll

)

nna v [r^\, O

457

I

Clavulina rugosa

Fam. Clavulinaceae (Donk) Donk (Fam. Clavulinaceae Donk 1961)

(Fr.) Schroet.

= Clavaia rugosaBull. exFt.

l€rlurei

Habttat ln conifer forests or mixed conifer-hardwood forests on bare soil

Iticroscopic

and among mosses, on pathsides, ditches, etc. Summerjall.Widespread. Distribution: E, NA, As, Au.

B: Basidia cylindric-clavate, 60-75 x 5-8&m, with

Macroscopic lgaturgs Fruiting body 50-60 000) x 5-10 mm, consisting ol single or clustered, clavate to compressed brancheswhich are unbranched or only a little branched toward the tips, white to dingy white or ocherish, surface longitudinally grooved, tuberculate and wrinkled, also twisted, ends blunt to compressed, sometimes with rudimentary outgrowths, more rarely with branches. Flesh elastic, fragile, soft, odor insignificant, taste mild. Solitary and gregarious, rarely somewhat clustered.

A: Spores broadly elliptical-subglotose, smooth, hyaline, with 9-13.5 x 7.5-10/,m,l-.

large drops,

2 sterigmata and basal

clamp.

C: Cystidia not seen.

D: Hyphal system monomitic, hyphae 5-12 &m across, septa with small clamps, hyphae somelimes constricted at lhe septaRemark3

The species described here could most likelybeconfused with torms olC,aw/ira c,btata (No.456),which is alsowhite bul hes distinctly branched lruiting

bodies and branchedlipswith thornlike outgrowths. ln addilion, itsspores are someu/hat smaller. Smooth forms otC. rugosa have a cerlain resemblance to Clava a vemicularis lNo. 444),which, however, lacks clampsand hassmaller spores withoul large drops.

Speciman3 examinad and photogrephod Buch rain/Rathausen/LU (Sedelwald), elev- 500 m, quad. 2166, on baro ground in spruce lorost, Dec.6, 1982, coll. JB, 0612-82 BR 2.

Other 3pecimeN: quad. 1864, 2066, 2167, 2365. lmbach: included as C/avaia rugosa

458

Ramaria abietina (Pers.: Fr.) Quel. : Ramaia ochaceo-vhen.s (Jungh.)

Fam. Ramariaceae Corner (Fam. Ramariaceae Corner 1970)

Donk lllcro3@plc leatures

Habitst montaneelevations, rarely under hardwoods. Summer-fall. Not common. Distribution: E, NA. ln spruce forests on needle litter, often in rows. Prelers

Macroscopic teatures Frb. arising corallike from a common base,with oneto severalbran-

A:

ends, becoming thinner and thinner. Frb.30-60 mm tall, base3-14 mm thick and with whitish mycelial strands, branches flattened to rounded,2-5 mm thick, yellow-olive when young, entire frb. turn ing greenish when handled or in age,the endswith 2-4 points,yellowish, somewhat lighterthan the branches when young. Flesh white,

longitudinally fibrous, tough, odor uncharacteristic, tasle slightly bitter. This species occurs also in associatio n wfth Ramaia flaccida (No.463), which does not turn green. KOH turns the surlace ofthe fruiting body an intense olive,the flesh aweak olive; H2SOa turns the hymenium a +/- intense minium-orange. ln groups to rows, more rarely solitary.

Ramaria aurea

pores pip-shaped, verrucose lo spinose, yellowish,9-10.5 x 3.5-5 {SCHILD p.c.: 5.1-9.2 (3.6) x 2.8-4.6pm). S

clamp,

C: Cystidia not seen.

D: Hyphal system monomitic, Aamal hyphae 2-7 &m across, with few septa and occasionally with clamps as well as gnarled outgrowths, +/- lhickwalled, subhymenial hyphae 1.5-3 pm across, thin-walled, sspla with clamps,

namarks

Ramaria fracoida (No.463),which issimilarin habitusand occurs in the same habitats, dilters lrom the species described here by not turning green. F. ochtochlora Fwrct &Schild, with spores 7.6-12.8 x 3.8-5.3&m, is anothor greenish species snd has been described from the Canton ol Graub0nden

(scHrLD 1971).

Sp€camen! examined and photogrephed Glaubenb€rg/Ow, elev. 1200 m, qued. 1965, in needle litter under Picea (spruce), Aug.23,1982, coll. J8,2308-82 BR 4.

Other specimens: quad. 1864, 2166.

lmb.ch: not included-

tr

Fam. Ramariaceae Corner (Fam. Ramariaceae Corner 1970)

(Schaetf.: Fr.) Quel.

Habitat On soil in hardwood Iorests, commonly underFagus (beech). Acc. SCHILD ('1978) so farobserved only underFagus. Summer-fall. Bare. Distribution: E, NA, As.

Macroscopic leature3 Fruiting body corallike, 80-150 mm across and up to 120 mm tall, with a sturdy trunk up to 50 mm thick ftom which several relatively short branches arise which are 15-20 mm thickand branch repeatedly toward the top, end branches usually with 2 short tips, some also with rudimentary thornlike outgrowths, Iorks U- to V-shaped, trunk bulbous with a white base, olten lemon-yellow up to the branches, saffron-yellow, notdiscoloring when bruised, branches goldyellow with a hint of salmon-pink, tips concolorous to somewhal more intensely yellow. Flesh white, sometimes marbled, solt, firm, odor not unpleasant, taste mild. Solitary or in groups. Acc. SCHILD Fe SO4 turns the yellow surface oI the branches above the trunk a carmine-red.

Microscopic teatuaas

A:

Spores elliptical, with Iinewarls,warts in parlsom€what unitedand arranged in rows, hyaline (spore deposit yellow),9-1't x 3.5-5pm,l-,cyanophilic (SCHILD p.c.:8-12.8 x 3.7-5.8 r.m).

B: Basidia slenderly clavale, 40-50 x 8-10 pm, with 4 sierigmata, without basal clamp.

C: Cyslidia not seen. D: Hyphal syslem monomilic, hyphae thin-walled, 4-13 pm across, septa without clamps. Remark6 The coralfungiwere, and still are, rreq uently identified bythelolkonlybytheir colors. Th us the gold-yellow fung i, especially those wh ich grow near spruces at montaneelevations, are regarded as "aurea " (probably usually Famalia rargertT [No.469]), palerlorms in valleys as'frava", and those with salmon-pink hues as "formosa'. The lacl lhal the specles described here is a rather rare fungus occurring underFaguswas tirsl known lromtheworks ol PETERSEN (1974) and SCHILD (1978). Spoclmens axamined 6nd phoiographod SeelisbergruR, elev.1000 m, quad.2068, in mixed Fagus-conilerforest, Sept. 24,'1983, coll. JB,2409-83 BR 5.

Oth€r 3p€cimen3: quad.1965, 2055, 2067, 2156.

lmbach: included and given as common?

3s4

pm,l-

B: Basidiacylindric-clavate,55-60x5.5-6.54m,with4sterigmataandbassl

ches which usually fork dichotomously or many times tov{ard the

459

Fr. ex Bull.

Et

Clavulina rugosa

E ro

oo-'

)o"o

ET tr

Ramaria abietina

A..4

/l ^ /.:1 /r. "\ r''\

-LO

\\ i; I -L

bJUUU hr; B

EI

Ramaria aurea

A

fe

anE

v tgDa N/q' tiiil

i';) Ul t/ $ l.J '10

pm

E rI)

-L

460

Ramaria bataillei

T

Fam. Ramariaceae Corner (Fam. Ramariaceae Corner'1970)

(Maire) Corner Microscopic features

Habitat ln coniler lorests as well as hardwood torests near Pr'cea (spruce) and Fagus (beech), on soil. Summer-Iall. widespread but not common. Distribution:E.

Macro8copic Ieatures Fruiting body arising corallike frorn awhitish base 30-70 mmthick, with alew branches 5-15 mmlhickwhich continueto branchtoward the iop, torks U-shaped, end branches terminating in2-3 (4) bluntspinelike tips, branches +/- erect and parallel, cinnamon-ocher when young, then wine-brown to purple-gray-brown, tips goldocherwhen young, then paleyellow and eventually purple-gray like the branches, frb. often somewhat orange-reddish above thetrunk, lorks of the branches and the trunk when mature colored honeyyellow from Iallen spores. Flesh when cut white at first, but turning wine-red-brown relatively quickly to in severaiminutes, fibrous and soft, odor weakly earthy, taste bitter. lndividual fruiting bodies 50150 mm tall and wide. Solitary or in rows and lairy rings.

461

Ramaria botrytis

A: Spores B:

elliptical, {inely verrucose, yellowish, some with drops,11-14 x

5.8Fm,l- (SCHILD p.c.:11-17 x 4-5

4-

p.r.)-

Basidia slenderly clavate, 50-60 x 6-8pm, with 3-4 sterigmata and basal clamp. C: Cystidia not seen. D: Hyphalsystem monomitic, hyphae 2-8 r.m across, septa with clamps,

Remerks Rama atestaceo-flavalBres.) Comer, described in the lit., is verysimilarto our collection and is considered byCORNER (1950)to b€ faded R. formosa, as he also suspects lor R batail/e,: Species with flesh turning wine-reddish more weakly b€long to the lorm complex around B. fomosa (No. 467). Specimens examined S6renberg/LU (Junkholz),elev.1100m,quad.1864.underPicea in needle litler, Aug. 8, 1982, coll. FK,0808-82 K 1. Photographed in quad. 1965. Other spccimons: quad. 1965, 2065.

lmb.ch: not included.

tr

Fam. Ramariaceae Corner (Fam. Bamariaceae Corner 1970)

(Fr.) Ricken

Hrbitat On soil in hardwood torests, especially near Fagus (beech). Summer-fall. Rare. Distributionr E, NA.

Macroscopic leatures Fruiting body arising corallike from a white base 20-50 mm thick, with a few branches up to 30 mm thickwhichlork repeatedlytoward the top into relatively short end branches, outermost branches ending in 2-4 spinelike tipswhich are often pink-wine-red and contrast strikingly with the whitish branches, trunk white, branches white atfirst, later cream-colored from maturing spores,then ocherish with yellow-brownish spots, individual truiting body 70-120 x 40-150 mm,concrescentones correspondinglylarger.Fleshwhite, odor pleasant, taste mild. The mode of growth ofthe young lruiting bodies is reminiscent of a cauliflower. Solitary or in groups.

iiicaoBcopic f6aturcs A: Spores slenderly elliptical, longiludinally slriale, strialions sometimes breaking up intodots and anastomosing, slightlyyellowish,l4-17 x 4.5-8 Fm, l- (SCHILD p.c.: 10.5-17.5 x 4-6.6 rm). B: Basidia slenderly clavate, 45-60 x 9-11 &m, wilh 4 sterigmata and basal clamp.

C: Cystidaa not seen.

Dr Hyphalsystem monomitic, hyphae 3-8pm scross, septa with clamps.

Benarka

ldentifying the species described here formerly caused lrttle difliculty. Acc. SCHILD (personal communication) several species seom lo be concealed under its name. and they are presently lhe object of further investigalions. Especially, linds lrom spruce loresls probably represent another sp€ci€s (coll. 1309-82 BR 7). Collections under Fagus which have much smaller spores are also known. Specimens eramined and photographed lmmensee/Sz(Chiemen),elev.420m,quad.2167,

underFagus,Sepl.4,l982,

coll. J8,0409-82 BB 6.

Other 3p€cim.ns: quad. 1864,1965, 2067, 2068.

lmb.ch: included as Clavaria botrytis Ft. exPerc.

462

Ramaria fennica

I

Fam. Ramariaceae Corner (Fam. Ramariaceae Corner

(Karst.) Bicken

Habitat ln

coniferlorests underPlbea (spruce) on soiland needle litter.Sum-

mer-lall. Rare. Distribution: E, NA.

,l970)

Microscapic feature3

A: Spores elliptical with laleral apiculus, with blunl warts, some with drops, yellowish, 10-15 x 4-5.5 pm,l- (SCHILD p.c.: 7.5-12.8 x 3.7-6 pm). B: Basidia slenderly clavate,60-80 x 8-10&m, with 4 sterigmata and basal clamp.

Macroscoplc features Fruiting body 60-100 x 40-70 mm,arising corallikefrom athickened to bulbous base, with 2-4 branches which do not fork much toward the tips,lorks U-shaped, base 10-40 mmthick, branches rounded to flattened, somewhat sinuous and slightly longitudinally striate, basewhitish with yellowish overtone, branches olive-brown to oliveocher, usuallywith hintol lilac abovethe trunk, yellowish toward the ends, tips gold-yellowwhen young, dusted with honey-yellow spore deposit when mature, ends branched 2-3 times and +/- blunt,Ilesh white, notdiscoloring, firm, odor earthy, taste slightly bitter.Solitary or gregarious.

356

C: Cystidia not seen. D: Hyphal syslem monomitic, hyphae 3-7 pm across, septa with clamps. Benarks Olderfruiting bodies ollhe species described here can be distinguishedlrom Ramaria lumigala tNo.468) onlywilh difliculty. However, ils yellowtipswh€n young and ils occurrsnce in conirerforests give good cluos foridentification, For olher remarks see lq. lurnigala (No.468), Sp€clm6ns axamined and photographed S0renberg/Lu (Laubersmad-Ghack), elev.l400 m, quad.1864, in needle litter under Prc#, Aug.30,1982, coll.JB,3008-82 BR 5.

Oih€r sp€ciman3: nonelmbach: nol included.

Flamaria bataillei

E

El

/lN'L

CIup ; f\ r,.t tr)(\r 0^6fr

Ramaria botrytis

n\ t)1 l/\ \/

/

w

idp,'

o

,,/

0$ u 0 r^

rol

463

Ramaria flaccida

I

Fam. Ramariaceae Corner (Fam. Ramariaceae Corner 1970)

(Fr.) Ricken

Habitat On soil in coniferforesis, especially underPlcea (spruce), especially at montane elevations. Summer-fall. Widespread. Distribution: W.

Micao3copic ,aatura3 Spores elliptical, verrucose-spinose, hyaline (spore deposit yellow),7-8 x 3.5-4&m, l-, cyanophilic (SCHILD p-c.r 5-9.2 x 2.8-4.6 r(ln). B: Basidia slenderly clavate, 50-60 x 6-8 pm, with 4 sterigmata and basal

A:

clamP.

C: Cystidia not seen.

Macroscopic leatureg Fruiiing body corallike, up to ca.40 mm across and 50 mm tall,trunk

stipelike,2-5 mmthickwithwhitish baseandwithwhite mycelialleltwork permeated with humus, as well as with rhizomorphs, ocheryellowish above the base, branches arising lrom the base 1-3 mm thick and lighi ocher when young, then brown-yellow, ends of bran-

ches with 2 or several poinls or denticles, lighter or concolorous with the branches, neverdiscoloring when bruised or rubbed. Flesh

whitish, ,ibrous, tough, flaccid, without KOH reaction, odor weakly fruity or uncharacteristic, taste mild to somewhat bitter. Usually in rows or rairy rings.

D: Hyphal system monomitic, hyphae thin-welled, 2-5pm across,someswollen uo to 12pm, seota with clamps.

Remrrks

The species described here is common primarilyin mounlain sprucelorests, Olher similar species are]- Ramaria nyceliosa \Peck\ Cotnet l= R. co ugata lKarst.l Schild), with smaller spores and longer spines, and A. eumorpha (Karst.) Corner (: R.,irvarl loott. &Wakel.] Donk),whosellesh immediatelydiscolors orange-pink with KOH. Macroscopically, these species are scarcely separable.Asimilarspecies isF- ab,blina (No.458),whach occurs in the same habitats but discolors olive to greenish from the base up.

Specimens axemined and phoiographed Sorenberg/Lu (Usser Sdrenbergli), elev. 1150 m, quad- 1864, in needle liller under P,'cea, Aug.8,1982, coll. FK.0808-82 K. Oth6r 3p€clm.n3: widely distributed in the fore-alpane region.

lfibac.h| Clavaia flaccicla Ft.

464

Ramaria flava

tr

Fam. Ramariaceae Corner

(SchaeIf.: Fr.) Quel.

(Fam. Ramariaceae Corner 1970)

Habitat

Iticroscopic Iealurea

On soilin hardwood and conifer forests, as wellas aiforestedges in alpine pastures, at colline to alpine elevations. Summer-fall. Wide-

A: Spores cylindric-elliptic, wilh warts, some warts united, hyaline (spore

spread. Distribution:

B:

E.

Macro3copic fsatures Fruiting body corallike, '100-150 {200) mm across and 60-150 mm tall, with a sturdy, squattrunkup to 70 mmthicklrom which several branches 15-30 mm thick arise and branch repeatedly toward the top, ends of branches usually with 2 short points, some also with rudimentary, thornlike outgroMhs, forks U- to V-shaped,trunk bulbous with white base, often somewhat overcast with sulfur-yellow above, notdiscoloring when bruised, branches sulfur-yellowto light yolk-yellow, tips concolorous. Flesh whitish, soft, firm, fragile in the trunk, odor faintly unpleasant (acc. SCHILD '19781like Hwholoma ,ascicu/a.e), taste ofthe trunk mild, somewhat bitter toward the tips. Solitary or in groups. sometimes in fairy rings.

deposilyellow),with drops,12-14 x 4.5-5pm, l-,cyanophilic(SCHILD p.c.: 10-15.2 x 4-6.4pm). Basidia slenderly clavate, 40-60 clamp, Cystidia not seen.

x 8-10 pm, with 4 sterigmata and basal

C: D: Hyphal syst€m monomitic, hyphae thin-walled, 3-15 Am across, some sepla with clamps. Remark3 The species descdbed her6 was and is ollen conlused with others. ll was newlytypilied byPETERSEN (1974), certain ly clarilying the confusion in description ofthis species.lt is mostlrequenllyconfusedwith Bamar,h aurea (No. 459), n. fravescens (No.465),with the rarerspeciesF- obtusissrma (No 472) and R. flavobrunnescens (No.466), and wilh F- /utea (No.470). Specimens examined and pholographed Sorenberg/LU (Ramisboden), elev.1200 m, quad.1864, on streambank under Picea (spruce) and A/nrrs,hcara (grayalder), Au9.23,1982, coll. FK,2308-82 K 1.

Other speclm6n3: quad- 1965. lmbachx Clavaria flave Ft ex Schaett.

465

Ramaria flavescens

tr

Fam. Ramariaceae Corner (Fam. Ramariaceae Corne|1970)

(Schaeff.) Petersen

Habitat On soilin hardwood lorests, more rarelyin mixed hardwood-conifer

forests, principally near Fagus (beech). Summer-fall. Widespread. Distribution: E. Acc. SCHILD (1978) one of the largest and commonest species of the section Laetbolores in Europe.

Micro3copic taetura3

A: Sporeselliptical,withwarts, somewarls

united, hyaline (spore deposityellow),9-13 x 4-5.5&m,l-, cyanophilic (SCHILD p.c.:8-13.6 x 3.7-5.8&m). x B: Basidia slenderly clavate, 60-70 10-12 Em, with 4 st6rigmata and basal clamp,

Ci Cystidia

not seen.

D: Hyphalsystem monomitic, hyphae

in lhe branches thin-walled, 2.5-9 /,m

across, septa wilh clamps,

Macroscopic teatures Fruiting body spherical, corallike, '100-200 (250) mm across and 100-150 (230) mm tall, with a sturdy trunk upto ca. 50 mm thickfrom which numerous branches up to'15 mm thick arise and branch repeatedly toward the top, ends of branches usually with 2 short points,somealsowith rudimentary,thornlikeoutgroMhs,torksU-to V-shaped, sometimes with a somewhat ocherish overcast from lallen spores, trunk stipelike with a white base, above the substrate with rudimentary, cream-colored branch-outgrowths, becoming increasinglyyellowish toward the top, not discoloring when bruised, branches light yellow to apricot-yellow or salmon-colored, tips concolorous, yolk-yellowwhen young. Flesh whitish, marbled,soft,lirm, odor not unpleasant, taste mild. Sometimes solitary, but usually growning in groups or fairy rings.

358

Remaakt PETERSEN (1974) recognizedthis specaes of Schaeffer, which had not been validated, as a good species, validated rt, and designated a neotype.Thus it is now possible to separelethis species lrom similar, orang€-yellow Ramarias, principellyonlhe basis ofmicroscopicteatures.lt is possibleto confuseilwith allthe other orange-yellow species, For a certain identilication, study ofthe description and microscopical invesligation are indispensable.

Specineni exemincd and photographod

Giswil/OW (Forst), elev. 500 m, quad.1965, on soilunderFagrs, Sept.21,1983, coll. J8,2109-83 BR 3.

Other specimens: quad- 1966.

lmbach: not included.

Ramaria flaccida

:r\ (i:\ i"\

o

i\u"jli

f..: \l,

J

l,l

fq t',

\ '.'

hp;

u

Famaria flava

n* e1

t. \

tjll

r'l

t"",1

ff [r^s ,n A/q tii I [^ r-,:] 'tr

\J K' L'

Ramaria flavescens

'

(/M A/Wi

\l\

)

I{( /. I /l /-'.-

FtF

ffi

effi

6^& 0 10 pm

ol

NL

466

Ramaria flavobrunnescens

I

Fam. Ramariaceae Corner (Fam. Ramariaceae Corner 1970)

(Akt.) Corner

Habitat

Mlcroacoplc teatures

On soil in hardwood and mixed coniter-hardwood forests, especially nearAgus (beech). Summer-fall. Bare. Distribution: E, NA,As,

A: B:

Spores elliplical, wiht fine warts, some warts in rows, hyaline {spor€ deposit yellow),7-9 x 3-4rtm,l-, cyanophilic (SCHILD p.c-:6 -4-10.7 x3.2-4.5 pm). Basidia slenderly clavate, 50-60 x 7-9 &m, with 4 sterigmata and besel

clamp.

C: Cystidia not seen.

Macroscopic lgatures Fruiting body corallike, up to 80 mm across and '100 mm tall, r,vith a slender, tapered and rootlike trunk, from whose base numerous branches upto I mmthickarise and repeatedly branch toward the top, ends of branches with 1-3 short points, some also with rudimentary, thornlike outgroMhs, forks U-shaped, exceptionally Vshaped, trunk with white base, above the substrate with rudimentary, cream-colored to yellowish branch-outgrowths, spotting somewhat when bruised, branches ocher-yellowish, chrome- to primrose-yellow toward the tips, tips concolorous. Flesh whitish, soft,lragile, odor not unpleasant, taste mild. Solitary or in groups.

D: Hyphal system monomitic, hyphae thin-walled, 1.5-9 pm across, some

swollen, septa wilh clamps, some gloeoplerous (oleiferous) hyphae present.

Remarks ItlheyellowRamarias are nol easy to separatelrom each olher, nevertheless the species described here has aspecific, macroscopic tealure:the fruiting bodies are relatively small and can spot somewhat when brused.ln addilion, according to our obseruations the chrome-yellow colorolthe branches and the relatively smallspores are lypicalollhe speci6s

spacimcna cxamlned and photographed

Seelisberg/uR (Tannwald),elev.1000m,quad.2068,in lorest, Sept.24, i983, con. JB,2409-83 BR 6.

mixedbeech-conifer

Other Bpecimens: quad. 1965. lmbach: not included.

467

Ramaria formosa

I

Fam. Ramariaceae Corner (Fam. Ramariaceae Corner 1970)

(Fr.) Quel

Habitat

Micro3copic ,eatures

On soilin hardwood torests, commonly underFagus (beech).Summer-fall. Bare. Distribution: E, NA, As, Au.

A;

B: Macroscopic features Fruiting bodycorallike, upto150 mmtalland 200 mmacross, usually with a sturdy trunk up to ca.50 mm thicklrom which severalbranches 15-20 mm thick arise and branch repeatedly toward the top, ends of branches with 2-3 short points, some also with thornlike, rudimentary outgroMhs, forks U-shaped, trunk short, tapered somewhattoward the base where it is white,salmon-colored toward the branches, not discoloring when bruised, branches salmon-yellowwhen young, then salmon-orange,iips long,yellow. Flesh white, discoloring slightly pink-brownish when cut, soft , lirm, chalky-brittle when dry, odor faint and uncharacteristic, taste slightly sourish. Solitary or in groups. Chemical reactions: Fe SO4 turns the llesh greenish-blue; guaiacol = reddish.

C: D:

pores cylindric-elliptic, wilh warts, some warts un ited and in rows, hyaline (spore deposit yellow), 9-13 x 5-6 rrm, l-, cyanoph ilic (SCH ILD p.c.: 8-14.5 S

x 4-6.7

p.Il').

Basidia slenderly clavale, 40-50 x 7-9 4m, with 4 slerigmata and basal clamp. Cystidia nol seenHyphalsystem monomilic, hyphae thin-toihick-walled, some rather swollen,3-12&m across, septa with clamps.

R6mark3 The typicelleatures ol this sp€ci€s are ils sourish taste, chalky-britlle llesh wh6n dry, and septa with clamps.lt would be possibleto conluse il wilh i. a. Ramaia flava lNo. 464) and 8. I/avescens (No. 465), wh ich also have clamps, as wellas with B. sardracira MarrS stuntz, with tlesh which discolors pinkbrownish and smaller spores, ln general, it must be said thai Ramarias are often veryditficultto identilyand in all cases their microscopic features must be called upon.

