Constitutions of the World from the late 18th Century to the Middle of the 19th Century: Part VII Vermont – Wisconsin / Addendum et Corrigendum 9783598440977, 9783598357572

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Constitutions of the World from the late 18th Century to the Middle of the 19th Century Verfassungen der Welt vom späten 18. Jahrhundert bis Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts

Constitutions of the World from the late 18th Century to the Middle of the 19th Century Sources on the Rise of Modern Constitutionalism Editor in Chief Horst Dippel America: Volume 1

Verfassungen der Welt vom späten 18. Jahrhundert bis Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts Quellen zur Herausbildung des modernen Konstitutionalismus Herausgegeben von Horst Dippel Amerika: Band 1

K·G ·Saur 2009

Constitutional Documents of the United States of America 1776–1860 Part VII: Vermont – Wisconsin Addendum et Corrigendum Edited by Horst Dippel

Verfassungsdokumente der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika 1776–1860 Teil VII: Vermont – Wisconsin Addendum et Corrigendum Herausgegeben von Horst Dippel

K·G ·Saur 2009

Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de.

Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar.

U Printed on acid-free paper / Gedruckt auf alterungsbeständigem Papier

© 2009 by K. G. Saur Verlag, München Ein Imprint der Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG Printed in Germany All Rights Strictly Reserved / Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Technical Partner / Technischer Partner: Mathias Wündisch, Leipzig Printed and Bound / Druck und Bindung: Strauss GmbH, Mörlenbach 978-3-598-35757-2

Contents Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Constitution of Vermont (1777) . . Constitution of Vermont (1786) . . Constitution of Vermont (1793) . . Failed Amendments of 1813 Failed Amendments of 1821 Amendments of 1827/1828 . Amendments of 1835/1836 . Failed Amendments of 1842 Amendments of 1849/1850 . Failed Amendments of 1856

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9 23 39 55 60 62 66 71 74 77

Declaration of Rights of Virginia (1776) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Constitution of Virginia (1776) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Constitution of Virginia (1830) / Verfassung von Virginia (1830) Constitution of Virginia (1851) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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. 81 . 85 . 91 . 119

Constitution of West Florida (1810) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Failed Constitution of Wisconsin (1846) / Mislykket Konstitution for Wisconsin (1846) . . . . . . . . . . Constitution of Wisconsin (1848) / Verfassung von Wisconsin (1848) Konstitution for Wisconsin (1848) / Cyfansoddiad Wisconsin (1848) Failed Amendments of 1854 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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155 207 273 327

Addendum et Corrigendum Note . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 Constitution of Maryland (1776) / Second Failed Amendment of 1835 . . . . . . . . 333 Constitution of North-Carolina (1776) / Amendment of 1789 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 Index USA Part I–VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337

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Acknowledgments

In the wake of this concluding volume it is only appropriate for me to express my gratitude to those who helped to make it all happen. First and foremost of all is Brandon Haynes of the Administrative Office of the Courts of the State of Kentucky, whose support and advice was a constant companion from the first through the last volume. On all matters concerning the Vermont constitutions Gregory Sanford of the Vermont State Archives is the man to ask and he proved untiring in his assistance. Virginia Dunn, Kathy Stewart Jordan, and Sarah A. Nerney, all of the Library of Virginia, E. Lee Shepard of the Virginia Historical Society, and Taylor Fitchett of the Law Library of the University of Virginia at Charlottesville were always ready to assist on issues concerning the Old Dominion. The same applies to John Fowler of the Louisiana State Archives, who offered his assistance once again, in this case on the Constitution of West Florida. Harry Miller and Geraldine Strey of the Wisconsin Historical Society, Mary Susan Lovett of St. Olaf College, and Chris Brooks of the University of East Stroudsburg assisted in various and always most effective ways to help with the Wisconsin documents in

their various languages. It is no less appropriate to include in my thanks all those at the project headquarters, who were indispensable in getting this volume published, as all its predecessors. Dr. Thomas Clark, Miriam Leitner, and Matthias Schneider accompanied the whole set from the beginning, while Nicole Burkhardt joined later, though her proficiency suggests she must have followed the project from its inception. To all of them, and to the numerous additional hands and minds assisting in their different functions and responsibilities I want to extend my most sincere thanks. Without them the volume would not have been possible, though any mistakes or errors it may contain are exclusively my own. Horst Dippel Note on electronic sources: all documents located on the Internet, which were used in the process of editing this volume, were accessed during September 2008. The prints and, where such were not available, manuscripts used as the textual bases for this edition are freely available as digital facsimiles at http://www.modernconstitutions.de.

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Constitution of Vermont (1777) The Constitution of Vermont1

Whereas2 all Government ought to be instituted and supported, for the Security and Protection of the Community as such, and to enable the Individuals who compose it, to enjoy their natural rights, and the other blessings, which the Author of Existence has bestowed upon man; and whenever those great ends of Government are not obtained, the People have a right, by common consent, to change it, and take such measures, as to them may appear necessary to promote their Safety and Happiness. And Whereas the Inhabitants of this State have, (in consideration of Protection only) heretofore acknowledged allegiance to the King of Great Britain, and the said King has not only withdrawn that Protection, but commenced and still continues to carry on, with unabated Vengeance, a most cruel and unjust War against them; employing therein, not only the Troops of Great Britain, but foreign Mercenaries, Savages and Slaves, for the avowed purpose of reducing them to a total and abject Submission to the despotic domination3 of the British Parliament, with many other Acts of Tyranny, (more fully set forth in the Declaration of Congress) whereby all Allegiance and Fealty to the said King and his Successors, are dissolved and at an End; and all power and Authority derived from him ceased in the American Colonies. And Whereas the Territory which now comprehends the State of Vermont, did antecedently of right belong to the Government of New Hampshire; and the former

Governor thereof, vizt . his Excellency Benning Wentworth Esq., granted many Charters of Lands and Corporations within this State to the present inhabitants and others. And whereas the late Lieutenant Governor Colden of New York, with others, did, in violation of the tenth Command, covet those very lands; and by a false representation made to the Court of Great-Britain, (in the Year 1764, that for the convenience of trade, and administration of justice, the Inhabitants were desirous of being annexed to that Government) obtained Jurisdiction of those very identical lands ex-parte, which ever was and is disagreeable to the Inhabitants. And Whereas the Legislature of New York ever have and still continue to disown the Good People of this State, in their landed property, which will appear in the complaints hereafter inserted, and in the 36th Section of their present Constitution, in which is established the Grants of Land made by that Government. They have refused to make re-grants of our lands to the original Proprietors and Occupants, unless at the exorbitant rate of 2,300 Dollars fees for each township; and did enhance the Quit-rent threefold, and demanded an immediate delivery of the title derived before from New Hampshire. The Judges of their supreme Court have made a solemn declaration, that the Charters, Conveyances, &c. of the lands included in the before described Premises, were utterly null and void, on which said Title was founded. In consequence of which

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V ERMONT declaration Writs of Possession have been by them issued, and the Sheriff of the County of Albany sent at the head of six or seven hundred men, to inforce the Execution thereof. They have passed an act, annexing a Penalty thereto, of thirty Pounds fine and six Months Imprisonment, on any person who should refuse assisting the Sheriff, after being requested for the Purpose of executing Writs of Possession. The Governors, Dunmore, Tryon and Colden, have made re-grants of several tracts of land included in the Premises, to certain favorite Land-Jobbers in the Government of New York, in direct violation of his Britannic Majesty’s express Prohibition, in the year 1767. They have issued Proclamations, wherein they have offered large Sums of money for the purpose of apprehending those very persons who have dared boldly and publicly to appear in defence of their just rights. They did pass twelve Acts of outlawry on the 9th day of March, A. D. 1774, impowering the respective Judges of their supreme Court to award Execution of Death against those Inhabitants in said District, that they should judge to be Offenders, without Trial. They have and still continue an unjust claim to those Lands, which greatly retards Emigration into and the Settlement of this State. They have hired foreign troops, Emigrants from Scotland, at two different times, and armed them to drive us out of Possession. They have sent the Savages on our Frontiers, to distress us. They have proceeded to erect the Counties of Cumberland and Gloucester, and establish Courts of Justice there, after they

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were discountenanced by the Authority of Great Britain. The free Convention of the State of New York, at Harlaem, in the Year 1776, unanimously voted “that all quitrents formerly due to the King of Great Britain, are now due and owing to this Convention, or such future Government as shall be hereafter established in this State”. In the several Stages of the aforesaid Oppressions, we have petitioned his Britannic Majesty in the most humble manner for redress, and have at very great expence, received several reports in our favor; and in other instances wherein we have petitioned the late legislative Authority of New-York, those Petitions have been treated with neglect. And Whereas the local Situation of this State from New York, at the extream part, is upward4 of four hundred and fifty miles from the Seat of that Government, renders5 it extreme difficult to continue under the Jurisdiction of said State. Therefore it is absolutely necessary for the welfare and Safety of the inhabitants of this State, that it should be henceforth a free and independent State, and that a just, permanent and proper form of Government, should exist in it, derived from, and founded on the Authority of, the people only, agreeable to the Direction of the honorable American Congress. We the Representatives of the Freemen of Vermont, in General Convention met, for the express purpose of forming such a Government; confessing the Goodness of the great Governor of the Universe (who alone knows to what degree of earthly happiness Mankind may attain by perfecting the Arts of Government) in permitting the People of this State, by common Consent, and without violence, deliberately to form

C ONSTITUTION OF V ERMONT (1777) for themselves such just rules as they shall think best for governing their future Society; and being fully convinced that it is our indispensable duty, to establish such original Principles of Government as will best promote the General Happiness of the People of this State, and their Posterity, and provide for future Improvements, without Partiality for, or Prejudice against, any particular Class, Sect, or Denomination of Men whatever; Do, by virtue of Authority vested in us, by our Constituents, ordain, declare and establish, the following declaration of Rights, and Frame of Government, to be the Constitution of this Commonwealth, and to remain in force therein forever, unaltered, except in such articles, as shall hereafter on Experience be found to require improvement, and which shall, by the same Authority of the People, fairly delegated, as this frame of Government directs, be amended or improved, for the more effectual obtaining and securing the great End and design of all Government, herein before mentioned.

CHAPTER I A Declaration of the Rights of the Inhabitants of the State of Vermont 1. That all men are born equally free and independent, and have certain natural, inherent and unalienable6 Rights, amongst which are the enjoying and defending Life and Liberty; acquiring, possessing and protecting Property, and pursuing and obtaining Happiness and Safety. Therefore, no male person, born in this Country, or brought from over Sea, ought to be holden by Law to serve any person as a Servant, Slave or Apprentice, after he arrives to the Age of twenty-one Years, nor female in like manner, after she arrives to the Age of eighteen Years, unless they are bound by their own Consent after they arrive to7 such Age, or bound by Law

for the Payment of Debts, Damages, Fines, Costs, or the like. 2. That private Property ought to be subservient to public Uses when necessity requires it; nevertheless, whenever any particular man’s Property is taken for the Use of the public, the Owner ought to receive an equivalent in Money. 3. That all men have a natural and unalienable Right to worship Almighty God according to the Dictates of their own Consciences and Understanding, regulated by the word of God; and that no man ought, or of right can be compelled to attend any religious Worship, or erect, or support, any place of Worship, or maintain any Minister contrary to the Dictates of his conscience; nor can any man who professes the protestant Religion, be justly deprived or abridged of any civil right, as a Citizen, on Account of his religious Sentiment, or peculiar mode of religious Worship; and that no Authority can, or ought to be vested in, or assumed by any power whatsoever, that shall in any case interfere with, or in any manner controul the Rights of Conscience in the free exercise of religious worship; nevertheless, every Sect or Denomination of People ought to observe the Sabbath, or8 Lord’s day, and keep up and support9 some sort of religious Worship, which to them shall seem most agreeable to the revealed Will of God. 4. That the People of this State have the sole, exclusive and inherent right of governing and regulating the internal Police of the same. 5. That all power being originally inherent in, and consequently derived from the People; therefore all Officers of Government, whether legislative or executive, are their Trustees and Servants, and at all times accountable to them.

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V ERMONT 6. That Government is, or ought to be, instituted for the Common Benefit, Protection, and Security of the People, Nation or Community; and not for the particular Emolument or Advantage of any single man, family or set of men, who are a part only of that Community; and that the Community hath an indubitable, unalienable and indefeazible right, to reform, alter, or abolish Government, in such manner as shall be by that Community judged most conducive to the public Weal. 7. That those who are employed in the legislative and executive Business of the State may be restrained from Oppression, the People have a right, at such periods as they may think proper, to reduce their public Officers to a Private Station, and supply the Vacancies by certain10 regular Elections. 8. That all Elections ought to be free; and that all freemen, having a sufficient evident common Interest with, and Attachment to the Community, have a right to elect Officers, or be elected into Office. 9. That every member of Society hath a right to be protected in the Enjoyment of Life, Liberty and Property, and therefore is bound to contribute his Proportion towards the expence of that11 protection, and yield his personal Service, when necessary, or an equivalent thereto; but no part of a man’s Property can be justly taken from him, or applied to public Uses, without his own Consent, or that of his legal Representatives: Nor can any man, who is conscientiously scrupulous of bearing Arms, be justly compelled thereto, if he will pay such Equivalent: Nor are the People bound by any Law, but such as they have in like manner assented to, for their common Good. 10. That in all prosecutions for criminal Offences, a man hath a right to be heard by himself and his Counsel, — to demand the

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cause and nature of his Accusation, — to be confronted with the Witnesses, — to call for Evidence in his favor, and a speedy public Trial, by an impartial Jury of the Country, without the unanimous Consent of which Jury he cannot be found Guilty; nor can he be compelled to give Evidence against himself; nor can any man12 be justly deprived of his Liberty, except by the Laws of the Land, or the Judgment of his Peers. 11. That the People have a right to hold themselves, their houses, papers and Possessions free from Search or13 Seizure; and therefore Warrants, without Oaths or Affirmations first made, affording a sufficient foundation for them, and whereby any Officer or Messenger may be commanded or required to search suspected places, or to seize any Person or Persons, his, her, or their Property, not particularly described, are contrary to that right, and ought not to be granted. 12. That no Warrant or Writ to attach the Person or Estate of any freeholder within this State, shall be issued in civil Actions14 without the person or persons who may request such warrant or Attachment, first make Oath, or affirm before the Authority who may be requested to issue the same, that he or they are in danger of loosing his, her, or their Debts. 13. That in Controversies respecting Property, and in Suits between man and man, the parties have a right to a trial by Jury, which ought to be held sacred. 14. That the People have a right to freedom of Speech, and of writing and publishing their Sentiments; therefore the freedom of the Press ought not to be restrained. 15. That the People have a right to bear Arms, for the defence of themselves and the State: — And as standing Armies, in the time of Peace, are dangerous to Liberty,

C ONSTITUTION OF V ERMONT (1777) they ought not to be kept up; and that the military should be kept under strict Subordination to, and governed by, the civil Power. 16. That frequent recurrence to fundamental Principles, and a firm Adherence to Justice, Moderation, Temperance, Industry, and Frugality, are absolutely necessary to preserve the blessings of Liberty, and keep Government free: The People ought therefore to pay particular Attention to these points, in the Choice of Officers and Representatives; and have a right to exact a due and constant regard to them, from their Legislators and Magistrates, in the making and executing such laws as are necessary for the good Government of the State. 17. That all people have a natural and inherent right to emigrate from one State to another that will receive them; or to form a new State in vacant Countries, or in such Countries as they can purchase, whenever they think that thereby they can promote their own Happiness. 18. That the People have a right to assemble together, to consult for their common Good — to instruct their Representatives, and to apply to the Legislature for redress of Grievances, by Address, Petition or Remonstrance. 19. That no person shall be liable to be transported out of this State, for trial for any Offence committed within this State.

CHAPTER II Plan or Frame of Government S ECT. 1. The Commonwealth or State of Vermont shall be governed hereafter by a Governor, Deputy-Governor, Council, and an Assembly of the Representatives of the Freemen of the same, in manner and form following.

S ECT. 2. The supreme Legislative Power shall be vested in a House of Representatives of the Freemen or Commonwealth or State of Vermont. S ECT. 3. The supreme executive Power shall be vested in a Governor and Council. S ECT. 4. Courts of Justice shall be established in every County in this State. S ECT. 5. The freemen of this Commonwealth, and their Sons, shall be trained and armed for its defence, under such Regulations, Restrictions and Exceptions as the General Assembly shall by Law direct; preserving15 always to the People the right of chusing their Colonels of Militia, and all Commissioned Officers under that rank, in such manner, and as often as by the said Laws shall be directed. S ECT. 6. Every man of the full Age of twenty-one Years, having resided in this State for the Space of one whole Year next before the Election of Representatives, and who16 is of a quiet and peaceable Behaviour, and will take the following Oath (or Affirmation) shall be entitled to all the Priviledges of a freeman of this State. I ––––––– ––– solemnly swear by the ever-living God, (or affirm, in the17 presence of Almighty God,) that whenever I am called to give my vote or Suffrage, touching any matter that concerns the State of Vermont, I will do it so as in my Conscience I shall judge will most conduce to the best Good of the same, as established by the Constitution, without fear or favor of any man. S ECT. 7. The House of Representatives of the Freemen of this State, shall consist of Persons most noted for Wisdom and Virtue, to be chosen by the Freemen of every town in this State respectively. And no foreigner shall be chosen, unless he has resided in the town for which he shall be elected, one Year immediately before the18 said Election.

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V ERMONT S ECT. 8. The members of the House of Representatives, shall be chosen annually by Ballot, by the freemen of this State, on the first tuesday of September for ever, (except this present Year) and shall meet on the second Thursday of the succeeding October, and shall be stiled The General Assembly of the Representatives of the freemen of Vermont19 ; and shall have Power to chuse their Speaker, Secretary of the State, their Clerk, and other necessary Officers of the House — Sit on their own Adjournments — prepare Bills, and enact them into Laws — judge of the Elections and Qualifications of their own members: — They may expel a member, but not a second time for the same Cause: — They may administer Oaths (or Affirmations) on Examination of Witnesses — redress Grievances — impeach State Criminals — grant Charters of Incorporation — constitute towns, Boroughs, Cities and Counties, and shall have all other Powers necessary for the Legislature of a free State: But they shall have no power to add to, alter, abolish or infringe any part of this Constitution: And for this present year the members of the General Assembly shall be chosen on the first tuesday of March next, and shall meet at the MeetingHouse in Windsor, on the second Thursday of March next. S ECT. 9. A Quorum of the House of Representatives shall consist of two thirds of the whole number of Members elected; and having met, and chosen their Speaker20 , shall each of them, before they proceed to Business, take and subscribe as well the Oath of Fidelity and Allegiance, herein after directed, as the following Oath or Affirmation vizt . I ————— do solemnly swear by the ever-living God, (or I do solemnly affirm in the presence of Almighty God) that as a member of this Assembly, I will not propose or assent to any Bill, vote or Resolu-

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tion, which shall appear to me injurious to the People; nor do or consent to any Act or thing whatever, that shall have a tendency to lessen or abridge their rights and priviledges, as declared in the Constitution of this State; but will in all things conduct myself as a faithful, honest Representative and Guardian of the People, according to the best of my Judgment and Abilities. And each member, before he takes his Seat, shall make and subscribe the following Declaration, vizt . I do believe in one God, the Creator and Governor of the Universe, the rewarder of the Good, and Punisher of the wicked. And I do acknowledge the Scriptures of the old and new Testament, to be given by divine Inspiration, and own and profess the protestant Religion. And no further or other religious test shall ever hereafter be required of any civil Officer or magistrate in this State. S ECT. 10. Delegates to represent this State in Congress, shall be chosen by Ballot, by the future General Assembly, at their first Meeting, and annually forever afterward, as long as such Representation shall be necessary. Any Delegate may be superseded at any time, by the General Assembly appointing another in his stead. No man shall sit in Congress longer than two Years successively, nor be capable of re-election for three Years afterwards; and no Person who holds any Office in the Gift of the Congress, shall thereafter be elected to represent this State in Congress. S ECT. 11. If any town or towns shall neglect or refuse to elect and send Representatives to the General Assembly, two thirds of the members of the towns, that do elect and send Representatives, (provided they be a majority of the inhabited towns of the whole State) when met, shall have all the Powers of the General Assembly, as fully and amply as if the whole were present.

C ONSTITUTION OF V ERMONT (1777) S ECT. 12. The Doors of the House in which the Representatives of the freemen of this State shall sit in General Assembly21 , shall be and remain22 open for the Admission of all Persons who behave decently, except only when the Welfare of this23 State may require the Doors to be shut. S ECT. 13. The Votes and Proceedings of the General Assembly shall be printed weekly during their sitting, with the Yeas and Nays on any question, vote or Resolution, where one third of the members require it, (except when the Votes are taken by Ballot) and when the Yeas and Nays are so taken, every member shall have a right to insert the reasons of his Votes24 upon the Minutes, if he desire it. S ECT. 14. To the end that Laws, before they are enacted, may be more maturely considered, and the inconveniency of hasty Determination as much as possible prevented, all Bills of public nature, shall be first laid before the Governor and Council, for their perusal and proposals of Amendment, and shall be printed for the Consideration of the People, before they are read in General Assembly for the last time of debate and Amendment, except temporary Acts, which, after being laid before the Governor and Council, may (in case of sudden necessity) be passed into Laws; and no other shall be passed into Laws, until the next Session of Assembly. And for the more perfect Satisfaction of the public, the reasons and motives for making such laws, shall be fully and clearly expressed and set forth in their Preambles. S ECT. 15. The Stile of the Laws of this State shall be, Be it enacted and it is hereby enacted, by the Representatives of the Freemen of the State of Vermont, in General Assembly met, and by the Authority of the same.

S ECT. 16. In order that the freemen of this State might enjoy the Benefit of Election, as equally as may be, each town within this State, that consists, or may consist of eighty taxable Inhabitants, within one Septenary, or seven years next after the establishing this Constitution, may hold Elections therein, and chuse each two Representatives; and each other inhabited town in this State may in like manner chuse each one representative, to represent them in General Assembly, during the said Septennary or seven Years; and after that, each inhabited town may in like manner hold such election, and chuse each one Representative for ever thereafter. S ECT. 17. The supreme executive Council of this State, shall consist of a Governor, Lieutenant Governor, and twelve Persons, chosen in the following manner, vizt . The Freemen of each town shall, on the day of Election for chusing Representatives to attend the General Assembly, bring in their Votes for Governor, with his name fairly written, to the Constable, who shall seal them up, and write on them, Votes for the Governor, and deliver them to the Representative chosen to attend the General Assembly; and at the opening of the General Assembly, there shall be a Committee appointed out of the Council and Assembly, who, after being duly sworn to the faithful discharge of their trust, shall proceed to receive, sort and count the Votes for the Governor, and declare the Person who has the major part of the Votes, to be Governor for the Year ensuing. And if there be no Choice made, then the Council and General Assembly, by their joint Ballot, shall make choice of a Governor. – The Lieutenant Governor and Treasurer, shall be chosen in the manner above directed: And each freeman shall give in twelve Votes for twelve Counsellors25 , in the same manner; and the twelve highest in nomination shall serve for the en-

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V ERMONT suing Year as Counsellors26 . The Council that shall act in the recess of this Convention, shall supply the Place of a Council for the next General Assembly, until the new Council be declared chosen. The Council shall meet annually at the same time and place with the General Assembly, and every member of the Council shall be a Justice of the Peace for the whole State by virtue of his Office. S ECT. 18. The Governor, and in his absence the Lieutenant or Deputy Governor, with the Council, seven of whom shall be a Quorum, shall have Power to appoint and27 Commissionate all Officers (except those who are appointed by the General Assembly) agreeable to this frame of Government, and the Laws that may be made hereafter; and shall supply every vacancy in any Office, occasioned by Death, Resignation, Removal, or Disqualification until the Office can be filled in the time and manner directed by Law or this Constitution. They are to correspond with other States, and transact Business with Officers of Government civil and military; and to prepare such business as may appear to them necessary to lay before the General Assembly. – They shall sit as Judges to hear and determine on Impeachments, taking to their Assistance, for Advice only, the Justices of the28 supreme Court; and shall have Power to grant Pardons, and remit fines, in all cases whatsoever, except cases of Impeachment – and in cases of29 Treason and Murder, shall have Power to grant Reprieves, but not to30 pardon, until31 the end of the next Sessions32 of33 Assembly; but there shall be no remission or mitigation of Punishment on Impeachments34 , except by Act of Legislation. – They are also to take care that the Laws be faithfully executed – They are to expedite the execution of such measures as may be resolved upon by General Assembly; and they may draw upon the Treasurer

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for such sums as may be appropriated by the House; they may also lay Embargoes, or prohibit the Exportation of any Commodity, for any time not exceeding thirty days, in the recess of the House only: – They may grant such Licenses as shall be directed by Law; and shall have Power to call together the General Assembly, when necessary, before the day to which they shall stand adjourned: – The Governor shall be Commander in Chief of the Forces of the State, but shall not command in Person, except advised thereto by the Council, and then only as long as they shall approve thereof. –The Governor and Council shall have a Secretary, and keep fair Books of their Proceedings, wherein any Counsellor35 may enter his Dissent, with his reasons to support it. S ECT. 19. All Commissions shall be in the Name of the freemen of the State of Vermont, sealed with the State Seal, signed by the Governor, and36 in his absence the Lieutenant Governor, and attested by the Secretary; which Seal shall be kept by the Council. S ECT. 20. Every Officer of State, whether judicial or executive, shall be liable to be impeached by the General Assembly, either when in Office, or after his Resignation, or Removal for Mal-administration: All Impeachments shall be before the Governor or Lieutenant Governor and Council, who shall hear and determine the same. S ECT. 21. The supreme Court, and the several Courts of Common Pleas of this State, shall, besides the Powers usually exercised by such Courts, have the Powers of a Court of Chancery, so far as relates to perpetuating Testimony – obtaining Evidence from places not within this State, and the Care of Persons and Estates of those who are non compotes Mentis, and such other powers as may be found necessary by fu-

C ONSTITUTION OF V ERMONT (1777) ture General Assemblies, not inconsistent with this Constitution. S ECT. 22. Trials shall be by Jury; and it is recommended to the Legislature of this State to provide by Law against every Corruption or Partiality in the Choice, and return, or appointment of Juries. S ECT. 23. All Courts37 shall be open, and Justice shall be impartially administered, without Corruption, or unnecessary Delay; all their Officers shall be paid an adequate but moderate Compensation for their Services: – And if any Officer shall take greater or other Fees than the Laws allow him, either directly or indirectly, it shall ever after disqualify him from holding any Office in this State. S ECT. 24. All Prosecutions shall commence in the Name, and by the Authority, of the Freemen of38 the State of Vermont; and all Indictments shall conclude with these Words, “against the Peace and Dignity of the same.” The Stile of all Processes39 hereafter in this State, shall be, The State of Vermont. S ECT. 25. The Person of a Debtor, where there is not a strong Presumption of fraud, shall not be continued in Prison, after delivering up, bonafide, all his Estate, real and personal,40 for the Use of his Creditors, in such manner as shall be hereafter regulated by Law. – All Prisoners shall be bailable by sufficient Securities41 , unless for capital Offences, when the proof is evident, or presumption great. S ECT. 26. Excessive Bail shall not be exacted for bailable Offences: And all fines shall be moderate. S ECT. 27. That the General Assembly, when legally formed, shall appoint times and Places for County Elections; and at42 times and Places, the freemen in each County respectively, shall have the Liberty

of chusing the Judges of inferior Court of43 Common Pleas, Sheriff, Justices of the Peace, and Judges of Probates44 commissioned by the Governor in45 Council during good Behaviour, removable by the General Assembly, upon Proof of Maladministration. S ECT. 28. That no Person shall be capable of holding any civil Office in this State, except he has acquired, and maintains a good moral Character. S ECT. 29. All Elections, whether by the People, or in General Assembly, shall be by Ballot, free and voluntary: And any Elector, who shall receive any Gift or reward for his Vote, in meat, drink, monies or otherwise, shall forfeit his Right to elect at that time, and suffer such other Penalty as future Laws shall direct. And any person who shall, directly or indirectly, give, promise or bestow any such rewards to be elected, shall thereby be rendered incapable to serve for the ensuing Year. S ECT. 30. All Fines, Licence Money, fees and forfeitures, shall be paid according to the Direction hereafter to be made by the General Assembly. S ECT. 31. All Deeds and Conveyances of Land shall be recorded in the Town-Clerk’s Office in their respective towns. S ECT. 32. The Printing Presses shall be free to every person who undertakes to examine the Proceedings of the Legislature, or any part of Government. S ECT. 33. As every freeman, to preserve his Independence (if without a sufficient Estate) ought to have some Profession, Calling, Trade or farm, whereby he may honestly subsist, there can be no Necessity for, nor use in establishing Offices of Profit, the usual Effects of which are Dependence and Servility unbecoming freemen, in the Possessors or Expectants; Faction, Contention,

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V ERMONT Corruption and Disorder among the People. But if any man is called into public Service, to the prejudice of his private Affairs, he has a right to a reasonable Compensation; and whenever an Office, through increase of fees, or otherwise, becomes so profitable as to occasion many to apply for46 it, the Profits ought to be lessened by the Legislature. S ECT. 34. The future Legislature of this State, shall regulate Entails in such manner as to prevent Perpetuities. S ECT. 35. To deter more effectually from the Commission of Crimes, by continued visible Punishment of long Duration, and to make sanguinary Punishments less necessary; Houses ought to be provided for punishing by hard Labour, those who shall be convicted of Crimes not Capital; wherein47 the Criminal shall be employed for the benefit of the public, or for reparation of Injuries done to private Persons; and all Persons, at proper times, shall48 be admitted to see the Prisoners at their Labour. S ECT. 36. Every Officer, whether judicial, executive or military, in Authority under this State, shall take the following Oath or Affirmation of Allegiance, and general Oath of Office, before he enter on the Execution of his Office. The Oath or Affirmation of Allegiance “I ––––––– do solemnly swear by the ever-living God, (or affirm in the49 Presence of Almighty God) that I will be true and faithful to the State of Vermont; and that I will not, directly or indirectly, do any act or thing prejudicial or injurious to the Constitution or Government thereof, as established by Convention.” The Oath or Affirmation of Office “I ––––––– do solemnly swear by the ever-living God, (or affirm, in the50 Presence of Almighty God) that I will faithfully

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execute the office of ––––––– for the ––– –––– of ––––––– and will do equal Right and Justice to all men, to the best of my Judgment and Abilities, according to Law.” S ECT. 37. No public tax, custom, or Contribution shall be imposed upon, or paid by the people of this State, except by a Law for that purpose; and before any Law be made for raising it, the purpose for which any tax is to be raised ought to appear clear to the Legislature, to be of more Service to the Community, than the money would be, if not collected; which being well observed, taxes can never be Burthens. S ECT. 38. Every Foreigner of good Character, who comes to settle in this State, having first taken an Oath or Affirmation of Allegiance to the same, may purchase, or by other just means acquire, hold and transfer Land, or other real Estate; and after one year’s residence, shall be deemed a free Denizen thereof, and intitled to all the rights of a natural born Subject51 of this State, except that he shall not be capable of being elected a Representative, until after two Years Residence. S ECT. 39. That the Inhabitants of this State shall have liberty to hunt and fowl, in seasonable times, on the lands they hold, and on other Lands (not inclosed;) and in like manner to fish in all boatable, and other, Waters, not private property, under proper regulations to be hereafter made and provided by the General Assembly. S ECT. 40. A School or Schools shall be established in each town by the Legislature, for the convenient Instruction of Youth, with such Salaries to the masters, paid by each town, making proper Use of Schoollands in each town, thereby to enable them to instruct Youth at low Prices: – One Grammar School in each County, and one University in this State, ought to be established by Direction of the General Assembly.

C ONSTITUTION OF V ERMONT (1777) S ECT. 41. Laws for the Encouragement of Virtue, and Prevention of Vice and Immorality, shall be made, and constantly kept in force; and Provision shall be made for their due Execution: And all religious Societies, or52 bodies of men, that have, or may be hereafter united and53 incorporated, for the Advancement of Religion and Learning, or for other pious and charitable Purposes, shall be encouraged and protected in the Enjoyment of the Priviledges Immunities and Estates, which they in justice ought to enjoy, under such Regulations as the General Assembly of this State shall direct. S ECT. 42. All Field and Staff Officers, and Commissioned Officers of the Army, and all General Officers of the Militia, shall be chosen by the General Assembly. S ECT. 43. The Declaration of54 Rights is hereby declared to be a part of the Constitution of this State, and ought never to be violated, on any Pretence whatsoever. S ECT. 44. In order that the freedom of this Commonwealth may be preserved inviolate for ever, there shall be chosen by Ballot, by the freemen of this State, on the last Wednesday in March, in the Year one thousand seven hundred and eighty five, and55 on the last Wednesday in56 March, in every seven Years thereafter, thirteen Persons who shall be chosen in the same manner the Council is chosen, except they shall not be out of the Council or General Assembly, to be called the Council of Censors; who shall meet together on the first Wednesday of June next ensuing their Election, the Majority of whom shall be a Quorum in every case, except as to calling a Convention, in which two thirds of the whole number elected shall agree; and whose duty it shall be to enquire whether the Constitution has been preserved inviolate in every part; and whether57 the legislative and executive Branches of the58 government have

performed their Duty, as Guardians of the People, or assumed to themselves, or exercised other or greater powers than they are entitled to by the Constitution. – They are also to enquire whether the public Taxes have been justly laid and collected in all parts of this Commonwealth – in what manner the public Monies have been disposed of, and whether the Laws have been duly executed. – For these Purposes they shall have power to send for Persons, papers and Records; they shall have Authority59 to pass public Censures – to order Impeachments, and to recommend to the Legislature60 the repealing such Laws as appear to them to have been enacted contrary to the Principles of the Constitution: These powers they shall continue to have, for and during the space of one Year from the Day of their Election, and no longer. The said Council of Censors shall61 also have Power to call a Convention, to meet within two Years after their sitting, if there appears to them an absolute Necessity of amending any Article of this Constitution which may be defective – explaining such as may be thought not clearly expressed, and of adding such as are necessary for the Preservation of the Rights and Happiness of the People: But the Articles to be amended, and the Amendments proposed, and such Articles as are proposed to be added or abolished, shall be promulgated at least six Months before the Day appointed for the Election of such Convention, for the previous Consideration of the People, that they may have an Opportunity of instructing their Delegates on the Subject.62

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Verified by The Constitution of the State of Vermont, as Established by the General Convention Elected for that Purpose, and Held at Windsor, July 2d, 1777, and Continued by Adjournment to December 25, 1777, Hartford: Printed by Watson and Goodwin, [1778], 24 p., and corrected according to the enrolled manuscript in custody in the Vermont State Archives at Montpe-

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V ERMONT lier, VT. Also checked against the versions published in The Constitution of the State of Vermont, As Revised by the Council of Censors, and Recommended for the Consideration of the People, Winder: Printed by Hough and Spooner, Printers to the State of Vermont, M.DCC.LXXXV [1785], 24–44, in Vermont State Papers; Being a Collection of Records and Documents, Connected with the Assumption and Establishment of Government by the People of Vermont; Together with the Journal of the of the Council of Safety, The First Constitution, The Early Journals of the General Assembly, and the Laws From the Year 1779 to 1786, Inclusive. To Which are Added the Proceedings of the First and Second Councils of Censors, Compiled and Published by William Slade, Jun. Secretary of State, Middlebury: J. W. Copeland, Printer, 1823, 241–255, in Records of the Council of Safety and Governor and Council of the State of Vermont, To Which are Prefixed the Records of the General Conventions from July 1775 to December 1777, I, ed. and published by Authority of the State by E. P. Walton, Montpelier: Steam Press of J. & J. M. Poland, 1873, 90–103, in Laws of Vermont, ed. by Allen Soule (State Papers of Vermont, XII), Montpelier, VT: Howard E. Armstrong, Secretary of State, 1964, 5–21, and in Records of the Council of Censors of the State of Vermont, ed. by Paul S. Gillies and D. Gregory Sanford, publ. by Authority of James H. Douglas, Secretary of State, Montpelier, VT: [s.n.], 1991, 3–18. Spelling, capitalization, punctuation, and paragraphing as in the enrolled manuscript with obvious errors in printing tacitly ignored. Italics signify emphasized passages in the manuscript. The constitution, largely copied from the Pennsylvania constitution of 1776 (q.v.), though omitting some of its “radical” features (cf. Gary J. Aichele, “Making the Vermont Constitution: 1777–1824,” in: Vermont History, 56 [1988], 166–190; John N. Shaeffer, “A Comparison of the First Constitutions of Vermont and Pennsylvania,” in: Vermont History, 43 [1975], 33–43) was adopted by the convention on July 8, 1777, and not submitted to the people (cf. William C. Hill, The Vermont State Constitution. A Reference Guide [Reference Guides to the State Constitutions of the United States, ed. by G. Alan Tarr, 6], Westport, CT and London: Greenwood Press, 1992, 3–12). Without Vermont independence being recognized by New York or any other of the thirteen states, it remained in effect until replaced by the amended constitution of 1786 (q.v.). 2 In Laws of Vermont, ed. by Soule, 5, and in 1991 print, 3, preceded by “Preamble”; in Walton’s Records, I, 90, by [Preamble]. 3 In Walton’s Records, I, 90, in Laws of Vermont, ed. by Soule, 6, and in 1991 print, 3, “dominion”. 4 In Walton’s Records, I, 91, in Laws of Vermont, ed. by Soule, 7, and in 1991 print, 4, “upwards”. 5 In Vermont State Papers, 243, in Laws of Vermont, ed. by Soule, 7, and in 1991 print, 4, “which renders”.

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6

In 1991 print, 5, “natural and inherent”. In Walton’s Records, I, 92, and in Laws of Vermont, ed. by Soule, 8, “at”. 8 In Watson and Goodwin print, 8, in Vermont State Papers, 244, in Walton’s Records, I, 94, and in Laws of Vermont, ed. by Soule, 9, “or the”. 9 In 1991 print, 6, last two words missing. 10 In Watson and Goodwin print, 9, in Vermont State Papers, 245, in Walton’s Records, I, 94, in Laws of Vermont, ed. by Soule, 9, and in 1991 print, 6, “certain and”. 11 In Laws of Vermont, ed. by Soule, 9, and in 1991 print, 7, “the”. 12 In 1991 print, 7, “he”. 13 Ibid., “and”. 14 In Watson and Goodwin print, 10, in 1785 print, 30, in Vermont State Papers, 245, in Walton’s Records, I, 95, in Laws of Vermont, ed. by Soule, 10, and in 1991 print, 7, “action”. 15 In Walton’s Records, I, 96, in Laws of Vermont, ed. by Soule, 11, and in 1991 print, 9, “reserving”. 16 In Watson and Goodwin print, 12, and in 1785 print, 32, word missing. 17 In Watson and Goodwin print, 12, and in 1785 print, 32, word missing. 18 In Vermont State Papers, 247, in Walton’s Records, I, 96, in Laws of Vermont, ed. by Soule, 12, and in 1991 print, 9, word missing. 19 In 1991 print, 9, “The General Assembly of the State of Vermont”. 20 Ibid., 10, “and clerk” added. 21 Ibid., 11, last three words missing. 22 Ibid., last two words missing. 23 Ibid., “the”. 24 Ibid., “vote”. 25 In Vermont State Papers, 250, in Walton’s Records, I, 99, in Laws of Vermont, ed. by Soule, 15, and in 1991 print, 12, “councillors”. 26 In Vermont State Papers, 250, in Walton’s Records, I, 99, in Laws of Vermont, ed. by Soule, 15, and in 1991 print, 12, “councillors”. 27 In 1991 print, 12, last two words missing. 28 In Watson and Goodwin print, 17, and in 1785 print, 37, word missing. 29 In 1991 print, 12, “cases of Impeachment – and in cases of” missing, instead “in”. 30 In 1785 print, 37, word missing. 31 In 1991 print, 12, “until after”. 32 In Vermont State Papers, 250, in Walton’s Records, I, 99, in Laws of Vermont, ed. by Soule, 16, and in 1991 print, 12, “session”. 33 In Vermont State Papers, 250, in Walton’s Records, I, 99, in Laws of Vermont, ed. by Soule, 16, and in 1991 print, 12, “of the”. 34 In Walton’s Records, I, 99, and in Laws of Vermont, ed. by Soule, 16, “impeachment”; in 1991 print, 12, last two words missing. 7

C ONSTITUTION OF V ERMONT (1777) 35

In Vermont State Papers, 251, in Walton’s Records, I, 100, in Laws of Vermont, ed. by Soule, 16, and in 1991 print, 13, “councillor”. 36 In 1991 print, 13, “or”. 37 In Laws of Vermont, ed. by Soule, 17, “counts”. 38 In 1991 print, 14, “and”. 39 In Watson and Goodwin print, 19, in Vermont State Papers, 252, in Walton’s Records, I, 100, in Laws of Vermont, ed. by Soule, 17, and in 1991 print, 14, “process”. 40 In 1991 print, 14, “in possession, reversion or remainder” added. 41 Ibid., “sureties”. 42 In Vermont State Papers, 252, in Walton’s Records, I, 101, in Laws of Vermont, ed. by Soule, 17, and in 1991 print, 14, “at such”. 43 In Watson and Goodwin print, 19, and in 1785 print, 39, word missing. 44 In Walton’s Records, I, 101, in Laws of Vermont, ed. by Soule, 18, and in 1991 print, 14, “probate”. 45 In Vermont State Papers, 252, in Walton’s Records, I, 101, in Laws of Vermont, ed. by Soule, 18, and in 1991 print, 14, “and”. 46 In 1991 print, 15, “to”. 47 Ibid., “whereby”. 48 In Walton’s Records, I, 102, and in Laws of Vermont, ed. by Soule, 19, “should”; in 1991 print, 15, “ought to”. 49 In Watson and Goodwin print, 21, in 1785 print, 41, in Vermont State Papers, 253, in Walton’s Records, I, 102, and in Laws of Vermont, ed. by Soule, 19, word

missing. 50 In Watson and Goodwin print, 21, in 1785 print, 42, in Vermont State Papers, 254, in Walton’s Records, I, 102, and in Laws of Vermont, ed. by Soule, 19, word missing. 51 In Laws of Vermont, ed. by Soule, 20, and in 1991 print, 16, “thereof, and intitled to all the rights of a natural born Subject” missing. 52 In Walton’s Records, I, 102, and in Laws of Vermont, ed. by Soule, 20, “and”. 53 In Watson and Goodwin print, 22, “or”. 54 In 1991 print, 17, “of the”. 55 In Watson and Goodwin print, 23, and in 1785 print, 43, word missing. 56 In 1991 print, 17, “of”. 57 In Laws of Vermont, ed. by Soule, 21, and in 1991 print, 17, “the Constitution has been preserved inviolate in every part; and whether” missing. 58 In Watson and Goodwin print, 23, in 1785 print, 44, in Vermont State Papers, 255, in Walton’s Records, I, 103, in Laws of Vermont, ed. by Soule, 21, and in 1991 print, 17, word missing. 59 In Laws of Vermont, ed. by Soule, 21, and in 1991 print, 17, “to send for Persons, papers and Records; they shall have Authority” missing. 60 In Walton’s Records, I, 103, order of last two lines reversed. 61 In Laws of Vermont, ed. by Soule, 21, “will”. 62 In enrolled manuscript, in Watson and Goodwin print, 24, and in 1785 print, 44, “The End” added.

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Constitution of Vermont (1786) The Constitution of Vermont1

Whereas all government ought to be instituted and supported for the security and protection of the community as such, and to enable the individuals who compose it to enjoy their natural rights, and the otherr blessings which the Author of Existence has bestowed upon man; and whenever those great ends of government are not obtained, the people have a right by common consent to change it, and take such measures as to them may appear necessary to promote their safety and happiness. And whereas the inhabitants of this State have (in consideration of protection only) heretofore acknowledged allegiance to the King of Great-Britain, and the said King has not only withdrawn that protection, but commenced and still continues to carry on, with unabated vengeance, a most cruel and unjust war againstt them; employing therein not only the troops of Great-Britain, but foreign mercenaries, savages and slaves, for the avowed purpose of reducing them to a total and abject submission to the despotic domination of the British Parliament, with many more acts of tyranny, (more fully set forth in the declaration of Congress) whereby all allegiance and fealty to the said King and his successors, are dissolved and at an end; and all power and authority derived from him ceased in the American Colonies. And whereas the territory which now comprehends the State of Vermont, did antecedently of right belong to the government of New-Hampshire, and the former

Governor thereof, viz. his Excellency Benning Wentworth„ Esq. granted many charters of lands and corporations within this State to the present inhabitants and others. And whereas the late Lieutenant-Governor Colden, of New-York, with others, did, in violation of the tenth command, covet those very lands; and by a false representation made to the court of Great-Britain (in the year 1764, that for the convenience of trade and administration of justice, the inhabitants were desirous of being annexed to thatt government) obtained jurisdiction of those very identical lands ex-parte, which ever was and is disagreeable to the inhabitants. And whereas the Legislature of NewYork, ever have and still continue to disown the good people of this State, in their landed property, which will appear in the complaints hereafter inserted, and in the 36th section of their present Constitution, in which is established the grants of land made by that government. They have refused to make re-grants of our lands to the original proprietors and occupants, unless at the exorbitant rate of 2300 dollars fees for each township; and did enhance the quit-rent three fold, and demanded an immediate delivery of the title derived2 from New-Hampshire. The Judges of their Supreme Court have made a solemn declaration, that the charters, conveyances, &c. of the lands included in the before described premises, were utterly null and void, on which said title was founded. In consequence of which declara-

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V ERMONT tion, writs of possession have been by them issued, and the Sheriff of the county of Albany sent at the head of six or seven hundred men, to inforce the execution thereof. They have passed an act, annexing a penalty thereto, of thirty pounds fine and six months imprisonment on any person who should refuse assisting the Sheriff, after being requested, for the purpose of executing writs of possession. The Governors Dunmore, Tryon, and Colden, have made re-grants of several tracts of land included in the premises, to certain favorite land-jobbers in the government of New-York, in direct violation of his Britannic Majesty’s express prohibition, in the year 1767. They have issued proclamations, wherein they have offered large sums of money for the purpose of apprehending those very persons who have dared boldly and publicly to appear in defence of their just rights. They did pass twelve acts of outlawry on the 9th day of March, A. D. 1774, empowering the respective Judges of their Supreme Court to award execution of death against those inhabitants in said district, that they should judge to be offenders, without trial. They have and still continue an unjust claim to those lands, which greatly retards emigration into, and the settlement of this State. They have hired foreign troops, emigrants from Scotland, at two different times, and armed them to drive us out of possession. They have sent the savages on our frontiers to distress us. They have proceeded to erect the counties of Cumberland and Glocester, and establish Courts of Justice there, after they

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were discountenanced by the authority of Great-Britain. The free Convention of the State of NewYork, at Harlem, in the year 1776, unanimously voted, “That all quit-rents, formerly due to the King of Great-Britain, are now due and owing to this Convention, or such future government as shall be hereafter established in this State.” In the several stages of the aforesaid oppressions, we have petitioned his Britannic Majesty in the most humble manner for redress, and have at very great expence, received several reports in our favor; and in other instances wherein we have petitioned the late legislative authority of New-York, those petitions have been treated with neglect. And whereas, the local situation of this State from New-York, at the extreme part, is upward of four hundred and fifty miles from the seat of that government, renders it extreme difficult to continue under the jurisdiction of said State. Therefore it is absolutely necessary, for the welfare and safety of the inhabitants of this State, that it should be henceforth a free and independent State, and that a just, permanent, and proper form of government, should exist in it, derived from, and founded on, the authority of the people only, agreeable to the direction of the Honorable American Congress. We the Representatives of the freemen of Vermont, in General Convention met, for the express purpose of forming such a government; confessing the goodness of the great Governor of the Universe (who alone knows to what degree of earthly happiness mankind may attain by perfecting the arts of government) in permitting the people of

C ONSTITUTION OF V ERMONT (1786) this State, by common consent, and without violence, deliberately to form for themselves such justt rules as they shall think best for governing their future society; and being fully convinced, that it is our indispensible duty to establish such original principles of government as will best promote the general happiness of the people of this State, and their posterity, and provide for future improvements, without partiality for, or prejudice against, any particular class, sect, or denomination of men whatever – do, by virtue of authority vested in us by our constituents, ordain, declare, and establish, the following declaration of rights, and frame of government, to be the Constitution of this Commonwealth, and to remain in force therein forever unaltered, except in such articles as shall hereafter on experience be found to require improvement, and which shall, by the same authority of the people, fairly delegated, as this frame of government directs, be amended or improved, for the more effectual obtaining and securing the great end and design of all government, herein before mentioned.3

CHAPTER I A Declaration of the Rights of the Inhabitants of the State of Vermont4 1. That all men are born equally free and independent, and have certain natural, inherent, and unalienable5 rights; amongst which are, the enjoying and defending life and liberty; acquiring, possessing, and protecting property; and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety. Therefore, no male person, born in this country, or brought from over sea, ought to be holden by law to serve any person,6 as a servant, slave, or apprentice, after he arrives to the age of twenty-one years; nor female in like manner, after she arrives to the age of eighteen years, unless they are bound by their own consent after

they arrive to such age; or bound by law for the payment of debts, damages, fines, costs, or the like7 . 2. That private property ought to be subservient to public uses, when necessity requires it8 ; nevertheless, whenever any particular man’s property9 is taken for the use of the public, the owner ought to receive an equivalent in money10 . 3. That all men have a natural and unalienable right to worship Almighty God according to the dictates of their own consciences and understandings, as in their opinion shall be regulated by the word of God; and that no man ought, or of right can be compelled, to attend any religious worship, or erect, or support any place of worship, or maintain any minister, contrary to the dictates of his conscience: nor can any man be justly deprived or abridged of any civil right as a citizen, on account of his religious sentiments, or peculiar mode of religious worship; & that no authority can, or ought to, be vested in, or assumed by, any power whatsoever11 , that shall in any case interfere with, or in any manner control, the rights of conscience, in the free exercise of religious worship: nevertheless, every sect or denomination of christians ought to observe the Sabbath or Lord’s day, and keep up some sort of religious worship which to them shall seem most agreeable to the revealed will of God. 4. Every person within this Commonwealth ought to find a certain remedy, by having recourse to the laws, for all injuries or wrongs which he may receive in his person, property, or character: he ought to obtain right and justice freely, and without being obliged to purchase it – completely, and without any denial – promptly, and without delay, conformably to the laws. 5. That the people of this State, by their legal Representatives, have the sole, exclu-

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V ERMONT sive, and inherent right, of governing and regulating the internal police of the same. 6. That all power being originally inherent in, and consequently derived from, the people; therefore all officers of government, whether legislative or executive, are their trustees and servants, and at all times, in a legal way, accountable to them. 7. That government12 is, or ought to be, instituted for the common benefit, protection, and security, of the people, nation, or community; and not for the particular emolument or advantage of any single man, family, or set of men13 , who are a part only of that community: and that the community hath an indubitable, unalienable, and indefeasible right14 , to reform or alter15 government, in such manner as shall be, by that community, judged16 most conducive to the public weal. 8. That those who are employed in the legislative and executive business of the State may be restrained from oppression, the people have a right, by their legal Representatives, to enact laws for reducing their public officers to a private station, and for supplying their17 vacancies, in a constitutional manner, by regular elections, at such periods as they may think proper. 9. That all elections ought to be18 free and without corruption; and that all freemen having a sufficient evidentt common interest with, and attachment to, the community, have a right to elect officers, and be elected into office. 10. That every member of society hath a right to be protected in the enjoyment of life, liberty, and property„ and therefore is bound to contribute his proportion towards the expence of that protection, and yield his personal service, when necessary, or an equivalent thereto; but no part of a man’s property can be justly taken from him, or

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applied to public uses, without his own consent, or that of the Representative Body of the Freemen: nor can any man, who is conscientiously scrupulous of bearing arms, be justly compelled thereto, if he will pay such equivalent: nor are the people bound by any law, but such as they have in like manner assented to for their common good. And previous to any law being made to raise a tax, the purpose for which it is to be raised oughtt to appear evident to the Legislature to be of more service to the19 community, than the money would be if not collected. 11. That in all prosecutions for criminal offences, a man hath a right to be heard by himself and his counsel, – to demand the cause and nature of his accusation, – to be confronted with the witnesses, – to call for20 evidence in his favor, and a speedy public trial by an impartial jury of the country, without the unanimous consent of which jury he cannot be found guilty: – nor can he be compelled to give evidence against himself: – nor can any man21 be justly deprived of his liberty, except by the laws of the land, or the judgment of his Peers. 12.22 That the people have a right to hold themselves, their houses, papers, and possessions, free from search, or seizure; and therefore23 warrants, without oaths or affirmations first made, affording sufficient foundation for them, and24 whereby any officer or messenger may be commanded25 or required to search suspected places, or to seize any person or persons, his, her, or their property, not26 particularly described, are contrary to that right, and27 ought not to be granted28 . 13.29 That no warrant or writ to attach the person or estate of any freeholder within this State, shall be issued in civil action30 , without the person or persons who may request such warrant or attachment, first make

C ONSTITUTION OF V ERMONT (1786) oath, orr affirm before the authority who may be requested to issue the same, that he or they are in danger of losing his„ her, or their debts31 . 14. That when an issue in fact, proper for the cognizance of a jury, is joined in a Court of law, the parties have a right to a trial by jury; which ought to be held sacred. 15. That the people have a right to freedom of speech, and of writing and publishing their sentiments„ concerning the transactions of government: and therefore the freedom of the press ought not to be restrained. 16. The freedom of deliberation, speech, and debate, in the Legislature, is so essential to the rights of the people, that it cannot be the foundation of any accusation or prosecution, action or complaint, in any other Court or place whatsoever. 17. The power of suspending laws, or the execution of laws, ought never to be exercised, but32 by the Legislature, or by authority derived from it, to be exercised in such particular cases only as the Legislature shall expressly provide for. 18. That the people have a right to bear arms, for the defence of themselves and the State33 : – and as standing armies in the time of peace are dangerous to liberty, they ought not to be kept up34 ; and that the military should be kept under strict subordination to, and governed by, the civil power. 19. That no person in this Commonwealth can, in any case, be subjected to law-martial, or to any penalties or pains by virtue of that law, except those employed in the army, and the militia in actual service. 20. That frequent recurrence to fundamental principles, and a firm adherence to justice, moderation, temperance, industry and frugality, are absolutely necessary to

preserve the blessings of liberty, and keep government free: the people ought therefore to pay particular attention to these points, in the choice of officers and Representatives; and have a right, in a legal way, to exact a due and constant regard to them, from their legislators and magistrates, in the making and executing such laws as are necessary for the good government of the State. 21. That all people have a natural and inherent right to emigrate from one State to another that will receive them; or to form a new State in vacant countries, or in such countries as they can purchase, whenever they think that thereby they can promote their own happiness. 22. That the people have a right35 to assemble together36 , to consult for their common good – to instruct their Representatives – and to apply to the Legislature for redress of grievances, by address, petition, or remonstrance. 23. That no person shall be liable to be transported out of this State, for trial for any offence committed within the same.

CHAPTER II Plan or Frame of Government S ECT. 1. The Commonwealth, or State, of Vermont, shall be governed hereafter by a Governor, (or Lieutenant-Governor) Council, and an Assembly of the Representatives of the Freemen of the same, in manner and form following. S ECT. 2. The supreme legislative power shall be vested in a House of Representatives of the Freemen, or Commonwealth, or State, of Vermont37 . S ECT. 3. The supreme executive power shall be vested in a Governor (or in his absence a Lieutenant-Governor) and Council.

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V ERMONT S ECT. 4. Courts of Justice shall be maintained in every county in this State, and also in new counties when formed; which Courts shall be open for the trial of all causes proper for their cognizance, and justice shall be therein impartially administered, without corruption, or unnecessary delay. The Judges of the Supreme Court shall be Justices of the Peace throughout the State, and the several Judges of the County Courts in their respective counties, by virtue of their offices, (except in the trial of such causes as may be appealed to the County Court.) S ECT. 5. A future Legislature may, when they shall conceive the same to be expedient and necessary, erect a Court of Chancery, with such powers as are usually exercised by that Court, or as shall appear for the interest of the Commonwealth38 . Provided they do not constitute themselves the Judges39 of the40 said Court41 . S ECT. 6. The legislative, executive, and judiciary departments, shall be separate and distinct, so that neither exercise the powers properly belonging to the other. S ECT. 7.42 In order that the Freemen of this State might enjoy the benefit of election as equally as may be, each town within this State, that consists, or may consist, of eighty taxable inhabitants, within one septenary or seven years next after the establishing this Constitution, may hold elections therein, and choose each two Representatives; and each other inhabited town in this State, may in like manner choose each one Representative, to represent them in43 General Assembly, during the said septenary or seven years; and after that, each inhabited town may in like manner hold such election, and choose each one Representative forever thereafter. S ECT. 8. The House of Representatives of the Freemen44 of this State, shall con-

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sist of persons most noted for wisdom and virtue, to be chosen by ballot, by the Freemen of every town in this State respectively, on the first Tuesday of September annually, forever. S ECT. 945 . The Representatives, so chosen, (a majority of whom shall constitute a quorum for transacting any other business than raising a State tax, for which two thirds of the members elected shall be present) shall meet on the second Thursday of the succeeding October, and shall be stiled, The General Assembly of the State of Vermont: they shall have power to choose their Speaker, Secretary of the State, their Clerk, and other necessary officers of the House – sit on their own adjournments – prepare bills, and enact them into laws – judge of the elections and qualifications of their own members: they may expel members, but not for causes known to their constituents antecedent to their election: they may administer oaths, or affirmations, in matters depending before them – redress grievances – impeach State criminals – grant charters of incorporation – constitute towns, boroughs, cities, and counties: they may annually, in the first session after their election, and at other times when vacancies happen, choose Delegates to Congress46 : and shall also, in conjunction with the Council, annually, (or oftener it need be) elect Judges of the Supreme and several County and Probate Courts, Sheriffs, and Justices of the Peace; and also, with the Council, may elect MajorGenerals and Brigadier-Generals, from time to time, as often as there shall be occasion47 : & they shall have all other powers necessary for the Legislature of a free and sovereign State: – But they shall have no power to add to, alter, abolish, or infringe, any part of this Constitution.48 S ECT. 10. The supreme executive Council of this State, shall consist of a Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, and twelve per-

C ONSTITUTION OF V ERMONT (1786) sons, chosen in the following manner, viz.49 The freemen of each town shall, on the day of election for choosing Representatives to attend the General Assembly50 , bring in51 their votes for52 Governor, with his name fairly written, to the Constable53 , who shall seal them up54 , and write on55 them, Votes for the56 Governor,57 and deliver them to the58 Representative59 chosen to attend the General Assembly; and at the opening of the General60 Assembly, there shall be a Committee appointed out of the Council and Assembly, who, after being duly sworn to the faithful discharge of their trust, shall proceed to receive, sort and count the votes for the Governor, and declare the person who has the major part of the votes, to be Governor for the year ensuing. And if there be no choice made, then the Council and General Assembly, by their joint ballot, shall make choice of a Governor. The Lieutenant-Governor and Treasurer, shall61 be chosen in the manner above directed.62 And each freeman shall give in twelve votes for twelve Councillors, in the same manner; and the twelve highest in nomination shall serve for the ensuing year as Councillors. S ECT. 11. The Governor, and in his absence the Lieutenant-Governor, with the Council, (a major part of whom, including the Governor or Lieutenant Governor, shall be a quorum to transact business) shall have power to commissionate all officers, – and also to appoint officers, except where provision is or shall be otherwise made by law, or this frame of government; – and shall supply every vacancy in any office, occasioned by death or otherwise, until the office can be filled in the manner directed by law or this Constitution. – They are to correspond with other States, – transact business with officers of government civil and military, and to prepare such business as may appear to them necessary to lay before the Gen-

eral Assembly. – They shall sit as Judges to hear and determine on impeachments, taking to their assistance, for advice only, the Judges of the Supreme Court; – and shall have power to grant pardons, and remit fines in all cases whatsoever, except in treason and murder, in which they shall have power to grant reprieves, but not to pardon until after the end of the next session of Assembly; and except in cases of impeachment, in which there shall be no remission or mitigation of punishment, but by act of legislation. – They are also to take care that the laws be faithfully executed. – They are to expedite the execution of such rneasures as may be resolved upon by the General Assembly; – and they may draw upon the Treasurer for such sums as may be appropriated by the House of Representatives. – They may also lay embargoes, or prohibit the exportation of any commodity, for any time not exceeding thirty days, in the recess of the House only: – They may grant such licences as shall be directed by law, and shall have power to call together the General Assembly, when necessary, before the day to which they shall stand adjourned. The Governor shall be Captain-General and Commander in Chief of the forces of the State, but shall not command in person, except advised thereto by the Council, and then only as long as they shall approve thereof: and the Lieutenant-Governor shall, by virtue of his office, be Lieutenant-General of all the forces of the State. The Governor, or Lieutenant-Governor, and the Council, shall meet at the time and place with the General Assembly: the Lieutenant Governor shall, during the presence of the Commander in Chief, vote and act as one of the Council; and the Governor, and in his absence the Lieutenant-Governor, shall, by virtue of their offices, preside in Council, and have a casting, but no other vote. Every member of the Council shall be a Justice of the Peace for the whole State, by virtue of his

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V ERMONT office. The Governor and Council shall have a Secretary63 , and keep fair books of their proceedings, wherein any Councillor may enter his dissent, with his reasons to support it. S ECT. 12. The Representatives, having met, and chosen their Speaker and Clerk, shall each of them, before they proceed to business, take & subscribe, as well the oath or affirmation of allegiance herein after directed, (except where they shall produce certificates of their having theretofore taken and subscribed the same) as the following oath or affirmation, viz. You –––––– do solemnly swear, (or affirm) that as a member of this Assembly, you will not propose, or assent, to any bill, vote, or, resolution, which shall appear to you injurious to the people; nor do or consent to any act or thing whatever, that shall have a tendency to lessen or abridge their rights and privileges, as declared by the Constitution of this State; but will, in all things, conduct yourself as a faithful, honest Representative and Guardian of the people, according to the best of your judgment and abilities. (In case of an oath) So help you God. (And in case of an affirmation) Under the pains and penalties of perjury. And each member, before he takes his seat, shall make and subscribe the following declaration, viz. You do believe in one God, the Creator and Governor of the universe, the rewarder of the good, and punisher of the wicked. And you do acknowledge the scriptures of the Old and New Testament to be given by divine inspiration; and own and profess the Protestant religion. And no further or other religious test shall ever hereafter be required of any civil officer or magistrate in this State. S ECT. 13. The doors of the house in which the General Assembly of this Commonwealth shall sit, shall be open for the

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admission of all persons who behave decently, except only when the welfare of the State may require them to be shut. S ECT. 14. The votes and proceedings of the General Assembly shall be printed (when one third of the members think it necessary) as soon as conveniently may be after the end of each session, with the yeas and nays on any question when required by any member, (except where the votes shall be taken by ballot) in which case every member shall have a right to insert the reasons of his vote upon the minutes. S ECT. 15. The stile of the laws of this State, in future to be passed, shall be, It is hereby enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Vermont. S ECT. 16. To the end that laws, before they are enacted, may be more maturely considered, and the inconvenience of hasty determinations as much as possible prevented, all bills which originate in the Assembly shall be laid before the Governor and Council, for their revision, and concurrence, or proposals of amendment; who shall return the same to the Assembly, with their proposals of amendment (if any) in writing; and if the same are not agreed to by the Assembly, it shall be in the power of the Governor and Council to suspend the passing of such bills until the next session of the Legislature. Provided, that if the Governor and Council shall neglect or refuse to return any such bill to the Assembly, with written proposals of amendment, within five days, or before the rising of the Legislature, the same shall become a law. S ECT. 17. No person ought, in any case, or in any time, to be declared guilty of treason or felony by the Legislature. S ECT. 18. Every man, of the full age of twenty-one years, having resided in this State for the space of one whole year next

C ONSTITUTION OF V ERMONT (1786) before the election of Representatives, and is64 of a quiet and peaceable behaviour, and will take the following oath, (or affirmation) shall be entitled to all the privileges of a freeman of this State. You solemnly swear, (or affirm) that whenever you give your vote or suffrage, touching any matter that concerns the State of Vermont, you will do it so as in your conscience you shall judge will most conduce to the best good of the same, as established by the Constitution, without fear or favor of any man.65 S ECT. 19. The inhabitants of this Commonwealth shall be trained and armed for its defence, under such regulations, restrictions, and exceptions, as the General Assembly shall by law direct. The several companies of militia shall, as often as vacancies happen, elect their Captains and other inferior officers; and the Captains and subalterns shall nominate and recommend the field officers of their respective regiments, who shall appoint their staff officers. S ECT. 20. All commissions shall be in the name of the Freemen of the State of Vermont, sealed with the State seal, signed by the Governor, and66 in his absence the Lieutenant-Governor, and attested by the Secretary67 ; which seal shall be kept by the Council68 . S ECT. 21. Every officer of State, whether judicial or executive, shall be liable to be impeached by the General Assembly, either when in office, or after his resignation, or removal for mal-administration. All impeachments shall be before the Governor, or Lieutenant-Governor, and Council, who shall hear and determine the same, and may award costs. S ECT. 22. As every free man, to preserve his independence, (if without a sufficient estate) ought to have some profession, calling, trade, or farm, whereby he may hon-

estly subsist, there can be no necessity for, nor use in, establishing offices of profit, the usual effects69 of which are dependance and servility, unbecoming Freemen, in the possessors or expectants, faction, contention, corruption and disorder, among the people. But if any man is called into public service, to the prejudice of his private affairs, he has a right to a reasonable compensation; and whenever an office, through increase of fees or otherwise, becomes so profitable as to occasion many to apply for70 it, the profits ought to be lessened by the Legislature. And if any officer shall take greater or other fees than the laws allow him, either directly or indirectly, it shall ever after disqualify him from holding any office in this State.71 S ECT. 23. No person, in this State, shall be capable of holding or exercising more than one of the following offices, at the same time, viz. Governor, LieutenantGovernor,72 Judge of the Supreme Court, Treasurer of the State, member of the Council, member of the General Assembly, Surveyor-General, or Sheriff.73 S ECT. 24. The Treasurer of the State shall, before the Governor and Council, give sufficient security to the Secretary of the State, in behalf of the General Assembly; & each High-Sheriff before the first Judge of the County Court, to the Treasurer of their respective counties, previous to their respectively entering upon the execution of their offices, in such manner, and in such sums as shall be directed by the Legislature. S ECT. 25. The Treasurer’s accounts shall be annually audited, and a fair state thereof laid before the General Assembly, at their session in October. S ECT. 26. Every officer, whether judicial, executive, or military, in authority under this State, before he enter upon the execution of his office, shall take and subscribe

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V ERMONT the following oath or affirmation of allegiance to this State, (unless he shall produce evidence that he has before taken the same) and also the following oath or affirmation of office, (except such as shall be exempted by the Legislature) viz. The oath or affirmation of allegiance. You do solemnly swear, (or affirm) that you will be true and faithful to the State of Vermont; and that you will not, directly or indirectly, do any act or thing injurious to the Constitution or government thereof, as established by Convention. (If an oath) So help you God. (If an affirmation) Under the pains and penalties of perjury. The oath or affirmation of office. You –––––– do solemnly swear, (or affirm) that you will faithfully execute the office of –––––– for the –––––– of ––––––; and will therein do equal right and justice to all men, to the best of your judgment and abilities, according to law. (If an oath) So help you God. (If an affirmation) Under the pains and penalties of perjury. S ECT. 27. Any Delegate to Congress may be superseded at any time, by the General Assembly appointing another in his stead. No man shall be capable of being a Delegate to represent this State in Congress, for more than three years in any term of six years74 ; – and no person who holds any office in the gift of Congress shall, during the time of his holding such office, be elected to represent this State in Congress. S ECT. 28. Trials of issues, proper for the cognizance of a jury, in the Supreme and County Courts, shall be by jury, except where parties otherwise agree, and great care ought to be taken to prevent corruption or partiality in the choice and return, or appointment of juries. S ECT. 29. All prosecutions shall commence by the authority of the State of Vermont – all indictments shall conclude with

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these words, against the peace and dignity of the State. And all fines shall be proportionate to the offences. S ECT. 30. The person of a debtor, where there is not strong presumption of fraud, shall not be continued in prison after delivering up and assigning over, bona fide, all his estate, real and personal, in possession, reversion, or remainder, for the use of his creditors, in such manner as shall be hereafter regulated by law. And all prisoners, unless in execution, or committed for capital offences, when the proof is evident or presumption great, shall be bailable by sufficient sureties; nor shall excessive bail be exacted for bailable offences. S ECT. 31. All elections, whether by the people, or in General Assembly, shall be by ballot, free and voluntary: and any elector, who shall receive any gift or reward for his vote, in meat, drink, monies, or otherwise, shall forfeit his right to elect at that time, and suffer such other penalty as the laws shall direct: and any person who shall, directly or indirectly, give, promise, or bestow, any such rewards to be elected, shall thereby be rendered incapable to serve for the ensuing year, and be subject to75 such76 further punishment as a future Legislature shall direct. S ECT. 32. All deeds and conveyances of land shall be recorded in the Town-Clerk’s office in their respective towns; and, for want thereof, in the County Clerk’s office of the same county. S ECT. 33. The Legislature shall regulate entails in such manner as to prevent perpetuities. S ECT. 34. To deter more effectually from the commission of crimes, by continued visible punishment of long duration, and to make sanguinary punishment less necessary, means77 ought to be provided for

C ONSTITUTION OF V ERMONT (1786) punishing by hard labour those who shall be convicted of crimes not capital, whereby the criminal shall be employed for the benefit of the public, or for reparation of injuries done to private persons: and all persons, at proper times, ought to be permitted to see them at their labour. S ECT. 35. The estates of such persons as may destroy their own lives shall not, for that offence, be forfeited, but descend or ascend in the same manner as if such persons had died in a natural way. Nor shall any article which shall accidentally occasion the death of any person, be henceforth deemed a deodand, or in any wise forfeited, on account of such misfortune. S ECT. 36. Every person, of good character, who comes to settle in this State, having first taken an oath or affirmation of allegiance to the same, may purchase, or by other just means acquire, hold and transfer land, or other real estate; and, after one year’s residence, shall be deemed a free denizen thereof, and entitled to all the rights of a natural born subject of this State, except that he shall not be capable of being elected Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Treasurer, Councillor, or Representative in Assembly, until after two years residence. S ECT. 37. The inhabitants of this State shall have liberty, in seasonable times, to hunt and fowl on the lands they hold, and on other lands not inclosed; and in like manner to fish in all boatable and other waters, not private property, under proper regulations, to be hereafter made and provided by the General Assembly. S ECT. 38. Laws for the encouragement of virtue, and prevention of vice and immorality, ought to be constantly kept in force, and duly executed: and a competent number of schools ought to be maintained in each town, for the convenient instruction of youth; and one or more grammar

schools be incorporated, and properly supported in each county in this State.78 And all religious societies, or bodies of men, that may he hereafter united or incorporated, for the advancement of religion and learning, or for other pious and charitable purposes, shall be encouraged and protected in the enjoyment of the privileges, immunities and estates, which they in justice ought to enjoy, under such regulations as the General Assembly of this State shall direct. S ECT. 3979 . The declaration of the political rights and privileges of the inhabitants of this State, is hereby declared to be a part of the Constitution of this Commonwealth; and ought not to be violated on any pretence whatsoever. S ECT. 4080 . In order81 that the freedom82 of this Commonwealth may be preserved inviolate forever, there shall be chosen by ballot, by the freemen of this State, on the last Wednesday in March, in the year one thousand seven hundred and eighty-five83 , and on the last Wednesday in March84 in every seven years thereafter,85 thirteen persons, who shall be chosen in the same manner the Council is chosen, except86 they shall not be out of the Council or General Assembly,87 to be called the Council of Censors; who shall88 meet together on the first Wednesday of June next ensuing their election, the89 majority of whom shall be a quorum in every case, except as to calling a Convention, in which twothirds of the whole number elected shall agree: – and90 whose duty91 it shall be to inquire, whether the Constitution has been preserved inviolate in every part, during the last septenary (including the year of their service); and92 whether the legislative and executive branches of government have performed their duty as guardians of the people, or assumed to themselves, or exercised other or greater powers than they are entitled to by the Constitution: – they are also

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V ERMONT to inquire, whether the public taxes have been justly laid and collected in all parts of this Commonwealth – in what manner the public monies have been disposed of – and whether the laws have been duly executed. For these purposes, they shall have power to send for persons, papers, and records93 : they94 shall have authority95 to pass public censures – to order impeachments – and to recommend to the Legislature the repealing such laws as appear to them to have been enacted contrary to the principles of the Constitution: these powers they shall continue to have, for and during the space of one year from the day of their election, and no longer. The said Council of Censors shall also have power to call a Convention, to meet within two years after their sitting, if there appears to them an absolute necessity of amending any article of this Constitution which may be detective – explaining such as may be thought not clearly expressed – and of adding such as are necessary for the preservation of the rights and happiness of the people: but the articles to be amended, and the amendments proposed, and such articles as are proposed to be added or abolished, shall be promulgated at least six96 months before the day appointed for the election of such Convention, for the previous consideration of the people, that they may have an opportunity of instructing their Delegates on the subject.97 By order of Convention, July 4th, 1786, MOSES ROBINSON, President. Attest, ELIJAH PAINE, Sec’ry.98

1

Verified by The Constitution of Vermont, As established by Convention in the Year 1778, and revised by Convention in June 1786, Windsor: Printed by Hough and Spooner, M.DCC.LXXXVI [1786], 30 p., and checked against the version published in Records of the Council of Censors of the State of Vermont, ed. by

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Paul S. Gillies and D. Gregory Sanford, publ. by Authority of James H. Douglas, Secretary of State, Montpelier, [VT]: [s.n.], 1991, 85–100. Also compared with the proposals made by the Council of Censors as published in The Constitution of the State of Vermont, as Revised by the Council of Censors, and Recommended for the Consideration of the People, Windsor: Printed by Hough and Spooner, Printers to the State of Vermont, M.DCC.LXXXV [1785], 3–22, in Vermont State Papers; Being a Collection of Records and Documents, Connected with the Assumption and Establishment of Government by the People of Vermont; Together with the Journal of the of the Council of Safety, The First Constitution, The Early Journals of the General Assembly, and the Laws From the Year 1779 to 1786, Inclusive. To Which are Added the Proceedings of the First and Second Councils of Censors, Compiled and Published by William Slade, Jun. Secretary of State, Middlebury: J. W. Copeland, Printer, 1823, 516–530, and in Records of the Council of Censors, 43–57. The original manuscript is not known to have survived. Spelling, capitalization, punctuation, italics and parentheses follow the 1786 print (except in cases where the proposals of the Council of Censors are being quoted in the notes, which follow the 1785 print). Obvious typographical errors have been tacitly corrected. The Constitution of 1786 resulted from the meeting of the Council of Censors in 1785, as prescribed by the Constitution of 1777 (q.v.). The revisions proposed by the Censors in 1785 were submitted to the people who elected a Convention, which in 1786 established the revised Constitution. It remained in force until revised again in 1793 (q.v.). 2 In Constitution of 1777, preamble, “derived before”. 3 In 1785 print, 3, in Vermont State Papers, 516, and in 1991 print, 43, preamble missing. 4 In 1785 print, 3, in Vermont State Papers, 516, and in 1991 print, 43, “A Declaration of the Political Rights and Privileges of the Inhabitants of the State of Vermont”. 5 In 1785 print, 3, in Vermont State Papers, 516, in 1991 print, 43, and in 1991 print, 85, “natural and inherent”. 6 In 1785 print, 3, in Vermont State Papers, 516, and in 1991 print, 43, “in this commonwealth” added. 7 In 1785 print, 3, in Vermont State Papers, 516, and in 1991 print, 43, “payment of public or private demands”. 8 In 1785 print, 3, in Vermont State Papers, 517, and in 1991 print, 43, “so requires”. 9 In 1785 print, 3, in Vermont State Papers, 517, and in 1991 print, 43, “the property of any particular person”. 10 In 1785 print, 3, in Vermont State Papers, 517, and in 1991 print, 43, “therefor”. 11 In 1991 print, 85, “whatever”.

C ONSTITUTION OF V ERMONT (1786) 12

In 1785 print, 4, in Vermont State Papers, 517, and in 1991 print, 44, “as civil government”. 13 In 1785 print, 4, in Vermont State Papers, 517, and in 1991 print, 44, “for the emolument of any individuals”. 14 In 1785 print, 4, in Vermont State Papers, 517, and in 1991 print, 44, “of that community, the people, collectively considered, have a right”. 15 In 1785 print, 4, in Vermont State Papers, 517, and in 1991 print, 44, “alter and reform their”. 16 In 1785 print, 4, in Vermont State Papers, 517, and in 1991 print, 44, “shall by them be judged”. 17 In 1991 print, 86, “the”. 18 Ibid., 44 and 86, word missing. 19 Ibid., 87, word missing. 20 In Vermont State Papers, 518, word missing. 21 In 1991 print, 45, and in 1991 print, 87, “he”. 22 In 1785 print, 5, in Vermont State Papers, 518, and in 1991 print, 45, “13.”. Instead as 12: “Laws made to punish actions done before the existence of such laws, and which have not been declared crimes by preceding laws, are unjust, oppressive and inconsistent with the fundamental principles of a free government.” 23 In 1785 print, 5, in Vermont State Papers, 518, and in 1991 print, 45, preceding part of clause missing. 24 In 1785 print, 5, in Vermont State Papers, 518, and in 1991 print, 45, word missing. 25 In 1785 print, 5, in Vermont State Papers, 518, and in 1991 print, 45, “authorized”. 26 In 1785 print, 6, in Vermont State Papers, 518, and in 1991 print, 45, “not therein”. 27 In 1785 print, 6, in Vermont State Papers, 518, and in 1991 print, 45, “are contrary to that right, and” missing. 28 In 1785 print, 6, in Vermont State Papers, 518, and in 1991 print, 45, “in any criminal matter or complaint” added. 29 In 1785 print, 6, in Vermont State Papers, 518, and in 1991 print, 45, whole section missing. 30 In 1991 print, 87, “actions”. 31 Ibid., “debt”. 32 Ibid., 88, word missing. 33 In 1785 print, 6, in Vermont State Papers, 518, and in 1991 print, 45, “defence of the community”. 34 In 1785 print, 6, in Vermont State Papers, 518, and in 1991 print, 45, instead of last two words “supported, unless there shall be imminent danger of an invasion, insurrection or rebellion, and then only during the existence of those causes”. 35 In 1785 print, 7, in Vermont State Papers, 519, and in 1991 print, 46, “, in a legal way,” added. 36 In 1785 print, 7, in Vermont State Papers, 519, and in 1991 print, 46, “, in their respective towns” added. 37 In 1785 print, 7, in Vermont State Papers, 519, and in 1991 print, 46, “vested in such Assembly”. 38 In 1785 print, 8, in Vermont State Papers, 520, and in 1991 print, 46, “: and also a Court to correct the

errors of the Supreme Court of Judicature” added. 39 In 1785 print, 8, in Vermont State Papers, 520, and in 1991 print, 46, “of either” added. 40 In 1991 print, 46, and in 1991 print, 89, word missing. 41 In 1785 print, 8, in Vermont State Papers, 520, and in 1991 print, 46, “Courts”. 42 In 1785 print, 8–9, in Vermont State Papers, 520, and in 1991 print, 47, instead of sect. 7 and 8, the following wording of sect. 7, including footnote: “To prevent unnecessary expence in legislation, for the more deliberate and expeditious proceeding in that important business, and that the freemen may be better and more equally represented, the whole number of Representatives in Assembly shall not exceed fifty; to be elected in manner following *: – Each organized town in this State, on the first Tuesday in September annually, shall have liberty to choose one able discreet freeholder, to represent them in a County Convention, to be held at such time and place as the Legislature shall by law appoint; the members of which Convention, when met, shall, by ballot, elect from their own body so many of said Representatives (to consist of persons most noted for wisdom and virtue) as the Legislature shall in future limit, having respect to the grand list of each county in apportioning the number. * The Council of Censors also propose, instead of the remainder of Section VII, the following clause, to be at the election of the Convention, viz. The Legislature shall, in their first session after the approbation of this Section of the Constitution, (having regard to the grand list, the local situation of, and the probability of a disproportionate increase of population in, the different districts) divide the whole State into fifty districts, to continue for three years next after the division; and provide for the due and orderly election of one Representative in Assembly from each district, in such manner that the votes shall be received in the respective towns. – That the Legislature shall have power, (if a different increase of population in the respective districts shall render it necessary) twice in each septennary, forever hereafter, and no oftener, to divide the said districts in a more equal manner.” 43 In 1991 print, 90, “in the”. 44 Ibid., “freeman”. 45 In 1785 print, 9, in Vermont State Papers, 521, and in 1991 print, 47, “Section VIII”. 46 In 1785 print, 9, in Vermont State Papers, 521, and in 1991 print, 47, “(subsequent to the admission of this State into confederation with the United States;)” added. 47 In 1785 print, 9, in Vermont State Papers, 521, and in 1991 print, 48, “, to hold their offices during the pleasure of the Legislature” added. 48 In 1785 print, 10–11, in Vermont State Papers, 521– 522, and in 1991 print, 48–49, followed by “Section IX. The Council of this State shall consist of one able,

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V ERMONT discreet freeholder, to be chosen from each county in the State, by freemen residing in the same county, in manner following: – The freemen of each town shall annually, on the first Tuesday in September, bring in their votes for one Counsellor [in Vermont State Papers, 521, and in 1991 print, 48, “Councillor”], residing in the county in which such town lies, with his name fairly written, to the presiding officer of the meeting, who shall seal them up in the presence of the freemen, and write on the paper containing the same, Votes for a Counsellor [in Vermont State Papers, 521, and in 1991 print, 48, “Councillor”], and the name of the town where taken,* and deliver them to the person chosen to attend the County Convention for the purpose of electing Representatives in Assembly: – Which Convention, when met, (after choosing a Chairman and Clerk of the same) before their proceeding to the choice of Representatives, shall sort and count the votes for a Counsellor [in Vermont State Papers, 522, and in 1991 print, 48, “Councillor”], and shall declare the person who has the greatest number of votes duly elected for the year ensuing: and if there shall be a tie, the Convention shall choose one of those who have the greatest number of votes, to be Counsellor [in Vermont State Papers, 522, and in 1991 print, 48, “Councillor”] for the year ensuing. – Which Chairman shall give official notice of such choice to the person elected; and the said notice shall be a sufficient credential of such election. * If the Convention prefer the mode of dividing the State into districts for the choice of Representatives, to that of choosing them in County Convention; – the Council of Censors propose the following instead of the remainder of Section IX. viz. Which votes (at a certain time and place, to be appointed by the Legislature in their first session after the approbation of this article) shall by the several presiding officers of the freemen’s meeting, or (in case of either of their necessary absence) by one of the Selectmen of the same town, be delivered sealed, to the High-Sheriff of the same county, or in case of his necessary absence, to one of his Deputies by the High-Sheriff appointed for the purpose, who shall be Moderator of the same meeting; and after a choice made of a Clerk of the meeting by the persons convened, they shall sort and count the votes for a Counsellor [in Vermont State Papers, 522, and in 1991 print, 48, “Councillor”], and shall declare the person who has the greatest number of votes, duly elected for the year ensuing: – And if there shall be a tie, the persons convened shall choose one of those who have the greatest number of votes to be Counsellor [in Vermont State Papers, 522, and in 1991 print, 48, “Councillor”] for the year then coming. – Which Moderator shall give official notice of such choice to the person elected, and the said notice shall be a sufficient credential of such election.” 49

In 1785 print, 11, in Vermont State Papers, 522,

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and in 1991 print, 49, “The supreme executive Council of this State, shall consist of a Governor, LieutenantGovernor, and twelve persons, chosen in the following manner, viz.” missing. 50 In 1785 print, 11, in Vermont State Papers, 522, and in 1991 print, 49, “, on the day of election for choosing Representatives to attend the General Assembly” missing, in stead “on the first Tuesday of September, in every year”. 51 In 1785 print, 11, in Vermont State Papers, 522, and in 1991 print, 49, “to the Constable” added. 52 In 1785 print, 11, in Vermont State Papers, 522, and in 1991 print, 49, “some able discreet freeholder, residing in this State, to be” added. 53 In 1785 print, 11, in Vermont State Papers, 522, and in 1991 print, 49, last three words missing. 54 In 1785 print, 11, in Vermont State Papers, 522, and in 1991 print, 49, “in the presence of the freemen” added. 55 In 1785 print, 11, in Vermont State Papers, 522, and in 1991 print, 49, “the paper inclosing” added. 56 In 1785 print, 11, in Vermont State Papers, 522, and in 1991 print, 49, word missing. 57 In 1785 print, 11, in Vermont State Papers, 522, and in 1991 print, 49, “and the name of the town where taken” added. 58 In 1785 print, 11, in Vermont State Papers, 522, and in 1991 print, 49, “some”. 59 In 1991 print, 91, “representatives”. 60 In 1785 print, 11, in Vermont State Papers, 522, and in 1991 print, 49, “said”. 61 In 1785 print, 11, in Vermont State Papers, 522, and in 1991 print, 49, “shall also”. 62 In 1785 print, 11, in Vermont State Papers, 522, and in 1991 print, 49, rest of section missing. 63 In 1785 print, 12, in Vermont State Papers, 523, and in 1991 print, 50, “Clerk”. 64 In 1991 print, 94, “who is”. 65 In 1785 print, 14, in Vermont State Papers, 524– 525, and in 1991 print, 51, instead of preceding text as sect. 18: “Every male freeholder, in the right of himself or his wife, of the age of twenty-one years and upwards, having resided in this State for the space of one whole year next preceding any election of Representatives, or who has rented a tenement therein for the said time, of the yearly value of four pounds, and been rated, and actually paid taxes to this State for the same, who is of a quiet and peaceable behavior, shall be entitled to vote in the election of such officers as are to be chosen by the freemen.” 66 In 1785 print, 15, in Vermont State Papers, 525, in 1991 print, 52 and 94, “or”. 67 In 1785 print, 15, in Vermont State Papers, 525, and in 1991 print, 52, “of the State” added. 68 In 1785 print, 15, in Vermont State Papers, 525, and in 1991 print, 52, “said Secretary”. 69 In 1991 print, 95, “effect”.

C ONSTITUTION OF V ERMONT (1786) 70

Ibid., “to”. In 1785 print, 15, in Vermont State Papers, 525, and in 1991 print, 52, instead of preceding text: “Section XXII. All officers shall be paid an adequate, but moderate, compensation for their services: and if any officer shall wittingly and knowingly take greater fees than the laws allow him, either directly or indirectly, it shall ever after disqualify him from holding any office in this State: and whenever an office, through increase of fees, or otherwise, becomes so profitable as to occasion many to apply for it, the profits ought to be lessened by the Legislature. And no person shall be capable of holding any civil office in this State, except he has acquired and maintains a good moral character.” 72 In 1785 print, 15, in Vermont State Papers, 525, and in 1991 print, 52, “Delegate Agent or Commissioner to Congress or any other State or Power, Chancellor,” added. 73 In 1785 print, 16, in Vermont State Papers, 525– 526, and in 1991 print, 52, “Nor shall any person be capable of serving in the office of Governor, more than four years successively, nor of re-election to the same office within four years from the expiration of the time for which he was last elected. Nor shall any person be capable of serving as Treasurer of the State more than three years successively, nor capable of re-election to the same office after the said term, until his accounts as Treasurer are completely settled. And no person shall be capable of serving as High-Sheriff for any county more than three years successively, nor of reappointment to the said office within three years from the expiration of the said term” added. 74 In 1785 print, 17, “in any term of six years” missing. 75 In Vermont State Papers, 527, “so”. 76 In 1991 print, 54, “so much”. 77 In 1991 print, 98, “houses”. 78 In 1785 print, 20, in Vermont State Papers, 528, and in 1991 print, 55, rest of section missing. 79 In 1785 print, 20, in Vermont State Papers, 528– 529, and in 1991 print, 55, “XLI”, preceded by “Section XXXIX. All private property, within this State, shall be rated according to the true value thereof, in all taxes to be hereafter levied, except such personal property as may, from time to time, be exempted by the Legislature, for the encouragement of agriculture, arts, sciences and manufactures, or for relieving the poor and necessitous. Section XL. To prevent this Commonwealth being perpetually drained of circulating specie, by uses not beneficial to the same, the Legislature ought to prevent corporations and societies in remote parts [in 1991 print, 55, “places”], (or any other person or persons in trust for them, or for their use) taking or holding any lands lying within this State, and to appropriate grants which have heretofore been made to such societies or corporations, to the use of literature within this com71

munity. Provided, on account of the contiguity and usefulness of the corporation of Dartmouth-College to this State, this section shall not be understood to affect the said corporation while the College is maintained in the town where it now stands.”- In 1991 print, 100, “XXIX”. 80 In 1785 print, 21, in Vermont State Papers, 529, and in 1991 print, 55, “XLII”. 81 In 1785 print, 21, in Vermont State Papers, 529, and in 1991 print, 55, last two words missing. 82 In 1991 print, 55, “freemen”. 83 In 1785 print, 21, in Vermont State Papers, 529, and in 1991 print, 55, “ninety-two”. 84 In 1785 print, 21, in Vermont State Papers, 529, and in 1991 print, 55, “on the last Wednesday in March” missing. 85 In 1785 print, 21, in Vermont State Papers, 529, and in 1991 print, 55, “in such mode [in Vermont State Papers, 529, and in 1991 print, 55: “modes”] as the Legislature shall by a future act particularly direct” added. 86 In 1991 print, 100, “except that”. 87 In 1785 print, 21, in Vermont State Papers, 529, and in 1991 print, 55, “who shall be chosen in the same manner the Council is chosen, except they shall not be out of the Council or General Assembly,” missing. 88 In 1785 print, 21, in Vermont State Papers, 529, and in 1991 print, 55–56, “be elected from the number of those freemen who are not then members of either the Council or General Assembly, and” added. 89 In 1785 print, 21, in Vermont State Papers, 529, and in 1991 print, 56, “a”. 90 In 1785 print, 21, in Vermont State Papers, 529, and in 1991 print, 56, word missing. 91 In 1991 print, 100, “duties”. 92 Ibid., word missing. 93 In 1785 print, 21–22, in Vermont State Papers, 529– 530, and in 1991 print, 56, “(and if any person shall neglect or refuse to attend them, and give any information required by the said Council (if able), or to deliver to them any papers or records in his or her custody, which shall be wanted by them in the course of their inquiry; upon the complaint of said Council to any Justice of the Peace, he or she shall (unless sufficient cause be shown to the contrary) be committed, by such Justice, to the common goal, there to remain until he or she shall deliver up such papers or records, or (if able) give such information as is required, and pay costs of prosecution.)” added. 94 In 1785 print, 22, in Vermont State Papers, 530, and in 1991 print, 56, “They also”. 95 In 1991 print, 100, “to send for persons, papers, and records: they shall have authority” missing. 96 In 1785 print, 22, in Vermont State Papers, 530, and in 1991 print, 56, “three”. 97 In 1785 print, 22, in Vermont State Papers, 530, and in 1991 print, 56–57, followed by: “Section XLIII. The

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V ERMONT next election of Counsellors [in Vermont State Papers, 530, and in 1991 print, 56, “Councillors”] and Representatives shall be in those of the modes mentioned in the preceding frame of government, which shall be thought most eligible by the Convention, appointed to determine upon the alterations recommended by this Council of Censors, to be made in this Constitution: and the persons chosen shall convene, on the second Thursday in October next, at such place as the present Assembly shall appoint. And the said Convention is

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invested with power (for the next election only) to divide the State into districts, or apportion the number of Representatives to the several counties, as the said Convention shall think just. And it is hereby recommended to the said Convention to ascertain a mode of election, and publish it for the information of the freemen, as seasonably as may be”.- In 1991 print, 100, rest missing. 98 In 1785 print, 22, in Vermont State Papers, 530, and in 1991 print, 57, last three lines missing.

Constitution of Vermont (1793) The Constitution of Vermont1

CHAPTER I A Declaration of the Rights of the Inhabitants of the State of Vermont A RT. I. That all men are born equally free and independent, and have certain natural, inherent, and unalienable2 rights, amongst which are the enjoying and defending life and liberty, acquiring, possessing, and protecting property, and pursuing, and obtaining happiness and safety: therefore no male person, born in this country, or brought from over sea, ought to be holden by law, to serve any person,3 as a servant, slave, or apprentice, after he arrives to the age of twenty one years, nor female in like manner, after she arrives to the age of eighteen years, unless they are bound by their own consent, after they arrive to such age, or bound by law for the payment of debts, damages, fines, costs, or the like. A RT. II. That private property ought to be subservient to public uses when necessity requires it, nevertheless, whenever any person’s property is taken for the use of the public, the owner ought to receive an equivalent in money. A RT. III. That all men have a natural and unalienable right, to worship Almighty God, according to the dictates of their own consciences and understandings, as in their opinion shall be regulated by the word of God: and that no man ought to4 , or of right can be compelled to attend any religious worship, or erect or support any place of worship, or maintain any minister, contrary

to the dictates of his conscience, nor can any man be justly deprived or abridged of any civil right as a citizen, on account of his religious sentiments, or peculiar mode of religious worship; and that no authority can, or ought to be vested in, or assumed by, any power whatever5 , that shall in any case interfere with, or in any manner controul the rights of conscience, in the free exercise of religious worship. Nevertheless, every sect or denomination of christians ought to observe the sabbath or Lord’s day, and keep up some sort of religious worship, which to them shall seem most agreeable to the revealed will of God. A RT. IV. Every person within this state ought to find a certain remedy, by having recourse to the laws, for all injuries or wrongs which he may receive in his person, property or character: he ought to obtain right and justice, freely, and without being obliged to purchase it; compleatly and without any denial; promptly and without delay; conformably to the laws. A RT. V. That the people of this State by their legal Representatives, have the sole, inherent, and exclusive6 right of governing and regulating the internal police of the same. A RT. VI. That all power being originally inherent in and consequently derived from the people, therefore, all officers of government, whether legislative or executive, are their trustees and servants; and at all times, in a legal way, accountable to them.

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V ERMONT A RT. VII. That government is, or ought to be, instituted for the common benefit, protection, and security, of the people, nation, or community, and not for the particular emolument or advantage of any single man, family, or set of men, who are a part only of that community; and that the community hath an indubitable, unalienable, and indefeasible right, to reform or alter government, in such manner as shall be, by that community, judged most conducive to the public weal. A RT. VIII. That all elections ought to be7 free and without corruption, and that all freemen, having a sufficient, evident, common interest with, and attachment to the community, have a right to elect officers, and be elected into office, agreeably8 to the regulations made in this constitution. A RT. IX. That every member of society hath a right to be protected in the enjoyment of life, liberty, and property, and therefore is bound to contribute his proportion towards the expence of that protection, and yield his personal service, when necessary, or an equivalent thereto, but no part of any person’s property can be justly taken from him, or applied to public uses, without his own consent, or that of the Representative Body of the freemen, nor can any man who is conscientiously scrupulous of bearing arms, be justly compelled thereto, if he will pay such equivalent; nor are the people bound by any law but such as they have in like manner assented to, for their common good: and previous to any law being made to raise a tax, the purpose for which it is to be raised ought to appear evident to the Legislature to be of more service to community than the money would be if not collected. A RT. X. That in all prosecutions for criminal offences, a person hath a right to be heard by himself and his counsel; to demand the cause and nature of his accusa-

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tion9 ; to be confronted with the witnesses; to call for evidence in his favor, and a speedy public trial by an impartial jury of the country; without the unanimous consent of which jury, he cannot be found guilty; nor can he be compelled to give evidence against himself; nor can any person be justly deprived of his liberty, except by the laws of the land, or the judgment of his peers. A RT. XI. That the people have a right to hold themselves, their houses, papers, and possessions, free from search or seizure; and therefore warrants, without oath or affirmation10 first made, affording sufficient foundation for them, & whereby any11 officer or messenger may be commanded or12 required to search suspected places, or to seize any person or persons, his, her or their property, not particularly described, are contrary to that right, and ought not to be granted. A RT. XII. That when any issue in fact, proper for the cognizance of a jury is joined in a court of law, the parties have a right to13 trial by jury, which ought to be held sacred. A RT. XIII. That the people have a right to freedom of speech, and of writing and publishing their sentiments, concerning the transactions of government, and therefore the freedom of the press ought not to be restrained. A RT. XIV. The freedom of deliberation, speech, and debate, in the Legislature, is so essential to the rights of the people, that it cannot be the foundation of any accusation or prosecution, action or complaint, in any other court or place whatsoever. A RT. XV. The power of suspending laws, or the execution of laws, ought never14 to be exercised but by the Legislature, or by authority derived from it, to be exercised in

C ONSTITUTION OF V ERMONT (1793) such particular cases, as this constitution, or the Legislature shall15 provide for. A RT. XVI. That the people have a right to bear arms for the defence of themselves and the State – and as standing armies in16 time of peace are dangerous to liberty, they ought not to be kept up; and that the military should be kept under strict subordination to and governed by the civil power. A RT. XVII. That no person in this State17 can in any case be subjected to law martial, or to any penalties or pains by virtue of that law, except those employed in the army, and the militia in actual service. A RT. XVIII. That frequent recurrence to fundamental principles, and a firm adherence to justice, moderation, temperance, industry, and frugality, are absolutely necessary to preserve the blessings of liberty, and keep government free; the people ought, therefore, to pay particular attention to these points, in the choice of officers and representatives, and have a right, in a legal way, to exact a due and constant regard to them, from their Legislators and Magistrates, in making and executing such laws as are necessary for the good government of the State. A RT. XIX. That all people have a natural and inherent right to emigrate from one state to another that will receive them. A RT. XX. That the people have a right to assemble together to consult for their common good – to instruct their Representatives – and to apply to the Legislature for redress of grievances, by address, petition, or remonstrance. A RT. XXI. That no person shall be liable to be transported out of this State for trial for any offence committed within the same.18

CHAPTER II Plan or Frame of Government S ECT. 1. The Commonwealth, or19 State of Vermont, shall be governed hereafter20 , by a Governor (or Lieutenant-Governor) Council, and an Assembly of the Representatives21 of the freemen of the same, in manner and form following: S ECT. 2. The Supreme Legislative power shall be vested in22 a House of Representatives of the freemen of the Commonwealth, or State of Vermont. S ECT. 323 . The Supreme Executive power shall be vested in a24 Governor, or, in his absence, a25 Lieutenant-Governor, and Council26 . S ECT. 427 . Courts of justice shall be maintained in every country in this State, and also in new counties, when formed; which courts shall be open28 for the trial of all causes proper for their cognizance; and justice shall be therein impartially administered, without corruption, or unnecessary delay. The Judges of the Supreme Court shall be Justices of the Peace throughout the State; and the several Judges of the County Courts, in their respective counties, by virtue of their office29 , except in the trial of such causes as may be appealed to the County Court. S ECT. 5. A future Legislature may, when they shall conceive the same to be expedient and necessary, erect a Court of Chancery, with such powers as are usually exercised by that court, or as shall appear for the interest of the Commonwealth – Provided they do not constitute themselves the Judges of the30 said court.31 S ECT. 632 . The Legislative, Executive, and Judiciary departments, shall be sepa-

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V ERMONT rate and distinct, so that neither exercise the powers properly belonging to the other. S ECT. 7. In order that the freemen of this State might enjoy the benefit of election as equally as may be, each town within this State, that consists, or may consist of eighty taxable inhabitants, within one septenary or seven years next after the establishing this constitution, may hold elections therein, and choose each two Representatives; and each other inhabited town in this State, may, in like manner, choose each one Representative, to represent them in33 General Assembly, during the said septenary, or seven years; and after that, each inhabited town may, in like manner hold such election, and choose each one Representative forever thereafter.34 S ECT. 8. The House of Representatives of the freemen35 of this State, shall consist of persons most noted for wisdom and virtue, to be chosen by ballot, by the freemen of every town in this State, respectively, on the first Tuesday of September annually36 , forever.37 S ECT. 9. The Representatives so chosen (a majority of whom shall constitute a quorum for transacting any other business than raising a state tax, for which two thirds of the members elected shall be present) shall meet on the second Thursday of the succeeding October, and shall be stiled The General Assembly of the State of Vermont; they shall have power to choose their Speaker, Secretary of state, their Clerk, and other necessary officers of the House – sit on their own adjournments – prepare bills and enact them into laws – judge of the elections and qualifications of their own members: they may expel members, but not for causes known to their constituents antecedent to their election; they may administer oaths and affirmations in matters de-

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pending before them – redress grievances – impeach state criminals – grant charters of incorporation – constitute towns, boroughs, cities and counties: they may annually on38 their first session after their election,39 in conjunction with the Council40 (or oftener if need be) elect Judges of the Supreme and several County and Probate Courts, Sheriffs and Justices of the Peace; and also, with the Council, may elect Major-Generals and Brigadier-Generals, from time to time, as often as there shall be occasion; and they shall have all other powers necessary for the Legislature of a free and sovereign State: but they shall have no power to add to, alter, abolish, or infringe any part of this Constitution.41 S ECT. 10. The Supreme Executive Council of this State, shall consist of a Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, and twelve persons, chosen in the following manner, viz. The Freemen of each town shall, on the day of the42 election for choosing Representatives to attend the General Assembly, bring in their votes for Governor, with his name fairly written, to the Constable, who shall seal them up, and write on them, Votes for the Governor, and deliver them to the Representative43 chosen to attend the General Assembly; and at the opening of the General Assembly, there shall be a committee appointed out of the Council and Assembly, who, after being duly sworn to the faithful discharge of their trust, shall proceed to receive, sort and count the votes for the Governor, and declare the person who has the major part of the votes, to be Governor for the year ensuing. And if there be no choice made, then the Council and General Assembly, by their joint ballot, shall make choice of a Governor. The LieutenantGovernor and Treasurer shall be chosen in the manner above directed. And each Freeman shall give in twelve votes for twelve Councellors, in the same manner, and the

C ONSTITUTION OF V ERMONT (1793) twelve highest in nomination shall serve for the ensuing year as Councellors.44 S ECT. 11. The Governor, and in his absence, the Lieutenant Governor, with the Council (a major part of whom, including the Governor, or Lieutenant-Governor, shall be a quorum to transact business) shall have power to commission all officers – and also to appoint officers, except where provision is, or shall be otherwise made, by law or this frame of government – and shall supply every vacancy in any office, occasioned by death or otherwise, until the office can be filled in the manner directed by law or this Constitution. They are to correspond with other States – transact business with officers of government civil and military – and to prepare such business as may appear to them necessary, to lay before the General Assembly. They shall sit as Judges to hear and determine on impeachments, taking to their assistance, for advice only, the Judges of the Supreme Court. And shall have power to grant pardons and remit fines, in all cases whatsoever, except in treason and murder; in which they shall have power to grant reprieves, bur not to pardon, until after the end of the next session of Assembly; and except in cases of impeachment, in which there shall be no remission, or mitigation of punishment, but by act of legislation45 . They are also to take care that the laws be faithfully executed. They are to expedite the execution of such measures as may be resolved upon by the General Assembly. And they may draw upon the treasury for such sums as may be appropriated by the House of Representatives. They may also lay embargoes, or prohibit the exportation of any commodity, for any time not exceeding thirty days, in the recess of the House only. They may grant such licences as shall be directed by law; and shall have power to call together the General As-

sembly, when necessary, before the day to which they shall stand adjourned. The Governor shall be Captain-General and Commander in Chief of the forces of the State, but shall not command in person, except advised thereto by the Council, and then only so long as they shall approve thereof. And the Lieutenant-Governor shall, by virtue of his office, be Lieutenant-General of all the forces of the State. The Governor, or Lieutenant-Governor, and the Council, shall meet at the time and place with the General Assembly: the Lieutenant-Governor shall, during the presence of the Commander in Chief, vote and act as one of the Council: and the Governor, and in his absence the Lieutenant-Governor, shall, by virtue of their offices, preside in Council, and have a casting but no other vote. Every Member of the Council shall be a Justice of the Peace for the whole State, by virtue of his office. The Governor and Council shall have a Secretary, and keep fair books of their proceedings, wherein any Councillor may enter his dissent, with his reasons to support it; and the Governor may appoint a Secretary for himself and his Council.46 S ECT. 12. The Representatives having met, and chosen their Speaker and Clerk, shall each of them, before they proceed to business, take and subscribe, as well the oath or affirmation of allegiance herein after directed (except where they shall produce certificates of their having heretofore taken and subscribed the same) as the following oath or affirmation, viz. You –––––– do solemnly swear (or affirm) that as a Member of this Assembly, you will not propose, or assent to any bill, vote, or resolution, which shall appear to you injurious to the people, nor do or consent to any act or thing whatever, that shall have a tendency to lessen or abridge their rights and privileges, as declared by the Constitution of this State; but will, in all

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V ERMONT things, conduct yourself as a faithful, honest Representative, and guardian of the people, according to the best of your judgment and abilities. (In case of an oath) so help you God. (And in case of an affirmation) under the pains and penalties of perjury.47 S ECT. 13. The doors of the house in which the General Assembly of this Commonwealth shall sit, shall be open for the admission of all persons who behave decently, except only when the welfare of the State may require them to be shut.48 S ECT. 14. The votes and proceedings of the General Assembly shall be printed (when one third of the members think it necessary) as soon as convenient49 after the end of each session, with the yeas and nays on any question, when required by any member (except where the votes shall be taken by ballot) in which case every member shall have a right to insert the reasons of his vote upon the minutes.50 S ECT. 15. The stile of the laws of this State in future to be passed, shall be, It is hereby enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Vermont.51 S ECT. 16. To the end that laws, before they are enacted, may be more maturely considered, and the inconvenience of hasty determinations as much as possible prevented, all bills which originate in the Assembly, shall be laid before the Governor and Council for their revision and concurrence, or proposals of amendment; who shall return the same to the Assembly, with their proposals of amendment, if any, in writing; and if the same are not agreed to by the Assembly, it shall be in the power of the Governor and Council to suspend the passing of such bills until the next sessions52 of the Legislature. Provided, That if the Governor and Council shall neglect or refuse to return any such bill to the Assembly, with written proposals of amendment, within five

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days, or before the rising of the Legislature, the same shall become a law.53 S ECT. 17. No money shall be drawn out of the Treasury, unless first appropriated by act of Legislation.54 S ECT. 18. No person shall be elected a Representative, until he has resided two years in this State; the last of which shall be in the town for which he is elected.55 S ECT. 19. No member of the Council, or House of Representatives, shall, directly or indirectly, receive any fee or reward, to bring forward, or advocate any bill, petition, or other business, to be transacted in the Legislature; or advocate any cause, as Council, in either House of Legislation56 , except when employed in behalf of the State.57 S ECT. 20. No person ought in any case, or in any time,58 to be declared guilty of treason or felony, by the Legislature.59 S ECT. 21. Every man, of the full age of twenty-one years, having resided in this State for the space of one whole year next before the election of Representatives, and is60 of a quiet and peaceable behaviour, and will take the following oath or affirmation, shall be entitled to all the privileges of a freeman of this State. You solemnly swear (or affirm) that whenever you give your vote or suffrage, touching any matter that concerns the State of Vermont, you will do it so as in your conscience you shall judge will most conduce to the best good of the same, as established by the Constitution, without fear or favour of any man.61 S ECT. 2262 . The inhabitants of this State shall be trained and armed for its defence, under such regulations, restrictions, and exceptions, as Congress,63 agreeably64 to the Constitution of the United States, and the Legislature of this State, shall65 direct. The several companies of militia shall, as often

C ONSTITUTION OF V ERMONT (1793) as vacancies happen, elect their Captain66 and other officers, and the Captains and subalterns shall nominate and recommend the field officers, of their respective regiments, who shall appoint their staff officers. S ECT. 23. All Commissions shall be in the name of the freemen of the State of Vermont, sealed with the State seal, signed by the Governor, and67 in his absence, the Lieutenant-Governor, and attested by the Secretary; which seal shall be kept by the Governor.68 S ECT. 24. Every officer of state, whether judicial or executive, shall be liable to be impeached by the General Assembly, either when in office, or after his resignation or removal for mal-administration. All impeachments shall be before the Governor, or Lieutenant-Governor, and Council, who shall hear and determine the same, and may award costs; and no trial or impeachment shall be a bar to a prosecution at law.69 S ECT. 2570 . As every freeman, to preserve his independence (if without a sufficient estate) ought to have some profession, calling, trade, or farm, whereby he may honestly subsist, there can be no necessity for, nor use in, establishing offices of profit, the usual effects71 of which are dependence and servility, unbecoming freemen in the possessors or expectants, and faction, contention and discord72 among the people. But if any man is called into public service to the prejudice of his private affairs, he has a right to a reasonable compensation; and whenever an office thro’ increase of fees or otherwise, become73 so profitable as to occasion many to apply for it, the profits ought to be lessened by the Legislature. And if any officer shall wittingly and wilfully, take greater74 fees than the law allows75 him, it shall ever after disqualify him from holding any76 office in this State, until he shall be restored by act of Legislation.

S ECT. 26. No person in this State shall be capable of holding or exercising more than one of the following offices at the same time, viz. Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Judge of the Supreme Court, Treasurer of the State, Member of the Council, Member of the General Assembly, Surveyor-General, or Sheriff. Nor shall any person holding any office of profit or trust under the authority of Congress, be eligible to any appointment in the Legislature, or of holding any executive or judiciary office under this State.77 S ECT. 27. The Treasurer of the State shall, before the Governor and Council78 , give sufficient security to the Secretary of the79 State, in behalf of the General Assembly80 ; and each High Sheriff, before the first Judge of the County Court, to the Treasurer of their81 respective Counties, previous to their respectively entering upon the execution of their offices, in such manner, and in such sums, as shall be directed by the Legislature.82 S ECT. 28. The Treasurer’s accounts shall be annually audited, and a fair state thereof laid before the General Assembly83 , at their session in October.84 S ECT. 2985 . Every officer, whether judicial, executive, or military, in authority under this State, before he enters upon the execution of his office, shall take and subscribe the following oath or affirmation of allegiance to this State (unless he shall produce evidence that he has before taken the same) and also the following oath or affirmation of office; except military officers, and86 such as shall be exempted by the Legislature87 . The oath or affirmation of allegiance. You do solemnly swear (or affirm) that you will be true and faithful to the State of Vermont, and that you will not, directly or indirectly, do any act or thing injurious to the Constitution or Government thereof, as

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V ERMONT established by Convention. (If an oath) so help you God. (If an affirmation) under the pains and penalties of perjury. The oath or affirmation of office. You –––––– do solemnly swear, (or affirm) that you will faithfully execute the office of –––––– for the –––––– of ––––––; and will therein do equal right and justice to all men, to the best of your judgment and abilities, according to law. (If an oath) so help you God. (If an affirmation) under the pains and penalties of perjury. S ECT. 30. No person shall be eligible to the office of Governor or LieutenantGovernor, until he shall have resided in this Sate four years next preceding the day of his election.88 S ECT. 31. Trials of issues, proper for the cognizance of a Jury, in the Supreme and County Courts, shall be by Jury, except where parties otherwise agree; and great care ought to be taken to prevent corruption or partiality in the choice and return, or appointment of Juries.89 S ECT. 32. All prosecutions shall commence, By the authority of the State of Vermont, – all indictments shall conclude with these words, against the peace and dignity of the State. And all fines shall be proportioned to the offences.90 S ECT. 33. The person of a debtor, where there is not strong presumption of fraud, shall not be continued in prison after delivering up and assigning over, bona fide, all his estate, real and personal, in possession, reversion or remainder, for the use of his creditors, in such manner as shall be hereafter regulated by law. And all prisoners, unless in execution, or committed for capital offences, when the proof is evident or presumption great, shall be bailable by sufficient sureties; nor shall excessive bail be exacted for bailable offences.91

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S ECT. 3492 . All elections, whether by the people or the Legislature93 , shall be94 free and voluntary: and any elector, who shall receive any gift or reward for his vote, in meat, drink, monies or otherwise, shall forfeit his right to elect at that time, and suffer such other penalty as the law95 shall direct; and any person who shall directly or indirectly, give, promise or bestow, any such rewards to be elected, shall thereby be rendered incapable to serve for the ensuing year, and be subject to such96 further punishment as a future Legislature shall direct. S ECT. 3597 . All deeds and conveyances of land shall be recorded in the Town Clerk’s Office in their respective towns; and, for want thereof98 , in the County Clerk’s Office of the same County. S ECT. 36. The Legislature shall regulate entails in such manner as to prevent perpetuities.99 S ECT. 37100 . To deter more effectually from the commission of crimes, by continued visible punishments101 of long duration, and to make sanguinary punishments102 less necessary, means103 ought to be provided for punishing by hard labour, those who shall be convicted of crimes not capital, whereby the criminal shall be employed for the benefit of the public, or for the104 reparation of injuries done to private persons: And all persons at proper times ought to be permitted to see them at their105 labour. S ECT. 38.106 The estates of such persons as may destroy their own lives, shall not, for that offence, be forfeited, but descend or ascend in the same manner as if such persons had died in a natural way. Nor shall any article, which shall accidentally occasion the death of any person, be henceforth deemed a deodand, or in any wise forfeited on account of such misfortune.

C ONSTITUTION OF V ERMONT (1793) S ECT. 39. Every person, of good character, who comes to settle in this State, having first taken an oath or affirmation of allegiance to the same, may purchase, or by other just means acquire, hold and transfer land, or other real estate; and after one year’s residence shall be deemed a free denizen thereof, and entitled to all107 rights of a natural born subject of this State, except that he shall not be capable of being elected Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Treasurer, Councillor, or Representative in Assembly, until after two years residence.108 S ECT. 40109 . The inhabitants of this State shall have liberty in seasonable times, to hunt and fowl on the lands110 they hold, and on other lands not enclosed; and in like manner to fish in all boatable and other waters (not private property) under proper regulations, to be hereafter made and provided by the General Assembly111 . S ECT. 41. Laws for the encouragement of virtue and prevention of vice and immorality, ought to be constantly kept in force, and duly executed: And a competent number of schools ought to be maintained in each town, for the convenient instruction of youth: And one or more GrammarSchools be incorporated and properly supported, in each County in this State. And all religious societies, or bodies of men, that may be hereafter united or incorporated for the advancement of religion and learning, or for other pious and charitable purposes, shall be encouraged and protected in the enjoyment of the privileges, immunities, and estates, which they in justice ought to enjoy, under such regulations as the General Assembly112 of this State shall direct.113 S ECT. 42114 . The declaration of the political rights and privileges of the inhabitants of this State, is hereby declared to be a part of the Constitution of this Common-

wealth115 ; and ought not to be violated, on any pretence whatsoever. S ECT. 43116 . In order that the freedom of this Commonwealth117 may be preserved inviolate forever, there shall be chosen, by ballot, by the freemen of this State, on the last Wednesday in March, in the year one thousand seven hundred and ninety-nine118 , and on the last Wednesday in March in every seven119 years thereafter, thirteen persons, who shall be chosen in the same120 manner the Council121 is chosen, except they shall not be out of the Council or General Assembly, to122 be called the Council of Censors; who123 shall meet together124 on the first Wednesday of June next ensuing their election, the125 majority of whom shall be a quorum in every case, except as to calling a convention, in which two thirds of the whole number elected shall agree: and whose duty it shall be to enquire, whether the constitution has been preserved inviolate in every part, during the last septenary, (including the year of their service); and126 whether the legislative and executive branches of government have performed their duty, as guardians of the people, or assumed to themselves, or exercised, other or greater powers than127 they are entitled to by the constitution: – They are also128 to enquire, whether the public taxes have been justly laid and collected in all parts of this Commonwealth129 – in what manner the public monies have been disposed of – and whether the laws have been duly executed. – For these purposes they shall have power130 to send for persons, papers, and records – they131 shall have authority132 to pass public censures, to order impeachments, and to recommend to the Legislature the repealing such laws as shall133 appear134 to them to have been passed135 , contrary to the principles of the constitution: These powers they shall continue to have for and during the space of one year from the day of their elec-

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V ERMONT tion, and no longer. The136 said Council of Censors shall also have power to call a Convention, to137 meet within two years after their sitting138 , if there appears to them an absolute necessity of amending any article of this Constitution, which may be defective – explaining such as may be thought not clearly expressed – and of adding such as are necessary for the preservation of the rights and happiness of the people; but the articles139 to be amended, and the amendments proposed, and such articles as are proposed to be added or abolished, shall be promulgated at least six months before the day appointed for the election of such Convention, for the previous consideration of the people, that they may have an opportunity of instructing their Delegates on the subject.140 By order of Convention, July 9th, 1793, THOMAS CHITTENDEN, President. Attest. LEWIS R. MORRIS, Secretary.

1 Verified by The Constitution of Vermont. As Adopted by the Convention, Holden at Windsor, July Fourth, One Thousand Seven Hundred and NinetyThree, Windsor [Vt.]: Printed by Alden Spooner, M,DCC,XCIII [1793], 29 p., and checked against the version published in Records of the Council of Censors of the State of Vermont, ed. by Paul S. Gillies and D. Gregory Sanford, publ. by Authority of James H. Douglas, Secretary of State, Montpelier, VT: [s.n.], 1991, 137–151. Also compared with the proposals made by the Council of Censors as published in Proceedings of the Council of Censors, of the State of Vermont, At their Sessions holden at Rutland, in the Year 1792. Published by Order of the Council, for the Inspection of the People, in conformity to the XLth Section of the Constitution. And for the Consideration of a Convention of the Freemen of this State, to convene at Windsor, on the First Wednesday of July, 1793, Rutland: Printed by Anthony Haswell, M,DCC,XCII [1792], 7–36, and in Records of the Council of Censors, 115–129. A second print from the same printer under the title The Constitution of Vermont, as Revised and Amended by the Council of Censors, at their Session holden in Rutland, October 1792. Printed by order of the Council, [Rutland:] By Anthony Haswell, Printer for the State in the Western District, at the

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Rutland Press, [1792], 14 p. [imperfect], contains a number of errors peculiar to this print and is therefore not reliable. Cf. also “Journal of the Vermont Constitutional Convention Held at Windsor, July, 3 to 9, 1793,” in: Proceedings of the Vermont Historical Society, 12 (1924), 184–198. The original manuscript is not known to have survived. Spelling, capitalization, punctuation, italics and parentheses follow the Spooner print (except in cases where the proposals of the Council of Censors are being quoted in the notes, which follow the Haswell print). Obvious typographical errors have been tacitly corrected. In 1792, the septennial meeting of the Council of Censors took place after Vermont had been admitted into the Union as the 14th state on March 4, 1791 (U.S. Statutes at Large, 1st Congress, Sess. III, Ch. 7). Beyond suggesting the elimination of those parts of the Constitution of 1786 (q.v.) which had become obsolete due to Vermont’s new political status, the Council of Censors proposed major revisions, including the introduction of a senate as second chamber. The subsequent Convention rejected most of these proposals, preferring the 1786 model, which was only slightly modified. A second attempt to introduce a senate failed in 1813/14 (q.v.). The Constitution of 1793 is still in force today with a Council of Censors and a subsequent Convention having assembled at regular seven-year intervals up to the time of the Civil War. No revisions were suggested or made in 1799/1800 and 1806/1807, whereas proposals by the Council of Censors were made, and adopted or rejected by the subsequent Convention, respectively, in 1813/1814 (q.v.), 1820/1821 (q.v.), 1827/1828 (q.v.), 1834/1836 (q.v.), 1841/1843 (q.v.), 1848/1850 (q.v.), and 1855/1857 (q.v.). Cf. also William C. Hill, The Vermont State Constitution. A Reference Guide [Reference Guides to the State Constitutions of the United States, ed. by G. Alan Tarr, 6], Westport, CT and London: Greenwood Press, 1992, 12–17. 2 In 1991 print, 137, “natural and inherent”. 3 Ibid., 115, “in this commonwealth” added. 4 Ibid., 137, word missing. 5 Ibid., 115, “whatsoever”. 6 Ibid., 116, “exclusive and inherent”. 7 Ibid., 138, word missing. 8 Ibid., 116, “agreeable”. 9 Ibid., 139, “accusations”. 10 Ibid., “oath[s] or affirmation[s]”. 11 Ibid., “by any”. 12 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 10, and 1991 print, 117, “and”. 13 In 1991 print, 139, “to a”. 14 Ibid., 140, word missing. 15 Ibid., 117, “shall first”. 16 Ibid., and in 1991 print, 140, “in the”. 17 In 1991 print, 140, “commonwealth”. 18 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 12, and 1991 print, 118, “Article XXII. All provision of law to

C ONSTITUTION OF V ERMONT (1793) establish a perpetuity of estates, while it takes away the right of disposal on the one hand, has a direct tendency to abridge the equal right of acquisition on the other – Entails therefore are against common right and ought not to be allowed” added. 19 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 13, and 1991 print, 118, last two words missing. 20 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 13, and 1991 print, 118, “hereafter be governed”. 21 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 13, and 1991 print, 118, “Governor, [in 1991 print, 118: “or”] Lieutenant Governor, Senate, and House of Representatives”. 22 Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 13–22, and 1991 print, 118–122, continue with “the Senate and House of Representatives. Section III. For the first septenary, or seven years next after the amendments of this constitution shall be adopted, the Senate shall be composed of members from the several counties in this state, apportioned in manner following – The county of Bennington shall have a right to elect two, – the counties of Windsor, Windham and Rutland, respectively, three – the counties of Addison and Chittenden, one each, the county of Orange, two, and every new county, when formed and organized, one. But no county out of which a new county shall be formed, shall have a right to elect more than one Senator, unless there shall be more than 10,000 souls remaining in that county, agreeable to the last census. And forever after each county may elect one Senator for every eight thousand souls in such county; and any county not containing that number may elect one Senator. For which purpose the freemen of this state shall assemble, in their respective towns, or places of electing representatives, on the first Tuesday of September, annually, and vote, by ballot, for the number of senators their county shall have a right to elect, which votes shall be sealed up, by the presiding officer of such meeting, (in the presence of the freemen) who shall write thereon, votes for Senators, and the name of the town where taken, and within six days after the day of election, deliver the same to one of the Judges of the county court in the same county, and the Judges of said court shall meet at the place where the county court of said county was last holden, on the third Tuesday of September annually, and proceed, publicly, to sort and count said votes; and the person or persons having the greatest number of votes shall be declared duly elected, and if any two or more who are highest in nomination, shall have an equal number of votes, the said Judges shall decide the choice between them by lot. And a certificate of said choice, signed by a majority of the Judges, shall be sufficient evidence of their Election. Article 2. No person shall be eligible to the office of Senator until he shall have arrived to the age of thirty years.

Article 3. The Judges of the county court shall be ineligible to be elected Senators, while executing the office of Judges. Nor shall any Senator, while holding that office, hold or execute any office in the judicial department. Section IV. The House of Representatives shall be composed of one member from each town in this state (which at the time of election shall consist of forty families) to be chosen by the freemen of such towns respectively, by ballot, on the first Tuesday of September, annually. Article 2. And if it shall so happen that any person who is elected a representative, shall likewise be chosen a Senator, the freemen of such town upon being notified thereof, & of the person’s acceptance (after being duly warned) may meet at any time, previous to the second Tuesday of October following, and choose some other meet person to represent such town for the year ensuing. Article 3. And in order that the citizens of this state may enjoy equally the benefits of representation, the freemen of any town which shall not consist of forty families, may meet on the day for electing representatives, with the freemen of any other town or towns of like description, to complete the number of forty families, and choose, by ballot, one representative, (but a majority of all the votes in such towns shall be necessary to the choice of a representative) and a certificate of the choice, from the presiding officer, shall be sufficient evidence of the election. Section V. The senate and house of representatives thus chosen, shall meet on the second Thursday of October, next after their election, at such place shall be appointed by law, and shall be stiled T HE L EGIS LATURE OF THE S TATE OF V ERMONT . Article 2. A major part of the members of each house shall be necessary to constitute a quorum to transact any business except that of adjourning from day to day, and before they proceed to any business, other than choosing their necessary officers, each member shall take the following oath. “You –––––– do solemnly swear (or affirm) that as a member of the legislature of the state of Vermont, you will not propose or assent to any bill, vote, or resolution, which shall appear to you injurious to the people, nor do or consent to any act or thing whatever, that shall have a tendency to lessen or abridge their rights and privileges, as declared by the constitution of this state, but will in all things conduct yourself as an honest representative (or senator, as the case may be) and guardian of the people, according to your best judgment and abilities.” In case of an oath, So help you God, and in case of an affirmation, under the pains and penalties of perjury. And no religious test shall be required of any member of the legislature. Section VI. The Lieutenant Governor shall be President of the Senate, except when he shall exercise the

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V ERMONT office of Governor; during which time, or in his absence, the senate shall appoint one of their own members, their president, and the president shall have a casting but no other vote. Section VII. Each house shall chuse their own necessary officers, and judge of the election and qualification of their own members. They shall have power to compel the attendance of absent members in such manner as they shall deem expedient; determine the rules of their own proceedings – punish their members by admonition or expulsion for disorderly behaviour, but they shall not expel any member for causes known to his constituents, antecedent to his election. And the two houses shall have all the powers necessary for the legislature of a free and independent state. But they shall have no power to add to, alter, abolish, or infringe any part of this constitution. Section VIII. Each house shall keep fair journals of its proceedings, and punish them immediately after every session, except such part as may require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members, on any question [in 1991 print, 120: “may questions”], shall, at the desire of any member, be entered on the journals. Section IX. The stile of the laws of this state in future to be passed, shall be, Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the state of Vermont. Section X. The doors of each house shall be open, (except the business immediately before the house may require secrecy,) and neither house shall adjourn more than two days, without the consent of the other. Section XI. The house of representatives may impeach any of the officers of government, for maladministration, and the senate shall try all impeachments. No sentence on impeachment shall extend further than removal from, or disqualifying for office, and the awarding of costs. Section XII. All bills of raising a revenue shall originate in the house of representatives, but the senate may non-concur or propose alterations or amendments, and all other bills may originate in either house. Section XIII. No money shall be drawn out of the treasury, unless first appropriated by act of legislation. Section XIV. No person ought in any case to be declared guilty of treason or felony by the legislature. Section XV. No person shall be elected a senator or representative until he has resided two years in this state, the last of which shall be in the county, town, or district for which he is elected. Section XVI. No member of either branch of the legislature shall, directly or indirectly, receive any fee or reward, to bring forward or advocate any bill, petition, or other business, to be transacted in the legislature, or advocate any cause, as council, in either house of legislation, except when employed in behalf of the state. Section XVII. To the end that laws before they are

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enacted may be more maturely considered, and hasty determinations as much as possible prevented, every bill that [in 1991 print, 121: “which”] shall have passed the senate, and house of representatives shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the governor, or person executing the office of governor, and council, for their approbation: if approved, the governor, or person executing the office of governor, shall write on the bill, approved; but if not approved, he shall within four days, Sundays excepted, return it with their objections, in writing, to that house in which it shall have originated, and in such case it shall be the duty of that house to reconsider said bill, and if said bill shall then pass, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, who shall likewise reconsider said bill, and if it shall again pass, in that house, it shall become a law of the [in 1991 print, 122: “this”] state, notwithstanding the disapprobation of the governor and council. If any bill shall not be returned by the governor, as aforesaid, within four days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall become a law, unless an adjournment of the legislature shall prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. Section XVIII. Every man of the full age of twentyone years who is a citizen of the United States, having resided in this state for the term of one whole year next before the election of Representatives, who is of a quiet and peaceable behavior, and will take the following oath or affirmation, shall be entitled to all the privileges of a freeman of this state. [“]You solemnly swear (or affirm) that whenever you give your vote or suffrage, touching any matter that concerns the state of Vermont, you will do it so [in 1991 print, 122: word missing] as in your conscience you shall judge will most conduce to be best good of the same, as established by the constitution, without fear or favor of any man.” Section XIX. Every officer of state, whether judicial or executive, shall be liable to impeachment by the house of representatives, either when in office or after his resignation or removal, for mal-administration, and no trial on impeachment shall be a bar to a prosecution at law. Section XX. Laws for the encouragement of virtue and prevention of vice and immorality, ought to be constantly kept [in 1991 print, 122: “kept constantly”] in force and duly executed: and a competent number of schools ought to be maintained in each town, for the convenient instruction of youth; and one or more grammar schools be incorporated and properly supported, in each county in this state. And all religious societies, or bodies of men, that may be hereafter united or incorporated, for the advancement of religion and learning, or for other pious and charitable purposes, shall be encouraged and protected in the enjoyment of the privileges, immunities and estates, which they in

C ONSTITUTION OF V ERMONT (1793) justice ought to enjoy, under such regulations as the legislature of this state shall direct. Chapter III Executive Section I. The supreme executive power shall be vested in the governor, or in his absence the lieutenant governor, or in case of the absence or disability of both, in such person as the legislature shall appoint” added. 23 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 22, and 1991 print, 122, “Chapter III. Executive. Section I”. 24 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 22, and 1991 print, 122, “the”. 25 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 22, and 1991 print, 122, “the”. 26 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 22–28, and 1991 print, 122–125, instead of last two words “or in case of the absence or disability of both, in such person as the legislature shall appoint. Section II. The governor, lieutenant governor and treasurer shall be chosen in the following manner – The freemen [in 1991 print, 123: “of each town” added] shall, on the day appointed for the election of senators, vote, by ballot, for the persons whom they would have for governor, lieutenant governor and Treasurer, by writing their names fairly, on separate pieces of paper, and the presiding officer of the respective meetings shall (in the presence of the freemen) seal up the several separate parcels of votes, and write on them votes for governor, lieutenant governor or treasurer, as the case may be, and the name of the town where taken, and sign his name to the same, and deliver said votes, so sealed up, to the representative of that or some other town or district, chosen for the ensuing year, and at the opening of the two houses of the legislature, there shall be a committee appointed, from the senate and house of representatives, who, after being [in 1991 print, 123: “duly” added] sworn to the faithful discharge of their trust, shall receive, sort and count said votes, and the person having a [in 1991 print, 123: “the”] majority of votes, for either office, shall be duly elected to said office. But if there be no choice, the senate and house of representatives, by their joint ballot, shall make choice of such officers. Section III. The governor, and in his absence the person exercising the office of governor, shall have power to commission all officers, and also to appoint officers (except where provision is, or shall be otherwise made by law or this frame of government,) and supply every vacancy in any office, occasioned by death or otherwise, until the office can be filled by law, or this constitution. He shall have power to correspond with other states, transact business with officers of government civil or [in 1991 print, 123: “and”] military, and prepare such business as to him shall appear necessary to lay before the legislature. He shall have power to grant pardons, and remit fines, in all cases whatever, except in treason, murder and impeachment;

in which cases only the legislature may grant pardons; but the governor may grant reprieves until the rising of the then next session of the legislature. He shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and expedite the execution of such measures as may be resolved upon by the legislature; and he may lay embargoes, or prohibit the exportation of any commodity for a time not exceeding thirty days, in the recess of the [in 1991 print, 123: word missing] legislature. He shall have power to call together the two houses of the legislature, when necessary, before the day to which they shall stand adjourned. He shall be captain general and commander in chief of the forces of the state. Section IV. The lieutenant governor shall be lieutenant general of all the forces of this state in virtue of his office. Section V. The governor may appoint a secretary for himself and his council. Section VI. No person shall be eligible to the office of governor or lieutenant governor, until he shall have resided in this state four years next preceding the day of his election. No person shall be eligible to the office of governor until he shall arrive to [in 1991 print, 124: “at”] the age of thirty five years. No person shall be eligible to the office of lieutenant governor until he shall have arrived to [in 1991 print, 124: “at”] the age of thirty years. Section VII. The senate and house of representatives shall annually elect four persons, in the same manner they are to elect judges of the supreme court, who shall be called the advisory council (but they shall not choose members of either house of the legislature) and shall meet with the governor at every session of the legislature, to advise with him in granting pardons, remitting fines, laying embargoes, revising bills passed by the legislature, and in such other cases as the governor shall deem necessary. Section VIII. No person shall be capable of holding or exercising more than one of the following offices, at the same time, viz. governor, lieutenant governor, advisory council, judge of the supreme court, treasurer of the state, senator, representative, surveyor general, sheriff, senator or representative in congress. Nor shall any person holding any office of profit or trust, under the authority of Congress, be eligible as one of the advisory council, or to any appointment in either branch of the legislature, nor shall he be capable of holding any executive, judiciary, or military office under this state. Section IX. All commissions shall be, in the name of the freemen of the state of Vermont, sealed with the state seal, signed by the governor, or in his absence by the officer exercising the office of governor, and attested by the secretary of state, which seal shall be kept by the governor. Section X. The treasurer of the state shall, before

51

V ERMONT the governor, give sufficient security to the secretary of state, in behalf of the legislature; and each High Sheriff before the first Judge of the County Court, to the Treasurer of the respective counties, previous to their respectively entering upon the execution of their offices, in such manner, and in such sums as shall be directed by the Legislature. Section XI. The treasurer’s account shall be annually audited, and a fair state thereof laid before the legislature, at their session in October. Chapter IV Judiciary Section I. The judiciary department shall consist of one supreme court, a court of chancery, and a county court in each county, courts of probate in each district, and justices of the peace. Either house of the legislature may, by ballot, nominate or elect the judges of such courts, major generals, brigadier generals, secretary of state, and sheriffs; and also without ballot, nominate or elect justices of the peace, and transmit such nominations within two days to the other house, for their approbation, but such election shall not be valid, until approved of by the other house: if the other house do not approve, they shall make a nomination, and transmit the same to the house in which the election was first made. If both houses do not agree in such choice, in that case both houses shall, by joint ballot elect such officer. Section II. The judges of the supreme, chancery, county, and probate courts, secretary of state, sheriffs, and justices of the peace shall be elected annually.” 27 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 28, and 1991 print, 125, “Chapter IV. Judiciary. Section III”. 28 In 1991 print, 141, “opened”. 29 Ibid., “offices”. 30 Ibid., word missing. 31 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 28–29, and 1991 print, 125–126, no corresponding section. Instead: Section IV. Trials of issues, proper for the cognizance of a jury, in the supreme and county courts, shall be by jury, except where parties otherwise agree; and great care ought to be taken to prevent corruption or partiality, in the choice and return, or appointment of juries. Section V. All prosecutions shall commence, by the authority of the state of Vermont – all indictments shall conclude with these words, against the peace and dignity of the state. And all fines shall be proportioned [in 1991 print, 125: “proportionate”] to the offences. Section VI. The person of a debtor, where there is not strong presumption of fraud, shall not be continued in prison after delivering up or [in 1991 print, 125: “and”] assigning over, bona fide, all his estate, real and personal, in possession, reversion, or remainder, for the use of his creditors, in such manner as shall be hereafter regulated by law. And all prisoners, unless

52

in execution, or committed for capital offences, when the proof is evident, or presumption great, shall be bailable by sufficient sureties; nor shall excessive bail be exacted for bailable offences. Chapter V”. 32 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 30, and 1991 print, 126, “Chapter V. Section I”. 33 In 1991 print, 142, “in the”. 34 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 15–16, and 1991 print, 119, section in modified form as Ch. II, Sect. IV, Art. 3, cf. supra. 35 In 1991 print, 142, “Freeman”. 36 Ibid., “originally”. 37 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 15, and 1991 print, 119, section in modified form as Ch. II, Sect. IV, Art. 1, cf. supra. 38 In 1991 print, 142, “in”. 39 Ibid., “and at other times, when vacancies happen, choose delegates to Congress and shall also,” added. 40 Ibid., “, annually” added. 41 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 16–18, 23–24, 27–28, and 1991 print, 119–120, 123, 125, section in modified form as Ch. II, Sect. V, VII, Ch. III, Sect. III, Ch. IV, Sect. I, cf. supra. 42 In 1991 print, 142, word missing. 43 Ibid., “Representatives”. 44 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 22–23, and 1991 print, 122–123, section in modified form as Ch. III, Sect. II, cf. supra. 45 In 1991 print, 143, “legislature”. 46 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 23–24, and 1991 print, 123, section in modified form as Ch. III, Sect. III, cf. supra. 47 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 16–17, and 1991 print, 120, section in modified form as Ch. II, Sect. V, Art. 2, cf. supra. 48 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 18, and 1991 print, 121, section in modified form as Ch. II, Sect. X, cf. supra. 49 In 1991 print, 145, “conveniently may be”. 50 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 18, and 1991 print, 120, section in modified form as Ch. II, Sect. VIII, cf. supra. 51 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 18, and 1991 print, 120–121, section in modified form as Ch. II, Sect. IX, cf. supra. 52 In 1991 print, 145, “session”. 53 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 20, and 1991 print, 121–122, section in modified form as Ch. II, Sect. XVII, cf. supra. 54 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 19, and 1991 print, 121, as Ch. II, Sect. XIII, cf. supra. 55 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 19, and 1991 print, 121, section in modified form as Ch. II, Sect. XV, cf. supra. 56 In 1991 print, 145, “Legislature”. 57 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 19, and

C ONSTITUTION OF V ERMONT (1793) 1991 print, 121, section in modified form as Ch. II, Sect. XVI, cf. supra. 58 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 19, and 1991 print, 121, last four words missing. 59 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 19, and 1991 print, 121, section, with one modification, as Ch. II, Sect. XIV, cf. supra. 60 In 1991 print, 146, “who is”. 61 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 21, and 1991 print, 122, section in modified form as Ch. II, Sect. XVIII, cf. supra. 62 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 30, and 1991 print, 126, “Chapter V. Section II”. 63 In 1991 print, 146, last two words missing. 64 Ibid., 126, “agreeable”. 65 Ibid., 146, word missing. 66 Ibid., 126 and 146, “Captains”. 67 Ibid., 146, “or”. 68 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 26, and 1991 print, 124, section in modified form as Ch. III, Sect. IX, cf. supra. 69 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 21, and 1991 print, 122, section in modified form as Ch. II, Sect. XIX, cf. supra. 70 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 30–31, and 1991 print, 126, “Chapter V. Section III”. 71 In 1991 print, 146, “effect”. 72 Ibid., 147, “disorder”. 73 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 31, in 1991 print, 126 and 147, “becomes”. 74 In 1991 print, 147, “greater or other”. 75 Ibid., “laws allow”. 76 Ibid., 126, word missing. 77 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 26, and 1991 print, 124, section in modified form as Ch. III, Sect. VIII, cf. supra. 78 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 26, and in 1991 print, 124, last two words missing. 79 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 26, and in 1991 print, 124, word missing. 80 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 26, and in 1991 print, 124, “legislature”. 81 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 26, and in 1991 print, 124, “the”. 82 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 26–27, and 1991 print, 124, section in modified form as Ch. III, Sect. X, cf. supra. 83 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 27, and in 1991 print, 124, “legislature”. 84 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 27, and 1991 print, 124, section in modified form as Ch. III, Sect. XI, cf. supra. 85 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 31–32, and 1991 print, 126–127, “Chapter V. Section IV”. 86 In 1991 print, 148, last three words missing. 87 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 31, in 1991 print, 126, and in 1991 print, 148, “viz” added.

88 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 25, and 1991 print, 124, as Ch. III, Sect. VI, Clause 1, cf. supra. 89 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 28–29, and 1991 print, 125, as Ch. IV, Sect. IV, cf. supra. 90 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 29, and 1991 print, 125, as Ch. IV, Sect. V, cf. supra. 91 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 29, and 1991 print, 125–126, as Ch. IV, Sect. VI, cf. supra. 92 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 32, and 1991 print, 127, “Chapter V. Section V”. 93 In 1991 print, 149, “or in General Assembly”. 94 Ibid., 149, “by ballot,” added. 95 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 32, in 1991 print, 127 and 149, “laws”. 96 In 1991 print, 127, “so much”. 97 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 32, and 1991 print, 127, “Chapter V. Section VI”. 98 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 32, and in 1991 print, 127, “of such office”. 99 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 12, and 1991 print, 118, in very modified form as “Chapter I. Article XXII”, cf. supra. 100 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 33, and 1991 print, 127, “Chapter V. Section VII”. 101 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 33, in 1991 print, 127 and 149, “punishment”. 102 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 33, in 1991 print, 127 and 149, “punishment”. 103 In 1991 print, 149, “houses”. 104 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 33, in 1991 print, 127 and 149, word missing. 105 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 33, and in 1991 print, 127, word missing. 106 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 33, and 1991 print, 127, “Chapter V. Section VIII”. 107 In 1991 print, 149, “all the”. 108 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, no corresponding section or clause. Identical, however, with Constitution of 1786, ch. II, sect. 36. 109 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 33, and 1991 print, 127, “Chapter V. Section IX”. 110 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 33, and in 1991 print, 127, “land”. 111 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 33, and in 1991 print, 127, “legislature”. 112 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 22, and in 1991 print, 122, “legislature”. 113 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 21–22, and 1991 print, 122, as Ch. II, Sect. XX, cf. supra. 114 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 34, and 1991 print, 128, “Chapter V. Section X”. 115 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 34, and in 1991 print, 128, “state”. 116 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 34–36, and 1991 print, 128–129, “Chapter V. Section XI”. 117 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 34, and in 1991 print, 128, “state”.

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V ERMONT 118 In

1991 print, 150, “eighty-five”. Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 34, and in 1991 print, 128, “seventh”. 120 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 34, and in 1991 print, 128, word missing. 121 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 34, and in 1991 print, 128, “governor”. 122 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 34, and in 1991 print, 128, “except they shall not be out of the Council or General Assembly, to” missing, instead “excepting that the thirteen highest shall be declared duly elected, who shall”. 123 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 34, and in 1991 print, 128, “The governor, lieutenant governor, councilors, judges of the supreme court, members of either branch of the legislature, senators or representatives to congress, or persons holding office under the authority of congress, shall be ineligible to a seat in said council. And the said council of censors”. 124 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 34, and in 1991 print, 128, word missing. 125 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 34, and in 1991 print, 128, “a”. 126 In 1991 print, 150, word missing. 127 Ibid., 128, “than that”. 128 Ibid., word missing. 119 In

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129 In

Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 35, and in 1991 print, 128, “state”. 130 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 35, and in 1991 print, 128, “authority”. 131 In 1991 print, 128, “They also”. 132 Ibid., 151, “to send for persons, papers, and records – they shall have authority” missing. 133 Ibid., word missing. 134 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 35, and in 1991 print, 128, “appeared”. 135 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 35, and in 1991 print, 128, “enacted”. 136 In 1991 print, 128, “This”. 137 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 35, and in 1991 print, 128, “from the several towns or districts who are entitled to send a representative, to be apportioned as nearly equal to their numbers as may be, but no town to send more than three members, (which convention shall” added. 138 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 35, and in 1991 print, 128, “the sitting of said council of censors)”. 139 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 36, and in 1991 print, 128, “article”. 140 In Proceedings of the Council of Censors, 36, and in 1991 print, 129, rest missing.

