Constitutions of the World from the late 18th Century to the Middle of the 19th Century: Part VIII Addenda et Corrigenda 9783110260656, 9783110260564

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Table of contents :
Introduction
Constitution of Alabama (1819)
Constitution of Arizona (1860)
Failed Constitution of Deseret (1849)
Failed Constitution of Deseret (1856)
Constitution of Indian Stream (1832)
Failed Constitution of Iowa (1844)
Failed Provisional Constitution of New Mexico (1846) / Proyecto de Constitución de Nuevo México (1846)
Draft of a Constitution of New Mexico (1849)
Failed Constitution of Texas (1833) / Proyecto de constitución de Tejas (1833)
Constitution of Texas (1836) / Constitución de Tejas (1836)
Declaration of Rights of Virginia (1776)
Index Overview
Index USA Part I–VIII
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Constitutions of the World from the late 18th Century to the Middle of the 19th Century Verfassungen der Welt vom späten 18. Jahrhundert bis Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts

Constitutions of the World from the late 18th Century to the Middle of the 19th Century Sources on the Rise of Modern Constitutionalism Editor in Chief Horst Dippel America: Volume 1

Verfassungen der Welt vom späten 18. Jahrhundert bis Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts Quellen zur Herausbildung des modernen Konstitutionalismus Herausgegeben von Horst Dippel Amerika: Band 1

De Gruyter

Constitutional Documents of the United States of America 1776–1860 Part VIII: Addenda et Corrigenda Edited by Horst Dippel

Verfassungsdokumente der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika 1776–1860 Teil VIII: Addenda et Corrigenda Herausgegeben von Horst Dippel

De Gruyter

ISBN 978-3-11-026056-4 e-ISBN 978-3-11-026065-6 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche 1DWLRQDOELEOLRJUD¿HGHWDLOHGELEOLRJUDSKLFGDWDDUHDYDLODEOHLQWKH,QWHUQHW at http://dnb.d-nb.de. © 2011 Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston Printing: Hubert & Co. GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen ’3ULQWHGRQDFLGIUHHSDSHU Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com

Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Constitution of Alabama (1819) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9

Constitution of Arizona (1860) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Failed Constitution of Deseret (1849) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Failed Constitution of Deseret (1856) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

37 45

Constitution of Indian Stream (1832) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Failed Constitution of Iowa (1844) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Failed Provisional Constitution of New Mexico (1846) / Proyecto de Constitución de Nuevo México (1846) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Draft of a Constitution of New Mexico (1849) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

79 95

Failed Constitution of Texas (1833) / Proyecto de constitución de Tejas (1833) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Constitution of Texas (1836) / Constitución de Tejas (1836) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Declaration of Rights of Virginia (1776) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Index Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Index USA Part I–VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

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Introduction

This additional volume became necessary when Mike Breedlove of the State Archives of Alabama informed me in summer 2010 that the Archives had put the engrossed manuscript of the Alabama constitution of 1819 online together with other material. When preparing my first volume years ago I had searched for the manuscript, but for whatever reasons it had been unavailable to me causing me to assume, mistakenly as is now evident, that it no longer existed. The Alabama experience induced me to double-check deposits in archives, libraries, and historical societies for more than twenty cases in which original manuscripts were not known to have survived as of 2010. Only in the case of the Constitution of the State of Deseret of 1849 a manuscript surfaced which may qualify as equivalent to an original manuscript. However, this renewed search yielded further constitutional documents, some of which have never been published, according to my knowledge, at least not in a modern edition. They include the Constitution of Deseret of 1856 and the Spanish translation of the Texas Constitution of 1833. The latter is a most welcome addition as it reveals the only extant contemporary print of the English version of this constitution to contain a few flaws. Similarly, the study of the surviving manuscripts regarding the genesis of the Texas constitution of 1836 sheds more light on the wording of the final English and Spanish texts, though an engrossed manuscript of that is not at hand. The discovery on the internet of a New Mexico Bill of Rights of 1846 – which proved to be part of Kearny’s Organic Law of New Mexico – led to a more thorough

investigation of the territorial situation, particularly of the Southwest after the Mexican War and more generally to the often unsettled or disputed situation along the boundaries of the country, from the 1770s through the first half of the nineteenth century. New Mexicans, weary of military government which continued after the conclusion of the Mexican war, made a new attempt towards civil government in 1849, as futile as that of Arizona in 1860. Both did not meet with the approval of the Federal government in Washington. In other cases such approval was not even sought. The documents set up were considered to be in force until Washington would establish viable institutions in the territory, as the considerable distance from the national capital and the difficulties of communication in often hostile surroundings called for local action. Though invalid from Washington’s perspective, these constitutions are important testimony of selfconstituting communities and, at least in the case of the Republic of Indian Stream, of the attempt to set up a direct democracy – the only example within the boundaries of the United States, to my knowledge. While constitutions were drafted in all of the above cases, other such movements, from Westsylvania in the 1770s to Fredonia in the 1820s, appear never to have reached this stage. Two further documents had to be included in this volume despite already having been published in vols. II and VII, respectively. The failed constitution of Iowa of 1844 needed to be re-edited as three more prints of 1844 came to light, thus substantially broadening the editorial basis. Though without the benefit of the original manuscript, which Shambaugh had still

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I NTRODUCTION been able to examine in 1895,1 the new edition should be on a safer footing than the previous one, which had to rely on a single published text. The second document to be re-edited here is the Virginia Declaration of Rights of 12 June 1776. A nasty error had mysteriously slipped into its title in vol. VII, thus necessitating a reprint of this core document in a correct version. This volume was made possible through the help and assistance of numerous people. A constant inspiration, Brandon Haynes of the Administrative Office of the Courts of the State of Kentucky was once again a stalwart source of support at all times, as in the case of every previous volume. Without Russell Taylor of the Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University at Provo UT, it would have been impossible to get the editions of the two Deseret constitutions into a publishable form, while Brittany Chapman of the LDS Church History Library in Salt Lake City UT provided essential additional material. Brian Burford of the New Hampshire State Archives was an indispensable ally in editing the Indian Stream constitution, as was Tomas Jaehn at the New Mexico History Museum in Santa Fe for the New Mexico documents. Michael Hironymous once again proved a reliable source of assistance at the Benson Library of the University of Texas at Austin while John Powell was particularly helpful at the Newberry Library in Chicago. Rodney Ross, Jane Fitzgerald and Jessica Kratz

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tirelessly searched the vast holdings of the National Archives in Washington for any material that might aid the editing process. John Anderson at the Texas State Archives generously provided his time and energy for our mutual benefit, and Mark Lambert of the Texas General Land Office supplied essential documents and valuable additional information. Last, but certainly not least, Carol Kirsch of the State Historical Society of Iowa at Iowa City, was a committed collaborator unearthing the newspaper publications of the 1844 Iowa constitution. Many more people were involved in numerous institutions across the country, searching for manuscripts and other documents which have contributed to the making of this volume, as well as those which remained elusive. Back in Germany, Thomas Clark, Miriam Leitner, Matthias Schneider, and Jacqueline Wendel generously offered their free time to assist me in getting this supplementary volume published. To all of them I wish to extend my most sincere thanks for their generosity and commitment. The publisher deserves particular thanks for having made this additional volume possible. Horst Dippel

1

Documentary Material Relating to the History of Iowa, edited by William F. Shambaugh, 3 vols., Iowa City: State Historical Society of Iowa, 1895–1901, I, 186.

Constitution of Alabama (1819) Constitution of Alabama1

We, the people of the Alabama Territory, having the right of admission into the General Government, as a member of the Union, consistent with the Constitution and Laws of the United States, by Our Representatives, assembled in Convention at the Town of Huntsville, on Monday the fifth day of July, One thousand eight hundred and nineteen, In pursuance of an Act of Congress, entitled “An Act to enable the people of the Alabama Territory to form a Constitution and State Government, and for the Admission of such State into the Union, on an equal footing with the Original States;” In order to establish Justice, ensure Tranquility, provide for the common Defence, promote the general welfare, and secure to ourselves and our posterity, the rights of life, liberty, and property, Do Ordain and Establish the following C ONSTITUTION, or form of Government, and do mutually agree with each other to form ourselves into a Free and Independent State, by the name of “T HE S TATE OF A LABAMA:” And we do hereby recognise, confirm, and establish, the boundaries assigned to said State, by the Act of Congress aforesaid, to wit; “Beginning at the point where the Thirty first degree of north Latitude intersects the Perdido river; thence east to the western boundary line of the State of Georgia; thence along said line to the southern boundary line of the State of Tennessee; thence west along said boundary line to the Tennessee river; thence up the same to the mouth of Bear Creek; thence by a direct line to the northwest corner of Washington County; thence due south to the Gulph of Mexico; thence

eastwardly, including all Islands within six leagues of the shore, to the Perdido river; and thence up the same to the beginning;” subject to such alteration, as is provided in the third section of said Act of Congress, and subject to such enlargement as may be made by law, in consequence of any Cession of Territory by the United States, or either of them.

ARTICLE I Declaration of Rights That the general, great, and essential principles of Liberty and free Government may be recognised and established, We Declare S ECT. 1. That all free men, when they form a social compact, are equal in rights: and that no man, or set of men, are entitled to exclusive, separate, public emoluments, or privileges, but in consideration of public services. S ECT. 2. All political power is inherent in the people, and all free governments are founded on their authority, and instituted for their benefit; and, therefore, they have, at all times, an unalienable and indefeasible right to alter, reform, or abolish their form of government, in such manner as they may think expedient. S ECT. 3. No person within this State shall, upon any pretence, be deprived of the inestimable privelege of worshipping God in the manner most agreeable to his own Conscience, nor be compelled to attend any

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A LABAMA place of Worship; nor shall any one ever be obliged to pay any tithes, taxes, or other rate, for the building, or repairing, any place of Worship, or for the maintenance of any minister, or ministry. S ECT. 4. No human authority ought, in any case whatever, to controul, or interfere with the rights of conscience. S ECT. 5. No person shall be hurt, molested, or restrained, in his religious profession, sentiments, or persuasion; provided he does not disturb others in their religious worship. S ECT. 6. The civil rights, privileges, or capacities of any citizen shall, in no way, be diminished, or enlarged, on account of his religious principles. S ECT. 7. There shall be no establishment of Religion, by law; no preference shall ever be given, by law, to any religious sect, society, denomination, or mode of worship; and no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office, or public trust, under this State. S ECT. 8. Every Citizen may freely speak, write, & publish his sentiments, on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that liberty. S ECT. 9. The people shall be secure in their persons, houses, papers and possessions, from unreasonable seizures or searches; and no warrant to search any place, or to sieze any person, or thing, shall issue, without describing them as nearly as may be, nor without probable cause, supported by oath, or affirmation. S ECT. 10. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused has a right to be heard, by himself and counsel; to demand the nature and cause of the accusation, and have a copy thereof: to be confronted by the Witnesses, against him; to have compulsory process,

10

for obtaining Witnesses in his favour; and in all prosecutions, by indictment, or information, a speedy, public trial, by an impartial Jury of the County, or district, in which the offence shall have been committed; he shall not be compelled to give evidence against himself, nor shall he be deprieved of his life, liberty, or property, but by due course of law. S ECT. 11. No person shall be accused, arrested, or detained, except in cases ascertained by law, and according to the forms which the same has prescribed; and no person shall be punished, but in virtue of a law, established & promulgated, prior to the offence, and legally applied. S ECT. 12. No person shall, for any indictable offence, be proceeded against criminally, by information; except in cases arising in the Land, or Naval forces, or the militia, when in actual service, or, by leave of the Court, for oppression or misdemeanor in office. S ECT. 13. No person shall, for the same offence, be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall any person’s property be taken, or applied to public use, unless just compensation be made therefor. S ECT. 14. All Courts shall be open, and every person, for an injury done him, in his lands, goods, person, or reputation, shall have remedy, by due course of law; and right and justice administered, without sale, denial, or delay. S ECT. 15. No power of suspending laws shall be2 exercised, except by the General Assembly, or its authority. S ECT. 16. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel punishments inflicted. S ECT. 17. All persons shall, before conviction, be bailable, by sufficient securities,

C ONSTITUTION OF A LABAMA (1819) except for capital offences, when the proof is evident, or the presumption great; and the privilege of the writ of “habeas corpus” shall not be suspended, unless when, in cases of rebellion, or invasion, the public safety may require it. S ECT. 18. The person of a debtor, where there is not strong presumption of fraud, shall not be detained in Prison, after delivering up his estate, for the benefit of his creditors, in such manner as shall be prescribed by law. S ECT. 19. No ex post facto law, nor law impairing the obligation of Contracts, shall be made. S ECT. 20. No person shall be attainted of treason, or felony, by the General Assembly: No attainder shall work corruption of blood, nor forfeiture of estate. S ECT. 21. The estates of suicides shall descend, or vest, as in cases of natural death: if any person shall be killed by casualty, there shall be no forfeiture, by reason thereof. S ECT. 22. The Citizens have a right, in a peaceable manner, to assemble together, for their common good; and to apply to those invested with the powers of Government, for redress of grievances, or other proper purposes, by petition, address, or remonstrance.

S ECT. 25. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner; nor, in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. S ECT. 26. No title of nobility, or hereditary distinction, privilege, honor, or emolument, shall ever be granted, or conferred, in this State; nor shall any office be created, the appointment of which shall be for a longer term, than during good behaviour. S ECT. 27. Emigration from this State shall not be prohibited, nor shall any citizen be exiled. S ECT. 28. The right of trial by Jury shall remain inviolate. S ECT. 29. No person shall be debarred from prosecuting, or defending, any civil cause, for, or against him, or herself, before any tribunal in this State, by him, or herself, or counsel. S ECT. 30. This enumeration of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others, retained by the people: and to guard against any encroachments on the rights herein retained, or any transgression of any of the high powers herein delegated, We declare, that every thing, in this Article, is excepted out of the general powers of government, and shall forever remain inviolate: and that all laws contrary thereto, or to the following provisions, shall be void.

S ECT. 23. Every citizen has a right to bear arms, in defence of himself and the State.

Distribution of Powers

S ECT. 24. No standing army shall be kept up, without consent3 of the General Assembly; and, in that case, no appropriation of money, for its support, shall be for a longer term than one year: and the military shall, in all cases, and at all times, be in strict subordination to the civil power.

S ECT. 1. The powers of the government of the State of Alabama, shall be divided into three distinct departments, and each of them confided to a separate body of magistracy, to wit: those which are Legislative, to One; those which are Executive, to Another; and those which are judicial, to another.

ARTICLE II

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A LABAMA S ECT. 2. No person or collection of persons, being of one of those departments, shall exercise any power, properly belonging to either of the others except in the instances herein after expressly directed, or permitted.

ARTICLE III Legislative Department

which he offers to vote, shall be deemed a qualified elector: Provided, that no Soldier, Seaman, or marine, in the regular army, or navy of the United States, shall be entitled to vote at any election in this State: and, Provided, also, that no elector shall be entitled to vote, except in the County, City, or Town (entitled to separate representation) in which he may reside at the time of the election.

S ECT. 1. The Legislative power of this State shall be vested in two distinct branches: the one to be stiled the Senate, the other the House of Representatives; and both together, the “General Assembly of the State of Alabama;” and the style of their laws shall be, “Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the State of Alabama, in General Assembly convened.”

S ECT. 6. Electors shall, in all cases, except in those of Treason, Felony, or Breach of the Peace, be privileged from arrest, during their attendance at elections, and in going to, and returning from, the same.

S ECT. 2. The members of the house of Representatives shall be chosen, by the qualified electors, and shall serve for the term of one year, from the day of the commencement of the general election, and4 no longer.

S ECT. 8. Elections for Representatives, for the several Counties, shall be held at the place of holding their respective Courts, and at such other places as may be prescribed by law; provided, that when it shall appear to the General Assembly, that any City, or Town shall have a number of white inhabitants, equal to the ratio then fixed, such city or town shall have a separate representation, according to the number of white inhabitants therein, which shall be retained so long as such City, or town shall contain a number of white inhabitants, equal to the ratio, which may from time to time be fixed by law; and thereafter, and during the existence of the right of separate representation, in such city or town, elections for the County, in which such City, or town, entitled to such separate representation, is situated, shall not be held in such city, or town; but it is understood, and hereby declared, that no city, or town, shall be entitled to separate representation, unless the number of white inhabitants in the County, in which such City or town is situated, residing out of the limits of said City, or Town, be equal

S ECT. 3. The Representatives shall be chosen every year, on the first Monday and the day following in August, until otherwise directed by law. S ECT. 4. No person shall be a Representative unless he be a white man, a citizen of the United States, and shall have been an inhabitant of this State two years, next preceding his election, and the last year thereof a resident of the County, City, or Town, for which he shall be chosen, and shall have attained the age of Twenty-one years. S ECT. 5. Every white male person, of the age of Twenty one years, or upwards, who shall be a citizen of the United States, and shall have resided in this State one year next preceding an election, and the last three months within the County, City, or Town in

12

S ECT. 7. In all elections by the people, the electors shall vote by ballot, until the General Assembly shall otherwise direct.

C ONSTITUTION OF A LABAMA (1819) to the existing ratio; or unless the residuum, or fraction, of such City, or Town, shall, when added to the white inhabitants of the County, residing out of the limits of said City, or town, be5 equal to the ratio, fixed by law, for one representative; and provided, that if the residuum or fraction of any city, or town, entitled to separate representation, shall, when added to the residuum of the County in which it may, lie be equal to the ratio, fixed by law, for one representative, then the aforesaid County, City, or Town, having the largest residuum, shall be entitled to such representation; and Provided, also, that when there are two or more Counties adjoining, which have residuums, or fractions, over & above the ratio then fixed by law, if said residuums or fractions, when added together, will amount to such ratio, in that case, one representative shall be added to that County having the largest residuum. S ECT. 9. The General Assembly shall, at their first meeting, and in the years One thousand eight hundred and twenty, One thousand eight hundred and Twenty-three, One thousand eight hundred and Twenty six, and every six years thereafter, cause an enumeration to be made, of all the inhabitants of the State; and the whole number of the representatives shall at the first session, held after making every such enumeration, be fixed by the General Assembly, and apportioned among the several Counties, cities, or towns, entitled to separate representation, according to their respective numbers of white inhabitants; and the said apportionment, when made, shall not be subject to alteration, until after the next Census shall be taken. The House of Representatives shall not consist of less than Forty-four, nor more than sixty members, until the number of white inhabitants shall be one hundred thousand, and after that event the whole number of representatives shall never be less than Sixty nor more than

One hundred; provided, however, that each County shall be entitled to at least one representative. S ECT. 10. The General Assembly shall, at the first session, after making every such enumeration, fix, by law, the whole number of senators, and shall divide the State into the same number of districts, as nearly equal in the number of white inhabitants as may be, each of which districts shall be entitled to one Senator, and no more; provided, that the whole number of Senators shall never be less than one fourth, nor more than one third of the whole number of representatives. S ECT. 11. When a senatorial district shall be composed of two, or more Counties, the Counties of which such District consists shall not be entirely separated, by any County belonging to another district, and no County shall be divided in forming a District. S ECT. 12. Senators shall be chosen by the qualified electors, for the term of three years, at the same time, in the same manner, and at the same places, where they may vote for Members of the house of Representatives; and no person shall be a Senator, unless he be a white man, a Citizen of the United States, and shall have been an inhabitant of this State two years next preceeding his election, and the last year thereof a resident of the district for which he shall be chosen, and shall have attained to the age of Twenty seven years. S ECT. 13. The Senators chosen, according to the apportionment, under the Census, ordered to be taken in One thousand eight hundred and Twenty six, when convened, shall be divided by lot into three classes, as nearly equal as may be; the seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the first year; those of the second class at the expiration of the second

13

A LABAMA year; and those of the third class at the expiration of the third year; so that one third may be annually chosen thereafter, and a rotation thereby kept up perpetually: such mode of classifying new, additional Senators shall be observed, as will, as nearly as possible, preserve an equality of members in each class. S ECT. 14. The House of Representatives, when assembled, shall choose a Speaker and its other officers; and the senate shall annually choose a President & its other officers; each house shall judge of the qualifications, elections, & returns of its own members; but a contested election, shall be determined in such6 manner, as shall be directed by law. S ECT. 15. A majority of each house shall constitute, a quorum to do business, but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties, as each house may provide. S ECT. 16. Each House may determine the rules of its own proceedings, punish members for disorderly behaviour, and, with the consent of two thirds, expel a member, but not a second time for the same cause: and shall have all other powers necessary for a7 branch of the Legislature of a free and independent State. S ECT. 17. Each House, during the Session, may punish, by imprisonment, any person not a member, for disrespectful or disorderly behaviour in its presence; or for obstructing any of its proceedings; provided, that such imprisonment shall not, at any one time, exceed forty-eight hours. S ECT. 18. Each house shall keep a Journal of its proceedings and cause the same to be published immediately after its adjournment, excepting such parts as in its judgement may require secrecy; and the

14

yeas and nays, of the members of either house, on any question, shall, at the desire of any two members present, be entered on the Journals; and any member of either house shall have liberty to dissent from, or protest, against any act, or resolution, which he may think injurious to the public, or an individual, and have the reasons of his dissent entered on the Journals. S ECT. 19. Senators and Representatives shall, in all cases, except treason, felony, or breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest, during the Session of the General Assembly, and in going to and returning from the same, allowing one day for every twenty miles such member may reside from the place, at which the General Assembly is convened; nor shall any member be liable to answer, for any thing spoken in debate, in either house, in any court or place elsewhere. S ECT. 20. When vacancies happen, in either house, the Governor, or the person exercising the powers of the Governor, shall issue writs of election, to fill such vacancies. S ECT. 21. The doors of each house shall be open, except on such occasions, as in the opinion of the House, may require secrecy. S ECT. 22. Neither house shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place, than that in which they may be sitting. S ECT. 23. Bills may originate in either house, and be amended, altered, or rejected, by the other: but no Bill shall have the force of a law, until, on three several days, it be read in each house, and free discussion be allowed thereon; unless in cases of urgency, four fifths of the house, in which the Bill shall be depending, may deem it expedient, to dispense with this rule; and every bill, having passed both houses, shall be signed

C ONSTITUTION OF A LABAMA (1819) by the Speaker and President of their respective Houses; provided, that all bills for raising revenue shall originate in the house of Representatives, but the Senate may amend, or reject them, as other Bills. S ECT. 24. Each member of8 the General Assembly shall receive from the public treasury such compensation for his services, as may be fixed by law; but no increase of compensation shall take effect, during the session, at which such increase shall have been made. S ECT. 25. No Senator or Representative shall, during the term for which he shall have been elected, be appointed to any civil office of Profit, under this State, which shall have been created, or the emoluments of which shall have been encreased, during such9 term; except such offices as may be filled by elections by the people. S ECT. 26. No person holding any lucrative office under the United States (the office of Post master excepted,) this State, or any other power, shall be eligible to the General Assembly: provided, that offices in the militia, to which there is attached no annual Salary, or the office of Justice of the Peace, or that of the quorum, or County Court, while it has no Salary, shall not be deemed lucrative. S ECT. 27. No person, who may hereafter be a collector, or holder of public monies, shall have a seat, in either house of the General Assembly, or be eligible to any office of trust, or profit, under this State, until he shall have accounted for, and paid into the Treasury, all sums for which he may be accountable. S ECT. 28. The first election, for Senators and Representatives, shall be general throughout the State; and shall be held on the third Monday and Tuesday in September next.

S ECT. 29. The first Session of the General Assembly shall commence on the fourth Monday in October next, and be held at the Town of Huntsville; and all subsequent Sessions at the Town of Cahawba, until the end of the first session of the General Assembly, to be held in the year one thousand eight hundred and twenty-five: during that Session the General Assembly shall have power, to designate by law, (to which the executive concurrence shall not be required) the permanent seat of Government, which shall not thereafter, be changed: Provided, however, that, unless such designation be then made, by law, the government shall continue, permanently, at the Town of Cahawba; and provided, also, that the General Assembly shall make no appropriations, previous to the year One thousand eight hundred and twenty-five, for the building of any other State House, than that, now provided for by law.

ARTICLE IV Executive Department S ECT. 1. The supreme executive power of this State, shall be vested in a chief magistrate who shall be styled the Governor of the State of Alabama. S ECT. 2. The Governor shall be elected by the qualified electors, at the time, and places, when they shall respectively vote for Representatives. S ECT. 3. The returns of every election for Governor, shall be sealed up and transmitted to the Seat of Government, directed to the Speaker of the house of Representatives; who shall, during the first week of the Session, open, and publish them, in presence of both houses of the General Assembly. The person having the highest number of votes, shall be Governor, but if two or more shall be equal and highest10 in votes, one of them

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A LABAMA shall be chosen Governor, by the joint vote of both houses. Contested elections for Governor shall be determined by both houses of the General Assembly, in such manner as shall be prescribed by law.

S ECT. 9. He shall, from time to time, give to the General Assembly, information of the State of the Government, and recommend to their consideration, such measures as he may deem expedient.

S ECT. 4. The Governor shall hold his office for the term of two years, from the time of his installation, and until his successor shall be duly qualified; but shall not be eligible for more than four years, in any11 term of six years; he shall be at least Thirty years of age, shall be a native citizen of the United States, and shall have resided in this State at least four years next preceding the day of his election.

S ECT. 10. He shall take care that the laws13 be faithfully executed.

S ECT. 5. He shall, at stated times, receive a compensation for his services, which shall not be increased or diminished, during the term for which he shall have been elected. S ECT. 6. He shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of this State, and of the militia thereof, except when they shall be called into the service of the United States; and when acting in the service of the United States, the General Assembly shall fix his rank. S ECT. 7. He may require information, in writing, from the officers, in12 the Executive department, on any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices. S ECT. 8. He may, by Proclamation, on extraordinary occasions, convene the General Assembly at the Seat of Government, or at a different place, if that shall have become, since their last adjournment, dangerous from an enemy, or from contagious disorders; and in case of disagreement between the two houses, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper, not beyond the day of the next annual meeting of the General Assembly.