Sp€cimenB exemlned and photogaaphed Kerns/OW (Melchtal), elev. 600 m, quacl. 1866, in hardwood foresl under Fagur Aug. 30, 1971, coll. JB, 3008-71 BR. Other 3peclm.ns: quad- 2056.

lmbechi Cleve

468

Ramaria fumigata (Peck) Corner

a

fornosa

I

Habltat

Fam. Ramariaceae Corner (Fam. Ramariaceae Corner 1970)

Micro3copic teaturas

ln beech forests (Fagus)on

soilamong leaf litter, acc.lit. in hardwood forests, especially warm oak forests. Summer-fall. Rare. Distribu-

A: Spores elliptical, with

tion: E, NA, Au.

B:

Macroscopic fealures Fruiting body arising corallikelrom a non- orslightly bulbous common base, with 2-4 main branches which usually tork repeatedly and denselytowardtheends,lorksU-shaped,truiting body70-130 x 50-'150 mm, base'10-40 mmthick, branches rounded to flattened and slightly longitudinallystriate, basewhite, usuallywith lilac-violet overtone, branches smoke-gray to brown-beige, often with hint of lilac, dusted with honey-yellow spore deposit when mature (see photograph), the ends with 2-3 somewhatviolet tips, young lruiting bodies almost entirelyviolet. Flesh white, notdiscoloring, pithy, odor radishlike, also like earth or potatoes, taste slightly biter. Solitary or gregarious. KOH turns the hymenium orange, then brown-red;the violet surface of the stalk orange; the flesh slightly yellow. HrSOl

turns the hymenium yellow-orange; the flesh brown-red, quickly fading.

360

Fr, ex Pers.?

lateral apicu lus, with blunt warts, warls somelimes connectedto form rows or bands, some with drops, yellowish,9.5-11,5 (13)

x 4-5

(5.5)

rm, l-.

Basidia slenderly clEvate, 60-75 x 9-11 &m, with 4 sterigmata and basal clamp. Cystidia nol seen.

C: D: Hyphal system monomilic, subhymenial hyphas 2.5-7 rrm and tramal

hyphae 5-10 /rm across, somewhat thick-walled in the trunk, septa wath clamps.

Remark3 The species described here greatly resembles Pa marialennica lNo- 462) and R. batal/e, {No.460).lt dillers trom the latter i. a. by tlesh which does not turn wine-red when bruised, and from the former by somewhat violet tips and basal branches with a violel overtone and also by occurring in hardwood forests, SCHILD (1971) believes that the species described here is avariety of B. rer-

Specimens examined and photographed Malters/Lu (Emmenberg), elev.500 m,quad.2165,in beech lorest among leaf litter, Sept.14,1982, coll. AF,1409-82 BR 1.

Oih€r 3p.cimen3: Cornaux (weslern Switzerland), SCHILD lmbach: not included.

1971.

Et

Bamaria flavobrunnescens

El

a C\I

668&

0906^ 10 pm

D

Et

Ramaria formosa

EL q)l

^

liil qy il;'I /';rX u, ti',

n

i.ir /S\ t:;ij \:-/ $Y \:/ il",)li*)

ffi

Ramaria fumigata glr)

It,r fr{i lil ['tj-' t7 u \v

l

\1(l!)

I

A,^'il

[,ry

/e

\Iil Illo I

-1,

//s \)

t

AA w

[,

469

Ramaria largentii I Stuntz : ? Clavaia aurea Schaefi. per Fr. s. Bres.

tr

Fam. Ramariaceae Corner (Fam. Bamariaceae Corner 1970)

Marr

Habitat On soilin coniferforests, on forest edges, in alpine paslures under Picea (spruce), especially at montane to alpine elevations. Summerfall. Widespread. Distribution: E, NA.

l, icroscopic leaturos A: Spores 6lliptical, with irregular coarse warts, hyaline (spore deposit yellow),12-14.5 x 3.7-5 pm,l-, cyanophilic (SCHILD p.c.: 10-16.5 x (3.8) 46.4 pml. B: Basidia slenderly clavate,60-75 x 8-'12&m, with 4 sterigmata and basel clamp-

Macroscopic features Fruiting body corallike, 100-'180 mm across and up to 120 mm tall, usuallywith asturdytrunk uoto50 mm thickfromwhich several relatively short branches up to10 mmthickarise and branch repeatedly toward the top, ends of branches with 'l-2 short points, forks U- to V-shaped, trunkbulbous with a white base, paleyellowabove,branches yellow-orange, tips concolorous to somewhat more intense, not discoloring when bruised. Flesh white, fibrous, lirm, odor like bubble-gum ora dentist's office (SCHILD 1978), taste mild. Solitary or in rows.

C: Cystidia not seen. D: Hyphalsystem monomitic, hyphae

th in-walled,2

-5pm across, some swol-

len and broader, subhymenial hyphae with clamps, hyphae in

thetramafor

the most part without clamps, Remark3 The species described here has probably been lalsely called Pamara aurea (No,459) in tho past.lt seemsto be one olthe commonest co€lfungiin our mountain spruce foresls- lt can be identified with certainty only microscopically.The f ollowing similar species can befound in the same habitats:Pamaria f/at€ (No. 464), B. obfus/sslma (No. 472), and more raroly R. l/avescens (No. 46s). Specimens examined and photogrephod HergiswiuNw (Heuschlag), elev.110O m, quad.2066, in sprucelorest on acid soil, Oct.11, 1984, coll. BA,1110-84 BA 1.

Other 3pecimens: widely distribuled throughout alpine region.

lfib.cht Clava

470

Ramaria lutea

a aurca Fr. ex Schaetf.?

!

Fam. Ramariaceae Corner (Fam. Ramariaceae

ryitt.) Schild

Habitat

Cornerl9T0)

Microscopic features

On soilin hardwood forests underFagus (beech), commonly in mild sites or in southern districts. Summer-fall. Rare. Distribution: E.

A: Spores cylindric-elliptic, with line, sparsely dislributed warts, hyeline B:

Macroscopic leatures Fruitins body corallike, up to ca. 100 mm across and the same height,with airunk upto 35 mm thickfrom which numerous strongly curved branches 5-'10 mm thick arise and branch repeatedly toward the top, ends of branches usually with 2 relaiively long and blunttips,lorks usually V-shaped, trunk short and somewhatconical, white, becoming pale yellow toward the branches, branches light yolk-yellow, pale yellow, tjps somewhat more intensely yellow when young. Flesh white, slightly marbled, soft, fragile. Odor taint and pleasant. Taste mild. Solitary or in groups.

(spore deposit pale yellow),6.5-9 x 3.5-4.5llm,1-, cyanophilic (SCHILD p.c.: 6.4-10.8 x 3.2-5.6 &m). Basidia slenderly clavate,45-66 x 7-9pm, with 4 sterigmata,without basal clamp,

C: Cystidia not seen. D: Hyphal system monomitic. hyphae thin-walled, some swollen, 2.5-15 &m across, septa without clamps. Remarks We relied on the workolSCHlLD (1977)to identifythisfungus.ln thatworkC/arcria rutea Vitl. was recognized as aseparate species,delined byredescriplion ofa neotype, and renamed Flamafla /utea (Vitt.)Schild comb. nov. Funda mentally, the lungus looks like a small, pale Bamaria r/ava (No.464), dillering lrom the latter by smaller spores, clampless septa, and a paler color.

Specimens examined.nd photographed Brienzwile/BE (\/Vssenseeli), elev. 650 m, quad. 1764, under Fagus on humusy soil, Sept. 10,1981, coll. JB, 1009-81 BR 4. Other rpecifiens: in the same quadrent in anolher habitat, coll. Schild.

lmbach: not included.

471

I

Ramaria neoformosa Petersen

Habitat On chalky soils, especially in beech lorests (Fagus) but also in mixed beech-spruce torests. Summer-fall. Rare. Distribution: E.

Fam. Ramariaceae Corner (Fam. Ramariaceae Corner 1970)

Micro3copic teaiuras

A:

pores cylindric-elliptic, wilh warts, some warts un ited and in rows, hyaline (spore deposit yellow), with drops, 10.5-11.5 x 5-5.7&m l-, cyanophilic

S

(SCHILD p.c.: 7-11.7 x 3.2-5.8pm.) Basidia slenderly clavale, 50-65 x 10-12 pm, with 4 slerigmata, without basal clamp. C: Cystidia not seen.

B: Macroacopic fealures Fruiting body corallike, up to'100 mm talland'120 mm across,with a sturdy trunk up lo ca. 40 mm thick from which branches 15-20 mm

thick arise immediately above the base and branch repeatedly to\,vard the top, ends of branches with

2-3 short tips, somelimes

also with rudimentary, thornlike outgrowths, forks V-shaped, trunk short, cylindrical, base white and light salmon-colored toward the branches, not discoloring when bruised, branches in young fungi yellow, then light to saturated salmon-colored, tips with yellow tint.

Fleshwhitish,soft,fragile,whendrysomewhatchalky,odorfaintand uncharacteristic, taste mild to somewhat bitter. Solitary or in small groups.

D: Hyphal system monomitic, hyphae thin-walled, some swollen, 3-15 pm across, sepla without clamps.

Remalk3 PETERSEN (1976) describedthislungus asa newspeci€s in hisrevision ofthe European Rama as. lt is ve ry similat lo Ramaria lormosa (N o. 467) but differs

lrom il principally by ils clampless sapta, smallerspores, and the somewhat less inl€nse and duller color of its rruiting bodies. lt could be conlused wilh R. /ulea (No. 470), which also lacks clamps and is pale yellow in color, and B. aurea (N0.459),with yolk-yellowlruiling bodies.Although the colors olthe lruiting bodies play a significanl role, identilication without microscopical investigalion is unthinkable.

Specinens examined 6nd photographed Brienzwiler/BE (Ballenb€rg), elev. 650 m,quad.1764, in beech foresl on chalk, SeDt. 10. 1981. coll. JB. 1009-81 BR 3.

Other specimens: none. lmbach: not included.

362

Ramaria

\

largentii

E,

fi(reU-

\ Js"ls^D (i''r\ur,;t

\-!/

\) n t:)t ,6 I (-;/ / l,U ,

1 o

ET tr

Bamaria neoformosa

li

/,

; /!. 'L

'Cl,rt ;1

0)

0^

472

Ramaria obtusissima

tr

Fam. Ramariaceae Corner

(Peck) Corner

(Fam. Ramariaceae Corner 1970)

Habitat

lricroscoplc laeture3

On soilin sprucerorests among grasses and herbs, acc.lit. also in hardwood forests. Principally montane. Summer-fall. Not common.

Distribution: E, NA.

A: Spores cylindric-elliptic, smooth, hyaline (spore deposii yellow), with drops, 11-14 x 3.7-4 /.m. l- (SCHILD p.c.: 9.6-16.8 x 3.2-5.6 pm). B: Bssidie slende y clavate,60-70 x 9-10pm, with 4 sterigmata and basal clamp,

C: Cystidia not seen.

Macroscopic fgatures Fruiting body corallike, 100-'120 mm across and 100-'150 mm tall, with a sturdy, often conical, squat trunkto ca.50 mm thickatthe top from which several branches 10-20 mm thick arise and branch repeatedly toward the top, ends of branches with blunt and short tips, forks U- to V-shaped, trunkwith a white base, branches bright, light yellowwhen young, sometimes turning wine-brownish in age, especiallywhen bruised,tips remaining yellowlora long time. Flesh white, solt, brittle, odor insignificant, taste somewhat bitter. Solitary to grouped.

D: Hyphal system monomilic, hyphae 3-7

/um across, some thick-walled,

especially in the trunk, septa with clamos. Remarks It is scarcely possible lo identitthis species purely macroscopically in the field, because othervery similar coralfungiare lound in the same habitats,ln contEst, the smooth spores and septa with clamps are typical characters. This is the only smooth-spored, yellow coralfungus occur ng in EuropeSpecimans exeminod and photographad Sdrenberg/Lu {Laubersmad4hack), elev. 1400 m, quad. 1864, on slreambank in spruce lorest, Sept.22,1983, coll.JB.2209-83 BR.

Othel Specimens: none.

lmb.ch: not included.

473

Ramaria pallida : Rarnaia mairciDgnk

(Schaeff. per Schulzer) Ricken

I

Habitat On soilin hardwood and coniferlorests. Summer-fall. Widespread. Distribution:

Fam. Ramariaceae Corner (Fam. Ramariaceae Corner 1970)

Micao3copic ,eatures

A: Spores elliptical, somewhal flatlened

E, Ar, A?.

B: Macroscopic teatureg Fruiting body corallike, cauliflowerlike when young,40-150 (200) mm across and the same height, with a trunklike basewhen young, when lully grown with a distinct stalk upto 40 mm thicklrom which several branches'10-15 mm thick arise qnd branch repeatedly toward the top, tips +/- pointed, forks V-shlped and sometimes colored yellowish from fallen spores, stalktoward the basewhitish, cream-colored, above the base concolorous with lhe branches, branches whitish when young, then pale coffee-with-milk-colored, darker and often spotted with brown in age, tips of the branches concolorous and sometimes tinted with lilac. Flesh white, soft, brittle, not discoloring when injured. Odor occasionally like Phoenum grcecum \Maggi spice) orearthy,tasie mild to somewhatbitter. Solitaryto grouped.

474

Ramaria sanguinea (Pers. ex Secr.) Qu6l.

on one side, with fine warls, some unitod and in oblique rows,with drops, hyaline (spore deposit yellow), 9-12 x 4.5-5.5l,(rr],l-, cyanophilic (SCHILD p.c.:8.5-13.5x 4.3-7-2 plr,lBasidia slenderly clavate, 50-60 x 8-10 pm, with 4 sterigmata, without

basalclamp.

C: Cystidia not seen. D: Hyphal system monomitic, hyphae 2.5-15 &m across, septa without clamps, some hyphae conslricted at the septa.

R6mark3 The species described here can hardly be mistaken in its lypical pale form; however, older, stout lruiting bodies ofBamariastrrcte (No.475)can looksimilar.This species, however, grows on wood and produces distinct, strandlike rhizomorphs.The lilac-linted tips and the odorolPhoenum gtaecum arc nol sncounlered in allfinds of 19. pal/da, and no sytematic value is atlribuled to these loatures in lhe lit. Specimens oramln€d and photographed Giswil/OW (Forst), elev.550 m, quad.1964, in beech forest, S€pt.22,1977,co11.

J8,2209-77

BR 13.

Olher specimens: quad. 1864, 1965, 2068, 2167. lmbach: Clavaia pallida Bres. ex Schaetf.

I

Habiiat On soil in beech forests, rarely in mixed hardwood-coniler lorests with scattered Fagus (beech). Summer-fall. Rare. Distribution: E.

Fam. Ramariaceae Corner (Fam. Ramariaceae Corner 1970)

Microscopic feature3

A: Spores elliptical, B:

Macroecopic teatures Fruiting body corallike to cauliflowerlike, 40-'100 mm across and 70-120 mm tall, with a sturdy trunk up to 40 mm thick from which several branches 10-20 mm thick arise and branch repeatedly toward the top, ends olbranches with severalblunt and shorttips, forks V-shaped, trunk bulbous with a white base, turning +/- red when bruised and injured, especially older fruiting bodies, branches pale cream, becoming increasingly sultur- to light primroseyellow toward the top and the tips colored even more intenselyyellow' Flesh white, soft,librous, odor insignificant, taste mild. Solitary to grouped.

C:

somewhat llettened on one side, with line warts, some uniled, somelimes with drops, hyaline (spore deposit yellow),8.5-10 x 44.8&m, l-, cyanophilic (SCHILD p.c.: 6.9-11.7 x 3.7-5.9lzm.) Basidia slenderly clavate, 55-70 x 8-10 ,/rm, with 4 sterigmata, without basal clalnp. Cystidia not ssen.

Dr Hyphalsystem monomitic, hyphae 3.5-104m across, some

ln the trunk thick-walled, septa without clamps, some hyphae constricted al lhe septa.

Ramaak3 This species is the onVyellow coral lungus herewhich turns r€dlromthe base upward when injured. A similar discoloralion can be observed in Flamaria bata,Trei (N o.460), bulthislungus isnotyellow.R. sargulnea has been obserued here so far only in association with Fagus. PETERSEN (1976) describes Rameie eosanguinea Petersen as a new species, whach has clamps and larger spores and lurns @d less strongly.

Specimenr examinad end photogrephed

Brienzwiler/BE {\ iyssenseeli), elev.650 m, quad.1764, in be6ch lorest, Sept. '10,1981, coll. FM,1009-81 BR 2.

Oth.r 3peclmens: quad. 1965, 2068. lmbech: not included.

364

Ramaria pallida

475

Ramaria stricta

Fam. Ramariaceae Corner

(Fr.) Ouel.

(Fam. Ramariaceae Corner'1970)

Habitat On dead, usually buried wood of broadleaved trees, especially Fagus (beech), acc. lit. also of conifers. Summer-fall. Not common.

Distribution: E, NA, As. Macroscopic foaturea Fruiting body arising from a common rootlike base, branched like coral,40-100 x 30-60 mm, basaltrunk 10-40 x 5-15 mm, tapering below, with abundant dense white rhizomorphs, multiple parallel vertical branches beginning immediately above the trunk, terminal branches ending in multiply branched thornlike or toothed tips, branches'l-5 mm thick, yellow-ocherish, tips yellow when young, trunk ocherish, f lesh-colored and sometimes with a hint olwine-red, bruises and the entire fruiting body in age wine-red. Flesh elastic and tough, odor sourish, earthy, slightly aniselike when fresh, taste bitter. Solitary to gregarious.

Mlcroscapic laatur€s

Ai Spores broadly elliptical, slightly verrucose, with drops, hyaline (spor€ deposil yellowish), 7.5-10 x 4-5 rzm, l- (SCHILD p.c.: 6.4-10.4 x 3.4-5.3 B:

x 8-9 pm, with 4 sterigmata and

Basidla slenderly clavate, 25-35 clamp.

basal

C: Cystidia not seen. D: Hyphal system monomitic, (Dl) hyphse thin- to thick-walled, 3-8 l.m across, sepla with clamps; (O2) rhizoads dimitac, genemlive hyphae +/thick-walled, especially in mycelial netwo* (similar to skel€tal hyphae), septa with clamps, skeletal hyphae lhick-walled, without septa.

Remarka ln the section Slricfae there are otherspecieswhich arevery similar, such as Ramaia concolot loorner) Petersen and P. grac,i/,s (No. 476) (likewise with skeletalhyphae), aswellasR. arisata Schild and R suecica (Fr.) Donk, both witholt skeletal hyphae. Specimens examined .nd pholographed Lucerno (Bkeggwald), elev.450 m, quad- 2066,on buriedwood underFagus, Aug.29,'1982, coll. JB, 2902-82 BR 2.

Othcr spacimens: qu8d. 1965, 2167. lmbach: included as C/avaria slrrcta

476

Fr, 6x Pers,

Ramaria gracilis

Fam. Ramariaceae Corner

(Fr.) Quel.

(Fam. Ramariaceae Corner 1970)

Habitat

Microscoplc t6atures

On soil in conifer forests, sometimes also in association with dead wood. Summer-fall. Rare. Distribution: E, NA, Au.

A: Spores

Macroscopic leatures Fruiting bodyarisingfrom acommon, rootlike base, branched likea coral, basaltrunk'10-15 x 3-5 mm,withwhite rhizomorphs, dichotomously branched many timesloward the top beginning immediately above the trunk, branches ending in multiply branched, thornlike tips,branchesl-3 mmthick, lightocher-yellowishwithflesh-colored tint,whitish toward the tips, not discoloring when bruised, entire fruiting body 30-60 x 20-50 mm. Flesh elastic, succulent, tough, odorfaintly like anise, taste somewhatbitter. Solitary to gregarious.

C: Cystidia nol seen. D: Hyphal system monomitic,

4

B:

-4-7 .7

elliptical, linely verrucose, hyaline,5-7 x

t

2-9-4.6 pml

-

Basidia slend€rly clavate, 30-40

x 5-7 pm, with

3-4!rn,l-

(SCHILDp.c.:

4 sterigmala and basal

clamp. (D1) hyphae lhin-walled, 1.5-2-5 /rm across, someswollen upto 15pm at the septa, septa with clamps;(D2)the rhizomorphs with both thick-walled skelelal hyphae 2-3 pm across and strongly swollen, thin-walled hyphae.

Remark3

The species described here has certain properties in common with Famarla stricta (No.475), such as the white rhizomorphs with skeletal hyphae in the basalmycelium, the aniselike odor, and a certain preference forawoodysubstrate. The warm-wh ile color of the huiting body and ocherish basal branches diflerenliate this species well from all similar Ramarias, wh ich usually have yel-

Specimens examinod and photogaaphed Buchs/LU, elev540 m,quad.2264,on needle litter Sepl. 22, 1984, coll. JB, 2209-84 BR.

in

lorest ol you ng spruces,

Other spacimen6: none.

lmb.ch: not included.

477

Pterula multifida

Fam. Pterulaceae Corner

Fr.:Fr.

(Fam. Pierulaceae lDonkl Corner 1970)

Habitat ln coniler forests and mixed conifer-hardwood forests, usually on needle litter or dead conilerwood. Summer-fall. Widespread but not common. Distribution: E.

Macroscopic lealures Fruiting body30-60 (80) mm tall, consisting ofclusters olindividual vertical, densely crowded, fine, delicate branches upto'l mm thick

which appear hair- to bristlelike. They arise Irom a +/- common trunk and branch toward the top into finer and repeatedly lorking branches, ends pointed, simple to forked,when young with ocherbrown base and whitish toward the tips, when old lilac-brownishConsistency cartilaginous, elastic. Solitary or in rows. ln figure at right Pterula gracilis (Desm. & Berk.) Corner, upto 5 mm tall,which is growing on plant debris, e.g. Jurcus.

MlcroScopic tealuies

A: (Al)Spores

ovalto elliptical, smooth, hyaline,with drops,5-6 x 2.5-3-5pm, of P. gracilisr 11-13 x 5-6.5/tm. B: Besidia slenderly clavate, 28-35 x 6-7 &m, with 4 slerigmata and basal clamp. C: Cystidia not seen. (C1) Cystidia of P. gracirsr 30-50 x 4-6 &m. D: Hyphal systemdimitic, (O1) generativehyphaethin-walled, 2-3pm across, septa with clamps; (D2) skeletal hyphae thick-walled, 3-4 pm across.

l-, (A2) spores

Remarks The species described here can beveryvariable,depending onageand habitat, Other Europesn species mentioned in the lit. sre Plerula derslss,i,ra Bourd. & Galz,, which is densely crowded and pu lvinate and emerges densely branched rightfromthe base without a trunk, P abietis Lloyd with d€nsely cluslered huiting bodies only 15 mm tall, and P suburata Fr. wilh larger spor€s and brownish truiting bodieseven whei young,aswellasP graciris (1306-85 BR). The genus Pterula is one ofthe lew clavarioid fungiwilh a dimitic trama-

Specirneni exarnined and photographed Adligenswil/LU (Meggerwald),elev.550m,quad.2167,on needle litterin mixed conifer-hardwood lorest, Sept. 8,1981, coll. FK, 0809-81 K. OthGr

366

rp€cim.r3:

quad . 1965. 2265, 2267 , 2463- P- gracilis qvad. 2264.

,-.\

1.,

[7

J

,t] [,

0 f:,1

Ramaria gracilis

E E

Pterula multifida

,ol 014,4

fr, -',t ,=[ \1ffi 02^ \ ;,

\\

,--.l 1 \ I r_/ ! C,i

(

)) :r)A^'I \--'u r

u

I

,

EI

ol NL

478

Sparassis crispa

!

Fam. Sparassidiaceae Herter (Fam. Sparassidiaceae Herter 1910)

Wulf.: Fr.

caulillower or brain funqus

Habitat

Microscopic tcrlurca

On soil in associationwith wood, commonlyatthe baseof conifers,

especially Pinus (pine), root parasite. Summer-lall. Rare. Distribu-

D: Hyphalsystem monomitic, hyphae thin- lo lhick-walled, 2-10 &m acrcss, septa usuallywith clamps, trsmalhyphae swollen up to 30pm,

iracrogcopic features Fruiting body hemispherical, pulvinate, or in the shape of a large natural sponge, 100-250 (400) mm long,100-200 mm wide, and 100-150 (200) mm high, consisting ofnumerous waw and densely crowded, erect, flattened branches which ariselrom afleshy, rootingtrunkand subdivide into curly, leaflike, in partfused ends, similar to lce land ic moss (Cetlanla ls/ardrba), su rface smooth, cream-colored, later ocher, with brown margins in age and eventually entirely brown, hymenium on the outer, downward-directed sides. Consistency elastic, toughish, odor fungoid, pleasant, iaste mild. Solitary.

Sparassis laminosa

clamP.

C: Cystidia not seen-

tion: E.

479

oval, smooth, hyaline, with drops,4.5-6 x 3.5-4.5/.m,1-. B: Basidia slenderly clavate, 45-50 x 6-7 &m, with 4 sterigmata and basal

A: Spores

Remtrk3

The sp€cies describ€d here is af ungus of coniferforestsand is probablyolten contusedwith Sparassisram,hosa (No.479),which is morc common here. Bolh

species are practically identical microscopically and can be ditferentiated only macroscopically and on the basis oftheir ecology.

Sp6cimens axamined

m, quad.2167, atthe base ol a pine, Oct.1,1983, coll. Murner,0110-83 K. Photographed in anotherquad.

AdligenswiyllJ (Megge ald), elev.500 Other lpccimons:

quad - 2055,2057

-

lmbach: included.

tr

Fam. Sparassidiaceae Herter

Ft.