Failed Amendments of 1813

Articles of Amendments, Alterations and additions to the Constitution of the State of Vermont, proposed by the Council of Censors, on the 1st day of November, 18131

A RT. 1. There shall, hereafter, in lieu of the present Executive Council, be a Senate; which, with the House of Representatives, shall be a co-ordinate branch of the Legislature of the State of Vermont. A RT. 2. The Representatives shall be elected, as is provided by the present constitution. The Senate and House of Representatives shall constitute the General Assembly of the State of Vermont. A RT. 3. The Senate shall be composed of twenty-four Senators, to be elected by the Freemen of each county respectively2 ; the votes to be given for the whole number to be elected for such county, in the same manner as is provided in the election of councillors; each county to be entitled to one, and the remainder to be apportioned to the several counties, according to their population, agreeable to the last census of the United States, regard always being had, in the apportionment, to the counties having the greatest fraction. The several counties shall, until after the next census of the United States, be entitled to elect their Senators, in the following proportion to wit: Bennington county two – Windham county three – Rutland county three – Windsor county four – Addison county two – Orange county two – Chittenden county one – Caledonia county one – Franklin county two – Orleans county one – Essex county one – Grand Isle county one – and Jefferson county one. And

the persons having the greatest number of legal votes, shall be declared duly elected. The Legislature shall make a new apportionment of the Senators to the several counties, after the taking of each census of the United States; always regarding the above provisions in this Article. A RT. 4. For the first election of Senators, after the adoption of this amendment, the Freemen of the several towns in each county, shall give their votes for the number of Senators apportioned to such county, at the same time; and under the same regulations, as is provided for the election of Councillors. And the Constable, or presiding officer, shall, in like manner, sort and count the said votes, and make two lists of the name of each person, with the number of votes given for each, annexed to his name; a record of which shall be made in the town clerk’s office; and shall seal up such lists separately, and write on each the name of the town, and these words, “Votes for Senators;” one of which lists shall, by the presiding officer, be delivered to the Representative for said town, to be transmitted to the President of the Senate; the other list, the said presiding officer shall deliver to the clerk of the County Court for said county, within ten days; whose duty it shall be to sort and count said votes, and make a record of the same; a copy of which he shall transmit to the Senate; and shall also, on or before the first day of Oct. then next, transmit to

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V ERMONT the person or persons having the greatest number of votes for Senator or Senators, a certificate of his or their election. A RT. 5. The members of the Senate shall be elected for three years; and immediately after the first election, shall be divided by lot into three classes; the seats of the first class to be vacated at the end of the first year, and the seats of the second class at the end of the second year; and so on continually, to the end, that one third of the Senate may be elected annually. A RT. 6. At the first Session of the Legislature after3 organization of the Senate, provision shall be made, by law, directing the mode of giving in, sorting, counting, certifying, and returning, the votes for Senators; and for filling all vacancies, by ordering a new election in the county, or counties, where such vacancy may happen, in the Senate, by resignation or otherwise. A RT. 7. The Senate shall have the like powers to decide on the elections and qualifications, and to expel any of its members, and to make its own rules, and appoint its own officers, as is provided in the case of the House of Representatives. A major part of the Senators shall constitute a quorum. The Lieutenant Governor shall be President of the Senate, except when he shall exercise the office of Governor; in which case, and when the office shall be vacant, and in the absence of the Lieutenant Governor, the Senate shall appoint one of its own members, President pro tempore. The Lieutenant Governor, when presiding in the Senate, shall have a casting, but no other vote. A RT. 8. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. No person shall be convicted, without the concurrence of two thirds of the members present. Judgment in cases of impeachment, shall not extend further than to

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removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit, under this State. But the party convicted shall nevertheless, be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment, according to law. A RT. 9. The Governor and Lieutenant Governor shall be elected in the manner prescribed by the Constitution and laws of this State; and shall hold their respective offices from the day of declaring their election, until the first day, inclusive, of the next annual Session of the Legislature. The votes for Governor, Lieutenant Governor and Treasurer, shall be sorted and counted, and their elections declared, by a committee appointed by the Senate and House of Representatives. If there shall, at any time, be no due election by the Freemen, of Governor or Lieutenant Governor, the Senate, with the House of Representatives, shall, by joint ballot, elect to the office of Governor or Lieutenant Governor, as the case may be, one of the two candidates for those offices, respectively, for whom the greatest number of votes shall have been returned. A RT. 10. No person shall be eligible to the office of Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Senator or Representative, unless he be a Freeman of this State, and have been five years a citizen of the United States; and have resided in this State three years next before his election; the last year of which, in case of a Senator, shall have been in the county, and in case of a Representative, in the town for which he shall be elected. A RT. 11. No person shall be allowed to vote in any of the elections aforesaid, unless he be a citizen of this and the United States. A RT. 12. The Governor shall be Captain General and commander in chief of the Militia of this State; he shall commission all officers, and fill all vacancies in office, occasioned by death or otherwise, by commis-

FAILED A MENDMENTS OF 1813 sioning some fit person or persons, as the case may require, to exercise the powers and perform the duties of such office, until the same can be filled in the manner directed by law or this constitution; he may require the opinion in writing of the Judges4 of the Supreme Court, on any legal or Constitutional question, relating to the powers and the5 duties of his office; and may also demand of any officers, in the executive department, information, or their opinion, on any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices.

respective counties, when such appointments shall be necessary: And shall, in like manner, when the appointment of a Sheriff or High Bailiff, shall be necessary in any county, recommend two suitable persons, for each or either of said offices, as the case may be; and the Governor shall nominate to each office, respectively, one of the two persons recommended.

A RT. 13. The Governor shall have power, after convictions, to grant pardons, for offences against this State, except in cases of impeachment and capital offences; but he shall, in capital offences, have power, by granting reprieves, to suspend execution until after the next Session of the Legislature; in which cases the Legislature, only shall have power to pardon.

A RT. 17. To the end that Laws before they are enacted, may be more maturely considered, and the inconvenience of hasty determinations as much as possible prevented, every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and Senate, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the Governor; If he approves, he shall sign it; if not, he shall return it, with his objections, in writing, to the House in which it originated; who shall enter the objections at large on their Journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration, three fifths of that House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered; and if approved by three fifths of that House, it shall become a law. But in all such cases, the votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and nays; and the names of the persons voting for or against the bill, shall be entered on the Journal, of each House respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the Governor within five days, (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall become a law in like manner, as if he had signed it, unless the Legislature, by their adjournment, within three days after the presentment of such bill shall prevent its return; in which case it shall not become a law.

A RT. 14. In addition to the powers herein before mentioned, and the ordinary powers and duties of the executive, prescribed by the constitution and laws of this State, the Governor shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, appoint all Judges in6 the courts of Law and Chancery, Judges of Probate, Sheriffs, High Bailiffs, Justices of the Peace, and Major and Brigadier Generals. And also in like manner, to nominate and appoint all other officers for whose appointments provision shall not be otherwise made by law or this Constitution. A RT. 15. The Representatives of the several counties, shall, at every session of the Legislature, from time to time, in County Convention, recommend to the Governor suitable persons to be appointed Justices of the Peace, in the several towns in their

A RT. 16. The Governor shall have power, in case he deem it expedient, to call a special meeting of the Legislature.

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V ERMONT A RT. 18. There shall be established in this State, a Court of Chancery, distinct from the courts of law, with general jurisdiction in causes properly determinable in equity. A RT. 19. The Chancellor shall hold his office on the same tenure, and be removable in the same manner, as is provided in7 case of Judges of the Supreme Court; and shall in like manner, be secured in his compensation. A RT. 20. The Judges of the Supreme court, shall hold their offices, respectively, during good behavior; they shall, nevertheless, be removed from their respective offices, by a resolution of the Senate and the House of Representatives, assigning reasons for such removal; and concurred by a majority of two thirds of each House. A RT. 21. The Legislature shall, whenever it shall be deemed expedient, establish Circuit courts of common Pleas, in lieu of the county courts, with a Chief Judge for each circuit. A RT. 22. The chief Judges of the circuit courts shall hold their respective offices on the same tenure, and be removable in the same manner, as is provided in case of the Judges of the Supreme Court. A RT. 23. All other Judges of the county or circuit courts, and the Judges of Probate, shall hold their offices for five years; and all Sheriffs, High Bailiffs, and Justices of the Peace, for three years, from the time of their appointment, respectively; removable nevertheless, as in the case of the Judges of the Supreme court. Sheriffs shall be incapable of being reappointed to the same office, for three years next succeeding the expiration of the time for which they were respectively appointed. A RT. 24. All elections and appointments to the Legislature, and to offices under the

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constitution, shall be annual, in all cases where provision is not otherwise made. A RT. 25. No person shall be capable of holding, in this State, more than one of the following offices or places, at the same time, to wit: – Governor, Lieut. Governor, Chancellor, Judge of the Supreme court, chief Judge of any circuit court, Representative or Senator in the Congress of the United States, Treasurer of the State, Representative or Senator in the Legislature of this State, Surveyor General, or Sheriff; nor shall any person holding any office of profit or trust under the authority of congress, be capable of being elected a Senator or Representative in the State Legislature, or of holding any executive, Judiciary, or military office, under this state. A RT. 26. Neither House shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than two days, nor to any other place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting. A RT. 27. The writ of Habeas Corpus shall in no case be suspended. It shall be considered a writ issuable of right, and the Legislature shall make provision to render it a speedy and effectual remedy, in all cases proper therefor. A RT. 28. Be it ordained, That such parts and provisions only, of the constitution of this state, established by convention, on the ninth day of July, one thousand seven hundred and ninety three, as are altered or superceded by any of the foregoing amendments, or are repugnant thereto, shall hereafter cease to have effect.

1

Verified by Journal of the Convention of Vermont, at Their Session, Begun and Holden at Montpelier, in the County of Jefferson, on Thursday the Seventh Day of July, A.D. 1814. Published by Order of Convention, Danville: Printed by Ebenezer Eaton, 1814, 8–15, and checked against Address of the Council of Censors, To The People of Vermont; Together with

FAILED A MENDMENTS OF 1813 Proposed Amendments to the Constitution, Montpelier, Vt.: Printed by Walton and Goss, 1813, 7–12, Journal of the Council of Censors, at Their Sessions June and October, 1813, and January, 1814, Middlebury: Printed by Glade & Ferguson, 1814, 25–32, and the version published in Records of the Council of Censors of the State of Vermont, ed. by Paul S. Gillies and D. Gregory Sanford, publ. by Authority of James H. Douglas, Secretary of State, Montpelier, VT: [s.n.], 1991, 208–212. Spelling, capitalization and punctuation as in the Convention Journal. Obvious typographical errors have been tacitly corrected. The Council of Censors had adopted the twenty-eight articles of amendment on November 1, 1813, and they were rejected, without exception, by the subsequent Convention on July 8, 1814 (cf. Convention Journal, 17–22). A first attempt

to introduce a senate as second chamber of the legislature had failed in 1793 (q.v.).- Title in Address of the Council of Censors, 7, “Articles of Amendment, Alteration and Addition [...]”. In Journal of the Council of Censors, 25, and in 1991 print, 208, title missing. 2

In Convention Journal, 8, “respectfully”.

3

In Address of the Council of Censors, 8, “after the”.

4

In 1991 print, 210, “Justices”.

5

In Address of the Council of Censors, 9, in Journal of the Council of Censors, 29, and in 1991 print, 210, word missing. 6

In 1991 print, 210, “of”.

7

In Address of the Council of Censors, 11, in Journal of the Council of Censors, 31, and in 1991 print, 211, “in the”.

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Failed Amendments of 1821

Articles of Amendment to the Constitution of the State of Vermont, proposed by the Council of Censors, on the 24th day of March, A.D. 18211

A RT. I. The Supreme Legislative power of this State, shall be exercised by the House of Representatives and Council, which, together, shall be stiled “The2 General Assembly of the State of Vermont;” and each of which, shall have a negative upon the other, and exercise the like powers in all acts of legislation. But no bill, or resolution, which shall have been passed by one branch of the Legislature shall have the effect of a law without the concurrence of the other. Provided, That all bills for the levying of taxes, or the appropriation of money, shall originate in the House of Representatives. A RT. II. From and after the day next preceding the second Thursday in October in the year one thousand eight hundred and twenty three, the House of Representatives shall consist of one member for every two thousand inhabitants within the State, and be elected by the Freemen on the first Tuesday of September, in the year above mentioned; and on the first Tuesday of September, annually forever thereafter. And from and after the day first abovementioned, the Council shall consist of one member from each of the counties in the State; one of whom shall be elected annually by the Freemen of3 each county on the day of the election of Representatives. The Legislature shall, at its Session in October in the year one thousand eight hundred and twenty two, apportion the representatives among the several counties, as

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near as may be, according to the population in each; and direct the manner of their election, and that of Councillors; and at the end of every ten years thereafter, shall make a4 new apportionment of Representatives. Provided, That the number of Representatives, apportioned to any county shall never be less than three, nor greater than the whole number of organized towns within such county;5 and Provided further, That when the population of the State shall have increased to the number of three hundred thousand, the Legislature may so alter the apportionment of Representatives, as to reduce the whole number to one hundred and twenty, and from time to time, every ten years thereafter: So that the number shall never exceed one hundred and fifty. A RT. III. No member of the House of Representatives, or of the Council, shall, during the period for which he shall have been elected, be appointed to the office of a Judge of the Supreme or County Court, Judge of Probate, Sheriff, High-Bailiff, State’s Attorney, Justice of the Peace; or Superintendant, or any other officer of the State’s Prison. A RT. IV. The Supreme Executive power of the State, shall be exercised by the Governor, (or in case of his absence, or disability, by the Lieutenant Governor,) who shall exercise all the powers vested in, and perform all the duties enjoined upon the Governor and

FAILED A MENDMENTS OF 1821 Council, by the eleventh section, of the second chapter of the Constitution; except that he shall not sit as a Judge to “hear and determine on impeachments,” (which shall be heard and determined by the Council) – Nor shall he, without the advice and consent of the Council, “grant pardons or remit fines;” – “lay embargoes or prohibit the exportation of any commodity.” Neither shall he command the forces of the State in person, except advised thereto by the Council, and then, only so long, as it shall approve thereof. The Lieutenant Governor, when present, shall, by virtue of his office, preside in the Council, and have a casting vote, and no other; but in his absence the Council shall elect one of its members to preside, who shall vote as other members. A RT. V. Judges of the Supreme Court, who shall be elected subsequent to the adoption of this article, shall severally hold their offices for the term of seven years from the date of their election; but may be removed by impeachment, or by resolution adopted by a vote of the House of Representatives and Council, in joint meeting, a quorum of each being present, and two thirds of the whole number present, voting in the affirmative; which resolution shall be entered on the Journal of the House of Representatives, with the Yeas and Nays thereon.

1

Verified by Articles of Amendment to the Constitution of the State of Vermont, Proposed by the Council of Censors, on the 24th Day of March, A.D. 1821. Together with an Address to the People, and an Ordinance for Calling a Convention. Published by Order of the Council of Censors, [Montpelier?:] E. P. Walton, Printer, 1821, 3–5, and checked against Journal of the Council of Censors, at Their Sessions in June & October, 1820, and March, 1821. Published by Order of Council, Danville: Ebenezer Eaton, Printer, 1821, 39– 41, Journal of the Convention of Vermont, Assembled at the State House, at Montpelier, On the 21st day of February, and dissolved on the 23d day of February, 1822. Published by order of Convention, Burlington: J. Spooner, Printer, 1822, 12–15, and the version published in Records of the Council of Censors of the State of Vermont, ed. by Paul S. Gillies and D. Gregory Sanford, publ. by Authority of James H. Douglas, Secretary of State, Montpelier, VT: [s.n.], 1991, 257– 259. Spelling, capitalization and punctuation as in the Articles of Amendment. Obvious typographical errors have been tacitly corrected. The Council of Censors adopted the five articles of amendment on March 24, 1821, and they were rejected, without exception, by the subsequent Convention on February 22, 1822 (cf. Convention Journal, 35–38). The proposal to transform the former Executive Council into a second chamber of the legislature represented the third attempt to install a bicameral legislature after 1793 (q.v.) and 1813 (q.v.).In Journal of the Council of Censors, 39, and in 1991 print, 257, title missing. 2 In Convention Journal, 12, word missing. 3 In Journal of the Council of Censors, 39, and in 1991 print, 258, “in”. 4 In 1991 print, 258, “an”. 5 In Journal of the Council of Censors, 40, and in 1991 print, 258, rest of article missing.

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Amendments of 1827/1828 Articles of Amendment to the Constitution of the State of Vermont, Proposed by the Council of Censors, on the 29th Day of November, 18271

ARTICLE I S ECT. 1. The most numerous branch of the legislature of this State shall hereafter be styled the House of Representatives. S ECT. 2. The supreme legislative powers of this state shall hereafter be exercised by a Senate and the House of Representatives. These two bodies shall together be styled “the General Assembly of the State of Vermont.” Each shall have and exercise the like powers in all acts of legislation; and no bill, resolution, or other thing, which shall have been passed by the one, shall have the effect of, or be declared a law, without the concurrence of the other. Provided, That all bills for raising revenue, shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose, or concur with amendments, as on other bills. S ECT. 3. The Senate shall be composed of twenty eight Senators, and no more, to be elected by the freemen of each county respectively. The Senators shall be apportioned to the several counties, in proportion to their population, according to the last census, next before each apportionment. Provided, That each county shall have at least one Senator; regard always being had, in the apportionment, to the counties having the greatest fraction. The legislature shall, immediately after the taking of each census of the United States, make a new ap-

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portionment of the Senators to the several counties, (agreeably thereto,) or to such other census as may be taken under the authority of this state – always regarding the above provisions in this section. The several counties shall, until after the next census of the United States, be entitled to elect their Senators in the following proportion, to wit: Bennington county, two – Windham county, three – Rutland county, three – Windsor county, four – Addison county, two – Orange county, three – Washington county, two – Chittenden county, two – Caledonia county, two – Franklin county, two – Orleans county, one – Essex county, one – and Grand-Isle county, one. S ECT. 4. After the adoption of this article, the freemen of the several towns in each county, shall, annually, on the first Tuesday of September, vote by ballot for the number of Senators apportioned to such county. And the person, or persons, equal in number to the number of Senators for such county, having the greatest number of legal votes in his or their county respectively, shall be the Senator or Senators for such county, whoso term of office shall commence and expire at the same time with that of the members of the House of Representatives. At every election of Senators, after the votes shall have been taken, the constable or presiding officer, assisted by the selectmen and civil authority present, shall sort and count the said votes, and make and certify two

A MENDMENTS OF 1827/1828 lists of the name of each person, with the number of votes given for each annexed to his name; a record of which shall be made in the town clerk’s office; and shall seal up such lists separately, and write on each the name of the town, and these words, “Votes for Senator,” or, “Votes for Senators,” as the case may be; one of which lists2 shall be delivered by the presiding officer to the representative of said town, if any, and if none be chosen, to the representative of an adjoining town, to be transmitted to the President of the Senate; the other list, together with the said ballots, the said presiding officer shall, within ten days, deposit in the office of the clerk of the county court for the same county, and the clerk of each county court respectively, or in case of his absence or disability, the sheriff of such county, or in case of the absence or disability of both, the high bailiff of such county, on the 10th day after such election, shall publicly open, sort and count said votes, and make a record of the same, in the office of the clerk of the county court, a copy of which he shall transmit to the Senate, and shall also, on or before the first day of October (then) next, transmit to the person or persons elected, a certificate of his or their election. Provided, however, and it is hereby further ordained and declared, that the General Assembly shall have power to regulate by law the mode of balloting for Senators within the several counties, and to prescribe the means and manner by which the result of the balloting shall be ascertained, and through which the Senators chosen shall be certified of their election. But they shall not have power to apportion the Senators to the several counties, otherwise than according to the population thereof, agreeably to the provisions herein before ordained. S ECT. 5. No person shall be a Senator, who has not attained the age of thirty years, and been two years an inhabitant of this

state, the last of which he shall have resided in the county for which he is elected. And the Senators shall be under the same restrictions, prohibitions and disabilities, that the Councillors now are, by the nineteenth and twenty-sixth sections of the second chapter of the constitution of this state. S ECT. 6. The Senate shall have the like powers, to decide on the election, and qualifications, and to expel any of its members, and to make its own rules, and appoint its own officers, as is provided in the case of the House of Representatives. A major part of the Senators shall constitute a quorum. The Lieutenant Governor shall be President of the Senate, except when he shall exercise the office of Governor, in which case, and when the office shall be vacant, and in the absence or disability of the Lieutenant Governor, the Senate shall appoint one of its own members President pro tempore. The Lieutenant Governor, when presiding in the Senate, shall have a casting vote, but no other. S ECT. 7. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation, and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two thirds of the members present. Judgment in cases of impeachment, shall not extend farther than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit, under this state. But the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment, according to law. S ECT. 8. The supreme executive power of the state shall be exercised by the Governor, “or in case of his absence or disability, by the Lieutenant Governor,” who shall exercise all the powers vested in, and perform all

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V ERMONT the duties enjoined upon the Governor and Council by the eleventh and twenty-seventh sections of the second chapter of the constitution, except he shall not sit as a Judge, to hear and determine on any impeachment, nor shall he, without the advice and consent of the Senate, grant pardons, or remit fines, lay embargos, or prohibit the exportation of any commodity. Neither shall he command the forces of the state in person, unless on the advice and consent of the Senate, and then only so long as it shall approve thereof. The Governor may have a Secretary of civil and military affairs, whom he may appoint during pleasure, whose services he may at all times command, and for whose compensation provision shall be made by law. S ECT. 9. The votes for Governor, Lieutenant Governor, and Treasurer of the state, shall be sorted and counted, and the result declared, by a committee appointed by the Senate and House of Representatives. If, at any time, there shall be no due election by the freemen of Governor, Lieutenant Governor, or Treasurer of the state, the Senate, with the House of Representatives, shall by a joint ballot, elect to the office of Governor, Lieutenant Governor, or Treasurer of the state, as the case may be, one of the three candidates for those offices respectively for whom the greatest number of votes shall have been returned. S ECT. 10. The Secretary of State, and all officers who, under the existing provisions of the constitution, are elected by the House of Representatives and Council, shall hereafter be elected by the Senate and House of Representatives, in joint committee, at which, the Governor, or, in3 his absence or disability, the Lieutenant Governor shall preside; and the presiding officer of any such committee shall have a casting vote, and no other.

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ARTICLE II Every bill, which shall have passed the House of Representatives and Senate, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the Governor; if he approve, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it, with his objections in writing, to that house in which it shall have originated, who shall proceed to re-consider it. If, after such re-consideration, a majority of the house shall pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by a majority of that house, it shall become a law. If any bill shall not be returned by the Governor, within five days after it shall have been presented to him, or before the rising of the General Assembly, the same shall become a law.

ARTICLE III No person, who is not already a freeman of this state, shall be entitled to exercise the privileges of a freeman, unless he be a natural born citizen of this or some one of the United States, or until he shall have been naturalized agreeably to the acts of Congress. 1

Verified by Journal of the Convention of Vermont, Convened at the State House at Montpelier, June 26, A.D. 1828. Published by order of the Convention, Royalton: Printed by Wyman Spooner, [1828,] 10–14, and checked against Unanimous Address of the Council of Censors To the Freemen of Vermont; With Articles of Amendment To the Constitution – Sections of the Present Constitution Which Will be Altered or Superseded by the Adoption Of the Amendments, and an Ordinance, Calling a Convention. Published by Order of the Council, Montpelier: Printed at the Watchman Office, Dec. 5, 1827, 8–11, Journal of the Council of Censors, at Their Sessions at Montpelier and Burlington, in June, October, and November, 1827. Published by Order of Council, Montpelier, VT.: Printed by E. P. Walton, 1828, 34–37, and the version published in Records of the Council of Censors of the State of Vermont, ed. by Paul S. Gillies and D. Gregory Sanford, publ. by Authority of James H. Douglas, Secretary of

A MENDMENTS OF 1827/1828 State, Montpelier, VT: [s.n.], 1991, 308–311. Spelling, capitalization and punctuation as in the Convention Journal. Obvious typographical errors have been tacitly corrected. The Council of Censors adopted the three articles of amendment on November 29, 1827, while the subsequent Convention on June 27, 1828 rejected the first two articles and adopted the third (cf.

Convention Journal, 15–21), which thus became Article I of amendment to the Constitution of 1793 (q.v.). Bicameralism in Vermont was rejected for the fourth time.- In Journal of the Council of Censors, 34, and in 1991 print, 308, title missing. 2 In Convention Journal, 11, word missing. 3 Ibid., 13, word missing.

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Amendments of 1835/1836 Articles of amendment, alteration and addition, to the Constitution of the State of Vermont, proposed by the Council of Censors on the 15th day of January, A. D. 18351

A RT. 1 ST. Sheriffs and High Bailiffs shall be elected by the freemen of their respective Counties, – and shall hold their offices for the term of three years, – Sheriffs shall give bonds in such manner and amount as the Legislature shall direct, – and the Sheriffs shall not be re-eligible to the same office during the three years next following the term for which they shall have been elected. A RT. 2 D. State’s Attornies shall be annually elected by the freemen of their respective Counties. A RT. 3 D. Judges of 2 Probate shall be annually elected by the freemen of their respective Probate Districts. A RT. 4 TH . The election to the several offices mentioned in the preceding Articles, shall be made at the times and in the manner now directed in the Constitution for the choice of Councillors. – And the proper officer, after he shall have sealed up and directed the votes, shall deliver them to some Representative chosen to attend the General Assembly. – And at the opening of the General Assembly, there shall be a Committee appointed out of the same, who shall be sworn, and shall proceed to receive, sort and count the votes. And the highest in nomination for the respective offices shall be by said Committee declared duly elected, – and by the Governor be duly commissioned; and if two or more persons designated for any one such office, shall have received an

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equal number of votes, the General Assembly shall elect one of them, who shall serve as aforesaid. A RT. 5 TH . Justices of the Peace, not exceeding ten to each town, shall be annually elected by the freemen thereof, – and until otherwise provided by law, their election shall be made on the day and in the manner now directed for the choice of Representatives to the General Assembly, – and it shall be the duty of the Town Clerk of each town, for the time being, to make a certificate of the names of such persons, who shall have been duly elected to said office, directed to the Governor, who, on receiving such certificate, shall commission the same.

A RT. 6 TH . The most numerous branch of the Legislature of this State shall hereafter be styled the House of Representatives. A RT. 7 TH . The Supreme Legislative power of this State shall hereafter be exercised by a Senate and the House of Representatives; which shall be styled, “The General Assembly of the State of Vermont.” – Each shall have and exercise the like powers in all acts of Legislation; and no bill, resolution, or other thing, which shall have been passed by the one, shall have the effect of, or be declared to be, a law, without the concurrence of the other. Provided, That all Revenue bills shall originate in the House of Representatives,

A MENDMENTS OF 1835/1836 – but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments, as on other bills. Neither House during the session of the General Assembly, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting, – and in case of disagreement between the two Houses, with respect to adjournment, the Governor may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper. A RT. 8 TH . The Senate shall be composed of thirty Senators, to be of the freemen of the County for which they are elected, respectively, who are thirty years of age or upwards, and to be annually elected by the freemen of each County respectively. Each County shall be entitled to one Senator, at least, and the remainder of the Senators shall be apportioned to the several Counties according to their3 population, as the same was ascertained by the last Census, taken under the authority of the United States – regard being always had, in such apportionment, to the Counties having the greatest fraction. – But4 the several Counties shall, until after the next Census of the United States, be entitled to elect, and have their Senators, in the following proportion, to wit: Bennington county, two; Windham county, three; Rutland county, three; Windsor county, four; Addison county, three; Orange county, three; Washington county, two; Chittenden county, two; Caledonia county, two; Franklin county, three; Orleans county, one; Essex county, one; Grand Isle county, one. The Legislature shall make a new apportionment of the Senators, to the several Counties, after the taking of each Census of the United States, or Census taken, for the purpose of such apportionment, by order of the Government of this State – always regarding the above provisions in this article.

A RT. 9 TH . The freemen of the several towns in each County shall annually, give their votes for the Senators, apportioned to such County, at the same time, and under the same regulations, as are now provided for the election of Councillors. – And the person or persons, equal in number to the number of Senators apportioned to such County, having the greatest number of legal votes in such County respectively, shall be the Senator or Senators of such County. – At every election of Senators, after the votes shall have been taken, the Constable or presiding officer, assisted by the Selectmen and civil authority present, shall sort and count the said votes, and make two lists of the names of each person, with the number of votes given for each annexed to his name, a record of which shall be made in the Town Clerk’s office, and shall seal up said lists, separately, and write on each the name of the town, and these words, “Votes for Senator,” or “Votes for Senators,” as the case may be, one of which lists shall be delivered, by the presiding officer, to the Representative of said town, (if any) and if none be chosen, to the Representative of an adjoining town, to be transmitted to the President of the Senate; – the other list, the said presiding officer, shall within ten days, deliver to the Clerk of the County Court, for the same County, – and the Clerk of each County Court, respectively, or in case of his absence, or disability, the5 Sheriff of such County, or in case of the absence or disability of6 both, the7 High Bailiff of such County, on the tenth day after such election, shall publicly open, sort, and count said votes; – and make a record of the same in the office of the Clerk of the8 County Court, a copy of which he shall transmit to the Senate: – and shall also, within ten days thereafter, transmit to the person or persons elected, a certificate of his or their election. Provided, However, that the General Assembly shall have power to regulate by Law

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V ERMONT the mode of ballotting for Senators, within the several Counties, and to prescribe the means, and the manner by which the result of the ballotting shall be ascertained, and through which the Senators chosen shall be certified of their election, and for filling all vacancies in the Senate, which shall happen by death, resignation, or otherwise. But they shall not have power to apportion the Senators to the several Counties, otherwise than according to the population thereof, agreeably to the provisions herein before ordained. A RT. 10 TH . The Senate shall have the like powers to decide on the election and qualifications of, and to expel any of its members, make its own rules, and appoint its own officers, as are incident to, or are possessed by, the House of Representatives. – A majority shall constitute a quorum. The Lieut. Governor shall be President of the Senate, except when he shall exercise the office of Governor, or when his office shall be vacant, or in his absence; in which cases the Senate shall appoint one of its own members to be President of the Senate, pro tempore. And the President of the Senate shall have a casting vote, but no other. A RT. 11 TH . The Senate shall have the sole power of trying and deciding upon all impeachments – when sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath, or affirmation, and no person shall be convicted, without the concurrence of two thirds of the members present. Judgment in cases of impeachment, shall not extend farther than to removal from office – and disqualification to hold or enjoy9 any office of honor, or profit, or trust, under this State. But the party convicted shall, nevertheless, be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment, according to law. A RT. 12 TH . The Supreme Executive power of this10 State, shall be exercised by

68

the Governor, or in case of his absence, or disability, by the Lieut. Governor; who shall have all the powers, perform all the duties vested in, and enjoined upon the Governor and Council, by the Eleventh and Twentyseventh Sections of the second Chapter of the Constitution, as at the11 present established, excepting that he shall not sit as a judge, in case of impeachment, nor grant reprieve or pardon, in any such case; nor shall he command the forces of the State in person, in time of war, or insurrection, unless by the advice and consent of the Senate; and no longer than they shall approve thereof. The Governor may have a Secretary of civil and military affairs, to be by him appointed during pleasure, whose services he may at all times command; and for whose compensation provision shall be made by law. A RT. 13 TH . The votes for Governor, Lieut. Governor, and Treasurer, of the State, shall be sorted and counted, and the result declared, by a committee appointed by the Senate and the12 House of Representatives. If, at any time, there shall be no election, by the freemen, of Governor, Lieut. Governor, or13 Treasurer, of the State, the Senate and House of Representatives shall, by a joint ballot, elect to fill the office, not filled by the freemen as aforesaid, one of the three candidates for such office, (if there be so many) for whom the greatest number of votes shall have been returned. A RT. 14 TH . The Secretary of State, and all officers, whose elections are not otherwise provided for, and who under the existing provisions of the Constitution, are elected by the Council and House of Representatives, shall, hereafter, be elected by the Senate and House of Representatives, in joint assembly, at which the presiding officer of the Senate shall preside; and such presiding officer in such joint assembly shall have a casting vote, and no other.

A MENDMENTS OF 1835/1836 A RT. 15 TH . Every bill which shall have passed the Senate and House of Representatives, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the Governor; if he approve, he shall sign it: if not, he shall return it, with his objections in writing, to the House in which it shall have originated; which shall proceed to reconsider it. If, upon such reconsideration, a majority of the House shall pass the bill, it shall, together with the objections, be sent to the other House, by which it shall, likewise, be reconsidered, and if approved by a majority of that House, it shall become a law. But in all such cases, the votes of both Houses shall be taken by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for or against the bill, shall be entered on the journal of each House, respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the Governor, as aforesaid, within five days, (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall become a law, in like manner as if he had signed it; unless the two Houses, by their adjournment, within three days after the presentment of such bill, shall prevent its return; in which case it shall not become a law. A RT. 16 TH . The Legislature shall have power to divide the State, for the election of Senators, into convenient Districts, which may, from time to time, be altered and new districts established, as public convenience may require; and the Senators shall be apportioned among the several districts, according to their population, and according to the last Census, next before such apportionment14 . Provided, Also, that the General Assembly shall have power to regulate, by law, the mode of ballotting for the Senators, within the several districts; and, to provide the means and manner, by which, the result of such balloting, shall be ascertained, and by, and through which, the Senators shall be certified of their election; but they shall not have power to increase the number of Sen-

ators, or, to apportion them to the several districts, otherwise, than according to the population, as near as may be, agreeably to the provisions herein, before, ordained. A RT. 17 TH . The laws which shall be enacted, in pursuance, and by virtue of the preceding Article, so long as the same shall remain in force, shall supersede, and thereby suspend the provisions of so much of the Eighth Article of these Amendments, as provides for the choice of Senators by Counties.

A RT. 18 TH . The Writ of Habeas Corpus shall in no case be suspended. – It shall be a writ, issuable of right; and the General Assembly shall make provision to render it a speedy and effectual remedy in all cases proper therefore. A RT. 19 TH . Whenever any Council of Censors shall propose any amendment, explanation, or alteration, or addition to the Constitution of this State, they shall propose the same directly to the people, for their adoption or rejection, instead of calling a Convention to adopt or reject the same; in which case they shall by an ordinance, to be by them promulgated for that purpose, call upon the freemen of the State, qualified to vote for Representatives to the General Assembly, to meet at the place of their last freemen’s meeting, in their towns respectively, on a day and hour to be by them designated in such ordinance, for the purpose of voting upon the amendments which the Council of Censors shall have proposed. And the articles to be amended, and the amendments proposed, and such articles as are proposed to be added or abolished, shall be promulgated at least six months before the day of such freemen’s meeting. And the Council of Censors shall, in such ordinance, designate the method in which the freemen shall be supplied with ballots,

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V ERMONT the manner in which their votes shall be expressed, the time place, and manner of their return, and how, and by whom the result shall be ascertained and certified to the Governor. And when the result of such ballotting shall have been certified to the Governor, or in his absence, to the Lieutenant Governor, he shall, by proclamation, make the same known to the people. And such Article or Articles as shall have been adopted by a majority of the freemen voting as aforesaid, he shall cause to be transcribed and certified under his hand and seal of the State, and deposited in the office of the Secretary of State; and the Secretary of State shall record the same. And they shall thereupon become, and henceforth be, a part of the Constitution of this State, and, as such, binding on the inhabitants thereof forever.

A RT. 20 TH . Such parts and provisions only of the Constitution of this State, established by Convention on the ninth day of July, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-three, as are altered or superseded by any of the foregoing amendments, or are repugnant thereto, shall hereafter cease to have effect.

1

Verified by Journal of the Convention Holden at Montpelier, on the 6th Day of January, A.D. 1836, Agreeable to the Ordinance of the Council of Censors, Made on the 16th Day of January, 1835, Together with the Amendments of the Constitution, as Adopted by the Convention, and the Whole of the Constitution of the State of Vermont, as Now in Force. Published by order of the Convention, St. Albans: J. Spooner, Printer, 1836, 10–17, and checked against Journal of

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the Council of Censors, at Their Sessions Holden at Montpelier and Middlebury in June and October 1834, and January 1835. Published by Order of the Council, Middlebury: Knapp and Jewett, Printers, 1835, 43–48, and the version published in Records of the Council of Censors of the State of Vermont, ed. by Paul S. Gillies and D. Gregory Sanford, publ. by Authority of James H. Douglas, Secretary of State, Montpelier, VT: [s.n.], 1991, 365–371. Spelling, capitalization and punctuation as in the Convention Journal. Obvious typographical errors have been tacitly corrected. The Council of Censors adopted the twenty articles of amendment on January 15/16, 1835, and the subsequent Convention, on January 13, 1836, adopted articles 6–15, 18, and 20, while articles 1–5, 16, 17, and 19 were rejected (cf. Convention Journal, 93–98). The twelve adopted articles became Article II-XIII of amendment to the Constitution of 1793 (q.v.), thus finally introducing bicameralism in Vermont in the fifth attempt and after almost half a century of political strife. Article IV was changed by Article XXIII of amendment of 1850 (q.v.). 2 In 1991 print, 366, “of the”. 3 Ibid., 367, “Senators shall be apportioned to the several Counties according to their” missing. 4 Ibid., “such apportionment, to the Counties having the greatest fraction. – But” missing. 5 In Journal of the Council of Censors, 45, and in 1991 print, 367, “to the”. 6 In 1991 print, 367, “the Sheriff of such County, or in case of the absence or disability of” missing. 7 In Journal of the Council of Censors, 45, and in 1991 print, 367, “to the”. 8 In Journal of the Council of Censors, 45, and in 1991 print, 367, “such”. 9 In Journal of the Council of Censors, 45, and in 1991 print, 368, “enjoying”. 10 In Journal of the Council of Censors, 46, and in 1991 print, 368, “the”. 11 In Journal of the Council of Censors, 46, and in 1991 print, 368, word missing. 12 In Journal of the Council of Censors, 46, and in 1991 print, 369, word missing. 13 In Journal of the Council of Censors, 46, and in 1991 print, 369, “and”. 14 In Convention Journal, 15, “appointment”.

Failed Amendments of 1842

Articles of amendment, alteration, and addition to the Constitution of the State of Vermont, proposed by the Council of Censors, at their session in February, A. D. 18421

A RT. 1. The general state election shall hereafter be held on the second Tuesday of October, annually, forever. And the Legislature shall meet on the first Thursday of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and forty four, and on the first Thursday of January in every year thereafter, unless they shall, by law, appoint a different day. A RT. 2. The Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Treasurer, Secretary of State, Judges of the Supreme, County and Probate Courts, Sheriffs, and High Bailiffs, shall hold their offices until others are elected and qualified in their stead. A RT. 3. The Senate shall be composed of thirty Senators, to be of the freemen of the county for which they are elected, respectively, who shall have attained to the age of thirty years, and to be elected for three years, by the freemen of each county, respectively. Immediately after they shall be assembled, in consequence of the first election under this constitution, as amended, they shall be divided equally into three classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class, shall be vacated at the expiration of the first year, of the second class, at the expiration of the second year, and of the third class, at the expiration of the third year; so that one third may be chosen every year. And if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the electoral

year, the Governor may make temporary appointments until the next election, when the vacancies may be filled by the freemen. A RT. 4. The Senators shall be apportioned to the several counties, according to the population, as ascertained by the census taken under the authority of congress, A. D. 1840, regard being always had, in such apportionment, to the counties having the greatest fraction, always giving to each county one Senator, at least. The legislature shall make a new apportionment of the Senators to the several counties, after the taking of each census of the United States, or after a census, taken for the purpose of such apportionment, by order of the government of this state, always regarding the above provisions in this article. A RT. 5. Sheriffs and High Bailiffs shall be elected by the freemen of their respective counties, and shall hold their offices for the term of one year. And shall give bonds in such manner and amount as the Legislature shall direct. A RT. 6. The election of the several officers, mentioned in the preceding article, shall be made at the times, and in the manner now directed in the constitution for the choice of Senators. And the presiding officer, after the votes shall have been taken, sorted and counted, shall make a certificate of the names of each person voted for, with the number of votes given for each, annexed

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V ERMONT to his name, a record of which shall be made in the town clerk’s office; and shall seal up said certificate, and shall write on the same the name of the town, with the words, “Certificate of votes for Sheriff,” or “Certificate of votes for High Bailiff,” as the case may be, and shall hand such certificate to some representative chosen to attend the General Assembly. And, at the opening of the General Assembly, there shall be a committee appointed out of the same, who shall be sworn, and whose duty it shall be to examine such certificates and ascertain the number of votes given for each candidate; and the highest in nomination for the respective offices shall be declared duly elected, and shall be commissioned by the Governor. And, if two or more persons, designated for any one such office, shall have received an2 equal number of votes, the General Assembly shall elect one of them to such office. A RT. 7. Justices of the Peace, in each town, shall be annually elected by the freemen thereof, and, until otherwise directed, by law, their election shall be made on the day and in the manner now directed for the choice of representatives to the General Assembly. No town, having less than one thousand inhabitants, by the then last census of the United States, shall have more than five justices of the peace; and no town having less than fifteen hundred inhabitants shall have more than seven justices of the peace; and no town shall have more than twelve justices of the peace. Any town may, at their annual March meeting, determine, by vote or resolution, to elect a less number of justices at their next freemen’s meeting, than the number above limited. Justices of the peace shall, in all cases, be elected by a plurality of votes. And it shall be the duty of the town clerk of each town, for the time being, to make a certificate of the names of such persons as shall have

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been duly elected to said office, directed to the Governor, who, on receiving such certificate, shall commission such justices. A RT. 8. The Judges of the Supreme Court of this state shall hereafter be chosen, by the General Assembly, for the term of seven years, during which period they may be removed from office, at any time, by impeachment, or by a joint resolution of the Senate and House of Representatives, to be passed by not less than two thirds of each house voting in favor of such removal. A RT. 9. The freemen of each town in this state shall, on the day of election of representatives to the General Assembly, bring in their votes for Governor, with his name fairly written or printed, to the presiding officer of the meeting, who, after the votes shall have been taken, sorted, and counted, shall make a certificate of the names of each person voted for, with the number of votes given for each, annexed to his name, a record of which certificate shall be made in the town clerk’s office; and shall seal up said certificate, and write thereon the name of the town, with the words “Certificate of votes for Governor,” which certificate he shall hand to some representative elected to attend the General Assembly, instead of sealing up the votes, as required by the tenth section of the constitution of this state. The Lieutenant Governor and Treasurer shall be chosen in the same manner as the Governor. A RT. 10. Whenever two thirds of the constitutional number of any Council of Censors shall propose any amendment, explanation, or addition to the constitution of this state, they shall propose the same directly to the people, for their adoption or rejection, instead of calling a convention therefor, in which case they shall, by an ordinance, to be by them promulgated for that purpose, call upon the freemen of the state, qualified to vote for representatives to the General

FAILED A MENDMENTS OF 1842 Assembly, to meet at the place of the last freemen’s meeting in their towns, respectively, on a day and hour to be designated in such ordinance, for the purpose of voting upon the amendments which the Council of Censors shall have proposed. And the articles to be amended, and the amendments proposed, and such articles as are proposed to be added or abolished, shall be promulgated at least six months before the day for such freemen’s3 meeting. And the Council of Censors shall, in such ordinance, designate the method in which the freemen shall be supplied with ballots, the manner in which their votes shall be expressed, the time, place, and manner of their return, and how, and by whom, the result shall be ascertained and certified to the Governor; and when the result of such balloting shall have been certified to the Governor, or, in his absence or disability, to the Lieutenant Governor, he shall, by proclamation, make the same known to the people. And such article or articles as shall have been adopted by a majority of the freemen voting as aforesaid, he shall cause to be transcribed and certified under his hand and the seal of the state, and deposited in the office of the Secretary of State. And the Secretary of State shall record the same; and

they shall thereupon become, and thenceforth be, a part of the constitution of this state, and, as such, binding on the inhabitants thereof forever.

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Verified by Articles of Amendment of the Constitution of Vermont, Proposed by the Council of Censors, in 1842; and the Articles Proposed to be Amended; With the Address of Said Council, Burlington: Chauncey Goodrich, 1842, 3–7, and checked against Journal of the Sessions of the Council of Censors, of the State of Vermont, Held at Montpelier, In June, and October, A.D. 1841, and at Burlington, in February, A.D. 1842, Burlington: Chauncey Goodrich, 1842, 66–70, Journal of the Convention, Holden at Montpelier, On the Fourth day of January, A.D. 1843. Agreeable to the Ordinance of the Council of Censors, Made on the Fourteenth Day of February, 1842, to Consider Certain Amendments Proposed to the Constitution of the State of Vermont. Published by order of Convention, Montpelier: J. T. Marston, 1843, 10–13, and the version published in Records of the Council of Censors of the State of Vermont, ed. by Paul S. Gillies and D. Gregory Sanford, publ. by Authority of James H. Douglas, Secretary of State, Montpelier, VT: [s.n.], 1991, 435–437. Spelling, capitalization and punctuation as in the Articles of Amendment. The Council of Censors adopted the ten articles of amendment on February 14, 1842, and they were rejected, without exception, by the subsequent Convention on January 6–11, 1843 (cf. Convention Journal, 29–84). 2 In 1991 print, 436, “and”. 3 In Articles of Amendment, 7, in Journal of the Council of Censors, 70, and in 1991 print, 437, “freeman’s”.

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Amendments of 1849/1850 Articles of Amendment proposed by the Council1

A RT. 1. – The House of Representatives of the Freemen of this State shall consist of persons most noted for wisdom and virtue, to be chosen by ballot, by the Freemen of the State, on the first Tuesday of September, annually forever; and the Representatives shall be apportioned to, and elected by, the several towns respectively as follows: To each town having less than twenty-five hundred inhabitants, one Representative; to each town having twenty-five hundred inhabitants, two Representatives, and for every fifteen hundred inhabitants above twentyfive hundred in any one town, there shall be one additional Representative. The number of inhabitants referred to in this article, to be always ascertained from the latest census which may have been taken by this State or by the United States. A RT. 2. – No balloting for town Representative shall be commenced after twelve o’clock of the night of the first Tuesday in September.

A RT. 3. – The Assistant Judges of the County Court shall be elected by the Freemen of their respective Counties. A RT. 4. – Sheriffs and High Bailiffs shall be elected by the Freemen of their respective Counties. A RT. 5. – State’s Attorneys shall be elected by the Freemen of their respective Counties. A RT. 6. – Judges of Probate shall be elected by the Freemen of their respective Probate Districts.

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A RT. 7. – Justices of the Peace shall be elected by the Freemen of their respective towns; and towns having less than one thousand inhabitants may elect any number of Justices of the Peace not exceeding five; towns having one thousand, and less than two thousand inhabitants, may elect seven; towns having two thousand and less than three thousand inhabitants, may elect ten; towns having three thousand and less than five thousand inhabitants, may elect twelve; and towns having five thousand, or more, inhabitants, may elect fifteen Justices of the Peace. A RT. 8. – Registers of Probate shall be elected by the Freemen of their respective Probate Districts.

A RT. 9. – All the officers named in the preceding articles of amendment shall be annually elected by ballot and shall hold their offices for one year, said year commencing on the first day of December next after their election. A RT. 10. – The election of the several officers mentioned in the preceding articles, excepting town Representatives, shall be made at the times and in the manner now directed in the Constitution for the choice of Senators. And the presiding officer of each Freemen’s meeting, after the votes shall have been taken, sorted and counted, shall, in open meeting, make a certificate of the names of each person voted for, with the number of votes given for each, annexed to his name and designating the office for which the votes were given, a record of

A MENDMENTS OF 1849/1850 which shall be made in the Town Clerk’s office, and he shall seal up said certificate, and shall write thereon the name of the town and the words, Certificate of votes for ––– ––– and add thereto, in writing, the title of the office voted for, as the case may be, and shall deliver such certificate to some Representative chosen as a member of the General Assembly, whose duty it shall be to cause such certificate of votes to be delivered to the Committee of the General Assembly appointed to canvass the same. And at the sitting of the General Assembly, next after such balloting for the officers aforesaid, there shall be a Committee appointed of and by the General Assembly, who shall be sworn to the faithful discharge of their duty and whose duty it shall be to examine such certificates and ascertain the number of votes given for each candidate, and the persons receiving the largest number of votes for the respective offices, shall be declared duly elected, and by such Committee be reported to the General Assembly, and the officers so elected shall be commissioned by the Governor. And if two or more persons designated for any one of said offices, shall have received an equal number of votes, the General Assembly shall elect one of such persons to such office. A RT. 11. – The term of office of the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, and Treasurer of the State, respectively, shall commence when they shall be chosen and qualified, and shall continue for the term of one year, or until their successors shall be chosen and qualified, or to the adjournment of the session of the Legislature, at which, by the Constitution and laws, their successors are required to be chosen, and not after such adjournment. And the Legislature shall provide, by general 1aw, declaring what officer shall act as Governor whenever there shall be a vacancy in both of2 the offices of Governor and Lieutenant Governor, oc-

casioned by a failure to elect, or by the removal from office, or by the death, resignation, or inability of both Governor and Lieutenant Governor, to exercise the powers and discharge the duties of the office of Governor; and such officer, so designated, shall exercise the powers and discharge the duties appertaining to the office of Governor accordingly, until the disability shall be removed, or a Governor shall be elected. And in case there shall be a vacancy in the office of Treasurer, by reason of any of the causes enumerated, the Governor shall appoint a Treasurer for the time being, who shall act as Treasurer until the disability shall be removed, or a new election shall be made. A RT. 12. – The Treasurer of the State shall, before entering upon the duties of his office, give sufficient security to the Secretary of State, in behalf of the State of Vermont, before the Governor of the State, or one of the Judges of the Supreme Court. And Sheriffs and High Bailiffs, before entering upon the duties of their respective offices, shall give sufficient security to the Treasurer of their respective Counties, before one of the Judges of the Supreme Court, or the two Assistant Judges of the County Court, of their respective Counties, in such manner and in such sums as shall be directed by the Legislature. A RT. 13. – All propositions for the alteration and amendment of the Constitution of this State, made by any future Council of Censors, shall be submitted directly to the Freemen of the State for their consideration and adoption, or rejection, by an Ordinance to be promulgated by the Council of Censors at the time of submitting their propositions of amendment.

A RT. 14. – The Senate shall be composed of thirty Senators, to be of the Freemen of the County for which they are

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V ERMONT elected, respectively, who shall have attained the age of thirty years, and they shall be elected annually by the Freemen of each County respectively. The Senators shall be apportioned to the several Counties, according to the population, as ascertained by the census taken under the authority of Congress in the year 1840, regard being always had, in such apportionment, to the Counties having the largest fraction, and giving to each County at least one Senator. The Legislature shall make a new apportionment of the Senators to the several Counties, after the taking of each census of the United States, or after a census taken for the purpose of such apportionment, under the authority of this State, always regarding the above provisions of this article. A RT. 15. – There shall not be elected, nor appointed, more than five Justices of the Peace in any town having less than one thousand inhabitants; – nor more than seven Justices of the Peace in any town having one thousand, and less than two thousand inhabitants; nor more than ten Justices of the Peace in any town having two thousand, and less than three thousand inhabitants; nor more than twelve Justices of the Peace in any town having three thousand, and less than five thousand inhabitants; nor more than fifteen Justices of the Peace in any town having five thousand, or more, inhabitants.

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1

Verified by Journal of the Constitutional Convention, Holden at Montpelier, on the Second Day of January, A.D. 1850, Agreeably to the Ordinance of the Council of Censors: 1850. Published by Order of the Convention, Burlington: Sentinel Office Print, 1850, 21–25, and checked against The Journal of the Council of Censors of the State of Vermont, at their several sessions in Montpelier and Burlington, 1848–9. Published by Authority, Burlington: Free Press Office Print, 1849, 72–75, and the version published in Records of the Council of Censors of the State of Vermont, ed. by Paul S. Gillies and D. Gregory Sanford, publ. by Authority of James H. Douglas, Secretary of State, Montpelier, VT: [s.n.], 1991, 500–502. Spelling, capitalization and punctuation as in the Convention Journal. Obvious typographical errors have been tacitly corrected. The Council of Censors adopted the fifteen articles of amendment on February 27, 1849, and the subsequent Convention, on January 12, 1850, adopted articles 3–7, 9–12, and 14, while articles 1, 2, 8, 13, and 15 were rejected (cf. Convention Journal, 110). The ten adopted articles became Article XIV-XXIII of amendment to the Constitution of 1793 (q.v.). Article XXIII changed Article IV of amendment of 1836 (q.v.). These 23 articles of amendment were published in The Constitution of The State of Vermont: Adopted by Convention Held in the Year of Our Lord 1777: And Amended by Conventions Held in the Years 1786, 1793, 1828, 1836, and 1850. Published by Order of the General Assembly, Montpelier: E. P. Walton & Son, 1852, 43–56, and in The Constitution of the State of Vermont As Established July 9, 1793 And Amended in 1828, 1836, 1850, 1870 and 1883. Including The Declaration of Independence, The Articles of Confederation, And the Constitution of the United States. Issued by Authority, [s.l.: s.n., s.a.], 44–49.- In 1991 print, 500, title missing. 2 In Journal of the Council of Censors, 74, and in 1991 print, 501, word missing.

Failed Amendments of 1856

Articles of Amendment Proposed by the Council, February, 18561

A RT 1. The General Assembly shall meet on the second Thursday of October, biennially. A RT. 2. The Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Treasurer of the State, House of Representatives and Senators, shall be chosen on the first Tuesday in September, biennially. A RT. 3. The term of Office of the Governor, Lieutenant Governor and Treasurer of the State, shall commence when they shall be chosen and qualified, and shall continue for the term of two years, or until their successors shall be chosen and qualified, or to the adjournment of the session, of the Legislature, at which, by the Constitution and Laws, their successors are required to be chosen, and not after such adjournment. A RT. 4. Assistant Judges of the County Courts, Sheriffs, High Bailiffs, State’s Attornies, Judges of Probate, and Justices of the Peace, shall be elected biennially, as provided by the Constitution and Laws, and shall hold their offices for two years commencing on the first day of December, next after2 election. A RT. 5. The House of Representatives shall consist of one hundred and fifty members. Each County shall have two, the remainder shall be apportioned to the several Counties according to the population of each; due regard being always had in such apportionment to the Counties having the largest fractions. The Legislature shall make a new appointment after the taking of

each census of the United States, or census taken by the authority of the General Assembly, regarding the above provisions of this article - and until there shall be an apportionment by the Legislature, the Representatives shall be apportioned to the several Counties as follows, to wit: - Addison County, twelve; Bennington County, nine; Caledonia County, eleven; Chittenden County, thirteen; Essex County, four; Franklin County, thirteen; Grand Isle County, four; Lamoille County, six; Orange County, thirteen; Orleans County, eight; Rutland County, fifteen; Washington County, twelve; Windham County, thirteen; Windsor County, seventeen; and shall be elected, and their election certified, in the manner provided for the choice of Senators; and if two or more persons voted for in any County shall receive an equal number of votes, the House of Representatives, when assembled, shall elect one or more of such persons, as the case may require. A RT. 6. The Legislature shall have power to divide the Counties into representative districts, and regulate by law the mode of balloting for Representatives therein, and the means and the manner by which the result of said balloting shall be ascertained. Each district shall, so far as may be, consist of an equal number of inhabitants, and of convenient and of contiguous territory, but no town or city shall be divided, and if any town or city shall be entitled to one or more Representatives, such town or city shall be

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V ERMONT made an entire district, and may elect the number of Representatives to which it shall be entitled. The persons voted for in such districts, equal in number to that of Representatives apportioned thereto, having the greatest number of legal votes, shall be the Representative or Representatives, as the case may be, and if two or more persons in any district shall receive an equal number of votes, the House of Representatives shall elect one or more of such persons, as the case may require. A RT. 7. The Senate shall be composed of two Senators from each County, and shall be elected for the term of four years. At the first session of the Senate, elected under this Constitution, as amended, the Senators of each County shall be divided into two classes, to be determined by lot, the term of the first class shall expire at the close of the second year, of the second class, at the close of the fourth year; one Senator from each County to be elected biennially thereafter. And if vacancies shall happen, the Governor shall make temporary appointments until the next election, when all vacancies shall be filled by the freemen. A RT. 8. The General Assembly, at its first session under this Constitution, as amended, shall elect and classify the Judges of the Supreme Court in such manner that the term of office of one third of the whole number, as near as may be, shall expire biennially, and thereafter, the term of office of such Judges shall be six years. If the office of any Judge shall become vacant, before the expiration of the regular term for which he was elected, the Governor shall make a temporary appointment until the meeting of the General Assembly, when such vacancy shall be filled. A RT. 9. All elections by the General Assembly, or either branch thereof, shall be made by viva voce vote.

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A RT. 10. The freemen of each town in this State, shall, on the day of election for choosing Representatives to the General Assembly, bring in their votes for Governor, Lieutenant Governor and Treasurer of the State, and the presiding officer of each freemen’s meeting, after the votes shall have been taken, sorted and counted, shall, in open meeting, make a certificate of the names of each person voted for, with the number of votes given for each, annexed to his name, and designating the office for which the votes were given, a record of which shall be made in the town clerk’s office, and he shall seal up said certificate, and shall write thereon the name of the town, and the words, “Certificate of votes for ––––––,” adding thereto the title of the office voted for as the case may be, and shall deliver such certificate to some Representative chosen as a member of the General Assembly, instead of delivering the votes as required by the tenth section of the second part of the Constitution. And it shall be the duty of such Representative to cause such certificate3 of votes to be delivered to the Committee of the General Assembly, appointed to canvass the same. A RT. 11. The votes for Governor, Lieutenant Governor, and Treasurer of the State shall be canvassed, and the result ascertained, and declared by a Committee appointed by the Senate and House of Representatives, and the persons receiving the greatest number of legal votes for the respective offices, shall be declared duly elected. If, at any time, two or more persons designated for any one of said offices, shall have received an equal number of votes, the Senate and House of Representatives, shall, in Joint Assembly, elect to such office, one of the three4 persons designated, for whom the greatest number of votes shall have been returned, and the person receiving, on a joint ballot, the greatest number of

FAILED A MENDMENTS OF 1856 votes, shall be declared elected. A RT. 12. The Secretary of State shall be elected at the time and in the manner, and the result of the balloting shall be ascertained, as provided in the election of Governor, and his term of office shall commence when he shall be elected and qualified, and continue for the term of two years, or until the election and qualification of his successor. A RT. 13. State Auditor of Accounts shall be elected at the time, and in the manner, and the result of the balloting shall be ascertained, as provided in the election of Governor, and his term of office shall commence when he shall be elected and qualified, and continue for the term of two years, or until the election and qualification of his successor. A RT. 14. Bank Commissioner shall be elected at the time, and in the manner, and the result of the balloting shall be ascertained, as provided in the election of Governor, and his term of office shall commence when he shall be elected and qualified, and continue for the term of two years, or until the election and qualification of his successor. A RT. 15. Registers of Probate shall be elected by the freemen of the respective Probate Districts at the time, and in the manner, and the result of ballotings shall be ascertained, as provided in the election of Judges of Probate, and shall hold their offices for two years from the first day of December next after their election. A RT. 16. The Yeas and Nays shall not be taken on any question in the House of Representatives, excepting upon reconsideration of a bill returned by the Governor, unless demanded by at least, ten members. A RT. 17. The several County Courts, on application of either party, shall have power

to refer such civil suits as, in the opinion of such Court, are proper to be referred, under such regulations as the General Assembly shall direct, and not otherwise. A RT. 18. In order that the freedom of this commonwealth may be preserved inviolate forever, there shall be chosen by ballot, by the freemen of the respective Counties in this State, on the first Tuesday in March, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three; and on the first Tuesday in March, in every ten years thereafter, one person in each County, who shall be chosen in the same manner the Senate is chosen, to be called the Constitutional Council, who shall meet together on the first Wednesday of June next ensuing their election, at the State House, the majority of whom shall be a quorum in every case except, as to calling a Convention, in which two thirds of the whole number elected shall agree, and whose duty it shall be to inquire whether the Constitution of this State requires amendments made therein, or additions made thereto, and this power they shall continue to have for and during the space of six months from the day of their election, and no longer. The said Council shall also have power to call a Convention, to meet within eighteen months after their sitting, if there appear5 to them an absolute necessity of amending any article of this Constitution, which may be defective, explaining such as may be thought not clearly expressed, and adding such as are necessary for the preservation of the rights and happiness of the people. But the articles to be amended, and the amendments proposed, and such articles as are proposed to be added or abolished, shall be promulgated at least six months before the day appointed for the election of such Convention, for the previous consideration of the people, that they may have an opportunity of instructing their delegates on the subject. And when

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V ERMONT said Council propose amendments to the Constitution as herein provided; it shall be their duty to call a Convention to consider such amendments, and by an Ordinance for that purpose, said Council shall designate the time, place, and manner of electing the delegates of such Convention, and the time and place, when and where the Convention shall meet. The Convention to consider of the amendments proposed by said Council, and to adopt the same, or such parts thereof as the Convention shall judge will be most conducive to the good government, peace and happiness of the State, shall be composed of ninety delegates. Each County shall be entitled to two delegates at least, and the remainder of the delegates shall be apportioned to the several Counties, according to their population, as the same was ascertained by the (then) last census taken under the authority of the United States, regard always being had in such apportionment to the Counties having the largest fraction. And the persons equal in number to the number of delegates apportioned to such County, having the greatest number of legal votes in such County, respectively, shall be the delegates of such County. And if two or more persons in any County shall have received an equal number of votes, the Convention, when assembled,

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shall elect one of such persons, as the case may require, as delegate or delegates of said Convention. A RT. 19. This Constitution, as amended, shall take effect on the first day of January, eighteen hundred and fifty-eight.

1

Verified by Journal of the Proceedings of the Constitutional Convention, Assembled at Montpelier, on the First Wednesday of January, 1857, Burlington: George J. Stacy, Book and Job Printer, 1856, 33–39, and checked against The Journal of the Council of Censors of the State of Vermont, at Their Several Sessions in Montpelier and Middlebury, 1855–6. Published by Authority, Middlebury: Printed at the Register Book and Job Office, 1856, 90–94, and the version published in Records of the Council of Censors of the State of Vermont, ed. by Paul S. Gillies and D. Gregory Sanford, publ. by Authority of James H. Douglas, Secretary of State, Montpelier, VT: [s.n.], 1991, 576–580. Spelling, capitalization and punctuation as in the Convention Journal. Obvious typographical errors have been tacitly corrected. The Council of Censors adopted the nineteen articles of amendment on February 23, 1856, and the subsequent Convention, on January 9, 1857, rejected them without exception (cf. Convention Journal, 27–30).- In Journal of the Council of Censors, 90, “February, 1856” missing; in 1991 print, 576, title missing. 2 In Journal of the Council of Censors, 90, and in 1991 print, 577, “after their”. 3 In 1991 print, 578, “certificates”. 4 Ibid., word missing. 5 In Journal of the Council of Censors, 93, and in 1991 print, 580, “appears”.

Declaration of Rights of Virginia (1776) A Declaration of Rights made by the representatives of the good people of Virginia, assembled in full and free Convention; which rights do pertain to them, and their prosperity, as the basis and foundation of government1

W EDNESDAY June the 12th2 1776. 1. T HE Declaration of Rights having been fairly transcribed was read a third time and passed as follows nemine contradicente.3 T HAT all Men are by nature equally free and Independent and have certain inherent Rights of which when they enter into a state of Society they cannot by any compact deprive or divest their Posterity namely the enjoyment of Life and liberty with the means of acquiring and possessing property and pursuing and obtaining happiness and Safety. 2. T HAT all power is vested in and consequently derived from the People that Magistrates are their Trustees and Servants and at all times amienable to them. 3. T HAT Government is or ought to be instituted for the common benefit protection and Security of the People Nation or Community of all the various Modes and forms of Government that is best which is capable of producing the greatest degree of happiness and Safety and is most effectually secured against the danger of MalAdministration and that whenever any Government shall be found inadequate or contrary to these purposes a Majority of the Community hath an indubitable unalienable and indefeasible Right to reform alter or

abolish it in such manner as shall be judged most4 conducive to the publick Weal. 4. T HAT no Man or set of Men are intitled to exclusive or5 separate Emoluments or Privileges from the Community but in consideration of publick Services which not being descendible neither ought the Offices of Magistrate Legislator or Judge to be hereditary. 5. T HAT the Legislative and Executive powers of the State should be separate and Distinct from the Judicative6 and that the Members of the two first may be restrained from oppression by feeling and participating the burthens of the People they should at fixed Periods be reduced to a private station return into that7 Body from which they were originally taken and the vacancies be supplied by frequent certain and regular Elections in which all or any part of the former Members to be again elegible or inelegible as the laws shall direct. 6. T HAT Elections of Members to serve as Representatives of the People in Assembly ought to be free and that all Men having sufficient evidence of permanent common Interest with and attachment to the Community have the right of Suffrage and cannot be taxed or deprived of their Property for Publick Uses without their own Consent or that of their Representatives so Elected nor

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V IRGINIA bound by any Law to which they have not in like manner assented for the public good. 7. T HAT all Power of suspending Laws or the execution of Laws by any Authority without consent of the Representatives of the People is injurious to their rights and ought not to be exercised. 8. T HAT in all Capital or Criminal Prosecutions a Man hath a Right to demand the Cause and Nature of his Accusation to be confronted with the Accusers and Witnesses to call for Evidence in his favour and to a speedy Trial by an impartial Jury of his Vicinage without whose unanimous consent He cannot be found guilty nor can he be compelled to give Evidence against himself that no Man be deprived of his liberty except by the Law of the Land or the Judgment of his Peers. 9. T HAT excessive Bail ought not to be required nor excessive Fines imposed nor cruel and8 unusual Punishments inflicted. 10. T HAT9 General Warrants whereby any Officer or Messenger may be commanded to search suspected places without evidence of a fact committed Or to seize any Person or Persons not named or whose Offence is not particularly described and supported by evidence are grievous and oppressive and ought not to be granted. 11. T HAT in Controversies respecting Property and in suits between Man and Man the antient Trial by Jury is preferable to any other and ought to be held sacred. 12. T HAT the freedom of the Press is one of the great Bulwarks of liberty and can never be restrained but by despotic Government10 . 13. T HAT a well regulated Militia composed of the Body of the People trained to Arms is the proper natural and safe Defence of a free State that standing Armies in time

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of peace should be avoided as dangerous to liberty and that in all Cases the Military should be under strict Subordination to and governed by the Civil power. 14. T HAT the People have a Right to Uniform Government and therefore that no Government separate from or Independent of the Government of Virginia ought to be erected or established within the Limits thereof. 15. T HAT no free Government or the Blessing of Liberty can be preserved to any People but by a firm adherence to Justice Moderation Temperance Frugality and Virtue and by frequent recurrence to fundamental Principles. 16. T HAT Religion or the Duty which we owe to our Creator and the manner of discharging it can be directed only by reason and Conviction not by force or Violence and therefore all Men are equally intitled to the free exercise of Religion according to the Dictates of Conscience And that it is the mutual Duty of all to practise Christian Forbearance Love and Charity towards each other.11

1 Verified by Postscript [to Purdie’s Virginia Gazette] Friday; June 14, 1776, [Williamsburg: Alexander Purdie, 1776,] 2 p., and corrected according to the handwritten original as preserved in the State Records Collection of the Library of Virginia, Richmond VA. Also checked against the versions as published in The Proceedings of the Convention of Delegates, Held at the Capitol, in the City of Williamsburg, in the Colony of Virginia, on Monday the 6th of May, 1776, Williamsburg: Printed by Alexander Purdie. Printer to the Commonwealth, [1776], 100–103, in Ordinances Passed at a General Convention of Delegates and Representatives, From the several Counties and Corporations of Virginia, Held at the Capitol, in the City of Williamsburg, on Monday the 6th of May, Anno Dom: 1776, Williamsburg: Printed by Alexander Purdie. Printer to the Commonwealth, [1776], 3–5, in The Constitution or Form of Government Agreed to and Resolved Upon at a General Convention of the Delegates and Representatives of the Several Counties and Corporations

D ECLARATION OF R IGHTS OF V IRGINIA (1776) of Virginia, Held at the Capitol in the City of Williamsburg, On Monday the Sixth of May, In the Year 1776, Richmond: Re-printed by Nicolson & Prentis, [s.a.], 3–5, and in Brent Tarter and Robert L. Scribner (eds.), Revolutionary Virginia. The Road to Independence, VII/2: Independence and the Fifth Convention, 1776. A Documentary Record, [Charlottesville, VA:] University of Virginia Press, 1983, 449–450. Spelling, capitalization, and punctuation follow the original manuscript. Obvious typographical errors have been tacitly corrected and have been left uncommented in the annotations. Typographical emphasis is represented as in the manuscript. The title does not appear in the original manuscript and was obviously inserted by the printer, who, changing “us” and “our” to “them” and “their”, adopted the title from the committee draft (A Declaration of Rights made by the representatives of the good people of Virginia [. . . ], [Williamsburg: Alexander Purdie, 1776], 1). Title also used in Ordinances, 3. The Declaration of Rights was adopted on June 12, 1776 and not submitted to the people. It survived all constitutional changes in Virginia in the first half of the nineteenth century, being incorporated in the Con-

stitutions of 1830 (q.v.) and of 1851 (q.v.), and thus remained in force up to the Civil War. 2 In Proceedings of the Convention, 100, “June 12,”. 3 Ibid., “nem. con.” with document title inserted between this sentence and first clause of the Declaration. In Postscript, 1, in Ordinances, 3, in Nicolson & Prentis print, 3, and in Tarter and Scribner (eds.), Revolutionary Virginia, 449, date and sentence missing. 4 In Tarter and Scribner (eds.), Revolutionary Virginia, 449, word missing. 5 In Postscript, 1, “on”. 6 In Ordinances, 4, and in Nicolson & Prentis print, 4, “judiciary”. 7 In Tarter and Scribner (eds.), Revolutionary Virginia, 449, “the”. 8 In Nicolson & Prentis print, 4, word missing. 9 Ibid., “The”. 10 In Postscript, 2, in Proceedings of the Convention, 102, in Ordinances, 5, and in Nicolson & Prentis print, 5, “governments”. 11 In Postscript, 2, “Edmund Pendleton, Pr. (A copy) John Tazewell, clerk of the Conv.” added.

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Constitution of Virginia (1776) A Constitution, or form of Government1

In a General Convention, Begun and holden at the Capitol, in the City of Williamsburg, on Monday the sixth day of May, one thousand seven hundred and seventy six, and continued, by adjournments2 to the ––– day of June3 following.4 A5 Constitution, or form of Government, agreed to and resolved upon by the Delegates and Representatives of the several Counties and Corporations of Virginia. Whereas George the Third, King of Great Britain and Ireland, and Elector of Hanover, heretofore intrusted with the exercise of the Kingly Office in this Government, hath endeavoured to pervert the same into a detestable and insupportable Tyranny, by putting his negative on laws the most wholesome and necessary for the publick good; by denying his Governours6 permission to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation for his assent, and, when so suspended, neglecting to attend to them for many years; by refusing to pass certain other laws, unless the persons7 to be benefited by them would relinquish the inestimable right of Representation in the legislature; by dissolving legislative assemblies repeatedly and continually, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions of the Rights of the people; when dissolved, by refusing to call others for a long space of time, thereby leaving the political system without any legislative head; by endeavouring to prevent the popula-

tion of our Country, and for that purpose, obstructing the laws for the naturalization of foreigners; by keeping among us, in times of peace, standing Armies and Ships of war; by affecting to render the Military independent of, and superiour to, the civil power; by combining with others to subject us to a foreign Jurisdiction, giving his assent to their pretended Acts of Legislation; for quartering large bodies of armed troops among us; for cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world; for imposing Taxes on us without our Consent; for depriving us of the Benefits of Trial by Jury; for transporting us beyond Seas, to be tried for pretended Offences; for suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all Cases whatsoever; by plundering our Seas, ravaging our Coasts, burning our Towns, and destroying the lives of our People; by inciting insurrections8 of our fellow subjects, with the allurements of forfeiture and confiscation; by prompting our Negroes to rise in Arms among us, those very negroes whom, by an inhuman use of his negative, he hath refused us permission to exclude by Law; by endeavouring to bring on the inhabitants of our Frontiers the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is

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V IRGINIA an undistinguished Destruction of all Ages, Sexes, and Conditions of Existence; by transporting, at this time, a large Army of foreign Mercenaries, to compleat the Works of Death, desolation, and Tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty and Perfidy unworthy the head of a civilized Nation; by answering our repeated Petitions for Redress with a Repetition of Injuries; and finally, by abandoning the Helm of Government, and declaring us out of his Allegiance and Protection; By which several Acts of Misrule, the Government of this Country, as formerly exercised under the Crown of Great Britain, is T OTALLY D ISSOLVED;9 We therefore, the Delegates and Representatives of the good People of Virginia, having maturely considered the Premises, and viewing with great concern the deplorable condition to which this once happy Country must be reduced, unless some regular adequate Mode of civil Polity is speedily adopted, and in Compliance with a Recommendation of the General Congress, do ordain and declare the future Form of Government of Virginia to be as followeth: The legislative, executive, and judiciary departments, shall be separate and distinct, so that neither exercise the Powers properly belonging to the other; nor shall any person exercise the powers10 of more than one of them at the same Time, except that the Justices of the County Courts shall be eligible to either House of Assembly. The legislative shall be formed of two distinct branches, who, together, shall be a complete Legislature. They shall meet once, or oftener, every year, and shall be called the G ENERAL A SSEMBLY O F V IRGINIA. One of these shall be called the H OUSE O F D ELEGATES, and consist of two Delegates or11 Representatives to be chosen for each County, and for the District of West Augusta, annually, of such Men as actually

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reside in and are freeholders of the same, or duly qualified according to Law, and also of12 one Delegate or Representative to be chosen annually for the City of Williamsburg, and one for the Borough of Norfolk, and a Representative for each of such other Cities and Boroughs, as may hereafter be allowed particular Representation by the legislature; but when any City or Borough shall so decrease as that the number of persons having right of suffrage therein shall have been for the space of seven years successively less than half the number of Voters in some one County in Virginia, such City or Borough thenceforward shall cease to send a Delegate or Representative to the Assembly. The other shall be called the S ENATE, and consist of twenty four members, of whom thirteen shall constitute a House to proceed on Business for whose election the different Counties shall be divided into twenty four districts, and each County of the respective District, at the time of the election of its Delegates, shall vote for one Senator, who is actually a resident and freeholder within the District, or duly qualified according to Law, and is upwards of twenty five years of age; And the sheriffs of each County, within five days at farthest after the last County election in the District, shall meet at some convenient place, and from the Poll so taken in their respective Counties return as a Senator the Man who shall have the greatest number of Votes in the whole District. To keep up this Assembly by rotation, the Districts shall be equally divided into four Classes, and numbered by Lot. At the end of one year after the General Election, the six Members elected by the first division shall be displaced, and the vacancies thereby occasioned supplied from such Class or division, by new Election, in the manner aforesaid. This Rotation shall be applied to each division, according to its number, and continued in

C ONSTITUTION OF V IRGINIA (1776) due order annually. The right of Suffrage in the Election of Members for both Houses shall remain as exercised at present, and each House shall choose its own Speaker, appoint its own Officers, settle its own rules of proceeding, and direct Writs of Election for supplying intermediate vacancies. All Laws shall originate in the House of Delegates, to be approved or rejected by the Senate, or to be amended with the Consent of the House of Delegates; except Money Bills, which in no instance shall be altered by the Senate, but wholly approved or rejected. A Governour, or chief Magistrate, shall be chosen annually, by joint Ballot of both Houses, to be taken in each House respectively, deposited in the Conference room, the Boxes examined jointly by a Committee of each House, and the numbers severally reported to them, that the appointments may be entered (which shall be the mode of taking the joint Ballot of both Houses in all Cases) who shall not continue in that office longer than three years successively, nor be eligible until the expiration of four years after he shall have been out of that office. An adequate, but moderate Salary, shall be settled on him during his Continuance in Office; and he shall, with the advice of a13 Council of State, exercise the Executive powers of Government according to the laws of this Commonwealth; and shall not, under any pretence, exercise any power or prerogative by virtue of any Law, statute, or Custom, of England: But he shall, with the advice of the Council of State, have the power of granting reprieves or pardons, except where the prosecution shall have been carried on by the House of Delegates, or the Law shall otherwise particularly direct; in which Cases, no reprieve or Pardon shall be granted but by resolve of the House of Delegates. Either House of the General Assembly

may adjourn themselves respectively. The Governour shall not prorogue or adjourn the Assembly during their setting14 , nor dissolve them at any Time; but he shall, if necessary, either by advice of the Council of State, or on application of a Majority of the House of Delegates, call them before the time to which they shall stand prorogued or adjourned. A Privy Council, or Council of State, consisting of eight Members, shall be chosen by joint Ballot of both Houses of Assembly, either from their own Members or the People at large, to assist in the Administration of Government. They shall annually choose out of their own Members, a President, who, in case of the death, inability, or necessary absence of the Governour from the Government15 , shall act as Lieutenant-Governour. Four Members shall be sufficient to act, and their Advice and proceedings shall be entered of Record, and signed by the Members present (to any part whereof any Member may enter his dissent,) to be laid before the General Assembly, when called for by them. This Council may appoint their own Clerk, who shall have a Salary settled by Law, and take an Oath of Secrecy in such matters as he shall be directed by the Board to conceal. A sum of Money appropriated to that purpose shall be divided annually among the Members, in proportion to their attendance; and they shall be incapable, during their continuance in Office, of sitting in either House of Assembly. Two Members shall be removed, by joint Ballot of both houses of Assembly at the end of every three years, and be ineligible for the three next years. These Vacancies, as well as those occasioned by death or incapacity, shall be supplied by new Elections, in the same manner. The Delegates for Virginia to the Continental Congress shall be chosen annually, or superseded in the mean time by joint Ballot of both Houses of Assembly.

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V IRGINIA The present Militia Officers shall be continued, and Vacancies supplied by appointment of the Governour, with the advice of the Privy Council, or16 recommendations17 from the respective County Courts; but the Governour and Council shall have a power of suspending any Officer, and ordering a Court-Martial on Complaint for18 misbehaviour or inability, or to supply Vacancies of Officers happening when in actual Service. The Governour may embody the Militia, with the advice of the Privy Council; and, when embodied, shall alone have the direction of the Militia under the laws of the Country. The two Houses of Assembly shall, by joint Ballot, appoint judges of the Supreme Court of Appeals, and General Court, Judges in Chancery, Judges of Admiralty, Secretary, and the Attorney-General, to be commissioned by the Governour, and continue in Office during good behaviour. In case of death, incapacity, or resignation, the Governour, with the advice of the Privy Council, shall appoint Persons to succeed in Office, to be approved or displaced by both Houses. These Officers shall have fixed and adequate Salaries, and, together with all others holding lucrative Offices, and all Ministers of the Gospel of every Denomination, be incapable of being elected Members of either House of Assembly, or the Privy Council. The Governour, with the Advice of the Privy Council, shall appoint Justices of the Peace for the Counties; and in case of Vacancies, or a19 necessity of increasing the number hereafter20 , such appointments to be made upon the recommendation of the respective County Courts. The present acting Secretary in Virginia, and Clerks of all the County Courts, shall continue in Office. In case of Vacancies, either by death, incapacity, or resignation, a Secretary shall be appointed as before directed, and the Clerks by the respective Courts. The present and

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future Clerks shall hold their Offices during good behaviour, to be judged of and determined in the General Court. The Sheriffs and Coroners shall be nominated by the respective Courts, approved by the Governour with the advice of the Privy Council, and commissioned by the Governour. The Justices shall appoint Constables, and all fees of the aforesaid Officers be regulated by law. The Governour, when he is out of Office, and others offending against the State, either by Mal-Administration, Corruption, or other Means, by which the safety of the State may be endangered, shall be impeachable by the House of Delegates. Such impeachment to be21 prosecuted by the Attorney-General, or such other Person or Persons as the House may appoint in the General Court, according to the laws of the Land. If found guilty, he or they shall be either for ever disabled22 to hold any Office under Government, or removed from such Office pro tempore, or subjected to such Pains or Penalties as the laws23 shall direct. If all, or any of the Judges of the General Court, should24 , on good grounds (to be judged of by the House of Delegates) be accused of any of the Crimes or Offences before-mentioned, such House of Delegates may, in like manner, impeach the Judge or Judges so accused, to be prosecuted in the Court of Appeals; and he or they, if found guilty, shall be punished in the same manner as is prescribed in the preceding Clause. Commissions and Grants shall run, In the name of the C OMMONWEALTH of V IR GINIA , and bear teste25 by the Governour, with the Seal of the Commonwealth annexed. Writs shall run in the same manner, and bear teste26 by the Clerks of the several Courts. Indictments shall conclude, Against the Peace and Dignity of the Commonwealth. A Treasurer shall be appointed annually,

C ONSTITUTION OF V IRGINIA (1776) by joint Ballot of both Houses. All escheats, penalties, and forfeitures, heretofore going to the King, shall go to the Commonwealth, save only such as the Legislature may abolish, or otherwise provide for. The27 territories contained within the Charters erecting the colonies of Maryland, Pennsylvania, North and South Carolina, are hereby ceded, released, and for ever confirmed to the People of those Colonies respectively, with all the rights of property, jurisdiction, and Government, and all other rights whatsoever which might at any time heretofore have been claimed by Virginia, except the free Navigation and use of the Rivers Potowmack and Pohomoke28 , with the property of the Virginia Shores or strands bordering on either of the said Rivers, and all improvements which have been or shall be made thereon. The western and northern extent of Virginia shall in all other respects stand as fixed by the Charter of King James the first, in the Year one thousand six hundred and nine, and by the publick Treaty of Peace between the Courts of Great Britain and France in the year one thousand seven hundred and sixty three; Unless, by Act of legislature, one or more Territories shall hereafter be laid off, and Governments29 established westward of the Allegheny30 mountains. And no purchases of Land31 shall be made of the Indian Natives but on behalf of the Publick, by authority of the General Assembly. In order to introduce this Government, the Representatives of the People met in Convention shall choose a Governour and Privy Council, also such other Officers directed to be chosen by both Houses as may be judged necessary to be immediately appointed. The Senate to be first chosen by the people, to continue until the last day of March next, and the other Officers until the end of the succeeding session of Assembly. In case of Vacancies, the Speaker of either

House shall issue writs for new Elections.

1

Verified by In a General Convention [. . . ]: The Constitution, or Form of Government [. . . ] of Virignia, [Williamsburg: Alexander Purdie, 1776], 2 p., and corrected according to the handwritten original as preserved in the State Records Collection of the Library of Virginia, Richmond VA. Also checked against the versions as published in Ordinances Passed at a General Convention of Delegates and Representatives, From the several Counties and Corporations of Virginia, Held at the Capitol, in the City of Williamsburg, on Monday the 6th of May, Anno Dom: 1776, Williamsburg: Printed by Alexander Purdie. Printer to the Commonwealth, [1776], 5–13, in The Constitution or form of Government Agreed to and Resolved Upon at a General Convention of the Delegates and Representatives Of the several Counties and Corporations of Virginia, Held at the Capitol in the City of Williamsburg, on Monday the Sixth of May, in the Year 1776, Richmond: Re-printed by Nicolson & Prentis, [s.a.,] 5–11, and in Brent Tarter and Robert L. Scribner (eds.), Revolutionary Virginia. The Road to Independence, VII/2: Independence and the Fifth Convention, 1776. A Documentary Record, [Charlottesville, VA:] University of Virginia Press, 1983, 649–654. Spelling, capitalization, and punctuation follow the original manuscript. Emphasis is given as in the manuscript. The Constitution was adopted by the convention on June 29, 1776 (cf. The Proceedings of the Convention of Delegates, Held at the Capitol, in the City of Williamsburg, in the Colony of Virginia, on Monday the 6th of May, 1776, Williamsburg: Printed by Alexander Purdie. Printer to the Commonwealth, [1776], 167) and was not submitted to the people. It remained in force until being replaced by the Constitution of Virginia of 1830 (q.v.), cf. John Dinan, The Virginia State Constitution. A Reference Guide (Reference Guides to the State Constitutions of the United States, no. 42, G. Alan Tarr, Series Editor), Westport, CT and London: Praeger, 2006, 1–3. 2 In In a General Convention, 1, “adjournment“. 3 Ibid., “July”. The final session of the Convention was on 5 July 1776, cf. Tarter and Scribner (eds.), Revolutionary Virginia, 706–709. 4 In Ordinances, 5, in Nicolson & Prentis print, 4, and in Tarter and Scribner (eds.), Revolutionary Virginia, 649, preceding lines missing. 5 In In a General Convention, 1, in Ordinances, 5, and in Nicolson & Prentis print, 5, “The”. 6 The consistent unusual spelling of “Governour” was due to a “u” inserted in the manuscript, together with additional corrections, when proofread before printing. It does not appear in the Tarter and Scribner edition, but the corrections were taken up in the Purdie (In a General Convention, and in Ordinances) and Nicolson & Prentis prints.

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V IRGINIA 7

In Nicolson & Prentis print, 6, “person”. Ibid., “insurrection”. 9 Already Carl Becker had suggested that the charges against the British king as listed in the preamble to the Virginia constitution “seem to have been copied” by Thomas Jefferson and went, “in many cases verbatim” into his draft and ultimately into the final version of the Declaration of Independence, adopted on July 4, 1776, cf. Carl Becker, The Declaration of Independence. A Study in the History of Political Ideas, 1922, repr. New York: Vintage Books, s.a., 137. 10 In Tarter and Scribner (eds.), Revolutionary Virginia, 650, “power”. 11 In In a General Convention, 1, in Ordinances, 7, and in Nicolson & Prentis print, 7, last two words missing. 12 In Ordinances, 8, and in Nicolson & Prentis print, 7, word missing. 13 In Nicolson & Prentis print, 8, “the”. 14 In In a General Convention, 1, in Ordinances, 9, and in Nicolson & Prentis print, 9, “sitting”. 15 In Tarter and Scribner (eds.), Revolutionary Virginia, 652, “from the Government” missing. 16 In In a General Convention, 1, and in Tarter and Scribner (eds.), Revolutionary Virginia, 652, “on”. 17 In Tarter and Scribner (eds.), Revolutionary Virginia, 652, “recommendation”. 18 In In a General Convention, 2, in Ordinances, 10, in Nicolson & Prentis print, 9, and in Tarter and Scribner 8

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(eds.), Revolutionary Virginia, 653, “of”. In Nicolson & Prentis print, 10, word missing. 20 In Tarter and Scribner (eds.), Revolutionary Virginia, 653, “thereafter”. 21 In Nicolson & Prentis print, 10, “shall be”. 22 Ibid., “be disabled”. In Ordinances, 11, “be” before “disabled” stricken out. 23 In In a General Convention, 2, in Ordinances, 11, in Nicolson & Prentis print, 10, and in Tarter and Scribner (eds.), Revolutionary Virginia, 653, “law”. 24 In Ordinances, 11, and in Nicolson & Prentis print, 10, “shall”. 25 In In a General Convention, 2, in Ordinances, 12, and in Nicolson & Prentis print, 11, “test”. 26 In In a General Convention, 2, in Ordinances, 12, and in Nicolson & Prentis print, 11, “test”. 27 In Tarter and Scribner (eds.), Revolutionary Virginia, 654, word missing. 28 In Nicolson & Prentis print, 11, “Pocomoke”. 29 In Tarter and Scribner (eds.), Revolutionary Virginia, 654, “Government”. 30 In Nicolson & Prentis print, 11, and in Tarter and Scribner (eds.), Revolutionary Virginia, 654, “Alleghany” as in manuscript before corrected to “Allegheny”. 31 In In a General Convention, 2, in Ordinances, 12, in Nicolson & Prentis print, 11, and in Tarter and Scribner (eds.), Revolutionary Virginia, 654, “lands”. 19

Constitution of Virginia (1830)

Verfassung von Virginia (1830)

[Bill of Rights and Constitution of Virginia]1

Die Sicherheits Acte [und die Verbesserte Constitution]1

A DECLARATION OF RIGHTS made by the Representatives of the good People of Virginia, assembled in full and free Convention; which rights do pertain to them, and their Posterity, as the basis and foundation of Government

Eine Erklärung vom Recht2 , gemacht durch die Stellvertreter (Representatives) des guten Volks von Virginien, versammelt in einer vollen und freien Convention, welches Recht ihnen und ihren Nachkommen angehörig ist, als der Grund und das Fundament von Regierungen.

{Unanimously adopted, June the twelfth, seven hundred and seventy six}

Einstimmig angenommen den 12ten Junius, 1776.

1. That all men are by nature equally free and independent, and have certain inherent rights, of which, when they enter into a state of society, they cannot, by any compact, deprive or divest their posterity; namely, the enjoyment of life and liberty, with the means of acquiring and possessing property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety.

1. Das alle Menschen von Natur gleich frei und unabhängig sind, und ein gewißes erbliches Recht3 haben, von welchen wann sie in einem Stande von Gesellschaft treten, sie, durch keinen Vertrag ihren Nachkommen weder rauben noch benehmen können: nemlich, den Genuß des Lebens und der Freiheit, und die Mittel, der Erwerbung und des Besitzes vom Eigenthum und des Trachtens nach Glückseligkeit und Sicherheit.

2. That all power is vested in, and consequently derived from, the people; that Magistrates are their trustees and servants, and at all times amenable to them.

2. Das alle Gewalt sich befindet im Volk, und folglich vom Volck hergeleitet wird; und daß die Obrigkeit ihre Bevollmächtigten und Bedienten sind, und zu allen Zeiten verantwortlich zu ihnen seyn.

3. That government is, or ought to be, instituted for the common benefit, protec-

3. Daß die Regierung ist, oder sollte verordnet seyn zum gemeinen Nutzen, Schutz

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V IRGINIA tion and security, of the people, nation, or community: of all the various modes and forms of government, that is best, which is capable of producing the greatest degree of happiness and safety, and is most effectually secured, against the danger of maladministration; and that when any government shall be found inadequate or contrary to these purposes, a majority of the community hath an indubitable, unalienable, and indefeasible right, to reform, alter, or abolish it, in such manner as shall be judged most conducive to the public weal.

und Sicherheit für das Volk, Nation oder Bürgerschaft: von allen den unterschiedlichen Arten, und Forms von Regierungen, ist ein solches das Beste, welches fähig ist den höchsten Grad zu erreichen in der Hervorbringung von Glückseligkeit und Sicherheit, und welches auf das wirksamste gesichert ist gegen üble Verwaltung; und daß, wenn einige Regierung sollte unvollständig, oder das Gegentheil von diesem Entzwecken seyn sollte, so hat die Mehrheit von der Gemeinheit, ohne allen Zweifel, das unveräußerte Recht zur Verbesserung, Veränderung oder Aufhebung, auf solche Art und Weise, als es daß Nürtzlichste zu seyn erachtet wird, zum besten des Allgemeinen.

4. That no man, or set of men, are entitled to exclusive or separate emoluments or privileges from the community, but in consideration of public services; which not being descendible, neither ought the offices of Magistrate, Legislator, or Judge, to be hereditary.

4. Daß kein Mann, oder eine gewiße Parthei von Menschen ausschlieslich und besonders berechtiget seyn, zu gewißen Einkünften und Privilegien von der Gemeinheit, als nur für publike Dienste, welches nicht herkünftlich ist, noch auch, daß die Aemter von Rathsherrn, Gesetzgebern oder Richtern, erblich seyn sollten.

5. That the Legislative and Executive powers of the State should be separate and distinct from the Judiciary; and that the members of the two first may be restrained from oppression, by feeling and participating the burthens of the people, they should, at fixed periods, be reduced to a private station, return into that body from which they were originally taken, and the vacancies be supplied by frequent, certain, and regular elections, in which all, or any part of, the former members to be again eligible, or ineligible, as the laws shall direct.

5. Daß die gesetzgebende und vollziehende Gewalt des Staats, sollte von der Richterlichen getrennt und unterschieden seyn; und das die Glieder von den beiden ersten, mögen von Unterdrückung zurück gehalten werden, durch Fühlen und Theilnehmen an den Lasten des Volks, sollten sie zu festgesetzten Zeiten in dem Privat-Stande zurück treten, unter der Gesammtschaft von welchen sie anfänglich genommen worden, und die erledigten Stellen sollen durch oftmalige, gewiße und regelmäßige Wahlen wieder besetzt werden, in welchen alle, oder ein Theil der vorigen Glieder wieder wahlfähig oder nicht wahlfähig seyn welches die Gesetze bestimmen.

6. That elections of members to serve as representatives of the people, in Assembly, ought to be free; and that all men, having sufficient evidence of permanent common

6. Daß die Wahl für Glieder, um als Stellvertreter des Volks zu dienen, sollten frei seyn; und daß ein jeder Mann, der eine hinlänglichen Beweiß hat von beständigen ge-

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C ONSTITUTION OF V IRGINIA (1830) interest with, and attachment to, the community, have the right of suffrage, and cannot be taxed, or deprived of their property for public uses, without their own consent, or that of their representatives so elected, nor bound by any law to which they have not, in like manner, assented, for the public good.

mein Vortheil4 , nur, und Anhänglichkeit zu der Gemeinheit, daß Recht habe seine Stimme zu geben und kann nicht getaxet oder seines Vermögens beraubet werden zum publicken Gebrauch, ohne seine Einwilligung, oder dessen von ihren so erwählten Representaten, oder gebunden bei einigem Gesetz zu welchen er nicht, auf gleiche Art, seine Einwilligung sollte geben haben, zum wohl der Gemeinheit.

7. That all power of suspending laws, or the execution of laws, by any authority, without consent of the representatives of the people, is injurious to their rights, and ought not to be exercised.

7. Daß alle Gewalt, Gesetze aufzuschieben, oder Gesetze zu vollziehen, durch einiges Oberrecht5 , ohne die Bewilligung der Stellvertreter des Volkes, beleidigung ihrer Rechte ist, und nicht geübet werden sollte.

8. That, in all capital or criminal prosecutions, a man hath a right to demand the cause and nature of his accusation, to be confronted with the accusers and witnesses, to call for evidence in his favor, and to a speedy trial by an impartial jury of his vicinage, without whose unanimous consent he cannot be found guilty; nor can he be compelled to give evidence against himself; that no man be deprived of his liberty, except by the law of the land, or the judgment of his peers.

8. Daß in allen Anklagungen von peinlich oder strafbaren Verbrechen, ein Mann das Recht habe, die Ursache, Natur und Beschaffenheit seiner Anklagungen zu fordern, seinen Ankläger und Zeugen gegenüber gestellet zu werder, Zeugniß auf seiner Seite einberuffe, und zu einer baldigen Untersuchung, in seiner Nähe bei einer unpartheyischen Jury, ohne derrer einmüthige Einwilligung er nicht gültig gefunden werden kann; noch daß er gezwungen werden kann, Zeugniß gegen sich selbst zu geben; daß kein Mann seiner Freiheit kann beraubet werden, als nur durch (solche) Gesetze des Landes, und den richterlichen Aussprach ihrer Herrn (Peers.)

9. That excessive bail ought not to be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments2 inflicted.

9. Daß übermäßige Bürgschaft nicht gefordert werden sollte, nach auch allzugroße Geldbuße aufgeleget, oder mit greulichen und ungewöhnlichen Strafen zu belegen.

10. That general warrants, whereby an officer or messenger may be commanded to search suspected places without evidence of a fact committed, or to seize any person or persons not named, or whose offence is not particularly described, and supported by evidence, are grievous and oppressive, and ought not to be granted.

10. Daß allgemeine Vollmachten, dadurch ein Beamter oder Gesannte, berechtiget ist, an verdächtigen Plätzen Nachsuchungen anzustellen, ohne Beweiß einer begangenen Sache, oder einige Person oder Personen sich zu bemächtigen, nicht genannt, und dessen Verbrechen nicht besonders angegeben, noch durch Zeugnisse unterstützet wird, ist kränkend und unterdrückend, und sollte nicht gegeben werden. 93

V IRGINIA 11. That, in controversies respecting property, and in suits between man and man, the ancient trial by jury is preferable to any other, and ought to be held sacred.

11. Daß in Streitigkeit wegen Eigenthum und in Rechtsklagen, zwischen Mann und Mann, der allte Gebrauch der Unersuchung durch Jury einiger andern vorzuziehen ist und unverbrüchlich fortgehalten werden sollte.

12. That the freedom of the press is one of the great bulwarks of liberty, and can never be restrained but by despotic governments.

12. Daß die Freiheit der Presse, eins der größen Schützwehre der Freiheit ist und niemals einhalt gethan werden kann, als nur durch despotische Regierungen.

13. That a well regulated militia, composed of the body of the people, trained to arms, is the proper, natural and safe defence of a free state; that standing armies in time of peace, should be avoided as dangerous to liberty; and that, in all cases, the military should be under strict subordination to, and governed by, the civil power.

13. Daß eine wohl eingerichtete Militz, geordnet unter und aus der Maaße des Volks und in den Waffen geübet, die tauglichste, natürlichste und sicherste Vertheidigung eines freien Staates ist, daß stehende Armeen in Friedenszeiten sollte vermeiden werden, als Gefahrvoll für die Freiheit und daß in jeglichen Fall, die Militz der bürgerlichen Gewalt sollte untergeordnet sein, und von derselben regieret werde.

14. That the people have a right to uniform government; and therefore, that no government separate from, or independent of, the government of Virginia, ought to be erected or established within the limits thereof.

14. Daß das Volk ein Recht hat zur einförmigen Regierung und daß deßwegen keine getrente unabhängige Regierung, in dem Bezirke der Regierung von Virginien, sollte errichtet werden oder Statt finden.

15. That no free government, or the blessing of liberty, can be preserved to any people, but by a firm adherence to justice, moderation, temperance, frugality, and virtue, and by frequent recurrence to fundamental principles.

15. Daß keine freie Regierung, oder den Segen der Freiheit, bei keinen Volk kann fortwährend erhalten werden, als nur durch eine feste Anhänglichkeit zur Gerechtigkeit, Mäßigung, Nüchternheit, Häuslichkeit und Tugend, und einer oftmaligen Wiederkehr zu wesentlichen Grundsätzen.

16. That religion, or the duty which we owe to our Creator, and the manner of discharging it, can be directed only by reason and conviction, not by force or violence; and, therefore, all men are equally entitled to the free exercise of religion, according to the dictates of conscience; and that it is the mutual duty of all to practise Christian forbearance, love, and charity, towards each other.

16. Das Religion, oder die Pflichten welche wir unsern Schöpfer schuldig sind, und die Art und Weise selbige zu entrichten, nur allein Eingeleittet werden kann, durch Vernunft und Ueberlegung und nicht durch Gewalt oder Zwang: und um des willen sind alle Menschen gleich berechtiget zu einer freien Religionsübung, nach den Eingebungen ihres Gewissens; und daß es die gegenseitige Pflicht ist von allem, die Uebung der

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V ERFASSUNG VON V IRGINIA (1830) christlichen Nachsicht, der Liebe und des Wohlwollens, ge-6

AN AMENDED CONSTITUTION

DIE VERBESSERTE CONSTITUTION

OR

ODER

FORM OF GOVERNMENT FOR VIRGINIA3

REGIERUNGSFORM FÜR VIRGINIA Angenommen den 14ten Januar, 1830

W HEREAS the Delegates and Representatives of the good people of Virginia, in Convention assembled, on the twenty ninth day4 of June, in the year of our Lord one Thousand seven hundred and seventy six – reciting and declaring that whereas George the Third, King of Great Britain and Ireland and Elector of Hanover, before that time entrusted with the exercise of the kingly office in the Government of Virginia, had endeavoured to pervert the same into a detestable and insupportable tyranny, by putting his negative on laws the most wholesome and necessary for the public good; by denying his Governors permission to pass laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation for his assent, and, when so suspended, neglecting to attend to them for many years; by refusing to pass certain other laws, unless the persons to be benefitted by them would relinquish the most5 inestimable right of representation in the Legislature; by dissolving legislative assemblies, repeatedly and continually, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions of the rights of the people; when dissolved, by refusing to call others for a long space of time, thereby leaving the political system without any Legislative head;

Sintemal die Abgeordneten und Stellvertretter des guten Volks von Virginien in Zusammenkunft sich versammelt den 29sten Tag Junius, in dem Jahr unsers Herrn: Ein tausend sieben hundert und sechs und siebenzig. Wiederholend und erklärend, daß, weil Georg der dritte, König von Großbritanien und Irland, und Churfürst von Hanover, die Königliche Hoheit ist anvertrauet worden in der Beherrschung von Virginia, und weil er sich bestrebte dieselbe zu verkehren in abscheuliche und unerträgliche Tyraney, indem er auf solche Gesetze die für daß gemeine Beste heilsam und nothwendig sind, seine Verneinung sezte; durch Verneinung seinen Governörs Erlaubniß zu geben, Gesetze zu paßiren von unmittelbarer und dringender Wichtigkeit, es sey den, daß sie, im betref seiner Bewilligung in ihrer Wirckungen verzögert worden, und so aufgeschoben, hat er die Abwartung desselben versäumet für vielen Jahren; durch Verweigerung, gewisse andere Gesetze zu paßiren, es währe den, daß Personen denen es zum Nutzen gereichte, das unschätzbare Recht die Stellvertretung in der Gesetzgebung7 aufgäben; durch mehrmalige, und fortwährende Auflösungen Gesetzgebender Versammlungen, um, in seinen Widerstand mit mänlicher Fes-

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V IRGINIA by endeavouring to prevent the population of our Country, and, for that purpose, obstructing the laws for the naturalization of foreigners; by keeping among us, in time of peace, standing armies and ships of war; by affecting to render the military independent of, and superior to, the civil power; by combining with others to subject us to a foreign jurisdiction, giving his assent to their pretended acts of legislation, for quartering large bodies of armed troops among us, for cutting off our trade with all parts of the world, for imposing taxes on us without our consent, for depriving us of the benefits of the trial by jury, for transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offences, for suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever; by plundering our seas, ravaging our Coasts, burning our towns, and destroying the lives of our people; by inciting insurrections of our fellow subjects with the allurements of forfeiture and confiscation; by prompting our negroes to rise in arms among us, those very negroes, whom, by an inhuman use of his negative, he had refused us permission to exclude by law; by endeavouring to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and condition6 of existence; by transporting hither a large army of foreign mercenaries, to complete the work of death, desolation and tyranny, then already begun, with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy unworthy the head of a civilized nation; by answering our repeated petitions for redress with a7 repetition of injuries; and finally, by abandoning the helm of government, and declaring us out of his allegiance and protection; by which several acts of misrule, the government of this Country, as before exercised under the Crown of Great Britain, was totally dissolved ––– did, therefore, having maturely considered the premises, and

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tigkeit die Rechte des Volks zu kränken8 , und wann aufgelöset, sich geweigert, andere zusammen zu beruffen, für eine lange zeit, wodurch die politische Einrichtung ohne einiges Gesetzgebendes Haupt, gelassen; durch bestreben die Bevölkerung des Landes zu verhüten, und zu dem Entzweck die Naturalisirung der Fremden, durch Gesetze verhindert; durch Haltung stehenden Armeen und Krieges-Schiffe unter uns, in Friedens-Zeiten; durch nachtrachten, das Militär unabhängig zu machen von der bürgerlichen Gewalt, und über dasselbe zu erheben; durch Verbindung mit andern, um uns einer fremden Gerichtsbarkeit zu unterwerffen, seine Einwilligung zu derren vorgeblichen Acten von Gesetzgebung, für Einquartirung eines grossen Theils bewaffneter Truppen unter uns; für Abschneidung unsers Handels, mit allen Theilen der Welt; für Auflegung von Taxen unter uns, ohne unsere Bewilligung; für Beraubung des Vortheils, vom gerichtlichen Verhör durch Jurys; für Ueberschiffung unsere Leute jenseit der See, um daselbst über vorgegebene Verbrechen gerichtlich verhöret zu werden; für Ausschliessung unserer eigenen Gesetzgebers, und sich selbst erklärend, daß er mit der Macht versehen sey uns in jeder Sache Gesetze zu geben; für Beraubung unserer Seen, Verwüstung unserer Küsten, Verbrennung unserer Städte und das Leben unserer Leute zu zerstören; für den Antrieb zur Empörung für unsere Mitt-Unterthanen mit der Anlockung von Verwirckung und Einziehung derrer Güther; für Eingebung unsern Negern, daß sie sich in Waffen gegen uns auflegen, diese nehmliche Neger, welche er durch einen unmenschlichen Gebrauch von seiner Verneinnung, uns nicht gestattete, die Erlaubniß zu haben, dieselbe auszuschliessen durch Gesetze; für Bestrebung, die unbarmherzigen indianischen Barbaren, aufzuwingeln, gegen die Einwohner von unsere Gränzen derren kriegführende Regel, wie bekannt, Todt und Verderben ist, ohne

C ONSTITUTION OF V IRGINIA (1830) viewing with great concern the deplorable condition to which this once happy country would be reduced, unless some regular adequate mode of civil polity should be speedily adopted, and in compliance with the recommendation of the General Congress, ordain and declare a form of government of Virginia: A ND WHEREAS the General Assembly of Virginia, by an Act passed on the tenth day of February, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and twenty nine, entitled an Act to organize a Convention, did authorize and provide for the election, by the people, of Delegates and Representatives, to meet and assemble, in General Convention, at the Capitol in the City of Richmond, on the first monday of October in the year last aforesaid, to consider, discuss and propose, a new Constitution, or alterations and amendments of the existing constitution of this Commonwealth, to be submitted to the people, and to be by them ratified or rejected: W E, THERE FORE, the Delegates and Representatives of the good people of Virginia, elected and in Convention assembled, in pursuance of the said Act of Assembly do submit and propose to the people, the following amended Constitution and Form of Government for this Commonwealth, that is to say:

Unterschied wes Allters, Geschlechts oder Standes sie sind; durch Ueberschiffung hieher, eine grosse Armee von fremden Lohnknechten, um das Werk des Todes zu vollenden, Verwüstung und Tyraney, bereits schon angefangen unter einen Zustand von Greuel und Treulosigkeit, unwürdig des Haupts einer civilisirten Nation; für Beantwortung unserer widerholten Bittschriften für Linderung, mit widerholten Beleidigungen; und endlich, das Ruder der Regierung verlassend und uns ausser seiner Huld und Schutz zu erklären; durch welches mehrer unordentliche Acten, die die Obrigkeit dieses Landes vorher geübet hat unter der Krone von Groß Brittanien, gänzlich aufgelöset worden: haben deswegen nach reiflicher Erwegung des vorhergenden und unter großer Bekümmerniß, anblickend den beklagenswerthen Zustand, zu welchen dies einst glückliche Land herunter kommen werde, es währe den, daß einige regelmäßige, angemessene Art von bürgerliche Regierung schleunig angenommen würde, und mit der Willfahrung und Empfehlung des General Congresses, einen Regierungsform für Verginien zu erklären und anzuordnen. Und weil die General Assembly von Verginien, durch eine Acte paßiret den 10ten Tag February, im Jahr unsers Herrn ein tausend acht hundert und neun und zwanzig, betittelt, eine Acte zur Einrichtung einer Convention, hat bevollmächtiget und bestimmet, durch das Volk eine Wahl zu halten, für Abgeordnete und Stellvertretter, sich zu versammlen in einer Allgemeinen Zusammenkunft (General Convention) in dem Capitol in der Stadt Richmond, auf den 1sten Montag October, in dem vorbenanten Jahr, zur Erwegung, Erörterung und Entwerffung einer neuen Constitution, oder die jetzige Constitution des gemeinen Wesens9 zu verändern und verbessern, und dann dem Volk zu überlassen dieselbe zu bestättigen oder zu verwerffen. Derowegen, wir, die Abgeordenten und

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V IRGINIA Stellvertretter des guten Volks von Virginia, erwählt, und in Convention versammelt, der besagte Acte von der Assembly gemäß, thun hiermit dem Volk die folgende verbesserte Constitution und Regierungsform vorschlagen und überlassen, daß ist zu sagen:

Article First

Artikel I

The Declaration of Rights, made on the twelfth day of June one thousand seven hundred and seventy six8 , by the representatives of the good people of Virginia, assembled in full and free Convention, which pertained to them and their posterity, as the basis and foundation of Government, requiring, in the opinion of this Convention, no amendment, shall be prefixed to this Constitution, and have the same relation thereto as it had to the former Constitution of this Commonwealth.

Die Erklärung des Rechts, welche gemacht worden den 12ten Juny 1776, durch die Stellvertretter des guten Volks von Verginia, versammelt in einer vollen und freyen Zusammenkunft (Convention) betreffend Ihnen und ihren Nachkommen als der Grund und Fundament der Regierung, bedarf, in der Meinung dieser Convention, keine Verbesserung, und soll dieser Constitution voran gesetzet werden, und soll die nemliche Beziehung darauf haben, welche es hatte in der vorigen Constitution des gemeinen Wesens.

Article Second

Artikel II

The Legislative, Executive and Judiciary Departments, shall be separate and distinct, so that neither exercise the powers properly belonging to either of the others; nor shall any person exercise the powers of more than one of them at the same time, except that the Justices of the County Courts shall be eligible to either House of Assembly.

Der Gesetzgebende, Vollziehende und Richterliche Fach, soll jegliches besonders und unterschieden seyn, so daß keiner die Macht ausüben kan, welche eigentlich einer andern angehöret; noch auch soll keine Person die Macht ausüben von mehr als eins von diesem zur nemlichen Zeit, ausgenommen daß die Friedens Richter von denen County Courten, wahlfähig sind zu einigem Hause der Assembly.

ArticleThird

Artikel III

1. The Legislature shall be formed of two distinct branches, which together shall be a complete Legislature, and shall be called the General Assembly of Virginia.

1. Die Gesetzgebende Macht soll in zwey unterschiedlichen Zweigen eingetheilet werden, welche zusammen eine völlige Gesetzgebende Macht ist, und soll genannt werden: die General Assembly von Virginien.

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V ERFASSUNG VON V IRGINIA (1830) 2. One of these shall be called the House of Delegates, and shall consist of one hundred and thirty four members, to be chosen, annually, for and by the several counties, cities, towns and boroughs, of the Commonwealth; whereof thirty one Delegates shall be chosen for and by the twenty six Counties lying West of the Alleghany mountains; twenty five, for and by the fourteen Counties lying between the Alleghany and Blue Ridge of mountains; forty two for and by the twenty nine Counties lying East of the Blue Ridge of mountains and above tidewater; and thirty six, for and by the Counties, cities, towns and boroughs, lying upon tide-water; that is to say: Of the twenty six Counties lying West of the Alleghany, the Counties of Harrison, Montgomery, Monongalia, Ohio and Washington, shall each elect two Delegates; and the Counties of Brooke, Cabell, Grayson, Greenbrier, Giles, Kanawha, Lee, Lewis, Logan, Mason, Monroe, Nicholas, Pocahontas, Preston, Randolph, Russell, Scott, Tazewell, Tyler, Wood and Wythe, shall each elect one Delegate: Of the fourteen Counties lying between the Alleghany and Blue Ridge, the Counties of Frederick and Shenandoah shall each elect three Delegates, the Counties of Augusta, Berkeley, Botetourt, Hampshire, Jefferson, Rockingham and Rockbridge shall each elect two Delegates; and the Counties of Alleghany, Bath, Hardy, Morgan and Pendleton, shall each elect one Delegate: Of the twenty nine Counties lying East of the Blue Ridge and above tidewater the County of Loudoun shall elect three Delegates; the Counties of Albemarle, Bedford, Brunswick, Buckingham, Campbell, Culpeper, Fauquier, Franklin, Halifax, Mecklenburg and Pittsylvania, shall each elect two Delegates; and the Counties of Amelia, Amherst, Charlotte, Cumberland, Dinwiddie, Fluvanna, Goochland, Henry, Louisa, Lunenburg, Madison, Nelson, Nottoway, Orange, Patrick, Powhatan

2. Eins von diesen soll genannt werden, das Haus der Abgeordneten, (Delegates) und soll aus Ein Hundert und Vier und Dreißig Gliedern bestehen, welche jährlich erwählet, für, und bey den unterschiedlichen Caunties, Cities, Städte und Flecken (Boroughs) des gemeinen Wesens (Commonwealth); davon Ein und Dreizig, Abgeordnete sollen gewählet werden, für, und bey den Sechs und Zwanzig Cauntys, westlich liegend von den Alleghäny Bergen, Fünf und Zwanzig, für, und bey den Vierzehn Cauntys, liegend zwischen den Alleghäny und blauen Bergen; Zwey und Vierzig, für, und bey den Neun und Zwanzig Cauntys, liegend östlich von den blauen Bergen, und über die Fluth und Ebbe (tide water) und Sechs und Dreizig, für, und bey den Cauntys, Cities, Städte und Flecken, liegend unter der Fluth und Ebbe, daß ist zu sagen: von den Sechs und Zwanzig Cauntys westlich liegend von der Alleghäny, die Cauntys von Harrison, Montgomery, Manongalia, Ohio und Waschington, soll jedes zwey Abgeordnete erwählen; und die Cauntys von Brooke, Cäbell, Gräysen, Greenbreier, Giles, Kanawha, Lee, Lewis, Logan, Mäson, Monroe, Nicholas, Pocahontas, Preston, Randolph, Rüssel, Scott, Täzewell, Tyler, Wood und Wythe, soll jedes einen Abgeordneten erwählen; von den vierzehn Cauntys, zwischen den Alleghäny und blauen Berge, die Cauntys von Friderick und Schenandoah, soll jedes drey Abgeordnete erwählen; die Cauntys von Augusta, Berckely, Botetourt, Hampschire, Jefferson, Rockingham und Rockbridge, soll jegliches zwey Abgeordnete erwählen; die Cauntys von Alleghäny, Bath, Hardy, Morgan und Pendleton soll jegliches einen Abgeordneten erwählen; von den Neun und Zwanzig Cauntys, östlich liegend von den blauen Bergen, und über die Fluth und Ebbe, das County von Laudoun soll drey Abgeordnete erwählen; die Cauntys von Albemarle, Bedford, Brunswick, Buckingham, Cämpbell, Cülpeper,

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V IRGINIA and Prince Edward, shall each elect one Delegate: And of the Counties, cities, towns and boroughs, lying on tide-water, the Counties of Accomack9 and Norfolk shall each elect two Delegates; the Counties of Caroline, Chesterfield, Essex, Fairfax, Greensville10 , Gloucester, Hanover, Henrico, Isle of Wight, King and Queen, King William, King George, Nansemond, Northumberland, Northampton, Princess Anne, Prince George, Prince William, Southampton, Spottsylvania, Stafford, Sussex, Surry and Westmoreland, and the city of Richmond, the borough of Norfolk, and the town of Petersburg, shall each elect one Delegate; the Counties of Lancaster and Richmond, shall together elect one Delegate; the Counties of Matthews11 and Middlesex, shall together elect one Delegate; the Counties of Elizabeth City and Warwick shall together elect one Delegate; the Counties of James City and York, and the City of Williamsburg, shall together elect one Delegate; and the Counties of New Kent and Charles City shall together elect one Delegate.

Fauquier, Franklin, Halifäx, Mecklenburg und Pittsylvania soll jegliches zwey Abgeordneten erwählen; und die Cauntys von Amelia, Amherst, Charlotte, Cumberland, Dinwiddie, Fluvanna, Goochland, Henry, Louisä, Lünenburg, Madison, Nelson, Nottowäy, Orange, Patrick, Powhatan und Prins Edward soll jedes einen Abgeordneten erwählen; und die Cauntys, Cities, Städte und Flecken, liegend unter der Fluth und Ebbe, die Cauntys von Accomäck und Norfolk soll jedes zwey Abgeordnete erwählen; die Cauntys von Caroline, Chesterfields, Essex, Fäirfax, Greenesville, Gloucester, Hanover, Henrico, Isle of Wight, King und Queen, King William, King George, Nansemond, Northampton, Princeß Anne, Prince George, Prince William, Southampton, Spottsylvania, Stafford, Sussex, Surry und Westmoreland, und die City von Richmond, der Flecken von Norfolk, und die Stadt von Petersburg, soll jegliches einen Abgeordneten erwählen; die Cauntys von Lancaster und Richmond sollen zusammen einen Abgeordneten erwählen; die Cauntys von Matthews und Middlesex sollen zusammen einen Abgeordneten erwählen; die Cauntys von Eliesabeth-City und Warwick soll zusammen einen Abgeordneten erwählen; die Cauntys von Jämes-City, York und die CityWilliamsburg soll zusammen einen Abgeordneten erwählen; und die Cauntys NeuKent und Charles-City soll zusammen einen Abgeordneten erwählen:

3. The other House of the General Assembly shall be called the Senate, and shall consist of thirty two members, of whom thirteen shall be chosen for and by the Counties lying West of the Blue Ridge of mountains and nineteen for and by the Counties, cities, towns and boroughs, lying East thereof; and for the election of whom, the Counties, cities, towns and boroughs, shall be divided into thirty two districts, as herein after provided. Each county of the respec-

3. Daß andere Haus von der General Assembly soll genannt werden der Senat, und soll aus Zwey und Dreizig Gliedern bestehen, von welchen Dreizehn erwählt werden sollen, für, und bey den Cauntys, westlich liegend von den blauen Bergen, und Neunzehen, für, und bey den Cauntys, Cities, Städte und Flecken östlich davon liegend, und für die Wahl, für welche die Cauntys, Cities Städte und Flecken sollen eingetheilet werden in Zwey und Dreyzig Districts, als wie hier-

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C ONSTITUTION OF V IRGINIA (1830) tive districts at the time of the first election of its Delegate or Delegates under this Constitution, shall vote for one Senator; and the Sheriffs or other Officers holding the election for each County, city, town or borough, within five days at farthest after the last County, city, town or borough election in the district, shall meet at some convenient place, and from the polls so taken in their respective counties, cities, towns or boroughs, return as a Senator the person who shall have the greatest number of votes in the whole district. To keep up this Assembly by rotation, the districts shall be equally divided into four classes, and numbered by lot. At the end of one year after the first general election the eight members elected by the first division shall be displaced and the vacancies thereby occasioned, supplied from such class or division by new election in the manner aforesaid. This rotation shall be applied to each division according to its number, and continued in due order annually. And for the election of Senators, the counties of Brooke, Ohio and Tyler, shall form one district; the counties of Monongalia, Preston and Randolph shall form another district; the Counties of Harrison, Lewis and Wood, shall form another district; the Counties of Kanawha, Mason, Cabell, Logan and Nicholas shall form another district; the Counties of Greenbrier, Monroe, Giles and Montgomery, shall form another district; the Counties of Tazewell, Wythe and Grayson shall form another district; the Counties of Washington, Russell, Scott and Lee shall form another district; the Counties of Berkeley, Morgan and Hampshire shall form another district; the Counties of Frederick and Jefferson shall form another district; the Counties of Shenandoah and Hardy shall form another district; the Counties of Rockingham and Pendleton shall form another district; the Counties of Augusta and Rockbridge shall form another district; the Counties of Alleghany,

in nachher bestimmet ist. Jegliches Caunty von den besondern Districte, zur Zeit der ersten Erwählung ihrer Abgeordnete oder Abgeordneten unter dieser Constitution, soll für einen Senator stimmen, und die Scheriffs oder andere Beamten, welche die Wahl halten, für jedes Caunty, City, Stadt oder Flecken, aufs längste in den Verlauff von fünf Tagen, nachdem daß lezte Caunty, City, Städte oder Flecken die Wahl gehalten in demselben District, und sollen an einen bequemen Platz sich versammeln und von der so genommenen Stimmenzahl10 in derren besonderen Cauntys, Cities, Städte und Flecken, und sollen diejenige Personen als Senatoren angeben, welcher in dem ganzen District die grösseste Zahl von Stimmen haben. Um die Assembly wechselweise aufzuhalten, sollen die Districte gleichmäßig eingetheilet werden in vier Classen, und numberiert durch Loos. An dem Ende von einem Jahre nach der ersten allgemeinen Wahl die Acht erwählten Glieder, bey der ersten Abtheilung sollen abgesezt, und die dadurch erledigten Stellen, sollen in solchen Classen oder Abtheilungen durch neue Wahlen wieder ersezt werden, auf die Art wie zuvor gesagt. – Diese Wechselweise soll in jeder Abtheilung angewant werden, in Gemäsheit ihrer Zahl, in gebührender Ordnung, jährlich. Und für die Erwählung der Senatoren, die Cauntys von Brooke Ohio und Tyler soll einen District machen: die Cauntys von Monongalia, Preston und Randolph soll einen andern District machen: die Cauntys von Harrison, Lewis und Wood, soll einen andern District machen: die Cauntys von Kanawha, Mäson, Cäbell, Logan und Nicholas soll einen andern Dirstrict machen: die Cauntys von Greenbreier, Monroe, Giles und Montgomery soll einen anderen District machen: die Cauntys von Täzewell, Wythe und Gräyson soll einen andern District machen: die Cauntys von Waschington, Rüssel, Scott und Lee soll einen andern District machen: die Cauntys von Berkeley,

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V IRGINIA Bath, Pocahontas and Botetourt, shall form another district; the Counties of Loudoun and Fairfax shall form another district; the Counties of Fauquier and Prince William shall form another district; the Counties of Stafford, King George, Westmoreland, Richmond, Lancaster and Northumberland, shall form another district; the Counties of Culpeper, Madison, and Orange, shall form another district; the Counties of Albemarle, Nelson and Amherst, shall form another district; the Counties of Fluvanna, Goochland, Louisa and Hanover shall form another district; the Counties of Spottsylvania, Caroline and Essex, shall form another district; the Counties of King and Queen, King William, Gloucester, Matthews12 and Middlesex shall form another district; the Counties of Accomack13 , Northampton, Elizabeth City, York and Warwick, and the city of Williamsburg, shall form another district; the Counties of Charles City, James City, New Kent and Henrico, and the city of Richmond shall form another district; the Counties of Bedford and Franklin shall form another district; the Counties of Buckingham, Campbell and Cumberland, shall form another district; the counties of Patrick, Henry and Pittsylvania, shall form another district; the Counties of Halifax and Mecklenburg shall form another district; the Counties of Charlotte, Lunenburg, Nottoway and Prince Edward, shall form another district; the Counties of Amelia, Powhatan and Chesterfield, and the town of Petersburg, shall form another district; the Counties of Brunswick, Dinwiddie, and Greensville14 , shall form another district; the Counties of Isle of Wight, Prince George, Southampton, Surry and Sussex, shall form another district; and the counties of Norfolk, Nansemond and Princess Anne, and the borough of Norfolk, shall form another district.

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Morgan und Hampschire soll einen andern District machen: die Cauntys von Friderick und Jefferson soll einen andern District machen: die Cauntys von Schenandoah und Hardy soll einen andern District machen: die Cauntys von Rockingham und Pendelton soll einen andern District machen: die Cauntys von Augusta und Rockbridge soll einen andern District machen: die Cauntys von Alleghäny, Bath, Pocahontas und Botetourt soll einen andern District machen: die Cauntys von Loudoun und Fairfäx soll einen andern District machen; die Cauntys von Fauquier und Prince-William soll einen andern District machen: die Cauntys von Stafford, King-Georg Westmoreland, Richmond, Lancaster und Northumberland soll einen andern District machen; die Cauntys von Cülpeper Madison und Orange soll einen andern District machen: die Cauntys von Albemarle, Nelson und Amherst sol einen andern District machen: die Cauntys von Fluvanna, Goochland, Louisä und Hanover soll einen andern District machen: die Cauntys von Spottsylvania Caroline und Essex soll einen andern District machen: die Cauntys von King und Queen, King William, Gloucester, Matthews und Middlesex soll einen andern District machen: die Cauntys von Accomack, Northampton, ElisabethCity, York und Warwick, und die City von Williamsburg soll einen andern Dirstrict machen: die Cauntys von Charles-City, Jämes City, Neu-Kent und Henrico, und die City von Richmond soll einen andern District machen; die Cauntys von Bedford und Fränklin soll einen andern District machen; die Cauntys von Buckingham, Campbell und Cumberland soll einen andern District machen: die Cauntys von Patrick, Henry und Pittssylvania soll einen andern District machen: die Cauntys von Halifäx und Mecklenburg soll einen andern District machen: die Cauntys von Charlotte, Lünenburg, Nottowäy und Prince-Edward sollen einen andern District machen: die Cauntys von Amelia, Powhatan

V ERFASSUNG VON V IRGINIA (1830) und Chesterfield und die Stadt Petersburg soll einen andern District machen: die Cauntys von Brunswick, Dinwiddie und Greenesville soll einen andern District machen: die Cauntys von Isle of Wight, Prince-Georg, Southhampton, Sürry und Sussex soll einen andern District machen: und die Cauntys von Norfolk, Nansemond und Princesse-Anne, und der Flecken von Norfolk soll einen andern District machen: 4. It shall be the duty of the Legislature, to reapportion, once in ten years, to wit, in the year one thousand eight hundred and forty one, and every ten years thereafter, the representation of the counties, cities, towns and boroughs of this Commonwealth, in both of the Legislative bodies: Provided, however, that the number of Delegates from the aforesaid great districts, and the number of Senators from the aforesaid two great divisions, respectively, shall neither be increased nor diminished by such re-apportionment. And when a new county shall hereafter be created, or any city, town or borough not now entitled to separate representation in the House of Delegates, shall have so increased in population, as to be entitled, in the opinion of the General Assembly, to such representation, it shall be the duty of the General Assembly to make provision by law, for securing to the people of such new county, or such city, town or borough, an adequate representation; and if the object cannot otherwise be effected, it shall be competent to the General Assembly, to reapportion the whole representation of the great district containing such new county, or such city, town or borough, within its limits: which reapportionment shall continue in force till the next regular decennial reapportionment.

4. Es soll die Pflicht der Gesetzgebung seyn die Wiedergleichheit11 zu veranstalten in jeden Zehn Jahren, daß heißt: in dem Jahr 1841, und nach demselben alle Zehn Jahr die Stellvertretung (Representation) von den Cauntys, Cities, Städte und Flecken, von diesen gemeinen Wesen, in beiden Häusern der Gesetzgebung: jedoch so, daß die Zahl der Abgeordneten von den vorbesagten grossen Districts, und die Zahl der Senatoren von den vorbesagten zwey grossen Abtheilungen besonders durch solche Wiedergleichtheilung12 , weder vermehret nach vermindert werde. Und wen in Zukunft ein neues Caunty gemacht wird, oder eine City, Stadt oder Flecken welche noch bis jezt zu keiner besondern Sendung eines Abgeordneten in dem Hause der Abgeordneten berechtiget ist, und welches in der Volkszahl so zugenommen hat, daß es in der Meinung der General Assembly, zu solcher Gesandtschaft berechtiget ist, so soll es die Pflicht der General Assembly seyn, ein solches neues Caunty, City, Stadt oder Flecken durch Gesetze, ein gleichmäßiges Recht der Representation13 zuzusichern. Und fals die Sache sonst nicht kan bewircket werden, so soll es zulänglich seyn für die General Versammlung die Widergleichtheilung der ganzen Representation in dem grossen District zu welchen ein solches neues Caunty, City, Stadt oder Flecken gehöret zu bewerckstelligen, welche Wiedergleichtheilung fortwährend und gültig seyn soll, bis zur nächsten regulären, zehnjährigen Wiedergleichtheilung.

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V IRGINIA 5. The General Assembly, after the year one thousand eight hundred and forty one, and at intervals thereafter of not less than ten years, shall have authority, two thirds of each House concurring, to make reapportionments of Delegates and Senators throughout the Commonwealth, so that the number of Delegates shall not, at any time, exceed one hundred and fifty, nor of Senators thirty six.

5. Die General Assembly, nach dem 1841ten Jahre, und in zwischenraume nachdemselben, von nicht weniger als 10 Jahre, soll bevollmächtiget seyn, wen zwey Drittheil von jeden Hause darin überstimmen, die Wiedergleichtheilung von Abgeordneten und Senatoren, durchaus in dem gemeinen Wesen zu besorgen, so daß die Zahl der Abgeordneten niemals über 150 steigt, oder der Senatoren nicht über 36.

6. The whole number of members, to which the State may at any time be entitled, in the House of Representatives of the United States, shall be apportioned, as nearly as may be, amongst the several counties, cities, boroughs and towns of the State, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other persons.

6. Die ganze Anzahl von Gliedern, zu welchen der Staat mag berechtiget seyn, in dem Hause der Abgeordneten von den Vereinigten Staaten, soll, so nahe als möglich gleich eingetheilet werden unter den unterschiedlichen Cauntys, Cities, Städte und Flecken im Staate, nach der besondern Volkszahl, welches bestimt werden soll durch Hinzufügung zu der ganzen Zahl von freyen Personen, mit eingeschlossen solcher welche zu Diensten verbunden seyn für eine gewisse Zeit von Jahren, und ausgeschlossen die nicht getaxten Indianer, Dreyfünftel von allen andern Personen.

7. Any person may be elected a Senator, who shall have attained to the age of thirty years, and shall be actually a resident and freeholder within the district, qualified by virtue of his freehold to vote for members of the General Assembly, according to this Constitution. And any person may be elected a member of the House of Delegates, who shall have attained the age of twenty five years, and shall be actually a resident and freeholder within the county, city, town, borough or election district, qualified by virtue of his freehold to vote for members of the General Assembly, according to this Constitution: Provided, that all persons holding lucrative offices, and Ministers of the Gospel and Priests of every denomination, shall be incapable of being elected members of either House of Assembly.

7. Einige Person mag als Senator erwählet werden, wen er daß Alter von Dreyzig Jahren erreicht, und ein wirklicher Einwohner und Landeigenthümer in dem District, berechtiget, vermöge seines Landeigenthums zu stimmen für Glieder der General Assembly, in gemäsheit dieser Constitution. Und einige Person mag erwählet werden als ein Glied von dem Hause der Abgeordneten, welcher das Alter von fünf und zwanzig Jahren erreicht, und ein wirklicher Einwohner und ein Landeigenthümer ist, in dem Caunty, City, Stadt oder Flecken oder Wahl-District, berechtiget, vermöge seiner Landgüther für Glieder der General Assembly zu stimmen, in Gemäsheit dieser Constitution: ausgenommen, daß alle Personen welche einträgliche Aemter halten; und alle Prediger des Evangeli, und Priester von jeder Benennung, sollen unfähig seyn als Glieder von einigem Hause der Assembly erwählet zu werden.

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C ONSTITUTION OF V IRGINIA (1830) 8. The members of the General15 Assembly shall receive for their services, a compensation to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the public Treasury; but no law increasing the compensation of the members, shall take effect, until the end of the next annual session after such law shall have been enacted. And no Senator or Delegate shall, during the term for which he shall have been elected, be appointed to any civil office of profit under the Commonwealth, which shall have been created, or the emoluments of which shall have been increased, during such term, except such offices as may be filled by elections by the people.

8. Die Glieder der Assembly sollen für ihre Dienste Vergütung empfangen, welches durch die Gesetze bestimmt, und aus der Publiken Casse bezahlet werden soll: es soll aber kein Gesetz, welches die Vergütung der Glieder erhöhet, eher in Wirkung kommen, als bis zum Ende der nächst jährlichen Sitzung, nach der Verfügung eines solchen Gesetzes. Und kein Senator oder Abgeordneter, soll, durch die Zeit für welche er ist erwählet worden, in kein einträgliches, bürgerliches Amt unter dem gemeinen Wesen angestellet werden, welches ernannt sein möchte, oder von welchen daß Einkommen währender Zeit erhöhet ist, ausgenommen solcher Aemter, als welche gefüllet werden durch die Wahlen des Volks.

9. The General Assembly shall meet once, or oftener, every year. Neither House, during the Session of the Legislature, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting. A majority of each House shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and shall be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner and under such penalties, as each House may provide. And each House shall choose its own Speaker, appoint its own officers, settle its own rules of proceeding, and direct writs of election for supplying intermediate vacancies. But if vacancies shall occur, by death or resignation, during the recess of the General Assembly, such writs may be issued by the Governor, under such regulations as may be prescribed by law. Each House shall judge of the election, qualification and returns of its members; may punish its members for disorderly behaviour, and, with the concurrence of two thirds, expel a member, but not a second time for the same offence.

9. Die General Assembly, soll sich jährlich einmal, oder öfters versammeln. Keins von beiden Häusern14 der Gesetzgebung, soll, ohne die Einwilligung des andern für mehr den drey Tage aussetzen, noch zu einigen andern Plaz sich begeben; als da wo die beiden Häuser ihre Sitzung haben. Eine Mehrheit von jeden Hause soll eine Vollzahl machen15 um Geschäfte zu verrichten: eine wenigere Zahl aber, mögen von Tag zu Tag aussetzen, und sollen bevollmächtiget seyn, die Abwesenden Glieder zum herbeikommen zu nöthigen, auf solche Art und unter solcher Straffe als jedes Haus bestimmt. Und jedes Haus soll ihren eigenen Sprecher wählen, ihre Beamten bestimmen, die Regel ihrer Verhandlungen festsetzen, und soll schriftliche Anordung treffen für Wahlen, um erledigte Plätze zu ersetzen. Wen sich aber Erledigungen ereignen sollten, durch Sterbensfälle, oder Aufgebungen, während der Abwesenheit der General Assembly; so mögen solche schriftliche Anordnungen ausgeschickt werden durch den Governör, unter solcher Verfügung als die Gesetze vorschreiben mögen. Jedes Haus soll über die Erwählungen, Eigenschaften und Erwiederungen16 ihrer Glieder, urtheilen: mögen ihre

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V IRGINIA Glieder, für unordentliches Betragen bestraffen, und mit der Einwilligung von Zwey Drittheil ein Mitglied verstossen, aber nicht zum Zweitenmal für daß nemliche Verbrechen17 . 10. All laws shall originate in the House of Delegates, to be approved or rejected by the Senate, or to be amended with the consent of the House of Delegates.

10. Alle Gesetze sollen in dem Hause der Abgeordneten gegeben werden, und durch den Senat gebilliget oder verworffen, oder verbessert werden, mit der Einwilligung vom Hause der Abgeordneten.

11. The privilege of the writ of Habeas Corpus shall not in any case be suspended. The Legislature shall not pass any bill of attainder; or any ex post facto law; or any law impairing the obligation of contracts; or any law, whereby private property shall be taken for public uses without just compensation; or any law, abridging the freedom of speech or of the press. No man shall be compelled to frequent or support any religious worship, place or ministry whatsoever; nor shall any man be enforced, restrained, molested or burthened, in his body or goods, or otherwise suffer, on account of his religious opinions or belief; but all men shall be free to profess, and by argument to maintain, their opinions in matters of religion, and the same shall in no wise affect, diminish or enlarge, their civil capacities. And the Legislature shall not prescribe any religious test16 whatever; nor confer any peculiar privileges or advantages on any one sect or denomination; nor pass any law requiring or authorising any religious Society, or the people of any district, within this Commonwealth, to levy on themselves or others, any tax for the erection or repair of any House for public worship, or for the support of any Church or Ministry; but it shall be left free to every person to select his religious instructor, and to make for his support such private contract as he shall please.

11. Daß Privilegium von der Schrift von Habias Corpus (die Acte, noch welcher ein Verhafteter daß Recht hat auf die Untersuchung seines Processes beim Obergericht zu dringen) soll in keiner Sache verzögert werden. Die Gesetzgebung soll keine Schrift paßiren von Ueberweisungen; oder einiges ex post facto Gesetz; oder einiges Gesetz zum Nachtheil der Verpflichtung voriger Contracten; oder einiges Gesetz, dadurch Privat Vermögen genommen wird, zum Gebrauche des Publicums ohne billige Vergütung; oder einiges Gesetz, dadurch die Freyheit des Sprechens oder der Presse Abbruch gethan wird; kein Mensch soll gezwungen werden zum Besuch oder zur Unterstützung von einiger Religions-Verehrung, Platz oder Dienerschaft18 , was, oder wie es auch immer seyn möge; noch auch, soll kein Mensch, angetrieben, abgehalten, gestöhret oder beschwehret werden, am Leibe oder Güther, oder auf andere Weise leiden, wegen seiner Religions-Meinung oder Glauben; aber alle Menschen sollen Frey seyn, zu bekennen und durch Beweise ihre Meinung in Sachen der Religion zu behaupten, und dasselbe soll, auf keine Weise auf seinen Bürgerlichen Zustand eine Wirkung haben, weder geringern noch auch vergrössern. Die Gesetzgebung, soll auf irgend eine Weise, keine Religions Probe vorschreiben, noch keiner Secte oder Benennungen, einige besondere Freyheiten oder Vortheile verleihen, noch einiges Gesetz paßiren, weder verlangend noch bevollmächtigend, wodurch ir-

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V ERFASSUNG VON V IRGINIA (1830) gend eine Religiöse Gesellschaft, oder Leute in irgend einen District diese Staates mit Tax beleget für ihnen selbst oder andern, zur Erbauung oder Ausbesserung irgend eines Hauses zum öffentlichen Gottesdienste, oder zur Unterstützung von irgend einer Kirche oder Predigerdienste; sondern es soll einer jeden Person frey stehen, seinen religiösen Unterrichter selbst zu wählen, und durch Privat Contracte zu unterstützen, nachdem es ihm gefällt. 12. The Legislature may provide by law, that no person shall be capable of holding or being elected to any post of17 profit, trust or emolument, civil or military, Legislative, Executive or Judicial, under the Government of this Commonwealth, who shall hereafter fight a duel, or send or accept a challenge to fight a duel, the probable issue of which may be the death of the challenger or challenged, or who shall be a second to either party, or shall in any manner aid, or assist in such duel, or shall be knowingly the bearer of such challenge or acceptance; but no person shall be so disqualified by reason of his having heretofore fought such duel, or sent or accepted such challenge, or been second in such duel or bearer of such challenge or acceptance.

12. Die Gesetzbebung mag durch Gesetze verorednen, das keine Person im Stande sein soll weder zu halten, noch darzu erwählet zu werden zu irgend einen Amte oder Einkünfte unter der Regierung dieses Staats, Bürgerlich oder Militärisch, Gesetzgebend, Vollziehend oder Richterlich, der nach diesem einen Zweykampf gefochten, oder zu einem Zweykampf herausgefordert oder an genommen hat, davon der wahrscheinliche Ausgang der Todt des Herausforderers, oder des Herausgeforderten sein möchte, oder welcher als Secundant Beystand geleistet zu einer Parthey, oder wer auf einige Art behülflich zu einem solchen Zweykampfe war, oder wer wissentlich der Geschäftsträger von solchen Herausforderungen, und Annehmungen war. Keine Person aber soll Unfähig seyn, weil er vor diesem einen Zweykampf gefochten, Herausforderungen gesandt oder angenommen, oder als Secundant zu solchen Zweykampf behülflich gewesen, oder der Geschäftsträger von solchen Herausforderungen oder Annehmungen war.

13. The Governor, the Judges of the Court of appeals and Superior Courts, and all others offending against the State, either by maladministration, corruption, neglect of duty, or any other high crime or misdemeanor, shall be impeachable by the House of Delegates; such impeachment to be prosecuted before the Senate, which shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose the Senate

13. Der Governör, die Richter von der Court von Appeals, und Superior Court, und alle andere welche gegen den Staate gemißhandelt, es sey dan wegen schlechter Verwaltung, Bestechungen, Pflichtversäumung oder einiges hohes Verbrechen, oder übeles Betragen, sollen Anklagbar seyn, bey dem Hause der Abgeordneten, und solche Anklagungen sollen fortgesetzet werden durch den Senat, welcher allein das Recht haben

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V IRGINIA shall be on oath or affirmation: and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two thirds of the members present. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit, under the Commonwealth; but the party convicted shall, nevertheless, be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment, according to law.

soll, alle Anklagungen dieser Art zu untersuchen. – Wann um dieser Sache willen Sitzung gehalten wird, soll der Senat beeidiget werden: und keine Person soll einer Missethat überführt werden, ohne Uebereinstimmung von Zwey Drittheil der gegenwärtigen Glieder. Das Urtheil, in Sachen der Anklagungen, soll sich niemals weiter erstrecken als in der Absetzung vom Amt, und der Unfähigkeit zur Haltung eines Amts von Ehre, Vertrauen, oder Einkünften in dem gemeinen Wesen; die überwiesene Parthey aber soll nichts destoweniger, schuldigst unterworffen sein der Anklage, Untersuchung, Urtheil und Straffe, dem Gesetze gemäß.

14. Every white male citizen of the Commonwealth, resident therein, aged twenty one years and upwards, being qualified to exercise the right of suffrage according to the former Constitution and laws; and every such citizen, being possessed, or whose tenant for years, at will or at sufferance, is possessed, of an estate of freehold in land of the value of twenty-five dollars, and so assessed to be, if any assessment thereof be required by law; and every such citizen, being possessed, as tenant in common, joint tenant or parcener, of an interest in or share of land, and having an estate of freehold therein, such interest or share being of the value of twenty-five dollars, and so assessed to be, if any assessment thereof be required by law; and every such citizen, being entitled to a reversion or vested remainder in fee, expectant on an estate for life or lives, in land of the value of fifty dollars, and so assessed to be, if any assessment thereof be required by law; (each and every such citizen, unless his title shall have come to him by descent, devise, marriage or marriagesettlement, having been so possessed or entitled for six months); and every such citizen, who shall own and be himself in actual occupation of a leasehold estate, with the evidence of title recorded two months before

14. Ein jeder, weisser, mänlicher Bürger diese Staats, wohnhaft in demselben, und von den Alter von 21 Jahren, und darüber, welcher fählig ist zum Stimmenrecht nach der vorigen Constitution und Gesetze; und ein jeder solcher Bürger welcher in Besitz hat, oder gemiethet für mehrern Jahren, nach Willen oder Noth, und im Besitze von einem Landguthe ist, dem Werth nach von fünf und zwanzig Thaler, wans so geschätz ist, oder einige Schätzung durch die Gesetze gefordert wird; und ein jeder solcher Bürger, der im Besitz ist, als ein gemeinschaftlicher Pachter, zu gleichen Recht gehenden Mitbesitzer, von einem Stück Land, wann er den Werth von Eigenthum in solchem Land hat, geschätzt auf fünf und zwanzig Thaler, und so geschätzt, wann einige Schätzung durch Gesetze erfordert wird; und ein jeder solcher Bürger, welcher berechtiget ist zu einem Heimfall oder zu einem Rest von Eigenthum erwartend, nach Leben oder Lebens, ein Landguth von den Werth von fünfzig Thaler, und so geschätzt, wann einige Schätzung bey den Gesetzen gefordert wird; (alle und jede solche Bürger, es mag den zu ihnen gekommen seyn durch Anwartschaft, Vermächtniß, Heurath, oder Heuraths-Verträge wann sie in solchen Besitz sind oder Berechtiget darzu sein für sechs Monate) Und ein

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C ONSTITUTION OF V IRGINIA (1830) he shall offer to vote, of a term originally not less than five years, of the annual value or rent of twenty dollars; and every such citizen, who, for twelve months next preceding, has been a house-keeper and head of a family, within the county, city, town, borough or election district where he may offer to vote, and shall have been assessed with a part of the revenue of the Commonwealth within the preceding year, and actually paid the same – and no other persons – shall be qualified to vote for members of the General Assembly, in the county, city, town or borough, respectively, wherein such land shall lie, or such house-keeper and head of a family shall live. And, in case of two or more tenants in common, joint tenants or parceners, in possession, reversion or remainder, having interest in land, the value whereof shall be insufficient to entitle them all to vote, they shall together have as many votes as the value of the land shall entitle them to; and the Legislature shall by law provide the mode in which their vote or votes shall in such case be given: Provided, nevertheless, that the right of suffrage shall not be exercised by any person of unsound mind, or who shall be a pauper, or a noncommissioned officer, soldier, seaman or marine, in the service of the United States, or by any person convicted of any infamous offence.

jeder solcher Bürger, welcher ein Pachtrecht eignet, und es wirklich selbst bearbeitet, mit dem Beweiß vom Recht, zwey Monat vorher recordet ehe er kommt seine Stimme zu geben, für eine Zeit, den Anfange nach für nicht weniger den Fünf Jahre, von den jährlichen Werth oder Rente von Zwanzig Thaler; und ein jeder solcher Bürger, welcher Zwölf Monate vorher, ein Hausherr und Haupt von einer Familie gewesen in dem Caunty, City, Stadt oder Flecken, oder Wahl Dirstrict in welchem er seine Stimme geben will, und wann er das Jahr vorher geschätzt, und zu den Einkünften des Staats einen Theil mit beygetragen und wirklich bezahlet hat. – Und keine andere Personen sollen fähig seyn für Glieder der General Assembly zu stimmen in dem Caunty, City, Stadt oder Flecken, rücksichtig, in welchen solch Land soll liegen, und ein solcher Hausherr oder Haupt einer Familie Wohnhaft seyn soll; und im fall von Zwey oder Mehreren, welche gesellschaftlich Land bewohnen, oder Mitbesitzer oder Anwartschaftlich Besitzer von Land sind, und der Werth von Ganzen nicht einen jeden berechtiget zu stimmen, so sollen sie zusammen so viele Stimmen haben, als der Werth vom Lande sie berechtiget; und die Gesetzgebung soll durch Gesetze bestimmen, auf welche Weise solche ihren Stimme oder Stimmen in solchen Fällen geben sollen; jedoch mit dem Vorbehalt, daß das Recht zu stimmen nicht geübt werden soll von Personen von schwachen Sinnen, oder ein Armer, oder ein nicht bestalter Officier, Soldat, Seemann, oder See-Soldat im Dienst der Vereinigten Staaten nach von einiger Person, überführet von schändlichen Verbrechen:

15. In all elections in this Commonwealth, to any office or place of trust, honor or profit, the votes shall be given openly or viva voce, and not by ballot.

15. In allen Wahlen diese Staats zu einigem Amt oder Platz von Vertrauen, Ehre, oder Einfünfte, die Stimmen sollen öffentlich gegeben werden, oder laute Stimme, und nicht durch Ballotiren.

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Article Fourth

Artikel IV

1. The chief Executive power of this Commonwealth, shall be vested in a Governor, to be elected by the joint vote of the two Houses of the General Assembly. He shall hold his office, during the term of three years, to commence on the first day of January next succeeding his election, or on such other day as may from time to time be prescribed by law; and he shall be ineligible to that office, for three years next after his term of service shall have expired.

1. Die Hauptvollziehende Macht in diesem Staate soll den Governör beygeleget werden, welcher zu erwählen ist, durch die gemeinschaftliche Wahl, der beiden Häusern der General Assembly. Er soll sein Amt halten während der Zeit von drey Jahren, welches anfängt den ersten Tag Januar nächst folgend nach seiner Erwählung, oder an einen solchen andern Tage, als von Zeit zu Zeit mag, vorgeschrieben werden durch Gesetze, und wann seine Dienstzeit aus ist, soll er wieder zu diesem Amte wahlfähig seyn, für die nächstkommenden drey Jahre.

2. No person shall be eligible to the office of Governor, unless he shall have attained the age of thirty years, shall be a native citizen of the United States, or shall have been a citizen thereof at the adoption of the Federal Constitution, and shall have been a citizen of this Commonwealth for five years next preceding his election.

2. Keine Person soll wahlfähig sein für das Amt eines Governörs, er habe dan das Alter erreicht von dreyzig Jahren, ein geborner Bürger der Vereinigten Staaten, oder ein gewesener Bürger derselben vor der Annahme der Federal Constitution, und der in diesem Staate ein Bürger gewesen ist, Fünf Jahre vor seiner Erwählung.

3. The Governor shall receive for his services a compensation to be fixed by law, which shall be neither increased nor diminished during his continuance in office.

3. Der Governör soll für seine Dienste vergütung erhalten, welches durch Gesetze fest gesetzt seyn soll, und welches während er im Amte ist, weder vergeringert noch vermehret werden soll.

