Fungi of Switzerland [3/6] 385604020X

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FUNGI OF SWITZERLAND A contribution to the knowledge of the fungal flora of Switzerland

Volume

3

Boletes and

agarics lst part

Strobi Iomycetaceae and Boletaceae Paxillaceae

Gomphidiaceae Hygrophoraceae Tricholomataceae Polyporaceae (lamellate) 450 species described principally from central Switzerland, with drawings of microscopic features and color photographs

Edited by J. Broitenbach and F. Kranzlin, Mycological Society of Lucerne French lranslation by Dr Jean Keller, Universit6 de Neuchetel, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland English translation by Mrs. V L. Waters, assisted by Dr. J. F. Waters, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA 95521, USA Edition Mykologia, P.O Box 165 CH-6000 Lucerne 9, Switzertand

Title ol the German edition "Pilze der

Schweiz' Band

3

ROhrlinge und Blaterpilze

Title ot the French edition .Champignons ds Suisse, Tome

3

1.

Teil

Bolets et champignons a lames ldre partie

Addrcsses ot the translatoE: Dr. Jean Keller, lnstitut de Botanique, Ch anlemetle 22, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland Mrs. V L. Waters and Dr. J. F. Waters, Department ol Biology, Humboldt State University, Arcata, Calit. 95521, USA

Addr€sses ol the author€: J. Breitenbach, Wesemlinstrasse 54, CH-6006 Lucerne, Switzerland F. Kranzlin, Ruflisbergstrasse 3, CH-6006 Lucerne, Switzerland

Collaborator€ from the Floristics Work Group ol the MSL:

Kriens Root W. Kissr, Sarnsn A. Leeb, Luzern

Meggen Dierikon G. Richoz, Kriens F. Muller, Reiden

P Amrein, J. Bachler,

Edlilon Mykologia lJlcerne,

R. Milrner,

W.

P.O.

Oldani,

J. wespi, Horw M. Wymann, Kriens

A. Zwyssig, Troib H. Sutter, Schwyz

Box 165, CH-6000 Lucerne 9, Switzerland

O

1991, all rights reserved Printed in Switzerland typesetting from disc bySticher PrintingAG, 6002 Lucerne Color Sticher Printing AG,6002 Lucerne Sticher Printing AG,6002 Lucerne J. Bechler, P Blank, J. Breitenbach, F. Brunelli, E. Ch6telat, M. Fliick, W Kisor, F. Kranzlin, G. Lanzonit, C. Lavorato, G. Lucchini, K. Miihlebach, F. Miiller, J.-P Prongu6, A. Riva, B. Senn-lrlel, H. Sutler, J. Thien, H. Woltsche, M. \ tymann, A. Zwyssig

Composition: lithographyi Printing: Photographs:

-0 Volume'1, German,2nd edition lSgN $8560+111-7 Volume 1, French,2nd edition ISBN 3-8560+21G5 Volume 1, English, 1st edition ISBN 3-85604-020-X Volume 2, GErman, lst €dition ISBN 38560+12G6 Volume 2, French, 1st edition ISBN $8560+220-2 Volume 2, English, 'lst edition ISBN &8560+030-7 Volume 3, German, 1st edition ISBN 38560+130-3 Volume 3, French, 1st edition ISBN S8560+230-X Volume 3, English, 1st edition ISBN 3-8560441'l

Table of contents

Forcword and Acknowledgments

lntroduction

Floristic part

Translators' note Prelace

b

Authors'forcword Acknowledgments

I I

Synopsis of the systematics used in this book Methods of study Glossary Macroscopic features Abbreviations and symbols Plant names ldentification key

7

10 '13

16

22 25 27 2A

450 species of Boletales, Agaricales,

and lamellate Polyporales numbered trom 1 to 450

Bibliography lndex

Scientific names ol lungi Overview of the rcgion studied

Cover photographs Front

Back

cover: cover:

Hygrocybe coccinea (see No.83) Lecclrurn rufum (see No. 36)

360

Translators' Note

We are honored to continue our collaboration with the Mycological Society of Lucerne by translating this third volume of Pilze der Schwelz into English. The fungicoversd in this book, like those in the previous volumes, are not confined to central Switzerland but are more widely distributed through northern Europe, and many of them occur in Norlh America as well. Thustheseries is uselul throughout the Northern Hemisphere. We are again greatly impressed by ihe huge amount of work which the Mycological Society of Lucerne, in particular JoseI Breitenbach and Fred Kranzlin, have undertaken in collecting and identilying their linds and in grappling with the many

nomsnclatural problems, as well as with their dedication to producing this beautiful series of books. The German edition provided a common name for each spe-

cies of fungus, but lew of them have common names in English. Our policy was to use only names which seem to be genuine folk names. Common names of trees and other plants were obtained mostly from the lollowing sources: Phillips, Roger. 1978. Trees o, North America and Europe. Random House, New York. Phillips, Roger. 1977 Wild flowers ot Britain. Pan Books Ltd., London. Polunin, Oleg, and B. E. Smythies. 1973. Flowers of south-west Europe: a field guide. Oxford University Press, London.

For the translation in general we lound Berger's

technical tsrms used in the English ve6ion of the book. We acknowledge helpfrom thefollowing technical sources, butwe are responsible for any errors of interpretation or wording: Snell, W H., & E. A. Dick. 1957 A glossary of mycology. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. Largent, D. L. 1986. How to identity mushrooms to genus l: Macroscopic reatures. Mad River Press, Eureka, Calif. Largont, D. L. 1977 How to identiry mushrooms to genus lll: Microscopic features. Mad River Press, Eureka, Calif. Largent, D. L. 1988. How to idenlily mushrooms to genus Vl: Modern genera. Mad River Press, Eureka, Calif. We have also received assistance from our colleagues Drs. David L. Largent and James P Smith, Jr., of Humboldt State U niversity. Tho Central Swiss Cultural Foundation (lnnerschweizerische Kulturstittung) has awarded the Central Swiss Cultural Prize for 1990 to Josef Breitenbach and Fred Kranzlin, in recognition of their outstanding scientitic work in mycological research,

documentation, and publication, We are sure that users oI these books would join us in otfering them hearty congralulalions.

Trinidad, CaliI., January 1991

(1980)

Mykologisches Wiirterbuch in 8 Sprachen (Fischer Vlg., Jena) very helpful. Because ot differences between the languages, the Glossary could not simply be translated entirely lrom the German entries. lt is partly a translation and panly a compilation oI the

Virginia L. waters James F. Waters Oepanment of Biological Sciences Humboldt State University Arcata, Calirornia, USA

Preface

Thevolumes in thisseries have been created with mycological enthusiasm, and have therefore created new enthusiasm for fungi. The lirst two volumes are admired throughout the world, not only by professional, but also by amateur mycologists. The fact that they have been well received in Europe, America and Asiashows that they are of a good graphicquality and oI a high

scientilic value. The previous volumes, which deal with ascomycetes and with aphyllophorales, introduced new standards in mycologicaldocumentation, with public response being accordingly strong. For the first time in the history ot mycology has such a great number oI minule or easily overlooksd Iungi been superbly illustrated and described. This has been accomplished in such a way asto open a newworld tullol morphological surprise lor many mycologists who gave rarely looked at such small specimens. Because of this these books mark a place in the history o, mycology, as they have guided many mycologists into new fields, and because they have created new interests and set newstandards. lndeed, mycological work with ascomycetes and aphyllophorales has been stimulated throughout the world. The authors have helped Swiss mycology to gain international recognition. The new volume leads the authors into new adventures. The

a lield oI mycology where illustrations abound, where amateur mycologists are by ,ar more numerous, and where criticism is much more severe. Thus, taxonomic surprise is reduced, and photographic surprise is dimished by the lact that many mushrooms must be shown in reduced size. But the particular slyle introduced bythe first two volumes has been conserved in many areas because a gret numbsr of small species rarely or nol al all illustrated elsewhere have been photographed superbly. The present book fits nicely in this highly appreciated series, it will also creato much new entusiasm for fungi. agarics represent

Lausanne, Decembe|1990

H. Cl6mengon

Authors' foreword

As a contribution to knowledge ol the fungal flora of Switzer-

land, we have begun publication of the series "Fungi of Switzerland". Vol.

1,

dealing with the ascomycetes, appeared

in '1981, and Vol. 2, treating theAphyllophorales, was pubtished in 1986. Asa logical continuation, wearepresenting Vol.3 he16.

This work is concerned with the boletes and gilled lungi, more specirically the lamellate Polyporaceae, the Boletales, and the first third of the Agaricales, i. e. the lamilies Hygrophoraceae and Tricholomataceae. Many readers have inrormed us that they value the organization in the previous volumes, in which the species are presented in taxonomic order, each with a description of macroscopic

and microscopic features, a drawing of the microscopic

structures, and a color photograph taken in nature. We have theretore retained this lormat, although a smaller type was sometimes needed for the longer descriptions because of the limitation oI space.

Although the smaller type reduces the readability somewhat, we can still describe three species on one page, thus preventing the book rrom becoming longer and more expensive. As a rule, gilled fungi have more leatures than ascomycetes or corticolous Iungi have, and therelore descriptions of them are more extensive. All the species presented were described by us lrom lresh material. lt would be unlortunate il lor reasons of space we could not have passed this extensive information on to the reader. ln addition, the remarks are more extonsive than in Vols. 1 and 2, since there is signiricantly more literature on the gilled fungi, providing more material for discussion. The order in which the orders and lamilies are arranged basically follows MOSEB (1983). Within the individual families, the genera and species are presented in alphabetical order as before, with the lamellate polypores inserted among the members ol the Tricholomataceae. The cyphelloid genera are absent because we have already treated them in Vol. 2. ln recentyears various name changes have been made on the basis of the "Sydney rules,. Since these changes aro dis-

Since (in addition to the other microscopic features) the structure oI the pileipellis is often decisive in identifying the agarics and boletes, we have drawn the pileipellis (pp) of all species, usually in radial section, or more rarely in langential section. A rurther ditference from Vols. 1 and 2 is the method used lor determining the sizes ot the spores. lt is often not apparent in the available literature how the published spore sizes were obtained. Are they, for example, measured minimum and maximum values, or are they averag6s of measurements of several spores? ln more recent times the use of a scientilically based statisticalmethod has been increasingly proposed in the literature and at symposia. Since the advantage of such a method seems obvious to us, we decided to use it likewise. Thanks to the support of mushroomers throughout Switzerland, it was possible to include even rarer species in our flora.

Nevertheless,

the diversity is lar from being completely

covered, and thererore the species are not presented quantitatively, which was not the intent of this work anyway. Since manyspecies of boletes and agarics are collected for the table, the edibility ol these groups is more important than in the two previous volumes. The significance ofthe symbols used is thoroughly explained on page 25. We used the guidelines o,

the Association of the official mushroom control otficers o, Switzerland (VAPKO: Vereinigung der amtlichen Pilzkontrollorgane der Schweiz) as our standard, Because o, recent studies and cases ol poisoning, these are very restrictive and

much more conservative about edibility than the usual mushroom publications.

As before, all the collections studied are deposited in the "l\,lycological Herbarium ol the Nature Museum of Lucerne" (NMLU: NaturMuseum Luzern) and are available tor scientific study.

The good reception ol the previous volumes motivates us to continue working on this llora and to describe another third of the Agaricales in the planned Vol. 4. First, however, we wish all

users much success in their mycologicalwork.

cussed in KREISEL {1987), we have relied primarily on this work for the names of the species presented. Needless to say, we always considered the most recent publications also.

Lucerne, February 1991

The authors

Acknowledgments Without the continually active assistance oI enthusiastic mushroomers it would not have been possible to present a representative flora of the boletes and the tirst part oI the agarics in word and pictures within a reasonable time. We would therelore like to express our special thanks to the lollowing assistants: The-comrades in our lloristics work group. namely P AMREIN, J. BACHLER, W KISER, A. LEEB, R. MURNER, E MULLEB,

W. OLDANI, G. RICHOZ, H. SUTTER, J. WESPI,

M.

WYMANN, A. ZWYSSIG. They have reported many finds, some rars, and have also otten madegood photographs available to us. J. BACHLER in particular supported us by diligently working up his collections. He provided many descriptions ol

We owe very special thanks to Mr. G. J. KRIEGLSTEINER, Durlangen (Germany), for reviewing the manuscript. Because ol his great experience, he was able to otfer us many supplemental comments, especiallyon ecology. The lranslators o, this book, Dr. J. KELLER, Neuchatel, and Mrs. V. L. and Dr. J. F. WATERS, Arcata (USA), accomplished a huge task. Because ol thelr technical competence they have not only provided excellent translations, but also made us aware of mistakes and absurdities. We would like to express great thanks to these, our good lriends. We include Mr. F. BRUNELLI, Sion, in these thanks, who as corrector critically examined the French and Germantexts. His remarks and additions were indispensable aids to us.

macroscopic leatures, along with drawings of microscopic teatures and color photographs.

ln addition, other members of the Mycological Society of Lucerne have led us to interesting localities: R. BERTSCH, P GALLANq H. GSELL, cH. LINHEBB, K. MUHLEBAoH, TH. NAKAS, and H. THOMY. We thank them very heartily. Helprul people lrom the rest ot Switzerland have enriched this ,lora with several collections and some photographs, namely: Dr. B. SENN{RLET, Bern; Mr. G. LUCCHINI, Lugano; and irlr. A. RIVA, Balerna. We received occasional collections, some with photographs, from the lollowing mushroomers: P BLANK, Schaffhausen; F. BRUNELLI, Sion; E. CHETELAT, Delemont; M. FLUCK, Oensingen; C. LAVORATO, Ziirich; H. MEIER, Miinsingen;J. -P PRONGUE, Buchs; L. &M. SrAPPUNG, Dtittingen;H. WOLTSCHE, Bern; andJ. THIEN, lnnsbruck. We are also obliged to them. Prof. H. CLEMENQON, Lausanne, and H. KRUGER,Osterode (Germany), helpfully permitted us to discuss spore slatistics with them. We also received the necessary computer programs from them. By correspondence with Dr. TH. W KUYPER, Leiden (the Netherlands), and Dr. R. A. MAAS GEESTERANUS, Leiden, we received valuabls information about particular problems in separating species. We thank Mrs. CH. LINHERR, Hochdorf, and Mr. J.-P PRONGUE, Buchs, lor procuring reagents. lt was also often difficult to obtain specialized literature. Dr. TH. W. KUYPER, LEIDEN (NL), and Mr. and Mrs. L. & F. MARTI, Peseux, generously helped us with that problem. Many encouraging letters have motivated us in our work, especially those from Mr. F. C. WEBER, Winterthur.

Luceme, February 199'l

The authors

lndroduction

Boletales, Agaricales and lamellate Polyporales Class

Basidiomycetes

Subclss

Homobasidiomycetideae

Orders

Polyporales p.p. (lamellate) Boletales

Agaricales

lamellate polypores interspersed among the genera in the latter lamily in alphabetical order. It should be mentioned lorthesake of completeness that gilled fungiwith a heteromerous trama, that is, one in which sphelical cells (sphaerocysts) occur, belong to the order Bussulales, which is not considered in this volume. The following table provides an overview otthe orders, families,

and genera treated in this work. We relied extensively on the systematics used by MOSER (1983), but the results of newer publications were also taken into consideration.

We began the treatment of the basidiomycetes in Vol.2with the

Tremellales, Aphyllophorales, and Gasteromycetes. ln the present bookwe continuewith the basidiomycetes, treating the lamellate Polyporales, the Boletales, and the first part of the Agaricales.

Since we have already gone into the nature of the basidiomyces in Vol. 2, we will confine ourselves here to the characteristics of the groups included in the present volume. The lamellate Polyporales are characterized by fluiting bodies whose stipes are usually laleral, eccentric, or absent, often have a rather tough consistency, and frequently have a dimitic lamellar trama. One should note that this order contalns also the genus Polyporus (treated in Vol. 2), whose species have stiped fruiting bodies with a porose hymenophore. ln addition to the Iamilies Polyporaceae and Schizophyllaceae contained in this order, we have included lor convenience the lamily Auriscalpiaceae, whose systematic position still seems unclear at the present.

The Boletales comprise soft-fleshed fungi generally with a porose (but sometimes a lamellate) hymenophore, which is usually easily separable from the flesh beneath;with a bilater-

al, monomitic trama; and usually with dark, fusitorm spores containing pulvinic-acid derivatives. These compounds are also responsible Ior the blue discoloration of the flesh which occurs in some species. The lamilies Strobilomycetaceae and Boletaceae contain alllungiwith a porose hymenophore, while the two families Paxillaceae and Gomphidiaceae have lamellate species. The lamellatelungi withoutspherical cells interspersed among the tramal hyphae are united in the order Agaricales. Presently, there are eleven tamilies in this group: the Hygrophoraceae,

Tricholomataceae, Entolomataceae, Pluteaceae, Amanitaceae, Agaricaceae, Coprinaceae, Bolbitiaceae, Strophariaceae, Crepidotaceae, and Cortinariaceae. A wide range of characters is used to separate these families, including i. a. the spore color and type ol veil. ln the present work we are treating the lirst pan ol the Agaricales, specifically the two tamilies Hygrophoraceae and Tricholomataceae, with the genera ot 10

Synopsis of the systematics USed

(as tar as treated in this book). (after MOSER 1983)

Names of genera represented in this book are printed in bold-

face, with the numbers indicating the first and last species in each genus.

BASIDIOMYCETES

lcontinuation ot vot. 2)

Order

Family

Genus

Polyporales

Polyporaceae

Polyporus

Phyllotopsis Pleurotus

Sp. No. see Vol. 2

393

395-397

Panus (Lentinus p.p.)

Boletales

Lentinus

297-241

Faerberia (Geopetalum)

207

Schizophyllaceae Auriscalpiaceae

Schizophyllum

404

Lenlinellus

234-236

Strobilomycetaceae

Porphyrellus Strobilomyces Boletinus Boletus Chalciporus Gyrodon Gyroporus Leccinum Phylloporus Pulveroboletus Suillus Tylopilus Xerocomus Hygrophoropsis Paxillus Ripartites Tapinella

Boletaceae

Paxillaceae

'I

2 J

4-

25

26- 27 2A

29- 30 31- 38 39

40- 4'l 42- 53 54

55- 60 6'r- 62 63- 65 66- 67 68

Omphalotus

Agaricales

Gomphidiaceae

Chroogomphus Gomphidius

6971-

70 74

Hygrophoraceae

Camarophyllus Hygrocybe Hygrophorus Armillaria (Armillariella) Arrhenia (Leptoglossum p.p.)

75-

77

Tricholomataceae

Baeospora Calocybe Callistosporium Calyptella

7A-104 105-131

132-135 '136-139

140-141

142-145 see Vol. 2

Cantharellula

146

Catathelasma Cellypha Chaetocalathus

147

Chrysomphalina Clitocybe Clitocybula Collybia + (Microcollybia) Crinipellis

'148

Cyphellostereum

Delicatula Dermoloma Fayodia Flagelloscypha

'149-180

18'l-183 184-203 204 see Vol. 2

205 206 208-209 see Vol. 2

Flammulina

210

Gerronema Gloiocephala Haasiella Hemimycena

211-214

Hohenbuehella Hydropus Hypsizygus

222-224 225-226

Laccaria Lachnella

2'15-221

272

227-233 see Vol. 2

ffi

Sp. No.

Family

Lepista Leptoglossum (Alrhenia) Leucopaxillus Lyophyllum (Tephrocybe p.p.) Macrocystidia Marasmiellus

242-250

Marasmius

276-295

Megacollybia Melanoleuca

296 297-307

Micromphale

308-310

251-253 254-271 273 274-275

Mniopetalum

Mycens Mycenella Myxomphalia Nyctalis (Asterophora) Omphalia6tel Omphalina Oudemansiella

311-372

Panellus

389-392 394

Phyllotus (Pleurocybella) Porpoloma Pseudoclitocybe

373

374 375-376 377

374447 388

398 399

Pseudoomphalina

Resupinatus

400

Rhodotus

Rickenella Sarcomyxa Stigmatolemma

Strobilurus

40't-402 403 see Vol. 2

405-407

Tectella

Tricholoma Tricholomopsis Xeromphalina Xerula

409-443 444-445 446-447

48-4s0

Methods of study

Although the methods of collecting and studying all macromycetes remain fundamentally the same as we have described in Vols. 1 and 2, certain aspects ofthe boletes and agarics require somewhat dirferent methods and additional inlormation. ln this volume we use the capacity of the computer for evaluating spores statistically for the first time. ln the following account we go into this and other special aspects in detail. An overview of the region studied floristically and the methods for recording the quadrants and preparation ot the specimen cards are described in detail in Vol. 'l and 2 (see also page 360).

Prcparatlon of a description the ctari:y o, the d$criptions, we organized

To maximize

them as follows:

llacroscoplc ieatures

pileus

diameter in mm siape (young and old)

surface {structurc, color, striaied?, hygrophanous?)

margin

llesh

coloa and color changes (chemical

Photography, collection, description Many of the fungi treated in this volume are mycorrhizal and live in symbiosis with particular plants, especially a great diversity ot trees. lt is important, thererore, to observe the surrounding plants carefullywhen collecting ,ruiting bodies. One should also pay attention to indicator plants, which can give a clue to the geological substrate or to the acid content of the soil. Practically all finds must be photographed in the habitat, since the collector cannot reliably reconstruct the habitat conditions later. However, not all pictures turn out optimally, since, espe-

lameltae

stlpe

cially in the case ot rarer species, imperfect lruiting bodies must sometimes be documented and it is impossible to retake the pictures. All descriptions of macroscopic features are based on fresh material. Both young and mature fruiting bodies must be collected so that all characters (e. g. the veil) can be recorded. lt is also important that a particular odor or taste be recorded in the

field when the mushroom is collected, as well as possible changes in color oI the flesh. lf the other characters cannot be noted down lmmediately, this should be done no later than at the end of the collecting trip, on the same day. Then fruiting bodies must be set up to provide spore prints. Finally, since per-

fect herbarium material is essential for re-examining the

surtace (structure, veil, color, etc.)

cross section (hollon, solld, consiste.cy)

occurence

dc. A:

B:

Spor€s

Basidia

G; D:

Cystldia

p,lsipellls

necessary reagents have been already treated in detail in Vols. '1

and 2, we will discuss here only the special problems in

studying the boletes and agarics.

Basically, very good preparations lor microscopic stuuy are made from fresh fruiting bodies, with the exception that radial sections of pilei and cross sections of lamellae from dried specimens are usually more successful than those from fresh material. lf one uses dried specimens, they must first be

base (sp€cial ,eaiu&s) solitarygrouped,clustered,cespitose,

Microscopic fealures

microscopic teatures later if necessary, the collection must be dried without delay.

Microscopy Since the methods of microscopic study and the use of the

color'roaciions) thickness odo: and tasle shape or developmsnt color breadth Ul (sse Abbrev,ations and Symbols) attachment to tho stipe edges size (length x width in mm) shape

E: Elements

lhe stipe

ol

slrlacr

locslity

shape, surlace struclure, color in water

or KOH, contents, size, length/width mtio, \rolume, amyloidiiy, etc., color of sporo deposit

shape, size, numbsr of sterigmata, presencs or absence ol basal clamp, whother siderophilous, structura ot :he lamella. trama lamellar cystidia, shap6, size struclure in radial sectio.r or scalp section, width olthe hyphae, pigmeniation, prsssnce ol clamps, dermatocFtdia caulocystidia, haiB, hyphalends ofthe conical layer nam6,coordindes,elevation,aasociated planb, substrate, type o, soil, daie oJ eolleetion, 60llector, idsfitilief herbarium tumber

13

t-values for calculation of the 95% population limits

n = number of measurements Population limits = mean + t

6 2,571 7 2,447 8 2,365 9 2,306 10 2,262 | 2,22A 12 2,201 13 2,'179 14 2,160 15 2,145

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

2,131 2,120 2,110 2,101 2,093 2,086 2,080 2,074 2,069 2,064

'

SD (stansard deviation)

26 2,060 36 27 2,056 37 2A 2,052 38 29 2,048 39 30 2,04s 40 31 2,042 45 32 2,040 50 33 2,037 55 34 2.035 60 35 2,032 65

2,030

2,028 2,026 2,024 2,023 2,O-t5

2,010 2,005 2,001 1

,998

sottened somewhat. Otherwise, they are usually too brittle and break into pieces when cut. Water and dilute lyes do not work well as softening agents, since the material becomes disorganized. We obtained the best results using CLEMENSON's solution (see box). To use it, the dried material is treated as follows: Whole small pilei or excised pieces of larger pilei are moistened by dropping a few drops of the solution on them. After a couple of minutes or hours, after they have dried a bit, they can be sectioned. The material is then no longer brittle, but soft and waxy, though not distorted. The sections are made

with a new azo( blade under a binocular loupe on a white paper or cardboard, using the tip of the finger nail as a guide Then the section is transferred to a 3olo solution of KOH or ammonia to cause

it to

expand and is examined intact. lI neces-

sary, it can be stained by drawing ammoniated Congo red under the cover slip. Once the arrangement ol the elements

has been clearly determined, individual elements (e g.

cystidia, clamps, etc.) can be isolated by carerully squashing the preparation.

This method gives exceptionally successful sections of the pileipellis or lamellae, and even inexperienced people can produce intormative and neat preparations atter a short time. Demonstration of siderophilous (carminophilous) granules' see box. For the demonstration of amyloidity, see Vol. 1 or 2.

The spores For most of the species treated here we made a spore print to determine the color of the spores and then used those spores lo make our measurements. ll we did not have a spore print for a particular species, this fact is explicitly mentioned (spp. acc.

lit.). ln these cases we measured spores Irom a squashed lamella or from spores deposited on the stipe apex.

With few exceptions, all spore measurements and the length/width ratio were worked up statistically from at least 20 individual measurements.

Spore statistics Thesize ofspores is one ofthe most important characters used in a diagnosis of a species and is consequently indispensable foridentification. However, when onecompares descriptionsol the same species in various publications, it often turns out that the sizes given for the spores vary considerably (ifthey are not merely copied from earlier sources). 14

Variousfactors can cause these discrepancies in the measurements. First of all, there is no clearly delined method for measuring spores. Thus, each person hashisown method Oneperson, at his discretion, looks for one of lhe largest and one of the smallest spores; another measures first all the lengths of several spores, then all the widths. ln addition, imprecision or

mistakes can be caused by the calibration of the ocular micrometer. Mistakes in measuring can occur in a whole series of other ways, e. g. misreading the micrometer (estimating the measurement between two lines of the scale), rounding otf,

fitted lo histooram

ao,

Fig- 1: Gaussian bell-curve lor a normal distribution, fitted to histogram of spore measurements. (Slandard deviation SD = 0.6, number of measuremenls N = 200, class width = 0.4 lJm)

Obtalnlng

a

sporc print

A good spore print is obtained only wilh lreshty collscted,

mat:rre lruiting bodies. Heavy white paper (ca. 80-110 g) the sizs of a postcard is used to receivs the spores. For smallerlo medium-sized mushrooms a hole is mado inthe center of the paper and the stlpo is put lhrough it. Thsn the paper wilh the inserted fruiting body is laid on ths rim ol a glass orcuptilledwith water as far as the baseolthestipe.

The stipe base should exiend inlo the water a littlg. A plastic cup invened over tbe pileusprovides a moist chambe. and tavors the deposit oI spores. lt the mushroom is large, lhe stips is cut otf and the pileus is laid flat on the white paper and covered with a vessel ot :he appropriate size. Thsspore color is noljudged untilthespore preparation has dried.

different mounting media (causing diiferent degrees of swelling), too small or too great a magnitication (empty magnilication), poor resolving power ot the objective, etc. Other factors which influence the size ot the spores are biological in nature, Research has shown that spore size fluctuates, sometimes greatly, during the life span of a fruiting body. For example, young mushrooms have smaller spores which become larger with increasing maturity of the lruiting body, eventually to become smaller again when the fruiting body is old. Wet or dry periods can also intluence the spores variously. All in all, there are very diverse complex lactors which influence the size of a spore. Although one has no control over many of these causes of variability, especially those related to biological lactors or environmental influences, nevertheless there are statistical methods by which one can obtain qualitatively more reliable results from a series of measurements. These methods involve the Gaussian or normal distribution (Fig.'1). This statistical procedure is based on the fact that biological sizes follow a normal distribution. Because of this fact, the scatter of a series of measurements can in part be balanced out. However, even this method has its limits. Naturally, it can be used only when the spores in a deposit have a normal distribution ofsizes. Forexample, sporedeposits which contain spores from 2- and 4-spored basidia give talse results. According to GBOSS (1976), one can judge that the distribution is normal when the maximal deviation of the widths and lengths from the

\ m€asurements

mean (obtained from the largest and smallest spores) is no more than 10-150/o. This practical method is not, however, strictly correct mathematically. Furthermore, even the method oI measurement is important. Thus, spores to be measured should always be chosen randomly, or allthose in afield of view which are lying llat should be measured; then one chooses another field ol view arbitrarily for Iurther measurements. The number oI measurements is also important. According to CLEMENQON 0979, 1986), al least 20-50 individual spores should be measured. For nearly all preparations we measured 20, more rarely 30 spores. Such statistical methods are hardly conceivable without a computer, since too many calculations are required, even with a pocket calculator, Since microcomputers are within almost everyone's budget nowadays, it is most advantageous to get one. With a suitable program, it is very easy to obtain informative results from a series of spore measurements. The program which we used calculated the normaldistribution from the formula: 950/0 population limits = M + t . SD (M =

mean; t = t value for the calculation at the 950/0 population limits, according to a table (p. '14); SD = standard deviation. The program also gives the tollowing information: maximum

and minimum values, mean, length/width ratio, volume, and an analysis from MoLS-PARMASTO (PARIVIASTO & PARI\,IASTO 1987) of whether the population is *heterogeneous or

homogeneous". We have included the mean volume ot the spores along with their dimensions. The volume was calculated from the formuia ,or the volume of an ellipsoid: +. a . a . b (a = the radius of the transverse axis; b = the radius of the longitudinal axis).