(Fam. Sparassidiaceae Herter 1910)

Habitat On soil in association with wood, commonly at the base ot hardwoods such as Quercus (oak) and Fagus (beech), but also around rotten stumps, acc.JAHN (1979) in Germanyalso onAbies (silverfir) and more rarelyon P,bea (spruce). Summer-rall. Not common. Distribution: E. Macroscopic features Fruiting body hemispherical, pulvinate, or in the shape of a large natural sponge, 100-250 (400) mm long,'100-200 mm across, and 100-150 (200) mm high, consisting of numerous waw, leaflike and densely crowded, erecl branches which arise from a lleshy trunk, upper surface weakly zoned, smooth, cream-€olored to straw- or pale ocher-yellow, hymenium on the outer, downward-directed sides. Consistency elastic, tough, odorfungoid, pleasant, taste mild.

l, icroscopic featurea A: Spores oval, smooth, hyaline, with drops, 4.5-6 x 3.5-4.5 pm, l-. B: Basidia slenderlyclavate,50-60 x 6-7pm,wilh 4 sl€rigmata and somewith basal clemp. C: Cystldia not se€n. D: Hyphal system monomitic, hyphae thin-walled, 2-Tpmacross,some septa with clamps. Remark3 The look-alike of this species, Sparessis crispa (No. 478), occurs in coniler forests and diff erc lrom the species described here bymuch thickerand cauliflowerlik€ branch€s with crisped, entang led ends. lt is considered betlerlo eat than S. /amirosa, since the latter has relaiively tough flesh. Acc. KREISEL (1983) this species should be called S. brevipes Krombholz, and thereby S. /amlrosa and S. remec,l become synonyms of it. Spacimens 6xamined Lucerne (Bkeggwald), elev. 500 m, quad. 2066, on lhe base of a very rotten stump in mixed hardwood-conifer forest, Oct. 22, 1975, coll. FK, 22'10-75. Photographed in quad. 2166. Oth6r apecim.n3: quad - 2166,2264-

Solitary.

lmbach: not included.

480

Gomphus clavatus

tr

Fam. Gomphaceae Donk (Fam. Gomphaceae Donk 1961)

S. F. Gray

:

Newophyllum clavatum (Fr.) Pat.

pig's ears

Habitai On soil in conifer forests and more rarely also mixed hardwoodconifer forests, commonly montane to subalpine. Summer. Not common. Distribution: E, NA, As.

Macroacopic features Fruiting body 40-100 x 20-60 mm, turbinaie, inlundibuliform,when young also cylindric-conic, clavate, truncate and flat above,lilacto violel, when old depressed above, inlundibulitorm, sometimes also somewhat elongated and ear-shaped on one side, ocher-to graybrown with a lilactint, smooth to undulating-wrinkled, margin sharp,

Micro3copic lealuaes

A: Spores elliplical, coarsely verrucose, 5.5 lm, l-. B: Basidia slenderly clavate, 50-65 x

yellowish, with drops,l0-14

clamp.

C: Cystidia nol seen.

D: Hyphal system monomitic, hyphae 2.5-10 pm across, sepla with clamps. Relna.ks thelamilyCanlharellaceae Cantharcllus melanoxeros (No, 484) and C, oibarius var. amethysleus Qu6l, can also have strong lilac colors. Nevertheless, they are never as intense as in the species described here. Gomprus c/al€tus is somewhat similar in sh ape lo Clavaia.lelphus truncatus (No.454), which, however, has a smooth outer surlace and lacks lilac colors. ln

undulating, outer surtace with the hymenophore longitudinally venosewith +/- broad and thick ridges which are forked and united by anastomoses, lilac-violetto pink-yellowish, base of stipe smooth, finely tomentose. Frb. solid-lleshed, llesh white,with watery spots,

Specim.n! examined.nd photographed

marbled-zoned, soft, fragile, odor weak, taste mild to somewhat bilter. Solitary, gregarious, or clustered, but commonly growing in rows or fairy rings.

lmbtcft Newophyllum clavatur,

368

x 4.5-

10-11 pm, with 4 sterigmata and basal

Sorenberg/LU (Laubersmad-Ghack),elev.1300m,quad.1864,onsoilamong grasses under Picee (spruce), S€pt.13,1982, coll.JW,1309-82 BF 3.

Oth.r specimen3: quad.

1S56, 1964,2068,2164. (Fr. ex Pers-) Pat.

EI

Sparassis crispa

E

I\ r-\

\J9

N

co OQU C)

Sparassis laminosa

Et E

OODO -' ^lf)

Pl) fl'l\

nOO

"do,,

rt{ i/ \)(( Gomphus clavatus

$(,66^

481

Gantharellus cibarius

tr

Fam. Cantharellaceae Schroet.

Ft. chanterelle

(Fam. Cantharellaceae Schroeter 1888)

Habitat

lricroscoplc features

ln hardwood and coniferforests, especially common under young growth ot Fagus (beech), as wellas at montane elevations in alpine pastures and at the edge of P,bea (spruce) forests. Summer-Iall. Widespread, common in certain years.Distribution: E, NA,Au,As,Af.

Spores elliptical to oval, smoolh, hyaline, with clrops or g ran ular contents, 8-9 x 5-5.5 /lm, spore deposil yellowish orange, l-. B: Basidia slenderly clavate,60-90 x 6-8,/im, with 4 ste gmata (acc.lil. upto I sterigmeta) and basal clamp. C: Cystidia not seen. D: Hyphalsyslem monomitic, hyphae 2-4pm across, septa with clamps.

Macroscopic features Fruiting body consisting of a pileus and stipe, yolk-yellow, more rarelywhitish, pileus knoblikewhenyoung,then roundedwith undulating margin which is inrolled whenyoung, convex-putuinate, infundibuliform when old,10-100 ('130) mm across, lowersu.face with +/broad anaslomosing ridges decurrent onto the stipe, some ridges forked and with low interconnections (anastomoses) between them, concolorous with the pileus (white lormswith a yellow hymenium: var. b,bo/orMaire: pileus tinged with lilac: var. arrearysteus Quel.). Stipe +/- cylindricalto somewhat tapered and gradually merging with the pileus,20-80 x 5-30 mm, smooth to finelytomentose and solid, concolorous with the pileus. Flesh white to pale yellow, fragile to fibrous, odorfruity (like apricots), more rarely odorless, taste mild to somewhat sharp. Solitary to gregarious and cespitose.

482

A:

Remarks The species described here is enthusiastically collecled as probably one of the best known and commonest edible lungi. lt could possibly be confused with the so-calledfalse ch anletelle,HWophotopsis arrartiaca (Wull.: Fr.)Mre. (not poisonous), smallyellow Clitocybes, oryoung fruiting bodies ol /nocybe palouillerdii Btes. \very poisonous!), as well as with Cantharellrs /utescens (No.483) (edible). Specimens eramined and photographed Adligenswil/LlJ (Megge ald), elev.550 m,quad.2167, on path embankment under Abies (silver fir) in mixed forest, July 17,1982, coll. FK,1707-82 K 1.

Other 3pccimens: wldely distributed throughout region. lmbach: included.

Cantharellus friesii :

Fam. Cantharellaceae Schroet. (Fam. Cantharellaceae

Quelet Canthare us tfiiniatus Fayod

Habitat

Micrcscopic leatures

On bare or moss-covered loamy soil, favors path embankments, in lorests with Fagus (beech). Summerjall. Not common. Distribution: E, As.

Macroscopic teaturos Fruiting body consisting of pileus and stipe, pileus convex-plane when young, but soon inlundibulitorm with umbiljcate center and irregularly undulating, crenate, incurved margin, surface smooth to finelyfurluraceous, lighl to darkorange or brown-orange,10-30 mm across, lower su.face with irregularly forked-reticulate ridges, subdecurrent and distinctly bounded, yellowish, sometimes with salmon or pink tinge, stipe +/- cylindrical and gradually merging r,vith the pileus,10-30 x 3-6 mm, smooth to finely tomentose, concolorous with the pileus, solid when young, hollowwhen Old. Flesh thin, white to pale yellor,v, fragilejibrous, odor slight, taste distinctly sharp. Solitaryto gregarious, but neverin masses like Cartharel/us cibatius.

483

Cantharellus lutescens

Ar Spores elliplicalto oval, smooth, hyaline, with drops orgmnularconlents, 8.5-10.5 x 4-5,sm, l-.

B: Basidia slenderly clavale, 65 x

frequently swollen near the septa. Remarks The species describe here is a small inconspicuous look-alike otC. c,ibarius (No 481), lt prerers valley locaiions here end according lo our obserualions has rBther ditferent ecological requirements, Hyorrophoropsis aurantlaca (Wull.: Fr.) Mre. (telse chanterelle) lorms simihr truiling bodies, but it has welldeveloped lamellae and belongs lo the Agaricales. Specimens examined and photographod Lucerne (Ruflisberswald), elev.450 m, quad.2166, on loamy moss-covercd soilonapathembankmenlamongbeech leaves,Aug.10,1982,colt.FK,100882 K.

Other 3p€camens:

quad .1764, 2066, 2068, 2357 , 2367

.

lmbach: included.

tr

Fam Cantharellaceae Schroet. (Fam. Cantharellaceae Schroeter 1888)

Habitat aswellason forestedges,on soil.

Summer-lall. Widespread. Distribution: E, NA.

Macroscopic teatures Fruiting bodydivided into pileusand stipe, pileusl5-60 mm across, convex with umbilicate center, sometimes slightlyperforate, margin slightly decurved and undulating-c.enate, surface fibrillose-squamose and radially wrinkled, yellow- to orange-brown, margin lighter to ocherish and librillose, lower surface veined-wrinkled, veins sometimes anastomosing, light to dark orange-pink-yellow, stipe 20-70 x 5-10 mm, irregularly rounded tocompressed and straplike, longitudinally pitted, cylindrical, holiow, light to dark orange-yellow. Flesh soft, thin, fibrous, odorfruity, pleasant, taste mild. Gregarious and clustered-cespitose, often lorming whole colonies.

370

6-10 &m, wilh 2-5 slerigmata and b3sal

clamp,

C: Cystidia not seen. D: Hyphalsyslem monomitic, hyphae 2.5-10pm across, septawith clamps,

Fr.

ln hardwood and coniferrorests,

Schroete|l 888)

l, icroscopac Ieatures A: Spo.es broadly elliptical-oval, smooth, hyaline, 10-12 x 7-8.5 gn, l-. B: Bssidia slenderly clavate, 70-90 x 9-11 &m, with 4 sterigmata and basal clamp,

C: Cystidia not seen. D: Hyphal system monomitic, hyphae 5-12 &m across, some rather thickwalled, septa wilh clamps, ends ol hyphae of pileipellis branched.

Remark3 Specimens with the same or very similar coloration but which nevertheless have a hymen iu m with pronou nced ridges are assigned according to CORNER (1966)to Cartharel/us infu ndibulilormis FrSee olher remarks undere tubaefon is (No.485). Speclmons examined and photographed Giswil/OW (Forsl), elev.500 m, quad.1965, on soilin beech lorest,Oct.4,1982, coll. J8,0410-82 BB 3.

Other 3pecimen3: quad. 1257, 2066, 2067, 2068, 2357. lmbach: included.

Cantharellus cibarius

uab ()67 /'1

\:/ u/ A

hp;

Cantharellus friesii

F4 Ag

u3&

Cantharellus lutescens

$l or ll0^0

\{'

\\fl I ) )/ lddA

C

il({

ffi

484

Cantharellus melanoxeros

Fam. Cantharellaceae Schroet. (Fam. Cantharellaceae Schroeter1888)

Oesm.

:

Cantharcllus ianthinoxart us (Maire) Kuhner Uicroscopic laaiures

Habitat

Spores oval, smoolh, hyaline,with granular contents,9.5-12 x 6.5-7.5pm,

On soil in beech and mixed hardwood Iorests. Summer-tall. Rare.

A:

Distribution: E.

B: gasidia slenderly clavate,80-100 x 8-10&m,with

t-.

4 sterigmataand basal

clamp.

Macroscopic teafures Fruiting body 30-70 mm tall, 20-40 mm across, turbinate when young, then with plane, undulating pileus and slightly projecting, incurved margin, pileal surlace slightly tomenlose-scurly, saffronyellow, sometimes with a lilac tint, lower surface with irregularly sinuous, blunt, and anastomosing ribs, subdecurrent and +/abruptly bounded, rose-lilac, stipe conical, solid, smooth to Iibrillose, whitish when young, then pink-lilac, not blackening. Flesh whitish, slightly violet in the stipe, not blackening, odor weak and unspecific, taste mild. Commonly occurring in groups composed of clusters ol fused individuals.

C: Cystidia not seen-

D: Hyphal system monomilic, subhymenial hyphae 4-7 pellis up to 15&m across, septa with clamps.

,l2m, hyphae

of pilei-

Rema*s

The specaes described herecould be conlusedwith lhe lilac-cobred Cartharcllus ciba us vat, amethysleusQuel,which, however, has a lilac-tinged pileus and yellowridges. c' melaroxeros seems to be rare,sinceit isoflenabsentfor years lrom localities known to us.According to MONTHOUX &ROELLIN (1 978) C. melanoxercs and C. ierlhiroxent os are two different species. The llesh of the lormer bleckens and ils spores are somewhat smaller (8-2-9.9 pm long). Therelore, our collection would be identicalwith c- ianlhinoxenthus,

Speclmen3 examined and photographed Malters/Lu (Emmenbero), elev. 650 m, quad.2165, in beech lorest, Sepl.12, 1982, coll. AF,1209-82 K. Oth6r sp€cimon3: qusd. 2266.

lmbrch: nol included.

485

Gantharellus tubaeformis

tr

Fam. Cantharellaceae Schroet. {Fam. Cantharellaceae Schroeter 1888)

Fr.

Micro3copic tealures

Habitat ln hardwood and conifer lorests on soilamong mossesand on rotten wood, commonly near roots of living trees and around stumps. Summer-fall.Widespread. Distribution: E, NA.

Fruiting body divided into pileus and stipe, pileus'15-60 mm across, +/- trumpet-shaped, omphalinoid, with irregularly rounded-perfo-

rate center, margin decurved and undulating-crenate, surface smooth to slightly squamose, radially undulating-wrinkled, yellow-

brown to brown, margin lighter to ocherish, lower surface with distinct, anastomosing, decurrent ridges, gray-yellow to graybrownish, yellowish when young, stipe 20-'100 x 5-'10 mm, irregularty rounded to compressed and straplike, longitudinally pitted, cylindrical, base olten tapering, hollow, yellowish to gray-yellow or olive-yellowish. Flesh soft, librous, membranous, odorrreak, taste mib. Gregarious and clustered to cespitose, often forming whole colonies.

Graterellus cinereus

11

x 6-7.5 &m,l-.

B: Basidia slenderly clavate,65-80 x 9-104m, wth

4 sterigmata and basal

clamp.

C: Cystidia not seen.

Remarks The species described here could be confused wilh Cartharelrus /utescens (No.483),which hasan orange-y€llow stipe and an orange-yellowish hymenium which is only wrinkled-veined, as well as wilh certain lorms ol Pseudocratererius siruosrrs (No.488) with a strongly undulating-crinkled pilealmargin and septa urilhoul clamps. CORNER (1966)also inclljdes C. infundibulifomis Fr. as a valid species,while olher authors consider it to be a synonym of c. lubaefom,b.lt has a yellow stipe and yellow ridges when voung, bul it rcsembles C. lubaetormrs entirely in olher rcspects. Speclmens examined and photographed SorenberE/Lu (Laubersmad-Ghack), elev. 1400 m, quad. 1864. in damp spruce lorest among Spiagrum, Sept. 20, 1982, coll. JB, 2009-82 BR.

Other specirneni: quad. 1869, 2066, 2068, 2166.

lmb.ch: included as c- lubilomis FL ex Bull-

tr

Fam. Cantharellaceae Schroet. (Fam. Craterellaceae Herter 1910)

Pers.: Fr. SS. KUHNER &

smooth, hyaline,with granularcontenls,9-

D: Hyphal system monomitic, hyphae 5-12 pm across, sepla with clamps.

ilacroacopic tealures

486

A: Spores broadlyelliptical-oval,

BOMAGNESI 0953)

Habitat ln beech forests on soil, remarkabty common in the vicinity oI bul-

rushes, often in association with Craterel/us comucopioides (No.487). SummerJall. Not common. Disiribution: E, NA.

Macrcscopic teaturas

A: SDores oval, smooth, hyaline, 7.5-9.5 x 5-5.5 &m, l-. B: Basidia slenderly clavale,50-60 x 6-8.5pm, with usually

5 sterigmata,

without basalclamp.

C: Cystidia not s'een. D: Hyphalsystem monomitic. subhymenial hyphae 3.5-6&m across, septa without clemps.

Macroscopic featurea Fruiting body consisting ol pileus and stipe, pileus 20-40 mm across, even when young infundibuliformwith inflated and incurved margin, center perforate to the hollow stipe, surlace radially fibrillose, gray-brown to blackish, margin undulating and often becoming black,lower surrace with iregularty forked, riblike ridgeswhich are not very close together and are subdecurrent, whitish-gray, stipe cylindrical, hollow, longitudinally fibrillose, light beige-gray. Flesh thin, elastic, odor pleasant, taste mild. Commonly clustered, more rarely solitary.

Remerk3

The soecies described here could easily be conlusedwith Craterelrus corrucopiodes (No. 487), rvh ich, however, has a smoolh to slightly wrinkled hymenlum and develops a pronounced intundibulilorm-tubular shape. CORNER ('1966) and JULICH (1984) describe a Carlharellus ohereus Fr. with clampbearing septa, while clamps could not be found anywhere in ourcolleclion, in 6qreement with KIiHNER & ROMAGNESIop. cit.ln contrast, CORNER op. cit. dascribes a nel^,' clampless species l,om Norlh Boneo, Cantharellus fuligtneus Corner, which corresponds wellwith our collection, He also mentions there that it is very close lo Canthercllus cinereus.

Spaclmens 6xamlned and photographed Lucerne (Dielsch iberg), elev. 550 m,quad.2166, in beechlorestonsoilamong moss and leal littet Sept.14, 1982, coll. FK,1409-82 K.

Other specimens: throughoul the region in beech lorests, but absent lor lmbach: included as Cant arellus crhereus

372

Fr. ex Pers.

Cantharellus

melanoxeros

Et

\f4l @^@:L @@e

Cantfiarellus tubaeformis

EI E r..)

NL

Craterellus cinereus

487

Craterellus cornucopioides

tr

Fam. Cantharellaceae Schroet.

Pers.

(Fam. Craterellaceae Herter'19'10)

Habitat

Microscopic ,eslures

On soil among leaf litter and moss in beech forests. Summer-fall. Widespread. Distribution: E, NA, As, At Maqroscopic leatules Fruiting body funnel- to trumpet-shaped, 30-100 (150) mm tall,2050 mm across, hollowto the base ofthe stipe, pilealmargin decurv-

ed, inner surface ol the lunnel black to black-brown, also graybrown when dry, slightly longitudinally shiate, grooved, outer surface with the hymenium gray to gray-black, alsowith a brownish tint, dull, pruinose, wrinkled-veined to with undulating grooves and anastomosing, more rarely entirely smooth. Flesh membranous, longitudinally f ibrous, 1-2 mm thick, odor pleasantly aromatic, taste mild, rotting tungi become black, flaccid, and stinking. cregarious and clustered, olten in large colonies.

A: Spores broadly elliptical, smooth, hyaline, sometimes with drops

and

granular contents, rather th ick-walled, 12-17 x 9-11l.m,l-. B: Basidia slenderly clavate, 70-90 x 8-10 &m, with 2 slerigmala, withoul basalclamp. C: Cystidia not seen. D: Hyphal system monomitic, hymenial hyphae 3-5 pm across, tramal hyphae ot the sterile side up to 20pm across, somelimes linely crossstreaked with pigments, allsepta without clamps. Relnarks There is a certain possibilityol confusing lhe species described here macroscopically wiih Cralerel/us cirereus {No. 486) and Ca ntharellus cinereusPe,s.: Fr. (with clamps),which occur in the same habitats andareoften even associaled with c. corrucoprodes. However, their hymen ia have clearly recogn izable ridges and ribs. They differ microscopically by smaller spores and basidia wilh more than 2 sterigmata. Forlurlher remarks see No,486,

Specihens examined and phoiographed Giswil/Ow (Forsl), elev. 500 m, quad. 1965, under Fagus (beech), Sept. 24, r982, coll. GR, 2409-82 BR 1. Other specimens: widely distributed ihroughout region.

lmbach: included.

488

Pseudocraterellus sinuosus :

tr

Fam. Cantharellaceae Schroet.

(Fr.) Corner ex Heinemann Craterel/us cnSpus Fr.

Habitat hardwoodforests, especiallyFagus (beech), on soilamong leaflitter, also nearsedges (Carex) and rushes (Scirpus). Su mmer-fall. Not common. Distribution: E, NA, As. ln

Macroscopic features Fruiting bodydivided into pileus and stipe, pileus'10-50 mm across, infundibuliform, barely or slightly perforate, margin cleft, crenate, and crisped, upper surtace radially undulating, loam- to nut- or sepia-brown, margin lighter to yellowish, lower surface veinedwrinkled, veins sometimes anastomosing, beige to gray-beige, stipe30-60 x 3-8 mm, irregularlyrounded and longitudinallypitted, hollow, tapering toward the base, sand-yellow to brown-beige. Flesh soft, thin, fibrous, odorweak, pleasant, taste mild. Otten 2-3 pileoligrowout otone stipe. Prolirerations (secondary pileoli) on the surface orthe pileus are also not rare. Solitary or clustered, often gregarious and cespitose.

489

(Fam. Craterellaceae Schroeter 1888)

Mlcroscopic tealures

A:

Spores broadly elliptical-oval, smooth, hyeline, with drops or granular con-

tenls,9.5-12 x 7-8pm, l-. B: Basidia slenderly clavale, 50-70 x 6-10 llm, with 2, 3, or 4 slerigmata, without basal clamp.

C: Cystidia not seen.

D: Hyphal system monomitic, (D1) hyphae in the subhymenium 5-9 &m

across and septe without clamps, (D2) in the stipe catenu late, short-celled hyphaewith cells 20-50 x 10-15/,m, secondarilylormedfrom branches ol the generative hyphae,

Remaika The species described here can be confused with Cartharel/us /utescens (No- 483)and C. tubaerorm,s (No.485). Pseudocrater.e//us differs microscopically from Cralerelus by short-celled hyphae with nu merous septa in lhe slipe. Specimena examined and photographed Malters/Lu (Emmenberg), elev. 500 m, quad. 2165, in beech forest on soil, Sept. 13, 1982, coll. 4F, 1309-82 K. Other specimens: quad. 2057, 2066, 2068, 2566.

lmbach; included as Cralerel/us sinuosus

Fr.

Melanogaster ambiguus

Fam. Melanogastraceae Tul.

(Vitt.) Tul.

(Fam. IVlelanogastraceae Tul. 1846)

Hsbitat ln clialky, sandy-loamy soils under hardwoods and conifers, subterranean (hypogeous), sometimes penetrating the surface of the ground. Summer-fall. Widespread. Distribution: E, A, As, Af, New Zealand.

Macro3copic featurca Fruiting body irregularly tuberous, rounded to oblong, 10-40 mm across,exteriorsmooth,dull,with sometubercles and bumps,olivebrown to dark brown with a violettint, black-brown when old, gleba light cream-colored when young, then dark brown to blackish, chambered, walls of the chambers whitish to yellowish. Odor unpleasant,like leeks or rotting onions. Consistencyfirm. Base with mycelial threads. Solitary to gregarious.

lricroscopic tcatur6s

A:

Spores elliplic-rhomboid, smoolh, dark brcwn when mature,thick-walled, with drops, polar capverywell delined and lighter, wilh broken-oll remnant of the

sterigma,l2-20 x 8-11pm. up lo 30 x 11 /iln, with 2-8 sterigmata, besal clamp not

B: Basidia clevele,

C: Hvphae nol seen. Remarka

Ihe species described here has elliptic-rhomboid to lemon-shaped spores well-defined polar caps. ln the lil. is described a var. euryspemus Zeller & Dodge, with spores 10-11 x 8 &m and also wilh a len-

wh ich are characterized by

dencylotorm polarcaps.lncontrasttotheotherspeciesof thegenus,bolhof these smellunpleasantly ol leeks. Specihens eramined and photograph€d

Buchs/SG,elev450m,quad.2275,inhomegarden inloamysoil,Aprill5,'1978, coll. Kdbbel,1504-78 BR, other vouQhers P. Helb. Erb.

Other Specimens: none. lmbach: not included.

374

E

Pseudocraterellus sinuosus

toL

20

;rm

Llelanogaster ambiguus

AA ^A

UU

V U^

0 10 pm

NL

490

Melanogaster broomeianus

Fam. Melanogastraceae Tul.

Berk. exTul.

(Fam. Melanogastraceae Tul. 1846)

Habitat On chalky soils under hardwoods, subterranean (hypogeous),

A: Spores cylindrical to slightly elliptical, smooth, brown, thick-walled, with

sometimes also emerging above the surface of the ground when mature, acc. lit. more rarely also underconilers. Summerjall.Widespread. Diskibution: E, A, As, Af.

B: Basidia clavate, up lo 20 x I pm, with 2-5 sterigmata, basal clamp not

Micloacopic leaturea

hyaline remnant of the sterigma apically, 8-10.5 x 3-4.5 pm {excluding remnant of sterigma).

C: Hyphae in the hymenium hyaline, 2-3 Fm across, sparsely septate with clamps.