4. He shall take care, that the laws be faithfully executed; shall communicate to the Legislature, at every session, the condition of the Commonwealth, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he may deem expedient. He shall be Commander-in-Chief of the land and naval forces of the State. He shall have power to embody the militia, when in his opinion the public safety shall require it; to convene the Legislature, on application of a majority of the members of the House of Delegates, or when, in his opinion, the interest of the Commonwealth may require it; to grant reprieves and pardons, except where the prosecution shall have been carried on by the House of Delegates, or the law shall otherwise partic-

4. Er soll besorgt sein, daß die Gesetze getreulich vollzogen werden; soll der Gesetzgebung, den Zustand des Staats, bei jeder Sitzung19 mittheilen, und zu ihrer Erwägung solche Maaßregel empfehlen als er nothwendig zu seyn erachtet; er soll der haupt Befehlshaber seyn, von der Land- und Seemacht dieses Staats. Er soll die Gewalt haben das Militair zusammen zu berufen, wann es nach seiner Ueberzeugung die Sicherheit des gemeinen Wesens erfordert; die Gesetzgebung zu versammeln auf den Ersuch der Mehrheit der Glieder des Hauses der Abgeordneten, oder wenn nach seiner Meinung der Vortheil des gemeinen Wesens es erforderlich macht; Aufschub oder Verzeihung zu ertheilen, ausgenommen wo die

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V ERFASSUNG VON V IRGINIA (1830) ularly direct; to conduct, either in person, or in such manner as shall be prescribed by law, all intercourse with other and foreign States; and during the recess of the Legislature, to fill, pro tempore, all vacancies in those offices, which it may be the duty of the Legislature to fill permanently: Provided, that his appointments to such vacancies shall be by commissions to expire at the end of the next succeeding session of the General Assembly.

Anklage fortgesetzet ist, durch das Haus der Abgeordneten, oder die Gesetze es auf andere Weise bestimmen; allen Verkehr mit fremden Staaten, entweder in Person oder auf solche Art als die Gesetze vorschreiben, zu verwalten; und während der Abwesenheit der Gesetzgebung, alle erledigte Aemter, für die Zeit, zu besetzen, welches sonst die Pflicht der Gesetzgebung seye mag dieselben beständig zu besetzen: jedoch so sollen solche Amtsbesetzungen von ihm, in solchen Erledigungen nur als Bevollmächtiget sein, und nicht länger dauern als bis zum Ende der nächst folgenden Sitzung der General Assembly.

5. There shall be a Council of State, to consist of three members, any one or more of whom may act. They shall be elected by joint-vote of both Houses of the General Assembly, and remain in office three years. But of those first elected, one, to be designated by lot, shall remain in office for one year only, and one other to be designated in like manner, shall remain in office for two years only. Vacancies occurring by expiration of the term of service, or otherwise, shall be supplied by elections made in like manner. The Governor shall, before he exercises any discretionary power conferred on him by the Constitution and laws, require the advice of the Council of State, which advice shall be registered in books kept for that purpose, signed by the members present and consenting thereto, and laid before the General Assembly when called for by them. The Council shall appoint their own Clerk, who shall take an oath to keep secret such matters as he shall be ordered by the board to conceal. The Senior Councillor shall be Lieutenant Governor; and, in case of the death, resignation, inability or absence of the Governor from the seat of Government, shall act as Governor.

5. Es soll ein Staats-Rath seyn, bestehend aus dreien Gliedern, einer von ihnen oder mehrere mögen Geschäfte verrichten. Diese sollen durch die vereinigten Stimmen beider Häuser der General Assembly erwählet werden, und drei Jahre im Amte verbleiben. Aber von denen erst gewählten soll einer, durchs Loos bezeichnet werden, der nur für ein Jahr im Amte bleibt, und ein anderer, ebenfalls durch Loos entschieden, soll zwei Jahre im Amte bleiben. Erledigungen welche sich ereignen durch Ablauf ihrer Dienstzeit, oder auf andere Weise, sollen durch Wahlen auf gleiche Art wieder ersetzet werden. Der Governör soll, ehe er seine unbeschränkte20 Gewalt, welche ihn die Constitution und Gesetze anvertrauet, ausübet, das Guthbefinden21 des Staats-Raths darüber vernehmen, und solches Guthbefinden oder Berathschlagung, sollen in ein besonders darzu gehaltenes Buch niedergeschrieben werden, unterzeichnet und darzu bewilliget von den gegenwärtigen Gliedern22 , und der General Assembly vorgeleget werden, wenn es von ihnen gefordert wird. Der Staats-Rath soll ihren eigenen Schreiber wählen, welcher beidiget werden soll, um solche Dinge geheim zu halten, als ihn durch den Rath anbefohlen wird verschwiegen zu halten. Der älteste Rathsherr soll stellvertretender Go-

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V IRGINIA vernör seyn, und im fall vom Sterben, Entsagung, Unvermögen oder Abwesenheit vom Sitz der Gesetzgebung23 , soll er agiren als Governör. 6. The manner of appointing militia officers shall be provided for by law; but no officer below the rank of a Brigadier General, shall be appointed by the General Assembly.

6. Die Art Offeciere für die Miliz zu bestimmen, soll durch Gesetze vorgeschrieben werden; aber kein Offecier unter der Rang von Brigadier General, soll bestimmt werden bei der General Assembly.

7. Commissions and Grants shall run in the name of the Commonwealth of Virginia, and bear teste by the Governor, with the seal of the Commonwealth annexed.

7.Vollmachten und Bewilligungen sollen unter dem Namen gehen Commonwealth von Virginia, mit der Bezeugung des Governörs und beigefügten Siegel des gemeinen Wesens (Commonwealth.)

Article Fifth

Artikel V

1. The Judicial power shall be vested in a Supreme Court of Appeals, in such Superior Courts as the Legislature may from time to time ordain and establish, and the Judges thereof, in the County Courts, and in Justices of the peace. The Legislature may also vest such jurisdiction as shall be deemed necessary, in Corporation Courts, and in the magistrates who may belong to the Corporate body. The jurisdiction of these tribunals, and of the Judges thereof, shall be regulated by law. The Judges of the Supreme Court of Appeals and of the Superior Courts shall hold their offices during good behaviour, or until removed in the manner prescribed in this Constitution; and shall, at the same time, hold no other office, appointment, or public trust; and the acceptance thereof by either of them shall vacate his judicial office.

1. Die richterliche Gewalt soll seyn, in der Supreme Court von Appeals, in solchen hohen Courten als die Gesetzgebung von Zeit zu Zeit mag ordnen und errichten, und die Richter davon, in den County Courten und den Friedensrichtern. Die Gesetzgebung mag die Corporations-Courten und denen zu solchen Corporationen gehörigen Friedens Richtern, mit solcher Gerichtsbarkeit versehen als es ihnen nothwendig zu seyn scheint; die Gerichtsverwaltung dieser Gerichten, und den darzu gehörigen Richtern, soll regulieret werden durch die Gesetze. Die Richter von der Supreme Court vom Appeals und von den Superior Courten, sollen, bei guten Betragen, ihr Amt lebenslänglich halten, oder bis sie abgesetzet werden, auf die Weise wie in dieser Constitution vorgeschrieben wird; und sollen zur nemlichen Zeit, kein anderes Amt, Bestimmung oder öffentliches Vertrauungsfach halten, und die Annahme desselben von eins von ihnen, soll den Verlust seines richterlichen Amts bewirken.

2. No law abolishing any Court, shall be construed to deprive a Judge thereof of his office, unless two thirds of the members

2. Kein Gesetz, daß irgend eine Court aufhebt, soll nicht so erklärt werden, als ob die Richter von demselben ihres Amts da-

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C ONSTITUTION OF V IRGINIA (1830) of each House present concur in the passing thereof: but the Legislature may assign other judicial duties to the Judges of Courts abolished by any law enacted by less than two thirds of the members of each House present.

durch entsetzet würden, es sey den, daß die gegenwärtigen Glieder jedes Hauses darinen einstimmig wären24 ; aber die Gesetzgebung mag den Richtern andere richterliche Pflichten anweisen solcher aufgehobenen Courten, welches durch einiges Gesetz verfüget von nicht weniger den zweidrittheil der gegenwärtigen Glieder beyder Häuser.

3. The present Judges of the Supreme Court of Appeals, of the General Court, and of the Superior Courts of Chancery, shall remain in office, until the termination of the session of the first Legislature elected under this Constitution, and no longer.

3. Die jetzigen Richters von der Supreme Court von Appeals, von der general Court und von der Superior Courts von Chancery, sollen in ihren Aemtern verbleiben, bis zur Endigung der ersten Sitzung der Gesetzgebung, erwählt unter dieser Constitution, und nicht länger.

4. The Judges of the Supreme court of appeals, and of the Superior courts, shall be elected by the joint vote of both Houses of the General Assembly.

4. Die Richter von der Supreme Court von Appeals25 , sollen, durch die vereinigten Stimmen beyder Häuser der Assembly erwählet werden.

5. The Judges of the Supreme court of appeals, and of the Superior courts, shall receive fixed and adequate salaries, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.

5. Die Richter von der Supreme Court von Appeals, und von der Superior Courts, sollen eine festgesetzte und angemessene Besoldung haben, welches, während ihrer Dienstzeit nicht vergeringert werden soll.

6. Judges may be removed from office by a concurrent vote of both Houses of the General Assembly; but two thirds of the members present must concur in such vote, and the cause of removal shall be entered on the journals of each. The Judge against whom the Legislature may be about to proceed shall receive notice thereof, accompanied with a copy of the causes alleged for his removal, at least twenty days before the day on which either House of the General Assembly shall act thereupon.

6. Die Richter mögen ihres Amts entsetzet werden, bey der Uebereinstimmung der beiden Häusern der General Assembly, aber zweidrittheil von den gegenwärtigen Gliedern muß darinnen einstimmig seyn, und die Ursache von einer solche Absetzung, muß, in dem Tagebuche eines jeden niedergeschrieben werden. Der Richter gegen welchen die Gesetzgebung vorhabens seyn mag Gerichtlich zu verfahren26 , soll Nachricht davon ertheilet werden, begleitet mit einer Abschrift von den angeführten Ursachen wegen seiner Absetzung, zum wenigsten zwanzig Tage vorher, ehe daß eins von den Häusern der General Assembly, in dieser Sache etwas verfügt.

7. On the creation of any new County, justices of the peace shall be appointed, in the first instance, in such manner as may be pre-

7. Bey der Entstehung von einigen neuen Caunty, sollen zu allerförderst Friedensrichter in demselben angestellet werden, auf

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V IRGINIA scribed by law. When vacancies shall occur in any County, or it shall, for any cause, be deemed necessary to increase the number, appointments shall be made by the Governor, on the recommendation of the respective county courts.

die art wie es durch die Gesetze mag vorgeschrieben werden. Wenn, in einigen Caunty, erledigte Stellen sind, oder wenn es wegen einiger Ursachen für nöthig zu seyn erachtet wird, daß die Zahl von Friedensrichtern vermehret werden sollte, so sollen Anstellungen durch den Governör gemacht werden, auf Empfehlungen der besondern CauntyCourten,

8. The Attorney General shall be appointed by joint vote of the two Houses of the General Assembly, and commissioned by the Governor, and shall hold his office during the pleasure of the General Assembly. The Clerks of the several courts, when vacancies shall occur, shall be appointed by their respective courts, and the tenure of office, as well of those now in office as of18 those who may be hereafter appointed, shall be prescribed by law. The Sheriffs and Coroners shall be nominated by the respective county courts, and when approved by the Governor, shall be commissioned by him. The justices shall appoint constables. And all fees of the aforesaid officers shall be regulated by law.

8. Der Attorney-General soll gewählet werden durch die vereinigten Stimmen beider Häuser der Assembly, und durch den Governör bevollmächtiget, und soll sein Amt so lange halten als es der General Assembly gefällt. Die Schreiber von der unterschiedlichin Courten, wenn Erledigungen sich ereignen, sollen gewählt27 werden bei ihren besondern Courten und die Besitzart ihres Amts, sowohl von denen welche jetzt im Amte stehen, als auch denen welche künftighin in dies Amt gesetzet werden, soll durch Gesetze vorgeschrieben werden. Die Scheriffs und Caroners sollen ernenet werden bei den besondern Caunty-Courten, und wenn bei den Governör bewilliget, sollen sie durch ihn bevollmächtiget werden. Die Constablers sollen durch die Friedensrichter ernannt werden. Und alle Belohnung der vorbenannten Beamten, soll durch Gesetze bestimmt werden.

9. Writs shall run in the name of the Commonwealth of Virginia, and bear teste by the clerks of the several courts. Indictments shall conclude against the peace and dignity of the Commonwealth.

9. Gerichtscheine sollen in den Namen gehen: von der Commonwealth von Verginia mit den Bezeugung der Schreiber der besondern Courten. Anklage für Verbrechen sollen sich enden: Gegen den Frieden und der Würde der Commonwealth des (gemeinen Wesens.)

Article Sixth

Artikel VI

A Treasurer shall be appointed, annually, by joint vote of both Houses.

Es soll jährlich ein Schatzmeister gewählet werden durch den vereinigten Stimmen beider Häüser.

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Article Seventh

Artikel VII

The Executive department of the government shall remain as at present organized, and the Governor and Privy Councillors shall continue in office, until a Governor elected under this Constitution shall come into office; and all other persons in office, when this Constitution shall be adopted, except as is herein otherwise expressly directed, shall continue in office, till successors shall be appointed, or the law shall otherwise provide; and all the Courts of justice now existing shall continue with their present jurisdiction, until, and except so far as, the judicial system may or shall be hereafter otherwise organized by the Legislature.19 Done in Convention at20 the City of Richmond the21 fifteenth day of January in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and thirty and in the fifty fourth year of our Independence22 .

Der vollziehende Fach der Regierung, soll verbleiben nach der gegenwärtigen Einrichtung, und der Governör und heimliche Rath28 sollen im Amte verbleiben, bis ein Governör unter dieses Constitution ins Amt kommt; und alle andere, in Aemtern sich befindlichen Personen, wenn diese Constitution angenommen wird, ausgenommen was hierinnen ausdrücklich anders verordnet ist, sollen in Aemter verbleiben, bis Nachfolger bestimmet werden oder die Gesetze auf ander Weise verfügen; und alle die Courten von Friedensrichtern29 sollen fortwähred bleiben mit ihrer gegenwärtigen Gerichtsbarkiet, bis, und ausgenommen nur bis so lange, als die richterliche Einrichtung mag oder soll, nach diesem anders geordnet werden, durch die Gesetzgebung.

Signed by order of the Convention,23

Geschehen in der Zusammenkunft (Convention) in der City Richmond, auf den fünfzehnten Tag Januari, in dem Jahre unsers Herrn Ein Tausind acht Hundert und Dreizig, und in den vier und fünfzigten Jahre der Unabhängigkeit von den vereinigten Staaten von Amerika.

D. Briggs Secretary of the Convention,

Philip P. Barbour President of the Convention24

P HILIP P. BARBOUR . Vorsitzender von der Convention. D. B RIGGS, Schreiber von der Convention.

ZETTEL Verordnet, daß die Rolle welches den Entwurf enthält, von der verbesserten Constitution, angenommen bei dieser Convention, und bei ihnen, den Volk von Virginien überlaßen, zu ihrer Bestättigung oder Verwerfung, in einen Umschlag, durch den Schreiber30 gut verwahrt, und niedergelegt, im

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V IRGINIA Archiv oder unter der Schriftaufbewahrung dieses Staats. Verordnet, daß der Schreiber, das Tagebuch, der Verhandlungen dieser Convention, in ein wohl gebundenes Buch schön einträgt, und nachdem es von den Presidenten unterzeichnet, und vom Schreiber bezeuget, daß er dasselbe sodan, mit allen den wesentlichen Schriften31 im Besitz der Convention und verbunden mit ihren Verhandlungen, niederlegt in dem Archiv, oder unter der Schriftaufbewahrung dieses Staats.32 Verordnet, daß der President von der Convention, der General Assembly, jetzt in Sitzung, eine wahre Abschrift von der verbesserten Constitution zusichert, und daß die General Assembly ist, und hiemit ersucht wird, zur hinzufügung einiger Maasregeln durch Gesetze, welche nöthig und schicklich seyn möchten, dieselben den Stimmgebenden zu übergeben, welche durch dieselbe Stimmfähig, für Glieder der General Assembly zu stimmen, in der nächsten Aprilwahl, und für Anordnung der Regierung unter der verbesserten Constitution, im Fall daß dieselbe angenommenen und bestättiget wird durch solche Stimmfähige. 1

Verified by the text as published in Journal, Acts and Proceedings, of a General Convention of the Commonwealth of Virginia, Assembled in Richmond, on Monday, the Fifth Day of October, in the Year of Our Lord One Thousand Eight Hundred and Twenty-Nine, Richmond: Printed by Thomas Ritchie, 1829, app. 1– 8, and corrected according to the original manuscript as preserved in the State Records Collection of the Library of Virginia, Richmond VA. Also checked against the versions as published as Bill of Rights [and An Amended Constitution] [Caption title] [Richmond: Thomas Ritchie, printer, 1830], 14 p., as Bill of Rights – And An Amended Constitution [broadside] [Richmond?: s.n., 1830], 2 p., and in Amended Constitution of Virginia and the General Law of Elections, Together with All Laws Amendatory Thereof, Richmond: Printed by Thomas Ritchie, Printer to the Commonwealth, 1833, 3–16. Spelling, capitalization, and punctuation as in the original manuscript. Italics are used to represent emphasized passages in the manuscript. Curly brackets appear where square brackets were used in the original. The Constitution was adopted by the convention

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1

Verified by Die Sicherheits Acte [und die Verbesserte Constitution]. Eine Erklärung vom Recht, gemacht durch die Stellvertreter (Representatives) des guten Volks von Virginien, versammelt in einer vollen und freien Convention, welches Recht ihnen und ihren Nachkommen angehörig ist, als der Grund und das Fundament von Regierungen [caption title], [New Market, VI?: Henkel?, s.a.], 27 p. Spelling, capitalization, and punctuation as in Die Sicherheits Acte. Due to the translator’s consistent errors in German grammar and his limited knowledge of German vocabulary and syntax the translation represents something of a linguistic hybrid of German and English (not unlike Pennsylvania Dutch). It is apparently the work of an American whose German roots were dying off (presumably he was at least a fourth generation German-American). The text would probably not have provided much help to a German community of recent immigrants but is a unique example of the progressive integration of an old-stock, multi-generation ethnic group into American life. Annotation, therefore, has been restricted to gross mistranslations, at least according to modern semanti-

C ONSTITUTION OF V IRGINIA (1830) on January 15, 1830 and submitted to the people. In a highly contested vote, with a number of western counties overwhelmingly rejecting the constitution, it was adopted in April 1830 by 26,055 to 15,563 votes (cf. John Dinan, The Virginia State Constitution. A Reference Guide [Reference Guides to the State Constitutions of the United States, no. 42, G. Alan Tarr, Series Editor], Westport, CT and London: Praeger, 2006, 3–7). A previous effort of the western counties to achieve adequate representation in view of the fact that more than half of the white population of the state was residing west of the Blue Ridge had led to the Staunton Convention in 1816 (cf. Journal of the Proceedings of a Convention, Begun and Held at Staunton, t7he 19th Day of August, in the Year 1816, [Staunton?: s.n., 1816], 16 p.), but no constitutional convention came about either at this occasion or in 1825, when a second convention at Staunton demanded a constitutional convention for the purpose of effecting equal representation, extending the suffrage to all free white adult men and abolishing the Council of State (cf. Journal of the Proceedings of a Convention, Begun and Held at Staunton, the 25th Day of July, in the Year 1825 [caption title], [Staunton?: s.n., 1825?]; also George Brown Oliver, “A Constitutional History of Virginia, 1776– 1860,” Ph.D. dissertation, Duke University 1959, 69– 85; on the 1829–30 convention, cf. Dickson D. Bruce, Jr., The Rhetoric of Conservatism: The Virginia Convention of 1829–30 and the Conservative Tradition in the South, San Marino, CA: The Huntington Library, 1982; Robert P. Sutton, Revolution to Secession: Constitution Making in the Old Dominion, Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia, 1989, 72–102). The Constitution of 1830 replaced the Constitution of 1776 (q.v.), with the exception of its Declaration of Rights of 1776 (q.v.) which was integrated into the present constitution without amendment (cf. art. I of the Constitution), and served as the fundamental law of Virginia until being replaced by the Constitution of 1851 (q.v.). 2 In Convention Journal, 1, in 14-pages print, 2, and in broadside print, 1, “punishment”. 3 In Convention Journal, 2, in 14-pages print, 3, in broadside print, 1, and in Amended Constitution of Virginia, 5, “[Adopted January 14th, 1830]” added. 4 In Amended Constitution of Virginia, 5, word missing. 5 In Convention Journal, 2, in 14-pages print, 3, in broadside print, 1, and in Amended Constitution of Virginia, 5, word missing. 6 In Convention Journal, 2, in 14-pages print, 4, in broadside print, 1, and in Amended Constitution of Virginia, 6, “conditions”. 7 In Amended Constitution of Virginia, 6, “the”. 8 In Convention Journal, 3, in 14-pages print, 4, and in broadside print, 1, “12th June, 1776”. 9 In Amended Constitution of Virginia, 7, “Accomac”. 10 In Convention Journal, 3, and in broadside print, 1,

cs, and to omissions. The translation was not ordered by the convention, but Henkel had been an established German printer in New Market, Shenandoah co., since 1806, and the only one in Virginia (cf. Albert Sydney Edmonds, “The Henkel Family of New Market, Va., Early Printers in the Shenandoah Valley,” in: William and Mary Quarterly, 2nd ser., 16 [1936], 414– 416, and “The Henkel Press: The First Sixty Years. A pioneer Virginia press first printed works in German,” in: Virginia Cavalcade, 13/3 [1963–64], 16–22), primarily publishing religious texts for Lutherans. This may explain why the only known copy of the German translation of the Virginia Constitution of 1830 (q.v.) made its way into the A. R. Wentz Library of the Lutheran Theological Seminary at Gettysburg, Va., which also holds other Henkel prints of religious character, though its itinerary cannot be traced clearly (information courtesy of Roberta A. Brent of the A. R. Wentz Library). However, no reference that Henkel was indeed the printer is to be found in the Henkel family papers as preserved in the Carrier Library, James Madison University at Harrisonburg, VI, according to the information generously provided by Professor Gerald L. Gill, James Madison University. The title is an idiosyncratic translation of what was commonly called in the English original “Bill of Rights”. 2 In English original, “Declaration of Rights”. 3 In English original, “rights”. 4 In English original, “interest”. 5 In English original, “That all power of suspending laws, or the execution of laws, by any authority”. 6 In German original, rest of page illegible, as, apparently, type was not properly inked. 7 In English original, “Legislature”. 8 In English original, “by dissolving legislative assemblies, repeatedly and continually, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions of the rights of the people”. 9 In English original, “this Commonwealth”. 10 In English original, “polls”. 11 In English original, “reapportion”. 12 In English original, “re-apportionment”. 13 In English original, “an adequate representation”. 14 In German translation, “during the Session” omitted. 15 In English original, “constitute a quorum”. 16 In English original, “returns”. 17 In English original, “offence”. 18 In English original, “religious worship, place or ministry”. 19 In English original, “session”. 20 In English original, “discretionary”. 21 In English original, “advice”. 22 In English original, “signed by the members present and consenting thereto”. 23 In English original, “Government”. 24 In English original, “unless two thirds of the mem-

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V IRGINIA “Greenesville”. 11 In Amended Constitution of Virginia, 8, “Mathews”. 12 Ibid., 9, “Mathews”. 13 Ibid., “Accomac”. 14 In Convention Journal, 4, in 14-pages print, 7, in broadside print, 1, and in Amended Constitution of Virginia, 9, “Greenesville”. 15 In Convention Journal, 5, in 14-pages print, 8, and in broadside print, 1, word missing. 16 In Amended Constitution of Virginia, 11, “teste”. 17 In Convention Journal, 5, “or”. 18 In Amended Constitution of Virginia, 15, word missing. 19 In 14-pages print, 14, rest missing. 20 In Convention Journal, 8, in broadside print, 2, and in Amended Constitution of Virginia, 16, “in”. 21 In Convention Journal, 8, in broadside print, 2, and in Amended Constitution of Virginia, 16, “on the”. 22 In Convention Journal, 8, in broadside print, 2, and in Amended Constitution of Virginia, 16, “of the Independence of the United States of America”. 23 In Convention Journal, 8, in broadside print, 2, and in Amended Constitution of Virginia, 16, line missing. 24 In Convention Journal, 8, in broadside print, 2, and in Amended Constitution of Virginia, 16, to be followed by: “Schedule Ordered, that the roll containing the draft of the amended Constitution adopted by this Convention, and by it submitted to the people of this Commonwealth, for their ratification or rejection, be enclosed by the Secretary in a case proper for its preservation, and deposited among the archives of the Council of State. Ordered, that the Secretary do cause the Journal of the proceedings of this Convention, to be fairly entered in a well bound book, and after the same shall have been signed by the President, and attested by the Secretary, that he deposit the same; together with all the original documents in the possession of the Convention, and connected with its proceedings among the archives of the Council of State; and further, that he cause ten printed copies of the said Journal to be well bound, and deposited in the Public Library. Ordered, that the President of the Convention, do certify a true copy of the amended Constitution to the General Assembly now in session; and that the General Assembly be and they are hereby requested to make any additional provisions by law, which may be necessary and proper for submitting the same to the voters thereby qualified to vote for members of the General Assembly at the next April elections, and for organizing the Government under the amended Constitution, in case it shall be approved and ratified by such voters.”

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bers of each House present concur in the passing thereof”. 25 In German translation, “and of the Superior courts” omitted. 26 In English original, “may be about to proceed”. 27 In English original, “appointed”. 28 In English original, “Privy Councillors”. 29 In English original, “Courts of justice”. 30 In English original, “Secretary”. 31 In English original, “original documents”. 32 In German translation, “and further, that he cause ten printed copies of the said Journal to be well bound, and deposited in the Public Library” omitted.

Constitution of Virginia (1851) Bill of Rights and Constitution of the Commonwealth of Virginia1

A DECLARATION OF RIGHTS Made by the Representatives of the good People of Virginia, assembled in full and free Convention, which rights do pertain to them and their posterity as the basis and foundation of government 1. That all men are by nature equally free and independent, and have certain inherent rights, of which, when they enter into a state of society, they cannot, by any compact, deprive or divest their posterity; namely, the enjoyment of life and liberty, with the means of acquiring and possessing property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety. 2. That all power is vested in, and consequently derived from, the people; that magistrates are their trustees and servants, and at all times amenable to them. 3. That government is, or ought to be, instituted for the common benefit, protection and security of the people, nation or community: of all the various modes and forms of government, that is best which is capable of producing the greatest degree of happiness and safety, and is most effectually secured against the danger of maladministration; and that, when any government shall be found inadequate or contrary to these purposes, a majority of the community hath an indubitable, unalienable and

indefeasible right to reform, alter or abolish it, in such manner as shall be judged most conducive to the public weal. 4. That no man, or set of men, are entitled to exclusive or separate emoluments or privileges from the community but in consideration of public services, which, not being descendible, neither ought the offices of magistrate, legislator or judge to be hereditary. 5. That the legislative, executive and judicial powers should be separate and distinct; and that the members thereof may be restrained from oppression, by feeling and participating the burthens of the people, they should, at fixed periods, be reduced to a private station, return into that body from which they were originally taken, and the vacancies be supplied by frequent, certain and regular elections, in which all, or any part of the former members, to be again eligible or ineligible, as the laws shall direct. 6. That all elections ought to be free, and that all men having sufficient evidence of permanent common interest with, and attachment to, the community, have the right of suffrage, and cannot be taxed or deprived of their property for public uses, without their own consent, or that of their representatives so elected, nor bound by any law to which they have not in like manner assented, for the public good. 7. That all power of suspending laws, or the execution of laws, by any authority,

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V IRGINIA without consent of the representatives of the people, is injurious to their rights, and ought not to be exercised. 8. That in all capital or criminal prosecutions, a man has the2 right to demand the cause and nature of his accusation, to be confronted with the accusers and witnesses, to call for evidence in his favor, and to a speedy trial by an impartial jury of twelve men of his vicinage, without whose unanimous consent he cannot be found guilty; nor can he be compelled to give evidence against himself; that no man be deprived of his liberty, except by the law of the land or the judgment of his peers. 9. That excessive bail ought not to be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 10. That general warrants, whereby an officer or messenger may be-commanded to search suspected places without evidence of a fact committed, or to seize any person or persons not named, or whose offence is not particularly described and supported by evidence, are grevous and oppressive, and ought not to be granted. 11. That in controversies respecting property, and in suits between man and man, the ancient trial by jury of twelve men is preferable to any other, and ought to be held sacred. 12. That the freedom of the press is one of the great bulwarks of liberty, and can never be restrained but by despotic governments. 13. That a well regulated militia, composed of the body of the people, trained to arms, is the proper, natural and safe defence of a free state; that standing armies, in time of peace, should be avoided as dangerous to liberty; and that in all cases the military

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should be under strict subordination to, and governed by the civil power. 14. That the people have a right to uniform government; and therefore, that no government separate from, or independent of, the government of Virginia, ought to be erected or established within the limits thereof. 15. That no free government or the blessing of liberty can be preserved to any people but by a firm adherence to justice, moderation, temperance, frugality and virtue, and by a frequent recurrence to fundamental principles. 16. That religion, or the duty which we owe to our Creator, and the manner of discharging it, can be directed only by reason and conviction, not by force or violence; and therefore all men are equally entitled to the free exercise of religion, according to the dictates of conscience; and that it is the mutual duty of all to practice Christian forbearance, love and charity towards each other.3

CONSTITUTION4 Whereas the delegates and representatives of the good people of Virginia, in Convention assembled, on the twenty-ninth day of June, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and seventy-six – reciting and declaring, that whereas George the Third, king of Great Britain and Ireland, and elector of Hanover, before that time entrusted with the exercise of the kingly office in the government of Virginia, had endeavored to pervert the same into a detestable and insupportable tyranny, by putting his negative on laws the most wholesome and necessary for the public good: by denying his Governors permission to pass laws of

C ONSTITUTION OF V IRGINIA (1851) immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation for his assent, and when so suspended, neglecting to attend to them for many years; by refusing to pass certain other laws, unless the persons to be benefitted by them would relinquish the inestimable right of representation in the Legislature; by dissolving legislative assemblies repeatedly and continually, for opposing with manly firmness his evasions5 of the rights of the people; when dissolved, by refusing to call others for a long space of time, thereby leaving the political system without any legislative head; by endeavoring to prevent the population of our country, and for that purpose obstructing the laws for the naturalization of foreigners; by keeping among us, in time of peace, standing armies and ships of war; by effecting6 to render the military independent of, and superior to the civil power; by combining with others to subject us to a foreign jurisdiction, giving his assent to7 pretended acts of legislation, for quartering large bodies of armed troops among us, for cutting off our trade with all parts of the world, for imposing taxes on us without our consent, for depriving us of the benefits of8 trial by jury, for transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offences, for suspending our own Legislature9 , and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever; by plundering our seas, ravaging our coasts, burning our towns, and destroying the lives of our people; by inciting insurrections of our fellow subjects with the allurements of forfeiture and confiscation; by prompting our negroes to rise in arms among us – those very negroes whom, by an inhuman use of his negative, he had refused us permission to exclude by law; by endeavoring to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions of existence; by transporting

hither a large army of foreign mercenaries to complete the work of death, desolation and tyranny, then already begun with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy unworthy the head of a civilized nation; by answering our repeated petitions for redress with a repetition of injuries; and finally, by abandoning the helm of government, and declaring us out of his allegiance and protection; by which several acts of misrule, the government of this country, as before exercised under the crown of Great Britain, was totally dissolved – did, therefore; having maturely considered the premises, and viewing with great concern the deplorable condition to which this once happy country would be reduced, unless some regular, adequate mode of civil policy10 should be speedily adopted, and in compliance with the recommendation of the general Congress, ordain and declare a form of government of Virginia: And whereas a Convention held on the first Monday in October, in the year one thousand eight hundred and twenty-nine, did propose to the people of the commonwealth an amended constitution or form of government, which was ratified by them: And whereas the General Assembly of Virginia, by an act passed on the 4th of March, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty, did provide for the election by the people of Delegates to meet in general Convention, to consider, discuss and propose a new constitution, or alterations and amendments to the existing constitution of this commonwealth; and by an act passed on the thirteenth of March, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-one, did further provide for submitting the same to the people for ratification or rejection: We, therefore, the delegates of the good people of Virginia, elected and in Convention assembled, in pursuance of said acts, do propose to the people the following constitution and form of government for this commonwealth:

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Article I Bill of Rights The declaration of rights, as amended and prefixed to this constitution, shall have the same relation thereto as it had to the former constitution:

Article II Division of Powers The legislative, executive and judiciary departments shall be separate and distinct, so that neither exercise the powers properly belonging to either of the others; nor shall any person exercise the powers of more than one of them at the same time, except that justices of the peace shall be eligible to either house of Assembly.

Article III Qualification of Voters 1. Every white male citizen of the commonwealth, of the age of twenty-one years, who has been a resident of the state for two years, and of the county, city or town where he offers to vote for twelve months next preceding an election, and no other person, shall be qualified to vote for members of the General Assembly and all officers elective by the people; but no person in the military, naval or marine service of the United States shall be deemed a resident of this state, by reason of being stationed therein. And no person shall have the right to vote, who is of unsound mind, or a pauper, or a non-commissioned officer, soldier, seaman or marine in the service of the United States, or who has been convicted of bribery in an election, or11 any infamous offence. 2. The General Assembly, at its first session after the adoption of this constitution, and afterwards as occasion may require, shall cause every city or town, the white

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population of which exceeds five thousand, to be laid off into convenient wards, and a separate place of voting to be established in each, and thereafter no inhabitant of such city or town shall be allowed to vote except in the ward in which he resides. 3. No voter, during the time for holding any election at which he is entitled to vote, shall be compelled to perform military service, except in time of war or public danger; to work upon the public roads, or to attend any court as suitor, juror or witness; and no voter shall be subject to arrest under any civil process during his attendance at elections, or in going to and returning from them. 4. In all elections votes shall be given openly, or viva voce, and not by ballot; but dumb persons entitled to suffrage may vote by ballot.

Article IV Legislative Department 1.12 The Legislature shall be formed of two distinct branches, which together shall be a complete Legislature, and shall be called the General Assembly of Virginia.

House of Delegates 2. One of these shall be called the House of Delegates, and shall consist of one hundred and fifty-two members, to be chosen biennially for and by the several counties, cities and towns of the commonwealth, and distributed and apportioned as follows: The counties of Augusta and Rockingham, and the city of Richmond, shall each elect three delegates; the counties of Albemarle, Bedford, Berkeley, Campbell, Fauquier, Franklin, Frederick, Halifax, Hampshire, Harrison, Jefferson, Kanawha, Loudoun, Marion, Monongalia, Monroe,

C ONSTITUTION OF V IRGINIA (1851) Norfolk, Pittsylvania, Preston, Rockbridge, Shenandoah and Washington, shall each elect two delegates; the counties of Botetourt and Craig shall together elect two delegates. The counties of Accomac13 , Alexandria, Amherst, Appomattox, Barbour, Brunswick, Buckingham, Cabell, Caroline, Carroll, Charlotte, Chesterfield, Clarke, Culpepper14 , Dinwiddie, Fairfax, Floyd, Fluvanna, Giles, Gloucester, Goochland, Grayson, Greenbrier, Hanover, Hardy, Henrico, Henry, Highland, Isle of Wight, Jackson, King William, Lee, Lewis, Louisa, Lunenburg, Madison, Marshall, Mason, Mercer, Mecklenburg, Montgomery, Morgan, Nansemond, Nelson, Northampton, Page, Patrick, Pendleton, Pocahontas, Princess Anne, Prince Edward, Prince William, Pulaski, Putnam, Randolph, Rappahannock, Roanoke, Scott, Smyth, Southampton, Spottsylvania15 , Taylor, Upshur, Warren, Wayne, Wetzel, Wood and Wythe, and the cities of Norfolk and Petersburg, shall each elect one delegate. The counties of Lee and Scott, in addition to the delegate to be elected by each, shall together elect one delegate. The following counties and cities shall compose election districts: Alleghany and Bath; Amelia and Nottoway; Boone, Wyoming and Logan16 ; Braxton and Nicholas; Charles City, James City and New Kent; Cumberland and Powhatan; Doddridge and Tyler; Elizabeth City; Warwick, York, and the city of Williamsburg; Essex and King and Queen; Fayette and Raleigh; Gilmer and Wirt; Greene and Orange; Greenesville and Sussex; King George and Stafford; Lancaster and Northumberland; Matthews and Middlesex; Pleasants and Ritchie; Prince George and Surry; and Richmond and Westmoreland – each of which districts shall elect one delegate. At the first general election under this constitution, the county of Ohio shall elect

three delegates, and the counties of Brooke and Hancock shall together elect one delegate; at the second general election, the county of Ohio shall elect two delegates, and the counties of Brooke and Hancock shall each elect one delegate; and so on; alternately, at succeeding general elections. At the first general election, the county of Russell shall elect two delegates, and the county of Tazewell shall elect one delegate; at the second general election, the county of Tazewell shall elect two delegates, and the county of Russell shall elect one delegate; and so on, alternately, at succeeding general elections. The General Assembly shall have power, upon application of a majority of the voters of the county of Campbell, to provide, that instead of the two delegates to be elected by said county, the town of Lynchburg shall elect one delegate, and the residue of the county of Campbell shall elect one delegate.

Senate17 3. The other house of the General Assembly shall be called the Senate, and shall consist of fifty members, to be elected for the term of four years; for the election of whom, the counties, cities and towns shall be divided into fifty districts. Each county, city and town of the respective districts, at the time of the first election of its delegate or delegates under this constitution, shall vote for one Senator; and the Sheriffs or other officers holding the election for each county, city and town, within five days at farthest after the last election in the district, shall meet at the court-house of the county or city first named in the district, and from the polls so taken in their respective counties, cities and towns, return as Senator the person who has received the greatest number of votes in the whole district. Upon the

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V IRGINIA assembling of the Senators so elected, they shall be divided into18 two equal classes, to be numbered by lot. The term of service of the Senators of the first class shall expire with that of the delegates first elected under this constitution, and of the Senators of the second class at the expiration of two years thereafter; and this alternation shall be continued, so that one-half of the Senators may be chosen every second year. 4.19 For the election of Senators – I. The20 counties of Accomack21 and Northampton shall form one district: II. The city of Norfolk shall form22 another district: III. The counties of Norfolk and Princess Anne shall be23 another district: IV. The counties of Isle of Wight, Nansemond and Surry shall form another district: V. The counties of Sussex, Southampton and Greenesville shall form another district: VI. The city of Petersburg and the county of Prince George shall form another district: VII. The counties of Dinwiddie, Amelia and Brunswick shall form another district: VIII. The counties of Powhatan, Cumberland and Chesterfield shall form another district: IX. The counties of Lunenburg, Nottoway and Prince Edward shall form another district: X. The counties of Mecklenburg and Charlotte shall form another district: XI. The county of Pittsylvania shall be another district:

XIV. The county of Bedford shall be another district: XV. The counties of Campbell and Appomattox shall form another district: XVI. The city of Williamsburg and the counties of James City, Charles City, New Kent, York, Elizabeth City and Warwick shall form another district: XVII. The counties of Henrico and Hanover shall form another district: XVIII. The city of Richmond shall be another district: XIX. The counties of Gloucester, Matthews24 and Middlesex shall form another district: XX. The counties of Richmond, Lancaster, Northumberland and Westmoreland shall form another district: XXI. The counties of King and Queen, King William and Essex shall form another district: XXII. The counties of Caroline and Spottsylvania25 shall form another district: XXIII. The counties of Stafford, King George and Prince William shall form another district: XXIV. The counties of Fairfax and Alexandria shall form another district: XXV. The county of Loudoun shall be another district: XXVI. The counties of Fauquier and Rappahannock shall form another district:

XII. The county of Halifax shall be another district:

XXVII. The counties of Madison, Culpeper, Orange and Greene shall form another district:

XIII. The counties of Henry, Patrick and Franklin shall form another district:

XXVIII. The county of Albemarle shall be another district:

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C ONSTITUTION OF V IRGINIA (1851) XXIX. The counties of Louisa, Goochland and Fluvanna shall form another district:

XLIV. The counties of Nicholas, Fayette, Pocahontas, Raleigh, Braxton and Greenbrier shall form another district:

XXX. The counties of Nelson, Amherst and Buckingham shall form another district:

XLV. The counties of Mason, Jackson, Cabell, Wayne and Wirt shall form another district:

XXXI. The counties of Jefferson and Berkeley shall form another district: XXXII. The counties of Hampshire, Hardy and Morgan shall form another district: XXXIII. The counties of Frederick, Clarke and Warren shall form another district: XXXIV. The counties of Shenandoah and Page shall form another district: XXXV. The counties of Rockingham and Pendleton shall form another district: XXXVI. The county of Augusta shall be another district: XXXVII. The counties of Bath, Highland and Rockbridge shall form another district: XXXVIII. The counties of Botetourt, Alleghany, Roanoke and Craig shall form another district: XXXIX. The counties of Carroll, Floyd, Grayson, Montgomery and Pulaski shall form another district: XL. The counties of Mercer, Monroe, Giles and Tazewell shall form another district: XLI. The counties of Smyth, Wythe and Washington shall form another district: XLII. The counties of Scott, Lee and Russell shall form another district: XLIII. The counties of Boone, Logan, Kanawha, Putnam and Wyoming shall form another district:

XLVI. The counties of Ritchie, Doddridge, Harrison, Pleasants and Wood shall form another district: XLVII. The counties of Wetzel, Marshall, Marion and Tyler shall form another district: XLVIII. The counties of Upshur, Barbour, Lewis, Gilmer and Randolph shall form another district: XLIX. The counties of Monongalia, Preston and Taylor shall form another district: L. The counties of Brooke, Hancock and Ohio shall form another district.

Apportionment of Representation26 5. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly, in the year one thousand eight hundred and sixty-five, and in every tenth year thereafter, in case it can agree upon a principle of representation, to re-apportion representation in the Senate and House of Delegates in accordance therewith; and in the event the General Assembly, at the first or any subsequent period of re-apportionment, shall fail to agree upon a principle of representation, and to re-apportion representation in accordance therewith, each house shall separately propose a scheme of representation, containing a principle or rule for the House of Delegates, in connection with a principle or rule for the Senate. And it shall be the duty of the General Assembly, at the same session, to certify to the Governor the principles or rules of representation which the respective houses may

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V IRGINIA separately propose, to be applied in making re-apportionments in the Senate and in the House of Delegates: and the Governor shall, as soon thereafter as may be, by proclamation, make known the propositions of the respective houses, and require the voters of the commonwealth to assemble at such time as he shall appoint, at their lawful places of voting, and decide by their votes between the propositions thus presented. In the event the General Assembly shall fail, in the year one thousand eight hundred and sixty-five, or in any tenth year thereafter, to make such re-apportionment or certificate, the Governor shall, immediately after the adjournment of the General Assembly, by proclamation, require the voters of the commonwealth to assemble, at such time as he shall appoint, at their lawful places of voting, and to declare by their votes: First, whether representation in the Senate and House of Delegates shall be apportioned on the “Suffrage Basis;” that is, according to the number of voters in the several counties, cities, towns and senatorial districts of the commonwealth: Or, second, whether representation in both houses shall be apportioned on the “Mixed Basis;” that is, according to the number of white inhabitants contained, and the amount of all state taxes paid, in the several counties, cities and towns of the commonwealth, deducting therefrom all taxes paid on licenses and law process, and any capitation tax on free negroes, allowing one delegate for every seventy-sixth part of said inhabitants, and one delegate for every seventy-sixth part of said taxes, and distributing the senators in like manner: Or, third, whether representation shall be apportioned in the Senate on taxation; that is, according to the amount of all state taxes paid in the several counties, cities and towns of the commonwealth, deducting therefrom all taxes paid on licenses and law process, and any capitation tax on free negroes, and

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in the House of Delegates on the “Suffrage Basis” as aforesaid: Or, fourth, whether representation shall be apportioned in the Senate on the “Mixed Basis” as aforesaid, and in the House of Delegates on the “Suffrage Basis” as aforesaid, and each voter shall cast his vote in favor of one of said schemes of apportionment, and no more. 6. It shall be the duty of the Sheriffs and other officers taking said polls, to keep the same open for the period of three days; and within five days after they are closed, to certify true copies thereof to the Governor, who shall, as early as may be, ascertain the result of said vote, and make proclamation thereof; and in case it is ascertained that a majority of all the votes cast is in favor of either of the principles of representation, referred as aforesaid to the choice of the voters, the Governor shall communicate the result of such vote to the General Assembly, at its first regular session thereafter; but in case it is ascertained that a majority of all the votes cast is not in favor of either of the principles of representation referred as aforesaid to the choice of the voters, it shall be the duty of the Governor, as soon as may be after ascertaining that fact, in like manner to cause the voters to decide between the two principles of representation which shall, at such previous voting, have received the greatest number of votes; and he shall ascertain and make proclamation of the result of the said last vote, and communicate the same to the General Assembly at its next regular session; and in either case, the General Assembly, at the regular session thereof, which shall be held next after the taking of the vote, the result of which shall have been so communicated to it by the Governor, shall re-apportion representation in the two houses respectively in accordance with the principle of representation in each, for which a majority of

C ONSTITUTION OF V IRGINIA (1851) the votes cast were given; and it shall be the duty of the General Assembly in every tenth year thereafter to re-apportion and distribute the number of senators and delegates in accordance with the same principle.

Qualifications of Senators and Delegates27 7. Any person may be elected Senator, who, at the time of election, has attained the age of twenty-five years, and is actually a resident within the district, and qualified to vote for members of the General Assembly, according to this constitution. And any person may be elected a member of the House of Delegates, who, at the time of election, has attained the age of twenty-one years, and is actually a resident within the county, city; town or election district, qualified to vote for members of the General Assembly according to this constitution; but no person holding a lucrative office, no minister of the gospel or priest of any religious denomination, no salaried officer of any banking corporation or company, and no attorney for the commonwealth, shall be capable of being elected a member of either house of assembly. The removal of any person elected to either branch of the General Assembly from the county, city, town or district for which he was elected, shall vacate his office.

Powers and Duties of the General Assembly28 8. The General Assembly shall meet once in every two years, and no29 oftener, unless convened by the Governor in the manner prescribed in this constitution. No session of the General Assembly, after the first under this constitution, shall continue longer than ninety days, without the concurrence of three-fifths of the members elected

to each house; in which case, the session may be extended for a further period, not exceeding thirty days. Neither house, during the session of the General Assembly, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. A majority of each house shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and shall be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members in such manner and under such penalties as each house may provide. 9. The House of Delegates shall choose its own Speaker; and in the absence of the Lieutenant Governor, or when he shall exercise the office of Governor, the Senate shall choose from their own body a President pro tempore; and each house shall appoint its own officers, settle its own rules of proceeding, and direct writs of election for supplying intermediate vacancies: but if vacancies shall occur during the recess of the General Assembly, such writs may be issued by the Governor, under such regulations as may be prescribed by law. Each house shall judge of the election, qualification and returns of its members, may punish them for disorderly behaviour, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member, but not a second time for the same offence. 10. The members of the assembly shall receive for their services a compensation, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the public treasury; but no act increasing such compensation shall take effect until after the end of the term for which the members of the House of Delegates voting thereon were elected. And no senator or delegate, during the term for which he shall have been elected, shall be appointed to any civil office of profit under this30 commonwealth, which has been created, or the emoluments of which have been increased, during such

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V IRGINIA term, except offices filled by elections by the people. 11. Bills and resolutions may originate in either of the two houses of the General Assembly, to be approved or rejected by the other, and may be amended by either house, with the consent of the other. 12. Each house of the General Assembly shall keep a journal of its proceedings, which shall be published from time to time, and the yeas and nays of the members of either house, on any question, shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. No bill shall become a law until it has been read on three different days of the session in the house in which it originated, unless two-thirds of the members elected to that house shall otherwise determine. 13. The whole number of members to which the state may at any time be entitled in the House of Representatives of the United States, shall be apportioned as nearly as may be amongst the several counties, cities and towns of the state, according to their respective numbers; which shall be determined, by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. 14. In the apportionment, the state shall be divided into districts, corresponding in number with the representatives to which it may be entitled in the House of Representatives of the Congress of the United States, which shall be formed respectively of contiguous counties, cities and towns, be compact, and include, as nearly as may be, an equal number of the population, upon which is based representation in the House of Representatives of the United States.

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15. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not in any case be suspended. The General Assembly shall not pass any bill of attainder; or any ex post facto law; or any law impairing the obligation of contracts; or any law whereby private property shall be taken for public uses without just compensation; or any law abridging the freedom of speech or of the press. No man shall be compelled to frequent or support any religious worship, place or ministry whatsoever; nor shall any man be enforced, restrained, molested or burthened in his body or goods, or otherwise suffer, on account of his religious opinions or belief; but all men shall be free to profess, and by argument to maintain, their opinions in matters of religion, and the same shall in nowise affect, diminish or enlarge their civil capacities. And the General Assembly shall not prescribe any religious test whatever; or confer any peculiar privileges or advantages on any sect or denomination; or pass any law requiring or authorizing any religious society, or the people of any district within this commonwealth, to levy on themselves or others any tax for the erection or repair of any house for public worship, or for the support of any church or ministry; but it shall be left free to every person to select his religious instructor, and to make for his support such private contract as he shall please. 16. No law shall embrace more than one object, which shall be expressed in its title; nor shall any law be revived or amended by reference to its title, but the act revived or section amended shall be re-enacted and published at length. 17. The General Assembly may provide that no person shall be capable of holding, or being elected to, any post of profit, trust or emolument, civil or military, legislative, executive or judicial, under the government of this commonwealth, who shall hereafter

C ONSTITUTION OF V IRGINIA (1851) fight a duel, or send or accept a challenge to fight a duel, the probable issue of which may be the death of the challenger or challenged, or who shall be second to either party, or shall in any manner aid or assist in such duel, or shall be knowingly the bearer of such challenge or acceptance; but no person shall be so disqualified by reason of his having heretofore fought such duel, or sent or accepted such challenge, or been second in such duel, or bearer of such challenge or acceptance. 18. The Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Judges, and all others offending against the state, by mal-administration, corruption, neglect of duty, or other high crime or misdemeanor, shall be impeachable by the House of Delegates, and be prosecuted before the Senate, which shall have the sole power to try impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation; and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. Judgment, in cases of impeachment, shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit under the commonwealth; but the party convicted shall nevertheless be subject to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment, according to law. The Senate may sit during the recess of the General Assembly for the trial of impeachments.

Slaves and Free Negroes 19. Slaves hereafter emancipated shall forfeit their freedom by remaining in the commonwealth more than twelve months after they become actually free, and shall be reduced to slavery under such regulations31 as may be prescribed by law. 20. The General Assembly may impose such restrictions and conditions as they

shall deem proper on the power of slave owners to emancipate their slaves; and may pass laws for the relief of the commonwealth from the free negro population, by removal or otherwise. 21. The General Assembly shall not emancipate any slave, or the descendant of any slave, either before or after the birth of such descendant.

Taxation and Finance 22. Taxation shall be equal and uniform throughout the commonwealth, and all property other than slaves shall be taxed in proportion to its value, which shall be ascertained in such manner as may be prescribed by law. 23. Every slave who has attained the age of twelve years shall be assessed with a tax equal to and not exceeding that assessed on land of the value of three hundred dollars. Slaves under that age shall not be subject to taxation; and other taxable property may be exempted from taxation by the vote of a majority of the whole number of members elected to each house of the General Assembly. 24. A capitation tax, equal to the tax assessed on land of the value of two hundred dollars, shall be levied on every white male inhabitant who has attained the age of twenty-one years; and one equal moiety of the capitation tax upon white persons shall be applied to the purposes of education in primary and free schools; but nothing herein contained shall prevent exemptions of taxable polls in cases of bodily infirmity. 25. The General Assembly may levy a tax on incomes, salaries and licenses; but no tax shall be levied on property from which any income so taxed is derived, or on the capital invested in the trade or business in

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V IRGINIA respect to which the license so taxed is issued. 26. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in pursuance of appropriations made by law; and a statement of the receipts, disbursements, appropriations and loans shall be published after the adjournment of each session of the General Assembly, with the acts and resolutions thereof. 27. On the passage of every act which imposes, continues or revives a tax, or creates a debt or charge, or makes, continues or revives any appropriation of public or trust money or property, or32 releases, discharges or commutes any claim or demand of the state, the vote shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the same shall be entered on the journals of the respective houses, and a majority of all the members elected to each house shall be necessary to give it the force of a law. 28. The liability to the state of any incorporated company or institution, to redeem the principal and pay the interest of any loan heretofore made, or which may hereafter be made, by the state to such company or institution, shall not be released; and the General Assembly shall not pledge the faith of the state, or bind it in any form, for the debts or obligations of any company or corporation. 29. There shall be set apart annually, from the accruing revenues33 , a sum equal to seven per cent. of the state debt existing on the first day of January, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-two. The fund thus set apart shall be34 the sinking fund, and shall be applied to the payment of the interest of the state debt, and the principal of such part as may be redeemable. If no part be redeemable, then the residue of the sinking fund, after the payment of such interest, shall be invested in the bonds or

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certificates of debt of this commonwealth, or of the United States, or of some of the States of this Union, and applied to the payment of the State debt, as it shall become redeemable. Whenever, after the said first day of January, a debt shall be contracted by the commonwealth, there shall be set apart in like manner, annually, for thirtyfour years, a sum exceeding by one per cent. the aggregate amount of the annual interest agreed to be paid thereon at the time of its contraction35 ; which sum shall be part of the sinking fund, and shall be applied in the manner before directed. The General Assembly shall not otherwise appropriate any part of the sinking fund or its accruing interest, except in time of war, insurrection or invasion. 30. The General Assembly may, at any time, direct a sale of the stocks held by the commonwealth in internal improvement and other companies; but the proceeds of such sale, if made before the payment of the public debt, shall constitute a part of the sinking fund, and be applied in like manner. 31. The General Assembly shall not contract loans, or cause to be issued certificates of debt or bonds of the state, irredeemable for a period greater than thirty-four years.

General Provisions 32. The General Assembly shall not grant a charter of incorporation to any church or religious denomination, but may secure the title to church property to an extent to be limited by law. 33. No lottery shall hereafter be authorized by law; and the buying, selling or transferring of tickets or chances in any lottery not now authorized by a law of this state, shall be prohibited.

C ONSTITUTION OF V IRGINIA (1851) 34. No new county shall be formed with an area less than six hundred square miles; nor shall the county or counties from which it is formed be reduced below that area; nor shall any county, having a white population less than five thousand, be deprived of more than one-fifth of such population; nor shall a county having a larger white population be reduced below four thousand. But any county, the length of which is three times its mean breadth, or which exceeds fifty miles in length, may be divided, at the discretion of the General Assembly. In all general elections, the voters in any county, not entitled to separate representation, shall vote in the same election district. 35. The General Assembly shall confer on the courts the power to grant divorces, change the names of persons, and direct the sale of estates belonging to infants and other persons under legal disabilities, but shall not, by special legislation, grant relief in such cases, or any36 other case of which the courts or other tribunals may have jurisdiction. 36. The General Assembly shall provide for the periodical registration in the several counties, cities and towns, of the voters therein; and for the annual registration of the births, marriages and deaths in the white population, and of the births and deaths in the colored population of the same, distinguishing between the numbers of the free colored persons and slaves. 37. The General Assembly, at intervals of five years from the dates of the returns of the census of the United States, shall cause to be taken a census and such statistics of this state as may be prescribed by law; which census and statistics shall be returned to the Secretary of the commonwealth, who shall compare and correct the returns and report the same to the General Assembly.

38. The manner of conducting and making returns of elections, of determining contested elections, and of filling vacancies in office, in cases not specially provided for by this constitution, shall be prescribed by law; but special elections to fill vacancies in the office of Judge of any court shall be for a full term. And the General Assembly may declare the cases in which any office shall be deemed vacant, where37 no provision is made for that purpose in this constitution.

Article V Executive Department Governor 1. The chief executive power of this commonwealth shall be vested in a Governor. He shall hold the office for the term of four years, to commence on the first day of January38 next succeeding his election, and be ineligible to the same office for the term next succeeding that for which he was elected, and to any other office during his term of service. 2. The Governor shall be elected by the voters, at the times and places of choosing members of the General Assembly. Returns of the elections39 shall be transmitted, under seal, by the proper officers, to the Secretary of the commonwealth, who shall deliver them to the Speaker of the House of Delegates on the first day of the next session of the General Assembly. The Speaker of the House of Delegates shall, within one week thereafter, in the presence of a majority of the Senate and House of Delegates, open the said returns, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the highest number of votes shall be declared elected; but if two or more shall have the highest and an equal number of votes, one of them shall be chosen Governor by the joint vote of the two houses of the General

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V IRGINIA Assembly. Contested elections for Governor shall be decided by a like vote, and the mode of proceeding in such cases shall be prescribed by law. 3. No person shall be eligible to the office of Governor unless he has attained the age of thirty years, is a native citizen of the United States, and has been a citizen of Virginia for five years next preceding his election. 4. The Governor shall reside at the seat of government; shall receive five thousand dollars for each year of his service40 , and, while in office, shall receive no other emolument from this or any other government. 5. He shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed; communicate to the General Assembly at every session the condition of the commonwealth; recommend to their consideration such measures as he may deem expedient; and convene the General Assembly on application of a majority of the members of both houses thereof, or when in his opinion the interests41 of the commonwealth may require it. He shall be commander-in-chief of the land and naval forces of the state; have power to embody the militia to repel invasion, suppress insurrection, and enforce the execution of42 laws; conduct, either in person or in such other manner as shall be prescribed by law, all intercourse with other and foreign states; and during the recess of the General Assembly, fill, pro tempore, all vacancies in those offices for which the constitution and laws make no provision; but his appointments to such vacancies shall be by commissions to expire at the end of thirty days after the commencement of the next session of the General Assembly. He shall have power to remit fines and penalties in such cases and under such rules and regulations as may be prescribed by law; and, except when the prosecution has been carried on by the House of

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Delegates, or the law shall otherwise particularly direct, to grant reprieves and pardons after conviction, and to commute capital punishment; but he shall communicate to the General Assembly; at each session, the particulars of every case of fine or penalty remitted, or43 reprieve or pardon granted, and of punishment commuted, with his reasons for remitting, granting or commuting the same. 6. He may require information in writing from the officers in the executive department, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices; and may also require the opinion in writing of the Attorney General upon any question of law connected with his official duties. 7. Commissions and grants shall run in the name of the commonwealth of Virginia, and be attested by the Governor, with the seal of the commonwealth annexed.

Lieutenant Governor 8. A Lieutenant Governor shall be elected at the same time, and for the same term as the Governor, and his qualification and the manner of his election in all respects shall be the same. 9. In case of the removal of the Governor from office, or of his death, failure to qualify, resignation, removal from the State, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the office, the said office, with its compensation, shall devolve upon the Lieutenant Governor; and the General Assembly shall provide by law for the discharge of the executive functions in other necessary cases. 10. The Lieutenant Governor shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote; and while acting as such, shall receive a compensation equal to that allowed to the Speaker of the House of Delegates.

C ONSTITUTION OF V IRGINIA (1851)

Secretary of the Commonwealth, Treasurer & Auditor 11. A Secretary of the commonwealth, Treasurer, and an Auditor of public accounts, shall be elected by the joint vote of the two houses of the General Assembly, and continue in office for the term of two years, unless sooner removed. 12. The Secretary shall keep a record of the official acts of the Governor, which shall be signed by the Governor and attested by the Secretary; and when required, he shall lay the same, and any papers, minutes and vouchers pertaining to his office, before either house of the General Assembly; and shall perform such other duties as may be prescribed by law. 13. The powers and duties of the Treasurer and Auditor shall be such as now are, or may hereafter be44 prescribed by law.

16. The Board of Public Works shall appoint all officers employed on the public works, and all persons representing the interest of the commonwealth in works of internal improvement, and shall perform such other duties as may be prescribed by law. 17. The members of the Board of Public Works may be removed by the concurrent vote of a majority of all the members elected to each house of the General Assembly; but the cause of removal shall be entered on the journal of each house. 18. The General Assembly shall have power, by a vote of three-fifths of the members elected to each house, to abolish said board whenever in their opinion a Board of Public Works shall no longer be necessary.

Militia 19. The manner of appointing militia officers shall be prescribed by law.

Board of Public Works 14. There shall be a Board of Public Works, to consist of three commissioners. The State shall be divided into three districts, containing, as nearly as may be, equal numbers of voters, and the voters of each district shall elect one commissioner, whose term of office shall be six years; but of those first elected, one, to be designated by lot, shall remain in office for two years only, and one other, to be designated in like manner, shall remain in office for four years only. 15. The General Assembly, at its first session after the adoption of this constitution, shall provide for the election and compensation of the commissioners, and the organization of the board. The commissioners first elected shall assemble on a day to be appointed by law, and decide by lot the order in which their terms of service shall expire.

Article VI Judiciary Department 1. There shall be a Supreme Court of Appeals, District Courts and Circuit Courts. The jurisdiction of these tribunals, and of the Judges thereof, except so far as the same is conferred by this constitution, shall be regulated by law.

Judicial Divisions 2. The state shall be divided into twentyone judicial circuits, ten districts and five sections. I. The counties of Princess Anne, Norfolk, Nansemond, Isle of Wight, Southampton, GreenesviIle, Surry and Sussex; and the city of Norfolk, shall constitute the first circuit.

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V IRGINIA II. The counties of Prince George, Dinwiddie, Brunswick, Mecklenburg, Lunenburg, Nottoway, Amelia, Chesterfield, Powhatan45 and the city of Petersburg shall constitute the second circuit. III. The counties of Cumberland, Buckingham, Appomattox, Campbell, Prince Edward, Charlotte, Halifax46 and the town of Lynchburg shall constitute the third circuit. IV. The counties of Pittsylvania, Bedford, Franklin, Patrick and Henry shall constitute the fourth circuit. Accomack47

V. The counties of and Northampton shall constitute the fifth circuit. VI. The counties of Elizabeth City, Warwick, York, Gloucester, Matthews48 , Middlesex, Henrico, New Kent, Charles City, James City49 , and the city of Williamsburg, shall constitute the sixth circuit. VII. The city of Richmond shall be the seventh circuit. VIII. The counties of Lancaster, Northumberland, Richmond, Westmoreland, King George, Spottsylvania50 , Caroline, Hanover, King William, King and Queen, and Essex, shall constitute the eighth circuit. IX. The counties of Stafford, Prince William, Alexandria, Fairfax, Loudoun, Fauquier and Rappahannock shall constitute the ninth circuit. X. The counties of Culpeper, Madison, Greene, Orange, Albemarle, Louisa, Fluvanna and Goochland shall constitute the tenth circuit. XI. The counties of Nelson, Amherst, Rockbridge, Augusta and Bath shall constitute the eleventh circuit.

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XII. The counties of Pendleton, Highland, Rockingham, Page, Shenandoah, Warren and Hardy shall constitute the twelfth circuit. XIII. The counties of Clarke, Frederick, Hampshire, Morgan, Berkeley and Jefferson shall constitute the thirteenth circuit. XIV. The counties of Monroe, Greenbrier, Pocahontas, Alleghany, Botetourt, Roanoke and Craig shall constitute the fourteenth circuit. XV. The counties of Giles, Mercer, Raleigh, Wyoming, Logan, Boone, Fayette and Nicholas shall constitute the fifteenth circuit. XVI. The counties of Grayson, Carroll, Wythe, Floyd, Pulaski and Montgomery shall constitute the sixteenth circuit. XVII. The counties of Smyth, Tazewell, Washington, Russell, Scott and Lee shall constitute the seventeenth circuit. XVIII. The counties of Wayne, Cabell, Mason, Jackson, Putnam and Kanawha shall constitute the eighteenth circuit. XIX. The counties of Wood, Wirt, Gilmer, Braxton, Lewis, Ritchie, Doddridge and Pleasants shall constitute the nineteenth circuit. XX. The counties of Hancock, Brooke, Ohio, Marshall, Wetzel, Tyler and Monongalia shall constitute the twentieth circuit. XXI. And the counties of Harrison, Marion, Taylor, Preston, Barbour, Randolph and Upshur shall constitute the twenty-first circuit. 3. The first and second circuits shall constitute the first district; the third and fourth circuits the second district; the fifth, sixth and seventh circuits the third district; the eighth and ninth circuits the fourth district;

C ONSTITUTION OF V IRGINIA (1851) the tenth and eleventh circuits the fifth district; the twelfth and thirteenth circuits the sixth district; the fourteenth and fifteenth circuits the seventh district; the sixteenth and seventeenth circuits the eighth district; the eighteenth and nineteenth circuits the ninth district; and the twentieth and twentyfirst circuits the tenth district. 4. The first and second districts shall constitute the first section; the third and fourth districts the second section; the fifth and sixth districts the third section; the seventh and eighth districts the fourth section; and the ninth and tenth districts the fifth section. 5. The General Assembly may, at the end of eight years after the adoption of this constitution, and thereafter at intervals of eight years, re-arrange the said circuits, districts and sections, and place any number of circuits in a district, and of districts in a section; but each circuit shall be altogether in one district, and each district in one section; and there shall not be less than two districts and four circuits in a section, and the number of sections shall not be increased or diminished.

Circuit Courts 6. For each circuit a Judge shall be elected by the voters thereof, who shall hold his office for the term of eight years, unless sooner removed in the manner prescribed by this constitution. He shall at the time of his election be at least thirty years of age, and during his continuance in office shall reside in the circuit of which he is Judge. 7. A Circuit Court shall be held at least twice a year by the Judge of each circuit, in every county and corporation thereof, wherein a Circuit Court is now or may hereafter be established. But the Judges in the same district may be required or authorized to hold the courts of their respective circuits

alternately, and a Judge of one circuit to hold a court in any other circuit.

District Courts 8. A District Court shall be held at least once a year in every district, by the Judges of the circuits constituting the section and the Judge of the Supreme Court of Appeals for the section of which the district forms a part, any three of whom may hold a court; but no Judge shall sit or decide upon any appeal taken from his own decision. The Judge of the Supreme Court of Appeals of one section may sit in the District Courts of another section, when required or authorized by law to do so. 9. The District Courts shall not have original jurisdiction, except in cases of habeas corpus, mandamus and prohibition.

Court51 of Appeals 10. For each section a Judge shall be elected by the voters thereof, who shall hold his office for the term of twelve years, unless sooner removed in the manner prescribed by this constitution. He shall at the time of his election be at least thirty-five years of age, and during his continuance in office reside in the section for which he is elected. 11. The Supreme Court of Appeals shall consist of the five Judges so elected, any three of whom may hold a court. It shall have appellate jurisdiction only, except in cases of habeas corpus, mandamus and prohibition. It shall not have jurisdiction in civil causes where the matter in controversy, exclusive of costs, is less in value or amount than five hundred dollars, except in controversies concerning the title or boundaries of land, the probate of a will, the appointment or qualification of a personal representative,

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V IRGINIA guardian, committee or curator; or concerning a mill, road, way, ferry or landing, or the right of a corporation or of a county to levy tolls or taxes; and except in cases of habeas corpus, mandamus and prohibition, and cases involving freedom or the constitutionality of a law. 12. Special Courts of Appeals, to consist of not less than three nor more than five Judges, may be formed of the Judges of the Supreme Court of Appeals and of the Circuit Courts, or any of them, to try any cases remaining on the dockets of the present Court of Appeals when the Judges thereof cease to hold their offices; or to try any cases which may be on the dockets of the Supreme Court of Appeals established by this constitution, in respect to which a majority of the Judges of said Court may be so situated as to make it improper for them to sit on the hearing thereof. 13. When a judgment or decree is reversed or affirmed by the Supreme Court of Appeals, the reasons therefor shall be stated in writing, and preserved with the record of the case.

General Provisions 14. Judges shall be commissioned by the Governor, and shall receive fixed and adequate salaries, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. The salary of a Judge of the Supreme Court of Appeals shall not be less than three thousand dollars, and that of a Judge of a Circuit Court not less than two thousand dollars per annum, except that of the Judge of the fifth circuit, which shall not be less than fifteen hundred dollars per annum; and each shall receive a reasonable allowance for necessary travel. 15. No Judge, during his term of service, shall hold any other office, appoint-

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ment or public trust, and the acceptance thereof shall vacate his judicial office; nor shall he, during such term, or within one year thereafter, be eligible to any political office. 16. No election of Judge shall be held within thirty days of the time of holding any election of electors of President and VicePresident of the United States, of members of Congress or of the General Assembly. 17. Judges may be removed from office by a concurrent vote of both houses of the General Assembly, but a majority of all the members elected to each house must concur in such vote; and the cause of removal shall be entered on the journal of each house. The Judge, against whom the General Assembly may be about to proceed, shall receive notice thereof, accompanied by a copy of the causes alleged for his removal, at least twenty days before the day on which either house of the General Assembly shall act thereupon. 18. The officers of the Supreme Court of Appeals and of the District Courts shall be appointed by the said courts respectively, or by the Judges thereof in vacation. Their duties, compensation and tenure of office shall be prescribed by law. 19. The voters of each county or corporation in which a Circuit Court is held shall elect a Clerk of such court, whose term of office shall be six years. The Attorney for the Commonwealth elected for a county or corporation wherein a Circuit Court is directed to be held, shall be Attorney for the Commonwealth for that court; but in case a Circuit Court is held for a city, or for a county and a city, there shall be an Attorney for the Commonwealth for such52 , to be elected by the voters of such city, or county and city, and to continue in office for the term of four years. The duties and compensation of these officers, and the mode of

C ONSTITUTION OF V IRGINIA (1851) removing them from office, shall be prescribed by law. 20. When a vacancy shall occur in the office of Clerk of any court, such court may appoint a Clerk pro tempore, who shall discharge the duties of the office until the vacancy is filled. 21. The General Assembly shall provide for the compensation of Jurors; but appropriations for that purpose shall not be made from the State Treasury, except in prosecutions for felony and misdemeanor. 22. At every election of a Governor, an Attorney General shall be elected by the voters of the commonwealth for the term of four years. He shall be commissioned by the Governor, shall perform such duties and receive such compensation as may be prescribed by law, and be removable in the manner prescribed for the removal of Judges. 23. Judges and all other officers, whether elected or appointed, shall continue to discharge the duties of their respective offices after their terms of service have expired, until their successors are qualified. 24. Writs shall run in the name of the commonwealth of Virginia, and be attested by the clerks of the several courts. Indictments shall conclude against the peace and dignity of the commonwealth.

County Courts, except so far as it is modified by this constitution, or may be changed by law. 27. Each county shall be laid off into districts, as nearly equal as may be in territory and population. In each district there shall be elected, by the voters thereof; four Justices of the Peace, who shall be commissioned by the Governor, reside in their respective districts, and hold their offices54 for the term of four years. The Justices so elected shall choose one of their own body, who shall be the presiding Justice of the County Court, and whose duty it shall be to attend each term of said court. The other Justices shall be classified by law for the performance of their duties in court. 28. The Justices shall receive for their services in court a per diem compensation, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the county treasury; and shall not receive any fee or emolument for other judicial services. 29. The power and jurisdiction of Justices of the Peace within their respective counties shall be prescribed by law.

County Offices55

25. There shall be in each county of the commonwealth a County Court, which shall be held monthly, by not less than three nor more than five Justices, except when the law shall require the presence of a greater number.

30. The voters of each county shall elect a Clerk of the County Court, a Surveyor, an Attorney for the Commonwealth, a Sheriff, and so many Commissioners of the Revenue as may be authorised by law, who shall hold their respective offices as follows: The Clerk and the Surveyor for the term of six years; the Attorney for the term of four years; the Sheriff and the Commissioners for the term of two years. Constables and Overseers of the Poor shall be elected by the voters, as may be prescribed by law.

26. The jurisdiction of the said court53 shall be the same as that of the existing

31. The officers mentioned in the preceding section, except the Attorneys, shall

County Courts

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V IRGINIA reside in the counties or districts for which they were respectively elected. No person elected for two successive terms to the office of Sheriff, shall be re-eligible to the same office for the next succeeding term; nor shall he, during his term of service, or within one year thereafter, be eligible to any political office. 32. The Justices of the Peace, Sheriffs, Attorneys for the Commonwealth, Clerks of the Circuit and County Courts, and all other county officers, shall be subject to indictment for malfeasance; misfeasance, or neglect of official duty; and upon conviction thereof, their offices shall become vacant.

Corporation Courts and Officers 33. The General Assembly may vest such jurisdiction as shall be deemed necessary in Corporation Courts, and in the Magistrates who may belong to the corporate body. 34. All officers appertaining to the cities and other municipal corporations, shall be elected by the qualified voters, or appointed by the constituted authorities of such cities or corporations, as may be prescribed by law.56 Done in Convention, in the city of Richmond, on the first day of August, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and fifty-one, and in the seventy-sixth year of the commonwealth of Virginia. JOHN Y. MASON, Pres’t of the Convention. S. D. WHITTLE, Secretary of the Convention.57

SCHEDULE 1. It shall be the duty of the President of this Convention, immediately on its ad-

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journment, to certify to the Governor a copy of the Bill of Rights and Constitution adopted, together with this Schedule. 2. Upon the receipt of such certified copy, the Governor shall forthwith announce the fact by proclamation, to be published in such newspapers of the State as may be deemed requisite for general information; and shall annex to his proclamation a copy of the Bill of Rights and Constitution, together with this Schedule; which proclamation, Bill of Rights, Constitution and Schedule shall be published in the manner indicated, for the period of one month; and ten printed copies thereof shall, by the Secretary of the commonwealth, be immediately transmitted by mail to the Clerk of each County and Corporation Court in this commonwealth, to be by such Clerk submitted to the examination of any person desiring the same. 3. The officers authorized by existing laws to conduct general elections shall, at the places appointed for holding the same, open a poll book on the fourth Thursday in October next; to be headed, “The Constitution as amended and Schedule,” and to contain two separate columns: the first column to be headed, “For Ratifying;” the other to be headed, “For Rejecting.” And such officers, keeping said polls open for the space of three days, shall then and there receive and record in said poll book the votes for and against this Constitution and Schedule, of all persons qualified under the existing or amended Constitution to exercise the right of suffrage. 4. The taking of the polls, the duties to be performed by the officers, the privilege of the voters, and the penalties attaching for misconduct on the part of any person, shall be in all things as prescribed by the second, third, fourth, seventh, eighth and ninth

C ONSTITUTION OF V IRGINIA (1851) sections of the act of the General Assembly passed March the fourth, one thousand eight hundred and fifty, entitled “An act to take the sense of the people upon the call of a Convention, and providing for organizing the same,” so far as the provisions of said sections58 may be applicable. 5. It shall be the duty of the Governor, upon receiving the returns of said officers, to ascertain the result thereof, and forthwith to declare the same by his proclamation, stating the aggregate vote in the state for and against the ratification of the amended Constitution and Schedule, which shall be published at least once a week until the second Monday in December next, in such newspapers as in his opinion will be best calculated to diffuse general information thereof; and if appear that a majority of the votes cast is in favor of ratification, the Governor, at the same time, and in like manner, shall make proclamation for holding, on the day last mentioned, a general election throughout the State for Delegates and Senators to the General Assembly, according to the apportionment and districts prescribed in this Constitution; and also for the election of a Governor, Lieutenant Governor and Attorney General. 6. The officers authorized by existing laws to hold and conduct general elections, shall hold and conduct the elections herein required; and such officers and all other persons shall be governed and controlled therein by the provisions of said laws, so far as the same may be applicable to and necessary for the proper conducting of the said elections. Duplicate polls shall be separately kept for Governor and Lieutenant Governor, for Attorney General, and for Senators and Delegates to the General Assembly, which shall be verified by the oaths of the officers conducting the elections. 7. The verified duplicate polls for Gov-

ernor, Lieutenant Governor and Attorney General shall be deposited with the Clerks of the several counties and cities, who shall retain one in their respective offices, and transmit the other by mail to the Secretary of the Commonwealth. 8. In the election of Senators and Delegates for districts formed of more than one county and city, the officers conducting the same at the courthouses of the several counties and cities forming each district shall assemble, on the eighth day after the commencement of the said election, at the courthouse of the county or city first named as one of the counties of the district; shall compare the polls and ascertain the result, and shall deliver and return certificates of election according to the laws now in force. 9. The members of the General Assembly so elected shall meet at the Capitol in the city of Richmond on the second Monday in January, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-two, and then and there organize as the General Assembly of Virginia; but before such organization, they shall respectively take the oath of fidelity to the commonwealth, and the other oaths of office required by the laws now in force. 10. The election of members of the General Assembly under this constitution shall vacate the seats of those elected under the present constitution. 11. The official terms of the delegates first elected to the General Assembly under this Constitution shall expire on the thirtieth day of June, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-three. 12. The official terms of the first Governor, Lieutenant Governor and Attorney General elected under this constitution shall expire on the thirty-first day of December, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-five.

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V IRGINIA 13. The present Judges of the Supreme Court of Appeals and of the Circuit Courts, and their successors, who may be appointed under the existing constitution, shall remain in office until such time as the law may prescribe for the commencement of the official terms of the Judges under the amended constitution, and no longer; which time shall not be more than six months after the termination of the first session of the General Assembly under the amended constitution. 14. The Executive department of the government shall remain as at present organized; and the Governor and Councillors of State, and their successors appointed under the existing constitution, shall continue in office until a Governor elected under this constitution shall be qualified; and all other persons in office when this constitution is adopted, except as is herein otherwise expressly directed, shall continue in office until their successors are qualified; and vacancies in office, happening before such qualification, shall be filled in the manner now prescribed by law. 15. All the courts of justice now existing shall continue with their present jurisdiction until and except so far as the judicial system may or shall be otherwise organized; and all laws in force when this constitution is adopted, and not inconsistent therewith, and all rights, prosecutions, actions, claims and contracts; shall remain and continue as if this constitution was not adopted. 16. The General Assembly shall pass all laws necessary for carrying this constitution into full effect and operation.59 Done in Convention, in the city of Richmond, on the first day of August, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and fifty-one, and in the seventy-sixth year of the commonwealth of Virginia.

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JOHN Y. MASON, Pres’t of the Convention. S. D. WHITTLE, Secretary of the Convention. 1

Verified by Bill of Rights and Constitution of the Commonwealth of Virginia, Adopted by the State Convention, and Ratified by the People of Virginia, in 1851, Richmond: William Culley, Printer to the State Convention, [1851], 24 p., and checked against the versions published as New Constitution of the Commonwealth of Virginia, Adopted by the State Convention, Sitting in the City of Richmond, on the 31st Day of July, 1851, Richmond: William Culley, Printer, 1851, 40 p., as Extra to the Richmond Republican, (For General Circulation.) The New Constitution of Virginia, with the Amended Bill of Rights, as Adopted by the Reform Convention of 1850-’51. To Be Acted upon by the People, On the fourth Thursday in October, 1851, Richmond, VA.: William G. Bishop, Official Reporter. Printed by R. H. Gallaher – Republican Office, 1851, 15 p., as New Constitution, etc. Adopted by the Virginia Convention August 1, 1851. Virginia Bill of Rights. Adopted without alteration by the Convention of 1829–30, and re-adopted with amendments by the Convention of 1850–51 [Caption title], [Richmond: s.n., 1851?], 15 p., in Acts of the General Assembly of Virginia, Passed in 1852, in the Seventy-Sixth Year of the Commonwealth, Richmond: William F. Ritchie, Public Printer, 1852, 321–340, and in The Code of Virginia. Second Edition, Including Legislation to the Year 1860. Published Pursuant to Law, Richmond: Printed by Ritchie, Dunnavant & Co., 1860, 33–55. The original manuscript is not known to have survived. Spelling, capitalization, punctuation, and italics as in Bill of Rights and Constitution. Obvious printing errors have been tacitly corrected and are not considered in the annotations. The Constitution was submitted to the people in October 1851 and adopted by 75,748 to 11,063 votes (cf. John Dinan, The Virginia State Constitution. A Reference Guide [Reference Guides to the State Constitutions of the United States, no. 42, G. Alan Tarr, Series Editor], Westport, CT and London: Praeger, 2006, 10; on the convention generally, Robert P. Sutton, Revolution to Secession: Constitution Making in the Old Dominion, Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia, 1989, 122–141). It superseded the Constitution of 1830 (q.v.) and remained in force unaltered until amended under secession in 1861. At this time also, the 26 western counties, whose demands for democratic reforms had not been met in the 1851 Constitution, separated from the rest of Virginia and in 1863 formed the state of West Virginia. In Virginia, the 1851 Constitution was finally abolished by the Constitution of 1864.

C ONSTITUTION OF V IRGINIA (1851) 2

In New Constitution, etc., 1, in Extra to the Richmond Republican, 2, in Session Law print, 321, and in Code of Virginia, 33, “a”. 3 In New Constitution, preceding part (Bill of Rights) missing. 4 In New Constitution, etc., 2, in Extra to the Richmond Republican, 4, in Session Law print, 323, and in Code of Virginia, 34, “Constitution of Virginia”. 5 In New Constitution, etc., 2, in Extra to the Richmond Republican, 4, in Session Law print, 323, and in Code of Virginia, 37, “invasions”. 6 In New Constitution, etc., 2, in Extra to the Richmond Republican, 4, in Session Law print, 323, and in Code of Virginia, 37, “affecting”. 7 In New Constitution, etc., 2, in Extra to the Richmond Republican, 4, in Session Law print, 323, and in Code of Virginia, 37, “to their”. 8 In New Constitution, etc., 2, in Extra to the Richmond Republican, 4, in Session Law print, 323, and in Code of Virginia, 37, “of the”. 9 In New Constitution, etc., 2, in Extra to the Richmond Republican, 4, in Session Law print, 323, and in Code of Virginia, 37, “legislatures”. 10 In Extra to the Richmond Republican, 4, “polity”. 11 In New Constitution, etc., 3, in Extra to the Richmond Republican, 5, in Session Law print, 324, and in Code of Virginia, 38, “or of”. 12 In New Constitution, 6, “1.” missing. 13 In New Constitution, etc., 3, in Session Law print, 325, and in Code of Virginia, 39, “Accomack”. 14 In New Constitution, etc., 3, in Extra to the Richmond Republican, 5, in Session Law print, 325, and in Code of Virginia, 39, “Culpeper”. 15 In New Constitution, etc., 3, in Session Law print, 325, and in Code of Virginia, 39, “Spotsylvania”. 16 In Extra to the Richmond Republican, 5, “Logan, Boone and Wyoming”. 17 Ibid., heading missing. 18 In Session Law print, 326, and in Code of Virginia, 40, “in”. 19 In Extra to the Richmond Republican, 6, “SECTION IV. The Senate.”. 20 Ibid., “I. For the election of Senators, the”. 21 Ibid., “Accomac”. 22 In New Constitution, etc., 4, in Extra to the Richmond Republican, 6, in Session Law print, 326, and in Code of Virginia, 40, “be”. 23 In New Constitution, etc., 4, in Extra to the Richmond Republican, 6, in Session Law print, 326, and in Code of Virginia, 40, “form”. 24 In Extra to the Richmond Republican, 6, “Mathews”. 25 In New Constitution, etc., 4, in Session Law print, 326, and in Code of Virginia, 41, “Spotsylvania”. 26 In Extra to the Richmond Republican, 7, “SECTION V.”. 27 Ibid., heading missing.

28

Ibid., heading missing. In New Constitution, etc., 6, in Extra to the Richmond Republican, 7, in Session Law print, 329, and in Code of Virginia, 44, “not”. 30 In New Constitution, etc., 6, in Extra to the Richmond Republican, 8, in Session Law print, 329, and in Code of Virginia, 44, “the”. 31 In Code of Virginia, 46, “regulation”. 32 In Extra to the Richmond Republican, 9, word missing. 33 Ibid., “revenue”. 34 In New Constitution, etc., 8, in Extra to the Richmond Republican, 9, in Session Law print, 331, and in Code of Virginia, 47, “be called”. 35 In Extra to the Richmond Republican, 9, “at the time contracted”. 36 In New Constitution, etc., 8, in Extra to the Richmond Republican, 10, in Session Law print, 332, and in Code of Virginia, 48, “in any”. 37 In Extra to the Richmond Republican, 10, “when”. 38 Ibid., “on the ––––– day of –––––”. 39 Ibid., “election”. 40 In Code of Virginia, 49, “services”. 41 In New Constitution, etc., 9, in Extra to the Richmond Republican, 10, in Session Law print, 333, and in Code of Virginia, 49, “interest”. 42 In New Constitution, etc., 9, in Extra to the Richmond Republican, 10, in Session Law print, 333, and in Code of Virginia, 49, “of the”. 43 In New Constitution, etc., 9, in Extra to the Richmond Republican, 11, in Session Law print, 333, and in Code of Virginia, 49, “of”. 44 In New Constitution, etc., 10, in Extra to the Richmond Republican, 11, in Session Law print, 334, and in Code of Virginia, 50, “may be hereafter”. 45 In New Constitution, etc., 11, in Extra to the Richmond Republican, 11, in Session Law print, 334, and in Code of Virginia, 51, “and Powhatan”. 46 In New Constitution, etc., 11, in Extra to the Richmond Republican, 11, in Session Law print, 334, and in Code of Virginia, 51, “and Halifax”. 47 In Extra to the Richmond Republican, 11, “Accomac”. 48 Ibid., “Mathews”. 49 In New Constitution, etc., 11, in Extra to the Richmond Republican, 11, in Session Law print, 334, and in Code of Virginia, 51, “and James City”. 50 In Session Law print, 334, and in Code of Virginia, 51, “Spotsylvania”. 51 In Extra to the Richmond Republican, 12, “Courts”. 52 Ibid., 13, “such Court”. 53 In Code of Virginia, 54, “courts”. 54 In Extra to the Richmond Republican, 13, “office”. 55 In New Constitution, 35, in New Constitution, etc., 13, in Extra to the Richmond Republican, 13, in Session Law print, 337, and in Code of Virginia, 55, “Officers”. 29

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V IRGINIA 56

In Extra to the Richmond Republican, 14, subsequent sentence, including signatures, missing. 57 In Code of Virginia, 55, rest missing. 58 In New Constitution, etc., 15, and in Session Law print, 339, “section*”. 59 In Extra to the Richmond Republican, 15, rest missing. Being the proclamation of the Lieutenant Governor, of August 2, 1851, according to Schedule, sect. 2, the publication contained as a concluding statement: “The Petersburg Intelligencer, South-

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side Democrat, Lynchburg Virginian, Lynchburg Republican, Fredericksburg Recorder, Norfolk News, Norfolk Herald, Charlottesville Jeffersonian, Parkersburg Gazette, Fincastle Democrat, Alexandria Gazette, Winchester Republican, Warrenton Flag of ’98, Valley, Star, Abingdon Democrat, Wytheville Republican, Wheeling Argus, Charleston (Kanawha) Republican, Loudon Chronicle and Weston Sentinel, will please publish the foregoing once a week for one month and forward their accounts to the Executive.”

Constitution of West Florida (1810) Constitution or form of Government of the State of Florida framed by a Convention of the Representatives of the people, at a Session began on the twenty fourth day of October in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and ten, and continued by adjournments until the twenty seventh of the same month, at the town of Baton Rouge1

The Good people of this State having a right to institute for themselves such form of Government as may best conduce to their safety, prosperity and happiness – We their Delegates in Convention assembled, according to the spirit of our declaration of Independence dated the twenty sixth day2 of September of the present year, and to fulfill the obligations which we owe to our Constituents and our Country, have in order to cement Union, establish Justice, ensure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general wellfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, adopted the following Constitution.

ARTICLE 1ST S ECT. 1. All legislative powers3 herein granted shall be vested in a General Assembly of this State, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. S ECT. 2. The house of Representatives shall consist of members chosen on the first monday of August of each year, and for the term of one year, by the free white men of the age of twenty one years and upwards, inhabitants of the five Districts of Baton

Rouge, New Feliciana, St. Helena, St. Ferdinand and Mobile, which now compose the Territory of this State. S ECT. 3. No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty two4 years, and have been twelve months a resident of this State, or from the time of the adoption of this Constitution, with a freehold estate therein, and who shall not when elected be an inhabitant of the District in which he shall have been chosen. S ECT. 4. Representatives for the first Legislature shall be elected on the tenth day of November next in each District and be apportioned as follows that is to say for the District of Baton Rouge three, for the District of New Feliciana four, for the District of St. Helena three, for the District of St. Ferdinand three and5 for the District of Mobile three. For the next succeeding Legislature they shall be apportioned by the General Assembly agreeable to the number of inhabitants in the several Districts; and at the end of every year afterwards an enumeration shall be made of all the free born inhabitants of this State. The number of Representatives after such enumerations6 , shall not be fewer than are herein directed for the

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W EST F LORIDA whole representation of the State, nor shall they be made by augmentation at any time to exceed one for every three thousand free born inhabitants. S ECT. 5. When vacancies happen in the Representation from any District, the executive authority of the State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. S ECT. 6. The House of Representatives shall choose their President or speaker and other officers. S ECT. 7. The Senate shall be composed of one Senator from each District of this State, chosen by the free white men of the age of twenty one years and upwards freeholders of their respective Districts, for the term of three years. S ECT. 8. The first Senators shall be elected at the same time, and at the same places in each District as the Representatives for the first legislature; and immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, the whole number of Senators shall be divided by lot into three classes, placing one in the first class, two in the second and two in the third, and the Senator of the first class shall serve for one year only, those of the second class for two years, and those of the third class for three years – in such manner that one third as7 near as may be of the whole number of Senators may afterwards be elected every year. S ECT. 9. When vacancies happen in the Senate by resignation or otherwise the executive authority of the state shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. S ECT. 10. No person shall be a Senator, who shall not have attained to the age of twenty five years, and been one year, or from the time of the adoption of this Constitution, a Citizen of this State, and who shall not when elected possess in his own

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right a free hold estate therein, and be an inhabitant of the District for which he shall have been elected. S ECT. 11. The Senate shall choose their President and other officers annually. S ECT. 12. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments; but when the Governor shall be tried, the Judges of the Supreme Court shall sit in Judgment with the Senate, and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two thirds of the House. S ECT. 13. Judgments in cases8 of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold or enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit under the state; but the party nevertheless shall be subject to indictment, trial, Judgment and punishment according to law. S ECT. 14. The times, places & manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives after the first meeting of the General Assembly shall be prescribed by law. S ECT. 15. Every free white man of the age of9 twenty one years and upwards, having resided six months, or from the time of the adoption of this Constitution, and possessed in his own right any real property of the value of two hundred dollars in any District of this state, shall be considered a freeholder and be entitled to the right of suffrage accordingly. S ECT. 16. Electors shall be privileged from arrest at the elections in their respective Districts and in going to and returning from the same, except for treason, felony, or breach of the peace. S ECT. 17. The General Assembly shall meet at least once in every year, and such meeting after this10 present year, shall be on the first monday of December, unless they shall appoint a different day.

C ONSTITUTION OF W EST F LORIDA (1810) S ECT. 18. Each House shall be the Judge of the elections, returns and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorised to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner11 , and under such penalties as each house may provide. S ECT. 19. Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly beheavior, and with the consent of two thirds expel a member. S ECT. 20. Each house shall keep a Journal of its proceedings, and the yeas and nays of the members12 of either House on any question, shall at the desire13 of one fifth of those present be entered on the Journal. S ECT. 21. Neither House during their Session14 shall without the consent of the other adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. S ECT. 22. The members of the Senate and House of Representatives shall receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the Treasury of the state. They shall in all cases except Treason, felony15 and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the Sessions of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same: for any speech or debate in either house they shall not be questioned in any other place. S ECT. 23. No Senator or Representative shall during the time for which he shall have been elected be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the16 State,17 which shall have been created, or the emoluments of which shall have been encreased during such time: And no person holding any office under the State, officers of the18 Militia,

and Justices of the peace excepted, shall be a member of either house during his continuance in office. S ECT. 24. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives, but the Senate may propose or19 concur with amendments as on other bills. S ECT. 25. The General Assembly shall have power 1. To lay and collect taxes, imposts and excises, to pay the debts20 , and provide for the common defense and general wellfare of the state; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the state. 2. To borrow money on the credit of the State. 3. To regulate Commerce with foreign nations and within21 the Indian Tribes. 4. To establish a rule of naturalization and laws on the subject of Bankruptcies. 5. To fix the standard of coins, weights and measures. 6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and all other paper22 evidences of debts23 due to or by the state. 7. To establish post offices and post roads. 8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries. 9. To constitute and reform Tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court. 10th . To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offences against the laws of nations. 11. To declare war, and make rules concerning captures on land and water. 12. To raise and support regular forces, but no appropriation for that purpose, shall be for a longer term than one year. 13. To make rules for the Government and regulation of the regular forces. 14. To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the laws of the State, suppress

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W EST F LORIDA insurrections and repel invasions. 15. To provide for organising arming and disciplining the Militia. 16. To establish a general system of civil and criminal Jurisprudence for the state. 17. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the General Government of the state or any department or officer thereof.

ARTICLE 2D S ECT. 1. The Supreme executive power shall be vested in a Governor of this State who shall hold his office for the term of two years, and until a successor be duly qualified. S ECT. 2. The Governor shall be elected by the members of both Houses of the General Assembly, at their first session in this24 present year, and every two years thereafter at such time and in such manner as shall be provided by law. S ECT. 3. The Governor shall be commander in chief of all the Militia of the State, and shall commission all officers therein, who shall be elected, the Company officers by the men in their respective companies, the field officers by the officers of25 Companies, and the General officers by the Field officers. He shall also be commander in chief of all the military and naval forces of the state. S ECT. 4. The Governor during the recess of the General Assembly, and in cases of sudden danger to the state, for the purpose of quelling insurrections and Conspiracies or of repeling invasions from without, shall have the unqualified26 right of calling into immediate service any part, or the whole of the Militia as well as of the regular forces of the State, and he may with the concurrence

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of two thirds of the Senate convened by him for that purpose declare martial law to be the law of the land, until he can convene the House of Representatives, when the same may be continued with their concurrence and not otherwise. S ECT. 5. No person not a Citizen of this state at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, or who shall not hereafter have resided within this27 State three years, shall be eligible to the office of Governor, neither shall any person be elected to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years, and who shall not have a freehold estate within this Commonwealth of the value of five thousand dollars. S ECT. 6. In cases of the28 removal of the Governor from office, or of29 his death resignation or inability to discharge the duties thereof, the same shall devolve upon the President of the Senate, until an election be made at the next meeting of the General Assembly of some person to fill the said office. S ECT. 7. The Governor shall at stated times receive for his services a compensation which shall neither be encreased or diminished30 during the period for which he shall have been elected, and which shall be ascertained and fixed by the General Assembly. S ECT. 8. Before the Governor shall enter into the execution of his office he shall take the following oath “I do solemnly swear faithfully to execute the office of Governor for the state of Florida, and that I will to the best of my ability preserve protect and defend the Constitution thereof”. S ECT. 9. The Governor shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences against the State, except in cases of impeachment, and with the advice and consent of the Senate to make treaties and fulfill all

C ONSTITUTION OF W EST F LORIDA (1810) engagements which may have been made by the Convention exercising the Sovereignty of this State with any foreign power. He Shall have power by and with the advice and consent of a Majority of two thirds of the Senate to appoint all public ministers or agents, Judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for and which shall be established by Law. S ECT. 10. There shall be appropriated by law a sum of three thousand dollars from the public Treasury of the state, to be called a contingent fund, which may be encreased at the pleasure of the Legislature, which sum shall be held by the Treasurer of the State at the disposal of the Governor at all times, who shall be authorised accordingly to draw and dispose of the same in secret services31 for the benefit of the State, provided he shall satisfy two thirds of the members of the then present or next succeeding Session of the Senate, of the expediency and policy of making such appropriations, otherwise he shall be held answerable32 for the amount. S ECT. 11. The Governor shall at the commencement of each Session of the General Assembly, make known to both houses assembled the subjects which may in his opinion require their attention, and recommend such measures as he may judge33 necessary and expedient. He may on extraordinary occasions convene the Legislature, and in case of disagreement between the two branches thereof with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper, not more distant than three months. He shall receive Ministers or agents from Foreign powers, and he shall cause the law of nations as well as of this State to be faithfully executed. S ECT. 12. The Governor and all civil officers of the state shall be removed from

office on impeachment for and34 conviction of Treason, Bribery or other high crimes and misdemeanors. S ECT. 13. A Secretary of State shall be appointed by the Governor and Senate, who shall hold his office for two years, unless sooner removed by impeachment; He shall keep all state papers, and a fair Register of all the official acts and proceedings of the Governor, and shall when required lay the same and all papers and vouchers relative thereto before either branch of the Legislature. He shall also perform such other duties as may be enjoined him by law.

ARTICLE 3D S ECT. 1. The Judicial power of the state shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the General Assembly may from time to time ordain and establish. S ECT. 2. The Judges of the Supreme Court shall hold their offices during good behavior, and receive for their services a stated salary which shall be ascertained by law, and shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. S ECT. 3. The citizens of this state shall enjoy the benefit of the writ of Habeas Corpus as defined by the Common Law of England, from the time of the adjournment of the first Session of the General Assembly, unless they shall appoint a different day, and this35 privilege shall not afterwards be suspended unless when in cases of Rebellion or invasion the safety of the state may require it. The General Assembly shall also provide by law for the introduction of the tryal by Jury in such manner as to them may seem fit and expedient. S ECT. 4. There shall be appointed by the General assembly a public accuser, Attorney or prosecutor, whose duties36 shall be

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W EST F LORIDA defined by law, and who shall receive for his services a stated salary from the public Treasury.

this State, without an express act of the Legislature for the relief of some individual in which two thirds of both houses shall concur.

ARTICLE 4TH

S ECT. 4. The General Assembly shall have power when they may think it expedient to divide any District of this State into two or more Districts, or to take parts from several adjoining Districts to form a new one assigning to each District a due proportion of Members in the house of Representatives, and in all cases allowing one Senator to each District.

S ECT. 1. The General Assembly shall have power to dispose of public lands and other public property for the benefit of the State, and to appoint such agents as they shall deem proper to investigate all land Titles, to confirm the same, when of right they ought to be confirmed, and to reject such as may be unfounded, allowing an appeal under such restrictions as to the time of prosecuting it, as may be provided by law. S ECT. 2. Every actual settler who now inhabits and cultivates a tract of land within this37 Commonwealth, for which he has obtained no complete title, and which has not been legally granted to any other person, shall be entitled to such quantity including his improvement38 , as has usually been granted to settlers according to the laws usages and customs of the Spanish Government: provided the forms prescribed by law respecting the enregistering and surveying thereof be complied with in due time; And no actual settler as aforesaid shall be deprived of a tract so inhabited and cultivated by him, in consequence of any claim hereafter brought by any person of which the said inhabitant, has not now or heretofore been notified. S ECT. 3. All French and British Patents for Lands within this Commonwealth, which lands have been covered by Spanish patents, and all French and British patents for lands within this Commonwealth which have not been recognised and established by the Spanish Government shall be void, and shall never be received as evidence of such claims in any Court of Justice within39

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ARTICLE 5TH S ECT. 1. The General Assembly shall have no power to pass laws for the emancipation of slaves without the consent of their owners, or without paying their owners previous to such emancipation a full equivalent for the slaves so emancipated. They shall have no power to prevent persons migrating to this state from bringing with them such persons as are deemed slaves by the laws of this state. They may pass laws to permit the owners of slaves to emancipate them, saving the rights40 of creditors, and preventing them from becoming a charge to any District of the Commonwealth. They shall have full power to prevent slaves being brought into this State as merchandise, from any foreign nation whatever, but may from year to year establish and regulate41 the introduction of them42 by law, under such restrictions as they may judge proper. And they shall have full power to pass such laws as may be necessary to oblige the owners of slaves to treat them with humanity, to provide for them necessary clothing and provisions, to abstain from all injuries to them extending to life, limb or mutilation, and in case of their neglect or refusal to comply with the directions of such laws to

C ONSTITUTION OF W EST F LORIDA (1810) have such slave or slaves sold for the benefit of their43 owners. S ECT. 2. In the prosecution of slaves for felony no inquest by a grand jury shall be necessary, but the proceedings in such cases shall be regulated by law; except that the General Assembly shall have no power to deprive them of the privilege44 of an impartial trial by a petit45 Jury. S ECT. 3. No person holding any office of profit or trust under the authority of this state shall without the consent of the General Assembly accept of any present, emolument, office or Title of any kind whatever, from any king, prince or foreign state. S ECT. 4. No money shall be drawn from the Treasury but in consequence of appropriations made by law, and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public monies shall be published from time to time. S ECT. 5. There shall be a free toleration of Religion; and no preference shall be given by law to any one sect or form of Religion above another, provided that nothing in this article may be considered to countenance any practices of religious ministers or others dangerous to the principles of this Constitution, and to the safety and tranquility of the good people of this state.

ARTICLE 6TH Whereas46 experience may prove the necessity of amending or altering this Constitution it shall be lawful for either the first or second legislature convened agreable47 to the provisions herein established to call a Convention for that48 purpose, a majority of two thirds of both houses concuring in49 the expediency of the measure. After that period it shall not be amended or altered unless by a vote of two thirds of both Houses

of two succeeding50 legislatures, in which case a Convention may be called by the last of the two legislatures who shall have voted for the expediency of the measure – And at any time when a Convention shall be called it shall be composed of the same number of members as the House of Representatives, and be elected by the same persons in each District who are entitled to vote for Representatives; all other circumstances relative to the meeting of the Convention shall be prescribed by Law, and no assembly, body of magistracy or authority whatever shall alter or amend this Constitution except a Convention of Delegates constituted and chosen as herein provided.

ARTICLE 7TH That the General51 great and essential principles of liberty and free Government may be recognized and established we declare 1. That all free men when they form a social compact are equal, and that no man or set of men are entitled to exclusive, separate public emoluments or privileges from the community, but in consideration of public services. 2. That all power is derived from the people, and all free Governments are founded on their52 authority, and instituted for their peace, safety and happiness. 3. That all men have a natural and indefeasible right to worship Almighty God, according53 to the dictates of their own consciences: that no man shall be compelled to erect attend or support any place of worship, or to maintain any ministry against his consent: that no human authority ought in any case to controul or enterfere with the rights of conscience: and that no preference shall ever be given by law to any religious societies or modes of worship.

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W EST F LORIDA 4. That the civil rights, privileges or capacities of any citizen shall in no wise be diminished or enlarged on account of his religion. 5th . That all elections shall be free and equal, and shall be by ballot 6. That printing presses shall be free to every person who undertakes to examine the proceedings of the Legislature or of any branch or officer of Government, and every citizen may freely speak, write and print on any subject being responsible for the abuse of that liberty. 7. That in all prosecutions for publications relative to the official conduct of officers or men in a public capacity or where the matters published is proper for public information, the truth thereof may be given in evidence. 8. That the people shall be secure in their persons, houses, papers and possessions from unreasonable searches and seizures, and that no warrant to search any place, or to seize any person or thing shall issue without describing them as nearly as may be, nor without probable cause supported by oath or affirmation. 9. That in all criminal prosecutions, the accused hath a right to be heard by himself and counsel, to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him, to meet the witnesses face to face, to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and a speedy public tryal by an impartial jury of the vicinage; That he cannot be compelled to give evidence against himself, or be deprived of life, liberty or property unless by the judgment of his peers or the Law of the Land. 10. No person shall for the same offence be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb, nor shall any man’s property be taken or applied

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to public use without just compensation being made to him therefor. 11. That all Courts shall be open, and every person for an injury done him in his lands, goods person or reputation, shall have remedy by due course of Law, and right and justice administered without sale denial or delay. 12. That excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed nor cruel punishments inflicted. 13. That all prisoners shall be bailable by sufficient securities, unless for capital offences, when the proof is evident or presumption great – and the privilege of the writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended unless when on extraordinary occasions the public safety may require it. 14. That the person of a debtor, where there is not strong presumption of fraud shall not be continued in prison after delivering up his estate for the benefit of his creditors in such manner as shall be prescribed by law. 15. That no bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing contracts shall be made. 16. That the Citizens have a right in a peaceable manner to assemble together for their common good, and apply to those vested with the powers of Government for redress of grievances by petition address or remonstrance. 17. That the right of the citizens to bear arms in defence of themselves and the state shall not be questioned. 18. That no standing army shall be kept up in time of peace without the consent of the legislature, and the military shall be in strict subordination to the civil power:

C ONSTITUTION OF W EST F LORIDA (1810) 19. That the legislature shall not grant any title of nobility nor create any hereditary office or distinction. 20. That emigration from the state shall not be prohibited. 21. That perpetuities and monopolies are contrary to the genius of a free state, and ought not to be allowed. To guard against abuses of the high powers which we have delegated, we declare that every thing in this article is excepted out of the general powers of Government, and shall forever remain inviolate, and that all laws contrary thereto, or contrary to this Constitution shall be void.

SCHEDULE That no inconvenience may arise from the changes to be effected by this constitution and in order to carry the same into complete operation it is hereby declared and ordained – 1. That all laws in force at the time of adopting the said Constitution, all ordinances and Resolutions of this Convention and all rights, actions, prosecutions, claims and contracts as well of individuals as of bodies corporate not inconsistent with this Constitution shall remain as heretofore, until the legislature shall otherwise provide. 2. That all officers now filling any offices or appointment shall continue in the exercise of the duties of their respective offices or appointments until it be otherwise provided by lawful authority. 3. The members to compose the first General Assembly shall be elected in the several Districts of this State on the tenth day of November next, at the places and under the direction of the persons hereinafter named or any two or more of them in each District, viz In the District of Baton

Rouge at the town of Baton Rouge and at the house of James Burney in Morgan’s settlement under the Direction of Abiel Draughan William Brown Adonijah Harbour and Abraham Lobdill Esqrs . In the District of New Feliciana at the lower plantation of the late Alexander Sterling under the direction of Bryan Mc Dermoth John Dorch, Henry Perry and John Scott Esqrs . In the District of St . Helena at Springfield and at the habitation of. Col. William Spiller under the direction of Daniel Rainer, Jonathan Kimp, Samuel Walson Samuel Baldwin and Joseph Fay Esqrs . In the District of St . Ferdinand at Peroils Plantation east of Chesuneté and at the Plantation of William Laurence east of Bogehito, under the Direction of Jacob Battles Davidson, Isaac Erwin and William Laurence Esqrs and in the District of Mobile at Favre’s Bluff under the direction of William Smith and Ambrose Gaines Esqrs . And every person elected as Senator or Representative shall be furnished by the judges of the election for the District in which he shall be chosen as before named with a certificate thereof within three days after the day appointed for the said elections. 4. The first General Assembly shall meet at St . Francisville on the third monday of November next, and shall choose a Governor on the second day after a quorum of both houses shall be formed. 5th . The person so elected as Governor after taking the oath prescribed by this Constitution shall enter upon the discharge of the duties of his office without delay. 654 . The General Assembly shall provide by law at their first session for all elections afterwards to be made agreable to the provisions of this Constitution. 755 . The members of both houses of the General Assembly and all officers civil and military shall take an oath to [support] the

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W EST F LORIDA Constitution of the State and [to disc]harge the duties of their respec[tive] offices with fidelity. 856 . When a quorum of both houses of the General Assembly shall have been formed agreable to the provisions of this Constitution, the powers of this Convention shall cease and determine. Done in Convention by the unanimous consent of the members present the 27th day of October in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and ten and of the Independence of this Commonwealth the first. In witness whereof we have subscribed our names – John Mills John W. Leonard William Spiller John Morgan

John H. Johnson Joseph Thomas Benj[ami]n C. Williams C[hampney] Terry

Edmund Hawes W[illia]m Barrow Tho[mas] Lilley Philip Hicky John Rhea Preside[nt] attest And[rew] Steele Secretary 1

Verified by the original manuscript as preserved in the Louisiana State Archives at Baton Rouge, LA, also reproduced, without transcription, as facsimile in David A. Bice, The Original Lone Star Republic. Scoundrels, Statesmen & Schemers of the 1810 West Florida Rebellion, Clanton, AL.: Heritage Publishing Consultants, 2004, 207–232. Also checked against the version edited by James A. Padgett, “The Constitution of the West Florida Republic,” in: The Louisiana Historical Quarterly, 20 (1937), 883–894, which is based on the incomplete Draft of the Constitution of West Florida of 1810, as preserved in the West Florida Collection of the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Spelling, capitalization and punctuation as in the original manuscript. On the historical background, cf. also Isaac Joslin Cox, The West Florida Controversy, 1798–1813. A Study in

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American Diplomacy (The Albert Shaw Lectures on Diplomatic History, 1912), [1918], reprint Gloucester, Mass.: Peter Smith, 1967, 312–436. The constitution establishing the independent state of (West) Florida was adopted by convention on October 27, 1810. In an international context where, due to the Napoleonic wars, neither Spain nor Britain were able to forcefully react politically or militarily, President Madison claimed the territory south of the Mississippi Territory and between the Mississippi and Perdido rivers for the United States in consequence of the Louisiana Purchase and ordered Louisiana territorial governor Claiborne to make the American claim manifest. On December 10, 1810, the Republic of West Florida officially came to an end. Under the designation of the Florida Parishes the area north of Lake Pontchartrain and between the Mississippi and Pearl rivers was made subject to incorporation into the State of Louisiana by act of Congress of April 14, 1812 (U.S. Statutes at Large, 12th Congress, Sess. I, Ch. 57) and made part of the State by a resolution of the Louisiana legislature of August 4, 1812. Like the rest of the Floridas, this territory continued to be claimed by Spain and under international law only came under the dominion of the United States by the Treaty of 1819 concluded between the United States and Spain. Cf. also Samuel C. Hyde, Jr., Pistols and Politics. The Dilemma of Democracy in Louisiana’s Florida Parishes, 1810–1899, Baton Rouge and London: Louisiana State University Press, 1996. 2 In Padgett edition, 884, and in Draft, word missing. 3 In Padgett edition, 884, “power”. 4 Ibid., “twenty one”. 5 Ibid., word missing. 6 Ibid., and in Draft, “enumeration”. 7 In Padgett edition, 885, “or”. 8 Ibid., “case”. 9 Ibid., 886, and in Draft, last three words missing. 10 In Padgett edition, 886, and in Draft, “the”. 11 In Padgett edition, 886, and in Draft, “manners”. 12 In Padgett edition, 886, and in Draft, last three words missing. 13 In Padgett edition, 886, “decision”. 14 Ibid., “Sessions”. 15 Ibid., 887, and in Draft, “felony, treason,”. 16 In Padgett edition, 887, “this”. 17 Ibid., and in Draft, “officers of the militia and Justices of the peace excepted,” added. 18 In Padgett edition, 887, and in Draft, word missing. 19 In Padgett edition, 887, “and”. 20 Ibid., “debt”. 21 Ibid., “with”. 22 Ibid., “proper”. 23 Ibid., “debt”. 24 Ibid., 888, “the”. 25 Ibid., “of the”. 26 Ibid., “unquestioned”.

C ONSTITUTION OF W EST F LORIDA (1810) 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

Ibid., 889, and in Draft, word missing. In Padgett edition, 889, word missing. Ibid., and in Draft, word missing. In Padgett edition, 889, “decreased”. Ibid., 890, “service”. Ibid., “accountable”. Ibid., and in Draft, “deem”. In Padgett edition, 890, “any”. Ibid., 891, and in Draft, “the”. In Padgett edition, 891, “duty”. Ibid., “the”. Ibid., “improvements”. Ibid., “in either”. Ibid., 892, “right”. Ibid., and in Draft, “regulate and establish”.

42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56

In Padgett edition, 892, last two words missing. Ibid., “the”. Ibid., “priviledges”. Ibid., “petty”. Ibid., 893, and in Draft, “S ECT. 1. Whereas”. In Padgett edition, 893, and in Draft, “agreeably”. In Padgett edition, 893, “the”. Ibid., “on”. Ibid., “successive”. Ibid., word missing. Ibid., “this”. Ibid., 894, and in Draft, rest missing. In original manuscript, “5”. In original manuscript, “6”. In original manuscript, “7”.

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Failed Constitution of Wisconsin (1846)

Mislykket Konstitution for Wisconsin (1846)

Constitution of the State of Wisconsin1

Constitutionen1

PREAMBLE

INDLEDNING

The constitution of the State of Wisconsin adopted in convention at Madison on the sixteenth day of December, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and forty six, and of the Independence of the United States, the seventy first.

Constitutionen for Staten Wisconsin [...]2 i Conventionen i Madison, den 16de Desember i vor Herres Aar Eet tusind otte hundre fyretyve og sex og i de Forenede Staters Uavhengighedens dens Aar, det Een og halvfjersindstyvende.

We, the people of Wisconsin, acknowledging, with gratitude, the grace and beneficence of God, in permitting us to make choice of our form of Government, having the right of admission into the Union, as a member of the confederacy, consistent with the Constitution of the United States, and the ordinance of Congress of Seventeen hundred and eighty seven2 , believing that the time has arrived when our present political condition ought to cease, and the right of self-government to be asserted; and in order to establish justice, promote the general welfare and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do mutually agree with each other, to form ourselves into a free and independent State, by the name of “The State of Wisconsin,” and do ordain and establish this constitution for the government thereof.

Vi Folket af Wiscinsin, som med Taknemlighed erkjende Guds Raade og Velgjerning ved at tillade os, at välge vor egen Regjeringsform; vi, som have Fordring paa at optages i Unionen som et Medlem af Forbundet, i Overeenstemmelse med Constitutionen af de Forenede Stater og Forordningen af Congressen 1787; tro at Tiden er der, hvor vor nuvärende politiske Tilstand bör ophöre og vor Ret til Selvregjering iagttages; og i den Hensigt at befäste Retfärdigheden, at befordre almindelig Velfär og at tilsikkre os og vore Efterkommere Frihedens Velsignelser, komme vi giensidig med hinanden overeens: at danne en fri og uafhängig Stat, ved Navn af “Stat Wisconsin,” og forordne og antage vi denne Constitution til dennes Regjering.

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W ISCONSIN

ARTICLE I

FÖRSTE ARTIKEL

3

On Boundaries

Over Grändserne

S ECT. 1. It is hereby ordained and declared, that the State of Wisconsin “doth consent to and accept of the boundaries” prescribed in the Act of Congress entitled “An Act to enable the people of Wisconsin Territory to form a constitution and state government, and for the admission of such state into the Union,” Approved August Sixth, One thousand eight hundred and forty six:4 Provided however, that the following alteration of the aforesaid boundary be, and hereby is proposed to the Congress of the United States, as the preference of the State of Wisconsin, and if the same shall be assented and agreed to by the Congress of the United States, then the same shall be, and forever remain, obligatory on the State of Wisconsin, viz: leaving the aforesaid boundary line at the first rapids in the river Saint Louis; thence in a direct line southwardly to a point fifteen miles east of the most easterly point in Lake Saint Croix; thence due south to the main channel of the Mississippi river or Lake Pepin; thence down the said main channel of Lake Pepin and the Mississippi river, as prescribed in the aforesaid boundary.

S EC. 1. Herved forordnes og erkläres: at Staten Wisconsin indvilliger i og antager de Grändser hvilke foreskrives i den Congreßakte overstreven: “En Akte for at istandsätte Folket af Wisconsin Territorium til at danne en Constitution og Statsregjering, og for Indlemmelsen af saadan Stat i Unionen,” antagen den 6. August 1846. Det forudbetinges imidlertid: at fölgende Forandning af fornävnte Grändser herved er foreslaaet Congressen af de Forenede Stater, da det saaledes foreträkkes af Staten Wisconsin; og naar Congressen af de Forenede Stater indvilliger og er enig heri, da skal samme bestaae og for evig väre bindende for Staten Wisconsin, nemlig: Den forhenbemärkede Grändselinie ved de förste Rapids i Floden Sct. Louis forlades, derfra gaaer den i en lige Linie sydlig til en Punkt femten Mile östlig fra den östligste Punkt i Söen Sct. Croix, derfra nöje sydlig til Hoveddelen af Mississippi Floden eller Söen Pepin, og derfra nedad bemeldte Hoveddelen af Söen Pepin og Missisiippi Floden som foreskreven i fornävnte Grändser.

S ECT. 2. This ordinance is hereby declared to be irrevocable without the consent of the United States.5

S EC. 2. Denne Bestemmelse er herved erkläret at väre ujenkaldelig uden Indvilliggelse af de Forenede Stater.

ARTICLE II

ANDEN ARTIKEL

6

7

On Act of Congress for Admission of the State

S ECT. 1. The propositions of the Congress of the United States, as made and contained in their act of the sixth day of August One thousand eight hundred and forty six, entitled “An Act to enable the people of Wisconsin Territory to form a constitution

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Over Congreßakten til Statens Indlemmelse S EC. 1. De Foreslag hvilke Congressen af de Forenede Stater har giort i dens Akte af den sjette Dag i August i Aaret Eet Tusind otte hundrede fyrretyve og sex, overskreven: En Akte for at istandsätte Wisconsin Territorium til at danne en Constitution [...] sinde

FAILED C ONSTITUTION OF W ISCONSIN (1846) and state government, and for the admission of such state into the Union,” are hereby accepted, ratified and confirmed: Provided, nevertheless, that nothing in this Constitution, or in the act of Congress aforesaid, shall in any manner prejudice or affect the right of the State of Wisconsin to five hundred thousand acres of land granted to said State, and to be hereafter selected and located, by and under the Act of Congress of the United States, entitled “An Act to appropriate the proceeds of the Sales of the public lands, and grant pre-emption rights,” Approved September fourth One thousand eight hundred and forty one.8

Akker Land, hvilket er bevelling til [...] og hvilket skal bestemmes og udvälges efter Congreßakten af de Forenede Stater overskreven: “En Akte for at bestemme Anvendelsen af Indkomsterne ved Salget af offendligt Land og til at bevillige Forkjöbsrettigheder,” antagen den fjerde September Eet tusind otte hundrede og Een og fyrretyve.”

S ECT. 2. The State shall never interfere with the primary disposal of the soil within the same by the United States, nor with any regulations Congress may find necessary for securing the title in such soil to bona fide purchasers thereof; and no tax shall be imposed on land the property of the United States; and in no case shall non resident proprietors be taxed higher than residents.

S EC. 2. Staten maa aldrig blande sig i de förste Bestemmelser over Fordbunden indenfor samme, tagen ved de Forenede Stater, heller ikke i nogensomhelst Fordning Congressen maatte finde nödvendig for at sikkre Kjöberen paa Tro og Love hans Ret til saadan Fordbund; ingen Tarer skal paalägges Landet som tilhörer de Forenede Stater, og i intet Tilfälde skal den Eier som ikke beboer sit Land beskattes höjere end Beboeren.

ARTICLE III

TREDIE ARTIKEL

On the Executive of the State

Over Statens udövende Magt

S ECT. 1. The executive power shall be vested in a Governor, who shall hold his office for two years; a Lieutenant-Governor shall be elected at the same time, and for the same term.

S EC. 1. Den udövende Magt skal forestaaes af en Guvernör som skal bekläde sit Embede i to Aar. En Lieutenant Guvernör (Guvernörens stedforträder)3 skal välges til samme Tid og for samme Tidsrum.

S ECT. 2. No person except a citizen of the United States, and a qualified elector of this State, shall be eligible to the office of Governor or of9 Lieutenant-Governor.

S EC. 2. Ingen anden end en Borger af de Forenede Stater og en berettiget Välger af denne Stat, kan välges til Guvernörs eller Lieutenant Guvernörs Embede.

S ECT. 3. The Governor and LieutenantGovernor shall be elected at the times and places of choosing members of the Legislature. The persons respectively having the highest number of votes for Governor and

S EC. 3. Guvernören og Lieutenant Guvernören skal välges til den Tid og paa de Steder, naar og hvor Valget til Medlemmer for Legislaturen (Lovgivningen) foregaaer; men ifald to eller flere skulde have et lige og

157

W ISCONSIN Lieutenant-Governor, shall be elected, but in case two or more shall have an equal and the highest number of votes for Governor, or for Lieutenant-Governor, the two houses of the Legislature, at its next annual session, shall forthwith, by joint ballot, choose one of the said persons so having an equal and the highest number of votes for Governor or Lieutenant-Governor. The returns of election for Governor and Lieutenant Governor shall be made in such manner as shall be prescribed by law.

det höjeste Antal Stemmer for Guvernör og Lieutnenant Guvernör, skal Legislaturen ved den näste Möde, ved Ballottering välge Een af de Personer, hvilke saaledes skulde have et lige af det höjeste Antal Stemmer for Guvernör og Lieutnant Guvernör. Beretningerne over Valget for Guvernör og Lieutenant Guvernör skulle aflägges paa saadan Maade, som Loven vil foreskrive

S ECT. 4. The Governor shall be Commander-in-Chief of the military and naval forces of the State. He shall have power to convene the Legislature on extraordinary occasions. He shall communicate by message10 to the Legislature, at every session, the condition of the State; and recommend such matters to them for their consideration, as he shall judge11 expedient. He shall transact all necessary business with the officers of12 government, civil and military. He shall expedite all such measures as may be resolved upon by the Legislature, and shall take care that the laws are faithfully executed.

S EC. 4. Guvernören skal väre överste Befalingsmand over Statens Land- og Söemagt. Han skal have Magt til ved overordentlige Leiliigheder at sammenkalde Legislaturen ved ethvert af dens Möder,4 Statens Tilstand; og skal han anbefale til dennes Overveielse saadanne Gjenstande som han maa finde passende. Han skal afgjöre alle nödvendige Forretninger i Civil- og Militair-Anledning med Regierungsembedsmändene. Han skal uden5 alle saadanne Forholdsregler, som Legislaturen maatte beslutte og vaage over at Lovene troligen overholdes.

S ECT. 5. The Governor shall receive, as a compensation for his services, annually, the sum of one thousand dollars.

S EC. 5. Guvernören skal i Godtgjörelse for hans Tjenester, aarlig erholde den Sum af Eet Tusind Dollars.

S ECT. 6. The Governor shall have power to grant reprieves, and pardons after conviction, for all offences except treason, and cases of impeachment. He may commute sentence of death to imprisonment in a state13 prison for life. He may grant pardons14 upon such conditions, and with such restrictions and limitations as he may think proper. Upon convictions15 for treason, he shall have power to suspend the sentence until the case shall be reported to the legislature at its next session. He shall communicate to the legislature by message each case of reprieve, commutation and pardon by him granted, since the next previous ses-

S EC. 6. Guvernören skal have Magt til at bevillige Opsättelse af Straffen og Benaadelse, for alle Forbrydelser, efterat Dommen er falden, med Undtagelse af Forräderi eller i Tilfälde af offentlig Anklage. Han maa forandre Döesdommen til Fängsling i Statsfängslet paa Livstid. Han maa bevillige Benaadelse paa saadanne Forbehold og Indskränkelser som han maa finde rigtige. Efter Domfäldelsen for Forräderi skal han have Magt til at udsätte Dommens Opfyldelse, indil Tilfäldet kan blive forelagt Legislaturen ved dens näste Möde. Han skal ved Budskab bekjendtgjöre til Legislaturen ethvert Tilfälde af Opsättelse og Forandring af Straffen eller Benaadel-

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M ISLYKKET KONSTITUTION FOR W ISCONSIN (1846) sion of the legislature, stating the name of the convict, the crime of which he was convicted, the sentence and its date, and the date and conditions of the commutation, pardon or reprieve.

se, som han har bevilligt siden det nästforegaaende Möde; melde Navnet af den Dömte, Forbrydelsen, for hvilken han var dömt, Dommen og dens Datum og Datummen og Betingelserne ved dens Forandring, Benaadelse eller Opsättelse

S ECT. 7. In case of the impeachment of the Governor, or his removal from office, death, inability from mental or physical disease, resignation or absence from the state, the powers and duties of the office shall devolve upon the Lieutenant-Governor for the residue of the term, or until the Governor absent or impeached shall have returned, or the disability shall cease. But when the Governor shall, with the consent of the legislature, be out of the state in time of war, at the head of the military force thereof, he shall still16 continue Commander-in-Chief of all the military force of the state.

S EC. 7. I Tilfälde af Impeachment (offentlig Anklage) imod Guvernören, eller hans Afsättelse fra Embedet, Död, Udygtighed ved aandlig eller legemlig Sygdom, Afträdelse fra Embedet eller Fravärelse fra Staten, skal Embedets Magt og Pligter tilfalde Lieutenant Guvernören for Resten af hans Embedstid, eller til Guvernören, som er fravärende eller anklaget, kommer tilbage, eller hans lovlige Udygtighed häves. Men, naar Guvernören i Krigstilfälde med Legislaturens Samtykke skulde väre udenfor Staten i Spidsen for dens militaire Styrke, da skal han vedblive at väre överste Befalingsmand over Statens hele militaire Magt.

S ECT. 8. The Lieutenant-Governor shall be President of the Senate, but shall have only a casting vote therein. If, during a vacancy of the office of Governor, the Lieutenant-Governor shall be impeached, displaced, resign, die, or from mental or physical disease become incapable of performing his duties, or be absent from the state, the Secretary of State shall act as Governor until the vacancy shall be filled, or the disability shall cease.

S EC. 8. Lieutenant Guvernören skal väre President i Senaten men han skal kun have en afgjörende Stemme. Naar i Tilfalde af at Guvernörens Plads er ledig, Lieutnant Guvernören stulde blive offentlig anklaget, afsat, afträde fra Embedet, döe eller ved aandlig eller legemlig Sygdom blive udygtig til at udföre sine Embedspligter, eller väre fravärende fra Staten, da skal Statssekretairen handle som Guvernör, indtil den ledige Plads er udfyldt eller Udygtigheden hävet.

S ECT. 9. The Lieutenant-Governor shall receive double the per-diem of members of the Senate, for every days attendance as President of the Senate, and the same mileage as shall be allowed to members of the legislature.

S EC. 9. Lieutenant Guvernören skal for hver Dags Tjeneste som President i Senaten, erholde den dobbelte Diät som Medlemmerne af Senaten modtage, og de samme Milepenge som vil blive tilstaaet Legislaturens Medlemmer.

S ECT. 10. The Governor and LieutenantGovernor, or either of them, shall not, during the term for which he or they are elected, hold any other office of17 trust, honor, profit or emolument under this State or the United States, or any other state of the Union, or

S EC. 10. Guvernören og Lieutenant Guvernören eller hver af dem, skulle ikke, saalänge den Tid varer, hvorpaa de ere valgte, bekläde nogetsomhelst andet Embede, enten for offentlig Tiltro, Aren, Fordelen eller Rytten, under denne Stat eller de Forenede

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W ISCONSIN any foreign state or government18 .

Stater eller en anden Stat i denne Union eller en fremmed Stat eller Regjering.

S ECT. 11. Every bill which shall have passed the legislature, shall before it becomes a law be presented to the Governor; if he approve, he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal19 , and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such re-consideration two-thirds of the members present shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of the members present, it shall become a law. But in all20 cases, the votes of both houses shall be determined by “Yeas” and “Nays”, and the names voting for and against the bill, shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the Governor within three days (sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, unless the legislature shall, by their adjournment, prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law.

S EC. 11. Enhver Bill som maatte udgaae fra Legislaturen skal, inden den kan blive til Lov, forelägges Guvernören; naar han stadfäster skal han undertegne den, men i modsat Tilfälde skal han sende den tilligemed Indvendningerne tilbage til det Huus, i hvilket den er forebragt; vedkommende Huus skal indföre Indvendningerne udförlig6 i dens Journal og stride til sammes Gjenoverveielse. Naar efter saadan Gjenoverveielse, de to tredie Dele af de tilstedevärende Medlemmer, eenes om at lade Billen passere, skal den, tilligemed Indvendingerne sendes til det andet Huus, i hvildet den iligemaade skal gjenoverveies og naar den er antagen af to tredie Delen af de tilstädevärende Medlemmer skal den blive til Lov. Men i alle Tilfälde skal Stemmerne afgives ved “Ja” og “Nei” og Navnene af de Stemmende, for og imod Billen skal indföres i Journalen ved hvert Huus isär. Naar en Bill af Governören ikke skulde sendes tilbage inden tre Dage (med undragelse af Söndagene) efterat den er bleven ham tilsendt, skal samme blive til Lov, ifald ikke den lovgivende Magt ved Opsättelse skulde forhindre dens Tilbagelevering, i hvilket Tilfälde den ikke skal blive til Lov.

ARTICLE IV

FIERDE ARTIKEL

Administrative

Over Statsforvaltningen

S ECT. 1. A Secretary of State, who shall ex-officio be the Auditor, a Treasurer, and an Attorney General, shall be elected at the times and places of choosing Governor and Lieutenant-Governor, and shall hold their offices for the term of two years.

S EC. 1. En Stats-Sekretär, som er officio7 skal väre Auditör, en Statmester og en General-Advokat skal välges til samme Tid og paa de samme Steder som Guvernören og Lieutenant Guvernören og de skal forestaae deres Embeder for et Tidsrum af to Aar.

S ECT. 2. The Secretary of State shall keep a fair record of the official acts of the legislative21 and executive departments of

S EC. 2. Stats-Sekretairen skal före en nöiagtig Fortegnelse over den legislative og executive Afdelings af Statsmagtens Handli-

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FAILED C ONSTITUTION OF W ISCONSIN (1846) the State, and shall, when required, lay the same, and all matters relative thereto, before either branch of the legislature; and shall perform such other duties as shall be assigned him by law. He shall receive as a compensation for his services yearly, such sum as shall be provided by law, not exceeding one thousand dollars, and shall keep his office at the seat of government.

ger og skal han paa Forlangende forelägge samme med alle dertil hörende Gjenstande, hvilkensomhelst Green af Statens Legislatur; og skal han udföre saadanne andere Pligter som vil blive ham anviist ved Loven. Han skal erholde i aarlig Godtgjörelse en Sum, som ikke tör overstige Eet tusind Dollars, hvilken Loven skal bestemme, og skal han holde sit Embedscontor ved Rejeringssädet.

S ECT. 3. The powers and duties22 of the Treasurer and Attorney General shall be prescribed by law. Each of said officers shall receive as a compensation for his services, yearly, a sum to be prescribed by law.

S EC. 3. Statmesterens og GeneralAdvokatens Rettigheder og Pligter skal foreskrives ved Loven, Enhver af nävnte Embedsmänd skal erholde en aarlig Godtgjörelse for deres Tjenester, Summen vil blive bestemt af Loven.

S ECT. 4. The Legislature shall not grant or allow to any officer named in this article, any extra compensation, under any pretence, or in any form whatever.

S EC. 4. Legislaturen skal ikke, under nogersomhelst Paaskud eller i nogensomhelst Form, tilstaae nogen i denne Artikel nävnt Embedsmand en Erta8 -Godtgjörelse.

ARTICLE V

FEMTE ARTIKEL

On the Constitution and Organization of the Legislature

Over Legislaturens Indretning og Organisation

S ECT. 1. The Legislative power shall be vested in a Senate and House of Representatives.

S EC. 1. Den lovgivende Magt skal overdrages til en Senat og et Representanthuus.

S ECT. 2. The number of the members of the House of Representatives shall never be less than sixty, nor greater than one hundred and twenty; The Senate shall consist of a number of members not greater than one third, nor less than one fourth of the number of23 members of the House of Representatives.

S EC. 2. Antallet af Representanthusets Medlemmer skal aldrig väre lavere end tresindstyve, heller ikke höjere end eet hundrede og tyve. Senaten skal bestaae af et Antal Medlemmer som ikke er höjere end tredie Parten og heller ikke lavere end fjerde Parten af Medlemmerens Antal af Representanthuset.

S ECT. 3. The Legislature shall provide by law for an enumeration of the inhabitants of this state in the year One thousand eight hundred and fifty five, and at the end of every ten years thereafter; and shall also provide for such enumeration in the year One thousand eight hundred and forty eight: And at

S EC. 3. Legislaturen skal sörge for Optällingen af Statens Indbyggere i Aaret 1855 og hvert tiende Aar derefter, ligeledes skal den drage Omsorg for en saadan Optälling i Aaret 1848. Ved dens förste Möde efter hver Optälling som ovenbemärket vil blive tagen, ligeledes efter enhver optälling som tages

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W ISCONSIN their first session after each enumeration so made as aforesaid, and also after each enumeration made by the authority of the United States, the legislature shall apportion anew the representatives and senators among the several districts, according to the number of inhabitants, excluding Indians not taxed, and soldiers and officers of the United States Army and Navy.

efter de Forenede Staters Befaling, skal Legislaturen paany fordele Representanterne og Senatorerne efter Folkeantallet, med Undtagelse af de ikke beskattede Indianere og Soldater og Officerer ved de Forenede Staters Här og Flaade, imellem de forskjellige Districter.

S ECT. 4. Until there shall be a new apportionment of the senators and members of the house of representatives, the state shall be divided into senatorial and representative districts as follows, and the senators and members of the house of representatives, shall be apportioned among the several districts as follows, that is to say24 : The county of Brown shall constitute the first representative district, and shall be entitled to one representative. The county of Calumet shall constitute the second representative district, and shall be entitled to one representative. The county of Manitowoc shall constitute the third representative district, and shall be entitled to one representative. The county of Marquette shall constitute the fourth representative district, and shall be entitled to one representative. The county of Winabago25 shall constitute the fifth representative district, and shall be entitled to one representative. The county of Sheboygan shall constitute the sixth representative district, and shall be entitled to one representative. The county of Fond du Lac shall constitute the seventh representative district, and shall be entitled to two representatives. The county of Columbia shall constitute the eighth representative district, and shall be entitled to one representative. The county of Sauk shall constitute the ninth representative district, and shall be entitled to one representative. The county of Washington shall constitute

S EC. 4. Indtil der kan skee en ny Fordeling af Senatorerne og Medlemmerne af Representanthuset, skal Staten deles i Senator og Representant-Districter som fölger, og Senatorerne og Medlemmerne af Representanthuset skulle fordeles imellem de forskjellige Districter som fölger nemlig: Brown County skal danne den förste Representant-District og skal väre berettiget til Een Representant. Calumet County skal danne den anden Representant-District og skal väre berettiget til Een Representant. Manitomoc County skal danne den tredie Representant-District og skal väre berettiget til Een Representant. Marquette County skal danne den fjerde Representant-District og skal väre berettiget til Een Representant. Winnebago County skal danne den femte Representant-District og skal väre berettiget til Een Representant. Sheboygan County skal danne den sjette Representant-District og skal väre berettiget til Een Representant. Fond du Lac County skal danne den syvende Representant-District og skal väre berettiget til Een Representant. Columbia County skal danne den ottende Representant-District og skal väre berettiget til Een Representant. Sauk County skal danne den niende Representant-District og skal väre berettiget til Een Representant. Washington County skal danne den tiende Representant-District og skal väre berettiget

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M ISLYKKET KONSTITUTION FOR W ISCONSIN (1846) the tenth representative district, and shall be entitled to four representatives. The county of Dodge shall constitute the eleventh representative district, and shall be entitled to four representatives. The county of Milwaukee shall constitute the twelfth representative district, and shall be entitled to eight representatives. The county of Waukesha shall constitute the thirteenth representative district, and shall be entitled to six representatives. The county of Jefferson shall constitute the fourteenth representative district, and shall be entitled to five representatives. The county of Dane shall constitute the fifteenth representative district, and shall be entitled to four representatives. The county of Racine shall constitute the sixteenth representative district and shall be entitled to ten representatives. The county of Walworth shall constitute the seventeenth representative district, and shall be entitled to six representatives. The county of Rock shall constitute the eighteenth representative district, and shall be entitled to five representatives. The county of Green shall constitute the nineteenth representative district, and shall be entitled to one representative. The county of Iowa shall constitute the twentieth representative district, and shall be entitled to seven representatives; Provided, That whenever the said county of Iowa shall be divided, and two new counties shall be organized out of the same, then the northern of said two new counties shall be entitled to three representatives, and the southern of said two new counties shall be entitled to four representatives. The county of Grant shall constitute the twenty-first representative district, and shall be entitled to five representatives. The counties of Crawford and Richland shall constitute the twenty-second representative district, and shall be entitled to one representative.

til fire Representanter Dodge County skal danne den ellevte Representant-District og skal väre berettiget til fire Representanter. Milwaukie County skal danne den tolvte Representant-District og skal väre berettiget til fem Representanter. Waukesha County skal danne den trettende Representant–District og skal väre berettiget til sex Representanter. Jefferson County skal danne den fjortende Representant-District og skal väre berettiget til fem Representanter. Dane County skal danne den femtende Representant-District og skal väre berettiget til fire Representanter. Racine County skal danne den sextende Representant-District og skal väre berettiget til ti Representanter. Walworth-County skal danne den syttende Representant-District og skal väre berettiget til ser Representanter. Rock County skal danne den attende Representant-District og skal väre berettiget til fem Representanter. Green County skal danne den nittende Representant-District og skal väre berettiget til Een Representant. Iowa County skal danne den tyvende Representant-District og skal väre berettiget til syv Representanter: forudbetinget at, ifald nogensinde den Countier skulde blive dannede udaf samme, da skal den nordlige af nävnte to nye Countier väre berettiget til tre Representanter og den sydlige af nävnte to nye Countier skal väre berettiget til fire Representanter. Grant County skal danne den Een og tyvende Representant-District og skal väre berettiget til fem Representanter. Crawford og Richland Countier skulle danne den to og tyvende Representant-Disrict og skulle väre berettigede til Een Representant. Sct. Croir og Chippewa Countier skulle danne den tre og tyvende Representant-

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W ISCONSIN The counties of St. Croix and Chippewa shall constitute the twenty-third representative district and shall be entitled to one representative. The county of La Pointe26 shall constitute the twenty-fourth representative district, and shall be entitled to one representative. The county of Portage shall constitute the twenty-fifth representative district, and shall be entitled to one representative. The counties of Brown, Calumet, Winabago27 , Fond du Lac, Manitowoc and Sheboygan, shall constitute the first senatorial district, and shall be entitled to one Senator. The counties of Marquette, Columbia, Portage, Sauk, Richland, Crawford, Chippewa, St. Croix, and La Pointe28 , shall constitute the second senatorial district, and shall be entitled to one Senator. The county of Washington shall constitute the third senatorial district, and shall be entitled to one Senator. The county of Dodge shall constitute the fourth senatorial district, and shall be entitled to one senator. The county of Milwaukee shall constitute the fifth senatorial district, and shall be entitled to two senators. The county of Waukesha shall constitute the sixth senatorial district, and shall be entitled to two senators. The county of Jefferson shall constitute the seventh senatorial district, and shall be entitled to one Senator. The county of Dane shall constitute the eighth senatorial district, and shall be entitled to one Senator. The county of Racine shall constitute the ninth senatorial district, and shall be entitled to two senators. The county of Walworth shall constitute the tenth senatorial district, and shall be entitled to two senators. The county of Rock shall constitute the eleventh senatorial district, and shall be entitled to two senators.

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District og skulle väre berettigede til Een Representant. La Pointe County skal danne den fire og tyvende Representant-District og skal väre berettiget til Een Representant. Portage County skal danne den fem og tyvende Representant-District og skal väre berettiget til Een Representant. Countierne Brown, Calumet, Winnebago, Fond du Lac, Manitowoc og Cheboygan skulle danne den förste Senator-District og skulle väre berettigede til Een Representant. Countierne Marquette, Columbia, Portage, Sauk, Richland, Crawford, Chippewa, Sct. Croir og La Pointe skulle danne den anden Senator-District og skulle väre berettigede til Een Senator. Washington County skal danne den tredie Senator-District og skal väre berettiget til Een Senator. Dodge County skal danne den fjerde Senator-District og skal väre berettiget til Een Senator. Milwaukie County skal danne den femte Senator-District og skal väre berettiget til to Senatorer. Waukesha County skal danne den sjette Senator-District og skal väre berettiget til to Senatorer. Jefferson County skal danne den syvende Senator-District og skal väre berettiget til Een Senator. Dane County skal danne den ottende Senator-District og skal väre berettiget til to Senatorer. Racine County skal danne den niende Senator-District of skal väre berettiget til to Senatorer. Walworth County skal danne den tiende Senator-District og skal väre berettiget til to Senatorer. Rock County skal danne den ellevte Senator-District og skal väre berettiget til to Senatorer. Green County skal danne den tolvte Senator-District og skal väre berettiget til

FAILED C ONSTITUTION OF W ISCONSIN (1846) The county of Green shall constitute the twelfth senatorial district, and shall be entitled to one senator. The county of Iowa shall constitute the thirteenth senatorial district, and shall be entitled to two senators; Provided, that whenever the said county of Iowa shall be divided, and two new counties shall be organized out of the same, then the northern of said two new counties shall be entitled to one senator, and the southern of said two new counties shall be entitled to one senator. The county of Grant shall constitute the fourteenth senatorial district, and shall be entitled to two senators.

Een Senator. Iowa County skal danne den trettende Senator-District og skal väre berettiget til to Senatorer: forudbetinget at, ifald nogensinde den nävnte Iowa County skulde blive deelt og to nye Countier skulde blive dannede udaf samme, da skal den nordlige af nävnte to nye Countier väre berettiget til Een Senator og den sydlige af nävnte to nye Countier skal väre berettiget til Een Senator. Grant County skal danne den fjortende Senator-District og skal väre berettiget til Een9 Senator.

S ECT. 5. The representatives shall be chosen annually, on the day of the general election, by the qualified electors of the several districts; the senators shall be chosen biennially, for two years, at the same time and in the same manner as the representatives are required to be chosen.

S EC. 5. Representanterne skulle aarlig välges paa den almindelige Valgdag, af de berettigede Välgere i de forskjellige Districter; Senatorerne skulle välges hvert andet Aar for to Aar, paa samme Maade og til samme Tid som Representanter valget vil blive foretaget.

S ECT. 6. Senators and representatives shall be qualified electors in the respective districts which they represent, and shall have resided at least one year in the state.

S EC. 6. Senatorerne og Representanterne skulle väre berettigede Välgere i de paagjeldende Districter, hvilke de representerer, og skulle i det mindste have väret bosiddende Eet Aar i Staten.

S ECT. 7. No person holding office under the United States, Postmasters excepted, shall be eligible to a seat in either branch of the legislature of this state.

S EC. 7. Ingen Person som er Embedsmand under de Forenede Stater, med Undtagelse af Postmestere, kan välges til at tage Säde i nogen Green af Legislaturen i denne Stat.

S ECT. 8. A majority of each house shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner and under such penalties as each house may provide. Each house shall choose its own officers.

S EC. 8. Fleertallet af hvert Huus skal danne et Quorum til at besörge Foreningerne, men et mindre Antal kan udsätte fra een Dag til anden og tvinge de fravärende Medlemmer til Närvärelse, paa saadan Maade og ved Saadanne Straffe, som hvert Huus isär maatte bestemme. Hvert Huus isär välger sine egne to Embedsmänd.

S ECT. 9. Each house shall determine the rules of its proceedings, and judge of the qualifications, elections and returns of its

S EC. 9. Hvert Huus isär skal bestemme sin egen Forretningsmaade og dömme over sine egne Medlemmers Qualificationer, Valg

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W ISCONSIN own members, may punish for contempts, and its members for disorderly behaviour; and may, with the concurrence of two-thirds of all the members elected, expel a member; but no member shall be expelled a second time for the same cause.

og Beretninger; maa straffe sine Medlemmer for Ulydighed eller for uordentlig Opförsel, og kan ved Samtykke af to tredie Delen af alle valgte Medlemmer udstöde et Medlem; men intet Medlem skal kunne udstödes anden Gang for samme Forseelse.

S ECT. 10. No Senator, or representative in the legislature of this state, shall during the time for which he was elected, or during one year after the expiration thereof, be appointed or elected to any civil office under the authority of this state, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during the time29 for which he was elected.

S EC. 10. Ingen Senator eller Representant i Legislaturen i denne Stat, skal i den Tid for hvilken han er valgt, eller inden eet Aar derefter, kunne välges eller udnävnes til noget Civil-Embede under denne Stat, hvilket skulle väre oprettet, eller hvis Indkomster skulle väre forögende i den Tid for hvilken han er valgt.

S ECT. 11. Senators and representatives shall, in all cases except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest, nor shall they be subject to any civil process, during the session of the legislature, nor for fifteen days next before the commencement and after the termination of each session.

S EC. 11. Senatorer og Representanter skulle i alle Tilfälde, med Undtagelse af Forräderi, Dödsforbrydelser og Fredsbrud väre fritagne for Fängsling, kunne heller ikke underkastes nogen Civil-Prozeß i den Tid Legislaturen holder Möde eller i femten Dage förend Begyndelsen og femten Dage efter Slutningen af hvert Möde

S ECT. 12. The legislature shall meet at the seat of government on the second thursday of January in every year, and at no other period, unless otherwise directed by law, or provided for in this constitution.

S EC. 12. Legislaturen skal forsamle sig hvert Aar den anden Torsdag i Januar, ved Regierungssädet, og til ingen anden Tid, det maatte da blive anderledes forordnet ved Loven eller bestemt i denne Constitution.

S ECT. 13. The Governor shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies as may occur in the Senate or House of Representatives.

S EC. 13. Guvernören skal anordne Valg, for at besätte Vakantserne der maatte opstaae i Senator- eller Representant-Huset.

S ECT. 14. The style of the laws of this state shall be, “It is enacted by the Legislature of the State of Wisconsin as follows,” “that is to say.”30

S EC. 14. Lovenes Begyndelse i denne Stat skal väre: “Det er forordnet af Legislaturen af Staten Wisconsin som fölger, nemlig:”

S ECT. 15. Each member of the legislature shall receive for his services two dollars for each days attendance during the first forty days of any session, and one dollar for each days attendance during the remainder of such session; and ten cents for every mile he shall travel in going to and returning from

S EC. 15. Hvert Medlem af Legislaturen skal i de förste fyrretyve Dag af nogetsomhelst Möde erholde to Dollars for hver Dags Närvärelse i den övrige Tid af Mödet,10 og ti Cents for hver Miil som han har at reise til og fra Mödestedet, hvilket bliver beregnet efter de meest brugelige Landeveie.