GROSS 0972) places great imporlance on the volume ol a spore. Since the spores are real bodies, not mathematical abstractions, they are not necessarily all of the same shape, That is, the (e. g.) maximum length and maximum width given do not necessarily belong to the same spore; there is no neces-

sary correlation between the differences among the individual

lengths and widths and the individual sizes. When different populations have slight differences in the lengths or widths of spores, the eftect is first evident in the volume. Thus GBOSS sees the volume as very helpful in separating species.

Readers who wish to increase their understanding of spore statistics should definitely consult the very informative works ot the following authors in addition to the literature cited: KRUGER 0987)and HETNEMANN & RAI\,IMELLOO (198s).

15

apiculus

Glossary

appressed

protuberance on

a

spore by which

it was

attached

tothe sterigma. lying close against the surface.

arcuatedecurrent (gill attachment) decurrent gills which arch upwards and outwards toward the margin of the pileus (see fig. 10 H).

areolate

(pileal surface) divided into fields, usually by cracks.

ascaris-structure (hyphae) having long cells, 200-500 pm

long, which are cylindric in the center but increasingly

constricted toward the septa (resembling the roundworm Ascaris).

accumbent acidic

lying down (as hairs against a surface). said ol soils which are siliceous and produce an acidic pH rsaction, i. e. have a pH value belowT

acidophilous/ic

favoring acid soils.

acute

pointed, or sharp-edged (see fig.

adnate

(gill attachment) broadly attached to the stipe

5

A).

(see fig. 10 D).

adnexed

(gill attachment) narrowly attached to the stipe (see fig. 10 C).

aerirerous

(hyphae) lrapping air.

Agaricales aleuriospore

the ordertowhich the gilled fungibelong.

allantoid

(spore)

alpine

vegetational zone, in Switzerland sxtending lrom ca. 1800 m above sea level upward.

a type of asexual spore produced by Pleurctus dryinus.

+l

Ascomycetes

the class of lungi in which lhe sexualspores develop in asci(sacs).

auriculate

(lruitinq body) earlike.

basal

at or toward the lower end.

basal clamp

basaldisk

clampon the basalseptum ola basidium. smalldisk at the foot ofthe stipe. See No. 369.

basalmycelium

the network of hyphae at the base ofa stipe.

base-rich/basic

said of soils which are particularly calcareous and produce an alkaline (basic)pH reaction, i. e. have a pH value above Z young basidium, similar in shape to a basidium but lacking sterigmala. the class of lungi in which the sexual spores develop on basidia. the sexualspors produced by basidiomycetes. sporebearing cell of basidiomycetes in which reduction division of the nucleus takes place. One to eighi spores can be produced, but lhe

basidiole Basidiomycetes basidiospore basidium

usual number is four

bidirectional

(hyphae) running in two ditferent directions.

bilateral

arrangement of hyphae in the lamellar trama (seen in cross section of the gill) in which the hyphae diverge outward from a central strand of +/- parallel hyphae (also called divergent) (see

curved, sausage-shaped, bean-

shaped, usually round in cross seclion.

alveolate

(surface) pitted.

amorphous amygdaliform

structureless. (spore shape) almond-shaped.

amyloid

said of cellwalls which lurn bluetoblue-gray in an

iodine reagent (lrelzer's), important feature of white, colorless spores (l+/J+); similar to the

lig.12C\. binucleate

(cells or spores) containing two nuclei.

boletoid

very boletelik€ in habitus, or having a boletelike hymenophore.

boreal

term used in biogeography for organisms which occur in nonhern regions.

brown rot

rot in wood whereby the cellulose (carbohydrate)

starch reaction (q. v.).

is decomposed and the wood takes on

a

+/-

brown color.

amyloidity

the state of being amyloid.

bulbous

anastomoses

cross-connections between lamellae, ridges, or veins, as well as between hyphae or the orna-

(stipe base) rather abruptly enlarged and rounded, bulb-shaped (ses fig.I D.

butyraceous

(surface) shiny and having the appearance of butter (soil) containing calcium (from limestone).

menls on spores.

anastomosing annularzone

f orming

cross-conneclions.

an obscure ring of fibrils or gluten around the stipe.

annulatg

(stipe) possessing an annulus.

annulus

remnant of the partial veil in the form ol a membranous ring around the stipe.

antibiotic

a metabolic product of fungi which inhibits lhe growth ol microorganisms or killsthem. the formation ofdefensive products or antibodies in animals in response to specific antigens. The accumulation of antibodies can cause a strong reaction and even deslroy red blood corpuscles. ThePaxi//us syndrome(poisoning caused byeat ing members of the genus Paxil/us) depends on this rsaction. a foreign substance which causes an animal to produce specific antibodies against it.

antibody reaction

antigen

calcareous calcicolous calcifugous

living on calcareous soils.

calciphilous

favoring calcareous soils.

calciphobic

avoiding calcareous soils.

calottes

flat warts on spores. (pil€us) bell-shaped.

campanulate cantharelloid

avoiding calcareous soils.

rcsernbling Cantharellus (chanlerelles); applied particularly when a hymenium has ridges. (cystidia) with a rounded knob atthe tip.

capitate catenate/catenulats (hyphae) composed of short, relatively broad cells constricted at the septa, so that the hyphae resemble chains.

caulocystidium

cellular

a

(dermato)cystidium which occurs on the stipe.

(tissue) containing hyphae composed ot rounded elements which resemble typicalplant or animal

apex

tip.

Aphyliophorales

the order of Basidiomycetes which contains the so-called non-gill€d lungi. e. g. the Corticiaceae, polypores, coral lungi, chanterelles, etc.

cespitose

(Iruiting bodies) crowded close together over a

apical

at or toward lhe tip.

cheilocystidium

acystidium on the edge of agill.

16

cells (opposed to hyphoid). +/- large area.

chlamydospore

a thick-walled asexualspore, e. g. in coc h leat us and Nyct alis.

Lerr,rel/us

cystidiole

ciliate

(margin of pileus or gill) eyelash-like, Iringed with hairs (see fig. I E).

cystidium

citriform clamped

(spore) lemon-shaped.

(sept4 with clamps (see fig. of hyphae of No. 170).

clamps

small projections on hyphaewhich arch across a septum and connect the cells on eitherside.

clavale

(cystidia, stipe) club-shaped (enlarging toward the base).

collar

collarlike

ringlikestructuresurrounding the stipe nearthe apex.lowhich the gills are aitached (i. e. the gi[s do not extend allthe way lo lhe stipe but end at a collar; see fig. 10 B). similarto a collar but not as strongly developed. a

collective species

a species name sensu lato, under which are

colline

included several more restricted species. vegetational zone, in Switzerland extending from thefoothills (see planar) to 700 m above sea level.

concave

(pileus) depressed, curved downward toward

cytoPlasmic pigmentation

dacryoid

concrescent conducting hypha congeneric conidiophore conidium contexl

convex

coralloid coftex cortical hyphae cortical layer corticate conina

shaped like a clam- oroyslershell. having the same color or of uniform colo( grown together

a hypha whose tunction is to transport special fluids: see also lactifer (species) belonging to lhe same genus. a hypha which bears conidia. thin-walled asexual spore. the "flesh" of a frb., i. e. the mass of sterile tissue below the culicle; a macroscopic lerm (see trama). a

(pileus) domed upward, cushion-shaped (opposite of concave) (see fig.2 C). (hyphae) branched like a coral.

ditferentiated outer layer of the slipe, composed of more compact hyphae than in the center hyphae ofthe slipe cortex. outermosl layerof hyphae of the stipe cortex. (stipe) having a cortex.

a partial veil composed of an open network of ,ibrils, cobweblike.

cortinate coslate cotton

blue-lactophenol

crenate

crenulate cresol

cresylblue

culm cuticle

having a cortina (see fig. 6 E). (margin of pileus) ribbed.

reagent used in microscopy to demonstrate cyanophilia. Recipe (after Amann): 20 g phenol (crystalline), 20 g lacticacid,40 mlglycerin,40 ml wate( 0.1 g cotton blue. (margin of pileus or gills) scalloped (see fig. 8 D). (margin of pileus orgills)finely scalloped. a disinrectant with an unpleasant smell(a coal-tar derivative); related to creosote.

reagent used

in microscopy to

demonstrate

metachromism. Becipe for 30,6 solution: 't7 ml glycerin, 28 ml ethanol (960/6), 54.5 ml distilled water, 05 mlwetting agent, 03 g cresyl blue. slem of a grass.

(gill attachmenl) extending down the stipe (see fig. 10 G).

decurved

(marcin o, pileus) bent dornward toward base of slipe.

dendrophysis

hyphal end in a hymenium which is strongly

dentate

branched and treelike. (margin of pileus or gill) having toothlike pointed projections (see fig. I B).

denticulate depressed dsrmatocystidium

smooth outermost layer of the pileipellis, composed of densely interwoven hyphae arranged +/- parallel tothe surface.

cyanophilic

(walls of spores or hyphae) turning distinctly blue in cotton blueJactophenol.

cyphelloid

having a habitus like Cyphella, i. e. deeply capshaped or inverted cup-shaped.

cystidioid

resembling a cystidium.

(margin ol pileus or gill) having smallleeth. (pilsal surface) slightly concave. a

cyslidium on the outer surface ol the frb., in this

book usually on the pileus (in which case = pileocystidium).

dermatophytes dextrinoid digiliform dimitic

pathogenic fungi which altack skin. (walls of spores or hyphag) turning red to winebrown in Melzer's reagent (iodine). (cystidia) f inger-shaped.

(hyphal system) consisting

ol two types of hyphae, usually generaliveand skeletal hyphae. (hyphae) having outgrowths.

diverticulate diverticulum a protrusion or outgrowth. dryophila structure a pileipellis composed of hyphaewhich are coralloid and gnarled and interlock likea puzzlewhen viewed in scalpsection. eccgntric (stipe)attached otf-center to the pileus. ecology the science of thg relationship of organisms to their environmenl. (margin of pileus or gill) smooth and even (not entire cleft, ribbed, crenate, etc.). eosin

a

epicutis epidermis

outermost layer of a multilayered pileipellis. a pileipellis, usually one cellthick, composed of

epimembranal pigmentation

occurring on cell walls of hyphae (outside the cells) (better called epiparistal, because the pigmentation is actually on the cell wall, not to be confused with the cell membrane). a pileipslliscomposed of several layers ot subglo. bose or elliptic cells arranged in chains perpendicularto the surface.

cytoplasmic stain for microscopic preparations.

rounded cells.

epithelium

epithet

the second pan of the binomial or scientific

erect

name, e. g. @dulis, in Boletus edulis. upright, projecting.

exserled

projecting.

extensive meadowpasture

not specially manured or otherwise

lace falcate falcate-decurrent

outermost layer of hyphae ofthg pileus and stipe, sometimes peelable; a macroscopic lerm (see

pileipellis).

cutis

gills, pileus, or stipe. occurring in the cytoplasm of cells (as opposed to epimembranal or vacuolar pigmentation). (spore) drop-shaped (rounded at one end, pointed atthe other).

decurrenl

cenler, dished (opposite of convex).

conchat€ concolorous

inconspicuoussterile cell in the hymenium which is similarlo a basidium but somewhat largerand therelore somewhat like a cystidium. large, conspicuous, terminal cell of a hypha of peculiar shape, which occurs on the surface of

sickle.shaped. (gill altachment) decurrent gills which arch upwards and outwards toward the margin of lhe

pileus (see

farinaceous farinose

heavily

managed. (lamellar face)the side of a gill.

tig. 10 H) (same as

arcuate-

decurrent). tasting orsmelling like fresh llour. (surface) covered with flourlike or mealy particles-

faveolate

lenile libril fibrillose fibrillose-scaly

(surface) honeycombed, pitted. spore-producing; opposile of sterile. a very small thin and threadlike fiber.

(surface) covered with fine fibrils. (surface) having scales composed of librils.

filiform limbriate flabellate flat moor llexuous

(margin of pileus or gill) fringed.

hygroscopic hymenial cystidia

fan-shaped.

hymeniderm

threadlike.

one arising from the lilling in of bodies of water long and wavy, curving back and forth, serpen-

tine. flocci

cottony tufls or patches of hyphae on surlace of a frb.

floccose

(surface) having flocci; resembling cotton flannel.

forma

formalin

Friesian epithet

fugacious lurfuraceous fusiform gelatinized

generative hYPhae

geniculate gill

a laxonomic rank below variety: used for variations from lhe type which are caused by the environmenl ratherthan bY genes. a solution ol ca. 400/0 formaldehyde in wate( a reagent used in identitying mushrooms macroscopicallybychemical color reaclions. epithet (q. v) given bY Fries. quickly disappearing. (surface) covered with branlike particles. (spores, stipe) spindle-shaped, broad in the mid' dle and tapered toward both ends. applied to hyphalcellwalls which soften and become partiailydissolved in u/ater, swelling up and becoming slimy. Sometimes evident macroscoF! ically when lhe cuticle strelches like rubber as it is peeled.

globose gloeoplerous gneiss graminicolous grammate guttation drops

habitus heliophilous/ic hemolysis hsrbaceous herbarium holotype homonym

See No. 290. hymeniform

hymenium hymenophore

hyphal pegs

hyaline

hydnoid

hydrophilous/ic hygrophanous

hymeniderm. (E. g. the structure otthe pileipellis in Marasmius.) the fenile layer which conlains the spore-forming cells. the underlying structureof a frb. which bearsthe hymenium, e. g. thetubes in boletes or the gills in mushrooms.

bundles

of

hyphae emerging from the

hymenium.

hyphalwalls hyphae

hyphoid

hypoderm

imbricate inamyloid

cellwalls of hyphae. ihe slrands of tubelike "cells", with or without septalion. of which the mycelium and truiting body of a tungus are constructed. (tissue) consisting of threadlike hyphae com' iosed of elongated elements (opposed to cellu' la0. layer under the pileiPellis. overlapping like shingles. not amyloid (q.

v),

i. e.,

cellwalls not turning blue

in Meltzer's reagent.

incompatible

(mycelia) genetically incapable

one ol the radiating bladelike structures under the cap of a mushroom, which bear the spores;

incrustation

produce a frb. and sexualspores. deposit of material on walls of hyphae and cys-

becoming glabrous over time. (surface) bald, smooth. (on stioe of some boleles) small warts which ex'

crete metabolic producls as visible droplets of secretion. (spores, hyphal cells) spherical. (hyphae)containing oil droplets in the cytoplasm a coarse-grained, layered, metamorphic rock resembling granite. growing in or neargrasses. (stipe) grooved.

infraspecific infundibuliform innale inrolled intercellular interfertile

interfertility test

living in brightly lit places, sun-loving.

intracellular

rupture of red blood cells with escape of

inverse

intervenose

hemoglobin. (plants) soft , non-woody.

mounting medium for aqueous microscopical

preparalions. Recipe: 50 ml distilled wate( 30 g qum arabic in pieces,200g chloralhydrate, 16 ml (20.6q) glycerine. First dissolvethe gum arabic in water and stir it constantly (this takes 1-3 days), then mix in the chloral hydrate and linally the glycerine. lGeps indefinitely. The cover slip ahould be sealed with nailpolish after a Iew days (spores, hyphae) colorless (under microscope) Beware of apparent yellow-green color which can be due to refracted light.

iodoform

isodiametric ixo-

(margin) bent inward toward the stipe. a taxon bslow the rank of species, e. g. subspecies orform. (pileus) funnel'shaped (see fig. 3 N). (fibrils, scales) torming an inlegral pan ofthe sur' face, not merely lying superliciallyon it (margin) rolled downward, inward, upward, and back outward again. situated between cells or hyphae (monokaryolic mycelia [with one nucleus per celll) genetically compatible: fusing when croased and eventually producing lrbs. and sexu' mating test between monokaryotic mycelia. (gills) int€rconnected by veins. situated within cells or hyphae).

(lamellar trama) composed ot hyphae which appear lo converge toward the center ol lhe

trama in cross section (also called convergent) (see fig. 12 D). an iodine compound (CHl.)used asan antiseptic, which has a characteristic odor (cells) having the same diameter in all directions. prelix applied to types of pileipellis composed o, hyphae which become gelatinized. i e.. swellup

Javelle water

when moist and become slimY. chlorine bleach, sodium hypochlorite.

L4

a reaoent used in microscopy, acc CLEMEN-

CON:-84 ml distilted water, 20 g glycerin, 0.72 g KOH p. a.,0.76 g NaCl (crystalline) pro analysi. 0.5 mlwetting agent.

labyrinthine

(hymenium) with irregular pores collectively

lactifers

specialized hyphaewithoutseplawhich conduct fluids (milk), which run through the trama of the frb. or lamellae. (cystidia) flask- or gourd'shaped. with a swollen base and long narrow beak.

(hymenophore) wilh +/- long conicalspines. living in wet places.

lageniform

(frb.) becoming light in color on loss of water, sometimes clearly recognizable by concentric zones ot light and dark; also, changing color

lamella

markedly upon loss of water.

to

alspores.

drops ot liquid secreted by frbs., especially dur' ing active groMh and high humidity. general appearance, stature type(q. v.)

collection of dried plants or fungi (in the latter case sometimes called lungarium). specimen designated by the author to serve as lhe basis otthe name assigned to a species a (binomial) name applied to more than one

ol fusing

tidia. incurved

species. Hoyer's medium

with the structure o, a hymenium. See also

thin-watled, branched, narroq septate hyphae. sharply bent, like a knee.

lamella.

glabrescent glabrous glandular dots

taking up water cystidia which arise from the hymenium. a pileipellis which has the slructure of a hymeni' um, i. e. is composed of erect, pyriform toclavale elements resembling basidia in a hymenium

resembling a labyrinth or maze

one of the radiating bladelike structures or gills under the cap of a mushroom, which bear the spores; strictly, one which extends from the margin of the pileus tothe stipe.

lamellarface lamellartrama lamellate lamellula lanceolate

lardaceous lateral

lichenized

the side of a gill.

nomen dubium

ashort, incomplete lamellawhich doss not reach

nomen novum nom6n nudum

an invalid scientific name.

(cystidia) lance-shaped, i. e. long and slender, swollen nearthe middle and tapering to a point. (surlace)shiny as ifcovered with fat.

nomenclature

the system oI naming in botany and zoology;the lnternational Bules for legally naming (e. g.) fungi, to keep contusion of names from arising.

notched (gill)

appearing as if a notch had been removed from the lower part of the gill where it atiaches to the stipe so that it is narrowly attached by the upper portion (see fig. 10 E). with the hymenopho.e curving rather abruptly upwards where it attachestothe stipe, sothatthe whole surtace of the tubemouths superficially resembles the colleclive appearance of notched

(stipe) attached at or toward the side oflhe pileus. (lungus) forming a lichen with algae. (pileus) strap-shaped. (pileus) tongue-shaped.

macro-

prelix meaning large; used in mycology also to mean observabls with the naked eye or with a

notched (tubes)

(surface) slippery, as if covered with oil.

hand lens at most.

gills, with a ringlike concavity around the stipe.

nucleus

obsgrvablewith the naked eye orwith

a

hand lens

at most.

marginalcell

cystidiumlike hyphalend on the edge of a lamella, less conspicuous than and not as strongly

ditferentiaied as

a true cystidium (see

also

cheilocystidium). melachromatic

Methuen

(walls of spores or hyphae) changing colorwhen exposed to cenain reagents, but a colordifferent kom that o, the reagent (e. 9., reddish in cresyl blue). (Otlen two layers arevisible in thewall, one stainsd blue, the other red.) code forthe identification of colors (A. tGnerup &

J. H. Wanscher: Methuen Handbook of Colour.

obligate obtuse odontoid oleifers

omphalinoid

metuloid

a

micaceous

(pileal surface) covered with small shiny parti-

thick-walled cystidium with apical crystals, arising from the hymenium.

(hyphae or cystidia) regularly constricted so that they resemble a string of pearls.

monomitic

(hyphal sysiem) consisting only of generative

monotypic

hyphae. (taxon, e. g. genus) including only one species.

montane

vegetational zone, in Switzerland between 700 lheform ol a living organism in allits aspectsand manifestations.

mottled

pachypodial

(lamellar trama) composed of a thin bidirectional centralband of parallel/subparallel hyphae and a massive thick subhymenium of hyphae perpendicularto the surface (CLEMENQON 1982).

palisade

a row of +/- closely packed parallel structures

perpendicular to a surfac€ and all ending at +/the same level (resembling a picket fence).

during groMh.

growing on or among mosses. muscicolous mycelialstrands bundles of hyphae which look like strings. mycelialtomentUm a cottonytangle or fellworkof hyphalthreads. mycelium entire unditferentiated network of hyphae which grows in the substrate and makes upthe vegetative pan of th€ fungus. mycorrhiza compound structure produced by the symbiosis betwe€n a fungus and the root of a higher plant. ln ectotrophic mycorhizae, a mantle of fungal hypha€ surrounds the root and hyphae extend into the root between its cells, forming the socalled Hartig nel. ln endotrophic mycorrhizae. a mantle is not formed, and lhs hyphae penetrate the host cells. ln both cases, root and hyphaeex-

(pileipellis) composed

papilla

hyphae arranged in a palisade. See No. 1. wanlike to nipplelike projection in the center of a pileus.

parabolic

(pileal shape) curved like a parabolic mirror;

parasite

strongly and regularly rounded, with the height greater than the width. an organism which grows on or in another living

partialveil

aveilwhich extends from the pilealmargin to the stipe of immatur€ ,rbs., covering only the hymenophore,oftenevidentin maturelrbs. asan annulus around the stipe or fragments hanging lrom the margin of the pileus; acc. REUNDERS (1963) the concept of partialveil should no longer be used.

phenol

its solution in water (carbolic acid) is used as an antiseptic and has a characteristic odor

physalid pileal

bladdsrlike (vesicula0 hyphal end.

pilealtrama

pileal flesh, i. e. the hyphal tissue between the pileipellis and the lamellae.

pileiform pileipellis

shaped like a cap or pileus.

nel

netlike pattern on the surface of the stipe of a bolele.

pileocystidium pileus

new combination

see recombine.

pilose

nitrophilous nilrous nomen ambiguum

favoring nitrogen-rich substrates. (odoo lik€ nitrogen compounds, e. g. nitric acid.

pip-shaped plage planar

authors.

parallel, cylindric

organism (host) and obtains its nourishment from it.

change nutrients.

anamewhichisvariouslyinterpretedbyditferent

of

palisadiform

(stipe) an irregular horizontal banding which arises as the surface struclure is lorn irregularly

hyphae which exude oil-like contents: under the microscope they refract light ditferently Irom the usual hyphae. (staiure type) having lhe general appearance of Omphalina, i. e., umbilicate and with decurrent gills and acanilaginous stipe. spore. (spore) e9g-shaped.

and 1200 m above sea level.

morphology

rounded or blunt. toothlike.

ovoid

scope.

moniliform

malerial) and divides during cell division. afungus with a specific ecological requirement.

wans, spines, ridges, etc. on the surface of a

cles.

prelix meaning small; used in mycology also to mean observable only with the aid o, a micro-

kernel-shaped body in the cytoplasm ol cells which contains the chromosomes (genetic

ornamentation

Methuen & Co. Ltd., London).

micro-

a new scientific name.

the stipe.

ligulate lingulate lubricous

macroscopic

the name o, a species which was inexactly described in the original description and which lherefore can be variously interpreted.

steriletissue within a gill. (fruiting body) having lamellae.

pertaining to the pileus.

lhe outermosl layer of a pileus. a microscopic term (see cuticle). a (dermato)cystidium which occurs on the pileus. the cap of a mushroom or bolete. (surface) covered with long soft dense hairs. (spore) drop-shaped with lhe tapered end bent. a flattened area on a spore near the apiculus. vegelational zone (in lowlands and foothills), in

Switzerland 300 to 600 m above sea level.

19

planoconvex

planopulvinate pleurocystidium

pleurotoid

(pileal shape) broadly convex and more or less flanened. (pileal shape) cushion-shaped and more or less flattened. a cystidium which occurs on the surface (face) (as opposed tothe edge) oflh€ lamellae, among the basidia. (stature type) having the general appearance ot Pleurctus, wllh a lateral or eccentric stipe or without a stipe.

saprophyte

organic malerial.

sarcodimitic

(hyphal system) consisting of normal generative hyphae interspersed with somewhat intlated thick-walled generativ€ hyphae which are sometimes catenate.

scaber

small projecting scale ortuft of hairs on the stipe ofthe bolete Leccinum.

scalp section

a tangential section of the pileipellis (one +/parallel to its surface) which contains only the oulermosl layer.

polygonal

(pores) multi-angled.

polymorphic

occurring in various shapes.

polyporoid

like a polypore (in odor or stature).

poor meadow

uncultivated and barely manured meadow,

sclerotium

a resting bodycomposed ofa resistant mycelium ofcompacl hyphae, with athick cortex.

sclerotized

(substrate) densely permeated by hyphae which form a resting mycelium which isdormantduring

usually on calcareous soils.

poroid porose

having +/- evident pores. having true pores; applied to fungi in which the hymenium lines individual tubes and thsrefore the surface view shows pores.

Potassium hydroxide

afunguswhichcolonizesanddecomposesdead

KOHi used in microscopyto restore seclions from dried specimens; in macroscopic observation it is applied to the surface or the flesh ot pileus or stipe lo reveal color changes. (Usually only a 2-5Vo solution is used.)

priority, principle ol the nomenclatural rule according to which only the oldest validly published name is considered correct.

unfavorable periods and eventually produces frbs. again.

scurly

(surface) with branlike rlakes.

secondary forest

a newly planted forest rr{hose plant composition no longer coresponds to the vegetation which wasthere before.

secondary septa

clampless sepla formed later than the ordinary septaand separating a living part of a hyphalcell, filled with cytoplasm, lrom

a

dead empty part of a

cell. secretion

a liquid or resinous exudation or excretion from cells or organs.

section

a very thin slice of a parl of a fruiting body, in a particular plane, for examining microscopic features;also, ataxonomic rank below subgenus.

Pruina

bloom orline powder on a surface.

Pruinose

(surface) covered with fine powder.

Pseudoannular zone

a paler zone formsd at the stipe apex which

semiurnilorm

(shape of basidia) indistinctly urn-shaped.

stands out clearly and ralher sharply from the

sensu

in the s€nss ol.

sensu lato

in the broad sense.

darker colorofthe rest ofthe stipe.

pseudocollar

collarlike zone atthetransition between stipeand pileus;the lamellae are not attached to the stipe but end shortly belore it, forming acollarshaped zone (see also collar).

sensu stricto

in the narrow sense.

septa

cell walls which originate during cell division and

separate two adjacent cells in hyphae (cross walls).

pubescent

(surface) covered with short, soft, downy hairs.

pulvinate

(pileus) cushion-shaped, deeply convex.

septate

having septa.

punclale (puzzle, slructure

(surface) having dols.

serrate

(pileipellis) composed of gnarled, branched hyphae which interlock like a puzzle when

setae

(margin of pileus or gill) jagged and with sharp teeth like asaw (see fig. I C). generally pointed, brown, thick-walled elements which emerge from the hymenium, trama, or pileipellis.

setose

with setae.

siderophilous granules

iron-loving granules; dark purple granules in the basidiawhich aredemonslrated bya microchemical reaction which occurs when the basidia are treated with an iron solution andthen heated with acetocarmine (see Methods).

silicate soils

acid soils above silicate rocks.

viewed in scalp seclion. pyriform

(cyslidia, cells) peaFshaped.

ramealis slruclure

(pileipellis) lhe hyphae of the surface layer lie basically parallel to the surface but have short vertical branches.

raphanoid

(odor or taste) radishlike.

recombine

to make a new binomialwhen translerring a spe-

cies from ons genus to another (comb. nov, the name so made).

regular

reniform resupinate

sinuate

(margin of pileus) with large embayments.

parallel when the gill is viewed in cross section (see fig. 11 A).

skeletal hyphae

thick-walled, almost unbranched hyphae without septa.

(pileus) kidney-shaped.

skeletoid hyphae

(lamellar trama) having hyphae which are

resembling skeletal hyphae, but with sepla and clamps.

(frb.) upside down and closely appressed to the substrate, i. e. lacking astipe and attached by the *top" surface with the hymenium exposed.

skeleto-ligative hyphae

branched skeletal hyphae.

reticulate

(stipe)with a netlike pattern.

spatulate

(pileus) spatuia-shaped, oblong with a narrow

rooting rhizoid

(stipe) extending de€p into the substrate.

species

a particular kind of organism, distinct from olher kinds; the taxonomic rank below genus in thetax-

rhizome

rhizomorph

a rootlike strand of hyphae which resgmbles a thread or string, which penelrates the substrate. thick underground stem ofa planl. a thick, sterile bundle of hyphae with thickened a

walls. rostrate

(cystidia) having (rostrum).

a

beaklike prolongation

base.

onomic hierarchy. spermatic

(odor) liks mammalian sperm.

sPhaerocysts

rounded cells.

spinos6

(spores) having spines.

spinulae

smallspines.

rostrum

see rostrate.

squamose

(surface) covered wilh scales.

ruderal

growing in waste places.

squamules

small scales.

rudimentary

underdeveloped, poorly dit erentiated, stunted.

squamulose

(surface) covered with small scales.