Macroscopic featureg Fruiting body irregularly tuberous, rounded to elongated, 20-40 (50) mm across, exterior(peridium) smoothwith afewtuberclesand furrows, ocher-, olive-, to reddish-brown. Gleba yellow-brownish when young, then soon blackish, chambered with whitishtoyellow-

ish, gelatinized partitions (appearing marbled), odor pleasantly fruitlike, consistency firm, but quickly becoming soft when stored. Base with mycelial strands. Solitary to gregarious.

R6mark3 A closeV relsted ifnoteven identical sp€cies isMelarogaslervariegalustvft.)

Tul.,whichdiflersbythedislincllyovalshapeolthespores.whileinlhespecies described here most of lhe spores are cylindrical. ln the lit, about 1 0 other species are listed, some ol which have also been lound in Swatzerland. Specimens examined and photographod HorwLU, elev.440 m, quad.2066, in backyard underBet./a (birch),July26, 1982, coll. Al, 2607-82 BR 1. Other spccimem: quad. 2167. lmbach: Melanogaster variegatus Vitt.?

491

Stephanospora carotioolor

Fam. Stephanosporaceae Obenrv. & Horak

(Berk.) Pat.

(Fam. Stephanosporaceae Oberw. et Horak 1979)

tlabitat ln hardwood lorests and mixed hardwood-conilerforests, in moist, loamy, chalky soil. Summer-fall. Rare. Dislribuiion: E.

Macro3copic lealures Fruiting bodytuberous, rounded to oval,40-50 mm across, exterior irregularly tuberculate, bumpy, sometimes with incorporated plant remains, pale lo intense orange-yellow like Lactaiu, deterrimus, dull, delicately lloccose-velutinous, also somewhat wrinkled when old, bruised placesdarker, in crosssection orange-yellowto brickred and marbled whitish with small, winding, irregular chambers, base without mycelial strands. Consistency fleshy, brittle, odor almost unpleasantly strong of fruit. Young fruiting bodies develop in the ground (hypogeous) and when mature move upward untiltheir tops are just above the surface. Solitary to gregarious.

492

Micaoacopic teatures

A: Spores elliptical, subglobose, yellowish, with collar-shaped base end sturdy, sreci lhoms, yellow, S-14 x 7-8&m (excluding thorns).

B: Basidia clavate,l- to 4-spored. C: Cystidia not seen.

D: Hyphee ofthe gleba hyaline, gelalinized. Ramarks

The fact thai this fung us moves upward until its top is somewhat above the surlace and is a con spicuous orange-yellow color makes it easy to lind, Since the spores are unique in shape, the identilication olthis species is nol at all difli-

cult.

Speclmenr exeminad and phoiographed

Oberegeri/Zc (Lendlipark), elev. 600 m, quad.2268,on moistsoilin hardwood torest, Nov.5,1983, coll.8A,0511-83 BA 1. Other Bpeclmorc: quad. 1865.

lmbach: not included.

Chamonixia oaespitosa

Fam. Boletaceae Chev.

Rolland

lFam. Chamonixiaceae Jfll. 1981)

Habitat

lilcroacoplc fealure3

On soilin mountain sprucelorests, on chalkysoils at montane elevations. Fall. Rare. Distribution: E.

Br Basidia clavate, 40-50 x 15-20 pm, with 2-4 ste gmata, without basal

A: Sporesoval, red-brown,with a distinct

long itudinal ribs, apextuberculate, basewith

apiculus,lS-22 x 13-15 /tm.

clamp,

Macroscopic features Fruiting body +/- spherical, '15-20 (30) mm across, exterior (peridium) 0.3-0.5 mm thick, smooth to somewhatwrinkled, finelyfibrillose to glabrous, whitish at first, later brown, spotting black-blue when handled, base tapering into a short rudimentary stalk. Gleba white when young, brown-black when mature, gleba chambers irregularly oblong. Odor weak, unspecific. The lruiting bodies develop under the ground and can become visible on the surtace when mature.

Bemaiks

Because of its brown, long itudinally ribbed spores,the property ofthefruiting

bodiestoturn bluewhenhandled,andtheshortslalk,lhisspeciesisputinthe

,amily Boletaceae as an agaricoid gasteromycele, The name Chamorixia is derivedtromthe French place name Chamonix, where the fung us was lou nd by ROLLAND lorthe first time.

Specimen3 exanined end photographed Emmetten/Nw {Chohltal), elev. 1200 m, quad. 1968, in spruce lorest on bare ground, Nov.5,1977, coll. Al,0511-77 BR. Othci apecilnens: quad- 2069 (Schweiz. Zeitschrift

lmbach: not included.

fUr Pilzkunde 1984, p. 180).

Melanogaster broomeianus 10 pm

k

000

w

0 ffi0

000^

-1)Tl --XZ " Stephanospora

caroticolor

El

r&t*#S.

ilr#^t * (\l\Wq I )-l^ /..4.vo 'lu/ ),.-l .>

El -t

ol t

caespitosa

Chamonixia caespitosa

5l

@ A

@ 10 pm

493

Crucibulum laeve

Fam.

(Bull. ex DC) Kambly

(Fam. Nidulariaceae Fr. 1823)

:

N

idulariaceae Fr.

Crucibulum vulgare TuL common bird's nesl fungus

Habitai On rotten wood and decomposing plant remains. Summer-fall. Widespread. Distribution: W.

lricroscopic leatur€s

A: Spores elliptical, smooth, hyaline, 7-10 x 3.5-54m,1-. B: Basidia slenderly clavate, 25-30 x 4.5-5.5 pm, wilh 2-4

sterigmata, basal

clamp nol seen,

C: Cystidia nol seen.

Macroacopic ieatures Fruiting body almost spherical to egg-shaped when young, later cask- to crucible-shaped, 5-10 mm high and up to 7 mm across, whenyoung entirelyclosed byayellowtoocher,furluraceousoperculum (epiphragm) which ruptures at maturityand revealsthe entire cavity, exterior whitish to yellowwhen young,later brown to blackbrown and tomentose, inner surface cream-colored to ocherish, smooth, the bottom of the cup with up to'15 cream-colored, lensshaped peridioles, 1-1.5 mm across,which contain the spores and areeachattachedtoathread(funiculus) likean umbilicalcord.Consistencyof thefruiting bodysoft,toughish.Wallof fruitingbody(peridium) one-layered. Gregarious to clustered, often upto dozens and hundreds.

494

in

lheyoung peridiolesthin- to thick-walled,1.5-4pm across,

septa with clamps;(D2) hyphae otthe tomentum on the exte oroftheperi-

+/- thick-walled, 2-3 hyphee in lhe tomentum.

dium brownish,

llm acrossi (D3) brown thorny

Remarks

st alus (No. 496) are the two most common bird's-nesl Iungi.The ditference in peridial slruclure is a reason i.a. why they belong to ditferent genera. Cyalhus o/ia (No.494) is substantially rarer. From the lit, one learns that lormerly su perstitious peasants thought that they could predict a luture rise in prices lrom the number of peridioles, because oltheircoinlike shape. (Irans. note: the German word lor these lungi is Teue ing,lrcm teuer: dear, expensive). The species described here and Cyat us

Spacimens axamined and photograph€d Grosswangen/Lu {Grosswangen torest), elev.500 m, quad.2264, on rotten lrunk, Nov.26,1983, coll. J8,2611-83 BR.

Oth6r specim€na: widely clistributed throughout region. lmbach: included as Cyathus crucibulum Hollmann-

Gyathus olla

Fam. Nidulariaceae Fr.

Batsch: Pers.

(Fam. Nidulariaceae Fr.'1823)

Habitat

495

D: (D1)Hyphae

Microscoplc leatures

On soil, prelerentially sandy, chalky soils, acc.lit. more rarelyalso on plant remains and wood. Summer-Iall. Rare. Distribution: W.

A: Spores elliptical, smooth, thick-walled

Macroscopic features Fruiting bodyegg-shaped to cylindricalwhen young, later turbinate to infundibuliform with the margin turned outward,l0-15 mm high and almost the same width, completely enclosed by the exoperidium when young, with increasing maturity the upper surface becomes flattened and with a whitish, membranous operculum (epiphragm),which later ruptures and exposes the entire cavity, exterior appressed-tomentose to almost glabrous, ocher- lo gray-brown, inner surface gray-whitish to gray, smooth and somewhat undulating toward the margin, the base of the cup with ca. 10 gray-brown, lens-shaped peridioles, 2-2.5 mm across, which contain the spores and are each attached to a fine thread (funiculus) like an umbilical cord. Consistency soft, toughish. Wall of truiting body three-layered. Gregarious.

D: Hyphae

when young, hyaline,9-12 x 5.5-7

B: Basidia slenderly clavate, 40 x 7/rm, with 2-4 sterigmala and basalclamp. C: Cystidia not seen. in the perldioles lhin- to thick-walled,1.5-4 across, seplawilh clamps. ^tm E: Hairs ofthe outersurlace hyaline to yellowish, smooth, thick-walled,ends clavate to fusjlorm-clavate and 6-14pm thick.

R6meiks

The similat Crucibulum laeve (No.493) ditfers microscopically lrom lhe species described here by i-a. spinose hairs on the exterior ofthe peridium, Bnd Cyar,us st/,atus {No. 496) dillers by the villose-hispid €xterior ol the huiting body. Specimens examined and photographed Kaltbach/Lu, elev. 500 m, quad.2264, on soilalong pathside, Sept.15,1976, coll- FM,1509-76 MU 1.

Other 6pecimens: none, llnbach: not included.

Gyathus stercoreus

Fam. Nidulariaceae Fr.

(Schw.) de Toni in Sacc.

(Fam. Nidulariaceae Fr. 1823)

Habitat On very rotten wood debris, manured soil, oralso in burned places. Summer-fall. Rare- Distribution: W.

Macroscopic Ieatures Fruiting body barrel-shaped, turbinate, to conical, 5-'10 mm high and 4-6 mm wide, completely enclosed by the exoperidium when young, with increasing maturity rupturing at the apextoform a +/star-shaped opening and revealingihewhiteepiphragmwhichthen also ruptures and exposes the entire cavity, exterior appressed hispid-villose, glabrous when old, ocher-brown when young, later gray- to black-brown, inner surlace blackish, the base ol the cup with several black, lens-shaped peridioles, 1-2 mm across, which contain the spores, most peridioles attached byafinethread (funiculus) like an umbilical cord. Consistency of the fruiting body soft, toughish. Wallof fruiting body three-layered, margin notturned outward. Gregarious.

Mlcroscopic features

A:

pores su bg lobose, smooth, hyaline, thick-walled, with g ranular conlenls, 18-23 x 15-20 &m (acc. lit. up to 40 x 25&m), l-. 12-16 Am, with three or more spores, without basal clamp. C: Cystidia not seen. D: Hyphae of the perid io le walls thick-walled, 2.5-4.5 4m across, generative hyphee thin-walled, 2.5-6 &m across, sepla without clamps. E: Hails olthe outer surface hyaline toyellowish, smooth,thick-walled,ends lusiform, thicken€d up lo 8pm. S

B: Basidia clavate, 40-50 x

Remarks When viewed superliciallylhe species described here could be conf used with Crucibulum laeve lNo.493), which occurs on rotten wood and plantremains, but it generallyformsyellowfruiting bodiesand haswhitish peridioles.ln addition, it dirfers by smaller, elliptical spores- Another similar fungus which grows on wood is Niclularia larcta (N o. 497).

Specimens examined and photog.aphed Kling nau/Ac, elev. 400 m, quad.2564, on wood remains, bark, sawdu 17, 1984, coll. B. Erb,1708-84 K, olher vouchers P. Herb. Erb.

Other specimens:

quad - 1458,2268-

lmbach: not included.

st, Aug.

Crucibulum laeve

OU U^ "coU

W Cyathus olla

Cyathus stercoreus

496

Cyathus striatus

Fam. Nidulariaceae Fr.

(Huds.) Wied.

(Fam. Nidutariaceae Fr. 1823)

Habitat

A: Spores elliptical, somewhat broadened basally, smooth, wallsd, 17-18 x 7-8.5&m, l-.

Macroacopic Ieatures Fruiting body conical,turbinate, height 5-'15 mm, breadth 10-12 mm, egg-shaped to conical when young and completely enclosed bythe exoperidium, with advancing maturitythe upperside becomes flattened and with a whitish, membranous operculum (epiphragm) which later ruptures and revealsthe entire cavity, exteriorhispid,villose, tomentose, rust- to dark brown, innersurface gray-brown and markedly vertically grooved-striate, the bottom olthe cup with 12-1 6 whitish-gray, lens-shaped peridioles, 1-2 mm across, which con-

O: Hyphae

tainthesporesandareeachattachedtoafinethread (funiculus) like an umbilical cord. Consistency sott, toughish. Wallorfruiting body (peridium) three-layered. Gregarious to clustered, often up to dozens and hundreds.

497

Microlcopic teetureS

On the ground on plant remains such as rotten small branches, leaves, needles, etc. Summer-fall. Widespread. Distribution: W.

B: Basidia clavate, 40-45 x C: Cystidia not seen.

Ei

hyatine, thick-

8.5 pm, with 4 slerigmata and basal clamp.

in the peridioles with anastomoses,

2-3.5pm across, septa with clamps, Hahs ofthe exterior brown, in part monilfform, 3-16 &m across, seplawith small clamps.

Remark3 Crucibulum heve lNo.493) forms similarfruiting bodies, bul it difters from the species described here bya yellow to orange outer surface, while the simitar Cyat us o/ra (No.494) has a smooth, non-st ate. g ray inner su rface. Anothor species, Cyalhus stercoreus (No.495), occurs on dung and manuredground as well as in burned places.

Specimena eramined and phoiographed

Adligenswil/11., (Meggerwald), elev. 550 m, quad.2167, on rotten hardwood twigs on the ground,Aug.10,1983, coll. JB,1008-83 BR.

Othe, sf,€cimenst widely diskibuted lhroughout

regaon.

lmbach: included.

Nidularia farcta

Fam. Nidulariaceae Fr.

(Roth.: Pers.) Fr.

(Fam. Nidulariaceae Fr. 1823)

Habitat

Micrcrcopic foatu163

On dead hardwood and con ifer wood. as wellas on bark. Summerfall. Rare. Distribution: E.

A:

Macroscopic leatures Fruiting body sphericalto pulvinate,5-10 mm across and thesame height, when young completely enctosed by the relatively thickwalled, one-layered peridium, rupturing irregularlywith increasing malurity, exterior scurfy-furluraceous, cream-colored to yellowbrown, innersurfacewith numerous lens-shaped peridioleswhich contain the spores, ocher when young, brownish when mature, imbedded in a gelatinous substance, without funiculus, 'l-2 mm across. Consistency soft. Gregarious.

C: Cystidia not seen Dr Hyphae of lhe peridium thorny and branched, thin-walled, 1-5-4 &m

Spores ovalto elliptic-rhomboid, hyaline, smooth,thick-welled,6-11 x

5-6

B: Basidia slenderly clavate,30-40 x 5-7&m, with 2-4 sterigmata, without basalclamp.

across, septa without clamps.

Bem6rk3 Th€ absence of an epiphragm is typicalofthis species.The lungus dasintegrates when mature endtherefore leaves none ollhe cup-shaped remains of the hullbehind as is characteristic of bird's-nest fungi. Specimens examinad and photographed Malvag lialTl, elev. 400 m, quad. 1471 , on P,i?us stump, Aug. 5, t 982, coll. Mscchi, 0508-82 K, other vouchers P. Herb. Lucchini.

Other specimens: none.

lmbach: not included.

498

Sphaerobolusstellatus

Fam. Sphaerobolaceae Schroet.

fiode) Pers.

(Fam. Sphaerobolaceae Schroet. 1889)

Habiiat On rotten wood and decomposing planl remains in forests, acc. lit. also on dung. Rare. Distribution: E, NA.

M

icrosclpic ,eaturer

A: Spores elliptical, smooth,

hyaline, som€what thick-walled, 7.5-10 x 4-5.5

B: Basidia clavate to oval,7-13

c: Cystidia not seen. Macroacopic teaturgs Fruiting body spherical,'1-2 mm across, whitish, straw-colored to orange-yellow. When mature ihe multilayered, orange, membranous-sofi exoperidium ruptures at the apexto lorm a star-shaped to toothed opening. Osmotic pressure within the truiting body flings the rounded, brownish glebal masswith the spores out, whereupon the elastic, milky-translucent endoperidium everts and becomes bladderlike. Sometimes solitary, but mostly gregarious in groups_

x 5-8pm, without basalclamp.

D: Hyphae of the exoperidium inflated and subglobose to cylindrical, some

branch€d and with grenular contents, 4-8 and 10-25&m across, septa with clamps.

Romark6

This method of spore dislribution, unique lor a fungus, is onty possibte because olthe osmolic pressurewhich is producedwithinthelruiting body at maturily.lt ceuses the gleba to be llung upto 2-5 m away. Wh€n wejudge its occurr€nceas rare,perhapsthereasonmaybethatlhisspeciesiscommonly overlooked because ol its inconspicuous smalllruiling bodies. Sp.clmens exrmined .nd pholographed RooVLU {Michaelskreuz), elev. 800 m, quad. 2167, on rotlen slump ol Pr'cea (spruce), June 10,1973, coll.JB,1006-73 BR.

Other 6pecimens: quad. 2165.

lhbach: nol included.

380

EI

'' E

dQO

499

Geastrum pectinatum

Fam. Geastraceae Corda

Pers.

(Fam. Geastraceae Corda 1842)

Habitat

A: Sporesglobose,withcoarse,bluntwarts,brown,4-6&m(excludingwarts),

Macroscopiq fealures

D: Threads olcapillitiumthick-walled, brown, rarely brenched,withoutsepta,

Fruiting body up to 50 mm across and 40 mm high, consisting ofan exoperidium and an endoperidium.The exoperidium js splitstarlike into 7-8 lobes which are bent downward when mature, lilting the fruiting body up off the ground. The exoperidium is brown,while the margins ofthe individuallobes often appear lightocherishlrom shrivelling ol the brown outer layer.The sphericalto bladderlike endoperidium conlains the gleba and the spores and is gray-brownishpruinose sometimes marbled with darker areas. lt is perched on a stalk 5-10 mm long which is often set off below by a +/- strongly developed ring. At the base ofthe endoperidium, near the attachment of the stalk, distinct longitudinalstriations are recognizable. At the apex ofthe sphere is the conical peristome with weak longitudinal strialions, without a halo (colored ring around it). GreSarious.

s00

Microscopic leatures

On soil, in needle litter under Picea (spruce). Summer-fall. Rare. Distribution: E, NA, As, Af, Au.

length ol warts up to 1&m.

B: Basidia not seen. C: Cystidia not seen.

up to 8&m across.

Remarks The species described here is characterized by its relatively long stalk on which lhe endoperidium sits, the "peclinate" striations on the base of the endoperidium, and the spores with coarse, blunt warts up to l pm long,The starlike lobes ofthe exoperidium,which usually have ocher margins, seem to us to be lypicalofthe species also, Specimens examined and photographed Sarnen/Ow (Glaubenberg), elev. 1000 m, quad.1965, in needle litter under Prcea, Sept.27,1912,colt. Sch., 2709-72 BR t. Oth€r 3peclmem: quad. 1250.

lmbach: included.

Geastrum quadrifidum

Fam. Geastraceae Corda

Pers.: Pers. Geastrum corcnatum (Schaeff.) Schroet.

(Fam. Geastraceae Corda 1842)

:

Habitat ln spruce forests on needle litter, commonly at montane to alpine elevations. Summer-fall. Notcommon. Dryfruiting bodies can lasta rather long time in the field. Distribution: W.

Macroscopic teatures Fruiting body 15-30 x 20-35 mm, consisting ofan exoperidium and an endoperidium. The exoperidium is cream-colored to ocherand split starlike into 4 (5) lobeswhich are bent downward when mature, lifting thefruiting bodyup offtheground as if on stilts.A nestlike remnantorthe outermost layerofthe exoperidium is leftintheground as this happens. The sphericalto bladderlike endoperidium contains the glebaand spores. Al the base it hasan intlated collarand ashort

B: C: D:

pores g lobose, brown, verrucose, ca.12 warts around the circumference, some with drops,4.5-64m, spore deposil violet-brown. Basidia not seen. Cystidia not seen. (Dl) Threads ol capillitaum thin- to thick-walled, red-brown, some tinely incrusled, some septawith clamps, uplogpmacross, (D2)hyphae olthe exo- and endoperidium thick-walled, withoul septa, hyaline. S

Rema*s The species described here is one oI the smallest earth stars and is conspicuous in lhe laeld because of its sliltlike man ner of g rowth. ln addition, the disklike halo around lhe peristome and the lour lobes ofthe exoperidium, whose lips are connecled lothe "nest" (oulermost layerolthe exoperidium) remaining in the qround, are also typicalof the sDecies,

stalk;atlhe apex is an opening, the peristome, which is everted and

Sp€cimens examaned and photogiaphed Giswil/Ow (kleines Melchtal, Altersboden), elev. 1400 m, quad. 1866, on spruce-needle liiler, Aug.14,1983, coll. FK,1408-83 K.

conical,lringed,and surrounded byasharplybounded,disk-shap-

Other specimens: quad. 1965, 2056, 2166, 2265.

ed halo. Endoperidium gray- to lilac-brown when young, later ocherish, brownish.Gregarious,sometimes cespitose.

501

Microscopic fealuaes

A:

lmbach: Geasler cororatus Schaetfer.

Geastrum sessile

Fam. Geastraceae Corda

(Sow.) Pouz. = Geastrum limbiatumFr.

(Fam. ceashaceae Corda 1842)

Habitat

Microscopic tealures

On soilin coniferforests and mixed conifer-hardwood forests,com-

A: Spores globose, finely verrucose (acc. lit, almosl smoolh), some with

monly in needle litter on chalky soils. Summer-tall. Widespread.

B: Basidia 30 x 4pm. C: Cystidia not seen. D: (D1)Threads o, capillitiumthick-walled, brownish, withoutsepta,2.5-8/,m

Distribution: E. NA, As, Al.

Macroscopic fealures Fruiting body 20-50 mm across, consisting olan exoperidium and an endoperidium. The exoperidium is cream-colored, sometimes with a pink tint, and split starlike into 7-8 (acc. lit. up to 1'l) lobes which are bent downward when mature,lower surface ofthe lobes incrusted with remains of the mycelium, endoperidium spherical, bladderlike, stalkless; it contains the gleba and spores. The peristome at the apex is +/- conical, without halo or boundary, but with ciliate mouth.Young f ruiting bodies are spherical and develop hypogeously. Gregarious.

382

drops, S-4pm, spore deposil light brown.

across; (D2) hyphae 1-2.5 &m across, sepla with clamps. Remarks This lungus is the commonest species ol lhe genus here. The closelyrelated Geaslrum w/gatum (No. 503) (- Geaslrum rulescers Pers ) dillers by larger fnriting bodies, reddish llesh, and more slronglyverrucoseand largerspores. Sp€cimenB ex6fi ined and photographed Neudorl/LlJ (Wiholz), elev.600 m,quad.2265, coll. PA, 2009-77 A.

Olher speclmens: quad. 1965, 2068.

lmtach: Geaste/ fimbl,iatrs Fr

in

sprucelorest, Sept.20,1977,

Gc.r5trum pect natufr

499

E

o

Geastrum quadrifidum

t E c

Geastrum sessile

l:

,

( Lf

500

E

t33

502

Geastrum triplex

Fam. Geastraceae Corda

Jungh.

(Fam. Geastraceae Corda 1842)

Habitei

Microacopic feaiures

On humus- and nutrient-rich soils in hardwood and mixed hardwood-conifer forests, commonly where plant debris is deposited and on trail embankments. Summer-lall. Not common. Distribution: E, NA.

Macroscopic featurea Frb. 70-100 x 20-40 mm, consisting of an exoperidium and an endoperidium. The fleshy exoperidium, up to 5 mm thick, is split starlike into (4) 5-6 (7) lobes, cream-colored inside and out when young,later brown to gray-brown and longitudinallyfissured on the outside. When the lobes turn downward, the pseudoparenchymal layer splits circularly, forming a collarlike rim which surrounds the endoperidium like a gutter. The sphericalto bladderlike endoperidium is25-40 mm across and containsthe glebawiththe spores;at the apex is the peristome, which is fringed and usually surrounded by a lighter, sharply bounded halo. Endoperidium light ocherish to gray-brown. Young Iruiting bodies are closed and tulip-bulb-shaped, usually imbedded in the ground. Gregarious, more rarely soli-

A: Sporos globose, coarsely verucose, ca, 14 warls around lh6 circumlerence, 4-5&m, warts 0.5-1.2 pm long, spore dgposii dark brown.

B: Basidia ca- 204m long, with long ste gmata. Ci Cystidia not seen.

Dr Capillitium threads thick-walled, brownish, without septa, up to 7 pm R6marks This lungus is one of the targest earthslars, along wilh Geastrum melanocepharur, (Czern ialev) Stan ek and Wriostoma colifome (With. ex Pers.) Corda. Bolh arc very rare and have notyel been lound here.The l6rge sturdy fruiting bodies and the collarlike rim around the endoperidium are features which enable this species to be readily recognized in lhe field.

Specimena examined and photographed

Hausen a,/Albis/ZG (Bifferswiler Moor), elev- 650 m, quad.2368, at lorest margin where plant debris was deposited, Nov. 14,1983, coll. JB, 1411-83 AR.

Othersp.clmcns: quad. 1865,1965,1966, 2066,2166. lmbach: included.

tary.

503

Geastrum vulgatum

Fam. Geastraceae Corda

vitt.