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S ECT. 11. In all criminal and penal cases, except in those of treason, and impeachment, he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons, and remit fines, and forfeitures, under such rules and regulations14 , as shall be prescribed by law. In cases of treason, he shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to grant reprieves, and pardons; and he may, in the recess of the Senate, respite the sentence, until the end of the next Session of the General Assembly. S ECT. 12. There shall be a Seal of this State, which shall be kept by the Governor, and used by him officially, and the present Seal of the Territory shall be the Seal of the State, until otherwise directed by the General Assembly. S ECT. 13. All Commissions shall be in the name, and by the authority of the State of Alabama, be sealed with the State Seal, signed by the Governor, and attested by the Secretary of State. S ECT. 14. There shall be a Secretary of State, appointed by joint vote of both houses of the General Assembly, who shall continue in office during the term of two years. He shall keep a fair register of all official acts and proceedings of the Governor, and shall, when required, lay the same, and all papers, minutes, and vouchers relative thereto, before the General Assembly; and shall perform such other duties as may be required of him by law. S ECT. 15. Vacancies that may happen in offices, the appointment to which is vested

C ONSTITUTION OF A LABAMA (1819) in the General Assembly, shall be filled by the Governor during the recess of the General Assembly, by granting Commissions, which shall expire at the end of the next Session. S ECT. 16. Every Bill, which shall have passed both houses of the General Assembly, shall be presented to the Governor; if he approve he shall sign it, but, if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to the House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections, at large, upon the Journals, and proceed to reconsider it: if after such reconsideration, a majority of the whole number elected to that house, shall agree to pass the Bill, it shall be sent, with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered; if approved by a majority of the whole number elected to that house, it shall become a law: but, in such cases the votes of both houses, shall be determined by yeas & nays, and the names of the members voting for, or against the Bill, shall be entered on the Journals of each house respectively: If any bill shall not be returned by the Governor within five days, Sundays excepted, after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the General Assembly by their adjournment, prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. S ECT. 17. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence of both Houses may be necessary, except on questions of adjournment, shall be presented to the Governor, and before it shall take effect, be approved by him, or being disapproved, shall be repassed by both houses, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case15 of a Bill. S ECT. 18. In case of the impeachment of the Governor, his removal from office,

death, refusal to qualify, resignation, or absence from the State, the President of the Senate shall exercise all the power and authority appertaining to the office of Governor, until the time pointed out by this Constitution for the election of Governor shall arrive, unless the General Assembly shall provide, by law, for the election of a Governor, to fill such vacancy, or until the Governor absent, or impeached, shall return or be acquitted. S ECT. 19. If during the vacancy of the office of Governor, the President of the senate shall be impeached, removed from office, refuse to qualify, resign, die, or be absent from the State, the Speaker of the House of Representatives shall, in like manner, administer the Government. S ECT. 20. The President of the Senate and Speaker of the House of Representatives during the time they respectively administer the Government, shall receive the same compensation which the Governor would have received, had he been employed in the duties of his office. S ECT. 21. The Governor shall always reside, during the session of the General Assembly, at the place where their Session may be held, and at all other times, wherever, in their opinion, the16 public good may17 require. S ECT. 22. No person shall hold the office of Governor, and any other office, or Commission, civil or military either in this State, or under any State, or the United States, or any other power, at one and the same time18 . S ECT. 23. A State Treasurer and a Comptroller of Public Accounts, shall be annually elected, by joint vote of both houses of the General Assembly. S ECT. 24. A Sheriff shall be elected in each county by the qualified electors

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A LABAMA thereof, who shall hold his office for the term of three years, unless sooner removed, and who shall not be eligible to serve, either as principal or deputy, for the three succeeding years. Should a vacancy occur, subsequent to an election, it shall be filled by the Governor as in other cases, and the person so appointed shall continue in office, until the next general election, when such vacancy shall be filled by the qualified electors, and the Sheriff, then elected, shall continue in office for three years.

Militia S ECT. 1. The General Assembly shall provide, by law, for organizing and disciplining, the militia of this State, in such manner as they shall deem expedient, not incompatible with the Constitution and Laws of the United States in relation thereto. S ECT. 2. Any person who conscientiously scruples to bear arms, shall not be compelled to do so, but shall pay an equivalent for personal service. S ECT. 3. The Governor shall have power to call forth the militia to execute the Laws of the State, to suppress insurrections, and repel invasions. S ECT. 4. All officers of the militia shall be elected, or appointed, in such manner as may be prescribed by law; provided, that the General Assembly shall not make any such elections, or appointments19 , other than those of Adjutants General, and Quarter Masters General. S ECT. 5. The Governor shall appoint his Aids-de-camp; Major Generals20 their Aidsde-camp, and all other division Staff Officers; Brigadiers General shall appoint their aids, and all other Brigade Staff Officers21 ; and Colonels shall appoint their Regimental Staff Officers.

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S ECT. 6. The General Assembly shall fix, by law, the method of dividing the militia into divisions, brigades, regiments, battalions, and companies, and shall fix the rank of all Staff Officers.

ARTICLE V Judicial Department S ECT. 1. The Judicial power of this State shall be vested in one Supreme Court, Circuit Courts, to be held in each County in the State, and such inferior Courts of law and equity, to consist of not more than five members, as the General Assembly may, from time to time, direct, ordain, and establish. S ECT. 2. The Supreme Court, except in cases otherwise directed by this Constitution, shall have appellate jurisdiction only, which shall be coextensive with the State, under such restrictions and regulations, not repugnant to this constitution, as may, from time to time, be prescribed by law; provided, that the Supreme Court, shall have power to issue writs of injunction, mandamus, quo warranto, habeas corpus, and such other remedial, and original writs, as may be necessary to give it a general superintendence, and control, of inferior jurisdiction22 . S ECT. 3. Until the General Assembly shall otherwise prescribe, the powers of the Supreme Court shall be vested in, and its duties shall be performed by, the Judges of the several Circuit Courts within this State, and they or a majority of them shall hold such Sessions of the Supreme Court, and at such times, as may be directed by law; provided, that no Judge of the Supreme Court, shall be appointed before the commencement of the first session of the General Assembly, which shall be begun and held, after the first day of January in the Year One thousand eight hundred and twenty-five.

C ONSTITUTION OF A LABAMA (1819) S ECT. 4. The Supreme Court shall be holden at the Seat of Government, but may adjourn to a different place, if that shall have become dangerous from an enemy, or from disease. S ECT. 5. The State shall be divided into convenient Circuits, and each Circuit shall contain, not less than three, nor more than six Counties, and for each Circuit, there shall be appointed a Judge, who shall after his appointment, reside in the Circuit for which he may be appointed. S ECT. 6. The Circuit Court shall have original jurisdiction in all matters, civil, and Criminal, within this State, not otherwise excepted in this Constitution, but in civil cases, only when the matter, or sum in controversy, exceeds Fifty dollars. S ECT. 7. A Circuit Court shall be held in each County in the State, at least twice in every year, and the Judges of the several Circuit Courts may hold Courts for each other, when they may deem it expedient, and shall do so when directed by law. S ECT. 8. The General Assembly shall have power to establish a Court or Courts of Chancery, with original and appellate equity jurisdiction, and until the establishment of such Court or Courts, the said jurisdiction, shall be vested in the Judges of the Circuit Courts respectively; provided, that the Judges of the several Circuit Courts, shall have power to issue writs of injunction, returnable into the Courts of Chancery. S ECT. 9. The General Assembly shall have power to establish, in each County within this State, a Court of Probate, for the granting of Letters Testamentary, and of administration, and for Orphans business. S ECT. 10. A competent number of Justices of the Peace, shall be appointed in and for each County, in such mode, and for

such term of office, as the General Assembly may direct. Their Jurisdiction, in civil cases, shall be limited to causes, in which the Amount in Controversy, shall not exceed Fifty dollars. And in all cases tried by a Justice of the Peace, right of appeal shall be secured, under such rules & regulations, as may be prescribed by law. S ECT. 11. Judges of the Supreme, and Circuit Courts, and Courts of Chancery shall, at stated times, receive for their services, a compensation, which shall be fixed by law, and shall not be diminished during their continuance in office: but they shall receive no fees or perquisites of office, nor hold any other office of profit, or trust, under this State, the United States, or any other power. S ECT. 12. Chancellors, Judges of the Supreme Court, Judges of the Circuit Courts, and Judges of the Inferior Courts, shall be elected by joint vote of both houses of the General Assembly. S ECT. 13. The Judges of the several Courts in this State shall hold their offices during good behaviour, and for wilful neglect of duty, or other reasonable cause, which shall not be sufficient ground for impeachment, the Governor shall remove any of them on the address of two thirds of each house of the General Assembly; provided however, that the cause or causes for which such removal shall be required, shall be stated at length in such address, and entered on the Journals of each House; and provided further, that the cause or causes shall be notified to the Judge so intended to be removed, and he shall be admitted to a hearing in his own defence, before any vote for such address shall pass; and in all such cases the vote shall be taken by yeas and nays, and entered on the Journals of each House respectively; and provided also, that the Judges of the several Circuit

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A LABAMA Courts, who shall be appointed before the commencement of the first Session of the General Assembly, which shall be begun and held after the first day of January in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and twenty-five, shall only hold their offices during good behaviour until the end of the said Session, at which time their Commissions shall expire.

S ECT. 18. There shall be an Attorney General for the State, and as many Solicitors as the General Assembly may deem necessary, to be elected by joint vote thereof, who shall hold their offices for the term of four years, and shall receive for their services, a compensation which shall not be diminished, during their continuance in office[.]

S ECT. 14. No person, who shall have arrived at the age of Seventy years, shall be appointed to, or continue in, the office of Judge in this State.

Impeachments

S ECT. 15. Clerks23 of the Circuit, and Inferior Courts in this State shall be elected by the qualified electors, in each County for the term, of four years, and may be removed from office for such causes, and in such manner, as may be prescribed by law; and should a vacancy occur subsequent to an election, it shall be filled by the Judge or Judges of the Court24 in which such vacancy exists, and the person so appointed, shall hold his office until the next general election; provided, however, that after the year One thousand eight hundred & twentysix, the General Assembly may prescribe a different mode of appointment, but shall not make such appointment.25 S ECT. 16. The Judges of the Supreme Court shall, by virtue of their office26 , be conservators of the peace throughout the State; as27 also the Judges of the Circuit Courts, in their respective districts, and Judges of the Inferior Courts, in their respective Counties. S ECT. 17. The style of all Process shall be “The State of Alabama;” and all prosecutions shall be carried on, in the name, and by the authority of “the State of Alabama,” and shall conclude “against the peace and dignity of the same.”

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S ECT. 1. The House of Representatives shall have the sole power of impeaching. S ECT. 2. All impeachments shall be tried by the Senate: when sitting for that purpose, the Senators shall be on oath or affirmation; and no person shall be convicted, without the concurrence of two thirds of the members present. S ECT. 3. The Governor, and all civil officers shall be liable to impeachment for any misdemeanor in office; but judgement, in such cases, shall not extend further than removal from office and to disqualification to hold any office of honor, trust, or profit under the State; but the party convicted, shall nevertheless be liable, and subject to indictment, trial, and punishment, according to Law.

ARTICLE VI General Provisions S ECT. 1. The members of the General Assembly, and all Officers executive, and judicial, before they enter on the execution of their respective offices, shall take the following oath or affirmation, to wit: “I solemnly swear or affirm (as the case may be) that I will support the Constitution of the United States, and Constitution of the State of Alabama, so long as I continue a

C ONSTITUTION OF A LABAMA (1819) citizen thereof, and that I will faithfully discharge, to the best of my abilities, the duties of ––––– according to law, so help me God.” S ECT. 2. Treason against the State, shall consist only, in levying war against it, or in adhering to its enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason, unless on the testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt act, or his own confession, in open court. S ECT. 3. The General Assembly shall have power to pass such penal laws to suppress the evil practice of duelling, extending to disqualification from office, or the tenure thereof, as they may deem expedient. S ECT. 4. Every person shall be disqualified from holding any office, or place of honor, or profit, under the authority of the State, who shall be convicted of having given, or offered any bribe, to procure his election or appointment. S ECT. 5. Laws shall be made to exclude from office, from suffrage and from serving as Jurors, those who shall hereafter, be convicted of bribery, perjury, forgery, or other high crimes, or misdemeanors. The privilege of free suffrage shall be supported by laws regulating elections and prohibiting, under adequate penalties, all undue influence thereon from power, bribery, tumult, or other improper conduct. S ECT. 6. In all elections by the General Assembly, the members thereof shall vote “viva voce”, and the votes shall be entered on the Journals. S ECT. 7. No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in consequence of an appropriation made by law; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public monies, shall be published annually.

S ECT. 8. All lands, liable to taxation, in this State, shall be taxed in proportion to their value. S ECT. 9. The General Assembly shall direct by law in what manner, and in what Courts, suits may be brought against the State. S ECT. 10. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly to regulate, by law, the cases in which deductions shall be made from the Salaries of Public Officers, for neglect of duty in their official capacities, and the amount of such deduction. S ECT. 11. Absence on business of this State, or of the United States, or on a visit, or necessary private business, shall not cause a forfeiture of a residence, once obtained. S ECT. 12. No Member of Congress, nor any person holding any office of profit, or trust under the United States, the Office of Post master excepted, or either of them, or any foreign power, shall hold, or exercise any office of Profit, under this State. S ECT. 13. Divorces from the bonds of matrimony shall not be granted but in cases provided for by law, by suit in Chancery; and no decree for such divorce shall have effect, until the same shall be sanctioned by two thirds of both Houses of the General Assembly. S ECT. 14. In prosecutions for the publishing of papers, investigating the official conduct of officers, or men in public capacity, or when the matter published is proper for public information, the truth thereof may be given in evidence; and in all indictments, for libels, the jury shall have a right to determine the law, and the facts, under the direction of the Courts. S ECT. 15. Returns of all elections for officers, who are to be commissioned by the

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A LABAMA Governor, and for members of the General Assembly, shall be made to the Secretary of State. S ECT. 16. No new County shall be established by the General Assembly, which shall reduce the County, or Counties, or either of them, from which it shall be taken, to a less Content than28 nine hundred square miles; nor shall any County be laid off of less contents. Every new County as to the right of suffrage and representation, shall be considered, as a part of the County or Counties from which it was taken, until entitled by numbers, to the right of separate representation. S ECT. 17. The General Assembly shall at their first session, which may be holden in the year eighteen hundred and twenty-eight, or at the next succeeding session, arrange and designate boundaries for the29 several Counties, within the limits of this state, to which the Indian title shall have been extinguished, in such manner as they may deem expedient; which boundaries shall not be afterwards, altered, unless by the agreement of two thirds of both branches of the General Assembly, and in all cases of ceded Territory acquired by the State, the General Assembly may make such arrangements & designations of the boundaries of Counties, within such ceded Territory, as they may deem expedient, which shall only be altered in like manner; provided, that no County, hereafter to be formed, shall be of less extent than Nine hundred square miles. S ECT. 18. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly to pass such laws, as may be necessary, and proper, to decide differences by arbitrators, to be appointed by the parties, who may choose that summary mode of adjustment. S ECT. 19. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly, as soon as circumstances will permit, to form a penal code founded

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on principles of reformation, and not of vindictive justice. S ECT. 20. Within five years after the adoption of this Constitution, the body of our laws, civil and criminal shall be revised, digested, and arranged, under proper heads, and promulgated in such manner, as the General Assembly may direct, and a like revision, digest, and promulgation, shall be made within every subsequent period of ten years. S ECT. 21. The General Assembly shall make provision, by law, for obtaining correct knowledge of the several objects proper for improvement in relation to the navigable waters, and to the roads in this State, and for making a systematic, and economical application, of the means appropriated to those objects. S ECT. 22. In the event of the annexation of any foreign Territory to this State, by a Cession from the United States, laws may be passed, extending to the inhabitants of such Territory, all the rights and privileges, which may be required by the terms of such cession, any thing in this constitution to the contrary notwithstanding.

Education Schools, and the means of education, shall forever be encouraged in this State; and the General Assembly shall take measures to preserve from unnecessary waste, or damage, such lands, as are or hereafter may be, granted by the United States, for the use of Schools within each Township in this State, and apply the funds which may be raised from such lands, in strict conformity to the object of such grant. The General Assembly shall take like measures, for the improvement of such lands, as have been or may be, hereafter, granted by the United States to this State for the support

C ONSTITUTION OF A LABAMA (1819) of a seminary of learning, and the monies which may be raised from such lands, by rent, lease, or sale, or from any other quarter, for the purpose aforesaid, shall be and remain a fund for the exclusive support of a State University, for the promotion of the arts, literature, and the sciences: and it shall be the duty of the General Assembly, as early as may be, to provide effectual measures30 , for the improvement & permanent security of the funds and endowments of such institution.

Establishment of Banks S ECT. 1. One State Bank may be established, with such number of branches as the General Assembly may, from time to time, deem expedient: provided, that no branch Bank shall be established, nor bank charter renewed, under the authority of this State, without the concurrence of two thirds of both Houses of the General Assembly; and provided also, that not more than one Bank, nor branch Bank, shall be established, nor Bank charter renewed, at any one session of the General Assembly; nor shall any Bank, or branch Bank, be established or Bank charter renewed, but in conformity with the following rules: 1. At least two-fifths of the Capital stock shall, be reserved to31 the State. 2. A proportion of power, in the direction of the Bank, shall be reserved to the State, equal, at least, to its proportion of stock therein. 3. The State, and the individual stock holders, shall be liable respectively, for the debts of the Bank, in proportion to their Stock holden therein. 4. The remedy for collecting debts shall be reciprocal, for and against the Bank. 5. No Bank shall commence operations until half of the Capital stock, subscribed for, be actually paid, in gold, or silver, which amount shall, in no case, be less than

One hundred thousand dollars. 6. In case any Bank, or branch Bank shall neglect or refuse to pay, on demand, any bill, note, or obligation, issued by the corporation, according to the promise therein expressed, the holder of any such note, bill or obligation32 shall be entitled to receive, and recover, interest thereon until the same shall be paid, or specie payments are resumed by said Bank; at the rate of twelve per cent. per annum, from the date of such demand, unless the General Assembly shall sanction such suspension of specie payments; and the General Assembly shall have power, after such neglect, or refusal, to adopt such measures as they may deem proper, to protect, and secure the rights of all concerned; and to declare the charter of such Bank forfeited. 7. After the establishment of a general State Bank, the Banks of this State, now existing, may be admitted as branches thereof, upon such terms as the Legislature, and the said Banks may agree, subject nevertheless to the preceding rules.

Slaves S ECT. 1. The General Assembly shall have no power to pass laws for the emancipation of slaves, without the consent of their owners or without paying their owners, previous to such emancipation, a full equivalent, in money, for the slaves so emancipated. They shall have no power to prevent Emigrants to this State, from bringing with them such persons as are deemed Slaves by the laws of any one of the United States, so long as any person of the same age or description, shall be continued in Slavery by the Laws of this State: provided, that such person or slave be the bona fide property of such emigrants; and provided also, that laws may be passed to prohibit the introduction into this State of slaves who have committed high crimes in other States or

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A LABAMA Territories. They shall have power to pass laws to permit the owners of slaves to emancipate them, saving the rights of Creditors, and preventing them from becoming a public charge. They shall have full power to prevent slaves from being brought into this State as merchandize, and also to oblige the owners of slaves to treat them with humanity, to provide for them necessary food and clothing, to abstain from all injuries to them, extending to life or limb, and in case of their neglect or refusal to comply with the directions of such laws, to have such slave or slaves sold for the benefit of the owner or owners.

the names of all those voting for Representatives, who have voted on such proposed amendments; and if thereupon, it shall appear that a majority of all the citizens of this State, voting for representatives, have voted in favour of such proposed amendments, and two thirds of each house of the next General Assembly shall, after such an election, and before another, ratify the same amendments by yeas and nays, they shall be valid to all intents and purposes as parts of this constitution: Provided, that the said proposed amendments shall at each of the said Sessions have been read three times, on three several days, in each house.

S ECT. 2. In the prosecution of slaves for crimes, of a higher grade than petit larceny, the General Assembly shall have no power to deprive them of an impartial trial, by a petit Jury.

SCHEDULE

S ECT. 3. Any person who shall maliciously dismember or deprive a slave of life, shall suffer such punishment, as would be inflicted in case the like offence had been committed on a free white person, and on the like proof, except in case of insurrection, by33 such slave.

S ECT. 1. That no inconvenience may arise from a change of Territorial, to a permanent State Government, it is declared that all rights, actions, prosecutions, claims, and Contracts, as well of individuals, as of bodies corporate, shall continue as if no such change had taken place: and all process which shall, before the third Monday in September next, be issued in the name of the Alabama Territory, shall be as valid as if issued in the name of the State.

Mode of Amending and Revising the Constitution

S ECT. 2. All fines, penalties, forfeitures, and escheats, accruing to the Alabama Territory, shall accrue to the use of the State.

The34 General Assembly, whenever two thirds of each House shall deem it necessary, may propose amendments to this Constitution, which proposed amendments, shall be duly published, in print, at least three months before the next general election of Representatives, for the consideration of the people; and it shall be the duty of the several returning officers, at the next general election, which shall be held for Representatives, to open a poll for, & make return35 to the Secretary of State for the time being, of

S ECT. 3. The validity of all bonds, and recognizances executed to the Governor of the Alabama Territory shall not be impaired by the change of government, but may be sued for and recovered in the name of the governor of the State of Alabama, and his successors in office: and all criminal, or penal actions, arising or now depending within the limits of this state, shall be prosecuted to Judgement, and execution in the name of said State; all causes of action, arising to individuals, and all suits at law or in

24

C ONSTITUTION OF A LABAMA (1819) equity, now depending in the several courts within the limits of this State, and not already barr’d by law, may be commenced in, or transferred to, such Courts as may have jurisdiction thereof. S ECT. 4. All Officers civil, or military now holding Commissions, under the authority of the United States, or of the Alabama Territory, within this State, shall continue to hold and exercise their respective offices, under the authority of this State, until they shall be superseded under the authority of this Constitution, and shall receive from the Treasury of this State, the same compensation, which they heretofore received, in proportion to the time they shall be so employed. The Governor shall have power to fill vacancies, by Commissions to expire, so soon as elections or appointments can be made to such office36 by authority of this Constitution. S ECT. 5. All laws and parts of laws, now in force in the Alabama Territory, which are not repugnant to the provisions of this Constitution, shall continue, and remain in force, as the laws of this State, until they expire by their own limitation, or shall be altered or repealed by the Legislature thereof. S ECT. 6. Every white male person above the age of Twenty-one years, who shall be a Citizen of the United States, and resident in this State at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be deemed a qualified elector, at the first election to be holden in this State: And every white male person who shall reside within the limits of this State, at the time of the adoption of this constitution, and shall be otherwise qualified, shall be entitled to hold any office or place of honor, trust, or profit under this State; any thing in this Constitution to the contrary notwithstanding. S ECT. 7. The President of this Convention shall issue writs of election, directed to

the Sheriffs of the several Counties, requiring them to cause an election to be held for a Governor, Representative to the Congress of the United States, members of the General Assembly, Clerks of the several Courts, and Sheriffs of the respective Counties, at the respective places of elections37 in38 said Counties, on the third Monday and the day following in September next, which elections shall be conducted in the manner prescribed by the existing election Laws of the Alabama Territory; and the said Governor, & members of the General Assembly, then duly elected, shall continue to discharge the duties of their respective offices, for the time prescribed by this Constitution, and until their successors shall be duly qualified. S ECT. 8. Until the first enumeration shall be made, as directed by this Constitution, the County of Autauga shall be entitled to Two representatives; the County of Baldwin, to one Representative; the County of Blount, to Three Representatives; the County of Cahawba, to one Representative; the County of Clark, to Two Representatives; the county of Conecuh, to Two Representatives; the County of Cotaco, to Two Representatives; the County of Dallas, to two Representatives; the County of Franklin, to two Representatives; the County of Lauderdale, to two Representatives; the County of Lawrence, to two Representatives; the County of Limestone, to three Representatives; the County of Madison, to eight Representatives; the County of Marengo, to one Representative; the County of Marion, to one Representative; the County of Monroe, to five Representatives; the County of Montgomery, to three Representatives; the County of Mobile, to one Representative; the County of St. Clair, to one Representative; the County of Shelby, to two Representatives; the County of Tuskaloosa, to three Representatives; and

25

A LABAMA the County of Washington, to two Representatives: and each County shall be entitled to one Senator, who shall serve for one term.

Lord, One thousand eight hundred and nineteen, and of American Independence, the forty-fourth.

S ECT. 9. The oaths of office herein directed to be taken, may be administered by any Justice of the Peace, until the General Assembly shall otherwise direct.39

J[OHN]. W. WALKER, President of the Convention. And Representative42 from Madison County.

ORDINANCE

Madison County43 Clement C. Clay John Leigh Townes

The Convention, for and in behalf of the People inhabiting this State, do accept the Propositions offered by the Act of Congress, under which they are assembled:40 and this Convention, for and in behalf of the people inhabiting this State, do ordain, agree, and declare, that they forever disclaim all right and title to the waste and unappropriated lands lying within this State, and that the same shall be, and remain, at the sole and entire disposition of the United States; – and moreover, that each and every tract of land sold by the United States, after the first day of September next, shall be, and remain, exempt from any tax, laid by the order or under the authority of this State, whether for State, County, Township, Parish, or any other purpose whatsoever, for the term of five years from and after the respective days of the41 Sales thereof: and that the lands belonging to the citizens of the United States, residing out of the limits of this State, shall never be taxed higher than the lands belonging to persons residing therein: and that no tax shall be imposed on lands, the property of the United States: and that all navigable waters within this State, shall forever remain public highways, free to the citizens of this State, and of the United States, without any tax, duty, impost, or toll therefor, imposed by this State: and this ordinance is hereby declared Irrevocable, without the consent of the United States. Done, in Convention, at Huntsville, this second day of August, in the year of our

26

Henry Chambers Lemuel Mead Henry Minor Gabriel Moore John M. Taylor Monroe County John Murphy John Watkins James Pickens Tho[mas] Wiggins Blount County Isaac Browne44 John Brown Gabriel Hanby Limestone County Thomas Bibb Beverley45 Hughes Nicholas Davis Shelby County Geo[rge]. Phillips Thomas Amis Rogers Montgomery County John Dandridge Bibb

C ONSTITUTION OF A LABAMA (1819) James W. Armstrong

County of St. Clair

Washington County

David Connor52

Israel Pickens

County of Autauga

Henry Hitchcock

James Jackson

Tuskaloosa County

County of Baldwin

M[arma]duke Williams

Harry Toulmin

Jno. L.

Tindall46

County of Mobile

Lawrence County

S[amuel]. H. Garrow.