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M ISLYKKET KONSTITUTION FOR W ISCONSIN (1846) the place of31 meeting of the legislature, to be computed by the most usually travelled route.

ARTICLE VI

SIETTE ARTIKEL

On the Powers Duties and Restrictions of the Legislature

Over Legislaturens Magt, Pligter og Indskränkelser

S ECT. 1. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings and publish the same, except such parts as may require secrecy. The doors of each house shall be kept open, except when the public welfare shall require secrecy. Neither house shall, without the32 consent of the other, adjourn for more than two days.

S EC. 1. Ethvert Huus skal före en Journal over sine Forhandlinger og offentliggjöre samme, med Undtagelse af saadanne Dele der maatte kräve Hemmelighed. Dörene til begge Huse skulle holdes aabne, undtagen, naar den offentlige Velfär skulde fordre Adskillelse. Intet Huus kan uden Tilladelse fra det andet Huus udsätte längere end to Dage.

S ECT. 2. Any bill may originate in either house of the Legislature, and all bills passed by one house may be amended by the other, and on the final passage of all bills, the vote shall be by ayes and noes, and shall be entered on the journal.

S EC. 2. I hvert af Legislaturens Huse kan enhver Bill indbringes11 , og alle Bills, hvilke have passeret det ene Huus kunne forandres ved det andet. Den sidste Afstemning over alle Love skal skee ved “Ja” og “Nei” og disse indföres i Journalen.

S ECT. 3. The legislature may confer upon the boards of supervisors of the several counties of the state, such powers of local legislation and administration, as they shall from time to time prescribe.

S EC. 3. Legislaturen maa overdrage til Supervisor-Retterne i de forskjellige Countier, saadan Magt til lokal Lovgivning og Forvaltning i deres vedkommende Districter, som den fra Tid til anden maatte foreskrive.12

S ECT. 4. No private or local bill, which may be passed by the legislature, shall embrace more than one subject, and that shall be expressed in the title.

S EC. 4. Ingen Privat eller Lokal-Bill, som har passeret Legislaturen, skal omfatte flere end Een Giendstand og denne skal anföres i Titelen.

S ECT. 5. The legislature shall never grant extra compensation to any public officer, agent, servant or contractor after the service shall have been rendered or the contract entered into.

S EC. 5. Legislaturen skal aldrig bevillige overordentlig Godtgjörelse til nogen offentlig Embedsmand, Agent, Tjener eller Leverant, efterat Tjensten er gjort eller Contrakten sluttet.

S ECT. 6. Members of the legislature, and all officers, executive and judicial, except such inferior officers as may by law be exempted, shall before they enter upon the duties of their respective offices, take and

S EC. 6. Legislaturens Medlemmer og alle udövende og retslige Embedsmänd, med Undtagelse af saadanne underordnede Embedsmänd som Loven maatte undtage, skulle, inden de indträde i deres vedkommende

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W ISCONSIN subscribe the following oath or affirmation. “I do solemnly swear {or affirm, as the case may be} that I will support the constitution of the United States and the constitution of the State of Wisconsin, and that I will faithfully discharge the duties of the office of –––––– according to the best of my ability.[”]

Embeders Pligter, gjöre og underskrive fölgende Eed eller Bekräftelse: Jeg svärger (eller bekräfter, som Tilfäldet maatte väre) paa det Höitideligste, at jeg vil overholde13 Constitutionen af de Forenede Stater og Constitutionen af Staten Wisconsin at jeg paa det Samvittighedsfuldeste vil opfylde mine Pligter af Embedet__ efter min bedste Villie og Kräfter.

S ECT. 7. The legislature shall never authorize any lottery.

S EC. 7. Legislaturen skal aldrig tillade noget Lotteri.

S ECT. 8. One-fifth of the members present, of each house, shall be entitled to call for the ayes and noes on any question, and to have the same entered upon the journal.

S EC. 8. Femtelen af de tilstedevärende Medlemmer af hvert Huus skal ved ethvert Spörgsmaal väre berettiget til at indsamle “Ja” og “Nei” og skal lade disse indföre i Journalen.

S ECT. 9. The legislature shall establish but one system of Town and county government, which shall be uniform as near as may be, throughout the State.

S EC. 9. Legislaturen skal oprette Townog County-Regjeringer efter Eet System hvilket skal väre saa eensformigt over hele Staten som muligt.

S ECT. 10. The legislature shall direct by law in what manner and in what courts suits may be brought against the State.

S EC. 10. Legislaturen skal forordne ved Liv, paa hvilken Maade og ved hvilke Domstole Staten kan blive sagsögt.

ARTICLE VII

SYVENDE ARTIKEL

On the Organization and Functions of the Judiciary

Over Domstolenes Indretning og Funktioner

S ECT. 1. The court for the trial of impeachments shall be composed of the Senate. The House of Representatives shall have the power of impeaching all civil officers of this state, for corrupt conduct in office, or for crimes and misdemeanors; but a majority of all the members elected shall concur in an impeachment. On the trial of an impeachment against the Governor, the lieutenantgovernor shall not act as a member of the court. No judicial officer shall exercise his office after he shall have been impeached until his acquittal. Before the trial of an impeachment, the members of the court shall

S EC. 1. Senaten skal väre Domstolen til Undersögelsen af offentlige Anklager (Impeachments) Representanthuset skal have Magt til at anklage enhver civil Embedsmand under denne Stat, for daarlig Embedsförelse eller for Forbrydelser og Undersläb; ved en Impeachment skal Flertallet af alle valgte Medlemmer stemme for en saadan Anklage. Ved Undersögelsen af en Impeachment imod Guvernören, skal Lieutenant Guvernören ikke väre Medlem af Domstolen. Ingen retslig Embedsmand som er anklaget, skal forestaae sit Embede, indtil han er dömt fri. Inden Begyndelsen af Untersögelsen af

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FAILED C ONSTITUTION OF W ISCONSIN (1846) take an oath or affirmation, truly and impartially to try the impeachment according to evidence; and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. Judgement, in cases of impeachment, shall not extend further than to removal from office, or removal from office and disqualification to hold any office of honor, profit or trust under this state; but the party impeached shall be liable to indictment, trial and punishment according to law.

en Impeachment skulle Domstolens Medlemmer aflägge en Eed eller Bekräftelse, at de tro og upartisk ville undersöge Anklagen ved Beviisförelse, og Ingen skal kunne overbeviises uden Deeltagese af to tredie Delen af de tilstedevärende Medlemmer. Dommen i Tilfälde af Impeachment skal ikke udsträkke sig videre end til Afsättelse fra Embedet og Udugelighedserkläring til noget andet Embede, enten for Ären eller Fordelen, under denne Stat; men den Anklagede skal väre underkastet Anklage for den Store-Jury (StoreSvorenret) og Undersögelse og Straf ifölge Loven.

S ECT. 2. The judicial power of this state, both as to matters of law and equity, shall be vested in a supreme court, circuit courts, courts of probate, and in justices of the peace. The legislature may also vest such jurisdiction as shall be deemed necessary, in municipal courts, and shall have power to establish inferior courts in the several counties, with limited civil and criminal jurisdiction.

S EC. 2. Denne Stats dömmende Magt, saavel i lovlige-som i Villigheds-Tilfälde, skal underlägges en Supreme-Court (överste Domstol), Circuit-Courts (DistrictsDomstole). Courts of Probate (Overformynderier) og Justice of the Peace (Fredsdommere). Legislaturen kan ogsaa underlägge Municipal Courts (Städernes-Domstolene) saadan Jurisdiction som den maatte finde nödvendig, og skal have Magten til at oprette underordnede Domstole i de forskjellige Countier og forsyne dem med indskränket Civil- og Criminell-Jurisdiction.

S ECT. 3. The supreme court, except in cases otherwise provided in this constitution, shall have appellate jurisdiction only, which shall be co-extensive with the state; but in no case removed to the supreme court, shall a trial by jury be allowed in said court. The supreme court shall have a general superintending control over all inferior courts; it shall have power to issue writs of habeas corpus, mandamus, injunction, quo warranto, certiorari, and other original and remedial writs, and to hear and determine the same.

S EC. 3. Supreme-Court, skal med Undtagelse af de Tilfälde hvilke denne Constitution skulde beslutte anderledes, kuns have Appellations-Jurisdiction over hele Statens Omfang, men i intet Tilfälde som bringes for Supreme-Court skal det väre tilladt at bruge en Jury. Supreme-Court skal have Overopsynet over alle underordnede Domstole, den skal have Magt til at udstäde Befalinger for Hadeas Corpus, Mandamus, Injunction, Quo Warranto, Certiorari og alle andere originale og remediale Befalinger og til at undersöge og bestemme samme.

S ECT. 4. For the term of five years from the first election of the Judges of circuit courts, and thereafter until the legislature shall otherwise provide, the judges of the

S EC. 4. For et Tidsrum af fem Aar, fra det förste Valg af Dommere til Circuit-Courts, og derefter indtil Legislaturen bestemmer det anderledes, skulle Dommerne i Supreme-

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W ISCONSIN several circuit courts shall be judges of the supreme court, a majority of whom shall constitute a quorum, and the concurrence of a majority of the judges present shall be necessary to a decision.

Court tillige väre Dommere i Supreme-Court, Flertallet af disse skulle danne et Quorum (det lovlige Antal til Afgjörelsen af Forretningerne) og Deeltagelsen af Flertallet af de tilstedevärende Medlemmer skal väre nödvendig til en Afgjörelse.14

S ECT. 5. The state shall be divided into five judicial circuits, to be composed as follows: the first circuit shall comprise the counties of Racine, Walworth, Rock and Green; the second circuit, the counties of Milwaukee, Waukesha, Jefferson and Dane; the third circuit, the counties of Washington, Dodge, Columbia, Marquette, Sauk and Portage; the fourth circuit, the counties of Brown, Manitowoc, Sheboygan, Fond du Lac, Winabago33 and Calumet; and the fifth circuit shall comprise the counties of Iowa, Grant, Crawford and Richland; and the counties of Chippewa, St. Croix and La Pointe34 shall be attached to the county of Crawford for judicial purposes, until otherwise provided by the legislature.

S EC. 5. Staten skal deles i fem Retsdistricter15 ; den förste District skal dannes af Countierne Racinee, Walworth, Rock og Green; den andre District af Countierne Milwaukie, Waukesha, Jefferson og Dane; den tredie District af Countierne Washingtion, Dodge, Columbia, Marquette, Sauk og Portage; den fjerde District af Countierne Brown, Manitowoc, Sheboygan, Fond du Lac, Winnebago og Calumet; den femte District af Counierne Iowa, Grant, Crawford og Richland; Countierne Chippewa, St. Croir og La Pointe skulle i retslige Øiemed forenes med Crawford County, indtil Legislaturen bestemmer det anderledes.

S ECT. 6. The legislature may alter, increase or diminish the number of circuits, making them as compact and convenient as may be, and bounding them by county lines; but no alteration or diminution of the number of circuits, shall have the effect to remove a judge from office.

S EC. 6. Legislaturen kan forandre, forstörre eller formindre Antallet af Districterne og inddele dem saa samlende og passende som muligt, ved at begrändse dem ved County-Grändser, men ingen Forandring eller Formindskning af Districterne kan have en Embedsmands16 Afsättelse fra Embedet til Fölge.

S ECT. 7. For each circuit, there shall be a judge chosen by the qualified electors therein, who shall hold his office for the term of five years, and until his successor shall be chosen and qualified; and after he shall have been elected, he shall reside in the circuit for which he was elected. One of said Judges shall be designated as “Chief-Justice”, in such manner as the legislature shall provide.

S EC. 7. For hvert Circuit skal en dommer välges af de berettigede Välgere i samme, og skal han forestaae sit Embede i fem Aar og indtil hans Efterfölger kan blive valgt og beskikket; efterat han er bleven valgt, skal han boe i det Circuit for hvilket han er valgt. Een af nävnte Dommere skal udnävnes til Chief-Justice (Dommer som har Forsädet) paa den Maade som Legislaturen vil foreskrive.17

S ECT. 8. The circuit courts shall have original jurisdiction in all matters, civil and criminal, within this state, not otherwise excepted

S EC. 8. Circuit-Courts i denne Stat skulle have Jurisdiction i alle Civil- og CriminalTilfälde, med undtagelse af de, hvilke maatte

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M ISLYKKET KONSTITUTION FOR W ISCONSIN (1846) in this constitution, and not hereafter prohibited by law; and appellate jurisdiction from all inferior courts and tribunals, and a supervisory control over the same. They shall also have power35 to issue writs of habeas corpus, mandamus, injunction, quo warranto, certiorari and all other writs necessary to enforce their own jurisdiction, and give them a general control over inferior courts and jurisdictions.

undtages af denne Constitution eller senere af Legislaturen; de skulle före Overopsyn over alle underordnede Domstole, fra hvilke alle der kan appelleres til dem. Tillige skulle Circuit Courts väre berettigede til at udstäde Befalinger for Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Injunction, Quo Warranto, Certiorari og alle andre nödvendige Befalinger for at udöve deres egen Jurisdiction og for at före en almindelig Control over de lavere Domstole.18

S ECT. 9. When a vacancy shall happen in the office of a supreme or circuit judge, such vacancy shall be filled by an appointment by the Governor, which shall continue until a successor is elected and qualified, and when elected, such successor shall hold his office for a full term. No election for judges, or for any single judge of the supreme or circuit court, shall be held within thirty days of any general election for state or county officers.

S EC. 9. Naar en Vakants finder Sted ved et Embede i Supreme eller Circuit Court skal en saadan Vakants udfyldes ved Besättelse af Guvernören; denne saaledes Udnävnte skal forestaae Embedet indtil en Efterfölger er valgt og beskikket; naar en saadan Efterfölger er valgt, skal han forestaae sit Embede for den fulde tid. Intet Valg af Dommere eller af nogen enkelt Dommer i Supreme eller Circuit Court skal foretages indenfor tredive Dage förend Valget af Stat- og CountyEmbedsmänd.

S ECT. 10. Each of the judges of the supreme and circuit courts, shall receive a salary of One thousand five hundred dollars annually. They shall receive no fees of office, or other compensation than their salaries; they shall hold no other office of public trust, and all votes for either of them, for any office except that of judge of the supreme or circuit court, given by the legislature or the people, shall be void. If any judge shall resign his office, he shall not be eligible or appointed to any office within two years after such resignation. No person shall be elected to the office of judge who is not a citizen of the United States, who shall not have attained the age of twenty five years, and who shall not have resided within this State or Territory two years previous to his election.

S EC. 10. Enhver Dommer i Supreme og Circuit Court skal erholde en aarlig Indkomst af $ 1500. De skal ikke erholde nogen Embedssportler eller anden Godtgjörelse end deres Indkomster; de kunne ikke bekläde noget andet offentligt Embede, og alle Stemmer for nogen af dem, til nogetsomhelst Embede med Undtagelse af det til Supreme eller Circuit Court, hvilkeafgives af Legislaturen eller Folket, skulle väre ugyldige. Naar en Dommer afträder fra sit Embede, skal han ikke kunne välges eller udnävnes til noget Embede, indenfor to Aar efter saadan Afträdelse. Ingen kan välges til et Dommerembede som ikke er Borger af de Forenede Stater, som ikke har fyldt sit fem og tyvende Aar og som ikke har boet i denne Stat eller Terrotory to Aar förend sit Valg.

S ECT. 11. The supreme court shall hold at least one term in each judicial circuit annually, at such times and places as shall be provided by law. A circuit court shall be held

S EC. 11. Supreme Court skal holdes i hvert judical Circuit (Retsdistrict) i det minste Een Gang aarlig, til saadanne Tider og paa saadanne Steder som Loven vil foreskri-

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W ISCONSIN in each county of this state, organized for judicial purposes, at least twice in each year. The circuit judges may hold courts for each other, and shall do so when required by law.

ve. En Circuit-Court skall holdes i enhver for retslige Øiemed oprettet County i detmindste to Gange om Aaret. De forskjellige Circuit Dommere kunne holde Court for hverandre og skulle gjöre saa, naar det bliver forlangt af dem ved Loven.

S ECT. 12. Until the legislature shall otherwise provide, the circuit judges shall interchange circuits, and hold courts in such manner, that no judge of either of said circuits, shall hold court in any one circuit, for more than one year in five successive years, except in case of vacancy, absence, or of inability or disability of one of said judges.

S EC. 12. Indtil Legislaturen bestemmer det anderledes, skulle Circuit Dommerne afvente med hverandre med at holde Court i de forskjellige Circuits, paa saadan Maade at ingen af nävnte Circuit Dommere skal holde Court i nogen Circuit, längere end Eet Aar i fem efter hinanden fölgende Aar, med Undtagelse af Vakantstilfälde, Fravärelse eller Udygtighed af een af nävnte Dommere.

S ECT. 13. There shall be a clerk of the circuit court chosen in each county organized for judicial purposes, by the qualified electors therein, who shall hold his office for two years, subject to removal, as shall be provided by law. In case of36 vacancy, the judge of the circuit37 shall have the power to appoint a clerk, until the vacancy shall be filled by an election. The clerk of the circuit court shall perform all the duties of the office of Register of Deeds. On the first Monday in January and July in each year, he shall make a statement under oath, of all the fees of his office during the half year next preceding, and deposit such statement in the office of the county Treasurer; when the fees mentioned in such statement shall exceed the sum of seven hundred and fifty dollars, he shall pay seventy-five per centum of such excess into the county Treasury. He may, in all cases, demand his fees in advance, and shall give such security as the legislature may require. The supreme court shall appoint its own clerks, and the clerk of a circuit court may be appointed a clerk of the supreme court.

S EC. 13. I enhver, for retslige Øiemed oprettet County skal der välges en Clerk (Skriver) for Circuit Court af de berettigede Välgere. Han skal forestaae sit Embede i to Aar og underkaste sig Afsättelse i de Tilfälde som Loven vil foreskrive. I Tilfälde af Vakants ved denne Post, skal Districts Dommeren have Magt til at udnävne en Clerk indtil Vakantsen bliver udfyldt ved Valg. Clerken i Circuit Courts skal afgjöre alle Forretninger som vedkomme Register of Deeds ( Registerering af Dokumenter). Den förste Mandag i Januar og Juli i hvert Aar skal han hos CountyStatmesteren indgive en Fortegnelse over alle sine Embedssportler i det nästforegaaende Halvaar og bekräfte Rigtigheden ved Eed; naar Sportlerne i en saadan Fortegnelse overstige den Sum af syv hundrede og halvtresindstyve Dollars, skal han betale fem og halvfjersindstyve Procent af saadant Overskud i County-Staaten. Han kan i alle Tilfälde forlange sin Betaling forud og skal stille saadan Sikkerhed, som Legislaturen maatte fordre. Supreme Court skal udnävne sine egne Clerks, og en Clerk i Circuit Court kan udnävnes til Clerk i Supreme Court.

S ECT. 14. Any judge of the supreme or circuit courts38 may be removed from office by address of both houses of the legislature, if

S EC. 14.Enhver Dommer i Supreme eller Circuit Courts kan afsättes ved Befaling fra Legislaturens tvende Huse, naar to tre-

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FAILED C ONSTITUTION OF W ISCONSIN (1846) two-thirds of all the members elected to each house concur therein, but no removal shall be made by virtue of this section, unless the party complained of shall have been served with a copy of the complaint against him, and shall have had an opportunity of being heard in his defence. On the question of removal, the ayes and noes shall be entered on the journals.

die Parten af alle valgte Medlemmer i hvert Huus Stemme derfor; men ingen Afsättelse skal paa ovennävnte Maade finde Sted, naar ikke den Anklagede er bleven forsynet med en Gjenpart af Klagen og naar man ikke har givet ham Leilighed til at forsvare sig. Ved Spörgsmaalet om Afsättelse skal “Ja” og “Nei” indföres Journalen.

S ECT. 15. There shall be chosen in each county, by the qualified electors thereof, a judge of probate, who shall hold his office for two years, and until his successor is elected and qualified.

S EC. 15. De berettigede Välgere i enhver County skulle välge en Judge of Prodate (Overformynder) som skal forestaae sit Embede i to Aar og saalänge indtil hans Efterfölger er valgt og beskikket.

S ECT. 16. The electors of the several towns, at their annual town meeting, and the electors of cities and villages, at their charter elections, shall, in39 manner as the legislature may direct, elect justices of the peace, whose term of office shall be for two years, and until their successors in office shall be elected and qualified. They shall have civil and criminal jurisdiction co-extensive with the county in which they are elected, in such cases as shall be prescribed by law.

S EC. 16. Välgerne i de forskjellige Towns skulle ved deres aarlige Town-Forsamling og Välgerne i Städerne og Landsbyerne skulle ved deres aarlige Charter-Valg, paa saadan Maade som Legislaturen vil foreskrive, välge Fredsdommere, hvis Embedstid skal vare to Aar og indtil deres Efterfölgere ere valgte og beskikkede. De skal i saadanne Tilfälde, som Loven vil foreskrive beklädes med Civil- og CriminellJuridiction i den County for hvilken de ere valgte.

S ECT. 17. Tribunals of conciliation may be established, with such powers and duties as may be prescribed by law; but such tribunals40 shall have no power to render judgement to be obligatory on the parties, unless they agree to abide the judgement or assent thereto, in the presence of such tribunal.

S EC. 17. Tribunals of Concilitation (Forliigelses-Commissioner) kunne oprettes med saadan Magt og Pligter som Loven maate foreskrive, men disse Domstole kunne ikke have Magt til at fälde Domme som ere bindende for Parterne, naar disse ikke i saadan Domstols Närvärelse have erkläret: at de ere enige i at anerkjende Domstolens Afgjörelse.

S ECT. 18. The legislature shall have power to vest in clerks of courts or in other competent persons, authority to grant such orders, and do such acts, as may be deemed necessary for the furtherance of the administration of justice; but in all cases, the powers thus granted shall be specified and determined.

S EC. 18. Legislaturen skal have Makt til bekläde Clerks ved Domstolene, eller andere dertil duelige Personer, med Myndighed til at udsäde saadanne Befalinger og til at udföre saadanne handlinger, som den maatte finde nödvendigt for at fremme Rettergangen, dog skal saadan Magt som Legislaturen paa saadan Maade bevilliger, noje betegnes og bestemmes.

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W ISCONSIN Sect. 19. The style of all writs and process shall be “the State of Wisconsin”; all criminal prosecutions shall be carried on in the name, and by the authority of the same, and all indictments shall conclude “against the peace and dignity of the State.[”]

S EC. 19. Titelen for alle Befalinger og Forhandlinger skal väre: “Staten Wisconsin;” alle Criminal-Undersögelser skulle föres i dennes Navn og under dennes Authorität; og alle Indictments (Klager) skulle slutte: “imod Statens Fred og Värdighed.”

S ECT. 20. The legislature shall impose a tax on all civil suits commenced or prosecuted in the supreme or41 circuit courts, which shall be paid into the treasury of the state, and shall constitute a fund to be applied toward42 the payment of the salary of judges.

S EC. 20. Legislaturen skal bestemme en Taxe for alle Civil-Prozesser, hvilke begyndes eller forfölges i Supreme eller Circuit Courts, den skal betales til Statens Skatkammer og danne en Fond til Betalingen af Dommernes Salair.

S ECT. 21. The testimony, in equity cases, shall be taken in like manner as in cases at law; and the office of Master in chancery shall be abolished.

S EC. 21. Vidnesbyrd i Forliigelstilfälde skal aflägges paa samme Maade som i lovlige Tilfälde, og Embedet af Master in Chancery (Kancelli-Advokat) skal ophäves.

S ECT. 22. Any suitor in any court of this state, shall have the right to prosecute or defend his suit, either in his own proper person, or by an attorney or agent of his choice.

S EC. 22. Enhver Prozesserende ved hvilkensomhelst Domstol i denne Stat, skal have Ret til at forfölge eller forsvare sin Sag i egen Person saavel som ved Advokat eller Befuldmägtiget af sit eget Valg.

S ECT. 23. A district attorney shall be elected in each county organized for judicial purposes, by the qualified electors therein, whose duties, compensation and term of service, shall be prescribed by law.

S EC. 23. De berettigede Välgere skulle, i enhver for retslige Öiemed oppretet County, välge en Districts-Attorney, hvis Pligter, Indtägter og Embedstid skal bestemmes ved Loven.

S ECT. 24. The legislature shall provide for the speedy publication of all statute laws, and of such judicial decisions made within this state as it may deem expedient. All laws and judicial decisions shall be free for publication by any person, and no general law shall be in force until published.

S EC. 24. Legislaturen skal sörge for den hurtige Offentlighedsgjörelse af alle Forordninger og retslige Bestemmelser, udgivne i denne Stat, som den maatte finde passende dertil. Alle Love og retslige Bestemmelser kunne offentliggjöres af Enhver, og ingen Hovedlov skal väre i Kraft, inden den er offentliggjort.

S ECT. 25. The legislature, at its first session after the admission of this state into the Union, shall provide for the appointment of three commissioners, whose duty it shall be to revise, simplify and arrange the statute laws of this state, with proposed amendments, to inquire into and ascertain the rules of practice, pleadings, forms and proceed-

S EC. 25. Legislaturen skal, ved dens förste Möde efter Optagelsen af denne Stat i Unionen, udnävne tre Befuldmägtigede19 , hvis Bestilling det skal väre20 : simplificere og ordne denne Stats Love, at udfinde og fastsätte de mest passelige Regler, hvilke kan antages ved Udförelsen af retslige Handlinger, Prozesser og daglige Forretninger i

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M ISLYKKET KONSTITUTION FOR W ISCONSIN (1846) ings most suitable to be adopted in the courts of record in this state, and to report thereon to the legislature, subject to their modification and adoption.

Courts of Record i denne Stat, og at indberette saadant til Legislaturen, som kan forandre og antage samme.

ARTICLE VIII

OTTENDE ARTIKEL

On Suffrage and the Elective Franchise

Over Valgstemmer og Valgrettighederne

S ECT. 1. All male persons of the age of twenty one years or upwards, belonging to any of the four following classes of persons, and43 who shall have resided in this state for one year next preceding any election authorized by this constitution or any law, shall constitute the qualified electors44 at such election: F IRST. All white citizens of the United States. S ECOND. All white persons, not citizens of the United States, who shall have declared their intention to become such, in conformity with the laws of Congress for the naturalization of aliens, and shall have taken before any officer of this state authorized to administer oaths, and filed in the office of the clerk of any court of Record in this state, or, in counties where there may be no court45 of Record, in the office of the clerk of the county, an oath to support the constitution of the United States and of this state. T HIRD. All Indians declared to be citizens of the United States by any law of Congress. F OURTH. All civilized persons of the Indian blood, not members of any tribe of Indians.

S EC. 1. Alle mandlige Personer, eet og tyve Aar gammel og äldre, hvilke höre til een af de fölgende fire Classer og hvilke have boet i denne Stat i Eet Aar, nästforegaaende til noget i denne Constitution eller i nogen Lov befalet Valg, skulle väre berettigede Välgere til slige Valg a) Alle hvide Borgere af de Forenede Stater: b) Alle hvide Personer hvilke ikke ere Borgere af de Forenede Stater, men som have erkläret deres Villie: at blive det, i Overernstemmelse med Congreß-Lovene, beträffende Udländingernes Indborgerering, tillige aflagt Eed paa at ville opretholde Constitutionen af de Forende Stater og af denne Stat for nogen Embedsmand, som er bemyndiget til at aftage Eed, og ladet saadan Eed indregistrere i nogensomhelst Clerks-Office i nogensomhelst Court of Record i denne Stat, eller i de Countier, i hvilke ingen Courts of Record findes, i Contoret hos en CountyClerk. c) Alle Indianerne, hvilke ved nogensomhelst Lov af Congressen ere erklärede som Borgere af de Forenede Stater. d) Alle civiliserede Personer af indianst Födsel, hvilke ikke ere Medlemmer af nogen Indianerstamme.

S ECT. 2. Whenever Congress shall dispense with a declaration of intention as a requisite to naturalization, the declaration of intention required of the second class of electors, shall be made and filed in the office of the clerk of any court of Record in this state.

S EC. 2. Naar Congressen skulde forordne, at Erkläringen og Villien, til at blive Borger af de Forenede Stater, er overflödig, skal dog denne Erkläring affordres de i den anden Klasse betegnede Personer og gjöres og indföres hos en Clerk i nogensomhelst Court of Record i denne Stat.

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W ISCONSIN S ECT. 3. No elector shall be entitled to vote except in the district, county or township in which he shall have actually resided for ten days next preceding such election, provided that any such elector shall be permitted to vote any where in the state for state officers.

S EC. 3. Ingen Välger kan stemme i nogen anden District21 end i den i hvilken han har boet ti Dage förend et Valg, dog for Stats Embedsmänd kan enhver Välger stemme overalt i hele Staten.

S ECT. 4. No person under guardianship shall be permitted to vote at any election.

S EC. 4. Ingen under Formynderskab staaende Person har Ret til at stemme ved noget Valg.

S ECT. 5. All votes shall be given by ballot, except for such township officers, as may by law be directed or allowed to be otherwise chosen; and in all elections to be made by the legislature, the members thereof shall vote viva voce; and their votes shall be entered on the journal.

S EC. 5. Alle Stemmer skulle afgives ved Stemmesedler (Ballots), med Undtagelse af, for saadanne Township-Embedsmänd, for hvilke det maatte väre forordnet og tilladt at välge paa anden Maade; ved alle Valg, hvilke Legislaturen foretager, skal der stemmes mundtligt og Stemmerne skulle indföres i Journalen.

S ECT. 6. Electors shall in all cases except treason, felony, or breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at elections, and in going to and returning from the same.

S EC. 6. I alle Tilfälde, med Undtagelse af Forräderi, Dödsforbrydelser og Fredsbrud, skulle Välgerne, ved deres Närvärelse paa Valgene og imedens de gaar derhen og kommer derfra, väre befriet for Fängsling.

S ECT. 7. No elector shall be obliged to do militia duty, on the days of election, except in time of war, actual invasion, insurrection or public danger; nor shall any elector on the days of election, be obliged to attend any court, either as a suitor, witness or juror.

S EC. 7. Ingen Välger skal väre forpligtet til at gjöre Militärtjeneste paa Valgdagene, med Untagelse af i Krigstider, fjendtlige Indfald, Oprör eller offentlig Fare, heller ikke skal en Välger paa Valgdagene väre forpligtet til at möde i nogensomhelst Court, det väre som Klager, Vidne eller Svoren.

S ECT. 8. No person shall be deemed to have lost his residence in this state, by reason of his absence on business of the United States, or of this state.

S EC. 8. Ingen skal kunne dömmes til at tabe Retten til sin Bopäl i denne Stat, paa Grund af Fravärelse i Forretninger udenfor de Forenede Stater eller denne Stat.22

S ECT. 9. No soldier, seaman or marine in the army or navy46 of the United States, shall be deemed a resident of this state, in consequence of being stationed in any military or naval place within the same.

S EC. 9. Ingen Soldat, Sömand eller Sösoldat, som tjener i de Forenede Staters Armee eller Flaade, skal ansess som en Beboer af denne Stat, som Fölge af at han er ansat i nogen Militär- eller Sö-Station heri.

S ECT. 10. It shall not be lawful for any voter, directly or indirectly, to make any bet or wager on any election at which he shall vote, and it shall be the duty of the legisla-

S EC. 10. Det skal ikke väre nogen Välger tilladt, paa nogensomhelst Maade, at gjöre et Väddemaal angaaende et Valg, hvorved han selv skal stemme; og det skal väre Le-

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FAILED C ONSTITUTION OF W ISCONSIN (1846) ture, to prescribe as a part of the oath to be taken by any voter, that he has not, directly or indirectly, made any bet or wager on the election at which he offers his vote.

gislaturens Pligt at foreskrive, som en Deel af den Eed, som enhver Välger skal aflägge: at han ikke, paa nogensomhelst Maade har gjort et Väddemaal angaaende noget Valg, hvorved han selv stemmer.

ARTICLE IX

NIENDE ARTIKEL

On Education, Schools and School Funds

Over Opdragelse, Skolerne og Skole-Fonds

S ECT. 1. The supervision of public instruction shall be vested in a state superintendent, and such other officers as the legislature may direct. The state superintendent shall be elected or appointed in such manner and for such term of office as the legislature shall direct. The legislature shall provide for filling vacancies in the office of state superintendent, and prescribe his powers and duties.

S EC. 1. Overopsynet over den offentlige Underviisning skal underlägges en StatsSuperintendent og saadanne andere Embedsmänd som Legislaturen maatte bestemme. Stats-Superintendenten skal välges paa saadan Maade og for saadan Embedstid som Legislaturen maatte bestemme. Legislaturen skal i Til fälde af at StatsSuperintendent Embedet er vakant, sörge for dets Gjenbesättelse og foreskrive hans Magt og Pligter.

S ECT. 2. There shall be a state fund for the support of common schools throughout the state, the capital of which shall be preserved inviolate. All monies that may be granted by the United States to this state, and the clear proceeds of all property, real or personal, that has been, or may be granted as aforesaid for educational purposes, (except the lands heretofore granted for the purposes of a University) or for the use of the state, where the purposes of the grant are not specified; and all monies, and the clear proceeds of all property which may accrue to the state by forfeiture or escheat, shall be appropriated to, and made a part of the capital of said fund. The interest on said fund, together with the rents on all such property until sold, shall be inviolably appropriated to the support of said schools annually. Provision shall be made by law for an equal and equitable distribution of the income of the state school fund amongst the several towns,

S EC. 2. Der skal anlägges en Stats-Fond til Folkeskolernes Underholdning, hvis Capital skal forblive uantastelig. Alle de Penge, hvilke de Forenede Stater maatte bevillige til denne Stat og alt reent Udbytte af al fast og lös Eiendom som har väret eller vil blive bevilliget, som ovennävnt, til Opdragelsen (med Undtagelse af det Land, som tilforn er bleven bevilliget til en Universität), eller til Statens Nytte ifald Anvendelsen af det Bevilligede ikke er nöje bestemt; ogsaa alle de Penge og alt reent Udbytte af al Eiendom, som maatte tilkomme Staten som hjemfalden Gods, skal forbindes med og udgjöre en Deel af Capitalen. Interessen af nävnte Fond, tilligemed Udbyttet af al Eiendom, indtil den aarlige Underholdning af nävnte Skoler. Legislaturen skal lovlig drage Omsorg for den lige og forholdsmäßige Fordeling af denne Stats-Skolefonds Indtägter imellem de forskjellige Towns, Städer og Districter, til Underholdning af de vedkommende Sko-

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W ISCONSIN cities and districts, for the support of schools therein respectively, in some just ratio to the number of children who shall reside in the same between the ages of five and sixteen years inclusive.

ler isamme; og skal dette skee i Forhold til det forefundne Antal Börn imellem fem og femten Aar23 , hvilke leve deri.

S ECT. 3. Provision shall be made by law, requiring the several towns and cities to raise a tax on the taxable property therein annually, for the support of common schools in said towns and cities respectively.

S EC. 3. Loven skal drage Omsorg for at de forskjellige Towns og Städer betale en aarlig Skat af al skattepligtig Eiendom i samme, hvilken Skal skal anvendes til Underholdningen af de i nävnte vedkommende Towns og Städer forefundne Folkeskoler.

S ECT. 4. The legislature shall provide for a system of common schools, which shall be as nearly uniform as may be throughout the state, and the common schools shall be equally free to all children, and no sectarian instruction shall47 be used or permitted in any common school in this state.

S EC. 4. Legislaturen skal bestemme en Form efter hvilke Folkeskolerne, saavidt som muligt Eens over hele Staten, skal indrettes; Folkeskolerne skulle tillige väre frie til Adgang for alle Börn, og ingen sektirisk Underviisning skal gives eller tillades i nogen Folkeskole i denne Stat.

S ECT. 5. The legislature shall provide for the establishment of libraries, one at least in each town and city; and the money which shall be paid as an equivalent for exemption from military duty, and the clear proceeds of all fines assessed in the several counties for any breach of the penal laws, shall be exclusively applied to the support of said48 libraries.

S EC. 5. Legislaturen skal sörge for Oprettelsen af Bibliotheker, idetmindste Een i hver Town og Stad; de penge, hvilke skulde blive betalt som Godtgjörelse for Fritagelse fra Militair-Tjeneste og det reene Udbytte af alle, i de forskjellige Countier for Forseeleser imod Straffelovene paalagte Böder skal udelukkende anvendes til Underholdning af nävnte Bibliotheker.

ARTICLE X

TIENDE ARTIKEL

On Banks and Banking

Over Banker og Bankforretninger

S ECT. 1. There shall be no bank49 of issue within this state.

S EC. 1. I denne Stat skal ingen Papiirbank existere.

S ECT. 2. The legislature shall not have power to authorize or incorporate, by any general or special law, any Bank or other Institution having any banking power or privilege, or to confer upon any corporation, institution, person or persons any banking power or privilege.

S EC. 2. Legislaturen skal ikke have Ret til, ved nogen almindelig eller Speciell Lov at bemyndige eller inkorporere nogen Bank eller anden Indretning som skal have Bankret eller Priviligium, eller uddele til noget Selskab, Indretning, Person eller Personer nogensomhelst bankret eller Privilegium.

S ECT. 3. It shall not be lawful for any corporation, Institution, person or persons within

S EC. 3. Det skal väre ulovlig for noget Selskab, Indretning, Person eller Personer at

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M ISLYKKET KONSTITUTION FOR W ISCONSIN (1846) this state, under any pretence or authority, to make or issue any paper money, note, bill, certificate or other evidence of debt whatever intended to circulate as money.

gjöre og udstäde nogensomhelst Papiirspenge, Rote, Bill, Certifikat eller noget andet til Cirkulation som Penge bestemt Gjeldsbeviis, det maa väre hvorsomhelst i denne Stat og under hvilketsomhelst Paaskud eller Authorität.

S ECT. 4. It shall not be lawful for any corporation within this state under any pretence or authority, to exercise the business of receiving deposits of money, making discounts, or buying or selling bills of exchange, or to do any other banking business whatever.

S EC. 4. Der skal väre ulovlig for nogen Corpoation indenfor denne Stats Grändser at drive Forretning med at modtage Depositpenge at discontere eller kjöbe og sälge Berler eller at gjöre nogensomhelst anden Bankforretning, under hvilketsomhelst Paaskud eller Authorität.

S ECT. 5. No branch or agency of any bank or banking institution of the United States, or of any State or Territory within or without the United States, shall be established or maintained within this state.

S EC. 5. Ingen Afdeling eller Filial af nogen Bank eller Bankindretning af de Forenede Stater eller af nogen anden Stat eller Territorium indenfor eller udenfor de Forenede Stater skal oprettes eller bestaae indenfor denne Stats Grändser.

S ECT. 6. It shall not be lawful to circulate within this state, after the year One thousand eight hundred and forty seven, any paper money, note, bill, certificate or other evidence of debt whatever, intended to circulate as money, issued without this state, of any denomination less than ten dollars, or after the year One thousand eight hundred and forty nine, of any denomination less than twenty dollars.

S EC. 6. Efter Aaret 1847 skal det väre ulovlig, at cirkulere indenfor denne Stat, nogen udenfor denne Stat udstädt Papiirspenge, Rote, Bill, Certeficat eller noget andet til Circulation som Penge bestemt Gjeldsbeviis, mindre end 10 Dollars og efter Aaret 1849 mindre end 20 Dollars.

S ECT. 7. The legislature shall, at its first session after the adoption of this constitution, and from time to time thereafter as may be necessary, enact adequate penalties for the punishment of all violations and evasions of the provisions of this article.

S EC. 7. Legislaturen skal dens förste Forsamling efter Antagelsen af denne Constitution og Tid efter anden, naar det findes nödvendigt, fastsätte passende Straffe for alle Overträdelser og Udflugter af Bestemmelserne i denne Artikel.

ARTICLE XI

ELLEVTE ARTIKEL

On Internal Improvements

Over indre Forbedringer

S ECT. 1. This state shall encourage internal improvements by individuals, associations and corporations, but shall not carry on,

S EC. 1. Denne Stat skal opmuntre Personer, Selskaber og Corporationer til indre Forbedringer, men den skal ikke selv bedri-

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W ISCONSIN or be a party in carrying on, any work of internal improvement, except in cases authorised by the second section of this article.

ve eller väre en Deeltager i sadanne indre Forbedringer, med Undtagelse af de i den anden Paragraph i denne Artikel bestemte Tilfälde.

S ECT. 2. When grants of land or other property shall have been made to the state, specially50 dedicated by the grant to particular works of internal improvement, the state may carry on such particular works, and shall devote thereto the avails of such grants so dedicated thereto; but shall in no case pledge the faith or credit of the State, or incur any debt or liability for such works51 of internal improvement.

S EC. 2. Naar Gaver af Land eller anden Eiendom blive gjort Staten, som Giveren speciellt har bestemt til indre Forbedringer kan Staten overtage saadanne indre Forbedringer og anvende Udbyttet af den dertil given Gave, derpaa; dog kan den ikke paa nogen Maade pantsätte Statens Äre og Credit eller contrahere en Gjeld, ved saadanne indre Forbedringer.

S ECT. 3. All lands which shall come to the state by forfeiture or escheat, or by grant, where the grant does not specially dedicate the same to any other object, shall be held by the state as52 part of the state school fund, under the same trusts, reservations and restrictions, as are provided in this constitution in regard to school lands proper.

S EC. 3. Alt land hvilket tilfalder Staten som Böder, som hjemfalden Gods eller ved Skjänk naar Giveren ikke selv bar bestemt det til noget andet Formaal, skal af Staten betragtes som en Deel af Statens Skole-Fond, under den samme Sikkerhed, de samme Forbehold og Indskränkelser, som denne Constitution har bestemt i Henseende til SkoleLand.

ARTICLE XII

TOLVTE ARTIKEL

On Taxation Finance and Public Debt

Over Skatterne, Finantserne og Statsgjelden

S ECT. 1. All taxes to be levied in this state, at any time, shall be as nearly equal as may be.

S EC. 1. Alle Taxer, hvilke häves i denne Stat, skulle til enhver Tid väre saa ensformige som muligt.

S ECT. 2. No money shall ever be paid out of the Treasury of this state, except in pursuance of an appropriation by law.

S EC. 2. Ingen Penge skulle udbetales af denne Stats Skatkammer, uden ifölge lovlig Bestemmelse.

S ECT. 3. The credit of the state shall never be given or loaned in aid of any individual, association53 or corporation.

S EC. 3. Statens Credit skal aldrig gives eller bebyttes til Understöttelse for nogen Person, Selskab eller Corporation.

S ECT. 4. There shall be published by the Treasurer, in at least one newspaper printed at the seat of government, during the first

S EC. 4. En nöje Fortegnelse af alle penge som ere bleven udbetalt af Statskassen i det foregaaende Aar, til hvilket Öiemed og

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FAILED C ONSTITUTION OF W ISCONSIN (1846) week in January in each year, and in the next volume of the acts of the legislature, a detailed statement of all moneys drawn from the Treasury during the preceding year, for what purpose54 , and to whom paid, and by what law authorized.

til hvem de ere betalt og ved hvilke Love Udbetalingen var authoriseret, skal Statens Skatmester offentliggjöre den förste Uge i Janaur i hvert Aar, idetmindste i een Avis som trykkes i Regjeringssädet, tillige i Legislaturens näste Fortegnelse over dens Handlinger.

S ECT. 5. There shall never be issued by, or in any way on behalf of the state, any scrip or other evidence of state debt, except in the cases and manner authorized in the eighth, ninth and tenth sections of this article.

S EC. 5. Der skal aldrig udstädes nogen Scrip eller andet Gjeldsbeviis for Statsgjelden med Undtagelse af i de Tilfälde og paa de maader hvilke foreskrives i den ottende, niende og tiende Paragraf i denne Artikel.

S ECT. 6. This state shall never contract any public debt, unless in time of war, to repel invasion or to55 suppress insurrection, except in the cases and manner provided in the eighth, ninth and tenth sections of this article.

S EC. 6. Staten skal aldrig indgaae nogen offentlig gjeld uden i Krigstilfälde, for at kunne tilbageslaae fjendlige Indfald eller undertrykke Oprör og i de Tilfälde og paa de Maader som foreskrives i den ottende, niende og tiende Paragraf i denne Artikel.

S ECT. 7. The legislature shall provide for an annual tax sufficient to defray the estimated expenses for each year; and whenever it shall happen that the expenses of the state for any year shall exceed the income of the state for such year, the legislature shall provide for levying a tax for the ensuing year, sufficient, with other sources of income, to pay the deficiency of the preceding year, together with the estimated expenses of such ensuing year.

S EC. 7. Legislaturen skal bestemme en aarlig Skat som kan väre tilsträkkelig til at däkke de paatänkte Udgivter for det näste Aar. Naar det skulde skee at Udgivterne i noget Aar skulde overstige Indtägterne i saadant Aar, da skal Legislaturen sörge for Paaläggelsen af en Tax for det fölgende Aar, som kan väre tilsträkkelig til at däkke Underballancen fra det forrige tilligemed Udgivterne for det fölgende Aar.

S ECT. 8. For the purpose of defraying extraordinary expenditures, the state may contract public debts, but such debts shall never, singly or in the aggregate, exceed one hundred thousand dollars. Every such debt shall be authorised by law, for some single work or object to be distinctly specified therein; and no such law shall take effect until it shall have been passed by the votes56 of two-thirds of the members of each house, to be recorded by yeas and nays on the journals of each house respectively; and every such law shall levy an annual tax sufficient to pay the annual interest of such debt, and also a tax sufficient to pay the principal of such debt within

S EC. 8. I den Hensigt at bestride overordentlige Udgivter, kan Staten contrahere offentlig Gjeld, men saadan Gjeld tör aldrig, enten enkelt eller i det Hele overstige eet hundrede tusind Dollars. Enhver saadan Gjeld skal väre väre authoriseret ved en Lov, som nöiagtig indeholder Grunden og Hensigten til denne Gjeld og som er antagen af to tredie Delen af Medlemmerne af hvert Huus, Stemmere skulle afgives ved “Ja” og “Nei” og indföres i Journalen i hvert Huus isär. Enhver saadan Lov skal tillige paalägge en aarlig Tax som kan väre tilsträkkelig til at betale de aarlige Renter af en saadan Gjeld ogsaa inden fem Aars Forlöb efter Udstädel-

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W ISCONSIN five years from the final passage of such law, and shall specially appropriate the proceeds of such taxes to the payment of such principal and interest, and such appropriation shall not be repealed, and such taxes shall not be repealed, postponed or diminished, until the principal and interest of such debt shall have been wholly paid.

sen af saadan Lov at betale Gjeldens fulde Belöb, den skal tillige specielt bestemme Indtägterne af saadan Tax til Betalingen af saadan Capital og Renter. Saadan Lov skal ikke kunne gjenkaldes og saadan Tax skal ikke kunne gjenkaldes, opskydes eller formindskes, inden Capitalen og Renterne af saadan Gjeld fuldständig er bleven betalt.

S ECT. 9. All debts authorized by the preceding section shall be contracted by loan on state bonds, of amounts not less than five hundred dollars each, on interest, payable within five years after the final passage of the law authorising such debt57 , and such bonds shall not be sold for less than par. A correct registry of all such bonds shall be kept by the Treasurer, in numerical order, so as always to exhibit the number and the58 amount issued, the number and amount unpaid, and to whom severally made payable.

S EC. 9. Enhver Gjeld som er bleven anthoriseret efter foregaaende Artikel, skal contraheres paa rentebärende Statsbonds i Summer som ikke ere under fem hundrede Dollars hver, hvilke Bonds skulle indlöses inden fem Aars Forlöb efter Antagelsen af den Lov som authoriserer Gjelden, saadanne Bonds skulle ikke sälges under det fulde Belöb. En nöiagtig Fortegnelse over saadanne Bonds skal i nummereret Orden föres af Skatmesteren, saaledes at Antallet og belöbet af de ikke betalte Bonds, tillige til hvem hver af dem skal betales, til enhver Tid kan sees.

S ECT. 10. On the final passage in either house of the legislature of any law which imposes, continues or renews a tax, or creates a debt or charge, or makes, continues or renews an appropriation of public or trust money, or releases, discharges or commutes a claim or demand of the state, the question shall be taken by yeas and nays, which shall be duly entered on the journals; and threefifths of all the members elected to each house shall in all such cases be required to constitute a quorum therein.

S EC. 10. Ved Passeringen af en Lov, som befaler, fortsätter eller fornyer en Skat, eller contraherer en Gjeld, eller tager en Bestemmelse over offentlige eller andre til Statens Forvaltning overdragne Penge, eller aflöser, opgiver eller forandrer en Fordring imod Staten, skal Spörgsmaalet afgjöres ved “Ja” og “Nei”, hvilke skulle indföres i Journalerne, I alle saadanne Tilfälde udfordres tre Femtedele af hvert Huses valgte Medlemmer til at danne et Quorum.

S ECT. 11. The money arising from any loan made or debt or liability contracted, shall be applied to the work or object specified in the act authorising such debt or liability, or to the repayment of such debt or liability, and to no other purpose whatever.

S EC. 11. De Penge som indkomme af et Laan eller en contraheret Gjeld eller Forpligtelse, skulle alene anvendes til de Arbeider eller til den Gjenstand som er bestemt i den Lov som befaler en saadan Gjeld eller Forpligtelse, eller til Tilbagebetalingen af saadan Gjeld eller Forpligtelse og til ingen anden Gjenstand hvilkensomhelst.

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M ISLYKKET KONSTITUTION FOR W ISCONSIN (1846)

ARTICLE XIII

TRETTENDE ARTIKEL

On the Militia

Over Militsen

S ECT. 1. The Militia of this state shall consist of all free, able-bodied male persons (negroes and mulattoes excepted) resident in the said state, between the ages of eighteen and forty five years; except such persons as now are, or hereafter may be exempted by the laws of the United States, or of this state; and they shall be armed, equipped, organized and disciplined, in such manner, and at such times as may be directed by law. Those who conscientiously scruple to bear arms shall not be compelled to do so, but shall pay an equivalent for personal service.

S EC. 1. Denne Stats Milits skal bestaae af alle frie og sunde Personer af det mandlige Kjön i Alderen imellem atten og fem og fyrretyve Aar. Negrer, Mulatter og saadanne Personer som ved de Forenede Staters og denne Stats Love skulle blive undtagne, skulle fritages herfra. Militsen skal beväbnes, equiperes, organiseres og indererceres paa saadan Maade og til saadanne Tider som Legislaturen vil bestemme. De Personer, imod hvis Samvittighed det er at bäre Vaaben, skulle ikke tvinges dertil, men skulle betale saameget som den Tid er väred, som tilbringes i Militstjeneste.

S ECT. 2. The militia of this state shall be divided into convenient Divisions, Brigades, Regiments, Battalions and Companies, with officers of corresponding titles and rank to command them, conforming as nearly as practicable to the general regulations of the army of the United States.

S EC. 2. Denne Stats Milits skal deles i Divisioner, Brigader, Regimenter, Batallioner og Compagnier, hvilke skal commanderes af Officerer med behörig Rang og Titel; til Monster tages saavidt som muligt, de Forenede Staters Armee.

S ECT. 3. Captains and subalterns in the militia, Field officers of Regiments, Brigade Inspectors, Brigadier-Generals and MajorGenerals, shall be elected or appointed in such manner as shall hereafter be provided by law.

S EC. 3. Captainerene og SubalternOfficererne, Stabs-Officererne, BrigadeInspectörerne, Brigade-Commandörerne og Generalerne skulle välges eller udnävnes paa saadan Maade som Legislaturen vil bestemme.

S ECT. 4. The Governor shall appoint the Adjutant-General and other members of his staff. Major Generals, Brigadier Generals, and commanders of regiments and separate battalions, shall respectively appoint their own staff. All staff officers may continue in office during good behaviour, and shall be subject to be removed by the superior officer from whom they respectively receive their appointments59 .

S EC. 4. Guvernören skal udnävne sin egen General-Adjutant og de andere Officerer i hans Stab; Generalerne, og Commandörerne af de forskjellige Brigader, Regimenter og Batallioner skulle, hver isär, udnävne deres egen Stab. Alle Stabs-Officerer kunne forblive i Embedet saalänge de opföre dem godt, men de skulle kunne afsättes af de höjere Officerer af hvilke de ere udnävnte.

S ECT. 5. All military officers shall be commissioned by the Governor.

S EC. 5. Alle Officerer skulle erholde deres Bestallinger af Guvernören.

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W ISCONSIN S ECT. 6. The militia as divided into Divisions, Brigades, Regiments, Battalions and Companies, pursuant to the laws now in force, shall remain so organized until the same shall be altered or regulated by the legislature.

S EC. 6. Militsen som ifölge de nugjäldende Love er deelt i Divisioner, Brigader, Regimenter, Batalioner og Compagnier, skal beholde denne Indretning saalänge, intil Legislaturen forandrer den.

ARTICLE XIV

FJORTENDE ARTIKEL

On the Rights of Married Women and Exemptions60 from Forced Sale

Over de givte Koners Rettigheder og over Fritagelse fra tvungen Salg

S ECT. 1. All property real and personal of the wife, owned by her at the time of her marriage, and also that acquired by her after marriage, by gift, devise, descent or otherwise than from her husband, shall be her separate property. Laws shall be passed providing for the registry of the wife’s property, and more clearly defining the rights of the wife thereto, as well as to property held by her with her husband; and for carrying out the provisions of this section. Where the wife has a separate property from that of the husband, the same shall be liable for the debts of the wife contracted before marriage.

S EC. 1. Al fast og lös Eiendom, som Konen eier, naar hun bliver givt, ogsaa det som senere tilfalder hende ved Skjänk, Arv eller paa andere Maader, undtagen det som hun modtager fra hendes Mand, skal väre hendes Eiendom. Der skal udstädes Love over Indregistrering af Konernes Eiendomme, hvilke skulle nöjere bestemme Konernes Rettingheder angaaende deres Eiendom og det hviket de eie tilfälleds med deres Mand, tillige närmere udföre Bestemmelserne i denne Paragraf. Naar Konen har separat Eiendom, skal denne väre ansvarlig for de Gjeld, hvilke hun har indgaaet förend Givtermaalet, og kan saaledes sälges.

S ECT. 2. Forty acres of land, to be selected by the owner thereof, or the homestead of a family not exceeding forty acres, which said land or homestead shall not be included within any city or village, and shall not exceed in value one thousand dollars; or instead thereof (at the option of the owner) any lot or lots in any city or village, being the homestead of a family, and not exceeding in value one thousand dollars, owned and occupied by any resident of this state, shall not be subject to forced sale on execution, for any debt or debts growing out of or founded upon contract, either express or implied, made after the adoption of this Constitution. Provided, that such exemption shall not affect in any manner, any mechanic’s or laborer’s lien, or any mortgage thereon

S EC. 2. Fyrretyve Akker Land, som Eieren selv kan udvälge, eller en Families Hjemstavn24 , naar den ikke er större end fyrretyve Akker, hvilket Land ikke tör väre indbefattet i nogen Stad og hvis Värdi ikke tör overstige eet tusind Dollars, eller istedet derfor en Lot eller flere Lotter i en Stad som er en Families Hjemstavn25 og hvis Värdi ikke overstiger eet tusind Dollars, skal ikke kunne sälges for nogen Gjeld som er contraheret efterat denne Constitution er antagen. Dog er det bestemt at en saadan Fritagelse ikke i nogen maade kan antaste en Arbeiders eller Haandvärksmands Fordring for Arbeide, eller nogen lovlig Hypothek-Fordring; heller ikke kan Manden naar han er givt sälge saadan Eiendom uden hans Kones Indvilligelse.

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FAILED C ONSTITUTION OF W ISCONSIN (1846) lawfully obtained, nor shall the owner, if a married man, be at liberty to alienate such real estate, unless by the61 consent of the wife.

ARTICLE XV

FEMTENDE ARTIKEL

On Eminent Domain and Property of the State

Over Statens Domainer og Eiendele

S ECT. 1. The State shall have concurrent jurisdiction on the river Mississippi, and on every other river and lake bordering on the said state, so far as the said river or lake shall form a common boundary to the said state and any other state or states, Territory or Territories, now or hereafter to be formed, and bounded by the same; and the said river Mississippi, and the navigable waters leading into the Mississippi and Saint Lawrence, and the carrying places between the same, shall be common highways, and forever free, as well to the inhabitants of this state as to the citizens of the United States, without any tax, impost or duty therefor; No law shall be passed to take away or abridge the rights of owners to the riparian soil, or land under water, unless in the same law provision is made for full compensation to such riparian62 owners.

S EC. 1. Staten skal i Fälledsskab med Nabostaten have Jurisdiktion over Mississippi Floden og over enhver anden Flod eller Sö som begrändses af nävnte Floder eller Söer skulle danne en fälleds Grändse imellen denne Stat og en anden Stat, Stater, Territorium eller Territorier, hvilke närvärende existere eller hvilke for Fremtiden vil blive dannede og begrändset af samme; nävnte Flod Mississippi og de farbare Vande, hvilke flyde ind i Mississippi og Sct. Lawrence Floden, ogsaa Landeveiene hvilke före fra det ene af nävnte Vande til det andet, skulle väre frie Befordringsveie og skulle väre frie til Afbenyttelse, saavel for Indbyggerne af denne Stat som for Borgerne af de Forenede Stater uden nogen Skat, Afgivt eller Godtgjörelse derfor. Ingen Eier som boer ved en Flod skal ved nogen Lov kunne kränkes i hans Ret til det under Vandet liggende Land, uden at der i saadan Lov tillige fuld Godtgjörelse er bestemt for Eieren.

S ECT. 2. All lands and other property which have accrued to the Territory of Wisconsin, by grant, gift, purchase, forfeiture, escheat or otherwise, shall vest in the State of Wisconsin.

S EC. 2. Alt land eller al anden Eiendom som er tilfalden Territoriet Wiscosnin ved Skjänk, Kjöb, Böder, hjemfalden Gods eller paa anden Maade, skal tilhöre Staten Wisconsin.

S ECT. 3. The people of this state, in their right of sovereignty, are declared to possess the ultimate property in and to all lands within the jurisdiction of this state; and all lands the title to which shall fail from a defect of heirs, shall revert, or escheat to the people.

S EC. 3. Folket i denne Stat har ifölge dets Souverenitäts-Ret, den sidste Eiendomsret til alt Land i Staten og alt Land, til hvilket ingen personlige Arvinger findes, skal falde tilbage til Folket.

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ARTICLE XVI

SEXTENDE ARTIKEL

Bill of Rights

Forklaring over Rettighederne

S ECT. 1. All men are born equally free and independent; all power is inherent in, and all government of right originates63 with the people, is founded in their authority, and instituted for their peace, safety and happiness.

S EC. 1. Alle Mennesker ere födt lige frie og uafhängige, den hele magt indeholdes og den hele Regjering udgaaer fra Folket, oprinder fra dets Authorität og er indsat til dets Fred, Sikkerhed og Lyksalighed.

S ECT. 2. There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in this state, otherwise than for the punishment of crimes64 , whereof the party shall have been duly convicted.

S EC. 2. Der skal ikke existere noget Slaverei eller ufrivillig Tjeneste i denne Stat, undtagen som Straf for Forbrydelser, hvilke ere bleven den Vedkommende behörig overbeviist.

S ECT. 3. Every person may freely speak, write and publish his sentiments on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that right, and no laws shall be passed to restrain or abridge the liberty of speech or of the press. In all prosecutions or indictments for libel, the truth may be given in evidence to the jury; and if it shall appear to the jury, that the matter charged as libellous be true, and was published with good motives and for justifiable ends, the party shall be acquitted; and the jury shall have the right to determine the law and the fact.

S EC. 3. Enhver Person tör frit udtale, skrive og offentliggjöre sine Meninger over alle Gjenstande, dog er han ansvarlig for enhver Misbrug af denne Ret. Ingen Lov skal udstädes som ophäver eller indskränker Tale og Pressefriheden. Ved alle Forfölgelser og Anklager for Smädeskrivter skal Jury (Svoren-Retten) overbeviises om Sandheden, og naar det skulde befindes, at de i Smädeskrivten indeholdne Beskyldninger ere sande og offentliggjort af gode Grunde og for Retfärdighedens Skyld, da skal den Anklagede dömmes fri; Jury skal have Ret til at bestemme over lovens Anvendelse og over den foreliggende Gjenstand.

S ECT. 4. The people shall at all times have the right in a peaceable manner to assemble together to consult for the common good.

S EC. 4. Folket skal til alle Tider have Ret til at forsamle sig paa fredelig Maade for at raadföre sig over det almindelige Vel.

S ECT. 5. No words spoken in debate in either house of the legislature, shall be the foundation of any action, complaint or prosecution whatever.

S EC. 5. Ingen skal kunne forklages for Ord, hvilke han har udtalt ved Debatterne i eet af Legislaturens tvende Huse.

S ECT. 6. The trial by jury in all suits at law shall be preserved, but a jury trial may be waived by the parties in all civil cases, in the manner prescribed by law.

S EC. 6. De Svornes Ret skal bibeholdes i alle Prozesser, hvilke afgjöres efter Loven, dog ved Civilprozesser kunne Parterne paa saadan Maade som Loven foreskriver, tillade at de Svorne blive bort.

S ECT. 7. No law shall be passed granting

S EC. 7. Intet Ägteskab skal oplöses uden

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M ISLYKKET KONSTITUTION FOR W ISCONSIN (1846) any divorce, otherwise than by due judicial proceedings.

paa lovlig Viis efter de bestaaende Love.

S ECT. 8. Excessive bail shall not be required; excessive fines shall not be imposed; and cruel and unjust punishment shall not be inflicted.

S EC. 8. Overdreven Caution skal ikke fordres, overdrevne Böder skulle ikke paalägges og grusomme og uretfärdige Straffe skulle ikke paakjendes.

S ECT. 9. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall have the right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury of the vicinage; to be confronted with the65 witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor; to66 have the assistance of counsel for his defence.

S EC. 9. Ved alle criminelle Forfölgelser skal den Anklagede have Ret til en hurtig og offentlig Undersögelse ved en upartisk Jury fra Nabolanget; til at sammenstilles med Vidnerne imod ham og til at have Tvangsret for at fremkalde Vidnerne til hans Fordeel og til at begjäre en Advokats Hjelp til hans Forsvar.

S ECT. 10. No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous crime, unless on presentment or indictment of a grand jury, and no person for the same offence shall be twice put in jeopardy of punishment; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself. All persons shall before conviction be bailable by sufficient sureties, except for capital offences when the proof is evident or the presumption great; and the privilege67 of the writ of Habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when, in case68 of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it.

S EC. 10. Ingen skal kunne drages ind under en Criminalundersögelse, uden at en Grand-Jury har indgivet en Anklage imod ham. Ingen skal for den samme Forbrydelses Skyld, drages to Gange til Undersögelse eller straffes to Gange. Ved CriminalUndersögelser skal den Anklagede ikke tvinges til at vidne imod sig selv. Enhver Anklaget kan, inden han er bleven overbeviist, imod behörig Caution, sättes paa fri Fod, undtagen i Criminaltilfälde, naar Bröden er uden Tvivl eller Fordagten at blive sat paa fri Fod, skal ikke ophäves, uden naar, ved Oprör eller fiendtlige Infald den offentlige Sikkerhed kräver det.

S ECT. 11. Treason against the state shall consist only in levying war against the same, or in adhering to its enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court.

S EC. 11. At begynde Krig imod Staten, at holde med Fienderne og at understötte dem, skal väre Höjforräderi imod Staten. Til at overbeviise Nogen om Höjforräderi skal to Vidner, eller Bekjendelse i aaben Court behäves.

S ECT. 12. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants to search any place, or seize any person or thing, shall issue without describing them as near as may be; nor without proba-

S EC. 12. Folkets Ret til at sikkre deres Personer, Huse, Papiirer eller andere Eiendele imod ufornuftige Undersögelser og Beslagläggelser skal väre uantastelig og ingen Befaling til at undersöge noget Sted, eller til at beslaglägge nogen Person eller Ting skal udstädes, uden at disse beskrives saa

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W ISCONSIN ble cause, supported by oath or affirmation.

nöje som muligt og heller ikke uden vägtige Grunde, hvilke understöttes ved en Eed eller Bekräftelse.

S ECT. 13. No bill of attainder, ex-post facto law, nor any law impairing the validity of contracts shall ever be passed; and no conviction shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture of estate.

S EC. 13. Ingen Lov, hvorved Nogen gjöres ärelös, ingen tilbagevirkende Lov og heller ingen Lov som ophäver Contracters Gyldighed skal nogensinde udstädes; ingen Straf for nogen Forbrydelse skal udsträkke sig paa Forbryderens Börn; ingen Formueconfiscation skal finde Sted som Straf.

S ECT. 14. The property of no person shall be taken for public use, without just compensation therefor.

S EC. 14. Ingen Persons Eiendom skal tages til offentlig Brug uden tilsträkkelig Godtgjörelse.

S ECT. 15. Foreigners who are, or may hereafter become residents of this state, shall enjoy the same rights, in respect to the possession, enjoyment and descent of property as native born citizens.

S EC. 15. Indvanderer, hvilke boe i Staten eller hvilke senere skulle komme til Staten, skulle have den samme Ret, i Henseende til Erhvervelse, Benyttelse og Arv af Eiendomme, som indfödte Borgere.

S ECT. 16. No person shall be imprisoned for debt in this state.

S EC. 16. Ingen skal i denne Stat fängsles for Gjeld.

S ECT. 17. No religious test shall69 be required as a qualification for any office of public70 trust, and no person shall be deprived of any of his rights, privileges or capacities, or disqualified from the performance of any of his public or private duties, or rendered incompetent to give evidence in any court of law or equity, in consequence of his opinions on the subject of religion. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed in this state to all mankind.

S EC. 17. Ingen religiös Tro skal udfordres til at forestaae et offentligt Embede og ingen Person kan fratages nogen af hans Rettigheder og Privilegier, eller väre ubeföjet til Udförelsen af hans offentlige eller private Pligter. Ingen Domstol kan, paa Grund af religiöse Meninger vägre Nogen at agere som Vidner. Det skal for evig väre enver tilladt i denne Stat: at udöve sin Religion uden Forskjel eller Opmuntring.

S ECT. 18. The military shall be kept under strict subordination to the civil power.

S EC. 18. Militairet skal staae under streng Subordination under den borgerlige Magt.

S ECT. 19. The legislature shall make no law respecting the establishment of religion, nor shall any person be compelled to attend any place of worship, pay tithes, taxes or other rates for building or repairing places of worship, or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry.

S EC. 19. Legislaturen skal aldrig udstäde nogen Lov til Fordeel for nogen Religion; Ingen skal kunne tvinges til at besöge en Kirke, til at betale Tiende, Skatter eller andere Udgivter, bestemt til at bygge eller reparere saadanne Forsamlingshuse eller til Underholdning af nogen Präst.26

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FAILED C ONSTITUTION OF W ISCONSIN (1846) S ECT. 20. Writs of error shall never71 be prohibited by law.

S EC. 20. ingen Lov skal udstädes som forhindrer Writs of Error (Befalinger, ifölge hvilke en Prozeß ved hvis Prozedure en Forseelse er begaaet, kan begyndes forfra).27

S ECT. 21. No money shall be drawn from the treasury for the benefit of religious societies, or theological or religious seminaries.

S EC. 21. Ingen Penge, hvilke ere bestemt til Understöttelse af religiöse Selskaber eller theologiske eller religiöse Seminarier, skulle nogensinde udbetales af Statens Skat.

ARTICLE XVII

SYTTENDE ARTIKEL

Miscellaneous Provisions

Forskjellige Bestemmelser

S ECT. 1. All leases or grants of agricultural or mineral72 lands73 for a longer period than twenty years hereafter made, in which rent or service of any kind shall be reserved, shall be void.

S EC. 1. Alle Pagtcontracter og Skjänk af Land28 , hvilke for Fremtiden gjöres for et längere Tidsrum end tyve Aar og hvorved en Afgivt eller Tjeneste, hvilkensomhest, forbeholdes, skulle väre ugyldige.

S ECT. 2. The political year of74 the state of Wisconsin shall commence on the first day of75 January in each year.

S EC. 2. Statens Wisconsin politiske Aar skal begynde hvert Aar den förste Januar.

S ECT. 3. Any inhabitant of this state who may hereafter be engaged either directly or indirectly, in a duel, either as principal or accessory, shall forever be disqualified from holding any office under the constitution and laws of the76 state, and may be punished in such other manner as shall be prescribed by law.

S EC. 3. Enhver Indvaaner af denne Stat, som herefter, direkt eller indirekt maatte tage deel i en Duel enten som Duellant eller som Sekundant, skal for evig väre udygtig til at forestaae noget Embede som staaer under denne Stats Constitution og Love, og skal straffes paa saadan anden Maade som Loven närmere foreskriver.

S ECT. 4. No member of Congress, nor any person holding any office of profit or trust under the United States (postmasters excepted) nor under any other state of the Union, or under any foreign power, no person convicted of any infamous crime, in any court within the United States, and no person being a defaulter to the United States or to this state, or to any town or county therein, or to any state or Territory within the United States, shall be eligible to any office of trust, profit or honor in this state.

S EC. 4. Intet medlem af Congressen og ingen anden Person, med undtagelse af Postmestere, som bekläder et Embede, enten for Ärens eller for Fordelens Skyld, under de Forenede Stater, under nogen anden Stat i Unionen eller under en fremmed Magt,__ ingen person som ved nogen Domstol i de Forenede Stater er bleven overbevisst om en ärelös Forbrydelse, ingen Person som imod de Forenede Stater eller denne Stat eller imod en Stat eller Territorium, i de Forenede Stater handler pligtstridig, skal kunne välges til noget Äresembede eller Embede som er forbunden med en Intägt i denne Stat.

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W ISCONSIN S ECT. 5. No person being elected or appointed to the office of Governor, LieutenantGovernor, senator or representative in the legislature, or judge of the supreme or circuit courts, shall be eligible during his term of office, to any other office of trust, profit or honor in this state.

S EC. 5. Ingen som er bleven valgt til Guvernör, Lieutenant-Guvernör, Senator eller Representant i Legislaturen, eller Dommer i Supreme eller Circuit Courts skal i hans Embedstid kunne välges til noget Äresembede eller Embede som er forbunden med en Indtägt i denne Stat.

S ECT. 6. Every person elected or appointed to the office of Governor, LieutenantGovernor, Secretary of State, Treasurer, Attorney General, senator or representative in the legislature, or judge of the supreme or circuit courts, shall be required to declare in his oath of office, before he shall assume his office, that he will not, during the term for which he is elected or appointed to such office, accept the office of senator or representative in Congress.

S EC. 6. Enhver, som er valgt eller udnävnt til Guvernör, Lieutenant-Guvernör, StatsSekretär, Skatmester, Attorney-General, Senator eller Representant i Lovgivningen, eller Dommer i Supreme eller Circuit Courts, skal, inden han tilträder sit Embede erkläre i hans Embedseed: at han ikke i den Tid for hvilken han er valgt eller udnävnt, vil antage en Senators eller Representants Embede i Congressen.

ARTICLE XVIII

ATTENDE ARTIKEL

On Amendments and Revision

Over Forbedringer og Revision

S ECT. 1. Any amendment or amendments to this constitution, may be proposed77 in either house of the legislature; and if the same shall be agreed to by two-thirds of the members elected to each of the two houses, such proposed amendment or amendments shall be entered on their journal with the yeas and nays taken thereon; and shall be published for three months previous to the next annual election, in such manner as the legislature shall prescribe; and if the people shall approve and ratify such amendment or amendments, by a majority of the qualified electors voting thereon, such amendment or amendments shall become a part of the constitution. Provided, that if more than one amendment be submitted, they shall be submitted in such manner that the people may vote for or against such amendment separately and distinctly.

S EC. 1. I hvert af Legislaturens Huse kan enhver Forbedring eller Forbedringer til denne Constitution foreslaaes, og naar to tredie Parten af alle valgte Medlemmer i hvert af Husene Stemmer derfor, skal saadan Forbedring eller Forbedringer indföres i deres Journaler med de derover afgivne “Ja” og “Nei”, og skal dette offentliggjöres tre Maaneder förend det näste aarlige Valg; der er Legislatures Pligt at forelägge Folket saadan Forbedring eller Forbedringer paa saadan Maade som som den selv vil bestemme, og naar Folket ved det overveiende Antal af de berettigede Välgere antager og stadfäster saadan Forbedring eller Forbedringer, da skal saadan Forbedring eller Forbedringer udgöre en Deel af Constitutionen; forudbetinget: at naar flere end Een Forbedring skal forelägges, de da forelägges paa saadan Maade, at Folket kan stemme for og imod hver Forbedring isär.

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M ISLYKKET KONSTITUTION FOR W ISCONSIN (1846) S ECT. 2. Every tenth year after this constitution shall have taken effect, it shall be the duty of the legislature to submit to the people at the next annual election, the question whether they are in favor of calling a convention to revise the constitution or not; and if a majority of the qualified electors voting thereon, shall have voted in favor of a convention, the legislature shall at its next session provide by law for holding a convention, to be holden within six months thereafter; and such convention shall consist of a number of members not less than that of the house of representatives, nor more than that of both houses of the legislature.

S EC. 2. Hvert tiende Aar efterat denne Constitution er traadt i Kraft, skal det väre Legislaturens Pligt, at forelägge Folket ved dets näste aarlige Valg, Spörgsmaalet om det forlanger at sammenkalde en Convention til at revidere Constitutionen eller ikke, og naar en Majorität af alle berettigede Välgere som stemme derover forlange en Convention, da skal Legislaturen i dens näste aarlige möde sörge for Sammenkaldelsen af Conventionen, hvilken skal afholdes inden sex Maaneder derefter. Saadan Convention skal bestaae af et Antal medlemmer som ikke er mindre end Representanthusets og ikke större end begge Legislaturens Huse sammentagen.29

ARTICLE XIX

NITTENDE ARTIKEL

Schedule

Tilsätnings-Artikel

S ECT. 1. That no inconvenience may arise from a change of Territorial to a permanent state government, it is declared that all rights, actions, prosecutions, judgements, claims and contracts, as well of individuals as of bodies corporate, shall continue as if no such change had taken place. And all process which may be issued under the authority of the Territory of Wisconsin, previous to its admission into the Union of the United States, shall be valid, as if issued in the name of the state.

S EC. 1. For at ingen Uordner maatte oprinde fra Forandringen af Territorial-til den faste Stats-Regjering, erkläres det herved: at alle Klager, Prozesser, Domme, Fordringer og Contrakter, saavel enkelte Personer som Corperationer vedkommende, skal vedblive som om ingen Forandring var skeet, og alle retslige Handlinger som maatte väre skeet under Authoritäten af Territoriet Wisconsin förend dets Optagelse i Unionen af de Forenede-Stater, skal väre i Kraft som om de vare udgaaede i Statens Navn.

S ECT. 2. All laws now in force in the Territory of Wisconsin, which are not repugnant to this constitution, shall remain in force until they expire by their own limitation78 , or be altered or repealed by the legislature.

S EC. 2. Alle Love, hvilke nu ere i Kraft i Territoriet Wisconin og hvilke ikke stride imod denne Constitution, skulle blive i Kraft indtil de uddöe ved deres egne Bestemmelser eller tilbagekaldes af Legislautren.

S ECT. 3. All fines, penalties or forfeitures, accruing to the Territory of Wisconsin, shall accrue79 to the use of the state.

S EC. 3. Alle Böder og alt hjemfalden Gods som tilfalder Territoriet Wisconsin, skal tilhöre Staten.

S ECT. 4. All recognizances heretofore taken, or which may be taken before the change of Territorial to a permanent state

S EC. 4. Alle Forbindtligheder hvilke ere indgaaede inden Forandringen fra Territorialtil den faste Stats-Regjering, skulle forblive i

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W ISCONSIN government, shall remain valid, and shall pass over to, and may be prosecuted in the name of the state; and all bonds executed to the Governor of the Territory, or any other officer or court, in his or their official capacity, shall pass over to the Governor, or state authority, and their successors in office, for the uses therein respectively expressed, and may be sued for and recovered accordingly; and all the estate or property, real, personal or mixed, and all judgements, bonds, specialties, choses in action, and claims or debts of whatsoever description, of the Territory of Wisconsin, shall inure to and vest80 in the state of Wisconsin, and may be sued for and recovered in the same manner and to the same extent by the state of Wisconsin, as the same could have been by the Territory of Wisconsin. All criminal prosecutions and penal actions which may have arisen, or which may arise before the change from a Territorial to a state government, and which shall then be pending, shall be prosecuted to judgement and execution in the name of the state. All actions at law and suits in equity, which may be pending in any of the courts of the Territory of Wisconsin, at the time of the change from a territorial to a state government, shall be continued and transferred to any court of the state which shall have jurisdiction of the subject matter thereof.

Kraft under Staten og kunne indklages i Statens Navn. Alle Bonds og Forskrivelser, hvilke ere givne til Guvernören eller nogen anden Embedsmand af Territoriet, skulle overgives til Statens Guvernör og andere Embedsmänd og til deres Efterfölgere, for at benytte dem til det Øiemed hvortil de ere bestemt og for at indklage dem ,naar det er nödvendigt. Alle Bonds og Forskrivelser, Fordringer og Gjeld af hvilkensomhest Art, hvilke Territoriet Wisconsin har og som grundes paa retslige Bestemmelser, skal gaae over til og höre til Staten Wisconsin, de kunne indklages paa samme Maade og i samme Udsträkning ved Staten Wisconsin, som Territoriet Wisconsin vilde have gjort. Alle Criminalprozesser eller Prozesser over tildömte Straffe, hvilke maatte väre uafgjorte, naar Forandringen fra Territorial-til Statsregjering foregaaer, skulle forfölges til Dom og Dommens Udförelse i Statens Navn. Alle lovlige Klager eller Forliigelsessager, hvilke maatte sväve for nogen Court i Territoriet Wisconsin, til den Tid, naar Forandringen fra Territorium til Stat foregaaer, skulle fortsättes og overdrages til den Court i Staten som maatte have Jurisdiktion over vedkommende Gjenstand.

S ECT. 5. All officers civil and military now holding their offices under the authority of the United States, or of the Territory of Wisconsin, shall continue to hold and exercise their respective offices until they shall be superseded under the authority of the state.

S EC. 5. Alle civile og militaire Embedsmänd som nu forestaae et Embede, enten under de Forenede Staters eller under Territoriets Wisconsin Authorität, skulle vedblive at före deres vedkommende Embeder, indtil deres Efterfölgere blive ansat af Statens Authorität.

S ECT. 6. The first session of the legislature of the state of Wisconsin shall commence on the first monday of November next, and shall be held at the village of Madison, which shall be and remain the seat of Government until otherwise provided for by law.

S EC. 6. Legislaturen for Staten Wisconson skal holde sit förste Möde den förste Mandag i November nästkommende i Landsbyen Madison, som skal väre og forblive Guvernements-Sädet, indtil det ved Loven vil blive anderledes bestemt.

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FAILED C ONSTITUTION OF W ISCONSIN (1846) S ECT. 7. All county and township officers shall continue to hold their respective offices, unless removed by the competent authority, until the legislature shall, in conformity to the provisions of this constitution, provide for the holding of elections to fill such offices respectively.

S EC. 7. Alle County- og TownshipsEmbedsmänd skulle forblive i deres Embeder __ ifald de ikke afsättes af den dertil berettigede Övrighed __ indtil Legislaturen, i Overeensstemmelse med Bestemmelserne i denne Constitution, sörger for Afholdning af Valg, for at besätte slige Embeder.

S ECT. 8. The President of this convention shall immediately after its adjournment, cause a fair copy of this constitution, together with a copy of the act of the legislature of this Territory, entitled “An act in relation to the formation of a state government in Wisconsin”, Approved January thirty first one thousand eight hundred and forty six, providing for the calling of this convention, and also a copy of so much of the last census of this Territory as exhibits the number of its inhabitants, to be forwarded to the President of the United States, with the request of this convention, in behalf of81 the people of Wisconsin, that all said matters may be by him laid before the Congress of the United States at its present session.

S EC. 8. Presidenten af denne Convention skal, umiddelbar efter dens Slutning, besörge en nöiagtig Afskrivt af denne Constitution, tilligemed en Afskrivt af en Akte af Legislaturen af dette Territorium betitlet “en Akte i Henhold til Dannelsen af den Statsregjering i Wisconsin, antagen den 31. Januar 1846, som sörger for Sammenkaldelsen af denne Convention, ogsaa en Copie af den Deel af den sidste Census over dette Territorium som giver Antallet af dets Indbyggere, for at sende det til Presidenten af de Forenede Stater med Begjäring af denne Convention i Folkets Navn af Wisconsin om, at han maate forelägge alle nävnte Gjenstande Congressen af de Forenede Stater under dennes närvärende Möde.

S ECT. 9. This constitution shall be submitted at an election to be held on the first tuesday in April next, for ratification or rejection, to all persons who shall then have the qualifications of electors for delegates to this convention, and all persons having such qualifications at the time last aforesaid, shall be entitled to vote for or against the adoption of this Constitution, and for all officers to be elected under it. And if the constitution be ratified by the said electors, it shall become the constitution of the state of Wisconsin. On such of the ballots as are for the constitution shall be written or printed the word “Yes”, and on those which are against the ratification of the constitution, the word “No.” The election shall be conducted in the manner now prescribed by law, and the returns made by the clerks of the boards of supervisors, or county commissioners (as the case may be) to the Governor of the Territory at any

S EC. 9. Denne Constitution skal underkastes en Afstemmelse for dens Antagelse eller Forkastelse, hvilken skal afholdes den förste Tirsdag i April nästkommende; alle Personer, hvilke da skulle have Rettinghederne som Välgere af Medlemmerne til denne Convention, Alle de, hvilke ere Borgere af de Forenede Stater og have väret sex Maaneder i Wisconsin eller de, hvilke have erkläret, at ville blive Borgere og have väret sex Maaneder i Territoriet, og alle Personer, hvilke have disse Rettigheder paa den nävnte Dag skulle väre berettiget til at stemme for og imod denne Constitution og for alle Embedsmänd som skulle välges derefter. Naar Constitutionen skulde antages af nävnte Välgere, da skal den väre Constitution for Staten Wisconsin.30 Paa de Stemmesedler som Afgives for Constitutionen skal skrives eller trykkes Ordet “Yes” og paa de Stemmesedler som afgives imod Constitutionen Ordet “No.”

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W ISCONSIN time before the tenth day of May next. And in the event of a82 ratification of this constitution by a majority of all the votes given, it shall be the duty of the Governor of this Territory to make proclamation of the same, and to communicate a digest of the returns to the senate and House of Representatives of the state, on the first day of their session. The Governor shall also issue writs to the proper authorities in the several counties, requiring them to cause an election to be held on the first monday in September next, for Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary of State, Treasurer, Attorney General, members of the state legislature, and for all officers who are elective under this constitution, except Judges.

Afstemningen skal foretages efter de nu bestaaende Love og Valgberetningerne skulle oversendes Guvernören inden den tiende Mai nästkommende af Clerkerne af Boards af Supervisors eller af Boards af CountyCommissioners. I Tilfälde af at denne Constitution antages af Flertallet af alle afgivne Stemmer, skal det väre Guvernörens Pligt ad udstäde en Proklamation og at meddele til Senaten og Repräsentanthuset af Staten en Oversigt over Beretningerne fra de forskjellige Countier, paa den förste Dag af deres förste Möde. Guvernören skal ogsaa udstäde Befalinger til de vedkommende Embedsmänd i de forskjellige Countier at lade afholde Valgene for Guvernör, LieutenantGuvernör, Statssekretair, Skatmester, Statsadvokat og Legislaturens Medlemmer og alle andere Embedsmänd med Undtagelse af Dommere paa den förste Mandag i nästkommende September.

S ECT. 10. Two members of congress shall also be elected on the first monday in September next, and until the first enumeration and apportionment shall be made as directed by this constitution; the counties of Brown, Manitowoc83 , Calumet, Fond du Lac, Sheboygan, Washington, Milwaukee, Waukesha, Racine and Walworth shall constitute the first congressional district, and elect one member; and the counties of Marquette, Winabago84 , Columbia, Portage, Sauk, Dodge, Jefferson, Dane, Rock, Green, Iowa, Grant, Richland, Crawford, Chippewa, St. Croix and La Pointe shall constitute the second congressional district, and shall elect one member.

S EC. 10. To Congreß-medlemmer skulle ogsaa välges paa den förste Mandag i nästkommende September, og indtil en ny Optälling og Fordeling i Valgdistricter som denne Constitution foreskriver er gjort, skulle Countierne Brown, Manitowoc, Calumet, Fond du Lac, Cheboygan, Washington, Milwaukie, Wankesha, Racine og Walworth udgjöre den förste Congreß-District og välge eet Medlem, og Countierne Marquette, Winnebago, Columbia, Portage, Sauk, Dodge, Jefferson, Dane, Rock, Green, Iowa, Grant, Richland, Crawford, Chippewa, St. Croix og La Point skulle udgjöre den anden Congreß-District og välge Eet Medlem.

S ECT. 11. The first election of Judges of the supreme and circuit court, shall be held on the second monday of June next; and the Governor of the Territory shall, by the fifteenth day of May next, issue writs to the proper authorities in the several counties and districts, requiring such election to be held on

S EC. 11. Det förste Valg af Dommere i Supreme og District-Courts skal afholdes den anden Mandag i Juny nästkommende, Guvernören af dette Territorium skal inden den 15te Mai nästkommende udstäde Befalinger til de vedkommende Embedsmänd i de forskjellige Districter og Countier, over at

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M ISLYKKET KONSTITUTION FOR W ISCONSIN (1846) the day aforesaid, in their respective counties and districts.

lade afholde saadanne Valg paa nävnte Dag i deres forskjellige Countier og Distrikter.

S ECT. 12. The several elections provided for in this article, shall be conducted according to the existing laws of this85 Territory; and the returns, (except for township and county officers) shall be certified and transmitted to the speaker of the House of Representatives, at the seat of government, in such time that they may be received on the first monday of November next; and as soon as the legislature shall be organized, the speaker of the House of Representatives and the President of the senate shall, in86 presence of both houses, examine the returns and declare who are duly elected to fill the several offices hereinbefore mentioned.

S EC. 12. De Valg hvilke denne Artikel foreskriver skulle udföres efter de nugjeldende Love i dette Territorium og ValgCerteficaterne (med Undtagelse af de over Township- og County-Embedsmänd) skal udstädes og oversendes til Taleren i Repräsentanthuset i Guvernementsädet, til saadan Tid, at han kan modtage dem den förste Mandag i November nästkommende. Saasnart Legislaturen er organiseret skal Taleren af Representanthuset og Präsidenten af Senaten i Overvärelse af begge Huse undersöge Certeficaterne og erkläre hvem der er valgt.

S ECT. 13. All persons to be eligible to any office in this state, shall have the qualifications of electors as specified in the87 article “On suffrage and the88 elective franchise.”

S EC. 13. Alle Personer hvilke besidde de i Artiklen over Stemmeret fordrede Egenskaber kunne välges til Embeder i denne Stat.

S ECT. 14. Such parts of the common laws as have heretofore been in use in the Territory of Wisconsin, not inconsistent with this constitution and the statute laws, which may be in force, shall be and continue part of the law of this state, until altered or suspended by the legislature.

S EC. 14. Saadanne Bestemmelser i Common Law, hvilke hidtil have väret gjeldende i Territoriet Wisconsin og hvilke ikke stride imod de af Legislaturen udstädte Love, skulle väret en Deel af Landeslovene, indtil Legislaturen forandrer og ophäver dem.

S ECT. 15. The Governor, LieutenantGovernor and other state officers first elected under this constitution shall enter upon the duties of their respective offices on the first monday of November next, and shall continue in office for two years from the first day of January following, and the Judges elected under this constitution shall enter upon the duties of their offices on the first day of January after such election, and their terms of office shall be for five years after said first day of January; and the governor and other territorial officers whose places are supplied by the election under this constitution, shall continue in office until their successors are qualified and enter upon the duties of their office as before stated.

S EC. 15. Den förste Guvernör, LieutenantGuverneur og de övrige Statsembedsmänd, hvilke förste Gang välges efter denne Constitution, skulle tilträde deres Embeder den förste Mandag i November nästkommende og forvalte deres Embeder to Aar fra den förste Januar i det fölgende Aar regnet.31 Guvernören og de övrige Territorialembedsmänd, hvis Embeder udfyldes ved de efter denne Constitution bestemte Valg, skulle beholde deres Embeder indtil deres Efterfölgere have stillet den behörige Caution og tilträde deres Embeder.

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W ISCONSIN S ECT. 16. The oaths of office may be administered by any Judge or Justice of the Peace, until the legislature shall otherwise direct.

ARTICLE XX89

S EC. 16. Embedseeden kan aftages ved hvilkensomhelst Dommer eller Fredsdommer, indtil Legislaturen bestemmer det anderledes.

BESLUTNINGER

Resolutions Resolved, That the legislature shall, at its first session, pass an act forever refusing the assent of this state to the provisions of an act of Congress entitled “an act to grant a quantity of land to the Territory of Wisconsin, for the purpose of aiding in opening a canal to connect the waters of Lake Michigan with those of Rock river,” approved the eighteenth day of June, one thousand eight hundred90 and thirty eight,91 and refusing the grant therein made, and refusing to assume the trusts thereby created. Resolved, That the Congress of the United States be and is hereby requested upon the admission of this state into the Union, so to alter the provisions of the said act of Congress approved June eighteenth one thousand eight hundred92 and thirty eight, and so to alter the terms and conditions of the grant made therein. That the oddnumbered sections thereby granted, and the proceeds of so much thereof as shall have been sold by the Territory of Wisconsin, may be held and disposed of by the state as part of the five hundred thousand acres of land to which the state is entitled by the provisions of an act of Congress entitled “An act to appropriate the proceeds of the sales of the public lands and to grant pre-emption rights,” approved the fourth day of September, One thousand eight hundred93 and forty one.94 That the even-numbered sections reserved by Congress may be offered for sale by the United States, for the same minimum price and subject to the same rights of preemption, as other public lands of the United

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Beslutet, at Legislaturen i dens förste Möde skal udstäde en Lov, hvorved denne Stats Indvilligelse i Bestemmelserne af en den 18de Juny 1838 antagen Congreß-Akte, betitelt som fölger: “En Lov til at skjänke Territoriet Wisconsin en Sträkning Land for at understötte en Canals Aabning til at forbinde Söen Michigan og Rock River, for evig forvägres, saavelsom Antagelsen af denne Skjänk og de dermed forbundne Forpligtelser. Beslutet, at Congressen af de Forenede Stater herved opfordres, efter Optagelsen af denne Stat i Union, saaledes at forandre Bestemmelserne i nävnte Akte af Congessen, antagen den 18de Juni 1838 og saaledes at forandre Betingelserne ved en Gave som deri er gjort, at de ujävne Sektioner, hvilke deri ere skjänkede og-Indtägterne af den Deel deraf som allerede er solgt af Territoriet Wisconsin, maatte ansees og tilfalde Staten som en Deel af de 500,000 Akker Land til hvilke Staten er berettiget ifölge Bestemmelserne i en Congreßakte betitelt: “En Akte til at bestemme Anvendelsen af Udbyttet af solgt offentligt Land og til at bevillige Forkjöbsrettigheder, antagen den 4de September 1841, at de jävne Sektioner hvilke Congressen har holdt tilbage maatte udbydes til Salg af de Forenede Stater til samme Minimum Priis og under de samme Forkjöbsrettigheder som andet offentligt Land tilhörende de Forenede Stater bliver solgt. Beslutet, at i Tilfälde de ulige Sektioner skulde afträdes Staten, skulle disse sälges af Staten paa samme maade, til samme Mi-

FAILED C ONSTITUTION OF W ISCONSIN (1846) States. Resolved, That in case the said oddnumbered sections shall be ceded to the state as aforesaid, the same shall be sold by the state, in the same manner at the same minimum price, and be95 subject to the same right of pre-emption to occupants, as the public lands of the United States are now sold, and the excess price over and above one dollar and twenty five cents per acre, absolutely or conditionally contracted to be paid by the purchasers of any part of said sections which shall have been sold by the Territory of Wisconsin, shall be remitted to such purchasers, their representatives or assigns. Done in convention, at Madison, the sixteenth day of December, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and forty six, and of the Independence of the United States of America the seventy first.96

nimumpriis og under de samme Forkjöbsrettigheder for virkelige Landbyggere, som ved Salg af de Forenede Stater. Alt det der overstiger Een Dollar og fem og tyve Cents pr. Akker som er bestemt eller betingelsesviis contraheret at betales for nogen Deel af nävnte af Territoriet Wisconsin solgte Sektioner, skal eftergives Kjöberne, deres Representanter eller Befuldmägtigede. Beslutet, at Congressen anmodes om, ved Optagelsen af denne Stat i Unionen at udstäde en Akte, hvorved den Gave af 500,000 Akker Land, hvortil denne Stat er berettiget ifölge Bestemmelserne i en Congreßakte antagen den 4de September 1841, betitlet: “En Lov over Anvendelsen af Udbyttet af solgt offentligt Land og over Forkjöbsrettigheder,” og tillige de fem Procent af det rene Udbytte af det i denne Stat beliggende offentligt Land, hvortil denne Stat vil blive berettiget ved Optagelsen i Unionen ifölge Bestemmelserne i en den 6de August 1846 antagen Congreßakte betitelt. “En Lov for at istandsatte Folket af Territoriet Wisconsin til at danne Constitution og Statsregjering og til Optagelsen af en saadan Stat i Union,” i denne Stat kan anvendes til Skolernes Nytte og Gavn istedetfor de i nävnte Congreßakter bestemte Öiemed. Beslutet, at de forestaaende Beslutninger skal tilföies Constitutionen for denne Stat, underskrives med samme og saaledes forelägges Folket i Territoriet og Congressen for de Forenede Stater.

D. A. J. UPHAM, President of the Convention.

D.A.I. UPHAM, President af Conventionen.

LA FAYETTE KELLOGG, Secretary.97 J. Y. Smith And[re]w E. Elmore Asa Kinney98 E. G. Ryan A. Hyatt Smith Fred. S. Lovell

LA FAYETTE KELLOGG, Sekretär.

La Fayette Hill Benjamin Granger Josiah Topping N. E. Whitesides99 Joseph Bowker John W. Boyd

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W ISCONSIN C. H. Parsons Stephen O. Bennett Daniel Harkin C. M. Baker Garret M. Fitzgerald James B. Cartter100 Nathaniel Dickinson John M. Babcock Francis Huebschmann101 Horace Chase W. W. Graham John Cooper Wm. R. Hesk Pitts Ellis Joseph Kinney, Jr. Benj[ami]n Fuller Thomas James Henry C. Goodrich Hiram Barber Wm. M. Dennis Noah Phelps Davis Bowen Israel Inman, Jr. Charles E. Brown104 Edward H. Janssen Patrick Rogan George Hyer Elihu L. Attwood105 Aaron Rankin Samuel T. Clothier Solmous106 Wakely Ja[me]s P. Hays Lorenzo Bevans Geo. B. Smith Horace D. Patch Evander M. Soper William Bell

Stoddard Judd Geo. B. Hall Lyman H. Seaver Nathaniel F. Hyer James Chamberlain Frank[lin Z]. Hicks David L. Mills James Magone John H. Manahan J. R. Vineyard P. A. R. Brace David Noggle Hiram Brown James M. Moore Joel F. Wilson Hopewell Cox102 Patrick Toland John Crawford Garret Vliet Sanford P. Hammond Sewall Smith William Holcombe103 Bostwick O’Conner Edward Coumbe Joseph S. Pierce S. W. Beall Wm. R. Smith Moses Meeker Wm. H. Clark Lemuel Goodell Warren Chase Jeremiah Drake Andrew Burnside V. M. Willard107 Peter H. Turner108 James Duane Doty Wm. C. Green109 Joshua L. White Moses M. Strong110 Charles Julius Kern111 J. Y. Smith, Andrew E. Elmore, Asa Kinney, E. G. Ryan,

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Josiah Topping, N. E. Whitesides, Joseph Bowker, John W. Boyd,

Patrick Rogan, George Hyer, Elihu L. Atwood, Aaron Rankin,

M ISLYKKET KONSTITUTION FOR W ISCONSIN (1846) A. Hyatt Smith, Fred. S. Lovell, C. H. Parsons, Stephen O. Bennett, Daniel Harkin, C. M. Baker, Garret M. Fitzgerald, James B. Carter32 , Nathaniel Dickinson, John M. Babcock, Franz Hübschmann34 , Horace Chase, W. W. Graham, John Cooper, Wm. R. Hesk, Pitts Ellis, Joseph Kinney36 , Benjamin Fuller, Thomas James, Henry C. Goodrich, Hiram Barber, Wm. M. Dennis, La Fayette Hill, Benjamin Granger,

RESOLUTION112

Stoddard Judd, Geo. B. Hall, Lyman H. Seaver, Nathaniel F. Hyer, James Chamberlain, Franklin Z. Hicks, David L. Mills, James MaGone, John H. Manahan, J. R. Vineyard, P. A. R. Brace, David Noggle, Hiram Brown, James M. Moore, Joel F. Wilson, Hopewell Coxe35 Patrick Toland, John Crawford, Garret Vliet, Sanford P. Hammond, Noah Phelps, Davis Bowen, Israel Inman jr., Charles E. Brown, Edward H. Janssen,

Samuel T. Clothier, Solmous Wakely, Jas. P. Hays, Lorenzo Bevans, Geo. B. Smith, Horace D. Patch, Evander M. Soper, Wm.33 Bell, Sewall Smith, William Holcombe, Bostwick O’Conner, Edward Coumbe, Joseph S. Pierce, S. W. Beall, Wm. R. Smith, Moses Meeker, Wm. H. Clark, Lemuel Goodell, Warren Chase, Jeremiah Drake, Andrew Burnside,37 James Duane Doty, Wm. C. Green, Joshua L. White.38

BESLUTNING OVER NEGERNES STEMMERET

Resolved, That at the same time when the votes of the electors shall be taken for the adoption or rejection of this constitution, an additional section in the following words, that is to say113 : “All male citizens of the African blood, possessing the qualifications required by the first section of the article on “Suffrage and the elective franchise,” shall have the right to vote for all officers, and be eligible to all offices that now are, or hereafter may be elective by the people after the adoption of this constitution,” shall be submitted to the electors of this state, for adoption or rejection, in the form following, to wit: A separate ballot may be given by every person hav-

Beslutet, at til samme Tid, naar välgerne stemme for Antagelse eller Forkastelsen af denne Constitution, fölgende Paragraf skal forelägges denne Stats Välgere til Antagelse eller Forkastelse, nemlig, enhver som har Ret til at stemme over denne Constitution kan ogsaa afgive en särskildt Valgseddel i en särskildt Kasse: “Alle mandlige Borgere af Afrikansk Herkomst, hvilke have de i den förste paragraf af Artikelen over Stemmeret fordrede Egenskaber, skulle stemme for alle Embedsmänd og kunne välges til alle Embeder, hvilke nu eller for Fremtiden blive valgt af Folket.” Paa de til Antagelse af nävnte Tilsätning givne Sedler skal fölgende

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W ISCONSIN ing the right to vote for the adoption of this constitution to be deposited in a separate box. Upon the ballots given for the adoption of the114 said separate amendment, shall be written or printed, or partly written and partly printed, the words “Equal suffrage to colored persons, Yes!” and upon the ballots given against the adoption of the115 said separate amendment, in like manner, the words, “Equal suffrage to colored persons, No!” and on such ballots shall be written or printed, or partly written and partly printed, the words “Constitution Suffrage” in such manner that such words shall appear on the outside of such ballot when folded. If, at the said election a majority of all the votes given for and against the said separate amendment, shall contain the words “Equal Suffrage to colored persons, Yes!” then the said separate amendment after the adoption of this constitution, shall be a separate section of Article ––––– of this constitution, in full force and effect, any thing contained in the constitution to the contrary notwithstanding. Done in convention, at Madison, the sixteenth day of December, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and forty six, and of the Independence of the United States of America the seventy first.116

Ord skrives eller trykkes: “Lige Stemmeret for Negerer, Yes” og paa de imod Antagelsen af denne Tilsätning afgivne Stemmesedler de Ord: “Lige Stemmeret for Negrer, No.” Paa alle disse Stemmesedler skulle Ordene: “Constitutions-Stemmeret” (Constitution Suffrage), skrives eller trykkes paa saadan Maade at disse ord kunne läses, naar Sedlen er sammenlagt. Naar paa nävnte Valg, Flerheden af alle for og imod denne Tilsätning afgivne Stemmer indeholder Ordene: “Lige Stemmeret for Negrer, Yes,” da skal denne Tilsätning efter Antagelsen af denne Constituition danne en särskildt Paragraf af Artikel __ i denne Constituition og forblive i fuld Kraft, om ogsaa denne Constitution skulde indholde en Modsigelse derimod.39

D. A. J. UPHAM President of the Convention117

D.A.I. UPHAM, President.

LA FAYETTE KELLOGG Secretary.118 1

Verified by Constitution of the State of Wisconsin. Adopted in Convention, at Madison, on the Sixteenth Day of December, in the Year of Our Lord One Thousand Eight Hundred and Forty-Six, Together with the Act of Congress, and the Act of the Legislature, in relation to the formation of a State Government in Wisconsin. Published by Order of the Convention, Madison, W.T.: Beriah Brown, Printer, 1846, 60 p., and corrected according to the original manuscript preserved in the Wisconsin Historical Society Archives at Madison, WI. Checked also against Constitution of Wisconsin. Message from The President of the United States, Transmitting The constitution adopted by the delegates of the people of the Territory of Wisconsin, January 21, 1847

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LA FAYETTE KELLOGG, Sekretär. 1

Verified by Constitutionen for Staten Wisconsin, antagen i Conventionen i Madison, den fertende Dag i December i vor Herres Aar Get tusind otte hundrede og fer og fyrretyve. Offentliggjort efter Conventionens Befaling, Milwaukie, W.T.: Trykket hos Moritz Schöffler, Odgiveren af Wisconsin-Banner, 1846, 15 p., and checked against the English original. The subsequent notes refer to deviations from the English original, either caused by unclear Norwegian phrasing, omissions, additions, or inaccurate or erroneous translation, whereas mere questions of style have been ignored, as have been repetitions. I wish to thank Øystein N. Andresen of the University of Kassel for assisting with the edition of this translation.

FAILED C ONSTITUTION OF W ISCONSIN (1846) (29th Congress, 2d Session, House of Repr., Doc. No. 49), [Washington: s.n., 1847,] 2–24 (on the Washington print, cf. Schedule, sect. 8), and against the versions as published in Journal of the Convention to Form a Constitution for the State of Wisconsin, With a Sketch of the Debates, Begun and Held at Madison, on the Fifteenth Day of December, Eighteen Hundred and Forty-Seven. By Authority of the Convention, Madison, W.T.: Tenney, Smith & Holt, Printers, 1848, 628–653 (hereafter quoted as Second Convention Journal – the First Convention Journal [Journal of the Convention to Form a Constitution for the State of Wisconsin: Begun and Held at Madison, on the Fifth Day of October, One Thousand Eight Hundred and Forty-Six, Madison, W.T.: Beriah Brown, Printer, 1847] not containing the text of the Constitution), and in The Convention of 1846 (Publications of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Collections, XXVII, Constitutional Series, II), ed. by Milo M. Quaife, Madison: Published by the Society, 1919, 732– 755. Spelling, capitalization, punctuation, parentheses, and curly brackets follow the original manuscript. Obvious typographical errors in printing have been tacitly ignored in the annotations. The Constitution was also published in a Norwegian translation (q.v.). A German translation simultaneously ordered by the convention (cf. Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 703–04, 708–09) is not known to have survived. The proposed Constitution was submitted to the people on April 6, 1847 and was rejected by a vote of 20,233 to 14,119. The resolution on equal suffrage for colored people was rejected by 14,615 to 7,664 votes (The Struggle over Ratification, 1846–1847 [Publications of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Collections, XXVIII, Constitutional Series, III], ed. by Milo M. Quaife, Madison: Published by the Society, 1920, 697–698). In 1848, a new Constitution was created (q.v.) under which Wisconsin was admitted into the Union. On the failed Constitution, cf. Martin D. Stelter et al., “Defining a People, Creating a State: The Wisconsin Constitution in Jacksonian Context,” Department of History, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, For the Wisconsin Supreme Court, December, 1998. 2 In separate Brown print, 17, in Second Convention Journal, 628, and in Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 732, “one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven”. 3 In separate Brown print, 18, in Washington print, 2, in Second Convention Journal, 629, and in Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 732, word missing. 4 U.S. Statutes at Large, 29th Congress, Sess. I, Ch. 89. 5 In Washington print, 2, clause added to sect. 1. 6 Ibid., “On the”. 7 Ibid., “for the”. 8 U.S. Statutes at Large, 27th Congress, Sess. I, Ch. 16. 9 In Second Convention Journal, 630, word missing. 10 Ibid., last two words missing. 11 Ibid., “may deem”.

2

Illegible in the photocopy provided by the Rolvaag Memorial Library, St. Olaf College, Northfield, MN, in English original, “adopted”. 3 In English original, “(Guvernörens stedforträder)” missing. 4 In English original, “He shall communicate by message to the Legislature, at every session.” 5 In English original, “expedite”. 6 In English original, “large”. 7 In English original, “ex officio”. 8 In English original, “extra”. 9 In English original, “two”. 10 In English original, “one dollar for each days attendance during the remainder of such session;”. 11 In English original, “originate”. 12 In English original, “The legislature may confer upon the boards of supervisors of the several counties of the state, such powers of local legislation and administration, as they shall from time to time prescribe.” 13 In English original, “support”. 14 In English original, “For the term of five years from the first election of the Judges of circuit courts, and thereafter until the legislature shall otherwise provide, the judges of the several circuit courts shall be judges of the supreme court, a majority of whom shall constitute a quorum, and the concurrence of a majority of the judges present shall be necessary to a decision.” 15 In English original additionally, “to be composed as follows”. 16 In English original, “judge”. 17 In English original, “One of said Judges shall be designated as “Chief-Justice”, in such manner as the legislature shall provide.” 18 In English original additionally, “and jurisdictions”. 19 In English original, “commissioners”. 20 In English original additionally, “revise”. 21 In English original additionally, “county or township”. 22 In English original: “No person shall be deemed to have lost his residence in this state, by reason of his absence on business of the United States, or of this state.” 23 In English original, “sixteen year”. 24 In English original, “homestead”. 25 In English original, “homestead”. 26 In English original additionally, “or ministry”. 27 In English original, “Writs of error shall never be prohibited by law.” 28 In English original additionally, “agricultural or mineral”. 29 In English original, “Every tenth year after this constitution shall have taken effect, it shall be the duty of the legislature to submit to the people at the next annual election, the question whether they are in favor of calling a convention to revise the constitution or not; and if a majority of the qualified electors voting thereon, shall have voted in favor of a convention, the legislature shall at its next session provide by law for holding a conven-

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W ISCONSIN 12

Ibid., “of the”. Ibid., “states”. 14 In Washington print, 3, “pardon”. 15 In Second Convention Journal, 630, “conviction”. 16 Ibid., 631, word missing. 17 In Washington print, 4, “or”. 18 In Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 734, “any state or foreign government”. 19 In Second Convention Journal, 631, “journals”. 20 Ibid., “all such”. 21 Ibid., “legislature”. 22 Ibid., 632, “powers, duties, and compensation”. 23 In separate Brown print, 23, in Second Convention Journal, 632, and in Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 735, “of the”. 24 In separate Brown print, 23, in Washington print, 5, in Second Convention Journal, 632, and in Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 736, “viz”. 25 In Washington print, 5, in Second Convention Journal, 632, and in Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 736, “Winnebago”. 26 In Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 737, “LaPoint”. 27 In Washington print, 6, in Second Convention Journal, 633, and in Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 737, “Winnebago”. 28 In Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 737, “La Point”. 29 In Second Convention Journal, 634, “term”. 30 In separate Brown print, 28, in Washington print, 8, in Second Convention Journal, 635, and in Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 738, “follows, viz:”. 31 In Second Convention Journal, 635, “of the”. 32 Ibid., word missing. 33 In Washington print, 9, in Second Convention Journal, 636, and in Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 740, “Winnebago”. 34 In Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 740, “La Point”. 35 In Second Convention Journal, 637, “the power”. 36 Ibid., “of a”. 37 Ibid., “circuit court”. 38 In separate Brown print, 33, in Second Convention Journal, 638, and in Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 741, “court”. 39 In separate Brown print, 34, in Washington print, 11, in Second Convention Journal, 638, and in Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 741, “in such”. 40 In Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 742, “tribunal”. 41 In Washington print, 11, “and”. 42 Ibid., “towards”. 43 In Second Convention Journal, 639, last three words missing. 44 Ibid., “a qualified elector”. 45 In Washington print, 12, “courts”. 46 In Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 743, last two words missing. 47 In separate Brown print, 38, and in Second Convention Journal, 640, word missing. 48 In Second Convention Journal, 641, “such”. 13

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tion, to be holden within six months thereafter; and such convention shall consist of a number of members not less than that of the house of representatives, nor more than that of both houses of the legislature.” 30 In English original, “This constitution shall be submitted at an election to be held on the first tuesday in April next, for ratification or rejection, to all persons who shall then have the qualifications of electors for delegates to this convention, and all persons having such qualifications at the time last aforesaid, shall be entitled to vote for or against the adoption of this Constitution, and for all officers to be elected under it.” 31 In English original additionally, “and the Judges elected under this constitution shall enter upon the duties of their offices on the first day of January after such election, and their terms of office shall be for five years after said first day of January”. 32 In English original, “Carrter”. 33 In English original, “William”. 34 In English original, “Francis Huebschmann”. 35 In English original, “Cox”. 36 In English original, “Joseph Kinney, Jr.”. 37 In English original additionally, “V. M. Willard, Peter H. Turner”. 38 In English original additionally, “Moses M. Strong, Charles Julius Kern”. 39 In English original additionally, “Done in convention, at Madison, the sixteenth day of December, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and forty six, and of the Independence of the United States of America the seventy first.”

M ISLYKKET KONSTITUTION FOR W ISCONSIN (1846) 49

In Washington print, 14, “banks”. In separate Brown print, 40, in Second Convention Journal, 641, and in Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 745, “especially”. 51 In separate Brown print, 40, in Second Convention Journal, 641, and in Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 745, “work”. 52 In separate Brown print, 40, in Second Convention Journal, 642, and in Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 745, “as a”. 53 In separate Brown print, 41, “individual association”. 54 In Second Convention Journal, 642, “purposes”. 55 In separate Brown print, 41, in Second Convention Journal, 642, and in Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 746, word missing. 56 In separate Brown print, 41, in Second Convention Journal, 642, and in Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 746, “vote”. 57 In Washington print, 15, “debts”. 58 In separate Brown print, 42, in Second Convention Journal, 643, and in Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 746, word missing. 59 In separate Brown print, 43, in Washington print, 16, in Second Convention Journal, 643, and in Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 747, “appointment”. 60 In separate Brown print, 44, in Washington print, 16, in Second Convention Journal, 644, and in Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 747, “On Exemptions”. 61 In separate Brown print, 44, in Second Convention Journal, 644, and in Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 748, word missing. 62 In Second Convention Journal, 644, “riprasian [sic]”. 63 Ibid., 645, “originate”. 64 Ibid., “crime”. 65 In Washington print, 18, word missing. 66 In separate Brown print, 46, in Second Convention Journal, 645, and in Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 749, “and to”. 67 In Washington print, 18, “privileges”. 68 In Second Convention Journal, 645, “cases”. 69 Ibid., 646, “shall ever”. 70 Ibid., word missing. 71 In Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 750, word missing. 72 In separate Brown print, 48, in Second Convention Journal, 646, and in Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 750, last two words missing. 73 In separate Brown print, 48, in Second Convention Journal, 646, and in Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 750, “land”. 74 In separate Brown print, 48, in Second Convention Journal, 646, and in Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 750, “for”. 75 In Second Convention Journal, 646, “in”. 76 Ibid., “this”. 77 In Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 750, “to this constitution” added. 50

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W ISCONSIN 78

In separate Brown print, 51, in Second Convention Journal, 648, and in Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 751, “limitations”. 79 In Second Convention Journal, 648, “enure”. 80 In Washington print, 21, “rest”. 81 In Second Convention Journal, 648, word missing. 82 Ibid., 649, “the”. 83 Ibid., “Manitouwoc”. 84 In Washington print, 22, in Second Convention Journal, 649, and in Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 753, “Winnebago”. 85 In Second Convention Journal, 649, “the”. 86 In separate Brown print, 54, in Second Convention Journal, 649, and in Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 753, “in the”. 87 In separate Brown print, 54, in Second Convention Journal, 649, and in Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 753, word missing. 88 In Washington print, 22, word missing. 89 In separate Brown print, 55, in Washington print, 23, in Second Convention Journal, 650, and in Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 753, heading missing. 90 In separate Brown print, 55, in Second Convention Journal, 650, and in Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 754, “eighteen hundred”. 91 U.S. Statutes at Large, 25th Congress, Sess. II, Ch. 114. 92 In separate Brown print, 55, in Second Convention Journal, 650, and in Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 754, “eighteen hundred”. 93 In separate Brown print, 56, in Second Convention Journal, 650, and in Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 754, “eighteen hundred”. 94 U.S. Statutes at Large, 27th Congress, Sess. I, Ch. 16. 95 In separate Brown print, 56, in Second Convention Journal, 650, and in Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 754, word missing. 96 In separate Brown print, 56–57, in Second Convention Journal, 651, and in Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 754, instead of preceding clause “Resolved, That Congress be requested, upon the admission of this State into the Union, to pass an act whereby the grant of five hundred thousand acres of land, to which this State is entitled by the provisions of an act of Congress entitled “An act to appropriate the proceeds of the sales of the public lands, and to grant pre-emption rights,” approved the fourth day of September, eighteen hundred [in Washington print, 24, “one thousand eight hundred”] and forty-one, and also the five per centum of the nett proceeds of the public lands lying within this State, to which this State shall become entitled on her admission into the Union, by the provisions of an act of Congress entitled “An act to enable the people of Wisconsin Territory to form a Constitution and State Government, and for the admission of such State into the Union,” approved the sixth day of August, eighteen hundred [in

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FAILED C ONSTITUTION OF W ISCONSIN (1846) Washington print, 24, “one thousand eight hundred”] and forty-six, shall be granted to this State for the use of schools, instead of the purposes mentioned in that behalf in the said acts of Congress respectively. Resolved, That the foregoing Resolutions be appended to and signed with the Constitution of this State, and submitted therewith to the people of this Territory, and to the Congress of the United States” (cf. Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 703). 97 In Washington print, 23, list of signers missing. 98 In Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 754, “Asa Kinne”. 99 Ibid., 755, “Whiteside”. 100 In separate Brown print, 57, and in Second Convention Journal, 651, “Carter”. 101 In Second Convention Journal, 651, “Heubschmann”. 102 In Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 755, “Coxe”. 103 In Second Convention Journal, 651, “William Hollenbeck”. 104 In Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 755, “Charles E. Browne”. 105 In separate Brown print, 58, in Second Convention Journal, 652, and in Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 755, “Atwood”. 106 In Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 755, “Salmous”. 107 In separate Brown print, 57–58, in Second Convention Journal, 651–652, and in Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 755, name missing. 108 In separate Brown print, 57–58, in Second Convention Journal, 651–652, and in Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 755, name missing. 109 In Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 755, “Greene”. 110 In separate Brown print, 57–58, in Second Convention Journal, 651–652, and in Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 755, name missing. 111 In separate Brown print, 57–58, in Second Convention Journal, 651–652, and in Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 755, name missing. 112 In separate Brown print, 59, in Second Convention Journal, 653, and in Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 755, “On Colored Suffrage” added; in Washington print, 23, any heading missing. 113 In separate Brown print, 59, in Washington print, 23, in Second Convention Journal, 653, and in Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 755, “viz”. 114 In Second Convention Journal, 653, and in Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 755, word missing. 115 In Second Convention Journal, 653, word missing. 116 In separate Brown print, 60, in Second Convention Journal, 653, and in Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 755, clause missing. 117 In separate Brown print, 60, in Second Convention Journal, 653, and in Convention of 1846, ed. by Quaife, 755, last three words missing. 118 In Washington print, 24, to be followed by the two

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W ISCONSIN resolutions here reprinted in note 96, after which is added: “Wisconsin Territory, ss: I hereby certify that the foregoing resolution was adopted in convention, as a part of the constitution of the State of Wisconsin. D. A. J. UPHAM, President of the Convention. LAFAYETTE KELLOGG, Secretary.”

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Constitution of Wisconsin (1848)

Verfassung von Wisconsin (1848)

Constitution of the State of Wisconsin1

Constitution des Staats Wisconsin, angenommen in der Convention zu Madison, am 1ten Februar, 18481

PREAMBLE

EINLEITUNG

W E, the people of W ISCONSIN, grateful to Almighty God for our freedom; in order to secure its blessings, form a more perfect government, insure domestic tranquility and promote the general welfare; do establish this C ONSTITUTION.

Wir, das Volk von Wisconsin, Gott dem Allmächten für unsere Freiheit dankbar, errichten, um die Segnungen derselben zu sichern, eine vollkommenere Regierung zu bilden, die innere Ruhe zu befestigen und die allgemeine Wohlfahrt zu fördern, diese Constitution.

ARTICLE I

ERSTER ARTIKEL

Declaration of Rights

Erklärung der Rechte

S ECT. 1. A LL men are born equally free and independent, and have certain inherent rights; among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness: to secure these rights governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.

§ 1. Alle Menschen sind gleich frei und unabhängig geboren und haben gewisse inwohnende Rechte. Zu diesen gehören Leben, Freiheit und das Streben nach Wohlbefinden2 . Um diese Rechte zu sichern, sind Regierungen unter den Menschen eingeführt worden, welche ihre rechtmäßige Gewalt von der Zustimmung der Regierten ableiten.

S ECT. 2. There shall be neither slavery, nor involuntary servitude in this state, otherwise than for the punishment of crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted.

§ 2. In diesem Staate soll es weder Sclaverei noch unfreiwillige Dienstbarkeit geben, außer als Strafe für ein Verbrechen, dessen der Betreffende gehörig überführt worden.

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W ISCONSIN S ECT. 3. Every person may freely speak, write and publish his sentiments on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that right, and no laws shall be passed to restrain or abridge the liberty of speech, or of the press. In all criminal prosecutions, or indictments for libel, the truth may be given in evidence, and if it shall appear to the jury, that the matter charged as libellous be true, and was published with good motives and for justifiable ends, the party shall be acquitted; and the jury shall have the right to determine the law and the fact.

§ 3. Jede Person kann ihre Gedanken über alle Gegenstände frei aussprechen, schreiben und veröffentlichen, wobei sie für den Mißbrauch dieses Rechtes verantwortlich ist, und es sollen keine Gesetze zur Unterdrückung oder Einschränkung der Rede- oder Preßfreiheit erlassen werden. In allen gerichtlichen Verfolgungen oder Anklagen einer Schmähschrift (libel) wegen, kann die Wahrheit als Gegenbeweis gegeben werden, und wenn es der Jury (Geschworenen) erhellen sollte, daß der als Schmähschrift beschuldigte Gegenstand wahr ist, und aus guten Beweggründen und zu Zwecken publizirt wurde, die sich rechtfertigen lassen, so soll die Partei freigesprochen werden, und die Jury soll das Recht haben, über Gesetz und Thatbestand zu entscheiden.

S ECT. 4. The right of the people peaceably to assemble, to consult for the common good, and to petition the government, or any department thereof, shall never be abridged.

§ 4. Das Recht des Volkes, sich friedlich zu versammeln, um sich über das gemeine Wohl zu berathen und die Regierung oder irgend ein Departement derselben zu petitioniren, soll nie verkürzt werden.

S ECT. 5. The right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate; and shall extend to all cases at law, without regard to the amount in controversy; but a jury trial may be waived by the parties in all cases, in the manner prescribed by law.

§ 5. Das Recht durch eine Jury gerichtet zu werden soll unverletzt bleiben und sich auf alle Gesetzesfälle erstrecken, ohne Berücksichtigung des streitigen Betrages; doch kann das Geschwornengericht in allen Rechtssachen, auf die im Gesetze vorgeschriebene Weise, durch die Parteien bei Seite gesetzt werden.

S ECT. 6. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor shall excessive fines be imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

§ 6. Keine übermäßige Bürgschaft (bail) soll erfordert, keine übermäßigen Geldbußen auferlegt und keine grausame und ungewöhnliche Bestrafung angewendet werden.

S ECT. 7. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to be heard by himself and counsel2 ; to demand the nature and cause of the accusation against him; to meet the witnesses face to face; to have compulsory process to compel the attendance of witnesses in his behalf; and in prosecutions by indictment, or information, to a speedy public trial by an impartial jury

§ 7. In allen gerichtlichen Verfolgungen soll der Angeklagte das Recht haben, in seiner Person und durch seinen Sachwalter gehört zu werden, die Natur und Ursache der gegen ihn vorgebrachten Anklage zu erfragen, die Zeugen vor sein Gesicht gebracht zu sehen, die Zeugen zu seinen Gunsten durch gerichtliche Zwangsmaßregeln erscheinen zu machen; und in gerichtli-

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C ONSTITUTION OF W ISCONSIN (1848) of the county or district wherein the offence shall have been committed; which county or district shall have been previously ascertained by law.

chen, auf Anklage oder Angabe beruhenden Verfolgungen, eines schnellen, öffentlichen Gerichtes durch eine unparteiische Jury des County oder Distrikts, in welchem das Verbrechen begangen wurde, welches County oder Distrikt vorher gesetzlich ermittelt werden soll.

S ECT. 8. No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offence, unless on the presentment, or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases of impeachment, or in cases cognizable by Justices of the Peace, or arising in the army, or navy, or in the militia when in actual service in time of war, or public danger; and no person for the same offence shall be put twice in jeopardy of punishment, nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself; all persons shall, before conviction, be bailable3 by sufficient sureties, except for capital offences when the proof is evident, or the presumption great; and the privilege of the writ of habeas-corpus shall not be suspended unless when, in cases of rebellion, or invasion, the public safety may require.

§ 8. Keine Person soll gehalten sein, sich für ein Criminal-Verbrechen zu verantworten, außer auf die Angabe oder Anklage einer Grand-Jury, ausgenommen in Fällen einer öffentlichen Anklage (impeachment), oder in Fällen, die unter die gerichtliche Erkennung der Friedensrichter fallen, oder in der Armee oder Flotte vorkommen, oder in der Miliz während eines aktiven Dienstes in Zeiten des Krieges oder öffentlicher Gefahr; und keine Person soll für das nämliche Verbrechen zweimal der Gefahr der Strafe ausgesetzt werden, noch genöthiget werden, in irgend einer criminellen Gerichtssache ein Zeuge gegen sich selbst zu sein. Alle Personen sollen vor ihrer Ueberführung durch hinlängliche Sicherstellung losgebürgt werden können, ausgenommen Todesverbrechen, wenn der Beweis ersichtlich oder der Verdacht stark ist; und das Habeas Corpus3 soll nicht suspendirt werden, außer, wenn in Zeiten von Aufruhr oder Einfall die allgemeine Sicherheit es erfordern sollte.

S ECT. 9. Every person is entitled to a certain remedy in the laws, for all injuries, or wrongs which he may receive in his person, property, or character; he ought to obtain justice4 freely, and without being obliged to purchase it, completely and without denial, promptly and without delay, conformably to the laws.

§ 9. Jedermann hat ein Recht zu einer sicheren Abhilfe in den Gesetzen für jeden Schaden oder Unrecht, die er an seiner Person, Eigenthum oder Charakter erleiden sollte; er sollte Recht und Gerechtigkeit frei erhalten und ohne sie erkaufen zu müssen, vollständig und ohne Abweisung, sogleich und ohne Vorzug, und in Uebereinstimmung mit den Gesetzen.

S ECT. 10. Treason against the State shall consist only in levying war against the same, or in adhering to its enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason, unless on the testimony of

§ 10. Verrath gegen den Staat (Hochverrath) soll blos in Erhebung von Krieg gegen denselben bestehen, oder in Anhänglichkeit an dessen Feinde, indem man ihnen Hülfe und Vorschub leistet. Niemand soll des

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W ISCONSIN two witnesses to the same overt act, or on5 confession in open court.

Hochverraths überwiesen werden, außer auf den Beweis durch zwei Zeugen über die nämliche Handlung oder auf ein Geständnis in offenem Gerichte.

S ECT. 11. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures shall not be violated; and no warrants6 shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath, or affirmation and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

§ 11. Das Recht des Volkes, sicher zu sein in seiner Person, Haus, Papieren und Effekten gegen ungegründete Nachsuchung und Wegnahme, soll nicht verletzt werden, und keine Warrants (Vollziehungsbefehle) sollen erlassen werden, außer aus erweislichem Grunde, unterstützt durch einen Eid oder feierliche Aussage, und mit umständlicher Beschreibung des zu durchsuchenden Platzes, und der Personen oder wegzunehmenden Sachen.

S ECT. 12. No bill of attainder, ex-post facto law, nor any law impairing the obligation of contracts shall ever be passed, and no conviction shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture of estate.

§ 12. Keine Bill of attainder (Gesetz für erbliche Ehrlosmachung), ex-post-facto Gesetz (rückwirkendes Gesetz), noch irgend ein die Verbindlichkeit der Verträge schwächendes Gesetz sollen je erlassen werden, und keine Verurtheilung soll Beschimpfung im Blut (erbliche) oder Verlust des Besitzthums bewirken.

S ECT. 13. The property of no person shall be taken for public use without just compensation therefor.

§ 13. Kein Eigenthum irgend einer Person soll für den öffentlichen Gebrauch, ohne eine gehörige Vergütung, genommen werden.

S ECT. 14. All lands within the state are declared to be allodial, and feudal tenures are prohibited; – Leases and grants of agricultural land7 , for a longer term than fifteen years, in which rent, or service of any kind shall be reserved, and all fines and8 like restraints upon alienation, reserved in any grant of land, hereafter made, are declared to be void.

§ 14. Alles Land innerhalb des Staates ist als Allodium [(]freies Erbgut) erklärt und Feudalbesitze sind verboten. Pachtverträge und Verleihung von Land4 auf einen längern Zeitraum als fünfzehn Jahre, in welchen ein Zins oder Dien[stlei]stung irgend einer Art vorbehalten wäre, und alle Geldbußen und dergleichen auf Veräußerung gelegte Beschränkungen, die in irgend einer zukünftigen Verleihung5 von Land vorbehalten werden sollten, sind als nichtig erklärt.

S ECT. 15. No distinction shall ever be made by law, between resident aliens and citizens, in reference to the possession, enjoyment, or descent of property.

§ 15. Nie soll durch das Gesetz ein Unterschied zwischen ansäßigen Fremden und Bürgern in Bezug auf Besitzthum, Genuß oder Vererbung von Eigenthum gemacht werden.

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V ERFASSUNG VON W ISCONSIN (1848) S ECT. 16. No person shall be imprisoned for debt, arising out of, or founded on a contract, express9 or implied.

§ 16. Niemand soll wegen einer Schuld verhaftet werden, die aus einem ausdrücklichen oder vorausgesetzten Vertrage hervorgeht oder darauf gegründet ist.

S ECT. 17. The privelege of the debtor to enjoy the necessary comforts of life, shall be recognized by wholesome laws, exempting a reasonable amount of property from seizure, or sale for the payment of any debt, or liability hereafter contracted.

§ 17. Das Recht des Schuldners, sich der nothwendigen Bequemlichkeiten des Lebens zu erfreuen, soll durch heilsame Gesetze anerkannt werden, durch Ausnahme (Exemption) eines mäßigen Betrages des Eigenthums von Wegnahme oder Verkauf für irgend eine späterhin contrahirte Schuld oder Verpflichtung.

S ECT. 18. The right of every man to worship Almighty God, according to the dictates of his own conscience, shall never be infringed; nor shall any man be compelled to attend, erect, or support any place of worship, or to maintain any ministry against his consent; nor shall any control of10 , or interference with, the rights of conscience be permitted, or any preference be given by law to any religious establishments, or modes11 of worship; nor shall any money be drawn from the treasury for the benefit of religious societies, or religious, or theological12 seminaries.

§ 18. Das Recht eines Jeden, Gott den Allmächtigen nach den Vorschriften seines eigenen Gewissens zu verehren, soll nie verletzt werden; noch soll irgend Jemand gegen seine Einwilligung genöthiget werden, irgend einen für den Gottesdienst bestimmten Platz zu besuchen, zu errichten oder zu unterstützen, oder irgend eine Priesterschaft zu unterhalten; noch soll irgend eine Beaufsichtigung oder Einmischung in die Rechte des Gewissens gestattet, oder Bevorzugung durch das Gesetz irgend welchen religiösen Anstalten oder Arten von Gottesdienst gegeben werden; noch irgend Geld zu Gunsten religiöser Gesellschaften, oder theologischer oder religiöser Seminarien, aus dem Schatze gezogen werden.

S ECT. 19. No religious test13 shall ever be required as a qualification for any office of public trust under the State, and no person shall be rendered incompetent to give evidence in any court of law, or equity, in consequence of his opinions on the subject of religion.

§ 19. Kein religiöser Prüfungseid (test) soll jemals als Qualifikation für irgend ein öffentliches Amt6 dieses Staates erfordert, und Niemand seiner religiösen Meinung wegen unfähig werden, in irgend einem Rechtsoder Billigkeits-Gerichtshofe Zeugniß abzulegen.

S ECT. 20. The military shall be in strict subordination to the civil power.

§ 20. Das Militär soll in strenger Subordination unter der Civilgewalt stehen.

S ECT. 21. Writs of error shall never be prohibited by law.

§ 21. Writs of error (Gesuche wegen fehlerhaftem gerichtlichen Verfahren[)] sollen nie durch das Gesetz verboten werden.

S ECT. 22. The blessings of a free government can only be maintained by a firm

§ 22. Der Segen einer freien Regierung kann nur durch ein kräftiges Festhalten

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W ISCONSIN adherence to justice, moderation, temperance, frugality and virtue, and by frequent recurrence to fundamental principles.

an Gerechtigkeit, Selbstbeherrschung, Mäßigkeit, Genügsamkeit und Tugend, und durch öfters Zurückkehren zu ursprünglichen Grundsätzen, festgehalten werden.

ARTICLE II

ZWEITER ARTIKEL

Boundaries

Staatsgrenzen

S ECT. 1. I T is hereby ordained and declared, that the State of Wisconsin doth consent and accept of the boundaries prescribed in the Act of Congress entitled “An act to enable the people of Wisconsin Territory to form a Constitution and State government, and for the admission of such State into the Union,” Approved August sixth14 , one thousand eight hundred and forty six,15 to wit: Beginning at the north-east corner of the State of Illinois – that is to say; at a point in the centre of Lake Michigan, where the line of forty two degrees and thirty minutes of north latitude crosses the same; thence running with the boundary line of the State of Michigan, through16 Lake Michigan, Green Bay, to the mouth of Menominie17 river; thence up the channel of the18 said19 river to the Brulé river; thence up said last mentioned river to Lake Brulé; thence along the southern shore of Lake Brulé, in a direct line to the centre of the channel between Middle and South Islands, in the Lake of the Desert; thence in a direct line to the head waters of the Montreal river, as marked upon20 the survey made by Captain Cramm21 ; thence down the main channel of the Montreal river to the middle of Lake Superior; thence through the centre of Lake Superior to the mouth of the St Louis river; thence up the main channel of said22 river to the first rapids in the same, above the Indian village, according to Nichollet’s23 map24 ; thence due south to the main branch of the river St. Croix; thence down the main channel of said25 river to the Mississippi;

§ 1. Es ist hiermit angeordnet und erklärt, daß der Staat von Wisconsin in die Grenzlinien einwilliget und sie annimmt, wie sie in der Akte des Congresses, betitelt: „Akte zur Befähigung des Volkes vom Wisconsin-Territorium, eine Constitution und Staatsregierung zu bilden, und zur Zulassung solchen Staates in die Union,“ genehmiget am 6. August 1846, vorgeschrieben sind, nämlich: Beginnend mit der nordöstlichen Ecke des Staats Illinois, d.h. auf einem Punkte in der Mitte des Sees Michigan, über welchen der 42° 30’ der nördlichen Breite zieht; von da laufend mit der Grenzlinie des Staats Michigan durch den See Michigan, Green Bay, bis zur Mündung des Menomonie-Flußes; von da aufwärts durch das Bett des genannten Flusses bis zum Brule-Fluß; von da aufwärts mit dem letztgenannten Flusse bis zum Brule-See; von da längs des südlichen Ufers des Brule-Sees in einer geraden Linie bis zur Mitte des Canals zwischen Middle- und South-Island, im Wüstensee (Lake of Desert); von da in einer geraden Linie bis zum Hauptarme7 des Montreal-Flusses, wie auf der von Capt. Cram veranstalteten Aufnahme bezeichnet ist; von da das Hauptbett des Montreal-Flusses herab bis zur Mitte des Superior-Sees; von da durch das Centrum des Superior-Sees bis zur Mündung des St. Louis-Fl.; von da das Hauptbett des besagten Flusses aufwärts bis zur ersten Stromschnelle desselben, oberhalb des Indianischen Dorfes, nach Nicolets Charte; von da gerade südlich zum Hauptarme des St. Croix-Flusses; von da das Hauptbett des be-

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C ONSTITUTION OF W ISCONSIN (1848) thence down the centre of the main channel of that river to the north-west corner of the State of26 Illinois; thence due east with the northern boundary of the State of Illinois to the place of beginning, as established by “an act to enable the people of the Illinois Territory to form a constitution and state government; and for the admission of such state into the Union on an equal footing with the original States,” Approved April 18th 181827 . Provided, however, that the following alteration of the aforesaid boundary be, and hereby is proposed to the Congress of the United States as28 the preference of29 the State of Wisconsin, and if the same shall be assented and agreed to by the Congress of the United States, then the same shall be and forever remain obligatory on the State of Wisconsin, viz: Leaving the aforesaid boundary line at the foot of the rapids of the St. Louis river; thence in a direct line, bearing South-westerly30 , to the mouth of the Iskodewabo31 , or Rum river, where the same empties into the Mississippi river; thence down the main channel of the said Mississippi river as prescribed in the aforesaid boundary.

sagten Flusses herab bis zum Mississippi; von da längs der Mitte des Hauptbettes dieses Flusses herab zur nordwestlichen Ecke des Staats Illinois; von da genau östlich mit der nördlichen Grenze des Staats Illinois bis zum Anfangspunkte, wie durch „eine Akte zur Befähigung des Volkes des IllinoisTerritoriums, eine Constitution und Staatsregierung zu bilden und zur Zulassung solchen Staates in die Union auf einem gleichen Fuße mit den ursprünglichen Staaten,“ „genehmiget am 18ten April 1818,“ festgestellt worden. Jedoch vorgesehen, daß die folgende Veränderung der vorbesagten Grenzen dem Congreß der Ver. Staaten als der Vorzug des Staates Wisconsin vorgeschlagen werde und hiermit vorgeschlagen ist; und wenn der Congreß der Ver. Staaten derselben beipflichten und damit übereinstimmen sollte, so soll solche für den Staat Wisconsin bindend sein und für immer bindend verbleiben, nämlich: Die vorbesagte Grenzlinie am Fuße der Stromschnellen des St. Louis-Flusses verlassend; von da in einer geraden, südwestlich bis an den Einfluß des Iskodewabaoder Rumflusses, wo sich derselbe in den Mississippi-Fluß ergießt, hinziehenden Linie; von da das Hauptbett des besagten Mississippi-Flusses abwärts, wie in der oben angeführten Begrenzung vorgeschrieben.

S ECT. 2. The propositions contained in the act of Congress are hereby accepted, ratified and confirmed, and shall remain irrevocable without32 the consent of the United States; and it is hereby ordained that this State shall never interfere with the primary disposal of the soil within the same by the United States, nor with any regulations Congress may find necessary for securing the title in such soil to bona-fide purchasers thereof; and no tax shall be imposed on land, the property of the United States; and in no case shall non-resident proprietors be taxed higher than residents. Provided,

§ 2. Die in der Akte des Congresses enthaltenen Anträge sind hiermit angenommen, ratifizirt und bestätiget, und sollen ohne die Zustimmung der Vereinigten Staaten unwiderruflich sein, und es ist hiermit angeordnet, daß sich dieser Staat nie in die ursprüngliche durch die Vereinigten Staaten getroffene Verfügung über den in demselben begriffenen Boden, noch in irgend eine Anordnung einmische, die der Congreß zur Sicherung der Rechte der bona fide (in gutem Glauben) Käufer desselben als nöthig befinden sollte; und kein den Vereinigten Staaten gehöriges Land soll mit einer Taxe

213

W ISCONSIN that nothing in this Constitution, or in the Act of Congress aforesaid, shall in any manner prejudice, or affect the right33 of the State of Wisconsin to five hundred thousand acres of land, granted to said State, and to be hereafter selected and located by and under the act of Congress entitled “An act to appropriate the proceeds of the sales of the34 public lands, and grant pre-emption rights,” Approved September fourth, one thousand, eight hundred and forty one.35

belegt werden; und in keinem Falle sollen nicht hier wohnende Eigenthümer höher als hier wohnende besteuert werden: Vorgesehen, daß nichts in dieser Constitution oder in der obbemeldeten Akte des Congresses auf irgend eine Weise das Recht des Staates Wisconsin zu fünfhundert Tausend dem besagten Staate verliehenen Acker8 Land, welches später vermöge und unter der Akte des Congresses, betitelt: „Akte zur Verwendung der Einkünfte vom Verkaufe öffentlicher Ländereien, und zur Ertheilung von Vorkaufsrechten,“ bestätiget am 4. September 1841, gewählt und ausgelegt werden soll, benachtheilige oder angreife.

ARTICLE III

DRITTER ARTIKEL

Suffrage

Stimmrecht

S ECT. 1. E VERY male person of the age of twenty-one years or upwards, belonging to either36 of the following classes, who shall have resided in the37 state for one year next preceding any election, shall be deemed a qualified elector at such election:

§ 1. Jede männliche Person, von einundzwanzig Jahren oder darüber, welche zu irgend einer der folgenden Klassen gehört und in diesem Staate ein Jahr lang unmittelbar vor irgend einer Wahl gewohnt hat, soll als befugter Wähler bei solcher Wahl erachtet werden:

First. White citizens of the United States.

1) Weiße Bürger der Vereinigten Staaten.

Second. White persons of foreign birth who shall have declared their intention to become citizens, conformably to the laws of the United States on the subject of naturalization.

2) Weiße Personen ausländischer Geburt, die sich erklärt haben, gemäß den Gesetzen der Verein. Staaten über Naturalisation, Bürger werden zu wollen.

Third. Persons of Indian blood who have once been declared by law of congress to be citizens of the United States, any subsequent law38 of Congress to the contrary notwithstanding.

3) Personen indianischen Blutes, die einmal durch ein Gesetz des Congresses als Bürger der Vereinigten Staaten erklärt worden sind, ungeachtet eines entgegengesetzten späteren Aktes des Congresses.

Fourth. Civilized persons of Indian descent, not members of any tribe: Provided, that the Legislature may at any time extend, by law, the right of suffrage to persons not herein enumerated, but no such law shall be

4) Civilisirte Personen indianischer Abkunft, die nicht Glieder eines Stammes sind: Vorgesehen, daß die Legislatur9 zu irgend einer Zeit das Stimmrecht auf Personen ausdehnen kann, die hier nicht aufgezählt sind,

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V ERFASSUNG VON W ISCONSIN (1848) in force until the same shall have been submitted to a vote of the people at a general election, and approved by a majority of all the votes cast at such election.

doch soll kein solches Gesetz in Kraft treten, bis dasselbe bei einer allgemeinen Wahl der Abstimmung des Volkes vorgelegt und durch eine Mehrheit aller bei solcher Wahl abgegebenen Stimmen gebilliget worden.

S ECT. 2. No person under guardianship, non-compos mentis, or insane, shall be qualified to vote at any election; nor shall any person convicted of treason, or felony, be qualified to vote at any election, unless restored to civil rights.

§ 2. Keine unter Vormundschaft gestellte, des Verstandesgebrauchs unfähige oder irrsinnige Person soll befähiget sein, bei irgend einer Wahl zu stimmen; noch soll eine des Hochverraths oder peinlichen Verbrechens10 überführte Person befugt sein, bei irgend einer Wahl zu stimmen, bis sie ihre Civilrechte durch Gesetze oder den Wegfall natürlicher oder anderer Unfähigkeit wieder erhalten hat11 .

S ECT. 3. All votes shall be given by ballot, except for such township officers as may by law be directed, or allowed to be otherwise chosen.

§ 3. Alle Stimmen sollen mittelst eines Stimmzettels (Ballot) abgegeben werden, außer für solche Beamten von Townships, die das Gesetz auf andere Art zu wählen anordnen oder erlauben mag.

S ECT. 4. No person shall be deemed to have lost his residence in this State, by reason of his absence on business of the United States, or of this State.

§ 4. Niemand soll wegen seiner Abwesenheit in Angelegenheiten der Ver. Staaten oder dieses Staates als seines Wohnsitzes in diesem Staate verlustig erachtet werden.

S ECT. 5. No soldier, seaman, or marine in the Army or Navy of the United States shall be deemed a resident of this state, in consequence of being stationed within the same.

§ 5. Kein in der Armee oder Marine der Vereinigten Staaten dienender Soldat, Seemann oder Matrose soll in Folge seiner Stationirung innerhalb dieses Staates als ein Bewohner desselben angesehen werden.

S ECT. 6. Laws may be passed excluding from the right of suffrage all persons who have been or may be convicted of bribery, or larceny, or of39 any infamous crime, and depriving every person who shall make, or become directly, or indirectly40 interested, in any bet or wager depending upon the result of any election, from the right to vote at such election.

§ 6. Es können Gesetze erlassen werden zur Ausschließung aller Personen vom Stimmechte, die einer Bestechung, Diebstahls oder irgend eines schändlichen Verbrechens schuldig befunden worden sind oder befunden werden sollten, und die Jedem, der eine von dem Resultat der Wahl abhängige Wette machen oder in derselben auf direkte oder indirekte Weise betheiligt sein sollte, das Recht nehmen, bei solcher Wahl zu stimmen.

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ARTICLE IV

VIERTER ARTIKEL

Legislative

Gesetzgebung12

S ECT. 1. T HE Legislative power shall be vested in a senate and Assembly.

§ 1. Mit der gesetzgebenden Gewalt soll ein Senat und eine Assembly bekleidet sein.

S ECT. 2. The number of the members of the Assembly shall never be less than fiftyfour, nor more than one hundred. The Senate shall consist of a number41 not more than one-third, nor less than one-fourth of the number of the members of the Assembly.

§ 2. Die Zahl der Mitglieder der Assembly soll niemals weniger als vierundfünfzig und nie mehr als hundert sein. Der Senat soll aus einer Anzahl von Mitgliedern bestehen, die nicht mehr als ein Drittheil und nicht weniger als ein Viertel der Zahl der Mitglieder der Assembly ist.

S ECT. 3. The legislature shall provide by law for an enumeration of the inhabitants of the State in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty five, and at the end of every ten years thereafter; and at their first session after such enumeration, and also after each enumeration made by the authority of the United States, the legislature shall apportion and district42 anew the members of the Senate and Assembly, according to the number of inhabitants, excluding Indians not taxed, and soldiers and officers of the United States Army and Navy.

§ 3. Die Legislatur soll durch ein Gesetz für eine Zählung der Bewohner des Staates im Jahre 1855 und am Ende jeder weiteren zehn Jahre sorgen; und bei ihrer ersten Sitzung, nach einer solchen Zählung, so wie nach jeder auf Anordnung der Vereinigten Staaten gemachten Zählung, soll die Legislatur die Mitglieder des Senats und der Assembly auf’s Neue, im Verhältnisse zur Einwohnerzahl, und mit Ausschluß der nicht besteuerten Indianer und der Soldaten und Offizieren der Vereinigten-Staaten-Armee und Marine, vertheilen und in Bezirke bringen.

S ECT. 4. The members of the Assembly shall be chosen annually by single districts, on the Tuesday succeeding the first Monday of November, by the qualified electors of the several districts. Such districts to be bounded by county, precinct, town, or ward lines, to consist of contiguous territory, and be in as compact form as practicable.

§ 4. Die Mitglieder der Assembly sollen jährlich am Dienstag, der auf den ersten Montag im November folgt, in einzelnen Distrikten durch die qualifizirten Wähler der verschiedenen Distrikte gewählt werden, welche Distrikte durch County-, Precinct-, Town- und Ward-Linien begrenzt sein, aus zusammenhängendem Territorium bestehen und so viel als möglich feste Form haben sollen.

S ECT. 5. The Senators shall be chosen43 by single districts of convenient contiguous territory, at the same time and in the same manner as members of the Assembly are required to be chosen, and no Assembly district shall be divided in the formation of a Senate district. The Senate districts shall be

§ 5. Die Senatoren sollen durch einzelne Distrikte von schicklich zusammenhängendem Territorium zu derselben Zeit und auf dieselbe Weise gewählt werden, wie es bei der Wahl der Assembly-Glieder verlangt ist, und kein Assembly-Distrikt soll bei der Bildung eines Senats-Distrikts getheilt werden.