(Fam. Geastraceae Corda'l 842)

:

Geastrum rufescers Pers. s. auct. (nom. ambig.)

Habitat

l, icroscopic features

On soilin conifer and hardwood forests. Summer-fall. Widespread but not common. Distribution: E, NA, As.

A: Spores g lobose, distinclly verrucose, B: Basidia clavate,20 x 4-5pm.

C: Cystidia not seen. D: Threads ol capillitium thin- to thick-walled, brownish, withoul septa or branches, 2-7 &m across.

ilacroscopic teatures Fruiting body 40-80 (100) mm across, consisting ofan exoperidium and an endoperidium. The exoperidium is pale flesh-colored when young, later pink-brown, sometimes reddening, thickjleshed (up to 5 mm thick) and split starlike into 6-9 lobes which are bent down-

ward when mature, upper surface in age cracking transversely, lower surface ol the lobes incrusted with remains ofthe mycelium, endoperidium spherical, bladderlike, 20-30 mm across, stalkless to short-stalked; it containsthe glebaand spores.The peristomeat the apex is conical,without halo or boundary, mouth fringed but not lurrowed. Young fruiting bodies are spherical and develop hypogeously. Solitary or gregarious.

504

Scleroderma areolatum

Remarka This species is sometimes confused with Geastrum sessi/e (No. 501), and large sturdy lruiting bodies also pefiaps with Geastrum lrlDre, (No. 502), which, however, hes a two-leyered exoperidium and theretore develops a collar around the endoperidium. Specimens axamined and photogaaphed Brionzwiler/BE (Ballenberg), elev.,700 m, quad.1764, on needle litter in mixed beech-coniferforest,Sept. 25,1984, coll.JB, 2509-84 BR.

Otherspecimens: quad. 1864, 2164, 2366. lmbach: Geaste/ rufescens Pers.

I

Fam. Sclerodermataceae Corda (Fam. Sclerodermataceae Corda 1842)

Ehrenb. Scleroderma lycoperdo,?es Schw.

:

Habitat On soil at lorest edges, as well as in fallow fields and in hardwood forests. Summer-fall. Not common. Distribution: E, NA (fu.therdistribution not known).

Itracrog@pic teatures Fruiting body tuberlike, sphericalto somewhat pyriform, usuallywith a short longitudinally lurrowed stalk, 15-40 mm across, peridium

simple, appressed-squamose, scales brownish on a yellowish ground, thin, leathery, tough.At maturity the peridium ruptures irregularty at the apex and releases the spores. Sialk 10-20 mm long, almost completely buried in theground, gradually mergingwith the sphericalupper part, with attached remains of mycelium and soilat the base, yellowish, glabrous to tinely squamose. Gleba whitish and firm when young,then brown to blackand marbled with white, powdery and with interspersed glebal hyphae when mature, without capillitium. Solitary to gregarious.

384

4-5.5 pm, spore deposil light brown-

l, icroscopic featuros

A:

S

pores globose, with sharp spines, brown, spines up to

2

mlong,l1-13pm

(excluding spines). B: Basidia not seen. C: Hyphae ol gleba brown, thin- to thick-walled, 2-10 pm across, sepla without clamps {acc. lil. occasionally with clamps), some hyphal ends monililorm and clavate. Remarks

The sp€cies described here was tormerly not distingu ished lrom Sc/eroderma verrucosum Bull.: Perc., since the two are barely separable rnacroscopically-

The most reliable dallerenliating feature is the size of the spores, wlrich in s. verucosum are 8-11.6 l.m with spines 1-1.4pm long (GROSS et al.1980). Sp€cimans exemaned and photographed Kahbach-Knulwil/Lu, elev. 450 m, quad. 2264, on soilan corn lield, Sept.17, 1983, coll. FM,1709-83 BR 1.

Othe, sp€cimen!: quad. 2067-

lnb6ch: not included.

Geastrum triplex

Geastrum vulgatum

505

Scleroderma bovista

r

Fam. Sclerodermataceae Corda

parkgrounds.Sum-

tlicroscoDic features A: SDorea qbbose, regularly costale-spinose with reticulale omameniation (in XOgtl Orown, tO:tZ Si,m (excluding costae). coslae upto 2.5rm high

(Fam. Sclerodermataceae Corda 1842)

Fr.

Habitat On sandy, chalky soilin meadows,forests, and

B: Basidia not seen, C: HvDhae of oleba brown.

mer-fall. Not common. Distribution: W.

s06

lh in- to

lhtck-walled, 2.5-5 llm across septawith

ctiahos, soine hypnalends monilitolm and inllated.

Macroscopic leatures Fruiting body tuberlike, spherical to somewhat pyrif orm, stalkless or with a short, longitudinally furrowed stalk,20-60 mm across, peridium simple and uptol mmthick,smoothtofinelyappressed-squamose, scales red-brownish on ayellowish ground, leathery,tough At maturity the peridium ruptures irregularly at the apex and releas-

Remark6 Becauseo{ itsthin peridium,the species described herewasconsideredfora tono time to be avdrietv ol Sclercdema vefiucosum Bull.:Pers. However.lhe reliaulate-coslate spoies and the hvphae wth clamps cleally distinguish rt from the latter. Sc/e;oderma citrirum (No. 506) also has reticulate-coslate sDores. but its peridium is up to 5 mm thick

es the spores.

StalklO-20 mm long,almostcompletelyburied in the ground, gradually merging with the spherical upper part, with attached remains of mycelium and soilatthe base, cream-colored

So€cimcns examined and Dhotographed Kiltbach-Knutwil/Lu, elev. 450 m, quad. 2264, on soil in corn lield, Sept. 17' 1983, coll. FM,1709-83 BR 2.

to yellowish, glabrous. Glebawhitish when young, firm, then brown

Other specimens: none.

with yellow marbling, eventually becoming black, powdery when mature, without capillitium. Solitary to gregarious.

lmbach: not included.

Scleroderma citrinum

I

Fam. Sclerodermataceae Corda (Fam. Sclerodermataceae Corda'l 842)

Pers.

=Sclercderma aurantium Vaill. ex Pers.

Habitat On acid, nutrient-poor, sandy or peaty soils in forests, at forest edges, aswellas in grassland undershrubs and trees'alsoamong mosses. summer-fall. Moslcommon speciesof the genus.Distribution: E, NA, As, Af.

Macroscopic teatures Fruiting bodytuberous, spherical, almost stalkless with a constricted base, sometimes rather sunken in the ground,30-100 (150) mm across, peridium simple, relatively thick, up to ca. 5 mm, with many coarse scales, scales brolvn on a lemon- to pale yellow or brown_ yellowbackground, leathery,tough.When maturethe peridium ruptures irregularly at the apex and releases the spores. Sialk only rudimentary with branched, whitish mycelialstrands, glebawhen young whitish with a violet tinl, firm, later brown to black and marbled whitish, powdery and permeated with glebal hyphae when mature, without capillitium. Occasionally solitary but usualiy gregarious.

507

Microscooic laatures soo;eaobbose. n reou larlv costale'spinose, usuallywith rncomplele and irieq u la; relicu lale oinamantation (in KOH) brown.9-11 /,m (excluding

A

cosiae), coslae uP to clavate. S-10

B: Easidii

hlgh

l.m , 3-5rm, without 1,5

clamps.

Remelk3

The verv similar Sc/eroderma bov,sla lNo.5O5) also has hyphaewith clamps buioitteij tor m tne species described here bv a distinctlv lh in ner peridium and

;poiss with regular and complele reticulate ornamentatjon. Other species otcurrino hereiavesoinose

sDores without reticulateornamentation.S.

so.cimens examined rnd Dhotoqraphed iicernJieireqqwatdt, etev 450 m: qiad.2066, in mrxed conifer-hardwood forest, Aug.1O, 1977, coll. GR, 1008-77 Ri 2

Other 3pecimens: widely dislributed throughout region. lmbach: Sc/eroderma vulgare Hornemann.

Fam. Lycoperdaceae Brogn. (Fam Lycoperdaceae Brogn. '1824)

Pers.: Pers.

lnalpine pasture on soilamong grass, acc.lil.also in hardwoodand mixed forests, as wellas in alpine dwarf-shrub heaths, montane to alpine. Summer-lall. Widespread. Distribution: E, As, Greenland

cr'lri

num is s6metimes oaiasilized by lhe parasitic bolete xerocon,us paras icus (Bull.: F..) OueL

Bovista nigrescens Habitat

basalclamp.

C: iypnaeotgteodorown.lhin-lolhick-walled,3-64macross,seplawilhoul

llicroscooic feature6 A: Sooiei otofose, punctate wilh line warts, brown, wilh I drop, 5-6.5 l.m. #dicels-straiohi io sliqhtlv curved, hvalrne, blunl,9-134m long.

B: l]asidia clava6,20 \

trri,

with 4 sterigmata, without basal clamp. lo 20 /rni across. brown, dicholomously

C: Caoittitir-rm thrck-walled, up

brdnched, withoul pores or septa, sometimes surrounded wilh an 6morphous substance.

Mgcroscopic features Fruiting body spherical, 30-50 mm across, exterior of young lruiting

bodies with white, smooth, often furfuraceous-areolate exoperidium, usually with somewhat blackish overcast from the base upwards. The exoperidium dries up with increasing maturity and completely disappears, so that ihe parchmentlike, smooth to somewhat wrinkled, dark red-brown to blackish, and shiny endoperidium is revealed.This then ruptures at maturity and forms an irregular opening 1O-30 mm across atthe apex, through which the spores are released. Contents (gleba) ofyoung fruiting bodies white, when mature olive- to dark brown, spore deposit dark lilacbrown. Solitary to gregarious; the previous year's lruiting bodies which have overwintered can stillbe found in spring.

386

Remarka aoecies ol lhe genus Sovista are sparsely replesented in our llonstic reoion and difl€r macroscooicallvlrom the tar mole common Lycoperc,on speci;s bv lhe ruDturinq ollhe endoaeridium rnto rounded lobes al maturitv,while in Lvc6Derdo; a Dorelike open ing lorms al the apex. Moreover, the latler has a steiite iuootera. aovrsta D/umbea {No. 508) appears in similar habitals, bul malure fruriinq bodes haie a grav, non-shiny endoperidium. h addition. lhe exoperidiu m s-cales oll like eggah{ill with increasing maturitv. Also, this lunq us has ovaland not globose spores.

ihe

SDecimen6 6xamined and phologrephad P;ntresina/GR rAlo Lanquaid, etev. 2000 m, quad. 1578 in alpine pasture, June 25,'!983, coll.JB,2506-83 BR 3. Other specinens: quad. 1866, 2065, 2071.

lmbach: included.

Scleroderma citrinum

508

Bovista plumbea

Fam. Lycoperdaceae Brogn.

Pers.: Pers.

(Fam. Lycoperdaceae Brogn.'1824)

Habirar ln meadows and pastures, usually in valleys, more rarely alpine pastures. Summer. Rare. Oistribution: E, NA.

ilacroscoplc fealure8

Fruiting body spherical, '15-40 mm across, exterior with white, smooth exoperidium which splits up into eggshell-like pieces at maturity and scales off, exposing the endoperidium. Endoperidium lead-white to gray-white, smooth and when dry parchmentlike, black-brown when old. A rounded, lobed opening 5-10 mm in diameter forms at the apex at maturity, through which the spores escape. Gleba white when young, then olive- to reddish-brown, spore depositolive-reddish-brown,subglebaabsent.Usuallygregarious.

509

l, icroscopic laalures Ar Spores subglobose-oval. smoolh, brown, with drops4-6.5 x 3.5-5.5&m. B: Basidla clavate,10-20 x 7-10pm, with 4 sterigmala, wilhoul basalclampC: Capillilium thick-walled, up to 25 4m across, brown, strongly dichotomously branched, without pores and primary sepla.

B€m6rks The genus Bovista conlains otherspecies, such asApa/udosa Lev, in chalky moors, B. lomertosa (Vitt.) QueI in dry grass above chalk, and B- pusilla

Batsch: Pers. in sandy, dry Calrura heaths. While the nitrophilic species

desc bedhereisfoundmostlyincowpasturesinvalleys,itisroplacedaimonlane and subalpine elevations byB. rigrescers (No.507).

Specimens examined and photographed Neuenkirch/LlJ, elev.450 m, quad.2165, in fertile meadow, Aug. 8,1984, coll.

BA,0808-84

BA 1.

Oihcr ap€clmens: none. lmbach: included.

tr

Calvatia utriformis

Fam. Lycoperdaceae Brogn. (Fam. Lycoperdaceae Brogn. 1824)

(Bull.: Pers.) Jaap = Calvatrh bovlsta (Pers.) Fr. Calyatla caelata (Bull.) Morgan

:

Habitat

510

Microscopic lealuaes

ln dry meadows and sunny alpine pastures, commonly atmontane and subalpine elevations. Early summer-lall. Notcommon. Oistribution: W.

A: Spores globose, smooth, brown, +/- thick-walled, with drops, 4-5 am.

Macroscopic featurgs Fruiting body spherical when young, then broadly capitate with a low-convex apex,50-150 mm across andthe same height, tapering below into a short, wrinkled, stalklike base, surface (exoperidium) coarsely tuberculate with pyramidalwarts when young, white,later areolate and cream-colored to light brownish. when malure the exoperidium gradually disappears and lhe parchmentlike graybrown endopeddium is left, which disintegrates Irom the apex outward releasing the spores. This saucerlike dry hull has a distincl pseudodiaphragm and a large-chambered subgleba. Gleba white when young, then yellow-green, spore deposit olive-brown. Solitary to gregarious in groups of up to a tew.

Remark3 The species described here is conlused now and then with small fruiting bodaes of Largermarria grgartea (No.511),which istound in similar habitals buthas asmooth,velvety surface and is usually sign ilicantly larger. ln spring the empty hu lls ofthe previous yeais fruiting bodies ol C. utrilormrs can slill be encountered now and lhen,

tr

Fam. Lycoperdaceae Brogn.

Calvatia excipuliformis {Pers.) Perdeck : Catuatia saccata Nahlex Schum.) Morgan

15pm across, ends poinled, sometimes surrounded with an amorphous subslance,

Spoclmen3 ex.mined and photogr.phed Sorenberg/Lu (Alpweid), €|ev.1300 m, quad.1864, in alpine pasture,June 1973, coll. FK,0106-73 K.

1,

Otharspecimens: quad,2068, bul lound here and there al middie montane lmbacl,: Lycoperdon caeletum Bull,

(Fam. Lycoperdaceae Brogn.'1824)

Habitat

Micro3copic fartuaes

On soilin forests, atforestedges, and in parkgrounds. Summer-fall.

Widespread but not common. Distribution:

B: Basidia clavat€,9-20 x 5-7lzm,wilh 1-4 slerigmata, without basalclamp. C: Capillitium light brown, thick-walled, not septate, branches inflated, uplo

E, A,

As.

A: Spores globose, dislinctly verrucose, brown, 4,5-5,5 &m (excluding warts), with attached remnant ol sterigma upto ca.2.5pm long (occasional remnants of slerigmata also in the pr€paration),1-.

B: Basidia clavate,12-15 x 6-8pm, with 4 sterigmata, without basalclamp. Macroscopic leatures Fruiting body consisting ofa head and stalk,80-'150 mm high,50'100 (120) mm across, usually drumstick- to pestle-shaped but also pyriform, head +/- distinctly set off and ouier surface covered with fugacious fine spines and granules, white when young, then soon ocher to light brown.The parchmentlike endoperidium splits open at maturity, starting atthe apex, sothatthesporescan escape.Stalk cylindricalto tapered,lenght r,4 to v4 the totalheight and uptoca.50 mm thick, surface wrinkled-folded, granular-furfuraceous, white, later ocherto light brown. Gleba and subgleba white when young, later olive-brown. After the head disintegrates, the stalk with the sterile subgleba remains standing. Solitary or gregarious. Small figure = stipitate-capitate form.

388

C: Threads ol capillitium brownish, thick-walled, not septate, fragile,3-4pm across, branched, with short lateral oulgrowths and pores.

Remarkg

Now and again lhe species described here producesf ruiting bodies similarto Lycoperclon perlatum lNo. 51 8), whose apex, however, does not disinteg rate at

maturity bul forms a pore. ln eddition, the exoperidium ol L. perlatum is distinctly verrucose and not merely lin€ly verrucose Atanular.Calvatia utriloF m,s (No. 509) usually produc€s more sphedcal fruiting bodies and prefers alpine pastures as a habilat; moreover, it has smoolh spores, Specimens cxanined and photographed Willisau/Lu (Willberg), slev.500 m, quad.2264, on soilin mixed conifeFhardwoodforest,Sept.17,1984, coll.JB, 1709-848R. Other specimeN: quad - 1764,2068,2167.

lfibecht LycopeKlon saccala (Vahl) Morgan.

Bovista plumbea

EI F

/l

Ad A \O

Calvatia utriformis

.60 A ,o@ ,^*e

1,.-' /[,.

*t

511

tr

Fam. Lycoperdaceae Brogn.

pastures,also undershrubbery,on fertile, nutrientrich soils. Occurs repeatedly in the same habitat. Summer-fall. Not common. Distribution: E.

A: Spores globose,linely verrucose, sometimes almost smooth, brownish,

Langermannia gigantea

(Fam. Lycoperdaceae Brogn. '1824)

(Batsch: Pers.) Rostkov.

:

Calvatia

maxina Mory.

giant pullball

Habitai

Micro3copic feature3

ln meadows and

Macroscopic Ieatures Fruiting body irregularly rounded, sometimes indented, large,100500 mm in diameter, surface of the barklike skin (peridium) when young white to cream-white, smooth, finely velutinous, deerskinlike, somewhat reticulate in places,when older green-yellowish, olive-brown in fully mature fruiting bodies, paperlike, splitting and disintegrating. Glebawhitewhen young, pulpyand firm, laterturning sulfur-yellow and olive-green to olive-brown and then cottonypowdery, subgleba concolorous, only weakly developed, odor unpleasant, taste mild, insipid. The fungi are stalkless and can weigh several kilos when fresh. They grow alone or in groups.

512

3.5-5&m, somel/lhal ihick-walled, sometimes with drops, l-.

B: Basidia clavale,25-35 x 5-6pm, with 4 sterigmata.

C: Threads of capillitium brownish,lhin- to thick-walled, smooth, some wath bumps, 2-7 pm across, septa withoul clamps, occasionally with small porcs, branched, +/- lragile. Remerks The largerlruiting bodies ofthis species are conspicuous and characleristic; smallerones, in conlrast, could beconlusedwith Calvalia utrnormis (No.509),

which, however, has an areolate-squamose surlace (exoperidium) and

a

basal parl which is constricted and stalklike.

Specimchs axamined end photograph€d

Schwarzenberg/Lu (lvalters), elev. 900 m, quad. 2065, in a meadow, may 1982, coll. Limacher, 0105-82 BR.

1,

Other 6pecimensr quad. 2165. lmbrch: not included.

Lycoperdonechinatum

Fam. Lycoperdaceae Brogn.

Pers.: Pers.

(Fam. Lycoperdaceae Brogn. 1824)

Habitat

Micro3copic leatur€s

ln beech forests on chalky soils, acc. lit. more rarely also in conifer forests. Summer-fall. Widespread. Distribution: E, NA.

A: Spores globose, verrucose-spinose, brown, 3

4 ltm (excluding warts), with remnants of sterigmata in the preparation. (Spore print chocolate-

B: Macro8copic features Fruiting body sphericalto pyriIorm,20-60 mm across andlhe same height, with short, conicalstalk, exoperidium coarselyand densely spinose, consisting of spines compounded into pyramids 3-5 mm long, light to dark brown, with a distinct reticulate pattern after the spines lall off. At maturity a small, round pore opens at the apex, through which the spores are released. Glebawhite and firmwhen young, later spongy, olive-yellowlo brown, subgleba slightly developed and cream-colored. Solitary to gregarious.

Basidia clavale,l0-20 x 7-9/Im, with 2-4 sterigmala, without basalclamp. C: Threads ol capillitium olive-brown, thick-walled, sparsely branched, with pores,2,5-7 4m across.

D: Sphaerocysts

in the exoperidium.

R€marks The species described here is easy to recogn ize by its spinose, hedgehog-like sudace (spines up to about 5 mm long) which is brown even when young. lt would b€ possible to conluse ilwilh Lycopedon foetidum (No. 513), whose fruiting bodies are also brownish even in the young stages bul are covered with significantly shorler spines. ll also has a relicu late patiern after the spines have lallen ol1. Lycoperdon unbinum lNo- 52O) and f- mol/e (No. 516) are also brown f rom the young stages onward, but theirendoperidium remains smooth wilhout any reticulalion etterthe spines have fallen ofr,

Sp€cimens examined and photographad Giswil/OW (Forst), elev. 550 m, quad.1865, in beech lorest,Sept.27,1984,coll. BA,

2709-84

BA.

Other specimem: widely distributed throughoul regioo.

lmbach: included.

513

Lycoperdon foetidum

Fam. Lyco perdaceae Brogn.

Bonord. Lycoperdon

(Fam. Lycoperdaceae Brogn. 1824)

:

pe

atum var. a,rgrescens Pers. ex Pers.

Habitat

M

icroscopic ,eatures

On soil in hardwood and conifer forests, as wellas on heath soils and alpine meadows, prefers acid soils. Summer-fall. Widespread. Distribution: E, NA.

A; Spores globose, tinely verrucose lo almost smoolh, brown, with drops,

Macrgscopic featurea Fruiting body sphericalto turbinate, 20-50 mm across, drawn out into astalklike structureatthe base, often with remains of mycelium, exoperidium with short, light to dark brown spines which lean together at the tips to form pyramids, surface between them almost smooth and lightto dark brown, rarely black-brown, endoperidium cream-colored when young, later brownish,surfacewith a reticulate pattern afterthe spines have fallen off. Subglebawhitewhen young,

Remark3 Lycopetdon echinatum lNo. 512) also has an endoperidium wilh a reticulate pattern afierthespines havefallen otf, but itditfersfromthespecaesdescribed

later olive-brown, large-chambered, gleba olive-brown

when

mature. Ivlature fruiting bodies releasethe spores th rough the pore at the apex. Young fruiting bodies smell unpleasantly like Lycopeldon pyritome lNo.519). Usually gregarious.

390

(3.5) 4-4.5 (5)pm. (Spore print olive-brown). Basidia clavate, S-12 x 4-5pm, with 2-4 sterigmata, without basalclamp. C: Capillitium brownish, elaslic,3-6pm across, ihick-walled, wilhout septa, with occasional pores.

B:

herebylongerspinesandchocolale-brownsporesinmass.L.perlalum(No.

518) alsolorms a retaculate endoperidium bul when young haswhite, pyrilorm lruiting bodieswith an exoperidiumwith warts and notwith compound spines. L. n o/e (No. 516) and L. umbrinum (No 520), also brown, are otten conlused with L. foetidum, but their endoperidia appear completely smooth and without a reliculate pattern afler lhe spines have lallen olf.

Specimena cremined and photograph.d Atlenschwil/Ac, elev. 500 m. quad.2367. in forest ol young spruces on soil. Oct. 10,1983, coll. JB, 1010-83 BR.

Other specimens: quad. 1864, 1965. lmbach: not included.

Langermannia giqantea

Lycoperdon echinatum

t*

-

/

-\ iil,.. ) lr't

,',+,.'i

-

rj::'i

#

,,

.Q5, 1Yc;-=

514

Lycoperdon lividum : Lycopetdon spadiceum Perc. Habitat

Distribution: E. Macroscopic features Fruiting body ellipticalto pyritorm,l5-25 mm high and 15-30 mm across, constricted into a short, conicalstalk, exoperidium looking as if strewn with sand, acc. lit. rather rarely wiih several spines, somewhat areolate when dry, ocherish to brownish when young, when maturewith brown, smooth, weakly veined, paperyendoperidium, rupturing atthe apex, stalk base with smallbulb consisting of mycelium and debris lrom the substrate. ln cross section the white subgleba is indistinctly demarcated lrom the likewise while gleba but is somewhat larger-chambered, when mature the gleba is cottony-powdery, brown, the subgleba spongy, compact, brown, and distinctly visible. Odorand taste notstriking. Solitary to gregarious.

A: Spores subglobose,

{inely verrucose, lhick-walled, brownish, somelimes with drops, apiculus indistinct,3.5-4.5 x 3.5-4pm,l-. with 1-3 steriqmata upto20Am long, without basal clamp. Cr Capillitium brownish, fragile,2-5 am across,with distinclly visible pores, branched, without septa, some with bumps.

B: Basidia shorl-clavale, 8-10 x 7-8pm,

Romarks Allhough in ourcolleclionlhesporesdid nothaveadistinctlyprojecting apiculus as menlioned in the lit., alliis olherlealures, such as the granularexoperidiu m. fine-chambered su bg leba, basal mycelial bu lb, the conspicuous pores in its capillitial threads, and its occurrence outside torests in dry cow paslu res, argue for its belonging tothis species. Species ofthegenusEov,slaalso produco similar iruiting bodies, but they lack a subgleba.

Specim.n3 o;smined and photog.aphed Sdrenberg/Lu (Noalp), elev.1700 coll. FK,0108-82 K.

m,

quad.1864, in cow pasture, Aug.1,1982,

Other sp€cimens: none-

lmbech: nol included.

Lycoperdonmammaeforme

Fam. Lycoperdaceae Brogn.

Pers.: Pers.

(Fam. Lycoperdaceae Brogn. 1824)

Habitat On chalky soil among leaf litter in hardwood ,orests, especially beech. Summer-fall. Bare. Distribulion: E.