20

starch reaction

a gray-blue discoloration in an iodine solution due to a reaction of hyphal storage depositsi a

property of some boletes used in identification (see SINGEB 1965: 22); not to be confused with amyloidity, which is due to a reaction in the cell wall. Neither ofthese reactions is actually based on starch, since fungi do not contain stalch, but

tricholomatoid

and notched gills and lacking an annulus or volva.

truncate tuberculate

on amylose. stature

staturetype

sterigmata sterile

slinging-hair type

general appearance or habitus of a mushroom a particular and recognizable combination of leatures, named ,or a parlicular genus; e. 9., omphalinoid or tricholomatoid stature (q. v). tinger-shaped outgroMhs on the apical end of the basidiaon which the spores develop. not spore-producing; opposite of lertile. a type of pleurocystidium in Melanoleuca which resembles a stinging hairofa nettle. Seeligs. for

strangu lated

striate

having +/- parallel lines, grooves. or ridges.

strigose stroma

having long, coarse, bristlelike hairs. a cushionlike mass of hyphae or mixed hyphae and hosl cells on or in which frbs. develop. organic materialwhich is permeated with hyphae and changed in color orshape. prefix meaning almost, somewhat, more or less, or below in position.

sub-

subcutis subhym€nium subregular

substrale subulate

sulfoformol

having small bumps or tubercles (larger than

tuberculate-striate

(margin of pileus)with small bumps on the striations.

turbinat€

(pileus) top-shaped.

typecollection

the single collection, deposited in a herbarium, from which a species was described and named

type species

the species ol a genus designated bythe author

and which servos as the basis of the name.

of that genus to serve as the referent lor the generic name. (lt does not have toshowallofthe featurss of the genus.) A type species absolutely must remain in the original genus.

the stalk ofarruiting body. (cheilocystidia) irregularly constricted.

stromatized

appearing cul otf. wans).

Nos. 303, 307.

stipe

(stature type) having the general appearance of Tricholoma, lhat is, having a Ileshy-fibrous stipe

the deoper layers of a multilayered pileipellis. the hyphal layer immediately belowthe basidia.

(lamellar trama) having hyphae which are not entirely regular (parallel) when the gill is viswsd in cross section, but are slightly intertwined. materialon which a fungus grows. (cystidia) awl-shaped, swollen above the base and tapered at both ends, but more strongly tapered toward the tip. chemical reagent ussd lo demonstrate conducting hyphae; see Vol. 1.

suPrahilar spot

flatspot abovethe apiculus, on the more concave (dorsal)side of the spore.

synonym

a name which has lhe same meaning as the name in question but which according to the

umbilicate

(pileal surface) with a small central depression resembling a navel (umbilicus).

umbilicus

a small central

umbo

a small

umbonate

(pileal surface) with acentral bump (umbo).

uncinate

(shape of gills) notched and attached to the stipe bya lowdecurrent extension ortoolh (= hooked) (see fig. 10

uninucleate

(a cell, spore, etc.)with one nucleus.

universalveil

veilwhich covers the entire immature frb., often evident in maturefrbs. as patches or flocci on the pileus or as a sheath (volva) around the base of the stipe.

vacuole

bladderlike cavity, lilled with fluid, within the

vacuolar pigmsntation

occurring within vacuoles.

validly published

(name) the lirst unambiguous description of a newspecies, with a tatin diagnosis, published in a dated and openly available technical journal.

variety

a laxonomic rank below the species, which groups variations deviating slightlyrrom thetype.

exactlycircumscribed entity or groupof organisms, with a particular rank and placement within a classification.

vegetative

taxonomy

lhe scienc€ dealing wilh the

veil

velar velutinous

tomentose

(surface) densely matted and woolly, like a

thin layer of tissue anached to or covering a frb. (see partial veil, universal veil).

living on soil.

thermophilic

phase of the lile cycle or part of the organism which is concerned with nutrilion and groMh as oppossd to reproduction.

arrangement (classitication) of organisms. growing on the ground.

differentiation into roots, slems, or leaves. lavoring warmth.

a

cytoplasm of a cell.

an

the body of a structurally simple plant without

D.

(pileal margin or surface, edge ol gill) broadly

taxon

terrestrial terricolous thallus

cenlral bump.

undulating

rules of nomenclature cannot be used.

hierarchical

depression.

pertaining to aveil. (surface) covered with short, fine, soft, dense hairs (= velvety).

venose

having veinliks wrinkles or ridges (veins); gsp. applied to lhe surface of gills or the space

blanket.

venlricoso

(stipe, cysiidia) swollen orenlarged inthe middle.

tomentum

a cottony tangle or feltwork of hyphal threads

vermiform

worm-shaped.

toxin

clothing the surface of the pileus orstipe. a poisonous material produced by organisms.

verrucose

havingwans orrounded processes (smaller than lubercles).

toPotype

a

latercollection from the original locality used for new typirication of a species when the holotype

vertical

Perpendicular to the surface.

no longer exists (usual but incorrect usage of

vesicu larlale

(cystidia, hyphal cells) inllated and rounded,

villoso

(surface)having long weak hairs.

viscid

(surlace) sticky when moist.

viscosity

degree of fluidity of a liquid, whether "thick" like honey or *thin" like water

which permils the attachment of lhe gillsto show lhrough as dark Iines (striations).

wound Parasite

an organismwhich cannot attack sound plants

a pileipellis consisting of erect to almost venical hyphaewhich are notstrictly parallel (if they are it is a palisade)(see the lig. for No. 18).

zonate/zoned

(surface ol pileus) having concenlric bands ol different colors;(surfaca of stipe) having rings ol a ditferent colorlrom the ground color

between 9ills.

bladderlike.

word).

trama

lundam€ntal tissue, lhe sterile inner tissue of a fruiting body, usually composed of tubular hyphae which are divided into cells by septa, a microscopic term (see context).

translucent-striate

lrichoderm

(margin

of pileus) having translucent

lissue

or

animals but can only penetrate through wounds.

Macroscopie features

Q G

A B C

D

spherical hemispherical

E

obtusely umbonate acutely umbonate

G

F

obtusely conic ovoid

N O

intundibuliform undulating

convex

Pileal

-r Nil

H

I

K

L

conic-campanulate cylindric campanulate

M

22

"?

central eccentric

umbilicate

Pileal

Stipe attachment (fig. 4)

A B

acutely conic

7 (5) mm thick

Part A (Boletes) '1 Tube mouths gray-brown

2 2'

Parl

Part

H

Part Pari

I K

Page 37

Page 40 Page 43 Paqe 45

to gray-black

. brown-black

Porphyrellus porphyrosporus. Slrobilomyces strobllaceug

Pileal surface smooth, velutinous, gray- to black-brown Pilealsurface coarsely areolate-squamose,

No. 'l No. 2

'1* Tube mouths with other colors

2

Tube mouths red to orange-red, at least in young lrbs. Pileal surlace red to wine-red (brown at most only when young)

3

4

Stipe surface wilh a red net Growing in coniferous forests, primarily reat Growing in hardwood forests, primarily near Fagus Flesh in pileus and stipe pale yellow, faintly bluing

5 5'

Picea

6

6"

3'

7 7'

4' 4

r€ddish-floccose

anywhere touched.

5

bluing

5 5'

net .

Stipe surface with red flocci Tube mouths with other colors Tube mouths white to

3

3"

.

Flesh in pileus and stipe an intense yellow, strongly bluing Flesh strongly bluing immediatelywhen cut, frb. strikingly heavy and quickly spotting dark blue when touched

Flesh quickly but more faintly bluing when cut, lrb. not strikingly heavyand not conspicuously spotting when Stipe surfac€ linely Pileal surface with other colors Pileal surface whitish to gray-whitish, sometimes with pink tones Stipe surface wilh a red net on a gold-yellow background, flesh lemon-yellow 5* Stipe surface reticulate on a pale yellow background, usually with red tones only in a zone around ths stips, llssh pale yellow, Pileal surface with (olive) brown ton€s(without red) Stipe surface with ared

4' 2'

Boletus splendidus ssp.

whitish

moseri

No.

22

Boletus splendidus ssp.splendidus No. 23

. No. 25 Boletus rhodopurpureus No. 18 Boleiusdupainii No. 7 Boletus torosus

rhodoxanthus Bolelus satanua

No.

19

No.

20

lurldus erylhropus

No.

12

No.

9

holopus

No.

33

No.

53

No.

38

No.

37

Boletus

Boletus Boletus

Leccinum

Tube mouths with olher colors Tube mouths whitish with gray or brown tones

4

5 Pileus lubricous when moist, veil remnants present on the pileus and/or stipe. Suillusviscidus 5' Pileus dry, stipe without veil remnants, surface punctate ot floccose 6 Pileal surface orange-yellow to orange-foxy, stipe flocci blackish, under Betula . Leccinum versipelle 6- Pilealsurface light brown, gray-brown, red-brown, olive-brown 7 Flesh unchanging when cut, lurning somewhat green in the stipe base at mosl Lecclnum scablum

7'

Flesh turning reddish to lilac and eventually black when cut Occurring under Populus tremula, spores I ,2-i2,6 xA,4-4,8

8

8* 4*

pm

Occurring primarily undet Corylus, Carplnus, spores 14,6-18x 4,7-5,7

pfi

Leccinum

dutlusculum

No.

32

Leccinum

carpini

No.

31

amarellus telleus

No. No.

26

Tube mouths with other colors

5

Tube mouths whitish with pink or yellowish tones

6 6*

Tube mouths white when young, later pink Pileus 10-50 mm across, stipe without a net, flesh not Pileus 50-150 mm across, stipe with a brown net, flesh biner Tube mouihs whitish when young, lateryellowish

7 7' 7

7*

5'

bitter .

Chalciporus

Tylopilus

Pilsus white, slimy when moist, stipe with red-brown glandular

dots

Suillus

placidus.

54

No.48

Pileus otange-red to brown-red

8

Under Ouercus, stips with blackish

8*

Undet Populus trcmula, stipe with brown-red

squamules squamules

Leccinum querclnum Lecclnum

rulum

.

No.

35

No.

36

No.

58

No.

5

Tube mouths with olher colo.s Tube mouths yellow to olive-yellow, not bright yellow

6

7

Parasitic on Sc/erodezrra

7"

Not parasitic

8

(earthballs)

Xerocomus

parasiticus

Slipe with adistinct net Flesh bitter

I

10 Stipe distinctly red toward the base, under conifers,

monlane

Boletuscalopus.

10. Stipe pale, withoul red ton€s(at most fain y pink), under

hardwoods.

9.

Boletus

radicans

No.

16

Boletus

pinophilus.

No.

13

Boletus

subappendicutatus No. 24

Boletus

edulis

Flesh mild

10 UnderP,nus,

pileus dark

brown.

10'With other trees

11 Primarily near Plcea and montane 12 Tube mouths bright lemon-yellow, siform and with reddish ftesh

.

stipe base fu-

12'Tube mouths whitish to olive-ye ow, flesh stipe base 11 "

unchanging

in

No. I

Primarily under hardwoodssuch as Fagus, Ouercus,

Castaneaelc. 12 Pileus brown-red to copper-red, flesh bluing, stipewith a brown-red net

.

Boletus speclosus

.

No.

21

No.

10

No.

4

No.

17

12* Pileus with other colors

13 Pileus pale gray-brown, beige-brown, stipe reddish-zoned, ,lesh

bluing

Boletus

lechtneri

13'Pileus darker brown, without graytones

14 Tube mouths and stipe lemon-y€llow. Bolelus appendiculatus 14*Tube mouths whilish to olive-yellow, stipewhitish to pale

8'

brown

Boletus

.

reticulatus.

Stipe without a net

I

Stipe with veil remnants or an annular zons

10 Undet Larix 1

1

Stipe solid, frb. yellow to orange-yellow, slimy when

moist

11.Stipe chambered-hollow, piteus dry, tomentose, chestnut- or

yellow-brown

Suillus grevlllel

.

Boletuscavipes

No. 46

No.

3

10* UnderPlnus 1

1

1

1' Under 2-nesdled pines

Under s-needled pines, pileus pale ysllow, stipe with red-brown glandular

dots.

12

9.

Pileus yellow, stipe with a slimy annulus, in high

moors.

12t Pileus with brown tones, annulus membranoua, ascending, +/-violet, in dry Stipe without veil remnants or an annular zone, dry, some-

habitats

Suillus slblrlcus

.

No. 50

sulllusflavidus

No.

44

Suillusluteus

No.

47

No.

34

times slightly lubricous when moist

'10 Stipe with dotsor scales 11 Undet Quercus, stipe with yellow to red-brownish squamules, llesh reddening, later

blackening.

1'l "

Leccinum

nigrescens

UnderP,rus 29

12

Und€r 2-needled pinEs

13 Stipe with milky whiie droplets

on the apex when young, with white basal mycelium

.

Suillus granulatus

13. Stipe brown-red punctate, pileus lubricous, stiPe with Pink basal mycelium . l2'Undet Pinus cembra (s-needled), stipe with brown-red glandular dots, pileus lubricous

10'Stipe smooth to longitudinally fibrillose 11 Near A/nus, tubes distinclly decurrent, bruising blue

.

No.

45

Suillus qollinltug

No.43

Suillus plorans

No.49

Gyrodon llvidus

.

No.28

Suillua bovinus

.

No.42

11'Near other trees

12

Undet Pinus

13 Tube mouths large, labyrinthine, tubes

broadly adnate to decurrent, stipe not over 15 mm thick (flesh Pink in NH.OH) . '13'Tube mouths small, rounded, tubes notched, stips more than 15 mm thick (flesh grav-lilac NH.OH)

Suillus varlegatus

No.52

Gyroporus casianeus.

No.29

Gyroporus cyanescens

No.30

Xerocomus rubellus

No.

Boletus queletli

No. t5

'12' Under other trees

13

Stipe soon chambered-hollow or pithy, spp. Pab Yellow

14 Pileus yellow-brown, flesh unchanging when

cut

.

14* Pileus ocher-yellow, flesh strongly bluing when cut

13'Stipe solid, spp. brown to olive-brown

14

Pileus blood-, wine-, copper-r€d

15 Pileus 30-50 mm across, finely tomentosg, stipe wilh red longitudinal fibrils, base chrome'Yellow '15'Pileus 50-150 mm across, smooth,

stipe Yellow purple-red

1

4' Pileus brown

to

wine-red, base

.

59

to gray-b rown, at most with

faint pinktones

15

Flesh and tubes immediately bluing strongly when cut. 15* Flesh and tubes not or faintly bluing

16

Boletus pulverulenlus

No.

Pulverobolelus gentilis

No.40

Boleius depilstus

No.

Boletus impolitus

No.

Xerocomus chrysenteron

No.56

xerocomus subtomentosus

No.60

xerocomus badlua.

No.55

xerocomus motaviqus

No.57

14

Not bluing

'!7 Pileus 20-50 mm

across,

gray-brown wilh a Pink tint, tube mouths brightyellow 17'Pileus over 50 mm across, brown, under hardwoods

18 Pp hymeniform, ol clavalecells '18' Pp of irregular hyphae

.

6 11

16'Faintly bluing

17 Stipe entirely or Partly

red,

pileusand sometimeseaten placeswiih pinktones

17t Stipe and Pileuswithout red

tones

18 Pileus light olive-brown

to

olivq.yellow, bluing

faintly or not at all , pores nearthe stipe larger and

angular.

18'Pileus dark brown, chestnut-brown, or orang+brown

'19

ln acid coniferous forests sp. > 12 um long

.

19'Under hardwoods, Quercus and Castar,ea, thermoPhilic, sp. < 12 um long . Tubs mouthswith bright yeilow, orange, or brown tones 30

UndgrLa.rx, stipewith an annularzone, lubricous, entirefrb. orangered, copper-red

Suillw tridentinus

.

No.

51

No.

27

No.

41

Underothertrees

Part B

'l

Flesh peppeFhot, tube mouths copper-red

8.

Flesh mild, on wood, on/near stumps, tube mouths bright

Chalclporus piperatus.

.

yellow

PulveEboletus lignicola

.

Mushrooms with a lamellate hymenophore and dark spore deposit (only the families Paxillaceae and Gomphidiaceae)

Spores verrucose, subglobose

2 2' 1*

-

8

Pileal margin ciliate

Rlpartltes tricholoma

.

Pileal margin not ciliate

No. 67 No.66

.

Rlpanlles metrodii.

Spores smooth

2 2.

Stipe lateralor absent

3

Tapinetla panuoides

3.

Paxillus atratomentosus.

Stipe absent or rudimentary, pileus < 80 mm across Stipe lateral, black-brolvn, velutinous, frb. robust, pileus > 80 mm across Stipe central

3

No.68 No.63

Frb. lubricous-slimy, spp. black, spores fusiform

4

4*

Undet Pinusot

5 5'

Laix

UnderP,nus, pileus pink towine-red

74

Chroogomphus ruiilus Chroogomphushelveticus.

No. No.

70

Macrocystidia cucumis

No. 273

Paxlllus rublcundulus

No.65

Paxillus involutus

No.64

Gomphidius gracllls

Gomphidius glutinosus

Mostly under Picea, pileus violet-gray. stipe basgygllow.

. . . .

No. No. No. No.

Gomphidius ros€us Gomphidius maculatus

Under Larlx (two species) and

.

73 72 71

3'Frb.dry

4

Frb. with reddish, orange, or red-brown colors

5 5t

4.

Lamellae decurrent

6 6'

UnderPirus, pileus lubricous when moist, glabrous when dry, shiny Under Picea, pileus dry, fibrillose-tomentose

.

.

Lamellae notched to almost free, pileusconic-campanulate, chestnut-brown, with dermatocystidia

69

Frb. with yellow to olive-brown tones

5 5'

UnderA/nuq pileus squamose, lamellag spotting red-brown when bruised Under other trees, pileus smooth, Iinely tomenlose, lamellae spotting dark

Pan C - Hymenophore lamellate, spp. white, stipe lateral, eccentric, or absent 1 Hymenophore with ridges, venose, almost smooth, orwith poorly developed lamellae 2 On soil, alpine, stipe distinctly lateral, frb. brown, hymenophore venose-ridged. Arlhenia auriscalpium

No. 137

2'Onmosses

3 '1

*

3*

ln moist meadows, wet areas around springs, or moors, frb. gelatinous, olive-brown, hymenophore vgnose

Arhenia lobata

ln dry places, such as walls, banks, etc., frb. grayish, whitish, hygrophanous

Arrhenia spatulata

No. 138

. .

No. 139

Hymenophore with distinct lam€llae

2

Frb. with a distinctly eccentric stipe

3 3'

Odor aniselike, on

Sa/,r pileus20-50 mm across

4 4'

Parasitic on Ulmus, usually clustered, frb. larg€, pilsus over 80 mm across, stipe 10-30 mm thick, basidia with siderophilous

No. 239

granules

Lyophyllum (Hypsizygus) ulmariumNo.2T2

Not parasitic

5

Saprophytic on dead hardwoods, gregarious, lamellar edgss entire, pileus whitish, grayish, hygrophanous, usually under 80 mm across, stipe 4-t5 mm

thick. 5*

Clitocybe lignatllls.

No. 168

Lentinus adhaerens Lentlnus lepldeus . Lentinus tigrinus

No. 237

Lamellar edges crsnate or serrate

6

On dead coniler wood

7 7'

Abies Larix 6. On dead hardwood , primatily Salix ot Populus 2'

Lentinus suavissimus

Odor not aniselike

ln winter or spring,on Picea ot ln summsrorfall, ptimarily on

No. 238 No. 240

Frb. stipeless, laterally stipsd, or constricted and stipelike where attached

31

Frb. stipeless, usuallyattached by the apex ol the pileus, pileus under 12 mm across, on dead wood or wounds in living trees

Resupinatus trichotia

No.400

Frb. not attached bythe apex of the pileus Lamellar edges splil longitudinally, pileus tomentose

Sahizophyllumcommune

No.404

Panellus mitis

No.398

4 4'

.

Lamellae normal

5

Pileus not over20 (30)mm across

6 6t

Frb. whitish

7 7'

Cuticle rubbery and stretchable, on conifer wood . Cuticle not rubbery and stretchable, on hardwood, with metuloid

cystidia

.

cha

No.224

Frb. brownish

7 7'

Arrhenio acerosa

On soil

No.136

On wood

8 8'

Panellus violaceofulvus

On coniferwood, esp./4b,es, without metuloid cystidia.

.

No. 392

On hardwood, more rarely conifer wood

9

Lamellar edgescoarsely dentate, sp. finely verrucoss

9"

Lamellar edges entire, sp. smooth

10 With metuloid

cystidia, on hardwood or conifer wood.

10' Without metuloid cystidia '11 On hanging dead branches of Sa/,xorAlnus

11'On stumpsor dead wood of Ouercus, lrb. viscid

5'

Hohenbuehelia myxot

.

Lentinellug ursinus

No. 236

Hohenbueheliaatrocoerulea

No.222

Panellua rlngens Panellus slipticus

No.390 No.391

.

Pileus usually over 30 mm across

6

Frb. orange-yellow, yolk-yellow, odor unpleasant, cabbagelike

6*

Frb. with other colors, odor not cabbagelike

7

Odor aniselike, in clusters on hardwood slumps (if on Sari and not clustered, see No. 239)

7"

Odorditferent

I

.

Phyllotopsis nidulans

No. 393

Lentinellus cochleatus

No.234

Phyllotus porrigens

No.394

Frb. white, whitish, gray-whitish, crsam-colored

9

8'

On wood

10

On conilerwood, clustered, pileus 20-50 mm across

'10*

On hardwood, more rarely conifer wood, pileus 40-150 mm across.

9'

OnLaseryitium Frb. with darker colors, brown, grsen, or olive, also with lilac,

No.395 Pleuroius dryinus . Pleuroius eryngii v. nebrodensis No. 396

blue, or pinktones

I 9'

With incrusted metuloid lamellar cystidia

Without lamellar cystidia or cystidia ditferent 10 Without lamellar cystidia, frb. brown, someiimes with lilac or bluetones '10' With lamellarcystidia

11 11

-

Spores inamyloid, frb. often with lilac tones

Hohenbuehelia

geogenla

No.223

Pleulotus ostrealus

No. 397

Lentlnua torulosus.

No.241

Salcomyxa serotina

No. 4O3

Spores amyloid

12 Spores smooth, allantoid, common species

on hardwoods, frb. with brown, green, or yellow tones, strongly slimYwhen moist 12' Spores finely punctate, broadly elliptic, rare species on hardwoods

Lentlnellus

omphalodes

No.235

Part D - Stipe central, spores ornamented: verrucose, spinose, tuberculate

1

Spores amyloid

2

Pileus 15-25 mm across, sporss globose, verrucose

2t

Pileus > 25 mm across Pilealmargin inrolled for a long time, septawith clamps Frb. yellow-ocherwith agreenish tinge, thick-fleshed, pileus upto 200 mm across, in hardwood forests 4t Frb. with brown to dark brown tones, in conilerous forests on rotten wood . 3t Pileal margin not inrolled for a long time, septa without clamps

3

4

4

32

Fayodia gracilipes

.

No.208

Leucopaxillus compactus Leucopaxillus mirabilis

No. 252

Melanoleuca subalpina

No. 305

No.253

Pileus whiteto cream-ochsr

5

Stipe smooth, without floccior scales

6

Lamsllar cystidia ventricose-lageniform, up to 14 rm across, montaneto

alpine.

6'

4'

5'

Lamellar cystidia fusilorm-subulate, up to 6,5 pm across, montane to

alpine.

Stipe brown floccose. squamose on a white background Pileus brown, gray-brownish, or gray Lamellar cystidia absent Slender frbs., pileus 20-35 mm across, O..1.2-1.4 Largerlrbs., pileus 30-60 mm across, Q.: 1.3-1.6 . Lamellar cystidia present Cystidia oI ths *stinging-hair" type Stipe shorter than the diamstgr of the . Stipe as long as or longer than the diameter oI the pileus Cystidia ventricose-fusiform, not o, the (stinging-hair" type

5

5t

6 6' 6

6.

pileus

7 7'

7

Lamellaeyellowish-ocher Frbs. sturdy, pileus 50-100 mm across, in spring 8" Frbs. slender, pileus25-50 mm across, summer-lall, montanelo

I

supalpine.

7. 1"

Lamellae white to pale cream-colored Pileus gray to silver-gray, commonly in grassy places

8 8'

Pileus dark ocher-, red-, to gray-brown, commonly in places where wood is stored

Spores inamyloid Spores coarsely tuberculate-nodose, subglobose (if in burned places and/orwith sidere philous granules, see No.254) Pileussoon plan€ with an indented center,lamellae broadlyadnateto decurrent, taste farinaceous, among mosses or Sphagrul,

Melanoleuca substlictipes Melanoleuca verrucipes .

No.306 No.307

Melanoleuca glaminicola Melanoleuca st dula .

No.301

Melanoleuqa brcvipes Melanoleuca paedida .

No.297

M. cognata ss. Lge. .

No. 304

No. 303

Melanoleuca cognata ss. K.&

No. 298

Melanoleuca

No. 299

Melanoleuca exclsaa

No.300

Melanoleuca humilis

No. 302

Omphaliaster asterosporus

No.377

Mycenella bryophila

No. 373

2

3

3*

2'

Pilsus campanulate, mycenoid, lamellae narrot,ly adnate, taste not farinaceous, hyphae of pileipellis gnarled, on soil Spores spinose, verrucose, or punctate Spores coarsely spinose-verrucose, usually > 8 pm long Frb. blue to violet . 4* Frb. orange-red, orange-brown, amber

3

4

5

Basidia 2-spored Spores not under 11 pm long

6

Laccaria amethyatea

.

No.228

Laccariatodilis

.

No.233

Laccada altaica

6'Spores8.4-13umlong

5'

3'

7 7'

Spines under 0.8Im long Spines over 0.8 um long Basidia 4-spored

6 6'

.

Stipe base lilac-violet. Stipe base whitish to gray-whitish, without lilac tones Spores broadly elliptic, O: 1.1-1.3 7" Spores globose to subglobose, Q:1.0-1.2

7

.

No.227

Laccarlafaterna

No. 230

Laccarla blcolor.

No. 229

Laccarla laccata v. laccata . No.231 Laccaria laccatav. pallidilolia. No. 232

Spores finely verrucose, punctate, or slightly blunt-verrucose (with calottes), in Lepista iina somelimes almost smooth Basidia with siderophilous granules, pileus usually under 30 mm across (exceptioni Lyophyllum leucophaeatum 40-80 mm across) Frb. blackening, pileus 30-80 mm across

4

5

5.

Lyophyllum leucophaeatum

No.26l

Lyophyllum sphaerosporum

P.218

Lyophyllum lyllcolor

No.27'l

Frb. not blackening

6 6'

Usuallygrowing in burned places (see No.254, Bemarks) Not growing in burned places ln hardwood or conilerous lorests

7

.

7'Notinforests

4'

8 8'

ln dry habitats such as pathsides, banks,

etc.

.

ln damp habitatssuch as high moors, moorlike meadows, etc.

Basidia without siderophilous granules, pileus usually over 30 mm across With violet or li,ac tones on pileus, lamellae, and/or stipe Pileus seldom over 40 mm across, usually gregarious to clustered, on compost heaps or pilesof rotting grass. Pileus larger, usually solitary or in rows Pileus 50-120 mm across, wilh brown tones, onlythe stipe with violet or lilaclones, commonly undertruittrees Entire frb. with lilac or violet or brown-violet tones Colors intense, odor pleasantly aromatic Colors usually very pale, gray-lilac to whitish-violel, odor fainlly unpleasant (compare L epista iina, No.245) Without violet or lilac tones anryhere on frb. Taste pepper-hot, in poor meadows, rare Taste mild Lamellae notched to broadly adnate

5

5'

6 6'

7 7'

6

6.

I 8'

Lyophyllum tesquorum Lyophyllum elosa .

No.269 No.258

Lepisla sordida

No.250

Lepiata peraonata Lepista nuda

.

.

No.248 No. 247

Lepista glaucocana

No.243

Leplsta rlcskil

No. 249

7

33

8 Odor pleasantly aromalic, pileus beige-brownish to pale ocher with a pinktinge, spores sometimes almosl smooth 8' Odor and taste farinaceous 9 Pilsus 50-'120 mm across, light beige-gray with dark brown water spots I' Pileus 10-25 mm across, hygrophanous, gray-beige to gray.

brown, cuticle gelatinous, peelable

7"

L!pista lrlna

No. 245

L€pista luscina

No. 246

Fayodia pseudoclusllls

No. 209

Lepista densifolla

No.242

L€pisla inversa

No.244

Lamellae decurrent

8

Frb. cream-colored to light oche( sporeswith O: 1.3-1.8

8*

Frb. red-brown, orange-brown, to pale yellow-brown, spores with

O:1.0-1.3

.

Part E - Pileipellis of spherical, pyriform, clavate, etc. cells (hymeniform)

1

Occurring in spring on cones On Picea cones, which may be buried (see also No. 140)

2

Strobilurus esculenlus

No.405

Strobilurus stephanocystis

No. 406

Strobilurus tenacellus

No. 407

Mycena rorida

No.360

Oudemansiella mucida

No.388

Hemimycena pseudolactea

No.221

Marasmius epiphylloides

No. 284

Marasmius hudsonll

No.287

Marasmius recubans . Marasmius epiphyllus

No.290

Marasmius wynnei.