Arthur F. Hopkins

Attest:

Daniel Wright Franklin County

JOHN CAMPBELL[,] Secretary of the Convention

William Metcalfe47 Richard Ellis Cotaco County Tho[mas] D. Crabb Melkijah Vaughan Clark County Reuben Saffold James Magoffin Caha[w]ba County Littlepage Sims48 Conecuh County Sam[uel] Cook County of Dallas49 William R. King County of Marengo Washington Thomson50 County of Marion John D. Terrell51 County of Lauderdale Hugh M’Vay

1

Verified by The Constitution of the State of Alabama, Adopted August 2d, 1819, Huntsville: Printed by John Boardman, 1819, 26 p., and corrected according to the original manuscript as published by the Alabama Department of Archives and History at http://216.226.178.196/u?/voices,3242. Also checked against the sesquicentennial edition of the Constitution in The Alabama Historical Quarterly, 31 (1969), 7–38, and the version as published in the Internet at http://www.legislature.state.al.us/misc/history/constitu tions/1819/1819.html. Spelling, capitalization, and punctuation follow the original manuscript. The Constitution was signed on August 2, 1819. It was not submitted to the people. Congress accepted the Constitution and President Monroe signed it on December 14, 1819, the day on which Alabama entered the Union as the twenty-second state, cf. Malcolm Cook McMillan, “The Alabama Constitution of 1819: A Study of Constitution-Making on the Frontier”, in: The Alabama Review. A Quarterly Journal of Alabama History, 3 (1950), 263–285, and, including Alabama’s constitutional development up to the Civil War, id., Constitutional Development in Alabama, 1798–1901: A Study in Politics, the Negro, and Sectionalism, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1955, repr. with a New Introduction, Spartanburg, S.C.: The Reprint Company, 1978, 30–75. The Constitution was amended three times (q.v.) and remained in force until early 1861, whereas three proposed amendments failed (q.v.). 2 In Internet text, “he”. 3 In Boardman print, 5, in Alabama Historical Quarterly, 31 (1969), 11, and in Internet text, “the consent”. 4 In Internet text, “add”. 5 Ibid., “he”.

27

A LABAMA 6

In Alabama Historical Quarterly, 31 (1969), 15, and in Internet text, “such a”. 7 In Internet text, word missing. 8 Ibid., “or”. 9 Ibid., “said”. 10 Ibid., “the highest”. 11 In Alabama Historical Quarterly, 31 (1969), 19, and in Internet text, “every”. 12 In Alabama Historical Quarterly, 31 (1969), 19, “of”. 13 In Internet text, “all the laws”. 14 Ibid., “regulation”. 15 In Boardman print, 13, “cases”. 16 Ibid., word missing. 17 In Alabama Historical Quarterly, 31 (1969), 22, and in Internet text, word missing. 18 In Alabama Historical Quarterly, 31 (1969), 22, and in Internet text, “the may same time”. 19 In Internet text, “appointment”. 20 In Boardman print, 14, in Alabama Historical Quarterly, 31 (1969), 23, and in Internet text, “Majors General”. 21 In Internet text, “officer”. 22 In Boardman print, 14, “jurisdictions”. 23 In Alabama Historical Quarterly, 31 (1969), 26, and in Internet text, “The clerks”. 24 In Boardman print, 16, “Courts”. 25 In Alabama Historical Quarterly, 31 (1969), 26, and in Internet text, “but shall not make such appointment” missing. 26 In Boardman print, 16, in Alabama Historical Quarterly, 31 (1969), 26, and in Internet text, “offices”. 27 In Alabama Historical Quarterly, 31 (1969), 26, and in Internet text, “and”. 28 In Internet text, “that”. 29 Ibid., “the next succeeding session, arrange and designate boundaries for the” missing. 30 In Alabama Historical Quarterly, 31 (1969), 31, and in Internet text, “means”. 31 In Alabama Historical Quarterly, 31 (1969), 31, and in Internet text, “for”.

28

32

In Internet text, “issued by the corporation, according to the promise therein expressed, the holder of any such note, bill, or obligation,” printed twice. 33 In Alabama Historical Quarterly, 31 (1969), 33, and in Internet text, “of”. 34 In Boardman print, 21, “Sec. 1. The”. 35 In Alabama Historical Quarterly, 31 (1969), 33, and in Internet text, “a return”. 36 In Alabama Historical Quarterly, 31 (1969), 34, and in Internet text, “offices”. 37 In Alabama Historical Quarterly, 31 (1969), 35, and in Internet text, “election”. 38 In Internet text, “and in”. 39 Ibid., Ordinance and signatures missing. 40 “An Act to enable the people of the Alabama territory to form a constitution and state government, and for the admission of such state into the Union on an equal footing with the original states”, U.S. Statutes at Large, 15th Congress, Sess. II, Ch. 47. 41 In Alabama Historical Quarterly, 31 (1969), 36, word missing. 42 In Boardman print, 24, “member”. 43 Ibid., “Members from the County of Madison”. 44 Ibid., and in Alabama Historical Quarterly, 31 (1969), 37, “Brown”. 45 In Boardman print, 25, “Beverly”. 46 Ibid., and in Alabama Historical Quarterly, 31 (1969), 37, “John L. Tindal”. 47 In Boardman print, 25, and in Alabama Historical Quarterly, 31 (1969), 37, “Metcalf”. 48 In Boardman print, 25, and in Alabama Historical Quarterly, 31 (1969), 38, “Simms”. 49 In Boardman print, 25, and in Alabama Historical Quarterly, 31 (1969), 38, “Dallas County” (with same word order retained throughout list). 50 In Alabama Historical Quarterly, 31 (1969), 38, “Thompson”. 51 In Boardman print, 25, “Terrel”; in Alabama Historical Quarterly, 31 (1969), 38, “Terrill”. 52 In Boardman print, 26, and in Alabama Historical Quarterly, 31 (1969), 38, “Conner”.

Constitution of Arizona (1860) Provisional Constitution of the Territory of Arizona1

We, the people of Arizona, in order to form a government, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility and provide for the common defense, do ordain and establish this Constitution: Provided, that the same shall remain in force until Congress shall organize a Territorial Government, and no longer.

ARTICLE I S ECT. 1. That there is, shall be, and hereby is created for Arizona, a Provisional Government for all that part of the Territory of the United States included within the following limits, to wit: Beginning on the Colorado, at the parallel of north latitude thirtythree degrees forty minutes; thence with said parallel to the eastern boundary of New Mexico; thence with said boundary until it intersects the line of Texas; thence with said line to the Rio Grande, and so on to the line of Mexico on said river, as fixed by the treaty of eighteen hundred and fifty-four;2 thence with the boundary line established by said treaty between the United States and Mexico, to the Colorado; thence up the Colorado to the place of beginning. Which said Government shall be divided into three separate and distinct departments, viz.: Legislative, Executive and Judicial. S ECT. 2. The legislative power shall be vested in a Senate and House of Representatives. S ECT. 3. The Senate shall consist of nine members. The House of Representatives shall consist of eighteen members – each

of which members shall hold their term of office for one year. S ECT. 4. The first Legislature of Arizona shall be convened by the Governor, at such time and place as this Convention shall decide – which said Convention shall also make an apportionment giving to each portion of the Territory representation in the ratio of its population, as nearly as may be – Indians excepted. S ECT. 5. All members of the Senate and House of Representatives shall be bona fide citizens of the county or District they may represent. S ECT. 6. An election for members of the Senate and House of Representatives shall be ordered by the Governor at least thirty days before the first day of the first session of the said Legislature; and those persons having the highest number of votes in their respective districts, for said offices, shall be by the Governor declared duly elected as members of the Senate and House of Representatives for the term of one year; and the persons, so declared duly elected, shall meet as hereinbefore prescribed by the Governor. S ECT. 7. The time, place and manner of holding and conducting all elections and apportioning the representation in the several counties or districts, to the Senate and House of Representatives shall in future be prescribed by law, as well as the time of convening the Legislature. Provided, that no session shall continue longer than thirty days. Provided further, that the Governor, in

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A RIZONA case of necessity, shall have power to call an extra session.

people, in such manner and at such times as the Legislature shall prescribe.

S ECT. 8. Every white male person who shall have attained the age of twenty-one years, and who shall be a citizen of the United States and shall have resided in the Territory of Arizona three months next preceding an election, and the last thirty days within the county, city or town, in which he offers to vote, (Indians excepted,) shall be deemed a qualified elector; and every person who shall have resided six months in said Territory, shall be eligible to any office in the gift of the people. Provided, that no soldier, seaman or mariner, in the army or navy of the United States, shall be entitled to vote at any election created by this Constitution.

S ECT. 3. The Governor shall be a resident of this Territory; shall approve all laws passed by the Legislature, before they shall go into effect; shall be Commander-in-Chief of the Militia of the Territory; may grant pardons for offenses against the laws of the Territory; shall commission all officers who shall be appointed or elected to office under the laws of the Territory, and shall see that the laws of the Provisional Government are duly executed.

S ECT. 9. The legislative power shall extend to all rightful subjects of legislation consistent with the provisions of the Constitution of the United States, and not inconsistent with the provisions of this Constitution. S ECT. 10. Immediately after the adjournment of this Convention, the Governor of the Provisional Government of the Territory of Arizona shall issue his Proclamation, directing and requiring elections to be holden in all the counties of this Territory, on the first Monday in May, A. D. 1860, for all county officers created by this constitution, to be elected by the people, which said elections shall be conducted by law.

ARTICLE II S ECT. 1. The Executive authority of this Territory shall be vested in a Governor, who shall be styled the Governor of the Provisional Government of Arizona. S ECT. 2. The first Governor of this Territory shall be elected by this Convention, and hold his office for one year; and all subsequent elections for Governor shall be by the

30

S ECT. 4. In case of the death, absence or inability, of the Governor to act, the Lieutenant Governor shall be Governor ex officio, during such absence or inability; or in case of death, for the unexpired term; he shall preside over the Senate, but shall not vote on any question unless the Senate be equally divided, and shall receive during the session of the Senate the same pay, including mileage, which is allowed members of the Senate. And in the further event of the death or inability of the Lieutenant Governor, the duties of the Governor shall devolve on the Secretary of the Territory. S ECT. 5. The Governor shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to appoint a Lieutenant Governor, a Secretary of the Territory, a Controller, a Treasurer and a Marshal, three District Judges and an Attorney General. S ECT. 6. The Secretary shall attest all of the official acts of the Governor; and shall also keep a correct record of all the laws, resolutions, etc., passed by the Legislature – together with a copy of the proceedings of the Legislative Assembly – on file in his office; he shall also have the care and custody of the seal of the Territory. S ECT. 7. The Controller shall audit all the accounts of the Territory, and shall draw war-

C ONSTITUTION OF A RIZONA (1860) rants upon the Treasury for all moneys to pay the necessary expenditure for the Provisional Government and for the salaries of the Territorial officers; he shall keep a correct and true record of all accounts audited by him and the orders drawn by him on the Territorial Treasury. His books shall be open to inspection at all times, and he shall give a bond, payable to the people of the Provisional Government of Arizona, in such sum as may hereafter be provided by law, conditioned for the faithful discharge of the duties of his office. S ECT. 8. The Treasurer shall receive all fines that may be imposed by the courts of the Territory, receive all licenses and other revenues accruing to the Territory; shall pay all orders that may be drawn upon him by the Controller, by virtue of his office; shall keep a set of books in which these accounts shall be entered, which books shall be open for the inspection of the public at all times; shall make a balance sheet showing the exact state of the finances of the Territory quarterly, which balance sheet shall be submitted to the Governor for his inspection, and shall be by him published in some newspaper in the Territory; shall give a bond to the people of the Territory of Arizona, with four sureties, in such sum as shall hereinafter be established by law, conditioned for the faithful discharge of the duties of his office; and shall receive, as salary, two per cent. on all the moneys received by him, and no other compensation. S ECT. 9. The Marshal shall have jurisdiction in all counties or districts in the Territory; shall serve all processes that may be placed in his hands emanating from the Supreme Court; shall receive the same fees now allowed United States Marshal for services in New Mexico, and shall give a bond, with proper sureties, to the people of Arizona, in such sum as shall hereafter be established

by law, conditioned for the faithful discharge of his duties. S ECT. 10. All bonds given by Territorial officers shall be approved by the Governor, until otherwise ordered by law.

ARTICLE III S ECT. 1. The Judicial power of this Government shall be vested in a Supreme Court, three District Courts, Probate Courts and Alcaldes or Justices of the Peace; and the Legislature may, from time to time, create municipal and other inferior courts, as the wants of the people may require. S ECT. 2. The three District Judges shall constitute the Supreme Court, which shall hold one session in3 each year, at the seat of Government of the Territory. S ECT. 3. The three District Judges shall be appointed by the Governor, for the term of two years; one of their number shall be appointed by the said Governor, Chief Justice of the Territory, whose duty it shall be to preside at all sessions of the Supreme Court. The powers and duties which are prescribed to govern the Supreme and District Courts, by the laws of New Mexico, are hereby declared to govern the Supreme and District Courts of this Territory, until altered or amended by the Legislature of this Territory. S ECT. 4. The said District Judges shall receive, as compensation for their services, such sum as shall hereafter be established by law. S ECT. 5. The District Judges shall hold two terms of court every year, in each county in their district, which terms shall continue in session until the business before the court be disposed of, until otherwise provided by law.

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A RIZONA S ECT. 6. The Governor shall appoint an Attorney General for the Territory, whose duty it shall be to prosecute all criminal offenses arising under the laws of the Territory, in the District and Supreme Courts, and shall receive such salary as shall hereafter be established by law, and the same fees allowed the Attorney General by the laws of New Mexico, and whose term of office shall be coequal with that of the Judges of the District Courts. S ECT. 7. Special terms may be called by either of the three District Judges when, in their opinion, the ends of Justice will be subserved. S ECT. 8. The county offices, including Probate Judges, Justices of the Peace, Sheriffs, Constables, etc., as now provided for by the laws of New Mexico, together with their fees of office shall, and the same are hereby declared to govern the elections, proceedures, etc., of the said county offices in this Territory – except that the Probate Judges of the different counties shall receive the fees formerly allowed said Judges by the laws of New Mexico, instead of a salary, as now provided. S ECT. 9. All the general laws, both Civil and Criminal Codes of practice, and all laws applicable to this Territory not inconsistent with the Constitution now in force in the Territory of New Mexico, be, and the same are hereby declared to be in full force and effect in this, the Territory of Arizona. Provided, the Legislature shall have no power to levy any direct tax upon the people.

(or affirm) that I will faithfully discharge and perform all the duties incumbent on me, as ——— of the Territory of Arizona, according to the best of my skill and ability, agreeably to the Constitution and laws of the United States and of this Territory. S ECT. 2. The first session of the Legislature of the Provisional Government of the Territory of Arizona shall be holden on the first Monday in March, A. D. 1861, at Tucson; and thereafter, annually, at such time and place as may be designated by law. The members of the Legislature shall each receive five dollars per day during the time they may be in session, and fifteen cents a mile in going to and from the Seat of Government.

JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT S ECT. 1. All Judges of the Supreme and District Courts shall, by virtue of their offices, be conservators of the peace throughout the Territory. The style of all writs and processes shall be, “The Provisional Government of the Territory of Arizona.” All prosecutions shall be carried on in the name and by the authority of the Provisional Government of Arizona.

JUDICIAL DISTRICTS

SCHEDULE

S ECT. 1. The Judicial Districts of the Territory of Arizona shall be divided as follow, viz.: The following named counties shall comprise the First Judicial District – Dona Ana and La Mesilla. The county of Ewell shall compose the Second Judicial District. The county of Castle Dome shall constitute the Third Judicial District.

S ECT. 1. Members of the Legislature and all officers, before they enter upon the duties of their offices, shall take the following oath or affirmation: I, A ——— B ———, do solemnly swear

S ECT. 2. The District Courts of the First Judicial District shall be holden on the first Mondays of June and December, in the county of Dona Ana; in the county of La Mesilla, on the second Mondays of July and

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C ONSTITUTION OF A RIZONA (1860) December. The District Court of the Second Judicial District shall be holden on the first Mondays of March and September. The District Court of the Third Judicial District shall be holden on the third Mondays of May and October. S ECT. 3. The Supreme and District Judges shall receive each a salary of fifteen hundred dollars per annum, payable quarterly, and fifteen cents per mile to and from attending on the Court, until otherwise provided by the law. S ECT. 4. Each District Judge shall have power to appoint, for his Judicial District, a clerk who shall be ex officio clerk of the Probate Court of the county in which the District Court is held. He shall be a resident of the district or county for which he has been appointed, and shall receive the same fees and emoluments as are now allowed by law to the clerk of the Supreme Courts of the Territory of New Mexico. He shall give a bond, in the sum of one thousand dollars, to be approved by the District Judge, for the faithful performance of his duties. S ECT. 5. That no inconvenience may arise from a change of Government, it is declared that all processes which shall be issued in the name of the Territory of New Mexico, prior to the organization of a Provisional Government under this Constitution, shall be as valid as if issued in the name of the Provisional Government of Arizona. S ECT. 6. The validity of all bonds and recognizances, executed in conformity with the laws of New Mexico, shall not be impaired by the change of government; but may be sued for and recovered in the name of the Provisional Government of the Territory of Arizona; and all criminal prosecutions or penal actions, which shall have arisen prior to the organization of a Provisional Government under this Constitution, in any of the courts of the Territory of New Mexico, shall

be prosecuted to judgment and execution in the name of the Provisional Government of the Territory of Arizona. All suits at law and equity which may be pending in any of the courts of New Mexico, prior to the organization of this Government under this Constitution, shall be transferred to the proper court of this Territory, which shall have jurisdiction of the subject matter thereof.

OFFICERS S ECT. 1. The Attorney General shall receive a salary of one thousand dollars per annum and such fees as are established by law, payable quarterly. S ECT. 2. The Governor shall have power to appoint, for each Judicial District, a suitable person to act as District Attorney; he shall be a resident of the district for which he has been appointed, and shall be clothed with the same powers and receive the same compensation for his services, the same fees and emoluments of office, as are now allowed by law to Circuit Attorneys in the Territory of New Mexico. S ECT. 3. The Secretary of State shall receive, as a compensation for his services, as follow, to wit: two dollars for every certificate and seal, and such other fees as may be established by law. S ECT. 4. The Treasurer of the Provisional Government of the Territory of Arizona, in addition to the fees now allowed by the Constitution, shall receive two and one-half per cent. for all moneys by him disbursed, and shall, previous to entering upon the duties of his office, enter into bonds in the sum of ten thousand dollars, for the faithful performance of his duties. S ECT. 5. It shall be the duty of the Treasurer, as soon as qualified, to demand and receive all moneys and revenues now collected and in the hands of the several officers, which have been collected under the

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A RIZONA laws of New Mexico, from the people residing within the limits of the Territory of Arizona. S ECT. 6. The Controller shall receive, as compensation for his services, a salary of five hundred dollars per annum, payable quarterly. The duties of the Controller shall be the same (where not otherwise provided for) as the duties prescribed by the laws of New Mexico for Auditor.

CENSUS S ECT. 1. The Sheriff of each county shall take an enumeration of the inhabitants of the Territory of Arizona, to wit: In the first column, the number of qualified electors; in the second column, all the white males over the age of eighteen years and under fortyfive years; in the third column, all the white males under the age of eighteen years; in the fourth column, all the white males over the age of forty-five years; in the fifth column, all the white females; in the sixth column, all the slaves; in the seventh column, all the free white population. That the several Sheriffs shall receive three cents for each white inhabitant, slave or free person of color, enumerated by them. That the said several Sheriffs shall make the returns of the Census of said Territory to the Secretary of State, at least thirty days previous to the first setting of the Legislature of said Territory.

COUNTIES S ECT. 1. The county of Dona Ana shall comprise all that portion of Territory lying east of the Rio Grande. S ECT. 2. The county of La Mesilla is hereby established with the following boundaries, viz.: The Rio Grande on the east, the Chericahui mountains on the west.

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S ECT. 3. The county of Ewell comprises all that section of Territory lying between the Chericahui mountains on the east, and the longitudinal line which crosses what is known as the Little Desert, near the center thereof, on the west. S ECT. 4. The county of Castle Dome comprises all that portion of the Territory lying west of the western boundary of Ewell county. S ECT. 5. It is understood that the above specified boundary-lines of counties above defined, traverse the entire Territory from north to south, crossing the St. Louis and San Francisco Overland Mail route at the points above specified. Provided, that the Rio Grande shall be the permanent boundary between Dona Ana and La Mesilla counties. S ECT. 6.4 The Governor of the Provisional Government of Arizona shall appoint, in each precinct of each county, a suitable person to superintend the first election for county officers, to be holden on the first Monday of May next. Said Superintendent shall appoint two Judges and two Clerks, who shall conduct said elections according to law, and make due return thereof to the Secretary of State; and elections shall hereafter be holden und conducted as now provided by law.

MODE OF AMENDING CONSTITUTION S ECT. 1. The Legislature, whenever twothirds of each House shall deem it necessary, may propose amendments to this Constitution; which proposed amendments shall be duly published in some newspaper, at least sixty days before the election for Representatives, for the consideration of the people; and it shall be the duty of the several election officers, at the next election which shall be thus holden, to open a poll

C ONSTITUTION OF A RIZONA (1860) for, and make a return to the Secretary of State, of all those who have voted on such proposed amendments; and if thereupon it shall appear that a majority of all the citizens of this Territory voting for Representatives, have voted in favor of such proposed amendments, and two-thirds of each House of the next Legislature shall, after such election, vote for the same amendment by ayes and noes, they shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as parts of this Constitution.

OFFENSES AGAINST THE PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT OF ARIZONA S ECT. 1. That if any person who is a citizen or transient person within the Territory, shall levy war or conspire lo levy war against the same, or shall in any way give aid in resisting the officers in executing the laws adopted under the Constitution of the Provisional Government of Arizona, either upon confession in open court or by the testimony of two or more witnesses, such person shall be adjudged guilty of treason, and shall be punished by fine and imprisonment, at the discretion of the court before whom the offender may be arraigned. S ECT. 2. The Schedule adopted on the 5th day of April shall be attached to the Constitution, and form part and parcel of the same. W HEREAS, For the better protection of life and property against Indians or otherwise; and W HEREAS, in the absence of any legislative action, it is deemed necessary to organize an efficient militia system for the present protection of our citizens, and until the Legislature shall have more fully organized the militia of the Territory; therefore, be it Resolved, By this Convention assembled: First, That every free white male inhabitant over eighteen and under forty-five years

of age, who is not disabled by bodily infirmity, shall constitute the militia of this Territory, and perform the duties as hereinafter stated. Provided, that no person exempt from bearing arms under the laws of the United States, shall be compelled to serve. Second, The militia of this Territory shall be divided into two divisions, as hereinafter provided. The said divisions shall be commanded by one Major-General, whose staff shall consist of one Adjutant General with the rank of Colonel, one Quartermaster with the rank of Captain, and two aids with the rank of 1st Lieutenant. Third, That the counties of Dona Ana and La Mesilla shall comprise the First Division, to be called the Eastern Division. The counties of Ewell and Castle Dome shall comprise the second division, to be called the Western Division. Each of said divisions shall be divided into two regiments, each composed of two companies, or as many as can be enrolled in the service. Each regiment shall be commanded by one Colonel, one Lieutenant-Colonel and one Major. The staff shall consist of a Quartermaster, Paymaster, and Adjutant with the rank of Lieutenant, and one Surgeon; and shall also have attached to it a Sergeant-Major, one Quartermaster's Sergeant, and one drum and fife Major. Each company shall consist of one Captain, a 1st and 2d Lieutenant, four Sergeants, four Corporals, two musicians, and not less than thirty-two nor more than sixty-four privates. The Governor shall appoint all field officers; the Colonels shall appoint their respective staff officers; each company to elect its own officers. The laws and regulations regulating the militia of the Territory of New Mexico, so far as they may be applicable to this Territory and not inconsistent with the provisions above named and the laws of the United States, shall govern the militia of the Provisional Government of the Territory of Arizona, until otherwise altered or amended by the

35

A RIZONA Legislature of the Territory.

VOLUNTEERS The laws regulating the calling out of Volunteers, now in force in the Territory of New Mexico, are declared to be in force in this Territory.

G. H. Oury,

Done in Convention, by the Deputies of the people of the Territory of Arizona, at Tucson, on the 5th day of April, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty. In testimony whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names. JAES A. LUCAS, President.

 Secretaries.

T. M. Turner DELEGATES: Epifanio Aguirre, J. Dean Alden, Sam’l G. Bean, Thos. J. Bull, Jose MaChavez, J. G. Capron, R. M. Doss, Sam’l B. Ford, Jose MaGarcia,

1

Edw. McGowan, Pablo Melendrez, 2d., Theodore J. Miller, Thos. J. Mastin, Benj. F. Neal, Ygnacio Orrantia, L. S. Owings, Wm. S. Oury, J. L. Poston, W. C. Wordsworth.

Verified by The Constitution and Schedule of the Provisional Government of the Territory of Arizona, and the Proceedings of the Convention Held at Tucson, Tucson: J. Howard Wells, Publisher, 1860, 15–23. The original manuscript is not known to have survived. Also checked against the version as published in Benjamin Sacks, Be It Enacted: The Creation of the Territory of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ: Arizona Historical Foundation, 1964, 145–153. Spelling, capitalization, and punctuation follow the Tucson print with obvious errors in printing tacitly ignored in the annotations. As a mere local settler initiative, the provisional government was never recognized by the New Mexico Territory to which the area officially belonged, nor by the Federal government. It faded away in the turmoil caused by the Pinos Altos gold rush and the Civil War. A secessionist movement in March 1861 aligned Arizona Territory to the Confederate States of America – but failed to get the constitution recognized by the Confederate government – before it was brought under Unionist control in 1862. In December 1861, a new bill was introduced

36

Estaban Ochao, Juan Romero, Raphael Ruelas, Palatine Robinson, Samuel W. Cozzens, Ramon Sanches, Phillipe Fiquera, J. J. Thibault, J. Howard Wells,

in Congress for the organization of the Territory of Arizona (within the state’s modern boundaries), after a first bill had faltered because of an impasse over the question of slavery in January 1861. On February 24, 1863, Congress approved the Act to organize the Territory of Arizona (U.S. Statutes at Large, 37th Congress, Sess. III, Ch. 56) which remained in effect until 1912 when Arizona was admitted into the Union as the 48th state. 2 The Treaty with Mexico of December 30, 1853 (Statutes at Large and Treaties of the United States of America, X: From December 1, 1851, To March 3, 1855, Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1855, 1031– 1037) finally passed the Senate on June 29, 1854, after having reduced the sum to be paid to Mexico in compensation from $15m. to $10m. The new boundary line with Mexico, resulting from the Gadsden Purchase of 1853, is herein established in art. I (ibid., 1032–1033). 3 In Sacks, Be It Enacted, 147, word missing. 4 In the Tucson print, 22, and in Sacks, Be It Enacted, 152, “sec. 7”.

Failed Constitution of Deseret (1849) Constitution of the State of Deseret1 PREAMBLE AND CONSTITUTION2 W HEREAS a large number of citizens of the United States, before, and since the treaty of peace with the Republic of Mexico,3 emigrated to, and settled in that portion of the Territory of the United States, lying west of the Rocky Mountains, and in the Great Interior Basin of Upper California; and W HEREAS , by reason of said treaty, all civil organization, originating from the Republic of Mexico became abrogated; and W HEREAS the Congress of the United States has failed to provide a form of Civil Government for the Territory so acquired, or any portion thereof; and W HEREAS Civil Government and laws are necessary, for the security, peace and prosperity of society; and W HEREAS it is a fundamental principle in all Republican Governments, that all political power is inherent in the people; and governments instituted for their protection, security and benefit, should emanate from the same: T HEREFORE, your Committee beg leave to recommend the adoption of the following Constitution, until the Congress of the United States shall otherwise provide for the Government of the Territory hereinafter named and described by admitting us into the Union4 .