Macroscopic leatuaes Fruiting body broadly pyriform to capitate, 30-50 mm across and

516

(Fam. Lycoperdaceae Brogn. 1824)

Macroscopic l6atures

Outside forests, in meadows and cow pastures, acc. lit. principally on dunes and dry grassy areas, in warm habitats. Summer. Bare.

515

Fam. Lycoperdaceae Brogn.

Pers.

Microscopic leetures

A: Spores globose, spinose, brownish, with drops. 4.5-5.3

&m (excluding

spines).

B: Basidia nol seen. C: Threads ol capillilium brown, +/- thick-walled, sparsely branched, elastic, 3-6lzm across, wilhout septa,with few pores, Remerks

the same height, exoperidium veillike when young andwoollyjloccose, soon splitting into largewarts,the individualwarts loosely and +/- evenly distributed over the surlace, but quickly fugacious and remaining only toward the base, between the warts lurfuraceous with rine spines which lean together,whitish,endoperidium whitish-

This putfball,which prefers chalkysoilin beech lorests siluated in mild locations, is easily recognized, thanks to lhe loosely distributed, veillike, white warts on its surlace. The smooth to floccose, non-reticulate, and always somewhat pink-linged endoperidium is also a good character.

pink when young, later pink-brownish, thin, smooth after the

1977, coll. JB,2508-77 BR 1.

exoperidium has fallen away, without reticulations, apex with pore. Gleba white when young, yellow-brown when mature, capillitium brown, spore deposit tobacco-brown. Solitary to gregarious.

Olher specimens: quad. 2066, 2167.

Specinens 6xemincd end pholographed Alpnach-Dorf/Ow, elev.500 m, quad.1966, in beech lorest on chalk,Aug- 25,

lmbach: not included.

Lycoperdon molle

Fam. Lycoperdaceae Brogn.

Pers.: Pers.

(Fam. Lycoperdaceae Brogn. 1824)

Habitat On soil in hardwood and coniler forests. Summer-fall. Not rare. Distribution:

E, A, As, Af.

M€croscopic Ieatures Fruiting body spherical, pyriform, to turbinate,20-40 (60) mm across and 25-50 (70) mm high, basedrawn outlikea stalk, exoperidium with short, simple, soft, gray-brown spines, some of which lean together at the tips, surface between them granular-furfuraceous, brown, endoperidium cream-coiored to yellow-brown, entire fruiting body smooth afterthe spines falloff. Subgleba white, Iargechambered, gleba olive-brown, +/- distinct columella visible. i/aturelruiting bodies releasethe red- to chocolate-brown spores through the apical pore. Usually gregarious.

Microrcopic teatures

A: Spores globose, coarsely verrucose, light brown, 4-5.5 pm (excluding warts), some with indislinct remnant oflhe slerigma,with manydetached remnants o, the sterigmata 10-20&m long lying round about. (Sporeprint

B: Basidia not seen

C: Capillitium brown. sinuous, thick-welled. 1.5-6rm across, sparsely septate, with pores of various sizes.

Remark3 The species described here hasbeen and stillis oflen contusedwith Lycoperdon umbinum lNo.520l, which, however, has olive-brown spores in mass.ln addilion, in L. umbinun one does not find broken-otf remnants ofthe slerigmata and finds onlylinely punctatespores. For lu rther rema*s see No.520,

SpeclmenB examlned end photographed Sins/AG, elev. 400

2608-84

m,

quad. 2267, on soil in beech lorest, Aug. 26,1984, coll. JB,

BR.

Other specimens: quad. 2065.

lmbach: not included.

392

Lycoperdon lividum

Lycoperdon mammaeforme

Lycoperdon molle

517

Lycoperdonpedicellatum

Fam. Lycoperdaceae Brogn.

peck

(Fam. Lycoperdaceae Brogn.'1824)

Habitat

Microacopic toatur6!

ln moorland and heath meadows among mosses, grasses,sedges, and rushes. Fall. Not common. Distribution: E, NA.

Macroscopic featurea Fruiting body pyritorm, also capitate with distinctly set-off stalk, up to 45 mm high and 25 mm across, exoperidium when young with pyramidal, conicalspines upto2 mm long, consisting of2-4-angled tufts of hyphae and becoming gradually shortertoward the margin and the stalk, stalk covered with granules, entire fruiting body cream-white when young, later brownish. At maturity the exoperidium falls off in patches and exposes the smooth, parchmentlike, gray-brown to ocher-grayendoperidium,which ruptures in the center to lorm a rounded,lobed opening. Glebawhitewhen young,later yellow-olive and when mature olive-brown, columella indistinct, subgleba when young white, large-chambered, sterile, when mature gray-brown. Spore deposit olive-lo gray-brown. Solitaryto gregarious.

518

Lycoperdon perlatum :

A:

Spores globose, finely punctate, brown, with drops,4-5 llm, with attached pedicels up lo 25pm long. B: Basidia not seen. C: Thr€ads of capillitium brlttle, yellow-brown with lew pore3, sparsely septate, withoul clamps,l-7pm across, +/- thick-walled, sparsely branched.

Bcnark3 Typical ol lhe species described here are its habitat in moorland and heath meadows, the large-spined exoperidium reminiscent ol Lycoperdon echinalum (No.512), thesmoolh, parchmentlikeendoperidium, and, microscopically,

the long pedicels attached to lhe spores.

Sp€cim€na exemin€d and photograph6d Walchwilerberg/ZG (Eigenried), elev- 900 m, quad.2168, in moorlanddrymeadow among mosses and grass, Oct. 16,1983, coll. J8,1610-83 BR 4. Oth6r specim.m: quad. 2065.

lmbach: not included.

tr

Fam. Lycoperdaceae Brog n.

Pers. Lycoperdon gemmatum Batsch ex Schum.

(Fam. Lycoperdaceae Brogn. 1824)

Habitat On soil and needle litter in conifer or mixed coniter-hardwood Iorests, more rarely outside lorests. Summer-fall. Common. Distribution: W.

Macroacopic features Fruiting body consisting o, head and stalk, height30-80 mm, head up to 60 mm across, sometimes rounded but usually flattened and lens-shaped with an abrupt transition into the stalk, covered with conical largerwartswith smaller ones between them, warts leaving a reticulate pattern on the membranous, tough endoperidium after they fall off, apex rupturing to torm a round pore at maturity, lower surface ofthe head pitted-folded, stalk conical,length ca. % otthe total height and up to 30 mm thick, surface warty when young, smooth when old. Entire lruiting body whitish when young, then ocherish-brownish, olive-brown when old. Gleba and subgleba white when young, then olive to olive-brown, subgleba largerchambered than the gleba. Maturelruiting bodies releasethe olivebrown spores through the apical pore. Usually gregarious, more rarely solitary.

519

Lycoperdon pyriforme

lricaoscopic I6atures

A: B:

Spores globose, finely verrucose, Elher lhick-walled, brown, 3,5-4.5 pm, Basidia short-clavat€,7-10 x 4-5rm,with 2-4 sterigmata, without basal clamp,

C: Threads of capillitium brownish, lhin- to thick-walled, smoolh or wilh bumps, 2.5-7 /Im across, without septa, with occasional pores, elastic. Bem6rks

The species described here is one ot th6 commonest puffballs, along wilh Lwoperdon pyilorme lNo. 5'19). lt diflers trom the latter i. a. by the fact that its subgleba turns olive-brown at maturity, while lhal ol L- pyiforme rc'l],ains Speclmens 6xemln6d and photographed lmmensee/Sz {Chiemen), elev.400 m, quad.2167, on soil in mixed confferhardwood loresl, Oct.16,1982, coll. FK,1610-82 K.

Oth6r 3pccim.ru: widely diskibuted throughout region. lmbech: included as Lycoperclon gemhalum Belsch.

tr

Fam. Lycoperdaceae Brogn. (Fam. Lycoperdaceae Brogn. 1824)

Schaeff.: Pers.

Habitat On dead, usually rotten wood of broadleaved trees and conifers, commonly on slumps and roots, sometimes also on soil, but then always connected to wood by mycelial strands. Summer-fall. Common. Distribution: W.

Macroscopic teatures Fruiting body pyriform, clavate 10-50 (70) mm high and 10-35 (50) mm across, head +/- spherical,with an abrupttransition into aconicalstalkwith conspicuous basal rhizomorphs, stalk %to l/,thetotal height of the fruiting body, exoperidium coarsely granularto finely verrucose, sometimes finely areolate-reliculate, almost blunt-spinose on the stalk, white when young, then ocherish and when old chestnut-brown, endoperidium papery, firm, whitish when young, then light to chestnut-brown, rarely entirely smooth, rupturing at maturity to lorm a pore atthe apex.ln cross section the gleba and subgleba are while when young, but the gleba becomes olivebrown and cottony-powdery when mature, while the subgleba remains white and small-chambered. Consistency tough, odor unpleasant, taste mild. usually in clusters of up to dozens, more rarely solitary-

394

lricroscopic felturea

A: B:

Sporgs globose, smooth, brownish, lhick-walled, with drops.3.5-5.5 pm.

Basidia clavate, 9-13 x 3-4.5 &m, without basel clamp. C: Capillitium brownigh, elastic, lhick-wall€d, branched, without sepla,2.5-6

&m across, sometimes with bumps, without pores; paracapillitium thinwalled, 3-6 &m across, s6pta without clamps, brownjsh, D: Sphaerocysts hregularly rounded, fusilorm, to polygonal-thorny.

Bemark!

The species desc bsd here is well characlerized by its cluslered mode of growth,habitalondeadwood,andtheusuallywell-definedmycelialstrends.ln addilion,the subglebawhich remainswhite in maturefruiling bodies isa sure identifying leature. Sometimes one finds, even next to normallruiling bodies, small fungi only several mm across with a spinose exoperidium, which presumably can be interpreted as stunted lorms. Speclmen3 examinad and photographed Sempach/Lu (Ch0senrainvrald), elev. 5O0 m,quad.2165, on rotten hardwood stump, Nov.22,1982, coll. JB,2211-82 BR.

Oth6r apecimcn6: widely distributed throughout region. lmbach: included.

Lycoperdon pedicellatum

--a? I

cfr ^

i

,ll

b 61i

Lycoperdon perlatum

9p n

Uq/

CI-o g

?%.".

Lycoperdon pyriforme

\ :*. ll r rrJC CXo 0D)ra) q/'B\ ) 'ob--

2O

rV pm 1\ \

Daa\ ,t(Nil

520

Lycoperdon umbrinum

Fam. Lyco perdaceae Brogn.

Pers-: Pers.

(Fam. Lycoperdaceae Brogn. 1824)

Habitat

Microscopic teaiures

ln montane spruceforests on soilamong needle litter, grasses, and herbs, as well as on burned ground, commonly in clear-cuts. Summer-fall. Not rare. Distribution: E, A, As.

A: B:

Spores globose, with distinctline warts.yellow,4.5-5.5pm,with short remnanl of sterig ma attached, wilho ul broken-ofl remnents ol sterigmata lying free. (Spore p nt yellow-brown). Basidia short-clavate, 10-15 x 4.5-7pm,with 2 stedgmata, without basal clamp.

C: Capillitium brownish, in part knotty-sinuous, +/- thick-walled, 2.5-6pm

Mactoccopic features

across, with numerous pores.

Fruiting body spherical, depressed and tuberous or pyriform, 3060 (80) mm across, base somewhat stalklike, often constricted and folded and imbedded in the ground, exoperidium with short, dark brown spineswhich often lean togelheratthelips to torm pyramids, surface between them smooth to f inely verrucose and brown, endoperidium whitish to yellowish and translucent, entire endoperidium smooth and ocher-yellow atter the spines rallotf. Subgleba white,

large-chambered, gleba olive-yellow to yellow-brown and usually with a distinct columella. Mature fruiting bodies release the yellowbrown spores through the apical pore. Usually gregarious.

Remark3 other putfballswhich have brownish spineseven when young includeLycoperdo, morie (No.516), with red-brownspores in mass and abundanl broken remnanls of the sterigmata and occuring princapally an hardwood lorests, L. ech,inatum (No.512),with very long spinesand in beech forests, andL. foeti dum (No.513),with a distinct reticulate pattern on the endoperidium afterthe spines tallolfand with almost smoolh to slighily verrucose spores. Spccimens examined and photographed Enl16buch/LU (Finste ald^Wssenegg), elev.1200 lorest, Sept.19,1983, coll. J8,1909-83 BR.

m, quad. 2065, in

spruce

Othea sp€ciman3: widely dislributed jn mountain spruce forests.

lmbach: not included.

521

Vascellum pratense

Fam. Lycoperdaceae Brogn.

(Pers. em. Quel.) Kreisel

(Fam. Lycoperdaceae Brogn. 1824)

: :

Vascellurn deprcssum (Bon.) Smarda Lycoperdon hiemale Bull. ex Vitt.

Habitat

Micro6copic tealures

ln meadows and pastures, aswellas on forest edges. Summer-fall. Not common. Distribution: E, NA.

Macroscopic Ieatures Frb. sphericalto pyrilormwith +/- flattened apex,20-50 mmacross, olten widerthantall,stalkusuallylolded-wrinkledasittapers

C: Capillatium brownish, than-walled, sparsely septate,2-4lrm across;para-

capillitium hyaline, abundantly septale, incrusted with amorphous substance,3-5pm across; all capillitiu m threadswithout pores and allsepta withoul clamps-

intoa

+/- pointed

base, white when young, then yellowish and when mature olive-brown with a whitish translucent head, endoperidium at first rupturing to form a poreand then entirelydisintegrating down to the diaphragm, causing thefrb. to appearflattened.Surfaceofthe head granular to ,inely spinose when young, but almost smooth atterrain because spines are washed off.ln cross section the gleba is separated fromlhe subgleba by a diaphragm, white when young, glebasoon olive, mature glebaand subglebadark olive-brown and remaining separated by the parchmentlike diaphragm. Gleba and subgleba when young pithy, spongy, when mature polvdery and brown with sparse capillitium. Solitary or gregarious.

522

Ar Spores subglobose, brownish, finely verrucose, lhick-walled, with drops,3.5-4.5 x 3.5-4 &m. B: Basidia clavete, S-18 x 5-7 pm, without basalclemp.

Remarks The species described herc commonly occurs in rich or manured meadows and pastures.lt iseasilyrecognized by itsdistincldiaphragmandtheflattened and lens-shaped upper porlion ofthe fruiting body.

SpecimeG examined and pholographed

Lucerne, elev.450 m,quacl.2166, in artiricialmeadow underBelu/a (birch)and

P,-cea (spruce), Oct.21,1982, coll. FK,2110-82 K.

Other 3pecimens: quad. 1965, 2056. lmbech: not included.

Tulostoma brumale

Fam. Tulostomataceae Fischer

Pers.: Pers.

(Fam. Tulostomataceae Fischer 1900)

:

Tulostoma mammosum Ft.

Habitat On chalky, sandy soils in semi-dry grass, in gravelly places. etc. Rare. Fall. Distribution: E, A, As, Af, Au. Macroscopic teatures Fruiting bodydivided into ahead and stalk, head sphericalto appleshaped, up to 10 (15) x 8 (12) mm, apex with projecting peristome which is surrounded byadarkbrown halo,opening ca.l mm across, exoperidium veryfugacious, in mature truiting bodies stillvisible on the underside of the head at most, endoperidium smooth, Darchmentlike, cream-colored to gray-ocherish, stalk tough and hard, 20-40 x 2-3 um, smooth, whitish to ocher-brownish, imbedded in the head. Mature gleba with capillitium, spore deposit rust-brown. Thefruiting bodies develop hypogeouslyand rise out ofthe ground only when mature. Usualty gregarious.

396

Micro3copic t€atura3

A:

Spores globose,with sparselydistributed fine lowwarts,light yellow, (3.5)4

(5)&m. Basidia not seen. Threads C: ofcapillitium th ick-walled, light brown,3-6pm across, inflated al the septa, wilhout clamps, incrusted wilh occasional crystals.

B:

Ramarks We have not yet been able to id€ntify any fulosloma species in our more reskicted lloristic region. Their occurrence is conrined to sandy, chalk-rich, dry soils in mild locations, requ irements wh ich are largely absenl here. ln the lit. about 10 species are listed. Specimens eramined and photographed ZurzachlAc, elev,450 m, quad.2766, on grassy-sandy embankment near a soccer field, Nov.17, 1974, coll. Elmer, 1711-74 BR. Other spacimens: none.

lhbach: not included

Et

Lycoperdon umbrinum

E

(o

A l.:

! l':

Vascellum pratense

Tulostoma brumale

O

CIOO

oO o o O6)-

-o

-L :>

523

Anthurus archeri

Fam. Clathraceae Chev.

(Berk.) Fischer = Arthurus aseroeformls Fischer = Anthurus muellerianus Kalchbr. in Kalchbr. & Cooke

(Fam. Clathraceae Chev. 1826)

Habitat On soil in alpine paslures, damp meadows, hardwood and more rarely conifer forests, at colline and montane elevations, prefers rather acid soils. Summer. Rare but occurs repeatedly in the same

Microscopic features

A: Spores cylindric-elliptic, smooth, hyaline (greenish in mass), with drops, 5-6.5 x 2-2.5&m,l-. B: Basidia cylindric clavate,22-40 C: Cystidia not seen.

\

4-5.5

large

,,m, without basal clamp.

habitat. Distribution : W.

D: Receplaculum consisls ol rounded cells, 40-50am.

Macroscopic features The frb. develops hypogeously and pushes itselfup to the surface as a little "witch's egg' 25-40 mm tall, with basal mycelial strands, exteriorsmooth,whitishtoocherish,oftenwith lilactint.lncrosssection with a membranous exoperidium, under which are the compressed arms which surround the greenish gleba. At maturity the exoperidium ruptures at the apex and the enclosed 4-6 arms extend upward, tirst remaining lused at the tips but soon spreading outward, resembling a squid. They are bright red and bear the dark green gleba on the reticulate-pitted upper surface, 40-70 mm long, brittle. The gleba with the spores, in scattered patches, emits a strong carrionlike odor. A whitish, cylindrical, hollow stalk 20-50 mm long ofspongy-porous consistencyremains in the hull.Gregar-

Remarks This fungus has been known in Europe since 1914 lrom the Vosges. lt is suspected that il was introduced from Australia or NewZealand with woolor military rations. Little by little il spread throughoul Europe.ln cermanyitwas first documented in 1934 on the plain olthe Rhein nearKarlsruhe and in Swilzerland in Oclober 1942 n€ar Augsl in Canton Aargau. The German name "squid lungus'very aplly describes the form ofthis beautiluland interesting fungus. Specirnens examined and photographed Sch0plheim/Lu (Fin ishiltten), elev. 1000 m,quad.2064. Aug. 15, 1979, coll. PA, 1508-79 Am-

an

an alpine paslure,

Otherspecim6n3: quad. 1250,2065,2168. lmbach: not included.

ious.

524

Clathrus ruber l\richeli: Pers. : Clathrus cancellatus Toumef. ex Fr. Hebiiai On soilin hardwoodlorests and parkgrounds, in southern or warm regions, especiallyaround the Mediterranean Sea (sometimes also introduced). Summer. Rare. Distribution: W.

Fam. Clathraceae Chev. (Fam. Clathraceae Chev. 1826)

lricroscopic Iealure3

A: Spores cylindrical, smooth, yellow-green, with drops,5-6 x 1.6-2&m. B: Easidia not seen. C: Cystidia not seen. D: (O1) Hyphae ofthe exoperidiumthin-

Macroscopic featurea The Iruiting body develops hypogeously from a shpericalto egg-

525

to thick-walled,4-6&m across, septa

without clamps;(D2) hyphae olthe endoperidium indisi inctly visible, 2-4 pm across, some septa wilh clamps; (D3) recepteculum composed of subglobose cells, upto 6a.50&m an diameter.

Bemarks

shaped tuberous structure which appears on the surface of the ground at maturityand then ruptures atthe apex.The lattice-shaped receptaculum then rises up out oI it. 'Tuber" 20-30 mm across, with a dingy-whitish to yellowish exoperidium, with rootlike, whitish mycelial strands at the base, endoperidium gelatinous, translucent yellowish, receptaculum up to 100 mm tall, balloonlike with a lattice-

While lungiolthe Phallales are represented by only relatively few species in our latitude, which moreover otten occur only adventitaously, they are much commoner in the tropics and lhere develop the most diverse forms-

shaped meshwork, bright red, wilh a yellowish tint toward the base, innersurfacesof the meshes coveredwiththe greenish,slimygleba. Consistency of the meshes spongy, porous, soft.Thewhole fungus smells of carrion when mature. Solitary to gregarious.

Other 3pecimens: none.

Specimons axamined and phologrephed Balerna/Tl, elev. 300 m, quad. 0772, in hardwood forest, June 17, 1984, coll. Riva.1706-84 BR.

lmbach: not included.

Phallogaster saccatus

Fam. Hysterangiaceae Fischer

irorgan

(Fam. Hysterangiaceae Fische|1899)

Habitat On rotten wood of broadleaved trees and conilers, commonly along

pathsides and in places where wood is stored. Spring-early summer. Rare. Absent lor years. Distribution: E, NA. Macroscopic fgatures Fruiting body spherical and tuberlike when young, laler irregularly pyrilorm-clavate, 10-20 (30) mm across and'10-30 (40) mm high, partly buried in the ground, base drawn out and rootlike with welldefined, dingy white, and strongly branched rhizomorphs, exterior (peridium) smooth, dull, cream-white to dingyllesh-colored, sometimes spotted with brown, at maturity splitting f rom the apex outward into 3-4lobes which disintegrate and exposethe dark green,lubricous gleba wilh the spores. ln this stage the fungus smells strong and unpleasant,like carrion. Peridium ca.l mm thickand fragile and soft.ln crosssectiontheglebaolyounglruitingbodiesappearslight green, cartilaginous and permeated with gelatinous, darker,veinlike strands. When the fungus disintegrates the gleba becomes liquidslimy. Occasionally solitary, but usually gregarious.

398

Microscopic feaiures

A:

Spores cylindric-elliptic, smooth, hyaline (greenish in mass),4-5.5 x 1.72.3 lm,l-. B: Basidia cylind rical, 7-10 x 1.5-4 pm,6- lo 8-spored, sterigmataveryshort, barely visible. C: Cystidia not seen. D: Wall of peridium composed of subglobose to spherical cells.

Maiuro fruiting bodiesofthe species described he.e smellsimilarto Pral/us impudlcus (No. 528) and can therelore scarcely be mistaken al this stage. Typical ol lhe species are also the long, rootlake mycelial strands which branch abundantly and permeate the substrate. All ou r collections date hom the years 1968 and 1969. Sincethen lhefungus has notbeen foundagain in ourlloristic regon. Specimen3 exemined and photographald Sorenberg/LlJ, elev.1100 m, quad.1864, on remains ofwood buraed in lhesoil under Alnus incana lgtay alder), May 29,1968, coll. FK,2905-68 K.

Other.pecimens: quad. 1854, lmbsch: not included

'1872, 1959, 2066, 2166,2168, 2268.

--N Ka valo'^

O

10 pm

Et

Clathrus ruber

E

^o

\\..'. o

0

o,t n-

0-*\o hl;

\J

Phallogaster saccatus

M'%

K-s

C)

-ao

tsq>

0\

Nt

526

Mutinus caninus

Fam. Phallaceae Corda

(Huds.: Pers.) Fr.

(Fam. Phallaceae Corda 1842)

dog stinkhorn

Habital On soil in hardwood torests and more rarely conifer rorests

Uicroscopic leaiures

in

humusy places and near wood waste, as well as around stumps. Summer. Rare. Distribulion: northern hemisphere.

Ar Spores elliptical, smooth, hyaline, 4-5 x 1.5-2.5 pm, l-. B: Basidia cylindrical, 20 x 5 pm, with 6 spores, without basal clamp. C: Cystidia not seen. D: {O1) Receptacu lum round-celled, cells u plo ca. 70&m across; (O2) hyphae thin-walled, 4-74m across,septawithout clamps; (D3) hyphae in the endoperidium becoming gelalinized, 1-3 ,cm across, sepla sparse,without clamps. of the exoperidium

Macroscopic ,eatures Frbs. develop hypogeously and push upward to the surface as "witch's eggs",20-35 mm high, with rootlike mycelialstrand atthe base, exteriorsmooth, whiie to ocher-spotted. ln cross section with membranous exoperidium, then the gelatinous, translucent endoperidium, the pale green glebawith the glebal chambers, and in the central part the compressed white stalk (receptaculum) which at maturity can elongate many times its originallength. At maturitythe peridium ruptures and the elongation ofthe stalkraisestheglebato a height ot up to 100 mm. The conical, acorn-shaped head is then slimy-soft, dark olive-green, and smells weakly unpleasant, apex orange-red.Within ashorttimethe glebadisappearsand leavesthe empty, orange-brown, honeycomblike glebal chambers. Stalkwhit-

byaswollen orange ring, spongy, hollow, base surrounded byvolvalike remains olthe periish toward the base, set ott from the head

Remaaks This species is rareand waslound by us only in three localities. We suspect that it, like Anthurus erchefl;(No. 523), has spread to central Switzerland on ly in lhe lasl decades, Other species of the genus are Mrtlr./s e/egans (Mont,) Fischet and M- rcvenellii\Be*. & Curt.)Fisch€r. both olwhich were introduced

from Norlh America and are known principally irom greenhouses and park grounds.Theso very rare species have a red receptaculum. Specimens examined and photogr.phed Berom0nsler/Lu (Wiholz), elev. 500 m, quad. 2266, under hardwoods and conilers,Sept. 29, 1973,coll. Hirsiger, 2909-73 BR.