No.295

2'OnPiruscones

3

3* 1

'

'l4 rm across, usually montane . Flesh bitter after a fairly long delay, cystidia < 14 um across, usually in valleys (see also No. 140) Flesh mild, cystidia

>

Occurring in summer and fall

2 Spores amyloid, stipe slimy, frbs. small 2' Spor€s inamyloid 3 Pileuswhite, whitish, to cream-colored 4 Entire frb. white 5 Pileus and stipe slimy, pileus 50-80 mm across, stipe with annulus, on Fagus 5' Entire rb. dry, pileus up to 10 (20) mm across, on needle litter, pp with erect diverlicula which are sheathed in slime 4' Only pileus whitish, stipe colored ditferently 5 Occurring on fallen dead leaves 6 On leaves of Hsde ra helix f

6'Onotherleaves

7

On leaves of l/ex

7'Onotherleaves

I 8' 5*

On othersubstrates On soilin hardwood forests, usually clustered, pileus upto50 mm across, pileus or lamellaewith alaint lilac tint

6 6'

7 7'

On rhizomes (mostly butied) ol

fte

Marasmius chordalis

dium aquilinum

On othersubstrates On dead stems and leavesol Phrcgmites

8

.

No.28'l

Marasmlus limosus

No. 288

Marasmius bulliardii Marasmius rotula

No.278 No.291

Xerula pudens Xerula melanotricha

No.,l49 No.,l48

Xerula radlcata

No.450

Dermoloma cuneitolium.

No.206

Marasmlus alliaceus

No. 276

Marasmiusscotodonlus.

No.292

On other substrates (needles, leal remains, branchlets, among mosses, grasses and their roots, etc.), stipe with a collar

9 9'

L = 12_14(16) L = 16-22

Pileus orange, brown, red-brown, ocher-brown

4

Pileus > (30)40 mm across Stipe setose, pilose, rooting Pilealor stipe setae up to 'l mm (1000 pm) long, near hardwoods Pileal or stipe setae longer, upto 3 mm (3000 um) long, near,4b,es

5

6 6'

5'Stipesmoolh,withoutsetae,rooting,pileusradiallywrinkled,withoutsetae, lubricous when moist

4t

Pileus smaller, under (30) 40 mm across

5

Odor and taste rarinaceous-rancid, without cystidia, among grasses

5"

Odor and taste ditlerent

6

Odor like garlic On dead wood of Fagus, stipe

7

7*

Odordifferentorabsent

7

>

50 mm long

Undet Picea or Prrus, on soil or remains of wood, stipe long

6' 34

No. 285

On other substrates

8*

3'

On leaves oI Fagus and Quercus Mainly on l€aves ol Frarlnuq more rarely others

Pileus

>

15 mm across




5'

3"

Mycena erubescens

Mycena aetites

On soilamong grasses

commonlyon pieces oI barkorwood on the ground 10'Lamellae ascending to finely adnexed 11 Pileus4-10 mm across, on moosylrunksand roots of hardwoods, frb. light gray-brown 11'Pileus larger

3

No.339 No.346

.

Lamellar edges not colored

8 8'

10 Lamellae distinctly decurrent, pileus 5-15 mm

2"

No. 365

.

.

across Usually gregarious-cespitose on dead branches, stumps, etc. of hardwoods, more rarely ofconilers, pp in scalpsection with ramealis slructure . Not cespitose, on other substrates Usuallyon fallen leaves of Fagus, lamellae broadlyadnato, edgesfaintly

6 6'

5 (8) mm

Pileuswithothercolors 4 Pileus +/- pink

4*

5

On the remains of ferns,

5*

On needle litter under Picaa, pileus 5-10 (20) mm across, cespitose, lamellar

pileus2-4 mm across, lamellaredges pink

edges dark pink

Mycena losella

.

No.362

Pileus with other colors Pileusyellow, yellow-green, to olive Culicle rubbery-elaslic and peelable, pileus viscid

5

6

7

Pileus whitish, lemon-yellow toward the center, sp. 7.6-11.7x 3.4-4.8 !m, Q: 2.1-2.6 .

Mycena epipterygiav. epipterygia No. 329

7' 6t

5'

Pileus olive-yellow lo olive-brown, sp. 7.9-10.4 x 5.4-7.7 Im; Q:

1.3-1.5.

Cuticl€ not rubbery-elastic, pileus hygrophanous, sulfur-yellow with an olive tint when dry, olive-brown when moisl, nol

viscid

Mycena epipterygia v.

lignicola

No.33o

Mycena arcangellana

.

No.

gl9

Pileuswithothercolors

6 Pileus lead-gray to steel-blue, 3-10 mm across, on corticate irunks of hardwoods 6' Pileus with brown, gray, or beige-brown tones 7 lnjured frb. exuding a fluid (milk) 8 Fluid orange-red, frb. orange-spotted 8' Fluid colorless, frb. bitter, usually on mossy bark of living hardwoods 7' lnjured frb. not exuding a fluid I Cuticle rubbery-elastic and peelable, pileus viscid I Stipe gray-beige to light brownish 9' Stipe lemon-yellow 8' Cuticle not rubbery-elastic I On bark of living hardwoods pileus < 1O mm across 10 Spores subglobose, 8.8-1 'l x7.5-10rm 10' Spores elliptic 8-10 x 5-6.5 l]m , 9"

On other substrates, pileus

10

>

10 mm

Mycena

pseudoconicola

. Mycena erubescens Myqena crocata

No. g56

No. 326

No.333

Mycena eplpterygia v. pe icutosa. No. 331 Mycena epipterygiav. sptendidipes No.Bg2

Mycena metiigena Mycena

mirata

.

No.34g No.3SO

across

Lamellar edges orangs, on needle

litter

Mycena autantiomarglnata

.

No. 320

10' Lamellar edges uncolored

11

Usually clustered on rotten wood 12 Stipe yellow-brown to orange-brown, usually on

Ouercus ot Castanea, sp. 8.1-10.9x5.6-6.3 |Jm, taste

farinaceous

Mycena

inclinata

No.342

Mycena

gatericutata

No.339

Mycena

flos-nivium

No.337

.

No. 344

12'Stipe gray-beige to brownish, on various hardwoods and conifers, sp. 9-'t2x6.3-8.6 pm

(2-sporedrorm) 1'1

'Not clustered

12

ln spring, primarily montane after snowmelt, on wood ol

Picea

12t Usually in fall

13

Lamellae broadly adnate, odor and taste farinaceous, in meadows or pastures

.

Mycena latilolia

'13'Lamellae ascending and sometimes decurrent as a tooth 14 Odor and taste farinaceous, pileus grayish, cespitose, on needle litter in late

fall

Mycena

cinerella

No. 324

14* Odor medicinal, like iodoform 15 Pileus and tame ae with fleshcolored to pink tones, terminal cells ofthe stipe cortex absenl or 'l5"Wilhout flesh-colored tones, termi-

ra.e

metata nal cells of the stipe cortex abundant Mycenalilopes Mycena

No.349 No.334

Part G - Basidia over 45 pm long (Fam. Hygrophoraceae)

'l

Lamellae ascending and finely adnexed (irbroadly adnate see Pileus with predominantly yellow to orange-yellow tonss

2

3

3t

2'

Spores 9.8-14 x 5.2-7.6 um, pileus yolk- to Spores smaller

1')

orange-yellow

4

pm

Pileus lubricous when moist, stipe dry, sp. 6.5-8.2 x 5.2-6.8 Both pileus and stipe lubicous when moist, sp. 7-9.5 x 3.9-5.9 um Pileus with other colors

4.

3

No.

Hygloqybe Hygrocybe chlorophana

ftavescens .

No. 86 No. Bl

age

Hygrocybe aonlca (inkl. nigrescens)

No.

85

97

Frb. not blackening

5

5. 3*

.

Pileus with predominantly red toorange-red colors F.b. blackening when injured or in

4 4'

persistens

Hygrocybe

across across

Pileus 40-90 (120)mm Pileus 10-30 (40) mm

Hygrocybe Hygrocybe

punicea aqutopunicea

No. No.

99 78

Hygrocybe Hygrocybe

murinacea ovina

No. No.

94

Pileus with other colors

4

Pileusolive-brown, gray-brown, black"brown

5 5'

Odor nitrous, never

reddening

Odor absent or different, frb. reddening and blackening when injured

.

96

s7

4'

Hyglocybe

Pileus pink to lilac

calyptrilormis

No.

80

l'Lamellaebroadlyadnatetodecurrent(attimessomewhatascendingandbroadlyadnate,also decurrent as a tooth) Pileuswhite to pale cream-colored

2

3 3'

Frb. with a striking odor Odor like Russian leather, in damp meadows Odor like hyacinths, in montane spruce forests

4

4.

Frb. odorlessor odorditferent ln meadows and pastures

4

4"

Camarophyllusrussocoriaceus No. 77 Hygrophorus hyacinthinus

.

5

5'

6

7

Frb. white, not turning brown-orange even in age or when dry, pileus with no reaction to KoH 7* Frb. white whgn young, turning brown-orange when old or dry, pileus chrome-yellow with KOH Frb. dry to slightly lubricous when moist Pileus moreihan > 40 (50)mm across Pileus otten with a pink tinge in the center, sp. 6-10 x 4.5-6 pm,

7

7*

8 8'

L = 64-72

Pileus at most dark cream-colored in the center, sp. 6-8.4x 3.3-4.2 Pm, L = 70-85 Pileus25-50 mm across, sp. 6.2-8.7 x 3.8-5 pm, L = 41-43 .

eburneua Hygrophorus discoxanthus Hygrophorus

Hygrophorus poetarum

.

No. 111 No. 110

No. 125

Hygropholus penatius Hygrophorus unicolor

No. 123

Hygrophorus hedrychil

No. '113

Hygropholus melizeus

No.'120

No.131

Associated with othertrees

6

With Setura, frb. strongly slimy, creamtolored with

6t

with conilers

7

7'

a

flesh tint

.

Neat Picea

I 8'

Lamellae deep orange-yellow Lamellae white to crgam-colored

I Stipe apex and pileal margin yellow-floccose, 25-70 mm across. 9' Frb. nowhereyellor,, pileus 10-30 mm across

Undet

Laix

pileus

Hygrophorus Hygrophorus

chrysodon plceae

No. 108 No. 124

ot Pinus

I Undet Larix, frb. whitish with pink to flesh tones, septa without clamps. 8' Under Pinus s,lvesiris, stipe with a slimy annular zone when young

Hygrophorus queletii

No. 128

.

No. 117

Hygrophorus ligatus

Pileuswithothercolors

3

Pileus green, yellow-green, lemon-yellow, orange-yellow Pileus with olive or green tones Pileus indented in the center (omphalinoid), olive-yellow to green-yellow, on rottsn or buried wood 5* Pileus campanulale to conic, strongly lubricous, monled green-yellow"

4

5

orange

4'

.

Eroa3ulus psittacina.

Camarophyllus

No.

Hygrocybe

No.98

Pileus without green or olive tones Under Laix

5

5t

6 6'

Pileus lemon-yellow, stipe not floccose'mottled Pileus orange-yellow, stipe tloccoselo mottled

.

Hygrophorus

lucorum .

75

No. 118

Hygrophorus speqiosus

No. l30

Hygrophoruspudorinus.

No.126

Hygrophorus nemoreus

No. 121

ln other habitats ln hardwood orconiferous forests

6

7 7*

6"

ln conilerous forests nearAbies, pileusorange. ln hardwood forests under Ouercus and Castanea, pileus orangebrown

.

Not in forests

7 Pileal surlace finely scaly-scurfy, frb. orange-yellow, pileal conter slightly indented, montane to subalpine 7' Pileal surface smooth, dryor lubricous 8 Pileus strongly slimy-lubricous when moist, on heath soils or in poor meadows, stipe apex faintly lilac

8"

Hygrocybe mlniatav. mollis.

No. 93

Hygrocybe laeta

No.89

Pileus dry

9 ln moors among Sphagnum, slightly indented 9' ln Pasturesor Poor meadows

pileus lemon-yellow, center

10 Spores constricted in the middle, frb orange, pileus campanulate 10" Spores not constricted in the middle, frb. pale orange to salmon, Pil€us Plane to turbinat€ 38

No. 103

Hygrocybe virginea

.

No. 114

ln other habitats ln begch forests associated with Fagus Frb. strongly lubricous-slimy when moist, white

6'

2'

.

Hygrocybe citrina

No.

.

Hygrocybe obrussea

.

Camarophyllus pralensis

82

No.95 No.

76

3*

Pileus with other colors

4

Pileus predominantly red, wine-red, orange-red

5

Pileuswith wine-.edtones, although sometimesonly in spots on a pale background

6

ln beech forests, pileus spotted purple- to wine-red on a whilish background, not

6*

ln (montane) coniferous foresls under Picea

yellowing

7 7' 5*

Pileus spotted purple to wine-reddish on a pale background, yellowing in places in age or when dry, lamellae

cream-colored .

Entire lrb. with purple- to wine-reddish colors, even the lamellae

.

No. 129

Hygrophorus erubescens Hygrophorus capreolarius .

No.

1 12

No. 107

Pileus and sometimes the stipe bright red to orange-red, also motled with yellow in places

6

Pileal surface scurty, squamulose

7

Hyphalcells of the lamellartrama long, '100-500 pm, pileus brownishred, at the edges of moors and on heath

7'

6*

soils

Hyphal cells ot the lamellar trama short, not over 100 rm long Pileus and lameliae brighl red, in meadows and pastures

8 8'

.

Pileusredloorange-red, lamellaewhilewhenyoung, lateryellow to orange-yellow, strongly decurrent, in

moors

Hygrocybe

helobla

No.

87

Hygrocybe

miniata

No.

92

Hyglocybe

lepida

No.

90

Hyglocybe

reai

No. 100

Pilealsurface smooth, usually shiny

7

Flesh bilter, pileus and stipe slimy, up to alpine elevations

7'

Flesh mild

8 8'

.

Pileus red lo orangs-red, striate, lamellae and stipe yellow, in alpine regions, on

chalk

Hygrocybe calciphila

.

No.

79

Pileus and stipe blood-red, sometimes spotted yellow or orange

I 9' 4*

Hygrophorus russula

Lamsllae rsd-orange when young, later yellow-orange, sp.7.5-10.9 x 4.2-5.5 rm Lamellae whitish when young, later increasingly yellow, sp. 6.7-9.4 x 4-5.5 pm, uninucleat€

Hygrocybe

cocclnea

No. 83

Hygrocybe

marchii

No.

91

Pileus with other colors

5

Pileuswith brown orgraytonss, e. g. olive-brown, orange-brown, graytograybrown, black-brown

6 6'

Frb. with siriking odor of bitter almonds, pileus gray to

gray-brown

Hygrophorus agalhosmus

.

No. 105

Frb. without odor or odor ditferenl

7 7'

Hygrophorus

marzuolus

No. 'l'!9

ln late fall after the first ,rosts, pileus olive- to y€llow-brown, strongly slimy, L = 40-44, sp. 6.3-9.3 x 3.5-5.5

Hygrophorus

hypothejus

No. 115

lnfall,pileusdarkolive-brownloblack-brown,sronglyslimy, L = 60-80,sp.7.8-11.4x5.1-7.5um

Hygrophorus latitabundus

ln spring, growing in hardwood orconiferous foresls

.

ln summerto late fall

8

Near

9 9' 8.

Pirus

pm

.

No. 116

ln other habitats

9

Stipe +/- brown-mottled or dark punctate

10 Stipe olive-brown mottled, entire frb. strongly slimy, pileus olive-brown, in acid coniferous forests, on needle

litteroramong mosses 10'Stipedark punctate, entirefrb. dry, pileus gray-brown, in late fall in spruce forests, cespitose on needle

9'

litter

Hygrophorus

ollvaceoalbus

No. 122

Hygrophorus

pusiulatus

No. 127

Stipe smooth or at most concolorous fibrillos+floccose

10 Primarily in meadows, along grassy foreat edges, or

in

moors

11 ln moors among Sphagnum, pileus yellow-brown,

orange-brown,

fibrillose-scaly

Hygrocybe turunda v. sphagnophiia No. 101

l1*ln

meadows, poor lawns, or along grassy forest edges

12

Pileus light ocherbrown, cenler darker, lamellae strongly decurrent, pp of +/- parallelhyphae Hygrocybe vlrginea v.

fuscescens No. 104

12. Pileus darker brown, horn-brown, gray-brown

13

Frb. slrongly slimy, lamellae broadlyadnate,

pp an ixotrichoderm, sp. vm

6.1-8.5x

4.4-5.7

Hygrocybe

unguinosa

No. 102

Hygrocybe

colemanniana

No.

13'Frb. dry, slightly lubricous, lamellae decurrent, pp of parallel hyphae, sp. 6.3-9.3x 4.8-6.9

um

10* ln coniferous foresls, mostly underPicea

84

11 Pileus +/- uniformly dark brown, montane to

sub-

Hygrophorus camarophyllus

alpine, sP. 7.8-10 x 5-6 Pm.

11"Pileus +/- yellow-brown to brown-beige, with a distinctly dark brown disk, sp 5 5-7.7 x 3 3-4.7 !m Hygrophorus dlscoideus 5'Pileuswithviolettones,lamellaestronglydecurrent,attheedgesolmoorsor

No.88

Omphalina rlckenil. Gerronema marchantlae

No. 384

Cliiocybula dryadicola

No.182

7

Gerronema hudsonianum

7*

Geronema alpinum

No.213 No.211

Getronema ericeiorum

No.212

Faerberia (Geopetalum) qarbonaria(um)

No.207

Xeromphallna camPanella

No. 446

Rickenella libula

No.401 No.402

Part H - Lamellae broadly adnate to decurrent (Omphalina and ClitocYbe P.P.) 1 Lamellae distinctly decurrenl 2 Pileus < 15 (25) mm across 3 Septa entirelywithout clamps 4 With mosses or liverworts 5 Among mosses, on walls, etc., in late fallor winter 4*

Among liverworts (Ma rchantia), in alpin rcgions, frb- orangs brown

5"

Among or near Drya s octopelala,ltb oange- to yellow'brown ln high moors, on peat, on rottenstumps, among mosses or lichens, primarily

montansto alpine

6 6'

Pileus gold- to lemon-yellow, lichenized, primarily alpine Frb. among foliose thalli olCotsicium viide Frb. not among such ihalli, but with Botlydina Pileus pale green-yellow, olive'yellow, pale ocher, on peaty soils, in high

moors, on 6eath soils, on blocks of peat, on rotten stumps, etc., frb. usuallY turbinate Septa with clamps Lamellar cystidia presenl ln burned places, cystidia thick'walled and dextrinoid

4

5

5'

ln other habitats

6 On rotten stumps of coniters, frb. orange, cespitose, spring to summer 6' ln other habitats 7 Among grasses or mosses, with dermatocystidia 8 Frb. orangeto orange-Yellow 7"

4'

8* Frb. gray-brown with a darker cenler, stipe apex lilac On rotten wood, incl. buried wood, on stumps of hardwoods or coni'

Rlckenella setipes

base

Mycena amlcta

No.318

HygrophoroPsle motganli

No.62

Clitocybe gracilipes

No.164

Omphalina griseopalllda

No.379

Omphalina obatra

No.381

fers, pileus and stipe linely powdered, stipe violst-gray toward the

5 5'

7'

8

8

40

>

.

Spores smaller, basidia +sPored

9

Lamellar edges dark brown, stipe smooth, only apex whitePowdered 9* Lamellar edges not conspicuously dark brown, stipe finely tomentose, esp. toward the base Frb. with reddish to ocher-brown colors when moist

8"

3

.

6

8*

Pileus

.

Without lamellar cystidia Frb. with a striking flowery odor Frb. without astrikingodor Among ot neat Dtyas octopetala, montane or alpin€, frb. whitish, pp without coralloid hyphalends (see also No. 158) 6* ln other habitats Frb. wilh beige-brown, gray-brown, dark brown colors when moist Spores 8-'i2 x 5-9 l,lm, basidia predominantly 2-spored

7

2'

No. 2'14

ln other habitats

5

3.

No. 109

Hygrocybe lacmus.

on heath soils

5-

No. 106

Lamellar edges with marginalcells Spores 6.5-8.8x 3.6-5.6 pm

9 9'

Spores7.6-'lO.2xS.r-zum

.

Lamellar edges without marginal 4.$-5.4 pm

.

Omphalina velutiPes

Omphalina pyxldata Omphalina rlvulicola

.

No.387

No.383 .

No. 385

Omphallna hepatlca

No.380

Hygropholopsis aurantiaca

No.61

15 mm across

Spores amyloid ordextrinoid

4

Spores dextrinoid, frb. orange to yolk'yellow, lamellae strongly lorked, in coniferous forests

4*

Spores amyloid

5 5* 3*

a double annular zone, odor farinaceous, pileus robust, 80-200 mm across, hazel- to red-brown, primarily in montane Slipe withoul annularzones, odoronly faintlyfarinaceous, pileus 80-150 mm across, white lo cream-colored, margin inrolled for a long Stipe with

pastures

lime

Catalhelasma lmperiale

.

No. 147

Leucopaxlllus candldus

.

No. 251

Spores neither amyloid nor dextrinoid

4

On rotten wood, frb. gray-brown to ocher-brown, strongly radiallyfibrillose, center

4'

On other substrates

umbilicate

5 5"

Chrysomphalina strombodes

.

No. 148

ln moors among Sphagrum

6

Pileus dark to soot-brown, radially fibrillose,

6"

Pileus light ocher to reddish-brown, with dark brown

notscaly scales

oniscus

Omphalina Omphalina sphagnicola

No.382

.

No. 386

ln other habitals

6 6'

ln heaths with dwarf shrubs, often near Dryas octopetala, tub.

lateritia

No. 166

Clltocybe

catinus

No. 153

Clilocybe

geolropa

No. 162

Clitocybe

phaeophthalma

No. 175

rcd-brown Clitocybe

ln other habitats

7 7'

Frb. white, slightly inlundibuliform, in high montane and subalpine coniferous

forests

Frb. with other colors

8

Pileus > 70 (90) mm across, cream-beige, center with a distinct umbo, frb.

robust

8t

Pileus < 70 mm across Pp withvesicular elements (physalids), frb. Pp without such elements

9 9'

10

gray-beige

Stipe usually clavate toward the base,frb. gray-toocher-

brown

.

No. 154

subspadlcea

No. 178

bresadollana

No. 150

costata

No. '155

Clitocybe clavipes

1O'Stipe cylindric

11 Pileus strongly hygrophanous, oliv€-brown

whon

moist, stipe apex wilh a white annular zone, odor Clitocybe somewhat nilrouswhen 11'Pileus not hygrophanous, stipe apex without awhite zone 12 Pileus and stipe ocher with a pink tint, infundibulilorm, without an umbo, in poor meadows Clitocybe 12'Frb. with othercolors, without a pink tint

fresh

'l

3 Stipe ocher-brownish,

white-longitudinally Iibrillose, contrasting strongly with the lamellae, pileus light ocher lo beige-brown, mar-

ribbed

gin usually '13' Stipe whitish, smooth, notcontrasling stron-

gly with the lamellae, pileus light ocher to 1

-

beigebrown, umbonate, margin not

ribbed.

Clltocybe

Clitocybeglbba

No. 163

Lamellae broadly adnate, sometimes subdecurrent (not notched)

2

Basidiawithsiderophilousgranules

3

Pileus < 20 mm across

4 4' 3*

subglobose

ln burned places, sp. globoseto Not in burnsd places, usually under

in winter half of

year

Pileus > 20 mm across Frb. while, clustered-cespitose on Frb. with ocher-brown, light brown, to dark brown colors Pileus light ocher to beige-brown, 20-50 mm across, solitary to gregarious,

4 4'

pathsides

5

5' 2*

Sa/it

montane (3 species) primarily

Lyophyllum Lyophyllum

anthracophilum

platypum

No. 266

LyoPhyllum

connatum

No.256

Lyophyllum semliale

Pil€us with markedly brown colors, clustered-crowded, stipe white to brown

Lyophyllum Lyophyllum Lyophyllum

.

decastes. lumosum loricatum

No. 255

No.268 No.257 No.260 No. 262

Basidia without siderophilous granules

3

Pileus < 15 (20) mm across

4

On decomposing lrbs. or those from the previous year

5

5.

4'

Pileus barelyover

6

I

mm across, white, cespitose

With sclerotium

7 7'

ocher blackish sclerotium I No.375)

Sclerotium yellowto Sclerotium dark brown to 6* Without Pileus > mm across, light gray, wilh fusilorm chlamydospores on the lamellae, pp distinctly developed (see also

On other substrates

5

Frb. with a striking odor

. tuberosa Collybia cirrata . Nyctalls parasltlca . Collybia cookel Collybia

No.202 No. 203

No.201 No. 376

5.

6

Odor nitrous, on cones of Picea, in sprins

6.

Odor unpleasantly cabbagelike to garliclike, pileus red-brown, cespitose on spruce needle litter

Mycena sirobilicola

No.368

Micromphale pertorana

No.310

Marasmlellus vaillanlii

No. 275

Mycena picta

No. 353

Frb. wilhout a striking odor

6

On dead grasses, incl. ornamental grasses

6*

On other substrates

7 7' 3'

.

Pileus cylindric, dark brown, lamellae horizontal, broadly adnate, sp. 6.4-9 x 3.8-5.1 rm,

Pileus hemispherical 2.'l-3.3 pm

to plane, orange-brown, spores

.

4.'1-6x

.

xeromphalina fellea

No. 447

Clltocybe odola var. alba

No. 173

Clliocybe alnetolum Clltocybe dryadicola

No. 149

Pileus > (15) 20 mm across

4

Pileus white to pale cream-colored

5

Odor strikingly anisglike, pilsus 20-60 mm across, in coniferous forests

5*

Odor absent orditferent

6

Montane undet Alnus vitidis ot near Dryas octopetala, pp with gnarled hyphal ends Undet Alnusvitidis, spp. white

7 7' 6'

Arnong ot neat Dryas octopetara, spp. ocher

No. 158

.

ln other habiiats

7 7'

Pp with incrusted hyphae

.

Clitocybe candicans

No. 152

Clitocybe dealbata.

No. 156

Pp without incrusted hyphae

I

Generally nol in lorests, spp. whiie

8.

Generally in conilerous or hardwood Ioresis, on needle litter or leaves, spp. cream with a faint orangetint

Clltoqybe phyllophila

No. 176

.

4. Pileus ditlerontly color6d

5

Odor distinctly aniselike

6 6'

Pileus green to blue-green (if white ses No.173)

No.172

Clitocybe ornamentalis

No. '174

Clitocybe lragrans

No. 160

Pileus differently colored

7 7*

Pileus 50-100 mm across, ocher-brownish, hygrophanous, sp. 4-5.4 x 2.6-3.5 pm Pileus 20-50 mm across

8 8. 5*

Clitocybe odora.

Pileus beige-gray with a darker center, hygrophanous, sp. 6.4-9.5 x 4-5.3 pm Pileus beigs-gray without a darker center, hygrophanous, sp. 6.6-8.5 x 3.6-4.2 pm

.

Clitocybe obsoleta.

No. 171

Clitocybe dilopus

No. 157

Clitocybe sinopica.

No. 177

Clitocybe brumalis.

No.15'l

Miqromphale foetidum

No. 309

Myxomphalia maura

No. 374

Armillaria mellea Armlllaria borealis

No. 134

Odor absent or different

6

Odor and taste distinctly farinacgous

7

Spores subglobose, < 4.7 pfi long, pileus gray-brown, hygrophanous, in coniferous forests on needle litter

7'

Sporeselliptic, > 4.5 pm long 8 Pileus and stipe red-brown, not hygrophanous, sp. 6.7-8.9x

8.

6'

4.2-6.2 um. in spring Pileus and stipe brown-beige, hygrophanous, sp. 4.5-7.1 x 2.5-4.2 um, in late spring

Odor absent or diflerent

7 7'

Odor like rotting cabbage or garlicky, gregarious on ronsn wood

.

Odor absent or dilferent

8 8.

ln old burned places, pileus 20-40 mm across, dark brown, hygrophanous, umbilicate, sp. amyloid ln other habitats

I

On wood, sometimes also parasitic

10

Stipe wth afibrilloseto membranous annulus, esp. when young, usually clustered (also parasitic) 1

1

Septa completely without clamps

11'At least some septawith clamps

.

(3 species)

.

Armillariacepistipes Armillaria ggtoyae

.

.

No. 132 No. 133 No. 135

10' Stipe nol annulate (without aveil) 1

1

Usually clustered on stumps or wood waste

12 Pileus soot-brown, radially rimose-librillose, umbilicate, with cheilocystidia

Clitocybula abundans

No.'181

Clitocybula lacerata

No. 183

12'Same as above, pileus somewhat paler, without cheilocystidia

11'Not clustered

12 Pileus 15-30 mm across, gray.brown to

soot-

brown, hygrophanous, umbilicate, slipe base without mycelial strands, on rolten wood o, Picea

.

Omphalina

epichysium

No. 378

12'Pileus 50-100 mm across, campanulate to

convex, gray-brown, radially librillose, stipe base wilh white mycelial strands, on or near

9'

slumps

Megacollybia

platyphylla

No.296

On other substrates

10

Lamellao forked, pileus infundibuliform to umbilicate

11 Pileus 30-90 mm across, dark brown,

hygrophanous, flesh not discoloring when cut, along pathsides and in wasts

places

Pseudocliiocybe

11'Pileus 15-30 mm across, gray to gray-brown, Ilesh reddeningwhsn cut, on heath soils, indrygrass,

etc.

Cantharellula

cyaihilormis

umbonata.