W E , the People, grateful to the Supreme Being for the blessings hitherto enjoyed, and feeling our dependence on Him for a continuation of those5 blessings, do ordain, and establish a free and independent Government, by the name of the State of Deseret; including all the Territory of the United States within the following boundaries, to wit; commencing at the6 33° N. Latitude where it crosses the 108° Longitude, West of Greenwich; thence running South and West to the Northern boundary of Mexico; thence west to and down the main Channel of the Gila River, (on7 the Northern line of Mexico) and on the Northern boundary of Lower California to the Pacific Ocean; thence along the coast North Westerly to the8 118° 30’ of West Longitude, thence north to where said line intersects the dividing ridge of the Sierra Nevada Mountains; thence north along the Summit of the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the dividing range of Mountains, that separate9 the waters flowing into the Columbia River, from the Waters running10 into the Great Basin; then Easterly along the dividing range of Mountains that separate11 said Waters flowing into the Columbia River on the North, from the Waters flowing into the Great Basin on the South, to the summit of the Wind River Chain of Mountains; thence South East and South by the dividing range of mountains that separate12 the Waters flowing into the Gulf of Mexico, from the Waters flowing into the Gulf of California; to the place of beginning, as set forth in a map drawn by Charles Preuss, and published by order of the Senate of the United States in 1848.13

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D ESERET

ARTICLE I The Powers of Government of the State of Deseret shall be divided into three distinct departments; viz: Legislative, Executive, and Judiciary.

ARTICLE II Of the Legislative S ECT. 1. The Legislative authority, of this State, shall be vested in a General Assembly, consisting of a Senate and House of Representatives; both to be elected by the people. S ECT. 2. The Session of the General Assembly, shall be annual; and the first Session be held on the first Monday of July next; and, thereafter, on the first Monday of December, unless the Governor of the State shall convene the Assembly, in the interim, by Proclamation. S ECT. 3. The members of the House of Representatives shall be chosen biennially, by the qualified electors of their respective districts, on the first Monday in August; whose term of office shall continue two years from the day of the General Election. S ECT. 4. No person shall be a member of the House of Representatives, who has not attained the age of 25 years; the same to be a free, white, male Citizen of the United States, and an inhabitant of this State, one year preceding the time of his Election, and a resident of the District or County 30 days next preceding his Election; and have, at his Election, an actual residence in the District he may be chosen to represent. S ECT. 5. Senators shall be chosen for the term of four years, at the same time and place of Representatives; they shall be thirty years of age, and possess the qualifications

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of Representatives, as to residence and Citizenship. S ECT. 6. The number of Senators shall not be less than one third, nor more than one half of the Representatives; and, at the first Session of the General Assembly, after this Constitution takes effect, the Senate shall be divided by lot, as equal14 as may be, into two classes; the Seats of the Senators of the first class, shall be vacated at the expiration of two years, so that one half of the Senate shall be elected biennially. S ECT. 7. Each house shall choose its own officers; and judge of the qualification, election, and return of its own members; and contested elections shall be determined in such15 manner as shall hereafter be directed16 by law. S ECT. 8. A majority in each house, shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner and under such penalty, as each house may provide. S ECT. 9. Each House shall have all powers necessary for a branch of the General Assembly of a free and independent Government. S ECT. 10. Each member of the Assembly shall be privileged from civil arrest, during any Session, and in going to, and returning from the same. S ECT. 11. Neither house shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days; nor to any other place, than that in which they may be sitting. S ECT. 12. The Assembly shall, at its first Session, provide for an enumeration of the White Inhabitants, and an apportionment for the Senators and Representatives. S ECT. 13. Each member of the Assembly shall take an oath or affirmation to support

FAILED C ONSTITUTION OF D ESERET (1849) the Constitution of the United States, and of this State; and members shall and are hereby empowered to administer said oath, or affirmation, to each other.

Civil and military; and may require information in writing from the officers of the Executive Department, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective officers19 .

S ECT. 14. The veto power of the Governor, shall be allowed by the Assembly, except on bills, which, when reconsidered, shall be again passed by a majority of twothirds of those present; and any bill vetoed by the Governor, shall be returned within ten days (Sundays excepted) with his objections; otherwise it shall become a law; unless the Assembly, by adjournment, prevent17 its return.

S ECT. 5. He shall see that the laws are faithfully executed.

S ECT. 15. Every law passed by the Assembly, shall take effect from and after due publication, by authority. S ECT. 16. The voters of this State, may elect, at the first Election, not exceeding 17 Senators and thirty five Representatives.

ARTICLE III Of the Executive S ECT. 1. The Executive power shall be vested in a Governor, who shall hold his Office for four years. A Lieutenant Governor shall be elected at the same18 time, and for the same term, who shall be the President of the Senate. S ECT. 2. No person shall be eligible to the office of Governor or Lieutenant Governor who has not been a Citizen of the United States, and a resident of this State, two years next preceding his Election, and attained the age of 35 years, at the time of his Election. S ECT. 3. The Governor shall be Commander in Chief of the Militia, Navy, and all the Armies of this State. S ECT. 4. He shall transact all Executive business with the officers of Government

S ECT. 6. When any Office shall, from any cause, become vacant, and no mode is prescribed by the Constitution and laws for filling such vacancy, the Governor shall have power to fill such Vacancy, by granting a Commission, which shall expire when such vacancy shall be filled by due course of law. S ECT. 7. He shall also have power to convene the General Assembly, by Proclamation, when in his opinion the Interests of the State require it. S ECT. 8. He shall communicate by Message to the General Assembly, at every Session, the Condition of the State; and recommend such matters as he shall deem expedient. S ECT. 9. In case of disagreement in the General Assembly, with regard to the time of adjournment, the Governor shall have power, to dissolve the Session, by Proclamation. S ECT. 10. No person shall, while holding any lucrative office under the United States, or this State, execute the Office of Governor, except as shall be prescribed by law. S ECT. 11. The Governor shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons, and commute punishments after conviction20 ; except in cases of impeachment21 . S ECT. 12. The Governor shall receive, for his services, such compensation as shall hereafter be provided by law. S ECT. 13. There shall be a seal of this State, which shall be kept by the Governor, and used by him officially; and shall

39

D ESERET be called the22 Great Seal of the State of Deseret. S ECT. 14. All grants and Commissions shall be in the name and by the authority of the people of the State of Deseret; sealed with the Great Seal of this State, signed by the Governor, and countersigned by the Secretary of State. S ECT. 15. A Secretary of State, Auditor of Public Accounts, and Treasurer23 , shall be elected by the qualified Electors, who shall continue in office for the term of four years. The Secretary of State shall keep a fair registry24 of all the Official Acts of the Governor, and shall when required, lay the same, together with all papers, minutes, and vouchers, relative thereto, before either branch of the General Assembly, and shall perform such other duties as shall be assigned him by law. S ECT. 16. In case of the25 Impeachment of the Governor, his removal from Office, death, resignation, or absence from the State, the powers and duties of the Office shall devolve upon the Lieut. Governor, until such disability shall cease, or the vacancy be filled.

ARTICLE IV Of the Judiciary S ECT. 1. The Judicial power shall be vested in a Supreme Court, and such Inferior Courts, as the General Assembly shall from time to time establish. S ECT. 2. The Supreme Court shall consist of a Chief Justice, and two associates, either two of whom shall be a quorum to hold Courts. S ECT. 3. The Judges of the Supreme Court shall be elected by joint vote of both houses of the General Assembly, and

40

shall hold their Courts at such time26 and place as the General Assembly shall direct; and hold their office for the term of four ye[ars], and until their successors are elected and qualified. The judges of the Supreme Court shall be Conservators of the Peace throughout the State, and shall exercise such other jurisdictions27 and appellate powers as, shall be prescribed by law. S ECT. 4. The style of all process shall be the State of Deseret, and all prosecutions shall be in the name and by the authority of the State.

ARTICLE V Of Elections S ECT. 1. The Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Auditor of Accounts, Treasurer, and Secretary of State28 , shall be elected by the qualified Electors as provided for members of the General Assembly and at the time and place appointed for holding the same. S ECT. 2. The returns of every Election for Governor, Lieut. Governor, Auditor, Treasurer and Secretary of State29 , shall be sealed up, and transmitted forthwith to the Seat of Government, directed to the Speaker of the House of Representatives; who shall, during the first week of the Session, open and publish them in the presence of both houses of the General Assembly; and the persons, receiving a majority of all the legal votes cast for their respective offices, shall be declared duly elected. S ECT. 3. The Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Auditor, Treasurer, and Secretary of State30 , shall before entering upon the duties of their respective Offices take an Oath, or Affirmation, to support the Constitution of the United States, and of this State; which Oath, or Affirmation; shall be administered by the Speaker of the House of Representatives.

FAILED C ONSTITUTION OF D ESERET (1849) S ECT. 4. The first Election for members of the General Assembly, and other Officers under this Constitution, shall be held on the first monday of May next, at the usual places of holding public meetings, in the different Districts and Settlements; at which time and place, the qualified voters shall vote for or against the adoption of this Constitution; and, if a majority of all the legal votes, shall be in favor of its adoption, the same shall take effect from and after said Election.

have the privilege of voting at the first Election, and at the32 adoption of this Constitution; Provided, that no person in the military, naval, or marine Service of the United States shall be considered a resident of this State, by being stationed in any Garrison, Barrack, Military, or Naval place, or Station within this State; unless otherwise provided for by law.

ARTICLE VI S ECT. 5. At the time and place of holding the Elections, the qualified Electors shall organize the Polls by appointing two Judges, who shall be authorized to qualify each other, and appoint two suitable persons, as clerks; and, said Judges, shall, at the close of said Election, seal up the number of votes so cast, and forthwith transmit them to the President of this Convention. S ECT. 6. The returns of the first Election, herein provided for, shall be made to the Chairman of this Convention; who, together with the two Sectaries31 , shall proceed immediately to open said returns, and count the votes; upon ascertaining the persons receiving a majority of votes, they shall forthwith notify them of their Election.

Of33 Militia S ECT. 1. The militia of this State shall be composed of all able bodied, white, male Citizens, between the ages of 18 and 45 years, except such as are, or may hereafter be exempt, by the Laws of the United States or of this State; and shall be armed, equipped, and trained, as the General Assembly may provide by law. S ECT. 2. All commissioned Officers of the Militia, (Staff Officers excepted) shall be elected by the persons liable to perform military Duty34 ; and all Commissioned Officers shall be commissioned by the Governor.

ARTICLE VII S ECT. 7. The General Assembly shall, at its first Session, provide by Law, a general system of Election for Officers, under this Constitution; and such other Officers as may be hereafter created by Law. S ECT. 8. The manner of voting shall be by ballot. S ECT. 9. The General Assembly shall meet at Great Salt Lake City; which place shall be the Seat of Government, until otherwise provided by Law. S ECT. 10. All white male residents of this State, over the age of 21 years, shall

Amendments of the Constitution S ECT. 1. If at any time the General Assembly shall deem it necessary, and for the best interest35 of the State, that this Constitution should be revised, altered, or amended, The Assembly shall cause such revisions, alterations, or amendments, to be published, in the same manner as shall be provided for the publication of the Statutes; and appoint a day, not less than 30 days thereafter, for the Electors of the Commonwealth to assemble in their several precincts, and vote for or against said revisions, alterations, or amendments; and if a majority of

41

D ESERET said Electors shall vote in favor of said revisions, alterations or amendments, the same shall thereafter become parts and parcels of this Constitution; otherwise, this Constitution shall remain unaltered.

ARTICLE VIII Declaration of Rights S ECT. 1. In Republican Governments, all men should be born equally free and independent, and possess certain natural essential and inaliable36 rights, among which, are those of enjoying and defending their life and liberty; acquiring, possessing and protecting property; and of seeking and obtaining their safety and happiness. S ECT. 2. All political power is inherent in the people; and all free governments are founded in their authority, and instituted for their benefit; therefore, they have an inaliable37 and indefeazible right to institute Governments38 ; and to alter, rep39 and totally change the same, when their safety, happiness, and the public good shall require it. S ECT. 3. All men shall have a natural and inaliable40 right to worship God, according to the dictates of their own consciences; and the General Assembly shall make no law respecting an Establishment of Religion, or of prohibiting the free exercise thereof or disturb any person in his religious worship or sentiments, provided he does not disturb the public peace, nor obstruct others in their religious worship: and all persons, demeaning themselves peaceably, as good members of the State, shall be equally under the protection of the laws; and no subordination or preference of any one Sect or denomination to another, shall ever be established by law; nor shall any religious test be ever required for any Office of trust under this State.

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S ECT. 4. Any Citizen of this State, who may hereafter be engaged, either directly or indirectly, in a duel, either as principal, or accessory before the fact, shall be disqualified from holding any Office under the Constitution and laws of this State. S ECT. 5. Every person may speak, write, and publish his sentiments, on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that right: and no law shall be passed to abridge the liberty of speech or of the press. S ECT. 6. The people shall be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and possessions from unreasonable searches and seizures. S ECT. 7. The right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate; and all criminals shall be heard by self, or Council41 , at their own Election. S ECT. 8. All penalties and punishments shall be in proportion to the offence; and all offences, before conviction, shall be bailable; except Capital Offences, where the proof is evident, or the presumption great. S ECT. 9. The writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless in cases42 of rebellion, or invasion or the public safety shall require it. S ECT. 10. Treason against this State, shall consist only in levying War against it, or adhering to its enemies, or giving them aid and comfort. S ECT. 11. The General Assembly shall pass no bill of attainder, or ex post facto law43 or law impairing the obligation of Contracts to hinder the execution of justice. S ECT. 12. The laws shall not be suspended, but by the Legislative, or Executive Authority. S ECT. 13. The right of petition by the people, shall be preserved inviolate.

FAILED C ONSTITUTION OF D ESERET (1849) S ECT. 14. The right of Citizens, to keep and bear arms for common defence, shall not be questioned. S ECT. 15. Private property shall not be taken for public use, without just compensation. S ECT. 16. No standing army shall be kept up, in time of peace, and the Military shall at all times, and in all places, be in strict subordination to the Civil power. S ECT. 17. The enumeration of certain rights shall not be construed to impair, nor44 deny others, retained by the People.45 1

Verified by Constitution of the State of Deseret, with the Journal of the Convention which formed it, Kanesville, IA: Published by Orson Hyde, 1849, 10 p., and corrected according to the manuscript, most probably in the hand of Thomas Bullock, which in view of what constituted a mere fictitious convention may pass as what might otherwise have been the enrolled manuscript, which is preserved in the L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University at Provo UT. Spelling, capitalization, and punctuation follow the “enrolled” manuscript. Also checked against Memorial of the Members of the Legislative Council of the Provisional Government of Deseret, Praying For admission into the Union as a State, or for a Territorial Government. December 27, 1849 (31st Congress, 1st Session, Senate, Mis. Doc. No. 10 [Washington: Printed by Wm. M. Belt, 1850]), Deseret. Constitution of the State of Deseret, with the Journal of the Convention which formed it, and the proceedings of the Legislature consequent thereon. January 28, 1850 (31st Congress, 1st Session, House of Representatives, Mis. Doc. No. 18 [Washington: Printed by Wm. M. Belt, 1850]), and the versions as published in The American Quarterly Register and Magazine, III/2 (December 1849), 588–594, in Laws and Ordinances of the State of Deseret (Utah). Compilation 1851, Being a Verbatim Reprint of the Rare Original Edition, with an Appendix, Salt Lake City: Shepard Book Company, 1919, 78–91, and in Utah Historical Quarterly, 8 (1940), 156–163. On the bizarre origins of the Constitution and its relationship to the Iowa Constitution of 1846, cf. Peter Crawley, The Constitution of the State of Deseret (Friends of the Brigham Young University Library Newsletter, 19), Provo UT: The Friends of the Harold B. Lee Library, 1982. For details of the printing history, cf. Richard L. Saunders, Printing in Deseret. Mormons, Economy, Politics & Utah’s Incunabula, 1849–1851, Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2000, 47–50,

61–62, 126–128. Modern research is nearly unanimous in that there was no constitutional convention in March 1849 and that the constitution was in fact drafted in July 1849 (cf. Peter Crawley, A Descriptive Bibliography of the Mormon Church, II, Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, 2005, 96– 101), a date also mentioned on the final sheet of the manuscript. The constitution never went into effect as in the course of the tense debates over the Compromise of 1850, masterminded by Henry Clay, Congress rejected statehood for Deseret, and President Millard Fillmore signed the Act to establish a Territorial Government for Utah into law on September 9, 1850, U.S. Statutes at Large, 31st Congress, Sess. I, ch. 51. Cf. Dale L. Morgan, The State of Deseret [1940], Logan UT: Utah State University Press, 1987, 67–89. The next and once again futile attempt to achieve statehood was undertaken with the constitution of 1856 (q.v.). 2 In Utah Historical Quarterly, 8 (1940), 156, last two words missing. 3 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo of 2 February 1848 (The Statutes at Large and Treaties of the United States of America. From December 1, 1845, to March 3, 1851, Arranged in Chronological Order, edited by George Minot, IX, Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1862, 922–943). 4 In Hyde print, 4, in Quarterly Register and Magazine, III/2, 589, and in Ho. of Rep. Mis. No. 18, 2, last five words missing; in Senate, Mis. No. 10, 3–4, whole preceding part of Preamble missing. 5 In Utah Historical Quarterly, 8 (1940), 156, “these”. 6 Ibid., word missing. 7 In Session Law reprint, 79, and in Utah Historical Quarterly, 8 (1940), 156, “or”. 8 In Hyde print, 4, in Quarterly Register and Magazine, III/2, 589, in Senate, Mis. No. 10, 4, and in Ho. of Rep. Mis. No. 18, 2, word missing. 9 In Hyde print, 4, in Senate, Mis. No. 10, 4, and in Ho. of Rep. Mis. No. 18, 2, “separates”. 10 In Quarterly Register and Magazine, III/2, 589, “flowing”. 11 In Hyde print, 4, in Senate, Mis. No. 10, 4, and in Ho. of Rep. Mis. No. 18, 2, “separates”. 12 In Ho. of Rep. Mis. No. 18, 2, “separates”. 13 Map of Oregon and Upper California, from the surveys of John Charles Fremont and of the authorities, drawn by Charles Preuss, under the Order of the Senate of the United States, Washington: s.n., 1848. 14 In Session Law reprint, 80, and in Utah Historical Quarterly, 8 (1940), 157, “equally”. 15 In Quarterly Register and Magazine, III/2, 590, “such a”. 16 In Hyde print, 5, in Quarterly Register and Magazine, III/2, 590, in Senate, Mis. No. 10, 5, and in Ho. of Rep. Mis. No. 18, 3, “determined”. 17 In Quarterly Register and Magazine, III/2, 590, “prevents”.

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D ESERET 18

In Session Law reprint, 82, word missing. In Hyde print, 6, in Quarterly Register and Magazine, III/2, 590, in Senate, Mis. No. 10, 6, in Ho. of Rep. Mis. No. 18, 4, in Session Law reprint, 83, and in Utah Historical Quarterly, 8 (1940), 159, “offices”. 20 In Hyde print, 7, in Quarterly Register and Magazine, III/2, 591, in Senate, Mis. No. 10, 6, and in Ho. of Rep. Mis. No. 18, 4, “convictions”. 21 In Quarterly Register and Magazine, III/2, 591, “impeachments”. 22 In Utah Historical Quarterly, 8 (1940), 159, word missing. 23 In Session Law reprint, 84, and in Utah Historical Quarterly, 8 (1940), 159, “Treasurer, and Auditor of Public Accounts”. 24 In Hyde print, 7, in Quarterly Register and Magazine, III/2, 591, in Senate, Mis. No. 10, 6, and in Ho. of Rep. Mis. No. 18, 5, “register”. 25 In Session Law reprint, 84, and in Utah Historical Quarterly, 8 (1940), 159, word missing. 26 In Session Law reprint, 85, “times”. 27 In Utah Historical Quarterly, 8 (1940), 160, “Jurisdiction”. 28 In Session Law reprint, 85, and in Utah Historical Quarterly, 8 (1940), 160, “Secretary of State, Treasurer, and Auditor of Accounts”. 29 In Session Law reprint, 85, and in Utah Historical Quarterly, 8 (1940), 160, “Secretary of State, Treasurer and Auditor”. 30 In Session Law reprint, 86, and in Utah Historical Quarterly, 8 (1940), 160, “Secretary of State, Treasurer and Auditor”. 31 In Hyde print, 8, in Quarterly Register and Magazine, III/2, 592, in Senate, Mis. No. 10, 7, in Ho. of Rep. Mis. No. 18, 6, in Session Law reprint, 86, and in Utah Historical Quarterly, 8 (1940), 161, “Secretaries”. 32 In Session Law reprint, 87, and in Utah Historical Quarterly, 8 (1940), 161, last two words missing. 33 In Session Law reprint, 87, “Of the”. 34 In Hyde print, 9, in Quarterly Register and Magazine, III/2, 592, in Senate, Mis. No. 10, 8, and in Ho. of Rep. Mis. No. 18, 6, “in their respective divisions”

19

44

added. 35 In Session Law reprint, 88, “interests”. 36 In Hyde print, 9, in Quarterly Register and Magazine, III/2, 593, in Senate, Mis. No. 10, 8, in Ho. of Rep. Mis. No. 18, 7, in Session Law reprint, 88, and in Utah Historical Quarterly, 8 (1940), 162, “inalienable”. 37 In Hyde print, 9, in Quarterly Register and Magazine, III/2, 593, in Senate, Mis. No. 10, 8, in Ho. of Rep. Mis. No. 18, 7, in Session Law reprint, 88, and in Utah Historical Quarterly, 8 (1940), 162, “inalienable”. 38 In Hyde print, 9, in Quarterly Register and Magazine, III/2, 593, in Senate, Mis. No. 10, 8, in Ho. of Rep. Mis. No. 18, 7, in Session Law reprint, 88, and in Utah Historical Quarterly, 8 (1940), 162, “government”. 39 In Hyde print, 9, in Quarterly Register and Magazine, III/2, 593, in Senate, Mis. No. 10, 8, in Ho. of Rep. Mis. No. 18, 7, in Session Law reprint, 88, and in Utah Historical Quarterly, 8 (1940), 162, “reform”. 40 In Hyde print, 9, in Quarterly Register and Magazine, III/2, 593, in Senate, Mis. No. 10, 8, in Ho. of Rep. Mis. No. 18, 7, in Session Law reprint, 89, and in Utah Historical Quarterly, 8 (1940), 162, “inalienable”. 41 In Quarterly Register and Magazine, III/2, 593, in Senate, Mis. No. 10, 9, in Ho. of Rep. Mis. No. 18, 7, in Session Law reprint, 89, and in Utah Historical Quarterly, 8 (1940), 162, “counsel”. 42 In Hyde print, 10, in Quarterly Register and Magazine, III/2, 593, in Senate, Mis. No. 10, 9, in Ho. of Rep. Mis. No. 18, 7, in Session Law reprint, 90, and in Utah Historical Quarterly, 8 (1940), 163, “case”. 43 In Hyde print, 10, in Quarterly Register and Magazine, III/2, 593, in Senate, Mis. No. 10, 9, and in Ho. of Rep. Mis. No. 18, 7, “laws”. 44 In Session Law reprint, 91, “or”. 45 In Hyde print, 10, in Senate, Mis. No. 10, 9, and in Ho. of Rep. Mis. No. 18, 8, “After the reading of the report and Constitution, it was motioned, seconded and carried unanimously, that the report of the Committee be excepted [in both Washington prints: accepted], and they discharged from further duties. Convention adjourned until Friday the 9th, at 10 A. M.” added.

Failed Constitution of Deseret (1856) Constitution of the State of Deseret1 PREAMBLE Whereas, all citizens of the United States have the right guaranteed by the Constitution to make those laws by which they are governed; and Whereas, it appears from a Census Report, made pursuant to an act of the late Legislature, that the Territory of Utah possesses a population sufficiently numerous to justify them in asserting their claims to this inestimable privilege: Therefore, we the people, grateful to the Supreme Being for the enjoyment of life and mercy, and feeling our dependence on Him for a continuation2 of those blessings, do ordain and establish the following constitution.

ARTICLE I Boundary and Name S ECT. 1. All that part of the Territory of the United States now known as Utah Territory, and bounded as follows, viz: On the west by the State of California, on the north by the Territory of Oregon, on the east by the summit of the Rocky Mountains, and on the south by the thirty-seventh (37th) parallel of north latitude, is hereby formed into a free and sovereign State, and named Deseret.

among which are those of enjoying and defending their life and liberty, acquiring, possessing and protecting property, and of seeking and obtaining their safety and happiness. S ECT. 2. All political power is inherent in the people, and all free governments are founded in their authority, and instituted for their benefit; therefore they have an inalienable and indefeasible right to institute government, and to alter, reform, or totally change the same, when their safety, happiness, and the public good shall require it. S ECT. 3. All men shall have a natural and inalienable right to worship God according to the dictates of their own consciences; and the General Assembly shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, or to disturb any person in his religious worship or sentiments, and all persons demeaning themselves peaceably, as good members of this State, shall be equally under the protection of the laws; and no subordination or preference of any one sect or denomination to another shall ever be established by law; nor shall any religious test be ever required for any office of trust under this Constitution.

Declaration of Rights

S ECT. 4. Any person of this State who may hereafter he engaged, directly or indirectly, in a duel, either as principal or accessory before the fact, shall be disqualified from holding any office under the Constitution and Laws of this State.

S ECT. 1. In republican governments all men should possess their natural rights,

S ECT. 5. Every person may speak, write, and publish his sentiments on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that right;

ARTICLE II

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D ESERET and no law shall be passed to abridge the liberty of speech or of the press. S ECT. 6. The people shall be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and possessions, from unreasonable searches and seizures. S ECT. 7. The right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate; and all prisoners shall be heard by self or counsel, at their own election; and no person shall be held to answer a capital or otherwise infamous crime, unless on presentment or indictment of a grand jury, nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb, nor be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself. S ECT. 8. All penalties and punishments shall be in proportion to the offence; and all offences before conviction shall be bailable, except capital offences, where the proof is evident, or the presumption great; excessive bail shall not be required.

S ECT. 15. Private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation. S ECT. 16. No standing army shall be kept up in this State in time of peace, and the military shall at all times and in all places be in strict subordination to civil power. S ECT. 17. The enumeration of certain rights shall not be construed to impair or deny others retained by the people.