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C ONSTITUTION OF W ISCONSIN (1848) numbered in regular series, and the Senators chosen by the odd-numbered districts shall go out of office at the expiration of the first year, and the senators chosen by the evennumbered districts shall go out of office at the expiration of the second year, and thereafter the Senators shall be chosen for the term of two years.

Die Senats-Distrikte sollen in ordentlicher Zahlenreihe numerirt sein, und die Senatoren, welche durch die mit ungeraden Zahlen bezeichneten Distrikte gewählt worden, sollen mit Ablauf des ersten Jahres, und die Senatoren, welche durch die mit geraden Zahlen bezeichneten Distrikte gewählt worden, mit Ablauf des zweiten Jahres aus dem Amte treten, und darnach sollen die Senatoren für zwei Jahre gewählt werden.

S ECT. 6. No person shall be eligible to the Legislature, who shall not have resided one year within the State, and be a qualified elector in the district which he may be chosen to represent.

§ 6. Niemand soll für die Legislatur wählbar sein, der nicht ein Jahr lang innerhalb des Staates gewohnt hat und nicht ein qualifizirter Wähler in dem Distrikte ist, als dessen Repräsentant er gewählt werden sollte.

S ECT. 7. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns and qualifications of its own members; and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business: but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may compel the attendance of absent members in such manner, and under such penalties, as each house may provide.

§ 7. Jedes Haus soll Richter über die Wahlen, Berichte und Qualifikationen seiner eigenen Glieder sein, und eine Majorität eines jeden soll ein Quorum zur Verrichtung der Geschäfte bilden; doch kann eine geringere Zahl sich von Tag zu Tag vertagen, und die Anwesenheit abwesender Mitglieder in solcher Weise und unter solchen Strafen erzwingen, wie jedes Haus bestimmen mag.

S ECT. 8. Each house may determine the rules of its own proceedings, punish for contempt44 and disorderly behaviour, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds of all the members elected, expel a member; but no member shall be expelled a second time for the same cause.

§ 8. Jedes Haus kann die Regeln seiner eigenen Verhandlungen bestimmen, für Gehorsamsverweigerung13 und für unordentliches Betragen bestrafen, und mit Zustimmung von zwei Drittheilen aller erwählten Mitglieder ein Mitglied ausstoßen; doch soll kein Mitglied zum zweiten Male aus derselben Ursache ausgestoßen werden.

S ECT. 9. Each house shall choose its own officers, and the Senate shall choose a temporary president, when the LieutenantGovernor shall not attend as president, or shall act as Governor.

§ 9. Jedes Haus soll seine eigenen Beamten wählen, und der Senat soll einen zeitweiligen Präsidenten wählen, wenn der Lieutenant-Gouverneur nicht als Präsident beiwohnen oder als Gouverneur handeln sollte.

S ECT. 10. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings and publish the same, except such parts as require secrecy. The doors of each house shall be kept open except when the public welfare shall require secrecy. Neither house shall, without con-

§ 10. Jedes Haus soll ein Tagebuch (Journal) seiner Verhandlungen führen und dieselben veröffentlichen, mit Ausnahme solcher Theile, die Geheimhaltung verlangen. Die Thüren eines jeden Hauses sollen offen gehalten werden, ausgenommen, wenn

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W ISCONSIN sent of the other, adjourn for more than three days.

das allgemeine Wohl Geheimhaltung erheischen sollte. Keines der Häuser soll sich ohne Zustimmung des andern länger als auf drei Tage vertagen.

S ECT. 11. The Legislature shall meet at the seat of government, at such time as shall be provided by law, once in each year and not oftener, unless convened by the Governor.

§ 11. Die Gesetzgebung14 soll sich am Sitze der Regierung zu solcher Zeit, als durch Gesetz vorgeschrieben werden wird, einmal in jedem Jahre und nicht öfter versammeln, es sei denn, daß sie durch den Gouverneur zusammengerufen wird.

S ECT. 12. No member of the Legislature shall, during the term for which he was elected, be appointed or elected to any civil office in the State, which shall have been created, or the emoluments of which shall have been increased, during the term for which he was elected.

§ 12. Kein Mitglied der Legislatur soll während der Zeitperiode, für welche es erwählt worden, zu irgend einem Civil-Amte im Staate, welches während der Zeit, für welche es erwählt wurde, geschaffen oder dessen Einkünfte in dieser Zeit vergrößert worden, ernannt oder gewählt werden.

S ECT. 13. No person being a member of Congress, or holding any military or civil office under the United States, shall be eligible to a seat in the Legislature, and if any person shall, after his election as a member of the Legislature, be elected to Congress, or be appointed to any office, civil or military, under the government of the United States, his acceptance thereof shall vacate his seat.

§ 13. Niemand, der ein Mitglied des Congresses ist, oder irgend ein Civil- oder Militär-Amt unter den Vereinigten Staaten bekleidet, soll zu einem Sitze in der Legislatur wählbar sein; und wenn Jemand nach seiner Wahl zum Mitglied der Gesetzgebung für den Congreß erwählt oder in irgend ein Civil- oder Militär-Amt unter der Verein.Staaten-Regierung eingesetzt werden sollte, so soll die Annahme desselben seinen Sitz erledigen.

S ECT. 14. The Governor shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies as may occur in either house of the Legislature.

§ 14. Der Gouverneur soll Wahlbriefe15 ausschreiben, um solche vacante Stellen, als in einem der Häuser der Gesetzgebung vorkommen sollten, auszufüllen.

S ECT. 15. Members of the Legislature shall in all cases, except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest; nor shall they be subject to any civil process, during the session of the Legislature, nor for fifteen days next before the commencement and after the45 termination of each session.

§ 15. Mitglieder der Legislatur sollen in allen Fällen, mit Ausnahme von Verrath, peinlichem Verbrechen und Friedensbruch, von Arrest befreit sein, noch sollen sie während der Sitzung der Legislatur, oder fünfzehn Tage unmittelbar vor Anfang und nach dem Schlusse jeder Sitzung, irgend einem Civil-Prozeß unterworfen sein.

S ECT. 16. No member of the Legislature shall be liable in any civil action, or criminal prosecution whatever, for words spoken in debate.

§ 16. Kein Mitglied der Gesetzgebung soll für Worte, die es in den Debatten gesprochen, einer Civil-Klage oder criminellen Untersuchungen ausgesetzt sein.

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V ERFASSUNG VON W ISCONSIN (1848) S ECT. 17. The style of the laws of the state shall be “The people of the State of Wisconsin, represented in46 Senate and Assembly, do enact as follows:” and no law shall be enacted except by bill.

§ 17. Die Stylisirung der Gesetze des Staates soll sein: „Das Volk des Staats Wisconsin, repräsentirt im Senate und der Assembly, verordnet wie folgt: “und kein Gesetz soll erlassen werden außer durch einen Gesetzesentwurf (bill).

S ECT. 18. No private or local bill which may be passed by the Legislature shall embrace more than one subject, and that shall be expressed in the title.

§ 18. Keine Privat- oder Lokal-Bill, so durch die Legislatur erlassen werden sollte, soll mehr als einen Gegenstand umfassen, und dieser soll in dem Titel ausgedrückt werden.

S ECT. 19. Any bill may originate in either house of the Legislature, and a bill passed by one house may be amended by the other.

§ 19. Irgend eine Bill kann in einem der Häuser eingebracht, und eine von einem Hause passirte Bill durch das andere verbessert werden.

S ECT. 20. The yeas47 and nays of the members of either house on any question shall, at the request of one-sixth of those present, be entered on the journal.

§ 20. Die „Ja“ und „Nein“ der Mitglieder beider Häuser über irgend eine Frage sollen, auf Ansuchen eines Sechstels der Anwesenden, in’s Journal eingetragen werden.

S ECT. 21. Each member of the Legislature shall receive for his services two dollars and fifty cents for each days attendance during the session, and ten cents for every mile he shall travel in going to and returning from the place of the meeting of the Legislature, on the most usual route.

§ 21. Jedes Mitglied der Legislatur soll für seine Dienste zwei Dollars und fünfzig Cents für jeden Tag seiner Anwesenheit während der Sitzung, und zehn Cents für jede Meile erhalten, die es auf seiner Hinreise nach, und auf seiner Rückreise vom Versammlungsorte der Legislatur auf dem gebräuchlichsten Wege zurückgelegt hat.

S ECT. 22. The Legislature may confer upon the boards48 of supervisors of the several counties of the state, such powers of a local, legislative and administrative character, as they shall from time to time prescribe.

§ 22. Die Legislatur kann an die Supervisors-Collegien der verschiedenen Counties des Staates solche Gewalten einer lokalen, legislativen und administrativen Natur verleihen, als sie von Zeit zu Zeit anordnen mag.

S ECT. 23. The Legislature shall establish but one system of town and county government, which shall be as nearly uniform as practicable.

§ 23. Die Legislatur soll nur ein System von Town- und County-Regierung einsetzen, welches so viel wie möglich gleichförmig sein soll.

S ECT. 24. The Legislature shall never authorize any lottery, or grant any49 divorce.

§ 24. Die Legislatur soll nie irgend eine Lotterie authorisiren oder irgend eine Ehescheidung bewilligen.

S ECT. 25. The Legislature shall provide by law, that all50 stationary required for the

§ 25. Die Legislatur soll durch das Gesetz anordnen, daß alle zum Gebrauche

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W ISCONSIN use of the State, and all printing authorized and required by them to be done for their use, or for51 the State, shall be let by contract to the lowest bidder, but the Legislature may establish a maximum price; no member of the Legislature, or other State officer shall be interested, either directly or indirectly, in any such contract.

des Staates erforderlichen PapierhändlerWaaren16 und der durch dieselbe authorisirte und für ihren Gebrauch oder für den Staat benöthigte Druck durch Vertrag an den Wenigstnehmenden überlassen werde; doch kann die Legislatur einen MaximumPreis festsetzen. Kein Mitglied der Legislatur oder anderer Staatsbeamter soll mittelbar oder unmittelbar in solchem Vertrage interessirt sein.

S ECT. 26. The Legislature shall never grant any extra compensation to any public officer, agent, servant, or contractor, after the services shall have been rendered, or the contract entered into; nor shall the compensation of any public officer be increased, or diminished during his term of office.

§ 26. Die Legislatur soll nie irgend einem öffentlichen Beamten, Agenten, Diener oder Contrahenten17 eine Extra-Vergütung gestatten, nachdem die Dienste geleistet oder der Vertrag abgeschlossen worden. Auch soll die Besoldung irgend eines öffentlichen Beamten während seiner Amtsdauer weder vermehrt, noch vermindert werden.

S ECT. 27. The Legislature shall direct by law in what manner and in what courts, suits may be brought against the State.

§ 27. Die Legislatur soll durch ein Gesetz verordnen, auf welche Weise und in welchen Gerichtshöfen Klagen gegen den Staat erhoben werden können.

S ECT. 28. Members of the Legislature, and all officers, executive and judicial, except such inferior officers as may be by law exempted, shall before they enter upon the duties of their respective offices, take and subscribe an oath, or affirmation to support the constitution of the United States, and the constitution of the State of Wisconsin, and faithfully to discharge the duties of their respective offices to the best of their ability.

§ 28. Mitglieder der Gesetzgebung, und alle exekutiven und gerichtlichen Beamten, mit Ausnahme solcher untergeordneten Beamten, die gesetzlich ausgenommen werden mögen, sollen, ehe sie die Pflichten ihrer betreffenden Aemter antreten, einen Eid oder Bekräftigung leisten und unterschreiben, die Constitution der Vereinigten Staaten und die Constitution des Staates Wisconsin aufrecht zu erhalten, und die Pflichten ihrer betreffenden Aemter nach ihrer besten Fähigkeit getreulich zu erfüllen.

S ECT. 29. The Legislature shall determine what persons shall constitute the militia of the State, and may provide for52 organizing and disciplining the same in such manner as shall be prescribed by law.

§ 29. Die Legislatur soll bestimmen, welche Personen die Miliz des Staates bilden sollen, und kann für die Organisirung und Disciplinirung derselben auf solche Weise sorgen, als sie durch Gesetz anordnen mag.

S ECT. 30. In all elections to be53 made by the Legislature, the members thereof shall vote viva-voce, and their votes shall be entered on the journal.

§ 30. Bei allen durch die Legislatur vorzunehmenden Wahlen sollen die Mitglieder derselben viva voce (mit lauter Stimme) abstimmen und ihre Stimmen in das Journal eingetragen werden.

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ARTICLE V

FÜNFTER ARTIKEL

Executive

Die vollziehende Gewalt18

S ECT. 1. The Executive power shall be vested in a Governor, who shall hold his office for two years; a Lieutenant-Governor shall54 be elected at the same time, and55 for the same term.

§ 1. Die vollziehende Gewalt soll einem Gouverneur verliehen sein, welcher sein Amt zwei Jahre lang bekleiden soll; ein Vice-Gouverneur (Lieutenant-Governor) soll zu derselben Zeit und für denselben Zeitraum gewählt werden.

S ECT. 2. No person except a citizen of the United States, and a qualified elector of the state, shall be eligible to the office of Governor, or Lieutenant-Governor.

§ 2. Niemand als ein Bürger der Vereinigten Staaten und ein berechtigter Wähler des Staates soll zu dem Amt eines Gouverneurs oder Vice-Gouverneurs wählbar sein.

S ECT. 3. The Governor and LieutenantGovernor shall be elected by the qualified electors of the State, at the times and places of choosing members of the Legislature. The persons respectively having the highest number of votes for Governor and Lieutenant-Governor, shall be elected; but in case two or more shall have an equal and the highest number of votes for Governor, or Lieutenant-Governor, the two houses of the Legislature, at its next annual session, shall forthwith, by joint ballot, choose one of the persons so having an equal and the highest number of votes, for Governor, or Lieutenant-Governor. The returns of election for Governor and Lieutenant-Governor, shall be made in such manner as shall be provided by law.

§ 3. Der Gouverneur und Vice-Gouverneur sollen durch die qualifizirten Wähler des Staates zur Zeit und an den Orten der Wahl von Mitgliedern der Gesetzgebung (Legislatur) gewählt werden. Die Personen, welche beziehungsweise die höchste Stimmenzahl für Gouverneur und Vice-Gouverneur haben, sollen erwählt sein; doch im Falle Einer19 oder Mehrere eine gleiche und die höchste Stimmenzahl für Gouverneur oder Vice-Gouverneur haben, sollen die beiden Häuser der Legislatur in ihrer nächsten jährlichen Sitzung sofort mittelst vereinigter Abstimmung eine der Personen, welche so eine gleiche und die höchste Stimmenzahl haben, zum Gouverneur oder Vice-Gouverneur erwählen. Die Wahlberichte für Gouverneur und Vice-Gouverneur sollen in solcher Weise gemacht werden, wie es durch das Gesetz vorgeschrieben werden soll.

S ECT. 4.56 The Governor shall be commander-in-chief of the military and naval forces of the State. He shall have power to convene the Legislature on extraordinary occasions, and in case of invasion, or danger from the prevalence of contagious disease57 at the seat of government, he may convene them at any other suitable place within the state. He shall communicate to

§ 4. Der Gouverneur soll der Oberbefehlshaber der Militär- und Seemacht des Staates sein. Er soll die Macht haben, die Legislatur bei außerordentlichen Gelegenheiten zusammen zu berufen, und im Falle eines Einfalles oder Gefahr von einer am Regierungssitze vorherrschenden Krankheit, kann er dieselbe an einem anderen geeigneten Platze innerhalb des Staates versam-

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W ISCONSIN the Legislature, at every session, the condition of the state; and recommend such matters to them for their consideration as he may deem expedient. He shall transact all necessary business with the officers of the58 government, civil and military. He shall expedite all such measures as may be resolved upon by the Legislature, and shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed.

meln. Er soll der Legislatur bei jeder Sitzung den Zustand des Staates mittheilen, und derselben solche Gegenstände zur Erwägung anempfehlen, als er für rathsam erachtet. Er soll jedes nöthige Geschäft mit den Regierungsbeamten in Civil- und Militär-Sachen besorgen. Er soll alle solche Maßregeln, welche durch die Legislatur beschlossen werden mögen, erledigen und Sorge tragen, daß die Gesetze getreu vollzogen werden.

S ECT. 5. The Governor shall receive during his continuance in office, an59 annual compensation of one thousand two hundred and fifty dollars.

§ 5. Der Gouverneur soll während seiner Amtsdauer eine jährliche Vergütung von Ein Tausend zweihundert und fünfzig Dollars erhalten.

S ECT. 6. The Governor shall have power60 to grant reprieves, commutations and pardons after conviction, for all offences, except treason and cases of impeachment, upon such conditions and with such restrictions and limitations as he may think proper, subject to such regulations as may be provided by law relative to the manner of applying for pardons. Upon conviction for treason, he shall have the power to suspend the execution of the sentence, until the case shall be reported to the Legislature at its next meeting, when the Legislature shall either pardon, or commute the sentence, direct the execution of the sentence, or grant a further reprieve. He shall annually communicate to the Legislature each case of reprieve, commutation or pardon granted, stating the name of the convict, the crime of which he was convicted, the sentence and its date, and the date of the commutation, pardon or reprieve, with his reasons for granting the same.

§ 6. Der Gouverneur soll die Macht haben, nach der Verurtheilung ExekutionsAufschub, Strafveränderungen oder Begnadigungen für alle Vergehen, mit Ausnahme von Verrath u. Impeachments-Fällen (Fällen öffentlicher Anklage), unter solchen Bedingungen und mit solchen Einschränkungen und Grenzen zu gewähren, als er geeignet finden mag, unterworfen solchen Anordnungen, als durch das Gesetz über die Weise, wie um Begnadigung anzusuchen ist, vorgesehen werden sollte. Bei Verurtheilung wegen Hochverraths soll er die Gewalt haben, die Vollstreckung des Urtheils aufzuschieben, bis der Fall an die Legislatur, bei ihrer nächsten Zusammenkunft, berichtet worden, worauf die Legislatur entweder begnadigen oder das Urtheil verwandeln, die Vollziehung des Urtheils anordnen oder eine weitere Frist gewähren soll. Er soll jährlich der Legislatur jeden Fall eines ertheilten Aufschubs, Urtheilsverwandlung od. Begnadigung mittheilen, mit Angabe des Namens des Verbrechers, des Verbrechens, dessen er schuldig befunden worden, des Urtheilsspruchs und seines Datums, und des Datums der Urtheilsverwandlung, Begnadigung oder Auffschiebung, zugleich mit seinen Gründen für die Ertheilung derselben.

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V ERFASSUNG VON W ISCONSIN (1848) S ECT. 7. In case of the impeachment of the Governor, or his removal from office, death, inability from mental or physical disease, resignation, or absence from the state, the powers and duties of the office shall devolve upon the Lieutenant-Governor for the residue of the term, or until the Governor, absent or impeached, shall have returned, or the disability shall cease. But when the Governor shall, with the consent of the Legislature, be out of the State in time of war, at the head of the military force thereof, he shall continue commander-in-chief of the military force of the State.

§ 7. Im Falle eines Impeachments des Gouverneurs oder seiner Amtsentsetzung, seines Todes, Unfähigkeit wegen geistiger oder körperlicher Krankheit, Abdankung oder Abwesenheit vom Staate, sollen die Gewalten und Pflichten des Amtes für den Rest der Amtszeit, oder bis der abwesende oder in Anklagestand versetzte Gouverneur zurückgekehrt sein oder das gesetzliche Hinderniß aufgehört haben wird, auf den Vice-Gouverneur übergehen. Doch wenn der Gouverneur in Kriegszeiten mit Zustimmung der Legislatur außerhalb des Staates an der Spitze der Militärmacht desselben stellen sollte, soll er Oberbefehlshaber der Militärmacht des Staates bleiben.

S ECT. 8. The Lieutenant Governor shall be President of the Senate, but shall have only a casting vote therein. If, during a vacancy in61 the office of Governor, the Lieutenant-Governor shall be impeached, displaced, resign, die, or from mental, or physical disease become incapable of performing the duties of his office, or be absent from the State, the Secretary of State shall act as Governor, until the vacancy shall be filled, or the disability shall cease.

§ 8. Der Vice-Gouverneur soll Präsident des Senates sein, aber blos eine entscheidende Stimme darin haben. Wenn der Vice-Gouverneur während der Erledigung der Gouverneursstelle in Anklagestand versetzt oder abgesetzt werden, abdanken, sterben oder wegen geistiger oder körperlicher Krankheit unfähig werden sollte, die Pflichten seines Amtes zu erfüllen, od. vom Staate abwesend ist, soll der Staatssekretär als Gouverneur handeln, bis die Vacanz ausgefüllt ist oder das gesetzliche Hinderniß aufhört.

S ECT. 9. The Lieutenant-Governor shall receive double the per-diem allowance of members of the Senate, for every day’s attendance as President of the Senate, and the same mileage as shall be allowed to62 members of the Legislature.

§ 9. Der Vice-Gouverneur soll für jeden Tag seiner Anwesenheit als Präsident des Senats die doppelte Diät der Mitglieder des Senats erhalten, und dasselbe Meilengeld, wie es den Mitgliedern der Legislatur erlaubt werden wird.

S ECT. 10. Every bill which shall have passed the Legislature shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the Governor; if he approve, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large upon the journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration two-thirds of the members present shall agree to pass the bill,

§ 10. Jede Bill, welche die Legislatur passirt haben wird, soll, ehe sie Gesetz wird, dem Gouverneur vorgelegt werden; wenn er sie genehmigt, soll er sie unterzeichnen; wenn nicht, soll er sie mit seinen Einwendungen an dasjenige Haus zurückschicken, in welchem sie eingebracht worden ist, welches die Einwendungen ausführlich im Journal eintragen und zur Wiedererwägung derselben schreiten soll. Wenn nach solcher

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W ISCONSIN it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of the members present, it shall become63 a law. But in all such64 cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the members voting for or against the bill, shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the Governor within three days ( sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, unless the Legislature shall, by their adjournment, prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law.

Wiedererwägung zwei Drittheile der anwesenden Mitglieder sich zur Passirung der Bill vereinigen, soll sie sammt den Einwendungen an das andere Haus gesendet werden, durch welches sie gleichfalls wiedererwogen werden soll, und wenn zwei Drittheile der anwesenden Mitglieder dieselbe genehmigen, soll sie ein Gesetz werden. Doch in allen solchen Fällen sollen die Abstimmungen beider Häuser durch „Ja“ und „Nein“ bestimmt, und die Namen der für oder gegen die Bill stimmenden Mitglieder in das Journal jedes Hauses eingetragen werden. Wenn der Gouverneur irgend eine Bill nicht innerhalb drei Tagen (Sonntage ausgenommen), nachdem sie ihm überreicht worden ist, wieder zurückgeschickt, soll dieselbe ein Gesetz sein, ausgenommen, wenn die Legislatur durch ihre Vertagung deren Zurücksendung verhindern sollte, in welchem Falle sie nicht Gesetz sein soll.

ARTICLE VI

SECHSTER ARTIKEL

Administrative

Staats-Verwaltung

Sect. 1. There shall be chosen by the qualified electors of the state, at the times and places of choosing the members of the Legislature, a Secretary of State, Treasurer and65 Attorney General, who shall severally hold their offices for the term of two years.

§ 1. Ein Staats-Sekretär, ein Schatzmeister und ein General-Anwalt sollen zu der Zeit und an den Orten, an denen die Wahl der Mitglieder der Legislatur geschieht, durch die stimmfähigen Wähler des Staates gewählt werden, und ein Jeder derselben soll sein Amt während eines Zeitraumes von zwei Jahren bekleiden.

S ECT. 2. The Secretary of state shall keep a fair record of the official acts of the Legislature66 and Executive department of the State, and shall, when required, lay the same and all matters relative thereto, before either branch of the Legislature. He shall be exofficio auditor, and shall perform such other duties as shall be assigned him by law. He shall receive as a compensation for his services yearly, such sum as shall be provided by law, and shall keep his office at the seat

§ 2. Der Staats-Sekretär soll ein treues Verzeichniß der offiziellen Handlungen der legislativen und exekutiven Departemente des Staates halten, und dasselbe, sowie alle sich darauf beziehenden Gegenstände, nach ergangener Aufforderung jedem Zweige der Legislatur vorlegen. Er soll ex officio Auditor sein, und alle solche andere Pflichten erfüllen, wie sie ihm das Gesetz zuweist. Als Vergütung soll er jährlich eine solche Summe erhalten, wie sie das Gesetz bestimmt,

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C ONSTITUTION OF W ISCONSIN (1848) of government.

und seine Amtsstube am Regierungssitze halten.

S ECT. 3. The powers, duties and compensation of the Treasurer and Attorney General shall be prescribed by law.

§ 3. Die Rechte20 , Pflichten und Besoldung des Schatzmeisters und General-Anwalts sollen gesetzlich bestimmt werden.

S ECT. 4. Sheriffs, coroners, Registers of Deeds and District Attorneys shall be chosen by the electors of the respective counties, once in every two years, and as often as vacancies shall happen; Sheriffs shall hold no other office, and be ineligible for two years next succeeding the67 termination of their offices. They may be required by law, to renew their security from time to time; and in default of giving such new security, their offices shall be deemed68 vacant. But the county shall never be made responsible for the acts of the sheriff69 . The Governor may remove any officer in this section mentioned, giving to such officer a copy of the charges against him, and an opportunity of being heard in his defence.

§ 4. Scheriffe, Coroner, Registratoren v. Kaufbriefen und Distrikt-Anwälte sollen alle zwei Jahre, und so oft als eine Vacanz eintritt, von den stimmfähigen Wählern der verschiedenen Counties erwählt werden. Die Scheriffe sollen kein anderes Amt halten und für die zwei nächst folgenden Jahre nach Auflauf ihrer Dienstzeit nicht wieder erwählbar sein. Es kann durch Gesetz von ihnen verlangt werden, ihre Bürgschaft von Zeit zu Zeit zu erneuern, und sollten dieselben fehlen, solche neue Sicherheit zu geben, so soll deren Stelle als vacant betrachtet werden. Doch soll das County niemals für die Handlungen des Scheriffs verantwortlich gemacht werden. Der Gouverneur kann irgend einen in dieser Section benannten Beamten absetzen, indem er demselben eine Abschrift der gegen ihn gemachten Beschwerden und Gelegenheit gibt, sich zu vertheidigen.21

ARTICLE VII Judiciary Sect. 1. The court for the trial of impeachments shall be composed of the Senate. The House of Representatives shall have the power of impeaching all civil officers of this state, for corrupt conduct in office, or for crimes and misdemeanors; but a majority of all the members elected shall concur in an impeachment. On the70 trial of an impeachment against the Governor, the LieutenantGovernor shall not act as a member of the court. No judicial officer shall exercise his office, after he shall have been impeached, until his acquittal. Before the trial of an im-

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W ISCONSIN peachment, the members of the court shall take an oath or affirmation, truly and impartially to try the impeachment according to evidence; and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. Judgement in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to71 removal from office, or72 removal from office and disqualification to hold any73 office of honor, profit or trust under the74 state; but the party impeached shall be liable to indictment, trial and punishment according to law. S ECT. 2. The judicial power of this State, both as to matters of law and equity, shall be vested in a Supreme Court, Circuit courts, Courts of Probate,75 and in Justices of the Peace. The Legislature may also vest such jurisdiction as shall be deemed necessary in municipal courts, and shall have power to establish inferior courts in the several counties, with limited civil and criminal jurisdiction. Provided, that the jurisdiction which may be vested in municipal courts, shall not exceed, in their respective municipalities, that of circuit courts, in their respective circuits, as prescribed in76 this Constitution: And that the Legislature shall provide as well for the election of Judges of the77 municipal courts, as of the Judges of78 inferior courts, by the qualified electors of the respective jurisdictions. The term of office of the judges of the said municipal and inferior courts shall not be longer than that of the Judges of the circuit court. S ECT. 3. The Supreme court, except in cases otherwise provided in this constitution, shall have appellate jurisdiction only, which shall be co-extensive with the State; but in no case removed to the Supreme court shall a trial by jury be allowed. The supreme court shall have a general superintending control79 over all inferior courts; it shall have power to issue writs of habeas-corpus, mandamus, injunction, quo warranto, certio-

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V ERFASSUNG VON W ISCONSIN (1848) rari; and other original and remedial writs, and to hear and determine the same. S ECT. 4. For the term of five years, and thereafter until the Legislature shall otherwise provide, the judges of the several circuit courts, shall be judges of the supreme court80 , four of whom shall constitute a quorum, and the concurrence of a majority of the judges present shall be necessary to a decision. The Legislature shall have power, if they should think it expedient and necessary, to provide by law, for the organization of a separate supreme court, with the jurisdiction and powers prescribed in this constitution, to consist of one chief justice, and two associate justices, to be elected by the qualified electors of the State, at such time and in such manner as the Legislature may provide. The separate Supreme court when so organized, shall not be changed or discontinued by the Legislature; the judges thereof shall be so classified that but one of them shall go out of office at the same time; and their81 term of office shall be the same as is provided for the judges of the circuit court. And whenever the Legislature may consider it necessary to establish a separate supreme court, they shall have power to reduce the number of circuit court judges to four, and subdivide the judicial circuits, but no such subdivision or reduction shall take effect until82 after the expiration of the term of some one of83 said judges, or till84 a vacancy occur by some other means. S ECT. 5. The State shall be divided into five judicial circuits, to be composed as follows: the first circuit shall comprise the counties of Racine, Walworth, Rock and Green; the second circuit, the counties of Milwaukee, Waukesha, Jefferson and Dane; the third circuit, the counties of Washington, Dodge, Columbia, Marquette, Sauk and Portage; the fourth circuit, the counties of Brown, Manitowoc85 , Sheboygan, Fond du Lac, Winnebago86 and Calumet; and the

§ 5. Der Staat soll in fünf Gerichtsdistrikte22 getheilt sein; den ersten Distrikt sollen die Counties Racine, Walworth, Rock und Green bilden; den zweiten Distrikt die Counties Milwaukie, Waukesha, Jefferson und Dane; den dritten Distrikt die Counties Washington, Dodge, Columbia, Marquette, Sauk und Portage; den vierten Distrikt die Counties Brown, Manitowoc, Sheboygan, Fond du Lac, Winnebago und Calumet; und der fünfte Distrikt soll die Counties Iowa,

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W ISCONSIN fifth circuit shall comprise the counties of Iowa, La Fayette, Grant, Crawford and St. Croix; and the county of Richland shall be attached to Iowa, the county of Chippewa to the county of Crawford, and the county of La Pointe87 to the county of St. Croix for judicial purposes until otherwise provided88 by the Legislature

La Fayette, Grant, Crawford und St. Croix umfassen, und das County Richland soll für gerichtliche Zwecke an das County Iowa angeschlossen werden, das County Chippewa an das County Crawford, und das County La Pointe an das County St. Croix, bis die Legislatur anders bestimmt hat.

S ECT. 6. The Legislature may alter the limits, or increase the number of circuits, making them as compact and convenient as practicable, and bounding them by county lines; but no such alteration or increase shall have the effect to remove a judge from office. In case of an increase of circuits, the judge or judges shall be elected as provided in this constitution and receive a salary not89 less than that herein provided for judges of the circuit court.

§ 6. Die Legislatur kann die Grenzen der Distrikte ändern oder die Zahl derselben vermehren, indem sie dieselben so compact und passend als möglich macht und durch County-Linien begrenzt; doch soll keine solche Veränderung oder Vermehrung die Entfernung eines Richters aus dem Amte zur Folge haben. Im Falle einer Vermehrung von Distrikten sollen der Richter oder die Richter so gewählt werden, wie in dieser Constitution verordnet ist, und eine nicht geringere, als die hierin für die Richter der Circuit Courts bestimmte Besoldung erhalten.

S ECT. 7. For each circuit there shall be a judge chosen by the qualified electors therein, who shall hold his office as is provided in this constitution, and until his successor shall be chosen and qualified; and after he shall have been elected, he shall reside in the circuit for which he was elected. One of said judges shall be designated as chief justice in such manner as the Legislature shall provide. And the Legislature shall at its first session provide by law as well for the election of, as for classifying the judges of the circuit court90 to be elected under this constitution, in such manner that one of said judges shall go out of office in two years, one in three years, one in four years, one in five years and one in six years, and thereafter the judge elected to fill the office shall hold the same for six years.

§ 7. Für jeden District (Circuit) soll durch die berechtigten Wähler desselben ein Richter gewählt werden, der sein Amt auf die Weise bekleiden soll, wie in dieser Constitution vorgeschrieben ist, bis sein Nachfolger gewählt und qualifizirt ist, und nachdem er erwählt, soll er in dem Distrikt, für welchen er gewählt ist, wohnen. Einer der genannten Richter soll in solcher Weise, als die Legislatur verordnen wird, zum Chief Justice (vorsitzenden Richter) ernannt werden. Und die Legislatur soll in ihrer ersten Sitzung23 durch Gesetz sowohl für die Wahl, als für die Classifizirung der unter dieser Constitution zu wählenden Richter der Circuit Courts in solcher Weise bestimmen, daß einer der besagten Richter in zwei, einer in drei, einer in vier, einer in fünf und einer in sechs Jahren aus dem Amte tritt, und darnach soll der zu diesem Amte gewählte Richter dasselbe für sechs Jahre bekleiden.

S ECT. 8. The circuit courts shall have

§ 8. Die Circuit Courts sollen in allen

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C ONSTITUTION OF W ISCONSIN (1848) original jurisdiction in all matters civil and criminal within this state, not excepted in this constitution, and not hereafter prohibited by law; and appellate jurisdiction from all inferior courts and tribunals, and a supervisory control over the same. They91 shall also have the power to issue writs of habeas corpus, mandamus, injunction, quo warranto, certiorari, and all other writs necessary to carry into effect their orders, judgements and decrees, and give them a general control over inferior courts and jurisdictions.

Civil- und Criminalsachen, die nicht in dieser Constitution ausgenommen und nicht später gesetzlich entzogen werden, innerhalb dieses Staates Gerichtsbarkeit erster Instanz (original jurisdiction) haben, und Appellations-Gerichtsbarkeit über alle niederern Gerichtshöfe und Tribunale, so wie eine oberaufsichtliche Controle über dieselben. Ebenso sollen die Circuit Courts bevollmächtigt sein, Befehle auf Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Injunction, Quo Warranto, Certiorari und alle anderen nöthigen gerichtlichen Befehle zu erlassen, um ihre Verordnungen, Rechtssprüche und Dekrete durchzuführen, und denselben eine allgemeine Controle über die niederern Gerichtshöfe und Jurisdictionen zu geben.

S ECT. 9. When a vacancy shall happen in the office of92 judge of the supreme or circuit courts93 , such vacancy shall be filled by an94 appointment of the Governor, which shall continue until a successor is elected and qualified; and when elected such successor shall hold his office the residue of the unexpired term. There shall be no election for a judge or judges at any general election for state or county officers, nor within thirty days either before, or after such election.

§ 9. Sollte in dem Amte eines Richters der Supreme oder Circuit Courts eine Vacanz vorfallen, so soll solche durch eine Ernennung des Gouverneurs besetzt werden, die fortbestehen soll, bis ein Nachfolger erwählt und qualifizirt ist; und wenn erwählt, soll ein solcher Nachfolger sein Amt für den Rest des noch nicht abgelaufenen Termins bekleiden. Keine Wahl für einen oder mehrere Richter soll bei einer allgemeinen Wahl von Staats- oder County-Beamten, noch innerhalb dreißig Tagen vor oder nach solcher Wahl, stattfinden.

S ECT. 10. Each of the judges of the supreme and circuit courts shall receive a salary, payable quarterly, of not less than one thousand five hundred dollars annually; they shall receive no fees of office, or other compensation than their salaries; they shall hold no office of public trust, except a judicial office, during the term for which they are respectively elected, and all votes for either of them for any office, except a judicial office, given by the Legislature or the people, shall be void. No person shall be eligible to the office of judge, who shall not, at the time of his election, be a citizen of the United States, and have attained the age of

§ 10. Jeder der Richter der Supreme oder Circuit Courts soll einen vierteljährlich zahlbaren Gehalt von nicht weniger als Ein Tausend fünfhundert Dollars jährlich beziehen; sie sollen keine Amtsgebühren oder andere Entschädigung außer ihrem Gehalt erhalten; sie sollen während des Zeitraums, für den sie gewählt worden, kein öffentliches Amt, ausgenommen ein richterliches, bekleiden, und alle Stimmen, so für einen derselben, durch die Legislatur oder das Volk, zu einem andern als einem Richter-Amte gegeben worden, sollen ungültig sein. Niemand soll zum Amte eines Richters wählbar sein, der nicht zur Zeit seiner Wahl Bürger der

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W ISCONSIN twenty five years, and be a qualified elector within the jurisdiction for which he may be chosen.

Vereinigten Staaten ist, das Alter von fünf und zwanzig Jahren nicht erreicht hat, und nicht ein berechtigter Wähler des Gerichtsbezirks ist, für welchen er gewählt werden soll.

S ECT. 11. The supreme court shall hold at least one term, annually, at the seat of government of the state, at such time95 as shall be provided by law. And the Legislature may provide for holding other terms, and at other places when they may deem it necessary. A circuit court shall be held, at least twice in each year, in each county of this96 state organized for judicial purposes. The judges of the circuit court97 may hold courts for each other, and shall do so when required by law.

§ 11. Die Supreme Court soll wenigstens einen Termin jährlich am Sitze der Staatsregierung zu solchen Zeiten halten, wie es durch’s Gesetz bestimmt werden soll, und die Legislatur kann, wenn sie es für nothwendig erachtet, verordnen, daß andere Termine und an anderen Orten abgehalten werden. Eine Circuit Court soll jedes Jahr wenigstens zweimal in jedem zu gerichtlichen Zwecken organisirten County dieses Staates gehalten werden. Die Richter der Circuit Courts sollen24 einer für den andern zu Gericht sitzen, und sollen dieses thun, wenn das Gesetz es verlangt.

S ECT. 12. There shall be a clerk of the circuit court chosen in each county organized for judicial purposes, by the qualified electors thereof, who shall hold his office for two years, subject to removal, as shall be provided by law. In case of a vacancy, the judge of the circuit court shall have the power to appoint a clerk until the vacancy shall be filled by an election. The clerk thus elected or appointed shall give such security as the Legislature may require; and when elected shall hold his office for a full term. The98 supreme court shall appoint its own clerk, and the99 clerk of a100 circuit court may be appointed clerk of the supreme court.

§ 12. In jedem für Gerichtszwecke organisirten County sollen die berechtigten Wähler desselben einen Clerk (Schreiber) der Circuit Court wählen, der sein Amt zwei Jahre lang bekleiden soll, und in Fällen, die das Gesetz zu bestimmen hat, abgesetzt werden kann. Im Falle einer Erledigung soll der Richter der Circuit Court ermächtigt sein, einen Clerk zu ernennen, bis die Vacanz durch eine Wahl gefüllt ist. Der auf diese Art erwählte oder ernannte Clerk soll solche Bürgschaft leisten, als die Legislatur fordern mag, und, wenn erwählt, soll er sein Amt für eine volle Amtszeit bekleiden. Die Supreme Court soll ihren eigenen Clerk ernennen, und der Clerk einer Circuit Court kann als Clerk der Supreme Court angestellt werden.

S ECT. 13. Any judge of the supreme or circuit court may be removed from office, by address of both houses of the Legislature, if two-thirds of all the members elected to each house concur therein, but no removal shall be made by virtue of this section, unless the judge complained of shall have been served with a copy of the charges against

§ 13. Irgend ein Richter der Supreme oder Circuit Court kann durch eine Adresse beider Häuser der Legislatur seines Amtes entsetzt werden, wenn zwei Drittheile aller zu jedem Hause erwählten Mitglieder dafür stimmen; doch soll keine Entsetzung auf den Grund dieser Section (Paragraphen) stattfinden, bis dem beschuldigten Richter

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V ERFASSUNG VON W ISCONSIN (1848) him, as the ground of address, and shall have had an opportunity of being heard in his defence. On the question of removal, the ayes and noes shall be entered on the journals101 .

eine Abschrift der gegen ihn vorgebrachten Klagepunkte25 zugeschickt und Gelegenheit gegeben worden, sich zu vertheidigen. Bei der Frage über Absetzung sollen die „Ja“ und „Nein“ in’s Journal eingetragen werden.

S ECT. 14. There shall be chosen in each county, by the qualified electors thereof, a Judge of Probate, who shall hold his office for two102 years, and until his successor103 shall be elected and qualified, and whose jurisdiction, powers and104 duties shall be prescribed by law: Provided, however, that the Legislature shall have power to abolish the office of Judge of Probate in any county, and to105 confer Probate powers upon such inferior courts as may be established in said county.

§ 14. Es soll in jedem County, durch die berechtigten Wähler desselben, ein Judge of Probate (Waisenamtsrichter) gewählt werden, der sein Amt zwei Jahre lang, und bis sein Nachfolger gewählt und qualifizirt ist, bekleiden soll, und dessen Gerichtsbarkeit, Gewalten und Pflichten durch’s Gesetz bestimmt werden sollen: Vorgesehen jedoch, daß die Legislatur ermächtigt sein soll, das Amt des Judge of Probate in irgend einem County abzuschaffen und die Probate-Amtsgewalt an solche niedere Gerichtshöfe zu übertragen, als in besagtem County eingeführt sind.

S ECT. 15. The electors of the several towns, at their annual town meeting106 , and the electors of cities and villages, at their charter elections107 , shall in such manner as the Legislature may direct, elect justices of the peace, whose term of office shall be for two years, and until their successors in office shall be elected and qualified. In case of an election to fill a vacancy, occurring before the expiration of a full term, the justice elected shall hold for the residue of the unexpired term. Their number and classification shall be regulated by law. And the tenure of two years shall in no wise108 interfere with the classification in the first instance. The justices, thus elected, shall have such civil and criminal jurisdiction as shall be prescribed109 by law.

§ 15. Die Wähler der verschiedenen Towns sollen in ihren jährlichen Town-Versammlungen (Meetings), und die Wähler der verschiedenen Städte und Dörfer bei ihren Charter-Wahlen, in solcher Weise, wie es die Legislatur bestimmen mag, Friedensrichter erwählen, die ihr Amt zwei Jahre lang, und bis ihre Amtsnachfolger gewählt und qualifizirt worden sind, bekleiden sollen. Im Falle einer Wahl, um eine vor dem Ablauf der vollen Amtszeit erledigte Stelle zu besetzen, soll der erwählte Friedensrichter das Amt für den Rest des noch nicht abgelaufenen Termins verwalten. Die Zahl und Classifizirung derselben soll durch das Gesetz geordnet werden, und der zweijährige Amtsbesitz soll in keiner Weise auf die Anfangs zu machende Classifizirung einwirken. Die so erwählten Friedensrichter sollen solche Civil- und Criminal-Gerichtsbarkeit haben, als durch das Gesetz bestimmt wird.

S ECT. 16. The Legislature shall pass laws for the regulation of tribunals of conciliation, defining their powers and duties. Such

§ 16. Die Legislatur soll Gesetze zur Regulirung von Versöhnungsgerichten (Tribunals of Conciliation) erlassen, und die Rech-

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W ISCONSIN tribunals may be established in and for any township110 , and shall have power to render judgement to be obligatory on the parties111 , when they shall voluntarily submit their matter in difference to112 arbitration, and agree to abide the judgement, or assent thereto in writing.

te und Pflichten derselben bestimmen. Solche Tribunale können in irgend einem und für irgend ein Township errichtet werden, und sollen ermächtigt sein, ein die Parteien bindendes Urtheil zu sprechen, wenn diese freiwillig ihren streitigen Gegenstand der schiedsrichterlichen Entscheidung unterwerfen und übereinkommen, den Spruch gelten zu lassen, oder demselben schriftlich beipflichten.

S ECT. 17. The style of all writs and process113 shall be, “The State of Wisconsin”; all criminal prosecutions shall be carried on in the name and by the authority of the same; and all indictments shall conclude against the peace and dignity of the state.

§ 17. Die Stylisirung aller Gerichtsbefehle soll sein: „Der Staat Wisconsin;“ alle Criminal-Untersuchungen sollen im Namen und unter der Autorität desselben geführt werden, und alle Anklagen (indictments) sollen schließen mit: „gegen den Frieden und die Würde des Staates.“

S ECT. 18. The Legislature shall impose a tax on all civil suits commenced, or prosecuted in the municipal, inferior, or circuit courts, which shall constitute a fund to be applied toward the payment of the salary of judges.

§ 18. Die Legislatur soll auf alle in den Stadt-, niederen oder Circuit-Gerichten begonnene oder fortgesetzte Civilklagen eine Taxe legen, welche einen zur Bezahlung des Gehaltes der Richter zu verwendenden Fond bilden soll.

S ECT. 19. The testimony in causes in equity shall be taken in like manner, as in cases at law, and the office of master in chancery is hereby prohibited.

§ 19. In (sogenannten) Billigkeits-Gerichtsfällen (equity cases) soll das Zeugniß auf dieselbe Weise abgenommen werden wie in Rechtsfällen (cases at law), und das Amt eines Kanzlers (Master in Chancery) ist hiermit abgeschafft.

S ECT. 20. Any suitor, in any court of this state, shall have the right to prosecute or defend his suit either in his own proper person, or by an attorney or agent of his choice.

§ 20. Jede Partei soll das Recht haben, ihre Rechtssache in irgend einem Gerichte dieses Staates entweder in eigener Person, oder durch einen Anwalt oder Agenten zu verfolgen oder zu vertheidigen.

S ECT. 21. The Legislature shall provide by law for the speedy publication of all statute laws, and of such judicial decisions, made within the state, as may be deemed expedient. And no general law shall be in force until published.

§ 21. Die Legislatur soll für schnelle Publizirung aller Landesgesetze26 und solcher in diesem Staate gemachten richterlichen Entscheidungen sorgen, als sie für zweckmäßig halten mag, und kein allgemeines Gesetz soll in Kraft sein, bis es publizirt worden ist.

S ECT. 22. The Legislature at its first session, after the adoption of this constitution,

§ 22. Die Legislatur soll in ihrer ersten Sitzung nach Annahme dieser Constitution

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C ONSTITUTION OF W ISCONSIN (1848) shall provide for the appointment of114 three commissioners, whose duty it shall be to inquire into, revise, and simplify the rules of practice, pleadings, forms and proceedings, and arrange a system, adapted to the courts of record of115 this state, and report116 the same to the Legislature, subject to their modification and adoption; and such commission117 shall terminate upon the rendering of the report, unless otherwise provided by law.

für die Ernennung von drei Commissären sorgen, deren Pflicht es sein soll, die Gerichtsordnungen, Verfahrungsweisen (pleadings), Formen und Prozeduren auszuforschen, zu revidiren und zu vereinfachen, ein den Record-Gerichten dieses Staates anpassendes System anzuordnen und darüber an die Legislatur einen Bericht zu erstatten, dessen Veränderung und Annahme von dieser abhängt, und eine solche Commission soll mit der Berichterstattung zu Ende gehen, wenn das Gesetz nicht anders verordnet.

S ECT. 23. The Legislature may provide for the appointment of one or more persons in each organized county, and may vest in such persons118 such judicial powers119 as shall be prescribed by law: Provided, that said power shall not exceed that of a judge of the circuit court120 at chambers.

§ 23. Die Legislatur kann in jedem organisirten County die Ernennung einer oder mehrerer Personen anordnen und diesen Personen solche richterliche Gewalt ertheilen, als durch’s Gesetz vorgeschrieben werden mag. Vorgesehen, daß genannte Gewalt jene eines Circuit Court Judge „at Chambers“ nicht überschreite.

SIEBENTER ARTIKEL27 Das Gerichtswesen28 § 1. Der Gerichtshof zur Untersuchung von Impeachments (öffentlichen Anklagen) soll aus dem Senate bestehen. Das Repräsentantenhaus soll die Gewalt haben, alle Civilbeamten dieses Staates für Amtsführung29 , oder für Verbrechen und Unterschleife (misdemeanors) in Anklagestand zu versetzen; bei einem Impeachment muß jedoch eine Mehrheit aller erwählten Mitglieder dafür stimmen. Bei der Untersuchung eines Impeachments gegen den Gouverneur soll der Vice-Gouverneur nicht Mitglied des Gerichtshofes sein. Kein Gerichtsbeamter darf, nachdem er in Anklagezustand versetzt worden, sein Amt ausüben, bis er frei gesprochen ist. Vor der Untersuchung eines Impeachments sollen die Mitglieder des Gerichtshofes einen Eid leisten oder die Versicherung

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W ISCONSIN geben, das Impeachment redlich und unparteiisch nach dem Beweis zu untersuchen, und Niemand soll ohne Beistimmung von zwei Drittheilen der anwesenden Mitglieder verurtheilt werden. Das Urtheil in Impeachment-Fällen soll sich nicht weiter als auf Amtsentsetzung, oder auf Amtsentsetzung und Unfähigkeit, irgend ein mit Ehre, Nutzen oder Zutrauen verbundenes Amt in diesem Staate zu bekleiden, erstrecken; doch soll der öffentlich Angeklagte der Anklage vor der Grand Jury (Groß-GeschworenenGericht)30 , und der Untersuchung und Bestrafung nach dem Gesetz unterworfen sein. § 2. Die richterliche Gewalt des Staates soll, sowohl in Fällen, wo streng nach dem Rechte, als auch in Fällen, wo nach Billigkeit gerichtet wird31 , einer Supreme Court (Ober-Apellationsgericht), Circuit Courts (Bezirksgerichten), Courts of Probate (Waisengerichten) und Friedensrichtern übertragen sein. Die Legislatur kann auch Stadtgerichten eine solche Jurisdiction (Gerichtsbarkeit) ertheilen, als sie für nothwendig erachten mag, und soll die Macht haben, in den verschiedenen Counties Untergerichte mit begrenzter Civil- und Criminal-Jurisdiction zu errichten. Vorgesehen, daß die Gerichtsbarkeit, mit welcher Stadtgerichte bekleidet werden sollten, in ihren betreffenden Stadtgemeinden nie jene der Circuit Courts (Bezirksgerichte) in den betreffenden Circuits (Bezirken), wie in dieser Constitution vorgeschrieben, überschreite, und daß die Legislatur für die Wahl sowohl der Richter der Stadtgerichte als auch der Richter der niederen Gerichtshöfe durch die qualifizirten Wähler der betreffenden Jurisdictionen sorgen soll. Der Amtstermin der Richter der besagten Stadt- und niederen Gerichte soll nicht länger als jener der Richter der Circuit Courts sein. § 3. Die Supreme Court soll, mit Ausnahme von Fällen, worüber in dieser Constitution anders verfügt ist, blos Appellati-

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V ERFASSUNG VON W ISCONSIN (1848) ons-Jurisdiction besitzen, welche den ganzen Staat umfassen soll, doch in keinem vor die Supreme Court gebrachten Rechtsfälle soll das Geschwornen-Verfahren erlaubt sein. Die Supreme Court soll eine allgemeine oberaufsichtliche Controle über alle niederen Gerichtshöfe haben; sie soll die Gewalt besitzen, Befehle für Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Injunction, Quo Warranto, Certiorari und andere Original- und RemedialBefehle zu erlassen, und dieselben zu hören und darüber zu entscheiden. § 4. Für den Zeitraum von fünf Jahren, und dann so lange, bis die Legislatur anders bestimmen wird, sollen die Richter der Circuit Courts zugleich Richter der Supreme Court sein, von denen vier ein Quorum (die hinlängliche Zahl zu einer Sitzung) bilden sollen, und die Beistimmung einer Mehrheit der anwesenden Richter soll zu einer Entscheidung erforderlich sein. Die Legislatur soll, wenn sie es als rathsam und nothwendig erachten sollte, die Gewalt haben, durch ein Gesetz für die Organisation einer abgesonderten Supreme Court, mit einer Gerichtsbarkeit und Gewalten, wie sie in dieser Constitution festgesetzt sind, vorzusehen, bestehend aus einem Chief Justice und zwei Associate Justices (richterlichen Gehülfen), welche durch die qualifizirten Wähler des Staates zu solcher Zeit und auf solche Weise gewählt werden sollen, als die Legislatur bestimmen mag. Die so organisirte und abgesonderte Supreme Court soll durch die Legislatur nicht verändert oder eingestellt werden; die Richter derselben sollen so klassifizirt werden, daß nur einer von ihnen zu derselben Zeit aus dem Amte tritt, und ihre Amtszeit soll dieselbe sein, als für die Richter der Circuit Courts festgesetzt ist. Und sobald die Legislatur es für nothwendig finden sollte, eine abgesonderte Supreme Court einzusetzen, so soll sie die Gewalt haben, die Zahl der Circuit Court-Richter auf vier herabzusetzen und die gerichtlichen Be-

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W ISCONSIN zirke demgemäß einzutheilen, doch soll eine solche Unterabtheilung oder Reduktion erst nach dem Ablauf der Amtszeit eines der besagten Richter, oder wenn eine Erledigung aus irgend einem anderen Grunde eintritt, in Kraft treten.

ARTICLE VIII

ACHTER ARTIKEL

Finance

Finanzen

S ECT. 1. The rule of taxation shall be uniform, and taxes shall be levied upon such property as the Legislature shall prescribe.

§ 1. Der Maßstab der Besteuerung soll gleichförmig sein, und Taxen (Steuern) sollen auf solches Eigenthum gelegt werden, als die Legislatur verordnen wird.

S ECT. 2. No money shall be paid out of the treasury, except in pursuance of an appropriation by law.

§ 2. Kein Geld soll aus dem Staatsschatze gezahlt werden, außer in Folge einer gesetzlichen Anweisung.

S ECT. 3. The credit of the state shall never be given, or loaned, in aid of any individual, association, or corporation.

§ 3. Der Staatskredit soll niemals zur Unterstützung eines Individuums, einer Gesellschaft oder Corporation (Innung) gegeben oder geliehen werden.

S ECT. 4. The state shall never contract any public debt, except in the cases and manner herein provided.

§ 4. Der Staat soll niemals eine öffentliche Schuld contrahiren, außer in den Fällen und in der Weise, wie es hier bestimmt ist.

S ECT. 5. The Legislature shall provide for an annual tax sufficient to defray the estimated expenses of the State for each year; and whenever the expenses of any year shall exceed the income, the legislature shall provide for levying a tax for the ensuing year, sufficient, with other sources of income, to pay the deficiency as well as the estimated expenses of such ensuing year.

§ 5. Die Legislatur soll für die Erhebung einer jährlichen Taxe sorgen, welche zur Bestreitung der veranschlagten Staatsausgaben für jedes Jahr hinreichend ist; und wenn die Ausgaben irgend eines Jahres die Einnahmen überschreiten sollten, soll die Legislatur für das kommende Jahr die Erhebung einer Taxe verordnen, welche mit andern Einnahmequellen sowohl zur Deckung des Defizits, als auch der veranschlagten Ausgaben eines solchen folgenden Jahres ausreicht.

S ECT. 6. For the purpose of defraying extraordinary expenditures, the State may contract public debts. (but such debts121 shall never in the aggregate exceed one hundred thousand dollars.) Every such debt shall be authorized by law, for some purpose or pur-

§ 6. Zur Bestreitung außerordentlicher Ausgaben kann der Staat eine öffentliche Schuld contrahiren; doch darf solche Schuld im Ganzen die Summe von einhunderttausend Dollars nicht überschreiten. Jede solche Schuld soll durch ein Gesetz zu einem

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C ONSTITUTION OF W ISCONSIN (1848) poses to be distinctly specified therein; and the vote of a majority of all the members elected to each house, to be taken by yeas and nays, shall be necessary to the passage of such law; and every such law shall provide for levying an annual tax sufficient to pay the annual interest of such debt, and the principal within five years from the passage of such law, and shall specially appropriate the proceeds of such taxes to the payment of such principal and interest; and such appropriation shall not be repealed, nor the taxes be postponed, or diminished, until the principal and interest of such debt shall have been wholly paid.

in demselben deutlich spezifizirten Zwecke oder Zwecken autorisirt werden, und ein Majoritäts-Beschluß aller zu jedem Hause gewählten Mitglieder, wobei die „Ja“ und „Nein“ genommen werden sollen, soll zur Passirung eines solchen Gesetzes nothwendig sein. Jedes solche Gesetz soll die Erhebung einer hinlänglichen jährlichen Taxe verordnen, um die jährlichen Zinsen solcher Schuld, und innerhalb fünf Jahren von der Passirung des Gesetzes die Kapitalschuld, zu zahlen, und soll den Ertrag solcher Taxen zur Zahlung dieses Kapitals und der Interessen besonders anweisen. Eine solche Anweisung soll nicht widerrufen, und die Taxen nicht aufgeschoben oder verringert werden, bis das Kapital und die Zinsen einer solchen Schuld gänzlich gezahlt sind.

S ECT. 7. The Legislature may also borrow money to repel invasion, suppress insurrection, or defend the state in time of war; but the money thus raised shall be applied exclusively to the object for which the loan was authorized, or to the re-payment of the debt thereby created.

§ 7. Die Gesetzgebung mag auch Geld leihen, um Einfälle zurückzutreiben, Aufruhr zu unterdrücken oder den Staat in Kriegszeit zu vertheidigen; aber das so erhobene Geld soll ausschließlich auf die Sache verwendet werden, für welche die Anleihe autorisirt war, oder zur Zurückzahlung der dadurch erzeugten Schuld.

S ECT. 8. On the passage in either house of the Legislature, of any law which imposes, continues or renews a tax, or creates a debt, or charge, or makes, continues, or renews an appropriation of public, or trust money122 , or releases, discharges, or commutes a claim, or demand of the State, the question shall be taken by yeas and nays, which shall be duly entered on the journal123 ; and three-fifths of all the members elected to such house shall, in all such124 cases be required to constitute a quorum therein.

§ 8. Wenn in irgend einem der beiden Häuser der Gesetzgebung ein Gesetz passirt wird, welches eine Steuer auflegt, fortführt oder erneuert, oder eine Schuld oder Verpflichtung erzeugt, oder eine Verwilligung öffentlicher oder anvertrauter Gelder macht, fortführt oder erneuert, oder einen Anspruch oder Forderung des Staates aufgibt, erledigt oder verändert, soll die Frage durch „Ja“ oder „Nein“ entschieden werden, was getreulich in das Journal eingetragen werden soll; und drei Fünftel aller in solches Haus gewählten Glieder sollen in allen solchen Fällen zur Bildung eines Quorums darin erforderlich sein.

S ECT. 9. No scrip125 , certificate, or other evidence of state debt, whatsoever, shall be issued, except for126 such debts as are au-

§ 9. Keine Scrip, Certificat oder irgend eine andere Evidenz einer Staatsschuld soll ausgegeben werden, außer für solche Schul-

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W ISCONSIN thorized by the sixth and seventh sections of this article.

den, welche durch die §§ 6 und 7 dieses Artikels autorisirt sind.

S ECT. 10. The state shall never contract any debt for works of Internal Improvement, or be a party in carrying on such works, but whenever grants of land or other property shall have been made to the state, especially dedicated by the grant to particular works of Internal Improvement, the State may carry on such particular works, and shall devote thereto the avails of such grants, and may pledge or appropriate the revenues derived from such works in aid of their completion.

§ 10. Der Staat soll nie irgend eine Schuld für Werke innerer Verbesserung machen oder Theilnehmer in Ausführung solcher Werke sein; aber sobald Verwilligungen von Land oder anderm Eigenthum dem Staate gemacht worden sind, die durch die Verwilligung für besondere Werke innerer Verbesserung speziell bezeichnet sind, mag der Staat solche besondere Werke ausführen, soll den Erlös aus solchen Verwilligungen dazu verwenden und kann das Einkommen aus solchen Werken zur Unterstützung ihrer Vollendung zusichern oder anweisen.

ARTICLE IX

NEUNTER ARTIKEL

Eminent Domain and Property of the State

Oberherrnrecht32 und Eigenthum des Staates

S ECT. 1. The State shall have concurrent jurisdiction on all rivers and lakes bordering on this state, so far as such127 rivers or lakes shall form a common boundary to the128 State, and any129 other State, or Territory, now or hereafter to be formed, and bounded by the same: And the130 river Mississippi and the navigable waters leading into the Mississippi and St. Lawrence, and the carrying places between the same shall be common highways and forever free, as well to the inhabitants of the131 state, as to the citizens of the United States, without any tax, impost132 or duty therefor.

§ 1. Der Staat soll mitwirkende Gerichtsbarkeit auf allen an diesen Staat grenzenden Flüssen und Seen haben, so weit als solche Flüsse oder Seen die gemeinschaftliche Grenze zwischen diesem Staate und irgend einem andern existirenden oder später zu bildenden Staate oder Territorium machen, und von demselben begrenzt werden; und der Mississippi-Fluß und die schiffbaren Gewässer, die in den Mississippi und den St. Lawrence fließen, und die von einem zum andern führenden Wege, sollen gemeinschaftliche Fahrstraßen und für immer, sowohl für die Einwohner dieses Staates als auch für die Bürger der Vereinigten Staaten, frei sein, ohne eine Taxe, Auflage oder Zoll dafür zu entrichten.

S ECT. 2. The title to all lands and133 other property which have accrued to the Territory of Wisconsin by grant, gift134 , purchase, forfeiture, escheat, or otherwise, shall vest in the State of Wisconsin.

§ 2. Alle Ländereien und anderes Eigenthum, welche dem Territorium Wisconsin durch Verleihung, Schenkung, Kauf, Verwirkung, Heimfall oder auf andere Weise zugefallen sind, sollen dem Staate Wisconsin angehören.

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V ERFASSUNG VON W ISCONSIN (1848) S ECT. 3. The people of the135 State, in their right of sovereignty, are declared to possess the ultimate property, in and to all lands within the jurisdiction of the136 state; and all lands the title to which shall fail from a defect of heirs, shall revert or escheat to the people.137

§ 3. Das Volk dieses Staates besitzt, vermöge seines Souveränitäts-Rechts, das letzte Eigenthumsrecht zu allen Ländereien innerhalb der Gerichtsbarkeit dieses Staates; und alle Ländereien, zu denen, wegen Mangels eines Erben, kein Rechtstitel vorhanden ist, sollen an das Volk zurück- oder heimfallen.

ARTICLE X

ZEHNTER ARTIKEL

Education

Erziehung

S ECT. 1. The supervision of public instruction shall be vested in a State Superintendent, and such other officers as the Legislature shall direct. The State superintendent shall be chosen by the qualified electors of the State, in such manner as the Legislature shall provide; his powers, duties and compensation shall be prescribed by law. Provided, that his compensation shall not exceed the sum of twelve hundred dollars annually.

§ 1. Die Aufsicht über den öffentlichen Unterricht soll einem Staatsaufseher (State Superintendent) übertragen werden, und solchen andern Beamten, als die Gesetzgebung anordnen mag. Der Staatsaufseher soll von den qualifizirten Wählern des Staats in solcher Weise erwählt werden, als die Gesetzgebung bestimmen wird; Wirkungskreis33 , Pflichten und Gehalt desselben soll das Gesetz vorschreiben. Vorgesehen, daß sein Gehalt die Summe von zwölfhundert Dollars jährlich nicht überschreiten soll.

S ECT. 2. The proceeds of all lands, that have been or hereafter may be granted by the United States to this State for educational purposes (except the lands heretofore granted for the purposes of a University) and all monies, and the clear proceeds of all property that may accrue to the State by forfeiture or escheat, and all monies which may138 be paid as an equivalent for exemption from military duty; and the clear proceeds of all fines collected, in the several counties, for any breach of the penal laws, and all monies arising from any grant to the State where the purposes of such grant are not specified, and the five hundred thousand acres of land, to which the state is entitled by the provisions of an act of congress entitled “An act to appropriate the proceeds of the sales of the public lands, and to grant pre-emption rights,” Approved the fourth

§ 2. Der Ertrag aller Ländereien, welche bereits von den Vereinigten Staaten für Erziehungszwecke diesem Staate geschenkt sind oder noch geschenkt werden sollten (mit Ausnahme der für eine Universität geschenkten Ländereien), und alle Gelder und der Reinertrag jeden Eigenthums, welches diesem Staat als verwirktes oder heimgefallenes Gut zufallen mag, und alle Gelder, welche aus Equivalent für Befreiung vom Militärdienst bezahlt werden, und der Reinertrag aller Geldstrafen, welche in den verschiedenen Counties für irgend eine Uebertretung der Strafgesetze eingetrieben werden, und alle Gelder, welche aus einer Schenkung an diesen Staat einkommen, wenn die Zwecke solcher Schenkung nicht genau bezeichnet sind, und die fünfhunderttausend Acker Land, zu welchen dieser Staat berechtigt ist gemäß den Bestimmun-

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W ISCONSIN day of September, one thousand eight hundred and forty-one;139 and also the five percentum of the nett proceeds of the public lands, to which the state shall become entitled on her admission into the Union (if congress shall consent to such appropriation of the two grants last mentioned) shall be set apart as a separate fund, to be called “The School Fund”, the interest of which and all other revenues derived from the School lands, shall be exclusively applied to the following objects, to wit:

gen einer Congreßakte, betitelt: „Ein Gesetz zur Verwendung des Ertrags aus den Verkäufen öffentlicher Ländereien und zur Gewährung von Vorkaufsrechten,“ genehmigt am 4. Sept. 1841, und ferner die fünf Procent des Reinertrags der öffentlichen Ländereien, zu welchen der Staat durch seine Zulassung in die Union berechtigt werden wird (wenn der Congreß zu solcher Verwendung der beiden letztgenannten Schenkungen seine Zustimmung gibt), soll als Separatfond unter dem Namen Schulfond ausgesetzt sein, und die Interessen davon und alle andern Einkünfte aus den Schulländereien sollen ausschließlich auf folgende Gegenstände verwendet werden, als:

First. To the support and maintenance of common Schools, in each school district, and the purchase of suitable libraries and apparatus therefor.

1. Zur Unterstützung und zur Erhaltung von Volksschulen (Common schools) in jedem Distrikt, und zum Ankauf passender Bibliotheken und Schulgeräthe für dieselben.

Second. The residue shall be appropriated to the support and maintenance of academies and normal schools, and suitable libraries and apparatus therefor.

2. Der Rest soll zur Unterstützung und Erhaltung von Akademien und Normalschulen und für passende Bibliotheken und Zubehör verwendet werden.

S ECT. 3. The Legislature shall provide by law for the establishment of District Schools, which shall be as nearly uniform as practicable; and such schools shall be free and without charge for tuition, to all children between the ages of four and twenty years; and no sectarian instruction shall be allowed therein.

§ 3. Die Legislatur soll durch ein Gesetz Sorge tragen für Errichtung von Distriktschulen, welche möglichst gleichförmig sein sollen, und solche Schulen sollen frei von jedem Entgeld für alle Kinder zwischen dem Alter von 4 bis zu 20 Jahren sein, und kein Sektenunterricht soll darin gestattet werden.

S ECT. 4. Each town and city shall be required to raise, by tax, annually, for the support of common schools therein, a sum not less than one half the amount received by such town or city respectively for school purposes from the income of the school fund.

§ 4. Jede Town und jede Stadt (city) soll verpflichtet sein, für den Unterhalt ihrer Volksschulen eine jährliche Steuer von einer Summe, die nicht wendiger als das halbe Gesammteinkommen beträgt, welches solche Town oder Stadt von dem Schulfond für Unterrichtszwecke erhält, zu erheben.

S ECT. 5. Provision shall be made by law, for the distribution of the income of the school fund among the several towns and

§ 5. Das Gesetz soll Sorge tragen für die Vertheilung des Einkommens aus dem Schulfond unter die verschiedenen Towns

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C ONSTITUTION OF W ISCONSIN (1848) cities of the state, for the support of common schools therein, in some just proportion to the number of children and youth resident therein, between the ages of four and twenty years, and no appropriation shall be made from the school fund to any city, or town, for the year in which said140 city or town shall fail to raise such tax; nor to any school district for the year in which a school shall not be maintained at least three months.

und Städte dieses Staats für den Unterhalt der Volksschulen, in genauem Verhältniß zu der Zahl der dort wohnhaften Kinder und jungen Leute zwischen dem Alter von 4 bis zu 20 Jahren, und es soll keine Verausgabung aus dem Schulfond an irgend eine Stadt oder ein Town gemacht werden für das Jahr, in welchem solche Stadt oder Town solche Steuer nicht erhob, oder an irgend einen Schuldistrikt für das Jahr, in welchem eine Schule nicht wenigstens drei Monate lang bestanden.

S ECT. 6. Provision shall be made by law for the establishment of a State University, at or near the seat of State141 government, and for connecting with the same, from time to time, such colleges in different parts of the State, as the interests of education may require. The proceeds of all lands that have been, or may hereafter be granted by the United States to the State for the support of a University, shall be and remain a perpetual fund, to be called “The University Fund”, the interest of which shall be appropriated to the support of the State University, and no sectarian instruction shall be allowed in such University.

§ 6. Das Gesetz soll für die Errichtung einer Staatsuniversität am oder nahe bei dem Sitze der Staatsregierung Sorge tragen, und mit derselben von Zeit zu Zeit solche Collegien in den verschiedenen Theilen des Staats verbinden, als das Interesse der Erziehung erheischen sollte. Der Ertrag aller Ländereien, welche von den Vereinigten Staaten an diesen Staat zum Unterhalt einer Universität bereits geschenkt sind oder noch geschenkt werden, soll ein beständiger Fond, unter dem Namen Universitätsfond, sein und bleiben, und die Interessen davon sollen zum Unterhalt der Staatsuniversität verwendet werden, und kein Sektenunterricht soll in solcher Universität gestattet sein.

S ECT. 7. The Secretary of State, Treasurer and Attorney General, shall constitute a board of commissioners for the sale of the School and University lands, and for the investment of the funds142 arising therefrom. Any two of said commissioners shall be a quorum for the transaction of all business pertaining to the duties of their office.

§ 7. Der Staatssekretär, Schatzmeister und Generalanwalt sollen eine Commission bilden für den Verkauf der Schul- und Universitätsländereien und für Anlegung der daraus gelösten Summen; und zwei Mitglieder dieser Behörde sollen ein Quorum bilden zur Besorgung aller Geschäfte, welche zu den Pflichten ihres Amtes gehören.

S ECT. 8. Provision shall be made by law for the sale of all school and University lands, after they shall have been appraised; and when any portion of such lands shall be sold and the purchase money shall not be paid at the time of the sale, the commissioners shall take security by mortgage upon143 the lands144 sold for the sum re-

§ 8. Das Gesetz soll für den Verkauf aller Schul- und Universitätsländereien sorgen, nachdem sie abgeschätzt sind, und wenn irgend ein Theil solcher Ländereien verkauft, und das Kaufgeld nicht zur Zeit des Kaufs ausbezahlt worden ist, so sollen die Commissäre diese unbezahlte Summe, sammt sieben Prozent Interessen, die jährlich in

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W ISCONSIN maining unpaid, with seven per-cent interest thereon, payable annually at the office of the Treasurer. The commissioners shall be authorized to execute a good and sufficient conveyance to all purchasers of such lands, and to discharge any mortgages taken as security, when the sum due thereon shall have been paid. The commissioners shall have power to withhold from sale any portion of such lands145 , when they shall deem it expedient, and shall invest all monies arising from the sale of such lands, as well as all other University and School funds, in such manner as the Legislature shall provide, and shall give such security for the faithful performance of their duties as may be required by law.

der Office des Schatzmeisters zu bezahlen sind, durch eine Hypothek auf das verkaufte Land sicher stellen. Die Commissäre sollen ermächtigt sein, für alle Käufer solcher Ländereien gute und genügende Abtretungsurkunden auszustellen, und irgend eine als Sicherstellung auferlegte Hypothek aufzuheben, wenn die darauf haftende Summe bezahlt ist. Die Commissäre sollen das Recht haben, irgend einen Theil solcher Ländereien dem Verkaufe zu entziehen, wenn sie es rathsam finden sollten, und sollen alle aus dem Verkauf solcher Ländereien gelösten Gelder, so wie alle anderen Universitätsund Schulfonds, in solcher Weise anlegen, als die Legislatur bestimmen wird. Sie sollen für treue Amtsführung solche Sicherheit stellen, als das Gesetz bestimmen mag.

ARTICLE XI146

ELFTER ARTIKEL

Corporations

Corporationen

S ECT. 1. Corporations without banking powers or privileges may be formed under general laws, but shall not be created by special act, except for municipal purposes, and in cases where in the judgement of the Legislature, the objects of the corporation cannot be attained under general laws. All general laws or special acts, enacted under the provisions of this section, may be altered or repealed by the Legislature at any time after their passage.

§ 1. Corporationen ohne Bankrechte oder Privilegien mögen unter allgemeinen Gesetzen gebildet werden, sollen aber nicht durch specielle Akte ins Leben treten, außer für Munizipal-Zwecke und in Fällen, wo nach dem Urtheil der Legislatur die Zwecke der Corporation unter allgemeinen Gesetzen nicht erreicht werden können. Sämmtliche allgemeine Gesetze und spezielle Akte, welche gemäß der Bestimmungen dieses Paragraphen erlassen worden, können von der Legislatur zu jeder Zeit nach ihrer Entstehung verändert oder abgeschafft werden.

S ECT. 2. No municipal corporation shall take private property for public use, against the consent of the owner, without the necessity thereof being first established by the verdict of a jury.

§ 2. Keine Munizipal-Corporation kann Privateigenthum zu öffentlichem Gebrauch verwenden gegen des Eigners Zustimmung, ehe das Urtheil einer Jury die Nothwendigkeit dazu festgestellt hat.

S ECT. 3. It shall be the duty of the Legislature, and they are hereby empowered, to provide for the organization of cities and

§ 3. Es soll die Pflicht der Legislatur sein, und sie ist hiermit ermächtigt, für die Organisirung von Städten und incorporirten

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V ERFASSUNG VON W ISCONSIN (1848) incorporated villages, and to restrict their power of taxation, assessment, borrowing money, contracting debts and loaning their credit, so as to prevent abuses in assessments and taxation, and in contracting debts by such municipal corporations.

Gemeinden zu sorgen und die Gewalt derselben in Bezug auf Besteuerung, Beschätzung, Anlehen von Geld, Contrahirung von Schulden und Leihung ihres Credits so einzuschränken, daß Mißbräuche solcher städtischen Corporationen bei Beschätzungen und Besteuerung und beim Contrahiren von Schulden verhütet werden.

S ECT. 4. The Legislature shall not have power to create, authorize or incorporate, by any general, or special law, any bank, or banking power or privilege, or any institution or corporation having any banking power or privilege whatever, except as provided in this article.

§ 4. Die Gesetzgebung soll keine Macht haben, durch ein allgemeines oder spezielles Gesetz irgend eine Bank oder Bankrechte oder Privilegien, oder irgend eine Anstalt oder Corporation mit Bankrechten oder Privilegien, zu schaffen, zu autorisiren oder zu incorporiren, ausgenommen so wie in diesem Artikel vorgeschrieben ist.

S ECT. 5. The Legislature may submit to the voters, at any general election, the question of “Bank”, or “No Bank”, and if at any such election a number of votes equal to a majority of all the votes cast at such election on that subject147 shall be in favor of Banks, then the Legislature shall have power to grant Bank charters, or to pass a general banking law148 , with such restrictions and under such regulations as they may deem expedient and proper for the security of the bill holders. Provided, that no such grant or law shall have any force or effect until the same shall have been submitted to a vote of the electors of the State, at some general election, and been approved by a majority of the149 votes cast on that subject at such election.

§ 5. Die Gesetzgebung mag den Stimmgebern bei irgend einer allgemeinen Wahl die Frage „Bank“ oder „Keine Bank“ vorlegen, und wenn bei solcher Wahl eine Stimmenanzahl, welche der Majorität aller über diesen Gegenstand bei solcher Wahl abgegebenen Stimmen gleichkommt, zu Gunsten von Banken ist, dann soll die Legislatur die Macht haben, Bank-Charters zu verwilligen, oder ein allgemeines Bankgesetz zu geben, mit solchen Einschränkungen und unter solchen Bedingungen, als sie zur Sicherstellung der Noteninhaber für passend und geeignet halten mag. Vorgesehen, daß keine solche Verwilligung oder Gesetz Kraft oder Wirksamkeit haben soll, bis es den Wählern des Staats bei einer allgemeinen Wahl vorgelegt, und von einer Majorität aller über diesen Gegenstand bei einer solchen Wahl abgegebenen Stimmen gebilligt worden ist.

ARTICLE XII150

ZWÖLFTER ARTIKEL

Amendments

Verbesserungen

S ECT. 1. Any amendment, or amendments to this constitution may be proposed in either house of the Legislature, and if

§ 1. Irgend eine Verbesserung (Amendment) oder Verbesserungen dieser Constitution können in einem der Häuser der Le-

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W ISCONSIN the same shall be agreed to by a majority of the members elected to each of the two houses151 , such proposed amendment, or amendments, shall be entered on their journals152 , with the yeas153 and nays taken thereon, and referred to the Legislature to be chosen at the next general election; and shall be published for three months previous to the time of holding such election, and if, in the Legislature so next chosen, such proposed amendment, or amendments, shall be agreed to by a majority of all the members elected to each house, then it shall be the duty of the Legislature to submit such proposed amendment, or amendments, to the people in such manner, and at such time, as the Legislature shall prescribe; and if the people shall approve and ratify such amendment, or amendments by a majority of the electors154 voting thereon, such amendment, or amendments, shall become part155 of the constitution; provided, that if more than one amendment be submitted, they shall be submitted in such manner that the people may vote for or against such amendments separately.

gislatur vorgeschlagen werden; und werden diese Vorschläge durch eine Majorität der zu beiden Häusern gewählten Mitglieder angenommen, so soll eine solche vorgeschlagene Verbesserung oder Verbesserungen in das Journal mit den darüber abgegebenen „Ja“ und „Nein“ eingetragen, der bei der nächsten allgemeinen Wahl zu erwählenden Legislatur überwiesen, und drei Monate lang vor der Zeit einer solchen Wahl veröffentlicht werden; und wenn in der auf diese Weise zunächst gewählten Legislatur diese vorgeschlagene Verbesserung oder Verbesserungen durch eine Mehrheit aller zu beiden Häusern gewählten Mitglieder angenommen werden, so soll es alsdann die Pflicht der Legislatur sein, eine solche vorgeschlagene Verbesserung oder Verbesserungen dem Volke in solcher Weise34 vorzulegen, als die Legislatur vorschreiben soll; und wenn das Volk diese Verbesserung oder Verbesserungen durch eine Mehrzahl der darüber abstimmenden Wähler billigen oder bestätigen sollte, so soll eine solche Verbesserung oder Verbesserungen ein Theil der Constitution werden. Vorgesehen, daß, wenn mehr als ein Amendment vorgelegt wird, dies auf solche Weise geschehen soll, daß das Volk für oder gegen so[l]che Amendments abgesondert stimmen kann.

S ECT. 2. If at any time a majority of the Senate and Assembly shall deem it necessary to call a convention to revise or change this constitution, they shall recommend156 to the electors to vote for or against a convention at the next election for members of the Legislature157 . And if it shall appear that a majority of the electors voting thereon, have voted for a convention, the Legislature shall, at its next session, provide for calling such convention.158

§ 2. Wenn zu irgend einer Zeit eine Mehrheit des Senats und der Assembly es für nothwendig erachten sollte, eine Convention zusammen zu rufen, um die Constitution zu revidiren und zu verändern, so sollen sie den Wählern empfehlen, bei der nächsten Wahl für Mitglieder der Legislatur für oder gegen eine Convention zu stimmen; und wenn es sich herausstellt, daß eine Mehrheit der darüber abstimmenden Wähler für eine Convention ist, so soll die Legislatur in ihrer nächsten Sitzung für die Zusammenberufung einer solchen Convention Sorge tragen.

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C ONSTITUTION OF W ISCONSIN (1848)

ARTICLE XIII

DREIZEHNTER ARTIKEL

Miscellaneous Provisions

Vermischte Bestimmungen

S ECT. 1. The political year for the State of Wisconsin shall commence on the first Monday in January in each year, and the general election shall be holden on the Tuesday succeeding the first Monday in November in each year.

§ 1. Das politische Jahr für den Staat Wisconsin soll mit dem ersten Montag des Januars in jedem Jahre beginnen, und die allgemeine Wahl soll am Dienstag, der dem ersten November eines jeden Jahres folgt, gehalten werden.

S ECT. 2. Any inhabitant of this State who may hereafter be engaged, either directly or indirectly in a duel, either as principal or accessory, shall forever be disqualified as an elector, and from holding any office under the constitution and laws of this state, and may be punished in such other manner as shall be prescribed by law.

§ 2. Jeder Einwohner dieses Staats, welcher später als Hauptperson oder Mitschuldiger direkt oder indirekt bei einem Duell betheiligt sein wird, soll nie mehr Wähler sein können und für immer unfähig sein, irgend ein Amt unter dieser Constitution und den Gesetzen dieses Staats zu bekleiden, und kann in solcher Weise bestraft werden, wie es das Gesetz bestimmen mag.

S ECT. 3. No member of congress, nor any person holding any office of profit or trust under the United States (Postmasters excepted) or under any foreign power159 ; no person convicted of any infamous crime in any court within the United States; and no person being a defaulter to the United States, or to this State, or to any county, or town therein, or to any State, or Territory within the United States, shall be eligible to any office of trust, profit, or honor in this State.

§ 3. Kein Congreßmitglied und keine andere Person, welche ein einträgliches oder ein Zutrauensamt unter den Vereinigten Staaten (Postmeister ausgenommen) oder unter einem andern Staate der Union35 oder irgend einer fremden Macht bekleidet, und keine Person, welche in irgend einem Gerichte in den Vereinigten Staaten eines ehrlosen Verbrechens überführt ist, und Niemand, der ein Defaulter gegen die Vereinigten Staaten oder diesen Staat, oder gegen ein County oder eine Town desselben, oder gegen irgend einen Staat oder ein Territorium der Vereinigten Staaten ist, soll zu irgend einem einträglichen oder einem Vertrauens- oder Ehrenamte wählbar sein.

S ECT. 4. It shall be the duty of the Legislature to provide a great160 seal for the state, which shall be kept by the Secretary of State, and all official acts of the Governor, his approbation of the laws excepted, shall be thereby authenticated.

§ 4. Es soll Pflicht der Gesetzgebung sein, für ein Staatssiegel zu sorgen, welches vom Staatssekretär aufbewahrt und womit alle offiziellen Akte des Gouverneurs, seine Zustimmung für Gesetze ausgenommen, authentisirt werden sollen.

S ECT. 5. All persons residing upon Indian lands, within any county of the161 State, and qualified to exercise the right of suffrage

§ 5. Alle Personen, die auf Indianerland unterhalb eines County dieses Staats wohnen, und berechtigt sind, unter dieser Con-

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W ISCONSIN under this constitution, shall be entitled to vote at the polls which may be held nearest their residence, for State, United States or162 county officers. Provided, that no person shall vote for county officers out of the county in which he resides.

stitution das Stimmrecht auszuüben, sollen das Recht haben, an den Stimmkasten, welche ihrem Wohnorte am nächsten sind, für Staats-, Vereinigten Staaten- und CountyBeamten zu stimmen: Vorgesehen, daß Niemand außerhalb des County in welchem er wohnhaft ist, für Countybeamten stimmen soll.

S ECT. 6. The elective officers of the Legislature, other than the presiding officers shall be a chief clerk and a163 Sergeant-atarms, to be elected by each house.

§ 6. Die wählbaren Beamten der Gesetzgebung außer den vorsitzenden Beamten sollen sein: ein erster Schreiber und ein Sergeant-at-arms, welche von jedem Hause zu wählen sind.

S ECT. 7. No county with an area of nine hundred square miles, or less, shall be divided, or have any part stricken164 therefrom, without submitting the question to a vote of the people of the county, nor unless a majority of all the legal voters165 of the county, voting on the question, shall vote for the same.

§ 7. Kein County von der Größe von 900 Quadratmeilen oder weniger soll getheilt oder zerstückelt werden, ohne daß die Frage darüber der Abstimmung der Countybewohner vorgelegt wird und ohne daß eine Mehrheit aller gesetzlichen Wähler des Countys bei einer Abstimmung dafür gestimmt hat.

S ECT. 8. No county seat shall be removed, until the point to which it is proposed to be removed shall be fixed by law, and a majority of the voters of the county, voting on the question, shall have voted in favor of its removal to such point.

§ 8. Kein Countysitz soll verlegt werden, ehe der Ort der Verlegung durch das Gesetz bestimmt ist und eine Mehrheit der Wähler des County bei einer Abstimmung zu Gunsten der Verlegung an solchen Ort gestimmt hat.

S ECT. 9. All county officers whose election, or appointment is not provided for by this constitution, shall be elected by the electors of the respective counties, or appointed by the boards of supervisors, or other county authorities, as the Legislature shall direct. All city, town and village officers, whose election or appointment, is not provided for by this constitution, shall be elected by the electors of such cities, towns and villages, or of some division thereof, or appointed by such authorities thereof, as the Legislature shall designate for that purpose. All other officers whose election or appointment is not provided for by this constitution, and all166 officers whose offices167 may hereafter be created by law, shall be elected by

§ 9. Alle Countybeamten, für deren Wahl oder Anstellung nicht durch diese Constitution gesorgt ist, sollen von den Wählern ihrer betreffenden Counties erwählt oder von den Supervisorbehörden oder anderen County-Autoritäten angestellt werden, wie die Gesetzgebung bestimmen wird. Alle Stadt-, Town- und Gemeindebeamten, für deren Wahl oder Anstellung nicht durch diese Constitution gesorgt ist, sollen von den Wählern solcher Städte, Towns und Gemeinden oder einem Theil derselben erwählt, oder von solchen Behörden darin angestellt werden, als die Gesetzgebung zu diesem Zweck bestimmen wird. Alle andern Beamten, für deren Erwählung oder Anstellung nicht durch diese Constitution gesorgt ist, und alle Beam-

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V ERFASSUNG VON W ISCONSIN (1848) the people, or appointed, as the Legislature may direct.

ten, deren Amt später gesetzlich ins Leben tritt, sollen durch das Volk erwählt oder angestellt werden, wie die Gesetzgebung bestimmen wird.

S ECT. 10. The Legislature may declare the cases168 in which any office shall be deemed vacant, and also the manner of filling the vacancy, where no provision is made for that purpose in this constitution.

§ 10. Die Gesetzgebung mag die Fälle bezeichnen, in welchen irgend ein Amt für erledigt anzusehen ist, und auch die Art der Besetzung dieser Stelle, wenn die Constitution zu diesem Zwecke nicht vorgesehen hat36 .

ARTICLE XIV

VIERZEHNTER ARTIKEL

Schedule

Zusatz Artikel (Schedule)

S ECT. 1. That no inconvenience may arise by reason of a change from a Territorial to a permanent State government, it is declared, that all rights, actions, prosecutions, judgements, claims and contracts, as well of individuals, as of bodies corporate, shall continue as if no such change had taken place; and all process which may be issued under the authority of the Territory of Wisconsin previous to its admission into the Union of the United States, shall be as valid as if issued in the name of the State.

§ 1. Damit keine Unbequemlichkeit durch den Uebergang von einer Territorialzu einer dauernden Staatsregierung entstehe, wird erklärt, daß alle Rechte, Klagsachen, Prozesse, Urtheile, Forderungen und Verbindlichkeiten sowohl von Privatpersonen wie Corporationen fortbestehen sollen, als wenn keine Veränderung stattgefunden hätte, und alle gerichtlichen Handlungen, welche unter der Autorität des Territoriums Wisconsin vor seiner Aufnahme in die Union geschehen sein mögen, sollen eben so gültig sein, als wenn sie im Namen des Staats geschehen wären.

S ECT. 2. All laws now in force, in the Territory of Wisconsin, which are not repugnant to this constitution, shall remain in force until they expire by their own limitation, or be altered or repealed by the Legislature.

§ 2. Alle Gesetze, welche jetzt im Territorium Wisconsin in Kraft sind, und mit dieser Constitution nicht im Widerspruch stehen, sollen in Kraft bleiben, bis die Zeit zu Ende geht, für die sie gegeben sind, oder bis sie durch die Gesetzgebung geändert oder widerrufen werden.

S ECT. 3. All fines, penalties, or forfeitures, accruing to the Territory of Wisconsin, shall enure169 to the use of the State.

§ 3. Alle Geldstrafen, Bußen und verwirkten Güter, die dem Territorium Wisconsin zufallen, sollen zum Nutzen des Staates verbleiben.

S ECT. 4. All recognizances heretofore taken, or which may be taken before the

§ 4. Alle bisher genommen gerichtlichen Versicherungen, oder welche vor der Ver-

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W ISCONSIN change from Territorial to a permanent State government, shall remain valid, and shall pass to, and may be prosecuted in the name of the state; and all bonds executed to the Governor of the Territory, or to any other officer, or court, in his, or their official capacity, shall pass to the Governor or state authority, and their successors in office, for the uses170 therein respectively expressed, and may be sued for and recovered accordingly; and all the estate, or171 property, real, personal, or mixed, and all judgements, bonds, specialities, choses in action, and claims or debts of whatsoever description, of the Territory of Wisconsin, shall enure to and vest in the State of Wisconsin, and may be sued for and recovered, in the same manner and to the same extent, by the State of Wisconsin, as the same could have been by the Territory of Wisconsin. All criminal prosecutions and penal actions which may have arisen, or which may arise, before the change from a Territorial to a State government, and which shall then be pending, shall be prosecuted to judgement and execution in the name of the State. All offences committed against the laws of the Territory of Wisconsin, before the change from a Territorial to a State government, and which shall not be prosecuted before such change, may be prosecuted in the name and by the authority of the State of Wisconsin, with like172 effect as though such change had not taken place; and all penalties incurred, shall remain the same as if this constitution had not been adopted. All actions at law and suits in equity, which may be pending in any of the courts of the Territory of Wisconsin, at the time of the change from a Territorial to a173 state government, may be continued and transferred to any court of the174 state, which shall have jurisdiction of the subject matter thereof.

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änderung einer Territorial- in eine dauernde Staatsregierung noch eingegangen werden, sollen gültig bleiben, und auf den neuen Staat übergehen, und mögen im Namen desselben eingeklagt werden, und alle Bonds, die dem Gouverneur des Territoriums oder irgend einem andern Beamten oder Gericht in deren amtlichen Stellung gegeben worden, sollen auf den Gouverneur oder die Staatsbehörde und deren Nachfolger im Amte zu den darin ausgedrückten Zwecken übergehen und können eingeklagt und demgemäß wiedererlangt werden; und alles Eigenthum, beweglich, unbeweglich oder vermischt, und alle Urtheile, Bonds, Verschreibungen, Prozesse und Ansprüche oder Schulden jeden Namens vom Territorium Wisconsin sollen auf den Staat Wisconsin übergehen und ihm gehören, und mögen in derselben Weise und in derselben Ausdehnung vom Staate Wisconsin eingeklagt und verlangt werden, wie es von dem Territorium Wisconsin hätte geschehen können. Alle Criminal- und Strafprozesse, welche entstanden sind oder vor der Veränderung einer Territorial- in eine Staatsregierung erhoben werden sollten, und welche dann noch abhängig sind sollen im Namen des Staats bis zum Endurtheil und zur Exekution fortgesetzt werden. Alle Vergehen gegen die Gesetze des Territoriums Wisconsin vor der Veränderung einer Territorial- in eine Staatsregierung, welche nicht vor dieser Veränderung gerichtlich verfolgt worden, mögen im Namen und unter Autorität des Staats Wisconsin mit gleicher Wirksamkeit verfolgt werden, als hätte solche Veränderung nicht stattgefunden; und alle verhängten Strafen sollen dieselben bleiben, als sei die Constitution nicht angenommen. Alle Prozesse, welche nach dem Recht oder nach Billigkeit in einem der Gerichte des Territoriums Wisconsin anhängig sind zur Zeit der Veränderung einer Territorial- in eine Staatsregierung, mögen fortgesetzt und an irgend ein Gericht des Staates, unter dessen Gerichts-

C ONSTITUTION OF W ISCONSIN (1848) barkeit der betreffende Gegenstand fallen mag, übertragen werden. S ECT. 5. All officers, civil and military, now holding their offices under the authority of the United States, or of the Territory of Wisconsin, shall continue to hold and exercise their respective offices, until they shall be superseded by the authority of the state.

§ 5. Alle Civil- und Militärbeamten, welche jetzt ihre Aemter unter der Autorität der Vereinigten Staaten oder des Territoriums Wisconsin bekleiden, sollen ihre betreffenden Aemter fortbehalten und verwalten, bis sie durch die Staatsautorität abgelöst werden.

S ECT. 6. The first session of the Legislature of the State of Wisconsin, shall commence on the first Monday in June next, and shall be held at the village of Madison, which shall be and remain the seat of Government, until otherwise provided by law.

§ 6. Die erste Sitzung der Gesetzgebung des Staats Wisconsin soll am ersten Montag des nächsten Juni beginnen und in Madison gehalten werden, welches der Regierungssitz sein und bleiben soll, bis durch das Gesetz anders bestimmt wird.

S ECT. 7. All county, precinct and township officers shall continue to hold their respective175 offices, unless removed by the competent authority, until the Legislature shall, in conformity with the provisions of this constitution, provide for the holding of elections to fill such offices respectively.

§ 7. Alle County-, Bezirks37 - und Townshipsbeamten sollen ihre betreffenden Aemter, wenn sie nicht durch die ermächtigte Behörde abgesetzt werden, fortbehalten, bis die Gesetzgebung in Uebereinstimmung mit den Bestimmungen dieser Constitution für Abhaltung von Wahlen zur Besetzung solcher Aemter sorgt.

S ECT. 8. The President of this convention shall, immediately after its adjournment, cause a fair copy of this constitution, together with a copy of the act of the Legislature of this Territory, entitled “An act in relation to the formation of a State government in Wisconsin, and to change the time of holding the annual session of the Legislature,” Approved October 27th176 1847, providing for the calling of this convention, and also a copy of so much of the last census of this177 Territory, as exhibits the number of its inhabitants, to be forwarded to the President of the United States, to be laid before the congress of the United States, at its present session.

§ 8. Der Präsident dieser Convention soll unmittelbar nach ihrer Vertagung eine richtige Abschrift dieser Constitution veranlassen zugleich mit einer Abschrift einer Akte der Gesetzgebung dieses Territoriums, betitelt: “eine Akte in Betreff der Bildung einer Staatsregierung in Wisconsin und einer Abänderung der Zeit der jährlichen Sitzung der Legislatur,“ genehmigt am 27. Oktober 1847, welche die Berufung dieser Convention anordnet, und auch eine Abschrift eines solchen Theils der letzten Volkszählung dieses Territoriums, welcher die Einwohnerzahl desselben angibt, und sie dem Präsenten der Vereinigten Staaten zuschicken, um dem Congreß der Vereinigten Staaten in seiner gegenwärtigen Sitzung vorgelegt zu werden.

S ECT. 9. This constitution shall be submitted at an election to be held178 on the

§ 9. Diese Constitution soll bei einer Wahl, welche am zweiten Montag im nächs-

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W ISCONSIN second Monday in March next, for ratification or rejection, to all white male persons of the age of twenty-one years or upwards, who shall then be residents179 of this Territory, and citizens of the United States, or shall have declared their intention to become such in conformity with the laws of congress on the subject of naturalization, and all persons having such qualifications shall be entitled to vote for, or against the adoption of this constitution, and for all officers180 first elected under it. And if the constitution be ratified by the said electors, it shall become the constitution of the State of Wisconsin. On such of the ballots as are for the constitution, shall be written or printed the word “Yes”, and on such as are against the constitution, the word “No”. The election shall be conducted in the manner now prescribed by law181 , and the returns made by182 the clerks of the Boards of Supervisors or county commissioners (as the case may be) to the Governor of the Territory, at any time before the tenth day of April next. And in the event of the ratification of this constitution, by a majority of all the votes given, it shall be the duty of the Governor of this Territory to make proclamation of the same, and to transmit a digest of the returns to the Senate and Assembly of the State, on the first day of their session. An election shall be held183 , for Governor,184 Lieutenant-Governor,185 Treasurer, Attorney General, members of the State Legislature, and members of Congress186 , on the second Monday of May next; and no other or further notice of such election shall be required.

ten März stattfindet, für Annahme oder Verwerfung allen weißen Personen von 21 Jahren oder darüber vorgelegt werden, welche zu der Zeit Bewohner dieses Territoriums und Bürger der Ver. Staaten sind, oder ihre Absicht erklärt haben, solche zu werden in Uebereinstimmung mit den Congreßgesetzen über Naturalisation; und alle Personen, welche diese Eigenschaften besitzen, sollen das Recht haben, für oder gegen die Annahme dieser Constitution und für alle Beamten, die zuerst unter ihr erwählt werden, zu stimmen. Und wenn die Constitution von besagten Wählern angenommen ist, soll sie die Constitution des Staates Wisconsin werden. Auf den Stimmzetteln für die Constitution soll geschrieben oder gedruckt sein das Wort „Yes“, und auf solchen, die gegen die Constitution sind, das Wort „No“. Die Wahl soll in der Weise geleitet werden, wie jetzt das Gesetz vorschreibt, und die Wahlberichte sollen von den Clerks der Supervisor- oder County-Commissionerbehörden (je nachdem der Fall ist) an den Gouverneur des Territoriums zu irgend einer Zeit vor dem 10ten Tage des nächsten April übermacht werden. Im Falle der Annahme dieser Constitution durch eine Mehrheit aller abgegebenen Stimmen, soll es die Pflicht des Gouverneurs dieses Territoriums sein, das Resultat zu veröffentlichen und einen Auszug der Berichte dem Senat und der Assembly des Staates am ersten Tage ihrer Sitzung zuzuschicken. Eine Wahl soll gehalten werden für Gouverneur, Vice-Gouverneur, Schatzmeister, General-Anwalt, Glieder der Staatsgesetzgebung und Congreßglieder am zweiten Montag des nächsten Mai, und keine andere oder weitere Bekanntmachung solcher Wahl soll nöthig sein.

S ECT. 10187 . Two members of congress shall also be elected, on the second Monday of May next; and until otherwise provided by law, the counties of Milwaukee, Waukesha, Jefferson, Racine, Walworth, Rock

§ 10. Zwei Congreßglieder sollen ebenfalls am zweiten Montag des nächsten Mai erwählt werden, und bis durch das Gesetz anders bestimmt ist, sollen die Counties Milwaukie, Waukesha, Jefferson, Racine, Wal-

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V ERFASSUNG VON W ISCONSIN (1848) and Green, shall constitute the first congressional district and elect one member. And the counties of Washington, Sheboygan, Manitowoc188 , Calumet, Brown, Winnebago, Fond du Lac, Marquette, Sauk, Portage, Columbia, Dodge, Dane, Iowa, La Fayette189 , Grant, Richland, Crawford, Chippewa, St. Croix and La Pointe, shall constitute the second congressional district, and shall elect one member.

worth, Rock und Green den ersten Congreßdistrikt bilden und ein Mitglied wählen, und die Counties Washington, Sheboygan, Manitowoc, Calumet, Brown, Winnebago, Fond du Lac, Marquette, Sauk, Portage, Columbia, Dodge, Dane, Iowa, LaFayette, Grant, Richland, Crawford, Chippewa, St. Croix und Lapointe sollen den zweiten Congreßdistrikt bilden und ein Mitglied erwählen.

S ECT. 11190 . The several elections, provided for in this article, shall be conducted according to the existing laws of the191 Territory,192 provided that no elector shall be entitled to vote except in the town, ward or precinct where he resides. The returns of election193 for Senators and Members of Assembly, shall be transmitted to the clerk of the Board of Supervisors, or county commissioners, as the case may be; and the votes shall be canvassed, and certificates of election issued as now provided by law. In the first senatorial district, the returns of the election for Senator194 , shall be made to the proper officer in the county of Brown; in the second senatorial district, to the proper officer in the county of Columbia; in the third senatorial district, to the proper officer in the county of Crawford; in the fourth senatorial district, to the proper officer in the county of Fond du Lac; and in the fifth senatorial district, to the proper officer in the county of Iowa. The returns of election for State officers and Members of Congress, shall be certified and transmitted to the Speaker of the195 Assembly, at the seat of government, in the same manner as the vote196 for delegate197 to congress are required to be certified and returned by the laws of the Territory of Wisconsin, to the Secretary of said Territory, and in such time, that they may be received on the first Monday in June next; and as soon as the Legislature shall be organized, the Speaker of the Assembly, and the President of the Senate shall, in the presence

§ 11. Die verschiedenen Wahlen, die in diesem Artikel festgesetzt sind, sollen gemäß der bestehenden Gesetze des Territoriums geleitet werden: Vorgesehen, daß kein Wähler das Recht haben soll zu stimmen, außer in Town, Ward oder Precinct, wo er wohnt. Die Wahlberichte für Senatoren und Glieder der Assembly sollen dem Schreiber der Supervisor- oder County-Commissioner-Behörde, je nachdem der Fall sein mag, übermacht werden, und die Stimmen sollen geprüft und Wahlcertifikate ausgestellt werden, wie jetzt durch das Gesetz vorgeschrieben ist. Im ersten Senatsdistrikt sollen die Wahlberichte für Senator an den betreffenden Beamten im County Brown übermacht werden; im zweiten Senatsdistrikt an den betreffenden Beamten im County Columbia; im dritten Senatsdistrikt dem betreffenden Beamten im County Crawford; im vierten Senatsdistrikt dem betreffenden Beamten im County Fond du Lac; und im fünften Senatsdistrikt dem betreffenden Beamten im County Iowa. Die Wahlberichte für Staatsbeamte und Congreßglieder sollen als richtig bescheinigt und dem Sprecher der Assembly am Regierungssitz übermacht werden, in derselben Weise als die Stimmen für den Congreß-Delegaten als richtig bescheinigt und nach den Territorial-Gesetzen von Wisconsin dem Sekretär des genannten Territoriums zugesendet werden müssen, und in solcher Zeit, daß sie am ersten Montag des nächsten Juni eingehen; und sobald die Legislatur organisirt sein wird, sollen der

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W ISCONSIN of both houses, examine the returns, and declare who are duly elected to fill the several offices hereinbefore mentioned; and give to each of the persons elected, a certificate of his election.

Sprecher der Assembly und der Präsident des Senats in Gegenwart beider Häuser die Wahlberichte prüfen und erklären, wer zu den verschiedenen obenerwähnten Aemtern gesetzmäßig erwählt ist, und jeder der erwählten Personen ein Certifikat seiner Erwählung zustellen.

S ECT. 12198 . Until there shall be a new apportionment, the Senators and members of the Assembly, shall be apportioned among the several districts as hereinafter mentioned; and each district shall be entitled to elect one Senator, or member of the199 Assembly, as the case may be. The counties of Brown, Calumet, Manitowoc, and Sheboygan, shall constitute the first senate district. The counties of Columbia, Marquette, Portage, and Sauk, shall constitute the second senate district. The counties of Crawford, Chippewa, St. Croix, and La Pointe200 , shall constitute the third senate district. The counties of Fond du Lac and Winnebago, shall constitute the fourth senate district. The counties of Iowa and Richland shall constitute the fifth senate district. The county of Grant shall constitute the sixth senate district. The county of La Fayette shall constitute the seventh senate district. The county of Green201 shall constitute the eighth senate district. The county of Dane shall constitute the ninth senate district. The county of Dodge shall constitute the tenth senate district. The county of Washington shall constitute the eleventh senate district. The county of Jefferson shall constitute the twelfth senate district. The county of Waukesha shall constitute the thirteenth senate district. The county of Walworth shall constitute

§ 12. Bis eine neue Vertheilung geschehen, sollen die Senatoren und Glieder der Assembly unter den verschiedenen Distrikten so vertheilt sein, wie hiermit angegeben wird, und jeder Distrikt soll berechtigt sein, einen Senator oder ein Mitglied der Assembly zu erwählen, je nachdem der Fall sein mag. Die Counties Brown, Calumet, Manitowoc und Sheboygan sollen den ersten Senatorial-Distrikt bilden. Die Counties Columbia, Marquette, Portage und Sauk sollen den zweiten SenatorialDistrikt bilden. Die Counties Crawford, Chippewa, St. Croix und La Pointe sollen den dritten Senatorial-Distrikt bilden. Die Counties Fond du Lac und Winnebago sollen den vierten Senatorial-Distrikt bilden. Die Counties Iowa und Richland sollen den fünften Senatorial-Distrikt bilden. Das County Grant soll den sechsten Senatorial-Distrikt bilden. Das County La Fayette soll den siebenten Senatorial-Distrikt bilden. Das County Green soll den achten Senatorial-Distrikt bilden. Das County Dane soll den neunten Senatorial-Distrikt bilden. Das County Dodge soll den zehnten Senatorial-Distrikt bilden. Das County Washington soll den elften Senatorial-Distrikt bilden. Das County Jefferson soll den zwölften Senatorial-Distrikt bilden. Das County Waukesha soll den dreizehnten Senatorial-Distrikt bilden.

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C ONSTITUTION OF W ISCONSIN (1848) the fourteenth senate district. The county of Rock shall constitute the fifteenth senate district. The towns of Southport, Pike, Pleasant Prairie, Paris, Bristol, Brighton, Salem and Wheatland, in the county of Racine, shall constitute the sixteenth senate district. The towns of Racine, Caledonia, Mount Pleasant, Raymond, Norway, Rochester, Yorkville, and Burlington, in the county of Racine, shall constitute the seventeenth senate district. The third, fourth, and fifth wards of the city of Milwaukee, and the towns of Lake, Oak-Creek, Franklin and Greenfield, in the county of Milwaukee, shall constitute the eighteenth senate district. The first and second wards of the city of Milwaukee, and the towns of Milwaukee, Wauwautosa202 and Granville, in the county of Milwaukee, shall constitute the nineteenth senate district. The county of Brown shall constitute an assembly district. The county of Calumet shall constitute an assembly district. The county of Manitowoc shall constitute an assembly district. The county of Columbia shall constitute an assembly district. The counties of Crawford and Chippewa shall constitute an assembly district. The counties of St. Croix and La Pointe203 shall constitute an assembly district. The towns of Windsor, Sun Prairie and Cottage Grove, in the county of Dane, shall constitute an assembly district. The towns of Madison, Cross Plains, Clarkson, Springfield, Verona, Montrose, Oregon and Greenfield, in the county of Dane, shall constitute an assembly district. The towns of Rome, Dunkirk, Christiana, Albion and Rutland, in the county of Dane, shall constitute an assembly district. The towns of Burnett, Chester, LeRoy,

Das County Walworth soll den vierzehnten Senatorial-Distrikt bilden. Das County Rock soll den fünfzehnten Senatorial-Distrikt bilden. Die Towns Southport, Pike, Pleasant Prairie, Paris, Bristol, Brighton, Salem und Wheatland, in dem County Racine, sollen den sechzehnten Senatorial-Distrikt bilden. Die Towns Racine, Caledonia, Mount Pleasant, Raymond, Norway, Rochester, Porkville und Burlington, in dem County Racine, sollen den siebenzehnten Senatorial-Distrikt bilden. Die dritte, vierte und fünfte Ward der Stadt Milwaukie, und die Towns Lake, Oak Creek, Franklin und Greenfield, in dem County Milwaukie, sollen den achtzehnten Senatorial-Distrikt bilden. Die erste und zweite Ward der Stadt Milwaukie, und die Towns Milwaukie, Wauwatosa und Granville, in dem County Milwaukie, sollen den neunzehnten SenatorialDistrikt bilden. Das County Brown soll einen AssemblyDistrikt bilden. Das County Calumet soll einen Assemblydistrikt bilden. Das County Manitowoc soll einen Assemblydistrikt bilden. Das County Columbia soll einen Assembly-Distrikt bilden. Die Counties St. Croix und La Pointe sollen einen Assembly-Distrikt bilden. Die Towns Windsor, Sun Prairie und Cottage Grove, in dem County Dane, sollen einen Assembly-Distrikt bilden. Die Towns Madison, Croß Plains, Clarkson, Springfield, Verona, Montrose, Greenfield und Oregon, in dem County Dane, sollen einen Assembly-Distrikt bilden. Die Towns Rome, Dunkirk, Christiana, Albion und Rutland, in dem County Dane, sollen einen Assembly bilden. Die Towns Burnett, Chester, Le Roy und Williamstown, in dem County Dodge, sollen einen Assembly-Distrikt bilden.

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W ISCONSIN and Williamstown, in the county of Dodge, shall constitute an assembly district. The towns of Fairfield, Hubbard and Rubicon, in the county of Dodge, shall constitute an assembly district. The towns of Hustisford, Ashippun204 , Lebanon and Emmet, in the county of Dodge, shall constitute an assembly district. The towns of Elba, Lowell, Portland, and Clyman, in the county of Dodge, shall constitute an assembly district. The towns of Calamus205 , Beaver-dam, Fox Lake and Trenton, in the county of Dodge, shall constitute an assembly district. The towns of Calumet, Forest, Auburn, Byron, Taychedah206 and Fond du Lac, in the county of Fond du Lac, shall constitute an assembly district. The towns of Alto, Metoman207 , Ceresco, Rosendale, Waupun, Oakfield and Sevenmile-creek, in the county of Fond du Lac, shall constitute an assembly district. The precincts of Hazel-Green, Fairplay, Smeltzer’s Grove, and Jamestown, in the county of Grant, shall constitute an assembly district. The precincts of Platteville208 , Head of Platte, Centerville, Muscoday and Fennimore, in the county of Grant, shall constitute an assembly district. The precincts of Pleasant-valley, Potosi, Waterloo, Hurricane and New Lisbon, in the county of Grant, shall constitute an assembly district. The precincts of Beetown, Patch Grove, Cassville, Millville and Lancaster, in the county of Grant, shall constitute an assembly district. The county of Green209 , shall constitute an assembly district. The precincts of Dallas, Pedlar’s210 creek, Mineral Point and Yellow-Stone, in the county of Iowa, shall constitute an assembly district. The precincts of Franklin, Dodgeville, Porter’s Grove, Arena and Percussion, in

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Die Towns Fairfield, Hubbard und Rubicon, in dem County Dodge sollen einen Assembly-Distrikt bilden. Die Towns Hustisford, Asshippan, Lebanon und Emmet, in dem County Dodge, sollen einen Assembly bilden. Die Towns Elba, Lowell, Portland und Clyman, in dem County Dodge, sollen einen Assembly-Distrikt bilden. Die Towns Calamus, Beaverdam, For Lake und Trenton, in dem County Dodge, sollen einen Assembly-Distrikt bilden. Die Towns Calumet, Forest, Auburn, Byron, Tancheda und Fond du Lac, sollen einen Assembly-Distrikt bilden. Die Towns Alto, Metomon, Ceresco, Rosendale, Waupun, Oakfield und Seven-mileCreek, in dem County Fond du Lac, sollen einen Assembly-Distrikt bilden. Die Precincts (Bezirke) Hazel Green, Fairplay, Smelzers Grove und Jamestown, in dem County Grant, sollen einen Assembly-Distrikt bilden. Die Precincts Plattevalle, Head of Platte, Centerville, Muscoday und Fennimore, in dem County Grant, sollen einen AssemblyDistrikt bilden. Die Precincts Pleasant Valley, Poton, Waterloo, Hurricane und New Lisbon, in dem County Grant, sollen einen Assembly-Distrikt bilden. Die Precincts Beetown, Patch Grove, Caßville, Mellville und Lancaster, in dem County Grant, sollen einen Assembly-Distrikt bilden. Das County Greene soll einen AssemblyDistrikt bilden. Die Precincts Dallas, Pedlars Creek, Mineral Point und Yellow Stone, in dem County Iowa, sollen einen Assembly-Distrikt bilden. Die Precincets Franklin, Dodgeville, Porters Grove, Arena und Percussion, in dem County Iowa, und das County Richland, sollen einen Assembly-Distrikt bilden. Die Towns Watertown, Aztalan und Wa-

V ERFASSUNG VON W ISCONSIN (1848) the county of Iowa, and the county of Richland, shall constitute an assembly district. The towns of Watertown, Aztalan, and Waterloo, in the county of Jefferson, shall constitute an assembly district. The towns of Ixonia, Concord, Sullivan, Hebron, Cold Spring and Palmyra, in the county of Jefferson, shall constitute an assembly district. The towns of Lake Mills, Oakland, Koskonong, Farmington and Jefferson, in the county of Jefferson, shall constitute an assembly district. The precincts of Benton, Elk-Grove, Belmont, Willow-springs, Prairie211 and that part of Shullsburgh precinct north of town one, in the county of La Fayette, shall constitute an assembly district. The precincts of Wiota, Wayne, Gratiot, White Oak Springs, Fever-river212 , and that part of Shullsburgh precinct south of town two, in the county of La Fayette, shall constitute an assembly district. The county of Marquette shall constitute an assembly district. The first ward of the city of Milwaukee shall constitute an assembly district. The second ward of the city of Milwaukee shall constitute an assembly district. The third ward of the city of Milwaukee shall constitute an assembly district. The fourth and fifth wards of the city of Milwaukee shall constitute an assembly district. The towns of Franklin and Oak-creek, in the county of Milwaukee, shall constitute an assembly district. The towns of Greenfield and Lake, in the county of Milwaukee, shall constitute an assembly district. The towns of Granville, Wauwautosa213 and Milwaukee, in the county of Milwaukee, shall constitute an assembly district. The county of Portage shall constitute an assembly district. The town of Racine, in the county of

terloo, in dem County Jefferson, sollen einen Assembly-Distrikt bilden. Die Towns Ironia, Concord, Sullivan, Hebron, Cold Spring und Palmyra, in dem County Jefferson, sollen einen AssemblyDistrikt bilden. Die Towns Lake Mills, Oakland, Koskonong, Farmington und Jefferson, in dem County Jefferson, sollen einen AssemblyDistrikt bilden. Die Precincts Benton, Elk Grove, Belmont, Willow Springs, Prairie und der Theil von Shellsburgh Precinct nördlich von Town Eins, in dem County La Fayette, sollen einen Assembly-Distrikt bilden. Die Precincts Wiota, Wayne, Gratiot, White Oak Springs, Fevre River und der Theil von Shellsburgh Precinct südlich von Town Zwei, in dem County La Fayette, sollen einen Assembly-Distrikt bilden. Das County Marquette soll einen Assembly-Distrikt bilden. Die erste Ward der Stadt Milwaukie soll einen Assembly-Distrikt bilden. Die zweite Ward der Stadt Milwaukie soll einen Assembly-Distrikt bilden. Die dritte Ward der Stadt Milwaukie soll einen Assembly-Distrikt bilden. Die vierte und fünfte Ward der Stadt Milwaukie solle inen Assembly-Distrikt bilden. Die Towns Franklin und Oak Creek, in dem County Milwaukie, sollen einen Assembly-Distrikt bilden. Die Towns Greenfield und Lake, in dem County Milwaukie, sollen einen Assemblydistrikt bilden. Die Towns Granville, Wauwatosa und Milwaukie, in dem County Milwaukie, sollen einen Assembly-Distrikt bilden. Das County Portage soll einen AssemblyDistrikt bilden. Die Town Racine, in dem County Racine, soll einen Assembly-Distrikt bilden. Die Towns Norway, Raymond, Caledonia und Mount Pleasant, in dem County Racine, sollen einen Assembly-Distrikt bilden.

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W ISCONSIN Racine, shall constitute an assembly district. The towns of Norway, Raymond, Caledonia and Mount Pleasant, in the county of Racine, shall constitute an assembly district. The towns of Rochester, Burlington, and Yorkville, in the county of Racine, shall constitute an assembly district. The214 towns of Southport, Pike and Pleasant-Prairie, in the county of Racine, shall constitute an assembly district. The towns of Paris, Bristol, Brighton, Salem and Wheatland, in the county of Racine, shall constitute an assembly district. The towns of Janesville and Bradford, in the county of Rock, shall constitute an assembly district. The towns of Beloit, Turtle, and Clinton, in the county of Rock, shall constitute an assembly district. The towns of Magnolia, Union, Porter, and Fulton, in the county of Rock, shall constitute an assembly district. The towns of Milton, Lima and Johnstown, in the county of Rock, shall constitute an assembly district. The towns of Newark, Rock, Avon, Spring-valley and Centre, in the county of Rock, shall constitute an assembly district: Provided, that, if the Legislature shall divide the town of Centre, they may attach such part of it to the district lying next north, as they may deem expedient. The county of Sauk shall constitute an assembly district. Precincts numbered one, three, and seven, in the county of Sheboygan, shall constitute an assembly district. Precincts numbered two, four, five and six, in the county of Sheboygan, shall constitute an assembly district. The towns of Troy, East Troy, and Spring Prairie, in the county of Walworth, shall constitute an assembly district.

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Die Towns Rochester, Burlington und Porkville, in dem County Racine, sollen einen Assembly-Distrikt bilden. Die Towns Southport, Pike und Pleasant Prairie, in dem County Racine, sollen einen Assembldistrikt bilden. Die Towns Paris, Bristol, Brighton, Salem und Wheatland, in dem County Racine, sollen einen Assemblydistrikt bilden. Die Towns Janesville und Bradford, in dem County Rock, sollen einen Assemblydistrikt bilden. Die Towns Beloit, Turtle und Clinton, in dem County Rock, sollen einen Assemblydistrikt bilden. Die Towns Magnolia, Union, Porter und Fulton, in dem County Rock, sollen einen Assemblydistrikt bilden. Die Towns Milton, Lima und Johnstown, in dem County Rock, sollen einen Assemblydistrikt bilden. Die Towns Newark, Rock, Avon, Spring Valley und Centre, in dem County Rock, sollen einen Assemblydistrikt bilden. Vorgesehen: Sollte die Legislatur die Town Centre theilen, so kann sie einen solchen Teil desselben dem nördlich gelegenen Distrikt einverleiben, als sie für schicklich finden mag. Das County Sauk soll einen Assemblydistrikt bilden. Bezirke (Precincts) Nummer Eins, Drei und Sieben, in dem County Sheboygan, sollen einen Assemblydistrikt bilden. Bezirke Nummer Zwei, Vier, Fünf und Sechs, in dem County Sheboygan, sollen einen Assemblydistrikt bilden. Die Towns Troy, East-Troy und Spring Prairie, in dem County Walworth, sollen einen Assemblydistrikt bilden. Die Towns Whitewater, Richmond und La Grange, in dem County Walworth, sollen einen Assemblydistrikt bilden. Die Towns Geneva, Hudson und Bloomfield, in dem County Walworth, sollen einen Assemblydistrikt bilden.

C ONSTITUTION OF W ISCONSIN (1848) The towns of Whitewater, Richmond and La Grange, in the county of Walworth, shall constitute an assembly district. The towns of Geneva, Hudson and Bloomfield, in the county of Walworth, shall constitute an assembly district. The towns of Darien, Sharon, Walworth and Linn, in the county of Walworth, shall constitute an assembly district. The towns of Delavan, Sugar-creek, La Fayette and Elkhorn, in the county of Walworth, shall constitute an assembly district. The towns of Lisbon, Menomonee, and Brookfield, in the county of Waukesha, shall constitute an assembly district. The towns of Warren, Oconomewoc, Summit and Ottowa215 , in the county of Waukesha, shall constitute an assembly district. The towns of Delafield, Genessee216 , and Pewaukee, in the county of Waukesha, shall constitute an assembly district. The towns of Waukesha and New Berlin, in the county of Waukesha, shall constitute an assembly district. The towns of Eagle, Mukwonego217 , Vernon and Muskego, in the county of Waukesha, shall constitute an assembly district. The towns of Port Washington, Fredonia and Clarence218 , in the county of Washington, shall constitute an assembly district. The towns of Grafton and Jackson219 , in the county of Washington, shall constitute an assembly district. The towns of Mequon220 and Germantown, in the county of Washington, shall constitute an assembly district. The towns of Polk, Richfield and Erin, in the county of Washington, shall constitute an assembly district. The towns of Hartford, Addison, West Bend and North Bend, in the county of Washington, shall constitute an assembly district. The county of Winnebago shall constitute an assembly district.

Die Towns Darien, Sharon, Walworth und Linn, in dem County Walworth, sollen einen Assemblydistrikt bilden. Die Towns Delavan, Sugar Creek, La Fayette und Elkhorn, in dem County Walworth, sollen einen Assemblydistrikt bilden. Die Towns Lisbon, Menomonie und Brookfield, in dem County Waukehsa, sollen einen Assemblydistrikt bilden. Die Towns Warren, Oconomewoc, Summit und Ottawa, in dem County Waukesha, sollen einen Assemblydistrikt bilden. Die Towns Delafield, Genessee und Pewaukie, in dem County Waukesha, sollen einen Assemblydistrikt bilden. Die Towns Waukesha und New Berlin, in dem County Waukesha, sollen einen Assemblydistrikt bilden. Die Towns Eagle, Mukwanego, Vernon, Muskegon, in dem County Waukesha, sollen einen Assemblydistrikt bilden. Die Towns Port Washington, Fredonia und Clarance, in dem County Washington, sollen einen Assembliydistrikt bilden. Die Towns Grafton und Jackson, in dem County Washington, sollen einen Assemblydistrikt bilden. Die Towns Mequon und Germantown, in dem County Washington, sollen einen Assemblydistrikt bilden. Die Towns Polk, Richfield und Erin, in dem County Washington, sollen einen Assemblydistrikt bilden. Die Towns Hartford, Addison, West Bend und North Bend, in dem County Washington, sollen einen Assemblydistrikt bilden. Das County Winnebago soll einen Assemblydistrikt bilden.

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W ISCONSIN The foregoing districts are subject, however, so far to be altered that when any new town shall be organized, it may be added to either of the adjoining assembly districts. S ECT. 13. Such parts of the common law as are now in force in the Territory of Wisconsin, not inconsistent with this221 constitution, shall be and continue part of the law of this222 State, until altered, or suspended by the Legislature.

§ 13. Solche Theile des Common law, die jetzt im Territorium Wisconsin in Kraft und dieser Constitution nicht widerstreitend sind, sollen einen Theil der Gesetze dieses Staates sein und bleiben, bis sie durch die Legislatur verändert und aufgehoben sind.

S ECT. 14. The Senators first elected in the even-numbered Senate223 districts, the Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, and other State officers first elected under this constitution, shall enter upon the duties of their respective offices on the first Monday of June next, and shall continue in office for one year from the first Monday of January next; the senators first elected in the oddnumbered Senate districts, and the members of the Assembly, first elected, shall enter upon their duties respectively on the first Monday of224 June next, and shall continue in office until the first Monday in January next.

§ 14. Die Senatoren, welche zuerst in den gerade numerirten Senatsdistrikten erwählt sind, der Gouverneur, Vice-Gouverneur und andere Staatsbeamten, welche zuerst unter dieser Constitution erwählt sind, sollen ihre betreffenden Amtspflichten am ersten Montag des nächsten Juni antreten und sollen ihr Amt von dem ersten Montag des nächsten Januar an, ein Jahr lang bekleiden. Die Senatoren, welche zuerst in den ungeraden Senatsdistrikten erwählt sind und die zuerst erwählten Glieder der Assembly sollen ihre betreffenden Pflichten an dem ersten Montag des nächsten Juni antreten und ihr Amt bis zum ersten Montag des nächsten Januar bekleiden.

S ECT. 15. The oath225 of office may be administered by any Judge or Justice of the Peace, until the Legislature shall otherwise direct.226

§ 15. Die Amtseide können vor irgend einem Richter oder Friedensrichter abgelegt werden, bis die Legislatur anderweitig darüber verfügt.

RESOLUTIONS

BESCHLÜSSE

Resolved,227 That the congress of the United [States]228 be and is hereby requested, upon the application of Wisconsin for admission into the Union, so to alter229 the provisions of an230 Act of Congress entitled “An Act to grant a quantity of land to the Territory of Wisconsin, for the purpose of aiding in opening a canal to connect the waters of Lake Michigan with those of Rock River”, Approved June eighteenth,

Beschlossen, daß der Congreß der Vereinigten Staaten ersucht werde und hiermit ersucht ist, beim Ansuchen Wisconsins um Aufnahme in die Union die Bestimmungen der Congreßakte, betitelt: “Eine Akte zur Schenkung einer Quantität Land an das Territorium Wisconsin, um die Anlage eines Canals zur Verbindung des Sees Michigan mit dem Rock River zu unterstützen,“ angenommen am 18. Juni 1838, und den Inhalt

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V ERFASSUNG VON W ISCONSIN (1848) eighteen hundred and thirty eight,231 and so to alter the terms and conditions of the grant made therein, that the odd-numbered sections thereby granted and remaining unsold may be held and disposed of232 by the State of Wisconsin as part of the five hundred thousand acres of land to which said state is entitled by the provisions of an Act of Congress entitled “An Act to appropriate the proceeds of the sales of the public lands, and to grant pre-emption rights,” Approved the fourth day of September, eighteen hundred and forty one;233 and further, that the even-numbered sections reserved by congress, may be offered for sale by the United States for the same minimum price, and subject to the same rights of preemption as other public lands of the United States. Resolved,234 That congress be further requested to pass an act whereby the excess price over and above one dollar and twenty five cents per acre, which may have been paid by the purchasers of said evennumbered sections which shall have been sold by the United States, be refunded to the present owners thereof, or they be allowed to enter any of the public lands of the United States to an amount equal in value to the excess so paid. Resolved,235 That in case the said236 oddnumbered sections shall be ceded to the State as aforesaid, the same shall be sold by the State in the same manner as237 other school lands, provided that the same rights of pre-emption as are now granted by the laws of the United States, shall be secured to persons who may be actually settled upon such lands238 at the time of the adoption of this constitution; and provided further, that the excess price, over and above one dollar and twenty five cents per acre, absolutely or conditionally contracted to be paid by the purchasers of any part of said sections which shall have been sold by the Territory of Wisconsin, shall be remitted to such pur-

und die Bedingungen der darin gemachten Schenkung so zu verändern, daß die darin geschenkten und unverkauft gebliebenen ungeraden Sektionen von dem Staat Wisconsin als Theil der 500,000 Acker Land gehalten und verwendet werden können, zu welchen genannter Staat, gemäß der Bestimmungen einer Congreßakte, betitelt: “Eine Akte für die Verwendung des Erlöses aus dem Verkauf öffentlicher Länderungen und zur Ertheilung von Vorkaufsrechten,“ angenommen am 4. September 1841, berechtigt ist; und ferner, daß die geraden Sektionen, welche vom Congreß zurückbehalten wurden, von den Vereinigten Staaten zu demselben Minimumpreis zum Verkauf ausgeboten und denselben Vorkaufsrechten unterworfen werden, wie die andern öffentlichen Ländereien der Vereinigten Staaten. Beschlossen, daß der Congreß ferner ersucht werde, eine Akte zu passiren, wodurch das Uebermaß des über und höher als Ein Dollar und fünfundzwanzig Cents per Acker angeschlagenen Preises, das die Käufer für die von den Vereinigten Staaten verkauften gerade-[n]umerirten Sektionen etwa bezahlt haben, den gegenwärtigen Eignern derselben zurückerstattet, oder daß denselben erlaubt werde, so viel von den öffentlichen Ländereien der Verein. Staaten in Besitz zu nehmen als an Werth dem so bezahlten Ueberschüsse gleichkommen sollte. Beschlossen, daß, im Falle die genannten ungerade-numerirten Sektionen diesem Staate in vorbesagter Weise abgetreten werden, dieselben vom Staate auf dieselbe Weise wie anderes Schulland verkauft werden sollen: Vorgesehen; daß dieselben Vorkaufsrechte, wie sie gemäß der Gesetze der Vereinigten Staaten bestehen, denjenigen Personen gesichert werden, welche sich wirklich auf solchem Land zur Zeit der Annahme dieser Constitution niedergelassen haben; und Vorgesehen ferner, daß der Einen Dollar und fünfundzwanzig Cents per Acker übersteigende Betrag des Kaufpreises, welchen die

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W ISCONSIN chasers, their representatives, or assigns. Resolved,239 That congress be requested, upon the application of Wisconsin for admission into the Union, to pass an act whereby the grant of five hundred thousand acres of land, to which the State of Wisconsin is entitled by the provisions of an Act of Congress entitled “An Act to appropriate the proceeds of the sales240 of the public lands, and to grant pre-emption rights,” Approved the fourth day of September, eighteen hundred and forty-one,241 and also the five per-centum of the nett proceeds of the public lands lying within the State, to which it shall become entitled on its admission into the Union, by the provisions of an Act of Congress entitled “An Act to enable the people of Wisconsin Territory to form a constitution and state government, and for the admission of such State into the Union,” Approved the sixth day of August, eighteen hundred and forty six,242 shall be granted to the State of Wisconsin, for the use of Schools, instead of the purposes mentioned in the243 said acts of Congress respectively. Resolved,244 That the Congress of the United States be and hereby is requested, upon the admission of this State into the Union, so245 to alter the provisions of the Act of Congress entitled “An Act to grant a certain quantity of land to aid in the improvement of the Fox and Wisconsin rivers, and to connect the same by a canal in the Territory of Wisconsin,”246 that the price of the lands reserved to the United States, shall be reduced to the minimum price of the public lands. Resolved,247 That the Legislature of this State shall make provision by law for the sale of the lands granted to the State in aid of said improvements, subject to the same rights of pre-emption to the settlers thereon, as are now allowed by law to settlers on the public lands. Resolved,248 That the foregoing resolutions be appended to, and signed with the

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Käufer unbedingt oder bedingungsweise für irgend einen Theil der besagten vom Territorium Wisconsin verkauften Sektionen zu zahlen sich verbindlich gemacht haben, solchen Käufern, ihren Repräsentanten oder Bevollmächtigten erlassen werde. Beschlossen, daß der Congreß ersucht werde, beim Ansuchen Wisconsin’s um Aufnahme in die Union eine Akte zu passiren, wodurch die Schenkung von 500,000 Acker Land, wozu dieser Staat berechtigt ist, gemäß der Bestimmungen einer am 4. September 1841 genehmigten Congreßakte, betitelt: “Eine Akte zur Verwendung des Erlöses aus dem Verkauf öffentlicher Ländereien und zur Ertheilung von Vorkaufsrechten,“ und ebenso die fünf Prozent des Reinertrags von den in diesem Staat liegenden öffentlichen Ländereien, wozu derselbe bei seiner Zulassung in die Union, gemäß der Bestimmungen einer am 6. August 1846 genehmigten Congreßakte, betitelt: “Eine Akte, um das Volk des Territoriums Wisconsin zu befähigen, eine Constitution und Staatsregierung zu bilden, und zur Aufnahme solchen Staates in die Union“, berechtigt sein soll, dem Staat Wisconsin zum Nutzen von Schulen, statt zu den in den genannten Congreßakten angeführten Zwecken verwilligt werden. Beschlossen, daß der Congreß der Vereinigten Staaten ersucht werde und hiermit ersucht ist, bei der Aufnahme dieses Staats in die Union die Bestimmungen der Congreßakte, betitelt: “Eine Akte zur Schenkung einer gewissen Quantität des Landes, um zur Verbesserung des For- und WisconsinFlusses und zur Verbindung beider mittelst eines Canals im Territorium Wisconsin beizutragen,“ so abzuändern, daß der Preis des den Vereinigten Staaten vorbehaltenen Landes auf den Minimumpreis der öffentlichen Ländereien herabgesetzt wird. Beschlossen, daß die Legislatur dieses Staates durch Gesetz den Verkauf des zur Unterstützung der besagten Verbesserungen bewilligten Landes veranstalten soll, mit

C ONSTITUTION OF W ISCONSIN (1848) Constitution of Wisconsin, and submitted therewith to the people of this Territory, and to the Congress of the United States.249 W E, the undersigned, members of the250 convention to form a Constitution for the State251 of Wisconsin, to be submitted to the people thereof, for their ratification252 or rejection, do hereby certify that the foregoing is the Constitution adopted253 by the convention. In testimony whereof, we have hereunto set our hands at Madison, the first day of February, A. D. 1848.254

Morgan L. Martin, President of the Convention and Delegate from Brown county255 . Tho’s McHugh, Secretary. G. W. Featherstonhaugh Of Calumet county.256 James T. Lewis Of Columbia county. D. G. Fenton Of Crawford county.  Wm. H. Fox  C. M. Nichols Of Dane county.  William A. Wheeler  Stoddard Judd  Charles H. Larrabee257 Of Dodge county.  Samuel W. Lyman  S. W. Beall258 Of Fond du Lac county. Warren Chase  O. Cole     George W. Lakin  259 Alexander D. Ramsey  Of Grant county.    William Richardson  John Hawkins Rountree James Biggs Of Green county.

Beibehaltung derselben Vorkaufsrechte für die darauf Angesiedelten, welche den Ansiedlern auf öffentlichen Ländereien jetzt gesetzlich zustehen. Beschlossen, daß die vorstehenden Beschlüsse der Constitution dieses Staates beigefügt, mit derselben unterschrieben und dem Volke dieses Territoriums und dem Congreß der Vereinigten Staaten vorgelegt werden. Wir, die Unterzeichneten, Mitglieder der Convention zur Bildung einer Constitution für den Staat Wisconsin, welche dem Volke desselben zur Annahme oder Verwerfung vorgelegt wird, bezeugen hiermit, daß das Vorstehende die Constitution ist, welche von der Convention angenommen wurde. Als Zeugniß dafür haben wir unser Handschrift darunter gesetzt, zu Madison, am ersten Tage im Februar, 1848. Morgan L. Martin, Präsident.

Thomas McHugh, Sekretär. G.W. Featherstonhaugh, James T. Lewis, Moritz Schöffler, Daniel G. Fenton, Silas Steadman, Stoddard Judd, William Kennedy, Chas. H. Larrabee, Albert G. Cole, Samuel W. Lyman, Frederick S. Lovell, William H. Fox, Andrew B. Jackson, Chas. M. Nichols, S. A. Davenport, Wm. A. Wheeler, S. R. McClellan, Warren Chase, James D. Reymert, Samuel W. Beall, Theodore Secor, Orsamus Cole, H. T. Sanders, George A. Lakin, Almerin M. Carter, Wm. Richardson, Joseph Colley, John H. Rountree Paul Crandall, Abraham Ramsey, Ezra A. Foote, James Biggs, Louis P. Harvey,

261

W ISCONSIN  Charles Bishop  S.260 P.261 Hollenbeck262 Of Iowa county.  Joseph Ward  Jonas Folts    Milo Jones Of Jefferson county.  Theodore Prentiss   Abraham Vanderpoel263  Charles Dunn  John O’Connor264 Of La Fayette county.  Allen Warden  John L. Doran     Garret M. Fitzgerald      Albert Fowler

Byron Kilbourn265 Of Milwaukee county.     Rufus King     Charles H. Larkin  Moritz266 Schoeffler William H. Kennedy Of Portage county.  Albert G. Cole    Stephen A. Davenport      Andrew B. Jackson      F. S. Lovell Samuel R. McClellan  Of Racine county.    James Derwan267     Reymert     Horace T. Sanders  Theodore Secor  A. M. Carter     Joseph Colley    Paul Crandall Of Rock county.  Ezra A. Foot268      Louis P. Harvey  Edward V. Whiton Silas Steadman Of Sheboygan county.  Experience Estabrook269     George Gale    270 James Harrington Of Walworth county.  A. C. Kinne271      Hollis Latham  Ezra A. Mulford  James Fagan  Patrick Pentony Of Washington county.  Harvey G. Turner

262

Charles Bishop, Edw. V. Whiton, St. B. Hollenbeck, Exper. Estabrook, Joseph Ward, George Gale, Charles Dunn, James Harrington, John O’Connor, Aug. E. Kinne, Allen Warden, Ezra Mulford, Milo Jones, Hollis Latham, Theodore Prentiß, Squire S. Case, Jonas Folts, Alfr. L. Castleman, Abram Vanderpool, Peter D. Gifford, John L. Doran, Eleazer Root, G. M. Fitzgerald, George Scagel, Albert Fowler, James Fagan, Rufus King, Patrick Pentony, Charles H. Larkin, Harvey G. Turner, Harrison Reed.

V ERFASSUNG VON W ISCONSIN (1848) Squire S. Case Alfred L. Castleman273 Peter D. Gifford Eleazer Root George Scagel Harrison Reed

     

Of Waukesha county272 .      Of Winnebago county.274

1 Verified by Constitution of the State of Wisconsin, Adopted in Convention February 1, A. D. 1848. Published by Order of the Legislative Assembly, June 8, A. D. 1848. Compared and Corrected by and with the Official Copy on File in the Office of Secretary of State, Madison, W.T.: H. A. Tenney, Territorial Printer, 1848, 43 p., and corrected according to the parchment constitution as preserved in the Wisconsin Historical Society Archives at Madison, WI, the whereabouts of the engrossed original being unknown since the late nineteenth century. Checked also against the versions as published in Journal of the Convention to Form a Constitution for the State of Wisconsin, With a Sketch of the Debates, Begun and Held at Madison, on the Fifteenth Day of December, Eighteen Hundred and Forty-Seven. By Authority of the Convention, Madison, W.T.: Tenney, Smith & Holt, Printers, 1848, 601–627, in Potosi Republican, February 10, 1848, 1–3, presumably its first printing, and against Constitution of the State of Wisconsin, Adopted in Convention, at Madison, on the First Day of February, in the Year of Our Lord One Thousand Eight Hundred and Forty-Eight [caption title], [Madison:] Beriah Brown, Printer, [1848?], 19 p. [on Brown’s intimacy with the conventions of 1846 and 1848, cf. “Constitutional Conventions. A Meeting of Veterans”, in: State Journal, April 16, 1878, 29–30], and against Constitution of Wisconsin. Message of The President of the United States, Transmitting A copy of the constitution of State government formed by a convention of the people of the Territory of Wisconsin, in pursuance of the act of Congress of August 6th, 1846, together with sundry documents relating thereto. March 16, 1848 (30th Congress, First Session, House of Representatives, Doc. No. 55), [Washington: s.n., 1848,] 3–32. Spelling, capitalization, punctuation, and parentheses as in the parchment constitution, though in many cases the capitalization, or not, especially of “a”, “c”, “m”, and “s” remains ambiguous. Obvious typographical errors in printing have been tacitly ignored in the annotations. The constitution was also published in German (q.v.), Norwegian (q.v.), and Welsh (q.v.) translations. After the rejection of a first Constitution of 1846 (q.v.) by the people, a second convention met in 1847 and adopted a new Constitution on February 1, 1848. Submitted to the people on March 13, 1848, it was adopted by a majority of 16,759 to 6,384 votes

1

Verified by the text as published in Der Volksfreund, 51 (Milwaukee), February 10, 1848 and checked against the English original. Spelling, capitalization, and punctuation as in Der Volksfreund. The subsequent notes refer to deviations from the English original, either caused by unclear German phrasing, omissions, additions, or inaccurate or erroneous translation, whereas mere questions of style have been ignored, as have been repetitions. 2 In English original, “happiness”. 3 In English original, “the privilege of the writ of habeas-corpus”. 4 In English original, “agricultural land”. 5 In English original, “any grant”. 6 In English original, “any office of public trust”. 7 In English original, “head waters”. 8 In English original, “acres”. 9 In English original, “Legislature”. 10 In English original, “felony”. 11 In English original, “unless restored to civil rights”. 12 In English original, “Legislative”. 13 In English original, “contempt”. 14 In English original, “Legislature”. 15 In English original, “writs of election”. 16 In English original, “stationary”. 17 In English original, “contractor”. 18 In English original, “Executive”. 19 In English original, “two”. 20 In English original, “powers”. 21 The ensuing sect. 5–23 are misplaced in Der Volksfreund. Instead of being part of art. VI, they belong to art. VII, whose first four sections are published in Der Volksfreund only after sect. 23. 22 In English original, “judicial circuits”. 23 In English original, “session”. 24 In English original, “may”. 25 In German translation, “as the ground of address” missing. 26 In English original, “statute laws”. 27 Art. VII with its first four sections misplaced. The immediately preceding sect. 5–23 are, in fact, part of art. VII, not, as here suggested, of art. VI. 28 In English original, “Judiciary”. 29 In English original, “corrupt conduct in office”. 30 In German translation, “vor der Grand Jury (GroßGeschworenen-Gericht)” added.

263

W ISCONSIN (cf. Jack Stark, The Wisconsin State Constitution. A Reference Guide [Reference Guides to the State Constitutions of the United States, no. 28, G. Alan Tarr, Series Editor], Westport, CT and London: Greenwood Press, 1997, 8; also Horst Dippel, “‘A mixed form of government founded on democratic principles:’ The Wisconsin Constitution of 1848 and the Virtuous Republic,” in: Executive and Legislative Powers in the Constitutions of 1848–49, ed. by Horst Dippel, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1999, 271–286). With its constitution in place Wisconsin was admitted to the Union on May 29, 1848 as the 30th state. The Constitution is still in force today, making it the oldest west of the Alleghenies. After a first attempt at amending the Constitution failed in 1854 (q.v.), it has seen about 150 successful amendments since the 1860s. 2 In separate Tenney print, 4, “council”. 3 In Washington print, 4, “liable”. 4 In Brown print, 2, “right and justice”. 5 In Potosi Republican, 1, word missing. 6 In separate Tenney print, 5, in Convention Journal, 602, and in Potosi Republican, 1, “warrant”. 7 In Brown print, 2, “lands”. 8 Ibid., “or”. 9 In separate Tenney print, 5, “expressed”. 10 In Potosi Republican, 1, word missing. 11 In Convention Journal, 603, “mode”. 12 In Potosi Republican, 1, and in Brown print, 3, “theological or religious”. 13 In separate Tenney print, 6, and in Convention Journal, 603, “tests”. 14 In separate Tenney print, 6, “six”. 15 U.S. Statutes at Large, 29th Congress, Sess. I, Ch. 89. 16 In Brown print, 3, “up”. 17 In separate Tenney print, 6, in Convention Journal, 603, and in Brown print, 3, “Menomonee”. 18 In Potosi Republican, 1, word missing. 19 In Convention Journal, 603, “said the”. 20 In Potosi Republican, 1, “on”. 21 In separate Tenney print, 7, and in Convention Journal, 603, “Cram”. On Lt. Thomas J. Cram’s survey, cf. Louise P. Kellogg, “The Disputed MichiganWisconsin Boundary,” in: Wisconsin Magazine of History, 1 (1917–18), 304–307. 22 In Brown print, 3, “the said”. 23 In separate Tenney print, 7, in Potosi Republican, 1, and in Washington print, 5, “Nicollet’s”; in Convention Journal, 603, “Nicolet’s; in Brown print, 3, “Nicollett’s”. 24 Joseph Nicolas Nicollet, Map of the Hydrographical Basin of the Upper Mississippi River from Astronomical and Barometrical Observations, Surveys and Information, [Washington,] 1842. 25 In Brown print, 3, “the said”. 26 Ibid., word missing. 27 In separate Tenney print, 7, “1848”. U.S. Statutes at

264

31

In English original, “both as to matters of law and equity”. 32 In English original, “Eminent Domain”. 33 In English original, “powers”. 34 In German translation, “and at such time” missing. 35 In German translation, “oder unter einem andern Staate der Union” added. 36 In English original, “filling the vacancy, where no provision is made for that purpose in this constitution”. 37 In English original, “precinct”.

C ONSTITUTION OF W ISCONSIN (1848) Large, 15th Congress, Sess. I, Ch. 67. 28 In Brown print, 3, “at”. 29 Ibid., “or”. 30 Ibid., 4, “south-westwardly”. 31 In Convention Journal, 604, and in Potosi Republican, 1, “Iskodewaba”. 32 In Brown print, 4, “with”. 33 In Potosi Republican, 1, and in Brown print, 4, “rights”. 34 In Brown print, 4, word misssing. 35 U.S. Statutes at Large, 27th Congress, Sess. I, Ch. 16. 36 In Brown print, 4, last three words missing. 37 In Potosi Republican, 1, and in Brown print, 4, “this”. 38 In Potosi Republican, 1, and in Brown print, 4, “act”. 39 In Potosi Republican, 1, word missing. 40 Ibid., and in Brown print, 5, last two words missing. 41 In Potosi Republican, 1, and in Brown print, 5, “of members” added. 42 In Brown print, 5, last two words missing. 43 Ibid., “at the first election” added. 44 In Potosi Republican, 1, and in Brown print, 5, “contempts”. 45 In Potosi Republican, 1, word missing. 46 Ibid., “in the”. 47 In separate Tenney print, 11, “ayes”. 48 In Brown print, 6, “board”. 49 Ibid., word missing. 50 In Potosi Republican, 1, “the”. 51 In Brown print, 7, “the use of” added. 52 In Potosi Republican, 1, “for the”. 53 In Brown print, 7, last two words missing. 54 In Potosi Republican, 1, and in Brown print, 7, “who shall”. 55 In Potosi Republican, 1, word missing. 56 Ibid., “Sec. 4.” missing. 57 In Washington print, 10, “diseases”. 58 In Brown print, 8, word missing. 59 In Washington print, 10, “the”. 60 In Potosi Republican, 1, and in Brown print, 8, “the power”. 61 In Brown print, 8, “of”. 62 In Potosi Republican, 1, word missing. 63 Ibid., “be”. 64 In Washington print, 11, word missing. 65 In separate Tenney print, 15, and in Convention Journal, 609, “and an”. 66 In Brown print, 9, “legislative”. 67 In Potosi Republican, 1, and in Brown print, 9, “after the”. 68 In Brown print, 9, word missing. 69 In Potosi Republican, 1, “sheriffs”. 70 Ibid., word missing. 71 In Convention Journal, 610, word missing.