No.399 No. 146

10' Lamellae not forked

1

Slipe base with rootlike mycelial strands, spring-late spring, in conilerous 11' Stipe base without rootlike mycelialstrands 12 Stipe usually twisted, canilaginous, pileus campanulateto convex,lamellae 12'Stipe not twisted, fleshyjibrous, pileus plane to infundibuliform in age (Clkocybe) 13 Pileus 70-150 mm acrcss, gray to graybrown, Ileshy, odor unpleasantly sweetish 1 3' Pileus smaller, thin-fleshed 14 On sandy, mineral-rich soils, in riveralluvia, on sand dunes, pileus pink-brown 14' Usually in (coniferous) forests '!5 Lamellae gray to gray-brown, pileus 50-'100 mm across, not hygrophanous, margin irregularly undulating 1

forests

dentate

'15*

Lamellae whitish

to

Cliiocybe

Collybia

vermlcularis

didona

Clltocybe

No. '!79

No. 188

nebularis

Clitocybe leucodlatrela

.

No. 170

No. 167

Clitocybe inornata

.

No. 165

Clitocybe loetens

.

No. 159

Cliiocybe vlbecina

.

No. 180

gray-brown,

pileus < 50 (60) mm across, hygro. phanous, margin +/- striate \,vhen moist

'16

Odor +/-

farinaceous-rapha-

noid

17 Lamellae cream-colorsd, gray-beige, sp. 5.5-8.3x 3.5-4.3

um

17" Lamellae gray-brown, mar-

gin strongly striate, 5.2-6.8x3-4.1

pm

sP.

16'Odor ditferent

17 Odor musty-dusty, like Cy-

stodetmacharchaias 17'Odor faint, pleasantly

fungoid

Clitocybe

georglana

Clltocybe metachroa

.

Part ! - Lamellae ascending, notched, to free, stipe < 5 (7) mm thick 1 Basidiawithsiderophilousgranules 2 Odor and/or taste Iarinaceous Calocybe chrysenteron . 3 Pileus yolk- to gold-yellow 3 Pileuswith other colors Calocybe ionides 4 Pileus bright lilac to brownlilac 4. Pilsus grayto gray-brown Lyophyllum rancidum 5 Stipewith a long fusilorm root, pileus, gray-brown 5t Stipe without a rootlike prolongation 6 ln damp places among mosses, such as Sphagnum ot Polylichum, pileus ocher-brown Lyophyllum palustle 6* ln conilerous forests, among negdle litter, pileus gray-brown to oliveLyoPhyllum ozes brown . Calocybe carnea 2t Odor not farinaceous, pileus rlesh-pink to pink-brownish ' Basidia withoul siderophilous granules 2 Odor and/or taste raphanoid, like cabbage or garlic, or sweetish to incenselike 3 Odor like cabbage or garlic '1

No.161 No. 169

No. 143 No. 145

No.267

No. 265 No.

2M

No. 142

4

Stipe red-brown, black-brown toward the base, smooth, pileus red-brown to

Micromphale blassicolens

No.308

Collybia harlolorum

No. 193

nous, on tallen beech leaves

Mycena diosma

No.328

Odor and taste raphanoid Lamellae gray-violet from young to old, edges purpl€-black

Mycena pelianthina

No. 352

Mycena pura

No. 359

cream-ocher, striate, generally gregarious among beech leaves

4'Stipeocher,brownishandstronglywhitestrigose-tomentosetowardthebase, otten cluslered among leaf litter

3*

.

Odor and/or taste ditlerent

4

4*

Odor sweetish to incenselike, fib. blue-violet, concentrically zoned, hygropha'

5

.

5'Lamellaewhitetogray-whitefromyoungtoold,withalilacorpinktint,edges concolorous

6 6*

Lamellae white to gray-white, with a lilac tint, pileus lilac-violet to pinkviolel, with a concentric depression around the central umbo, stipe pale pink to pale violet Lamellae white, later pale pink, pileus pink, umbonate, without a depres' sion

.

Mycena rosea

No.361

Flammulina velutipes.

No.210

Baeoapora mytiadophylla

No. 141

Collybia nivalis

No.197

Odor and/or taste absent ordifferent Occurring in thewinter half ofthe year

3

4

Clustered on hardwoods such as Sar,ix, Alnus, Fagus, commonly

in

river

floodplains, pileus yellow to orange'brown, stipe velutinous, blackish toward the base

4.

3'

Solitaryto gregarious Lamellae very crowded, L

5 stumps. 5' Lamellae

= 43-55, I = 7-12, with a lilac tint,

not conspicuously crowded,

usually on

L = 24-30,I = 5-7, ocher to orange'

brownish, afler snowmelt, among leaves, monlane Occurring in the summer half of the year On cones (incl. buried ones) of P,rus or Picea (see also Nos 405-4On

4 4'

.

No. 140

Baeospora myosura

.

On other substrates

5 5*

On decomposing frbs., pp nol present but all broken up into brown, tuberculate chlamydospores On other substrates On dead stems or leaves of Juncus, Catex, ot Scitpus, pileus 2-3 mm across, stipe with basal disk 6* On other substrates On conirerwood or hardwood Spores amyloid Lamellar trama with lactifers, ppwith dermatocystidia

6

7

8

Nycialis asterophora

.

No. 375

Mycena bulbosa

No.321

Hydropus atramentosus.

No. 225

Hydropus marginellus

No.226

Mycena cyanorrhiza

No. 327

Mycena laevigata

No. 343

Mycena maculata

No.347

Delicatula integrella

No. 205

Mycena ollda.

No.351

Collybia extubelans

No. 190

I

10

9'

Frb. blackening, sp.4.4-6

4x4.'!-5.7 um

1O.Frb. not blackening, mycenoid' only on 5.7-7 7 x3.14.7 rm

/bies,

sp.

Lamellar trama without lactilers, pp without dermatocystidia 10 Stipe base intensely blue, pileus 3-10 mm across 10. StiPe without a blue base 1 1 Frb whitish to cream-colored, generally montane on rotten Pi'rsa stumps, solitary to gregarious

11*Pileus gray'

to

rsd-brown, lamellae sometimes spotted, stipe sometimes with a lilac tint, distinctly clustered.

8'Sporesinamyloid

I

Frb. whit€ to whitish

10 Frb. while, with a farinose veil when young, lamellae

9*

mostly veinlike or absent, pileus 3-'12 mm across, on rotten stumps . '10'Frb. whitish to cream-colored, without a veil, lamellae well developed, with cheilocystidia, pileus 3-'t5 mm across Frb. ocher, red-brown, to dark brown 10 Mostly solitary, on bark, mossy trunks of dead or living trees, also on stumps, etc , sp. 4 6-5 4 x 3-3.2 !m, with marginalcells 10t Mostly clustered or gregarious 11 Pileus ocher"brown, orange-brown, stipe orange to

Collybia marasmloides red-brown, sp. 5.8-7 4 x3.2-4 4 rm . 11'Pileus chestnut-brown to black-brown, stipe dark red-brown, sp. 5 4-8.1 x 3 6-4.4

!m

.

7'Onolhersubstrates

8

ln hardwood or coniferous forests, among leaf or n€edle litter Pileus mahogany-red, black-red, black-brown, rsd-brown

9

Collybia succinea

No.196 No. 200

10

Lamellae reddish-brown to flesh"brown

11 Pileus dark mahogany-red, black-red, lamellae reddish-brown, hyphae ofthe pp turning greenish in KoH,.among beech

leaves

Collybla

alkallvirens

No. 184

11* Pileus red-brown when moist, beigeto reddish-beige

when dry, hyphae ol th€ pp not turning greenish in KOH, stipe brown-red, strongly brownish strigosetomentose toward the base

.

Collybia fuscopurpurea

10. Lamellae sulfur-yellow to lemon-yellow, pileus chestnutbrown to red-brown, sometimes yellow-spotted, stipe

yellow-brown

9*

.

No. 19'l

Collybia

luleifolia

No. 194

Collybia

confluens.

No. 't87

Collybia

peronata

No. 198

Pileus ochsr-brown, yellow-brown, orange-brown, hazelbrown, pale brown

10 Clustered, pileus ocher-brown, pale brown, orangebrown, stipe knoblike al the apex (visible when twisted away from the 1

pileus)

0" Solitary to gregarious, barely clustered

11 Flesh peppe.hot, pileus pale brown,

hazeLbrown, lamellae greenish-yellow, olive-brownish, stipe base

strongly

strigose.tomenlose

11'Flesh mild, pileus ocher-yellow,

orange-yellow, yellow"brown, stipe orangeyellow, y€llow-brown, pp

with.dryophila"

8"

structure

Collybia dryophila

On living or dead grasses, grass roots, or herbac€ous plants, hyphal ends (hairs) of the pp and on the stipe thick-walled, pale green-yellow in

KOH

Crinipellis

.

No. 189

stipitaria

No. 204

Part K - Lamellae notched, ascending, to free, stipe > 7 (5) mm thick (Iricholoma p.p.) 1 Basidia with siderophilous granules 2 ln spring (April-June), frb. white to cream-colored, odor and taste strikingly farinaceous, without cheilocystidia Calocybe gambosa No. 144 2' ln summsr-fall 3 Spores triangular, pileus ocher-brown with a darker center, flesh only slowly graying whencut. Lyophyllum transforme . No.270 3' Spores elliptic 4 Pileus gray-lilac to dark violet-gray, lamellae green-yellow, flesh when cul reddening/bluing, then blackening Lyophyllum favrei . No. 25g 4' Pileusgrsen-yellowtoyellow-ocher,sometimeswithanolivetint, lamellaegreenoch€r, flgsh when cut wine-reddish, then blackening . No. 263 Lyophyllum ochraceum . ' Basidia without siderophilous granules 2 Stipe cartilaginous-lubular, corticate, stature collybioid 3 Pileus and stipewhitetocream-white, usuallyspotted red-brown, lamellae very close, L = 79-97, I = 7-9, edges slightlycrenate Collybia maculata No. 195 3t Pileus and stipe chestnui-brown, red-brolyn, orangs-brown, horn-brown, gray-brown 4 Pileus chestnut-brown, red-brown (not horn- or gray-brown) 5 Stipe fusiform-rooting, pileus and stipe red-brown io flesh-brown, usually spotted, stipe base black-brown, on Ougrcus and Fagus No. 192 Collybla tuslpe6. 5' Stipe not fusiform-rooting 6 Stipe twisted, Iongiludinally grooved, tough, pileus red-brown, Iamellae sometimes red-spotted, strongly crenate (see also No. 188) Collybia prollxa . No. 199 1

6'Stipenoltwisted,usuallyclavate,horn-gray,hollow,lamellaredgesfinely crenate (see also No.

4'

alsoNo.

2"

185).

Collybia butyracea v.

butyracea

No.186

Collybia butyracea v.

asema

No.185

Pileus and stipe horn-gray, gray-brown (not red-brown), stipe clavats, hollow (see

186)

Stipe fleshy-solid, staturetricholomatoid

3

Pileuswhitishtocream-colored at leastwhenyoung, ocherish to pale brownish in age, sometimes yellowing

4

4'

Frb. without astrinking odorand/ortaste

5 Frb. cream-colored, yellowing, with ocher spots when old, mild, in hardwood forests 5' Frb. while, not yellowing, pileus or stipe sometimes with reddish or bluish spots, mild, in hardwood forests

Trlcholoma

sulphurescens.

No.436

Tdcholoma columbeita

.

No. 4'17

Trlcholoma lnamoenum

.

No. 422

Frb. wilh striking odor and/or tast€

5

Odor stinking, like illuminating gas

6 6'

.

Lamellae distant, L

= 33-35, in acid habitats at montane elevations Lamellae normal, L = 38-50, in hardwood forests, under Faguq Ouercus, Ca.pirus (nol Betula)

.

Tricholoma lascivum

.

No.423

5.

Odor unpleasanlly earthy or lik€ celery

6

Odor unpleasantly siinking, earthy, taste biner, acrid atter a fairly long delay , rndet Betula 6" Odor like celery ot Lactaius helvus, mild, at monlane elevations under Picea ot Pinus Pileus with other colors Pileus gold, sulfur-yellow, gold-yellow, also with olivsor greon tones Odor like illuminating gas, repulsive, entire frb. sulfur-yellow (see also No.414) Odor and/or taste different or absent Odorand taste +/-farinaceous lamellae Odorandtasteonlylaintlyfarinaceous,pileusgreen-yellow, whilish, some basidia with basal clamp Odor and taste distinctly farinaceous, basidia without basal clamp Pileus with brown squamules on a yellow (green) background, lamellasyellow, L = 70-'100 . 8. Pileus with brown radial librils on an olivqyellow background, lamellae whitish, L = 60-65 6. Without a particular odor or taste, pileus with dark brown to black scales on a yellow background, lamellae yellow, on or nsar rotten stumps, with cheilocyslidia (see also No.445) . Pileus with olher colors Pileus with predominantly gray to gray-brown colors, also with blackish scales, sometimes also reddening oryellowing Odor and/or taste farinaceous Frb. reddening in age or atter being picked Frb. reddening, esp. on the pileus and lamellag, pileus graysquamulose on a pale background, some basidia with basal clamp 8* Frb. reddening almosl exclusivelyon the stipe base, pileus graysquamoseon a pale background, basidia without basalclamp Frb. yellowing in age or aftor being picked, or not discoloring Frb. yellowing, pileus gray-squamose on a pale background . 8t Frb. neilher yellowing nor reddening Stipe with a woolly annulus, pileus 30-50 mm across . Stipe without an annulus, pileus 50-100 mm across 10 Pileus strongly gray-black squamose on a pale background, primarily in hardwood forests under Fagus '10'Pileus with dark radial tibrils on a grayish background, not appearing until late lall, in hardwood and coniferous forests Frb. without a parlicular odor or taste, but taste mild or hol

4

4'

5 5'

6

7 7'

I

Tricholoma stlparophyllum.

No. 435

Trlcholoma aplum

No- 409

.

Tricholoma sulphureum.

No.437

Tricholoma vlrlditucalum

No.

Tricholoma equestre

.

No.418

Trlcholoma seiunclum

No.433

Tricholomopaia decora

No- 444

Tricholoma orirubens

No. 425

Tricholoma basirubens

No. 413

Trlcholoma scalpturatum

No.431

Tricholoma cingulatum

No.416

44il

5

6

7

7'

8

I

9 9'

6'

7

Tricholomapardalotum

.

No. 425

Tricholoma portentosum

No.428

Trlcholoma virgatum

No.442

Flssh hotwhen chewed

I

Flesh immediately burning-hot when chewed, pilsus campanulate-conic, with dark radialfibrils on a gray background, usually in coniferous lorests Flesh mild at first when chewed, then burning-hot alter'l-2 min, pileus not markedlyconic, radially fibrillose toslightly squamose on a gray background Flesh remaining mildwhen chewed Pileus with coarse black scales on a pale background, esp.

.

8' 7'

8

8"

5'

loward the center, sometimes with a reddish tint

.

Pileus with fine mouse-gray scales on a concolorous back-

ground, subcutis composed of short cells Pileus with other colors Pileus with predominantly brown, pale brown, red-brown, ocher-brown, yellow-brown, orange-brown or olive-brown colors

Tricholoma sciodes

No. 432

Tlicholoma atrosquamosum

No. 4'l

T

choloma

te

eum

I

No. 438

6

7

ln conilerous lorests

8 Near Larix, pileus ocher-brown wilh purple fibrils, slipe apex whitish, sharply bounded 8' Near olher conifers 9 Near Pinus (more 'ately Piceal 10 Occasionalbasal clamps preseni

Tlicholoma psammopus.

No.429

Tricholoma arvelnense

No.

Tricholoma callgatum.

No.415

on the basidia, pileus

pale brown, orange-brown, saliny, radially fibrillose,

iaste fainlly f arinaceous

4l0

10* Basalclamps absenl 1 1 Pileus strongly to slightly squamose 12 Pileus with coarse, red-brown scales on a white background, stipe with aribrillos+msmbranous

annulus 46

12'Pileus with fine, appressed, brown scales on a pale background, stipe wilhout a delimited annular zone

11'Pileus smooth

to

Tricholoma lmbflcalum

No.421

Tricholoma fraqlicum.

No.4'19

Trlcholoma atana

No.434

Tricholoma aurantium

No.412

Tricholoma lulvum

No.420

Tricholoma vaccinum

No.44'1

Tricholoma populinum

No.427

Trlcholoma aurantium

No.412

Tricholoma uslaloides

No.440

Trlcholoma uslale

No. 439

somewhat radially librillose,

somewhat lubricous when moisl

12

Stipe apex with awhite, distinctly bounded pseudoannular zone, laste farinaceous

12'Stipe apex with an indistinct annular

zone,

taste farinacsous

I'

Near Picea

'10 Stipe apex with a distinct annular zone, pileus orangebrown, lubricous when moist, stipe mottled orangebrown belowthe annularzone 10t Stipe apex without an annularzone 11 Lamellae pale yellow to brown-yellow, sometimes brown-sponed, stipe flesh yellow, pileal margin smooth to somewhat ribbed, sometimes also near

Betula

.

1 1* Lamsllae cream to pale yollow, barely spotted, stipe

fleshwhitish, pileal margin stronglyfibrillose-woollyvillose

7'

On other habitats

I

Neat Populus, pileus reddish-brown, lubricous when moist,

8'

ln other habitats

lamellae and stipe white when young, later browning

I

Primarily in hardwood forests

10 Pileus orange-brown lo dark chestnut-brown, strongly slimywhsn moist 'l 1 Stipe apex with

a

distinct annular zone

12 Stipe orange-brown mottled under the annular zone, taste farinaceous, pileus orange-brown '12'Stipe only longitudinally fibrillose under ths annular zone, pileus chestnul-brown, red-brown '11-Stipe apsx without an annular zone, pileus dark chesinut-brown, stipe longitudinally fibrillose, taste faintly farinaceous 10.Pileus paler brown, ocher-brown, pale reddish-brown, olive-brown to olive-green 11 Pileus gray-brown, pale olive-brown, pink-brown, yellow-brown

.

12 Pileal margin slrongly ribbed, pileus

creambrown, center reddish"brown, frb. not discoloring

reddish, taste somewhat acrid to biiter after a fairly long delay, clamps absenl

.

12" Pilealmargin acute, not ribbed, entire frb. with a tendency to redden, odor sourish, taste somewhat bitter

11' Pilsus olivs-green to olive-brown, with dark radial fibrils, taste farinaceous, sp. > 7,5rm long(see also No. 433)

Tricholoma acerbum

.

No.408

Tricholoma saponaceum

No.430

Tricholoma lurldum

No. 424

Porpoloma pes{aprae

No.398

Tricholoma bulonium

No.414

Trlcholomopsisruiilans.

No.445

9.

lnalpine meadows and montane pastures, pileus paleocherbrown somewhat acutely concic, spores amyloid, clamps present 6- Pileus with wine-red to purple-rsd colors Odor unpleasantly like illuminating gas, pileus winqred, paler to yellowish toward the margin, lamellae sulfur-yellow, terrestrial (see also No.437) Odorabsentoronlysourish-musty, usuallyclustered, pileuswins-red to desp ross"red, tinely purple-red squamose-rloccoseon a yellowish background, lamellae yellow, on or near conifer slumps (see also

7

7'

No.444).

47

Floristic part

450 species, numbered 1-450, ar€ included in the

floristic

part, wilh descriptions, drawings ol microscopic featurcs, and color photographs:

The symbol "Q" designates the length^,vidth ratio statistically obtained Irom the spore measurements.

After the symbol dy'm" the mean spore volume in pm3 is 14 species ol lamellate 74 species oI boletes

polypores

362 species of agarics 57 species in the Fam. Hygrophoraceae 305 species in the Fam. Tricholomataceae

Note Wewould liketo call special attention tothe following pointson

given (see Methods). The color ol the spores underlhe microscope is of spores in 3-40lo KOH or in L4 (see Glossary).

ln Hygrocybe, under the heading .Microscopic FeaturesD, atter the abbroviation rlatr.' (lamellar trama) the cell length ol the tramal hyphae is given as .€hort. or "long'. .Short, here msans < 100 (150) um and "long' > 100-500 pm.

the use ofthis book:

Allscal6 lines are

-

Daylight (5000 Kslvln) gives the best possible reproduction ol color in photographs. Artificial sources of light falsify the colors.

To

-

Every description is based on the collection indicated, with difrerences from the literature set otf in parsnthsses. Under the heading "Habitat", the ecology ol the speciss is compiled lrom our own experience and information in the literature.

-

The spores are without exception represented at a magnification of 1000x.

-

The spore measurements are the product of a statistical

10 mm long.

describing the closeness of the lamsllae to each other,

we use the symbols "L" and (1,, since words such as .close", "crowded,, or distant" have little meaning. "L' is the total number of complete lamellae (thoso which extend Irom the pilealmargintothe stipe). .1, isths numberof shorter(incomplete) lamellae between two ol the complete ones.

The edibilityol a species is given by a symbol(see "Abbrsviations and Symbols". Species without a symbol are ot only botanical interest and their edibility is not important. All Iigures of micromorphological elemsts were drawn lrom dried material.

evaluation of 20 spores (see Methods). The measurements always exclude ornamentation.

,t()

Porphyrellus porphyrosporus (Fr.) Gilb.

I

Fam. Strobilomycetaceae Gilbert

= Potphyre us pseudoscaber (Secr) Sing. Habitar ln hardwood and con iferous ,orests on soil(forms mycorrhizae with conilers and members of the Fagales). Colline to montane, more rarely subalpine. Summer-fall. Not common. Distribulion: E, NA, As.

Macroscoplc Ieatules Plleus 50-120(150) mm across, hemispherical when young, then broadly pulvinate, surface finely velutinous, gray-brown to blackishbrown, sometimes with an oliv€ tint, becoming somewhat darker where bruised, margin incurved, smooth, acute. Flesh whitish to gray-whitish, turning blue or green when cut, sometimes also red" dening, later blackish, firm, later soft, thick, odor unpl€asantly sourish-musty, taste mild, somewhat earthy and unpleasant. Tube mouths graywhen young, later gray-brown, turning green to blus or black where bruised, irregularly rcunded, tubes 10-20 mm long, concolorous with ths pores or paler and discoloring like lhem, broadly adnate to notched. Stipe 50-120x'12-25 mm, cytindric to ventricose, at times somewhat tap€red toward the base, surface finely velutinous to somewhat longitudinally librillose, concolorous with the pileus, bruised places and the flesh discoloring like the pileus, solid, corticaie. Solitaryto gregarious.

Mlcrcscopic Gatu.es Spores elliptic, smooth, light brown, with drops, 143-18x53-7 !m; O: 2.3-2.8; Vm: 356; l+ (wine-r6d);spp. rod-brown. B: Basidia clavate, 35-45x11-14 pm, wilh 4 storigmata, wilhout basat ctamp. C: (C1) Cheilocyslidia clavate. usually cluslered, 50-65x1G14 um: (C2) plgurocyslidia lusiform, 25-60x 8-10 Um, hyaline to brownish-pigmenled. septa somelim€swilh aborled clamps. D: Pp a trichodermal palisade ol hypha€ 5-'10 !m acrcss, ends obtuse, wilh vacuolar pigmeniation, sepla wilhout clamps.

A:

E:

Hymenial elem€nts of the slipe surface.

Rcma*s ln the newer mushroom identification books, Polphyrslrus pseudoscabet noted abov€ asasynonym, is keyed oulasadistinctspecies on tho basis ofthe fotlowing characlors: ils llesh turns pink. reddish, lo brownish, bul nol blue, and in addilion it is given asoccurring in spruce and lir tor€sis especially al montane lo su balpine slevalions. Po tphyrcllus potphytosporus, in conlrast, is supposod

lofruitin hardwood ormix6d lorssts, and ilsflesh toturn bluetogreen. KRIEGL-

STEINER (1984a) poinled oul thai lhese characiers are not constant and that soparalion of the two species cannot be supporled by tho literature.

Collectlon examlned and illustrated Lucerne (M6gg6rwald), elsv 500 m, quad. 2166, in mixed hardwood-conifgr torest, Sept.

lq

1986, coll. ZW, 1009-86 ZW.

Othercollections: quad.

2068, 2166, 2167, 2367.

lmbech: included.

2

Strobilomycesstrobilaceus (Scop.: Fr.) Berk.

= Sttobilomyces floccopus (Vahl:

Fr.)

I

tGrst.

Habitat ln hardwood and coniferous ,orests, along forest edges, in forest meadows, terrestrial. Summer-fall. Rare. Oistribution: E, NA.

A:

Macrcscopic leatures

C: Ch6ib- and pleurocystdia lusiform.venlricose, 65-80x2510 pm, with

plane, pulvinate, surtace coarsely areolate-squamose, scales pyramidal and erect, brown-black, surface between them graybrownish and palertoward the margin, margin irregularly fimbriatefloccose, projecting beyond the tube layer, hung with soft, grayish veil remnants when young. Flesh whitish, spongy, thin, brownishpink when cut, laterturning blackish, odor somewhat earthy, not un-

pleasant, taste mild, not distinctive. Tube mouths rounded-angular, elongated toward the stipe, whitish when young, later g ray-brown ish with an olive tint, browning where bruised, tubes 10-15 mm long, whitish to gray and bruising likethe mouths, broadly adnate to subdecurrent. Stipe 60-140 x &-20 mm, cylindric, somewhatwidened at the apex, surface coarsely floccosefibrillose, gray-brown, apex

when young wilh well-defined, woollyJibrillose, whitish veil, solid, corlicate, llesh fibrous, gray-brownish, reddening and blackening when cut. Solitary. more rargly gregarious.

Boletinus cavipes

Microscoplc Latur€s Sporos subglobose, coarsely reticulate-costate, brown-yellow, 9-123x &11.5 !m; O: 1.0-13; Vm: 543; spp. blackwith apurple component. B: Basidia clavale, 50-60x15-19 !m, with (2)a $erigmala, without basal clamp,

Pileus 50-100(150) mm across, hemispherical when young, later

3

Fam. Strobilomycetaceae Gilbert

brown pigmenls.

D: Pp of parallel, relatively short-cellod hyphao 7-12 pm acro6s, wilh brown,

E:

vacuoler pigments. seplawithoul clamps, Hyphae in thescales are similar, bul ascend in bundles. Hymonial el6m6nls oflh€ stipe surlece (nol in thellocci), brownish.

Bema*s This bolete can hardly be mistaken in lhe lorest. Nevenheless, formedyther6

was an atlsmpl lo distinguish lwo species, on6 rgddening when cul.

Sttobilomwes floccopus, and ong browning whon cut, S. slrobrraceus, The generalview today is that theseare one and lhesamespecies. allhough somewhatvariable. Sometimes ell gradations ca n beobserved in lhe same habilal. Collectlon enmlned and lllustrated Seelisberg/UR (Stockiwald), elev. 1000 m, quad. 206& on calcareous soii und€rAbies and Fagus, Sept. Z 1986, coll. AF,0709-862W. Other collections: quad. 2066, 2068, 2364. lmbach: included as Stro bilomwes stobilaceus lF r. ex Scop.) Berkeley.

tr

Fam. Boletaceae Chevalier

(OpatowskD lGlchbr.

Habitat Mycorrhizalwith Lal,,x, in Iorests and alpine meadows, on calcarcous and basic as well as acid soils. Colline to subalpine. Summerfall. Widespread and introduced everywhere with larches. Distribution: E, NA, As.

Macroscoplc leatu]es Plleus 60-120 mm across, convex lo oblusely conic when young, soon plane and depressed, with an indented center, obtusely to acutely umbonate, surface finely squamose-tomentose, radially lomentose loward lhe margin, chestnut- to yellow-brown, center somewhat darker, paler to yellowish toward the margin, margin acule and with attached remnants olthe veil. Flesh yellowish, thick, spongy, not bluing when cut, odor pleasantly lungoid, taste mild, not dislinctivg, somewhal acrid after being chewed loralairly longtims. Tube mouths yellow to olive-grsen, elongated radially, with jagged margins, becomingsmallertowardthepileal margin,tubesS-10mm

long, olive-qreen, subdscurrent, pileal surface beneath the tubes

yellow. Stlpe 50-80('100)x7-15(20) mm, cylindric, thickened toward

the base and somewhat tapering, with a whitish, +/- distinct,

fibrillose-membranous panial veil when young, yellowish abovethe annulus, yellow-brownish and fibrillose-floccose below, hollow throughout the lifeofthefrb., flesh whitish. Gregarious, more rarely

solitary 50

llicroscoplc fealur€s

A:

Sporeselliptic, smooth, hyaline to yellowish, Z5-9.6x3.2-4 pm;Q:2.2-2.6;

Vmr 59; spp. light olive-brown.

B: Basidia cylindric-clavate, 23-30x6-8 pm, with 4 slerigmata and

cla

basal

p.

C: Cheilo- and pleurocystidia cylindric lo slenderly clavale, 55-75 x 8-10

D:

u m. Pp atrichoderm ofshort-collod, in partorecthyphao 12-30!m across, hyaline lo wilh weak vacuolar pigmentation, sepla wilh clamps.

Remarks The pilei ot this sp6ci6s are typically ocher to chestnut-brown. However, we know localilies where all lhe fruiting bodios hav6 gold- to lomon-ysllow pil€i. Thes€ are deScribed in the ht. as forma aureus (Rolland) Sing. (se6 photo, upper left) SINGER (1965) confirmed lGllenbach's surmise lhat this is probably a lorm on acid soils, which agrees with our obseavalions, Neverlheless, now and then both loms occur harmoniouslyloggthgron acid soils. This species is an obligate mycorhizal parlner ol Larix and can hardly be misidentiraed ifthe hollow slipo is not6d.

Collectlon examined and illBtrated Giswiuol,/ (Grundwald), elev 500 m. quad. 1965, und6r Larix on calcareous soil, Sept. t2, 1986, coll. K1,1209-86 Kl1.

Othercollecllons: quad. lmbach: included.

1965, 2066, 2068.