ARTICLE III The powers of Government of the State of Deseret shall be divided into three distinct departments, viz: legislative, executive, and judicial.

ARTICLE IV Of the Legislative

S ECT. 9. The writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless in case of rebellion, or invasion, or the public safety shall require it.

S ECT. 1. The legislative authority shall be vested in a General Assembly, consisting of a Senate and House of Representatives, the members of which shall he elected by the people.

S ECT. 10. Treason against this State shall consist only in levying war against it, or adhering to its enemies, or giving them aid and comfort.

S ECT. 2. The sessions of the General Assembly shall be annual, until otherwise provided by legislative enactment; and the first session shall be as hereinafter provided.

S ECT. 11. The General Assembly shall pass no bill of attainder, or ex-post-facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts.

S ECT. 3. The members of the House of Representatives shall be chosen biennially, by the qualified electors of their respective districts, whose term of office shall continue two years from the day of their election.

S ECT. 12. The law shall not be suspended but by legislative authority. S ECT. 13. The right of petition by the people shall be preserved inviolate. S ECT. 14. The right of citizens to keep and bear arms for common defence shall not be questioned.

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S ECT. 4. Senators shall be chosen in the same manner as the Representatives, whose term of office shall continue four years from the day of their election. S ECT. 5. No person shall be a member of the General Assembly except he be a free,

FAILED C ONSTITUTION OF D ESERET (1856) white, male citizen of the United States, and an inhabitant of this State one year preceding the time of his election, and has at his election an actual residence in the district he may be chosen to represent. S ECT. 6. The General Assembly shall have power to prescribe the number and make the apportionment of Senators and Representatives, Provided, the number of Senators shall not be less than one third, nor more than one half of the Representatives; and at its first session the General Assembly shall be divided by lot as equally as may be into two classes; the seats of the Representatives of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of one year, and of the Senators of the first class, at the expiration of two years. S ECT. 7. Each House shall choose its own officers, and judge of the qualification, election, and return of its own members. S ECT. 8. A majority in each House shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner and under such penalty as each House may provide. S ECT. 9. Each House shall have all powers necessary for a branch of the General Assembly of a free and independent government. S ECT. 10. Each member of the General Assembly shall be privileged from civil arrest, during any session, and in going to and returning from the same. S ECT. 11. Neither House shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which they may be sitting. S ECT. 12. The members of the General Assembly shall take an oath or affirmation to support the Constitution of the United

States and of this State, which may be administered by each other, or by any person qualified to administer oaths. S ECT. 13. The veto power of the Governor shall be allowed by the General Assembly, except on bills which when reconsidered shall be again passed by a majority of two thirds; and any bill vetoed by the Governor shall be returned within ten days (Sundays excepted) with his objections, otherwise it shall become a law, unless the General Assembly, by adjournment, prevent its return. S ECT. 14. Every law passed by the General Assembly shall take effect from and after its publication, unless otherwise provided at the time of its enactment. S ECT. 15. At the first election after this Constitution takes effect the voters of this State shall elect the same number of senators and representatives as are now elected to the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Utah, and according to the present apportionment. S ECT. 16. The legislative power of the General Assembly of this State shall extend to all rightful subjects of legislation consistent with the Constitution of the United States and of this State.

ARTICLE V Of the Executive S ECT. 1. The executive power shall be vested in a Governor, whose term of office shall be four years. A Lieutenant Governor shall be elected at the same time, and for the same term, who shall be the president of the senate. S ECT. 2. No person shall be eligible to the office of Governor or Lieutenant Governor, who has not been a citizen of the United States six years, and a resident of this State four years next preceding his election.

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D ESERET S ECT. 3. The Governor shall be commander in chief of the militia, navy, and all the armies of this State. S ECT. 4. He shall transact all executive business with the officers of government, civil and military, and may require information in writing from the officers of the executive department upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices. S ECT. 5. He shall see that the laws are faithfully executed. S ECT. 6. When any office shall from any cause become vacant, and no mode is prescribed by the Constitution and laws for filling such vacancy, the Governor shall have power to fill such vacancy by appointment and commission, which shall expire when such vacancy shall be filled by due course of law. S ECT. 7. He shall also have power to convene the General Assembly by proclamation, when in his opinion the interests of the State require it. S ECT. 8. He shall communicate by message to the General Assembly at every session the condition of the State, and recommend such measures as he in his wisdom shall deem expedient. S ECT. 9. In case of disagreement in the General Assembly with regard to the3 time of adjournment, the governor shall have power to dissolve the session by proclamation. S ECT. 10. No person shall, while holding any lucrative office under the United States or this State, execute the office of Governor, except as shall be prescribed by law. S ECT. 11. The Governor shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons, and commute punishments after conviction except in cases of impeachment.

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S ECT. 12. There shall be a seal of this State which shall he kept by the Governor and used by him officially, and be called “Great Seal of the State of Deseret[.]” S ECT. 13. All grants and commissions shall be in the name and by the authority of the people of the State of Deseret, sealed with the Great Seal of State, signed by the Governor, and countersigned by the Secretary of State. S ECT. 14. A Secretary of State, Treasurer, Auditor of Public Accounts, and Attorney General, shall be elected by the General Assembly, who shall continue in office for the term of four years, and shall perform such duties as may be assigned them by law. S ECT. 15. In case of impeachment of the Governor, his removal from office, death, resignation, or absence from the State, the powers and duties of the office shall devolve upon the Lieutenant Governor, until such disability shall cease or the vacancy be filled.

ARTICLE VI Of the Judicial S ECT. 1. The judicial power shall be vested in a supreme court, district courts, and such inferior courts as the General Assembly may from time to time establish. S ECT. 2. The supreme court shall consist of a chief justice and two associates, two of whom shall be a quorum to hold courts. S ECT. 3. The supreme judges shall be elected by the General Assembly for the term of six years after the first election under this Constitution. At said first election one shall be elected for two years, one for four years, and one for six years.

FAILED C ONSTITUTION OF D ESERET (1856) S ECT. 4. The judges of the supreme court shall be conservators of the peace throughout the State, and shall exercise such other jurisdiction and appellate powers as shall be prescribed by law. S ECT. 5. Until otherwise provided by the General Assembly, the State is hereby divided into eleven judicial districts, as follows: Great Salt Lake and Summit Counties shall compose the first judicial district. Utah and Cedar Counties shall compose the second judicial district. Juab and San Pete Counties shall compose the third judicial district. Millard and Beaver Counties shall compose the fourth judicial district. Iron and Washington Counties shall compose the fifth judicial district. Carson County shall compose the sixth judicial district. Humboldt, St. Mary's, Greasewood, and Malad Counties shall compose the seventh judicial district. Cache and Box Elder Counties shall compose the eighth judicial district. Weber and Davis Counties shall compose the ninth judicial district. Green River County shall compose the tenth judicial district, Tooele, Shambip, and Desert4 Counties shall compose the eleventh judicial district. S ECT. 6. The judges of the district courts shall be elected by the electors of their respective districts, whose term of office shall be two years, and shall have such jurisdiction as may be prescribed by the General Assembly. S ECT. 7. The style of all process shall be “State of Deseret”, and all criminal prosecutions5 shall be in the name and by the authority of the people of the State.

ARTICLE VII Of Elections S ECT. 1. All male persons over twentyone years of age, having a residence of six months in this State, being citizens of the United States, shall be entitled to vote. S ECT. 2. Electors shall in all cases, except treason, felony or breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest on the days of election, during their attendance at such election, going to and returning therefrom. S ECT. 3. No elector shall be obliged to perform military duty on the day of election, except in time of war or public danger. S ECT. 4. No person in the military, naval, or marine service of the United States, by being stationed in any garrison, barrack, military or naval place or station within this State, shall be entitled to vote, unless otherwise provided for by law. S ECT. 5. No idiot or insane person, or person guilty of any infamous crime shall be entitled to the privilege of an elector. S ECT. 6. The first general election under this Constitution shall be held at such time6 as the acting Governor of this Territory, by proclamation, shall appoint, for the election of a governor, lieutenant governor, representatives in the Congress of the United States, members of the General Assembly, and all other officers of this State, as provided for in this Constitution. Said election shall be conducted and returns made in accordance with the existing laws of the Territory of Utah, at the time when said election shall be called. S ECT. 7. The first meeting of the General Assembly shall be as directed by proclamation by the Governor elect, and subsequent sessions shall be held as provided by law.

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D ESERET

ARTICLE VIII Of the Militia S ECT. 1. The militia of this State shall be composed of all able bodied male citizens between the ages of 18 and 45 years, except such as are or may hereafter be exempt by the laws of the United States or of this State7 , and shall be armed, equipped, and trained, as the General Assembly may provide by law. S ECT. 2. All commissioned officers of the militia shall be elected as the General Assembly shall prescribe, and shall he commissioned by the Governor of the State.

ARTICLE IX Amendments of the Constitution S ECT. 1. If at any time the General Assembly deem it necessary, and for the best interest8 of the State, that this Constitution be revised, altered, or amended, they shall cause such proposed revisions, alterations, or amendments, to be published in the same manner as provided for notices of elections, and submitted to the votes of the electors9 of the commonwealth at their next general election; and if a majority of said electors shall vote in favor of such proposed revisions, alterations, or amendments, the same

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shall thereafter become parts of this Constitution, otherwise this Constitution shall remain unaltered.

ARTICLE X Miscellaneous Provisions S ECT. 1. In order that no inconvenience may arise in passing from a Territorial to a State Government, it is hereby declared that the present organization, laws, and everything pertaining to the Territorial government of Utah shall remain in full force and virtue in law, until superseded by the action of the State government under the provisions of this Constitution. S ECT. 2. The compensation of the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, judges, members of the General Assembly, and all other officers shall be as may be prescribed by law. S ECT. 3. All officers of this State may continue in office until superseded by their successors. Sec. 4. The officers created by virtue of this Constitution shall take an oath or affirmation to support the Constitution of the United States and of this State, and to faithfully perform the duties of their office[.] S ECT. 5. The General Assembly shall encourage education.10

J. M. Grant Daniel H11 . Wells Albert Carrington12 Edwin D. Woolley Almon W. Babbitt14 John F. Kinney William Bell Garland Hurt15 W. H. Hooper

S. M. Blair Orson Pratt, Sen. Parley P. Pratt J. C. Little13 Samuel W. Richards Geo. P. Stiles T. S. Williams Great Salt Lake County.

Lorin16 Farr Chauncey W. West

Leonard E. Harrington James C. Snow

FAILED C ONSTITUTION OF D ESERET (1856) Lorenzo Snow Jonathan C. Wright Weber Co.

B. F. Johnson Joseph A. Kelting Aaron Johnson Utah Co.

Joseph Holbrook James Leithead J. D. Parker

Madison D. Hambleton Juab Co. Davis Co. Isaac17 Morley George Peacock

18

Geo. A . Smith I19 . C. Haight

San Pete Co. Iron Co. Samuel P. Hoyt Reuben McBride20

John D. Lee Washington Co.

Enoch Reese21

Ezra T. Benson Tooele Co.

1

Millard Co.

Verified by “Constitution of the State of Deseret,” in: The Deseret News, 2 April 1856, 30, and corrected according to the engrossed manuscript preserved in the National Archives at Washington, D.C. (RG 46, Senate Territorial Papers). Spelling, capitalization, and punctuation follow the engrossed manuscript. Obvious typographical errors have been ignored. Also checked against Letter of the Delegate of the Territory of Utah in Congress, Enclosing the Memorial of delegates of the convention which assembled in Great Salt Lake City, and adopted a constitution with a view to the admission of Utah into the Union as a State, together with a copy of that constitution. April 20, 1858 (36th Congress, 1st Session, Senate, Mis. Doc. No. 240) [Washington: William A. Harris, 1858]. After a first effort to achieve statehood through the constitution of 1849 (q.v.) had failed, the Territory of Utah was established on 9 September 1850 (“An Act to establish a Territorial Government for Utah,” U.S. Statutes at Large, 31st Congress, Sess. I, Ch. 51). On the basis of the territorial boundaries as defined in this act, a new effort was made to be admitted into the Union as a state with a modestly modified constitution, adopted on 27 March 1856. Though both drafts – neither of which had been submitted to the people – intended to present the state as subscribing to the established pattern of state constitutions and were altogether silent on Mormon

Carson Co.

institutions, the political reality appeared quite different even to the eyes of a distant Washington and caused the second attempt to fail as well. A third attempt, in 1862, acknowledging the creation of the territories of Colorado and Nevada and with additional modifications in an otherwise unchanged constitution, met with the same fate. Statehood was not achieved until 1895. 2 In Washington print, 3, “continuance”. 3 In manuscript, “the the”. 4 In Washington print, 8, “Deseret”. 5 In Deseret News, 30, “prosecution”. 6 Ibid., “times”. 7 Ibid., last four words missing. 8 In Washington print, 9, “interests”. 9 In Deseret News, 30, last three words missing. 10 Ibid., all signatures missing. 11 In Washington print, 9, “U”. 12 Ibid., “Harrington”. 13 Ibid., “J. Chittle”. 14 Ibid., “Bobbett”. 15 Ibid., “Dent”. 16 Ibid., 10, “Louis”. 17 Ibid., “Israel”. 18 Ibid., “D”. 19 Ibid., “J”. 20 Ibid., “M. Bride”. 21 Ibid., “Reise”.

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Constitution of Indian Stream (1832) [Constitution of the Republic of Indian Stream]1

PREAMBLE WHEREAS we the inhabitants of the tract of land situated between Hall’s Stream and the stream issueing from Lake Connecticut being the disputed2 tract of country near the head of Connecticut River which is claimed by the United States and Great Britain respectively & generally known by the name of Indian Stream and, whereas we are deprived of the protection3 of the Laws of any Government but that of our own until such time as the Boundary line between the two Governments shall be established, and the time in which that will take place is to us unknown, and whereas it is our ardent desire to live in peace, Harmony and good order & considering that these great and good objects cannot be fully enjoyed without some wholesome rules, regulations or code of laws, and considering it the unalienable4 right of all people situated as we are where ever5 in the course of providence their lot is cast, and a priviledge which they are in duty bound to improve to strive by all laudable means to take and adopt such measures as shall be best calculated to promote peace and good order in society among themselves while in their present state as well as to prepare them for useful citizens should they hereafter become a constituent part of some other government and whereas it has been the custom of the inhabitants of this place to meet from time to time & pass such votes and bylaws6 as they deemed necessary for their regulation and support of order without annexing penalties to enforce them, and as the popula-

tion and i[mpr]ovements have considerably increased and considering the gre[at] importance of making provision for the benefit of the risi[ng] generation, of adopting and enforcing Laws on a more permanent Basis for the support of schools and other public improvements and maintaning & supporting good order in society, And believing the time has now arrived when we must as a body politick make and enforce Laws sufficient to protect and defend the different members of the community and redress the grievances and adjust the disputes and controversies which occasionally arise among them or they will assume the right of individually redressing their own grievances and avenging their own injuries and considering the power of selflove in prejudicing the mind where the individuals are interested and act under the impulse of passion, we believe that if the different members of society are permitted to become their own avengers they would commit great injustice and become aggressors that retaliation would produced fresh injuries, & call into action the worst passions of the heart, which would throw our society into a state of Anarchy & confusion, which would destroy all the peace happiness and pleasant prospects we have theretofore enjoyed. Therefore we the inhabitants of Indian Stream territory being assembled in general meeting and having7 considered our situation & circumstances with all the impartiality and candour, which we are capable of exercising, feel a full conviction, that under present8 existing circumstances we

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I NDIAN S TREAM cannot apply to any government for protection with any probability of success—But by the agreement between the United States & Great Britain that neither party should exercise jurisdiction over the disputed Territory we are left to our own resources for preserving order in society without any probability of receiving any assistance from either government, or any change in our circumstances till the boundary line is established. We therefore believe that while it is unknown to what Government we owe allegiance we possess full right and imperative necessity requires that we should adopt some form of Government which will secure the rights, happiness, and prosperity of the people who inhabit this Territory and feel confident by so doing we shall promote the interest and secure the approbation of the Government to which we shall eventually belong—Therefore resolved that to preserve union among ourselves, establish Justice, ensure domestic tranquility provide for our common security and defence and secure the important Blessings of civilized society, We do ordain and establish this Constitution and the principles of Government therein contained for our future guide and direction in forming and enforcing Laws for the government of the territory of Indian Stream.

CONSTITUTION OF INDIAN STREAM PART FIRST Bill of Rights A RT. 1 ST. All men are born equally free and independent therefore all government of right originates from the people, is founded in common consent and instituted for the public good. A RT. 2 ND . Every man has a natural, essential, and unalienable right to worship

54

God according to the dictates of his own conscience & reason, and is not accountable to any human tribunal, for his religious opinions or practices, provided he does not encroach upon the civil or religious rights of others. A RT. 3 RD . All men have certain natural and essential civil rights, among which are the enjoying and defending life and liberty; acquiring, possessing, & protecting property; and in a word of seeking and obtaining happiness. Hence arises the right of controlling those vicious members of society, who invade the rights of others. A RT. 4 TH . When men enter into a state of society, they surrender up9 some of their natural rights to that society, in order to secure the protection of others. A RT. 5 TH . Government being instituted for the common benefit, protection & security of the whole community, and not for the private interest or emolument of any one man, family, or class of men; therefore every member of the community has an equal right to be protected by it, in the enjoyment of his life, liberty and property, and is equally bound to contribute his share in the expense of such protection, and to yield his personal service when necessary. A RT. 6 TH . Every subject of the government has a right to a certain remedy by having recourse to the Laws for all injuries he may receive in his person, property or character; to obtain right and justice freely and completely, without any denial, promptly and without delay; conformably to the Laws. A RT. 7 TH . No subject shall be held to answer for any crime or offence, until the same is fully, plainly, and substancially described to him, nor be compelled to accuse, or furnish evidence against himself: And every subject shall have a right to produce

C ONSTITUTION OF I NDIAN S TREAM (1832) all proof that may be favorable to himself, to meet the witnesses against him face to face, and be fully heard in his defence by himself or counsel, and no subject shall be arrested, imprisoned, deprived of his property or privileges, put out of the protection of the laws, exiled, or deprived of his life, liberty, or estate, but by the Judgment of his Peers, or the law of the land. A RT. 8 TH . No subject shall be liable to be tried after an acquital for the same offence; nor shall the General Assembly make any law, that shall subject any person to corporeal punishment (excepting for the government of the militia while in actual service) without trial by Jury. A RT. 9 TH . All punishment ought to be proportioned to the nature of the offence and no excessive cruel or unusual punishment shall be inflicted—the true design of all punishment being to reform and not to exterminate mankind. A RT. 10 TH . Every subject hath a right to be secure from all unreasonable searches or seizures of his person, papers and all his possessions—therefore all searches and seizures are contrary to this right, if not made by an officer authorized by Law acting by authority of a warrant the cause or foundation of which hath been confirmed by10 oath with a special designation of the persons or objects of search or arrest or seizure. A RT. 11 TH . All elections ought to be free and every inhabitant having the proper qualifications has an equal right to elect & be elected into office, to enjoy the freedom of speech & debate and act on all business before the general assembly. A RT. 12 TH . All power residing originally in and being derived from the people

all the magistrates and officers of Government are their substitutes and agents and at all times accountable to them. A RT. 13 TH . Man being originally formed by his Creator for society and social intercourse & for mutually aiding, assisting and defending each other and promoting their mutual welfare and happiness therefore all societies of men placed by circumstances of fortune without the Jurisdiction or control of any other society or Government have a right to unite together and institute such government for the regulation of their11 society as they deem most condusive to the general good, and where a large majority of the people so situated unite together and establish a government the minority of right ought to submit to the majority and be controlled by them.

PART SECOND Form of Government The People inhabiting the Territory formerly called Indian Stream Territory do hereby solemnly and mutually agree with each other to form themselves into a body politic by the name of Indian Stream and in that capacity to exercise all the powers of a free, sovereign and independent state so far as it relates to our own internal Government, til such time as we can ascertain to what government we properly belong. The supreme legislative power within this place shall be vested in a Council and assembly. The council and assembly shall meet every year on the second monday in March and at such other times as the council may Judge necessary and shall be styled the general assembly of Indian Stream. The general assembly shall have full power and authority to erect and constitute courts to be holden in the name of the people for trying & determining all manner of crimes,

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I NDIAN S TREAM offences, Pleas, actions, causes or controversies whatsoever which may arise or happen or concern persons, inhabiting or residing within this place, whether the same be criminal or civil or whether the crimes be capital or not capital and for awarding Judgment and issuing executions thereon to which courts are granted full power to administer Oaths or affirmations for the better discovery of truth in any matter depending before them and further full power is hereby granted to said General assembly from time to time to make and establish all manner of wholesome and reasonable Laws and regulations either with or without penalties so as the same be not repugnant to this constitution as they may Judge for the benefit and welfare of this people and for the necessary support and defence of the Government thereof.

The Assembly Every male inhabitant of Indian Stream who is twenty one years of age or over and has resided in this place three months next preceding any annual session, shall be admitted as a member of the assembly on taking the following oath. I Solemnly Swear that to the best of my power and ability I will support inviolate the constitution and laws of Indian Stream. So help you12 God. A majority of the members of the assembly shall constitute a quorum for transacting business, and no business shall be acted upon by the assembly unless a majority of the members are present. No bills, acts, or resolves shall originate in the assembly but13 the assembly may fill up Blanks left for the purpose and return the Bills, acts, or resolves to the council with the amendments proposed and if the council concur in the amendment they shall return the Bills, acts, or resolves with the amendments inserted or propose other amendments, but if the council do not concur they

56

shall return the bills, acts, or resolves with their objections then if two thirds of the members of the assembly present persist in their amendments the Clerk shall insert the amendments and the Bill, act, or resolve, shall become a Law without being signed by the council as provided in other cases. The assembly shall have power to form all necessary rules (not repugnant to the constitution) for preserving order and transacting business in the house during the session, and appoint all necessary officers to carry them into effect. Every member of the assembly who is hereafter convicted, in due course of Law of Perjury or other high crimes and misdemeanors shall be expelled from the assembly and his name stricken from the roll thereof by the Clerk. The name of every member who has been absent from this place for the space of six months next preceding any session of the assembly or who may be removed by death shall be erased from the roll by the clerk. The assembly shall have power to choose or appoint all civil officers required by the Constitution or Laws of Indian Stream for the Government thereof. The assembly shall have power to adjourn from time to time til the business of the session is completed but no adjournment shall exceed three days at any one14 time without the consent of the council.

The Council The Council shall consist of five members chosen annually by ballot by the assembly except in cases hereafter provided on the second monday of March whose term of office shall commence immediately after the close of the session at which they were chosen and expire at the close of the next annual session. Full power is hereby granted to the council to meet as often as they deem necessary

C ONSTITUTION OF I NDIAN S TREAM (1832) and they are required to watch over the general peace and safety of the inhabitants to draft, prepare, and report to the assembly, all such Bills, acts and resolves, for making Laws and regulations in the15 place as they consider necessary for the public good. To commission such officers chosen or appointed by the assembly or Militia as are by the constitution or Laws required to be commissioned by the council and administer the oath of office. To cause complaint to be made and prosecute to16 final Judgment before any Court proper to try the same all persons subject to indictment for any criminal offence against the peace and dignity of the people. The council are vested with full power and authority to command the militia by ordering and giving instructions to the officers thereof, and for the special defence and safety of the place to assemble them in martial array to lead and conduct them and with them to encounter repulse, resist and pursue by force of arms within the limits of this place and also to Kill, slay & destroy if necessary, and conquor and compel to obedience to the laws by all fitting ways and means all and every such person or persons as shall at any future time in a hostile manner attempt the destruction or annoyance of the inhabitants of this place or rise in insurrection against the Government or Laws thereof. Full power is hereby vested in the council of pardoning and remitting the punishment in the name and behalf of the people of all criminals convicted of criminal offences against the laws of Indian Stream in whose favour such palliating circumstances may appear as will convince the council that their punishment can be remitted without injury to society. Whenever the council desire a special session of the assembly they shall notify the members by posting a notification designating the time and place of meeting at or near

the dwelling house of Eben[eze]r Fletcher, at the assembly rooms and at the house of Peter Barnes at least six days before such session and they are required to post with the notification a copy of all Bills, Acts, or Resolves which they intend to report for the consideration of the assembly at said special meeting. The council are further required to post a copy of all Bills, Acts, & Resolves intended to be reported for the consideration of the assembly at the annual session at the three before mentioned places at least fourteen days before said session. All Bills, Acts & Resolves passed by the assembly and approved by the Council shall be signed by them and recorded and attested by the clerk before they become a law of the land. Provided that in all cases where the council is mentioned a majority of that body shall be considered the council.

Court of Error The Council shall constitute a high court of error, and in that capacity full power is hereby vested in them to issue writs of error and stop execution upon the Judgments of all courts hereafter established in this place in all cases where such testimony and evidence is produced before them as shall render it highly probable that such Judgment was founded on an erroneous construction of the law, or is contrary to law or the principles of this constitution, and to issue their mandate to the Justice or Justices of said court, commanding them to reverse or correct their Judgment so as to render it conformable17 to the true intent and meaning of the constitution and Laws of Indian Stream in all cases where after full investigation they find such Judgment was erroneously rendered. Provided that no evidence or testimony in the case shall be produced before the court of error which was not brought in evidence

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I NDIAN S TREAM or plea before the court or is contained in the records thereof upon whose Judgment complaint of error is made.

Encouragement of Literature and Moral Virtue Knowledge and Learning generally diffused through a community being essential for the preservation of a free government, and spreading the opportunities and advantages of education through the various parts of the community being highly conducive to promote this end it shall be the duty of the Legislators and Magistrates in all future periods of this Government to cherish the interest of Literature and sciences and public schools to countenance and inculcate the principles of humanity and general benevolence, public & private charity, industry & economy Honesty and punctuality, sincerity & sobriety, and all social affections and generous sentiments among the people.

Writs, &c. All writs issued by any court of Law shall be in the name of the inhabitants of Indian Stream, and all indictments, presentments, & informations shall conclude against the peace and dignity of the people.

Oath of Office Every officer accepting the trust before he proceeds to execute the duties of his office shall make and subscribe the following declaration. I, A. B. Do solemnly and sincerely swear and affirm that I will faithfully and impartially discharge and perform all the duties incumbent on me as –––––– according to the best of my abilities agreeable to the constitution and Laws of Indian Stream. So help me God.