Other specimens: quad. 2068,2366, 2459. lmbach: not included

dium, 10-15 mm thick. Usually gregarious.

527

Phallus hadriani

Fam. Phallaceae Corda

Vent.: Pers.

Habitat On sandy soil in gardens, acc.lit. principally in dunes and steppes, primarily in the southern parts ofEurope. Summer-fall. Notcommon.

Distribution: E, NA, As.

(Fam. Phallaceae Corda 1842)

Microscopic fcatures

A:

Spores elliptical, smoolh, ratherthick-walled, yellowish, withoutdrops,34 x 1.5-1.8 /rrn.

B: Basidia cylindric-venkicose, 20-25 x 3-3.5 pm, with basalclamp.

I

sterigmala and

C: Cyslidia not seen.

Macroscopic features Frb. develops hypogeously and pushes upwardiothe surface asa sphericalto pyriform "witch'segg',30-60mm high.Exteriorsmooth to pittedluberculate,wrinkled,stillwhitishwhen buried butquickly turning pinkto red-violet in the air,with a mycelialstrand atthe base. ln cross section with membranous exoperidium, then the gelatinous, translucent endoperidium, the olive-green gleba with the whitish glebal chambers, and in the central part the compressed, white stalk, which can elongate many times its original length at maturity. Odor pleasant. The peridium ruptures at maturity and the elongation ofthe stalk raises the gleba up to ca.'150 mm.The conical-campanulate head is then slimy-soft, light to dark olive, and has a faint and not unpleasant odor, apexwith small, whitish ring. Within a short time the gleba disappears and leaves behind the empty, whitish, honeycomblike glebai chambers. Stalkwhite, spongy, hollow, base surrounded byvolvalike remains oI the peridium. Usually gregarious. The head olthe photographed frb. is atypicallycovered by a flaplike piece of the endoperidium.

s28

D: (O1)Generetive hyphae 1.5 spm across, septa with clamps;

(D2) hyphae ofthe exoperidium 1,5-6pm ecross, septawith clamps, some antlated and bladderlike and walls somelimes wilh crossbands ol pigment.

The species described here is easy to diflerentiate lrom Phal/us rmpudicus (No.

528) by its pinkwitch's eggs. This fungus seems to occuronly sporadically and adventitiously in Switzerland.

Specim6n3 examined and photographed Pregassona./Tl (Lugano), elev. 200 m, quad. 0971, in garden on sandy soil underSarrbucus (elderberry),Sepl. 28, 1984, coll. Rusca, 2809-84 BR. Other specimens: none.

lmbach: not included.

Phallus impudicus

Fam. Phallaceae Corda (Fam. Phallaceae Corda '1842)

L.: Pers.

stinkhorn

Habitat On soilamong needle litter in spruce forests, but also in hardwood forests and more rarely in parks on coarse humus. Summer-Iall. Comrnon. Principally al colline elevations. Distribution: E, A, As.

MicroBcopic I€ature3

A: Spores elliptical, smooth brownish, with 2 drops,4-4.5 x 1.5-2&m. Br Basidia slenderly clavate, 18-25 x 3.5-4.5 &m, with 6-8 sterigmata D:

Macroscopic teatures The frb. develops hypogeouslyand pushes itselfontothe surface of the soil as a spherical "witch's egg", 30-60 mm high. Exterior smooth to slightly venose-squamose, whitish to dingy cream-colored, with rootlike appendage ai the base.ln cross section with membranous exoperidium, then the gelatinous, translucent endoperidium, the olive-green gleba with thewhitish glebalchambers, and in the central portion the compressed white stalk, which at maturity can become manytimes longer. Odor pleasant, edible ai this stage. At maturitythe peridium ruptures andthe gleba is lifted upto200 mm by elongation ofthe stalk.The conic-campanulate head is then soft and slimy,light to dark olive, and smells sweetish-carrionlike. Apex with a small whitish ring. Within a short time the gleba disappears and leaves behindtheempty,whitish, honeycomblike glebal chambers. Stalk white, spongy, hollow, base surrounded by volvalike remains of the peridium. Usually gregarious.

400

and

basal clamp.

C: Cystidia not seen. (D1) Generative hyphae 1.5-2.5 &m across, septa with clamps; (D2)

hyphae

in the gleba surrounded by amorphous subslance,l-6pm across; (D3) hyphae in the endoperidium strongly gelatinized with brownish pigmentation, 1.5-3&m across, sepla with clamps.

Avery similar species, but rare in centralEurope, is Phal/us dupllcatus Bosc, which has a wide-meshed, white durable veil (indusium) under the head. Forms ol P ,mpudlbus with a delicale,fugacious veilare also described in the lit. Th€ spores are distribuled principally by insects (f lies, carrion beetles, etc-) which are lur€d bylhe carrion odor ol the gleba.

Specimcnr exrminad

Sursee/Lu (Surseewald), elev.430 m, quad.2265, in mixed forest on spruceneedle litter, July 26, 1983, coll. FK,2607-83 K. Photographed in quad.2066.

Other specimens:

lmbach: included.

in whole region,

parliculady common ai colline elevalions.

canrnus

Wva

0doo,

l'\\ 'd osi

It

Phallus hadriani

Et o (o El

sS

0-s

nv@ -@ aA

Et

Phallus impudicus

Y V

;l

C/2 7e

0^

U

^a o0c

(f)L

EI

FI

;

Plate of pore- su rfaces

1

i{,t?iltiiltiiii,iiffi

i.iii.+ ii!i:'.'i iil:j.:'.i] .;iiil:i ;

l::iri ::.:,*l {11,:: iii it ',: "r.:il r,-l:,;1....)iiirii:.i::!".:j r:

j

t 1:,

-, . > :-..,.ij . i-.., : ji,::ji::.;1i,.:;jiii.

' :'.',.,-.: : 1...i,.. ;,i1r:;i1j:lgii i: .i,.i.1'".!

'i+'.

'

1

, !,'

Plate of pore-surfaces 2 Al photographs atascale of

3 3 mm on the photoqraphs are equallo 1 mm n nature

3:'1

Trichaplum abietinum

Perenniporia fraxinea

Daedaleopsis confragosa

361

Tr chaptum fusco-violaceunl

Daedalea quercina

385

Daedaleopsisconfragosa

Fomes tomentarius

var- tricolor

387

Fomitopsispinicola

Gloeophyllum sepiarium

388

Fomilopsis rosea

Gloeophyllum abretrnLrm

Gloeophyllum trabeum

Gloeophyllum odoratum 403

Plate of pore-surfaces 3

3.3 mm on the photographs are eqLrallo 1 mrn n nalure.

All photoqraphs at a scale of 3:1

395

Aurantiopon-rs fiss lis

397

Helerobas d on annosum

398

lnschnodermabenzoinum

j

Merp usgiganteus

Po yporus badius

Polyporus melanopus

423 444

Polyporus varius

Po yporus arcular us

416

Polyporus brumalis

W Ganoderma applanatum

4T7

Polyporuscillalus

422

Polyporustuberasler

429

Bondarzewramontana

&

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Stachelpilze Europas.

G. ('1964)

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(1934)

Martin G. W. (1952)

The genus Stype/a. Univ. lowa Stud. Nal. Hist. 16:143-150. Revision ol the North Central Tremellales. State Univ. lowa Stud. Nat. Hist. - Reprint 1965. Biblioth. Mycoloo. 22.

Mdller A. (1895)

Protobasidiomyceten (Untersuchungen aus Brasilien). Bot. l\,litth. Trop. 8.

Monthoux O. & Rollin O. (1978)

Cantharellus ianthinoxanthus el melanoxeros, deux espdces distinctes. SZP.56: 145-

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Blaterpilze (Polyporales. Boletales, Agaricales, Russulales). ln Gams, Kleine Kryptogamenflora.2B(2).

149.

Mykologie. Grundriss lur Naturwissenschaftler und lrediziner. Thieme, Stuttgart. irilller E. & Mycology. An outline for science students and Ldtfler W. (1976) m€dical sludents. Engl. kans. by B. Hendrick & F. Berlocher. Thieme, Stuttgart. Nakasone K. K. Merulius, a synonym ol Phlebia. l\rycotaxon. Burdsall H. H. jr. (1984) 21t 241-246. Neuhotfw.(1936) Die Gallenpilze Schwedens (Tremellaceae, Oacrymycetaceae, Tulasnellaceae, Auriculadaceae). Ark. Bot. A. l: 1-57. Oberwinkler F. (1963) Niedere Basidiomyceten aus Sildbayem lll. Die Gattung Sebaclra Tul. Ber. Bayer. Bot.

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Ldttler W. (1968)

&

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406

Petersen R. H. (1974)

8l

Contribution toward a monograph of Ramaria L Some classic species redescribed. Amer. J.

Bot.61(7):739-748. Contribution toward a monogaph ol Ramaria lll. R. sanguinea, R. tomosa, and two new

species from Europe. Amer. J. Bot.6il(3): 309-316. Pilat A. (19s7)

Ubersicht der europ. Auriculariales und Tremellales unter besonderer Beriicksichtigung der tschechoslowakischen Arten. Sbornik narodniho Musea praze. PB13PB(B).

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Gastromycetes. Flora CSR. Reihe B. 1: 863.

PirSt A. (1958) B

Ubersicht der europ. Clavariaceen unter besonderer Ber0cksichtigung der tschechoslowakischenArten. Sbornik l4B(H): 1 29-255.

Pouzar Z. (1966)

A new species ol ths genus A/bafeflus (Polyporaceae). Folia geobol. phytotax. 1: 274.

Reid D. A. (1970)

New or interesting records of British Hymeno-

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Martin G. W.

'1-56.

67H82.

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Undhena (Basidiomycetes) from West Africa. Kew Bull. 30: 597-600. A new species of

Ryvarden L. (1976r/8) The Polyporaceae ol North Europe. Vol. I & ll. Oslo. Schild E. (1971)

Fungorum rariorum icones coloratae. Pars 5, Cramgr, Lehre.

Schild E. (1977)

Clavaia lutea Vifl., eine eigene Art. Persoo-

Schild E. (1978)

Was ist Ramaria aurca und Ramaia flava.

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40H16.

Z. Mykol. 44l'2\: 171-17a. Singer R. (1951)

TheAgaricalesin modern taxonomy. 3rd edit., 1975. Cramer, Vaduz.

Torkelsen A. E. (1971) celesopper. Oslo.

lndex tO fungi

(iralics = synonym)

Sp.no.

Sp.no.

P.

A

Scleroderma 504 Hyphoderma 123 arguta, Grandinia 77 aryuta, Hyphodontia 100 atguta, Kneiffielld 100 arida, Coniophora 236 arida v. sufiocata, Coniophora 206,2OS asercefo/77!,is, Anthurus 398 dspera, Hyphodontia 104 aspen, Kneilliella 104 asterophora, Tylospora 215 astercphorum, Tylosperma 192 asterospora, Clavaria 442 areolatum,

argillaceum,

abieticola, Grandinia abietina, abietina, Lenzites abietina, abietinum, Gloeophyllum abietinum, Trichaptum

Columnocystis Ramaria . .

100 7'l 308

it58 389 360

abietinus, Dacrymyces abietin us, H i rsch io potus

52 288

abietis, Peniophora abietis, Pterula

19'l

Abortiporus accedens. Tubulicrinis acerina, Dendrothele acrospora, Athelia

310

.

acuminata,Ceratellopsis

2Ol 80 84 336

.

Clavaria Ganoderma Bierkandera

acuta. adspersum, adusta,

441

adustus, Cloeoporus afiinis, PeniophoQ

26A 154 154

allin is, P ha n eroch aete afflata. Lentaria

342 240

alba, Mucrcnella

Albatrellus. albida, Antrodia albida, Exidia albidus, Tyromyces . albovinacea, alboviolascens, alboviridis, Aleurodiscus allantospon, Xen asmatella

Lentaria Lachnella Kavinia

276 64 272

/lilg

Dendrothele

60 7A

194

alliaceum, Hydnum alni, Plicatura alnicola, Athelia

124 170 84

alpestrc, Heicium altaica, Hyphodontia alutacea, Athelia .

240 102 84 106

alutaria,

Grandinia

76

atutaia, Hyphodontia

alutaia, Kneiffiella

100 100

alveolaius, Polypotus . amarescens, Sarcodon

328 232

Columnocystis .

ambigua, 72 il89 ambiguus, Melanogaster ambiguusv. euryspermus, Melanogaster 374 amethystina, Clavulina 352 amorpha, Skeletokutis 362 amorphus, 45 amorphus, Gloeoporus 290 amoryhus f. molluscus, Leptopotus 230 Amphinema 98 Amylocorticium 80 Amylostereum 178 andinum, Asterostroma 242 angustisporum, Botryobasidium 94 angustus, Tubulicrinis 208 anisata, Ramaria 366

. Aleurodiscus

.

anisopotus, Polyporus annosum,

Heterobasidion

324 397

anomala, Cyphellopsis

Merismodes Thelephora

anomalus, anthocephala,

Asterostroma Athslia

242 a2

Athelidium.

128

't

98

224

atrovirens, Byssocorticium aurantiaca, aunntiaca, Phlebia aurantiacum, auranliacum, Ceriomyces aurantiacum, Aurantioporus

Peniophora Athelidium Hydnellum

aurcntium, Sclercdema auratile, Hydnellum aurea, Auriporia aurca, Clavaria

.

aurea, aurea. aureum, Botryobasidium aureus, Merulius aureus. auricula-judae, au tbul a-iu dae, H irn eola

Pseudomerulius

't

316

Auriporia

312

6a

386

Ramaria

benzoinum,lschnoderma. betulae, Coniophora betulina, betulina, Trumetes betulinus, bicolor, Laxitextum bicolot, Odontia

Lenzit€s Piptoporus .

Boletopsis

276

Antrodiella.

bombacina,

274 194

bom bycina, Kneiff iel Ia

.

264 234 328

216 415 230 78 100 100 56 460 398

208 352

244 404 106

Grandinia

Sistotrema brumale, Tulosloma brumalis, Polyporus bryophila, Tomentella Bulbillomyces. byssinum, Piloderma Byssocorticium byssoides, Amphinema brinkmannii.

broomeianus,Melanogaster.

't26 368

79

102 102 188 490

522 416

244 12A 180

96

73

310 310 86 82 268 118 236 50

216 132

Bondarzewia borealis,

33'l

.

c Hydnellum. 259 Pulcherricium 87 Postia 334

166 388

56 56 10

Chamonixia Exidiopsis

caespitosa,

calcea, calcea, Sebacina Calocera

492

1l 56 50

Phanerochaete

calotricha, 159 calotrix, Tubulicrinis 188 calva v. aggregata, Mucronella 2ag Calvatia 388 198 Calyptella 225 campanula, Calyptella campestis, Coriolellus 2A2 campestris, 350 campestis, Trcmetes 282 cancellatus, Clathrus 398 candicans, 62 candicans, Oidium 90 candida, Tremella 64 128 eandida, Peniophg@ candida, Solenia 202 126 can di dissima, Cristella candidus, Henningsomyces 229

. Dichomitus

Botryobasidium

. Mutinus 526 Cantharellus capitata, Dacrymyces 3 capitatum, Haplotrichum capitatum, Hyphoderma 124 capula, Calyptella 2fi carneo-lutea, Schizopora carneogrisea, Skeletocutis 363 carneola, lncrustoporia carnosum, Ganoderma 426 caninus,

178 393

bombycinum,Hypochnicium.

Botryobasidium

296 287

caesius, Tyromyces 54 54

.

Climacocystis borcalis, Spongipellis borealis, Tubulicrinis

505

brcviseta, Hyphodonla brcviseta, Kneiffiella

caesiocinereum,Basidiodendron

7

.

Athelia

386 388

.

Mucronella

bresadolae, Brevicellicium brevipes, Sparassis breviseta,

.

243

bispon, Athelia

398

brcsadolae, Ceriporia

.

68 168 170

Abortiporus

biennis, biennis, Daedalea biennis, Hetercporus binucleospora, Athelia

61 461

Helicobasidium I

caesiocinerca, Sebac,ha

't

bicolot, Piloderna bicolot s. a., P ilode rma bicolor, Besinicium .

Scleroderma

bovista, brebissonii,

214

.

94

il59

baha-jovis, Hy pho donti a baha-jovis, Kneillie a . Basidiodendron bataillei,

Botryobasidium

Ramaria

botrytis, Bovista . bovista, Cdlvatia

210

168

B

Polyporus Grandinia.

94

cacao, Phlebia caelata, Calvatia caeruleum, caeruleum, caesia, caesioci ne rca, Bou tdoti a

268

bddiotusca, Tomentella badius, Bankera barba-jovis,

Botryohypochnus botryoides, Tomentella botryosum,

P.

257

Auriporia Auriscalpium aurulenta,

66

118

Bjerkandera Boidinia .

254

. 425 Athelia 49 Anthurus 523 Polyporus 414 Amylostersum 195

146

Auricularia.

Anthurus Antrodia Aphanobasidium applanatum, Ganoderma arachnoidea, archeri, arcularius, areolatum,

78

.

Auricularia

47

alutacea, Kneilliella

344

Mycoacia. Bamaria

230

allantosporum,Aphanobasidium 219 alliacea,

astergaporc, Clavulino psis

atkinsonii, Ganodema attatu m, Ceatobasi diu m

424 329

Sp.no.

P.

.

caroticolor,Stephanospora cartilaginea, Exidia

Craterocolla

90

302

491 64 108

.

Ceraceomyces cerasi, cerasi, Ditangium Ceratobasidium

370

20 62 76

334

Ceriporia

296

270

Ceriporiopsis Cerocorticium

29A 110

209

Cerr€na 90

chailletii,

Amylostereum

278 196 407

Sp.no. Chamonixia chioneus, Tyromyces chinoeus, Leptopotus Chondrostereum

christiansenii,Trechispora

. . Polyporus Grandinia

chrysoloma, Phellinus cibarius. Cantharellus ciliatus, cineracea, ci neracea, Hy phodontia cinetacea, Kneitfiella

cinetascens,

Poia

376 270 292 180

.

Craterellus cinnabarinus, Pycnoporus

481

Corticium Cotylidia

98 172 372 62 156

417

80 2AO

455 27a 156

280 374 486

cinnabaina, Trcmetes cinnamomea, Coltricia

284 353 292

circinata, Onnia circinatus, Trametes chcinatus v. tiqueta,

244 24A

Mucrcnopotus

Creolophus citrinum, Scleroderma . citrinus, Vesiculomyces cirrhatus,

24a 284

citinu m, Gloeocysti diellum

122 506 109

clathroides, Hericium Clathrus Clavaria Clavariadelphus clavatu m, Nevrophyllu m

clavatus, Gomphus

u2 350 368 480

Clavulicium Clavulina Clavulinopsis

124

clematidis,Litschauerella.

Cralerellus . Craterocolla crcmea, Peniophorc

Phlebia Tomentella. Plicaturopsis Sparassis ctispus, Ctaterellus cristata, Clavulina cristatus, Albatrellus cremeo-och racea, Creolophus crinalis, crispa, crispa,

Piloderma Hymenochaete Grandinia.

croceum, Crucibulum cruenta, Crustomybos crustosa. crustosa. Hyphodontia crustosa- Kneiffrelle c ry stalIi n a, H etercc h aeteIIa

llodon curvispora, Grandinia cuticularis,

217 189 260 310 366 261

86

Albatrellus . Phellodon

confluens, Rad,lomyces confragosa,

122 122

406 93 268 110

.

Daedaleopsis

394

conf ragosa v. tricolor,

Daedaleopsis

.

Coniophora conspersum, Botryobasidium conspersum, consqercum, Oidium

Haplotrichum

conspersum,Stigmatolemma

Phellinus

contiguus, contortus, Clavariadelphus coprophila, Athelia cotalloides, Dryodon coralloides,

Hericium

Coriolopsis co um, Byssomerulius corium, Meruliopsis

. cornea, Calocera cornea, Phlebia corniculata, Clavulinopsis cornigerum, ceratobasidium cornucopioides, Craterellus corcnatum, Geastrum 408

385 94 68

94 234 311 340

a4 286

280 144

114 304 304

Ceriporia Calvatia

extenuata, Tnmetella

240

218

173

farcta,

Nidularia . Bulbillomyces

farinacea, Trechispora farinosus, tasc iculais, M uc rcnel la fasciculata, Solenia fasciculatus, Merismodes. fasciculatus, fastidiosa, tastidiosa, Cistella

Rectipilus Trechispora

140

342 52 3't 8 80 366 234

254 246 212 313 2'l.6

292 366 227

160

i

3O2

250,254 400

Steccherinum Aurantioporus

216 216

193 395

Macrotyphula flaccida, Ramaria Flagelloscypha flava, Ramaria flavescens, Ramaria flavobrunnescens, Bamaria

438

losus, Clavariadel ph us

floccosa, Grandinia tlocculenta, Cytidia foetida, Thelephorc

340

46:l 200 464 465 466

'l02 .114

124

.

. foliacea, Tremella oliacea v. succinea, Tremella fomentarius, Fomes foetidum, Lycoperdon

512

382 204 3'12

fistulosa, f istu

46

86 156

232

Stromatoscypha

fissilis, Tyrcmyces Fistulina

344

192 216

fimbriata,

fssiLs, Sporg,peflls

Exidiopsis

462

filamentosa,Phanerochaete.

282

138

252 12

124 50

lilamentosa, Penio pho rc

224

echinospora,Tomentellopsis

113

251 53

Tomentellina Athelia

Dichomitus dichotoma, Clavulinopsis dichtous, Caloporus dichrous, digitalis, disciformis, Aleurodiscus donkii, Fibuloporia dryadeus, lnonotus dryophilus, duplicatus,

Lycoperdon

231

frbrcsa, Kneiffiella fibrosa, fibulata, Fibulomyces

diabolum, Hydnellum

echinatum,

202 198

312 262

fimbriatum, fissilis,

Gloeoporus Cyphella . . lnonotus Phallus

240

fibilosum, Tylospema

17

.

124 112 119

Ramaria Tomentella ferrugineo-fuscus.Phellinus. ferrugineum, Hydnellum fetruginosa, Cdldesiella ferruginosus, Phellinus fibrillosa, Tylospora. fennica, ferreus, Phellinus ferruginella,

140

Lagarobasidium

170 497

Femsjonia.

lim b atu m, Po totheli u m

eflusa,

280

fainacea, Cistella

fimbiatum, Geastrum

ec hinospo n, Pseu dotomente lla ech i nos pota, Tomentel I a

382

328

140

171

487

130 431

evolvens, Codicium 110 evolvens, Cylindrobasidium 92 excelsa, 371 excipuliformis, 510 Exidia 62 Exidiopsis 56 Exobasidium expallens, Podoporia 300 expansum, Exobasidium 72

396

,146

76

5l

Dentipellis . deprcssum, Vascellum detritica, Peniphora . detitic u m, Hy poch n icium

E

I

50

delectabile, Corticium delicata f. bispora, Lentaria deli quesce n s, Dacrymyces Dendropolyporus Dendrothele densissima, Pterula

144

238

euapaeus, Favolus

F

296

.

Athelia Xenasmatella Phlebia deglubens, Eichleriella

detriticum,

206

116

eurcpaeum, canoderma

faginea, Plicaturc

1.14

248

52

358 304 332

378 1't0 200 204 112 296

cytisinus, Haplopotus

342 14

.

Typhula

106 301

Cytidia

Dacrymyces Dacryobolus Daedalea Daedaleopsis Datronia decipiens, decipiens, delinitum, Hyphoderma deflectens s.1.,

confluens, confluens, Cerocorticium confluens,

'102 60

cytisina, Fomitopsis

384

Confertobasidium

102

346

111

confinis, Ciste a confinis, Trcchisporu

112 81

Cysloslereum

D

Vuilleminia Sistotrema compactum, Hydnellum conchatus, Phellinus concolor, Ramaria concrescens, Hydnellum

295

Cyathus Cylindrobasidium Cyphella Cyphellostereum

192

collabens, Junghuhnia. Coltricia Columnocystis comedens, commune f o. elibulatum,

37a

352 214

.

181

26

62

lnonotus

270

colif orme, l\,lyriostoma

108 168

60 400

Sebacina Athelia

478 456 407

138

Tremella

erythropus, eumorpha, Bamaria eupora, Poria

lSil

P.

56

eichleri, Hypochnicium Eichleriella . elegans, Mutinus enatus, Dacrymyces encephala, eosanguinea, Ramaria epichnoa, Lentaria epigaea, epiphylla, Epithele erikssonii, Peniophora erinaceus, Hericium

EMhricium

crocea, sarcodontia

Climacocystis.

Trechispora

238

effusa, Sebacina

245

.

clemati dis, Tubu li cium cohaerens,

172

c rystallin u m, Trcme

240 398

.

314

Cristinia

249

.

cinnamomea,Hymenochaete

131

358

cinerca, Daedalea

Cinereomyces cinereus, Cantharellus. cinereus,

Hyphodermella

corrugala, Bamaria coffugis, Podobmes

.

Clavulina cinerea, Peniophora

Sistotrema

coronilerum, l9O corcnilla, Cotticium 174 corrugala, Hymenochaete 293 corrugata,

Sp.no.

P.

110 309

102 102

cinerea,

Sp.no.

P.

513 27

f

Fomes Fomitopsis

.

386 306 306

Sp.no.