265

W ISCONSIN 72

In Brown print, 9, “than to removal from office, or” missing. 73 In Potosi Republican, 1, “an”. 74 Ibid., and in Brown print, 9, “this”. 75 In Convention Journal, 610, last three words missing. 76 In Washington print, 13, “by”. 77 In Brown print, 10, word missing. 78 In Potosi Republican, 1, “of the”. 79 In Brown print, 10, rest of section missing. 80 In Potosi Republican, 1, “Courts”. 81 Ibid., “the”. 82 In Potosi Republican, 1, “till”; in Brown print, 10, “nor till”. 83 In separate Tenney print, 18, in Convention Journal, 611, in Potosi Republican, 1, in Brown print, 10, and in Washington print, 13, “of the”. 84 In Convention Journal, 611, “until”. 85 In Potosi Republican, 1, and in Brown print, 10, “Manitouwoc”. 86 In Brown print, 10, “Winnabago”. 87 In Potosi Republican, 1, “La Point”. 88 Ibid., “provided for”. 89 In Brown print, 10, “of not”. 90 Ibid., 11, “the circuit judges”. 91 In Potosi Republican, 1, word missing. 92 Ibid., “of a”. 93 Ibid., “court”; in Brown print, 11, “in the office of a supreme or circuit judge”. 94 In Potosi Republican, 1, word missing. 95 Ibid., “times”. 96 Ibid., “the”. 97 In Brown print, 11, “The circuit judges”. 98 Ibid., “And the”. 99 In Convention Journal, 612, and in Potosi Republican, 1, “a”. 100 In Convention Journal, 612, “the”. 101 In Potosi Republican, 1, and in Brown print, 12, “journal”. 102 In Brown print, 12, “three”. 103 Ibid., “successors”. 104 In Potosi Republican, 1, “any”. 105 In Washington print, 15, word missing. 106 In separate Tenney print, 20, and in Potosi Republican, 2, “meetings”. 107 In Brown print, 12, “election”. 108 In Potosi Republican, 2, “way”. 109 Ibid., “provided”. 110 Ibid., “townships”. 111 Ibid., “party”. 112 In Brown print, 12, “for”. 113 In Potosi Republican, 2, and in Brown print, 12, “processes”. 114 In Potosi Republican, 2, last three words missing. 115 Ibid., “in”. 116 Ibid., and in Brown print, 12, “to report”.

266

V ERFASSUNG VON W ISCONSIN (1848) 117 In

Potosi Republican, 2, “commissions”; in Brown print, 12, “commissioners”. 118 In Brown print, 13, “person”. 119 In Convention Journal, 613, and in Washington print, 16, “power”. 120 In Brown print, 13, “a circuit judge”. 121 In Potosi Republican, 2, and in Brown print, 13, “debt”. 122 In Convention Journal, 614, “moneys”. 123 In Potosi Republican, 2, and in Brown print, 13, “journals”. 124 In Potosi Republican, 2, and in Brown print, 13, word missing. 125 In Brown print, 13, “script”. 126 Ibid., word missing. 127 Ibid., “the said”. 128 Ibid., “this”. 129 In Potosi Republican, 2, “to any”. 130 In Brown print, 13, “the said”. 131 In Potosi Republican, 2, and in Brown print, 14, “this”. 132 In Brown print, 14, “import”. 133 In Potosi Republican, 2, “or”. 134 In Washington print, 18, “gifts”. 135 In Potosi Republican, 2, and in Brown print, 14, “this”. 136 In Potosi Republican, 2, and in Brown print, 14, “this”. 137 In Brown print, 14, “S ECT . 4 . All lands which shall come to the state by forfeiture or escheat, or by grant, where the grant does not specially dedicate the same to any other object, shall be held by the state as a part of the common school fund, under the same trusts, reservations and restrictions as are provided in this constitution in regard to school lands proper” added. 138 Ibid., “shall”. 139 U.S. Statutes at Large, 27th Congress, Sess. I, Ch. 16. 140 In Brown print, 14, “such”. 141 Ibid., 15, word missing. 142 In Potosi Republican, 2, “fund”. 143 Ibid., “on”. 144 In separate Tenney print, 26, “land”. 145 In Convention Journal, 616, “land”. 146 In Brown print, 15, “ARTICLE XII”. 147 Ibid., 16, “on that subject, at such election”. 148 In Potosi Republican, 2, and in Brown print, 16, “pass general banking laws”. 149 In Potosi Republican, 2, and in Brown print, 16, “all the”. 150 In Brown print, 15, “ARTICLE XI”. 151 In Potosi Republican, 2, “of the legislature” added. 152 Ibid., and in Brown print, 15, “journal”. 153 In Brown print, 15, “ayes”. 154 In Potosi Republican, 2, and in Brown print, 15, “qualified to vote for members of the legislature” added.

267

W ISCONSIN 155 In

Potosi Republican, 2, and in Brown print, 15, “a part”. 156 In Brown print, 15, “shall submit the question”. 157 Ibid., “, whether they are for or against calling a convention” added. 158 Ibid., instead of last sentence: “and if a majority of the qualified voters in the state, voting thereon, shall be in favor of calling such convention; then the legislature shall provide at its next session thereafter, for an election of delegates, to meet in convention for that purpose”. 159 Ibid., 16, “powers”. 160 Ibid., word missing. 161 In Potosi Republican, 2, and in Brown print, 16, “this”. 162 In Potosi Republican, 2, and in Brown print, 16, “and”. 163 In Convention Journal, 618, “at”. 164 In Potosi Republican, 2, “taken”. 165 Ibid., “votes”. 166 Ibid., “all other”. 167 Ibid., “office”. 168 Ibid., “case”. 169 In Brown print, 17, “accrue”. 170 Ibid., “use”. 171 In Convention Journal, 619, “of”. 172 In Potosi Republican, 2, “the like”. 173 In Convention Journal, 619, word missing. 174 In Potosi Republican, 2, “this”. 175 Ibid., word missing. 176 In Convention Journal, 620, in Potosi Republican, 2, and in Brown print, 17, “27”. 177 In Convention Journal, 620, “the”. 178 In Brown print, 17, “at the place of holding the last election in the several precincts, towns and wards,” added. 179 In Potosi Republican, 2, “a resident”. 180 In Washington print, 24, “offices”. 181 In Brown print, 18, “for the election of town officers” added. 182 In Convention Journal, 620, “to”. 183 In Brown print, 18, “The governor shall also issue writs to the proper authority in the several counties, requiring them to cause an election to be held on the second Monday of May next”. 184 In separate Tenney print, 33, and in Convention Journal, 620, “governor and”. 185 In Brown print, 18, “secretary of state,” added. 186 Ibid., rest of clause missing. 187 Ibid., “11”. Instead as Sect. 10: “The first election of judges of the supreme and circuit courts, shall be held on the third Monday of June next, and the governor of the territory shall, by the fourth Monday of May next, issue writs to the proper authorities in the several counties and districts, requiring such election to be held on the day aforesaid, in their respective counties and districts.”

268

C ONSTITUTION OF W ISCONSIN (1848) 188 In

separate Tenney print, 33, and in Convention Journal, 620, “Manitouwoc”. 189 In Potosi Republican, 2, “Lafayette, Iowa”. 190 In Brown print, 18, “12”. 191 Ibid., “this”. 192 Ibid., 18, instead of rest of section “and the returns (except for judges of the supreme and circuit courts,) shall be certified, and transmitted to the speaker of the assembly, at the seat of government, in such time that they may be received, on the first Monday in June next, and as soon as the legislature shall be organized, the speaker of the assembly and the president of the senate shall, in the presence of both houses, examine the returns and declare who are duly elected to fill the several offices herein before mentioned, except judges. The returns of the election of judges of the supreme and circuit courts, shall be certified and transmitted to the governor of the state, in such time that they may be received on the tenth day of August next, and he shall thereupon, by proclamation, declare who are duly elected judges of the supreme and circuit courts.” 193 In Washington print, 24, “elections”. 194 In Potosi Republican, 2, “senators”. 195 In Washington print, 25, word missing. 196 In separate Tenney print, 33, in Convention Journal, 621, in Potosi Republican, 2, and in Washington print, 25, “votes”. 197 In Potosi Republican, 2, and in Washington print, 25, “delegates”. 198 In Brown print, 18, whole section missing. 199 In Convention Journal, 621, and in Potosi Republican, 2, word missing. 200 In Convention Journal, 621, “La Point”. 201 In Potosi Republican, 2, “Greene”. 202 In separate Tenney print, 35, and in Potosi Republican, 2, “Wauwatosa”. 203 In Washington print, 26, “La Point”. 204 In Convention Journal, 622, “Asshippun”. 205 Ibid., “Calumut”. 206 In Potosi Republican, 2, “Taycheda”; in Washington print, 26, “Taycheedah”. 207 In Convention Journal, 622, in Potosi Republican, 2, and in Washington print, 26, “Metomon”. 208 In separate Tenney print, 36, and in Convention Journal, 622, “Plattville”. 209 In Potosi Republican, 2, and in Washington print, 27, “Greene”. 210 In separate Tenney print, 36, and in Convention Journal, 622, “Peddler’s”; in Washington print, 27, “Pedler’s”. 211 In Convention Journal, 623, “Willow Spring’s Prairie”. 212 In Potosi Republican, 2, “Fevre River”. 213 In separate Tenney print, 37, and in Potosi Republican, 2, “Wauwatosa”. 214 In Potosi Republican, 2, word missing. 215 Ibid., and in Washington print, 28, “Ottawa”.

269

W ISCONSIN 216 In

separate Tenney print, 38, and in Washington print, 28, “Genesee”. 217 In separate Tenney print, 38, in Convention Journal, 624, and in Potosi Republican, 2, “Mukwanego”. 218 In Potosi Republican, 2, “Clarance”. 219 In Washington print, 28, “Jackson, and Grafton”. 220 Ibid., “Meguon”. 221 In Brown print, 18, “the”. 222 In Potosi Republican, 2, and in Brown print, 18, “the”. 223 In Potosi Republican, 2, word missing. 224 In Brown print, 18, “in”. 225 In Potosi Republican, 2, and in Brown print, 18, “oaths”. 226 In Convention Journal, 624–625, whole section missing. 227 In Potosi Republican, 3, and in Brown print, 19, “1st. Resolved”. 228 In parchment constitution, word missing. 229 In Brown print, 19, “allow”. 230 Ibid., “the”. 231 U.S. Statutes at Large, 25th Congress, Sess. II, Ch. 114. 232 In Potosi Republican, 3, word missing. 233 U.S. Statutes at Large, 27th Congress, Sess. I, Ch. 16. 234 In Potosi Republican, 3, and in Brown print, 19, “2d. Resolved”. 235 In Potosi Republican, 3, and in Brown print, 19, “3d. Resolved”. 236 In separate Tenney print, 40, and in Convention Journal, 625, word missing. 237 In Potosi Republican, 3, “as the”. 238 Ibid., and in Brown print, 19, “land”. 239 In Potosi Republican, 3, and in Brown print, 19, “4th. Resolved”. 240 In Potosi Republican, 3, last three words missing. 241 U.S. Statutes at Large, 27th Congress, Sess. I, Ch. 16. 242 U.S. Statutes at Large, 29th Congress, Sess. I, Ch. 89. 243 In separate Tenney print, 41, and in Convention Journal, 625, word missing. 244 In Potosi Republican, 3, and in Brown print, 19, “5th. Resolved”. 245 In separate Tenney print, 41, “so as”. 246 The U.S. Statutes at Large do not contain an act of this title for the decade before statehood. Reference to a planned Fox-Wisconsin river canal is made in “An Act to authorize the construction of certain improvements in the Territory of Wisconsin and for other purposes” of March 3, 1839 (U.S. Statutes at Large, 25th Congress, Sess. III, Ch. 72). 247 In Potosi Republican, 3, and in Brown print, 19, “6th. Resolved”. 248 In Potosi Republican, 3, and in Brown print, 19, “7th. Resolved”.

270

V ERFASSUNG VON W ISCONSIN (1848) 249 In

Brown print, 19, rest of the constitution missing. Potosi Republican, 3, “this”. 251 Ibid., “future State”. 252 Ibid., “adoption”. 253 Ibid., “agreed to”. 254 In parchment constitution, no original signatures. 255 In Potosi Republican, 3, “of the Convention and Delegate from Brown county” missing. 256 In Convention Journal, 626–627, and in Potosi Republican, 3, allocation of counties missing. 257 In Washington print, 31, “Lanabee”. 258 In Potosi Republican, 3, “Beal”. 259 Ibid., “R.”. 260 In Washington print, 31, “L.”. 261 In Convention Journal, 626, and in Potosi Republican, 3, “B.”. 262 In Potosi Republican, 3, “Hollenback”. 263 In separate Tenney print, 42, in Convention Journal, 626, in Potosi Republican, 3, and in Washington print, 31, “Vanderpool”. 264 In Potosi Republican, 3, “O’Conner”. 265 In Convention Journal, 626–627, in Potosi Republican, 3, and in Washington print, 31, name of signer missing. 266 In Convention Journal, 626, “Morritz”. 267 In The Attainment of Statehood (Publications of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Collections, XXIX, Constitutional Series, IV), ed. by Milo M. Quaife, Evansville, WI.: The Antes Press, State Printers, 1928, 918, “Denoon”. 268 In separate Tenney print, 43, in Convention Journal, 626, and in Washington print, 31, “Foote”. 269 In Potosi Republican, 3, “Eastbrook”. 270 Ibid., “Harington”. 271 Ibid., “Kinnie”. 272 In Washington print, 32, word missing. 273 In Potosi Republican, 3, “Cestlemen”. 274 In Washington print, 32, last three words missing, instead Reed attached to Waukesha county. 250 In

271

Konstitution for Wisconsin (1848)

Cyfansoddiad Wisconsin (1848)

Constitutionen for Staten Wisconsin antaget i Conventionen1

Cyfansoddiad1

INDLEDNING

RHAGLITH

Vi Folket af Wisconsin taknemmelige til den Almægtige Gud for vor Frihed; for at sikkre os dens Velsignelser, danne en mere fuldstændig Regjering, befæste den indbyrdes Fred og fremme det almindelige Vel antage denne Constitution.

Nyni, pobl Wisconsin yn ddiolchgar ir Hollalluog Dduw am ein rhyddid, mewn trefn i sicrhau ei bendithion, ffurfio, llywodraeth mwy perffaith, diogelu tawelwch cartrefol, a dwyn yn mlaen lwyddiant cyffredinol, ydym yn sefydlu y cyfansoddiad hwn.

ARTIKEL 1

ERTHYGL I

Erklæring af Rettigheder

Mynigiad o Iawnderau

S EC . 1. Alle Mennesker ere fødte lige frie og uafhængige, og have visse arvelige Rettigheder, iblandt hvilke ere Liv, Frihed og Tragten efter Lyksalighed. Forat sikkre disse Rettigheder ere Regjeringer grundede iblandt Menneskene, erholdende deres retmæssige Magt fra deres Villie som blive regjerede.

D OSPARTH 1. Pawb dynion a enir yn gyfartal rydd ac annibynol, ac yn meddu dilys freintiau cynhenid; yn mhlith y rhai hyn y mae bywyd, rhyddid, ac olrheiniad dedwyddwch. I sicrhau y iawnderau hyn llywodraethau ydynt sefydledig yn mysg dynion, a’u hawdurdod uniawn yn deilliaw o ganiatad y rheoledig.

S EC . 2. Der skal ikke være hverken Slaveri eller ufrivillig Tjeneste i denne Stat, anderledes end som Straf for Forbrydelser, hvoraf Parthiet skal have været fuldkommen overbeviist.

D OS . 2. Nid oes caethiwed neu wasanaeth gorfodol i fod yn y dalaeth hon, oddieithr yn gosp am drosedd, am yr hyn y bydd y blaid wedi ei hiawn euogbrofi.

S EC . 3. Enhver Person maa frit tale skrive og offentliggjøre sine Meninger angaaen-

D OS . 3. Pob person fydd yn rhydd i lefaru, ysgrifenu a chyhoeddi ei peddyliau ar

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W ISCONSIN de alle Gjenstande, men skal være ansvarlig for Misbruget af denne Ret, og ingen Love skal udstedes forat tilbageholde eller indskrænke Tales- eller Trykke-Friheden. I alle criminale Processer eller skristlige Klager for Æresskjændsel kan Sandheden gives som Beviis, og dersom der skal vise sig til Svorenretten (Jury) at den Sag, som var beskyldt som Æresskjændsel er sand, og var offentliggjordt for gode Hensigter og retfærdige Øiemed, da skal den Anklagede frikjendes, og Svorenretten skal have Ret til at bestemme Loven og Sandheden.

bob pyngciau, ond yn gyfrifol am gamarfer y fraint hyny, ac nid oes cyfreithiau i gael e’u gwneud er attal neu gyfyngu rhyddid ymadrodd neu y wasg. Mewn pob erlyniadau am drosedd neu gyhudd-gwynion am enllib, gellir rhoddi ‘r gwirionedd mewn tystioloeth; ac os ymddengys ir rheithwyr bod y mater a achwynir yn enllibus yn wir, ac wedi ei gyhoeddi gyda dymuniadau da er dybenion cyfiawnadwy, yr amddiffynwr gaiff ei ryddhau a’r rheithwyr a fydd a’r awdurdod i benderfynu y gyfraith ar ffaith.

S EC . 4. Folkets Ret til at forsamle sig fredeligen forat raadslaae angaaendedet Offentliges Bedste og at ansøge Regjeringen eller noget af dets Departementer, skal aldrig blive indskrænket.

D OS . 4. Hawl y bobl i ymgynnull yn heddychol er cydymgynghori am y lles cyffredinol, ac i ddeisebu y llywodraeth neu unrhyw ddosparth o honi, ni chaiff byth ei gyfyngu.

S EC . 5. Retten til Forhør ved Jury (Svorenret) skal forblive uforstyrret. Og skal udstrække sig til alle Rettergangs Sager uden Hensyn til det omtvistede Beløb; men Forhør ved Svorenret kan blive ophævet af Partierne [...]2 saadan Maade som Loven foreskriver.

D OS . 5. Y fraint o reith-brawf i barhau yn ddilwgr; ac yn estynedig i bob achosion wrth gyfraith, yn ddisylw o gyfanswm y cynghaws; ond rheith-brawf a ellir wrthod gan y pleidiau yn mhob achosion, mewn modd rhagnodedig gan gyfraith.

S EC . 6. Overdreven Caution skal ikke fordres, heller ikke skal overdrevne Mulcter paalægges, eller grusomme og uretfærdige Straffe idømmes.

D OS . 6. Meichniaeth gormodol ni chaiff ei gofyn, na dirwyon gormodol ei harddodi, neu gospedigaethau anarferol a chreulawn eu gweinyddu.

S EC . 7. I alle criminale processer skal den Anklagede have Ret til at blive hørt personligen og ved Advocat; at udfordre Naturen og Aarsagen af klagen imod ham; at møde Vidnerne Ansigt til Ansigt og at have Tvangs Process til at tvinge Vidners Tilstædevarelse i sin sag; og i Processer for Æreskjendsel eller Oplysning3 , et hurtigt offentligt Forhør ved en upartisk Svorenret i det County eler District hvor Forbrydelsen har været begaaet, og hvilket County eller District skal først have været bestemt ved Loven.

D OS . 7. Mewn pob erlyniadau cyhuddol, y cyhuddedig fwynha yr hawl o wrandawiad idd ei hun a’i ddadleuwr; i ofyn natur ac achos y cwyn yn ei erbyn; i gyfarfod y tystion wynob yn wyneb; a chynghawsedd cyffroawl i orfodi gweinyddiad y tystion ar ei ran; ac mewn erlyniadau trwy gyhuddgwyn, neu hysbysiad i brawf cyhoeddus buan gan reithwyr diduedd o y sir neu ‘r rhandir y cyfiawnwyd y sarhad, pa un sir neu randir fydd wedi cael ei sefydlu yn flaenorol gan gyfraith.

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KONSTITUTION FOR W ISCONSIN (1848) S EC . 8. Ingen Person skal holdes til Ansvar for en criminal Forbrydelse, med mindre det skeer ved Fordring, eller Anklage af en stor Svorenret (grand Jury)4 , i alle Sager som komme indenfor Fredsdommeres Jurisdiction, eller som indtræffe i Armeen eller Flaaden, eller i Militsen naar den er i virkelig Tjeneste i Krigstid eller offentlig Fare og ingen Person skal to Gange sættes i Fare af Straf, eller skal tvinges i nogen criminal Sag at bære Vidnesbyrd imod sig selv. Alle Personer skal før Overbeviisning kunne løslades under Caution af tilstrækkelig Sikkerhed undtagen for Livs Forbrydelser, som kan klarligen bevises, eller hvor Mistanken er stærk; og Previlegiet af “writ of Habeas Corpus" (et Skrift hvorved en Arrestant har Frihed til paa sin egen bekostning at lade sig bringe til Høieste Ret og der lade sin Sag undersøges)5 skal ikke afskaffes undtagen naar i Tilfælde af Oprør eller Indfald, den offentlige Sikkerhed maa krave det.

D OS . 8. Ni fydd neb rhyw berson i gael ei ddal i ateb am sarhad drwgweithredol, oddieithr ar gwyn-lythr neu gyhuddgwyn oddiwrth uchel-reithwyr, namyn mewn achosion o gyhudded, neu mewn achosion holiadwy gan ynadon yr heddwch, neu ‘n codi yn y fyddin neu ‘r llynges, neu yn y meiwyr pan mewn gwasanaeth gweithredol yn amser rhyfel neu berygl cyhoeddus; ac ni chaiff nebrhyw berson am yr un trosedd ei ddodi ddwy-waith mewn perygl o gosp, na ‘i orfodi mewn unrhyw achos drwgweithredol i fod yn dyst yn erbyn ei hun. Pawb personau cyn dyfarniad fyddant feichniadwy wrth feichnion digonol, namyn am brif droseddau, pan bydd y prawf yn eglur neu y tebygolrwydd yn fawr; ac ni fydd rhagorfraint y wys o ‘„habeas corpus” gael ei atal oddieithr pan, mewn achosion o wrthryfel neu oresgyniad, y bydd diogelwch y cyhoedd yn gofyn.

S EC . 9. Enhver Person er berettiget til et vist Hjkrenriddekt6 Lovene, med alle Skader og Forbrydælser som han maatte vederfares paa sin Person, Eiendom eller Characteer, han burde erholdt Retferdighed friliger, uden at blive tvungen til at kjøbe den fuldstædig og uden Regtelse, hurtig og uden Forhaling i overenstemmelse med Lovene.

D OS . 9. Pob person sydd a hawl i adgyweiriad dilys yn y cyfreithiau, am bob niweidiau neu gamweddau a ddychyn dderbyn yn ei person, meddianau neu gymeriad; efe a ddylai gael cyfiawnder yn rhwydd, ac heb fod yn rhymedig i’w bwrcasu; yn berffaith ac heb ball, yn barodol ac heb gohiriant, yn ngffurf a’r cyfreithiau.

S EC . 10. Forræderi imod Staten skal kun bestaae i at føre Krig mod samme eller at støtte sig til dens Fiender, ydende dem Hjalp og Beqvemmeligheder. Ingen Person skal blive overbeviist om Forræderi undtagen ved Vidnesbyrd af To Vidner til saadan aabenbar Handling, eller ved Tilstaaelse fremfor en offentlig Domstoel.

D OS . 10. Brad yn erbyn y dalaeth a gynwysa yn unig mewn codi rhyfel yn erbyn yr unrhyw, neu mewn yr ymlyniad wrth ei gelynion, rhoddi iddynt gymorth ac ymgeledd. Ni ddyfarnir neb rhyw berson o frad oddieithr ar dystiolaeth dau o dystion i’r unrhyw weithred gyhoedd, neu ar gyfaddefiad mewn llys cyhoeddus.

S EC . 11. Folkets Ret til at være sikkret i deres Personer, Huse, Papirer, og Effecter imod urimelige Undersøgelser og beslaglæggelser skal ikke indskrænkes og ingen Arrestdom skal udstædest undtagen efter rimelig Aarsag, bekræftet ved Eed eller Er-

D OS . 11. Hawl y bobl i fod yn ddiogel yn eu personau, tai, papurau, a daoedd, yn erbyn chwilfeydd afresymol ac attafaelion ni chaiff ei threisio, ac ni chaiff gwarant ddyfod allan ond ar achos tebygol, yn gynnaledig gan lw neu sichrad, ac yn darlunio

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W ISCONSIN klæring, og nøiagtigen beskrivende Stedet, som skal undersøges og Personerne eller Tingene som skal lægges under Beslag.

yn benodol y lle i’w chwilio, a’r personau neu bethau i’w cymeryd.

S EC . 12. Ingen klage hvorefter en person skal overbevises, dømmes og henrettes for Forræderie (Bill of Attainder), Lov med tilbagevirkende Kraft, heller ikke nogen Lov som ophæver Contracters Gyldighed skal nogensinde udstædes og ingen Overbeviisning skal udstrække sig paa Forbryderens Børn, eller Formues Confiskation.

D OS . 12. Nid caiff ysgrif ddyfarnol, „ex post facto law,“ nac unrhyw gyfraith a fyddo yn niweidio rhwymedigaeth ammodau, byth eu pasio; ac nis caiff dyfarniad weithredu llygraid gwaedoliaeth neu fforffediad trefdadaeth.

S EC . 13. Ingen Persons Eiendom skal tages for offentligt Brug uden retmæssig Godtgjørelse derfor

D OS . 13. Ni chaiff meddianau neb rhyw berson eu cymeryd at wasanaeth y cyhoedd heb daledigaeth gyfiawn am danynt.

S EC . 14. Alt Land indenom Staten er ærklæret at være allodialt (arveligt, frit)7 og lehnbar Besiddelsesret er forbuden. Forragtelser og Tilstaaelser af dyrkbart Land for et længere Tidsrum end femten Aar, hvor Leie, eller Tjenester af nogetslags er forbeholdt, og alle Boder og lignende Byeder paa Afstaaelsen, forbeheldt paa, nogen Tilstaaelse af land, som herefter gjøres, ere ærklærede at være ugyldigt.

D OS . 14. Pob tiroedd tufewn y dalaeth gyhoeddir yn freiniog, a thir-ammodau gwriogaethol a wanerddir. Dalysgrifau a rhoddion o dir amaethyddol, dros amser hwy na phymtheg mlynedd, yn mha rai y bydd rhent neu wasanaeth o unrhyw fath yn cael ei gadw, a phob dirwyon a chyffelyb attaliadau ar aralliad, a gedwir mewn unrhyw rodd dirol, a wneir rhagllaw, a gyhoeddir yn ddirym.

S EC . 15. Ingen Forskjel skal nogensinde gjøres ved Loven, mellem boesatte Udlændinger og Borgere, med Hensyn til Besiddelsen, Rydelsen eller Redarvelsen af Eiendomme.

D OS . 15, Nid oes gwahaniaeth fyth i gael ei wneud gan y gyfraith rhwng dieithriaid trigianol a dinasyddion, mewn cyfeiriad i berchenogaeth, meddiant, neu achddisgynfo meddianau.

S EC . 16. Ingen Person skal blive arresteret for Gjeld, som har sin Oprindelse i eller er grundet paa en Contract, enten udtrykkeligen eller indbefattet.

D OS . 16. Ni chaiff neb rhyw berson ei garcharu am ddyled deilliedig neu sylfaenol ar gytundeb, mynegol neu arwyddol

S EC . 17. Debitorens previlegium til at nyde de nødvendige Beqvemmeligheder i Livet, skal annerkjendes ved sunde Love, frita ende et rimeligt Beløb af Eiendele fra Beslaglæggelse eller Salg for Betaling af nogen Gjeld eller Ansvar herefter paadraget.

D OS . 17. Rhagorfraint y dyledwr i fwynhau cysuron angenrheidiol bywyd, gaiff ei chydnabod gan gyfreithiau iachus, yn esgusodi cyfanswm resymol o feddianau rhag attafaeliad neu werthiad er taliad unrhyw ddyled neu rwymedigaeth a gymer le rhagllaw.

S EC . 18. Ethvert Menneskes Ret til at tilbede den Allmægtige Gud overensstem-

D OS . 18. Hawl pob dyn i addoli yr Hollalluog Dduw yn ol archiadau ei gydwy-

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C YFANSODDIAD W ISCONSIN (1848) mende med sin Samvittighed, skal aldrig forstyrres, heller ikke skal noget Menneske blive tvunget til at bivaane, opbygge eller understøtte noget Tilbedelses-Sted eller til at opretholde noget Præsteskab, imod sin Villie. Heller ikke skal noget Opsyn med eller Indblandelse i Samvittighedens Rettigheder tilstedes, eller noget Fortrin gives ved Lov til nogen religiøs Anstalt eller Tilbedelsesmaade. Heller ikke skal Penge blive tagne fra Skatkammeret til Bedste for religiøse Samfund, thelogiske eller religiøse Siminarier.

bod ei hun, ni chaiff byth e’i chwtogi nac unrhyw ddyn gael ei orfodi i weini, adailiadu, neu gynorthwyo un math o le addoliad, nen gynnal un math o weinidogaeth, yn erbyn ei gydsyniad. Nac anrhyw reolaeth ynghylch, neu ymyraeth a iawnderau cydwybod gael ei genhadu, neu un math o flaenoriath gael ei roddi gan gyfraith i un math o sefydliadau crefyddol, neu ffurfiau o addoliad. Nac unrhyw arian i gael e’u tynu o’r drysorfa er budd cymdeithasau crefyddol, neu athrofau crefyddol neu dduwinyddol.

S EC . 19. Ingen religiøs Prøve skal nogensinde fordres som en Qvalification for noget Embede af offentlig Tiltroe under denne Stat, og ingen Person skal gjøres udygtig til at give Vidnesbyrd fremfor nogen Domstol i Lov eller Liighed, som Følge af hans meninger angaaende religiøse Sager.

D OS . 19. Nid yw profion crefyddol byth i gael eu gofyn fel cymhwysder i unrhyw swydd o ymddiried cyhoedd, dan y dalaeth, ac ni wneir unrhyw berson yn annigonol i roddi tystiolaeth mewn unrhyw lys rhaith neu uniondeb, mewn canlyniad o’i dybiau ar y pwngc o grefydd.

S EC . 20. Den militaire skal staae i streng Subordination til den civile Magt.

D OS . 20. Y milwyr gant fod mewn isosodedigaeth manwl i’r awdurdod wladod.

S EC . 22. Beviser over de i Processer foregaaende Feil (writs of Error) skal aldrig blive forbudte ved Lov.

D OS . 21. Ni chaiff gwall-wysion fod byth yn waharddedig gan y gyfraith.

S EC . 22.8 Velsignelserne af en frie Regjering kan kun blive befæstede ved en fast Tillid til Retfærdighed, Moderation, Maadehold, Sparsomhed og Dyd, samt ved hyppig Hentydning til Grund-Principer.

D OS . 22. Y bendithion o lywodraeth rydd yn unig ellir amddiffyn trwy ymlyniad diysgog; wrth gyfiawnder, cymmedroldeb, sobreiddrwydd. cynnildeb, a rhinwedd, a thrwy fynych attychwel at egwyddorion gwreiddiol.

ARTIKEL 2

ERTHYGL II

Grændserne

Terfynau

S EC . 1. Det er herved anordnet og afklæret at Staten Wisconsin bifalder og antagen Grændselinieerne som ere beskrevne i Congres-Loven betitlet "En Act til at sætte Folket af Wisconsin Territorium istand til at danne en Constitution og Stats Regjering, og for Indlemmelsen af saadan Stat i Unio-

D OSPARTH 1. Wrth hyn fe’i trefnir a chyhoeddir fod talaith Wisconsin yn cydsynio ac yn derbyn y terfynau rhagnodedig mewn deddf seneddol a enwyd „deddf er galluogi pobl tiriogaeth Wisconsin i ffurfio cyfansoddiad a llywodraeth talaeth, a derbyniad y cyfryw dalaeth ir Undeb,“ a gymeradwy-

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W ISCONSIN nen, approberet August Sjette Et Tusinde Otte Hundrede og Sec9 og fyrgetyve, nemlig: Begyndende ved det nordre10 Hjørne af Staten Illinois, det vil sige, ved at Vanet i Midten af lake Michigan hvor Linien af To og Fyrgetyve Grader og Tredive Minutter nordlig Brede frydser samme; derfra følgende langs Grændselinien af Staten Michigan gjennem Lake Michigan, Green Bay, til Mundingen af Menomonee River, derfra op Canalen af bemældte Flod til Brule River; derfra opad den sidstnævnte Flod til Lake Brule; derfra langs den fyldige Kyst af lake Brule, i en direct Linie til Midten af Canalen, mellem Middle og South Islands, i "Lake af the Desert"; derfra i en viriet Linie til Begyndelsen af Montreal River som avmærket paa Landmaalingen af Caklain Cramm11 ; derfra ned ad Hovedløbet af Montreal Floden til Midten af Lake Superior; derfra gjennem Midten af Lake Superior til Mundingen af St. Louis Floden; derfra er Hovedløbet af bemældte Flod til det første Fald i samme Flod ovenfor den indianske landsbyen i Overensstemmelse med Nicolets12 Landlort; derfra lige sydlig til den fornemste Breen af St. Croir Floden; derfra nedad den fornemste Breen af bemældte13 Flod til Mississippien; derfra nedad Mitten af den fornemste Canal i bemældte Flod til det Nordvestlige Hjørne af Staten Illinois; derfra lige østlig langs den nordlige Grændse af Staten Illinois, til Begyndelses puneter som bestemt ved en Act forat sætte Folket af Illinois’ Teritorium istand til at danne en Constitution og Stats Regering og for Indlemmelsen af saadan Stat i Union en paa en lige Fod med de oprindelige Stater, approveret, April 18de 181814 . “Forudsat alligevel.” At den følgende Forandring af forannævnte Grændser blive og herved ere foreslaaede Congressen af de Forenede Stater, som foretrufne af Staten Wisconsin, og dersom samme skal blive tilstaaet og antaget af Congressen af de Forenede Stater da skal samme være og for stedje ved-

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wyd Awst y chwechfed, un fil wyth cant a chwech a deugain, sef: Yn dechreu wrth y gongl gogledd-ddwyrain o dalaeth Illinois, hyny i’w ddywedyd, mewn pwynt ynghanolbarth Llyn Michigan lle y mae llinell o ddwy radd a deugain a deng mynyd ar ugain o’r lledred gogleddol yn ei groesi; oddiyno, yn rhedeg gyda therfyn-linell talaeth Michigan, trwy Lyn Michigan, a Green Bay, i enau aber Monomonee2 ; oddiyno fynu gyda chorff yr afon grybwylledig i afon Brule; oddiyno i fyny yr afon grybwyllwyd ddiweddaf i Lyn Brule; oddiyno gyda goror ddeheuol Llyn Brule, mewn llinell uniawn i ganol-bwynt y cyfyngle rhwng ynysoedd y Canol ar Deau, yn Llyn yr Anialwch; oddiyno mewn llinell uniawn i ddyfroedd uchaf afon Montreal, fel nodwyd ar fesuriad cadben Cram3 ; oddiyno i law prif gorff afon Montreal i ganol Llyn Superior; oddiyno trwy ganolbwynt Llyn Superior i enau afon St. Louis; oddiyno i fynu gyda phriff gorff yr afon a enwyd i’r chwyrnleodd cyntaf ynddi, oddiar y pentref Indiaidd, yn ol Darlun Nichollet; oddiyno yn ddyledus ddeau i brif gangen afon St. Croix; oddiyno i lawr prif gorff yr afon ddywededig i’r Mississippi; oddiyno i lawr gyda chanolbwynt prif gorff yr afon hono i gongl gogledd orllewin talaith Illinois; oddiyno yn ddyledas ddwyrain gyda therfyn gogleddol talaeth lllinois, i’r lle y dechreuwyd, fel y sefydlwyd gan „ddeddf i alluogi pobl tiriogaeth Illinois i ffurfio cyfansoddiad a llywodraeth daleithiol, ac er derbyniad y cyfryw dalaeth ir Undeb ar sefydliad cyfartal ar talaithau dechreuol,“a gymeradwywyd Ebrill 18ed, 1818. Yn ddarbodedig, pa fodd bynag fod y cyfnewidiad canlynol o’r terfyn rhagddywededig i fod, ac wrth hyn a gynnygir i senedd yr Unol Daleithau fel dewisiad talaeth Wisconsin, ac os cydsynyr i’r unrhyw a’i ganiatau gan senedd yr Unol Daleithau, yna yr unrhyw gaiff fod ac a erys byth yn rhwymedig ar dalaeth Wisconsin, sef: Gadael y terfyn-linell

KONSTITUTION FOR W ISCONSIN (1848) blive bindende paa Staten Wisconsin, nemlig: Forladende den forannævnte Grændselinie ved Foden af Faldet i St. Louis Floden, derpaa i en direkte Linie løbende Sydvestlig til Mundingen av Iskodwaba eller Rum River, hvor samme flyder ind i Missisippi Floden, derfra nedad den fornemste Canal i bemældte Missisippi Flod, som beskreven i foranførte Grændser.

rhag-grybwylledig wrth droed chwyrnleodd afon St. Louis; oddiyno mewn llinell union, cyfeiriol ir de-orllewin i enau Iskcodewabo, neu afon Rum, lle mae yr unrhyw yn yrmarllwys i afon Mississippi; oddiyno i lawr prif gorff y dywededig afon Mississippi, fel y rhagnodwyd yn y terfyn rhag-grybwylledig.

S EC . 2. De Forslag som indeholdes i Congress Loven ere herved antagne, anerkjendte, bekræftede og skal forblive uigjenfaldelige uden Tilladelse af de Forenede Stater, og det er herved besluttet, at denne Stat skal aldrig inblande sig i den opringelige Afstaaelse af de Forenede Stater af Land inden samme, heller ikke ned nogen Regulationer, som Congressen maa finde nødvendigt for at sikkre Besiddelsesretten til saadant Land til bona side Kjøbere dens; og ingen Skat skal lægges paa Land, som ere de Forenede Staters Eiendom; og i intet Tilfælle skal Eiere som ikke beboe Land blive beskattede værre end dem som bodde der. "Forudsat at intet i denne Constitution, eller i Congress Loven foranført, skal paa nogen Maade svække eller angaae Staten Wisconsins Ret til Fem Hundrede Tusinde Acres Land, givet til benævnte Stat og som skal herefter udvælges og bestemmes ved, og under Loven af Congressen betitlet: "en Act at anvende Beløbet af Salg af offentligt Land og at tilstaae Forkjøbsret." Approberet Septembet Fjerde Et Tusinde Otte Hundrede og Fyrgetyve.15

D OS . 2. Y cynnygiadau cynnwysedig yn ddeddf Senedd yr undeb wrth hyn ydynt dderbynedig, sefydledig ac awduredig, ac i barhau yn anniddymadwy heb gydsyniad yr Unol Daleithau, ac wrth hyn fe osodir nad yw y dalaeth hon byth i ymyryd a dosparthiad blaenorol y tir tufewn ir unrhyw, gan yr Unol Daleithau, neu ag unrhyw drefniadau a ddychyn i Senedd yr undeb gael yn angenrheidiol er sichran hawl yn y cyfryw dir i ddidwyll bwrcaswyr o hono; ac ni arddodir treth ar dir, meddiant yr Unol Daleithau; nac mewn unrhyw achos y trethir perchenogion anrhigianol uwchlaw y rhai trigianol. Yn ddarbodedig, Nad oes dim yn y cyfansoddiad hwn, neu yn ddeddf senedd yr undeb rhagddywededig, gaiff mewn unrhyw fodd niweidio neu gyfyngu hawl talaeth Wisconsin i’r pump can mil erwau tir a roddwyd ir dalaeth ddywededig, ac i fod o hyn allan wedi ei ddewis a’i sefydlu, gan, a than ddeddf senedd yr undeb, a enwyd „deddf i briodoli delliadau arwerthiant y tiroedd cyffredin, a chaniatau hawliau rhag-bryniad,“ a gymeradwywyd Medi y pedwarydd, un fil wyth cant ac un a deugain.

ARTIKEL 3

ERTHYGL III

Stemmeret

Pleidair

S EC . 1. Enhver Mandsperson, Et og tyve Aar gammel eller mere, tilhørende nogen af de følgende Classer, som skal have boet i Staten for Et Aar nest foreløbigen noget Valg, skal blive anseet en qualificeret Valg-

D OSPARTH 1. Pob person gwryw o un mlwydd ar ugain oed, neu uchod, yn perthyn i’r naill neu ‘r llall o’r graddau canlynol, y rhai fyddant breswyledig yn y dalaeth un flwyddynyn nesaf o flaen unrhyw etholiad,

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W ISCONSIN mand ved Saadant Valg. 1 ST. Hvide Borgere af de Forenede Stater. 2 DER . Hvide Personer fødte i Udlandet, som skal have arklæret deres Beslutning at blive Borgere i Overeenstemmelse med Lovene af de Forenede Stater angaaende Naturalisationen. 3 DIE. Personer af indiansk Blod som have engang været ærklærede ved Lov af Congressen at være Borgere af de Forenede Stater, nogen senere Lov af Congressen uagtet. 4 DE. Civiliserde Personer af Indiansk Afkom, ikke Medlemmer af nogen Stamme. "Forudsat" at Lovforsamlingen (Legislaturen) maa til enhver Tid udstrække ved Lov Stemmeret til Personer, som ikke heri ere benævnte; men ingen saadan Lov skal træde i Kraft førend samme skal have været fremlagt for Stemning af Folket ved et almindeligt Valg, som skal holdes paafølgende Udstædelsen deraf16 , og blive bekræftet af en Majoritet (Fleerstemning) af alle Stemmer givne ved saadant Valg.

a gyfrifir yn etholydd cyfaddasol yn y cyfryw etholiad. 1af. Dinasyddion gwynion yr Unol Daleithau.4 2il. Dynion gwynion o enedigaeth dramor, y rhai fyddant wedi mynegi eu bwriad i ddyfod yn ddinasyddion, yn unffurf a chyfreithiau yr Unol Daleithau, ar y pwnc o ryddfreiniad. 3ydd. Personau o waed Indiaidd, mynegedig un waith gan ddeddf senedd yr undeb yn ddinasyddion yr Unol Daleithau, unrhyw ddeddf seneddol ganlynol i’r gwrthwyneb pa fodd bynnag. 4ydd. Personau gwareiddedig o achau Indiaidd, nid aelodau o unrhyw lwyth. Yn ddarbodedig, y dychyn y llywodraeth unrhyw amser estyn deddf hawl pleidlais i bersonau na chyfrifwyd yma; ond nis caiff y cyfryw gyfraith i fod mewn grym hyd nes byddo yr unrhyw wedi ei rhoddi i bleidlais y bobl mewn etholiad cyffredinol, a’i chymeradwyo gan y mwyrif o’r holl bleidleisiau rodder yn y cyfryw etholiad.

S EC . 2. Ingen Person under Formynderskab, eller ven compus mentis (sindssvag), vanvittig eller overbeviist for Foræderie eller grov Forbrydelse, skal blive tilladt at stemme ved noget Valg med mindre gjenerstattet til civile Rettigheder ved Lov, eller ved Bortryddelsen af naturlig, eller anden Udygtighed17 .

D OS . 2. Ni chaiff new rhyw berson dan warchodaeth, neu heb fod yn iawn bwyll, neu wallgofus, ei gyfasu i bleidleisio mewn unrhyw etholiad; ac ni chaiff unrhyw berson wedi ei euogbrofi am, frad neu gyflafan ei gyfaddasu i bleidleiso mewn unrhyw etholiad oddieithr ei adferu i freintiau gwladol.

S EC . 3. Alle Stemmer skal gives ved Ballot (Stemmesedler eller Kuglestemning)18 undtagen for saadanne Township Embedsmænd, som maa ved Lov blive anviist eller tilladt at blive anderledes valgte; og i alle Valg, som skal foretages af Lovforsamligen, skal Medlemmerne deraf stemme viva vore (med lydelig Stemme) og deres Stemmer skal indføres i Journalen.19

D OS . 3. Pob pleidleisiau gant e’u rhoddi wrth y tu-gel oddieithr am y cyfryw swyddogion bwrdeisiol megys y dychyn wrth gyfraith fod yn gyfeiriedig neu ganiataol e’u dewis mewn modd arall.

S EC . 4. Ingen Person skal ansees at have tabt sin Opholdsret i denne Stat, som Følge af sin Fraværelse paa Forretninger, for de Forenede Stater eller denne Stat.

D OS . 4. Ni chaiff neb rhyw berson ei gyfrif yn colli ei breswylfod yn y dalaeth hon trwy achos o’i absenoldeb ar ei alwedigaeth o’r Unol Daleithau neu o’r dalaeth hon.

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C YFANSODDIAD W ISCONSIN (1848) S EC . 5. Ingen Soldat, Søemand eller Mariner (Søesoldat) i de Forenede Staters Armee eller Flaade, skal ansees at være en Beboer af denne Stat, som Følge af at være stationeret inden samme.

D OS . 5. Ni chaiff milwr, morwr, neu forfilwr, yn fyddin neu lynges yr Unol Daleithau, ei gyfrif yn drigianydd y dalaeth hon mewn canlyniad o’i fod yn orsafedig oddifewn ir unrhyw.

S EC . 6. Love maa udstedes, udelukkende fra Stemmeret, alle personer, som have været overbevisst om Bestikkelse eller Tyverie, eller nogen uærlig Forbrydelse, og for at udelukke enhver Person, som skal vædde eller blive directe eller indirecte interesseret i noget Veddemaal hvis Udfald beroer paa Følgerne af noget Valg, fra Retten at stemme ved saadant Valg.

D OS . 6. Dychyn cyfreithiau gael ei pasio yn eithraw o hawl pleidlais bob personau pa rai a gawsant neu euogbrofir etto o fudrwobraeth neu ledrad, neu o unrhyw drosedd gwaradwyddus ac i ymddifadu pob person a wna, neu ddyfod yn gyfranog union neu an-uiongyrchol mewn unrhyw gyngwystl ymddibynol ar ganlyniad unrhyw etholiad, o’r hawl i bleidleisio yn cyfryw etholiad.

ARTIKEL 4

ERTHYGL IV

Lovgivningen

Deddfroddiant

S EC . 1. Den lovgivenede makt skal overdrages til et Senat og et Representanthuus.

D OSPARTH 1. Y gallu deddfroddawl a osodir mewn senedd a chymanfa.

S EC . 2. Antallet af Representanthusets medlemmer skal aldrig være mindre end fire og halvtredsinstyre, heller ikke mer enn ett hundrede. Senatet skal bestaae af et Antal af Medlemmer ikke større end en Trediedeel, heller ikke mindre end en Fjerdedeel af Antallet af Representanthuusets Medlemmer.

D OS . 2. Nid yw rhif aelodau y gymanfa byth i fod yn llai na phump deg pedwar na mwy nag un cant. Y senedd gaiff gynwys rhif nid mwy nag un-trydydd, neu lai nag un pedwaryd o nifer aelodau y gymanfa.

S EC . 3. Den lovgivende Forsamling (Legislaturen) skal ved lov foranstalte en Optælling af Indbyggerne af denne Stat i Aaret Et Tusinde Otte Hundrede og fem og halvtredsinstyre, og ved Udløbet af hvært Ti Aar derefter; og ved dens første Session efter saadan Optælling og ligeledes efter enhvær Optælling som er foretaget paa de Forenede Staters Authoritet, skal Legislaturen beregne og fordele paanye, Medlemmerne af Senatet og Representanthuset (assembly) overensstemmende med Antallet af Indbyggere, udelukkende Indianere som ikke beskattes og Soldater samt Officerer i de Forenede Staters Armee og Flaade.

D OS . 3. Yr yngneidiaeth gaiff ddarparu wrth gyfraith am cyfrifiad trigolion y dalaeth, yn y flwyddyn un fil wyth cant a phymtheg a deugain, ac yn niwedd pob dengmlynedd o hyny allan; ac yn eu heisleiddfod cyntaf ar ol y cyfryw gyfrifiad, ac hefyd ar ol pob cyfrifiad a wneir trwy awdurdod yr Unol Daleithau, yr yngneidiaeth gaiff ranu yn gyfartal a dosparthu o’r newydd aelodau y senedd a’r gymanfa, yn ol rhifedi y trigolion, yn eithraw Indiaid na fyddant drethedig a milwyr a swyddogion o fyddin a llynges yr Unol Daleithau.

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W ISCONSIN S EC . 4. Medlemmerne af Representanthuset skulle vælges aarligen ved enkelse Districter paa Lyltsdagen Paafølgende den første Mandag i November, af de qualificerede Valgmænd i de forskjellige Districter; saadanne Districter skulle begrændses af County, Precinet Town eller Ward Linier og bestaae af sammenhængende Territorium, samt være i en saa sammenstødende Form som muligt.

D OS . 4. Aelodau y gymanfa ydynt i gael e’u hethol yn flynyddol gan ddosparthiadau unigol ar y Ddydd mawrth canlynol i’r Dydd llun cyntaf o Dachwedd, gan etholwyr cyfaddasol o’r gwahanol ddosparthiadau y cyfryw ddosparthiadau i fod yn derfynedig gan sir, cyffin, tref, neu linellau trefddosparth, cynnwysedig o diriogaeth cyfagos, mewn ffurf mor dalfyr ag fydd yn wneuthuradwy.

S EC . 5. Senatorerne skulle blive valgte ved enkelte Districter af bequemt sammenstødende Territorium, til den samme Tid og paa den samme Maade, som Medlemmerne af Representanthuset ere foreskrevne at blive valgte, og intet Representant District skal blive deelt i Dannelsen af et Senator District. Senator Districtet20 skal blive nummereret i en regelmæssig Følge og Senatorerne som vælges af de Districter hvis Nummer er et uligt Tal, skal udtræde fra Embede ved Udløbet af det første Aar, og de Senatorer, som vælges ved de Districter hvis Nummer er et lige Tal skal træde ud af Embede ved Udløbet af det andet Aar, og derefter skal Senatorerne blive valgte for et Tidsrum af to Aar.

D OS . 5. Y seneddwyr gant eu hethol gan ddosparthiadau unigol o diriogaeth cyfagos gyfleus, ar yr un amser ac yn yr un dull ac y gofynir ethol aelodau y gymanfa, ac nis caiff dosparth cymanfa ei rhanu yn ffurfiad dosparth senedd. Dosparthiadau y senedd gant e’u cyfrif mewn trefn-res reolaidd, a’r seneddwyr etholedig gan amnifer ddosparthiadau gant fyned allan o swydd ar derfyniad y flwyddyn gyntaf, a’r seneddwyr etholedig gan gynniferedd ddosparthiadau gant fyned allan o swydd ar derfyniad yr ail flwyddyn, ac ar ol hyny y seneddwyr gant eu dewis am yspaid dwy flynedd.

S EC . 6. Ingen personen skal være valgbar til Legislaturen, som ikke have boet i Et Aar inden Staten, og være en berettiget Valgmand i det District, som han maa blive valgt til at representere.

D OS . 6. Ni chaiff neb rhyw berson fod yn ddewisadwy i’r yngneidiaeth os na fydd wedi trigfanu un flwyddyn tufewn ir dalaeth, ac yn etholydd cyfaddasol yn y dosparth pa un y dychyn iddo gael ei ethol iw gynrychioli.

S EC . 7. Ethvert af Husene Skal være Dommer over Valgene, Optællingen af Stemmerne og Qualificationerne af dets egne Medlemmer, og en Majoritet af hvert Huus skal udgøre et Quorum (Fleertal) til at gjøre Forretninger; men et mindre Antal kan ophæve Huset fra Dag til Dag og maa tvinge Tilstedeværelsen af fraværende Medlemmer paa saadan Maade og under saadan Straf som hvært Huus maa bestemme.

D OS . 7. Pob ty gaiff fod yn farnwr o etholiadau, dychweliadau, a chymwysderau ei aelodau ei hun, a’r mwyrif o bob un gaiff gyfansoddi awdurdod i wneud goruchwyliaeth; ond nifer lai ddychyn gohirio o ddydd, i ddydd a gorfodi gweinyddiad yr aelodau absenol yn y fath fodd ac odditan y fath gospau fel y dychyn pob ty ddarparu.

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KONSTITUTION FOR W ISCONSIN (1848) S EC . 8. Hvært Huus maa bestemme Reglerne for dets egen Forretningsførelse, straffe for Foragt og uordentlig Opførsel, samt ved Bifald af To-Trediedele af alle valgte Medlemmer, udstæde et Medlem; men ingen saadan Medlem skal blive udstædt mere end engang for samme Aarsag.

D OS . 8. Pob ty ddychyn benderfynu rheolau e’i ymddygiadau ei hun, cospi am ddiystyrwch ac ymddygiad afreolus, a, chyda cydsyniad dau-drydydd o’r holl aelodau etholedig, fwrw allan aelod; ond ni chaiff aelod ei fwrw-allan yr ailwaith am yr un achos.

S EC . 9. Hvert huus skal vælge sine egne Embedsmænd og Senatet skal vælge en midlertidig President, naar GouvernorLeutenanten ikke skal være tilstedeværende som President, eller naar han skal tjene som Gouvernor.

D OS . 9. Pob ty gaiff ddewis ei swyddogion ei hun, a’r senedd gaiff ddewis llywydd tymhorol, pan na bydd y rhaglawlywodraethwr yn gweinyddu fel llywydd, neu yn gweithredu fel llywodraethwr.

S EC . 10. Hvært Huus skal føre en Journal over dets Forretninger og offentliggjøre samme, med Undtagelse af saadanne Dele deraf som fordre Hemmlighed. Dørene til hvært Huus skal holdes aabne, undtagen naar den offentlige Velfærd skal fordre Hemmelighed. Intet Huus skal uden Tilladelse af det andet Huus haves for mere end tre Dage.

D OS . 10. Pob ty gaiff gadw dyddlyfr o’i weitherediadau, a chyhoeddi yr unrhyw, oddieithr y cyfryw ranau a ofyn ddirgelrwydd. Drysau pob ty gant eu cadw yn agored oddieithr pan bydd daioni y cyhoedd yn gofyn dirgelrwydd. Y naill dy neu’r llall ni chaiff heb ganiatad y llall, golurio dros fwy na thri diwrnod.

S EC . 11. Legislaturen skal møde ved Regjeringssædet, til saadan Tid, som skal foreskrives af Loven, engang hvært Aar og ikke oftere, medmindre sammenkaldt af Guvernøren.

D OS . 11. Yr yngneidiaeth gaiff gyfarfod yn eisteddle’r llywodraeth, ar y cyfryw amser fel y caiff fod yn ddarbodedig gan gyfraith, unwaith bob blwyddyn, ac nid mynychach, oddieithr eu galw gan y llywodraethwr.

S EC . 12. Intet Medlem af Legislaturen skal i Løbet af det Tidsrum hvorfor han var valgt, blive udnævnt eller valgt til noget civile Embede i Staten, som skal være oprettet eller hvis Løn skal have været forøget i Løbet af den Tid for hvilken han var valgt.

D OS . 12. Ni chaiff neb rhyw aelod o’r yngneidiaeth, tra parha yr amser am yr hwn ei etholwyd, fod yn benodedig neu etholedig i unrhyw swydd wladol yn y dalaeth, pa un a gafodd ei chreu neu yr elw oddiwrth pa un gael ei gynnyddu yn yr amser am yr hwn ei etholwyd.

S EC . 13. Ingen person som er Medlem af Congressen, eller som holde noget civilt Embede21 under de Forenede Stater, skal blive valgbar til noget Sæde i Legislaturen; og dersom nogen Person skal efter sit Valg som Medlem af Legislaturen, blive valgt til Congressen, eller blive udnævnt til noget Embede civilt eller militært under de forenede Staters Regjering, da skal hans Modta-

D OS . 13. Ni chaiff neb rhyw berson fydd yn aelod o senedd yr undeb, neu yn dal unrhyw swydd filwraidd neu wladol dan yr Unol Daleithau; fod yn etholadwy i eisteddle yn yr yngneidiaeth; ac os caiff unrhyw berson ar ol ei etholiad fel aelod o’r yngneidiaeth, ei ddewis i senedd yr undeb, neu gael ei benodi i unrhyw swydd, gwladol, neu filwraidd, dan lywodraeth yr

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W ISCONSIN gelse deraf gjøre hans Sæde ledigt.

Unol Daleithau, ei dderbyniad o honi wna ei eisteiddle yn wag.

S EC . 14. Guvernøren skal udstæde beviser22 for Valg til at opfylde saadanne Bacanser, som maa finde Sted i noget af Legislaturers Huse.

D OS . 14. Y llywodraethwr gaiff anfon allan wysion etholiad i lanw y cyfryw wagleodd a ddychyn ddigwydd, yn y naill dy neu ‘r llall o’r yngneidiaeth.

S EC . 15. Medlemmer af Legislaturen skulle i alle Tilfælde undtagen Foræderie, grov Forbrydelse eller Fredsbrud, være fritagne for Arrest, heller ikke skal de være Underkastede nogen civil Proces i Løbet af Legislaturens session samt for Femten Dage, nest foreløbig Begyndelsen og Slutning [...]23 .

D OS . 15. Aelodau o’r yngneidiaeth gant mewn pob achosion oddieithr brad, cyflafan, a thoriad yr heddwch, eu rhagorfreintio rhag daliad, ac ni chant fod yn ddarostyngedig i un math o gyfraith wladol tra parha eisteddiad yr yngneidiaeth, neu am y pymtheg diwrnod nesaf o flaen dechreuad ac ar ol terfyniad pob eisteddiad.

S EC . 16. Inget medlem af Legislaturen skal være ansvarlig i noget civilt Søgsmaal eller criminal Proces af nogen Slags, for Ord taelte i Debater.

D OS . 16. Ni chaiff aelod o’r yngneidiaeth fod yn ddarostyngedig mewn unrhyw gwyn gwladol neu erlyniad cyhuddol pa bynag, am eiriau dywededig mewn ymddadl.

S EC . 17. Stilen af Lovene i denne Stat skal være „Folket af Staten Wisconsin, representerede i Senatet og Representanthuset, forordne som følger og ingen Lov skal forordnes undtagen efter Lovudkast (Bill).

D OS . 17. Dullwedd cyfreithhiau y dalaeth gaiff fod, „Pobl talaeth Wisconsin yn gynrychioledig mewn senedd a chymanfa, ydynt yn ordeinio fel y canlyn ac ni wneir cyfraith onid trwy ysgrif.

S EC . 18. Ingen privat eller local Bill [Lovudkast] som maa blive antaget af Legislaturen, skal indbefatte mere end en Gjenstand og denne skal være anført i Tittelen.

D OS . 18. Ni chaiff ysgrif neullduol neu leawl, pa un a ddychyn gael ei phasio gan yr yngneidiaeth, gynys mwy nag un pwnc, a hwnw i fod yn fynegedig yn teitl.

S EC . 19. Alle Lovudkast kunne have deres Oprindelse i ethvert af Husene af Legislaturen, og et Lovforslag antaget af et af Husene kan blive forandret af det andet.

D OS . 19. Unrhyw ysgrif ddychyn ddechreu yn y naill dy neu’r llall o’r yngneidiaeth, ac ysgrif wedi ei phasio gan un ty all gael ei gwellhau gan y llall.

S EC . 20. Jaerne og Neierne af medlemmerne af hvert Huus, angaaende noget Spørgsmaal skal, paa Forlangende af en Sjettepart af de Tilstædeværende, blive indførte i Journalen.

D OS . 20. Ie a nage aelodau y naill dy neu ‘r llall, ar unrhyw ofyniad, gaiff ar arch un chweched o’r rhai presenol, eu hysgrifnodi ar y dyddlyfr.

S EC . 21. Hvert af Legislaturens Medlemmer skal modtage for sine Tjenester To Dollars og Femti Cents for hver Dags Nærværelse i Løbet af Sessionen og Ti Cents for hver Miil som han maa reise for at komme til eller ifra Stedet hvor Legislaturen forsamles, efter den meest almindelige Reisevei.

D OS . 21. Pob aelod or yngneidiaeth a dderbyn am ei wasanaeth, ddau „ddolar“ a deg „cent“ a deugain am weinyddiad pob dydd tra parha yr eisteddiad, a deg „cent“ am bob milltir a deithia yn myned i a dychwelyd o le cyfarfod yr yngneidiaeth ar y ffordd mwyaf cynnefin.

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C YFANSODDIAD W ISCONSIN (1848) S EC . 22. Legislaturen maa give saadan makt til “Raadet af Opsynsmændene” (Board of Supervisors) for hvert County i Staten, af en local, lovgivende og administrativ Characteer, som den fra Tid til anden vil foreskrive.

D OS . 22. Yr yngneidiath ddychyn roddi ar eisteddfodau arolygwyr gwahanol siroedd y dalaeth, y cyfryw alluoedd o gymeriad, deddfroddiant, a gweinyddol lleol, fel y cant o amser i amser ragnodi.

S EC . 23. Legislaturen skal indføre ikkun et Systeem af Town og County Regjering, som skal være saa nær eensformig som muligt.

D OS . 23. Yr yngneidiaeth gaiff sefydlu onid un gyfundraeth o lywodraeth drefawl a sirawl, pa un sydd i fod mor agos unffurf ag fydd yn wneuthradwy.

S EC . 24. Legislaturen skal aldrig authorisere noget Lotteri eller udstæde nogen Skildsmisse.

D OS . 24. Yr yngneidiaeth ni chaiff fyth awdurdodi unrhyw ddamwain-chwareu, neu ganiatau ysgariaeth.

S EC . 25. Legislaturen skal forordne ved Lov at alle Skrivesager som tiltrænges for Statens. Brug og al Trykning authoriseret og fordret af dem at udføres for dens Brug eller for Staten, skal overlades ved Contract til den som giver det laveste Tilbud; men Legislaturen maa fastsætte en høieste (maximum) Priis. Intet medlem af Legislaturen, eller anden Stats Embeds Mand, skal være intereseret enten directe eller indirecte i nogen saadan Contract.

D OS . 25. Yr yngneidiaeth gaiff ddarbod trwy gyfraith fod pob gwerthiant papyr er gwasanaeth y dalaeth, a phob argraffyddiaeth awdurdodol a gofynol ganddynt idd ei wneuthr er eu gwasanaeth hwy, neu er y dalaeth, i gael ei roddi wrth gytundeb i’r cynnygydd isaf; eithr yr yngneidiaeth a all sefydlu prif bris. Ni chaiff aelod o’r yngneidiaeth, neu dalaeth swyddog arall, fod yn gyfranog, naill ai yn union neu an-uniongyrchol, yn y cyfryw gytundeb.

S EC . 26. Legislaturen skal aldrig tilstaae nogen extra Betaling til nogen offentlig Embedsmand, Agendt, Tjener, eller Contrahent, efterat deres Tjenester skal være fuldbyrdede, eller Contracten indgaaet i. Heller ikke skal nogen offentlig Embedsmands Løn blive forøget eller formindsket i Løbet af hans Embedstid.

D OS . 26. Ni chaiff yr yngneidiaeth byth roddi unrhyw dal chwanegol i unrhyw swyddog cyhoeddus, golygwr, gweinidog, neu ammodwr, ar ol i’r gwasanaeth gael ei weinyddu neu ar ol myned i’r ammod. Na thaledigaeth unrhyw swyddog gael ei chwanegu neu ei leihau tra parha amser ei swydd.

S EC . 27. Legislature skal ved Lov foranstalte paa hvad Maade og fremfor hvilke Domstole, Processer kunne bringes imod Staten.

D OS . 27. Yr yngneidiaeth gaiff gyfeirio trwy gyfraith yn mha fodd ac yn mha lysodd y gellir dwyn cwyn yn erbyn y dalaeth.

S EC . 28. Medlemmer af Legislaturen og alle Embedsmænd, executive og judicielle, undtagen saadanne underordnede Embedsmænd, som maa ved Loven blive fritagen, skulle førend de antage sig Pligtern af deres respective Embeder, tage og underskrive en Eed eller Bekræftelse at understøtte Consti-

D OS . 28. Aelodau o’r yngneidiaeth a phob swyddogion, gweithredol a barnol, oddieithr y cyfryw swyddogion is-raddol ddychyn fod yn esgusodol gan y gyfraith, gant, cyn myned ar ddyladswyddau eu gwahanol swyddi, gymeryd a thanysgrifio llw neu sicrhad i gynnal cyfansoddiad yr Unol

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W ISCONSIN tutionen af de Forenede Stater og Constitutionen af Staten Wiscinsin, og troligen at udføre Pligterne af deres respective Embeder efter deres bedste Evne.

Daleithau, a chyfansoddiad talaeth Wisconsin, ffyddlawn gyflawni dyledswyddau eu gwahanol swyddi hyd eithaf eu gallu.

S EC . 29. Legislaturen skal bestemme af hvilke Personer Statens Militse skal bestaae og maa foranstalte Organisationen og Disciplineringen af samme paa saadan maade, som skal blive foreskreven ved Lov.

D OS . 29. Yr yngneidiaeth gaiff benderfynu pa bersonau gant gyfansoddi meiwyr y dalaeth, ac hefyd ddarbodi am gyd-drefnu yr unrhyw yn y fath fodd fel caiff ei ragnodi gan gyfraith.

S EC . 30. I alle Valg som skal Holdes af Legislaturen skal medlemmerne, deraf stemme viva vere og deres Stemmer skal blive indførte i Journalen.

D OS . 30. Yn mhob etholiadau idd eu gwneud gan yr yngneidiaeth yr aelodau o honi ydynt i bleidleisio ar dafod leferydd, a’u pleidleisiau gant eu hysgrifnodi ar y dydd-lyfr.

ARTIKEL 5

ERTHYGL V

Executiv

Cyflawniadol

S EC . 1. Den executive Magt skal overdrages til en Guvernør, som skal holde sit Embede for To Aar, en Guvernør Leutenant skal blive valgt paa samme Tid og for samme Tidsrum.

D OSPARTH . 1. Y gallu cyflawniadol gaiff ei roddi mewn llywodraethwr, pa un gaiff ddal ei swydd dros ddwy flynedd. Rhaglaw lywodraethwr gaiff ei ethol yr un amser, ac am yr un yspaid.

S EC . 2. Ingen Person undtagen en Borger af de Forenede Stater, og en qualificeret Valgmand af Staten skal blive valgbar til Embedet af Guvernør eller GuvernørLeutenant.

D OS . 2. Ni chaiff neb rhyw berson, oddieithr dinasydd o’r Unol Daleithau, ac etholwr cyfaddasol o’r dalaeth, i fod yn ddewisadwy i’r swydd o lywodraethwr, neu raglaw lywodraethwr.

S EC . 3. Guvernøren og GuvernørLeutenat skulle blive valgte af Statens qualificerede Valgmænd, paa de Tider og Steder som Medlemmerne af Legislaturen vælges. De respective personer som hare det høiste Antal Stemmer for Guvernør og GuvernørLeutenant skulle blive valgte, men i Tilfælde at to eller flere skulle have et lige og det høiste Antal Stemmer for Guvernør eller Guvernør-leutenant da skal de to Huse of Legislaturen, ved dens næste aarlige Session uforsonet, ved forenet Ballot, vælge en af de Personer som saaledes have et lige og høiest Antal Stemmer for Guvernør eller Guvernør-

D OS . 3. Y llywodraethwr a’r rhaglaw lywodraethwr gant eu hethol gan etholwyr cyfaddasol y dalaeth, yn yr amserau a mannau o ddewis aelodau yr yngneidiaeth. Y personau yn neullduol gant yr uchaf-rif o bleidleisiau am lywodraethwr a rhaglaw lywodraethwr, a etholir. Eithr mewn achos dau neu chwaneg yn cael uchaf rif cyfartal o bleidleisiau am lywodraethwr neu raglaw lywodraethwr, y ddau o’r yngneidiaeth, yn eu eisteiddfod blynyddol nesaf, gant yn ddioedi, wrth gyd tu-gel, ddewis un o’r personau a gawsant felly gyfartal ac uchaf rif o bleidleisiau am lywodraethwr neu raglaw

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KONSTITUTION FOR W ISCONSIN (1848) Leutenant. Opsummeringen af Valg for som skal ved Loven blive foreskreven.

lywodraethwr. Y dychweliadau o etholiad am lywodraethwr a rhaglaw lywodraethwr gant ei gwneuthr yn fath fodd fel y darbodir gan gyfraith.

S EC . 4. Guvernoren skal være HøistCommanderende over Statens Land og Søe Magt. Han skal have Magt til at sammenkalde Legislaturen ved overordentlige Leiligheder, og i Tilfælde af Indfald eller Fare fra herskende smitsomme Sygdomme ved Regjerings-Sædet kan han sammenkalde den pa ethvært andet bequemt Sted indenom Staten. Han skal underrette Legislaturen ved enhver Session om Statens Tilstand og anbefale Saadanne Sager til dem for deres Overveielse, som han maa ansee raadelig. Han skal udrette alle nødvendige Forretninger med Regjeringens Embedsmænd civile og militæire. Han skal paaskynde alle saadanne Forholdsregler som maa være besluttede af Legislaturen og skal paasee at Lovene blive troligen udøvede.

D OS . 4. Y llywodraethwr gaiff fod yn benllywydd galluodd milwraidd a llyngesol y dalaeth. Caiff feddianu awdurdod i alw yn nghyd yr yngneidiaeth ar achosion anarferol; ac mewn achos goresgyniad, neu bergyl oddiwrth dylifad clefyd cynghlwyfus yn eisteddle y llywodraeth, efe a all eu galw ynghyd mewn unrhyw le cyfaddas arall tufewn y dalaeth. Caiff wneud hysbysiad i’r yngneidiaeth, mewn pob eisteddiad, o gyflwr y dalaeth, a chymeradwyo iddynt y fath faterion er eu hystyriaeth, fel y barna yn fuddiol. Caiff gyflawni pob goruchwyliaeth angenrheidiol gyda swyddogion y llywodraeth, gwladol a milwraidd. Caiff brysuro pob mesurau penderfynedig gan yr yngneidiaeth, a chymeryd gofal fod y cyfreithiau yn cael ei ffyddlawn weinyddu.

S EC . 5. Guvernøren skal modtage, imedens han vedbliver i Embedet, en aarlig Godtgjørelse af Et Tusinde To Hundrede og Halvtredsinstyve Dollars.

D OS . 5. Y llywodraethwr a dderbyn cyhyd ag y parha mewn swydd, dal blynyddol o un fil dau cant a deg a deugain o „ddoleri.”

S EC . 6. Guvernøren skal have Magt til at bevilge Oprættelser24 , Strafsforandringer og Benaadelser, efterat Dommen er falden for alle Forbrydelser, undtagen Foræderie og i Tilfælde af offentlig Anklage, paa saadanne Conditioner, og ved saadanne Forbeholdelser og Indskrænkninger, som han maa finde rigtige; underkastede saadanne Regulationer som maatte ved Loven bestemmes angaaende Maaden for at ansøge om Benaadelse. Efter Domfældelsen for Foræderie skal han have Magt til at udsætte Dommens Opfyldelse indtil Tildtagelsen kan blive foretagt Legislaturen ved dens næste Møde, og da skal Legislaturen benaade den Dømte forandre Dommen forskrive dens Execution eller bevilge videre Opsættelse. Han skal aarligen tilkjendegive Lovforsamlingen eth-

D OS . 6. Y llywodraethwr gaiff feddu awdurdod i ganiatau dienydd-oediant, newidwriaeth, a maddeuant, ar ol dyfarniad, am bob troseddau oddieithr brad ac achosion o gyhudded, ar y fath ammodau a chyda y fath rwymedigaethau a therfyniadau fel y tybia efe yn addas, yn ddarostyngedig i’r fath drefniadau fel y darbodir gan gyfraith yn berthynol i’r dull o geisio maddeuant. Ar ddyfarniad am frad, caiff yr awdurdod i oedi cyflawniand y ddedryd hyd oni wneir yr achos yn adroddedig i’r yngneidineth yn ei chyfarfod nesaf, pa bryd yr yngneidiaeth gaiff nall a’i maddeu, neu newidio y ddedryd, cyfeirio gweinyddiad y ddedryd, neu ganiatau dienydd-oediad pellach. Fe gaiff roddi hysbysiad blynyddol i’r yngneidiaeth o bob achos o ddienydd-

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W ISCONSIN vært Tilælde af Opsættelse, Straf forandring, eller Benaadelse bevilget, melde Navnet paa den Dømte, Forbrydelsen for hvilken han var dømt, Dommen og dens Datum, Datummen af Strafsforandringen Benaadelsen eller Opsættelsen, med sine Aarsager for at tilstede samme.

oediad, newidwriaeth, neu faddeuant a ganiatawyd, yn hyspysu enw y collddyn, y trosedd o ba un ei collfarnwvd, y ddedryd a’i dyddiad, a dyddiad y newidwriaeth, maddeuant, neu ddienydd-oediad, ynghyd a’i resymau dros ganiatau yr unrhyw.

S EC . 7. I Tilælde af at Guvernøren bliver parlamentarisk anklaget, eller forflyttet fra Embede,25 eller blivet udygtig som Følge af Sinds eller Legems-Svakhed26 , Aftrædelse fra Embedet eller Fraværelse fra Staten, da skal Makten og Pligterne af Embedet tilfalde Guvernør-leutenaten for den tiloversblevne Tid, eller indtil Guvernøren som har været fraværende eller anklaget skal være kommen tilbage, eller hans Udygtighed skal have endt. Men naar Guvernøren skal, uden27 Tilladelse at Legislaturen, være udenfor Staten i Krigstid, i Spidsen for dens militaire Magt, da skal han vedblive at være Høist Commanderende over Statens militaire Force.

D OS . 7. Mewn achos o gyhuddedigaeth y llywodraethwr, neu ei symudiad o swydd, angau, anallu o afiechyd meddylaidd neu gorfforol, ymroddiad, neu absenoldeb o’r dalaeth, awdurdodau a dyledswyddau y swydd a ddisgyn ar y rhaglaw lywodraethwr, dros y rhelyw o’r term, neu hyd oni fydd y llywodraethwr, absenol neu gyhuddedig, wedi dychwelyd, neu yr anallu wedi ymattal. Ond pan y bydd y llywodraethwr, gyda chaniatad yr yngneideath, allan o’r dalaeth; a amser rhyfel, yn blaenori ei galluodd milwraidd, efe gaiff barhau yn ben-llywydd gallu milwraidd y dalaeth.

S EC . 8. Guvernør-Leutenanten skal være President over Senatet men skal kun have en afgjørende Stemme deri. Dersom i Løbet af Bacance i Guvernøor Embedet, GuvernørLeutenanten blive parlamentisk anklaget, afsat, opgiver sit Embede, døer, eller bliver udygtig fra Sinds-eller Legems-Svaghed, til at udføre sine Embedspligter, eller er fraværende fra Staten, da skal Stats-Secretairen fungere som Guvernør, indtil Bacancen skal blive fyldt eller Udygtigheden skal ende.

D OS . 8. Y rhaglaw lywodraethwr gaiff fod ya llywydd y senedd, ond ni chaiff feddianu onid pleidlais derfyniadol ynddi. Os tra parha gwagfa yn y swydd o lywrodraethwr, y caiff y rhaglaw lywodraethwr ei wneud yn gyhuddol, ei ddiswyddo, ymroddi, marw, neu o afiechyd meddylaidd neu gofforol ddyfod yn anabl i gyflawni dyledswyddau ei swydd, neu yn absenol, o’r dalaeth, ysgrifenydd y dalaeth gaiff weithredu fel llywodraethwr hyd oni lanwer y wagfa neu yr anallu ymattal.

S EC . 9. Guvernør-Leutenanten skal erholde dobelt saameget per Dag Godtgjørelse som Medlemmerne af Senatet, for hvær Dags Tjeneste som President af Senatet, samt de samme Milepenge som skal blive tilstaaet Medlemmerne af Legislaturen.

D OS . 9. Y rhaglaw lywodraethwr gaid dderbyn dyblig ddogn dyddiol aelodau y senedd, am weinyddiaeth pob dydd fel llywydd y senedd, a’r unrhyw filltir-dal ag a ganitaur i aelodlau yr yngneidiaeth.

S EC . 10. Ethvert Lovforslag, som skal have passeret Legislaturen, skal førend det bliver Lov, blive Presenteret til Gouvernø-

D OS . 10. Pob ysgrif pa un gaiff basio yr yngneidiaeth gaiff, cyn dyfod yn gyfraith ei chyflwyno i’r llywodraethwr. Os efe a’i

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C YFANSODDIAD W ISCONSIN (1848) ren; dersom han bifalder, skal han undertegne det, men hvis ikke, da skal han sende det tilbage med sine Modsigelser til Huset hvori det havde sin oprindelse, som skal indføre Modsigelserne fuldstændigen i Journalen, og gaae i Værk med at gjenoverveie samme. Dersom to trediedele af de tilstedeværende Medlemmer efter saadan Gjenoverveielse skal stemme overeens i at antage Lovforslaget, da skal det sendes, tilligemed Modsigelserne til det andet Huus hvor det skal ligeledes gjenoverveies, og hvis det bifaldes af to trediedele af de tilstedeværende Medlemmer, skal det blive Lov. Men i alle saadanne Tilfælde skal Stemmerne i begge Huse afgjøres ved "Jaer" og "Neier" og Navnene af Medlemmerne, som stemme for eller imod Forslaget, skulle blive indførte i hvert Huses Journal især. Dersom noget Lovforslag ikke bliver returneret af Guvernøren inden tre Dage (Søndagene undtagne) efter at det skal have været presenteret til ham, da skal samme være en Lov, undtagen naar Legislaturen skal forebygge dens Tilbagesendelse ved sin Hævelse - i hvilke Tilfælde de skal ikke være en Lov.

cymeradwya, efe gaiff ei harwyddnodi; ond os na wnaiff, efe a’i dychwel, gyda ei wrthebion, ir ty hwnw yn mha un y cafodd ei dechreuad, yr hwn gaiff ysgrifnodi y gwrthebau yn gwbl ar y dydd-lyfr, a chychwyn idd ei hadystyried. Os, ar ol y cyfryw adystyriad, y cyduna dau-drydydd o’r aelodau presenol i basio yr ysgrif, caiff ei hanfon gyda y gwrtheban i’r ty arall, gan yr hwn hefyd y caiff ei hadystyried, ac os cymeradwyir hi gan ddau-drydydd o’r aelodau presenol, caiff ddyfod yn gyfraith. Ond mewn pob achosion o’r fath, pleidleisiau y ddau dy gaiff fod yn derfynedig wrth ie a nage, a chaiff enwau yr aelodau yn pleidleisio dros ac yn erbyn yr ysgrif en hysgrifnodi ar ddydd lyfr y ddau dy yn neullduol. Os unrhyw ysgrif ni chaiff ei dychwelyd gan y llywodraethwr tufewn tri diwrnod (dydd sul yn eithredig) gwedi ei chyflwyno iddo, yr unrhyw gaiff fod yn gyfraith, oddieithr yr yngneidiaeth, trwy eu gohiriad, rwystro ei dychweliad; yn mha achos ni chaiff fod yn gyfraith.

ARTIKEL 6

ERTHYGL VI

Statsforvaltningen

Gweinyddol

S EC . 1. Der skal blive vælget af Statens berettigede Valgsmænd paa Tiden og Stedet, som Valg for Medlemmer af Legislaturen foregaaer, en Stats-Secretair, en Skatmester og en Generalfiscal, som hver især skulle holde deres Embeder for et Tidsrum af To Aar.

D OS . 1. Yna caiff fod yn etholedig gan etholwyr cyfaddasol y dalaeth, yn yr amserau a manau i ddewis aelodau yr yngneidiaeth, ysgrifenydd y dalaeth, trysorydd, a chyfreithiwr cyffredin, pa rai gant ddal eu swyddi yn neullduol am y term o ddwy flynedd.

S EC . 2. Stats-Secretairen skal føre en retmæssig Optegnelse over alle Embedsforhandlinger af Statens lovgivende og udøvende Departement, og skal naar det fordres, forelægge samme tilligemed alle dertilhørende Sager, fremfor enhver Afdeling af Legislaturen; han skal være en officiell Auditør

D OS . 2. Ysgrifenydd y dalaeth gaiff gadw cof-ysgrif deg o weithredodd swyddol dosparth yngneidiaeth a chyflawniadol y dalaeth, a chaiff, pan ofynir, ddodi yr unrhyw a phob materion perthynol i hyny o flaen y naill gangen neu’r llall o’r yngneidiaeth. Caiff fod yn „ex-officio auditor,“ a chyflawni

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W ISCONSIN og skal udføre alle saadanne andre Pligter, som ved Lov skal blive ham foreskrevne. Han skal modtage som Lov for sin Tjeneste aarligen, saadan en Sum, som skal foreskrives af Loven, og skal holde sit Contoir ved Regjerings-Sædet.

y fath ddyledswyddau ereill fel y nodir iddo gan gyfraith. Fe gaiff dderbyn fel tal am ei weinyddiaethau, yn flynyddol, y cyfryw swm fel y caiff fod yn ddarbodedig gan gyfraith, a chaiff gadw ei swyddfa yn eisteddle y llywodraeth.

S EC . 3. Skatmesterens og GeneralFiscalens Myndighed, Pligter og Lov skal af Loven blive foreskreven.

D OS . 3. Awdurdodau, dyledswyddau, a thal y trysorydd a’r cyfreithiwr cyffredin fydd yn rhagnodedig gan gyfraith.

S EC . 4. Landsdommere (Sherriffs) Besigelsesmænd (Coroners) Registratorer over Skjøder, og Districts Fiscaler skulle blive valgte af Valgmændene i de respective Countier, engang hver 20 Aar og saa ofte som Bacancer maa indtræffe; Sherriffs skulle ikke holde noget andet Embede, og skal heller ikke kunne vælges før To Aar nest paafølgende Udløbet af deres Embedstid. De kan fordres ved Lov, til at fornye deres Caution fra Tid til anden; og i Tilfælde af at de ikke give saadan fornyet Caution, skal deres aldrig blive anseet som ledigt. Men Countiet skal aldrig blive gjordt ansvarlig for Sherriffens Handlinger. Guvernoren kan afsætte enhver Embedsmand, benævnt i dette Afsnit, givende til saadan Embedsmand et Copie af Anklagen imod ham og en Anledning til at blive hørt for sit Forsvar.

D OS . 4. Siryddion, coronwyr, cofrestrwyr ammod-ysgrifau, a dosparth gyfreithwyr gant eu dewis gan yr etholwyr o’r siroedd neullduol, unwaith bob dwy flynedd, ac mor fynych fel digwydd gwagleodd. Siryddion ni chant ddal swydd arall, a byddant yn annewisadwy am y ddwy flynedd nesaf ar ol terfyniad eu swyddi. Gellir eu gofyn wrth gyfraith i adnewyddu eu diogeledd o amser i amser; ac mewn diffyg o roddiad y cyfryw ddiogeledd newydd, eu swyddi gant eu hystyried yn wag. Ond y sir ni chaiff byth ei gwneud yn gyfrifol am weithredodd y sirydd. Y llywodraethwr all symud unrhyw swyddog yn y dosparth crybwylledig hyn, rhoddi i’r cyfryw swyddog adysgrifen o’r cyhuddiadau yn ei erbyn, a chyfleustra i gael gwrandawiad yn ei ymddiffyniad.

ARTIKEL 7

ERTHYGL VII

Den dømmende Magt

Barnol

S EC . 1. Domstolen for Forhør av parlamentisk Anklage skal bestaae af Senatet. Representant-Huset skal have Magt til at anklage alle denne Stats civile Embedsmænd, for svigfuld handlemaade i Embede, eller for Forbrydelser og slet Opførsel; men en Majoritet af alle valgte Medlemmer skal stemme overeens i en parlamentisk Anklage. Ved forhøret og en parlamentarisk anklage imod Guvernøren, skal ikke Guvernør-Leutenanten fungere som et med-

D OSPARTH 1. Y llys er prawf cyhuddedigaethau gaiff fod yn gyfansoddedig o’r senedd. Ty y cynrychiolwyr gaiff yr awdurdod o gyhuddo pob swyddogion gwladol o’r dalaeth hon, am ymddygiad llygredig mewn swydd, neu am droseddau a chamymddygiadau; eithr mwyrif o’r holl aelodau a etholwyd gant gyduno mewn cyhudded. Ar brawf cyhudded yn erbyn y llywodraethwr, y rhaglaw lywodraethwr ni chaiff weithredu fel aelod o’r llys. Ni chaiff swyddog barnol gyf-

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KONSTITUTION FOR W ISCONSIN (1848) lem af Retten. Ingen judicial Embedsmand skal fungere i sit Embede efterat han har været anklaget, indtil hans Frikjendelse. Førend Forhøret af en parlamentisk Anklage, skal Medlemmerne af Retten tage en Eed eller Bekræftelse troligen og upartisk at forhøre Anklagen overeensstemmende med Vidnesbyrd, og ingen Person skal blive overbeviist uden ved Overeenstemmelse af to trediedele af de tilstedeværende Medlemmer. Dom i Tilfælde af parlamentisk Anklage skal ikke strække sig videre end til Afsættelse fra Embede, eller Afsættelse fra Embede og Disqualification til at holde noget Embede af Ære, Forteel eller Tiltroe under denne Stat; men det anklagede parti skal være underkastet Rettergangsklage, Forhør og Straf overeensstemmende med Loven.

lawni ei swydd ar ol iddo gael ei gyhuddo, hyd ei ryddhad. O flaen prawf o gyhudded, aelodau y llys gant gymeryd llw neu sicrad i brofi y cyhudded, yn gywir a diduedd yn ol y dystioliaeth; ac ni chaiff neb rhyw berson ei ddyfarnu heb gydsyniad dau-drydydd o’r aelodau presenol. Dedfryd mewn achosion o gyhudded ni chaiff estyn ymhellach nag i symudiad o swydd, neu symudiad o swydd ac anghymwysiad i ddal unrhyw swydd o anrhydedd. elw, neu ymddyried dan y dalaeth; eithr y blaid gyhuddol fydd yn ddargostyngedig i gyhuddgwyn, prawf, a chospedigaeth, yn o1 y gyfraith.

S EC . 2. Denne Stats dømmende Magt, baade i Lov- og Villigheds-Sager skal blive overdraget til en Høieste-Ret (Supreme Court) District-Domstole (Circuit Court) Prøve Retter (Courts of Probate) og Fredsdommere (Justices of Peace). Legislaturen maa ogsaa overdrage saadan Jurisdiction, som skal blive anseet nødvendig til BorgerRetter (municipal Courts) og skal have Magt til at oprette underordnede Domstole i de forskjellige Countier, mod indskrænket civil og criminal Jurisdiction. Forudsat, at den Jurisdiction, som maa blive overdraget til de borgerlige Retter ikke skal udstrække sig videre end til deres respective Borgersamfund; heller ikke District-Domstolenes Jurisdiction videre end til deres respective Districter, som beskrevene i denne Constitution. Og at Legislaturen skal gjøre Foranstaltninger saavel for Valg af Dommere af Borgerretterne, som for Dommere af de lavere Retter af de berettigede Valgmænd i deres respective Jurisdictioner. Embedstiden for Dommere af bemeldte Borgerretter og underordnede Domstole skal ikke være længere end som for Dommerne af Disticts-Domstolene.

D OS . 2. Awdurdod barnol y dalaeth hon, yn ddeu-fodd fel yn materion cyfraith ac uniondeb, gaiff ei roddi mewn uchel-lys. cylchlysoedd, llysoedd prawf gwyllysion, ac yn ynadon yr heddwch. Yr yngneidiaeth all hefyd roddi y fath frawdwriaeth fel y bernir yn angenrheidiol mewn llysoedd dinasaidd, a chaiff awdurdod i sefydlu llysoedd israddol yn y gwahanol siroedd, gydag awdurdod gwladol a chamgylus derfynedig. Yn ddarbodedig, nas caiff y frawdwriaeth hyny pa un ddychyn fod yn osodedig mewn llysoedd dinasaidd flaenori, yn eu corfforaethau neullduol, eiddo y llysoedd cylchynol yn ei cylchoedd neullduol, fel rhagnodir yn y cyfansoddiad hwn: ac mai yr yngneidiaeth gaiff ddarbod cystal am eitholiad barnwyr y llysoedd dinasaidd fel barnwyr y llysoedd is-raddol, gan yr etholwyr cyfaddasol o’r brawdwriaethau perthynol. Term swydd barnwyr y dywededig lysoedd dinasaidd ac is-raddol nis caiff fod yn hwy nag eiddo barnwyr y llys cylchynol.

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W ISCONSIN S EC . 3. Høieste Ret skal ikkuns have Appelations-Jurisdiction, som skal udstrække sig over hele Staten undtagen i saadanne Tilfælde, som ere anderledes foreskrevne i denne Constitution; men i ingen Sag, som er bragt optil Høieste-Ret skal Forhør ved Svorenret (Jury) blive tilladt. Høieste-Ret skal have en almindelig overseende Control over alle underordnede Domstole, den skal have Magt til at udstæde Beviser af Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Ordre for at standse en Sag (Injunction) quo waranto28 , ceriorari og andre oprindelige eller afhjælpende Beviser, og at høre og bestemme samme.

D OS . 3. Yr uchel-lys, oddieithr mewn achosion darbodedig mewn modd arall yn y cyfansoddiad hwn, gaiff feddu brawdwriaeth appeliawl yn unig, pa un gaiff fod yn gyd-eang ag y dalaeth: ond nid mewn un rhyw achos symudedig i’r uchel-lys caiff prawf trwy reithwyr fod yn ganiataol. Yr uchel-lys gaiff feddu awdurdod arolygol cyffredinol dros yr holl is-lysoedd: caiff awdurdod i roddi allan wysion o „habeus corpus,“ „mandamus“ „injunction.“ „quo warranto,“ „certiorari.“ a gwysion ereill gwreiddiol a gweillianol, ac i wrandaw a phenderfynu yr unrhyw.

S EC . 4. For et Tidsrum af Fem Aar og derefter indtil Legislaturen skal anderledes foranstalte, skulle Dommerne af de forskjellige Districts Domstole være Dommere, i Høieste Ret, hvoraf Fire skal danne et Quotum, og det skal være nødvendigt forat afsige Dom at en Majoritet af de tilstedeværenede Dommere ere enige. Legislaturen skal have Magt, der som de ansee det som raadeligt og nødvendigt at foraarsage Organisationen af en særskildt Høiesteret, med den Jurisdiction og Myndighed som er foreskreven i denne Constitution; at bestaae af en OverDommer og to Med-Dommere (associate Justices) som skulle vælges af Statens qualificerede Valgmænd paa saadan Tid, og paa saadan Maade som Legislaturen maa foreskrive. Den særstildte Høiesteret, naar den er organiseret, skal ikke blive forandret eller ophævet af Legislaturen; dens Dommere skulle blive saaledes classificerede at kun een af dem skal træde ud af Embede til den samme Tid, og Embedstiden skal være den samme som er foreskreven for Dommerne af Districts Domstolene. Og naar Legislaturen skal anse det nødvendig at oprette en særstildt Høiesteret, da skal den have Magt til at formindske Antalet af Districts Domstolens Dommere til Fire, og atter dele de Judicielle Districter; men ingen saadan Deling eller Formindskelse skal træde i Kraft fø-

D OS . 4. Dros y term o bump blynedd, ac o hyny allan hyd oni chaiff yr yngneidiaeth ddarbod mewn modd arall, barnwyr yr amrywiol gylchlysoedd fyddant yn farnwyr yr uchel lys, pedwar o ba rai gyfansoddant awdurdod, a chydsyniad y mwyrif o’r barnwyr gwyddfoddol fydd yn angenrheidiol i benderfyniad. Yr yngneidiaeth fydd ac awdurdod, os bydd iddynt ei dybied yn fuddiol ac angenrheidiol, i ddarbod trwy gyfraith am drefniad uchel-lys neullduol, gyda y frawdwriaeth ac awdurdodau rhagnodedig yn y cyfansoddiad hwn, i gynwys un prif ynad a dau ynad cymdeithiol, i fod yn etholedig gan etholwr cyfaddasol y dalaeth, yn y cyfryw amser ac yn y fath fodd fel y dychyn yr yngneidiaeth ddarbod. Yr uchellys neullduol, pan drefnir felly, ni chaiff ei gyfnewid neu ei attal gan yr yngneidiaeth; y barnwyr ynddo gant eu trefnu fel mai onid un o honynt a allan o’i swydd yn yr un amser, a therm eu swydd fydd yr un fel y mae yn ddarbodedig am y barnwyr o’r llys cylchynol. A pha bryd bynag dychyn i’r yngneidiaeth ei ystyried yn angenrheidiol i sefydlu uchel-lys neullduol, hwy gant yr awdurdod i leihau nifer barnwyr y llys cylchynol i bedwar, ac adranu y cylchodd barnol, ond nis caiff y cyfryw adraniad neu leihad gymeryd effaith hyd ar ol terfyniad term rhyw un o’r dywedig farnwyr, neu hyd nes

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C YFANSODDIAD W ISCONSIN (1848) rend Udløbet af Terminen af en af bemældte Dommere, eller førenden Bacance finner Sted paa anden Maade.

digwyddo gwagfa trwy ryw foddion ereill.

S EC . 5. Staten skal blive deelt i Fem judicielle Districter, som skal være bestaaende som følger. Det første District skal indbefatte Countierne Rarin: Walworth, Rock og Green, det andet District Countierne Dihvauker, Wauktesha, Jefferson og Dane, det tredie District, Countierne Washington, Dodge, Columbia, Marquette, Sauk og Portage; det fjerde District, Contierne Brown, Manitouwoc29 , Sheboygon, Fond du Lac, Winnebago og Calumet og det femte District skal indbefatte Countierne Iowa, LaFayette, Grant, Crawford og St. Croir og Countiet Richland skal tilføies Iowa; Countiet Chippewa føies til Crawford County, og Countiet La Point føies til St. Croir County for judicielle Anliggender, ind til anderledes foranstaltet ved Legislaturen.

D OS . 5. Y dalaeth gaiff fod yn rhanedig i bump o gylchoedd barnol, i fod yn gyfansoddedig fel y canlyn: Y cylch cyntaf gaiff gynwys y siroedd Racine, Walworth, Rock a Green. Yr ail gylch, y siroedd Milwaukee, Waukesha, Jefferson, a Dane. Y trydydd cylch, y siroedd Washington, Dodge, Columbia, Marquette, Sauk, a Portage. Y pedwarydd cylch, y siroedd Brown, Manitowoc, Sheboygan, Fond du Lac, Winnebago, a Calumet. A’r pumed cylch, gaiff gynwys y siroedd Iowa, LaFayette, Grant, Crawford, a St. Croix, a sir Richland gaiff ei chysylltu wrth Iowa, a sir Chippewa wrth sir Crawford, a sir La Pointe wrth sir St. Croix, er dybenion barnol, hyd oni ddarbodir mewn modd arall gan yr yngneidiaeth.

S EC . 6. Legislaturen kan forandre Grændserne elle forøge Antallet af Districterne, og gjøre dem saa sammenhængende og bequemme som muligt og begrændse den ved Countylinier; men ingen saadan Forandring elle Forøgelse skal have til Følge Afsættelsen af en Dommer fra Embede. I Tilfælde af Forøgelse af Districterne skal Dommeren eller Dommerne blive valgte saa som er beskreven i denne Constituition, og modtage en Løn af ikke mindre end som heri er foreskrevet for Dommer ved District Domstolen.

D OS . 6. Yr yngneidiaeth ddychyn newid y terfynau, neu chwanegu nifer y cylchoedd, a’u gwneuthr mor dalfyr a chyfleus mal bydd yn wneuthradwy, a’u terfynu hwynt gan linellau sir, ond ni chaiff y cyfryw gyfnewidiad neu ychwanegiad yr effaith i symud barnwr o’i swydd. Mewn achos o chwanegiad nifer y cylchoedd, y barnwr neu farnwyr a etholir fel darbodwyd yn y cyfansoddiad hwn, a derbyn gyflog nid llai na’r hyn ddarbodwyd yma i farnwyr y llys cylchynol.

S EC . 7. Der skal vælges en Dommer for hvert District af de deri qualificerede Valgmænd, og han skal holde sit Embede saaledes som er foreskrevet i denne Constitution og indtil hans Efterfølger bliver valgt og qualificeret og efter at han skal have været valgt, skal ban opholde sig i Districtet for hvilke han var valgt. En af bemældte Dommere skal blive anerkjendt som Legislaturen skal foreskrive. Og Legislaturen skal

D OS . 7. Dros bob cylch caiff barnwr fod yn ddewisedig gan yr etholwyr cyfaddasol ynddo, pa un gaiff ddal ei swydd fel y mae yn ddarbodedig yn y cyfansoddiad hwn, ac hyd oni chaiff ei ddilyniedydd ei ddewis a’i gyfaddasu; ac ar ol iddo gael ei ethol, caiff artrefu yn y cylch dros yr hwn ei etholwyd. Un o’r barnwyr dywededig, gaiff ei benodi fel prif ynad, yn y fath fodd fel y darboda yr yngneidiaeth. A’r yngaeidiaeth gaiff, yn ei

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W ISCONSIN ved dens første Session, ved Lov foranstalte ligesaavel for Valget som Classification af Dommere ved District Domstolene, som skulle vælges under denne Constitution paa saadan Maade, at en af bemældte Dommere skal træde udaf Embede om to Aar, een om tre Aar, een om fire Aar, een om fem Aar, og een om sex Aar, og derefter skal de valgte Dommere beklæde Embedet og holde samme for sex Aar.

heisteddfod cyntaf, ddarbod trwy gyfraith, yn gystal dros yr etholiad ynghylch, fel am raddoli y barnwyr o’r llys cylchynol, i fod yn etholedig dan y cyfansoddiad hwn, yn fath fodd fel yr a un o’r dywededig farnwyr allan o swydd mewn dwy flynedd, un mewn tair blynedd, un mewn pedair blynedd, un mewn pump mlynedd, ac un mewn chwech mlynedd, ac ar ol hyny y barnwr etholedig i lanw y swydd gaiff ddal yr unrhyw dros chwech mlynedd.

S EC . 8. District-Retterne skulle have oprindelig Jurisdiction i alle Sager, civile og criminale indenom denne Stat, som ikke ere undtagne i denne Constitution og som ikke herefter bliver forbudt ved Lov, ligeledes Appelations Jurisdiction for alle underordnede Domstole og Tribunaler, samt en efterseende Control over samme. De skal ogsaa have Magt til at udstede beviser af habeas corpus, Mandammes, Injunction, quo waranto, Geriwrari og alle andre Beviser, nødvendige til at sætte i Krafte deres Ordre, Domme og Forordninger, samt at give dem en almindelig Control over underordnede Domstole og Jurisdictioner.

D OS . 8. Y llysoedd cylchynol gant feddu brawdwriaeth wreiddiol mewn pob materion, gwladol a throseddol, tufewn y dalaeth hon, nad eithrwyd yn y cyfansoddiad hwn, ac na fydd o hyn allan yn waharddedig gan gyfraith, a brawdwriaeth appeliawl o’r holl is-lysoedd a brawdleodd, ac awdurdod arolygawl dros yr unrhyw. Cant hefyd feddu awdurdod i roddi allan wysion o „habeas corpus, mandamus, injunction, quo warranto, certiorari,“ a phob gwysion ereill angenrheidiol i ddodi mewn grym eu heirchion, dedfrydau, a’u gosodiadau, a rhoi iddynt awdurdod gyffredinol dros islysoedd a brawdwriaethau.

S EC . 9. Naar en Bacance indtræffer i et Dommer-Embede ved Høieste-eller Districts-Retter, da skal saadan Bacance besættes ved en Udnævnelse af Guvernoren, hvilke skal vedblive indtil en Efterfølger er valgt og qualificeret, og naar saadan Efterfølger er valgt, skal han holde sit Embede for Resten af det tiloversblevne Tidsrum. Der skal ikke vælges for Dommer eller Dommere ved noget almindeligt Valg for Stats eller County Embedsmænd, heller ikke inden tredive Dage enten før eller efter saadant Valg.

D OS . 9. Pan digwydd gwagfa yn swydd barnwr yr uchel neu gylchynol lysoedd, y cyfryw wagfa gaiff ei llanw wrth benodiad y llywodraethwr, pa un gaiff barhau hyd oni bydd dilyniedydd wedi ei ethol a’i gyfaddasu; a phan etholir, y cyfryw ddilyniedydd gaiff ddal ei swydd dros y gweddill o’r term. Ni chaiff etholiad am farnwr neu farnwyr fod, mewn unrhyw etholiad cyffredinol am dalaeth neu sir swyddogion, na tufewn deg diwrnod ar ugain naill ai o flaen neu ar ol y cyfryw etholiad.

S EC . 10. Enhver af Dommerne ved Høieste- og Districts-Retterne skal erholde en Løn, betalbar quartalviis, af ikke mindre en Et Tusinde Fem Hundrede Dollars aarligen; de skulle ikke modtage nogen Em-

D OS . 10. Pob un o farnwyr yr uchel a’r cylchynol lysoedd gant dderbyn cyflog, taladwy yn bedwaranol, o ddim llai nag un fil, pump cant o „ddoleri“ yn flynyddol; ni chant dderbyn gwobrau swydd, neu un tal

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KONSTITUTION FOR W ISCONSIN (1848) bedssportler, eller anden Godtgjørelse end deres Løn; de skulle ikke holde noget Embede af offentligt Ansvar, undtagen et judicielt Embede, i Løbet af den Termin hvorfor de hver især ere valgte; og alle Stemmer for nogen af dem, for noget Embede, undtagen et judicielt Embede, givet af Legislaturen eller Folket, skal være ugyldige. Ingen Person skal kunne vælges til Dommer-Embede som ikke paa den Tid da han bliver valgt skal være en Borger af de Forenede Stater og have opnaaet en Alder af fem og tyve Aar, samt være en retmæssig Valgmand inden den Jurisdiction hvorfor han maa blive valgt.

arall heblaw eu cyflog, ni chant ddal swydd o ymddiried cyhoeddus, oddieithr swydd barnol, tra parha y term am ba un eu hetholwyd yn neullduol, a phob pleidleisiau dros y naill neu ‘r llall o honynt, am unryw swydd oddieithr swydd farnol, rhoddedig gan yr yngneidiaeth neu ‘r bobl, fydd ya ddirym. Ni chaiff neb rhyw berson fod yn etholedig i swydd barnwr, yr hwn ni fydd, yn amser ei etholiad, yn ddinasydd o’r Unol Daleithau, ac wedi cyrhaedd yr oed o pump blwydd ar ugain, ac yn etholwr cyfaddasol tufewn y frawdwriaeth dros ba un y dychyn gael ei ddewis.

S EC . 11. Høiesteret skal idetminste holde den Termin aarligen ved Statens RegjeringsSæde, til saadanne Tider, som skal ved Lov foreskrives, og Legislaturen maa foranstalte, at andre Terminer blive holdte og paa andre Steder naar det maa ansees nødvendigt. – En Districts-Ret skal holdes, idetmindste to Gange om Aaret, i hvert County af denne Stat, organiseret for judicielle Hensigter. Dommerne ved Districts-Retter maa holde Rettergang for hverandre og skal gjøre saa naar Loven fordrer det.

D OS . 11. Yr uchel lys gaiff ddal yn yr hyn leiaf un term yn flynyddol, yn eisteddle llywodraeth y dalaeth, yn y cyfryw amser fel y bydd yn ddarbodedig gan gyfraith, a’r yngneidiaeth ddychyn ddarbod am ddal termau ereill, ac mewn manau ereill, pan dychyn iddynt ei farnu yn angenrheidiol. Y llys cylchynol a ddelir yn y lleiaf ddwy waith bob blwyddyn, yn mhob sir o’r dalaeth hon, a drefnwyd er dybenion barnol. Barnwyr y llys cylchynol allant ddal llysoedd y naill dros y llall, a chant wneuthr felly pan ofynir gan gyfraith.

S EC . 12. De i hvært County, som er organiseret for judicielle Hensigter, berettigede Valgmænd, skulle udvælge en DistrictsRets-Skriver, som skal holde sit Embede for to Aar, underkastet Forflyttelse eftersom Loven skal foreskrive. I Tilfælde af en Bacance, skal Dommeren af Districts-Retten have Magt til at udnævene en Skriver, indtil Bacancen skal blive erfoldt ved Valg. Skriveren som saaledes bliver valgt eller udnævnt skal stille saadan Caution, som Legislaturen maa fordre og naar han er valgt skal han holde sit Embede for en fuld Termin. Høieste-Ret skal udnævne sin egen Skriver; og Skriveren af en Districts Ret kan blive udnævnt til Skriver ved Høieste-Ret.

D OS . 12. Yna caiff ysgrifenydd yr llys cylchynol fod yn etholedig yn mhob sir a drefnwyd er dybenion barnol, gan yr etholwyr cyfaddasol ynddi, pa un gaiff ddal ei swydd dros ddwy flynedd, yn ddarostynedig i symudiad, fel bydd yn ddarbodedig gan gyfraith. Mewn achos o wagfa, barnwr y llys cylchynol gaiff yr awdurdod i benodi ysgrifenydd, hyd oni lenwir y wagfa trwy etholiad. Yr ysgrifenydd a etholir neu a benodir fel hyn, gaiff roddi y fath ddiogeledd fel dychyn ir yngneidiaeth ofyn, a phan etholir, caiff ddal ei swydd am derm llawn. Yr uchel lys gaiff benodi ei ysgrifenydd ei hun, a gellir penodi ysgrifenydd y llys cylchynol yn ysgrifenydd i’r uchel lys.

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W ISCONSIN S EC . 13. En hver Dommer ved Høisteeller Districts-Retten kan blive afsat fra Embede, ved en Addresse fra begge Legislaturens Huse, dersom to trediedele af alle valgte Medlemmer af hvært Huus, stemme overeens deri, men Ingen Afsættelse skal skee i Kraft af dette Afsnit undtagen den anklagede Dommer skal have modtaget et Copie af Beskyldningerne imod ham, som ligge til Grund for Addressen, og skal have havt en Anledning til at blive hørt til sit Forsvar. Ved Spørgsmaalet om Afsættelse skal Jaerne og Neierne indføres i Journalen.

D OS . 13. Unrhyw farnwr o’r llys uchel neu gylchynol ellir ei symud o’i swydd trwy gyfarchiad oddiwrth ddau dy yr yngneidiaeth, os dau-drydydd o’r holl aelodau etholwyd i bob ty gydunant yn hyny, ond ni chaiff svmudiad ei wneuthr trwy efleithioldeb y dosparth hyn, oddieithr ir barnwr a achwynir gael ei wasanaethu ag adysgrif o’r cyhuddiadau yn ei erbyn, fel y sylfaen o gyfarchiad, ac wedi caffael cyfleustra o gael gwrandawiad yn ei amddiffyniad. Ar y gofyniad o symudiad, yr ie a nage gant eu hysgrifnodi ar y dyddlyfrau.

S EC . 14. Der skal blive valgt af de berettigede Valgmænd i hvert County, en Overformynder (Judge of Probate) som skal holde sit Embede for to Aar og indtil hans Efterfølger skal blive valgt og qualificeret og hvis Jurisdiction, Myndighed og Pligter skal blive foreskrevne ved Lov. Forudsat alligevel, at Legislaturen skal have Magt til at afskaffe Overformynder-Embedet i noget County og at overdrage Formynders Myndigheden til saadanne underordnede Domstole, som maa blive oprettede i samme County.

D OS . 14. Yna caiff fod yn ddewisedig yn mhob sir, gan yr etholwyr cyfaddasol ynddynt, farnwr prawf gwyllysion, pa un gaiff ddal ei swydd dros ddwy flynedd, ac hyd oni bydd ei ddilyniedydd wedi ei ethol a’i gyfaddasu, brawdwriaeth, awdurdodau, a dyledswyddau yr hwn a ragnodir gan gyfraith: Yn ddarbodedig, fodd bynag Y bydd yr yngneidiaeth yn meddu awdurdod i ddileu swydd barnwr prawf gwyllysion mewn unrhyw sir, ac i roddi awdurdodau prawf gwyllysion ar y cyfryw is-lysoedd fel dychyn fod yn sefydledig yn y sir ddywededig.

S EC . 15. Valgmændene i de forskjellige Towns ved deres aarlige Møder og Valgmændene i Stader og Byer ved deres Charter Valg, skulle paa saadan maade, som Legislaturen maa foreskrive, vælge Fredsdommere hvis Embedstid skal være for to Aar og indtil deres Efterfølgere skulle blive valgte og qualificerede. I Tilfælde et Valg for at besætte en Bacance, som maa indtræffe før Udløbet af en fuld Termin, da skal den valgte Fredsdommer holde Embedet for Resten af den tiloversblevne Termin. Deres Antal og Classification skal bestemmes ved Lov. Og Tjenstetiden to Aar skal paa ingen Maade have Indflydelse paa Classificationen i første Tilfælde. Dommerne saaledes valgte skulle have civil og criminal Jurisdiction, som skal ved Lov foreskrives.

D OS . 15. Etholwyr y gwahanol drefydd, yn eu blynyddol gyfarfodydd trefol, ac etholwyr dinasoedd a phentrefydd, yn eu breintlen etholiadau, gant yn y fath fodd fel y cyfarwydda yr yngneidiaeth, ethol ynadon yr heddwch, term swydd y rhai, fydd am ddwy flynedd, ac hyd oni fydd eu dilynyddion mewn swydd wedi eu hethol a’u cyfaddasu. Mewn achos o etholiad i lanw gwagfa digwyddedig cyn terfyniad term llawn, yr ynad etholedig gaiff ddal dros y gweddill o’r term. Eu rhif a graddoliaeth gaiff fod yn rheoledig gan gyfraith. A’r swydd-ddaliad o ddwy flynedd ni chaiff ddim mewn un modd ymyru a y graddoliaeth yn yr engrhaifft cyntaf.5 Yr ynadon a etholir fel hyn gant y cyfryw yrawdwriaeth wladol a drwgweithredol fel bydd yn rhagnodedig gan gyfraith.

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C YFANSODDIAD W ISCONSIN (1848) S EC . 16. Legislaturen skal udstæde Love for Regulationen af Forligelses Commissioner (Tribunals of Councilliation) bestemmende disses Myndighed og Pligter. Saadanne Tribunaler kunne blive oprettede i30 ethvert Township og skulle have magt til at afsige Dom, som skal være bindendende paa Parti, naar de godvilligen underkaste deres Gjenstand for Tvistighed for Forlig og indgaae paa at opfylde Dommen eller give deres Tilstaaelse dertil skriftligen.

D OS . 16. Yr yngneidiaeth gant basio cyfreithiau dros drefniad brawdleoedd cymmodiad, amlygu eu hawdurdod a’u dyledswyddau. Y cyfryw frawdleoedd ellir sefydlu mewn a thros unrhyw drefgordd, a chant awdurdod i roddi barn, i fod yn rhwymedigol ar y pleidiau, pan byddant wedi gwir-foddol roddi eu mater mewn ymrafael i gyflafareddiad, a chytuno i aros y farn, neu gydsynio i hyny mewn ysgrifen.

S EC . 17. Stilen for alle beviser og Processer skal være „Staten Wisconsin”; alle criminale Processer skulle blive førte i Navn og paa Authoritet af samme og alle Klager skal slutte, ”imod Statens Fred og Værdighed”

D OS . 17. Dullwedd pob gwysion a chynghawsedd gaiff fod. „Talaeth Wisconsin.“ Pob erlyniadau am ddrwgweithredoedd gant eu dwyn yn mlaen yn enw a thrwy awdurdod yr unrhyw; a phob cyhudd-gwynion gant derfynu „yn erbyn yr heddwch ac urddasy dalaeth.“

S EC . 18. Legislaturen skal lægge en Skat paa alle civile Søgsmaal, som begynder og procederes i de borgerlige, underordnede eller Districts Retter, hvilken skal udgjøre et Fond, der skal anvendes som Bidrag til Betalingen og Dommernes Lønning.

D OS . 18. Yr yngneidiaeth gaiff arddodi treth ar bob cynghaws gwladol cychwynedig neu ganlynedigyn y llysoedd dinasaidd, is-raddol, neu gylchynol, pa un gaiff gyfansoddi trysorfa idd ei chymwyso tuag at dalu cyflog y barnwyr.

S EC . 19. Vidnesbyrd i VillighedsSøgsmaal skal blive taget paa samme Maade som i Lov-Sager og Embedet af CancellieAssessor (Master in Chancery) er herved forbudt.

D OS . 19. Y dystiolaeth yn achosion mewn uniondeb, fydd yn gymeredig mewn cyffelyb fodd fel mewn achosion wrth gyfraith; a yr swydd o feistr mewn llys cydwybod, wrth hyn a warafunir.

S EC . 20. Enhver Sagsøger fremfor enhver Domstol31 skal have Ret til at procedere og forsvare sin Sag, enten ved sig selv personligen, eller ved Befuldmægtiget eller Agent, som han selv har valgt.

D OS . 20. Unrhyw erfyniwr mewn unrhyw lys o’r dalaeth hon, fydd a hawl i erlyn neu amddiffyn ei gyngaws naill a’i yn ei berson priodol ei hun neu trwy gyfreithiwr neu oruch-wyliwr o’i ddewisiad ei hun.

S EC . 21. Legislaturen skal gjøre Foranstaltning ved Lov for en hurtig Offentliggjørelse af alle Landslove,32 for saadanne judicielle Beslutninger gjordte inden Staten, som maa ansees passende. Og ingen almindelig Lov skal træde i Kraft førend den har været offentliggjordt.

D OS . 21. Yr yngneidiaeth gaiff ddarbod trwy gyfraith am gyhoeddiad ebrwydd o’r ddeddf-gyfreithiau, ac o’r cyfryw benderfyniadau barnol a wnawd tu-fewn y dalaeth, fel y bernir yn fuddiol. Ac ni chaiff cyfraith gyffredinol fod mewn grym nes yn gyhoeddedig.

S EC . 22. Legislaturen ved dens første Session efter Antagelsen af denne Consti-

D OS . 22. Yr yngneidiaeth yn ei heisteddiad cyntaf ar ol mabwysiaw y cyfansodd-

297

W ISCONSIN tution skal sørge for Udnævnelsen af tre Commissairer, hvis Pligt det skal være at undersøge, revidere og simplificere Reglerne for Prosesser, Søgsmaal, Formularer og Fremgangsmaader, samt arrangere et Systeem, som svarer til Optegnelses Retterne (Courts of Record) i denne Stat, og at indberette samme til Legislaturen (underkastet dennes Modification og Antagelse) og saadan Commission skal ophøre naar Indberetningen skeer undtagen anderledes bestemt ved Lov.

iad hwn, gaiff ddarbod am benodiad tri dirprwywyr, dyledswydd y rai fydd holi i mewn, adchwilio a chyfarddunaw rheolau ymarferiad, dadleuon, ffurfiau, a chychwyniadau. a threfnu cyfundraith gyfaddus i goflysoedd y dalaeth hon, ac adrodd yr unrhyw i’r yngneidiaeth, yn ddarostyngedig idd eu trefniad a’u mabwysiad, a’r cyfryw ddirprwyaeth derfyna ar roddiad yr adroddiad, oddieithr darbod yn amgen gan gyfraith.

S EC . 23. Legislaturen kan forordne Udnævnelsen af en eller flere Person i hvert organiseret County og maa overdrage til saadanne Personer, saadan judiciel Myndighed som skal forskrives ved Lov. Forudsat, at saadan Myndighed skal ikke overgaae den som en Dommer af Districts Retten besidder udenfor Retten (at Chambers).

D OS . 23. Yr yngneidiaeth all ddarbod am benodiad un neu chwaneg a bersonau mewn pob sir drefnedig, a gall roddi yn y cyfryw bersonau y fath awdurdodau barnol fel caiff ei rhagnodi gan gyfraith: Yn ddarbodedig, na chaiff y dywededig awdurdod flaenori ar eiddo barnwr o’r llys cylchynol mewn llys barn.

ARTIKEL 8

ERTHYGL VIII

Finantserne

Cyllid

S EC . 1. Regelen for Beskattelse skal være eensforming og Skatter skal lignes paa saadan Eiendom som Legislaturen skal forskrive.

D OSPARTH 1. Rheol trethiad gaiff fod yn unffurf, a threthi gant eu codi ar y cyfryw feddianau fel y gwna yr yngneidiaeth ragnodi.

S EC . 2. Ingen Penge skal blive udbetalt af Skatkammeret undtagen i Overeensstemmelse med Anviisning ved Lov.

D OS . 2. Ni chaiff arian ei talu allan o’r drysorfa, oddieithr mewn canlyniad i briodoliad gan gyfraith.

S EC . 3. Statens Credit skal aldrig blive given eller laant til noget Individ, Forening eller Laug33 .

D OS . 3. Cymeriad y dalaeth ni chaiff fyth fod yn rhoddedig neu fenthygedig i gynorthwyo unrhyw berson, cymdeithasfa neu gorfforaeth.

S EC . 4. Staten skal aldrig paadrage sig offentlig Gjeld, undtagen i saadanne Tilfælde og paa saadan Maade, som heri er foreskrevet.

D OS . 4. Y dalaeth ni chaiff byth ammodi unrhyw ddyled cyhoeddus, oddieithr yn yr achosion a’r modd darbodedig yma.

S EC . 5. Legislaturen skal forordne en aarlig Skat, tilstrækkelig til at dække Statens beregnede Omkostninger for hvert Aar; og

D OS . 5. Yr yngneidiaeth gaiff ddarbod am dreth flynyddol digonol i dalu amcan draul y dalaeth dros bob blwyddyn; a pha

298

KONSTITUTION FOR W ISCONSIN (1848) naar noget Aars Avgifter skal overstige Indtægterne, da skal Legislaturen foranstalte at en Skat bliver lignet for det kommende Aar tilstrækkelig, med andre Indtægtskilder, til at betale de beregnede Omkostinger for saadant kommende Aar.

bryd bynag bydd traul unrhyw flwyddyn yn fwy na’r ardreth, yr yngneidiaeth gaiff ddarbod am godi treth dros y flwyddyn ganlynol, digonol gyda deilliadau ardrethol ereill, i dalu y diffyg, mal amcan-dreulion y flwyddyn ganlynol.

S EC . 6. For den Henstigt at dække overordentlige Udgifter, maa Staten paadrage sig offentlig Gjeld (men saadan Gjeld skal aldrig i det Høieste overstige Et Hundrede Tusinde Dollars). Enhver saadan Gjeld skal blive authoriseret ved Lov, for saadan Hensigt eller Hensigter, som skal akkurat beskrives deri; og en Majoritets Stemning af alle valgte Medlemmer i hvert Huus, som skal tages ved Jaer og Neier, skal være nødvendig til Udstædelsen af saadan Lov; og enhver saadan Lov, skal forordne Paalæggelsen af en aarlig Skat, tilstrækkelig til at betale de aarlige Renter af saadan Gjeld, tilligemed Kapitalen inden fem Aar efter Udstædelsen af saadan Lov, og skal i Særdeleshed anvende Beløbet af saadanne Skatter til Betaling af saadan Capital og Renter. Og saadan Anviisning skal ikke igjenkaldes, eller Skattene blive udsatte eller formindskede førend Capitalen og Renterne af saadan Gjeld skal have været fuldkommen betalt.

D OS . 6. Er dyben taliad gwariadau anarferol, y dalaeth ddychyn ammodi dyledion cyhoeddus; eithr cyfryw ddyledion ni chant fyth yn y cyfan-swm fod yn fwy nag un can mil o „ddoleri.“ Pob cyfryw ddyled gaiff ei awdurdodi gan gyfraith, at ryw ddyben neu ddybenion i fod yn amlwg a neullduol ynddi; a phleidlais y mwyrif o’r holl aelodau etholwyd i bob ty. yn gymeredig wrth ie a nage, fydd yn angenrheidiol er mynedfa y cyfyw gyfraith; a phob cyfraith o’r fath gaiff ddarbod am godi treth flynyddol er talu llog blynyddol y cyfryw ddyled, a’r prif tufewn pum mlynedd o fynedfa y cyfryw gyfraith, a phriodoli yn neullduol y deilliadau a’r cyfryw drethi er taliad y cyfryw brif a llog; a’r cyfryw briodoliad ni chaiff ei ddiddymu, na’r trethi eu hoedi neu eu lleihau hyd oni bydd prif a llog y cyfryw ddyled wedi eu cwbl dalu.

S EC . 7. Legislaturen maa ogsaa laane Penge for at tilbagedrive Indfald, undertrykke Oprør eller forsvare Staten i Krigstid; men Penge som saaledes ere inddrevne skal blive anvendt udtrykkeligen til den Hensigt for hvilken Laanet var authoriseret, eller til Tilbagebetalingen af Gjelden, som derved er paadraget.

D OS . 7. Yr yngneidiaeth hefyd ddychyn fenthyca arian er gyru yn ol oresgyniad, attal gwrthryfel, neu amddiffyn y dalaeth yn amser rhyfel; eithr yr arian a godir fel hyn fyddant gymhwysedig yn neullduol at y gwrthrych am yr hwn yr awdurdodwyd y benthyg, neu er atdaliad y dyled a grewyd.

S EC . 8. Veb Udstædelsen af nogen Lov i noget af Husene af Legislaturen som har til Hensigt at paalægge, vedblive eller fornye en Skat eller som foraarsager en Gjeld eller Byrde eller som gjør, vedbliver eller fornyer en Anviisning af offentlige eller anbetroede Penge, eller som afskaffer, indfrier eller tilfredsstiller en Fordring eller Forrettighed af

D OS . 8. Ar fynedfa yn y naill dy neu’r llall o’r yngneidiaeth. unrhyw gyfraith pa un fydd yn arddodi, parhau, neu adnewyddu treth, neu greu dyled neu draul, neu wneuthr, parhau, neu adnewyddu priodoliad arian cyhoedd neu ymddyriedol, neu ryddhau, gollwng, neu newidio hawl neu arddelwad y dalaeth, y gofyniad fydd yn gymeredig wrth

299

W ISCONSIN Staten – da skal Spørgsmaalet tages ved Jaer og Neier, som skal rigtigen indføres i Journalerne, og tre-Femteparten af alle valgte Medlemmer i saadant Huus skal i alle Tilfælde udfordres for at udgjære et Quorum deri.

ie a nage, pa rai a gant eu dyledus ysgrifnodi ar y dyddlyfr; a thri-pumed o’r holl aelodau etholwyd ir cyfryw dy, fyddant mewn pob achosion o’r fath yn ofynol i gyfansoddi awdurdod ynddo.

S EC . 9. Intet Gjeldsbeviis (Serip) Certificat eller anden Tilstaaelse af Stats Gjeld af nogen Slags, skal blive udstedt, undtagen for saadanne Gjelde, som ere authoriserende ved sjette og syvende Afsnit af denne Artikel.

D OS . 9. Ni chaiff ‘scrifen, ardystiad, neu dystiolaeth arall o ddyled y dalaeth pa bynag, eu rhoddi allan, oddieithr am y cyfryw ddyledion ag ydynt awdurdodedig trwy y chwechfed a’r seithfed dosparth o’r erthygl hon.

S EC . 10. Denne Stat skal aldrig paadrage sig nogen Gjeld for Anlæg som have til Hensigt indenrigske Forbedringer, heller ikke være Deeltager i Udførelsen af saadanne Foretagender, men naar Tilstaaelser af Land eller anden Eiendom skal have været gjordte til Staten, isærdeleshed anviste i Tilstaaelsen at anvendes for visse Værker eller Anlæg for indenrigske Forbedringer, da maa Staten iværksætte saadanne anviste Foretagender og skal opossre dertil Beløbet af saadanne Tilstaaelser og maa pantsætte eller anvende Indtægterne af saadanne Anlæg til Hjelp for deres Fuldførelse.

D OS . 10. Y dalaeth ni chaiff byth ammodi unrhyw ddyled ynghylch gweithfeydd o welliant tufewnol, neu fod yn blaid yn dwyn yn mlaen y cyfryw weithfeydd; eithr pa bryd bynag caiff rhoddion o dir neu feddiant arall fod yn rhoddedig i’r dalaeth, cyflwynedig yn neullduol gan y rhodd at weithfeydd, penodol o welliant tufewnol, y dalaeth a ddychyn ddwyn yn mlaen y cyfryw weithfeydd penodol, a chaiff gyflwyno at hyny y buddredion o’r cyfryw roddion, a gall wystlo neu briodoli yr ardrethiadau tarddedig oddiwrth y cyfryw weithfeydd i gynnorthwyo eu cyflawniad.

ARTIKEL 9

ERTHYGL IX

Fortvinligt Herredømme og Statens Eiendomme

Uchel arglwyddiaeth a meddiant y dalaeth

S EC . 1. Staten skal have medvirkende Jurisdiction over alle Floder og Indsøer som grændser til denne Stat, saa længe som saadanne Floder eller Indsøer danne en felleds Grændse til denne Stat, og til nogen anden Stat eller Territorium som er nu eller heretter maa blive dannet og begrendser af samme; og Floden Missisippi og de Seglbare Vande, som lede ind i Mississippi og St. Lawrence saavelsom Transportations Stederne maa omfavne, skulle være felleds alfare Veie og for stedse frie, ligesaavel til Indbyggerne af

D OSPARTH 1. Y dalaeth gaiff awdurdod cydredol ar yr holl afonydd a llynoedd yn ffinio a’r dalaeth hon, cyn belled ag y caiff y cyfryw afonydd neu lynoedd ffurfio terfyn cyffredin i’r dalaeth ac unrhyw dalaeth arall neu diriogaeth i gael ei ffurfio yn awr neu o hyn allan ac yn derfynedig gan yr unrhyw. A’r afon Mississippi a’r dyfreodd mordwyol yn arwain i’r Mississippi a St. Lawrence, a’r cludfaoedd rhwng yr unrhyw, fyddant brif ffyrdd cyffredin, ac yn rhydd dros byth cystal i drigolion y dalaeth, mal dinasyddion

300

C YFANSODDIAD W ISCONSIN (1848) denne Stat, som til Borgerne af de Forenede Stater, uden Stat, Paalæg eller Teld derfor.

yr unol Daleithau, heb unrhyw dreth, toll, neu dal am hyny.

S EC . 2. Eiendomsretten til alt Land og anden Eiendom, som skal have tilfaldt Wisconson Territorium ved Foræring, Gave, Kjøb, Confiscation, hjemfaldet Gods eller paa anden Maade skal tilhøre Staten Wisconsin.

D OS . 2. Yr hawl mewn pob tiroedd a meddiant arall pa rai a ddeilliasant i diriogaeth Wisconsin, trwy rodd, anrheg, pryniad, collediad, fforffediad, neu ryw fodd arall, gaiff ei gosod yn meddiant talaeth Wisconsin.6

S EC . 3. Folket af denne Stat i Kraft af dets Ret til enevolds Herredømme ere Ærklærede at have den endelige Besiddelsesret i og til alt Land inden Statens Jurisdiction; og alt Land, hvortil Arvererren skal bortfalde af Mangel paa Arvinger skal tilfalde eller hjemfalde til Folket.

D OS . 3. Pobl y dalaeth yn eu hawl o benaduriaelh ydynt gyhoeddedig yn perchenogi eithaf meddiant mewn ac yn yr holl diroedd tufewn i awdurdod y dalaeth; a’r holl diroedd, yr hawl i ba rai a fetha o ddiffyg etifeddion, a ymchwelant, neu fforffedir i’r bobl.7

ARTIKEL 10

ERTHYGL X

Opdragelse

Addysg

S EC . 1. Overopsynet med den offentlige Opdragelse skal overdrages til en Stats Overopsynsmand og saadanne andre embedsmand, som Legislaturen skal foreskrive, Stats-Overopsynsmanden skal blive valgt af Statens berettigede Valgmænd paa saadan Maade som Legislaturen skal foreskrive; hans Myndighed Pligter og Lov skal bestemmes ved Lov, Forudsat, at hans Lønning ikke skal overstige en Sum af Tolv Hundred Dollars aarligen.

D OSPARTH 1. Arolygiad addysg cyhoeddus gaiff ei osod yn arolygwr dalaeth, ar cyfryw swyddogion ereill fel cyfarwydda yr yngneidiaeth. Arolygwr y dalaeth gaiff ei ddewis gan etholwyr cyfaddasol, y dalaeth yn y fath fodd fel y gwna yr yngneidiaeth ddarbod; ei awdurdodau, dyledswyddau, a’i dal a ragnodir trwy gyfraith. Yn ddarbodedig, na fydd i’w dal flaenori y swm o ddeuar-ddeg cant o „ddoleri“ yn flynyddol.

S EC . 2. Beløbet34 af alt Land, som har været eller herefte maa blive givet af de Forenede Stater til denne Stat for Opdragelses Øiemed (undtagen det Land, som herefter gives til Anvendelse for et Universitet) og alle Penge netto Beløber af al Eiendom, som maa tilfalde Staten ved Confiskation eller som hjemfaldet til samme, og alle Penge hvilke skal blive indbetaelte som Erstatning for Fritagelse fra Krigstjeneste, og netto Beløbet af alle Bøder inkrevede i de forskjellige Countier for Bruk af Straffe lovene og alle penge, som erholdes for nogen Gave

D OS . 2. Y deilliadau o bob tiroedd a gafasant neu o hyn allan ddychyn fod yn rhoddedig gan yr Unol Daleithau i’r dalaeth hon, er ‘dybenion addysgiadol, (oddieithr y tiroedd a roddwyd yn flaenorol er dybenion prif-ysgol) a phob arian a deilliadau rhydd oddiwrth pob meddiant a ddychyn darddu i’r dalaeth trwy gollediad neu fforffediad, a phob arian a ddychyn gael ei talu fel cyfrdal am ryddhad oddiwrth ddyledswyddau milwraidd, a’r deilliadau rhydd o bob dirwyon casgledig yn yr amrywiol siroedd am unrhyw doriad o’r cyfreithiau cospawl, a phob

301

W ISCONSIN til Staten, naar Hensigterne af saadan Gave ikke er beskreven, og de fem Hundrede Tusinde Acres land hvortil denne Stat er berettiget ved Foranstaltningerne i Congresloven, betitlet: “En Act til at anvende Beløbet af Salg af offentligt Land, og at tilstaae Forkjøberettigheder”, approberet den fjerde Dag af September, Et Tusinde otte Hundrede og en og fyrgetyve, og ligeledes de fem procent af netto Beløbet af offentligt Land, hvortil Staten skal blive berettiget ved sin Indlemmelse i Unionen (dersom Congressen skal give sit Bifald til saadan Anvendelse af de to sidsnævnte Tilstaaelser) skal blive tilsidesadt som et særskildt Fond, hvilket skal kaldes Skolefondet, og Renterne deraf samt alle andre Indtægter flydende fra Skolefondet skal udelukkende anvendes til efternævnte Hensigter som følger: 1 ST. Til at underholde og vedligeholde de almindelige Skoler, i hvert Skoledistrict, og Indkjøbet af passende Bibliotheker og Apparater derfor. 2 DET. Det Tiloversblevne skal anvendes til at underholde og vedligeholde Academier og Seminarier (normal Schools) og passende Bibliotheker og Apparater derfor.

arian yn codi oddiwrth unrhyw rodd i’r dalaeth, pan na bydd dybenion y cyfryw rodd yn cael eu henwi, a’r pump can mil erwau tir yr hyn y dalaeth sydd a hawl ynddynt trwy ddeddf senedd yr undeb a enwyd „deddf i brodoli y deilliadau o werthiadau y tiroedd cyffredin, ac i roddi hawliau rhagbryniad.“ a gymeradwywyd y pedwarydd dydd o Fedi un fil wyth cant ac un a deugain, ac hefyd y pump o bob cant o’r deilliadau rhydd oddiwrth y trioedd cyffredin yn yr hyn y dalaeth fydd a hawl ar ei derbyniad i mewn ir undeb, (os senedd yr undeb wnaiff ganiatau i’r cyfryw briodoliad o’r ddwy rodd grybwyllwyd ddiweddaf,) gant eu gosod ar wahan fel gwahanol arian-gyff, iddei galw ariangyff ysgol, llog pa un, a phob ardrethi eraill deilliedig oddiwrth diroedd yr ysgol, gant eu cymhwyso yn neullduol at yr amlygiadau canlynol, sef:8 1af. I gadw a chynnal ysgolion cyffredin yn mhob ysgol ddosparth, a phwrcasu llyfrgelloedd ac offerynau cyfaddas atynt. 2il. Y gweddill gaiff ei neullduo a gadw a chynnal athrofau ac athraw ysgolion, a llyfrgelloedd ac offerynau cyfaddas attynt.

S EC . 3. Legislaturen skal foranstalte ved Lov for Oprettelsen of District Skoler, som skulle være saa nær overensstemmende som gjørligt og saadanne Skoler skulle være frie og uden Betaling for Underviisning, til alle Ynglinge mellem Aldrene af fire og tyves Aar, og ingen seekerisk Underviisning skal tillades deri.

D OS . 3. Yr yngneidiaeth gaiff ddarbod trwy gyfraith am sefydliad dosparth ysgolion, pa rai gant fod mor agos unffurf ag fydd yn alluadwy, a’r cyfryw ysgolion gant fod yn rhydd ac heb gost am addysg i bob plant rhwng pedair ac ugain mlwydd oed, ac ni chaiff hyfforddiad plaid-grefyddol ei ganiatau ynddynt.

S EC . 4. Ethvært Township og Bye skal udrede ved aarlig Skat, for Underholdelsen af almindelige Skoler deri, en Sum, som ikke skal være mindre end, "en Halvdeel" af det Belæb, som saadan Town eller By indtager for Skolevæsenet fra Skolefondets Indtægte.

D OS . 4. Pob tref a dinas gant eu gofyn i godi trwy dreth, yn flynyddol, er cynnaliaeth yr ysgolion cyffredin ynddynt, swm nid llai na hanner y cyfanswm derbyniedig gan y cyfryw dref neu ddinas er ysgol ddybenion, o ardreth arian-gyff yr ysgol.

S EC . 5. Foranstaltning skal gjøres ved Lov for Fordelinger af Skolefondets Indtæg-

D OS . 5. Darbodiad gaiff ei wneud trwy gyfraith er rhaniad ardreth arian-gyff yr

302

KONSTITUTION FOR W ISCONSIN (1848) ter, iblandt de forskjellige Towns og byer i denne Stat, for Underholdelsen af almindelige Skoler deri, efter et retmæssigt Forhold til Antallet af Børn35 deri, imellem Alderen af "Fire, og "Tyve" Aar, og ingen Anvendelse skal gjøres af Skolefondet til Fordeel for nogen Bye eller Township for noget Aar hvori saadan Bye eller Town skal efterlade at inddrive saadan Skat, eller til noget Skoledistrict for det Aar hvori en Skole ikke blive vedligeholdt idetmindste tre Maaneder.

ysgol rhwng yr amrywiol drefydd a dinasoedd y dalaeth, er cynnal ysgolion cyffredin ynddynt, mewn rhyw gywir gyfartalrwydd i nifer y plant a’r ieuenctyd trigianol ynddynt, rhwng pedair ac ugain mlwydd oed, ac ni chaiff priodoliad ei wneuthr oddiwrth ariangyff yr ysgol i unrhyw ddinas neu dref, am y flwyddyn yn yr hon y dywededig ddinas neu dref fethant godi’r cyfryw dreth, nac i unrhyw ysgol ddosparth am y flwyddyn yn yr hon ni chaiff ysgol ei chynnal yn y lleiaf dri mis.

S EC . 6. Foranstaltning skal gjøres ved Lov for Opretelsen af et Stats Universitet, ved eller naar Regjerings-Sædet, og forat forene med samme saadanne Collegier i forskjellige Dele af Staten som maa fordres for Opdragelsens Bedste. Beløbet af alt Land, som have været, eller herefter maa blive givet af de Forenede Stater til denne Stat, for Opretholdelsen af et Universetet, skal være og forblive et stedsforærende Fond som skal kaldes Universetetsfondet, og Renterne deraf skal anvendes til Understøttelse for Stats-Universitetet, og ingen secterisk Underviisning skal blive tilladt ved saadant Universitet.

D OS . 6. Darbodiad gaiff ei wneud trwy gyfraith am sefydliad prif-ysgol talaeth, ger neu yn agos i eisteddle llywodraeth y dalaeth, ac er cyssylltu a’r unrhyw o amser i amser y cyfryw golegau mewn gwanhanol barthau y dalaeth, fel y gwnaiff buddredion dysg ofyn. Y deilliadau o’r holl diroedd roddwyd neu a ddychyn gael eu rhoddi rhagllaw gan yr Unol Daleithau i’r dalaeth er cynnal prif-ysgol, gaiff fod a pharhau yn arian-gyff bythol, i gael ei galw „ arian-gyff y brif-ysgol,’’ llog pa un gaiff ei briodoli er cynnal prif-ysgol y dalaeth, ac ni chaiff hyfforddiad plaid-grefyddol ei ganiatau yn y cyfryw brif-ysgol.

S EC . 7. Stats-Secretæren, Skatmæsteren og Generalfiscalen skal udgjøre en Commissions-Ret(Board of Commissioners) for Salg af Skole- og UniversitetsLandet, og for Anvendelsen af Beløbet som flyder derfra. To udaf benævnte: Commissærer skal være et Quorum for Udfærelsen af alle Forretninger, som henhøre til deres Embedspligter.

D OS . 7. Ysgrifenydd y dalaeth, trysorydd, a’r cyfreithiwr cyfredin gant gyfansoddi eisteddfod o ddirprwywyr er gwerthu tiroedd yr ysgol a’r brif-ysgol, ac er gosodiad y cyff-nwyddau cyfodedig oddiwrth hyny. Unrhyw ddau o’r dirprwywyr dywededig fyddant yn awurdod er cyflawniad pob goruchwyliaeth perthynol i ddyledswyddau eu swydd.

S EC . 8. Foranstaltning skal gjøres ved Lov for salget af alt Skole- og UniversitetsLand, efterat samme har været vurderet og naar nogen Deel af saadant Land skal blive solgt, og Kjøbesummen ikke bliver betalt paa den Tid da Salget foregaar, da skal Commissærerne tage Sikkerhed ved Panteobligation paa det solgte Land for den reste-

D OS . 8. Darbodiad gaiff ei wneud trwy gyfraith er gwerthiad pob ysgol a phrifysgol diroedd, ar ol iddynt gael eu prisio, a phan caiff unrhyw gyfran o’r cyfryw diroedd ei gwerthu, ac arian y pryniad heb gael et talu yn amser y gwerthiad, y dirprwywyr gant gymeryd diogeledd trwy wystl ar y tir gwerthedig am y swm arosol heb dalu, gyda

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W ISCONSIN rende Sum, med syv procent Renter deraf, betalbar aarligen i Skatmesterens Contoir. Commissærerne skulle blive authoriserede til at udstæde gode og tilstrækkelige Skjøder36 til alle Kjøbere af saadant, Land og at quittere for nogen Panteobligation, taget som Sikkerhed, naar den derpaa skyldige Sum skal være betalt. Commissærerne skal have Magt til at tilbageholde nogen Deel af saadant Land fra Salg,37 ligesaavel som alle andre Universitets og Skole Capitaler, paa sadan Maade som Legislaturen skal foreskrive og skal stille saadan Caution for den retmæssige Fuldbyrdelse af deres Pligter, som maa blive fordret ved Lov.

saith y cant o log arno, taledig yn flynyddol yn swyddfa y trysorydd. Y dirprwywyr gant eu hawdurdodi i gyflawni trosglwyddiad da a digonol i holl brynwyr y cyfryw diroedd, ac i ryddhau unrhyw dir-wystlon cymeredig fel sicrwydd, pan y caiff y swmiau dyledus arnynt eu talu. Y dirprwywyr gant yr awdurdod i attal oddiwrth werthiad unrhyw gyfran o’r cyfryw diroedd pan y bydd iddynt ei dybied yn fuddiol, a gosod pob arian cyfodedig oddiwrth werthiad y cyfryw diroedd, yr un modd a phob prif-ysgol ac ysgol gyff-nwyddau ereill, yn y cyfryw fodd fel y gwnaiff yr yngneidiaeth ddarbod, a chant roddi y cyfryw ddiogeledd am ffyddlawn gyflawniad o’u dyledswyddau fel y bydd yn ofynol gan gyfraith.

ARTIKEL 11

ERTHYGL XI

Corporationer

Corfforaethau

S EC . 1. Corporationer som ikke besidde Bank-Myndighed eller Previlegier maa blive dannede under allmindelige Love, men skulle ikke blive oprettede ved speciel Forordning, undtagen for borgerlige Hensigter, og i Tilfælde hvor, i Legislaturens Mening, Hensigterne af en Corporation ikke kan opnaaes under almindelige Love. Alle almindelige Love eller specielle Forordninger udstædte under dette Afsnits Forskrifter kunne blive forandrede eller indkaldte af Legislaturen til enhver Tid efter deres Udstædelse.

D OSPARTH 1. Corfforaethau heb awdurdodau neu ragorfreintiau „bancio“ a ellir ffurfio dan gyfreithau cyffredinol, ond ni chant eu creu trwy ddeddf neullduol, oddiethr at ddybenion dinasaidd, ac mewn achosion lle, yn marn yr yngneidiaeth, nas gellir cyrhaedd gwrthrychau y fwrdeisiaeth dan gyfreithiau cyffredinol. Pob cyfreithiau cyffredin neu ddeddfau neullduol trefnedig dan ddarbodiadau y dosparth hwn ellir eu cyfnewid neu ddiddymu gan yr yngneidiaeth unrhyw amser ar ol eu mynedfa.

S EC . 2. Ingen borgerlig Corporation skal faae privat Eiendom for offentligt Brug imod Eierens Villie, undtagen Nødvendigheden derfor bliver først bekræftet ved Udsagn af en Svorenret.

D OS . 2. Ni chaiff corfforaethau dinasaidd gymeryd meddiant neullduol at wasanaeth cyhoeddus yn erbyn caniatad y percheog, heb yr angenrheidrwydd o hono fod yn gyntaf sefydledig trwy farn rheithwyr

S EC . 3. Det skal være Legislaturens Pligt, og den er herved bemyndiget, til at foranstalte Organisationen af Byer og corporerede Landsbyer, og at indskrænke disse Myndighed til at paalægge Skatter, ligne, laane

D OS . 3. Fe gaiff fod yn ddyledswydd yr yngneidiaeth, a thrwy hyn hwya a awdurdodir i ddarbod am gyd-drefniad dinasoedd a phentrefydd corfforedig, ac i gyfyngu eu hawdurdod a ardrethiad, trethres-

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C YFANSODDIAD W ISCONSIN (1848) Penge, indgaae i Gjeld eller udlaane deres Credit, forat forebygge Misbrug af Ligning og Beskatning samt Gjeldsansvar som saadanne borgerlige Corporationer maatte paadrage sig.

iad benthyca arian, ammodiad dyledion, a rhoi benthyg eu cymeriad, fel ag i rwystro camwri mewn trethresiadau ac arderthiad, ac mewn ammodiad dyledion gan y cyfryw gorfforaethau dinasaidd.

S EC . 4. Legislaturen skal ikke have Magt til at oprette, authorisere eller incorporere, ved nogen almindelig eller speciel Lov, nogen Bank, Bank-Myndighed eller Previlegium, heller ikke nogen Indstiftelse eller Corporation, som har Bank-Myndighed eller Previlegium af noget Slags, undtagen som er forskrevet i denne Artikel.

D OS . 4. Yr yngneidiaeth ni chaiff awdurdod i greu, awdurdodi, neu gorffoli, trwy unrhyw gyfraith gyffredinol neu neullduol, unrhyw „fanc“ neu awdurdod neu ragorfraint „bancio,“ neu unrhyw sefydliad neu gorfforaeth, yn meddianu unrhyw awdurdod neu ragortraint „banciol“ pa bynag, oddeithr fel darbodir yn yr erthygl hon.

S EC . 5. Legislaturen maa forelægge Valgmændene ved noget almindeligt Valg, Spørsmaalet og "Bank" eller “ingen Bank” og dersom der ved noget Valg skal gives et Antal Stemmer, tilstrækkeligt til at udgjøre en Majoritet af alle Stemmer givne ved saadant Valg aagaaende denne Gjenstand, i Favør af "Bank” da skal Legislaturen have Magt til at udstæde Bank-Frihedsbreve (Charters) eller til at udstæde en almindelig Bank-Lov, med saadanne Inskrænkninger og under saadanne Regulationer, som den maa ansee raadeligt og rigtige til Sikkerhed for Ihændehaverne af Banksellerne; Forudsat: at ingen saadan Tilstaaelse eller Lov skal træde i Kraft eller have Virkning, førend samme skal have været underkastet en Stemning af Valgmænderne i Staten ved et almindeligt Valg og været bekræftet ved en Majoritet af alle Stemmer givne angaaende denne Gjenstand ved saadant Valg.

D OS . 5. Yr yngneididiaeth all roddi i’r pleidleiswyr mewn etholiad cyffredinol, y gofyniad „banc neu ddim banc,“ ac os yn unrhyw etholiad o’r fath y bydd nifer o bleidleisiau cyfartal i’r mwyrif o’r bleidleisau fwriwyd yn y cyfryw etholiad ar y pwnc hwnw yn ffafr „banciau,“ yna yr yngneidiaeth gaiff awdurdod i ganiatau breintlen ‘banc,’ neu basio cyfraith „bancio,“ cyffredinol, gyda’r fath attaliadau ac o dan y fath reolau fel y tybiant yn fuddiol a phriodol er diogelweh yr ysgrif ddalwyr: Yn ddarbodedig, na chaiff y cyfryw ganiatad neu gyfraith fod o un grym neu effaith hyd oni chaiff yr unrhyw ei rhoddi i bleidlais etholwyr y dalaeth mewn rhyw etholiad cyffredinol, a bod yn gymeradwy gan y mwyrif o’r pleidleisiau fwriwyd ar y pwnc hyny yn y cyfryw etholiad.