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Provisions Provided if by any casualty circumstance it should so happen that a quorum of the assembly should not be present at any annual session all officers whose term of office would otherwise expire at that session shall continue in office til others are chosen or appointed to superscede them. The general assembly shall have power to make Laws for raising, assessing & collecting taxes for the support of government, Laying out making & repairing highways and Bridges & for18 support of Public schools and other public purposes to be apportioned among the people in the most equal manner that circumstances will admit. And shall provide for and reasonably compensate the council and clerk and all such other officers as by law shall be authorized to receive compensation from the people for their services rendered. Provided that nothing in this constitution shall be so construed as to prevent the members of the council from acting and voting in the assembly the same as other members. The Clerk of the assembly shall superscede the clerk of Indian Stream Territory and keep and preserve all public records heretofore made and shall record keep and preserve all public records hereafter, and perform all duties required of him by law. Provided that if any officer shall remove from this place or resign or is removed by death thereby leaving his office vacant the council shall fill the vacancy by appointing such person as they consider qualified to discharge the duties of the office, to fill such vacancy. Provided that all the Laws rules and regulations which have heretofore been adopted by the inhabitants of Indian Stream Territory shall remain and be in full force until altered or repealed by the general assembly such parts thereof only excepted as are re-

C ONSTITUTION OF I NDIAN S TREAM (1832) pugnant to the rights & liberties contained in this constitution.

Provisions for adopting the Constitution and Laws reported by the Committee & for carrying them into immediate effect Provided that after the committee shall have reported this constitution at the meeting specially called for that purpose the moderator shall put the question to the people in the following words; is this constitution approved and shall it be adopted and shall then from a roll prepared by the clerk containing the name of every legal voter in this place (Errors Excepted) proceed and call the name of every voter contained in the roll, and recieve their vote by their answering yea or nay, and the clerk shall record every vote given against the name of the voter who gave it. The moderator shall then say if there is any voter present whose name has not been called, he is requested to come forward and give his vote. The moderator shall then cast up all the yeas and nays and declare the number of all the votes given and the number of the yeas and nays separately and if it shall then appear that two thirds of all the votes19 given are yeas, the moderator shall declare this constitution is adopted, but if it20 shall appear that less than two thirds of all the votes given are yeas, the moderator shall declare this constitution is not adopted. Provided further that if this constitution is adopted that21 every legal voter at this time desirous of becoming a member of the assembly shall present himself to the Clerk who shall then enroll the names of said voters and administer the Oath prescribed in the Constitution. And in all cases where the Clerk shall enroll and admit persons as members of the

assembly he shall certify in the following form – That on the ––––– day of –––––– in the year –––– personally appeared before me the above named Inhabitants22 of Indian Stream and were duly qualified and admitted members of the assembly agreeable to the constitution. A.B. Clerk of Indian Stream. The moderator of the meeting shall then call the members of the assembly to order and call for the ballots for a speaker of the assembly the member having a majority of all the votes given shall be declared Elected. They shall proceed in the same manner to elect a Clerk. The moderator shall then administer the oath of office to the Clerk & the Clerk to the Speaker, the moderator shall then declare the assembly organized and the meeting dissolved. The assembly shall then proceed to transact what is proper to be done by the General Assembly at the annual session, the Committee which reported this Constitution being authorized to act as council til the close of the session. And Provided further that all Bills, acts, and resolves reported by the committee shall not be barred by reason of not having been posted but shall be considered constitutionally reported to the assembly. And provided that the term of office of all officers chosen or appointed at this session shall expire the same as though they had commenced on the second monday in March last.

Provision for altering and amending this Constitution The Speaker of the assembly shall at every annual session when a quorum is present put the question, is it necessary to alter or amend the Constitution and take the vote by Yeas and Nays by calling the name of every member and if a majority of all the members are in favor of altering or amending the Constitution, the speaker shall de-

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I NDIAN S TREAM clare it necessary to alter & amend the Constitution. The assembly shall then choose a committee to prepare such alterations in the constitution as they think necessary to be approved by the assembly at a special meeting to be holden expressly for that purpose, or at any session of the assembly23 legally held, and when the committee have proposed their alteration or amendment the speaker shall put the question, shall these alterations and amendments be made and adopted into the constitution and take the vote by yeas & nays as above and if two thirds of all the members present shall vote in favor of the question the speaker shall declare the alterations and amendments are made in the constitution but if two thirds of all the members present do not vote in favour of the question the speaker shall declare no alteration or amendment is made in the constitution. Provided that nothing contained in this constitution shall be so construed as to extend the Jurisdiction of this government over any inhabitants settled on the east side of Halls Stream if any there are who are included within the chartered limits of Hereford.24 1

Verified by the original manuscript as preserved in the New Hampshire State Archives at Concord, NH. Spelling, capitalization, and punctuation as in the manuscript, headline in manuscript missing. Also checked against the versions as published in Grant Showerman, The Indian Stream Republic and Luther Parker (Collections of the New Hampshire Historical Society, XI), Concord, N.H.: New Hampshire Historical Society, 1915, 57–67, and the Internet at http://defiantdesigns.googlegroups.com/web/The+Indi an+Stream+Constitution.pdf. The constitution was adopted and went into effect on July 9, 1832. It was the result of the uncertainty to which country the territory belonged in view of the conflicting claims resulting from diverging interpretations of the boundary line between the United States and the British possession of Quebec in the Treaty of Paris of 1783 (cf. art. II of the Definitive Treaty of Peace between the United States of America and His Britannic Majesty, 3 September 1783, in: The Public Statutes at Large of the United States, From the Organization of the Government

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in 1789, to March 3, 1845, ed. by Richard Peters, VIII, Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1867, 81). The Republic of Indian Stream existed until 1835 when New Hampshire militia moved into the area and the inhabitants consented to the territory being integrated into the United States. By international law it became a definite part of the United States through the Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842 which finally settled the American-British boundary disputes in the Northeast (cf. art. I of A Treaty to settle and define the boundaries between the territories of the United States and the possessions of Her Britannic Majesty in North America, 9 August 1842, ibid., 573). Cf., though somewhat oscillating between history and fiction, Daniel Doan, Indian Stream Republic. Settling a New England Frontier, 1785–1842, Hanover and London: University Press of New England, 1997. 2 In Internet publication, word missing. 3 Ibid., “protections”. 4 Ibid., “inalienable”. 5 Ibid., “whenever”. 6 In Showerman, The Indian Stream Republic, 57, and in Internet publication, “by laws”. 7 In Internet publication, word missing. 8 In Showerman, The Indian Stream Republic, 58, and in Internet publication, word missing. 9 In Internet publication, word missing. 10 Ibid., word missing. 11 Ibid., “other society or Government have a right to unite together and institute such government for the regulation of their” missing. 12 In Showerman and in Internet publication, “me”. 13 In manuscript, “but but”. 14 In Internet publication, word missing. 15 In Showerman, The Indian Stream Republic, 62, and in Internet publication, “this”. 16 In Internet publication, word missing. 17 Ibid., “conforming”. 18 In Showerman, The Indian Stream Republic, 64, and in Internet publication, “for the”. 19 In Internet publication, “voters”. 20 Ibid., word missing. 21 In Showerman, The Indian Stream Republic, 66, and in Internet publication, word missing. 22 In Internet publication, “inhabitant”. 23 Ibid., last three words missing. 24 Ibid., “June 11, 1832” added. However, this date is misleading as on June 11, the committee was chosen to draft a constitution, whereas the constitution was adopted at the meeting of July 9, 1832 (cf. p. 1 of the manuscript). At the end of p. 11 of the manuscript is added: “The votes for adopting the Constitution was as follows[:] Yeas 56. Nays 3. Whole number 59” (cf. Showerman, The Indian Stream Republic, 55–56, 68). In 1824, 58 families were reported to have settled in the Indian Stream country, comprising a total population of 285, numbers which did not change much over the next decade or so (ibid., 21, 28).

Failed Constitution of Iowa (1844) Constitution for the State of Iowa, adopted in Convention, Nov. 1, 18441

ARTICLE I Preamble and Boundaries W E, the people of the Territory of Iowa within the boundaries hereinafter designated, by our representatives in Convention assembled, at Iowa City on Monday the seventh day of October, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and forty four, grateful to the Supreme Ruler of the Universe for the blessings hitherto enjoyed as a people, and acknowledging our dependence upon him for a continuation of those blessings, in order to establish justice, ensure tranquillity, provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, secure to ourselves and our posterity, the rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, do agree to form and establish a free and independent government, by the name of the State of Iowa, the boundaries whereof shall be as follows, to wit: Beginning in the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi river opposite the mouth of the Des Moines river, thence up the said river Des Moines in the middle of the main channel, thereof to a point where it is intersected by the Old Indian Boundary line, or line run by John C. Sullivan in the year 1816,2 thence westwardly along said line to the “Old Northwest corner of Missouri”3 thence due west to the middle of the main channel of the Missouri river, thence up in the middle of the main channel of the river last mentioned to the mouth of the Sioux or Calumet river; thence in a direct line to the middle of the

main channel of the St. Peters River, where the Watonwan River (according to Nicollet’s map4 ) enters the same,5 thence down the middle of the main channel of said river to the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi river thence down the middle of the main channel of said river to the place of beginning.

ARTICLE II Bill of Rights S ECT. 1.6 All men are by nature free and independent, and have certain unalienable7 rights, among which are those of enjoying and defending life and liberty, acquiring possessing and protecting property and pursuing and obtaining safety and happiness. S ECT. 2. All political power is inherent in the people. Government is instituted for the protection, security and benefit of the people, and they have the right at all times, to alter, or reform the same, whenever the public good may require it. S ECT. 3. The Legislature shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, nor shall any person be compelled to attend any place of worship, pay tithes, taxes or other rates, for building or repairing places of worship or for the maintainance of any minister or ministry. S ECT. 4. No religious test shall be required as a qualification for any office or

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I OWA public trust, and no person shall be deprived of any of his rights, privileges or capacities or disqualified from the performance of any of his public or private duties or rendered incompetent to give evidence in any court of law or equity in consequence of his opinions on the subject of religion. S ECT. 5. All laws of a general nature shall have a uniform operation. S ECT. 6. Every person may speak, write, and publish his sentiments on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that right. No law shall be passed to restrain or abridge the liberty of speech or of the press. In all prosecutions or indictments for libel the truth may be given in evidence to the jury, and if it appear to the jury that the matter charged as libellous was true, and was published with good motives and for justifiable ends the party shall be acquitted, and the jury shall have the right to determine the law and the fact. S ECT. 7. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects, against unreasonable seizures and searches, shall not be violated, and no warrant shall issue but on probable cause supported by oath or affirmation particularly describing the place to be searched, and the papers and things to be seized. S ECT. 8. The right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate, but the Legislature may authorize trial by a jury of a less number than twelve men in8 inferior courts. S ECT. 9. In all criminal trials, the accused shall have a right to a speedy trial by an impartial jury, to be informed of the accusation against him, to be confronted with the witnesses against him, to have compulsory process for his own witnesses, and to have the assistance of counsel. S ECT. 10. No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offence, unless on pre-

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sentment, or indictment by a grand jury except in cases cognizable by justices of the peace, or arising in the Army or Navy, or in the militia when in actual service in time of war or public danger. S ECT. 11. No person shall after acquittal be tried for the same offence. All persons shall, before conviction, be bailable by sufficient sureties, except for capital offences, where the proof is evident or the presumption great. S ECT. 12. The writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended unless in case of rebellion or invasion, the public safety require it. S ECT. 13. The military shall be subordinate to the civil power. No standing army shall be kept up by the state in time of peace, and in time of war no appropriation for a standing army shall be for a longer time than two years. S ECT. 14. No soldier shall in time of peace be quartered, in any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war except in manner prescribed by law. S ECT. 15. Treason against the state shall consist only in levying war against it, or adhering to its enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the evidence of two witnesses to the same overt act, or confession in open court. S ECT. 16. Excessive bail shall not be required. Excessive fines shall not be imposed; and cruel and unusual punishments shall not be inflicted. S ECT. 17. Private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation. S ECT. 18. No person shall be imprisoned for debt in any civil action on mesne or final process, unless in cases of fraud: and no

FAILED C ONSTITUTION OF I OWA (1844) person shall be imprisoned for a militia fine in time of peace. S ECT. 19. The people have the right freely to assemble together to consult for the common good, to make known their opinions to their representatives, and to petition for redress of grievances. S ECT. 20. No bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts9 shall ever be passed.

S ECT. 4. No person in the military, naval or marine service of the United States, shall be considered a resident of this state by being stationed in any garrison, barrack or military or naval place or station within the State. S ECT. 5. No idiot or insane person10 or person11 declared infamous by act of the Legislature, shall be entitled to the privileges of an elector. S ECT. 6. All elections shall be by ballot.

S ECT. 21. Foreigners who are residents of this state shall enjoy the same rights, in respect to the possession, enjoyment and descent of property, as native born citizens. S ECT. 22. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude unless for the punishment of crimes shall ever be tolerated in this state. S ECT. 23. This enumeration of rights shall not be construed to impair or deny others, retained by the people.

ARTICLE III

ARTICLE IV Of the Distribution12 of Powers S ECT. 1. The powers of the government of Iowa shall be divided into three separate departments, the legislative, the executive and judicial; and no person charged with the exercise of powers properly belonging to one of these departments, shall exercise any function appertaining to either of the others, except in the cases hereinafter expressly directed or permitted.

Right of Suffrage S ECT. 1. In all elections which are now or hereafter may be authorized, every white male citizen of the United States, of the age of twenty one years, who shall have been a resident of the state six months next preceding the election, and of the county in which he claims his vote thirty days, shall be entitled to vote. S ECT. 2. Electors shall, in all cases except treason, felony, or breach of the peace be privileged from arrest on the days of election, during their attendance at, going to, and returning therefrom. S ECT. 3. Except in time of war or public danger, no elector shall be obliged to perform militia duty on the day of election.

Legislative Department S ECT. 1. The legislative authority of this state shall he vested in a Senate and House of Representatives, which shall be designated the General Assembly of the State of Iowa, and the style of their laws shall commence in the following manner “Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Iowa.” S ECT. 2. The sessions of the general assembly shall be biennial, and shall commence on the first Monday of January next ensuing the election of its members; unless the Governor of the State shall in the interim convene the General Assembly by proclamation.

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I OWA S ECT. 3. The members of the house of Representatives shall be chosen every second year, by the qualified electors of their respective districts on the third Tuesday in October, whose term of office shall continue two years from the day of the13 general election. S ECT. 4. No person shall be a member of the house of Representatives who shall not have attained the age of twenty one years who shall not be a free white male citizen of the United States14 who shall not have been an inhabitant of this State or Territory one year next preceding his election and who shall not at the time of his election, have an actual residence of thirty days in the county or district he may be chosen to represent. S ECT. 5. Senators shall be chosen for the term of four years, at the same time and place as representatives. They shall be twenty five years of age and possess the qualifications of representatives as to residence and citizenship. S ECT. 6. The number of Senators shall not be less than one third nor more than one half of the representative body, and at the first session of the General Assembly after this constitution takes effect, the Senators shall be divided by lot, as equally as may be, into two classes, the seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, so that one half shall be chosen every two years. S ECT. 7. When the number of Senators is increased they shall be annexed by lot to one of the two classes so as to keep them as nearly equal in number as practicable. S ECT. 8. The house of Representatives when assembled, shall choose a Speaker and its other officers; and the Senate shall appoint its own officers except the President;

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and each body shall judge of the qualifications, elections, and returns of its own members, a contested election shall be determined in such manner as shall be directed by law. S ECT. 9. A majority of each house shall constitute a quorum to do business, but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may compel the attendance of absent members in such manner and under such penalties, as each house may provide. S ECT. 10. Each house shall sit upon its own adjournments, keep a journal of its proceedings, and publish the same; determine its rules of proceedings, punish members for disorderly behaviour, and with the consent of two thirds expel a member, but not a second time for the same offence, and shall have all other powers necessary for a branch of the legislature of a free and independent State. S ECT. 11. Every member of the general assembly shall have the liberty to dissent from or protest against any act or resolution which he may think injurious to the public or an individual, and have the reasons of15 his dissent entered on the journals; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house on any question shall, at the desire of any two members present be entered on the journals. S ECT. 12. Senators and representatives in all cases except for treason, felony, and breach16 of the peace, shall be privileged from arrest during the session of the legislature, and in going to and returning from the same. S ECT. 13. When vacancies occur in either house, the Governor or the person exercising the functions of the Governor, shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. S ECT. 14. The doors of each house shall be open, except on such occasion17 as in

FAILED C ONSTITUTION OF I OWA (1844) the opinion of the house, may require secrecy. S ECT. 15. Neither house shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which they may be sitting. S ECT. 16. Bills may originate in either house, and be amended, altered or rejected by the other, but no bill shall have the force of a law until on three several days it be read in each house, and18 unless in cases of urgency two thirds of the house in which the bill shall be depending19 may deem it expedient to dispense with the rules: and every bill having passed both houses, shall be signed by the speaker and president of their respective houses. S ECT. 17. Every bill which shall have passed the General Assembly shall before it become a law, be presented to the Governor, if he approve, he shall sign it, but if not, he shall return it with his objections to the house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the same upon the journal and proceed to reconsider it, if after such reconsideration it again pass both houses by yeas and nays by a majority of two thirds of the members of each house present it shall become a law notwithstanding the governor’s objections, if any bill shall not be returned within five days after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the legislature by adjournment prevent such return. S ECT. 18. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of appropriations made by law. S ECT. 19. An accurate statement of the receipts and expenditures of the public money20 shall be attached to and published with the laws, at every regular session of the legislature.

S ECT. 20. The house of Representatives shall have the sole power of impeachment21 . All impeachments shall be tried by the Senate, when sitting for that purpose, the senators shall be upon oath or affirmation, no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two thirds of the members present. S ECT. 21. The Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of State, Auditor, Treasurer, and Judges of the Supreme and District Courts shall be liable to impeachment for any misdemeanor in office, but judgment in such cases shall not extend farther22 than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold any office of honor, trust or profit, under this State, but the party convicted or acquitted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial and punishment, according to law. All other civil officers shall be tried for misdemeanors in office in such manner as the General Assembly may provide. S ECT. 22. No senator or representative shall, during the time, for which he shall have been elected, be appointed to any civil office of profit under this State, which shall have been created, or the emoluments of which, shall have been increased during such term, except such offices as may be filled by elections23 by the people. S ECT. 23. No person holding any lucrative office under the United States, or this State or any other power, shall be eligible to the General Assembly; provided that officers in the militia to which there is attached no annual salary or the office of Justice of the peace, shall not be deemed lucrative. S ECT. 24. No person who may hereafter be a collector or holder of public moneys shall have a seat in either house of the general assembly, or be eligible to any office of trust or profit under this State, until he shall have accounted for, and paid into the

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I OWA Treasury all sums for which he may be accountable. S ECT. 25. Each member of the General Assembly shall receive a compensation to be fixed by law for his services to be paid out of the treasury of the state; such compensation shall not exceed two dollars per day for the period of thirty24 days from the commencement of the session, and shall not exceed the sum of one dollar per day for the remainder of the session, when convened in extra session by the governor, they shall receive such sum as shall be fixed for the first fifty days of the ordinary session, they shall also receive two dollars for every twenty miles they shall travel, in going to and returning from their place of meeting, on the most usual route. Provided, however that the members of the first Legislature, under this constitution, shall receive two dollars per day for their services, during the entire session. S ECT. 26. To obviate confusion, and improper influences which may result from intermingling in one and the same act, such things as have no proper relation to each other, every law shall embrace but one object, which shall be expressed in the title. S ECT. 27. No law of the General Assembly of a public nature shall take25 effect until the same shall be published and circulated in the several counties of this State by authority. If26 the general assembly shall deem any law of immediate importance they may provide that the same shall take effect by publication in newspapers in the state. S ECT. 28. No divorce shall be granted by the legislature. S ECT. 29. No county or counties shall be liable for the expense of laying out or establishing any road or roads authorized by special act of the Assembly.

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S ECT. 30. No lottery shall be authorized by this State, nor shall the sale of lottery tickets be allowed. S ECT. 31. Members of the General Assembly shall, before they enter upon the duties of their respective offices, take and subscribe the following oath or affirmation “I do solemnly swear or affirm (as the case may be) that I will support the constitution of the United States and the constitution of the State of Iowa, and that I will faithfully discharge the duties of Senator (or representative as the case may be) according to the best of my ability,” and members elect of the general assembly are hereby empowered to administer to each other the said oath or affirmation. S ECT. 32. Within two years after the first meeting of the general assembly, under this constitution, and within every subsequent term of four years for the term of sixteen years, an enumeration of all the white inhabitants of this state shall be made, in such manner as shall be directed by law. The number of senators and representatives shall, at the first regular session of the legislature after such enumeration be fixed by law, and apportioned among the several counties according to the number of white inhabitants in each, and the house of representatives shall never be less than twenty six, nor greater than thirty nine, until the number of white inhabitants shall be one hundred and twenty five thousand, and after that event at such ratio that the whole number of representatives shall never be less than thirty nine27 nor exceed Seventy two. S ECT. 33. When a Senatorial and Representative district shall be composed of two or more counties, it shall not be entirely separated, by any county belonging to another district, and no county shall be divided in forming28 a senatorial or representative district.

FAILED C ONSTITUTION OF I OWA (1844) S ECT. 34. In all elections by the General Assembly the members thereof shall vote viva voce and the votes shall be entered on the journal.

Officers Salaries29 S ECT. 35. For the first ten years after the organization of the government, the annual salary of the Governor shall not exceed eight hundred dollars, secretary of state five hundred dollars, Treasurer three hundred dollars, Auditor, five hundred dollars, Judges of the supreme and district courts each eight hundred dollars.

ARTICLE V Executive30 Department S ECT. 1. The Supreme Executive power shall be vested in a Governor, who shall hold his office for two years, and a Lieutenant Governor shall31 be chosen at the same time and for the same term. S ECT. 2. No person shall be32 eligible to the office of Governor or Lieutenant Governor who is not a citizen of the United States; been a resident of the State, two years next preceding the election, and who has not attained the age of thirty years at the time of said election. S ECT. 3. The Governor and Lieutenant Governor shall be elected by the electors at the times and places of Choosing members of the Legislature. The persons having the highest number of votes for Governor and Lieutenant Governor shall be elected, but in case two or more have an equal and the highest number of votes for Governor or Lieutenant Governor, the Legislature shall by joint ballot choose one of said persons so having an equal and the highest number, for Governor or Lieutenant Governor.

S ECT. 4. The returns of every election for Governor and Lieutenant Governor shall be sealed up and transmitted to the seat of Government by the returning officers, directed to the President of the Senate, who shall open and publish them in the presence of the members of both Houses. S ECT. 5. The Governor shall be commander in chief of the militia and of the army and navy of this State. S ECT. 6. He shall transact all executive business with the officers of Government, civil and military, and may require information in writing from the officers in the executive department upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices. S ECT. 7. He shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed. S ECT. 8. When any office shall from any cause become vacant, and no mode is provided by the constitution and laws for filling such vacancy the Governor shall make an appointment for such vacated office, which shall expire at the end of the next session of the General Assembly or at the next election by the people. S ECT. 9. He may on extraordinary occasions convene the General Assembly by proclamation, and shall state to them when assembled the purpose for which they shall have been convened. S ECT. 10. He shall communicate by message to the Legislature at every session the condition of the State and recommend such matters to them as he shall deem expedient. S ECT. 11. In case of disagreement between the two houses with respect to the time of adjournment, the Governor shall have the power to adjourn the General Assembly to such time as he may think proper, provided it be not to a period beyond the next meeting of the Legislature.

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I OWA S ECT. 12. In case of the impeachment of the Governor, his removal from office, death, resignation, or absence from the state, the powers and duties of the office shall devolve upon the Lieutenant Governor until such disability shall cease, or the vacancy be filled. S ECT. 13. If during the vacancy of the office of Governor, the Lieutenant Governor shall be impeached, displaced, resign, die or be absent from the State, the President pro tempore of the Senate shall act as Governor until the vacancy be filled, and should a vacancy occur by the impeachment, death, resignation or absence from the State of the President pro tempore of the Senate, the Speaker of the House of Representatives shall discharge the duties of Governor during the existence of such vacancy. S ECT. 14. The Lieutenant Governor shall, by virtue of his office, be President of the Senate, in committee of the whole he may debate on all questions; and when there is an equal division he shall give the casting vote. S ECT. 15. No member of Congress nor any other person holding office under the United States or this State shall execute the office of Governor. S ECT. 16. The Governor shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons and commute punishments33 after conviction34 , except in cases of impeachment, in such manner and upon such conditions as may be prescribed by law. S ECT. 17. The Governor shall at stated times receive for his services a compensation which shall neither be increased, nor diminished during the time for which he shall have been elected. S ECT. 18. The Lieutenant Governor except when acting as Governor, and the35 president of the Senate pro tempore shall each receive the same compensation as

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shall be allowed to the Speaker of the House of Representatives. S ECT. 19. There shall be a seal of this State which shall be kept by the Governor and used by him officially, and shall be called the great Seal of the State of Iowa. S ECT. 20. All grants and commissions, shall be in the name, and by the authority of the people of Iowa, sealed with the seal, signed by the Governor and countersigned by the Secretary of State. S ECT. 21. A Secretary of State, Auditor of public accounts and Treasurer, shall be elected by the qualified electors at the time and places36 of voting for Governor, who shall continue in office two years, he37 shall keep a fair register38 of all the official acts and proceedings of the Governor and shall when required lay the same and all papers minutes and vouchers relative thereto, before either branch of the Legislature and shall perform such other duties as shall be assigned him39 by law. S ECT. 22. The first Governor Lieutenant Governor Secretary of State Auditor of public accounts, Treasurer, and Superintendent of Public schools shall hold their offices for two years after the first Monday in January succeeding their election and until their successors shall be elected and qualified, and forever after the Governor, Lieutenant Governor Secretary of State Auditor of Public Accounts, Treasurer and Superintendent of public schools shall hold their offices for the term of two years and until their successors40 shall be severally41 Elected and qualified to office.

ARTICLE VI Judicial Department S ECT. 1. The judicial power shall be vested in a Supreme Court, District Courts

FAILED C ONSTITUTION OF I OWA (1844) and such other inferior courts, as the Legislature may from time to time42 establish. S ECT. 2. The Supreme Court shall consist of a Chief Justice and two associates, two of whom shall be a quorum to hold court. The Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, only, in all cases in chancery, and constitute a court for the correction of errors at Law, under such restrictions as the General assembly may by law prescribe. The sessions of the Court shall be at the seat of Government, at such times as may be fixed by law; and the Judges thereof shall appoint a clerk who shall hold his office during their pleasure. S ECT. 3. The Supreme Court shall have power to issue all writs and process necessary to do justice to parties, and exercise a supervisory control over all inferior judicial tribunals. The Judges of the Supreme Court shall be conservators of the peace throughout the state.