Strobilomyces strobilaceus

"" u,,,

2

_ra llm

o

l$o,lt,,

*'

ffi

l/'\"Y# Boletinus cavrpes

D/

MNI]rI :aG I\/v \t\w^

^+G

tl llY^ ) ll I n-Ct

lt

\7 u0\r=

El E] ol Lol EI E

3

4

Boletusappendiculatus

tr

Fam. Boletaceae Chevalier

Schaeff. non ss. Rick.

Habihr ln hadwood forests undet Fagus ot Ouercus, on calcareous soils. Summer-lall. Not common. Distribution: E. Macroscopic lealures Pileus 60-150(200) mm across, hemispherical when young, later convex and pulvinate, surface finely tomentose, also somewhat areolate in age, light brown to chestnut-brown, margin acute, incurved and poecting somewhat beyond thelubes- Flesh whitish or light yellow, more inlense abovethetubes, thick, firm,laintly bluing when cut, especially above the tubes, odor plgasantlyfungoid, taste mild, nulty. Tube mouths light to intense lemon-yellow olive-yellow to brownish in age, bluing when bruised, tubes S-15 mm long, yellow

and immediat€ly bluing, notched at the stipe. stipe 50-150x 20-50 mm, cylindric, base somewhat tapered and fusirorm-rooting (appendage), surface lemon- to gold-yellow, increasingly ocherbrown toward the base, almosl the enti.e stipe covered wilh a fine yellow to brolr,nish net, flesh yellow reddish-brown toward the base, bluing slightly when cut. Pilealsurface turning fainlly reddish-brown with KOH (even in dried specimens). Solitary to gregarious.

l

Mlcrcacoplc eturcs Spores fusiform, smooth, yellowish, with drops, 9-13.3x36-t2 pm; Q:

A:

B:

1-9-3.2; Vm:'t15; spp. olive-brown. Basidia clavat6, 25-35x7-'10 !m, with 4 sterigmata, without basal clamp.

E:

ends o66rtod, bro,n-pigmented, septa withorJt clamps. Hymenialelements in the net on tho slip€ apex.

C: Cheilo-and plourocystidiaclavat6, fusiiorm, or v6sicular, 28-70 x10-17 !m. D: Pp a trichodorm oi +/- parallel hyphae 2-6 !m across, occasional hyphal Remarkg Thi6 species is very rare and could b€ conlusgd wilh various segr€gates ol Boletus edulis, e- g- Boletus retbulalu.r (No 14 wilh brown slipg and whitish n€t, 8. regius Krbh. with red pilgus, and oven with 8. importus (No. 11) without a netonthe stip6. Collectionsfrom conifercus forests, 6specially at nontane elevalions, should be comparcd wilh B. subdryeftliculelL,s (No. 24), whose frbs. n6ver tum blue. According to our obsorualions, its microsctpic features are som€whal differonl. Thus,lhe spores ofthe species describgd here are som€what shorter and broad€r, and lhe cystidia aro nol uniiormly fusiform bul are intercpersedwith clavals or vosicular ones. For lurthor remarks see No.24.

Collecllon enmlned

BeinwiUAG, elev.500 m, quad. 2365, in beech for€st, Aug. 18, 1975, coll. &q, 1808-75 BA2. (Photographed in another q uadranl.)

other collectlom: quad. 2366. lmbach: included.

5

Boletus calopus

+

Fam. Boletaceae Chevalier

Ft.

=

2 Boletus

pachypus Ft. lllcro8coplc lloatutls

Habitat ln hardwood and coniferous rorests, on nutrient-poor, acid, sandyor loamy and dry soils, nitrophilous and calciphobic, prelerentially at montaneelevations. Summer-fall.Widsspread. Distribution: E, NA,

A: Spor€s lusitorm€lliplic, smooth. yellowish, thick{ell€d, wilh B:

C:

drops, 104-15.6 x 3.7-5.1 !mi O:2.3-3-7; Vm: 136;spp. brown{live. Basidia clavate, 33-48x 10-13 !m, wilh 4 sterigmata, without basalclamp. (Cl) Cheilocystidia tusilorm, 35-50x7-12 !m; (C2) pleurocystidia fusilorm,

50-80x8-10 !m.

D: Pp Macroscopiq leatur€s Pileus 50-'150(200) mm across, hemispherical when young, then planopulvinate, surface dull, vslutinous, clay-colorgd, light brown to olive-brown, margin acute, somewhat obtuse in age and retracted from the tubes. Flesh whitish, cream-colored, cut placas bluing, firm when young, laterspongy, thick, odor insignificant, taste bitter Tube mouths always yellow bluing when bruised,lubes nolched at the stipe,5-'15 mm long, pulvinate when old. Stipe 50-130x 15-40 mm, bulbous-ventricos€ to cylindric, thickened toward the base and then lapering, yellow toward the apex, increasingly carmine-red downward, bass usuallyyellow to brownish, upper part with pale lo brownish net, lower part usually with str€tched net or msrely dotted with red flocci, solid, flesh rirm, pale and somewhat bluing, wine-reddish toward the base. Usually solitary

E:

a trichoderm of inlertwined hyphae, soms orocl and exserled, 3-7 !m acoss, wilh brownish pigmonlation, septa without clamps. Caulocystidia on th6 center o, the stipe lusiform to rcsvate, thick-walled, 50-9Ox t8-27 !m.

Remark6 Thgc!mbination of lealures including permanentlyyellow pores, a stipe which is reticulalo and rod at least from th6 middle down to tho basq a clay-colored to light brown pileus, and a bitter taste always indicales Borotus calopus. Colloctions which have lhe sam6 ieatur€s bul only a red'zoned stipe should be compa"edwilh B- padtwus F r, whil6 thos€ wilhout any red tones on the stipe probably b€long to Bolelus ,adrcans (No. 16). The6€ three spscios form the seclion Calopodesand have a positive atarch reaclion inlhostipeflesh. Red'stiped boleles with rsd porgs bglong to the ,urdus and satanas group.

Collecllon €xamined and llluattated Slalden/Ow (Arben), elev 1000 m. quad. Picaa, July 14,1986,

coll.JE 1,ltl-86 BR.

1965,

on path embenkmenl near

Oth.r collections: quad. 206& lmbach: includ€d.

6

Boletus depilatus

tr

Fam. Boletaceae Chevalier

G. Redeuilh = Leccinum depilatum (Redeuilh) Sutara = Boletus obsonium (Paulet) Fr- ss. Blum Hrblrat

On soil under hardwoods, especially Urmus and Carfnut on calcareous, dry soils. Summerto late summer. Rare bul shows site lidelity. Distribution: E.

Macro3c!plc LetuagS PileG 60-150 mm across,

convex when young, soon +/- plan6 and pulvinate,

surface linely velutinous-su€delik€, with small indentations as if hammered, b€i$ to brown-b€i96, somstimes ma6l€d wilh iregularly distributed brown patches, bruised places sometim€s becoming pal€win6-r6ddish afler several hourc, margin acute, sometimes projecting slightly beyond the tub€s. Fle6h light yello/ to whilish, an intenso lemon-ygllow abovo lho lubos and in lhe

stip6 ap€x, somgtimes turning red in places, thick, not lurning blus, firm, almost odorloss. odordislinclly likeiodin6 in the stip€ bas€, taslg mild to slighlly bitterish, not distinctive. llbo mouths bright l6mon-yellow when young, later green-yellow to yellowolive, at times turning som€whal brown'reddish in places, not bluing wh€n bruised, tubes 10-25 mm long, olive to oliv€-yellow, d66ply notched at th6 slipa and lin6ly adn6)(ed to almost fre€. Stlp€ 70-1 10x 15-40 mm, almost c}lindric lo v€ntricos€, b6nt once or trvic€, lusiiorm-rooting, surface light yellow to greenish-yellow, apex an intonse yellou below with a wino-reddish zons wilh white scales which can also extend to lhe tubos, loward the base wilh yollowish to brownish longitudinal fibrils, flesh pale yellow lo whitish. sometimes spotling reddish. nol bluing. pithy, corlicats. Solitary grogarious, or in densegroups,

irlcoscoplc ieatues

A: B: C: D:

E:

Sporgs fusitorm-elliptic. smoolh, brown-yollovv, wilh drops. 11.8-14.6x 4.9-5.6 !m; Q: 23-23; Vm: 190;spp. olive-brown. Basidia clavate, 25-30 x 12-15 !m, with 4 storigmata, withoul basalclamp. Ch6ilc and pleurocyslidia fusiform, 50-67x8-12 um. Pp with a hymeniform structure, consisting of clavate, vesicular, subglobose, and slightly branchod and gnarled elements 10-30 m acros6. Hymenial 6lem6nls at th€ stipe apex, sparsg.

RamarkS ln his keatment ol the genus Bolefus, REDEUILH (1985) d€als lhoroughlywith the group around B. ,irpor?us (No. 11). He slates thal lwo dillerenl spoci€s are contained under the name B. impolitus (- B. ot sonium Ft)'.lheljue B. impolitus Fr ss. str and 8. obsonium (Paulet) Fr, ss. Blum. He gave a new name to the l*let, namely B. depilatus. Although there are macroscopic ditferences betwe6n th€ wo sp€cies, theonlysu16dislinguishing character istheslruclureol the pp. lt is hymonilorm-cellulat in B. depilatus andltichodermd in 8' impolitus. For other diflerenliating lealurgs,6ee under No. 11. SUTARA (1989) separates lsccirurr trom olher bolelss, aspocially Eoielus, by lhe peculiar slructure ol th6 cortical layer ol the stipe. Forthis reason he placedlhespeciosr€abd hore

Coll.ction examlned and illwtrated

Lucerne (Wesemlin-Ujchli), elev. 600 m, quad. 2166, u nder Calpinus on soil covored with horbs and grassos, Sept.26, l9S/, coll. Galland,2609-87 BR.

Other collectlon3: none,

- lmbach:

not included.

4

Boletus appendiculatus

m'CIzru \ //)[\V4oum

Il

/al l>.

-r

e (Uil\::/ )l -==

,zr ,---,-

\'

f

0( l\AdNp V.VDVWW 20

Im

Boletus calopus

E

F

,/llc

NL

^

ill,n

5

(r)

An

(/f ^ \? \/ /\\w

;o,;

A \\\

c1/ I

ilnW,nt\l)

!

v// Mll",

B /-

6

Boletus depilatus D

o

^A /\t \,/I / \t L-.

E

\

i"O l/ {/ \r -r;o p,' Clitocybe candicans

*\\l\

ffi)U 10

Faerberia carbonaria

40 pm

f\ ,'u \//l )Dfll t/ \w BY( ffi

pm

OO,,r

,YQQ"

2OA

Fayodia gracilipes (Britz,) Bresinsky & Stangl = Fayodia bisphaerigen (Lge.) KUhn.

I

Fam. Tricholomataceae Boze ex Overeem

lilclo3coplc reaturcs

Habltat ln coniferous foresls, on n96dle litteroramong mosses, more rarely also in Sphagnum, on chalk-poor to acid soils. Fall. Hare. Distribu-

tion: E. NA.

Macroscopiq features Plleua 15-25 mm across, hemispherical when young, laterconvsx, center slighlly umbonate or somewhat indented, surface smooth, satiny, hygrophanous, gray-brown to hazel-brown, translucentstriate almosttothe centerwhen moist, gray-beige when dry margin incurved for a long time and undulating. Flesh waterywhitish, thin, odor and lasle slightly farinaceous, mild. Lamellae light creamcolored to gray-whitish, broad, L = 16-21,1= 1-3, broadly adnateto subdscurrent. Stipe 30-50x2-4 mm, cylindric, base at limes somewhat lhickened, surface smooth, pale cream-colorsd to graywhitish, hollow. Solitary to grouped.

A:

Spores globose to subglobose, verrucose lo cristiate-verucose, hyaline, 8-98x73-9.7pm; Q: 1O-1.2;Vm;336; l+;spp.whileacc. lit. B: Basidia vonlricose,26-35x9-11 pm, with (1)2 sterigmala and basal clamp. Latr. regular C: Cheilocrstidia lusilorm to ventricose, 20-50x6-10 um, sparse. D: Pp of parallel hyphae 25-8 um across, brown-pigmonted, septa wilh clamps,

Remarks

This spgcies is like a Mycera in staturc, for which reason it was fome y includ6d in that genus. lt was assigned to FaJodia because of the poculiar struclu 16 ol the spores, Thisgenus conlains mushroomswith a mycenoid or omphalinoid stalure \flhose spore walls consig of mor6 lhan one layel. Fapdia anthacobia (Favre) Ktihn. (growing io butned platesl and F gracilipes rat. longicystis Fallte (with cystidia 100-17011901x75-12 !m) are verysimilar.

Collectlon ermlned end lllustrated

Adligenswil/Lu (Meggerwald), el6v. 550 m, quad. 216'l, near young spruces among Polyttichum, Nov. 2, 196, coll. FK, 02f i-76 K. Othar collectlona: quad. 2066, 226l.

lmlrsch: nol included.

2Og

Fayodiapseudoclusilis (Joss. & lGnr.) Sing.

I

Habilat ln hardwood and coniferous foresls, on leaf and needle lilter, also among grasses and mosses. Fall. Rare. Dislribution: E.

Macroacopic leatures Plleus 10-25(30) mm across, convex when young, soon expanded

lo slightly umbilicate, surface smooth, dull silky, hygrophanous, gray-brown to honey-brcwn when moist, gray-beige when dry cuticle somewhat gelatinous and in parl elasticand memand plane

branous and peelable, margin translucent-striate when moist, inrolled when young and later incurved, acute. Flesh whitish-cream, thin, odor ,aintly herbacsous-eanhy to slightly farinaceous, taste mild, slightly farinaceous. Lamellae broad, whitish-cream, L = 28-3l, I = 0)3-5, broadly adnate to subdecurrent, some forked, edges smooth. Siipe 20-35x2-4 mm, cylindric, sometimes enlarged ortapered toward the base, surface with whitish longitudinal fibrils on a gray-brown lo pale beige background, base whitish tomentos+f ibrilloss, solid, corticate. Solitary to gr€garious.

Fam. Tricholomataceae Roze ex Overeem Microscoplc Lalures (41) Spores elliptic,linely punctate, hyaline, 4.7-59 x 26-3.2 um;Q: 16-2.1; Vm:23; l-. (A2) Spores lrom coll. 0311-75 BR 1: 6-7x4-4.5 !m). B: Basidia slenderly claval6,26-30x45-5.5 !m. wilh (2)4 sterigmata, with basal clamp. Lalr rogular (d€xtrinoid). C: (C1) Marginalcells polymorphic,20-30x2.5-6 pm. Pleurocystidia not s66n. (C2) Pleurocystidia in coll.0311-75 BR 1:zl5x8 !m. O: Pp of +/- parallel hyphae 1-5 !m across, uppgrmost layer somewhat gelatinized and occasional hyphal ends gxssrted, weaklypigmonled, septa

A:

with clamps.

Remarks Two collectionswere availaue frcroursludy ol this speci6s. Neithercomplelely agreed microscopicallywith lh€ data in lhe lil, Also, these two colleclions w6re somewhalditl6r6ntlrom6ach other ltseems in fact, as BON (1975b)nolsd, that

Fapdia pseudoclusilis

is a very variable laxon. Sinco lhis taxon is also

ecologi

cally variable, il may ilclud€ several cryptic species. ln lhis conneclion we should menlion lhal Falodla c/usir,s (Fr) K0hn. & Romagr,-(= AOeicus clusilis Fr)should beconsidered anomen ambiguum, accordinglo BONop. cit.

Collectlon exemlned and lllusrared Gorsau/Sz (Kindli), 6lev ,150 m, quad.2068, in a mixgd hardwood-coniler forest, among leaf and noedle litte( Nov.9, 19S/, coll. JB, 0911-tr/ BR 1. Other colloctlons: quad. 226l

(co11.

0311-75 BR 1).

lmbsch: not included,

21O

Flammulinavelutipes

tr

(Curt.: Fr) Sing. = Co ybia velutipes (Cun.)Ft. Velvet shank

Habilat

Fam. Tricholomataceae Roze ex Overeem Mlcrcscoplc lcaturcs

A:

Sporescylinddc-elliptiq smoolh, hyalin€,8-11x32-45 !m; O:2.G-33;Vm:73;

B:

Basidia sl€ndorly clavele, 35-4ox,r-5 !m, with 4 si€rigmata and basalclamp Lalr. +/- regular, septa wilh clamps. (C1) Ch€ilocyslidia slendody clavate, 45-65x9-13 !m, num€rousi (C2) dermatocystidia cylindric.clavat€, somewhat thick-walled, wilh yellowish contents, bo/vn in KOH,60-120x6-10 um.

On dead wood of broadleaved trees, especially Salix, Fagw, and Al,us, sometimes also on living but damaged trees, and rarelyalso on conifers (Abies). October-April. Widespread. Distribution: E.

Cr

Macpacoplc leatules Pileus (10)20-60(100) mm across, convsx, then expandod and

E:

plane and somelimes irregularly undulating, surlace smooth, lubricous, viscid, yellow- to orange-brown, darkgrtoward lhe center, margin paler, acut€ and even or faintly striate, cuticle gelatinous, partly peelable. Flesh mild, soft, crgam{olored, +/- thin, odor plsasant, taste mild, nutty. l,.amellae whilish when young, then pale orangeyellow broad, L = 27-31, I = 3-4, adnate to slightly notched, some-

times anastomosing, edges smooth and concolorous. Siipe 15-70(100)x2-10(15) mm, +/- central, cylindriq al limes somewhat

widened at the apex, brownish to black, apex yellowish, enlirely velutinous, somgtimss strigosetoward the bas6, fibrous, solid, soon hollow. Somelimes solitary but usually in clusters.

188

O: Ppofirsgular, abundanllyandmulliplybanched,

in

I

partmonilitom hyphaa(ixc

hyphidia)2-3 um across, sepla with clampq gelatinizod, with d€rmalocystidia. {E1)Caulocystidia lusiiorm, brownish, up to 3OOr20 !m; (EZ) tryphae of th6 velv€l on ihsstip€ bro/vnish, somewhal flexuous,3-6 llm acrcss. Remaiks A smalf€r sp€ci6s, Flannulina ononidis Arnolds (= ,, r,sruripss var. pratensis Schielerdeck€r), wilh sporcs 8.5-14x 45-55 !m, grows al the base (on fiizomos) of Ononis spinosa. Owad lot'I,s ol ths spsciss describod hors, wilh pil6i under 10 mm across, are also called ,. plgmaea. another lorm and a variaiy oi Flanmtlina vel+ r,,p6s are dlstinguished: t. /orgispora Bas (wilh spor€s a-11.5xH um, O: 25-Al) and var, /Ectsa (stip€ and pileus whit€ to creamrolored and remaining so). One should bo aware ol the fairly rccenlly d.sctibed Flammulina lennae Bas {&qS, 1983). pm, O: 1.6-1,2 subcutis with sparss, Its charactoristics aroi sporos scarc€ly branchod ixohyphidia among lh€ dgrmalocysiidia, and occurr€nce on buried pieces of hardwood - Flanmulina velutipes is commsrcially cullivalsd, €spe-

Hx,Hs

ciallyinJapan.

Colleciion.xlmincd

and

illustated

€lev. zl00 m, q uad. 226'l, on a rotien stump ol Fraxinus, May Z 1C/9, coll. &A, 0705-79 &q. Oth!r collectlom: widely distribuled throughout rcgion. lmb.ch: includod as Colybia vorul,jo€s (Fr ex Cun.) Ou6l.

Oborrili/Ac (Schach€nwald),

Fayod a graci ipes

"l

l1?h

$,);.Y t

!E/

ffim I

-t, Fayodia pseudoc usi

rs

41 .t cr i ^1a a\rl ^

4',

li,-#,,?i ,r).;)X1 \iB *F'ulr ' 'ro;im

{

i I

J

il

Flarnmu ina velutipes

E

)

),A1tv.:)^l/

rr; I i

i tl

H) ."!( )/B

\.r^

v-,= o

, i.':i'' tB,

i

l,-

211

r

Geronema alpinum (Britz.) Bresinsky & Stangl = Omphalina flava (Cke.) M , Lge. = Omphalina luteovitellina (Pil. & Nannf.) M. Lge.

Habitat On soil, among mosses or sparse plant groMh, on unweathered rock, lichenized with Coccomyxa, lichen kno, n as Boltydina vulgaris. Alpine. Summer Rare. Distribution: E. Macroscopic leatulea Pileus 7-13 mm across, planoconvex when young, later planewith a slightly dgpressed center, margin incurved ror a long tims, surface dull, smooth, gold-yellow, whitish-pruinose in places, dry margin slightly undulating, slightly striale when moist. Flesh gold-yellow thin, odorless, taste mild, insipid. Lamellae gold- to lemon-yellow paler toward the edges, broad, L = 14-19, I = 1, falcatedecurrent, edgessmooth. Stlpe 10-25x1-2 mm, cylindric, translucent whitish lo lemon-yellow smooth when dry tinely white-tomsntose, espsciaL ly toward the apex, solid, elastic. Solitary to gregarious.

Fam. Tricholomataceae Roze €x Overgem

lricrcscoplc ,6.lurEs pm; Q: A: Spores ellipiic, smooth, hyaline, with drcps, 1.6-2.2; Vmi 85; I -;spp.wnneacc. lit. -; spp. while acc. llr, B: Basidia sl€nd€fly clavat6, 25-37x 6-&5 !m, with (1-2)4 sterlgmata, without basal clamD. Latr. bidirectional. basalclamp. Cyslidia nol seen. D: Pp ol parallel hyphae 3-10 pm across, wilh yellowish pigmentation, hyphae

E:

withoutclamps. Hairs on thestipe apex.

Rema*6 This sp€cies belongs to agroup ol licheniz€d, y6llow, omphalinoid mushrooms which arep marily montane to alpine and haveclampless septa. According to CLEMENQON (1982c), it forms Seclion Phycophila along wilh Genonema ericelorum lNo.212) and G. hudsonianum lNo.213). For lurthor remarks ss€

thosespecies.

Collectlon cnmined and lllustEted PonlresinrcR (Muotas Muragl), 6l€v. 2300 m, quad. 1479. on soil among moss€s on gneiss subsoil, 4u9. 16, 1989, coll. FK, 1608-89 K. Other collecilons: none, lmbach: not includ€d.

212

Genonema (Pers.:

Fr)Sing.

ericetorum

I

Fam. Tricholomataceae Roze ex Overeem

= Omphalina (Omphalia) umbelliferuL. exFr ss. Lge. & Ou6l. = Omphalina ericetorum (Pers.: Fr.) M. Lge. Habitat

Microscoplc iealurls Spores broadly olliptic, smooth. hyaline. wilh drops, 78-l03xt9-73 !m: O: 1.2-15; Vm: 208; I -; spp. whitish. B: Basidia40-50x6-8 um. with 4 slerigmata. wilhoul basalclamp. Lalr. +/-ir-

On blocks of peat, along pathsides, on heaths and acidic soils, as

A:

well as on rotten wood, in foresls and high moors or along their edges, among mosses, lichenized wilh the gteen algaCoccofiy\a and forming smallgreen balE known as BotryC,na vulgatis. Colline to subalpine. Spring-Iall. Distribution: E, NA, As, Ar, Au.

C: Cistidia nol seen. D: Pp ol +/' parallel hyphae 2.5-5 !m across, some incrusted with brownish

Macrogcoplc featuies Pileus 5-'15(20)mm across, deeplyconvex when young, then soon turbinate to infundibulibrm, umbilicale with an incurved margin,

surface smooth, dull, slightly pruinose, olive- to yellow-ocher, brownish, also greenish, yellowish, or whitish, translucent-striate up

to y4 the distance to the center, slightly hygrophanous, margin crenate, acute. Flegh watery brown-yello\,vish, thin, soft, odorless, taste mild. Lamellae light ocher, broad, L = 12-1& | = 1(2), hiangular and longF.decurrent, some torked, edges smooth. Stlpe 13-20x'l-1.5 mm, +/- cylinddc, apex somewhal thickened, usually

b€nt, smooth, light brown, apex darker, base slightly white-

tomentose, solid when young, later hollow. Solitary

lo

usually

gregarious.

pigments, septa without clamps.

Belnarks Thisnushroom is on6 of tho lew basidiomyceteswhich liveinsymbiosiswith aloae. formino a lichen with the oreen aloa Coccorrwa. The lichsn. known as botrydina ;ubans, is visible .-s a gre6n coating'ol littlo balls d granules. Another lichenized Gerrorema ia G. alpinum (No- 211), which occurs prima ly at alpine elevalions in similar hebitats and likewise grows in patchos of Bot4rCi.

/la. lt ditfers by having a convex, not umbilicate, pil6us. only fainl strialions, and narrower spores. G6norgm6 hudsonienum (No. 2131 ditfors by olt€n having a pale lilac slipe when moisl. This species, also associated wilh Coccomr€, forms small gr6enish loliose thalliknown as Co6rc,um v,|ide, Collection exanlned and lllust6led Pontresins/GR, elev. 1800 m, quad. 1579, on a rotten coniler stump, June 1987,

19,

coll.JB 190€-87 BB.

othcrcollections: quad-

1964, 216q 2173.

lmbach: included as O.nphalia unbe ifen lFt ex L.) QuAl.

213

Gerrcnema (Yenn.) Sing.

hudsonianum I

Fam. Tricholomataceae Roze ex Ovgrggm

= Omphalina hudsoniara (Yenn.) Big. = Ge onema luteolilac,hum (Favre) Sing. Habltat On soil, in peaty places, on moist stumps cover€d with lichens or mosses, lichenized with the green alga Coccomyxa and Iorming green foliose thalli known asCodcium viide. Subalpine to alpine. Rare. Distribution: E, A, As. Macroscopic lsaturss Pileus 5-10(15) mm across, hemispherical whgn young, later convex to plane, with aslightly depressed center, surface smooth, dull, hygrophanous, an intense lemon- to pal6 orango-yellow when moisl, pale yellow when dry margin not striate when young, later striate whgn moist,crsnate. Flesh light yellow, thin, odorless, taste mild, insipid. Lamellas pale yellow, broad, L = 10-18! I = 0-'1, broadly adnate lo decurrent, some fork€d toward the margin, edges smooth.

Stlpe 10-25x'1.5-2.5 mm, cylindric, slightly enlarged torrard the base, aometimss bent, whitish to paleyellow' attimestinged some. what lilac at the bass when moist (not noticeable in our collection), smooth to finely pubescent, solid to hollow Solitaryto gregarious.

illcroscoplc Grtuleg

A: C:

Spores cylindric€lliptic. smoolh. hyaline. with drops, 6.8-10x3.2-.4.6 pml O: 18-2.7;Vm: 71; l-;spp. white. Basidiacylindric{lavate,38-45x5-75 um, with 4 sterigmata, without basal clamp; tatr. bidirectional, hyphae llexuous. Cystidia not sesn.

E:

e)(serted, slightly clavate, septa without clamps. Hai6 at the siipe apex.

B:

O: Pp ot irogular hyphae 35-'10 um across, many hyphal ends erecl and

Remaak! Thisspecies is characlerized by being lichenizedand producing small, green, loliose thalli (known as Corsicium), occurring al alping allitudss, and microscopically by having a bidirectional lam€llar tramaand clampisss hyphae. Ths long. slender basidia indicate a relationship with lhe Hygrophoraceae. whose species, however, generally have s€pta with clamps. ln similar habitats one can also find i. a. ihe common Gefionema eicetorum (No. 2'12), wilh yellov/-brown to pale greonish-yellow colors, and G. a/pinum (No.211), wilh yellowloorange pilei which are barely umbilicate. Both ar€ likewis€ lichenizedwilh Coccomw, but m6r6ly form small patch€s of tiny gr6en balls known as Botrydina.

Collection exanined and illustrsted St. Morii/GR (Silvaplaner See), elev 1815 m, quad. 1478, on a rolten stump cov6r€d with lichsns, Jun€ 23,19tr/, coll. JB,2306-87 BR. olher collections: quad.1466 = Swiss National Park (FAVRE 1955). lmbach: nol includod.

190

1-_ o

77

\E

1\tul A^"j' (1() \ /l ht )kc

\/\1/\

/,.Nt) / ll) 11"c),

ffi

//\t t/l/ I11 ffi

Gerronema ericetorum

20 pm

Dr,o(

J_

E

1

o( o os

I

Gerronema hudsonianum

r.\t / ^-$ t \\\t\ // ,/ \ \vl N\mrl Lz,/," -'--F

2n ,,m

A . \

afrl) n\\fl\l((u' tl )l\1 \t l\\/tn (\ r/

\v/))lwt/N$ ./f

,) |

,

?op,'

ffi

214

I

Genonema marchantiae

Fam. Tricholomataceae Roze ex Overeem

Sing. & Clc.

= 2 Geronema

daams,T Marxmiiller & Cle.

lllcroscoplc iaatul?6

Habltat Among vegetation of springs or in wet places, among or near Malchantia polymoryha. Summer-fall. Bare. Distribution: E.

A:

Macrpscoplc leaturcs Plleua 3-6 mm across, convex when young, soon plane wilh aslight

C: Cystidia not seen. D: Ppolparallel, someryhat intenwined hyphae those inlhe uppermosl layer

umbo, later indsnted-umbilicate, surlace

butyraceous-shiny,

Sporosollipticdacryoid,smoolh, hyalin6, 7-12x4.7-A6pm;Q: 1.3-2O;Vmi 1Z);

l-;spp.white.

B: Basidia cylindric-clavale, 31-45x8-10 !m, with (2)4 slerigmata, without basal clamp. Latr bidkectional.

15-2 !m across, de€p€r hyphag 2-5 pm across, sepla wilhout clamp6. Stipe hairs sparsq 4-7 !m thick.

smooth, +/- translucent-striate, orange-brown, margin crenale.