ARTIKEL 12

ERTHYGL XII

Forandringer

Diwygiadau

S EC . 1. Nogen Forandring eller Forandringer til denne Constitution kan blive forestaaet i et hvært af Legislaturens Huse, og dersom samme skal bifaldes af en Majoritet af de valgte Medlemmer i hvært af de

D OSPARTH 1. Unrhyw ddiwygiad neu ddiwygiadau i’r cyfansoddiad hwn ellir eu cynnyg yn un o ddau dy yr yngneidiaeth, ac os cytunir i’r unrhyw gan fwyrif o’r aelodau etholwyd i bob un o’r ddau dy, y

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W ISCONSIN to Huse, da skal saadan foreslaaet Forandring eller Forandringer blive anførte i deres Journaler tilligemed "Jaerne" og "Neierne" givne desangaaende samt overdrages til Legislaturen, som skal vælges ved næste almindelige Valg; og samme skal offentliggjøres tre Maaneder inden tiden da saadant Valg holdes. Og dersom i Legislaturen som saaledes bliver næst valgt, saadan forestaaet Forandring eller Forandringer skal blive bifaldt at en Majoritet af alle Medlemmer valgte til hvært Huus, da skal de være Legislaturens Pligt at underkaste saadan foreslaaet Forandring eller Forandringer til Folket paa sadan Maade og til saadan Tid, som Legislaturen skal forskrive og dersom Folket skal bifalde og bekræfte saadan Forandring eller Forandringer ved en Majoritet af Valgmændene som stemme derpaa da skal saadan Forandring eller Forandringer blive en Deel af Constitutionen; Forutsat: At dersom mere end en Forandring bliver forlagt da skal den blive forelagt paa saadan Maade at Foket kan stemme for eller imod saadan Forandring forskildt.

cyfryw ddiwygiad neu ddiwygiadau cynnygedig a ysgrifnodir ar eu dyddlyfrau a’r ie a nage cymeredig arnynt, a’u cyfeirio i’r yngneidiaeth fydd yn ddewisadwy yn yr etholiad cyffredinol nesaf, a chael bod yn gyhoeddedig am dris mis blaenorol i’r amser y delir y cyfryw etholiad. Ac os yn yr yngneidiaeth nesaf felly yn ddewisedig y cytunir i’r cyfryw ddiwygiad neu ddiwygiadau cynygiedig gan fwyrif o’r holl aelodau etholwyd i bob ty, yna caiff fod yn ddyledswydd yr yngneidiaeth i gynyg y cyfryw ddiwygiad neu ddiwygiadau i’r bobl, yn y cyfryw fodd ac yn y cyfryw amser fel y gwna’r yngneidiaeth ragnodi, ac os y bobl wnant gymeradwyo a chadarnhau y cyfryw ddiwygiad neu diwygiadau trwy y mwyrif o’r etholwyr bleidleiso dros hyny, y cyfryw ddiwygiad neu ddiwygiadau gaiff ddyfod yn rhan o’r cyfansoddiad: Yn ddarbodedig, os bydd mwy nag un diwygiad yn cael eu cynnyg, cant eu rhoddi yn y cyfryw fodd fel gall y bobl bleideisio dros neu yn erbyn y cyfryw diwygiadau yn wahanol.

S EC . 2. Dersom en Majoritet af Sentatet og Representant-Huset skal til nogen Tid ansee det nødvendigt at sammenkalde en Convention for at revidere eller forandre denne Constitution, da skal de anbefale til Valgmændene at stemme for eller imod en Convention ved det neste almindelige Valg for Medlemmer af Legislaturen; og dersom det skal vise sig at en Majoritet af Valgmændene som stemme derpaa have stemt for en Convention, da skal Legislaturen ved dens næste Session foranstalte Sammenkaldelsen af en saadan Convention.

D OS . 2. Os yn unrhyw amser mwyrif o’r senedd a’r gymanfa a’u tybiant yn angenrheidiol i alw eisteiddfod i adchwilio neu newid y cyfansoddiad hwn, hwy gant gymeradwyo i’r etholwyr i bleidleisio dros neu yn erbyn eisteiddfod yn yr etholiad nesaf am aelodau yr yngneidiaeth; ac os ymddengys fod mwyrif o’r etholwyr a bleidleisant ar hyny wedi pleidleisio dros eisteiddfod, yr yngneidiaeth gaiff yn ei heisteddfod nesaf ddarbod er galw y cyfryw eisteiddfod.

ARTIKEL 13

ERTHYGL XIII

Blandede Forordninger

Darbodaethau amrywiog

S EC . 1. Det politiske Aar for Staten Wisconsen skal begynde paa den første Mandag

D OSPARTH 1. Blwyddyn wladwriaethiol talaeth Wisconsin gaiff ddechreu ar y Dydd

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KONSTITUTION FOR W ISCONSIN (1848) i Januar i hvært Aar; og det almindelige Valg skal blive holdt paa Thirsdagen paafølgende den første Mandag i November i hvært Aar.

llyn cyntaf yn Ionawr yn mhob blwyddyn, a’r etholiad cyffredinol gaiff ei ddal ar y Dydd mawrth canlynol ir Dydd llun cyntaf yn Tachwedd yn mhob blwyddyn.

S EC . 2. Enhvær Indbygger af denne Stat som herefter skal være indviklet directe eller indirecte i nogen Duel, enten som Principal eller Medhjælper, skal for stedse ansees udygtig, som en Valgmand eller til at holde noget Embede under denne Constituition eller denne Stats Love, og kan blive straffet paa saadan Maade, som skal blive foreskrevet ved Lov.

D OS . 2. Unrhyw breswyliwr o’r dalaeth hon pa un a ddychyn rhagllaw ymgydio, naill ai yn union neu yn anuniongyrchol, mewn ornest, naill ai fel prif neu gyfranogwr, gaiff ei anghymwyso am byth fel etholwr, ac oddiwrth ddal unrhyw swydd dan gyfansoddiad a chyfreithiau y dalaeth hon, ac a ellir gospi yn y cyfryw fodd arall fel caiff ei ragnodi trwy gyfraith.

S EC . 3. Ingen Medlem af Congressen, eller anden Person, som holder noget Embede af Ære38 eller Tiltroe under de Forenede Stater (Postmestere undtagne) eller under nogen fremmed Magt; heller ikke nogen Person overbeviist om nogen varlig Forbrydelse fremfor nogen Domstol i de Forenede Stater og ingen person som har forsøct sig imod de Forenede Stater eller denne Stat eller imod noget County eller Town deri eller til nogen Stat eller Territorium inden de Forenede Stater, skal kunne vælges til noget Embede af Ansvar, Fordeel eller Ære i denne Stat.

Dos. 3. Ni chaiff aelod o senedd yr undeb, nac unrhyw berson yn dal unrhyw swydd o elw neu ymddiried dan yr Unol Daleithau, (meistriaid llythrdai yn eithredig,) neu dan unrhyw awdurdod dramor; na pherson dyfarnedig o unrhyw drosedd gwaradwyddus mewn unrhyw lys tufewn i’r Unol Daleithau, nac unrhyw berson fydd yn fethdalwr i’r Unol Daleithau, neu i’r dalaeth hon, neu i unrhyw sir neu dref ynddi, neu i unrhyw dalaeth neu diriogaeth tufewn i’r Unol Daleithau, fod yn ddewisadwy i unrhyw swydd o ymddiried, elw, neu anrhydedd yn y dalaeth hon.

S EC . 4. Det skal være Legislaturens Pligt at forskaffe et stort Segl for Staten, som skal bevares af Stats-Secretæren, og alle Guvernørens 39 Handlinger, med Undtagelse af hans Bekræftelse af Lovene, skal besegles derned.

D OS . 4. Caiff fod yn ddyledsywdd yr yngneidiaeth i baratoi sel fawr dros y dalaeth, pa un gaiff ei chadw gan ysgrifenydd y dalaeth; a holl weithredoedd swyddol y llywodraethwr, ei gymeradwyaeth o’r cyfreithau yn eithredeg, gant eu hawdurdodi trwyddi.

S EC . 5. Alle Personer, som opholde sig paa indiansk Land indenom noget County i denne Stat, og som er berettiget til at udøve Stemmeretten under denne Constituition, skal være berettiget til at stemme for denne Stats, de Forenede Staters, eller County Embedsmænd paa den Stemmeplads som er nærmest til deres Boepæl. Forudsat, at ingen Person skal stemme for County Embedsmand udenfor der County hvori han boer.

D OS . 5. Pob personau yn trigfanu ar diroedd Indiaidd oddifewn unrhyw sir yn y dalaeth, ac yn gyfaddasol i ymarfer yr hawl o bleidlais dan y cyfansoddiad hwn, fyddant a hawl i bleidleisio yn yr ethol-leodd pa rai a ddelir nesaf i’w cartrefleodd, am dalaeth, Unol Daleithau, neu sir swyddogion: Yn darbodedig, na chaiff unrhyw berson bleidleisio dros sir swydogion allan o’r sir yn mha un bydd yn trigiannu.

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W ISCONSIN S EC . 6. De valgbare Embedsmænd for Legislaturen, andre end Presidenten40 , skulle være den første Skriver og en Retsbetjent (Sergeant at Arms) som skulle vælges af hvert Huus.

D OS . 6. Swyddogion etholiadol yr yngneidiaeth, arall na y swyddogion llywyddol, fyddant brif ysgrifenydd, ac uchringill, i fod yn etholedig gan bob ty.

S EC . 7. Intet County med en Udstrækning af ni hundrede Quadrat Mile eller mindre skal blive deelt, eller have nogen Deel taget derfra, uden at forelægge Spørgsmaalet til en Stemming af Folket i Countiet, heller ikke undtagen en Majoritet af alle lovlige Valgmænd i Countiet som stemmer i Sagen, skal have stemt for samme.

D OS . 7. Ni chaiff sir ag arwyneb-fesur o naw can milltir ysgwar neu lai, ei rhanu, neu dori ymaith unrhyw ran oddiwrthi, heb roddi y gofyniad i bleidlais pobl y sir, nac oddieithr i fwyrif o holl etholwyr cyfreithlon y sir yn pleidleisio ar y gofyniad, bleidleisio dros yr unrhyw.

S EC . 8. Intet County Sæde skal blive flyttet førend Stedet hvortil det er foreslaaet at forflyttes blive bestemt ved Lov, og en Majoritet af Stemmegiverne i Countiet, som stemme paa Spørgsmaaalet, skal have stemt i Favør af dets Forflyttelse til saadant Sted.

D OS . 8. Ni chaiff eisteddle sirol ei symud hyd oni bydd y pwynt i ba yn y cynnygir ei symud, wedi ei benderfynu trwy gyfraith, a mwyrif o etholwyr y sir, yn pleidleisio ar y gofyniad, wedi pleidleisio o da ei symudiad ir cyfryw bwynt.

S EC . 9. Alle County Embedsmænd hvis Valg eller Udnævnelse ikke er foreskrevet af denne Constitution, skal blive valgte af Valgmændene i de respective Countier eller udnævnte af ”Retten af Opsynsmændene” (Boards of Supervisors) eller anden County Authoriteter eftersom Legislaturen skal foreskrive. Alle Stad-Bye- eller landsbyeEmbedsmænd hvis Valg eller Udnævnelse ikke er foreskrevet af denne Constitution, skal blive valgte af Valgmændene i saadanne Stader, Byer eller Landsbyer, eller nogen Afdeling deri, eftersom Legislaturen skal bestemme for den Hensigt. Alle andre Embedsmænd hvis Valg eller Udnævnelse ikke er foreskrevet i denne Constitution, og alle Embedsmænd hvis Embeder maa herefter blive oprettede ved Lov, skal blive valgte af Folket eller udnævnte eftersom Legislaturen maa bestemme.

D OS . 9. Pob sir swyddogion etholiad neu benodiad pa rai ni ddarbodwyd dros gan y cyfansoddiad hwn, gant eu hethol gan etholwyr y siroedd perthynol, neu eu penodi gan eisteiddfodau yr arolygwyr neu sir awdurdodau ereill, fel y gwna yr yngneidiaeth gyfarwyddo. Pob swyddogion dinas, tref, a phentref, etholiad neu benodidiad y rhai ni ddarbodwyd dros gan y cyfansoddiad hwn, gant e’u hethol gan etholwyr y cyfryw ddinasoedd, trefydd a phentrefydd, neu o ryw ran o honynt, neu eu penodi gan y cyfryw awdurdodau o honynt, fel y gwna yr yngneidiaeth nodi allan er y dyben hwnw. Pob swyddogion ereill etholiad neu benodiad y rhai ni ddarbodwyd dros gan y cyfansoddiad hwn, a phob swyddogion swyddau y rhai ddychyn fod yn greedig rhagllaw gan gyfraith, fyddant etholedig gan y bobl, neu benodedig fel cyfarwydda yr yngneidiaeth.

S EC . 10. Legislaturen maa ærklære, i hvilke Tilfælde noget Embede skal ansees ledigt og ligeledes Maaden at besætte det, naar ingen Forskrifter ere givne for den Hensigt i denne Constitution.

D OS . 10. Yr yngneidiaeth ddychyn gyhoeddi yr achosion yn mha rai caiff unrhyw swydd ei chyfrif yn wag, ac hefyd y modd o lanw y wagfa lle na bydd darpariad dros y perwyl hwnw yn y cyfansoddiad hwn.

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C YFANSODDIAD W ISCONSIN (1848)

ARTIKEL 14

ERTHYGL XIV

Fortegnelse (Schedula)

Chwaneg-len

S EC . 1. For at ingen Ubequemmeligheder maa finde Sted, som Følge af en Forandring fra territorialsk til en varig StatsRegjering -- er det ærklæret, at alle Rettigheder, Søgsmaal, Processer, Domme, Fordringer, og Contracter, ligesaavel af Individer som incorporerede Samfund, skal vedblive som om ingen Forandring havde fundet Sted, og 41 Proses som maa blive udstædt under Authoritet af Territoriet Wisconsin, førend dets Indlemmelse i Unionen af de Forenede Stater, skal være ligesaa gyldig som om den var udstædt i Navn af Staten.

D OSPARTH 1. Fel na chyfyd anghyfleusdra trwy achos newidiad o lywodraeth diriogaethol i un sefydlog talaeth, y mae yn gyhoeddedig fod pob hawliau, cwynion, erlyniadau, cedfrydau, arddelwodau, ac ammodau, cystal ynghylch dynion neullduol mal cyrff corfforedig, i gael parhau fel pe na chymerasau y cyfryw newidiad le, a phob cyfraith pa un ddychyn ddyfod allan dan awdurdod tiriogaeth Wisconsin, cyn ei derbyniad i mewn i undeb yr Unol Daleithau, gaiff fod yr un mor safadwy fel pe deilliasau yn enw y dalaeth.9

S EC . 2. Alle Love som nu ere i Kraft i Territoriet Wisconsin, som ikke ere Modstridende til denne Constitution, skulle forblive i Kraft indtil de udløbe ved deres egen Indskrænkelse eller blive forandrede eller indkaldte af Legislaturen.

D OS . 2. Pob cyfreithiau yn awr mewn grym yn nhiriogaeth Wisconsin, pai rai nid ydynt wrthwynebol i’r cyfansoddiad hwn, gant aros mewn grym hyd oni ddarfyddant yn ol eu terfyniad, neu eu harallu neu ddiddymu gan yr yngneidiaeth.

S EC . 3. Alle Bøder, Pengestraffe eller Confiskationer, som tilfalder Wisconsin Territorium skal anvendes til Statens Brug.

D OS . 3. Pob dirwyon, cospau, neu fforffediad, deilliedig i diriogneth Wisconsin, gant eu harferyd er gwasanaeth y dalaeth.

S EC . 4. Alle Retskjendelser som herefter tages eller som maa blive tagne førend Forandringen fra teritorialsk til en varig, StatsRegjering, skulle forblive gyldige og vedblive, og kan sanstgeni Mann of Staten agakka Oktiontionen udstedte til Guvernøren af Territoriet eller til nogen anden Embedsmand eller Domstol i hans eller deres offentlige Stilling, skal overdrages til Guvernøren eller Stats Authoriteterne, og deres Efterfølgere i Embede, for Benyttelse, som i hvert især er udtrykt og maa blive søgt paa og inddrevet overeensstemmende dermed, og al fast eller løs Eiendom virkelig42 , personlig eller felleds43 , og alle Domme, Obligationer, Særkjender, (Specialities) Fortrin i Søgsmaal (choses in actions) Fordringer eller Gjelde af enhver Slags, tilhøre Staten

D OS . 4. Pob cydnabyddiadau cymmeredig gynt, neu pa rai ddychyn gael eu cymmeryd cyn y newidiad o diriogaethol i lywodraeth sefydlog taleth; gant aros yn safadwy, a chant basio i, a gellir eu herlyn yn enw y dalaeth, a phob ysgrif-rwymau gyflawnwyd i lywodraethwr y diriogaeth, neu i unrhyw swyddog arall neu lys, yn eu neu yn ei gallu swyddogol, gaiff basio i lywodraethwr neu awdurdod y dalaeth, a’u dilynyddion mewn swydd, er y defnyddiadau mynegedig yn neullduol ynddynt, a gellir rhoi cyfraith am a’u hadgaffael yn gyfatebol: a phob etifeddiaeth neu feddiant, etifeddol, personol, neu gymmysgedig, a phob barniadau, ysgrif-rwymau, neullduoliadau, cwyn-ddewision, ac arddelwadau neu ddyledion o ba ddarluniad bynag, i dir-

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W ISCONSIN Wisconsin, og maa blive søgt paa og inddrevet daa den samme Maade, og til den samme Udstrækning ved Staten Wisconsin, som samme kunde have været ved Wisconsin Territorium; alle criminale Processer og Straffe-Søgsmaal, som maa have opstaaet og som maa opstaae førend Forandringen fra territorialsk til en Stats-Regjering, og som skal da være under behandling, skal forfølges til Dom og Execution i Navn af Staten; Alle Forseelser begaaede imod Lovene af Wisconsin Teritorium førend Forandringen fra territorialsk til en Stats-Regjering, og som ikke bliver procederet førend saadan Forandring, kunne blive procederede i Navn og ved Authoritet af Staten Wisconsin, med den samme kraft, som om saadan Forandring ikke havde fundet Sted; og alle Pengestraffe paadragne skulle forblive de samme ligesom om denne Constitution ikke havde været antaget. Alle Lov-Processer og Rettergangs-Søgsmaal, som maa være under Behandlig fremfor nogen Domstol i Wisconsin Territorium paa den Tid som Forandringen foregaaer fra territorialsk til StatsRegjering, kunne blive fortsatte og overførte til enhver Domstol under denne Stat, som skal have Jurisdiction over den og handlede Sag.

iogaeth Wisconsin, gaiff eu harferu at a’u gosod yn meddiant talaeth Wisconsin, a gellir rhoddi cyfraith am eu hadgaffael yn yr un modd, ac i’r un helaethder, gan dalaeth Wisconsin. mal y gallasid gwneud yr unrhyw gan diriogaeth Wisconsin, Pob camgylus erlyniadau a chwynion cospawl, pa rai ddychyn fod wedi cyfodi, neu pa rai a ddychyn gyfodi cyn y newidiad o diriogaethol dalaeth llywodraeth, pa rai fydd y pryd hwnw dan ystyriaeth. gant eu herlyn i farn a chyflawniad yn enw y dalaeth. Pob troseddiadau a gyflawnwyd yn erbyn cyfreithiau tiriogaeth Wisconsin, cyn y newidiad o diriogaethol i dalaeth lywodraeth, pa rai ni chant en herlyn cyn y cyfryw newidiad, a ellir erlyn yn enw a thrwy awdurdod talaeth Wisconsin, gyda chyffelyb effaith fel pe na chymmerasau’r cyfryw gyfnewidiad le; a phob cospau haeddwyd gant aros yr un fath fel pe na buasau y cyfansoddiad hwn yn fabwysedig. Pob cwynion wrth gyfraith, ac erfynion mewn uniondeb, pa rai ddychyn fod dan ystyriaeth mewn unrhyw lysoedd yn nhiriogaeth Wisconsin, yn amser y newidiad o diriogaethol i dalaeth lywodraeth, a ellir eu parhau a’u trosglwyddo i unrhyw lys yn y dalaeth pa un fydd wedi caffael brawdwriaeth y darostyngedig achos o hono.

S EC . 5. Alle Embedsmænd civile og militaire, som holde deres Embede under Authoritet af de Forenede Stater eller af Wisconsin Territorium skal vedblive holde og udøve deres respective Embeder indtil de ere afsatte ved Authoritet af Staten.

D OS . 5. Pob swyddogion, gwladol a milwraidd, yn awr ddaliant eu swyddau dan awdurdod yr Unol Daleithau, neu diriogaeth Wisconsin, gant barhau i ddal ac i gyflawni eu neullduol swyddau hyd oni chant eu diswyddo gan awdurdod dalaeth.

S EC . 6. Den første Session af Legislaturen af Staten Wisconsin skal begynde paa den første Mandag i nestkommende Juni, og skal holdes i Landsbyen Madison, som skal være og forblive Sædet for Regjeringen indtil anderledes ved Lov besluttet.

D OS . 6. Eisteddfod cyntaf yngneidiaeth talaeth Wisconsin gaiff ddechrau ar y Dydd llun cyntaf yn Mehefìn nesaf, a chaiff ei dal yn mhentref Madison, pa le gaiff fod a pharhau yn eisteddle y llywodraeth hyd oni fydd yn ddarbodedig mewn modd arall gan gyfraith.

S EC . 7. Alle County, District (Precinet) eller Townships Embedsmænd skulle ved-

D OS . 7. Pob sir, cyffin, a threfgordd swydddogion, gant barhau i ddal eu

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KONSTITUTION FOR W ISCONSIN (1848) blive at bestyre deres respective Embeder med mindre de blive afsatte af myndige Authoriteter, indtil Legislaturen skal, Overensstemmelse med Forskrifterne i denne Constitution, forandstalte at Valg blive holdte for at besætte sadanne Embeder, hvært især.

neullduol swyddau, oddieithr eu symud gan awdurdod cymhwys, hyd oni wnaiff yr yngneidiaeth yn unffurf a darpariadau y cyfansoddiad hwn ddarbod dros ddal etholiadau er llanw y cyfryw swyddau yn neullduol.

S EC . 8. Presidenten af denne Convention skal straks efter dens Ophævelse, foraarsage et rigtigt Copie af denne Constitution, tilligemed et Copie af en Lov af Legislaturen af dette Territorium, betitlet: ”En Act angaaende Dannelsen af en Stats Regjering i Wisconsin, og at forandre Tiden til at holde den Aarlige Session af Legislaturen” Aproheret October 27de 1847, foranstaltende Sammenkaldelsen af denne Convention, og ligeledes et Copie af saameget af Folketællingen44 , som udviser Antallet af Inbyggerne, som skal fremsendes til Presidenten af de Forenede Stater, forat forelægges de Forenede Staters Congres ved dens nærværende Session.

D OS . 8. Llywydd yr eisteddfod hon gaiff yn ddiatreg ar ol ei haddoediad achosi i ad-ysgrifen deg o’r cyfansoddiad hwn, ynghyd ag adysgrifen o ddeddf yngneidiaeth y diriogaeth hon, a enwyd „deddf mewn perthynas i ffurfiad talaeth lywodraeth yn Wisconsin, ac i newid yr amser o ddal eisteddfod blynyddol yr yngneidiaeth;“ a gymmeradwywyd Hydref y 27in, 1847, yn darparu dros alwad yr eisteddfod hon, ac hefyd adysgrifen o gymaint o gyfrif-resiad y diriogaeth hon ac a ddengys nifer ei thrigolion, ifod yn anfonedig i lywydd yr Unol Daleithau, idd eu gosod o flaen senedd undeb yr Unol Daleithau yn ei heisteddfod presenol.

S EC . 9. Denne Constitution skal blive stemt paa ved et Valg som skal holdes paa den anden Mandag i Marts næstkommende, for Bekreftelse eller Forkastelse, af alle hvide Mands-Personer af Alderen Et og Tyve Aar eller mere, som skal paaden Tid være beboere af dette Territorium og Borgere af de Forende Stater, eller som skal have ærklæret deres Beslutning at blive saadanne i Overenstemmelse med Lovene af Congressen angaaende Naturalisasion; og alle Personer, som besidde saadanne Qualificationer skulle være berettigede til at stemme for eller imod Antagelsen af denne Constitution, og for alle Embedsmænd, som først skulle vælges under den. Og dersom Constitutionen skal blive bekræftet af bemældte Valgmænd, da skal den blive Constitutionen af Staten Wisconsin. Paa saadanne Stemmesedler, som ere for Constitutionen skal være skrevet eller trykt Ordet ”Ja” og paa saadanne, som ere imod Constitutionen Ordet ”Nei” -- Valget skal foregaa paa samme Maa-

D OS . 9. Y cyfansoddiad hwn gaiff ei roddi mewn etholiad i gael ei ddal ar yr ail Ddydd llun yn Mawrth nesaf, er cadarnhad neu wrthodiad, i bob dynion gwynion o un blwydd ar ugain oed, neu uchod, y rhai y pryd hwnw fyddant drigfanyddion y diriogaeth a dinasyddion o’r Unol Daleithau, neu fyddant wedi hysbysu eu bwriad i ddyfod yn gyfryw yn gydffurfiol a chyfreithiau senedd yr undeb ar y pwnc o ryddfreiniad; a phob personau fyddant a’r cyfryw gymwysiadau, fyddant a hawl i bleidleisio dros neu yn erbyn mabwysiad y cyfansoddiad hwn, a thros bob swyddogion etholedig gyntaf odditanodd. Ac os y cyfansoddiad hwn fydd sefydledig gan y dywededig etholwyr, caiff ddyfod yn gyfansoddiad talaeth Wisconsin. Ar y cyfryw tu-geliadau ag fyddant dros y cyfansoddiad, caiff fod yn ysgrifenedig neu argraffedig y gair „ie,“ ac ar y cyfryw ag fyddant yn erbyn y cyfansoddiad y gair „nage.“ Yr etholiad gaiff ei harweddu yn y modd rhagnodedig yn awr gan gyfraith,

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W ISCONSIN de, som er nu foreskrevet af Loven og Optællingen af Stemmerne skal indsendes af Skriveren ved Retten af Opsynsmændene (Clerk of the Board45 of Supervisors) eller County Commissairerne (eftersom Tilfældet maa være) til [...]46 til nogen Tid for den tiende Dag af nestkommende April. Og i Tilfælde af Bekræftelsen af denne Constitution af en Majoritet af alle givne Stemmer. Da skal det være Guvernøren af Territoriets Pligt at udstæde en Proclomation desangaaende, og at fremsende et Uddrag af Opsummeringen til Statens Senat og Representanthuus paa den første Dag af deres Session. Et Valg skal blive holdt for Guvernør, Guvernør Leutenant, Skatmester, General Fiscal, Medlemmer af Stats Legislaturen, og Medlemmer af Congressen, paa den anden Mandag i Mai nestkommende; og ingen anden eller videre Notice skal fordre af saadant Valg.

a’r dychweliadau wneur gan ysgrifenyddion eisteddfodau arolygwyr neu ddirprwywyr sirol (mal y bydd yr achos) i lywodraethwyr y diriogaeth mewn unrhyw amser cyn y chwechfed dydd o Ebrill nesaf. Ac mewn digwydd cadarnhad y cyfansoddiad hwn, gan fwyrif o’r holl bleidleisiau rhoddedig, fe fydd yn ddyledswydd llywodraethwr y diriogaeth hon i wneuthr cyhoeddiad o’r unrhyw, ac i drosglwyddo amgyffred o’r dychweliadau senedd a chymanfa y dalaeth, ar y dydd cyntaf o’u heisteddiad. Etholiad gaiff ei dal am lywodraethwr a rhaglaw lywodraethwr, trysorydd, cyfreithiwr cyffredin, aelodau yng neidiaeth y dalaeth, ac aelodau senedd yr undeb, ar yr ail Ddydd llun o Fai nesaf, ac ni fydd rhybydd arall neu bellach o’r cyfryw etholiad yn ofynol.

S EC . 10. To Medlemmer af Congressen skal ogsaa blive valgte paa den anden Mandag i neste Mai; og indtil anderledes foreskrevet ved Lov skulle Contierne Milwaukee Waukesha, Jefferson, Racine Walworth, Rock og Green, udgøre det første Congress District, og udvælge en Medlem af Congressens47 . Og Countierne Washington, Shedboygan, Manitouwoc Caslumet, Brown, Winnebago, Fond du Lac, Marquette, Sauk, Portage, Columbia Dodge, Dane Iowa, La Fayette, Grant, Richland, Crawford, Chippeway48 , St. Croir og La Pointe, skal udgjøre det andet Congress District, og skal udvælge en Medlem.

D OS . 10. Dau aelod i senedd yr undeb fyddant hefyd i’w hethol ar yr ail Ddydd llun o Fai nesaf; ac hyd oni fydd yn ddarbodedig mewn modd arall gan gyfraith, siroedd Milwaukee, Waukesha, Jefferson, Racine, Walworth, Rock a Green, gant gyfansoddi dosparth cyntaf senedd yr undeb, ac ethol un aelod; a siroedd Washington, Sheboygan, Manitowoc, Calumet, Brown, Winnebago, Fond du Lac, Marquette, Sauk, Portage, Columbia, Dodge, Dane, Iowa, La Fayette, Grant, Richland, Crawford, Chippewa, St. Croix, a La Pointe, a gyfansoddant ail ddosparth senedd yr undeb, a chant ethol un aelod.

S EC . 11. De forskjellige Valg, som i denne Artikel ere forskrevne skal foregaae overenstemmende med de nærværende Love af Territoriet, forudsat at ingen Valgmænd skal have Ret til at stemme, undtagen i det Township, Ward, eller Pricinet (District) hvori han boer. Optællingen over Valg for Senatoren og, Medlemmer af Representanthuset skal fremsendes til Skriverne, ved Retten af Opsynsmændene, eller County Commis-

D OS . 11. Yr amrywiol etholiadau darbodedig dros yn yr erthygl hon gant eu harweddu yn ol cyfreithiau hanfodol y diriogaeth: Yn ddarbodedig na fydd etholwr a hawl i bleidleisio, oddieithr yn y dref, tref-ddosparth, neu y cyffin lle y cartrefa. Y dychweliadau o’r etholiad am seneddwr ac aelodau y gymmanfa fyddant drosglwyddedig i ysgrifenydd eisteddfod arolygwyr, neu ddirprwywyr sirol, fel bydd yr achos,

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C YFANSODDIAD W ISCONSIN (1848) sairerne, eftersom Tilfældet maa være; og Stemmerne skulle blive optællede og Certificater over Valg udstædte, lige som en ved Lov er bestemt. I det første Senator District skal Optællingen af Valg for Senator blive gjordt til den rigtige Embedsmand, Brown County; i det andet Senator District til den rigtige Embedsmand i Columbia Co. I det tredie Senator District til den rigtige Embedsmand i Crawford Co. I det fjerde Senator District til den rigtige Embedsmand i Fond du Lac, og i det femte Senator District til den rigtige Embedsmand i Iowa County. Optællingen af Valget for Stats Embedsmænd og Medlemmer af Congressen skal blive bekræftet og fremsendt til Ordføreren i Representanthuset ved Regjerings-Sædet, paa den samme Maade, som Stemmer for Representanter til Congressen fordres at blive bekræftede og opsummerede, ved Lovene af Wisconsin Territorium, til Secretæren af bemeldte Territorium, til Secretæren af bemeldte Territorium, og til saadan Tid at de maa være modtagne paa den første mandag i nestkommende Juni; og saa snart, som Legislaturen skal være organiseret, skal Ordføreren af Representanthuset og Presidenten af Senatet, i Nærværelse af begge Huse undersøge Opsummeringen og ærklære hvem som er retteligen valgt til at besætte de forskjellige Embeder som hæri førhen ere anførte, og give til hvær Person som er valgt et Certificat over hans Valg.

a’r pleidleisiau fyddant ymgeisiedig, ac ardystiadau etholiad roddir allan, fel mae yn ddarbodedig yn awr gan gyfraith. Yn y dosparth seneddol cyntaf, dychweliadau yr etholiad am seneddwr gant eu gwneuthr i’r swyddog priodol yn sir Brown. Yn yr ail ddosparth seneddol, i’r swyddog priodol yn sir Columbia. Yn y trydydd dosparth seneddol, i’r swyddog priodol yn sir Crawford. Yn y pedwarydd dosparth seneddol i’r swyddog priodol yn sir Fond du Lac; ac yn y purmed dosparth seneddol, i’r swyddog priodol yn sir Iowa. Yn dychweliadau o etholiad am dalaeth swyddogion ac aelodau senedd yr undeb gant fod yn ardystiedig a throsglwyddedig i lefarwr y gymanfa yn eisteddle y llywodraeth, yn yr un modd fel y gofynir bod y pleidleisiau dros gynnrychiolwr i senedd yr undeb yn ardystiedig a dychweledig gan gyfraith triogaeth Wisconsin, i ysgrifenydd y dywededig diriogaeth, ac yn y cyfryw amser fel byddant yn dderbyniedig ar y Ddydd llun cyntaf yn Mehefin nesaf; ac mor fuan ag y caiff yr yngneidiaeth e’i threfnu, llefarwr y gymanfa a llywydd y senedd gant, yngwydd y ddau dy, chwilio y dychweliadau a mynegi y rhai etholwyd yn ddyladwy i lanw yr amrywiol swyddau crybwylledig yn flaenorol yma, a rhoddi i bob un o’r personau etholwyd ardystiad o’i etholiad.

S EC . 12. Indtil der skal blive en nye Fordeling, skulle Sentorer og Medlemmerne af Representanhuset blive fordeelte iblandt de forskjellige Districter, som i Følgende er anført, og hvert District skal være berettiget til at vælge en Senator og en Medlem af Representanthuset, eftersom Tilfældet maa være. Countierne Brown, Calumet, Manitouwoc og Sheboygan, skulle udgjøre det første Senator-District. Countierne Columbia, Marquette, Portage of Sauk, skulle udgjøre det andet SenatorDistrict.

D OS . 12. Hyd oni bydd cyfartal-raniad newydd, y seneddwyr ac aelodau y gymanfa gant eu cyfartal-ranu rhwng yr amrywiol ddosparthiadau, fel y crybwyllir ar ol hyn yma, a phob dosparth fydd a hawl i ethol un seneddwr neu aelod i’r gynnulleidfa, fel bydd yr achos. Siroedd Brown, Calumet, Manitowoc, a sheboygan, gant gyfansoddi y senedd ddosparth cyntaf. Siroedd Columbia, Marquette, Portage, a Sauk, gant gyfansoddi yr ail senedd ddosparth. 313

W ISCONSIN Countierne Crawford, Chippewa, St, Croir og La Pointe, skulle udgjøre det tredie Senator-District. Countierne Fond du Lac og Winnebago, skulle udgjøre det fjerde Senator-District. Countierne Iowa og Richlandm skulle udgjøre det femte Senator-District. Countiet Grant, skal udgjøre det sjette Senator District. Countiet La Fayette, skal udgjøre det syvende Senator-District. Countiet Green, skal udgjøre det ottende Senator-District. Countiet Dane, skal udgjøre det niende Senator-District. Countiet Dodge, skal udgjøre det tiende Senator-District Countiet Wahsington, skal udgjøre det ellevte Senator-District. Countiet Jefferson, skal udgjøre det tolvte Senator-District. Countiet Waukesha, skal udgjøre det trettende Senator-District. Countiet Walworth, skal udgjøre det fjortende Senator-District. Countiet Rock, skal udgjøre det femtende Senator-District. Townshiperne Southport, Pike, Pleasant Prairie, Paris, Bristol, Brightom, Salem og Wheatland, i Racine County, skulle udgjøre det sextende Senator-District. Townshiperne Racine, Caledonia, Mount Pleasant, Raymond, Norway, Rochester, Porkville og Burligton, i Racine County, skulle udgjøre det syttende Senator-District. Den tredie, fjerde og femte Ward af Staden Milwaukee og Townshiperne Lake, Dack Creek, Franklin of Greenfield, i Milwaukee County, skulle udgjøre det attende Senator-District. Den første og anden Ward af Staden Milwaukee, og Townshiperne Milwaukee, Waumatosa og Granville i Milwaukee County, skulle udgjøre det nittende Senator-District. Countiet Brown, skal udgjøre et Representant (assembly) District. Countiet Calumet, skal udgjøre et Representant-

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Siroedd Crawford, Chippewa, St. Croix, a La Pointe, gant gyfansoddi y trydydd senedd ddosparth. Siroedd Fond du Lac, a Winnebago, gant gyfanoddi y pedwarydd senedd ddosparth. Siroedd Iowa a Richland, gant gyfansoddi y pumed senedd ddosparth. Sir Grant gaiff gyfansoddi y chwechfed senedd ddosparth. Sir La Fayette gaiff gyfansoddi y seithfed senedd ddosparth. Sir Green gaiff gyfansoddi yr wythfed senedd ddosparth. Sir Dane gaiff gyfansoddi y nawfed senedd ddosparth. Sir Dodge gaiff gyfansoddi y degfed senedd ddosparth. Sir Washington gaiff gyfansoddi yr unfed senedd ddosparth ar ddeg. Sir Jefferson gaiff gynfansoddi y ddeuddegfed senedd dosparth. Sir Waukesha gaiff, gyfansoddi y trydydd senedd dosparth ar ddeg. Sir Walworth gaiff gyfansoddi y pedwarydd senedd dosparth ar ddeg. Sir Rock gaiff gyfansoddi y pymthegfed senedd dosparth. Trefydd Southport, Pike, Pleasant Prairie, Paris, Bristol, Brighton, Salem, a Wheatland, yn sir Racine, gant gyfansoddi yr unfed senedd dosparth ar bymtheg. Trefydd Racine, Caledonia, Mount Pleasant, Raymond, Norway, Rochester, Yorkville, a Burlington, yn sir Racine, gant gyfansoddi y ddwyfed senedd dosparth ar bymtheg. Y trydydd, pedwarydd, a phumed dosparth dinas Milwaukee, a’r trefydd Lake, Oak Creek, Franklin, a Greenfield, yn sir Milwaukee, gaiff gyfansoddi, y deu-nawfed senedd dosparth. Y cyntaf a’r ail ddosparth o ddinas Milwaukee; a threfydd Milwaukee, Wauwatosa10 , a Granville, yn sir Milwaukee, gant gyfansoddi y pedwarydd senedd dosparth ar bymtheg.

KONSTITUTION FOR W ISCONSIN (1848) District. Countiet Manitouwoc skal udgjøre et Representant District. Countiet Columbia skal udgjøre et Representant-District. Countierne Crawford og Chippewa skulle udgjøre et Representant-District. Countierne St. Croir og La Pointe, skulle udgjøre et Representant-District. Townshiperne Windsor, Sun Prairie og Contage Grove i Dane County skulle udgjøre et Representant-District. Townshiperne Madison, Crss Plains, Clarkson, Springfield, Berona Moutrose, Oregon og Greenfield i Dane County skulle udgjøre et Representant-District. Townshiperne Rome, Dunkirk, Christiana, Albion, Rutland i Danne County skal udgjøre et RepresentantDistrict. Townshiperne Burnett, Chester, Le Roy og Williamstown i Dodge County, skulle udgjøre et Representant-District Townshiperne Fairfield, Hubbarf og Rubicon, i Dodge County skulle udgjøre et Representant-District. Townshiperne Hustisford Nesnibpun Lebanon, og Emmet i Dodge County, skulle udgjøre et RepresentantDistrict. Townshiperne Elba, Lowell, Portland og Climan i Dodge County skal udgjøre et Representant-District. Townshiperne Calamus, Beaverdam49 . For Lake og Trenton i Dodge County, skulle udgjøre et Representant-District. Townshiperne Calumet, Forest, Auburn, Byron, Taycheda og Fond du Lac, i Fond du Lac County, skulle udgjøre et Representant-District. Townshiperne Alto, Meromon, Ceresco, Rosendale, Waupun, Dalfield, og Seven-Mile-Creek, i Fond du Lac County, skulle udgjøre et Representant-District. Precineterne (Districterne) Hazel Green, Fairplay, SmelßersGrove og Jamestown i Grant County, skulle udgjøre et Representant-District. Precineterne Platville Head of Platte, Centerville, Muscoday, og Fenninmore, i Grant County, skulle udgjøre et Representant-District. Precineterne Pleasant Ballen, Porosi, Waterloo, Huricane og New-Lisbon i Grant County, skulle udgjøre et Representant-District.

Sir Brown gaiff gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa. Sir Calumet gaiff gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa. Sir Manitowoc gaiff gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa, Sir Columbia gaiff gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa Siroedd Crawford a Chippewa gant gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa. Siroedd St. Croix a La Pointe gant gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa. Trefydd Windsor, Sun Prairie, a Cottage Grove, yn swydd11 Dane, gant gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa. Trefydd Madison, Cross Plains, Clarkson, Springfield, Verona, Montrose, Oregon, a Greenfield, yn sír Dane, gant gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa. Trefydd Rome, Dunkirk, Christiana, Albion, a Rutlaud, yn sir Dane, gant gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa. Trefydd Burnett, Chester, Le Roy, a Williamstown, yn sir Dodge, gant gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa. Trefydd Fairfield, Hubbard, a Rubicon, yn sir Dodge, gant gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa. Trefydd Hustisford, Ashippun, Lebannon, ac Emmett, yn sir Dodge, gant gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa. Trefydd Elba, Lowell, Portland, a Clyman, yn sir Dodge gant gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa. Trefydd Calamus, Beaver Dam, Fox Lake, a Trenton, yn sir Dodge, gant gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa. Trefydd Calumet, Forest, Auburn, Byron, Taychedah, a Fond du Lac, yn sir Fond du Lac, gant gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa. Trefydd Alto, Metomon12 , Ceresco, Rosendale, Waupun, Oakfield, a Seven Mile Creek, yn sir Fond du Lac, gant gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa. Cyffinau Hazel Green, Fairplay, Smeltzers Grove, a Jamestown, yn sir Grant,

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W ISCONSIN Precineterne Beetown, Patch Grove, Cassville, Millville og Lancaster i Grant County, skulle udgjøre et Representant-District. Green County skal udgjøre et RepresentantDistrict. Precineterne Dallas, Pedlers Creek50 , Mineral Point og Yellow Stone i Iowa County, skal udgjøre et RepresentantDistrict. Precineterne Franklin, Dodgeville, Portevs Grove Arena og Porcusston i Iowa County og Richland County, skal udgjøre et Representant-District. Townshiperne Watertown, Aztalan og Waterloo i Jefferson County, skulle udgjøre et Representan-District Townshiperne Ironia, Concord, Sullivan, Hebren, Cold Spring og Plamyra, i Jefferson County, skulle udgjøre et Representant-District. Townshiperne Lake Mills, Dakland, Koskonorg, Farmington, og Jefferson i Jefferson County skulle udgjøre et Representant-District. Precineterne Benton, Elk Grove, Belmont, Willo51 Springs, Pranle, og den Deel af Chullsburgh Precinet som er nordlig for Town Een i La Fayette County, skulle udgjøre et Representant-District. Precineterne Wiota, Wayne, Gratiot, White Dak Springs, Fever River og den Deel af Shullsburgh Precinct, som er søndenfor Town To i La Fayete County skal udgjøre et Representant District. Marquette County skal udgjøre et Representant-District. Den første Ward af Staden Milwuakee skal udgjøre et Representant District. Den anden Ward af Staden Milwaukee skal udgjøre et RepresentantDistrict. Den tredie Ward af Milwaukee skal udgjøre et Representant-District. Den fjerde og femte Ward af Staden Milwaukee skulle udgjøre et Representant-District. Townshiperne Franklin og Dak Creek i Milmaukee County skulle udgjøre et Representant-District. Townshiperne Greenfield og Lake Milwauke County, skulle udgjøre et Representant-District. Townshiperne Granville, Wauwatosa, og Milwaukee i Milwuakee County, skulle udgjøre et Representant-District. Portage County

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gant gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa. Cyffinau Platteville, Head of Platte, Centerville, Muscoday, a Fennimore, yn sir Grant, gant gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa. Cyffianu Pleasant Valley, Potosi, Waterloo, Hurricane, a New Lisbon, y sir Grant. gant gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa. Cyffinau Beetown, Patch Grove, Cassville, Millville, a Lancaster, yn sir Grant, gant gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa. Sir Green gaiff gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa. Cyffinau Dallas, Pedlar’s Creek, Mineral Point, a Yellow Stone, yn sir Iowa, gant gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa. Cyffinau Franklin, Dodgeville, Porter’s Grove, Arena, a Percussion, yn sir Iowa, a sir Richland, gant gyfansoddi, dosparth cymanfa. Trefydd Watertown, Aztalan, a Waterloo, yn sir Jefferson, gant gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa. Trefydd Ixonia, Concord, Sullivan, Hebron, Cold Springs, a Palmyra, yn sir Jefferson, gant gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa. Trefydd Lake Mills, Oakland, Koshkonong, Farmington, a Jefferson, yn sir Jefferson, gant gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa. Cyffinau Benton, Elk Grove, Belmont, Willow Springs, Prairie, a’r rhan hono o gyffin Shullsburgh i’r gogled o dref un, yn sir La Fayette, gant gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa. Cyffiniau Wiota, Wayne, Gratiot, White Oak Springs, Fever River, a’r rhan hono o gyffin Shullsburgh i’r deau o dref dwy, yn sir LaFayette, gant gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa. Sir Marquette gaiff gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa Dosparth cyntaf dinas Milwaukee gaiff gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa. Ail ddosparth dinas Milwaukee gaiff gynfansoddi dosparth cymanfa. Trydydd dosparth dinas Milwaukee gaiff

C YFANSODDIAD W ISCONSIN (1848) skal udgjøre et Representant-District. Townshipet Racine i Racine County skal udgjøre et Representant-District. Townshiperne Norway, Raymond, Caledonia og Mount Pleasant i Racine County skulle udgjøre et Representant-District. Townshiperne Rechester52 , Burlington og Yorkville i Racine County skulle udgjøre et RepresentantDistrict Townshiperne Southport„ Pike, og Pleasant Prairie i Racine County skulle udgjøre et Representant-District. Townshiperne Paris Bristol, Brighton, Salem og Wheatland i Racine County, skulle udgjøre et Representant-District. Townshiperne Janesville, og Brandford i Rock County, skulle udgjøre et RepresentantDistrict. Townshiperne Beloit, Turtle og Clinton i Rock County, skulle udgjøre et Representant-District. Townshiperne Magnolia, Union, Porter og Fulton i Rock County, skal udgjøre et RepresentantDistrict. Townshiperne Milton, Lima, og Johnstown i Rock County, skulle udgjøre et Representant-District. Townshiperne Rewark, Rock, Avon, Spring Balley, og Centre i Rock County, skulle udgjøre et Representant-District. Forudsat: At dersom Legislaturen skal dele Townet Centre, da maa den lægge saadan Deel deraf til det District, som tilstøder det Nordlig, som den maa ansee passende. Sauk County skal udgjøre et Representant-District. Precineterne No. 1.3. og 7. i Sheboygan County skulle udgjøre et Representant-District, Precineterne No. 2. 4. 5. og 6, i Sheboygan County, skulle udgjøre et RepresentantDistrict. Townshiperne Troy, Cast Troy og Spring Prairie i Walworth County, skulle udgjøre et Representant District Townshiperne Whitewater Richmond og La Grange i Walworth County skulle udgjøre et Representant-District. Townshiperne Generva, Hudson og Bloomfield i Walworth County, skulle udgjøre et Representant-District. Townshiperne Darien, Sharon, Walworth og Linn i Walworth County skulle udgjø-

gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa. Y pedwerydd a phumed dosparth dinas Milwaukee gant gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa. Trefydd Franklin ac Oak Creek, yn Milwaukee, gant gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa. Trefydd Greenfield a Lake, yn sir Milwaukee, gant gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa. Trefydd Granville, Wauwatosa13 , a Milwaukee, yn sir Milwaukee, gant gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa. Sir Portage gaiff gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa. Tref Racine, yn sir Racine, gaiff gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa. Trefydd Norway, Raymond, Caledonia, a Mount Pleasant, yn sir Racine, gant gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa. Trefydd Rochester, Burlington, a Yorkville, yn sir Racine gant gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa. Trefydd Southport, Pike, a Pleasant Prairie, yn sir Racine, gant gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa. Trefydd Paris, Bristol, Brighton, Salem, a Wheatland, yn sir Racine, gant gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa. Trefydd Janesville a Braford, yn sir Rock, gant gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa. Trefydd Beleit14 , Turtle, a Clinton, yn Rock, gant gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa. Trefydd Magnolia, Union, Porter, a Fulton, yn sir Rock gant gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa. Trefydd Milton, Lima, a Johnstown, yn sir Rock, gant gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa. Trefydd Newark, Rock, Avon, Spring Valley, a Center15 , yn sir Rock, gant gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa: Yn ddarbodedig, os bydd i’r yngneidiath ranu tref Centre. hwy allant gyssylltu y cyfryw ran o honi ar y dosparth yn gorwedd nesaf ir gogledd. fel bydd iddynt dybied yn gyffleus. Sir Sauk gaiff cyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa.

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W ISCONSIN re et Representant-District. Townshiperne Delavan. Sugar Greek, La Fayette og Cikhorn i Walworth County, skulle udgjøre et Representant-District. Townshiperne Losbon, Meotomonee og Brookfield i Waukesha County, skulle udgjøre et RepresentantDistrict. Townshiperne Warren, Oconomewoc, Summit og Ottawa, i Wuakesha, County skulle udgjøre et Representant District. Townshiperne Delafield, Genessec og Pewaukee, i Wuakesha County skulle udgjøre et Representant District. Townshiperne Wuakesha og New Berlint i Wuakesha County skulle udgjøre et Representant District. Townshiperne Eagle, Mukwanege. Bernon og Muskego, i Wuakesha County skulle udgjøre et Representant District. Townshiperne Port Washington, Fredonia og Clarence i Washington Co. Skulle udgjøre et Representant District. Townshiperne Gratton og Jackson i Washington, County skulle udgjøre et Representant District. Townshiperne Meqtion og Germantown i Washington County skulle udgjøre et Representant District. Townshiperne Polk, Richfield, og Erin i Washington County skulle udgjøre et Representant-District. Townshiperne Hartford, Addison, West Bend og North Bend i Washington County skulle udgjøre et Representant District. Winnebago County skal udgjøre et Representant District. Foranførte Districter ere alligevel underkastede at blive delte forsaavidt, at naar et nyt Township ere blivet organisered da kan samme blive taget til noget af de tilstødende Representant Districter.

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Cyffinau rhifedig un, tri a saith, yn sir Sheboygan, gant gyfansoddi dosparth camanfa. Cyffiniau rhifedig dau, pedwar, pump, a chwech, yn sir Sheboygan, gant gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa. Trefydd Troy, East Troy. a Spring Prairie, yn sir Walworth, gant gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa. Trefydd Whitewater, Richmond, a Lagrange, yn sir Walworth, gant gyfansoddi gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa. Trefydd Geneva, Hudson, a Bloomfield, yn sir Walworth, gant gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa. Trefydd Darien, Sharon, Walworth, a Linn, yn sir Walworth, gant gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa. Trefydd Delavan, Sugar Creek, La Fayette, ac Elkhorn, yn sir Walworth, gant gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa. Trefydd Lisbon, Menomonee, a Brookfield, yn sir Waukesha, gant gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa. Trefydd Warren, Oconomewoc, Summit, ac Ottawa, yn sir Waukesha gant gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa. Trefydd Delafield, Genesee16 , a Pewaukee, yn sir Waukesha, gant gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa.. Trefydd Waukesha a New Berlin, yn sir Waukesha, gant gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa. Trefydd Eagle, Mukwonego, Vernon, a Muskego yn sir Waukesha, gant gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa. Trefydd Port Washington, Fredonia, a Clarence, yn sir Washington, gant gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa. Trefydd Grafton a Jackson, yn sir Washington. gant gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa. Trefydd Mequon a Germantown, yn sir Washington, gant gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa. Trefydd Polk, Richfield, ac Erin, yn sir Washington, gant gyfansoddi dosparth

KONSTITUTION FOR W ISCONSIN (1848) cymanfa. Trefydd Hartford, Addison, West Bend, a North Bend, yn sir Washington, gant gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa. Sir Winnebago gaiff gyfansoddi dosparth cymanfa. Y dosparthiadau blaenorol ydynt ddarostyngedig, pa fodd bynag, i fod yn aralledig cyn belled fel pan gaiff unrhyw dref newydd ei threfnu dychyngael ei hychwanegu at naill neu’r llall o’r dosparthiadau cymanfaol cydiol. S EC . 13. Saadanne Dele af den Almene Lov, som nu ere i Kraft i Wisconsin Territorium og som ikke er uovereenstemmende med denne Constitution skal være og forblive endeel af denne Stats Love, indtil samme bliver forandret eller afskaffet af Legislaturen.

D OS . 13. Y cyfryw ranau o’r gyfraith gyffredin ag sydd yn awr mewn grym yn nhiriogaeth Wiconsin, nad ydynt yn anghyson a’r cyfansoddiad hwn, gant fod a pharhau yn rhan o gyfraith y dalaeth hon hyd aralledig neu attaliedig gan yr yngneidiaeth.

S EC . 14. De Senatorer, som først blive valgte i de Senator Districter som ere nummereredt med et lige Tal, Guvernøren, Guvernør-Leutenanten, og andre StatsEmbedsmænd, som først blive valgte under denne Constitution, skulle antage sig Pligterne af deres respective Embeder paa den første Mandag i næste Juni, og skulle vedblive i Embede for et Aar fra den første mandag i næstkommende Januar. De først valgte Senatorer i de Senator Districter som ere nummererede med et uligt Tal og de først valgte Medlemmerne af Representanthuset (assembly) skulle antage sig deres respective Pligterne paa den første Mandag i næstkommende Juni og skulle vedblive i Embede til den første Mandag i Januar næstkommende.

D OS . 14. Y seneddwyr cyntaf etholir yn y cyfniferog senedd ddosparthiadau, y llywodraethwr, rhaglaw lywodraethwr, a swyddogion ereill y dalaeth etholedig gyntaf dan y cyfansodd hwn, gant fyned ar ddyledswyddau eu swyddau perthynol ar y Dydd llun cyntaf o Fehefin nesaf, a pharhan mewn swydd am un flwyddyn o’r Dydd llun cyntaf yn lonawr nesaf. Y seneddwyr cyntaf etholir yn yr amnifer senedd ddosparthiadau, ac aelodau y gymanfa etholir gyntaf, gant fyned ar eu dyledswydd au perthynol y Dydd llun cyntaf yn Mehefin nesaf, a pharhau mewn swydd hyd y Dydd llun cyntaf yn lonawr nesaf.

S EC . 15. Embeds Ederne maa blive af lagte fremfor enhvær Dommer eller Fredsdommer, indtil Legislaturen skal bestemme anderledes.

D OS . 15. Y llw swyddol ellir weinyddu gan unrhyw farnwr neu ynad yr heddwch, hyd oni wnaiff yr yngneidiaeth gyfeirio mewn modd arall.

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W ISCONSIN

RESOLUTIONER

PENDERFYNIADAU

Besluttet. At Congressen af de Forenede Stater bliver og herved er opfordret, ved Wisconsins Ansøgning om Indlemmelse i Unionen, saaledes at forandre Forandstaltningerne i Congress Loven, betitlet, „En Act for at give en Deel Land til Wisconsin Territorium, for den Hensigt at hjælpe til at aabne en Canal forat forbinde Vandet i Lake Michigan med Rock River” opproberet Juni attende, atten hundrede og otte og tredive;og saaledes at forandre53 Betingelserne og Conditionerne og en Gave som derved blev givet, at de uligt numererede Sectioner, som vare derved givne og forblev usolgt, maa blive beholdt og afhændte af Staten Wisconsin, som en Deel af de Fem Hundrede Tusinde Acres Land hvortil Staten er berettiget ved Foranstalningerne af en Congress Act, betitlet; En Act forat anvede Beløbet af Salg, af offentligt Land, og tilstaae Forkjøsreddigheder” approbered den fjerde Dag af September atten hundrede og en og fyrgetyve; Og Endvidere, At de ligt nummerede Sectioner som Congressen har tilbageholdt, maa blive tilbudt for Salg af de Forenede Stater for den samme laveste Priis og underkastet same Forkjøbsrettigheder som andet offentlig Land tilhørende de Forenede Stater. Besluttet. At Congresen bliver end videre anmodet om at udstæde en Lov hvorved den høyere Priis over en Dollar og fem og tyve cents per Acre, som maa have været betalt af Kjøber af de benævnte lige nummererede Sectioner, som skal have været solgt af de Forenede Stater bliver tilbagebetalt til de nærværende Eiere deraf, eller at de bliver tilladte at udvælge sig noget af de Forenede Staters Land, til et Beløb af lige Værd med Overskuddet som saaledes har været betalt. Besluttet. At i Tilfælde af at de uligt nummererede Sectioner skulle blive afstaaede til Staten, som foranført, at samme skal blive solgt af Staten, paa den samme Maade som

Penderfynwyd, Erfyn ar senedd undeb yr Unol Daleithau ac wrth hyn erfynir arni, ar gais Wisconsin am dderbyniad i mewn ir Undeb, felly i arallu darpariadau deddf senedd yr undeb a enwyd „deddf er rhoddiad mesur o dir i dirogaeth Wisconsin er dyben cynnorthwyo mewo agoryd camlas i gyssylltu dyfroedd Llyn Michigan ag y rhei ‘ny yn afon Rock,“ gymmeradwywyd Mehefin y ddeu-nawfed deunaw cant a deunaw ar ugain ac i arallu telerau ammodau y rhodd gwneuthredig ynddi, fel bydd yr amniferog ddosbarthiadau rhoddedig trwyddi ac yn aros heb werthu, i gael eu dal au cyfleu gan dalaeth Wisconsin. fel rhan o’r pum can mil erwau tir yr hyn y dywededig dalaeth sydd a hawl ynddo trwy ddarpariadau deddf senedd yr undeb, a enwyd „deddf i briodoli delliadau arwerthiadau y tiroedd cyhoeddus, ac i ganiatau hawliau rhag-bryniad,“ a gymmeradwywyd y pedwarydd dydd o Fedi, deunaw cant ac un a deugain; ac yn mhellach, fod y cyfniferog ddosparthiadau a gedwir gan senedd yr undeb i gael eu cynnyg er gwerthiad gan yr Unol Daleithiau am y pris lleiaf, yn rhwymedig i’r un hawliau rhagbryniad fel tiroedd cyhoeddus ereill yr Unol Daleithau. Penderfynwyd, Fod senedd yr undeb idd ei herfyn, yn mhellach i basio deddf trwy yr hon y gormodol bris tros ac uchlaw un „doler,“ a phump „cent“ ar ugain yr erw, yr hyn all fod wedi ei dalu gan bwrcaswyr y dywededig gyfniferog ddosparthiadau pa rai ydynt wedi cael eu gwerthu gan yr Unol Daleithau, fydd yn adferadwy i’r perchenogion presenol, neu eu caniatau i brynu unrhyw diroedd cyhoeddus yr Unol Daleithau, hyd gyfanswm cyfartal mewn gwerth i’r gormodedd taledig felly. Penderfynwyd, Mai mewn achos trosiad yr amniferog ddosparthiadau i’r dalaeth fel rhagddywedwyd, yr unrhyw gant eu gwerthu gan y dalaeth yn yr un modd

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C YFANSODDIAD W ISCONSIN (1848) andet Skole Land. Forudsat; At de samme Forkjøbsrettigheder, som nu ere tilstaaede ved Lovene af de Forenede Stater, skal blive sikret til Personer, som maa være virkeligen boesatte paa saadant Land paa den Tid da denne Constitution bliver antaget. Og Endvidere forudsat; at den overskydende Priis over en Dollar og fem og tyve Cents per Acre, som virkeligen eller paa Conditioner er indgaaet paa at blive betalt af Kjøberne afnogen Deel af bemældte Sectioner, hvilke skal have været solgt af Wisconsin Territorium, skal blive godtgjøret saadanne Kjøbere, deres Representantere eller Fuldmægtige. Besluttet. At Congressen bliver anmodet, ved Ansøgningen af Wisconsin for Indlemmelse i Unionen, at udstæde en Act, hvorved en Tilstaaelse af Fem Hundrede Tusinde Acres Land, hvortil Staten Wisconsin er berettiget ved Foranstaltningerne af en Congreslov betitlet; ” En Act til at anvende Beløbet af Salg af offentligt Land og at tilstaae Forkjøbsrettigheder” approberet den fjerde Dag af Septem:Atten Hundrede og En og fyrgetyve, og ligeledes de fem pro cent af netto Beløbet af det offentlige land som ligger inden Staten, hvortil den skal blive berettiget ved Indlemmelsen i Unionen ved Forskrifterne af en Congreslov, betitlet „En Act til at sætte Folket af Wisconsin Territorium istand til at danne en Constitution og Stats Regjering, og for Indlemmelsen af saadan Stat i Unionen” approberet den sjette Dag af August Atten Hundrede og sex og fyrgetyve, skal blive givet til Staten Wisconsin for Benyttelse af Skolerne, istedet for de respective Hensigter, som ere benævnte i foranførte Congreslov. Besluttet. At Congressen af de Forenede Stater bliver og herved er anmodet ved Staten Wisconsins Inlemmelse i Unionen, saaledes at forandre Foranstaltningerne af en Congreslov; „En Act for at tilstaae En vis Strækning Land, til Hjælå for Forbedringen af [...]54 Wisconsins Floderne, og at forene samme ved Canal i Wisconsin Territorium”

megys ysgoldiroedd ereill: Yn ddarbodedig, mai yr un hawliau rhag-bryniad fel maent yn awr yn ganiataol gan gyfreithiau yr Unol Dalaithau gaiff fod yn ddiogeledig i bersonau y rhai ddychyn fod wedi sefydlu yn amser mabwysiad y cyfansoddiad hwn: Hefyd darbodir yn mhellach, Fod y pris gormodol dros ac uwch law un „doler“ a phump „cent“ ar ugain yr erw, ammodedig yn bendant neu ar delerau neullduol idd ei dalu gan y pwrcaswyr o unrhyw ran o’r dywededig ddosparthiadau pa rai fydd wedi eu gwerthu gan diriogaeth Wisconsin, i gael ei ddychwelyd i’r cyfryw bwrcaswyr, eu cynnrychiolwyr, neu ymddiriedwyr.17 Penderfynwyd, Fod senedd yr undeb i gael ei herfyn ar gais Wisconsin am dderbyniad i mewn ir Undeb, i basio deddf trwy yr hon y rhodd o bum can mil o erwau tir, i yr hyn talaeth Wisconsin sydd a hawl trwy ddarpariadu deddf senedd yr undeb a enwyd „deddf i briodoli deilliadau arwerthiadau y tiroedd cyhoeddus, ac i ganiatau hawliau rhagbryniad.“ a gymmeradwywyd y pedwarydd dydd o Fedi, deunaw cant ac un deugain, ac hefyd y pump yn y cant o ddeilliadau cyfan y tiroedd cyhoeddus yn gorwedd tufewn y dalaeth, i yr hyn y bydd a hawl ar ei derbyniad i mewn i’r Undeb, trwy ddarpariadau deddf senedd yr undeb, a enwyd „deddf i alluogi pobl tiriogaeth Wisconsin i ffurfio cyfansoddiad a thalaeth lywodraeth. ac er derbyniad y cyfryw dalaeth i’r Undeb,“ a gymmeradwywyd y chwechfed dydd o Awst, deunaw cant a chwech a deugain, gael ei roddi i dalaeth Wisconsin er gwasanaeth ysgolion, yn lle y dybenion crybwylledg yn y dywededig ddeddfau senedd yr undeb yn berthynasol. Penderfynwyd, Erfyn ar senedd undeb yr Unol Daleithau, ac wrth hyn erfynir arni, ar dderbyniad y dalaeth hon i mewn i’r Undeb, felly i arallu darpariadau deddf senedd yr undeb, a enwyd „deddf i ganiatau mesur o dir i gynnorthwyo gwellhad afonydd Fox a Wisconsin, ac i gyd-gyssylltu yr unrhyw

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W ISCONSIN at Prisen paa det [...]55 som er resolveret til de Forenede Stater skal blive tredslaaet til den laveste Priis paa offentligt Land. Besluttet. At Legislaturen af denne Stat skal gjøre Foranstaltning ved Lov for Salget af Land tilstaaet Staten til Hjælp for56 Forbedringer, underkastet samme forkjøbsrettigheder til Beboerne af det offentlige Land. Besluttet: At foregaaende Resolutioner skiulle blive tilføiede og undertegnede tilligemed Constitution af Wisconsin, og tilligemed samme forelagt Folket af dette Territorium, og Congressen af de Forenede Stater. Vi de Undertegnede Medlemmer af Convencionen for at danne en Constitution for Staten Wisconsin, som skal forelægges Folket deraf, for dets Bekræftelse eller Forkastelse, herved bekræftet at det Foregaaende er Constitutionen som er antaget af Conventionen. Til Vitterlighed deraf have vi hertil sat vore Hænders Underskrift57 , i Madison den første Dag af Februar A. D. 1848.

trwy gamlas yn nhiriogaeth Wisconsin,” fod pris y tiroedd yn nghadw i’r Unol Daleithau gael ei ostwng i’r pris lleiaf ar y tiroedd cyhoeddus. Penderfynwyd, Fod yngneidiaeth y dalaeth hon i wneud darpariad trwy gyfraith er gwerthiad y tiroedd rhoddedig i’r dalaeth er cynnorthwyo y dywededig welliadau, yn ddarostyngedig i’r un hawliau rhag-bryniad i selfydlwyr arno, ag ganiateir yn awr gan gyfraith i sefydlwyr ar diroedd cyhoeddus. Pendrfynwyd, Fod y penderfyniadau blaenorol i gael eu hychwanegu at a’u tanysgrifiaw gyda cyfansoddiad Wisconsin. a’u cyd-roddi ynghyd ag ef i bobl y diriogaeth hon, ac i senedd undeb yr Unol Daleithau. Nyni, y tanysgrifwyr isod, aelodau yr eisteddfod er ffurfio cyfansoddiad talaeth Wisconsin, i fod yn rhoddedig i’r bobl ynddi er eu cadarnhad neu wrthodiad, ydym wrth hyn yn ardystio mai yr un blaenorol yw y cyfansoddiad fabwysiadwyd gan yr eisteddfod. Mewn tystiolaeth o’yr hyn nyni roddasom wrth hyn ein dwylaw, yn Madison, y dydd cyntaf o Chwefror, O. C. deunaw gant ac wyth a deu-gain.

MORGAN L. MARTIN, President58 ,

Morgan L. Martin, Llywydd yr eisteddfod, a chynrychiolwr o sir Brown.

T HOMAS McHugh, Secretair. C.59 W. Featherstonhaugh, James T. Lewis, Daniel G. Fenton Stoddard Judd, Charles H. Larabec,60 Samuel W. Lyman, William H. Fox, Charles M. Nichols, William A. Wheeler, Warren Chase, Samuel W. Beall,

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Tho’s McHugh, Ysgrifenydd. G. W. Featherstonhaugh, James T. Lewis, D. G. Fenton, Wm. H. Fox, C. M. Nichols, William A. Wheeler, Stoddard Judd, Charles H. Larrabee, Samuel W. Lyman, S. W. Beall, Warren Chase,

O sir Calumet. O sir Columbia. O sir Crawford.   O sir Dane.    O sir Dodge.   O sir Fond du Lac.

KONSTITUTION FOR W ISCONSIN (1848) Orasmus Cole, George Lakin, William Richardson, John H. Rountree, Abraham61 Ramsey, James Biggs, Charles Bishop, Stephen B. Hollenbech, Joseph Ward, Charles Dunn, John O Conner,62 Allen Warden, Milo Jones, Theodore Prentiss, Jonas Folts, Abram Vanderpool,63 John L. Doran, Garret M. Fitzgerald, Albert Fowler, Rufus King, Charles H. Larkin, Moritz Schœffler,64 Silas Stedman,65 William Kennedy, Albert J.66 Cole, Frederich S. Lovell, Andrew B. Jackson, S. A. Davenport, Samuel R. McClellan, James D Reymert, Theodore Secor, H. T. Sanders, Almerin M. Carter Joseph Colley, Paul Crandall, Ezra A. Foote67 , Louis P. Harvey Edward V. Vhiton, Experience Estabrook, George Gale James Harrington, Augustus C. Kinne,

O. Cole, George W. Lakin, Alexander D. Ramsey, William Richardson, John Hawkins Rountree, James Biggs, Charles Bishop, S. P. Hollenbeck, Joseph Ward, Jonas Folts, Milo Jones, Theodore Prentiss, Abraham Vanderpool,18 Charles Dunn, John O’Connor, Allen Warden, John L. Doran, Garret M. Fitzgerald, Albert Fowler, Byron Kilbourn, Rufus King, Charles H. Larkin, Moritz Schoeffler, William Kennedy,19 Albert G. Cole, Stephen A. Davenport, Andrew B. Jackson, F. S. Lovell, Samuel R. McClellan, James D. Reymert,20 Horace T. Sanders, Theodore Secor, A. M. Carter, Joseph Colley, Paul Crandall, Ezra A. Foote, Louis P. Harvey, Edward V. Whiton, Silas Steadman,

       

O sir Grant.

       O sir Green.   O sir Iowa.        O sir Jefferson.        O sir La Fayette.            O sir Milwaukee.          O sir Portage.             O sir Racine.                   

O sir Rock.

       O sir Sheboygan.

323

W ISCONSIN Ezra Mulford, Hollis Latham, Sqaires68 Case, Alfred Castleman, Peter D. Gifford, Eleasar69 Root, George Scagel, James Fagan, Patrick Pentony, Harvey G. Turner Harrison Reed

1

Experience Estabrook, George Gale, James Harrington, A. C. Kinne, Hollis Latham, Ezra A. Mulford, James Fagan, Patrick Pentony, Harvey G. Turner, Squire S. Case, Alfred L. Castleman, Peter D. Gifford, Eleazer Root, George Scagel, Harrison Reed,

Verified by an insert of the Norwegian language newspaper Nordlyset [?], and checked against the English original. The subsequent notes refer to deviations from the English original, either caused by unclear Norwegian phrasing, omissions, additions, or inaccurate or erroneous translation, whereas mere questions of style have been ignored, as have been repetitions. I wish to thank Hildegunn Liv Aarbakke of the University of Göttingen and Øystein N. Andresen of the University of Kassel for assisting with the edition of this translation. 2 Illegible in the photocopy provided by the Rolvaag Memorial Library, St. Olaf College, Northfield, MN. 3 In English original, “in prosecutions by indictment or information”. 4 In Norwegian translation, “except in cases of impeachment” missing. 5 In English original, definition in brackets missing. 6 Illegible in the photocopy provided by the Rolvaag Memorial Library, St. Olaf College, Northfield, MN. 7 In English original, definition in brackets missing. 8 Misnumbered in print. 9 Illegible in the photocopy provided by the Rolvaag Memorial Library, St. Olaf College, Northfield, MN. 10 In English original, “north-east”. 11 In English original, “Cram”. 12 In English original, “Nicollet”. 13 Illegible in the photocopy provided by the Rolvaag Memorial Library, St. Olaf College, Northfield, MN. 14 In English original, “1848”. 15 In English original, “forty-one”. 16 In English original, last six words missing. 17 In English original, last eight words missing, 18 In English original, last three words missing, 19 In English original, last twenty-five words missing.

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1

                       

O sir Walworth.

O sir Washington.

O sir Waukesha.

     O sir Winnebago.

Verified by Cyfansoddiad talaeth Wisconsin. Wedi ei gyfieithu ir cymraeg gan y parchedig Mr. David Jones [...] Chwefor 1 O C 1848, Madison: H.A. Tenney, argraffydd y dalaeth, 1848, 47 p. and checked against the English original. Spelling, capitalization, and punctuation as in Der Volksfreund. The subsequent notes refer to deviations from the English original, either caused by unclear Welsh phrasing, omissions, additions, or inaccurate or erroneous translation, whereas mere questions of style have been ignored, as have been repetitions. I wish to thank Rachel Davies of Cardiff University for assisting with the edition of this translation. 2 In English orginal, “Menominie”. 3 In English orginal, “Cramm”. 4 In English orginal, “White citizens”. 5 In English orginal, “wise”. 6 In English orginal “loss” is written as “escheat”. “Forfeiture” and “loss” are transposed in comparison with the Welsh orginal. 7 In English orginal “forfeiture” is written as “escheat”. 8 In English orginal “loss” is written as “escheat”. “Forfeiture” and “loss” are transposed in comparison with the Welsh orginal. 9 In English orginal, “actions”. 10 In English orginal, “Wauwautosa”. 11 In English orginal, “county”. 12 In English orginal, “Metoman”. 13 In English orginal, “Wauwautosa”. 14 In English orginal, “Beloit”. 15 In English orginal, “Centre”. 16 In English orginal, “Genessee”. 17 In English orginal, “upon such lands” inserted. 18 In English orginal, “Vanderpoel”.

C YFANSODDIAD W ISCONSIN (1848) 20

19

21

20

In English original, “The senate districts”. In English original, “militairy or civil office”. 22 In English original, “writs”. 23 Illegible in the photocopy provided by the Rolvaag Memorial Library, St. Olaf College, Northfield, MN. 24 In English original, “reprieves”. 25 In English original, “death”. 26 Illegible in the photocopy provided by the Rolvaag Memorial Library, St. Olaf College, Northfield, MN. 27 In English original, “with”. 28 In English original, “warranto”. 29 In English original, “Manitowoc”. 30 In English original, “and for”. 31 In English original, “of this state”. 32 In English original, “and”. 33 In English original, “corporation”. 34 In English original, “The proceeds”. 35 In English original, “and youth resident”. 36 In English original, “conveyance”. 37 In English original, “when they shall deem it expedient, and shall invest all monies arising from the sale of such lands”. 38 In English original, “profit”. 39 In English original, “official”. 40 In English original, “the presiding officers”. 41 In English original, “all”. 42 In English original, “real”. 43 In English original, “mixed”. 44 In English original, “of the last census of this territory”. 45 In English original, “Boards”. 46 Illegible in the photocopy provided by the Rolvaag Memorial Library, St. Olaf College, Northfield, MN. 47 In English original, last two words missing. 48 In English original, “Chippewa”. 49 In English original, “Beaver Dam”. 50 In English original, “Peddler’s Creek”. 51 In English original, “Willow”. 52 In English original, “Rochester”. 53 Illegible in the photocopy provided by the Rolvaag Memorial Library, St. Olaf College, Northfield, MN. 54 Illegible in the photocopy provided by the Rolvaag Memorial Library, St. Olaf College, Northfield, MN. 55 Illegible in the photocopy provided by the Rolvaag Memorial Library, St. Olaf College, Northfield, MN. 56 In English original, “said”. 57 In English original, last word missing. 58 In English original, “of the convention and delegate from Brown County”. 59 In English orginal, “G.”. 60 In English orginal, “Larrabee”. 61 In English orginal, “Alexander D.”. 62 In English orginal, “O’Connor”. 63 In English orginal, “Abraham Vanderpoel”. 64 In English orginal, “Schoeffler”. 65 In English orginal, “Steadman”. 66 In English orginal, “G.”.

In English orginal, “William H. Kennedy”. In English orginal, “James Derwan Reymert”.

325

W ISCONSIN 67 68 69

In English orginal, “Foot”. In English orginal, “Squire S.”. In English orginal, “Eleazer”.

326

Failed Amendments of 1854 An Act to amend Article Four of the Constitution1 Published, April 25, 1854. The people of the State of Wisconsin, represented in Senate and Assembly, do enact as follows: § 1. Section four of article four, of the constitution is hereby so amended as to read as follows: The members of assembly shall be chosen biennially, by single districts on the2 Tuesday next succeeding the first Monday of November, by the qualified electors of the several districts; such districts to be bounded by county, precincts3 , town or ward lines to consist of contiguous territory and so4 be in as compact a form as practicable. § 2. The last clause of section five of said article is hereby so amended as to read as follows: The senate districts shall be numbered in regular series. The senators chosen by the present odd numbered districts, in the year 1854, shall hold their offices until the last day of December, one thousand eight hundred and fifty-six. The senators chosen by the present even numbered districts, in the year eighteen hundred and fiftyfive, shall hold their offices until the last day of December, one thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight. Thereafter senators shall be chosen for the term of four years, but the legislature at any new appointment5 , shall so classify the senators to be elected from any new additional senate district6 , which may be formed, that the term of office of all senators elected from even numbered districts shall expire at the same time, and the term of office of all those elected from odd numbered districts shall expire at the same time.

§ 3. Section eleven is hereby so amended as to read as follows: The legislature shall meet at the seat of government once in two years, and not oftener, unless convened by the governor. § 4. The above amendments are hereby submitted to the people of the state in the following manner: At the general election on the Tuesday next succeeding the first Monday of November next; each elector may vote for or against the first of the above amendments by depositing a ballot containing the following words: “For amendment to section four,” or “against amendment to section four,” and for or against the second of the above amendments, by depositing a ballot containing the words: “for amendment to section five,” or “against amendment to section five,” and for or against the third of the above amendments by depositing a ballot containing the words “for amendment to section eleven,” or “against amendment to section eleven,” and the votes given by any elector for or against any or all of said amendments, shall be on one ballot, and shall be deposited in a separate box prepared for the purpose. The qualification of the electors shall be the same, and the votes so cast shall be canvassed and returned in the same manner as in election for state officers, and the same notice of the submission shall be given; and if a majority of the electors voting on either of the above amendments, shall vote in favor thereof, it shall thereafter be a part of article four, of the constitution of this state.7 § 5. The first session of the legislature after the adoption of the above amendments,

327

W ISCONSIN or either of them, by the people8 , shall be held in the year 1855. Approved, April 3, 18549 .

1

Verified by General Acts Passed by the Legislature of Wisconsin, in the Year Eighteen Hundred and Fifty-Four, Together with Memorials and Resolutions. Published by Authority, Madison: Printed by David Atwood, 1854, 131–132, and checked against the first approval in General Acts Passed by the Legislature of Wisconsin, in the Year Eighteen Hundred and FiftyThree, Together with Memorials and Resolutions. Published by Authority, Madison: Printed by Beriah Brown, 1853, 90–91. Spelling, capitalization, and punctuation as in the 1854 print. The three amendments were submitted to the people in November 1854 and were each

328

thoroughly rejected, sect. 4: 6,549 to 11,580 votes, sect. 5: 6,348 to 11,885 votes, and sect. 11: 6,752 to 11,589 votes (Wisconsin Blue Book 2005–2006, ed. by the Legislative Reference Bureau, 235, at http://www. legis.wisconsin.gov/lrb/bb/05bb/constitution.htm). 2 In 1853 print, 90, word missing. 3 Ibid., “precinct”. 4 Ibid., 91, “to”. 5 Ibid., “apportionment”. 6 Ibid., “districts”. 7 Ibid., instead of § 4: “Sec. 4. This act is hereby referred to the legislature to be chosen at the next general election, and shall be published at least three months prior to the said general election, in the manner prescribed by law for the publication of session laws.” 8 Ibid., “legislature, after the ratification of this act as provided for in article 12, of the Constitution”. 9 Ibid., “Approved, June 6, 1853”.

Addendum et Corrigendum Contents Note . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 Constitution of Maryland (1776) / Second Failed Amendment of 1835 . . . . . . . . 333 Constitution of North Carolina (1776) / Amendment of 1789 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335

329

Note

From an awareness that the preceding volumes of Constitutional Documents of the United States of America, 1776–1860, may contain errors and omissions, all archives and Historical Societies involved in collecting and archiving the constitutional documents published in these volumes have been invited to scrutinize the published versions within their respective area of archival responsibility. Some of them have replied affirmatively, while a greater number has unfortunately had to decline for a lack of resources. I wish to point out that none of them are to be held responsible for any

errors or omissions which may still lurk within these volumes. In fact, I can only once again extend my most heartfelt thanks to all of them and to numerous other institutions and individuals within and beyond the United States for their commitment to this project and for having aided in making this ambitious edition possible. So far, the following additions and corrections have been brought to our attention. For any further observations, please contact [email protected]. Horst Dippel

331

Constitution of Maryland (1776) / Second Failed Amendment of 1835

An act to provide for an alteration in the Constitution, so as to enlarge the number of Election Districts in Baltimore County, and fix the place of voting1

W HEREAS, it is represented to this General Assembly, by sundry inhabitants residing in the sixth election district, in Baltimore County, that it would promote their convenience to create another district out of the sixth district, – Therefore, S ECT. 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Maryland, That so much of the Constitution of the State as relates to the division of Baltimore County into election districts,2 be and the same is hereby altered and amended, so far as to authorise the erection of an additional district in said county, to be composed of a part of the sixth election district of said county. S ECT. 2. And be it enacted, That if this act shall be confirmed according to the provision of the constitution and form of government in such case made and provided, Richard Hooker, Jacob Shower, and John Lammott, of Baltimore county, be and they are hereby appointed commissioners, and authorised forthwith after the said confirmation, to review the sixth election district of said county, and to lay out, and locate and establish an additional election district, in said county, and said commissioners shall make a return of all the proceedings to Baltimore County Court, to be there recorded at the expense of the county, and paid as county charges are levied and paid, and the county commissioners are hereby autho-

rised to appoint a commissioner or commissioners in place of any of the commissioners herein named, who may die, or refuse, or fail to act in said commission. S ECT. 3. And be it enacted, That the additional election district shall be known as the fourteenth election district of Baltimore County, and the place of holding the polls thereof shall be at Cox’s Town, and the place of holding the polls of that portion of the district not to be included in the fourteenth, shall be at Manchester. S ECT. 4. And be it enacted, That the commissioners herein appointed, or to be appointed, shall be entitled to receive two dollars a day for their services, to be paid by the commissioners of Baltimore County.

1

Verified by Laws Made and Passed by the General Assembly of the State of Maryland, At a Session begun and held at Annapolis, on Monday, the 28th day of December, 1835, and ended on Monday, the 4th day of April, 1836. Published by Authority, Annapolis: Printed by Jeremiah Hughes, 1836, ch. 209. Spelling, capitalization, and punctuation follow the Session Law print. The amendment was passed on March 4, 1836, but was not ratified by the subsequent General Assembly. This amendment was already published in Horst Dippel (ed.), Constitutional Documents of the United States of America 1776–1860: State Constitutions (Kentucky Maryland), 7 vols., München: K. G. Saur 2006, vol. 3, 369–370, erroneously containing five sections. 2 Fourth Amendment of 1832 (q.v.).

333

Constitution of North-Carolina (1776) / Amendment of 1789 An Ordinance to enable the Freemen of the Town of Fayetteville to elect a Member to represent the said Town, on the same Terms with the other Towns in this State1

W HEREAS it hath been recommended by the General Assembly to this Convention, to consider the propriety of allowing the town of Fayetteville a member to represent the said town, on the same terms with the other towns in this state; and this Convention, in consideration of the same, deeming it consistent with the justice and policy of the state, that the said town of Fayetteville should be represented as other district towns of this state: Be it therefore ordained and declared, by the Representatives of the state of North-Carolina in Convention assembled, and2 it is hereby ordained by the authority of the same, That the said town shall and may be represented. And be it further ordained by the authority aforesaid, That this ordinance shall be held and taken, to all intents and purposes, as part of the Constitution of this state. Done in Convention, the 22d of November, Anno Dom. 1789. S AMUEL J OHNSTON, President.

By order, J. H UNT, Secretary.

1

Verified by Journal of the Convention of the State of North-Carolina. At a Convention begun and held at Fayetteville, on the Third Monday of November, One Thousand Seven Hundred and Eighty-Nine, agreeable to the Resolutions of the last General Assembly, bearing Date the Seventeenth of November, One Thousand Seven Hundred and Eighty-Eight [Caption title], Edenton: Printed by Hodge & Wills, Printers to the State, [1790], 16, and checked against the version as published in The State Records of North Carolina. Published under the Supervision of the Trustees of the Public Libraries, by Order of the General Assembly, collected and ed. by Walter Clark, XXII, Goldsboro, N.C.: Nash Brothers, 1907, 52–53. Spelling, capitalization, and punctuation as in the Convention Journal. The amendment was adopted by the Convention ratifying the Constitution of the United States (q.v.), on November 22, 1789, and declared part of the Constitution of North Carolina of 1776 (q.v.). I am grateful to John V. Orth of the Law School of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill for having brought this amendment to my attention. 2 In State Records, XXII, 53, “and it is hereby ordained and declared, by the Representatives of the State of North Carolina in Convention assembled, and”.

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Index USA Part I–VII

ambassadors, I: 37, 39, 59, 77 apportionment of representatives, I: 21, 46, 71, 109, 179, 189, 213, 223, 290, 318; II: 14, 23, 24, 31, 92, 136, 145, 252, 266, 277, 305, 322, 370; III: 22, 27, 66, 96, 112, 139, 215, 216, 230, 375, 384, 446; IV: 24–25, 42, 43, 69–70, 98– 99, 130, 155, 205, 222–223, 307–308, 328, 332, 346, 349, 364, 366, 396, 418; V: 87–88, 99–100, 161, 168, 198, 208, 246–247, 270, 271, 275, 288–289, 313, 329, 371, 456, 475; VI: 18, 52, 65, 169– 170, 175, 236, 284; VII: 14, 86, 99, 100, 104, 122, 125, 126, 130, 148, 252–258, 313 – by geographical units, I: 55, 56, 76, 87, 115, 119, 126, 197, 245, 303, 304, 343; II: 14, 28, 92, 104, 148, 149, 309, 354, 355; III: 11, 47, 108, 140, 170; IV: 89, 108, 185, 251–252, 330, 331; V: 71–72, 86, 128–129, 179–180, 260–261, 274, 456, 489; VI: 25–27, 33–36, 69, 175, 210–211, 236–237, 285; VII: 55, 162– 165, 335 – by inhabitants, I: 81, 96, 97, 105, 115, 119, 126, 127, 148, 151, 158, 159, 197, 318, 352; II: 31, 35, 53, 88, 101, 113, 144, 200, 244, 260, 277, 321; III: 11, 28, 40, 45–47, 108, 109, 111, 112, 156, 159, 184, 206, 208, 245, 270, 272, 320, 384, 408, 414, 427; IV: 11–12, 27, 38, 43, 44, 51, 53, 54, 58, 59, 71, 89, 108, 126, 142, 144, 174–175, 194–195, 223–224, 273, 282, 290–291, 295, 318, 348, 366, 396, 416–417; V: 18, 36, 42, 86, 88, 96, 100, 128–130, 134, 168, 178–179, 184–185, 243–246, 261, 274, 282, 288, 299, 330– 331, 350–351, 371, 382, 418–419, 429, 456, 473–474, 488–489; VI: 43, 59, 76– 77, 103, 122–123, 170, 175–176, 198, 235–236, 284–285; VII: 15, 28, 42, 55,

60, 62, 67, 69, 71–72, 74, 76–78, 80, 103, 104, 126, 128, 143–144, 161–162, 216, 281 – by tax revenue, IV: 328, 346, 364, 378, 397; V: 18, 167, 330–331, 350–351, 382, 418–419; VI: 27; VII: 15, 28, 42, 126 auditor general, II: 137, 372; IV: 96, 105, 129–130; VII: 79 capital punishment, III: 179, 343; IV: 325, 343, 361, 392–393, 412 census, I: 38, 46, 53, 71, 75, 81, 97, 109, 115, 119, 127, 128, 158, 197, 290, 318; II: 31, 35, 53, 88, 92, 101, 118, 144, 200, 244, 252, 260, 266, 277, 296, 321, 343, 365, 370; III: 11, 28, 46, 55, 108, 109, 112, 139, 156, 206, 384, 427, 444, 446; IV: 11–12, 43, 51, 53, 54, 58, 59, 71, 82, 89, 98–99, 108, 144, 174–175, 185, 194, 205, 223, 291; V: 36, 42, 57, 63–64, 86–88, 96, 100, 129, 135–136, 168, 178– 179, 184–185, 243–244, 299, 313, 350, 371, 382, 429, 488–489; VI: 43, 59, 76, 169–170, 235, 284; VII: 55, 62, 67, 69, 71, 74, 76–77, 80, 131, 143–144, 161– 162, 216, 281 church, I: 194, 320; II: 326, 350, 368, 371; III: 241; IV: 19–20, 63–64, 323–324, 341–342, 359–360, 376, 391–392, 411 – autonomy of the church/of churches, IV: 50 – separation of church and state, I: 62, 79, 94, 122, 218, 221, 232, 243, 256, 269, 283, 294, 346, 359; II: 20, 24, 100, 131, 163, 192, 239, 255, 271, 300, 339, 347, 360; III: 13, 30, 31, 48, 50, 79, 115, 118, 203, 310, 413; IV: 10, 112, 140, 171–172, 182, 191, 225, 246, 292, 304; V: 23, 51, 66, 164, 177, 201, 216–217, 237, 295, 328, 365, 400, 453, 470–471; VI: 37, 65–66, 73–74, 84, 226, 235, 279,

337

I NDEX USA PART I–VII 284; VII: 88, 104, 127, 128, 188–189, 211, 276, 277 – state church, I: 94, 316; III: 242, 253; V: 10 citizenship, I: 20, 51, 60, 74, 78, 238, 248, 298, 357; III: 414; IV: 153, 203; V: 93, 165, 297, 341; VI: 100–102, 168–169, 185, 212–216; VII: 18, 64 – loss of, I: 90; III: 90, 253; IV: 130; VI: 101–102, 212 – obligations of, III: 90; VI: 145, 212; VII: 30–31, 33, 44, 46–47 commerce, III: 213; IV: 125; V: 163, 333– 335, 441; VI: 202; VII: 145–146 common law, VI: 182–183 constitution, I: 176–178, 323, 358; II: 27, 166, 167, 229, 251, 288, 289, 305, 312, 332, 333, 353, 354, 374, 376; III: 28, 40, 95, 136, 143, 144, 184, 190, 191, 218, 254, 423, 445; IV: 83, 98, 129–131, 155– 157, 306–307, 309; V: 9, 23, 165, 178, 257, 312, 435, 464, 480; VI: 66, 145, 263–266, 299–300; VII: 13–14, 19, 33, 42, 47, 98, 193–194, 249–250, 311 – amendment of, I: 31, 61, 78, 95, 108, 128, 141, 171, 184, 196, 217, 218, 221, 232, 243, 256, 284, 293, 321, 338, 353, 357; II: 20, 26, 41, 44, 129, 162, 226, 227, 250, 286, 303, 304, 353, 372; III: 19, 37, 93, 137, 187, 218, 233, 258– 260, 264, 267, 269, 271, 273–275, 277, 280–296, 300–306, 308–311, 313, 314, 316, 318, 319, 321, 322, 324, 326, 329, 331, 332, 335–339, 341–343, 345, 347, 348, 351, 353, 355, 357, 358, 360, 362, 364, 366, 368, 369, 371, 373, 375, 376, 378, 380, 381, 389, 391–393, 398, 399, 401, 403, 405; IV: 13, 46–84, 96–97, 127, 129–131, 153, 204, 244, 245, 271– 304, 320, 340, 356, 374, 387, 407, 428, 430; V: 31, 44, 108–109, 142–143, 171, 180, 198–199, 253–254, 259–260, 291, 311–312, 327–328, 342–344, 404, 406, 435, 463, 479, 493; VI: 32, 41, 44, 66, 85–86, 90, 146, 175, 216, 257, 295–296; VII: 19, 28, 33–34, 47–48, 69, 72–73,

338

75, 79–80, 149, 190, 243–244, 305, 327 – – constitutional convention, I: 184, 232, 257, 284, 321; II: 17, 28, 162, 250, 251, 265, 286, 304, 333, 353, 354, 373; III: 19, 37, 63, 64, 93, 414, 446; IV: 38, 83–84, 97–98, 127, 153, 183– 184, 340, 356, 374, 387, 407; V: 71, 167, 171, 198–199, 254–255; VI: 41, 66; VII: 19, 33–34, 47–48, 69, 72–73, 79–80, 149, 191, 244, 306 – constitutional review, I: 106, 124, 135, 171, 359; II: 38; IV: 83, 127, 231, 296, 340, 356, 387, 407; V: 70, 75–76, 143, 258–260, 342–344; VI: 253, 293–294; VII: 19, 33–34, 47–48 – fundamental principles, I: 347, 352; III: 419; IV: 326–327, 345, 363, 394– 395, 414; V: 483; VII: 13, 27, 211–212, 277 – legal status of, I: 31, 79, 217, 218, 232, 256, 284, 359, 360; II: 27, 40, 287; III: 92, 188; V: 44, 76, 109, 144– 145, 435, 459, 472, 487, 494; VI: 209; VII: 70, 80, 138, 139 – purpose, I: 45–307; VI: 225, 279 corporations, I: 195, 232, 247, 256, 273, 283, 320, 321; II: 100, 110, 148, 161, 162, 220, 222, 248, 264, 276, 281–283, 287, 301, 303, 327, 328, 350, 351, 371, 372; III: 49, 134; IV: 20, 85, 122– 124, 126–127, 135, 150–152, 165–167, 170, 182, 241, 302–303, 416; V: 70–71, 139–140, 239, 250, 274, 309, 327–328, 387, 399, 417–419, 442, 459, 460, 488; VI: 169, 255, 295; VII: 28, 130, 179– 180, 242–243, 304, 305 debtors, I: 95, 135, 151, 160, 346, 357; II: 40, 133, 164, 194, 240, 257, 273, 340, 361; III: 21, 39, 65, 432; IV: 85, 116–117, 124, 140, 172, 192, 248, 305– 306; V: 22, 165, 178, 204, 218, 296, 337, 368, 403, 433, 446, 447, 470, 480, 484; VI: 67, 74–75, 168, 228, 280; VII: 11, 17, 25, 32, 39, 46, 150, 188, 211, 276

I NDEX USA PART I–VII economy, I: 51, 53, 54, 74, 75; III: 432, 441; IV: 326, 344, 363, 394, 414 – banking, I: 107, 136, 139, 160, 320, 321, 337; II: 110, 134, 147, 162, 220–222, 248, 264, 283, 304, 327, 328, 352, 372; III: 180, 182, 432; IV: 85, 122–123, 135, 151, 182, 211, 241, 286, 303; V: 38, 70– 71, 140, 249–250, 273, 309, 439, 442, 459; VI: 169; VII: 178–179, 243, 305 – regulations, I: 159, 160, 299, 308, 343, 352; II: 160, 352; III: 134, 180, 422, 432; IV: 15; V: 38, 158, 239, 441 education, I: 106, 134, 169, 170, 194, 319, 357; II: 40, 203, 204, 248, 249, 264, 283, 285, 300, 301, 326, 328, 337, 347, 348, 359, 364, 367, 368; III: 63, 136, 137, 152, 185–187; IV: 32, 34, 35, 56, 80–82, 95, 120–121, 149, 183, 203, 241, 301– 303, 337, 354, 372, 414–415; V: 38, 67, 107–108, 140, 237, 240–241, 281–282, 287, 307, 364, 398, 434, 444, 451, 463, 485–486, 498; VI: 86–87, 119, 144, 212, 260–261, 297, 307; VII: 18, 177–178, 239–241, 301, 303 – common schools, establishment of, I: 170, 194, 347, 357; II: 19, 216, 249, 264, 300, 328, 337, 347, 359, 368; III: 136, 214; IV: 95, 120, 149, 240–241, 301–302, 426; V: 22, 67, 165, 178, 201, 205, 237, 307, 341–342, 364, 398, 440, 451, 479, 486, 493; VI: 169, 260, 297; VII: 18, 33, 47, 178, 240, 302 election, eligibility for, I: 88, 164, 193, 307, 312; II: 14, 198, 303, 325, 351; III: 36, 75, 79, 91, 130, 156, 162, 164, 169, 170, 174, 175, 178, 189, 252, 259, 284, 415, 424, 427, 431, 435, 436, 440, 442; IV: 64, 148–149, 251–252; V: 253, 454, 491; VI: 108, 112, 122–123, 235, 284; VII: 12, 26, 40, 195 – age, I: 45, 47, 56, 71, 72, 76, 96, 97, 99, 115, 123, 124, 129, 161, 190, 223, 225, 245, 248, 271, 274, 290, 291, 298, 300, 309, 311, 312, 327, 338, 344, 352; II: 14, 23, 25, 31, 32, 36, 74, 94, 113, 114, 119, 120, 138, 144, 152, 156, 200,

207, 242, 245, 258, 261, 274, 278, 297, 318; III: 11, 12, 14, 27, 29, 30, 45, 47, 50, 53–56, 58, 75, 77, 81, 108, 113, 118, 125, 165, 207, 208, 211, 245, 247, 249– 251, 266, 270, 272, 327, 384, 386, 407, 410, 411, 428, 433, 434, 437; IV: 112, 145, 174–175, 177, 181, 194–195, 197, 199, 223, 231, 239, 290–291, 296, 300, 318, 330, 332, 348, 350, 365, 367, 378, 381, 383, 386, 398, 400, 404, 418–419, 421; V: 35, 39, 54–55, 102, 131–132, 134, 162–163, 175–176, 184–185, 190, 283, 290, 299, 302, 349, 351, 355, 381– 383, 388, 430, 453; VI: 34, 36, 38, 60, 62, 77, 79, 81, 103–104, 107–108, 124, 132–133, 135–136, 142, 170–171, 174, 197–198, 206, 231–232, 244, 282, 289; VII: 63, 67, 71, 75–76, 86, 104, 110, 127, 132, 135, 143–144, 146, 171 – citizenship, I: 45, 47, 56, 71, 72, 76, 96, 97, 99, 115, 123, 124, 129, 154, 161, 223, 225, 245, 248, 271, 274, 290, 291, 309, 311, 312, 327, 338; II: 23, 25, 31, 32, 36, 74, 94, 96, 98, 113, 114, 119, 120, 138, 144, 152, 156, 159, 200, 207, 242, 245, 258, 261, 274, 278, 318; III: 11, 14, 27, 29–31, 45, 47, 50, 53–56, 58, 75, 77, 81, 108, 113, 118, 125, 165, 207, 211, 327, 404, 425, 428, 433, 434, 437; IV: 72, 90– 91, 108, 112, 145, 174–175, 177, 194– 195, 199, 223, 231, 290–291, 296, 300; V: 35, 39, 54–55, 58, 72, 102, 131–132, 175–176, 184–185, 189–190, 283, 290, 299, 302, 304–305, 349, 351, 355, 381– 383, 388, 397–398, 430, 453; VI: 34, 36, 38, 62, 77, 79, 102–104, 107–108, 124, 132–133, 135–136, 142, 170–171, 197– 198, 206, 209–210, 231–232, 244, 282, 289; VII: 56, 63, 110, 132, 144, 146, 157, 171, 221, 286 – disqualifying attributes, I: 48, 72, 90, 99, 105, 124, 157, 168, 172, 175, 195, 216, 231, 232, 256, 273, 275–277, 294, 301, 305, 315–317, 345, 346, 352, 355; II: 10, 15, 16, 23, 32, 33, 39, 114, 135, 146, 147, 159, 165, 197, 198, 207, 243, 246, 256,

339

I NDEX USA PART I–VII

– –

–

–

–

–

259, 272, 276, 294–296, 320, 340, 341, 362, 363, 367; III: 18, 30, 31, 35, 36, 48, 50, 59, 61, 79, 89, 115, 118, 129, 131, 135, 176, 177, 183, 246, 253, 258, 414, 416, 423, 428, 431, 439; IV: 10, 14– 15, 37, 79, 90, 108, 111, 113, 176–177, 182, 196, 202–203, 225–226, 292, 295, 339, 349, 356, 366, 373, 374, 381, 407, 427–428; V: 16, 17, 35, 57, 100, 106, 162, 164, 171, 172, 177, 179, 189, 198, 220, 236, 253, 297–298, 302, 331–333, 336, 338, 353, 385, 398, 472, 478, 491; VI: 24–25, 28, 37, 39, 48, 61, 65, 78, 84, 104, 124, 132, 136, 171, 174, 206, 211, 234–235, 250–253, 259, 284, 292–293, 297; VII: 17, 32, 45–46, 88, 107, 127, 128, 136, 137, 144–145, 165, 189–190, 218, 245, 283, 307 education, VI: 107–108, 135–136, 142 gender, I: 96, 97, 109, 123, 124, 290, 298, 311, 312, 327, 338; II: 242, 258, 274; III: 75, 108; IV: 223, 290–291, 318; V: 134, 175, 283, 290, 453; VI: 34, 36, 170, 209–210; VII: 86 property, I: 223, 245, 256, 277, 298, 300, 307, 343, 344, 352; II: 14, 23, 25, 31, 32, 36, 74, 94; III: 75, 77, 81, 245, 247, 249– 251, 266, 270, 272, 287, 408; IV: 10, 26– 29, 32, 37, 54, 174–175, 177, 192, 318, 330, 331, 348, 365, 378, 381, 383, 400, 430; V: 25, 87–88, 99, 102, 122, 162– 163, 169, 175–176, 179, 428, 429, 432; VI: 24, 26, 34, 36, 38, 60, 62, 104, 133, 135–136, 168; VII: 86, 104, 143–144, 146 race, ethnicity, I: 96, 97, 109, 115, 123, 124, 290, 298, 311, 312, 327; II: 242, 258, 274; III: 75, 108, 408; IV: 223, 290– 291, 332, 349, 350, 366, 367, 381, 398; V: 25, 175, 179, 283, 290, 453; VI: 36 religion, I: 115, 338; II: 14; III: 310; IV: 15, 32, 318, 330–332, 348–350, 365– 367, 398, 400, 430; V: 16, 92, 106, 483; VI: 23–24, 26, 84 residence, I: 45, 47, 55, 56, 71, 72, 75, 76, 87, 96, 97, 99, 109, 115, 123, 124,

340

129, 135, 154, 161, 175, 223, 225, 245, 248, 271, 273, 274, 290, 291, 298, 309, 311, 312, 327, 338, 343, 344, 352; II: 14, 17, 23, 25, 31, 32, 36, 74, 94, 96, 98, 113, 114, 119, 120, 138, 144, 152, 156, 159, 200, 207, 212, 242, 245, 258, 261, 274, 278, 294, 318, 363; III: 11, 12, 14, 27, 29–31, 36, 45, 47, 50, 53–56, 58, 60, 75, 77, 81, 90, 108, 113, 118, 129, 130, 165, 178, 207, 211, 245, 247, 249–252, 266, 270, 272, 327, 384, 386, 402, 404, 407, 410, 411, 414, 415, 425, 428, 433, 434, 436, 437, 439, 441; IV: 10, 26–29, 32, 54–56, 60, 69–70, 72, 75, 83, 91, 112, 144–147, 174–175, 182, 194–195, 197– 199, 223, 231, 290–291, 296, 300, 318, 329–332, 347–350, 364–367, 378, 381, 383, 398, 400, 417–419, 421; V: 18, 25, 35, 39, 55, 58, 69, 102, 131–132, 162– 163, 169, 175–176, 179, 184–185, 189– 190, 220, 282–283, 288, 290, 299, 302, 304–305, 326–327, 349, 351, 355, 381– 383, 388, 397–398, 415, 428–430, 453, 478; VI: 24, 26, 34, 36, 38, 60, 62, 77, 103–104, 107–108, 124, 132–133, 135– 136, 170–171, 197–198, 206, 231–232, 244, 252, 282, 289, 293; VII: 13, 18, 33, 44, 46–47, 56, 63, 86, 104, 127, 135, 137, 143–144, 146, 165, 171, 217, 282 elections, I: 96, 104, 109, 134, 137, 166, 173, 178, 179, 189, 193, 197, 218, 224, 249, 262, 285, 292, 293, 333, 335, 338, 342, 354; II: 13–15, 23, 24, 26, 31–33, 39, 118, 121, 131, 136, 166, 167, 203, 204, 228, 229, 241, 242, 244–246, 251, 257, 258, 266, 288, 294, 309, 311, 312, 332, 342, 348, 350, 352, 353, 372, 374– 376; III: 22, 36, 40, 60, 76, 90, 130, 143, 152, 153, 156, 158, 187, 213, 215, 226, 229, 233, 254, 265, 271, 272, 285, 293, 294, 296, 308, 312, 317, 323, 324, 331, 332, 334, 335, 345, 349, 353, 383, 385– 388, 393, 399, 404, 407–409, 417, 423, 445; IV: 10–13, 15–16, 33–34, 42, 48, 54–56, 61, 69–70, 72, 75, 77–78, 80, 83, 89, 117–118, 126, 129–130, 144–145,

I NDEX USA PART I–VII 147–148, 155–157, 174, 177, 193–194, 196, 198, 204–205, 209, 213, 217, 224– 226, 236–237, 291–292, 298, 306, 309, 336, 353, 370, 378, 379, 383–385, 398, 402–404, 416, 418–419, 423, 425; V: 13, 17–19, 46, 55, 72, 86, 102, 104, 109, 114, 135–136, 140–142, 157–158, 169, 170, 183–184, 195–197, 207–208, 223, 236, 243, 255–256, 258–260, 282, 284, 291, 297–298, 302, 304, 311–313, 331, 338, 358, 391, 397–398, 408–409, 418, 421, 432, 435, 438, 454, 458–462, 464, 476– 478, 480, 487, 490–491, 494; VI: 20, 28– 29, 37, 59, 63, 69, 80, 83, 106–107, 111, 169–170, 189–190, 210, 231, 237–238, 263–264, 267, 282, 285–286, 299–300; VII: 12, 17, 26, 58, 66, 68, 69, 71–75, 77, 79–81, 92, 109, 122, 126, 137, 144, 151, 176, 193–195, 220–221, 225, 231, 245–247, 249–252, 286, 290, 296, 306, 308, 311, 312 – contestation of, I: 98, 99, 116, 129, 130, 226, 247, 249, 274, 290, 309, 312; II: 62, 64, 119, 152, 168, 207, 258, 274, 278, 299, 312, 318; III: 12, 13, 29, 33, 36, 48, 52, 54, 56, 78, 113, 161, 248, 410, 432, 439; IV: 111, 177, 199, 235, 292– 293, 298; V: 38, 55, 170, 190, 302, 352, 357, 384, 390; VI: 61–62, 79, 108–109, 111–112, 243–244, 288–289; VII: 131 – election committee, I: 293; II: 151, 311, 312, 361, 375; III: 40, 80, 95, 164, 207, 208, 245–248, 266, 268, 270, 272, 296, 312, 313, 324, 327, 331, 335, 407–409; IV: 11, 13, 25–26, 29, 70, 72, 80, 97– 98, 129–130, 157, 251, 319, 329, 331, 333, 347, 350, 365, 368, 379, 398, 419; V: 352, 372, 384, 465, 476–477, 490– 491; VI: 106–114, 120, 122–123, 136; VII: 56, 64, 66, 68, 246, 308 – election day, I: 48, 56, 72, 76, 96, 97, 99, 109, 115, 118, 124, 137, 153, 154, 161, 163, 164, 177, 178, 190, 194, 200, 217, 223, 258, 262–264, 276, 285, 290, 293, 309, 311, 312, 327, 334, 338, 354, 356; II: 13, 14, 23, 28, 31, 36, 37, 51,

62, 64, 79, 83, 88, 93, 96, 99, 104, 112, 119, 136, 143, 152, 159, 167, 198, 228, 241, 245, 246, 258, 288, 325, 326, 332, 341, 350, 367; III: 11, 12, 27, 29, 40, 45, 47, 50, 52, 60, 75, 95, 108, 113, 144, 156, 163, 164, 175, 189, 191, 205, 207, 210, 215, 216, 229, 231, 234–237, 245, 247–249, 251, 254, 264, 266, 270, 272, 288, 301, 316, 319, 373, 385, 388, 399, 408, 409, 411, 424, 427, 430, 436, 438, 439, 442, 443; IV: 11–12, 25–26, 28, 32– 34, 41, 42, 48, 54–56, 69–72, 75, 77, 83, 89, 91, 97–98, 104, 111–112, 148, 156, 174, 177, 184–185, 194, 196, 204– 205, 213, 217, 224, 252–253, 278, 281, 291, 300, 308–309, 318, 331, 335–337, 352–354, 371; V: 17, 23, 25, 35, 55, 75, 101, 109, 130, 141, 143, 162, 179, 184, 190, 220, 226–227, 243, 255–256, 258– 259, 270, 283, 290–291, 298, 312–313, 327–328, 330–331, 342–344, 349–350, 355, 381–382, 387–388, 408–409, 415, 429, 430, 432, 435, 460, 464, 465, 476, 490, 494; VI: 18, 20, 25–28, 36, 54, 57, 59, 77, 94, 106–107, 110–111, 122–123, 130, 136, 169, 197–198, 231, 237–238, 267, 282, 285–286, 300; VII: 13–16, 19, 28, 33–34, 42–43, 47–48, 60, 62, 66, 71, 74, 77–80, 131, 138, 143–144, 151, 157– 158, 165, 216, 221, 245, 282, 286, 306, 327 – electoral returns, I: 48, 72, 98, 99, 105, 116, 125, 129, 130, 135, 137, 161, 179, 189, 190, 224, 225, 233, 246, 247, 272, 274, 290, 292, 293, 309, 312, 317, 335; II: 15, 24, 32, 39, 51, 62, 64, 99, 119, 152, 167, 168, 201, 206, 242, 245, 258, 261, 274, 278, 295, 297, 311, 318, 321, 328, 341, 343, 350, 361, 363; III: 22, 29, 40, 56, 61, 63, 78, 80, 90, 113, 116, 117, 144, 161, 163, 164, 172, 189, 190, 213, 245–247, 254, 266, 270, 272, 296, 327, 383, 387, 402, 407, 408, 424, 437, 439, 442; IV: 11, 25–26, 28–29, 55, 56, 75, 91, 97–98, 129–130, 142, 145, 156–157, 175, 177, 183, 185–186, 195, 199, 203,

341

I NDEX USA PART I–VII 226, 235–237, 251–253, 292–293, 298, 318, 319, 329, 331, 333, 347, 350, 365, 368, 380, 399, 420; V: 36, 45, 58–59, 75– 76, 130, 170, 190, 220–221, 223, 227, 258–259, 302, 355, 372, 373, 387–388, 464, 465, 490; VI: 18, 26, 61–62, 79, 130, 171–172, 199, 203, 211, 237–238, 243–244, 285–286, 288–289; VII: 15– 16, 28, 42–43, 55–56, 62, 67, 69, 71– 75, 78–79, 131, 139, 157–158, 195, 221, 251–252, 286, 312 – voter registration, I: 315; II: 293; III: 93, 158, 207, 208, 213, 327; IV: 25– 26, 77; V: 127–128, 432, 454, 464, 471– 472, 485–487, 490, 496; VII: 131 – voting procedure, I: 48, 72, 115, 190; III: 93; IV: 318, 319, 331; V: 476, 491; VI: 106–111, 113, 130–131, 136, 171– 172, 243–244, 288–289; VII: 55–56, 67, 71–72 – – ballot, I: 55, 75, 87, 96, 153, 189, 190, 193, 226, 247, 249, 262–264, 276, 293, 317, 343, 344, 356; II: 9, 10, 15, 16, 23, 24, 26, 28, 31, 39, 51, 62, 64, 158, 198, 241, 257, 273, 288, 293, 318, 325, 350, 353, 367, 375; III: 12, 15, 60, 80, 90, 116, 130, 178, 189, 205, 208, 210, 212, 213, 236, 246–251, 254, 266, 270, 272, 274, 285, 327, 408, 410, 411, 414, 423, 437, 440; IV: 10–13, 15, 26–27, 29, 32–34, 54, 56, 77, 89, 117, 129, 131, 148, 156–157, 174, 177, 194, 199, 329, 333, 335, 336, 347, 349, 350, 352, 353, 365, 366, 368, 370, 379, 381, 383, 399, 400, 402, 403, 417, 425; V: 17–19, 23, 43, 58–59, 61, 64, 86, 88, 90, 102, 114, 128, 131, 161–165, 167, 168, 170, 175–177, 190, 192, 195, 197, 236, 258–260, 284, 327–333, 338, 342–344, 358, 391, 430, 454, 455, 460, 476–477, 490–491; VI: 17, 19, 20, 23– 25, 27–29, 33, 36–39, 61–63, 79–80, 94, 112–113, 115, 131, 169, 208, 251, 292–293; VII: 13–17, 19, 28, 32–34, 42–43, 47–48, 56, 62, 64, 67–69, 73– 74, 78–80, 87, 88, 122, 150, 157–158,

342

176, 215, 221, 280, 286, 327 – – viva voce, I: 105, 124, 125, 160, 317; II: 39, 118, 198, 244, 260, 278, 293, 342, 350, 367; III: 36, 60, 130, 178, 245, 247, 266, 270, 272, 407–409, 424; IV: 69, 90, 109, 144–145, 178–179, 227, 293, 416; V: 86, 169, 225, 298, 358, 391; VI: 80, 108, 203, 208–209, 251, 292–293; VII: 78, 109, 122, 176, 220–221, 286 electoral districts, I: 159, 197, 318; II: 145, 148, 244, 260, 277, 305–309, 370; III: 28, 29, 40, 45–47, 75, 76, 95, 96, 108, 109, 111, 140, 151, 156, 159, 170, 174, 175, 190, 208, 226, 236, 245– 247, 255, 266, 268, 270, 272, 277, 281, 283, 285, 289–294, 296, 298, 302–306, 308, 309, 311, 312, 317, 320, 323, 324, 327, 330, 332, 334–339, 341, 342, 345, 348, 349, 351, 353, 355, 358, 360, 362, 364, 367, 369, 371, 375, 376, 378, 381, 385, 386, 388, 390, 414, 423, 425, 427, 428, 436, 437, 441, 444; IV: 11–12, 24– 26, 42, 43, 51, 53–55, 58, 59, 69–71, 74–75, 84, 88–90, 97–99, 102, 104, 108, 130, 144, 148, 155, 173–175, 193–195, 223–224, 290–291, 313, 318, 328–331, 346, 347, 349, 364–366, 378, 381, 384, 385, 397, 398, 403, 404, 417–418, 423– 424; V: 25–27, 35, 36, 87–88, 99–100, 114, 115, 127–130, 162, 167–169, 179– 180, 220, 244–246, 248–259, 270, 271, 274–276, 282, 284, 298–299, 331, 351, 371, 383, 456, 474, 485–486; VI: 20, 25–28, 33–34, 37, 43–45, 47–48, 50–52, 55, 56, 59, 85, 103, 105–107, 110–111, 118, 122–123, 130, 170, 236–237, 285; VII: 13–15, 28, 42, 55–56, 60, 62, 66, 67, 69, 71–72, 74, 77–78, 86, 99, 100, 122–124, 130, 139, 143–144, 151, 176, 194, 216, 250–252, 281, 312, 327, 333 – single constituency, I: 197, 223, 356; II: 88, 148, 200, 322, 341; III: 92, 108, 111, 171, 183; VII: 216–217, 282 electoral principles, I: 352; V: 158; VI: 170

I NDEX USA PART I–VII – direct elections, II: 15 – equal elections, I: 122, 221, 243, 269, 307, 356; II: 15, 131, 163, 196, 330, 350; III: 20, 38, 64; IV: 64, 131, 246, 304, 324, 342, 360, 392, 412; V: 51, 297, 365, 400; VI: 66, 74, 167; VII: 150 – free elections, I: 122, 211, 221, 243, 269, 307, 342, 351, 356; II: 15, 131, 163, 196, 330, 350; III: 20, 38, 64, 239, 419; IV: 21, 64, 246, 304, 324, 342, 360, 392, 412; V: 13, 18, 51, 157, 297, 323, 338, 365, 400, 422; VI: 66, 74, 167; VII: 12, 17, 26, 32, 40, 46, 81, 92, 119, 150 – general elections, I: 99; III: 47, 77, 174, 187, 189, 441–444, 446; IV: 103, 131; V: 37, 45, 132–133, 135, 139, 141, 143, 241, 251, 275, 276, 291, 396, 415; VI: 44, 83, 91, 235, 284; VII: 71, 139, 327 – majority principle, I: 175, 197; II: 51, 62, 64; III: 172; IV: 55, 77; V: 298, 462, 474, 478; VI: 110 executive, I: 54, 57, 75, 77, 123, 153, 188, 225, 247, 274, 289, 298, 300, 303, 304, 309; II: 13, 17, 31, 36, 112, 119, 143, 152, 198, 206, 241, 245, 257, 261, 274, 278, 317, 341, 343, 361; III: 11, 14, 27, 30, 45, 50, 74, 107, 117, 155, 206, 210, 239; IV: 28, 72, 89, 91, 107, 141, 145, 173, 177, 193, 199, 222, 231, 290, 296, 326, 344–345, 363, 394, 400, 414; V: 17, 35, 53–54, 58, 102, 157, 176, 189– 190, 226–227, 282, 288, 298, 302, 326, 355, 387, 427, 430, 454, 457, 472, 475, 487, 489; VI: 25, 37–38, 61, 76, 79, 102– 103, 171, 197, 203, 229, 243, 281, 288; VII: 13, 27, 41, 60–61, 63, 68, 86, 92, 98, 110, 115, 119, 122, 131, 146, 221, 286 – council of state, I: 214–216, 233, 304, 305, 344, 345, 354; II: 9, 10, 13, 15–17, 209; III: 208, 211, 212, 215, 236, 246, 247, 249–254, 258, 259, 264, 266, 268, 270, 272, 279, 282, 284, 288, 300, 316, 322, 328, 385, 411, 413–416; IV: 16, 26, 28–30, 32–34, 41, 44–45, 48, 51, 54–56,

61, 69–70, 72–76, 78, 80–82, 328, 329, 332–339, 346, 347, 349–356, 363, 365, 367–373, 379, 382–384, 387, 395, 397, 398, 400–406, 415–416, 419; V: 9, 10, 17–20, 45, 163–164, 170, 325–326, 331– 335, 373, 492–493; VI: 17, 19, 20, 23– 30, 116–117, 120–121, 125, 127–128, 130, 133, 179–186, 188; VII: 13, 15–16, 27–31, 41–45, 55, 60–61, 63, 68, 87, 88, 111 – duties, III: 83; V: 304, 431, 458, 476; VI: 125, 179–180; VII: 139, 151, 160– 161, 224–225, 289 – – state of the government address, II: 36, 120, 245, 318; III: 83, 167, 185, 328, 426; IV: 178, 200, 232, 296; V: 39, 89, 102, 131, 190, 193, 228, 240, 303, 357, 389, 392–393, 430, 458; VI: 24–25, 38, 62, 80, 115–116, 172, 208, 245, 289; VII: 16, 43, 110, 132, 158, 221– 222, 287 – executive agencies, II: 123 – head of state, I: 54–58, 75–77, 87, 99– 101, 104, 126, 128–131, 154, 157, 161– 164, 178, 180, 189–192, 195, 199, 200, 214, 225–227, 233, 247, 248, 250, 258, 263, 264, 274, 275, 277, 286, 290–292, 300, 303, 304, 309, 311, 316, 317, 344, 345, 354; II: 9, 10, 13, 16, 17, 24, 25, 28, 33, 36, 51, 55, 62, 64, 94, 116, 117, 119, 120, 122, 123, 146, 152–155, 206–208, 210–212, 228, 243–246, 259, 261, 262, 275, 278, 279, 296–298, 305, 318, 319, 324, 332, 333, 343, 344, 361, 362, 365, 374; III: 12, 14–16, 30–33, 35, 36, 50– 52, 57, 80–83, 87–90, 94, 95, 117–119, 127, 144, 164–166, 168, 175, 189–191, 205, 210, 211, 215, 217, 229, 231, 233– 235, 246, 248–251, 253, 258, 264, 282, 288, 301, 316, 322, 327, 328, 385, 386, 388, 402, 409, 411, 413, 414, 416, 424– 426, 440, 445; IV: 10, 12–15, 28–29, 31– 33, 37, 41, 48, 55, 72–75, 77–79, 91– 92, 96–98, 112–113, 118, 120, 128–130, 145, 152–153, 177, 179, 184–185, 196, 199, 201, 229–232, 234–235, 252–253,

343

I NDEX USA PART I–VII 264–265, 292, 295–297, 332, 333, 335– 339, 350, 352–356, 367, 368, 370–373, 379, 381, 383, 384, 387, 398, 400–403, 405, 406, 419–423, 426–427; V: 9, 10, 17, 19, 25, 27, 38–40, 45, 57–60, 63, 69, 71, 74–76, 88–90, 102, 131–134, 143, 151, 162–165, 170, 176–178, 187–208, 224, 226–227, 229–230, 288–289, 302, 310, 325–326, 331–333, 355–357, 359, 373, 387–388, 390, 392, 406, 429–431, 438–439, 457–462, 465, 473, 475–478, 480, 488–494; VI: 17–19, 21, 23–25, 27– 28, 32, 37–40, 43, 48, 61–63, 79–80, 103, 118, 120, 124, 126–128, 130, 133, 135, 141, 171–174, 179–182, 185–186, 203, 206–210, 243–244, 248–249, 256, 288–289, 291, 295; VII: 13, 15–16, 27– 28, 30–31, 41–46, 56, 60–61, 63, 64, 68, 71–72, 75, 78–79, 87, 88, 107, 110–111, 131, 132, 137–140, 144, 146–147, 151, 157–160, 168–169, 221–223, 225–234, 286–288, 290 – – competencies, I: 57, 76, 77, 100–102, 113, 114, 116, 118, 124, 129, 130, 156, 161–163, 168, 191, 210, 214–216, 225– 227, 230–232, 237, 240, 241, 245, 247, 248, 252, 253, 255, 256, 259, 271, 274– 277, 279, 280, 282, 283, 286, 291, 292, 298, 300, 301, 304, 305, 309– 311, 314, 321, 330, 331, 344, 345, 354, 355; II: 16, 17, 25, 33, 36–39, 45, 48, 51, 62, 66, 76, 81, 83, 96, 98, 115, 120, 121, 124, 125, 127, 128, 136, 145, 152–155, 167, 201, 208–210, 222, 225, 241–243, 245–247, 258, 259, 261, 262, 275, 278, 279, 297–299, 301, 318, 319, 323, 344–346, 348, 354, 361, 362, 364, 366, 369, 374; III: 14–17, 22, 31– 35, 50–56, 59, 61, 62, 82–84, 86, 87, 116, 119–122, 124, 127, 142–144, 152, 163, 166–169, 173, 174, 183, 188, 191, 208, 209, 211, 213, 215, 236, 247, 249– 254, 278, 279, 300, 328, 380, 385, 386, 393, 399, 402, 404, 405, 411–417, 421, 425–427, 430, 433, 434, 436–440, 442, 444; IV: 14–16, 23, 26, 28–31, 33–34,

344

37, 42, 45, 51, 54, 56, 61, 67–70, 72– 74, 76, 78–82, 90–95, 109, 112–115, 118, 120, 142–143, 145, 147, 165–167, 176–178, 180–181, 184–185, 195, 197, 199–201, 217, 224–236, 239–240, 242, 253–254, 266, 267, 275, 278, 281, 291– 292, 296–301, 303, 306–307, 309, 327, 329, 332–338, 345, 347, 349–355, 365, 367–369, 371, 373, 382, 384, 387, 397, 400–403, 405, 406, 421–423, 425– 427; V: 9, 10, 17, 19, 20, 26–27, 36, 39, 40, 42–44, 46, 56, 59, 61–63, 65–67, 74–76, 85–86, 88–90, 92, 97, 100–104, 106, 123, 130–135, 141–142, 144, 151, 162–165, 169, 171, 176–178, 186, 190– 192, 196–197, 207, 227–230, 233– 234, 237–238, 241–242, 247, 258– 259, 288–289, 302–308, 333–335, 353–360, 362–363, 386–390, 392– 393, 395–397, 408, 415, 428, 430, 455, 457, 458, 460, 461, 463, 475– 477, 479, 489–491, 493, 496; VI: 18, 20, 25–27, 29–30, 36, 38–39, 43, 54, 57, 60, 62, 64, 79–80, 83, 115, 121– 122, 124, 133, 135, 141, 172–173, 180– 186, 188–190, 201–202, 205, 207–208, 210, 232, 239–242, 244–245, 247– 249, 283, 286–292; VII: 15–17, 29– 31, 43–45, 56–57, 60–61, 63, 64, 66, 68, 69, 71–75, 78, 87, 88, 105, 110, 114, 126, 127, 132, 133, 136, 137, 144, 146–147, 158–160, 166, 171, 183, 218, 221–225, 229, 284, 287, 288, 290, 294, 327 – mayor, III: 92, 268, 296, 423, 436, 443; V: 104, 117, 120, 454, 460, 461, 472, 477 – members, I: 227, 282, 304, 355; II: 17, 28, 96, 99, 121, 122, 138, 153–155, 206, 211, 212, 243, 259, 261, 262, 278–280, 296–298, 305, 319, 320, 333, 343–345, 354, 361–363, 368, 374; III: 16–18, 31, 32, 35, 51, 62, 79, 83, 87, 88, 90, 94, 118, 121, 127, 128, 152, 163–166, 172, 184, 185, 187, 189–191, 211, 213, 217, 239, 245, 247, 251–253, 266, 270, 272,

I NDEX USA PART I–VII 296, 314, 401, 415, 419, 424, 426, 427, 436, 440–442, 445; IV: 10, 14–15, 31– 33, 70, 72, 74–75, 91–93, 96, 112–113, 118, 123, 129–130, 145–146, 152, 176– 177, 179, 183, 196–197, 199, 234–236, 279, 292, 297–298, 329, 338, 339, 347, 355, 356, 365, 373, 384, 385, 402, 403, 420–421, 423, 426; V: 9, 13, 23, 58– 63, 67, 69, 71, 89, 102–103, 131–133, 151, 163–164, 226–227, 229, 240, 247, 302, 304, 310, 333, 335, 364, 390, 399, 428–431, 438, 455–458, 474–479, 489– 490, 492; VI: 17, 19, 21, 24–25, 28–29, 38, 40, 83, 127, 132, 172–173, 179–180, 247, 290; VII: 12, 26, 31, 45, 63, 68, 71, 75, 114, 132, 133, 159–161, 167–168, 217, 221, 223–225, 241, 283, 286, 288– 290, 303 – – appointment, I: 100, 192, 199, 202, 226, 231, 255, 283, 310, 345; II: 37, 96, 99; III: 15, 188, 249, 415; IV: 230, 295; V: 89, 103, 192, 197, 339, 357– 358, 363–364; VI: 62–64, 80–81, 83, 208; VII: 88, 147, 151 – – election, I: 55, 75, 76, 87, 99, 115, 128–131, 161, 164, 178, 190, 192, 200, 214, 225, 226, 231, 233, 247, 255, 258, 274, 282, 283, 292, 300, 309, 334, 344, 345, 354; II: 13, 16, 24, 36, 51, 62, 64, 96, 119, 121, 124, 152–154, 206, 207, 211, 224, 228, 245, 261, 262, 278, 280, 288, 297–299, 318–320, 332, 343, 344, 361, 373; III: 14, 30– 33, 36, 50–52, 80, 81, 95, 116, 117, 144, 152, 164, 165, 169, 175, 183, 205, 210, 212, 213, 215, 229, 233, 248– 250, 264, 288, 301, 316, 322, 327, 328, 388, 402, 411, 423–425, 440– 442; IV: 10, 12–13, 15, 28–29, 32– 33, 41, 42, 48, 55, 56, 72, 74–75, 77– 78, 91–92, 97–98, 105, 112, 117–118, 121, 128–130, 156, 177–179, 184–185, 199–201, 209, 213, 231–232, 234–235, 252–253, 279, 296–298, 332, 333, 335, 336, 350, 352, 353, 367, 368, 370, 371, 379, 381, 383, 384, 398, 400,

–– –– ––

––

403, 419, 421, 423, 426; V: 19, 26, 38–40, 45, 58–59, 75, 88–89, 102, 117, 120, 131–132, 143, 162–163, 170, 176– 177, 190, 207–208, 226–227, 255, 282, 289, 302, 304, 331–333, 355, 373, 387– 388, 397, 421, 430, 432, 439, 457, 458, 460–462, 464, 465, 476–477, 480, 489–491, 494; VI: 17, 19, 20, 23–25, 29, 32, 37–38, 61–62, 79, 83, 118, 120, 124, 128, 130–132, 171–173, 179– 181, 203, 207, 209–210, 243–246, 249, 288–291, 306; VII: 15–16, 28, 42–43, 56, 64, 68, 72, 75, 77–79, 87, 110, 131– 133, 137, 139, 140, 146, 157–158, 160, 221, 224, 286, 289 ex officio, I: 192 immunity or indemnity, V: 490 impeachment, I: 56, 58, 76, 77, 101, 126, 130, 157, 163, 191, 192, 194, 195, 202, 217, 226, 227, 248, 250, 277, 292, 311, 317, 345, 354; II: 117, 121, 123, 146, 154, 155, 207, 212, 243, 245, 259, 262, 275, 279, 292, 298, 324, 339, 344, 345, 362, 365; III: 15, 16, 32, 35, 51, 57, 83, 88, 118, 127, 128, 165, 175, 204, 215, 327, 328, 425; IV: 14–15, 92, 113, 120, 152–153, 179, 181, 202, 229–230, 234–236, 279, 295, 297–298, 400, 420; V: 22, 40, 41, 52, 57, 60–61, 89, 102, 131–134, 151, 163– 164, 170, 177, 180, 188–189, 224, 229– 230, 288, 359, 392, 429–431, 457, 475– 476, 493; VI: 24, 38–39, 48, 63, 128, 174, 209, 245–247, 259, 289–290, 296– 297; VII: 16, 107, 129, 144, 147, 159, 168–169, 223, 225–234, 288, 290 inability to serve, I: 56, 76, 101, 130, 163, 191, 192, 214, 226, 248, 275, 292, 300, 303, 304, 311, 345; II: 17, 25, 36, 51, 55, 96, 122, 123, 153, 154, 207, 208, 245, 262, 279, 296, 298, 319, 343– 345, 362; III: 15, 32, 51, 83, 118, 165, 211, 386, 411, 425; IV: 14, 32–33, 74– 75, 92, 113, 179, 201, 234–235, 297, 335, 352, 370, 383, 384, 401, 403, 422– 423; V: 19, 40, 60–61, 89, 102–103,

345

I NDEX USA PART I–VII 131–132, 151, 163, 176, 191–192, 229– 230, 289, 302, 331–333, 357, 390, 430, 431, 458, 475–476, 489–490; VI: 19, 24–25, 38, 62, 80, 131, 209, 245–247, 289–290; VII: 88, 111, 132, 146, 159, 223, 288 – – length of term, I: 54, 75, 99, 100, 129– 131, 161, 164, 173, 190, 192, 199, 202, 214, 225, 231, 247, 255, 258, 274, 282, 283, 286, 291, 292, 300, 309, 310, 334, 344; II: 16, 24, 36, 37, 51, 96, 99, 119, 121, 152–154, 206, 207, 211, 225, 245, 246, 261, 262, 278–280, 297, 318–320, 343, 361; III: 14, 30, 31, 50, 52, 80, 83, 117, 118, 121, 152, 164, 168, 169, 210, 212, 213, 217, 229, 231, 234, 235, 241, 250, 253, 288, 316, 327, 328, 386, 411, 415, 421, 424–426, 442; IV: 15, 33, 41, 42, 48, 56, 72, 74–75, 91, 93, 96, 112, 118, 121, 145–146, 168, 177–179, 199–201, 215, 217, 231– 232, 234–236, 279, 296–298, 332, 350, 367, 381, 400, 421, 426; V: 39, 58, 61, 88–89, 102–103, 131–132, 142– 143, 151, 162–163, 170, 176, 190, 192, 207–208, 227, 289, 302, 304, 331–333, 355, 388, 406, 421, 430, 458, 476, 490; VI: 19, 23–25, 29, 37–38, 62–64, 79– 81, 83, 124, 127–128, 171–173, 203, 207–209, 244, 289; VII: 56, 71, 75, 77, 79, 87, 110, 131–133, 139, 140, 146– 147, 157, 160, 195–196, 221, 224, 286, 289 – – plurality of offices, I: 101, 131, 162, 195, 214, 225, 231, 248, 273–275, 291, 298, 311, 316, 345, 346, 354, 355, 357; II: 16, 147, 152, 207, 211, 246, 261, 279, 298, 362; III: 14, 31, 50, 61, 89, 118, 134, 177, 182, 211, 241, 250, 251, 253, 258, 282, 413, 416, 421, 440; IV: 15, 37, 46, 75, 78–79, 92, 113, 225, 292, 295, 339, 356, 373, 387, 406, 427; V: 39, 59, 164–165, 172, 177– 178, 192–230, 302, 355–357, 388, 457, 492; VI: 24, 38, 62, 80, 131, 234–235, 249, 254, 284, 291, 294; VII: 31, 45,

346

58, 131, 159–160 – – qualifications, I: 56, 76, 99, 105, 126, 129, 190, 192, 214, 225, 248, 300, 309; II: 25, 36, 94, 121, 152, 207, 261, 278, 297, 298; III: 30, 31, 50, 51, 118, 211, 388, 402, 411, 424, 425; IV: 10, 13, 15, 28–29, 32, 72, 74–75, 91, 177, 179, 199, 231, 234, 296–297, 335, 352, 370, 381, 400, 402, 421; V: 58, 88, 102, 190, 302, 355, 388, 430, 478; VI: 18, 38, 62, 79, 124, 127–128, 171, 206, 244, 289; VII: 46, 56, 110, 132, 146, 157, 221, 286 – – re-eligibility, I: 99, 129, 214, 225, 231, 233, 247, 255, 274, 282, 309, 344, 354, 355; II: 16, 119, 152, 206, 211, 297, 318, 343; III: 30, 50, 81, 118, 165, 213, 250, 327, 388, 415, 442; IV: 75, 199, 232, 296, 335; V: 39, 63, 162–163, 170, 176, 190, 302, 304, 331–333, 355, 388; VI: 24–25, 38, 62, 79, 124, 127, 129, 171, 203, 244, 289; VII: 68, 87, 110, 131 – – remuneration, I: 56, 76, 100, 101, 129, 130, 164, 180, 191, 214, 225, 226, 231, 248, 249, 256, 275, 283, 291, 309, 311, 345, 355; II: 10, 25, 36, 37, 96, 99, 116, 120, 122, 152, 154, 210, 244, 246, 261, 262, 298, 318, 333, 345, 362; III: 14, 31, 32, 50, 51, 82, 83, 119, 144, 166, 211, 328, 413, 426, 430, 440–442, 445; IV: 31–32, 74, 92, 113, 118, 145–146, 177, 179, 199, 201, 234– 235, 264–265, 297–298, 335, 352, 370, 402, 423; V: 39, 59–61, 69, 102, 131– 132, 163, 176, 187–188, 191, 230, 289, 310, 356, 388, 431, 458, 473, 476, 488, 490; VI: 21, 38, 60–62, 79, 172– 173, 207, 244, 246–247, 256, 289–290, 295; VII: 63, 87, 132, 146, 158–161, 222–225, 287–289 – – responsibility, I: 57, 77, 100, 129–131, 164, 226, 249, 273, 292, 304, 310, 334, 344; II: 19, 120, 122–124, 153, 154, 211, 246, 262, 280, 298, 319, 321, 345, 362; III: 15, 32, 52, 121, 212, 440,

I NDEX USA PART I–VII 441; IV: 74–75, 92–93, 178, 200, 235– 236, 279, 298, 384, 403, 423; V: 61, 192, 304, 357–358, 390; VI: 12, 62– 63, 80–81, 132; VII: 133, 147, 160, 224, 289 – – right of attendance in legislature, I: 345; IV: 10, 75, 234, 297, 368; V: 170, 428, 430, 475 – ministers, I: 55, 58, 76, 77, 87, 88, 100, 101, 115, 126, 130, 131, 135, 147, 157, 164, 179, 192, 199, 200, 202, 227, 231, 233, 248–250, 255, 273, 274, 276, 277, 282, 283, 292, 300, 303, 304, 310, 317, 334, 345, 346, 354, 355; II: 26, 37, 96, 116, 124, 244, 246; III: 422, 428; IV: 81, 376; V: 10 – – appanage, I: 125 – official seat, I: 131, 137, 293, 298, 315, 322, 334; II: 28, 41, 247; III: 19; V: 304, 491; VI: 228, 280–281 – plural executive, I: 100, 190; II: 16, 245 – powers, I: 128, 161, 214; II: 9, 17, 344, 361; III: 328, 385; V: 76, 430, 459; VI: 21, 126–127, 132, 172–173, 180– 183, 186; VII: 161, 225, 290 – – adjourning legislature, I: 57, 77, 100, 118, 129, 162, 191, 215, 226, 248, 275, 309; II: 16, 25, 33, 121, 153, 245, 261, 279, 297, 344, 362; III: 15, 51, 83, 120, 167, 211, 249; IV: 13–14, 29, 73, 92, 119, 177, 200, 333, 350, 368, 382, 400, 401, 421–422; V: 59, 88–89, 191, 228, 357, 389–390, 430, 458, 475, 489; VI: 18, 244–245, 289; VII: 66, 87, 147 – – appointing power, I: 57, 77, 131, 164, 215, 216, 225, 230, 231, 240, 248, 255, 276, 279, 304, 356; II: 17, 26, 37, 39, 124, 125, 153, 301; III: 14, 17, 31, 33, 34, 52, 59, 61, 82, 87, 116, 120, 128, 142, 152, 163, 166, 172, 174, 183, 188, 211, 213, 236, 251–253, 300, 328, 380, 385, 386, 393, 399, 414, 415, 425, 426, 433, 437, 444; IV: 14, 30, 45, 73, 76, 79–80, 93–95, 145, 185, 234–236, 239–240, 242, 266, 275, 281, 297–301, 334, 351, 352, 369, 382, 384, 401, 403,

421–423, 425; V: 17, 19, 27, 42–44, 61–63, 89–90, 92, 97, 103–104, 133, 142, 164, 171, 176–177, 196–197, 242, 308, 333–335, 356–358, 360, 362– 363, 389, 392–393, 395–397, 408, 415, 428, 455, 457, 463, 479, 491–493; VI: 20, 29–30, 64, 83, 125, 133, 142, 173, 180–184, 188, 205, 207–208, 239, 247–248, 286, 290–291; VII: 16–17, 29, 43, 56–57, 66, 71–72, 74–75, 88, 136, 137, 146–147, 183 – – – vacancies, filling of, II: 16, 25, 36, 83, 96, 98, 115, 120, 124, 145, 154, 210, 229, 242, 245, 258, 261, 275, 278, 287, 298, 299, 323, 345, 346, 362, 366, 369; III: 15, 17, 31, 35, 50, 53, 55, 62, 82, 87, 116, 120, 127, 167, 169, 236, 247, 251, 252, 279, 385, 386, 393, 405, 409, 414, 415, 425, 430, 436–438, 440, 442; IV: 45, 56, 61, 80, 82, 91–92, 113, 115, 118, 120, 143, 145, 147, 176, 178, 184, 195, 197, 224–233, 235–236, 267, 278, 291–292, 296–297, 309, 384, 403, 425; V: 19, 36, 40, 43, 46, 56, 59, 62–63, 135, 144, 163, 169, 176, 186, 191, 230, 233–234, 238, 282, 288–289, 303–305, 333–335, 389, 396, 415, 475, 477, 489; VI: 29–30, 60, 62, 80, 172, 207, 232, 248–249, 283, 291; VII: 16, 29, 43, 56–57, 71, 78, 88, 105, 110, 127, 132, 144, 166, 171, 218, 229, 284, 294 – – budgetary powers, I: 344; III: 31, 426; IV: 73, 328, 334, 346, 352, 363, 369, 395, 402, 415–416, 423; V: 163, 176, 333–335; VI: 125, 129 – – – emergency budgetary powers, IV: 31 – – convoking legislature, I: 57, 77, 100, 116, 129, 154, 162, 189, 214, 226, 245, 271, 275, 290, 291, 300, 309, 355; II: 25, 36, 51, 121, 122, 153, 154, 201, 210, 241, 245, 258, 261, 278, 297, 318, 344, 354, 362; III: 15, 31, 32, 51, 83, 120, 167, 211, 250, 399,

347

I NDEX USA PART I–VII 402, 411, 412, 426, 427; IV: 13–14, 29, 67, 73, 92, 113, 145, 177, 200, 217, 232, 296, 333, 350, 368, 382, 400, 401, 421–422; V: 26, 36, 39, 59–61, 88–89, 102, 130–131, 191, 228, 289, 303, 333– 335, 357, 389–390, 430, 458, 475–476, 489; VI: 18, 27, 36, 38–39, 62, 79–80, 125, 129, 172, 185–186, 208, 244–245, 289; VII: 16, 29, 43, 57, 110, 132, 146– 147, 158, 221–222, 287, 327 – – dissolving legislature, I: 215, 291; III: 191, 412; IV: 13–14, 29, 333, 350, 382, 400, 421; VI: 18; VII: 87 – – foreign affairs, control of, V: 333–335; VI: 172, 208; VII: 16, 29, 43 – – – treaties, VI: 20, 30, 207 – – judicial powers, I: 215; III: 426; IV: 28, 34, 69, 179, 351, 368, 401; V: 333–335; VI: 125, 141, 180, 183– 184; VII: 16, 29, 31, 43, 45, 158–159, 222–223, 287 – – legislative powers, I: 45, 71; III: 167; IV: 234, 297, 303, 333, 350; V: 282; VI: 27, 121–122, 124, 129, 180–181; VII: 15, 44 – – – executive orders or ordinances, III: 14, 33; IV: 30; VII: 16, 43 – – – legislative initiative, V: 289; VI: 124 – – – sanctioning of laws, II: 25, 37, 123, 154, 208, 243, 259, 275, 295, 298, 319, 345, 364; III: 14, 32, 52, 84, 121, 168, 209, 254; IV: 23, 42, 67– 68, 90–91, 109, 142–143, 178, 200, 233, 296–297, 327, 345, 382, 400, 421; V: 39, 61–62, 85–86, 100–101, 132, 289, 303, 353–355, 386–387, 428, 455; VI: 121–122, 172, 201– 202, 247–248, 290–291; VII: 30, 57, 64, 68, 160, 223–224, 288 – – – veto power, II: 17, 25, 37, 123, 154, 208, 243, 259, 275, 295, 298, 319, 345, 364; III: 14, 32, 33, 52, 84, 121, 168, 209; IV: 23, 42, 67–68, 90–91, 109, 142–143, 145, 178, 200, 233, 296–297, 327, 345, 382, 400, 421; V: 61–62, 100–101, 132, 289,

348

303, 353–355, 386–387, 428, 455; VI: 121, 172, 201–202, 247–248, 290–291; VII: 30, 57, 64, 68, 160, 223–224, 288 – – military commanding power, I: 57, 76, 100, 129, 161, 164, 215, 225, 248, 275, 291, 300, 309, 344, 355; II: 17, 25, 36, 121, 153, 208, 245, 261, 278, 297, 318, 344, 348, 369; III: 14, 31, 50, 82, 119, 166, 211, 250, 412, 425; IV: 13– 14, 30, 79, 91–92, 112–113, 145, 177, 180, 199, 201, 232, 296, 333, 351, 368, 401, 422; V: 20, 26–27, 39, 59, 66–67, 88–89, 102, 131–132, 151, 163, 176, 191, 196–197, 228, 242, 282, 289, 302– 303, 333–335, 356, 388–389, 430, 457, 475, 489; VI: 11, 38, 62, 79, 125, 172, 181–182, 188, 207, 244, 249, 289, 292; VII: 16, 29, 43, 56–57, 60–61, 63, 68, 88, 110, 132, 146, 158–159, 221–223, 287, 288 – – pardoning power, I: 100, 129, 162, 191, 214, 226, 248, 275, 291, 300, 304, 310, 344, 354; II: 25, 36, 66, 81, 120, 152, 209, 246, 261, 279, 297, 318, 344, 362; III: 15, 31, 50, 61, 82, 119, 166, 211, 250, 412, 424, 426, 431; IV: 13– 15, 30, 73, 92, 113, 145, 178, 200, 232, 296, 334, 351, 369, 402, 422–423; V: 27, 39, 40, 62, 88–89, 102, 131, 163, 176, 190, 228–229, 282, 289, 303, 333–335, 357, 389, 430, 458, 489, 496; VI: 38, 62, 79, 124, 172, 180, 207, 245, 289; VII: 16, 29, 43, 57, 60–61, 63, 68, 87, 110, 132, 146–147, 158–159, 222– 223, 287 – – removal power, I: 103, 113, 114, 193, 210, 227, 231, 237, 240, 241, 253, 255, 277, 280, 282, 283, 314, 330; II: 37– 39, 45, 48, 76, 96; III: 16, 34, 53, 55, 86, 124, 173, 252, 278, 413, 421, 433, 434; IV: 33, 45, 76, 82, 120, 180–181, 199, 301, 334, 336, 351, 353, 371, 426; V: 103–104, 106, 123, 133–135, 141– 142, 306, 359, 392–393, 415; VI: 125, 240, 286–287; VII: 225, 290