General Assembly, and shall hold their offices for the term of four years, and until their successors are elected and qualified. S ECT. 6. There shall be elected in each County, one Judge of Probate, one Prosecuting Attorney, and one Clerk of the DistrictCourt, who shall continue in office for two years, and until their successors are elected and qualified. Vacancies in the office of Clerk shall be filled by appointment by the Judge of the District Court, and such appointments shall continue, until a successor is elected and qualified. S ECT. 7. The style of all44 process shall be “the state of Iowa,” and all prosecutions shall be conducted in the name and by the authority of the same.

ARTICLE VII Of the Militia S ECT. 1. The Militia of this State shall be composed of all able bodied white male persons between the ages of eighteen and forty five years, except such persons as are, or may hereafter, be exempted by the laws of the United States or of this State.

S ECT. 4. The District Court shall consist of a Judge, who shall reside in the District assigned him by law, be elected by the qualified voters thereof, and hold his office for the term of four years, until his successor is elected and qualified. The District-Court shall be a court of law and equity, and have jurisdiction in all civil and criminal matters arising in the respective counties in the District, in such manner as shall be prescribed by law. The judges of the District Courts shall be conservators of the peace in their respective Districts. The first session of the General Assembly shall divide the State into three Districts, which shall be increased as the exigencies of the state may require.

S ECT. 3. The Legislature shall provide by law for organizing, equiping, and disciplining the militia of this state, in such manner as they deem expedient, not incompatible with the constitution and laws of the United States in relation thereto.

S ECT. 5. The Judges43 of the Supreme Court shall be elected by joint vote of the

S ECT. 4. All commissioned officers of the militia (staff officers excepted) shall be

S ECT. 2. No person or persons conscientiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to do militia duty in time of peace: Provided that such person or persons shall pay an equivalent for such exemption in the same manner as other citizens.

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I OWA elected by the persons liable to perform military duty, and shall be commissioned by the Governor.

ARTICLE VIII Of Public Debts and Liabilities S ECT. 1. The Legislature shall not in any manner create any45 debt or debts liability or liabilities which shall singly or in the aggregate with any previous debts or liabilities exceed the sum of one hundred thousand Dollars, except in case of war, to repel invasion, suppress insurrection, unless the same shall be authorized by some law for some single object or work to be distinctly specified therein, which law shall provide ways and means exclusive of loans for the payment of the interest of such debt or liability as it falls due and also to pay and discharge the principal of such debt or liability within twenty years from the time of the contracting thereof, and shall be irrepealable until the principal and the interest thereon shall be paid and discharged but no such law shall take effect until at a general election it shall have been submitted to the people and have received a majority of all the votes cast for and against it at such election, and all money raised by authority of such law shall be applied only to the specific object therein stated or to the payment of the debt thereby created and such law shall be published in newspapers in the State for three months proceeding the election at which it is submitted to the people.

the legislature, unless it be an incorporation for public improvement. S ECT. 2. The personal and real property of the individual members of all corporations hereafter created, shall at all times, be liable for the debts due by any such46 corporation. S ECT. 3. The Legislature shall create no bank or banking institution, or corporation with banking privileges in this state unless the47 charter with all its provisions, shall be submitted to a vote of the people at a general election for state officers, and receive a majority of the votes of the qualified electors of this state cast for and against it. S ECT. 4. The Legislative Assembly shall have power to repeal all acts of incorporation by them granted. S ECT. 5. The property of the inhabitants of this state shall never be used by any incorporated company without the consent of the owner. S ECT. 6. Corporations of a public nature such as counties towns villages and the like shall not be subject to the foregoing provisions. S ECT. 7. The state shall not directly or indirectly become a stockholder in any bank or other corporation.

ARTICLE X Education and School Lands

Incorporations

S ECT. 1. The Legislature by joint vote shall appoint a superintendent of Public Instruction, who shall hold his office for two48 years and whose duties shall be prescribed by law, and who shall receive such compensation as the Legislature may direct.

S ECT. 1. No act of incorporation shall continue in force for a longer period than twenty years without the re-enactment of

S ECT. 2. The Legislature shall encourage by all suitable means the promotion of intellectual scientific moral and agricultural

ARTICLE IX

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FAILED C ONSTITUTION OF I OWA (1844) improvement. The proceeds of all lands that have been or hereafter may be granted by the United States to this State for the support of schools which shall hereafter be sold or disposed of, and the five hundred thousand acres of land granted to the new states under an act of Congress distributing the proceeds of the Public Lands among the several States of the Union approved A. D. 184149 , and all estates of deceased persons who may have died without leaving a will, or heirs, and also such per cent as may be granted by Congress on the sale of lands, in this state, shall be and remain a perpetual fund; the interest of which, together with all the rents of the unsold lands, shall be inviolably appropriated, to the support of schools, throughout the State. S ECT. 3. The Legislature shall provide for a system of common schools, by which, a school shall be kept up and supported in each school district, at least three months in every year; and any school district neglecting to keep up and support such a school may be deprived of its equal proportion of the interest of the public fund, during such neglect. S ECT. 4. As soon as the circumstances of the State will permit, the Legislature shall provide for the establishment of libraries: one at least in each township and the moneys which shall be paid by persons as an equivalent for exemption from military duty, and the clear proceeds of all fines assessed in the several counties for any breach of the penal laws, shall be exclusively applied to the support of said libraries. S ECT. 5. The Legislature shall take measures for the protection, improvement or other disposition of such lands as have been or may hereafter be reserved or granted by the United States, or any person or persons, to this State, for the use of a University; and the funds accruing from the rents or sale

of such lands, or from any other source for the purpose aforesaid, shall be and remain a permanent fund for the support of said university, with such branches, as the public convenience may hereafter demand for the promotion of literature the arts and sciences as may be authorized by the terms of such grant. And it shall be the duty of the Legislature as soon as may be, to provide effectual means for the improvement and permanent security of the funds of said university.

ARTICLE XI County Organization S ECT. 1. No new County shall be laid off of50 , nor old county reduced to less contents than four hundred square miles. S ECT. 2. There shall be elected by the qualified electors of each organized county in this State, one Sheriff, one coroner, one county recorder, who shall discharge the duties of clerk of the county court or court doing county business, one county surveyor, and one county treasurer (who shall be exofficio collector of the public revenues) and hold their offices for the term of two years, and until their successors are elected and qualified; and shall perform such duties, and be allowed such compensation as may be provided by law. They shall reside in their respective counties during their continuance in office, and be disqualified51 for said offices52 a second time, on default for any moneys collected by virtue of their respective offices; but in no case shall the sheriff be elected for more than two terms in succession. S ECT. 3. The Legislature may provide for a township organization. There shall be elected in each township by the qualified electors, not less than two justices of the peace, at such time and place as may be

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I OWA provided by law, who shall hold their respective offices for two years, and until their successors are elected and qualified; their jurisdiction shall be co-extensive with their respective townships, and shall extend to all civil cases where the amount in controversy does not exceed one hundred dollars, and by the consent of parties, may be extended to any amount not exceeding five hundred dollars. They shall be conservators of the peace, and shall possess such criminal jurisdiction as the Legislature may prescribe. S ECT. 4. The Legislature shall provide by law for the jurisdiction of probate, and of all matters relating to county taxes, disbursement53 of moneys54 for county purposes, and in every case that may be necessary to the internal improvement and local concerns of the respective counties. S ECT. 5. The fees of all county officers shall be defined by law and no extra compensation either by the county or state shall be paid or allowed to such officers.

ARTICLE XII On Amendments to the Constitution S ECT. 1. Any amendment or amendments to this Constitution may be proposed in the Senate or house of representatives, and if the same shall be agreed to by a majority of all the members elected to each of the two houses such proposed amendment shall be entered on their Journals with the yeas and nays thereon and referred to the General Assembly then next to be chosen, and shall be published for three months previous to the time of making such choice; and if in the General Assembly then next chosen as aforesaid, such proposed amendment or amendments shall be agreed to by a majority of all the members elected to each house,

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then it shall be the duty of the General Assembly to submit such proposed amendment or amendments to the people in such manner and at such time as the General Assembly shall prescribe, and if the people shall approve and ratify such amendment or amendments by a majority of all the qualified electors of the State voting for and against said amendment or amendments voting in their favor, such amendment or amendments shall become part of this Constitution, when any amendment or amendments to this Constitution shall be proposed in pursuance of the foregoing provisions, the same shall at each of the said sessions be read three several days in each house. The General Assembly shall not propose the same amendments to this Constitution oftener than once in six years. S ECT. 2. And if at any time two thirds of the Senate and house of Representatives shall think it necessary to revise or change this Constitution they shall recommend to the electors at the next election for members of the Legislature to vote for or against a convention, and if it shall appear that a majority of the electors voting at such election have voted in favor of calling a convention, the Legislature shall at its next session provide by law for calling a convention to be holden within six months after the passage of such law, and such convention shall consist of a number of members not less than that55 of both branches of the Legislature.

ARTICLE XIII Schedule S ECT. 1. That no inconvenience may arise from a change of the Territorial Government to a permanent State Government, it is declared that all writs, actions, prosecutions, contracts, claims and rights, shall continue as if no change had taken place in

FAILED C ONSTITUTION OF I OWA (1844) this government; and all process which may, before the organization of the judicial department under this constitution, be issued under the authority of the Territory of Iowa, shall be as valid as if issued in the name of the State. S ECT. 2. All laws now in force in this Territory which are not repugnant to this constitution, shall remain in force until they expire by their own limitations, or be altered or repealed by the legislature. S ECT. 3. All fines, penalties, and forfeitures accruing to the Territory of Iowa, shall accrue to the use of the State. S ECT. 4. All recognizances heretofore taken or which may hereafter be taken before the organization of the judicial department under this constitution, shall remain valid, and shall pass over to, and may be prosecuted in the name of the State. And all bonds executed to the Governor of this Territory, or to any other officer in his official capacity, shall pass over to the Governor or other proper State authority, and to their successors in office, for the uses therein respectively expressed, and may be sued for, and recovered accordingly. All criminal prosecutions and penal actions, which have arisen, or which may arise before the organization of the judicial department under this constitution, and which shall then be pending, may be prosecuted to judgment and executed in the name of the State. S ECT. 5. All officers, civil and military, now holding their offices and appointments in this Territory under the authority of the United States, or under the authority of this Territory, shall continue to hold and exercise their respective offices and appointments until superceded under this constitution. S ECT. 6. It is made the duty of the President of this Convention, to transmit to the Delegate to56 the Congress of the United

States from this Territory, a copy of this constitution, together with an authenticated copy of an act of the Legislative Assembly of this Territory, entitled “An act to provide for the expression of the opinion of the people of the Territory of Iowa upon the subject of the formation of a State Constitution for the State of Iowa,” and also a certified abstract of the census of this Territory taken in the month of May 1844, and also a certified abstract of the vote of the people of this Territory upon the question of Convention or no Convention, to be by him submitted to Congress at as early a day as practicable at its next session, for the purpose of gaining admission into the Union as a State. This constitution, together with whatever conditions may be made to the same by Congress, shall be ratified or rejected by a vote of the qualified electors of this Territory at the township57 elections in April next, in the manner prescribed by the act of the Legislative Assembly providing for the holding of this Convention, provided, however, that the General Assembly of this State may ratify or reject any conditions Congress may make to this Constitution after the first Monday in April next. S ECT. 7. The Clerks58 of the several boards of County Commissioners shall give at least thirty days notice, in the manner and form directed in the laws of this Territory regulating general elections, of the first general election under this Constitution, to be held on the first Monday in August next after the adoption of this Constitution by the people of this Territory, for the election of a59 Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Representative to60 the Congress of the United States, members of the Legislature, and one Auditor, Treasurer and Secretary of State. And said election shall be conducted in accordance with the existing election laws of this Territory, and the said Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Representative in the Congress

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I OWA of the United States, Auditor, Treasurer and Secretary of State, duly elected at said election, shall continue to discharge the duties of their respective offices for the time prescribed by this Constitution and until their successors are elected and qualified. The returns of said election shall be made in conformity to the existing laws of this Territory. S ECT. 8. Until the first enumeration of the inhabitants of this Territory as directed by this constitution, the following shall be the apportionment of the members of the State Legislature. The county of Lee shall be entitled to two Senators and five Representatives; the county of Van Buren, two Senators and four Representatives; the counties of Davis, Wapello, Kishkekosh61 , and Appenoose62 one Senator jointly, and one Representative to each of the counties of Davis and Wapello, and one Representative to the counties of Kishkekosh63 and Appenoose64 jointly; the county of Des Moines two Senators and four Representatives; the county of Henry, one Senator and three representatives; the county of Jefferson, one Senator and three Representatives; the counties of Louisa and Washington, one Senator jointly and two representatives each; the counties of Keokuk and Mahaska65 one Senator jointly and one Representative each, the counties of Muscatine and Johnson, one Senator, and one Representative jointly, and each one Representative, the counties of Scott and Clinton, one Sena-

Robert Lucas, Stephen Hempstead, James Grant, William L. Toole, Andrew W. Campbell, Wright Williams, Henry Felkner, S. A. Bissell, William H. Galbraith, William Morden,

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tor jointly, and one representative each; the counties of Cedar, Linn and Benton, one Senator jointly, the county of Cedar one Representative, and the counties66 of Linn and Benton, one Representative jointly, the counties of Jackson and Jones, one Senator and two representatives, the counties of Dubuque, Delaware, Clayton67 , Fayette, Buchanan and Blackhawk, two Senators; and the county of Dubuque, one representative, and the counties of Delaware, Clayton, Fayette, Buchanan and Blackhawk, one Representative. And any country attached to any county for judicial purposes, shall, unless otherwise provided for, be considered as forming part of such county for election purposes. S ECT. 9. The first meeting of the Legislature under this Constitution shall be on the first Monday in November following its ratification by the people, at Iowa City, in Johnson county, which place shall be the seat of Government of the State of Iowa until the year eighteen hundred and sixty-five and until removed by law.68 D ONE in Convention at Iowa City, this first day of November one thousand eight hundred and forty-four, and of the Independence of the United States of America the sixty-ninth. I N TESTIMONY WHEREOF, We have hereunto subscribed our names. Shepherd Leffler, President.

Joseph C. Hawkins, George Hobson, Henry M. Salmon, Charles Staley, David Galland, James Marsh, O. S. X69 . Peck, A. Hooton, E. Sells, David Ferguson,

FAILED C ONSTITUTION OF I OWA (1844) John D. Wright, Michael O’Brien, Henry Robinson, James Clarke, V. B. Delashmutt, Ebenezer Cook, William R. Harrison, Theophilus Crawford, Luman M. Strong, Samuel W. McAtee, C. B. Campbell, Ralph R. Benedict, Sulifand S. Ross, S. W. Durham, Tho. J. McKean, Robert Brown, Samuel H. McCrory, Richard B. Wyckoff, Enos Lowe, George Hepner, John Taylor, Hardin Butler, G. S. Bailey, S. B. Olmstead, Francis Gehon, J. S. Kirkpatrick.

Lyman Evans, Elisha Cutler, Jr., James I. Murray, Paul Brattain, Alexander Kerr, John Ripley, John Hale, Jr., J. C. Blankinship, Enoch Ross, John. H. Randolph, Stephen B. Shelledy70 , Richard Quinton, Jonathan E. Fletcher, Samuel Whitmore, John Davidson, Thomas Charlton71 , W. W. Chapman, John W. Brookbank, Calvin J. Price, Jonathan C. Hall, Edward Langworthy, R. P. Lowe, Joseph D. Hoag, James H. Gower, John Thompson,

ATTEST, George S. Hampton, Secretary of the Convention.

1

Verified by Constitution for the State of Iowa, Adopted in Convention, Nov. 1, 1844, Iowa City: Printed by Jesse Williams, 1844, 24 p., and checked against the revised manuscript copy as preserved in the State Historical Society of Iowa at Des Moines, IA and against the versions as published in the Iowa Territorial Gazette and Advertiser, 9 November 1844 – its editor James Clarke was a signer of the Constitution, but neither he nor anyone else was appointed convention printer – and The Iowa Standard, 14 November 1844 – the newspaper had been the major convention reporter, cf. Fragments of the Debates of the Iowa Constitutional Conventions of 1844 and 1846. Along with Press Comments and Other Materials on the Constitutions of 1844 and 1846, edited by Benjamin F. Shambaugh, Iowa City: The State Historical Society of Iowa, 1900, esp. 7–169, and published the Constitution “by the authority of the Legislature creating the Conven-

tion” – and against Constitution for the State of Iowa, December 9, 1844 (Senate, 28th Congress, 2d sess., Doc. No. 3), [Washington, D.C.: s.n., 1844], 15 p. The original engrossed manuscript is not known to have survived. Spelling, capitalization, and punctuation follow the revised manuscript copy and for the part not included therein the Williams print, with obvious errors tacitly corrected. Italics are used when emphasis is given in the original print or non-English legal terms are used. Obvious typographical errors in printing have been tacitly ignored in the annotations. In the course of the dispute with Congress, especially over the Northern and Western boundaries of the new state, which was to be admitted into the Union together with Florida, as became manifest with the Enabling Act of March 3, 1845 (U.S. Statutes at Large, 28th Congress, Sess. II, Ch. 48, sect. 2–4), the constitution was rejected by the people of Iowa, cf. James Alton James, Constitution and

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I OWA Admission of Iowa into the Union (Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, XVIII, 7), Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1900, 23–33; Benjamin F. Shambaugh, History of the Constitutions of Iowa, Des Moines, IA: The Historical Department of Iowa, 1902, 235–271; William Anderson, in coll. with Albert J. Lobb, A History of the Constitution of Minnesota, with the First Verified Text (Research Publication of the University of Minnesota, Studies in the Social Sciences, no. 15), Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 1921, 14–17. A new constitution was drafted and adopted in 1846 (q.v.). 2 On the Sullivan line, cf. Arthur Winslow, “The Mapping of Missouri”, in: Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis, VI/3 (1892), 80. 3 Cf. Claude S. Larzelere, “The Iowa-Missouri Disputed Boundary,” in: Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 3 (1916/17), 77–84. 4 Joseph Nicolas Nicollet, Map of the Hydrographical Basin of the Upper Mississippi River from Astronomical and Barometrical Observations, Surveys and Information, [Washington,] Published by Order of the Senate, 1842. 5 The line would run from present-day Sioux City, IA to Mankato, MN on what is today Minnesota River. 6 Sect. 1 and henceforth denomination “Section” not in manuscript. 7 In Iowa Territorial Gazette and Advertiser, 1, and in Washington print, 1, “inalienable”. 8 In Williams print, 5, in Iowa Territorial Gazette and Advertiser, 1, in The Iowa Standard, 1, and in Washington print, 2, “in the”. 9 In Williams print, 6, “contract”. 10 In Washington print, 3, “persons”. 11 In Williams print, 6, in Iowa Territorial Gazette and Advertiser, 1, in The Iowa Standard, 1, and in Washington print, 3, “persons”. 12 In Washington print, 3, “distributions”. 13 In The Iowa Standard, 1, word missing. 14 Ibid., “who shall not be a free white male citizen of the United States” missing. 15 In Williams print, 8, in Iowa Territorial Gazette and Advertiser, 1, in The Iowa Standard, 4, and in Washington print, 4, “for”. 16 In The Iowa Standard, 4, “a breach”. 17 Ibid., and in Washington print, 5, “occasions”. 18 In The Iowa Standard, 4, word missing. 19 Ibid., “pending”. 20 In Iowa Territorial Gazette and Advertiser, 1, “moneye”. In Washington print, 5, “moneys”. 21 In Iowa Territorial Gazette and Advertiser, 1, in The Iowa Standard, 4, and in Washington print, 5, “impeaching”. 22 In Washington print, 5, “further”. 23 In Iowa Territorial Gazette and Advertiser, 1, and in Washington print, 6, “election”. 24 In Williams print, 10, in Iowa Territorial Gazette and

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Advertiser, 1, and in Washington print, 6, “fifty”. 25 In The Iowa Standard, 4, “have”. 26 In Iowa Territorial Gazette and Advertiser, 1, and in Washington print, 6, “Provided, If”; in The Iowa Standard, 4, “provided, that if”. 27 In Iowa Territorial Gazette and Advertiser, 1, in The Iowa Standard, 4, and in Washington print, 7, “thirtysix”. 28 In The Iowa Standard, 4, “framing”. 29 In Williams print, 11, headline missing. 30 In Iowa Territorial Gazette and Advertiser, 1, in The Iowa Standard, 4, and in Washington print, 7, “Of the Executive”. 31 In Washington print, 7, “who shall”. 32 In Iowa Territorial Gazette and Advertiser, 1, word missing. 33 Ibid., and in Washington print, 8, “punishment”. 34 In The Iowa Standard, 4, “convictions”. 35 In Williams print, 13, in Iowa Territorial Gazette and Advertiser, 1, in The Iowa Standard, 4, and in Washington print, 8, word missing. 36 In Williams print, 13, in Iowa Territorial Gazette and Advertiser, 1, in The Iowa Standard, 4, and in Washington print, 8, “place”. 37 In Williams print, 13, in Iowa Territorial Gazette and Advertiser, 1, in The Iowa Standard, 4, and in Washington print, 8, “The Secretary of State”. 38 In Iowa Territorial Gazette and Advertiser, 1, and in Washington print, 8, “registry”. 39 In Iowa Territorial Gazette and Advertiser, 1, and in Washington print, 9, “to him”. 40 In Williams print, 14, in Iowa Territorial Gazette and Advertiser, 1, in The Iowa Standard, 4, and in Washington print, 9, “respective successors”. 41 In Williams print, 14, in Iowa Territorial Gazette and Advertiser, 1, in The Iowa Standard, 4, and in Washington print, 9, word missing. 42 In Iowa Territorial Gazette and Advertiser, 1, last two words missing. 43 Ibid., “Judge”. 44 In The Iowa Standard, 4, word missing. 45 Ibid., “a”. 46 In Washington print, 10, “by the”. 47 In Iowa Territorial Gazette and Advertiser, 1, in The Iowa Standard, 4, and in Washington print, 10, “its”. 48 In manuscript, “two ?” (in The Iowa Standard, 4, without question mark). In Williams print, 17, in Iowa Territorial Gazette and Advertiser, 1, and in Washington print, 11, “three”. 49 “An act to appropriate the proceeds of the sales of the public lands, and to grant pre-emption rights,” September 4, 1841, U.S. Statutes at Large, 27th Congress, Sess. I, Ch. 16. 50 In Iowa Territorial Gazette and Advertiser, 1, and in Washington print, 12, word missing. 51 In Williams print, 18, in Iowa Territorial Gazette and Advertiser, 1, in The Iowa Standard, 4, and in Wash-

FAILED C ONSTITUTION OF I OWA (1844) ington print, 12, “respectively disqualified”. 52 In Williams print, 18, in Iowa Territorial Gazette and Advertiser, 1, and in Washington print, 12, “for the office”; in The Iowa Standard, 4, “for office”. 53 In Washington print, 12, “disbursements”. 54 Ibid., “money”. 55 In Williams print, 19, in Iowa Territorial Gazette and Advertiser, 1, in The Iowa Standard, 4, and in Washington print, 13, word missing. 56 In Washington print, 13, “in”. 57 In Williams print, 20, and in The Iowa Standard, 4, “townships”. 58 In Iowa Territorial Gazette and Advertiser, 2, and in Washington print, 14, “clerk”. 59 In The Iowa Standard, 4, word missing. 60 In Williams print, 21, in Iowa Territorial Gazette and Advertiser, 2, in The Iowa Standard, 4, and in Washington print, 14, “in”.

61

In Washington print, 14, “Kishkekush”. In Williams print, 21, in Iowa Territorial Gazette and Advertiser, 1, in The Iowa Standard, 4, and in Washington print, 14, “Appanoose”. 63 In Washington print, 14, “Kishkekush”. 64 In Williams print, 21, in Iowa Territorial Gazette and Advertiser, 1, in The Iowa Standard, 4, and in Washington print, 14, “Appanoose”. 65 In Washington print, 14, “Mahasky”. 66 In Iowa Territorial Gazette and Advertiser, 2, “county”. 67 In Williams print, 21, in Iowa Territorial Gazette and Advertiser, 2, and in Washington print, 14, “Clinton”. 68 Rest in manuscript missing. Subsequent text and names reproduced as in Williams print. 69 In The Iowa Standard, 4, “K”. 70 Ibid., “Shelleday”. 71 Ibid., “Charleton”. 62

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Failed Provisional Constitution of New Mexico (1846)

Proyecto de Constitución de Nuevo México (1846)

Organic Law of the Territory of New Mexico1

Leyes Organicas del Territorio de Nuevo Mejico1

The government of the United States of America ordains and establishes the following organic law for the territory of New Mexico which has become a territory of the said government2 .

EL Gobierno de los Estados Unidos de America ordena y establece las siguientes leyes organícas para el Territorío de Nuevo Mejico que ha sido hecho un Terrítorio de dicho Gobierno.

ARTICULO 1o ARTICLE I

(Poder ejecutivo)2

S ECT. 1. The country heretofore known as New Mexico shall be known hereafter and designated3 as the territory of New Mexico in the United states of America and the temporary government of the said territory shall be organized and administered in the manner herein4 prescribed.

S EC. 1a. EL pais antes conocido por Nuevo Mejico será conocido y designado de aqui en adelanta por el Territorio de Nuevo Mejico en los Estados Unidos de America, y el gobierno provisional de dicho Territorio será organizado3 segun aqui se prescribe.

ARTICLE II

ARTICULO 2o

Executive Power

(Poder ejecutivo)

S ECT. 15 . The executive Power shall be vested in a governor who shall reside in the said territory and shall hold his office for two years unless sooner removed by the President of the United states. He shall be the commander in chief of the militia of the said territory except when called into the service of the United states, & ex off. Supt. of Ind. affairs6 .

S EC. 1a. EL poder ejecutivo sera confiado á un Gobernador que residera en el dicho Territorio y que permanecerá4 dos años en su destino, á no ser quel Presidente5 de los Estados Unidos tenga á bien destituirle antes. Mandará en gefe la milicia del referido Territorio escepto cuado sea llamada para el servicio de los Estados Unidos, y ex oficio

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N EW M EXICO He shall have power to fill all civil and militia offices which shall be established, the appointments to which shall not be otherwise provided for by laws7 . He shall cause the laws to be distributed and faithfully executed; and shall be conservator of the8 peace throughout the territory. He shall from time to time inform the General assembly of the condition of the government and shall recommend all necessary measures, and may convene them on extraordinary occasions by proclamation stating the purpose for which they are9 convened. Whenever any office shall become vacant he shall fill the same until a successor shall be properly appointed and qualified. He shall have power10 to remit fines and forfeitures and grant reprieves and pardons for all offences against the Laws of the territory and reprieves in all cases against the laws of the United states until the decision of the President thereof can be known.

será superintendente de los negocios de los indios6 . Estará facultado para proveer todos los empleos civiles y de la milicia que se establezcan, cuyo nombramiento no sea proveido de otro modo por las leyes. Cuidara que las leyes sean admínistradas y fielmente ejecutadas, y de conservar la paz en todo el Territorio. Ynformará de cuando en cuando á la asamblea7 general del estado de la gubernacion, y recomendará las medidas necesarias; y en casos extraordinarios la convocará par proclamacion en la que dirá el objeto de su convocacion. Cuando suceda vacar algun8 empleo lo proveerá9 para mientras se nombra y califica un sucesor en devida forma. Tendra facultad para perdonar las multas y cofiscaciones, y para suspender y perdonar por todas las ofensas contra las leyes del Territorio, y tambien para suspenderlas en todos los casos por ofensas contra las leyes de los Estados Unidos hasta que la voluntad10 del Presidente sea conocida.