E:

Flesh orangebrown, thin, odorless, taste mild, insipid. Lamellae white to cream-colored, broad, L = 8-15, I = 1, long-decurrent, some forked, edges smooth. Stlpe 15-20x1-1.2 mm, cylindric, otten bent, surlaca smooth, shiny, light cream-orange to light orange-brown, base paler to whitish and somewhat lhickened,

Rama*a

sometimes white-tomentose, hollow. Solitary to gregarious.

CLEMENQON (1982c) lists also Gerrcnems daamsiiMarxmiiller & ClC., which

in conlrast lo th6 speci€s desc bed h6r€ has abundant and g€nerally clustered, clavate slipe hairswhich are upto 10 um thick.lt also grows among Marchantia polymwha. SENN-IRLET (1986) in reexamining the lype material d G. merchanlke louid occasional slipe hairc which correspondod in lhickness.to that given ior G. daamsr'. For this roason sh6 did not separate the two

speoes. Collectlon exemlned and lll$rarad Grimsel/BE (Oberaar), elev. 2320 m, quad. 15€6, among th€ vegelation of a spring near a glacial forelield, among Marchantia polynoryha, h)9.3, 198/., coll. Senn-lrlet, 0308-84 BR. Other collactlonS: none.

lmtech: nol included.

215

Hemimycenacrispula

Fam. Tricholomataceae

(Qu6l. ss. Kiihn.) Sing. = Omphalina c spula Ou6l. ss Kiihn.

Boze ex Overeem

Habitai On remains of highsr plants lying on the ground, such as needles, leaves, and stems oI herbs, and on remains ofterns. Summer-fall. Rare. Oistribution: E.

Macroscopic Gatules Plleua 2-7 mm across, hemispherical when young, later convex as w€ll as plane with an uplifted margin and irregularly undulating, more rarely umbonate, surface smooth, finely pilose-pubescent (hand lens), white, margin undulating. Flesh msmbranous, odor and taste not determinable. Lrmellae sometimes absent when young, otherwise rudimentary to narrolv, rarely reaching the pileal margin, L = G-7, I = 0, broadly adnats to subdecurrent, edgss smoolh. Slipe,Hx0.2-0.3 mm, cylindric, hyaline-white, surfaco white-pubescenl, the tine hai6 becoming longer toward the base whergthey can resemble fine rhizoids. Solitaryto gregarious.

lr lcr!3coplc

A: B:

ieetulls

Spore6 ellipliq smoolh, hyaline, wilh drops, 69-10Sx4.1-6.2 !m; Q: 1.,L2.'1i Vm: 125i I -;spp. presumablywhil6. Basidia slenderly clavate, 23-30x,l-6 um, with 2-4 slgrigmata and basal

clanp.

Latr. nol conspicuou6ly

dexl noid.

C: Plourocystidialiko cells on lhe lamellar faces, some rostrate, 30-4Ox D:

E:

Hpm.

Pp ot parallel hyphae 2-4 pm ecross, with shorl, digitiiorm or gnarl6d outgrowths, hypha€ inlerspersed with o(s6ned s€ta6 50-100x3-5 !m, selae

thick-wall€d at the bas6 and om€rging trom gna ed hyphae. Hair6 oflhe atipe surlace lhick-walled, 30-200x4-6 !m.

Remarka Hemimwena psoualocispula (No. 220) produces lruiting bodies similar to those of th6 species described here, but it grows primarily on Fetasiles, has a much longer stipe, is signilicantly lsss pubesc€nt, and also has ditl6r6nt microscopic leetures, The species d6scrib6d h6r€ can also be confused with Oelicatula egrelle lNo.205), which likewis€ generally has only rudimentary lamellae, bul it occurc on rotlon stumps. There is awholo serios ofothorsmall, white, mycenoid mushrooms which grow on dead plants. The work of MEUSERS& MEUSERS (1985) is €xcellont for identifying th6s€ species.

i

Collcction cxamined and lllustraled Haus€nZH Fiifenbach), 6lev. 600

m, quad. 2368, on dead stems of BA 1.

Filip€ndula

ulma e, June 2,1988, coll. 8A, 0206-88 Other collectlons: none. lmbach: not included.

216

Fam. Tricholomataceae

Hemimycena cucullata

Roze ex Overeem

(Pers.: Fr.)Sing.

= Mwena Wpsea Fr ss. Rick. Habltal ln hardwood foresis and mixed hardwood-coniferous foresls, on rotten wood or decaying leaves. Summer-fall. Not rare. Distribution: E, NA.

Macroscopic teatures Plleug 7-20(25) mm across, campanulate when young, later plane with an obtuse umbo, surface smooth, dull, whits, somewhat creamcolored in ags, margin acute, sometimes fairtly striate. Flesh white, thin, odorfaintly spicy, taste mild, somewhat herbaceous. Lamellae white, broad, L = 20-30, I = 'l-5 subdecurrent, edgss smooth. Stlpe 25-70x1-2 mm, cylindric, in pari shiny or slightly pruinose, while to cream-white, hollow, base with whilish mycelium. Gregarious in groups.

lllcloacoplc ieatuEa A: Spores lusilorm

lo

cylind c-elliplic, smoolh, hyaline,

wilh

drops,

89-12.3xX,r-4.7 !m; O: 2.1-3.1; Vm: 92; I -;spp. whit6. B: Basidia slendorly clavate, 24-30x5-7 !m, wilh 4 st€rigmala and basal clamp. tatr not dextrinoid. C: Cheilocystidia lusilicrm, '18-25x5-7 !m. D: Ppolhai ik€ hyphal ends arranged in a palisade and originaling from shortcelled, vesicular hyphas, most septa wilhout clamps. E: Caulocystidia toward theap€x subulate tocylindric, in partsomewhallhick' walled, Stipo hyphae nol dexlrinoid. but melachromalic. R6marks This speci6s has a look-alikb in Hemimwena lactea (No. 214, which occurs in coniforous iorests on n66dl6litter. Th6 two can bedistinguished with certainty only microscopically, since lhe epicutis has ditlerenlly shaped hyphalend6 in lh6 two species and thg cheilocyslidia are also dit erent. One should also walch oullo( H. pseuclolactaa (No. 221) in this circle of forms. ll is primarily montane

and ditfers from the oth6r two species by conspicuous,

abundant

pleurccystidia.

Collacllon oEmlned and lllustralod

GiswiUOW (Grundwald), 6lev. 600 m, quad. 1965, on rotten wood in a mixed hardwood for6st, S6pt. 12, 1986, coll. ZW, 1209-96 Z.

Othar collecllona: quad. 1865, 2166. lmbach: not included.

-t92

Gerronema rnarchantiae

B [\

ffi 20 ZU

lrn UTN

E

,-

/r\

'aOA..\ )e^ '[

\tw1
^ c

-t OV J_

[m

Lepista densifolia

[\

P\ r^l \ t\\l I \ l) )\ \( llll( \.v / Y[/ r)

20 um

.^io

Qz.tr.t,

ln eYd (/r B

\7

'10

um

El

Lepista glaucocana

E

NL

*t[) fl v-) \), ll /n\/ ^oo

'obU1tl/ \1 P \P \\ '-,/ 4

10 pm

243

244

Lepista inverca

tr

Fam. Tricholomataceae Roze ex Overeem

(Scop.: Fr) Pat. = Clitocybe inve6a Scop.: Ft. = Clitocybe flaccida (Sow: Fr)Kumm.

Habllat ln coniferous forests, more rarely in mixed forests and hardwood ,orests, generally on needle litterbutalso alongtheedge oI forests in grass, nol soil-specific. Summer-lale fall. Planarto subalpine. Common. Disiribution: E, NA, As, NAf.

Mlcroscoplc ieatules

Ar Spor€s subglobose, lin€ly v6rrucos6, hyaline, 4-53x35-43 um;

B: C:

D: Macroscoplc lealurcs Pileus 30-80(100) mm across, convexwith an indented cenlerwhen young, butsoon expanded and inlundibuliform, at lirsl circular, later oflen becoming irregularly undulating, surface smooth, dull to satiny, somewhat radially innately fibrillose especially toward the margin, margin acute, somewhat incurved for a long time and slightly crenate, foxy red-brown when moist, somewhat hygrophanous, fad-

ing to light orange-brownish when dry Flesh cream-colored to watery brownish, thin, odor sourish-mushroomy, not unpleasant, taste mild, mushroomy. Lrmellae cream-colored when young, soon beige-reddish, broad, L = 75-90, I = 3-4, long-decurrent, some forked, edges smooth. Stipe 20-50x5-15 mm, rylindric to somewhat conic, surface smooth, foxy brown-red and often covered with whitish fibrils, +/- ceniral, solid when young, later hollow base with mycelium and incorporated remains ofthe substrate. Usually growing in groups, or in rows or fairy rings.

245

Lepista irina

l-i

Basidia slendedy clavate to cylindric, 22-32x4-6 pm, with (2)4 slerigmala and basalclamp, Lalr, +/- regular. Cyslidia nol seen. Pp ol intertwined, +/- parallolhypha6, some branched and fo*ed, 1.5-6 pm across, s6plawith clamps, with yellowish cyloplasmic pigmenlation-

Remarka This speci€s bglongs to a circle ol lorms whos6 speci€s have practically no microscopic diff6renc6s and can be separaled only macroscopically. Thus, Clitacybe (Lepisla) flaccida is considered by most aulhors today lo be a llaccid f\rrm of L. ri,?versa in hardwood lorests, and is rsducsd lo synonymy. Al lhe presenl, Lepist g,7va (Pers.: Fr) Roz6 is still listed as a good species, but nevenh6l€sssom€aulhorssuspecl itto be merelyapalersummerformolL, inversa. KRIEGLSTEINER (1984b) mentions collociions from a single localily whos€ pil€i are pale yellow-brown in summer bul become increasingly more slrongly reddish with decrgasing temperatures, We have made a colleclion in July at an olevation of 1200 m which had orange-loxy pilei and also, interestingly, astrikingly unpleasant odor of cresol.

Collection examined and illusl6ted Haltikon/Sz (Mogg€rwald), elev 550m, quad.2167, onspruce needle litter in a mixod conifer-hardwood foresl, Doc. 13, 1986, coll. FK, 1312-86 K. Other cofl.ctions: quad. 1966, 2268, 2366 (incl. L . tlaccida and L. gilva)-

lmbech: included.

tr

Fam. Tricholomataceae Roze ex Overeem

Tricholoma irinum (Ft.lKumrn.

iilcroscoplc teatuaes

H6blt6t ln hardwood and coniferous forests, parks, gardens, oflen among herbs and grasses, but also on bare soilof anytype. Planarto montane. Common. Fall. Distribution: E, NA, As, NAf.

A:

Mactoscopic leaiures Pileus 40-80(100) mm across, almost hemispherical to conic when young, soon convex, plans and +l oblusely umbonats, somswhat undulating in age, surrace smooth, dull, hygrophanous, cream-colored with adarker centerwhen dry beige-brownish to pale och6rwith afaint pink ling€ when moist, margin inrolled for a long time and sometimes slightly ribbed. Fleah whitish, brownish under th6 culicl€, marbled with watery ar6as, ihick in lh6 c6nter, thin to,i,ard lhe margin, odor aromatic, pleasant, sohewhat perfumy(acc. lit.likeviolet roots), taste mild, notdistinctive, not unpleasant. Lamellae creamrolored when young, soon

C:

wilhagray-pinktinge, +lnarro\,, easilys€parabl€fromthe pilealllesh, L = 6G65,I = +7,linoly adnexed to somewhat notched, edgessmooth

Collactlon eEmlned and llluslraied

to very finely crenate. Stlpe 6(F100x 9-20 mm, usually rylindric, some-

times slightly clavate, surface whitish longitudinally librillose lo somewhat reticulate-fibrillose on a cream-@lor6d to pink-brownish backgrcund, browning slightlywhen touched and loward lhe base, pithy-solid when young, later +/- hollow, corticate, flosh whitish, marbled with watery areas, fragile. Usually grsgarious to clustered and in lairy rings.

Lepista (Fr.:

-

O:

spp.whitish-cream.

(Fr) Bigelow

=

246

1.0-1.3iVm:38i

Fr)Sing.

luscina

B: D:

Spores elliplic, finely verrucose to almosl smooth, hyalinq wilh dops, 6.1-7x 3.4-4.6 ! m; Q: 1.4-1.9; Vm: 55; I -i spp. cream-yellow with an orange

tinl.

Basidia slenderly clavate, 20-29x5-5-6.5 pm, with 4 stefigmata and basal clamp. tatr. regular Cyslidia not seen. Pp of parallel to irregular hyphae 2-4 !m across, septa with clamps.

Ramarka

This 16lativelycommon species is oflen confused wilh e, g, Lepisla gleucocana (No.243), Clitocybe nebulais (No.1ml, ot Bhodocybe tfirrcata (Schaell.: Fr) Sing. Only B. truncata is clearly seperabls microscopically trom lh6 species described here, principallyby the shap6ol lh6spores and lhe clampless sepla. Only ditferences in color and odor serve 10 separate the similar species of

Lepista. Ticholoma

irrum ss. Sing. is rsported in the lit. lt has, howevei

smooth spores and awhil6 sporg doposit.

Sempach/Lu (Ch0senrainwald), slev.550m, quad.2265, on needle liiter Oct. 16, 1gtr/, coll. JB,1610-g/ AR2. Other collectlons: quad. 1966, 2066, 2068, 2166,

2157.

lmbach: included as ? Irbholoma iinum (Frl OuA[

tr

Fam. Tricholomataceae Roze ex Overeem

Rhodopaxillus nimbalus (Batsch) lGnr & Maubl.

= Lepista panaeola (tu.lMrc. Habltat ln meadowsandcow pastures, in grassy forest clearings. Summerfall. Flare. Distribution: E, NAf.

lrlcro3coplc feeturcs

iracroscopic leatuleg

C: D:

Plleus 50-120(150) mm across, almost hemispherical when young, soon plane with an incurved margin and a somewhal depressed centsr, surlacesmooth, dullsilky, finely innately librillose, light gray to beigegray, also gray-brown when old, typicallywith dark brown, usually concentrically arranged, droplike spots when moist, margin even, at times somewhat undulating and indented, more rarely slightly crenate. Flesh whitish, thick, odorweakly farinaceous, taste mild, almost unpleasant. Lamellae whitish when young,later dingy gray-pink, narroq L = 75-85, I = 3-Z broadly adnateto somewhat notched, easily separable from the pileus, edges smooth. Stipe 50-60x10-25 mm, cylindric, surface rinely longitudinallylibrillose, whitish to lightgray-brownish, solid lo pithy-stutfed. Gregariousor in fairy rings.

A:

B:

Spores broadly elliptic, verrucose, hyaline, some wilh drops, 45-6.2x 3.2-4.3 um; O: 1.2-1.6; Vm: 39; | -; spp. pink-brown. Basidia clavato to cylindric-clavate, 23-31x 5-7 um, with 4 sterigmata and basal clamp. Latr. regular. Cystidia not seen, Pp of parallelto irregular hyphae 25-5 pm across, occasional hyphal 6nds ascending and somewhat exsened, brown-pigmented, seplawilh clamps.

Bemerk3 This speci6s, which is rare here, is characterized by the iollowing leatures: robusl and compactfrbs.: a pileal su rface with conspicuous, usually concentri' callyarranged, droplike, brown spots: lamellae which are easilyseparat6d kom lhe pileus and arsdingy pinkwhen mature;and inamyloid, coalselyvofiu@se spor6s. ll could conceivably be confused wilh i. e. Lepiste nine lNo. 245)-, which, however, lacks spols on lhe pileus and whos6 lamellae can acquire a pinkiinggat most. ln addition, its spores are largerand onlylinelyverrucoseto almost smooth, On6 shou ld also b6 aware of M€raroleuca metodii BoA nom. nov. (= M. /usc,ha Fr), wilh small frbs. 30-50 mm across and dangy gray-brown, a stipe 20-40x3-4 mm, amyloid, verrucosesporosS-9x4-4.5 um, and no cystidia. ltgrows in similar habitals as lhe sp€cies treated here. Collectlon exrmlned and llluat6ted LgnUBE, elsv. 1550 m, quad. 1973,

12160,

in a forest moadow among grass, Aug. 4,

coll. FK, 0408-73 K.

Othercollections: quad.

1569, 2164, 2268.

lmbech: included as Bf,odopaxillus nimbatus (Sect ex Batsch) K. &

212

lr.

A'ou- ir.' -rhu I )-( I o,Jc \/l/\ oXe ll/( ) x,\h

\

/

lX-) |\./D)^ \/

\7

J-

ffi

OnD

0!2

Osn CV J_

l,{ A

20 pm

\,4,\

ll t)

\(}v 6l/'

o00 A',dp "rilU t- Qj

247

Lepista nuda (Bull.: Fr) Cke. = Tticholoma nudum (Bull.: Fr.) Kumm. = Rhodopaxi us nudus (Bull.: Fr.) Mre. Blewil

n illcrcacopic ,ealu,E3

A:

Habltal lnside and outside forcsb, in parks, gardens, 6tc. undgr shrubs, along pathsidos, among herbs or in grass, also on compost heaps, etc. Lat6 summer-fall, mol6 raroly in spring. Common. Distribution: E, NA, As, Macrcscoplc fuatullg Plleus 50-150(200) mm across, convox when young, laier plane and regularly to irregularly undulating, cgnter slightly umbonate or depr6s6ed, surlace smooth, dull to lardaceous-shiny, somewhat viscid when moist, violet, viol€t-blue, lilac, brown-lilac in various transitional colors according loage, habital, and wealher, margin inrolled for a long time and even. Fl6h rvhitish, thick in the centsr, lhin todard the margin, lilac above the lamollae, odor strongly aromatic, fruity, not unploasant, taste mild, somewhat mushroomy to nutty. Lamellae lilac to gray-lilaq somelimes wilh a bluo tint, relalively broad, L = 90-115, I = 3-Z notched, edges smooth. Stlpe 50-'100x'10-30 mm, cylindric to strongly clavale lo bulbous, base somelimes also goniculate, surface violot when young, later lading to whitish, longitudinally fibrilloso, apex somewhat floccoso, base strongly fused lo the substratg- ln groups, rows, and fairy rings, more rarely solitary

248

Leflsta (Fr.: Fr) Cke.

pe]sonata

Fam. Tricholomataceae Boze ex Overeem

B: C:

O:

Sporos elliplic, linely verrucose, hyaline, 65-&5x39-4.8 !m: O: 1.5-2.0; Vm: 73; | -; spp. pink-salmon. Basidia cylindric to clavat6, 23-36x7-10 !m, with 4 ste gmala and basal clamp. talr +l regulsr. Cyslidia not sgen. Ppol kregular to almosl parallel, in partbranched hyphae2-6 Um across, s€Pta with clamps.

Remarks This sp€cies belongs tolhegroupol lepista6which have violel or lilac tones on tho pilsus andlor stip€: L. giaucocene (No.243), L. poBonala (No. 248), and t. sordda (No.250). Varieties ofL. nuda ar6 d6scrib€d in th€ lit. on lhe basis ol c,olor ditfer€nces, such as var.lridentlra Sing. with a red.brown pileus and lilac slip€ and vat prui,osa Bon wilh violet colors on the fruiting body but with a slrongly lloccose-powdered stipe and pileal margin. S€e sordida (No. 250) for furlhor 6marks. fepista ruda can also be confused with a seri€s of violel' blue, violot-bro n,lo lilac species of Cortinarr.,t especially phlegmacias, such as Cortinaius so 25 um long. (A2) Spores oi L- sphaerosporufi minutely rough or (A3) with tlal wans, soralled calotles, subglobose, 4,5-65 um, B: Basdia cylindric-clavele, 34-38x7-10 pm, with (2)4 steigmala. wirhout basalclamp, wilh siderophilous granules. talr. regular. C: Cystidia notseen. D: Pp of +/- parallel hyphae 25-9 pm across. lhe upp€rmost layer brownincrusted, septa wilhoul clamps. Ram6rks Acclrding lo LANGE & SIVERTSON 09ffi), L)€phyflum gibbetusum should probably be lh6 valid namg oflhis species. The nomenclalureoflh6 speci€s ol Lwphyllutn inhabiling burned places is somewhal con,used. Four species are separatsd on lhe basis ol lhek spores: l atr.alum (Fr.) Kiihn. A Bomagn. with smooth. elliplic spores, end lhree round-sfrored species, l. ambuslum with coarsely lu berculale-vorrucose sporcs (similar to lhose of some species of In' ocybe), L. anthacophilum (No. 255) with smooth spo,es, end L. sphaercsporum Kthn. & Romagn. with rough to slightly flat-warted spores, i. e. with so-called calotlos. ll is nol gasy lo interpret the surface structu re of the sporos ol the last two sp€cies, especiallyindrigd spgcimens. Lgphyllumambustun also diltsrs mscroscopically lrom the olherc by always having a convex, never umbilicat6. pil6us, and microscopicslly by clampleis sepia (always?). Specimens examlned and lllustr.ted Rilstenschwil/Ac, 6lev. 500 m, quad.2367, in an old burned place among Folytichufit Mey 7, 1914, coll. BA, C/05-79 BA 2. Other collecllona: none. lmbach: included as ? Collybia anbusta lFrt Que[

I

Lyophyllumanthracophilum (Lasch) M. Lange & Sivertsen = Tephrccybe anthrucoph,/a (tasch) Ort. = Tephrccybe carbonarla (Vel.) Donk = Lwphyllum sphaercsporum Kiihn. & Romagn.

f urf

Fam. Tricholomataceae Roze ex Overeem

Fam. Tricholomataceae Roze ex Overeem

Microscoplc lealul!6 Spores globos€ lo subgloboss, smooth, hyaline, wilh drops, 48-5.7x 4.11-5.5 !m: O: lO-1.2: Vm:6-/i l-: cyanophilic: spp. white. B: Basidia clavale. 23-30x7-10 um, wilh 4 slerigmata and basal clamp, wilh siderophilous granules. Latr. regular.

A:

C: Cystidia nol s66n. D: Ppof +/- parall€lhyphae2-6 !m across, Remarks

Other whiie-spored m ushrooms can be found in bu ,nad placos, e. g. Lyophyllum afttun lFt.) Oonk and L. ambustum lNo.254), Myxonphalie Fapdia) maun lNo.g14), and Faetberia cafuonaria lNo.2On. All have one lhing in common, namely their somber brown colors. Their diflersncos lie mainly in thek micoscopic t€atures, lamellar attachmenl, and shape ollh6 pileus. 566 also Remarks No. 254.

Collectlon eEmlned and lllustrated AdligenswiuLu (M€gg6rwald), elev. 550 m, quad.216/, in an old burned place in a loresl ol young spruces.Jan.2. 1987, coll. FK.0201-87 K.

othcr collectlonB: quad. lmbach: not included.

218

gom€with 6pim6mbranal pigmen-

tation, sepla with clamps.

2173.

I fi,

l

\ffi'r y,{n

"

E

\ )A

oo;ruD \a

^At ()r)/1

J \-7

ri-\ $7 .;o r,r' fjil 't*'t

fi

Ie1 o

Lyophyllum ambustum

D

20

J'v

gm

(,"-S

", t-\u.r'

,.:,r.wca *,"7^."t4.j

ov \ ".7 u'^' A1 c\J g-ti "n,)

l- \P

az

C)hns \,_l -

i.*' Lyophyllum anthracophilum

20 pm

ooG

^

O-o o

(lQO \--l 6\ lr_-'r rC-/

U

o 'L

256

Lyophyllumconnatum (Schum.: Fr) Sing.

+

Habitat

Microscoplc

ln hardwood and con ife.ous rorests, commonly alongside paths and

streels, on embankments, among herbs or grass, or also on bare, humus-rich, nitrate-containing, calcium-.ich or sandy (calcareous sand) soils. Common. Late summer-fall. Distribution: E. Macrogcopic features Plleus 25F50(150) mm across, hemispherical when young, later convex with an incurved maein, eventually plans and often irregularly undulating, surlace dullto satiny, white to gray-white and finely

white-pruinose. Flesh white, thin, cartilaginous, odor pleasantly perfumy, taste mild, pleasant but not distinctive. Lamellae whit€ when young, latercream-colored to yellowish, broad, L = 55-65, I =

3-6,

Fam. Tricholomataceae Roze ex Overeem

subdecurrent, some. forked, edges smooth. Stipe

35-80(120)x8-20 mm, cylindric to ventricose, base often lapered,

white, dull, finely appressed-fibrillose under a hand lens, squamose, yellowish and longitudinally fibrillose in age, solid when young,later hollow' rigid, brittle. A drop of FeSO4 turns the pileal surface and lamellae violel within 1-2 minutes. Cluslered to cespitose.

A:

B: C: D:

E:

balulls

Spores elliptic, smoolh, hyaline, with drops, 5.5-7x3.2-4.2 yrn; O, 1i-2O; Vm:,15;l-;spp. white. Basidia sl€nderly clavate. 2eF30x45-6 pm, with 4 stgrigmala and basat clamp, with siderophilous granules. lalr regular Cyslidia nolse6n. Pp of +t parallel hyphao 2-4 ! m across, occasional hyphat ends exs€rtod, sepla with clamps. Hyphal ends ol th6 cortical leyer of the stipe apex.

R6mark6 This speciss ditfers lrom similar. dangerously poisonous, while clilocybes, such as c, d€alData (No. 156) andc. phy ophila lNo. 176), by i. a. the following characlers: clust€red mannorol growlh and occurrence otlen in groups or rows alongsidg paths, violel discoloration ol the piloal surlace and lameltae with FeSOA and somewhal aromalic odor. lt was placed inth6 genus Lyophyllum because oflhe siderophilous granules in the basidia. Clitopilus prunulus lscop: Fr.)

Kumfi.

is somewhat similar, but it has a pink spor€ deposil and is edible.

Collectlon 6xamlned and illuEtrated LjdligenswiuLu (M6ggerwald), 6lev 550 m, quad.2167, on bare soil among herbs, along apathside, Sept. 14,1982 coll. FK, 1409-87K2. Other collectlons: quad. 1864, 1965,2066. lmbachr included as C/itoc,6e corrala (Fr ex Schumacher) Gillet.

257

Lyophyllumdecastes

tr

Fam. Tricholomataceae

(Fr.: Fr) Sing.

Roze ex Overeem

= Lyophyllum agtgrcgatur, (Schaetf.) Kilhn. Habitat ln hardwood and coniferous ,orests, in grassy places, alongside paths or streets, in parks or gardens, on humusy soils, rarelyalso in cellars. (Late summer-)lall. Widesprsad, but only locally abundant. Distribution: E, NA, As, NAf.

Mlcroacopic leatu r6s Spores subglobose, smoolh. hyaline, 5.6-6.9x5.1-66 um; O: 1-1.1; Vm: 113t1-;spp. white. B: Basidia clavale, 32-47x8-10 Um, with 4 sterigmata and basal clamp, wilh siderophilous granules. LaB r€gular

A: C: D:

Mac.oscopic reatuiea Pileus 60-',00('150) mm acrcss, hemisphsrical when young, later convex to plane and somstimes undulating, center usually with an obtuse umbo, pliant but not with a cartilaginous rind, surface smooth, lardaceous-shiny, gray-brown to hazel-brown, paler toward

the margin, sometimes almost whitish, cuticle peelable almost to the center when moist, margin acute. Flesh thick in the center, thin toward the margin, white, elastic, odorless, iaste mild, notdistinctive. Lamellae whitish, relatively na(ow, L = 41-58, I = 7-15, +lhorizontally adnate, at timss some forked toward the stipe, edges smooth. Stipe 45-100(200)x8-15(20) mm, cylindric to clavate, somgtimes tapered toward the base, often alsotwisted or eccentric. Surface whitish to dingy white, longitudinally ,ibrillose, apex white. pruinose, solid, elastic. Usually clustered, crowded, or in lairyrings, more rarely solitary

Cyslidia not seen. Pp of +/- parallsl hyphae 4-12 um across, with brownjsh pigm€nlation, ta with clamps.

Remarks This species is va ously inteDreted in lhe lit. While some authors, e. g. KIJHNER & ROITAGNESI 0953), recogniz€ onlyone species, olhers, e. g. I\TOSER (1983). includs soveral species or al leasl a series of variaties. Acc. KRIEGLSTEINEn (pers. comm.), thsviewol conlomporary mycologists is increasingly approaching thal of KUNER & ROMAGNESI. No relsvant microscopic ditier €nces can be identilied among the various collections; lherglors ssparation can onlybedoneonthe basis of shape, color, consistency, and mode ol growth olthe fruiling bodies. We were able lo obseNethis species lruiting in a cellar, wherethelrbs. wer€ almost whil6 and had dev€lop€donly rudimentary pilei.

Collectlon oxamlned and llluatraled

FreiamVAG, elev 400 m, quad. 2267, on a grassy path-embankmonl, Nov. 21, 19tr/, coll. BA, 2111-87 BA 1 .

Other collectlom: quad. 2166, 2268. lmbach: included as

258

Lyophyllum (Collybia) ercsa Ft

? Tr,choloma

conglobatum lvill.l Sacc.