Ramaria Polypotus fragilis, Dentipellis fragilis, Postia formosa, forquignonii,

285 335 272 148

. . frondosa, Grifola. fuligineo-alba, Bankerc f uligineo-violaceus,

37O

482 394

222

Sarcodon

Hymenochaete

fuliginosa,

Ramaria fumosa, Bjerkandera fumosal. cinerata, Bjerkandera fumosa, Clavaria fumigata,

26a

.

443

Funalia.

furcata, Calocera furfuracea, fu iu ruceum, Gl oeocysti diellu m

294 468 330

50

Boidinia.

103 .

fusco-violaceum,Trichaptum

Mycoacia Clavulinopsis Merulicium fusisporus, Hypochnus fuscoatra, fusiformis, fusisporum,

361 169 447

l,l3 42

fusisporus, Merulius fusoideus, Fibulomyces

G

't44 88

Coriolopsis .

gallica, 347 gallica, Cristinia 88 Galzinia 172 Ganoderma gausapatum, Stereum 199 Geastrum gelatinosum, Pseudohydnum 19 gelatinosus, Ttemellodon . 62 gemmatum, Lycopetdon . 394

.

Hydnellum Hypochnicium . Langermannia

geogsnium,

263

geogenium, gibbosa, Trametes gigantea,

133 354

gigantea, Peniophora gigantea, Phlebia

511 158 158

.

Phlebiopsis l\reripilus . glandulosa, Exidia glandulosa, Exidia glaucopus, Sarcodon glebulosus, Tubulicrinis, globospora, Tiemella gigantea, giganteus, gilvescens, Ceriporiopsis

165

274

Gloeophyllum. Gloeoporus Gomphus

368

292

Pterula Ramaria

188

.

477

476 100 130

Grandinia grisea, Exidiopsis

82 312 13

grisea, Sebacina grisellum,

Aphanobasidium

gisellum, Xenasma

griseo-violacea, Tomentella

.

insignitum, Stereum invalii, Ramaria

lrpex

58 220

Botryohypochnus

K

Phallus. haematodes, Polypotus Hapalopilus Haplokichum hartigii, Phellinus hastifer, lnonotus

266 314

. Exobasidium .

karstenii, Dacryobolus karstenii,

204 174

74 276 35 437 340

302 102 180

114

36 88

154

312 94

314 303

Helicobasidium

helvelloides, Cuepinia helvelloi des, helvelloides. helvetica,

54 70 70

.

P h I o g i otis

Tremiscus Cristinia

80

lacercta, Cofticium 527

31

89

Clavariadelphus Peniophora Skeletocutis Phlebia Peniophora lindbladii, Antrodia lindbladii, Cinereomyces ligula, lilacea, lilacina. lilascens. limitata,

(xl

493 233 1 97 317

234 158 140

479 390 469 316 146 186 12O

289

342 330

284 326 24A 270

210 28'l 277

12O

,152

'l5O

364

174 1il8 2AO

346

Lindheria

144 192

Litschauerella

livida.

Phlebia Lycoperdon

longispoa, Peniophon

69

lace@ta, Atheliopsis

hadriani,

130 121

Gloeocystidiellum

184

L

H

. . Crucib-dum Cyphdlo6iereom Aniyldefeum Phellhus Phanerociaete. Lagarobasidum laminosa, Sparassis Langermannia largentii. Ramaria Laricifomes laurenlii, Peniof*pra lautum, SubiJliium Laxitextum. laxum, Asterostroma Lentaria lentus, Polyprus Lenzites lepideus, Pdyprus leporina, Onnia Leptoporus Leucogyrophana leucomelaena, Boletopsis leucopus, Sa.codon laetum, Erythriium laeve, Bolryobasirum laeve, laeve, laevigatum, laevigatus, laevigatus, Sarcodo.r laevis,

longisporum,Subullcystidium

175 514

162 186 206

NA

Lopharia Loweomyces lucidum, lundellii, lundellii,

270

Ganoderma Hypochnicium Phellinus

134 318

Megalocystidium

104

426

luidum, Gloeocystidiellum

Sarcodon Exobasidium Macrotyphula

Kavinia

247

laetum, Cottbium

358

.

Jaapia jacksoni i, Pau IIicotticium . japonicum, Exobasidium ioeides, juelianum, juncea, iu nceu s, Clava dade Iph u s Junghuhnia juniperi, Grandinia juniperi, Xerccaryus

196

178 316

Laetiporus.

lividum, longicystidia, Phlebia

J 118 308

gracilis, gracilis, Grandinia Granulobasidium granulosa, Grifola

Cantharcllus 372 . 316 igniaius. v. ttivialis, Phellinus 266 imbricatus, Sarcodon 275 impudicus, Phallus . 528 incarnata, Peniophora . 147 incrustans, Galzinia 186 incrustans, Sebacina 15 infundibuliformis,Cantharellus 370,372 lnonotus 250 iantinoxanthus, igniarius, Phellinus

21

210 2a

Steccierhrn

P.

leucoxanthum,Megalocystidium 108

I

Phellinus lschnoderma

375

laeticolor,

leucoxanthum,

isabellinus, isabe inus,

4O2

Gloeocystidiellum

gftcilima, Tubulicinis

Clavulinopsis 448 Henningsomyces 202 hepatica, Fistulina 48 hepaticus, Ptychogaster 334 Hericium 24O Heterobasidion 314 heteromorpha, Antrodia 276 hiemale, Lycopetdon 396 himantioides, Serpula . 210 hippophaecola, Phellinus . 315 hirsuta. Trametes 355 hirsutum, Stereum 200 hispidus, lnonotus 304 hoehnelii. Antrodiella 3,til hoehnelii, Trametes 278 Hydnellum. 220 hydnoides, Peniophota 160 hydnoides, Phlebia 160 hydnoides, Scopuloides 60 Hydnum 236 Hymenochaete 244 Hyphoderma 130 Hyphodermella 136 Hyphodermopsis 142 hypnophilum, EMhricium . 130 Hypochnella 142 Hypochniciellum 98, 116 Hypochnicium 136 Hypochnus 76 't

'118

Sp.no.

P.

helvola,

330

tragilis, Tyrcmyces lraxinea, Peniophota fraxinea, Perenniporia friesii, Cantharellus

Sp.no.

P.

467

laceratum, Lachnella lacrimans,

Amylocorticium

Serpula lacimans, Merulius lactea, Postia lacteola, Phlebia.

80 48 202

242 210 274 164 120

/actescerq Gloeocystidie um

lactescens,Megalocystidium

. laeta, Peniophora laeticolor, Clavulinopsis lacteus, lrpex

Ramaria

. Cantharellus

118

470 346 381

302 483 68 150 384 390

142

M macnabbii, Dacrymyces macounii, macrosporopsis, m ac ros poru m, Laeticotticiu m Macrotyphula mairei, Ramaria malicola, malicola, Cotiolellus

Clavulicium corticium

1N 74 98 340 364

Antrodia

3/t0

mammaelorme,Lycoperdon.

515

mammosum, Tulostoma maryinata, Ungulina matginatus, Polypotus martioflavus,

Sarcodon

396 306

278

maxima, Calvatia

107 192 146 449

luridum, lutea, luteoalba, Clavulinopsis luteoalba, Femsjonia luteoalba, Junghuhnia Iuteoal bu s, Chaeto potu s lutescens, lutescens, Tremella . lycii, Peniophora . lycopetdoi des, Scle rcderm a Lycoperdon Lyomyces

medioburiense, Hyphoderma medium. medium, Bolryobasidium

Asterostroma .

390 136 29O

64 409

SP.no.

Haplotrichum Tubulicrinis medulla-panis,Perenniporia. medullais, Po a Megalocystidium melaleucum, Hydnum . melaleucus, Phellodon medium, medius,

92 211 369

294 118, 120

228 269

melanocephalum, Ggastrum

Melanogaster

384

374

.

Polyporus.

melanopus, melanoxeros. Membranomyces Meripilus Merismodes Merulicium .

Cantharellus

418

il84 316 198 144

144,154

I

146

E

114

microsporella, Grandinia

102

micrcsporum, Cofticium mi ni atus, Cantha rcllus .

110 370

minutissima,Flagelloscypha. mirabile, Hydnellum molare. Cerocorticium

. molais, Radulomyces molle, Hypochniciellum molle, Lycoperdon mollis, Datronia mollis, Leptoporus

228 222

94 112

.

mollis, Leucogy to phan a mollis, Tyrcmyces mollusca, Leucogyrophana mollusca, Trechispora

. molluscus, Polypotus monlana, Bondarzewia mori, Polyporus mou geotii, Hymenochaete

101

3/A 3:i2 115 270

210

1t5

Lentaria. mucidula,Pseudotomentella mucidus, Porpomyces . mucida.

246 108

398

.

400 358 160 68

N

nidulans, Hapalopilus Nidularia niger, Phellodon

471

83

.

. nigrescens, Bovista. nigrsscens, Rigidoporus nigricans, Phellinus. nigrolimitatus, Phellinus nitellina, Tomentella njtida, Junghuhnia

270 507 319

320 216 304

nivea, lncrustopoia nivea, nivea, Skeletocutis

292

niveo-cremeum,Paullicorticium

n iveo-crcmeum,

gstotrcmastru n

lnonotus Peniophora

nodulosus, nuda, 410

Spongipellis . .

310

316 401 237 2Oo

494 248 134 176 324

324 184

320,322

:1 ^1: 3uz

37 473

papillata, Svpella papi osa, Hyphodontia

. Hydnellum . Lycoperdon Thelephora

paradoxa, Schizopora Paullicorticium peckii, pectinatum, Geastrum pedicellatum, penicillata, Peniophora Perenniporia perennis, perlatum, Lycoperdon

1A7

Phlebiopsis Physisporinus piceae, Peniophora piceicola,

388

144 174

264 499

517 254 146

294 298 518 390 408 320 6 334

432 318 398 400 154 302

254 22a 162

.

't

58 300 150

.

Prolodontia

04

380

.

Phlebia

't04

60

Phaeolus Phallogasler

365

172 212

't

papyinus, Merulius

182

84

52

411

.

18

168

248 150

254 254 148

Fomitopsis

Piptoporus

3A7

Clavariadelphus

Exidia . Tryomyces

453

22 151

3:i9 62 170 170

Bovista

508

polonensis,Hyphodermopsis

Peniophora.

polygonia,

318 336

.

Pistillaria pistillaris, pithya, pithya, Peniophora placenta, plana, Exidia Plicatura Plicaturopsis plumbea, polonense, H y pho derm a . polonense, Hy poch n ici um

142 142 140 152

polymoryhus, lnonotus

56 115

Grandinia U palmaia, Thelephora E5 paludosa, Bovista pannocinctus, Gloeoporus 367 pannosa, Cotylidia 184

Phanerochaete phellinoides, Schizopora Phellinus Phellodon

305 149

99

pallida, fhelephora pa idofulva, Tomentella

Phallus

382

nitidus, Chaetoporus nivea, Athelia

Plicatura .

392

P

Coltricia . 312 perlatumv.nigrescens,Lycoperdon 380 pes-caprae, Albatrellus pes-capraet scutiger pezizaeformis, Femsjonia pleifferi, Ganoderma phacorrhiza, Typhula 104

54

291 191

pallidula,

126

.

354 239

pinicola,

P.

326

Tomentella .

Polyporus

250 324

pomaceus, Phellinus

266

populicola, Phellinus populinus, poriaerorme, Stigmatolemma porosum, Gloeocystidiellum Porpomyces

264

Oryporus

379

.

portentosum,Scylinostroma. Postia praeteritum, Xenasma pratense,

Vascellum

propinquus,Tubulicrinis Prolodontia pruinatum,

206 105 322 100 272 196

.

praetermissum,Hyphoderma

126 521

Botryobasidium

188 60

65

140 Odontid pruinosum, Xenasma 221 pruni, Grandinia 102,104 pseudocomigerum, Ceralobasidium 4l Pseudocraterellus 374 pseudoferruginea, fomentella 212 62 Pseudohydnum 21O Pseudomerulius pseudomollusca, Leucogyrophana . 241 pseudomolluscus, Merulius . 210 21a Pseudotomentella pterospora, Lindtneria . 144 366 Pterula puberum, Hyphoderma 127 pubescens, Trametes 357 ilsl pulchella, Ramariopsis

pruinosa,

pa idula, Kneitfie a 174

picipes, Polyporus Piloderma pilosa, pini, Peniophora pini, Phellinus pini v. abietis, Phellinus

pini, Stercllum 354

44

ovoideum, Hypochniciellum 59 ovoideu s, Le ptosporomyces orycocci, Exobasidium Oxyporus

pachyodon, pachysporum, Exobasidium pallida, Ramaria

.

. Grandinia Athelia.

Polyporus Osteina. ostrea, stereum ovinus, Albatrellus ovisporus, Dacrymyces

176

194

otbicularc, Radulum

253

410 240

nemgcii, Sparassis neoformosa, Bamaria nespori, nespoi, Kneittiella neuhoffii,

Ramaria . . Sistolrema Gloeophyllum . . officinalis, Fomitopsis otficinals. Laricifomes olivacea, Coniophora glivacea, Coniophorclla olivaceoalbum, Conlertobasidium olivascens, Brevicellicium olla, Cyathus . Onnia ochrochlora, ochroleuca, Jaapia ochroleucum, Asterostroma octosporum, odoratum, odoratum, Scytinostroma odo@tus, Osmopgtus

PachyMospora

Trametes 356 Pterula 477 . 96 muscicola, Cotticium mutabilis, Fibulomyces 57 mutabilis, Trcchispon mutatum, Hyphoderma 16 lrutinus

Steccherinum

4tlo

Mucronella muelledanus, Anthutus multicolor, multifida, murraii, Cyslostereum

myceliosa, Bamaria Mycoacia mycophaga, Tremella

322

419

mucida, Cistinia

ochraceum,

oreophilum, Steccherinum osseus,

516

4A

Osteina 413 lnonotus 306 Sistotrema obtusisporum,Botryobasidium 65 obtusissima, Ramaria . 472 ochraceo-rlavum, Stereum 201 ochnceo-viens, Ramaia

Sp.no.

P.

o

obducta, obliquus, oblongisporum,

ochraceum,Uthatobasidium.

140

Meruliopsis Merulius mesenterica, Auricularia mesenterica, Tremella. microspora, Trechispora

SP,no.

P.

106

Pulcherricium pu lchrc, Clavu linopsis . pulchrum, pulverulentum, Xenasma punctatus, punctif ormis, Dacrymyces punctulatum, Hypochnicium purpurea,

Byssocorticium 70 . 222 Phellinus 321 . 135 372 Ceriporia.

purpureum,Chondrostereum

pu.pu rcum, H el ico basi diu m putpurcum, Stercun pusilla, Bovista

. Coniophora . Athelia

o

Geastrum Daedalea. Grandinia Peniophora Typhula

quadrifidum, quercina, quercina, quercina, quisquiliaris,

198

54

.

pusilla, Pistillaria puteana, Pycnoporus pyriforme, Lycoperdon pytifome, Xenasma pyriformis, pyrosporum, Sistotrema

344

'180

i(lo

388

238 2A4 519

86 55 174

500 383 102,134 153 433

Sp.no.

SP.no.

P.

Scleroderma

R radiata, radiatus,

Phlebia lnonotus

176

307

ndiculata, Femsjonia

52 134

radula, Basi diotad ulum

Hyphoderma Subulicium

radula, rclla, Peniophon rallum,

nl Iu m, Su bu I icysti dium

128 186 205

Ramaria Ramariopsis

186 354 350

rcmeale, Stereum ramentacea, Antrodia

182 276

ravenellii, l\rutinus recisa, Rectipilus repanda, Exidia repandum, resinaceum, Ganoderma resinascens, resinascens, Tyromyces Resinicium resinosum, lschnoderma reticulata, reticulata, Peniophora . rhamni, Phellinus rheades, rhizophilus, Polyporus

400

Exidia

Hydnum

23

202 64

.

Ceriporiopsis

Ceriporia.

lnonotus .

282 427 376 300 168 314 373 130

262 308

420

rhodella, Potia hodellus, Polypotus

296 298

Exobasidium 38 Phellinus 322 Phellinus 264 Phyllopoia 264 Scopuloides 166 Steccherinum 178 . 323 Fomitopsis 388 Corticium 75 Laeticotlicium 98 . 39 Clathrus 524 .ubesceng T/|ametes 304,306 rhododendri, ribis, ribis f. evonymi, tibis, rimosa, robustinus, robustus, Phellinus rosea, rossum, toseum, rostrupii, Exobasidium ruber,

rubiginosa, Hymenochaete 296 rufa, Peniophora . 152 ruta, 177 rutescens, Geastrum 384 rufescens, Hydnum 236 rulomarginata, 154 rutus, Ayrocephalus 70 rutus, Merulius 166 rugosa, Clavatia 354 rugosa, 457 rugosum, 202 rutilans, Cytidia 114 rutilans, 396

Phlebia

Peniophora

Clavulina stereum Hapalopilus

.

sclerotioides, Typhula Scopuloides Scotomyces scrobiculatum,

/(}4

saccata, Calvatia

Phallogaster Cytidia

saccatus, saccharina, Exidia salicina, salicina, Thelephota salicum, Athelia salmonicolor, Hapalopilus sambuci,

Lyomyces

388 525

64 97 114 84 274 139

sambuci, Hyphoderma sambuci, Hyphodontia sandracina, Ramaria sanguinea, Peniophora

Phanerochaele

sanguinea, sanguinea, san gu i nolenta, Podopo a sanguinolentum,

Ramaria Stereum

142 142 156 161

474 203

san gu i nolentus, Rig ido poru s

300

Sarcodon Sarcodontia scabrosus, sceptrif erus, Tubulicrinis Schizopora

279

schweinitii, Phaeolus

403

Sarcodon .

168

subillaqueatum, Hypochnidellum sublaeve, Cotticium

sem i pileatus, Le ptoti mitus

292

semisupina, Antadia semisupina,

278 308

Subulicium Subulicystidium

Scytinostroma

Hydnellum

265 114 58

Sebacina

Antrodiella Gloeophyllum .

344

sepiaia, Lenzites sepiarium,

60 7a

390

sepientrionalis, Fibulomyces 58 se ptocysti dia, Ph anercchaete 160

Scopuloides Antrodia.

septocystidia, serialis, serialis, Phlebia sernanderi, Sistotrema serpens, Antrodia setpens, ce nceomeru Iiu s serpens,

ceraceomyces sessile, Geastrum setigerum, Hyphoderma setipeE, Pislllaia setipes, Typhula . setosa, Sarcodontia similis, Albatrc us simplex, Tremella sinuosus, Pseudocraterellus . Serpula

167

Sistotrema

Phanerochaete .

spadiceum, Lycopetdon spadiceum, Stercum

spurius,

Polyporus Sphaerobolus Grandinia. Stsphanospora stercoreus, Cyathus stereoides, Datronia squamosus, Steccherinum stellatus, stenospora,

Stereum Stigmatolemma stillatus, stiptica,

30 488

174 290 162 186 24O

392 204

136

244 266

'137

i

4

60

226 288 112

106 174 337

.

274 274 249

302

subdefinitum,

Hyphoderma

subf uliginosa, Hymenochaete

130

132 266

294 84 338

256 250 356 84

Tubulicrinis Exidia

2't8 213

24 64

2't2 216

tomentosa, Bovista tomentosd, Coltricia tomentosa v. tiquetrc, Coltticia tomentosa, tomentosus, Calodon

Onnia

tomertosus, Mucrcnopotus

274 310

216 388 24A

248 299

230 24a

.

Phellodon lrabeum, Gloeophyllum trachyspora, Lindtneria Trametes Trechispora Tremella lremellosus, Tremiscus . trsmulae, Phellinus

Merulius .

271

310 391 142

244 122

66 1il5 70

324 288 '192

tigonospe mu m, Cottic i u m

86

subcoronatum,Botryobasidium. 67

154

Trichaptum

80 294

186

154 .

tomentosus, tnbea, Lenzites

336

204

Postia

subcaesia, subcaesia t. minor, Postia subcaesius, Tyrcmyces subclavigera, Tomentella

178

Tomentella Tomentellina Tomentellopsis

182 204

157

Thelephora Tomentella

140

495 349

246 254

.

thermometrus, thuretiana, thuretiana, fremella

498 85

Hydnellum 2tl . 358 Crustomyces 95

E7

tenuis, Fomes tenuis, Perenniporia tenuispora, Athelia tephroleuca, Postia teph role u cus, Tyrcmyces terrestris, Ceriomyces . terrestris, terrestris, testaceo-rlava, Ramaria teutoburgensis, Alhelia

Thelephora

421

Stypella. suaveo/eng Calodon

.

Meruliopsis

iaxicola, taxicola, Calopotus taxicola, Meruliopoia tenue, Corticium

322 412

496 475

suaveolens, Haploporus suaveolens, suaveolens, Trametss su babru ptum, Cystoste.eum subabruptus, su bace n us, Ale urodiscu s subacida, Perenniporia subalutacea, subalutacea, Kneittiella subangulisporum, Sistotrema

152

tabacina f . rhododendri, Hymenochaete tamaricis, lnonotus

272 118

Cyathus Ramaria

3't6

T

stipticus, Tyomyces stnmineum, Cotticium striatus, stricta, Stromatoscypha

198 4lX,

sundstroemii, Exobasidium

tabacina, Hymenochaete

.

Membranomyces

Laetiporus

179

sphaercspora, cistella

. Spongipellis

r26

il(ls

368 380 124

splendidum, Exobasidium spongiosipes, Hydnellum Spongipellis spumeus, spurium, Clavulicium

114 366

129

Sparassis Sphaerobolus

spinulosa, Eichledella

7A

98

s$ingae, Peniophon

501

.

sphagrosporum,Hypochnicium.

ilil

sulphurcus, Polyporus 210

.

Skeletokutis sordida, sororius, Tubulicrinis spadicea, Lopharia

Scotomyces Dacryobolus

sulphureus,

90

.

78 .

subviolaceus, sudans,

108

366 186 186

su bviolacea, Ol iveon ia su bviolaceum, H yd B basid i um

176 276

1

't 10

sublaevis, subrubescens,

sudans, Hydnum sugcica, Ramaria sulphurca, Cristella sulphurca, Cyphella

341

P.

88

Ceraceomyces 91 Albatrellus iloo subsguamosa, BoletoAsis subtilis, Clavulinopsis 'l5O subtomentosum, Stereum AX subulata, Rerula subulatus, Tubulicrinis . 212

Grandinia

sanguinolentus,Physisporinus. 377

384 't

Dacrymyces Postia

S

Sp.no.

P.

triplex,

Geastrum Onnia Phellinus . .

triqueter, trivialis, trogii, Funalia trogii, lschnoderma ttogii, Trametella ttogii, Tnmetes truncata,

Exidia

502 30O

325 351

399

E

282 282

truncatus, Clavariadelphus 454 tsugae, Ganoderma /l85 tubaeformis,

Cantharellus Polyporus .

tuberasler, tubercularia, Trcmella . luberculala, Phanerochaete

422 1(xl 411

SP.no. tuberculosa,PachyMospora tuberculosus, Tubulicrinis

Tulasnella

Phellinus

.

tulasnelloidea.Xenasmalella 223

198

Tulostoma . Tylospora typhae, Epithele

396

176 192

.

102

336 340 274

.

typhuloides, Pistillaria

.

Tyromyces

U uda,

uda, Acia

162

ulmarius, Rigidoporus umbe ata, Gtitola

296

umbellatus,Dendropolyporus /O5

Lycoperdon Typhula, Cotylidia Cerrena

urceolatum,Stigmatolemma. Uthatobasidium utriformis, Calvatia

.

valesiacum, Ganoderma variegatus, Melanogastgr. variisporus, varius, varius v. nummular., Polyporus Vascellum vellereum, Granulobasidiurn vellercum, Hy poch niciu m velutina, Peniophon velutina, velutin um v. sctobiculatus,

318 520 iAG 185 345

278 294 235 7a 509

117 332

Dacrymyces Polyporus

376 5

423 330 396

.

.

Phanerochaste

122 130 158 164

Hydnellum

W

226

wynnei,

Clavaria 444 Stypella, 16 vetrucisporc, Tomentella . 21A verucosum,Scleroderma 384,386 versicolor, Trametes 359 versipellis, Sarcodon 280 vercipotus, Polyporus . 302 Vesiculomyces 122 villosa, Lachnella 2O2 violacea, Hypochnella . 14'l violacea, Tulasnella 32 violascens, Bankera 273 violaceo-livida, Peniophora 155 vermicularis, vermirormis,

Tulasnella Ceriporia Calocera Phellinus Podopoia vitreus, Physisporinus . vitrcus, Rigidopotus vonx, Daadalea vorax, Phellinus . Vuilleminia. vulgare, Auriscalpium vulgare, Crucibulum vulgatum, Geastrum vulpinus, Polyporus violea, viridans, viscosa, viticola, vitrea,

226

velutinu m v. s pongiosi pes,

170

.

40

vaccinii-uliginosi,Exobasidium. 34

Hydnellum

Mycoacia

umbellatus, Polypotus umbrinum, uncialis, undulata, unicolor, unicoloL Trametes unitus, Polyporus

Exobasidium vaga, Trechispora vaccinii,

186 70

Sp.no.

P.

V

tulasnelloideum, Xenasma tulipiferae, lrpex

Typhula

Sp,no.

P.

368 326

Wnnei,

Loweomyces Tyromyces

P.

33 374 2 327 300 378 300

254 309 194 283

378 503

254

333 27O

x xantha f. pachymeres,

Antrodia.

Xenasma Xenasmatella.

342 196 194, 198

z

Clavaria Trametes Tametes zonatum, Hydnellum zollingeri,

zonata, zonatella,

445 6 286

22