I NDEX USA PART I–VII – – war and peacemaking, I: 23, 25; IV: 30, 112, 333, 351, 368, 401, 422; VI: 20, 30, 181–182; VII: 132 – presidential system, I: 214; II: 9; VI: 11, 203 – relation to other branches, I: 100, 129, 162, 226, 248, 275, 291, 310; II: 17, 208, 209, 245, 261, 278, 297, 319, 344; III: 15, 31, 51, 83, 120, 167, 168, 211, 212, 328, 426, 427, 433, 434, 440, 441; IV: 13–14, 92–93, 112–113, 145, 232, 296, 333, 335, 350, 353, 404; V: 59, 89, 131, 228–230, 303, 333–335; VI: 62–63, 80–81, 125, 129; VII: 132, 147, 158, 160–161, 221–222, 224–225, 287, 289 feudal institutions and practices, VII: 210, 276 – entail, I: 358, 359; VI: 228, 281 – feudal tenure, V: 126 – primogeniture, VI: 40–41, 228, 281 – privileges, I: 351 government, I: 52, 74; III: 23, 239, 243, 347, 419; VI: 102; VII: 13, 27, 41, 82, 94, 120 – federal - state relations, I: 20, 31, 37, 40, 51, 52, 54, 58, 60, 61, 74, 75, 77, 78, 83, 215; II: 16, 305, 337, 354, 376; III: 81, 91, 165, 178, 184, 249, 263, 285, 296, 411, 423, 428; IV: 15, 20, 34, 97–98, 141, 182–185, 242–243, 252–253, 265, 268, 277, 289–290, 301–302, 337, 354, 371, 372, 386; V: 37, 39, 75–76, 90, 165, 328–329, 421, 488–489; VI: 19, 28, 122, 175; VII: 14, 32, 45, 58, 156–157, 194, 213–214, 279 – – admission into federation, I: 22, 31, 37, 41, 60, 78, 324; II: 331; IV: 141, 146; VII: 156–157, 212–213, 277 – – federal powers, I: 22, 23, 28, 37, 38, 52, 74 – – supremacy of federal law, I: 25, 31, 39, 62; V: 437 – finances, I: 53, 75, 170, 311, 318; II: 243; III: 89, 94, 132, 136, 137, 180,

219, 253; IV: 16, 87, 112, 122–123; V: 37, 38, 126, 137–138, 240–241, 243, 283, 338–339, 342–344, 486; VI: 11, 143, 202; VII: 31, 44–45, 75, 130 – – budget, I: 105, 135, 158, 174, 224, 225; II: 35, 116, 147, 148, 192, 243; III: 129; V: 488 – – fiscal period, I: 105, 173, 225, 273; II: 364; V: 137, 152 – – public debt, I: 30, 31, 50, 51, 62, 73, 169, 273; II: 147, 219, 220, 247, 263, 281, 282, 301, 312, 326, 348, 349, 371, 372; III: 49, 50, 133, 181, 232, 395, 396, 429, 432, 440; IV: 103, 122– 123, 135, 150, 165–167, 170, 202–203, 287, 294, 416; V: 38, 71–73, 107–108, 137–139, 152, 238–241, 250, 308–310, 417–418, 459, 473, 488, 494; VI: 11, 256, 295; VII: 130, 145–146, 180– 182, 236–238, 298–300 – – revenue, ordinary and extraordinary, I: 24, 38, 53, 75, 135, 136, 192, 272, 318; II: 147, 217, 219, 223, 326, 327, 348; III: 13, 129, 442; IV: 150, 182, 202; V: 70, 143, 250, 417; VI: 142– 143, 186; VII: 130 – form of, III: 419; IV: 22, 65–66, 294, 317, 323–324, 341–342, 359–360, 391– 392, 411–412; V: 9, 483; VI: 11, 17, 179, 185–186 – – democracy, I: 304; V: 451 – – republic, I: 61, 78, 244, 304; II: 330 – governmental institutions see also executive, legislative, VI: 184–185; VII: 18 – public domain, V: 284, 290, 442; VII: 133 – public institutions, II: 218, 301, 369; III: 441; V: 237, 241, 273; VI: 134 – subnational government, I: 136; II: 135; IV: 111; V: 162, 179, 421 – – municipal government, I: 160, 173, 216; II: 10, 19, 159, 203, 204, 213, 249, 303, 329, 349, 364, 372, 374; III: 390; IV: 42, 68–69, 118–119, 121, 126, 152, 214; V: 22, 131, 440, 443, 444, 460; VI: 79, 173; VII: 167–168,

349

I NDEX USA PART I–VII 219, 242–243, 285, 304 – – – municipal officers, II: 19, 121, 135, 160, 167, 203, 204, 212, 249, 250, 288, 295, 302, 320, 350, 367–370; III: 13, 17, 18, 22, 31, 33–35, 56, 58, 59, 82, 127–129, 135, 174, 183–185, 189, 226, 236, 251, 253, 254, 266, 270–272, 274, 285, 294, 296, 312, 320, 324, 332, 335, 345, 390, 397, 404, 405, 407, 414–416, 422, 437, 442–445; IV: 15, 25–26, 29–30, 37, 45, 56, 58, 70, 73, 75–76, 78, 81–82, 94, 97–98, 118–120, 125–126, 128, 130, 152–153, 176, 178–179, 184– 186, 196, 198–199, 201, 225, 236– 237, 252–253, 292, 296, 298, 319, 329, 333, 334, 339, 347, 350, 351, 356, 365, 368, 369, 379, 382, 385, 386, 398, 401, 402, 404, 419–420, 423, 425, 427; V: 21, 27–28, 31, 37, 43, 45, 66, 90, 104, 109, 128, 135, 140–141, 144, 165, 178, 197–198, 207–208, 242–243, 257, 275, 276, 298, 304, 306, 333, 338, 356–357, 362–363, 371, 395–396, 432, 435, 439, 440, 454, 458, 460, 462–465, 476, 479; VI: 20, 29, 39, 64, 83, 91, 133, 173–174, 182–183, 205, 211, 234–235, 241, 252, 284, 287, 293; VII: 17, 31–32, 45–46, 57–58, 62, 66, 67, 71, 74, 77, 88, 114, 137, 138, 176, 193, 215, 225, 246–247, 249, 281, 290, 308, 310 – – provincial or state parliaments, II: 159; VII: 246, 308 – – provincial subdivisons (counties etc), IV: 102, 183–186, 376; V: 10, 23, 27, 75, 96, 103–105, 109, 128–129, 131, 135, 258, 274–276, 285, 288– 289, 329, 339, 397–398, 418–419, 437, 444, 464–466, 485–486, 490–491, 494; VI: 19, 25–29, 32, 69, 83, 90, 91, 93, 133–136, 182–183, 189–190, 203, 205, 210–211, 307; VII: 17, 27, 31– 32, 41, 45–46, 56–57, 74–76, 79–80, 138, 139, 231–233, 297, 298

350

– – supervision of local government, II: 250, 350; IV: 68–69, 123; V: 463; VI: 133; VII: 219, 285 – suits against the state, I: 146, 174; II: 147, 205, 294; III: 35, 60; IV: 85, 118, 182, 203, 218–228, 293; V: 301, 367, 402; VI: 67, 74; VII: 168, 220, 285 hereditary distinctions, outlawed, I: 95, 123, 188, 223, 245, 270, 308, 342, 352; II: 196, 293, 330, 340, 361; III: 21, 40, 66, 205, 243, 422; IV: 20, 64, 173, 193, 249, 306, 324, 342, 360, 392, 412; V: 158, 205, 219, 297, 369, 404; VI: 40, 68, 75, 102; VII: 81, 92, 119, 150 infrastructure, I: 135; II: 327; III: 396; IV: 96, 119; V: 440, 442 – postal system, I: 51, 74; V: 288–289; VI: 180, 202; VII: 145–146 – railroad, II: 110, 327, 337; III: 396; IV: 122–123, 165–167; V: 137 – roads, I: 106, 135, 273, 320; II: 203, 204, 244, 276, 277, 327; III: 88; IV: 96, 111, 122–123, 125–126, 214, 241; V: 125–126, 442, 444; VI: 180, 202; VII: 145–146 judiciary, I: 58, 77, 103, 123, 131, 153, 188, 227, 237, 250, 277, 289, 298, 303, 304, 309; II: 13, 31, 37, 45, 56, 76, 112, 125, 143, 155, 198, 213, 241, 246, 257, 262, 274, 280, 317, 322, 341, 345, 365; III: 11, 16, 27, 33, 45, 52, 74, 107, 122, 155, 206, 213, 239, 421; IV: 76, 89, 93, 107, 141, 146, 173, 180, 193, 197, 222, 237, 290, 299, 326, 344–345, 363, 394, 414; V: 35, 53–54, 63, 157, 192–193, 231, 247–248, 282, 288, 298, 304, 359, 392, 427, 431, 445, 454, 462, 472, 478, 487, 492; VI: 39, 63, 76, 81, 102–103, 137, 173, 182, 197, 203–204, 229, 281; VII: 86, 92, 98, 112, 119, 122, 147, 169, 226–234, 291 – attorney general, I: 104, 133, 139, 140, 147, 215, 217, 231, 241, 248, 255, 274,

I NDEX USA PART I–VII 282, 283, 286, 303–305, 315, 334, 344– 346; II: 10, 26, 38, 67, 72, 79, 83, 85, 98, 106, 137, 281, 288, 294, 298, 305, 324, 343, 345, 361, 362, 368, 374; III: 15, 32, 36, 52, 62, 87, 125, 127, 144, 152, 173, 175, 211, 236, 251–253, 279, 295, 415, 416, 431, 438–440; IV: 15, 56, 77, 93– 94, 105, 117–118, 128–129, 145, 152, 176, 181, 196, 199, 213, 217, 225, 229– 230, 240, 264, 279, 292, 295, 300–301, 319, 334, 351, 369, 382, 401, 424–425; V: 10, 27, 43, 65, 69, 71, 103, 132–133, 143, 162–164, 171, 176–177, 226–227, 230, 240, 255, 257–258, 333–335, 430– 432, 439, 456, 460, 464, 474, 476, 478, 480, 490–492, 494; VI: 20, 21, 29, 78, 94, 174, 204, 234–235, 241, 259, 284, 287, 296–297, 306; VII: 46, 88, 114, 132, 137, 147–148, 161, 225, 241, 290, 303 – council of censors, I: 359; V: 342–344, 444; VII: 19, 33–34, 47–48, 69, 72–73, 75, 79–80 – courts, I: 94, 103, 215, 230, 231, 240, 241, 250, 252, 270, 298, 305; II: 10, 19, 26, 193, 215, 293, 340, 374; III: 18, 21, 49, 65, 124, 143, 269, 299, 343, 445; IV: 13, 68, 81, 172, 192, 301, 327, 345; V: 91, 104, 219, 235, 256–257, 295, 326, 367, 402, 445–447, 463; VI: 29, 67, 74, 86, 103; VII: 13, 17, 27, 41, 131, 136, 138, 150 – – appellate court, I: 194, 216, 279; II: 155; III: 87, 254, 276, 279, 414, 416, 431–433, 436, 440; IV: 197; V: 20, 27, 40, 42, 43, 133–136, 144 – – court of arbitration, V: 289 – – court of sessions, IV: 76; V: 104, 195, 305, 431; VI: 238–239, 286; VII: 135, 137 – – courts of equity, I: 103, 228–230, 237– 240, 251, 252, 254, 277–279, 281; II: 155, 262, 280, 322, 323; III: 57, 254, 275, 380, 388, 414–416, 419, 434, 435, 438; IV: 180, 197–198, 208, 216, 237–239, 265, 300, 386; V: 20, 38, 40,

41, 90, 136, 143–144, 289, 335–336, 361, 394, 462, 478; VI: 19, 20, 28–29; VII: 16, 28, 41, 57–58 – – inferior courts, I: 51, 58, 74, 77, 102, 117, 119, 131, 132, 139, 140, 165, 192, 215, 216, 222, 227–230, 236–239, 244, 250–254, 259, 270, 277–280, 282, 292, 303, 304, 313, 314, 330, 331, 333; II: 19, 37, 38, 45, 46, 48, 56, 57, 59, 60, 76, 102, 110, 125, 126, 155, 157, 158, 166, 213–215, 240, 246, 247, 249, 262, 280, 299, 322, 323, 345, 346, 365, 366; III: 16, 33, 52, 54, 55, 57, 85, 86, 122, 126, 152, 169, 172, 200, 213, 236, 275, 321, 323, 324, 331, 332, 334, 335, 347, 432–438; IV: 24, 76, 93, 114–116, 128, 146–147, 180, 197–199, 212, 236–239, 264–265, 268, 270, 275, 276, 281, 298–300, 319, 385, 386, 404; V: 20, 27, 40–43, 46, 63–64, 105–106, 134–136, 143–144, 193–194, 231–233, 251, 258, 282, 289, 304–305, 336, 359– 362, 392–395, 415, 431, 432, 436, 462, 478–479, 492; VI: 39, 63, 81–82, 140– 141, 173, 203–204, 238–243, 261, 286– 288, 297–298; VII: 41, 133, 135, 136, 145–147, 169–172, 226–230, 234–236, 291, 292, 294, 295 – – local courts, I: 103, 119, 131, 133, 165–167, 206, 216, 227, 237, 278, 313; II: 38, 48, 102, 155–157, 168, 246, 247, 262, 280, 299, 345–347, 365, 367, 374; III: 34, 56, 57, 252, 254, 255, 275, 278, 279, 317, 320, 349, 374, 380, 390, 404, 414, 415, 417, 432, 433, 435– 437; IV: 93, 114, 146–147, 268, 299– 300; V: 41, 90, 103–106, 135, 143– 144, 231–232, 257, 272, 273, 304–306; VI: 32, 64, 204–205, 238, 240–241, 286–287; VII: 31–32, 45–46, 55–56, 58, 62, 67, 74–76, 79, 133, 135, 137, 169, 226–234, 291 – – military courts, III: 252, 254, 416, 421, 426; IV: 334, 351; V: 42, 43, 90, 103, 142, 484–485; VI: 19, 68, 75; VII: 27

351

I NDEX USA PART I–VII – – supreme court, I: 58, 77, 102, 131, 132, 165, 167, 192, 210, 216, 227, 228, 236–238, 250–253, 277–280, 292, 303–305, 313; II: 18, 19, 25, 26, 37, 38, 45–48, 56, 57, 69, 71, 76, 108, 110, 125, 155, 157, 158, 165, 168, 172, 213, 214, 246, 247, 262, 280, 299, 300, 322, 323, 345, 346, 365; III: 16, 33, 52, 53, 55, 85, 122–124, 143, 169, 172, 189, 213, 435; IV: 31–32, 76, 93, 114– 115, 146, 180, 197, 237, 265, 299– 301, 337, 354, 371, 404, 424, 427; V: 20, 40–42, 63, 65, 90, 105, 134, 136, 143–144, 192–193, 231, 257, 282– 284, 289, 304–305, 335–336, 359– 361, 392–394, 431, 435, 445, 462, 466, 478–480, 492, 494; VI: 39, 63, 81, 141–142, 173–174, 203–204, 238–239, 286; VII: 16, 32, 46, 112, 147, 169, 171–172, 226–230, 234, 291, 295 – – – as appellate court, II: 37, 45, 46, 56, 57, 76, 125, 155, 247, 262, 280, 299, 322, 365; III: 17, 33, 53, 85, 122, 170; IV: 114, 146, 197, 237, 299, 404, 424; V: 63, 193; VI: 81, 205, 238–239, 241–242, 286–288; VII: 133, 135, 136, 169, 226–292 – – – as constitutional court, II: 165 – – – judges, II: 26, 37, 38, 45, 67, 72, 82, 83, 123, 125, 126, 155, 156, 213, 215, 243, 244, 246, 247, 259, 261, 262, 275, 280, 299, 300, 305, 322– 324, 345, 346, 354, 366; III: 16, 18, 34, 35, 53, 54, 57, 86, 87, 90, 123, 124, 151–153, 172, 174, 189, 213, 214; IV: 15, 76, 93, 114–116, 128– 130, 181, 198–199, 230, 265, 295, 299, 301, 335, 339, 352, 356, 370, 386, 402, 404, 423, 426–427; V: 40, 41, 43, 63–65, 85–86, 90–91, 105, 134–135, 144, 163, 171, 176, 187– 188, 193–194, 233–235, 272, 282, 284, 305–307, 310, 335, 364, 399, 463, 478–479, 492–493; VI: 63–64, 82, 142, 173, 211, 238–240, 256, 286–287, 295; VII: 16, 27, 29, 41,

352

43, 113, 135, 144, 167–171, 227– 231, 235–236, 292, 294, 296 – – – – appointment, II: 45, 56, 67, 76, 125, 155, 156, 158, 213, 228, 247, 262, 280, 281, 288, 299, 323, 345, 354, 365; III: 53, 125, 151, 171, 172; IV: 105, 146, 156, 180, 197, 199, 239, 264, 266, 267, 275, 278, 299, 309, 319, 425, 427; V: 27, 43, 64, 135, 143, 162, 176, 194, 231, 255–256, 289, 304–305, 392–393, 415, 431, 462, 478–479, 492–493; VI: 39, 63, 81, 94, 142, 173–174, 205, 239, 286, 306; VII: 61, 72, 78, 88, 113, 135, 139, 146–147, 171, 194–195 – – – – chief justice, II: 10, 18, 19, 125, 155, 246, 262, 280, 322–324, 346, 365; III: 123, 127, 151–153, 170, 175; IV: 94, 114, 120, 146, 400, 420, 426–427; V: 41, 63, 69, 105, 170, 282, 305, 415, 429, 431, 457, 475, 493; VI: 205, 238, 286; VII: 170, 227–228, 235–236, 292, 293 – – – – impeachment, II: 37, 45, 56, 76, 126, 156, 243, 259, 275, 292, 324, 339, 365; III: 15, 57, 124, 127, 128, 172, 173, 175, 204, 215; IV: 94, 120, 152, 229–230, 239– 240, 295; V: 22, 41, 52, 57, 64, 170, 171, 180, 224, 335, 429–431, 457, 462, 475, 478–479, 492–493; VI: 81, 138, 142, 174, 240, 259, 286–287, 297; VII: 16, 61, 107, 129 – – – – incompatibility with other offices, II: 215, 262, 280, 323, 366; III: 134, 174, 177, 182, 213, 215, 241, 253, 421; IV: 10, 15, 37, 46, 78–79, 93, 105, 147, 225, 292, 295, 339, 356, 373, 406, 427; V: 21, 28, 37, 43, 90, 106, 134, 164–165, 172, 177–178, 194, 333– 335, 356–357, 392–393, 415, 492– 493; VI: 39, 63, 82; VII: 45, 58,

I NDEX USA PART I–VII 112, 136, 171 – – – – number, II: 18, 76, 125, 155, 213, 246, 262, 280, 299, 300, 345, 346, 365; III: 53, 85, 123, 170; IV: 114, 146, 180, 197, 237, 299; V: 41, 63, 105, 135–136, 193, 231, 234, 289, 304–305, 431; VI: 81, 238, 286; VII: 135, 169–170, 227– 236, 292 – – – – qualifications, II: 156, 247; III: 53; IV: 114, 147, 181, 197, 239, 300, 386, 404; V: 304–305, 415; VI: 81, 94, 137, 142, 174, 241–242, 287–288; VII: 171 – – – – tenure, II: 37, 45, 56, 67, 72, 76, 125, 155, 168, 213, 262, 280, 299, 324, 345, 354, 365; III: 16, 34, 53, 86, 123, 151, 170–172, 213, 251; IV: 15, 23, 66, 76, 93, 105, 115, 146, 197, 215, 239, 265–266, 270, 275, 278, 299, 309, 326, 344, 362, 377, 394, 414, 425; V: 21, 27, 43, 64, 90, 105–106, 134, 162, 176, 194, 255–256, 289, 305, 335, 359, 392–393, 406–407, 415, 431, 462, 478–479, 492; VI: 39, 63, 81, 94, 173–174, 203–204, 239, 286; VII: 17, 58, 61, 71–72, 78, 88, 112–113, 147, 227–236, 292 – judges, I: 104, 113, 119, 126, 137, 139, 157, 166–168, 206, 228, 229, 231, 252, 253, 255, 266, 267, 278–280, 282, 314– 316, 330, 331; II: 10, 38, 48, 59, 82, 83, 125, 126, 156, 157, 214, 215, 243, 244, 247, 259, 261, 275, 280, 299, 300, 311, 323, 346, 354, 366, 367; III: 16, 18, 34, 35, 54–56, 82, 86–88, 90, 94, 124, 125, 127, 152, 173–175, 213, 214, 228, 236, 245, 251–253, 266, 270, 272, 276, 278, 279, 393, 415, 416, 421, 433, 435, 436, 438–440, 444; IV: 15, 34, 75–76, 82, 90, 114–116, 118, 126, 128, 130, 147, 180– 181, 185, 197–199, 239–240, 265–266, 298, 300–301, 314, 319, 336, 338, 339, 353, 355, 356, 371, 373, 386, 404, 405, 424–425; V: 40, 41, 43, 65, 69, 90, 103–

104, 106, 133–136, 144, 163, 193–194, 224, 233–235, 272, 305–306, 335, 360– 362, 364, 393–395, 399, 407–408, 431, 432, 463, 492; VI: 19, 29, 39–40, 46, 63–64, 81–82, 182, 204–205, 211, 239– 240, 256, 286–287, 295; VII: 27, 31, 41, 45, 58, 75, 88, 135, 137, 167–168, 172, 229–230, 294 – – appointment or election, I: 117, 140, 278, 280, 286, 331; II: 48, 59, 60, 155, 156, 166, 228, 262, 280, 281, 288, 299, 323, 346, 354; III: 54–57, 152, 170, 175, 200, 236, 275, 278, 279, 416, 433– 439, 445; IV: 76–77, 93, 114–116, 121, 146–147, 156, 180, 197–199, 238, 264–268, 270, 275–276, 281, 299– 300, 308–309, 319, 424–425; V: 19, 41–43, 105–106, 134–135, 143, 162, 172, 194, 233, 255–256, 258, 305, 333– 335, 360, 415, 431, 439, 463; VI: 20, 63, 81, 94, 140, 182–183, 205, 239, 286, 306; VII: 17, 57, 66, 71, 74, 77, 79, 88, 135–137, 139, 170, 173, 228, 231, 293, 296 – – incompatibility with other offices, I: 248, 253, 273, 280, 336, 345, 346, 357; II: 215, 262, 280, 323, 366; III: 134, 174, 241, 437; IV: 37, 46, 78–79, 114–115, 147, 225, 292, 295, 299, 339, 356, 373, 406, 427; V: 37, 90, 106, 134, 164–165, 178, 194, 356– 357, 392–393, 415, 492; VI: 24–25, 39, 82; VII: 58, 136 – – legally competent judges, I: 212; II: 216; III: 55, 241, 254, 275, 278, 416, 434; IV: 147, 197, 418; V: 134, 306, 392–393, 415; VI: 137, 140, 174, 241–242, 287–288 – – removal, V: 41, 392–393, 492; VI: 138, 174; VII: 16–17, 58, 113, 136, 172–173 – judicial districts, II: 158, 280, 288, 289, 366, 367; III: 53, 55–57, 125, 152, 236, 275, 278, 279, 343, 375, 390, 393, 433, 434, 438; IV: 114, 121, 126, 129–131, 139, 146–147, 156, 180, 197, 237–238,

353

I NDEX USA PART I–VII 266, 281, 299–300; V: 63–64, 90, 105– 106, 134–136, 193, 231–232, 258, 272, 313–314, 360, 393, 396, 415; VI: 48, 83, 94, 140, 173, 204, 239, 286, 306; VII: 66, 74, 133–135, 137, 170, 227– 228, 293 – juries, II: 19; V: 446, 492; VI: 182; VII: 17, 32 – jurisdiction, I: 21, 25, 58, 59, 77, 103, 105, 122, 166, 167, 187, 192, 193, 228– 230, 237–240, 250–253, 255, 278–282, 292, 305, 313, 357; II: 18, 26, 37, 45, 46, 56, 57, 69, 76, 87, 108, 109, 125, 127, 134, 156, 165, 168, 194, 203, 214, 224, 227, 240, 247, 250, 262, 280, 299, 300, 303, 322, 346, 351, 352, 365, 366; III: 16, 55–57, 65, 87, 126, 135, 136, 173, 221, 279, 343, 435, 438, 439; IV: 20, 76, 115, 128, 141, 147–148, 180, 197–199, 237–238, 265, 300, 385, 386, 404, 424; V: 134–135, 143–144, 193– 194, 232–233, 258, 272, 273, 282, 301, 304–306, 360, 393, 431, 435, 436, 462, 478–480, 492–494; VI: 19, 82, 182–183, 226, 242–243, 279–280, 288; VII: 112, 131, 133, 135–138, 140, 169–171, 185– 186, 208, 226–232, 234, 238, 273, 291, 297, 300 – – appellate, I: 229, 230, 236, 238–240, 251, 252, 254, 278, 281; II: 213, 323; III: 85, 172, 433, 434, 440; IV: 114, 146–147, 238, 424; V: 105–106, 231– 232, 289, 305; VI: 242, 288; VII: 170– 171, 228–229, 294 – – ordinary, I: 103, 122, 166, 314; II: 102; V: 41 – – original, I: 132, 228, 236, 238, 250; II: 76, 155, 213, 323, 365; III: 16, 126; IV: 114, 146–147, 180, 197–198, 238, 424; V: 136, 193, 231–232, 289; VI: 240–242, 287–288; VII: 135, 170– 171, 228–229, 294 – – reciprocity of recognition of judgments, I: 21, 60, 78; III: 172 – – restrictions upon, I: 230, 238, 255, 282, 313; II: 323, 330; III: 174, 275,

354

415, 434; IV: 386; V: 135 – local judicial officers, I: 103, 104, 131– 134, 137, 139, 165–167, 193, 206, 215, 227, 230, 231, 237, 240, 241, 253, 255, 259, 274, 280, 282, 283, 300, 303, 304, 313–315, 333, 334, 346, 354–357; II: 10, 16, 18, 19, 38, 39, 44, 48, 49, 59, 60, 67, 72, 79, 83, 85, 98, 102, 106, 127, 147, 151, 155–157, 164, 166, 203, 211, 214, 215, 243, 247, 249, 256, 259, 263, 265, 272, 276, 281, 286, 295, 299, 300, 305, 311, 320, 322–324, 333, 345– 347, 365, 366, 369; III: 13, 17, 18, 22, 30, 34, 36, 40, 48, 54, 56–58, 85, 87, 95, 126, 127, 134, 152, 169, 170, 172– 175, 182, 183, 189, 211, 213, 228, 236, 245, 247, 251–254, 266, 270, 272, 279, 314, 317, 320, 347, 380, 404, 405, 414– 416, 428, 431–436, 438–440; IV: 15, 30, 33–34, 45–46, 73, 75–77, 82, 88, 90, 93– 94, 114–116, 120, 123, 126, 146–148, 156, 176, 180–181, 196–199, 225, 238– 240, 253, 268, 292, 299–300, 308–309, 314, 319, 334, 336–339, 351, 353–356, 369, 371, 373, 377, 382, 386, 401, 404– 406, 424–425, 427; V: 20, 21, 27–28, 34, 37, 40–43, 46, 52, 65, 90, 103–105, 114, 134–136, 143–144, 164–165, 170–172, 177–178, 194–195, 220, 233–235, 243, 255–258, 282, 284, 304, 306, 337–338, 359, 362–364, 389, 392, 395–397, 399, 407–409, 429, 431, 439, 446, 463–465, 479, 484, 493; VI: 20, 28–29, 40, 61, 64, 78, 81–83, 94, 174, 204–205, 239, 241, 243, 286–288; VII: 16–17, 28, 29, 55–58, 62, 66, 67, 72, 74, 77, 88, 112– 114, 136–138, 145, 169, 172–174, 196, 226–231, 234, 291, 295, 296 – relation to other branches, III: 86, 213, 435, 436, 438, 440; IV: 33–34, 265, 336, 353, 371; V: 41, 289; VI: 19, 173 – – distinction from administrative bodies, I: 316; VI: 137; VII: 86, 92, 98, 119, 122 – remuneration, I: 58, 77, 103, 132, 133, 167, 215, 227, 237, 253, 280, 313, 315,

I NDEX USA PART I–VII 333, 345, 355; II: 10, 26, 38, 48, 59, 82, 98, 126, 156, 157, 215, 244, 261, 280, 299, 323, 324, 346, 365, 366; III: 34, 36, 53, 55, 56, 85, 123–125, 153, 170, 174, 213, 241, 278, 430, 433–436, 439, 445; IV: 23, 31–32, 66, 93, 118, 126, 147, 180, 185, 197–198, 239, 265, 299, 326, 335, 344, 352, 362, 370, 377, 394, 402, 414, 423; V: 20, 21, 41, 43, 69, 134–136, 144, 163, 171, 176, 187–188, 194, 234, 310, 335–336, 359, 392–393, 415, 431, 463, 479, 493; VI: 21, 39, 60–61, 63, 82, 142, 174, 203–204, 239, 256, 286, 295; VII: 17, 113, 136, 137, 147, 171, 174, 228–230, 293, 294 – trials, I: 59, 77, 133, 215; II: 18, 19, 76, 87, 272, 322; III: 153, 200; IV: 41, 84, 325, 343, 361, 385, 393, 412–413, 424; V: 452, 470, 479; VI: 19, 40, 46, 82, 240– 241, 287; VII: 32, 46 – – hearing of evidence, II: 165; III: 20, 38; IV: 87, 116, 172, 191; V: 361, 394 language, III: 91, 179, 184, 187, 191 – official language, II: 168, 329; III: 131, 136; IV: 125, 301 – other languages, III: 131; V: 359 law, I: 58, 77, 151, 273, 305, 342, 343, 357; II: 9, 90, 116, 146, 195, 203, 205, 240, 244, 256, 260, 275, 276, 283, 295, 296, 304, 320, 321, 329, 342, 343, 351, 352, 364, 372; III: 18, 49, 61, 124, 129, 133, 134, 179, 181, 254, 420; IV: 69, 83, 88, 91, 103, 110–112, 117, 122–123, 126, 128–130, 143–144, 146, 149–151, 181– 182, 231, 294, 296, 326, 339, 344, 355, 356, 362, 373, 394, 406, 413–414, 427; V: 10, 18, 19, 54, 70–72, 157, 187, 223, 283–284, 298–301, 309, 330, 427, 454, 472; VI: 32, 60, 78, 86, 98, 205–206, 212, 230–231, 254, 282, 294; VII: 15, 18–19, 30, 33, 44, 47, 82, 93, 119, 128, 166, 219, 284 – civil law, I: 322 – codification of existing bodies of law, I: 232, 256, 283; II: 194, 340; IV: 320;

V: 126–127; VI: 23 – transitional provisions, I: 62, 95, 108, 109, 136, 195, 232, 233, 237, 241, 256– 260, 283–287, 301, 303, 305, 309, 322, 323, 327, 338; II: 9, 40, 47, 72, 87, 135–137, 165–168, 227–229, 250, 251, 265, 266, 287, 305, 312, 331, 353, 374; III: 18, 22, 36, 40, 60, 66, 67, 87, 94– 96, 110, 114, 138, 142, 143, 188, 189, 191, 217, 237, 239, 243, 254, 419, 422, 438, 444, 445; IV: 16, 37–38, 42, 48, 79, 82, 96–97, 127–128, 130, 154–155, 184, 204, 215, 217, 249–250, 253, 278, 306, 317, 319, 338, 339, 355, 356, 373, 374, 406, 422, 427; V: 28, 45, 46, 73, 91–92, 108–109, 127, 143–144, 180, 206–207, 255–258, 313, 364, 370, 398–399, 405– 406, 408–409, 435, 436, 466, 471, 476, 478, 480, 484, 488, 494; VI: 20, 21, 30, 40, 66, 69, 85, 87, 94, 146, 175, 179, 185–186, 209, 211, 262–263, 266–267, 298–300; VII: 113, 115, 140, 151, 191– 193, 195, 247–249, 258, 309, 310, 319 – uniformity of, I: 151; II: 204, 272, 277, 296, 364; IV: 15–16, 37–38, 79, 93, 117, 198, 406; V: 27–28, 38, 65, 90–91, 130– 131, 165, 178, 195, 224–225, 235–236, 252, 336–337, 362, 395, 487, 489–490; VI: 39, 86, 137; VII: 174 legislature, I: 123, 153, 154, 188, 213, 223, 245, 271, 289, 298, 303, 304, 309, 343, 352; II: 10, 13, 23, 31, 39, 112, 143, 198, 241, 243, 257, 274, 317, 320, 341, 363; III: 11, 27, 45, 74, 93, 107, 155, 156, 163, 183, 185, 186, 189, 206, 239, 253, 407, 410, 419, 432; IV: 10, 22–23, 66– 67, 78, 89, 107, 141, 173–174, 193–194, 222, 290, 326–327, 344–345, 363, 376, 394–395, 414–415; V: 9, 17, 35, 53–54, 99, 157, 161, 175, 183–184, 220, 282, 288, 298–299, 326, 349, 359, 381–472, 487; VI: 18, 23, 33, 59, 76, 102–103, 169, 197, 229, 281; VII: 13, 27, 41, 55, 60, 62, 66, 86, 92, 98–100, 119, 122, 143, 161, 216, 281 – convocation of, I: 48, 72, 137, 211, 298;

355

I NDEX USA PART I–VII II: 51, 62, 64; III: 12, 29, 47, 75, 145, 209, 240, 357, 420; IV: 67, 204–205, 217, 327, 345, 363, 395, 415; V: 18, 178, 351, 384, 406; VI: 116–117, 120; VII: 71 – joint sessions, I: 48, 72, 100, 116, 118, 154, 189, 213, 223, 245, 271, 290, 311, 338; II: 17, 28, 32, 67, 72, 79, 83, 85, 107, 115, 117, 145, 201, 205, 228, 241, 252, 258, 274, 288, 296, 305, 321, 343, 365; III: 12, 22, 28, 75, 78, 108, 161, 164, 166, 180, 247–250, 264, 282, 288, 301, 316, 327, 392, 399, 411, 414, 424, 427, 429, 430, 440, 441; IV: 23, 32–33, 41, 48, 91, 111, 141–142, 169, 230–231, 295, 309, 319, 326, 344, 362, 377, 394, 414; V: 25, 38, 43, 54, 71, 85, 101, 170, 224, 270, 279, 300, 327–328, 427, 438, 456, 465, 472, 488, 491; VI: 17, 19, 36, 59–60, 77, 170, 208–209; VII: 68, 77– 79, 86, 98–100, 105, 122, 127, 139, 144, 166, 218, 283 – lower house, I: 45, 71, 96, 105, 115, 123, 213, 223, 245, 271, 290, 343; II: 13, 14, 112, 114, 143, 199, 242, 257, 274, 320, 341, 363; III: 11, 27, 45, 74, 83, 107, 155, 156, 159, 206, 245, 249, 407, 427; IV: 10, 13, 23, 27, 33, 67, 71, 89, 108, 141–142, 174, 194, 222, 290, 313, 318, 327, 345, 363, 395, 415; V: 17, 25, 35, 54, 85, 99, 128, 161–162, 175, 183– 184, 220–221, 288, 298–299, 325–326, 349, 381–438, 454, 456, 472–474, 487; VI: 23, 33, 59, 76, 103, 169, 197, 230– 231, 282; VII: 13, 27, 41, 55, 60, 62, 66, 86, 98–100, 122, 143, 160–161, 216, 281 – – members, I: 21, 39, 45, 48, 71, 72, 97, 115, 116, 127, 159, 160, 189, 213, 223, 231, 245, 255, 271, 272, 274, 282, 291, 298, 299, 303–305, 313, 327, 343, 344, 351–353, 355; II: 15, 24, 31, 33, 53, 101, 113, 115–117, 143, 144, 199, 200, 205, 241–244, 258, 260, 274–277, 294, 312, 320, 342, 363; III: 13, 18, 28, 30, 35, 47, 74, 80, 88, 116, 128, 156, 176,

356

206, 236, 239, 246, 249, 251, 254, 265, 287, 314, 322, 407, 415, 416, 419, 427; IV: 44, 58, 89, 128, 142–143, 330, 337, 339, 354, 356, 372, 378, 396, 405, 407, 416, 426; V: 13, 17, 38, 45, 86, 88, 96, 109, 162, 260–261, 299, 302, 364, 399, 438, 465, 488–489, 492; VI: 17, 19, 24–25, 43, 44, 61, 65, 84, 171; VII: 12, 26, 77, 161, 167–168, 216, 281 – – – appointment, II: 88, 296; III: 427; VI: 111 – – – election, II: 13, 15, 23, 28, 67, 72, 79, 83, 85, 88, 93, 112, 114, 143, 145, 199–201, 241, 242, 258, 274, 288, 295, 320, 321, 332, 341, 354, 363; III: 11, 27–29, 36, 45, 47, 48, 60, 75, 77, 78, 90, 93, 95, 108, 113, 130, 144, 156, 160, 163, 178, 189, 191, 205, 206, 209, 216, 229, 230, 233, 245, 246, 251, 254, 264, 266, 268, 270–272, 274, 283, 285, 294, 319, 327, 328, 373, 375, 383, 384, 386, 399, 407, 408, 417, 423, 428, 430, 435, 436, 438, 440; IV: 11–13, 27–28, 38, 41–43, 48, 55, 69, 71– 72, 77, 89–90, 97–98, 104, 108–109, 111, 129, 142, 144, 155–156, 174– 175, 177, 179, 184–185, 194–196, 204–205, 209, 213, 222–223, 226, 251–253, 273, 290, 292–293, 318, 319, 330–332, 348, 349, 366, 396, 416–418, 423; V: 17, 18, 25–26, 28– 29, 35, 36, 38, 43, 45, 54–55, 75, 86– 88, 99–100, 129–130, 143, 157, 161– 162, 168, 169, 175–176, 184–185, 207–208, 220, 270, 282, 288, 299– 300, 326–328, 330–331, 349, 372, 381, 396, 418–419, 421, 422, 427– 429, 432, 439, 455, 456, 461, 464, 465, 472–474, 476–477, 480, 487– 488, 490–491, 493–494; VI: 18, 20, 25–28, 33, 36, 45, 52, 54, 57, 59– 60, 69, 77, 103–107, 112–113, 117, 130, 169–170, 175–176, 197, 210– 211, 231–232, 234–235, 251, 282– 284, 292–293; VII: 13–15, 28, 42,

I NDEX USA PART I–VII

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–––

–––

55, 60, 72, 74, 77–78, 86, 92, 99, 105, 108, 122, 127, 139, 143–145, 151, 165–166, 216–217, 282, 327 immunity, indemnity, II: 24, 33, 115, 145, 200, 242, 258, 275, 295, 342, 364; III: 13, 29, 48, 79, 114, 162, 210, 420, 430; IV: 28, 44, 66, 69, 90, 108–109, 142, 176, 195, 227– 228, 293, 326, 332, 344, 349, 362, 367, 394, 397, 414, 417–418; V: 36, 72, 130, 165, 178, 186, 222, 299– 300, 353, 385, 427, 455, 472, 487; VI: 36, 60, 77, 105–106, 170, 199– 200, 232–233, 283; VII: 40, 145, 166, 186, 218–219, 284 incompatibility, II: 116, 117, 144, 146, 197, 259, 276, 294, 295; III: 48, 79, 89, 92, 115, 162, 177, 210, 250–252, 259, 284, 413, 428, 431; IV: 10, 44, 78–79, 110–111, 176–177, 196, 225, 292, 339, 356, 373, 387, 406; V: 57, 89, 100, 130, 164, 177, 189, 333, 427, 455, 472, 487; VI: 18, 28, 61, 65, 78, 201, 235, 284; VII: 104, 107, 127, 128, 218, 245, 283, 307 leader of lower house, II: 275, 321; III: 431; IV: 69, 176, 196, 201, 273; V: 56; VI: 114–115; VII: 144 length of term, II: 14, 23, 228, 241, 258, 274, 295, 320, 341, 354; III: 11, 27, 45, 74, 108, 156, 160, 206, 231, 234, 235, 399, 427; IV: 27– 28, 42, 71, 89, 108, 144, 174, 194, 215, 219, 222–223, 290, 319, 332, 349, 366, 396, 417; V: 28–29, 54, 99, 128, 143, 161, 168, 175, 184, 207–208, 220, 270, 299, 327, 349, 381, 421, 476; VI: 18, 33, 77, 105– 106, 117–118, 169, 197, 231, 282; VII: 62, 86, 99, 122, 139, 143, 165, 327 mandatory attendance, II: 32, 107, 114, 145, 201, 242, 258, 274, 321; III: 13, 29, 48, 113, 209; IV: 58, 90, 109, 142, 175, 195, 226, 292–293;

–––

–––

––– –––

V: 55, 185, 220–221, 300, 352, 384, 428, 455, 472; VI: 36, 60, 77, 232, 282; VII: 105, 127, 144–145, 165, 217, 282 plurality of offices, II: 16, 23, 32, 144, 147, 197, 205, 243, 246, 259, 276, 294, 295, 341, 363; III: 13, 30, 36, 48, 61, 79, 115, 131, 134, 162, 182, 210, 241, 250, 251, 258, 263, 384, 413, 421, 428, 430; IV: 37, 46, 78, 90–91, 108, 142, 176, 196, 295, 320, 339, 356, 373, 387, 406, 427; V: 18, 19, 28, 37, 56, 90, 100, 130, 164–165, 172, 177–178, 188–189, 220, 223, 298, 302, 326–327, 353, 385, 397–398, 427, 455, 478, 492; VI: 17, 24–25, 28, 37, 61, 78, 104– 106, 171, 201, 234–235, 252–254, 283–284, 293–294; VII: 31, 45, 58, 60, 104, 105, 127, 145, 165–166, 218, 283 qualifications, II: 23, 24, 32, 74, 113, 114, 144, 145, 200, 201, 242, 258, 274, 295, 312, 320, 321, 341, 363; III: 11, 13, 27, 29, 45, 48, 78, 108, 113, 161, 207–209, 246, 384, 407, 408, 428; IV: 10, 13, 15, 54, 69, 72, 90, 108–109, 144, 174–175, 194–195, 223, 226, 290–293, 349, 366, 381, 417–418; V: 18, 25–26, 35, 36, 54–55, 99, 130, 162, 175, 184–185, 220–221, 288, 299, 326– 328, 349, 352, 381–382, 384, 428, 429, 455, 472, 478, 487; VI: 18, 26, 34, 36, 60, 77, 103–104, 114–115, 170, 197–198, 232, 282; VII: 13–14, 28, 42, 44, 56, 74, 86, 104, 105, 127, 143–145, 165–166, 217, 282 re-eligibility, II: 320; III: 48; V: 18, 165–166, 178, 327; VI: 117–118 remuneration, II: 146, 147, 205, 211, 243, 246, 260, 276, 296, 319, 321, 333, 343, 363; III: 13, 29, 32, 48, 75, 78, 96, 114, 119, 161, 209, 384, 430, 431, 445; IV: 44, 67, 91, 109–110, 137, 142, 176, 196, 228,

357

I NDEX USA PART I–VII 250–251, 273, 285, 293, 318, 320, 332, 381, 397, 417; V: 36, 46, 69, 100, 130, 187–188, 223, 226, 301– 302, 353, 385, 488, 498; VI: 37, 61, 78, 105, 171, 199–200, 234, 237, 283, 285; VII: 105, 127, 145, 166– 167, 219, 284 – – – speaker, II: 14, 23, 24, 26, 32, 33, 35, 51, 62, 64, 114, 116, 119, 145, 146, 152, 206, 211, 242, 245, 246, 259, 261, 262, 275, 278, 279, 298, 318, 319, 321, 362; III: 12, 13, 28, 32, 47, 51, 76, 110, 117, 119, 158, 164, 166, 207, 211, 246, 254, 386, 408, 417, 424, 425, 430; IV: 15, 28, 92, 110, 145, 175–177, 195–196, 199, 201, 227, 234–235, 252–253, 293, 297–298, 314, 319, 332, 349, 367, 397, 418; V: 18, 26, 36, 40, 56, 60, 69, 87, 130, 132–133, 151, 162– 163, 175–176, 185, 187, 191–192, 229–230, 288, 302, 327–328, 351– 353, 384, 386, 429, 432, 433, 438, 456, 460, 461, 465, 474, 476–478, 489; VI: 18, 19, 27–28, 37, 60, 77– 78, 80, 170, 172–173, 198, 203, 232– 234, 243–244, 282–284, 288–289; VII: 13–14, 28, 42, 87, 105, 127, 131, 144, 195, 251–252, 312 – – – vacancy, II: 39, 115, 229, 275, 295, 321, 342, 363, 364; III: 13, 30, 49, 80, 116, 163, 207, 408, 430; IV: 26, 90, 96, 108, 113, 176, 195, 201, 224– 292, 319, 331, 332, 339, 349, 356, 367, 381, 384, 397, 403, 417; V: 36, 56, 162, 175, 186, 222, 288, 304, 353, 386, 427–429, 455, 456, 465, 474, 491; VI: 18, 27–28, 37–38, 60, 77, 200, 232, 283; VII: 87, 105, 127, 144, 166, 218, 284 – – powers, I: 30, 39, 59, 61, 78, 98, 101– 103, 105, 107, 124, 132, 139, 165, 173, 176, 180, 189, 214, 280, 290, 298, 299, 301, 305, 315, 316, 353; II: 10, 24, 26, 32, 34, 35, 37–40, 45–48, 56, 57, 71, 76, 102, 106, 110, 147, 157, 159, 202,

358

215, 223, 242, 246–248, 250, 256, 258, 281, 293, 300, 302, 321, 325, 327, 328, 341, 342; III: 16, 18, 35–37, 49, 50, 55, 59–61, 130, 131, 133–137, 153, 200, 204, 385, 387, 402, 408, 424, 439, 442; IV: 13, 22, 24, 27, 29, 33– 34, 37, 41–42, 45, 66, 68–69, 72–73, 76–77, 82–85, 94, 111–116, 118, 123, 143, 146, 148, 150–151, 153, 175, 178– 182, 195, 199–201, 203, 209–210, 237– 240, 293–294, 299, 301, 303, 326– 327, 344–345, 362–363, 381, 384, 385, 394–395, 400, 401, 403, 404, 414–415, 423–427; V: 18–20, 87, 169–171, 176– 177, 186, 223, 225–226, 231–232, 234– 236, 242, 248–289, 298, 300, 302, 306– 310, 327–328, 336, 352, 359, 384, 397, 399, 407–408, 430–432, 434, 455, 459, 460, 462, 463, 465, 471–473, 477–479, 492–493; VI: 18, 39, 60, 63, 65, 77, 81, 83, 86, 118, 119, 128, 130–131, 135, 142, 144, 168, 251–252, 254, 293– 294; VII: 17–19, 28, 30, 41, 44, 104, 112–113, 133, 135, 147–148, 157–158, 161, 167, 169–170, 178–179, 220–221, 226–228, 231, 234–236, 286, 291– 293, 296 – – – adjournment, II: 14, 24, 32, 33, 107, 114, 115, 145, 201, 242, 243, 258, 259, 274, 275, 295, 321, 342, 363; III: 13, 14, 29, 33, 48, 77, 78, 84, 113, 114, 160, 161, 167, 168, 209, 210, 215, 246, 249, 357, 408, 412, 428; IV: 13, 27–28, 58, 67, 69, 90, 98, 109, 111, 137, 142–144, 176, 195–196, 226–227, 233, 250–251, 292–293, 296–297, 314, 319, 332, 349, 350, 367, 381, 397, 417; V: 18, 26, 36, 55–56, 62, 85, 88, 99, 130, 162, 165–166, 175, 178, 185, 187, 220–222, 288–289, 300, 303, 327– 328, 352–353, 384–385, 427, 428, 438, 455, 465, 472–473, 487–488, 496; VI: 18, 19, 27, 36–37, 60, 77– 78, 117, 199–200, 232–233, 282– 283; VII: 13–14, 28, 42, 58, 66, 87,

I NDEX USA PART I–VII 105, 127, 144–145, 160, 165, 167, 217–218, 223–224, 283, 288 – – – appointing power, II: 14, 38, 39, 48, 83, 85, 98, 137, 215, 248, 319; III: 35, 58, 82, 87, 128, 165, 166, 175, 176, 246–250, 254, 282, 295, 401, 409, 411, 424, 430, 440; IV: 13– 14, 61, 118, 178–179, 200, 227, 230, 264, 266, 289, 293, 295, 314, 319, 418; V: 17, 18, 27, 43, 65, 89–90, 103, 141, 162–164, 169, 176, 225, 251–252, 327–329, 339, 363–364; VI: 17, 19, 20, 24, 29–30, 63–64, 81, 118, 142, 259, 297; VII: 14, 28, 32, 57, 87, 88, 114, 151, 233, 247, 298, 308 – – – – confirmation of appointments, IV: 93–95, 118, 145, 234–236, 297–298; V: 61–64, 177; VI: 129 – – – appropriation of funds, II: 40, 217, 218, 248, 249, 277, 285, 300, 328, 347, 349, 359, 368; III: 49, 137, 186, 429; IV: 56, 81, 85, 95, 149, 151, 241; V: 67, 87–88, 237, 307, 434, 463, 479; VI: 86–87, 171, 201, 251–252, 260, 293, 297; VII: 16, 29, 31, 43–44, 130, 145–147, 177–178, 239–241, 301–303 – – – budgetary power, II: 24, 33, 243, 260, 276, 364; III: 49, 246; IV: 326, 344, 363, 394, 414; V: 240; VI: 119, 202 – – – bylaws, II: 115, 145, 202, 258, 274, 295, 320, 341; III: 13, 29, 48, 77, 78, 113, 161, 209, 247, 428, 430; IV: 90, 109, 142, 175, 195, 226–227, 293; V: 18, 36, 87, 186, 221, 288, 300, 327–328, 352, 384, 428, 455, 472–473, 487–488; VI: 18, 36, 60, 77, 199, 232, 282–283; VII: 13–14, 28, 42, 105, 127, 145, 165–166, 217, 283 – – – impeachment, II: 23, 32, 116, 146, 212, 243, 259, 275, 292, 296, 324, 339, 343, 365; III: 15, 16, 35, 57, 88, 127, 128, 175, 176, 178, 204,

208, 215, 246, 328, 432; IV: 14–15, 28, 72, 94, 119–120, 143, 152, 181, 201–202, 230, 295, 332, 349, 367, 369, 370, 380, 384, 397, 399, 402, 403, 417, 420; V: 18, 22, 27, 41, 52, 57–58, 91, 105, 133–134, 163–164, 170, 177, 180, 188–189, 224, 288, 327–328, 335, 358–359, 391–392, 429, 430, 457, 475, 493; VI: 28, 39, 63, 81, 174, 259, 296–297; VII: 16, 28, 45, 88, 107, 129, 144, 168–169, 172–173, 225–234, 290 – – – interpellation, VI: 170 – – – judiciary functions, II: 24, 32, 115, 145, 157, 202, 242, 258, 274, 295, 320, 341; III: 13, 29, 48, 50, 55, 113, 114, 161, 176, 209, 246, 254, 409, 430; IV: 28, 69, 142–143, 175– 176, 195, 226–227, 293, 328, 332, 346, 349, 363, 367, 395, 397, 415– 416, 418; V: 55–56, 186–187, 221, 288, 300, 352, 384, 428, 455, 459, 472–473; VI: 36, 60, 77, 118, 170, 200, 232–233, 259–260, 282–283, 297; VII: 105, 127, 145, 165–166, 168–169, 217, 225–234, 282, 283, 290 – – – legislation, III: 91, 159, 181, 182, 417, 425, 428, 431, 432, 445; IV: 111, 326, 328, 344, 346, 362– 363, 377, 394–395, 413–416; V: 28, 140, 301, 438, 459, 460; VI: 19, 37, 118, 119, 121, 253–254, 293–294; VII: 28, 40–41, 62, 66, 82, 87, 93, 106, 119, 145–146, 219, 284 – – – – legislative initiative, II: 14, 24, 34, 116, 146, 199, 202, 242, 259, 275, 293, 295, 321, 340, 342, 363; III: 21, 30, 36, 39, 49, 60, 65, 89, 116, 129, 131, 178, 187, 209, 210, 240, 246, 420, 429; IV: 13, 22, 24, 66, 68, 90, 109, 172, 176, 192, 196, 227, 293, 317, 319, 325, 343, 361, 393, 413, 430; V: 18, 25, 35, 44, 46, 53, 56, 65–66, 91–92, 100, 108–109, 126–127, 130, 142–

359

I NDEX USA PART I–VII 143, 157, 162, 169, 175, 187, 203, 219, 222, 274, 288–289, 291, 300, 327–328, 353, 367, 386, 402, 487, 493, 496; VI: 18, 27, 36, 60, 78, 170, 198, 203, 229, 233, 281, 283; VII: 13–14, 27, 42, 87, 106, 128, 167, 219, 231–232, 284, 297 – – – – passage of bills, II: 33, 41, 116, 118, 146, 205, 208, 242, 321, 343, 363, 364; III: 14, 32, 84, 162, 168, 209, 246, 254, 408, 417, 431; IV: 137, 144, 176, 196, 227, 293, 327, 345, 382, 400, 421; V: 36, 39, 56, 85–86, 100–101, 130, 132, 139, 221, 223, 289, 300, 330, 354, 387, 428; VI: 18, 60, 78, 170, 201– 202, 233–234, 283; VII: 13–15, 30, 42, 44, 57, 60, 64, 68, 167 – – – – – majorities, II: 41, 146, 275, 295, 298, 342, 364; III: 14, 30, 32, 50, 52, 79, 84, 93, 162, 168, 246, 254, 417, 429; IV: 23, 46–68, 84, 90–91, 109– 110, 142–143, 178, 200, 233, 244, 296–297, 327, 345, 382, 400, 421, 428, 430; V: 38, 44, 61–62, 85–86, 100–101, 107– 109, 126, 130–132, 142–143, 171, 180, 289, 291, 301, 303, 311, 353–355, 386–387, 404, 455, 463, 479, 488, 493; VI: 32, 41, 44, 90, 121–122, 172, 200– 202, 216, 247–248, 290–291; VII: 64, 68, 160, 181–182, 223– 224, 236–237, 243–244, 288, 299, 305 – – – – promulgation, II: 244; III: 91, 184; IV: 46–84, 111, 231, 244, 296, 428; V: 19, 136, 142–143, 171, 180, 252–254, 291, 311, 330, 404, 435, 463, 479, 493, 496, 498; VI: 41, 85–86, 216; VII: 190, 243–244, 305 – – – – publication of laws, II: 41, 214, 244, 260, 276, 296, 364; III: 91, 179; V: 66, 301; VI: 44; VII: 15,

360

44, 128, 174, 232, 297 – – – – reading of bills, II: 15, 33, 41, 116, 146, 202, 242, 295, 321, 342, 364; III: 30, 49, 79, 115, 429; IV: 110, 143–144, 176, 196, 227, 244, 293; V: 19, 36, 56, 162, 171, 175–176, 180, 187, 222–223, 300, 330; VI: 37, 41, 44, 60, 78, 170, 200, 233, 283; VII: 128 – – – – restrictions, II: 146, 296; III: 87, 182, 431, 432; IV: 96, 112, 123, 182, 317, 320; V: 37, 38, 131, 140, 169, 250–251, 301; VI: 170, 200, 233, 283; VII: 112, 167 – – – – – bills of attainder, II: 241, 257, 273; III: 21, 39, 204; IV: 88, 112, 140, 192; V: 37, 93; VI: 40, 228, 280; VII: 106, 128, 150, 188, 210, 276 – – – – – constitutionality of laws, II: 14, 24, 34, 40, 303, 351; III: 209; IV: 306, 328, 346, 363, 395, 415–416; V: 18, 85– 86; VI: 216; VII: 135 – – – – – ex post facto laws, II: 296; V: 37 – – – – sanctioning of laws, II: 14, 146, 202, 203, 242, 275, 295, 296, 321, 342; III: 84, 168, 204, 210, 429; IV: 90, 176, 196, 227, 293, 314; V: 25–26, 39, 85–86, 100, 130, 187, 487, 496, 498; VI: 27, 36, 60, 78, 121, 172, 233, 283; VII: 13– 15, 42, 44, 68, 128, 167, 219, 284 – – – – taking effect of law, II: 123, 146, 199, 205, 243, 244, 259, 260, 275, 276, 296, 319, 342, 345, 352, 364, 372; III: 32, 49, 121, 209, 258– 265, 267–269, 271, 273–275, 277, 280–296, 298–306, 308–311, 313, 314, 316, 318, 319, 321, 322, 324, 326, 328–332, 335–338, 341–343, 345, 347, 348, 353, 358, 360, 362, 364, 366, 368, 369, 371, 373, 375, 376, 378, 380, 381, 389, 391–393, 395, 398, 399, 401, 403, 405, 417;

I NDEX USA PART I–VII IV: 23, 42, 46–68, 84, 90–91, 109– 110, 123, 142–143, 170, 176, 178, 196, 200–202, 233, 296–297, 327, 345, 382, 400, 404, 421; V: 18, 61– 62, 72, 224–225, 301, 303, 327– 328, 353–355, 386–387, 428, 454, 455, 459, 463, 479; VI: 18, 41, 78, 85–86, 120, 233, 247–248, 283, 290–291; VII: 160, 223–224, 288 – – – – tax, revenue legislation, II: 33, 118, 146, 147, 202, 219, 259, 260, 276, 282, 296, 301, 326, 343, 348, 349, 371; III: 18, 30, 35, 49, 60, 78, 80, 116, 161, 163, 178, 182, 210, 213, 246, 286, 398, 408, 420, 429, 430; IV: 13, 28, 68, 72, 96, 112, 122, 142–143, 150, 176, 182, 196, 202, 230, 249, 295, 306, 314, 319, 328, 332, 346, 349, 363, 367, 395, 397, 415–417; V: 22, 26, 37, 70–73, 139, 188, 223, 250, 273, 288–289, 295, 297, 300, 308, 353, 386, 459, 473, 479, 488, 498; VI: 18, 27, 36–37, 61, 78, 119, 143, 171, 202, 233, 251–252, 255, 283, 293–295; VII: 18, 40, 60, 62, 66, 87, 130, 145, 149, 180–182, 189, 236–237, 298, 299 – – – ratification of treaties, VI: 20, 30 – – – vote of no confidence, VI: 81–82 – – – war and peace-making, V: 288–289; VI: 20, 30, 202; VII: 145–146 – – procedures, I: 125, 155, 299, 312; II: 115, 145, 242, 258; III: 48, 78, 161, 248; IV: 13, 319; V: 487–488; VI: 117, 121, 170, 199 – – – budget report, II: 35, 116, 146, 219, 243, 259, 275, 326, 373; III: 18, 35, 60, 129, 178, 213, 246, 399; IV: 96, 125, 150–151, 182, 230, 295; V: 56– 57, 188, 252–253, 308; VI: 78, 119, 251–252, 293; VII: 130, 149, 180– 181 – – – committees, V: 88; VI: 27; VII: 15– 16, 28, 42–43, 66, 71–72, 74–75, 78– 79

– – – dissolution, IV: 23, 377; VI: 116 – – – duration of session, III: 428; IV: 41, 48, 377; V: 141, 288–289, 487, 496; VI: 17, 116; VII: 127 – – – election of officers, II: 14, 23, 32, 114, 145, 201, 218, 258, 274, 295, 296, 299, 321, 341; III: 12, 28, 47, 76, 110, 158, 184, 207, 212, 248, 301, 316, 411, 428; IV: 28, 68–69, 90, 109, 142, 175, 226, 292–293, 314, 319, 332, 349, 367, 397; V: 26, 36, 55, 99, 130, 162, 175, 185, 221, 288, 300, 327–328, 428, 429, 455, 456, 461, 462, 474, 489; VI: 18, 27– 28, 36, 60, 77, 115, 170, 198, 232, 282; VII: 13–14, 28, 42, 105, 127, 144, 165, 217, 283 – – – first/constitutive session, II: 13, 24, 117, 145, 201, 241, 258, 267, 274, 277; III: 55, 77, 160, 184, 191, 215, 254, 268, 417, 428, 431, 436, 446; IV: 98, 128, 130, 153, 155, 174–175, 177, 194, 196, 223–224, 237–238, 250–251, 265, 291, 309, 319, 331, 348, 366, 396; V: 26, 31, 35, 75, 126–127, 129, 136, 162–163, 167– 169, 171, 189, 224, 251–252, 270, 288–289, 328–329, 351–352, 384, 417–418, 465, 466; VI: 19, 23–24, 87, 114, 130, 237, 285; VII: 14, 78, 146, 151, 179, 192, 232–233, 249, 297, 310 – – – journal, II: 33, 114, 145, 146, 154, 156, 202, 205, 208, 226, 242–244, 250, 258–260, 275, 278, 295, 298, 300, 302, 303, 319, 342, 345, 346, 349, 351, 353, 363, 364, 366, 372; III: 14, 32, 34, 50, 52, 53, 84, 86, 116, 121, 124, 168, 173, 185, 187, 209, 215, 386; IV: 23, 45–84, 90– 91, 109–110, 142–145, 150, 178– 181, 199–200, 202–203, 227, 233, 239–240, 293, 296–297, 301, 382, 400, 421, 428; V: 17, 19, 36, 39, 56, 61–62, 100–101, 108–109, 123, 130–132, 134–135, 139, 142–143,

361

I NDEX USA PART I–VII 163, 165, 178, 186, 221–222, 235, 253–254, 289, 300, 303, 311, 353– 355, 386–387, 404, 428, 431, 455, 473, 488; VI: 60–61, 78, 80–82, 85– 86, 90, 171–172, 174, 200–202, 208– 209, 216, 240, 247–248, 286–287, 290–291; VII: 15, 30, 57, 61, 68, 113, 136, 145, 160, 167–168, 172– 173, 176, 181–182, 190, 219–221, 223–224, 236–237, 243–244, 284, 286, 288, 299, 305 – – – – publication of, II: 114, 145, 242, 258, 274, 295, 321, 342; III: 13, 29, 48, 78, 91, 113, 161, 179, 428; IV: 176, 195, 226–227, 293, 332, 350, 367, 381, 397, 418, 430; V: 36, 44, 88, 99, 130, 165–166, 178, 185–186, 252, 352, 384–385, 428, 455; VI: 171, 200, 232, 283; VII: 44, 128, 167, 217–218, 283 – – – parliamentary officers, III: 130; V: 438 – – – quorum, II: 114, 145, 201, 242, 258, 274, 302, 321, 349, 363; III: 13, 29, 48, 77, 113, 160, 209, 428; IV: 13, 28, 44, 58, 72, 90, 109, 142, 175, 195, 226, 292–293, 320, 332, 349, 367, 397, 417; V: 18, 25, 36, 55, 87, 99, 130, 139, 185, 220–221, 288, 300, 328, 352, 384, 428, 455, 472, 487; VI: 36, 60, 77, 199, 232, 282; VII: 14, 28, 105, 127, 144–145, 151, 152, 165, 182, 217, 237, 282, 299 – – – resolutions, II: 114, 145, 242, 258, 300, 342, 343, 346, 366, 376; III: 14, 33, 50, 52, 82, 84, 121, 209, 210, 218; IV: 90–91, 109, 120, 143, 178, 200–201, 232–233, 296– 297; V: 62, 235, 300–301, 306, 354, 387, 431, 455, 462, 478–479; VI: 121, 172, 233–234, 248, 283, 291; VII: 128 – – – sessions open to public, II: 115, 145, 202, 242, 259, 275, 295, 321, 342; III: 13, 428; IV: 90, 109, 143, 176, 195, 227, 293, 378, 396, 416; V: 19,

362

56, 88, 99, 130, 187, 222, 300, 329, 352, 385; VI: 60, 78, 114, 171, 233, 283; VII: 14–15, 30, 44, 167, 217– 218, 283 – – – votes, III: 33, 52, 84, 121; IV: 69, 90, 113, 178, 200–201, 333, 350, 368; V: 62, 298, 329–330, 438, 457, 492; VI: 116, 172, 174; VII: 15, 30, 44, 113, 136, 168, 219, 284 – official seat, I: 38, 99, 118, 172, 189; II: 137, 212, 267, 278, 287, 297, 303, 318, 321, 322, 329, 337, 343, 345, 355, 373, 374; III: 29, 31, 37, 47, 51, 53, 62, 80, 83, 92, 95, 108, 120, 132, 156, 163, 167, 180, 191, 240, 327, 328, 351, 388, 420, 422, 426, 434, 440; IV: 91–92, 96, 107, 111, 113, 117–118, 137, 141– 142, 146, 150–151, 153, 177, 196–197, 199–200, 204–205, 230, 234, 243, 250– 251, 253, 279, 295, 297, 299, 302, 319; V: 59, 69, 71–72, 136, 170, 178, 180, 190, 198, 227, 231, 252, 305, 310, 355, 387–388, 465; VI: 25–27, 36, 54, 57, 61–62, 66, 79, 87, 114, 211, 237–238, 243–244, 262, 285–286, 288–289, 298; VII: 13–14, 42, 66, 132, 139, 160–161, 166, 180–181, 192, 195, 218, 224–225, 230, 249, 251–252, 283, 289, 295, 310, 312, 327 – powers, I: 168, 188, 213, 222, 309; III: 82, 85–87, 90, 91, 95, 156, 158, 166, 169, 170, 172–175, 179, 181–185, 187, 251, 254, 278, 279, 295, 328, 414– 417, 420–423, 425, 429, 431, 432, 434– 438, 440, 443–445; IV: 16, 33–34, 38, 80, 105, 110–111, 121–124, 126, 130, 182–183, 203, 228, 253, 265–266, 272, 273, 278, 279, 281, 286, 287, 303, 314, 318–320, 323–328, 331, 332, 334, 336, 338–342, 344–346, 351, 353, 355, 356, 359–360, 362, 364, 371, 377, 383, 385, 386, 391–394, 396, 404, 411, 413, 415, 426; V: 10, 27, 34, 35, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 88–89, 101, 103–104, 131, 134–136, 141–142, 165, 251–252, 259–260, 283, 415, 417–419, 422, 454, 465, 484, 487–

I NDEX USA PART I–VII 488, 491, 493; VI: 19–21, 23–24, 27–29, 48, 81, 83–84, 86, 94, 168, 171, 173–174, 202–203, 205, 212; VII: 56, 58, 61, 64, 67–69, 72, 77–78, 140, 230–231, 296 – relation to other branches, I: 298; II: 300, 346; III: 84, 228, 429–431, 438; V: 26–27; VII: 15, 44 – – bicameral, I: 45, 71, 96, 123, 154, 188, 213, 223, 245, 290, 311, 343; II: 23, 31, 112, 241, 257, 274, 294, 320, 341, 363; III: 27, 45, 74, 107, 155, 245, 407, 427; IV: 10, 23, 67, 89, 108, 141– 142, 174, 222, 290, 313, 318, 327, 345, 363, 395, 415; V: 25, 35, 54, 85, 99, 161, 175, 183–184, 220, 298–299, 349, 381–438, 454, 472, 487; VI: 23, 33, 59, 76, 169, 230–231, 282; VII: 86, 98–100, 122, 143, 161, 216, 281 – – unicameral, I: 352; V: 17, 326 – – – election, IV: 226 – – – plurality of offices, VI: 234–235, 284 – – – judiciary functions, V: 134 – – – legislation – – – – restrictions – – – – – bills of attainder, VI: 228, 280 – upper house, I: 45, 71, 96, 105, 123, 197, 213, 223, 245, 271, 290, 343; II: 31, 112, 114, 143, 199, 257, 274, 320, 341, 363; III: 11, 27, 45, 74, 83, 107, 155, 206, 245, 249, 407, 427; IV: 10, 13, 23, 33, 67, 89, 108, 110, 141–142, 174, 194, 222, 290, 318, 327, 345, 363, 395, 415; V: 9, 25, 35, 54, 85, 99, 128, 161–162, 175, 179–180, 183–184, 220, 298–299, 349, 381–438, 454, 472, 487; VI: 23, 33, 59, 76, 169, 197, 230–231, 282; VII: 55, 60, 62, 66, 86, 98–100, 122, 123, 143, 161, 216, 281 – – members, I: 21, 39, 46–48, 71, 72, 97, 98, 115, 116, 118, 119, 127, 155, 159, 160, 197, 213, 223, 231, 245, 255, 271, 272, 282, 290, 291, 318, 327, 343, 344, 351; II: 24, 33, 88, 113–117, 143, 144, 199, 200, 205, 242–244, 258, 260, 274– 277, 294, 312, 320, 342, 363; III: 11,

13, 18, 28, 30, 35, 47, 80, 88, 112, 116, 128, 156, 176, 208, 236, 239, 249, 251, 254, 265, 287, 314, 322, 383, 415–417, 419; IV: 53, 59, 89, 128, 130, 142–143, 175, 194–195, 329, 337, 339, 347, 354, 356, 365, 370, 372, 378, 396, 397, 405, 407, 416, 418, 426; V: 13, 17, 38, 45, 54, 88, 96, 133–134, 162, 299, 302, 350–351, 364, 382, 399, 429, 438, 457, 475, 478, 489, 492; VI: 17, 24–25, 36, 44, 59, 61, 65, 76–77, 84, 171, 231, 236–237, 282, 284–285; VII: 12, 26, 161, 167–168, 216, 281 – – – appointment, II: 242, 296; V: 46 – – – election, II: 13, 23, 28, 31, 67, 72, 79, 83, 85, 88, 93, 104, 112–114, 143–145, 199–201, 242, 258, 274, 288, 295, 320, 321, 332, 341, 342, 354, 363; III: 11, 12, 28, 29, 36, 47, 48, 60, 76–78, 90, 95, 113, 116, 130, 144, 160, 163, 178, 189, 191, 205, 208, 209, 229, 233, 247, 248, 254, 266, 268, 270–272, 274, 285, 294, 296, 308, 383–386, 393, 399, 409– 411, 423, 427, 428, 430; IV: 11–13, 24–27, 41–43, 48, 55, 69–70, 77–78, 89–90, 97–99, 108–109, 111, 129, 142, 144, 155, 175, 177, 184–186, 195–196, 204–205, 209, 213, 223– 224, 226, 251–253, 291–293, 313, 314, 318, 319, 328–330, 346–348, 364, 365, 378–380, 398, 399, 416– 420, 423; V: 25–26, 28–29, 35, 36, 38, 45, 46, 54–55, 75, 86–88, 96, 99– 100, 128–130, 143, 157, 161–162, 167–169, 173, 175–176, 179, 184– 185, 207–208, 220, 270, 299–300, 350–351, 371, 372, 382–384, 418, 421, 422, 427, 428, 432, 439, 455, 456, 460, 461, 464, 465, 472, 474, 476–477, 480, 487–488, 490–491, 493–494; VI: 25–26, 28, 34–36, 52, 54, 57, 59–60, 69, 77, 169–170, 198, 210–211, 231–232, 234–235, 251, 282–284, 292–293; VII: 55–56, 60, 62, 63, 67, 69, 71–72, 75–78, 86, 92,

363

I NDEX USA PART I–VII 100, 105, 108, 123, 127, 139, 144– 145, 151, 165–166, 216–217, 282, 327 – – – immunity, indemnity, II: 24, 33, 115, 145, 200, 242, 258, 275, 295, 342, 364; III: 13, 29, 48, 79, 114, 162, 210, 420, 430; IV: 44, 66, 69, 90, 108–109, 142, 176, 195, 227– 228, 293, 326, 332, 344, 349, 362, 367, 394, 397, 414, 417–418; V: 36, 72, 130, 165, 178, 186, 222, 299– 300, 353, 385, 427, 455, 472, 487; VI: 36, 60, 77, 170, 199–200, 232– 233, 283; VII: 40, 145, 166, 186, 218–219, 284 – – – incompatibility, II: 116, 117, 144, 146, 197, 259, 276, 294, 295; III: 48, 79, 89, 92, 115, 162, 177, 210, 250–252, 259, 284, 413, 428, 431; IV: 10, 44, 78–79, 111, 176– 177, 196, 225, 292, 339, 356, 373, 387, 406; V: 57, 89, 100, 130, 164, 177, 189, 427, 455, 472, 487; VI: 18, 28, 61, 65, 78, 201, 235, 284; VII: 104, 107, 127, 128, 218, 245, 283, 307 – – – leader of upper house, II: 23, 25, 31, 33, 36, 39, 51, 55, 62, 64, 201, 208, 210, 211, 242, 245, 246, 259, 262, 275, 279, 298, 319, 321, 344, 345, 362; III: 80, 83, 119, 166, 209, 211, 248, 327, 328, 384, 386, 411, 425, 430, 431; IV: 13–14, 27, 69, 78, 91–92, 110, 113, 145–146, 176, 179, 195–196, 201, 227, 234–235, 253, 273, 293, 297–298, 313, 314, 319, 320, 330, 335, 338, 348, 352, 355, 366, 368, 379, 380, 383, 387, 399, 401, 405, 420–422; V: 26, 36, 40, 56, 60–61, 69, 89–91, 99, 102– 103, 130, 132–134, 151, 227, 229– 230, 302, 428, 429, 431, 438, 457, 458, 476, 489–490; VI: 27–28, 37– 38, 170–173, 199, 232–234, 245– 247, 267, 282–284, 289–290, 300; VII: 56, 63, 68, 127, 132, 144, 146,

364

–––

–––

––– –––

–––

159, 195, 217, 223, 251–252, 283, 288, 312 length of term, II: 23, 31, 113, 144, 199, 228, 242, 258, 274, 288, 295, 320, 341, 354; III: 11, 28, 47, 76, 77, 111, 112, 159, 160, 208, 231, 234, 235, 248, 383, 427; IV: 11–12, 24–25, 42, 69–70, 89, 108, 144, 175, 195, 215, 219, 223–224, 291, 319, 378, 397, 418; V: 28–29, 35, 54–55, 87, 96, 99, 128, 143, 161, 167, 175, 184–185, 207–208, 220, 270, 299, 350–351, 371, 382–384, 421, 428, 476; VI: 34–36, 57, 77, 169, 198– 199, 231, 282; VII: 56, 62, 71, 78, 86, 100, 123, 139, 144, 165, 216– 217, 282, 327 mandatory attendance, II: 32, 107, 114, 145, 201, 242, 258, 274, 321; III: 13, 29, 48, 113, 209, 399; IV: 59, 70, 90, 109, 142, 175, 195, 226, 292–293; V: 55, 185, 220–221, 300, 352, 384, 428, 455, 472; VI: 36, 60, 77, 232, 282; VII: 105, 127, 144– 145, 165, 217, 282 parliamentary officers, II: 242; III: 179 plurality of offices, II: 16, 23, 32, 144, 147, 197, 205, 243, 246, 259, 276, 294, 295, 341, 363; III: 13, 30, 36, 48, 61, 79, 115, 131, 134, 162, 182, 210, 241, 250, 251, 258, 263, 384, 413, 421, 428, 430; IV: 15, 32–33, 37, 46, 78, 90–91, 108, 142, 176, 196, 295, 320, 339, 356, 373, 387, 406, 427; V: 28, 37, 56, 89–90, 100, 130, 164–165, 172, 177–178, 188–189, 220, 223, 298, 302, 353, 385, 397–398, 427, 455, 478, 492; VI: 17, 24–25, 28, 37, 61, 77–78, 170–171, 201, 234, 252–254, 283– 284, 293–294; VII: 58, 60, 104, 105, 127, 145, 165–166, 218, 283 qualifications, II: 23, 24, 31, 32, 74, 114, 144, 145, 200, 201, 242, 246, 258, 274, 295, 312, 320, 321, 341,

I NDEX USA PART I–VII

––– –––

–––

–––

363; III: 12, 13, 29, 47, 48, 77, 78, 113, 161, 208, 209, 248, 383, 384, 410, 411, 426, 428; IV: 10, 12–13, 15, 26, 54, 69–70, 90, 108–109, 144, 175, 195, 223, 226, 291–292, 329, 347, 365, 378, 380, 398, 399, 418– 420; V: 25, 35, 36, 55, 99, 130, 162, 169, 175, 185, 220–221, 299, 351– 352, 383–384, 428, 455, 472, 478, 487; VI: 36, 60, 77, 170, 231–232, 282; VII: 56, 63, 68, 71, 86, 104, 105, 127, 144–145, 165–166, 217, 282 re-eligibility, III: 48 remuneration, II: 146, 147, 153, 205, 211, 243, 246, 260, 276, 296, 321, 333, 343, 345, 363; III: 13, 29, 48, 78, 114, 161, 209, 384, 430, 431, 445; IV: 44, 67, 91, 109–110, 137, 142, 176, 196, 228, 250–251, 273, 285, 293, 381, 397, 417; V: 36, 46, 69, 100, 130, 187–188, 223, 226, 301–302, 353, 385, 488, 498; VI: 37, 61, 78, 171, 199–200, 234, 237, 283, 285; VII: 105, 127, 132, 145, 166–167, 219, 284 speaker, II: 114, 116, 122, 145, 146, 153, 154, 242, 275, 321; III: 12, 13, 15, 32, 51; IV: 176, 196, 349, 367, 397, 418; V: 56, 162–163, 170, 175– 176, 185, 187, 190–192, 351–353, 355, 357, 373, 384, 386–388, 390; VI: 18, 60–62, 77–80; VII: 87, 105 vacancy, II: 39, 115, 229, 262, 275, 295, 321, 342, 363, 364; III: 12, 13, 30, 49, 77, 80, 116, 163, 207, 208, 215, 248, 383, 384, 393, 411, 425, 430; IV: 13, 26, 33, 61, 90, 96, 108, 113, 176, 195, 201, 224–292, 319, 329, 336, 339, 347, 353, 356, 365, 370, 379, 384, 399, 403, 419–420, 423; V: 35, 36, 56, 162, 175, 186, 222, 304, 353, 371, 386, 427, 428, 455, 457, 458, 465, 477, 491; VI: 18, 27–28, 37–38, 44, 60, 77, 200, 232, 283; VII: 56, 67, 71, 78, 87, 105,

127, 144, 166, 218, 284 – – powers, I: 30, 39, 59, 61, 78, 98, 101– 103, 105, 107, 132, 139, 165, 173, 176, 180, 189, 213, 214, 216, 280, 290, 315, 316; II: 10, 24, 26, 32, 34, 35, 37– 40, 45–48, 56, 57, 71, 76, 102, 106, 110, 147, 157, 159, 202, 215, 223, 242, 246–248, 250, 256, 258, 281, 293, 300, 302, 321, 325, 327, 328, 341, 342; III: 16, 18, 35–37, 49, 50, 55, 59–61, 130, 131, 133–137, 153, 175, 200, 204, 385, 387, 402, 409; IV: 13– 16, 22, 24, 27, 29, 33–34, 37, 41–42, 45, 66, 68–69, 73, 76–77, 82–85, 94, 111–116, 118, 123, 143, 146, 148, 150– 151, 153, 175, 178–182, 195, 199– 201, 203, 209–210, 237–240, 293– 294, 299, 301, 303, 326–327, 344– 345, 362–363, 381, 384, 385, 394–395, 400, 401, 403, 404, 414–415, 423– 427; V: 26–27, 106, 123, 142, 169– 171, 176–177, 186, 223, 225–226, 231– 232, 234–236, 242, 248–298, 300, 302, 306–310, 336, 352, 359, 384, 397, 399, 407–408, 430–432, 434, 455, 459, 460, 462, 463, 471–473, 477–479, 489, 492– 493, 496; VI: 39, 60, 63, 65, 77, 81, 83, 86, 168, 173, 251–252, 254, 293– 294; VII: 28, 41, 68, 104, 112–113, 133, 135, 147–148, 157–158, 161, 167, 169–170, 178–179, 220–221, 226–228, 231, 234–236, 286, 291–293, 296 – – – adjournment, II: 24, 32, 33, 107, 114, 115, 145, 201, 242, 243, 258, 259, 274, 275, 295, 321, 342, 363; III: 13, 14, 29, 33, 48, 77, 78, 84, 113, 114, 160, 161, 167, 168, 209, 210, 215, 248, 249, 357, 411, 412, 428; IV: 13, 27–28, 59, 67, 69–70, 90, 98, 109, 111, 137, 142–144, 175– 176, 195–196, 226–227, 233, 250– 251, 292–293, 296–297, 314, 319, 330, 332, 348, 350, 366, 367, 380, 381, 397, 399, 420; V: 26, 36, 55– 56, 62, 85, 88, 99, 130, 162, 165– 166, 175, 178, 185, 187, 220–222,

365

I NDEX USA PART I–VII 300, 303, 352–353, 384–385, 427, 428, 438, 455, 465, 472–473, 487– 488, 496; VI: 18, 27, 36–37, 60, 77– 78, 199–200, 232–233, 282–283; VII: 58, 66, 87, 105, 127, 144–145, 160, 165, 167, 217–218, 223–224, 283, 288 – – – appointing power, II: 38, 39, 48, 83, 85, 98, 137, 215, 248, 319; III: 35, 58, 82, 87, 128, 165, 166, 175, 176, 248–250, 254, 282, 295, 401, 411, 424, 438, 440; IV: 13–14, 61, 93– 94, 118, 178–179, 200, 227, 230, 240, 264, 266, 289, 293, 295, 314, 319, 366; V: 17, 27, 43, 65, 89–90, 103, 141, 162–164, 169, 176, 225, 251–252, 328–329, 339, 363–364; VI: 17, 19, 20, 24, 29–30, 63–64, 81, 259, 297; VII: 87, 88, 114, 146–147, 151, 233, 247, 298, 308 – – – – confirmation of appointments, II: 124, 125; III: 14, 31, 33, 34, 62, 87, 116, 120, 163, 166, 167, 254, 300, 380, 385, 386, 393, 399, 425, 426, 433, 438, 440, 442, 444; IV: 93, 95, 118, 145, 234–236, 239, 266, 267, 275, 281, 297–298, 300–301, 421–422, 425; V: 42–44, 61–64, 103–104, 142, 144, 177, 237–238, 389, 392–393; VI: 207–208, 239, 241, 247–248, 286–287, 290–291; VII: 57 – – – appropriation of funds, II: 40, 165, 172, 217, 218, 248, 249, 277, 285, 300, 328, 347, 349, 359, 368; III: 49, 63, 137, 186, 429; IV: 56, 81, 85, 95, 149, 151, 241; V: 67, 237, 307, 434, 463, 479; VI: 86–87, 171, 201, 251–252, 260, 293, 297; VII: 130, 145–147, 177–178, 239– 241, 301–303 – – – budgetary power, II: 243, 260, 276, 364; III: 409; IV: 326, 344, 363, 394, 414; V: 240; VI: 202 – – – bylaws, II: 115, 145, 202, 258, 274, 295, 320, 341; III: 13, 29, 48, 77,

366

78, 113, 161, 209, 247, 428, 430; IV: 90, 109, 142, 175, 195, 226– 227, 293; V: 36, 186, 221, 300, 352, 384, 428, 455, 472–473, 487–488; VI: 18, 36, 60, 77, 199, 232, 282– 283; VII: 56, 63, 68, 105, 127, 145, 165–166, 217, 283 – – – impeachment, II: 23, 31, 116, 146, 212, 243, 259, 275, 292, 296, 324, 339, 343, 362, 365; III: 15, 16, 35, 57, 88, 127, 128, 176, 178, 204, 208, 215, 328, 432; IV: 14–15, 27, 70– 73, 94, 120, 143, 152, 181, 201–202, 230, 295, 330, 332, 334, 348, 349, 351, 366, 367, 369, 370, 380, 384, 397, 399, 402, 403, 417, 420; V: 41, 52, 57–58, 91, 163–164, 170, 180, 188–189, 224, 359, 391–392, 429, 430, 457, 475, 493; VI: 28, 39, 63, 81, 174, 199, 259, 296–297; VII: 56, 63, 68, 107, 129, 144, 168–169, 172– 173, 225–234, 290 – – – interpellation, VI: 170 – – – judiciary functions, II: 24, 32, 115, 145, 157, 202, 242, 258, 274, 295, 320, 341; III: 13, 29, 48, 50, 55, 113, 114, 161, 176, 209, 254, 409; IV: 27–28, 69–71, 142–143, 175– 176, 195, 226–227, 293, 328, 330, 332, 346, 348, 349, 363, 366, 367, 380, 395, 397, 399, 415–416, 418, 420; V: 55–56, 134, 186–187, 221, 300, 352, 384, 428, 455, 459, 472– 473; VI: 36, 60, 77, 170, 200, 232–233, 259–260, 282–283, 297; VII: 105, 127, 145, 165–166, 168– 169, 217, 225–234, 282, 283, 290 – – – legislation, III: 91, 159, 181, 182, 417, 425, 428, 431, 432, 445; IV: 111, 326, 328, 344, 346, 362– 363, 377, 394–395, 413–416; V: 28, 140, 301, 438, 459, 460; VI: 19, 37, 253–254, 293–294; VII: 40–41, 62, 66, 82, 87, 93, 106, 119, 145–146, 219, 284 – – – – legislative initiative, II: 24, 34,

I NDEX USA PART I–VII 116, 146, 199, 202, 242, 259, 275, 293, 295, 321, 340, 342; III: 21, 36, 39, 60, 65, 89, 129, 131, 178, 187, 209, 210, 240, 248, 420, 429; IV: 13, 22, 24, 66, 68, 90, 109, 172, 176, 192, 196, 227, 293, 317, 319, 325, 343, 361, 393, 413, 430; V: 25, 35, 44, 46, 53, 56, 65–66, 91–92, 100, 108–109, 126–127, 130, 142–143, 157, 162, 169, 175, 187, 203, 219, 222, 274, 291, 300, 367, 402, 487, 493, 496; VI: 18, 27, 36, 60, 78, 170, 203, 229, 233, 281, 283; VII: 27, 128, 167, 219, 231–232, 284, 297 – – – – passage of bills, II: 33, 41, 116, 118, 146, 205, 208, 242, 259, 321, 343, 363, 364; III: 14, 32, 84, 162, 168, 209, 246, 254, 417, 431; IV: 137, 144, 176, 196, 227, 293, 327, 345, 382, 400, 421; V: 39, 56, 85–86, 100–101, 130, 132, 139, 221, 223, 300, 354, 387, 428; VI: 18, 60, 78, 170, 201–202, 233– 234, 283; VII: 57, 60, 64, 68, 167 – – – – – majorities, II: 41, 146, 275, 295, 298, 342, 364; III: 14, 30, 32, 50, 52, 79, 84, 88, 93, 162, 168, 254, 417, 429; IV: 23, 46– 68, 84, 90–91, 109–110, 142– 143, 178, 200, 233, 244, 296– 297, 327, 345, 428, 430; V: 38, 41, 44, 61–62, 85–86, 100–101, 107–109, 126, 130–132, 142– 143, 165–166, 171, 178, 180, 291, 301, 303, 311, 353–355, 386–387, 404, 455, 463, 479, 488, 493; VI: 32, 41, 44, 90, 172, 200–202, 216, 247–248, 290–291; VII: 64, 68, 160, 181– 182, 223–224, 236–237, 243– 244, 288, 299, 305 – – – – promulgation, II: 244; III: 91, 184; IV: 46–84, 111, 231, 244, 296, 428; V: 136, 142–143, 171, 180, 252–254, 291, 311, 404, 435,

463, 479, 493, 496, 498; VI: 41, 85–86, 216; VII: 190, 243–244, 305 – – – – publication of laws, II: 41, 214, 244, 260, 276, 296, 364; III: 91, 179; V: 301; VI: 44; VII: 128, 174, 232, 297 – – – – reading of bills, II: 15, 33, 41, 116, 146, 202, 213, 242, 295, 321, 342, 364; III: 30, 49, 79, 115, 429; IV: 110, 143–144, 176, 196, 227, 244, 293; V: 36, 56, 162, 171, 175–176, 180, 187, 222–223, 300; VI: 37, 41, 44, 60, 78, 170, 200, 233, 283; VII: 128 – – – – restrictions, II: 146, 296; III: 87, 182, 248, 431, 432; IV: 96, 112, 123, 182, 317, 320; V: 37, 38, 131, 140, 169, 250–251, 301; VI: 170, 200, 233, 283; VII: 112, 167 – – – – – bills of attainder, II: 241, 257, 273; III: 21, 39, 204; IV: 88, 112, 140, 192; V: 37, 93; VI: 40; VII: 106, 128, 150, 188, 210, 276 – – – – – constitutionality of laws, II: 24, 34, 40; III: 209; IV: 306, 328, 346, 363, 395, 415–416; V: 85–86; VI: 216; VII: 135 – – – – – ex post facto laws, II: 296; V: 37 – – – – sanctioning of laws, II: 33, 146, 202, 203, 242, 259, 275, 295, 296, 321, 342, 363; III: 49, 80, 84, 163, 168, 204, 210, 248, 429; IV: 90, 176, 196, 227, 293, 314; V: 25–26, 37, 39, 85–86, 100, 130, 187, 487, 496, 498; VI: 18, 27, 36, 60, 78, 172, 233, 283; VII: 87, 106, 128, 167, 219, 284 – – – – taking effect of laws, II: 123, 146, 205, 243, 244, 259, 260, 275, 276, 319, 342, 345, 352, 364, 372; III: 32, 49, 121, 209, 246, 258– 265, 267–269, 271, 273–275, 277, 280–296, 298–306, 308–311, 313,

367

I NDEX USA PART I–VII 314, 316, 318, 319, 321, 322, 324, 326, 328–332, 335–338, 341–343, 345, 347, 348, 353, 358, 360, 362, 364, 366, 368, 369, 371, 373, 375, 376, 378, 380, 381, 389, 391–393, 395, 398, 399, 401, 403, 405, 409, 417; IV: 23, 42, 46–68, 84, 90–91, 109–110, 123, 142–143, 170, 176, 178, 196, 200–202, 233, 296–297, 327, 345, 382, 400, 421; V: 61– 62, 72, 224–225, 301, 303, 353– 355, 386–387, 428, 454, 455, 459, 463, 479; VI: 41, 78, 85–86, 233, 247–248, 283, 290–291; VII: 160, 223–224, 288 – – – – tax or revenue legislation, II: 146, 147, 219, 260, 276, 282, 301, 326, 348, 349, 371; III: 18, 30, 35, 49, 60, 116, 178, 182, 210, 213, 246, 286, 398, 408, 409, 420, 429; IV: 13, 28, 68, 72, 96, 112, 122, 142–143, 150, 176, 182, 196, 202, 230, 249, 295, 306, 328, 332, 346, 349, 363, 367, 395, 397, 415–417; V: 22, 70–73, 139, 188, 223, 250, 273, 295, 297, 308, 353, 386, 459, 473, 479, 488, 498; VI: 18, 27, 36–37, 61, 78, 171, 202, 233, 251– 252, 255, 283, 293–295; VII: 68, 87, 130, 145, 149, 180–182, 189, 236–237, 298, 299 – – – ratification of treaties, VI: 20, 30 – – – vote of no confidence, VI: 81–82 – – – war and peace making, VI: 20, 30, 202; VII: 145–146 – – procedures, I: 125, 155, 312; II: 115, 145, 242, 258; III: 48, 78, 161, 248; IV: 13, 319; V: 487–488; VI: 170, 199 – – – committees, V: 88; VI: 27; VII: 66, 71–72, 74–75, 78–79 – – – dissolution, IV: 23, 377 – – – duration of session, III: 428; IV: 41, 48, 377; V: 141, 487, 496; VI: 17; VII: 127 – – – election of officers, II: 23, 114, 145, 201, 218, 258, 274, 295, 296, 299,

368

321, 341; III: 12, 28, 32, 47, 76, 111, 159, 184, 209, 212, 248, 301, 316, 411, 428; IV: 27, 68–69, 90, 109, 142, 175, 195, 292–293, 314, 319, 330, 348, 380, 399, 420; V: 36, 55, 99, 130, 162, 175, 185, 221, 300, 428, 455, 461, 462, 475; VI: 18, 27– 28, 36, 60, 77, 170, 199, 232, 282; VII: 56, 63, 68, 105, 127, 144, 165, 217, 283 – – – first/constitutive session, II: 13, 24, 117, 145, 201, 241, 258, 267, 274, 277; III: 55, 77, 160, 184, 191, 215, 254, 268, 417, 427, 428, 431, 436, 446; IV: 89, 98, 128, 130, 153, 155, 174–175, 177, 194, 196, 223–224, 250–251, 265, 291, 309, 319; V: 26, 31, 35, 46, 75, 126–127, 129, 136, 162–163, 167–169, 171, 189, 224, 251–252, 270, 328–329, 351–352, 384, 417–418, 465, 466; VI: 19, 23– 24, 87, 237, 285; VII: 56, 78, 146, 151, 179, 192, 232–233, 249, 297, 310 – – – journal, II: 33, 114, 145, 146, 154, 156, 202, 205, 208, 226, 242–244, 250, 258–260, 275, 278, 295, 298, 300, 302, 303, 319, 342, 345, 346, 349, 351, 353, 363, 364, 366, 372; III: 14, 32, 34, 50, 52, 53, 84, 86, 116, 121, 124, 163, 168, 173, 185, 187, 209, 215, 386; IV: 23, 45– 84, 90–91, 109–110, 142–145, 150, 178–181, 199–200, 202–203, 227, 233, 239–240, 293, 296–297, 301, 382, 400, 421, 428; V: 17, 36, 39, 56, 61–62, 100–101, 108–109, 123, 130–132, 134–135, 139, 142–143, 163, 165, 178, 186, 221–222, 235, 237–238, 253–254, 300, 303, 311, 353–355, 386–387, 404, 428, 431, 455, 473, 488; VI: 60–61, 78, 80–82, 85–86, 90, 171–172, 174, 200–202, 208–209, 216, 240, 247–248, 286– 287, 290–291; VII: 57, 68, 113, 136, 145, 160, 167–168, 172–173, 176,

I NDEX USA PART I–VII 181–182, 190, 219–221, 223–224, 236–237, 243–244, 284, 286, 288, 299, 305 – – – – publication of, II: 114, 145, 242, 258, 274, 295, 321, 342; III: 13, 29, 48, 78, 91, 113, 161, 179, 428; IV: 176, 195, 226–227, 293, 332, 350, 367, 381, 397, 418, 430; V: 36, 44, 88, 99, 130, 165–166, 178, 185–186, 252, 352, 384–385, 428, 455; VI: 171, 200, 232, 283; VII: 128, 167, 217–218, 283 – – – quorum, II: 114, 145, 201, 242, 258, 274, 302, 321, 349, 363; III: 13, 29, 48, 77, 113, 160, 209, 248, 383, 411, 428; IV: 13, 27, 42–43, 59, 70, 90, 109, 142, 175, 195, 226, 292–293, 313, 320, 330, 348, 366, 380, 399, 420; V: 25, 27, 36, 55, 87–88, 99, 130, 139, 185, 220–221, 300, 352, 384, 428, 455, 472, 487; VI: 17, 36, 60, 77, 199, 232, 259, 282, 297; VII: 56, 63, 68, 105, 127, 144–145, 151, 152, 165, 182, 217, 237, 282, 299 – – – resolutions, II: 114, 145, 242, 258, 300, 342, 343, 346, 366, 376; III: 14, 33, 50, 52, 82, 84, 121, 209, 210, 218; IV: 90–91, 109, 120, 143, 178, 200–201, 232–233, 296–297; V: 62, 235, 300–301, 306, 354, 387, 431, 455, 462, 478–479; VI: 172, 233–234, 248, 283, 291; VII: 128 – – – sessions open to public, II: 115, 145, 202, 242, 259, 275, 295, 321, 342; III: 13, 428; IV: 90, 109, 143, 176, 195, 227, 293, 378, 396, 416; V: 56, 88, 99, 130, 187, 222, 300, 352, 385; VI: 60, 78, 171, 233, 283; VII: 167, 217–218, 283 – – – votes, II: 210, 279, 319; III: 32, 33, 52, 84, 121, 191; IV: 69, 90, 113, 178–179, 200–201, 333, 350, 368; V: 60, 62, 298, 428, 438, 457, 492; VI: 172, 174; VII: 113, 136, 168, 219, 284

lotteries, I: 135, 158, 265; II: 226, 244, 260, 276, 303, 327, 351, 373; III: 133, 181, 366, 431, 442; IV: 96, 111, 145, 303, 416; V: 37, 108–109, 126, 253, 310, 439, 473, 488; VI: 86, 253, 294; VII: 130, 168, 219, 285 military, I: 38–40, 44, 51, 52, 54, 74, 75, 214, 216, 224, 244, 291, 304, 309; II: 70, 292, 339; III: 17, 50, 65, 89, 213, 254, 413, 416; IV: 14; V: 52, 326, 466, 494 – conscription, I: 28, 354; III: 214; IV: 319; V: 23, 233–234, 241–242, 454; VI: 65, 80, 144, 188; VII: 183 – members, I: 126, 299, 300, 344; II: 90; III: 211, 252, 253, 314, 445; IV: 31, 334, 337, 339, 351, 352, 354, 356, 369, 372, 373, 382, 401, 405, 426; V: 42, 43, 90, 103, 141–142, 162, 283, 308, 439; VI: 20, 29, 64, 83, 188–189; VII: 19, 31, 44–45, 57–58, 183 – – special regulations for, I: 82, 94, 96, 123, 150, 188, 203, 222, 246, 249, 270, 276, 293, 298, 315, 329, 345; II: 15, 16, 32, 33, 128, 132, 159, 164, 196, 240, 241, 256, 257, 272, 273, 325, 340, 367; III: 20, 39, 111, 158, 204, 205, 241, 250, 258, 413, 421, 426; IV: 23, 65–66, 78, 80, 88–89, 117, 139–140, 148, 172, 192, 224–292, 305, 314, 320, 325–326, 334, 339, 343– 344, 351, 356, 361–362, 392–394, 412, 414; V: 27, 34, 36, 42, 53, 68, 107, 125, 142, 164, 205, 236, 297, 367, 401–402, 423, 433, 452, 453, 469, 471, 485–487; VI: 17, 24–25, 37, 83–84, 188–190, 217; VII: 27, 122, 161–162, 176 – navy, I: 28, 51, 52, 74, 216, 291, 309; II: 121, 245, 261, 278; III: 14, 31, 50, 211, 412, 413, 415; IV: 319, 325, 343, 361, 393, 413; V: 34, 484; VI: 202, 227, 244, 280, 289 – organization of, I: 24, 30, 38, 51, 52, 74; II: 17; III: 33; IV: 79–80, 126, 369, 383, 401, 402, 422; V: 23, 196–197, 242, 308; VI: 64–65, 189–190; VII: 31, 44–

369

I NDEX USA PART I–VII 45, 145–146, 183–184, 220, 286 – quartering of troops, I: 81, 95, 123, 151, 188, 212, 222, 244, 270, 308; II: 164, 195, 240, 256, 272, 292, 330, 339, 361; III: 21, 39, 66, 205, 241, 421; IV: 22, 66, 88, 125, 173, 193, 249, 306, 326, 344, 362, 394, 413; V: 34, 52, 218, 297, 369, 404, 422, 434, 453, 470, 485; VI: 68, 75, 168, 256, 295 – standing army, I: 95, 151, 212, 222, 244, 270, 295, 308, 342, 352; II: 240, 256, 272, 291, 338, 360; III: 21, 39, 66, 189, 205, 241, 421; IV: 65, 140, 173, 192– 193, 325–326, 344, 362, 393, 413; V: 14, 52, 106, 158, 204–205, 216, 324, 369, 403–404, 422; VI: 68, 75, 180, 181, 188– 189, 202; VII: 12, 27, 41, 82, 94, 120, 150 – subordination to civil authorities, I: 95, 123, 151, 188, 212, 222, 244, 270, 295, 303, 308, 342, 352; II: 164, 195, 240, 256, 272, 291, 330, 338, 360; III: 21, 39, 66, 205, 241, 421; IV: 22, 65, 88, 125, 140, 173, 192–193, 249, 306, 326, 344, 362, 394, 413; V: 14, 34, 52, 158, 204– 205, 216, 296–297, 324, 369, 403–404, 422, 434, 453, 470, 484–485; VI: 32, 40, 68, 75, 219, 228, 281; VII: 12, 27, 41, 82, 94, 120, 150, 188, 211, 277 – supreme command, I: 28, 57, 76, 100, 129, 215; II: 261, 278; III: 422; IV: 333; VI: 188, 244, 289 militia, I: 23, 38, 51, 52, 74, 81, 102, 129, 131, 151, 153, 157, 161, 168, 191, 193, 203, 212, 215, 218, 222, 224, 244, 270, 275, 291, 293, 300, 309, 315, 317, 344, 346, 357; II: 17, 25, 26, 36, 39, 90, 121, 127, 128, 132, 147, 159, 160, 164, 197, 222, 223, 240, 241, 243, 245, 247, 256, 257, 259, 261, 263, 276, 278, 281, 292, 295, 301, 302, 318, 320, 325, 328, 341, 348, 369; III: 13, 14, 17, 20, 30, 31, 36, 39, 48, 50, 59, 60, 65, 83, 85, 122, 169, 205, 211, 213, 214, 241, 252, 254, 259, 284, 412, 413, 416, 421, 444; IV: 13–14, 23, 30–31, 45–46, 66, 79–80, 89–90, 94–

370

95, 116–117, 124, 152, 172–174, 176– 177, 179–180, 192, 196, 199, 201, 225, 232, 242, 247, 292, 294, 296, 305, 314, 325–326, 334, 343–344, 351, 352, 361– 362, 369, 392–394, 402, 412–414, 422, 425; V: 18, 27, 34, 42, 52–53, 66–67, 92– 93, 102–103, 141, 162–163, 165, 169, 170, 172, 176–178, 196, 220, 241–242, 288–289, 298, 308, 326–327, 353, 356, 363, 367, 385, 388–389, 395–396, 401– 402, 422, 428, 430, 432, 440, 452, 455, 469, 484; VI: 18, 24, 28, 61–62, 64, 68, 75, 78–79, 83, 119, 144, 168, 181–182, 189, 203, 219, 227, 234–235, 244, 249, 280, 284, 289, 291–292; VII: 13, 31, 44– 45, 82, 88, 94, 110, 112, 120, 132, 133, 145–146, 176, 183–184, 220, 286 nobility – abolition of titles of, I: 22, 37, 53, 54, 75, 90; IV: 64, 249, 306; V: 297, 369, 404; VI: 218; VII: 150 – position of, V: 66 oaths, I: 25, 47, 62, 72, 79, 82, 94, 104, 126, 157, 187, 193, 194, 203–205, 212, 216, 221, 225, 227, 232, 243, 247, 250, 256, 269, 276, 277, 290, 298–300, 304, 307, 317, 353; II: 15–17, 31, 33, 49, 59, 116, 146, 152, 192, 193, 229, 240, 243, 256, 259, 272, 275, 292, 296, 311, 324, 329, 330, 339, 343, 361, 365, 375; III: 13, 16, 18, 20, 22, 30, 35, 36, 38, 50, 57, 59–61, 65, 81, 88, 118, 127, 128, 165, 175, 176, 204, 208, 214, 240–242, 248, 249, 251–253, 256, 260–262, 265, 269, 299, 314, 322, 326, 328, 402, 407, 410, 411, 415, 416, 421–423, 432, 439, 440; IV: 13, 16, 21, 24, 27, 35–37, 44, 46, 65, 68, 78, 88, 94–96, 116, 120, 125, 140, 143–144, 146, 153, 172, 181, 191, 201– 202, 230, 247, 295, 305, 309, 325, 327, 328, 330, 336–338, 343, 345, 346, 348, 353–355, 361, 363, 366, 371, 372, 377, 385, 387, 393, 395, 405, 413–416, 426– 427; V: 14, 16–18, 21, 22, 28–29, 33, 38,

I NDEX USA PART I–VII 41, 51, 57–58, 68–69, 87, 91, 93, 105, 109, 133–134, 162, 165, 170, 176, 180, 188, 198, 202, 218, 224, 253, 283, 290, 295, 302, 306–307, 310, 324, 327–328, 340–341, 359, 364, 366, 389, 391, 399, 401, 427, 429, 433, 435, 452, 455, 457, 459, 462, 469, 475, 477–478, 484, 492– 493; VI: 11–12, 18, 21, 24, 26, 39, 49, 63–65, 81–82, 84, 112, 114–115, 145– 146, 174, 199, 206, 227, 249–250, 259, 280, 292, 297; VII: 12–14, 26, 28, 30– 31, 40, 42–44, 56, 63, 68, 107, 111, 129, 146, 167–169, 172, 176–177, 187–188, 210, 220, 225–234, 275, 285, 290 – loyalty oaths, I: 344, 357; II: 118, 147, 225, 260, 277, 287, 333, 363; III: 12, 48, 410; V: 68; VI: 65; VII: 18, 31–33, 45–47, 139, 151 – of office, I: 41, 56, 76, 104, 110, 126, 137, 172, 195, 217, 292, 316, 322, 344; II: 24, 25, 36, 118, 136, 147, 165, 166, 225, 244, 260, 277, 287, 294, 305, 333, 363; III: 22, 40, 66, 95, 253, 422; IV: 146, 168, 253; V: 76, 106, 142, 456, 460, 465, 474, 491–492; VI: 30, 65, 175, 183, 206–207; VII: 18, 31–32, 45–46, 151, 190, 196, 258, 319 police power, domestic security, I: 101, 211, 216, 341, 351; II: 121; III: 92, 135, 183, 419, 436; IV: 198, 214, 245, 304, 425; V: 13, 157, 165, 178, 288–289, 306, 322, 442–444; VI: 241, 287; VII: 11, 25, 39 population groups, II: 35; III: 33; V: 168, 178–179; VI: 97, 99–101 – foreigners, I: 52, 53, 74, 152, 346, 357; II: 241, 257, 273, 329, 340, 361, 367; III: 206, 414; IV: 60, 125, 148; V: 22, 68, 165, 297, 341; VI: 213–216; VII: 18, 188, 214, 279 – minorities, I: 152; II: 293 – – African-Americans, I: 322; II: 196, 197, 223, 293, 331; IV: 228, 229, 294; VI: 212–216 – – ethnic groups, I: 322; II: 45, 128, 160,

165, 196, 197, 223, 229; III: 206, 408, 421; IV: 79; V: 312; VII: 131, 161– 162 – – indigents, I: 28, 347, 358; II: 160; IV: 117, 142; V: 92, 108, 126, 281– 282, 287, 442; VI: 180 – – relations between ethnic groups/nations, V: 92, 108, 165 – – rights and privileges of ethnic groups/nations, I: 38; II: 129, 165, 324; V: 281–282, 287, 311 religion, III: 59, 79, 81, 85, 169, 203, 214, 241, 265, 269, 286, 299, 421, 422; IV: 19–20, 50, 63–64, 87, 117, 124, 182– 183, 202, 248, 271–306, 317, 338, 355, 405; V: 164, 171, 177, 295, 308, 328, 364, 398–399, 421; VI: 65; VII: 18–19, 33, 47, 149 – Christianity, III: 422; IV: 16, 19–20, 28– 29, 41, 360, 430; VI: 30–32; VII: 11, 25, 39 – Judaism, III: 326 – state religion, VI: 30–32, 98–99 representation, V: 421; VI: 27; VII: 13, 27, 41 rights, I: 37, 60, 78, 83, 96, 152, 244, 347; II: 15, 118, 163, 164, 241, 257, 273, 292, 329–331, 351, 361; III: 20, 38, 64, 76, 158, 205, 374, 419, 420; IV: 23, 66, 87, 112, 139, 173, 317, 323, 341, 359, 391, 411; V: 23, 34, 298, 312, 324–325, 342, 432, 438, 454, 470, 472; VI: 87 – abolition or alteration of government, popular right of, I: 93, 121, 149, 187, 211, 269, 294, 307, 341; II: 191, 239, 255, 271, 291, 329, 338, 360; III: 20, 38, 64, 203, 239, 414, 417, 419; IV: 20– 22, 38, 64–66, 87, 139, 171, 191, 245, 304, 324, 342, 360, 392, 411–412; V: 13, 33, 50–51, 200, 215, 295, 322–323, 365, 399–400, 421, 451, 483; VI: 66, 73, 167, 217, 225–226, 279; VII: 11, 26, 39–40, 81, 91, 119 – assembly, freedom of, I: 81, 95, 123, 151, 188, 222, 244, 308, 342, 352;

371

I NDEX USA PART I–VII

–

– – –

–

–

–

II: 134, 164, 195, 240, 257, 273, 291, 330, 338, 360; III: 21, 39, 66, 204; IV: 22, 66, 88, 125, 173, 192, 245, 304, 326, 344, 362, 394, 414; V: 14, 34, 53, 126, 158, 204, 215–216, 288, 296, 325, 369, 403, 422, 434, 452, 470, 485; VI: 68, 75, 168, 228–229, 281; VII: 13, 27, 41, 150, 186, 208, 274 bearing or keeping of arms, I: 81, 95, 102, 123, 188, 295, 308, 342, 352; II: 195, 302, 328, 330, 338, 360; III: 17, 21, 33, 39, 66, 85, 122, 169, 205; IV: 22, 65, 88, 125, 173, 180, 192, 245, 248, 304, 306, 324, 342, 360, 392, 412; V: 14, 16, 53, 158, 204–205, 216, 288, 296–297, 308, 323–324, 363, 369, 395–396, 403, 422, 470, 485; VI: 68, 75, 219, 249, 292; VII: 12, 26, 27, 41, 150, 183 business, freedom to conduct, V: 281, 287 contract, freedom of, I: 308; V: 281, 287, 312 emigration, right of, I: 20, 95; II: 196; III: 18, 21, 37, 40, 92; V: 14, 297; VII: 13, 27, 41, 151 equality, I: 93, 121, 126, 152, 187, 211, 294, 307, 341; II: 130, 163, 191, 194, 271, 329, 338, 360, 364; III: 20, 38, 64, 203; IV: 19–20, 27, 63–64, 71, 87, 171, 191, 323, 341, 359, 391, 411; V: 13, 50, 157, 200, 295–296, 321, 364–365, 399, 451; VI: 99, 216, 226, 279; VII: 11, 25, 39, 81, 92, 119, 149, 186, 207, 273 ex post facto laws, illegality of, I: 53, 74, 95, 123, 151, 212, 294, 308, 343, 352; II: 39, 133, 164, 194, 241, 257, 273, 296, 330, 343; III: 21, 39, 65, 92, 132, 179, 204, 240, 420; IV: 22, 66, 88, 112, 140, 173, 192, 248, 305–306, 325, 343–344, 362, 393, 413; V: 14, 53, 158, 204, 225, 296, 368, 403, 422, 433, 452, 470, 484; VI: 67–68, 74–75, 137, 167–168, 219, 228, 280; VII: 106, 128, 150, 188, 210, 276 expression, freedom of, I: 94, 150, 187, 294, 307; II: 134, 164, 192, 240, 256,

372

–

–

– –

272, 292, 330, 339, 360; III: 20, 38, 64, 92, 132, 180, 203; IV: 66, 87, 112, 139, 172, 191, 248, 305, 326, 344, 362, 394, 414; V: 14, 34, 51, 107, 126, 202, 218, 295, 324, 366, 400–401, 451; VI: 67–68, 75, 168, 217, 226, 279; VII: 12, 27, 40, 150, 186, 208, 273 habeas corpus, I: 53, 74, 94, 102, 122, 132, 150, 165, 188, 222, 228, 238, 244, 270, 294, 301, 308, 313, 359; II: 20, 26, 40, 133, 155, 164, 195, 240, 256, 272, 292, 322, 330, 339, 360, 365; III: 21, 39, 65, 92, 123, 132, 172, 179, 204; IV: 38, 65, 84, 88, 112, 114, 139–140, 172, 192, 237, 247, 299, 305, 339, 355, 373, 406, 427; V: 34, 52, 63, 106–107, 125, 203, 217, 281, 287, 296, 306, 368, 402–403, 433, 446, 452, 469, 484; VI: 67, 74, 167– 168, 182–183, 218, 227–228, 238–239, 280, 286; VII: 58, 69, 106, 128, 135, 147, 150, 169–171, 187, 209, 226–229, 234, 275, 292, 294 inalienability of rights, I: 93, 121–123, 149, 150, 187, 211, 294, 295, 307–309, 358; II: 20, 26, 39, 85, 130, 131, 134, 163, 164, 191, 239, 240, 255, 256, 360; III: 21, 40, 64, 66, 203; IV: 16, 63, 140, 173, 193, 323, 341, 359, 391, 411; V: 13, 33, 50–51, 53, 88, 106, 125, 157, 165, 178, 200, 215, 219, 296, 321, 342, 364– 365, 369, 399–400, 404, 421, 434, 451– 453, 460, 461, 470, 485; VI: 40, 66, 73, 167, 173–174, 217, 218, 229, 281; VII: 11, 19, 25, 33, 39, 47, 91, 119, 149, 151 innocent, rights of, I: 256, 283; IV: 116; V: 434, 452, 470 inviolability of the home, I: 82, 94, 122, 152, 187, 212, 221, 243, 269, 294, 307, 342, 351; II: 131, 163, 193, 240, 256, 272, 292, 330, 339; III: 20, 38, 65, 241, 421; IV: 21, 65, 88, 140, 172, 191, 247, 305, 325, 343, 361, 377, 393, 413; V: 14, 33, 51, 157, 202, 218, 288, 295, 324, 366, 401, 422, 433, 452, 469, 484; VI: 66, 74, 140, 167, 217, 227, 280; VII: 12, 26, 40,

I NDEX USA PART I–VII 82, 93, 120, 150, 187–188, 210, 275 – legal rights, I: 48, 72, 83, 114, 187, 227, 244, 269, 308; II: 20, 132, 134, 146, 192, 256, 272; III: 205, 278, 279, 420, 438; IV: 21, 23, 65–66, 116, 139–140, 172, 191–193, 229, 248, 305, 324–326, 342– 344, 360–362, 380, 392–394, 399, 412– 414; V: 34, 157, 366, 400–401, 422, 483– 484; VI: 139, 174; VII: 174 – – bail, I: 83, 94, 122, 150, 188, 212, 222, 244, 270, 294, 308, 342, 346, 351; II: 20, 133, 164, 193, 194, 240, 256, 272, 273, 292, 330, 339, 360; III: 21, 39, 65, 92, 132, 179, 204, 227, 241, 421; IV: 22, 28, 66, 88, 116, 139–140, 172, 192, 246, 247, 305, 326, 332, 344, 349, 362, 367, 394, 397, 414, 417– 418; V: 22, 34, 52, 125, 157, 165, 178, 203–204, 217, 281, 287, 296, 337, 368, 402–403, 422, 433, 446, 452, 469, 484; VI: 40, 67, 74, 168, 218, 227–228, 280; VII: 17, 32, 46, 82, 93, 120, 150, 187, 208–209, 274, 275 – – compulsory process (for exculpatory evidence), I: 82, 94, 122, 187, 212, 221, 243, 269, 308; II: 132, 193, 240, 256, 272, 292, 330, 339, 360; III: 20, 38, 65, 91, 131, 204, 420; IV: 65, 88, 116, 139, 172, 191–192, 246, 305, 324– 325, 342–343, 361, 380, 392, 399, 412, 420; V: 14, 34, 52, 203, 217–218, 295– 296, 323–324, 366–367, 401, 433, 452, 469–470, 484; VI: 67, 74, 167, 217, 227, 280; VII: 12, 26, 40, 150, 187, 208–209, 274 – – confrontation with witnesses for the prosecution, I: 82, 94, 122, 187, 212, 221, 243, 269, 308, 342, 351; II: 132, 163, 193, 240, 256, 272, 292, 330, 339, 360; III: 20, 38, 65, 91, 131, 179, 204, 240, 420; IV: 21, 65, 88, 116, 139, 172, 191–192, 246, 305, 324–325, 342–343, 361, 392, 412; V: 14, 28, 34, 52, 125, 157, 203, 217–218, 295–296, 323–324, 366–367, 401, 422, 433, 452, 469–470, 484; VI: 67, 74, 167, 217; VII: 12, 26,

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40, 82, 93, 120, 150, 187, 208–209, 274 counsel, I: 82, 94, 122, 126, 150, 187, 212, 221, 222, 243, 269, 294, 308; II: 38, 132, 163, 193, 240, 256, 272, 292, 294, 330, 339, 360; III: 20, 38, 65, 91, 131, 204, 205, 240, 420; IV: 41, 88, 116, 139, 172, 191–192, 229, 246, 294, 305, 324–325, 342–343, 361, 380, 392, 399, 412; V: 14, 28, 34, 52, 91, 107, 125, 203, 217–218, 295–296, 323– 324, 366–367, 401, 422, 433, 452, 469–470, 484; VI: 67, 74, 167, 217; VII: 12, 26, 40, 150, 187, 208–209, 274 cruel or unusual punishment, prohibition of, II: 133, 164, 193, 292, 330, 339, 360; III: 21, 39, 65, 240, 241, 421; IV: 21–22, 65–66, 88, 116, 139, 172, 192, 247, 305, 325–326, 343–344, 361–362, 393–394, 413–414; V: 21, 34, 52, 125, 157, 203–204, 217, 281, 287, 296, 368, 402, 422, 433, 452, 469, 484; VI: 40, 67, 74, 140, 168, 218; VII: 82, 93, 120, 150, 187, 208, 274 double jeopardy, I: 82, 94, 98, 122, 150, 222, 244, 270, 308; II: 133, 164, 193, 240, 256, 272, 292, 330, 339, 360; III: 21, 39, 65, 204; IV: 88, 116, 139– 140, 172, 192, 246, 305, 325, 343, 361, 392–393, 412; V: 34, 52, 107, 125, 203, 217–218, 296, 367, 401–402, 433, 452, 469, 484; VI: 67, 74, 167, 218, 228, 280; VII: 150, 187, 209, 275 due process, I: 82, 94, 95, 188, 221, 222, 308, 351; II: 193, 361; III: 420; V: 34, 107, 422, 484; VI: 217; VII: 150 excessive fines, prohibition of, II: 360; III: 421; IV: 326, 344, 362, 394, 414; V: 34, 125, 203–204, 217, 281, 287, 422, 484; VI: 40, 64, 82–83, 140, 168, 218; VII: 17, 82, 93, 120, 150, 187, 208, 274 indictment and information, I: 82, 94, 103, 122, 150, 187, 195, 212, 221, 243,

373

I NDEX USA PART I–VII 269, 308, 342, 351; II: 132, 163, 164, 240, 243, 256, 272, 292, 296, 324, 330, 339, 343; III: 16, 20, 35, 38, 39, 57, 65, 88, 91, 127, 128, 131, 176, 179, 204, 240, 343, 415, 420; IV: 14–15, 27, 70–71, 88, 94, 116, 139–140, 152, 172, 181, 191–192, 199, 202, 246, 247, 305, 330, 338, 348, 355, 366, 373, 380, 399, 406, 420, 427; V: 34, 41, 52, 107, 125, 157, 170, 180, 188–189, 203, 217– 218, 224, 295–296, 359, 366–367, 392, 401–402, 422, 429, 433, 452, 457, 469– 470, 475, 484; VI: 39, 63, 67, 74, 167– 168, 217, 227, 259, 280, 297; VII: 107, 129, 144, 150, 168–169, 187, 208–209, 225–234, 274, 275, 290 – – non-self-incrimination, I: 82, 94, 122, 150, 188, 212, 221, 243, 269, 308, 342, 351; II: 132, 163, 193, 240, 292, 330, 339, 360; III: 65, 91, 131, 179, 204, 240, 420; IV: 21, 65, 116, 139–140, 172, 191–192, 246, 305, 324–325, 342– 343, 361, 392, 412; V: 14, 107, 125, 157, 203, 217–218, 296, 323–324, 366– 367, 401, 422, 434, 452, 470, 484; VI: 67, 74, 167, 217, 227, 280; VII: 12, 26, 40, 82, 93, 120, 150, 187, 209, 275 – – to be heard, I: 94, 103, 122, 150, 187, 221, 243, 269, 294, 308, 330; II: 132, 163, 193, 300, 330, 366; III: 20, 38, 179, 204, 205; IV: 21, 41, 45, 65, 172, 180–181, 191–192, 239–240, 246, 305, 324–325, 342–343, 361, 392, 412; V: 14, 103–104, 123, 125, 136, 141, 203, 295–296, 323–324, 366–367, 401, 484; VI: 67, 74, 139, 167, 217, 227, 240, 280, 286–287; VII: 12, 26, 40, 150, 172–173, 208–209, 225, 274, 290 – – trial by jury, I: 59, 77, 82, 83, 94, 95, 108, 122, 126, 149, 187, 188, 195, 212, 221, 222, 243, 244, 250, 269, 270, 277, 294, 299, 301, 305, 307, 308, 317, 342, 351; II: 20, 26, 31, 38, 39, 47, 131– 133, 163, 164, 193, 194, 240, 243, 256, 259, 272, 275, 291, 292, 296, 324, 325,

374

330, 339, 340, 343, 360, 361, 365; III: 16, 20, 21, 35, 37, 38, 57, 61, 64, 65, 88, 91, 127, 128, 131, 176, 179, 204, 205, 208, 239, 240, 343, 415, 419, 420, 436, 445; IV: 14–16, 21–22, 27, 65, 70–71, 88, 112, 116, 139–140, 146, 152, 172–173, 181, 191–193, 199, 202, 229, 246, 305, 317, 324–325, 330, 342– 343, 348, 360–362, 366, 377, 380, 385, 392–393, 399, 412–413, 420; V: 14, 21, 22, 28–29, 34, 41, 51–57, 93, 106– 107, 125, 157, 170, 180, 188–189, 202– 203, 216–219, 224, 281, 287, 295– 296, 312, 323–324, 336, 359, 365–367, 392, 400–402, 422, 429, 433, 434, 452, 457, 469–470, 475, 484; VI: 19, 39– 40, 48, 63, 66–67, 74, 140, 167–168, 183, 217, 218, 227–228, 242–243, 258– 259, 280, 288, 296–297; VII: 12, 17, 25–27, 39–40, 82, 93, 94, 107, 120, 129, 144, 147, 149–150, 168–169, 186– 187, 208–209, 225–234, 274, 275, 290 – liberty and security of person, I: 82, 94, 121, 122, 149, 150, 152, 187, 188, 211, 221, 243, 269, 294, 305, 307, 308, 342, 351; II: 130, 131, 163, 191, 193, 239, 240, 255, 256, 271, 272, 291, 292, 330, 338, 339, 351, 360; III: 20, 38, 64, 65, 203, 204, 240, 241, 420, 421; IV: 19, 21, 63–65, 116, 139–140, 172, 191–192, 246, 247, 305, 317, 323–325, 341–343, 359–361, 377, 391–393, 411–413; V: 13, 14, 16, 33, 50, 107, 125, 157, 200, 215, 218, 281, 287, 295, 321, 323–324, 364– 367, 399, 401, 421, 433, 451, 452, 469– 470, 484; VI: 11, 32, 40, 66–67, 74, 99, 167, 217, 227, 280; VII: 11, 12, 25, 26, 39–40, 81, 82, 91, 93, 119, 120, 150, 187–188, 210, 275 – liberty of residence, II: 331; IV: 21 – life, right to, I: 94, 108, 121, 122, 149, 150, 188, 211, 221, 243, 269, 294, 307, 308, 342, 351; II: 40, 130, 163, 191, 239, 255, 271, 291, 325, 330, 338, 351, 360; III: 18, 20, 37, 38, 64, 65, 203, 204, 240, 421; IV: 19, 21, 63–65, 116, 139–

I NDEX USA PART I–VII

–

–

– –

–

–

140, 172, 191–192, 228–229, 246, 294, 305, 317, 323–325, 341–343, 359–361, 391–392, 411–412; V: 13, 14, 16, 50, 107, 200, 215, 321, 323, 364–367, 399, 401, 421, 433, 451, 452, 469–470, 484; VI: 32, 40, 66–67, 74, 99, 167, 228, 258, 280–281, 296; VII: 11, 12, 25, 26, 39– 40, 81, 91, 119 matrimony, I: 105, 125, 158, 174, 273, 322, 359; II: 26, 38, 47, 69, 71, 95, 147, 203, 204, 244, 260, 276, 296, 303, 321, 329, 342, 351, 364, 373; III: 49, 133, 368, 429; IV: 34, 68, 96, 111, 124, 144, 183, 198, 203, 283, 294, 300, 337, 354, 371, 404, 424; V: 37, 71, 126, 169, 226, 284, 301, 310, 384, 445, 459; VI: 86, 253, 294; VII: 131, 184–187, 219, 285 movement, freedom of, I: 20; II: 331; III: 66, 132; IV: 173, 193, 249, 306; V: 53, 312, 325, 369, 404 occupation, freedom of, I: 187 personal freedom, I: 22, 82, 94, 122, 149, 188, 211, 212, 243, 294, 342, 351; II: 131, 255, 271, 272, 291, 338; III: 20, 38; IV: 19, 63, 172, 191, 323, 341, 359, 391, 411; V: 50, 157, 200, 215, 281, 287, 321, 364–365, 399, 451; VI: 40, 66–67, 74, 99, 167; VII: 11, 25, 39, 81, 91, 119, 187–188, 210, 275 petition, right of, I: 81, 95, 151, 188, 211, 222, 244, 270, 294, 308, 342, 352, 356; II: 195, 240, 257, 273, 291, 338, 360; III: 21, 39, 66, 204, 240, 420; IV: 19, 22, 66, 88, 125, 173, 192, 245, 304, 326, 344, 362, 394, 414; V: 14, 53, 126, 215– 216, 288, 325, 369, 403, 422, 434, 470, 485; VI: 218, 228–229, 281; VII: 13, 27, 41, 150, 208, 274 popular sovereignty, I: 93, 121, 123, 149, 163, 187, 211, 221, 243, 269, 289, 307, 341, 351; II: 28, 130, 163, 191, 239, 255, 271, 291, 293, 329, 338, 360; III: 20, 38, 64, 203, 239, 419; IV: 19–20, 64, 87, 125, 139, 171, 191, 245, 304, 323–324, 326–327, 341–342, 345, 359–360, 363, 391–392, 394–395, 411–412, 414; V: 13,

50–51, 85, 88–89, 91–92, 108–109, 126, 157, 206, 215, 281, 287, 295–296, 322, 365, 399–400, 421, 451, 452; VI: 40, 59, 66, 73, 76, 97–98, 102, 167, 217, 225– 226, 279; VII: 11, 25, 26, 39, 81, 91, 119, 149, 186, 207, 273 – press, freedom of the, I: 81, 94, 105, 122, 150, 187, 212, 221, 243, 269, 294, 301, 305, 307, 342, 351, 358; II: 20, 26, 39, 134, 164, 192, 240, 256, 272, 292, 330, 339, 360; III: 20, 38, 64, 92, 132, 180, 203, 243, 422; IV: 22, 65, 87, 112, 139, 172, 191, 248, 305, 325, 343, 362, 393, 413; V: 14, 22, 33, 51, 107, 126, 157–158, 202, 218, 288, 295, 324, 339, 366, 400–401, 422, 434, 452, 470, 485; VI: 32, 67–68, 75, 99, 120, 168, 217, 226, 279; VII: 12, 27, 40, 82, 94, 106, 120, 128, 150, 186, 208, 273 – privacy of mail, I: 294; V: 33; VI: 140; VII: 150 – property rights, I: 20, 95, 174, 228, 229, 238, 239, 253, 254, 281, 351, 358, 359; II: 26, 163, 248, 257, 324, 327, 329, 333, 352, 361, 373; III: 21, 39, 49, 65, 205, 218–221, 240, 241, 388, 420, 421; IV: 21–22, 65, 88, 111, 124–125, 140, 173, 192, 247, 304–305, 317, 323–325, 338, 341–343, 355, 359, 361, 373, 377, 391–393, 406, 411–413, 427; V: 14, 19, 22, 28, 33, 38, 53, 126, 157, 165, 178, 201–202, 204, 218–219, 281, 284, 287, 296, 310–312, 321, 324, 339–340, 364– 365, 368–369, 399, 403, 421, 445, 448; VI: 11–12, 67, 74, 99, 168–169, 185– 186, 227–228, 253–254, 280–281, 294; VII: 11, 12, 18, 26, 33, 39, 46–47, 82, 94, 120, 148, 184–185, 188–189, 210–211, 239, 276, 301 – – expropriation, I: 82, 94, 150, 174, 188, 211, 222, 244, 270, 295, 308; II: 131, 147, 164, 194, 240, 256, 273, 293, 324, 330, 340; III: 21, 39, 205; IV: 21, 64– 65, 125–126, 136, 140, 172, 192, 246, 305, 324, 342, 360, 392, 412; V: 14, 34, 51, 107, 125–126, 157, 296, 309,

375

I NDEX USA PART I–VII 323, 367, 399, 401–402, 434, 453, 470, 484; VI: 68, 75, 140, 167–168, 219, 228, 254, 280, 294; VII: 11, 12, 25, 26, 39–40, 81, 92, 106, 119, 128, 150, 188, 210, 242, 276, 304 – – freedom of ownership, I: 82, 94, 121, 122, 149, 150, 152, 187, 188, 211, 212, 221, 243, 269, 294, 305, 307, 308, 342, 351; II: 130, 131, 163, 239–241, 255, 256, 271, 272, 291–293, 330, 338– 340, 351, 361; III: 20, 38, 64, 65, 203, 204, 421; IV: 19, 21, 63–65, 88, 116, 123–124, 139–140, 172, 191–192, 246, 247, 305, 324–325, 342–343, 360– 361, 377, 392–393, 412–413; V: 13, 14, 50–51, 157, 200, 202, 215, 218, 295, 323–324, 366–367, 401, 433, 451, 452, 469–470; VI: 32, 40, 66–67, 74, 99; VII: 12, 25, 26, 40, 81, 82, 91, 93, 119, 120, 150, 187–188, 210, 275 – religion, freedom of, I: 62, 79, 81, 93, 94, 121, 135, 149, 194, 211, 218, 221, 232, 243, 256, 269, 294, 305, 307, 342, 346, 352, 353, 356; II: 19, 26, 40, 130, 163, 191, 192, 239, 255, 271, 292, 328, 329, 339, 360; III: 20, 38, 64, 203, 241, 310, 421; IV: 16, 19, 63, 87, 112, 117, 140, 171–172, 191, 245, 246, 301, 304, 323–324, 341–342, 359–360, 391, 411; V: 13, 15, 28, 33, 51, 91–92, 106, 125, 158, 164–165, 177–178, 201, 216–217, 281, 287, 295, 321–322, 365, 400, 421, 434, 438, 453, 470–471, 483; VI: 30–32, 40, 66, 73–74, 217, 226, 279; VII: 11, 25, 39, 82, 94, 106, 120, 128, 149, 188– 189, 211, 276, 277 – science, freedom of, IV: 21 – self-defense, right of, I: 95, 149, 188, 221, 243, 269, 294, 307; II: 130, 163, 195, 239, 255, 271, 291; V: 33, 204–205, 288, 296–297, 421; VI: 219, 228, 280; VII: 150 – separation of powers, I: 95, 123, 153, 188, 298, 303, 309, 341, 351; II: 13, 31, 112, 143, 198, 241, 246, 257, 274, 294, 317, 341; III: 11, 27, 45, 74, 81,

376

91, 107, 155, 165, 178, 206, 215, 239, 420; IV: 23, 67, 89, 107–108, 141, 173, 193, 222, 290, 326, 344–345, 363, 386, 394, 414, 428; V: 35, 53–54, 157, 288, 298, 421, 427, 454, 487; VI: 76, 102– 103, 137, 197, 229, 281; VII: 28, 41–42, 81, 86, 92, 98, 119, 122 – speech, freedom of, I: 22, 81, 94, 122, 150, 187, 294, 307; II: 134, 164, 192, 240, 256, 272, 292, 330, 339, 360; III: 20, 38, 64, 92, 132, 180, 203, 240; IV: 22, 66, 87, 112, 139, 172, 191, 248, 305, 326, 344, 362, 394, 414; V: 14, 33, 51, 107, 126, 202, 218, 288, 295, 324, 366, 400–401, 422, 427, 455, 472; VI: 67–68, 75, 168, 217, 226, 279; VII: 12, 27, 40, 106, 128, 186, 208, 273 – trade, freedom of, I: 20 settlement, VI: 214 slavery, I: 107, 108, 125, 126, 134, 152, 217, 318, 322; II: 40, 128, 129, 164, 165, 196, 241, 257, 273, 291, 324, 325, 332, 333, 339, 360; III: 18, 37, 62, 64, 388, 432; IV: 95, 125, 139, 183, 203–204, 207, 210, 228–229, 293–294; V: 13, 50, 198–201, 216, 282, 287–288, 312, 443, 470, 483; VI: 79, 99, 212–213, 257–258, 296; VII: 11, 25, 39, 129, 131, 148–149, 186, 207–208, 273 social welfare, I: 30; II: 337, 348, 350, 359; IV: 121 – financing of, II: 326 – poor, supervision of, II: 219, 301, 348, 369; III: 241; V: 442, 444 sovereign rights of the state, I: 28, 51, 52, 73, 74; V: 447, 484 – hunting privileges, I: 358; V: 341; VII: 18, 33, 47 – mining privileges, IV: 363, 395, 415 – right of coinage, I: 28, 30, 39, 51, 54, 74, 75; IV: 303; V: 247–248; VI: 255–256, 295; VII: 145–146, 178–179 – state monopolies, II: 330; III: 134, 243; VI: 68, 75, 168, 228, 281

I NDEX USA PART I–VII state and administrative apparatus, III: 184; V: 73–74 – – waters, I: 51, 74; IV: 125, 243, 268– 269, 303; V: 9, 107–108, 118, 132– 133, 137–138, 152, 443, 484; VI: 75 – civil servants, III: 252; VI: 48, 211 state independence, I: 20, 37, 93, 289; II: 317; III: 218, 221, 239; IV: 20, 23, 64, 67, 87, 171, 175, 195, 317, 327, 345, 363, 395, 415; V: 49, 50, 300; VI: 59, 97–98; VII: 155 state insignias, I: 100, 129, 163, 191, 192, 214, 216, 248, 274, 291, 292, 300, 310, 344, 354, 355; II: 16, 19, 25, 37, 136, 155, 225, 246, 262, 279, 297, 298, 312, 319, 344, 354, 362, 374; III: 17, 22, 35, 87, 95, 122, 169, 215, 250, 254, 413, 416, 417, 431, 433, 438; IV: 15, 34, 37, 79, 92–93, 113–114, 153–154, 178, 200, 236, 253–254, 298, 337, 338, 354, 355, 371, 373, 406, 427; V: 19, 20, 27, 39, 44, 61, 74, 105, 163, 176, 192, 207, 229, 304, 330, 335, 363, 397, 430, 438, 459, 489–490; VI: 27, 37, 39, 62, 69, 80, 173, 208, 247, 290; VII: 16, 31, 45, 69, 73, 112, 132, 245, 307 state structure – confederation, I: 20, 22, 31, 32, 37, 41, 54, 75 – federal state, I: 93, 231, 255, 282, 357 state territory, I: 61, 78, 106, 126, 135, 142–145, 148, 213, 289, 298; II: 34, 213, 217, 226, 230, 249, 265, 327, 337, 347, 352, 359, 376; III: 184, 185, 374, 390, 433, 434, 444; IV: 120, 129, 149, 155, 231, 242–243, 268–269, 273, 277, 282, 284, 288–290, 295, 301–303, 317; V: 9, 10, 73–74, 107–108, 126, 138, 284, 290–291, 437, 460, 487; VI: 11, 68, 98, 169, 175, 214, 215, 260–261, 297, 307; VII: 89, 143, 148, 185, 213–214, 238– 239, 279, 300, 301 suffrage: see voting rights, III: 89, 90 tariffs and duties, V: 107–108, 116, 118, 137, 152; VI: 202

taxes, I: 37, 53, 74, 203, 226, 249, 343; II: 26, 39, 113, 114, 144, 239, 250, 255, 293, 326, 340; III: 49, 240, 241, 286, 374, 429; IV: 10–11, 22, 24, 45, 66, 122, 173–174, 223, 290–291, 318, 326, 328, 344, 347, 362, 364, 394, 398, 413; V: 17, 28, 33, 86–87, 107–108, 137, 158, 162, 175, 184–185, 195, 326, 342–344, 358, 390–391, 422, 439, 454, 459, 471–473, 485–486, 496, 498; VI: 18, 34, 43, 143; VII: 18–19, 33–34, 47–48, 174 – tax equity, I: 135, 174, 318; II: 160, 302, 326, 349, 370; III: 135, 182; IV: 122, 149; V: 138, 172, 249, 273, 297, 307– 308; VI: 61, 78–79, 143, 255, 294–295; VII: 129, 145–146, 180 – tax expenditures, I: 53, 75, 318; II: 302; III: 182, 440; IV: 41, 56, 85, 119–122, 126, 149, 170; V: 239–240, 434, 459, 473; VI: 260, 297; VII: 178, 181–182, 236–237, 240, 298, 299, 302 – taxation, I: 24, 38, 45, 71, 105, 135, 136, 174, 299, 318, 342, 352, 358; II: 40, 134, 160, 161, 165, 172, 203, 204, 219, 271, 276, 282, 302, 326, 327, 347, 349, 350, 359, 370–372; III: 63, 135, 136, 205, 215, 420, 440; IV: 112, 122–123, 149– 150, 152–153, 170, 249, 301, 306; V: 27, 67, 139, 154, 172, 205, 237, 239–240, 243, 249–251, 307–308, 310, 454, 460, 486, 488, 498; VI: 61, 78–80, 169, 255, 294–295; VII: 12, 26, 40, 129, 145–146, 178, 213–214, 232, 236, 242–243, 279, 297, 298, 304 territorial organization, I: 97, 102, 105, 320; II: 159, 225, 265, 287, 349, 369; IV: 96, 118, 152, 203; V: 71, 198, 225– 226, 310–311; VI: 65, 84–85, 91, 93, 231, 256, 282, 295; VII: 113, 130, 148, 246, 308 – boundaries, I: 93, 106, 121, 175; II: 24, 34, 111, 143, 224, 239, 255, 271, 287, 291, 317, 338, 352, 359; III: 73, 157, 374, 390; IV: 107, 141, 221, 289, 303; V: 49, 158–159, 199–200, 311, 437;

377

I NDEX USA PART I–VII VI: 68–69, 75–76; VII: 156, 212–213, 277 – capital, IV: 155 – federalism, II: 291 treason, I: 21, 22, 58, 59, 77, 78, 104, 129, 135, 152, 153, 163, 188, 195, 224, 227, 250, 277, 294, 322; II: 18, 24, 25, 33, 36, 66, 81, 115, 118, 128, 194, 195, 198, 200, 209, 240–242, 256, 272, 275, 279, 294, 295, 318, 325, 329, 342, 350, 361; III: 13, 15, 18, 21, 29, 31, 35, 39, 47, 48, 50, 59, 65, 82, 89, 110, 114, 119, 129, 166, 177, 204, 205, 210, 240, 241, 343, 420; IV: 22, 66, 88, 90, 108–109, 113, 116, 140, 142, 148, 173, 176, 178, 182, 195, 200, 202, 227–228, 247, 293, 305, 325, 343, 361, 393, 413; V: 34, 69, 102, 186, 195–196, 222, 228–229, 236, 296, 298–300, 303, 333–335, 353, 358, 368, 385, 391, 403, 454; VI: 36, 60, 63, 77, 169, 219, 245, 250, 289, 292; VII: 30, 44, 144–145, 147, 158–159, 166, 176, 187, 209–210, 218, 222–223, 275, 284, 287 voting rights, I: 153, 175, 177, 193, 208, 211, 213, 227, 248, 249, 273, 276, 307, 354; II: 15, 118, 158–160, 198, 216, 241, 273, 293, 294, 303, 311, 312, 325, 329, 333, 340, 341, 350, 351, 355, 363, 367, 375; III: 15, 28, 36, 47, 55, 59, 111, 129, 130, 135, 156, 159, 177, 183, 205, 239, 245, 252, 285, 373, 408; IV: 21, 25–26, 64, 70, 89–90, 108, 117, 129, 144, 148, 153, 174, 193–194, 224, 252–253, 291, 329, 347, 349, 365, 366, 378, 379, 381, 397, 398, 419; V: 13, 58, 72, 87, 102, 109, 195–196, 236, 253, 283, 298, 304, 323, 331, 358, 391, 422, 430, 432, 454, 471–472, 478, 491, 496, 498; VI: 63, 80, 230, 234, 282–284; VII: 12, 26, 40, 69, 81, 87, 92, 119, 122, 127, 138, 144, 157, 165, 176–177, 195, 217, 221, 245–246, 282, 286, 307 – age, I: 96, 109, 123, 152, 193, 203–205, 226, 249, 276, 293, 298, 315, 329, 343;

378

–

–

– –

II: 15, 39, 118, 137, 158, 196, 257, 273, 293, 325, 340, 367; III: 12, 15, 28, 47, 76, 80, 110, 153, 158, 205, 245, 247, 251, 254, 266, 270, 272, 274, 319, 407, 423; IV: 10–11, 25–28, 45, 58, 77, 88–89, 117, 148, 156, 173–174, 184, 193, 224– 292, 318, 328, 347, 364, 378, 398, 418; V: 17, 26, 34, 67–68, 86–87, 101, 115, 127, 162, 169, 173, 175, 195–196, 236, 290, 297, 326, 358, 390–391, 432, 453, 471, 485–486; VI: 26, 34, 45, 53, 63, 208, 229–230, 281–282; VII: 13, 108, 122, 143–144, 175, 214, 279 citizenship, I: 96, 109, 123, 152, 193, 203, 204, 315, 329, 353; II: 26, 39, 158, 196, 241, 257, 273, 293, 325, 340, 367; III: 28, 47, 76, 80, 110, 153, 158, 423; IV: 45, 77, 88–89, 117, 148, 173–174, 184, 193, 224–292; V: 68, 101, 127, 173, 236, 283, 290, 297, 390–391, 453, 471, 485–486; VI: 26, 34, 45, 53, 80, 102, 229–230, 281; VII: 56, 108, 122, 175, 214, 279 disqualifying attributes, I: 105, 124, 153, 172, 193, 249, 276, 316; II: 15, 118, 147, 159, 196, 197, 241, 257, 273, 293, 325, 367; III: 18, 35, 59, 111, 129, 158, 205, 246, 423, 424; IV: 77, 117, 143, 148, 182, 202, 225–226, 292, 378, 398, 418; V: 34, 57, 101–102, 127, 154, 169, 196, 236, 282, 297, 338, 432, 453, 454, 471, 486–487; VI: 80, 84, 169, 211, 229–230, 250–251, 281–282, 292; VII: 17, 32, 46, 108, 122, 176, 215, 245, 280, 281, 307 education, IV: 58, 148 gender, I: 96, 109, 123, 152, 193, 203– 205, 226, 249, 276, 293, 298, 329, 343, 353; II: 15, 118, 137, 158, 196, 241, 257, 273, 293, 325, 340, 367; III: 15, 28, 47, 76, 80, 110, 158, 205, 245, 247, 266, 270, 272, 274, 285, 319, 419, 423; IV: 10– 11, 25–28, 45, 77, 88–89, 117, 148, 156, 173–174, 184, 193, 224–292, 318, 328, 347, 364, 378, 398, 418; V: 34, 67–68, 86–87, 101, 115, 120, 127, 169, 173, 175, 195–196, 236, 283, 290, 297, 432,

I NDEX USA PART I–VII

–

–

– –

453, 471, 485–486; VI: 26, 34, 53, 63, 80, 229–230, 281–282; VII: 108, 122, 143–144, 175, 214, 279 property, I: 193, 203, 307, 343; II: 15; III: 76, 80, 239, 245, 247, 251, 254, 266, 270–272, 283, 407; IV: 10–11, 25–28, 192, 378, 397; V: 26, 86–88, 101, 127, 154, 162, 169, 173, 175, 432, 454, 460, 471, 485–486; VI: 18, 26, 34, 45, 53, 63, 168; VII: 108, 144 race, ethnicity, I: 96, 109, 123, 152, 193, 203, 204, 226, 249, 276, 293, 298, 315, 329; II: 15, 118, 137, 158, 196, 241, 257, 273, 293, 367; III: 28, 47, 76, 80, 110, 153, 158, 245, 247, 266, 270, 272, 274, 285, 319, 419, 423; IV: 10–11, 88– 89, 117, 131, 148, 156, 173–174, 184, 193, 224–292; V: 34, 67–68, 101, 127, 154, 169, 173, 175, 195–196, 236, 282– 283, 290, 297, 390–391, 432, 453, 471; VI: 26, 34, 53, 80, 198, 229–230, 281– 282; VII: 108, 122, 143–144, 175, 214, 279 religion, IV: 318; VI: 26 residence, I: 96, 109, 123, 135, 152, 153, 175, 193, 203–205, 226, 249, 276, 293, 298, 315, 329, 343, 353; II: 15, 26, 39, 118, 137, 158, 159, 196, 197, 241, 257,

273, 293, 312, 325, 340, 367; III: 12, 15, 28, 47, 76, 80, 110, 111, 153, 158, 205, 245, 247, 251, 254, 266, 270, 272, 274, 285, 319, 407, 423; IV: 10–11, 25– 28, 45, 60, 77, 83, 88–89, 117, 148, 156, 173–174, 182, 184, 193, 224–292, 328, 329, 347, 364, 378, 397, 398, 419; V: 17, 26, 34, 67–69, 86–87, 101, 115, 127, 162, 169, 173, 175, 195–196, 236, 283, 290, 297, 326, 358, 390–391, 453, 471, 485–487; VI: 26, 34, 45, 53, 63, 208, 229–230, 252, 281, 293; VII: 13, 108, 122, 144, 175–176, 214–215, 245–246, 251–252, 279–281, 307, 312 war, state of, I: 82, 153, 164, 222, 244, 270; II: 132, 147, 159, 164, 240, 241, 247, 256, 257, 272, 273, 282, 292, 301, 325, 326, 340, 349, 371; III: 20, 39, 65, 133, 181, 205, 241; IV: 22, 30, 66, 88– 89, 113, 117, 122, 125, 139–140, 150, 173, 193, 247, 249, 294, 305–306, 416; V: 52, 102, 205, 217–219, 238–239, 297, 309, 367, 369, 401–402, 404, 433, 434, 452, 453, 459, 469–470, 473; VI: 68, 75, 168, 184–186, 188–189; VII: 122, 130, 159, 176, 181, 187, 209, 223, 237, 275, 288, 299

379