I

Habitat ln damp or moorlike meadows, foresl clearings, among grasses, swamp mosses, Cal/una, elc., on neutralto acid soils. Fall. Rare. Dislribution: E. Macroscoplc lealuies Pileus 5-15 mm across, campanulate-convex or hemispherical when young, later +/- plane with an umbonate center, surlace smooth, dull silky, radially innately librillose, hygrophanous, graybrown with a yellow-reddish tint whsn moist, light beige when dry somewhat translucant-striate, margin acule, projecting somewhat beyond the lamellae. Flesh watery gray-brown, membranous, odor distinctly farinaceous, taste mild, strongly farinaceous. Lamellae whitish when young, later gray-beige, broad, L = 13-16, I = (1)C strongly notched and linely adnexed to almost lree, edges smooth, somewhat paler. Stipe 25-60x05-1.5 mm, cylindric, surface graywhitish, base somewhat darker, in part slightly longitudinally fibrillose, apex white-powdered, hollow, fragile. Solitaryto grouped.

ssF

Fam. Tricholomataceae Roze ex Overeem Micaoscoplc f6aturcs verrucose to spinose, hyaline, wilh drops,6.2-73x 4.7-5.4 !m;O: 1.2-1.5tVm: 91i I'i cyanophilrc: spp. while. B: Basidia clavate, Z-33x7-9 um, wilh 4 sterigmata and basal clamp, wilh siderophilous granules. Latr rggular

A: Spores elliplic, C: D:

Cystidia not seen. Pp ol +/- parallel hyphae 5-10(20) U m across, brown ish-pigmented, upp€rmosl layer slightly gelalinized, septa with clamps, occasional hyphal ends e)Gened and somewhal flexuous or forked,

Remerks This species belongs to Section Onatisporinae Sing. and within it to the tesquorum complex, Th6 lalter contains several spscies which are ditficult to differentiate, since they are variously int6ryr6t6d in lhe 1i1., such as L@phyllum (Tephacybe) tesquorum, L. tylicolot, L. plexipes, L. olclae, ancl L. erosa. BON (1974 att€mplod to bringorderlothisconlusion byconstructing a k€y bas6don lhe aulhors descriptionsof microscopic, scological, and olherfeatures. From this il became apparent that ol all lhesg sp6ci9s, only two are graminicolousor heliophilic: L. lesquorum (No. 269) on calcareous soils, and Tephrccybe graminicola Bon on acid soils. According lo Fries' descriplion (. . . clivis aridis apticis. . .), L. tesquotum colonizes dry (aridis). sunny (apricis) slopes (clivis). The specieslr6at6d h€re isclos6loL. o/da6 (Svrc€k) ClC., which has a nonslriate, mycenoid, gray-brcwn pil€us.

Collaclion exemln€d end llluslreted Udlig€ns,wiulu (Meggerwald), el6v 550 m, quad.2167, in a high mooramong

Spragrur, and marshgrasses, Oct.1Z 19g/, coll. FK,1VO-A7 K2. Othercollecllons: none. -lmbachr notincluded.

220

Lyophyllum connatum

20 Um

$44 J/ l\;1ac

l//#"c ll/ ec

lH Oa bD) AU \Y- 10 pm

Lyophyllum decastes

20 pm

lt oO: I lnOU \ 1YOD VqO Lyophyllum (Collybia) erosa

mlfiA

40 pm

\l- \^ d l1\,:, ^ lV,rf1 ^ !^

kWI/

-\

j-P

lo

t-

259

I

Lyophyllum favrei Haller & Haller

Habital

Fam. Tricholomataceae Roze ex Overeem

lricroscoplc ,aalur€6

ln cohiferous aod hardwood foresls on soil. Distribution: E.

Summerjall. Very rare.

A:

Sporosbroadlyelliplic,smooth, hyalin6.33-4.2x2.2-3lm;O:

clamp, with sidorophilous granules. Latr +/- regular to fusifom, 22-40x2-5 pm.

Macrcacoplc leatuies Pileus 60-100 mm across, convex when young, soon plane and irregularly undulating, sometimes slightly umbonate, surface dull, suedelike, appressed-tomentose, dark violet-gray, somstimes also

C: Cheilocyslidiafililorm

fading to somewhat gray-ocherish, margin incurved fora long time, acut6. Flesh cream-colored, yello$/ish under the cuticle, rsddening or bluing at first when cul, thsn blackening, thin, odor musty, taste mild, larinaceous. Lamellae green-yellow broad, spotting reddish al first when touched, then spols lurning dark brown, L = 80-85 I =

fhis

5-Z uncinate, edges slightly undulating-jagged, also reddening

when touched and then blackening. Stipe 50-70x10-15 mm, cylindric, surface longitudinally fibrillose and grooved-channeled, apex whitish-cream and tibrillose-floccose, with brown-black tibrils on a pale background below, reddening and lhen blackening when touched, solid, flesh pink-gray c ream when cui, turning reddish-lilac in a minule and brown-black after a half hour. Solitary to gregarious.

13-1.7,Vm:

-; spp. pale cream-colored. B: Basidia cliindric-clavate, 22-€0x45-55 !m, with 4 sterigmala and basat 13; I

O: Pp ot parallel, rolatively shon-celled hyphao 4-11 !m across, brownpigm€nted, occasional ends exserted, septa with clamps,

Bemarks

very 6@ L9phytlum was lirsl lound in Swilzerland in August 1946 and subsoquenlly publishod aso newsp€cies in 1950(HALLER & HALLEB 1950). This mushroom is easy to idenlilyand is unmi$akable because ol lhe conspicuous redden ing and lhen blackening of lhe lrb. along with the other macroscop icfealures. lts memberchip in thegenus L),ophyrlrm is addilionally conljrm€d by tho siderophilous granu les in the basidia.ln 1951 lh6lwo above-mentioned authors discoverod similar mushrooms nol far (50 melers) lrom lh6old localiry which rosembled Bussu/, oclrlDrguca in color bul wgre lricholomatoid in sla. tur€. Since thestaining reaction and lhe microscopic teatures ol lhe hbs. correspondod lo lhose ol L. favrei described lhe year before. th6y described lhem as lorma ochracea (HALLER 1952). SeeelsoL. ochraceum (No.263).

Collectlon eromlncd and illustrat6d Rupp6rswil/Ac, elev.350 m, quad.2565, in alloodplain forest, S6p1.24,1988, coll. BA, 2409-88 BA 5. Olhcr collectionsi none, lmbach: not included.

260

Lyophyllum fumosum (Pers.: Fr.)Ort.

tr

Fam. Tricholomataceae Roze ex Overeem

= Lyophyllum cineascens (Bull.) lGnr & Maubl. = Lyophyllum conglobatum (Vitt.) Mos. Habitat

A:

Mecroacopic leaturcg Plleus 20-100(130) mm across, convex when young, soon plane, at limes slightly urhbonato or somewhat indonted, irrsgularly undulating whon old, surface smooth, dull, radially innately fibri ose, stigh y squamose in ths centerwhen old, d6rk to lighl gray-bro rn, hazelbrown, paler to ocherish toward the margin, center darker, margin even, acuto. Fleshwhitish, brownish underthecuticle, thick in the center, thin toward the margin, elastic, tough (especially the cuticl6), odor sourishherbaceous, tast6 mild to slightly bittgrish, al times somewhat nutty. L.arnellae whitish to lighl croam-colored, broad, L = @-74, | = 1-3(n, broadly adnate to somowhal notched and sometimes subdocurrent as a tooth, edges smooth. Sllpe 25-10ox,l-15 mm, cylindric, b6nt, soveral fused toward ths base to form a trunk, surface smooth, longiludinally Iibrillose, whilish, cr6am{olored, to light brownish, gray-brown when old, white-powdered at th6 ap€x, corticate, elastic, solid, sometimes eccentric. Usually in large cluslers, more rarely solilary or only a lsw

C: D:

growing togothor.

261

Mlcroscoplc lratures Spor6s globose to subglobose, smooth, hyaline, 5.7-7.3x53-7.2

Along pathsides, in parl's and gardens, in op6n forests, among grass or on bare soil. Summer-fall. Common. Distribution: E, NA, As, NAr.

Lyophyllum !eucophaeatum (tGrst.)

lcrst.

B:

yri Q: 1.0-1.1;Vm: 134; l-;spp. whit6. Basidia slenderly clavate, 40-45x8-10 !m, with 4 sterigmata and basal clamp, wilh sid6rophilous granulss. lalr regular Cystidia not seen. Pp ol +/- parallel and d€nsoly intortwined hyphao 2-4 um across, uppeF most layorslightlygelatinized, with solitary hairlike, o)csoned hyphalends, brown-pigm6nled, septa with clamps.

Bemaaks

25r, the bft,$/n, clustercd lyophyllumscan be s€paralod onlybyth6h macroscopict€atures, primarilylhe color of th6 frbs. and their struclure and consistencr. The erection ol diff€renl

As monlion€d undet Lyophyllum .lecesles (No. species

is

thoroiore quostionabls, since one cannol s€riously attempl to classi-

ly thom conlidently. Wh6n we nevorlheloss dosignato various clllections as particular species, all that we mean is lhat lhey correspond to various ta(a doscribed in lhe literalure. Collectlon oxamined.nd lllBtrar.d HoM/LU (Bachstrasse), elev. ,150 m, quad. 206q on a stream bank in gras6 under P/alarus, Sept.30, 1989, coll. JB,3009-89 BR.

Otheacollecllons: widespread throughout region, lmbach: includ€d as Iricholoma eggregatum (Sea. €x Scha€tf.) Coslantin & Dutour,

I

Fam. Tricholomataceae Roze ex Overeem

= Lpphyllum fumatoloetens (Secr) J. Schatf. = Clitocybe gangraenosa (Fr) Sacc. ss. Lge. Habltst ln hardwood or con irerous forests, on soil or need le or leaf litter Late summer-Iall. Scattered, frequently overlooked. Distribution: E.

Macroscoplc leatures Pileus 40-80 mm across, conicrampanulate when young, later convsx to plane with a depressed center or with an obtuse umbo, surface smoolh, dull, finqly rad ially tomentose, dingywhitish to graybrownish, beige-brownish, sponing black-brolt/nish in age, margin inrolled and whitish-pubescent when young. Flesh thick in th€ center, thin toward lhe margin, dingy whitish, immediately bluing when cut, then blacksning, soft, odor laintly sourish, taste mild to slightly bitterish. Lamellae whitish when young, then beige to brownish, bluing when bruised, then turning blue-black, +/- broad, L = 7i1-86, I = 3-5(7), notched, edges smooth to denticulate. Siipe 50-70x 6-10 mm, cylindric, surface with brown longitudinalribrils on an ocher background, apex finely pruinose,llesh dingywhite, blackening, solid, lat€r stutfed, firm, base attimessomswhat enlarged or tapered and with white mycelium and incorporated remains ol the substrate. Solitary to clustered.

222

lrlcroscoplc lerturEs

A:

Sporss cylindric to cylindric€lliptic, linely vsrrucos€, hyaline, 53-76x 2.8-4.1 um: O: 1.5-24: Vm:42: l-i spp. pale cream'colored. B: Basidia clavat€,20-25x 55-75 um, wilh 4 slerigmata and basalclamp. with siderophalous granu lgs. talt. +l- @gular C: Marginalc€lls filirom lo flexuous. D: Ppof +/- parallel hyphae 2-8 um across. some brownish-pigmenled, septa wilh clamps.

Renaiks

The sp€ciss described here js easily distingu ished lrom the oth6r blackening specias oI L9phy um W jls verrucose'rough spores. Only a single olher sp€cies with ornam€nted spores i6 included in lh€ lit.: L9phyllun (Tephrocybe) ordae (Svrcek) ClC.. which is nol known lo us. Since the warts on the sporos ol lhe species tr€aled here quickly dissolve in KOH and other mounting media. water should be ussd for lhe microscopic e)Gmination.

Coll.ctlon examlnod and lllusllaled HoTWLU (Bireggwald), 616v. 500 m, quad. 466, in a mixed hardwood-conifer lorest on soil, Sept. 1Z 198q coll. BA, 1m9-86 BA 1.

Other collectloB: quad. 2066, 2167. lmbech: not included.

Lyophyl um fumosum D

E c\]

(--;(-,\ -/ ,)

f \Ya

Yi) ()" "(-l

E .J

o

Lyophyl um eucophaeaturn

c -

,"'

':

_l

20 Lr rn

I

A

^ ^\ i'i l/ il ','. " /l .\a -) ,1,-e \)t.'"- C ,* \J-

10

!rn

262

tr

Lyophyllum loricatum

Fam. Tricholomataceae

(Fr) Kiihn.

Roze ex Overeem

= Tricholoma caftilagineum Bull. non

Fr.

Habilat

Micrcscoplc ieetues

Along the edges of forests and paths, in forests, gardens, and parks, primarily under hardwoods, on bare soil or among grass or herbs. Summer-fall. Common. Distribution: E, NA, As, NAf.

Macroscopiq featui"s Pileus 30-120 mm across, hemispherical when young, laler plane, sometimes slightly umbonate or somawhat indented, surface oflen +/-veined, tuberculatetowrinkled, satiny, plianl, cartilaginous, dark olive-brown to chestnut-brown, hygrophanous, margin even, acute. Flesh whitish, brownish under the culicle, thick in the center, thin toward the margin, elaslic, tough (especially the cuticle), odor her-

baceous, taste mild, not distinctive, at times somewhat acrid. Lamellae whilish to gray-whitish, broad, L = 56-65, I = 3-7(11), broadly adnate to somewhal nolched and sometimes subdecurrent as a tooth, edges smooth. Stipe 35-90x7-15 mm, cylindric, surface almost smooth, longitudinally fibrillose, cream-colored to pale brownish, gray-brown when old, whit€-powdered at ihe apex, corticate, elastic, solid. Usually clustered.

A:

Spores sobgloboso, smooth, hyalin6, 5-6x4.5-5.3 !m; Oi 1.0-13; Vm: 6-l;

B:

Basidia sl€nderly clavate, 28-32x7-8 um, with 4 sierigmata and basal clamp, wilh sideroph ilous granules. Lalr regular Cystidia nol soen. Pp o, +/- paralleland densoly inlertwined hyphae 2-4 pm across, uppermost layer slightly gelatinized, brown-pigmented, sepla wiih clamps.

C:

Di

l-;spp.while.

Remarks

Lwphyllum loricatum is distinguishod by an especially hard, cartilaginous

pileus, a consistency which is made apparent by a distinct snapping sound when it is broken, According to our observations, the pilous is also distinctly hygrophanous, unlike that ol the two similar species L. decastes (No.257)and L. fumosul, (No.260). According to MOSER (1983), the species described here has spores 6-7 !m acrcss, while in L. ,umosum (No.260) they are 5-6 !m across. Th6 sizss ol the spores in our collections are exactly opposite; our measuromenls w6r€ iak6n ,rom spor6 deposiis. For furlher remarks see L. decastes (No. 254 and L . lumosum (No. 26Ot. Collection o(amined and lllustrated Fenkrieden/Ac, elev 515 m, quad. 2267, on a roadside among grass, Ocl. 198q coll. JB, '1310-89 BR.

13,

Other collocllons: widespread lhroughout rsgion.

lmbech: included as Trichol'tma aggregatum subsp. caiilagineum (Boll.) K. & [r.

263

Lyophyllumochraceum I

Fam. Tricholomataceae

(Haller) Schw6bel & Reutter = Lyophyllum favrei l. ochracea Hallet

Habllat

Roze ex Overeem

Mlclogcopic fealures

ln hardwood and coniferous forests, on path embankments, primarily nearPicea. Summer-fall. Bare. Dislribution: E.

A:

Macroscoplc ,eatures Pileus40-100 mm across, convexwhen young,lhen expanded and plane to depressed and somewhat undulating, surface dull, finely appressed-lomentoss to slightly floccose, covered with fine brownish squamules toward the center, bright green-yellow when young, yellow-ocher wiih an olive tint when old, old frbs. even when not collected but in their habitat turning red-brown to blackish from the margin inward, margin incuNed for a long time, acute. Flesh white-cream to white-yellow thin, immediately turning wine-reddish whencut,then blackening, odor slightly unpleasant, taste mild, farinaceous. l.amellae light green-ocher, reddening and then blackening when injured, broad, L = 50-58, I = 3-5(4, uncinate, edges slightly undulating-jagged. Stipe 40-80(100)x8-15 mm, cylindric, base somewhat tapered, surface slightly longitudinally grooved, ochsrish-pruinose, light green-yellow when young, olive-yellow to oliveocher when old, apex paler to whitish-yellow, solid to stulfed, flesh reddening and then blackening. Solitary to gregarious.

C: Cheilocystidiafilitorm-fusiform, 35-46x4-6 pmO: Pp ot parall€|, r€lativ€ly shorl-c6ll6d hyphas 45-8 !m across, brown-

B:

Spor€s broadly elliplic, smoolh, hyaline, 32-4.3x2.2-3.2 umt O: 1.2-151 Vm: 15; l-: spp, pale creamrolored, Basidia cylindric-clavale, 18-23x4-5 pm, wilh 4 slerigmata and basal clamp,with sideroph ilous granules. Latr. regular pigmemed, occasional ends exsened, septawhh clamps,

Bem6rks This sppcies was first found in West Germany (Stadtwald Bruchsal) in 1967. ecrcss Lnphyllum lavreiL ochrecea (HALLEB 1S52) in the lit. and identilied this lind with il. ln his opinion, ils macroscopic diflerencesjuslifiod raising lhis form to th6 rank ol species, and thereloro h6 validly published thisalleration in his 1969 paper Thetypicalform, L. favrei (No.259), has a graylilac pileusand green-yellow lamellae, whil6 the n6w L. ochraceum has an olive{chsr to grsen-yellow pileus and lighl gro€n{chor lamellae. Th€ microscopic fealures are not strikingly ditferent in the two species; lherefore, a status of variety is probably more correct- Many descriptions lack information about ch6ilocyslidia. Thsir abundance va €s in difl6r6nt collections and lhey can even be absenl. According to CLEITENQON (1966), the inconspicuous and sometimes sparse cystidia in Lnphyllum can be easily overlooked. SCHWOBEL(1969)cam€

Collection examined and illustGted Schwyz (Ischiltschiwald), 6lev 680 m, quad.2069, on a path embankmonl und6rshrubs n6ar P,caa, 4u9. 20, 1988, coll. HS,2008-88 Su. Other collectlons: none.

264

Lyophyllumozes (Fr.)Sing.

=

? Clitocybe

- lmbach:

I

Fam. Tricholomataceae Roze ex Overeem

otbiformis (Fr)Gill- auct. p. p., non M6tr.

Habiiat ln conirerous forests, among needle litteroron the soil. Fall-late lall. Very scattered and frequently overlooked. Distribution: E.

Macrcscopic leatures Pileus 10-30(40) mm across, hemisphericalto convex-conic when young, later expanded, undulating, bent, somewhal depressed, usuallywith an obtuse umbo, surlacesmooth, d u ll silky, lranslucentslriate up to ya of the radius, hygrophanous, gray-brown to olivs. brown when moisi, canlor somewhat darker, gray-beige when dry, margin paler and acuie. Flssh gray-brown, watery light beige to whitish wh€n dry thin, odor Iarinaceous-rancid, taste mild, slightly farinaceous. Lamellae beige, broad, L = 30-40, I = 3-Z notched, edges smooth, paler to whitish. Stipe 25-50x2.5-4 mm, cylindric, smooth, with fine, white, longitudinal fibrils on a gray-brown background, apex somewhat paler and slightly white fibrillose-scaly, base darke( wilh rhizoids, fragile, hollow. Solitaryto gregarious.

illcoscopic leatures

A:

B: C: D:

Spores elliplic, smoolh, hyeline,5.91.1x 3.1-4.2 !m;Q: 1.6-2.2;Vm:49;

l-;

spp. while acc.lit.

Basidia clavaie, 3(F36xz5-9 pm, with 4 ste gmata and basal clamp, with

sid6rophilous granules. Latr rsgular. Cystidia not seen.

Pp ol parallel hyphae 2-5 um across, with laint brownish pigmenlalion, up' permost layer gelalin iz€d and not difterentiatable, some septa with clamps.

Remarks FAVRE (1948) compared this species wilh the similat Collybia aclmissa l= Tephrocybe l2liloclibel edmisse lBrilz.lMos.) and sepsreled lhe latlerirom L. ozes as follows: stalure clitocyboid, center depressed and never umbonate,

lamellae mor€ distant

4-45

(L = 22-30,

| = 314), and spor6s

larg€r (75-10x

um). There is a series ol other, similar species ol Lyophyllum which

lndet

certain condilions could also be conlused with 6pecies ol Clilocybe (e.9. C. vibec,ha [No. l80]), which, howovei lack siderophilous granulos.

Collectlon examlned and lllustrated CademaridTl, elev. 800 m, quad. 0971, under Pirus slrobus among needle litl€i Nov. 1,1987, coll.JB,0111-g/ BR 1. Othe. coll.ctions: quad. 2066. lmbach: nol included.

224

not included.

Lyophyllum loricatum

20 pm

,\l[ w4 I\ II li"tl) ( ) n() " L) "'/ a-\ n v^\.//\ \I \\ ),--,t, \-/ "( \ I lrll r]( 1..,i,:,,1

J-

\n"r1 I :.r'i,

\ I

o"

)

\.::,1

hry B

ru

|lm

Lyophyllum ochraceum

ll | ll c il

tl( wt

2t' rm

\/ \)\ne^ )5.-l/\/oi= l/ ll

H[1

lo= )-

Lyophyllum ozes

;'*' l.r:iij.) /1 \,'l( qlsr^

lM

ffiss [Y I\t/

r-) t)

.10um

J-

265

Lyophyllumpalustre (Peck) Sing. = Tephrocybe palusttis (Peck) Donk = Collybia leucomyosdis Cke.

T

Habitat

Fam. Tricholomataceae Roze er Overeem

MicEacoplc leatulls

ln moorsand ditches, in damp areas among Sphagrurr, sometimes growing on the moss. Summer-fall. Rare. Distribution: E, NA, As.

A:

Macroacopic featuics Pilous l5-30 mm across, convex when young,later planewith an indented to slightly infundibuliform cente( sometimes with a small umbo, surface pale brown to ocher-brown, sometimes with an olive tint, slightly hygrophanous, translucsnt-striate up to 1/5 ofthe radius when moisl, smooth, not Iubricous, leather-pallid and finelytomentose when dry margin incurved for a long time, smooth. Flesh watery brown, thin, odor larinaceous, taste mild, furinaceousrancid. Lamellae whitish, broad, L = 2O-25,I = 1-Z often forked, slightly notched to Iinely adnexed, edges smooth. Stipe 30-70x 2-4 mm, rylindric, base sometimes slightly thickened, surface brownish, gray-whitish fibrillose, hollou fragile. Solitary to grouped.

C: D:

B:

Spores elliplic, smooth, hyaline, some with drops, 6.1-8.5)(3.1-50 pmi Q: 1.5-2.2;Vm:63; l-; spp. while. Basidia slenderly clavale. 28-35x55-8 !m. wilh 4 ste gmala and basal clamp,wilh siderophilous granules. Lalr. +/- regular Cystidia nol s6sn. Pp of parall€l hyphao 3-l l pm across. occasional hyphal ends exserted and clavate, septa with clamps.

Rernarks Thisspecios istound only in moorc in damp plac€s on Splragnum, with which it is associaled, lt can sometimes b6 attach€d diroclly lo th6 moss (parasitic?). A thorough dgscription with illustrations and inromation on localities in lheJu€ Mts. was published by FAVRE .1939a). Lgphy un (Co ybia) erosa (No.258) produc€s similarlruiting bodies and can also be lound in moors, bul it ditfers u

nequ ivocally from the species described here by verrucose-spinoso spores.

Collectlon axemlned and lllustrated Mels/SG (Chapfense6), 6lev. 1000 m, quad. 2174, in a tlat moor among Sphagand fulytrichum, June 13, 1986, coll. BA, 1306-86 BA 3.

nun

Other collecllorc: quad. 2368. lmbech: notinclud6d.

266

Lyophyllum

platypum

Kfihn.

I

Fam. Tricholomataceae Boze ex Overeem

= Tephrccybe platypus (Kiihn.) Mos. Habltat ln floodplain torests, on stream and river ban ks, in oak forests, on rot-

ting leavss or among grasses and leal humus, especially common undet Salix, Populus, and Ouelcus. Winter. Rare. Distribution: E. Macioscoplc features Pileus 10-30 mm across, hemisphsrical when young, sometimes with an acute umbo, later convex to plane, with an obtuse umbo, surface smooth, dull silky, linely while-ribrillose as i, frosted and with a

lransluceni, brownish background color, hygrophanous, entire pileus gray-brown with adarkff cenlerwhen moist, cream-colored to bsige when dry (reminiscont of a hygrophanous Clitocybe), margin

somswhat whitish silky-Iibrillose, acute. Flesh gray-brown, thin, odor strongly farinaceous-rancid, taste mild, rancid. Lamellaewhit ish to gray-beige, relatively broad, L = 25-31, I = 5-7(15), broadly

adnatq somelimes even subdgcurrsni, edges smooth. Stipe

Microscoplc ieatulEs Spores slliptic. smooth. hyaline, some with drops. 45-75x 35-4.2 [miO: 13-2.0;Vm:41; I -;spp.whileacc. lil. B: Easidia cylindric-clavale, 22+0x45-65 !m, wilh 1-{ slerigmata and basalclamp, with siderophilous granules. [atr. regular

A:

C: Cystidia not s6en. D: Pp of parallsl hyphee 2-75

E:

! m acrcss, septa with clarnps. Cluster of hyphae of the conical layer at th€ stip6 apex.

Remarks Thismushroom, which isepparentlynot rareelsewhore, was first described by KUHNER & ROMAGNESI(19 ) lrom a cgllection lrom an oak lorest in lhe Bois d6 Vincennes near Paris. lntoreslingly. KUHNER al firctsuspected that th6tind \!!as Clitocybe Mrcgamna lNo. 175 as C. phaeophtharma). SCHWOBEL (1994 called attention to this winter mushroom which he had known for decades, dosc.ibed it lrom his colloctions, and gavglhe reason why il is not identiliable in MOSER'S (1983) volumg ol tho .Kleino Kryptogamonflora.. ln theh .Floro analylique . . .. KIJHNER & ROMAGNESI(1953) omitted lhe widlh ofthe spores, a mislEke which epparenlly caused MOSER op. cit. to inlerpret lhe

15-30(40)x2-4 mm, cylindric, surface smooth, slightly whitish longiiudinally-fibrillose, light gray-brown to dark brown with a lilac tint, apex sometimes paler to cream-colored and somewhal pruinose, elastic, solid when young, hollow when old. Solitary to

spores as globos6,

gregarious.

other collectlom: quad. 2264.

Collecllon examlned end lllustrated Maschwanden/Zc,

616v. zr00

m, quad. 226l, among leaf litler ol Sa/,x, on a bank JB. (X01-88 BR.

olthe Loee. Jan.4.1988, coll. lmbach: notincluded.

267

Lyophyllum

rancidum

(Fr) Sing. = Collybia Bncida (Ft.\ Qobl . = Tephrocybe rancida (ft.) Oonk

I

Habltal ln hardwood and conirerous foresls, on alkalinesoils, among leaves and in needle litter Widely distributed, but usually appears only as a ,e!v individuals. Late summer-fall. Dislribution: E.

Macrgscopic features Plleus 20-40(50) mm across, hemisphericalto campanulate when young, later convex to plans, always with a distinct, obtuse umbo,

surface smooth, satiny, radially innately fibrillose, gray-brown, black-gray with a steel-blue tint, sometimes whitish-pruinose, not hygrcphanous, margin acute. Flesh whitish when young, later gray,

thin, odor strongly tarinaceous-rancid, tasle mild, larinaceous. Lamellae brown-gray to ocher{ray, broad, L = 36-42, I = 3-5(7),

slrongly notchedto almost lree, edges smoolh to somewhat undulating. Stipe 40-100x2-5 mm, cylindric, smooth to slightly longirudinally fibrillose, gray to brown-gray, apex paler and whilish-pruinose, base slightly while-tomenloss with arusilorm, rootlike extension up

to 50 mm long, hollow, sometimes attached eccentrically to the pileus. Solitary to gregarious.

Fam. Tricholomataceae Boze ex Overeem

Mlcroacoplc l6atules Sporeselliptic, smooth, hyaline, with drops,6.1-83x35-4.5 !m;O: 1.6-2.0; Vm:62; l-;spp. white. B: Basidia slend€rly clavale, 25-28x55-7 pm, wilh 4 sterigmata and basal clamp, wilh siderophilous granules. Lalr. regular

A:

C: Cystidia nol se6n. D: Pp of +/- parallel hypha€ 25-75 !m across, some swollen, brcwnpigmented, occasional septa with clamps,

Ramark3 This sp6ci6s is easy to r€cogni26 ev6n in nalure, €specially it one do€s nol neglecl to dig up the rooting stipe bas6 wh6n collecling it. Typical characters ars lhe glay-brown color, the slender, somowhat long-stip€d stalure, and the slrongly larinaceous-Gncid odor and lasle. lt is lhe only species ol L9phyllum Oephrocybe) wilh a t@ling slips; in conlrasl, lhe larinaceous-rancid odor and laste are found in many species o, this genus.

qolbctlon o(amined and illustEted

Att€nschwiUFEnkenrieden/Ac, elev.450m, quad.2267, on ns€dlelitterin atree larm of young spruces, Ocl.28, 1986, coll. J8,2810-86 K.

Other collectlons: quad. 1966, 2264, 2365. lmbach: included as Coliyb ia ancida (ft.) Ott6l.

226

Lyophyllum palustre

20 $m

\no, Q:9, (\ / ) t\l

L-,'

!

.--\ \ _-/

;

Lyophyllum platypum

nn

^

20um

il// oA I \ Aur-t lrrfL'

(l U^Q s"c W \/)t (/t) (.rt ".r-\\ io p,'

H,&

'u\\

20 p'm

Lyophyllum rancidum

20 pm

Aa

( ),.--.,

r\(l \ )V 4-"