S ECT. 2. There shall be a secretary of the territory who shall hold his office for two years unless sooner11 removed by the President of the United states. He shall under the direction of the Gov. record and preserve all the proceedings and papers of the executive and all acts of the General Assembly and transmit copies of the same to the President every Six months. In case of a vacancy in the office of Gov. the secratary shall discharge the duties of Gov. until another be appointed and qualified12 .

S EC. 2a. Habrá un secretario del Territorio que permanecerá en el destino dos años á no ser quel Presidente de los Estados11 Unidos lo destituva. Bajo la direccion del gobernador, registrará y conservará tódos los actos y papeles del ejecutivo, las actas de la asamblea general, y transmitira copias de lo mismo cada seis meses al Presidente. En caso de vacar el Empleo de Gobernador12 , el secretario desempeñará las funciones de Gobernador hasta que otro sea nombrado y habilitado.

S ECT. 3. There shall be a marshall, a13 United states district attorney, an auditor of public accounts and treasurer for the territory, and a sheriff and coroner for each county whose duties14 shall be defined by law.

S EC. 3a. Habrá un alguacil mayor13 , un Promotor Fiscal14 , por los Estados Unídos, un Yntendente de cuentas publicas y un Tesorero del Territorio; y en cado condado un alguacil primero15 y un Minístro del hecho16 , cuyos deberes serán definidos por las leyes.

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FAILED P ROVISIONAL C ONSTITUTION OF N EW M EXICO (1846)

ARTICLE III

ARTICULO 3o

Legislative Power

(Poder Legislatívo)

S ECT. 1. The legislative Power shall be vested in a general assembly which shall consist of a legislative council and a House of Representatives.

S EC. 1a. El Poder legislativo será conferido á una Asambleá General que se compondrá de un consejo Legislativo y de una camara de Representantes.

S ECT. 2. The house of Representatives shall consist of members to be chosen every two years by the qualified electors of the several counties and the legislative council shall consist of members to be chosen every four years by the qualified electors of their respective districts.

S EC. 2a. La camara de Representantes sera compuesta de vocales elegídos cada dos años por los electores calíficados de los diferentes condados; y el eonsejo Legislatívo se compondrá de vocales elejidos cada cuatro años por los electores calificados de sus respectivos distrítos.

S ECT. 315 . No person shall be eligible to the house of representatives who shall not have attained to the age of twenty four years who shall not be a free male citizen of the territory of New Mexico and16 who shall not have been an inhabitant of the county he may be chosen to represent at least six months next17 preceding his election.

S EC. 3a. Nádie podra ser elegido para la camara de Representantes que no haya alcanzado la edad de veinte cuatro años, que no seá varon libre ciuadadano del Territorio de Nuevo Mejico, y qué haya habítado el condado que lo elige para representarló17 á lo menos seís meses immediatos anteriores á su eleccion.

S ECT. 4. No person shall be eligible to the legislative council who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years; who shall not be a free male citizen of the territory of New Mexico and who shall not have been an inhabitant18 of the district which he may be chosen to represent at least six months next19 preceding his election if such district shall be so long established, but if not, then of the district or districts from which the same shall20 have been taken.

S EC. 4a. Nadie podra ser elegido para el consejo legislativo que no haya alcanzado la edad de treínta18 años, que no sea varon libre ciudadano del Territorio de Nuevo Mejico, y que no haya habitado el distrito que lo elija para el representarló á lo menos seis meses inmediatos anteriores á su eleccion si el tal distrito tiene ese tiempo de establecido, y sino en el distrito ó distritos de los que haya sido formado aquel.

S ECT. 5. The Legislative Council shall never be more than one third as numerous as the house of representatives for the election of whom the territory shall be divided into convenient districts which may be altered from time to time, and new districts established as public convenience may require.

S EC. 5a. El consejo Legislativo no se compondra nunca mas que de una tercera parte del numero de los de la Camara de representantes, para cuya eleccion se divídira el Territorio en los distritos conveníente, y estos podrarn ser alterados de tiempo en tiempo y establecidos nuevos distritos segun la conveniencia publica lo requiera.

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N UEVO M ÉXICO S ECT. 6. The general assembly shall divide the territory in to a convenient number of counties and shall apportion the members of the house of representatives among the same according to the free male population, but the whole number of its members shall never exceed twenty one until otherwise directed by the law of the United states.

S EC. 6a. La Asemblea general dividira el Territorio en un numero conveniente de condados, y proporcio[n]ará entre estos el de les vocales de la Camara de Representantes segun la poblacion libre masculina, pero este numero total no escedera nunca de viente y uno hasta que por la ley de los Estados Unidos se disponga de otro mado.

S ECT. 7. Until the legislative power shall21 otherwise direct the territory of New Mexico shall retain the division of counties and districts established by the decree of the department of New Mexico of June 17h 1844. And they shall be represented as follows: In the house of representatives, the county of Santa Fe shall have three members, the county of San Miguel Del22 Bado three, the county of Rio Arriva three, the county of Valencia five, the county of Toas23 three, the county of Santa Ana24 two and the county of Bernallillo25 two. In the Legislative Council the Central District shall have three members, the Northern district two members, and the south eastern district two members, which apportionment shall continue until otherwise directed by Law.

S EC. 7a. Mientras el poder Legislativo no disponga otra cosa, el Territorio de Nuevo Mejico conservara la division de condados y distritos establecidos por el decreto del de Departamento de Nuevo Mejico del 17 de Junio de 1844, y seran representados como sigula: En la camara de Representantes el condado de Santa fe tendrá tres vocales; el condado del Vado19 , tres; el condado del Rio Arriva20 tres; el condado de Valencia, cinco; el condado de Taos, tres; el condado de Santa Ana, dos; y el condado de Bernalillo, dos. En el consejo Legislativo el distrito del centro tendra tres vocales, el distrito del norte21 dos, y el distrito del sudeste dos. Esta proporcion continuara hasta que la ley disponga de otra modo.

S ECT. 8. All free male citizens of the territory of New Mexico who then are and for three months next preceding the election shall have been residents of the county or district in which they shall Offer to vote shall be entitled to vote for a delegate to the26 Congress of the United states and for members of the general assembly and for all other officers elected by the People.

S EC. 8a. Todo varon libre ciudadano del Territorio de Nuevo Mejico que al tiempo y tres meses inmediatamente22 anteriores á la eleccion haya habitado en el condado ó distrito en que quiera votar, tendra derecho de votar pará un delegado al Congreso de los Estados Unidos, para vacales de la Asamblea general, y para todos los demas destinos de eleccion popular.

S ECT. 9. The first election for a delegate to the27 Congress of the United states, and for members of the general Assembly shall be on the first Monday in August A.D. 1847. And the Gov. by proclamation shall designate as many places in each county, as may be necessary for the28 public convenience at which the electors may vote.

S EC. 9a. La primera eleccíon para delegado al Congreso de los Estados Unidos y para vocales de la Asamblea general será el primer lunes del mes de Agosto23 de 1847, y el Gobernador por proclamacion designará en cada condado los lugares que sán necesarios para la conveniencia publica24 en que los Electores puedan votar.

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P ROYECTO DE C ONSTITUCIÓN DE N UEVO M ÉXICO (1846) S ECT. 10. The general assembly shall convene at the city of Santa Fe on the first Monday in December A.D. 1847, and on the first Monday in December every two Years thereafter until otherwise provided by Law. And each house shall elect one of its own members as Speaker29 and shall choose clerks and such other officers as may be necessary, and shall30 sit31 from day to day on its own adjournments until all32 its business shall be finished.

S EC. 10a. La Asamblea general se reunirá en la ciudado de Santa fé el primer lunes de Diciembre de año del señor de 1847, y el primer lunes de Diciembre cada dos años de alli en adelante, hasta que la ley disponga de otro modo. Cada Camara eligirá un Presidente25 de entre sus vocales y oscogerá secretarios y demas funcionarios que sean necesarios, y tendran sussesiones de dia á dia con sus propias prorogas hasta que sus travajos sean concluidos.

S ECT. 11. In case of a vacancy in either house by death or otherwise the Gov. shall Issue a writ to the county or district from which such member was elected to elect an other for The residue of the term.

S EC. 11a. En caso de vacante en una ú otra camara por muerte ó de otro modo, el Gobernador espidira una orden al condado ó distrito por el cual el tal vocal húbiere sido electo para que elija otro para lo restante del termino.

S ECT. 12. No person who now is or hereafter may be a collector or holder of public money assistant or deputy thereof shall be eligible to any office of profit or trust until he shall have accounted for and paid over all sums33 for which he may be accountable – and no person holding any Lucrative office under the United states or this territory, except militia officers and justices of the peace, shall be eligible to either house of the general assembly. No person who shall be convicted of having directly or indirectly given or offered any bribe34 to procure his own election or appointment or the election or appointment of any other person or who shall be convicted of Perjury or other infamous crime shall be eligible to any office of honor, Profit or trust within this territory or shall be allowed the right of suffrage.

S EC. 12. Ninguna persona que presentemente ó en adelante26 fuere colector ó depositario de díneros publicos, ni el Ayudante ó diputado de los mismos podrá ser elegido para ningun empleo de honra o provecho hasta que haya rendído cuentas y pagado los dineros de que fuere responsable y nínguno que tenga empleso lucretivo por los Estados Unidos ó por este Territorio, escepto los oficiales de Milicía y los Jueces de paz podrán se elejido para una ni otra camara de la Asamblea general. Ninguno que haya sido convicto de haver dado ú ofrecido directa ó indirectamente27 e28 hecho para conseguir su propria eleccion ó nombramiento, ó la eleccíon ú nombramiento de cualquiera otra persona, ó que sea convicto de perjurio ó de otro crimen ínfamente podrá ser elegido para ningun empleo de honra, provecho ó confianza en este Territorio, ni se le conederá el derecho de sufragio.

S ECT. 13. The General Assembly shall have power to make laws in all cases both civil and criminal for the good government of the people of this territory not inconsistant with or repugnant to the constitution35 and Laws of the United states, to establish

S EC. 13a. La Asamblea general será facultada para hacer leyes para todo los casos tanto civiles como criminales para el buen gobierno del Pueblo de este Territorio, que no sean inconsistentes ó repugnantes á la coustitucion y leyes de los Estados Uni-

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N EW M EXICO inferior courts and36 prescribe their37 jurisdiction and duties, and to create other offices in the38 said territory and to fix the fees of Office and provide for the payment of the same Except those whose payment is provided for by the government of the United states. Each house shall judge of the election qualifications and returns of its own members – A majority of each house shall constitute a qourum [sic] to do business but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day and compel the attendance of absent members – Each house shall make its own rules of proceeding39 , punish its members for disorderly behavior, and two thirds of all the members elected may expel a member, but no member shall be expelled twice for the same offence. Each house shall keep and publish from time to time a Journal of its proceeding40 [;] all votes in the house shall be viva voce, and on the final passage of all bills shall be entered on the Journals.

dos. Para establecer Tribunales subalternos y prescrívirles sus facultades y deveres, para crear otros empleos en el Territorio, para fijar los aranceles de los derechos de las oficinas, y para proveer el pago de los empleados29 , escepto él de aquellos cuyo pago corra por cuenta del Gobierno de los Estados Unídos. Cada Camara juzgará de la eleccion, calificacíon y credenciales de sus propios vocales. Una mayoria en cada camara constituirá competencia para obrár, pero un numero menor podrá prorrogar de dia á dia, y compeler los vocales ausentes á que concurran. Cada Camara formará sus propios reglamentos, castigará sus propios vocales por conducta desordonada, y dos terceras partes del total de vocales elegidos30 podrán expeler un vocal pero ninguno podrá ser expelido dos veces por la misma ofensa. Cada Camara conservará y publicará de tiempo en tiempo un diario de sus acuerdos[.] Las31 votaciones en la Camara serán viva voce. Y en el final acuerdo de toda ley, será copiada en el diario.

S ECT. 14. Any bill may originate in either house and may be altered amended or rejected by the other, and shall be read on three different days in each house and having passed both houses shall be signed by their respective speakers and presented to the Gov. for his approval. If he approve the same he shall sign it, if he disapprove it41 he shall return it to the house in which it originated within six days with his objections, if he fail to return it within six days,42 or if after it shall have been returned it again pass both houses it shall be a law without The Governors approval43 .

S EC. 14a. Todo proyecto de ley podra originarse en una ú otra Camara y ser alterado, corregido ó desechado por la otra. Deverá ser leido tres diferentes dias en cada camara y habiendo sido aprovado en las dos, será firmado por sus respectivos presidentes y presentado al Gobernador para su aprovacion. Si lo aprovare, lo firmara. Si lo desaprovare, lo devolverá a la camara en que se originó dentro de seis dias con sus objecciones. Si no lo devuelve dentro de los seis dias ó si despues de devuelto fuere aprovado otra vez por las dos camaras, sera ley sin la aprovacion del Gobernador.

S ECT. 15. The members of the general assembly shall in all cases except treason felony and breach of the peace be privileged from arrest in going to,44 returning from and during their attendance on their respective houses and for any speech or debate in either house they shall not be questioned in any other place.

S EC. 15a. Los vocales de la Asamblea General no podran ser arrestados en ningun caso (escepto por traicion, felonia ó perturbacion de la paz) á la ida, vuelta, ni durante su asistencia á sus respectivas camaras y por ningun discurso ó discusion en una ú otra camara podrán ser responsables fuera de ella32 .

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FAILED P ROVISIONAL C ONSTITUTION OF N EW M EXICO (1846) S ECT. 16. The sittings of each house shall be public except when secrecy shall be required and each house may punish any person not a member for disorderly or contemptuous behavior in their Presence while in session by a fine not exceeding three hundred dollars or45 imprisonment not exceeding forty eight hours for one offence.

S EC. 16a. Las sesiones de ambas camaras serán publicas, escepto cuando sea necesario el secreto. Cada camara podrá castigar33 cualquiera persona que no sea vocal, por conducta desordenada ó irrespetuosa en su presencia mientras se halla en sesion, con una multa que no pase de trescientos pesos ó con prision por un tiempo que no esceda de cuarenta y oche horas por una ofensa.

S ECT. 17. Each member of the General Assembly shall receive three Dollars a day for each day he may attend the house of which he is a member and Three dollars for every twenty five miles he must travel in going from his residence to the place of meeting and returning from thence, and the speaker of each house shall receive five dollars a day for every day he may attend the house of which he is a member and the same mileage with other members. The Other Officers of the general assembly shall receive such compensations46 as the law may provide.

S EC. 17a. Cada vocal de la Asamblea General recivira tres pesos por cada dia que asista á la camara á que pertenezca, y tres pesos por cada viente y cinco millas que tenga que viajar desde su residencia al lugar donde se reunan y su vuelta desde alli[.] El Presidente de cada camara recivira cinco pesos cada dia que asista á la camara de que es vocal é iguale viatico que los otros vocales. Los34 empleados de la Asamblea General recivirán las compensaciones que la ley determine.

S ECT. 18. The style of all Laws shall be “Be it enacted by the General assembly of the territory of new Mexico.[”]

S EC. 18a. La formula para la promulgacion de las leyes será “Decretase por la Asamblea General del Territorio de Nuevo Mejico.”

Judicial Power

ARTICULO 4o ARTICLE IV47

(Poder Judicial)

S ECT. 1. The Judicial Power shall be vested in a superior court and in48 inferior tribunals to be established by law.

S EC. 1a. El Poder Judicial será conferido á una corte superior de Justicia y á los Tribunales subalternos que se establecerán por ley.

S ECT. 2. The superior court shall consist of three Judges, to be appoin[ted] by the President of the United states. One of whom49 shall be the presiding Judge and the others associate judges; the Judges shall be conservators of the peace throughout the territory and shall hold Courts at such times and places and perform such duties as shall be prescribed by Law.

S EC. 2a. La corte superior se compondrá de tres Jueces que serán nombrados por el Presidente de los Estados-Unidos; uno de ellos será el Juez Presidente y los otros dos Con-Jueces. Los Jueces conservaran la paz en todo el Terrítorio, tendrán cortes a tales tiempos y lugares determinados, y cumpliran con los deveres que les prescrivan las leyes.

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N UEVO M ÉXICO S ECT. 3. The superior50 Court shall have a general superintending control over all inferior courts and tribunals of justice and shall have power to Issue Original writs to compel inferior courts and their officers to perform their duties according to law whenever they may fail or refuse so to do.

S EC. 3a. La corte superior de Justicia tendrá la superintendencia35 general sobre todos los Tribunales Subalternos y Juzgados; y será facultada para expedir ordenes para compeler á ellos y á sus miembros á que cumplan con sus deveres con arreglo á las leyes36 cuando descuiden ó rehusen de hacerlo.

S ECT. 4. Every court and tribunal of Justice shall appoint its own clerk who shall hold his office during the continuance of the temporary government unless sooner removed by his respective court.

S EC. 4a. La Corte, y Tribunales37 de Justicia nombrarán sus escríbientes los cuales permaneceran en sus destinos mientras dure el Gobierno provisional, a no ser que sean depuestos por sus respectivos Tribunales.

S ECT. 5. All Officers both civil and military shall before entering on the duties of their office51 take an oath to support the constitution of the united states and to faithfully demean themselves in office.

S EC. 5a. Todos los empleados tanto civiles como mílitares deveran antes de egercer las funciones de sus destinos prestar Juramento38 de sostener la constitucion de los Estados-Unidos y de portarse lealmente en ellos.

MISCELLANEOUS

MISCELANEO

ARTICLE V52

ARTICULO 5o

S ECT. 1. Members of the Genl. Assembly, the Gov. whose salary shall be 2000 Dollars a year the secratary of the territory whose salary shall be 1200 Dollars a year the judges of the superior53 court whose salaries shall be 1500 dollars a year each, the marshall of the territory whose salary shall be 500 dollars a year the US District attorney whose salary shall be 500 Dollars a Year shall be paid out of the treasury of the United states. The Auditor & Treasurer shall each receive a salery of $ 500 a Year, one half of which shall be paid out of the treasury of the United States and the remainder out of the territorial treasury.

S EC. 1a. Serán pagados por el Tesoro de los Estados Unidos los vocales de la Asamblea General, El Gobernador cuyo sueldo será de 2000 pesos al año. El del Secretario del Territorio que será 1200 pesos39 . Los de los Jueces de la Corte Superior de Justicia que será40 de 1500 pesos41 cada uno. El del Alguacil Mayor del Territorio que será de 500 pesos42 . El Intendente de cuentas publicas y el Tesorero recivirán cada uno el sueldo de 500 pesos al año cuya mitad será pagada por el Tesoro de los Estados-Unídos y la otra mitad por el Tesoro Territorial.

S ECT. 2. The Gov., secratary of the territory, marshall & US District Attorney shall be appointed by the President of the United states. The Auditor and Treasurer shall be elected every two Years, by joint vote of the

S EC. 2a. El Gobernador, el Secretario del Territorio, el Alguacil Mayor y el promotor Fiscal serán nombrados por el presidente de los Estados Unidos. El Intendente y Tesorero serán elegidos cada dos años por el

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P ROYECTO DE C ONSTITUCIÓN DE N UEVO M ÉXICO (1846) General assembly, and shall hold their respective offices for two Years and until their successors are duly elected and Qualified.

voto unido de la Asamblea General y permanecerán en sus destinos por los dos años y hasta que sus sucesores sean elegido y devidamente calificados.

S ECT. 3. All Offices in this territory are hereby declared vacant, except such as have Been filled by the appointments54 of Brig. Genl. Kearney [sic]. And all offices created by this law shall be filled by appointments55 of Brig. Genl. Kearney or his successor56 until the government is fully Organized in accordance with the provisions of this Law.

S EC. 3a. Todos los empleos de este Territorio son declarados vacantes por la presente, escepto los que habran sido provistos por nombramientos del General de Brigada Kearny[.] Y todos los empleos creados pór esta ley serán ocupados por nombramientos del General de Brigada Kearny ó su sucesor hasta que la Gobernacion esté completamente organisada segun43 las disposiciones de esta misma ley.

S ECT. 4. Schools and the means of education shall be forever encouraged in this territory. One or more schools shall be established in each village as Soon as practicable, where the poor shall be educated free of all charges.

S EC. 4a. Se fomentarán constantemente44 escuelas y medios de educacion en este Territorio; se establecerá una ó mas en cada poblacion45 cuan pronto se pueda en las que los46 pobres serán instruidos libres de costos47 .

BILL OF RIGHTS

DECLARACION DE LOS DERECHOS

That the GREAT AND ESSENTIAL PRINCIPLES OF LIBERTY AND FREE GOVERNMENT may be recognized and established it is hereby declared

Paraque el GRANDE y ESENCIAL PRINCIPIO48 de la LIBERTAD y del GOBIERNO LIBRE sea reconocido y establecido se declara por la presente.

1. That all political power is vested in and belongs to the people.

1a. Que Todo el poder Politico está conferido y pertenece al Pueblo.

2. That the People have the right peaceably to assemble for their comman Good and to apply to those in Power for redress of Grieveances By petition or remonstrance.

2a. Quel Pueblo tiene derecho para reunirse pacificamente para49 envestigar el bien comun y para pedir a los que estan en Poder, por suplica ó por presentacion, el alivio de sus males.

3. That all men have a natural and indefeasible right to worship Almighty God according to the dictates of their consciences57 , that no person can ever be hurt molested or restrained in his religious professions if he do not disturb others in their religious worship, and that all Christian Churches shall be protected and none oppressed and that no

3a. Que todo hombre tiene un derecho natural é imprescriptible para adorar Dios Todopoderoso segun los dictados de su conciencia, que nadie podrá ser nunca dañado, molestado ó impedido de profesar su Religion si no impide á otras de profesar la suya; quo todas las Religiones Cristianas serán protegidas y ninguna oprimida; y que na-

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N EW M EXICO person on account of his religious opinions shall be rendered ineligible58 to any Office of honor trust or profit.

die por razon de opiniones religiosas podrá perder el derecho50 a todos los empleos de honra,51 confianzá y provecho.

4. That Courts of Justice shall be open to every person, just remedy given for every injury to person &59 property; that60 right and Justice shall be administered without sale, denial or delay and that no private property shall be taken for public use without Just compensation.

4a. Que las cortes de Justícía estaran abiertas para toda persona: que se dará un remedio justo por toda injuria á persona y propiedad; quel derecho y la justicia se administrarán sin soborno, sin negacion y sin demora; y que no se tomara la propiepad particular para el servicio52 publico sin una justa compensacion.

5. That the right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate.

5a. Quel derecho á ser juzgado por el jurado ha de permanecer inviolable.

6. That in all criminal cases the accused has the right to be heard by himself and counsel to demand the nature and cause of the accusation61 , to have compulsory process for witnesses in his favor to meet the witnesses62 against him face to face, and to have a speedy trial by a jury of his country63 .

6a. Que en toda causa criminal el acusado tendra derecho para ser oido por sí ó53 por abogado, para preguntar la naturaleza y causa de la acusacion para que se proceda con compulsion para la comparencia de los54 testigos á su favor, para tener careo con los testigos55 que despongan contra el, y para quel juicio por un jurado de su tierra sea breve56 .

7. The64 accused cannot be compelled to give evidence65 against himself or be deprived of life liberty or property but by a verdict of a jury and the laws of the Land.

7a. El acusado no podrá ser compelido á dar testimonio57 contra si misno, o ser privado de la vida, libertad ó propiedad, sino por el juicio58 declarado de un jurado y las leyes del pais.

8. That66 no person after having once been67 acquitted by a jury can be tried a second time for the same Offence.

8a. Que nadíe despues de haber sido yá perdonado59 por un jurado podrá ser encausado otra vez por la misma ofensa.

9. That all persons shall be bailed by sufficient sureties except in capital offences where the68 Proof of guilt is evident, and the priviliges of the69 writ of “Habeas Corpus” cannot be suspended except the public safety shall require it in the case of a70 rebellion or invasion.

9a. Todo acusado podrá quedar libre bajo fianza dando suficientes seguridades, escepto por ofensas capi[t]ales cuando las pruevas del delito son evidentes; y el auto de habeas corpus no podrá ser suspendido à no ser que la seguridad publica lo requiera en caso de una revolucion60 ó invasion.

10. Excessive71 bail shall not be required, excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments72 inflicted.

10a. No se pedirán seguridades escesivas de los acusados para que queden libres, no se impondran multas ecsorbitantes, ni se inflígirán castigos crueles inusitados61 .

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FAILED P ROVISIONAL C ONSTITUTION OF N EW M EXICO (1846) 11. That the people shall be seicure in their persons papers houses and Effects from unreasonable searches and seizures and that no writ73 shall issue for a74 search or seizure without a probable case75 of guilt is made out under oath.

11a. Quel Pueblo estarà seguro en sus personas, papeles, casas y bienes62 de todo cáteo y confiscacion sin que haya causa provable bajo de juramento63 .

12. That the76 free communication77 of thoughts and opinions is one of the invaluable78 rights of freemen, and that every person may freely speak write and79 print on any subject being responsible for every abuse of that Liberty.

12a. Que la comunicacion libre de los pensamientos y opiniones es uno de los derechos inviolables de los hombres libres: y que toda persona podrá libremente hablar, escribir é imprimir sobre cualquiera materia, siendo responsable por los abusos64 de esta libertad.

13. That no vicar Priest Preacher of the Gospel nor teacher of any religious denomination80 shall ever be compelled To bear Arms or to serve on Juries work on roads or perform military duty.

13a. Que ningun Vicario, Sacedote Predicador del evangilio, ni Maestro de ninguna denominacion religiosa, será obligado65 à tomar las armas, á servir en los jurádos,66 ni á prestar ningun servicio militar.

Done at the Government house in the City of Santa Fe in the territory of New Mexico By Brig. Genl. Stephen W. Kearney by virtue of the power and81 authority conferred upon82 him by the goverment of the United states, this Twenty second83 September 184684 .

Dado en la casa de Gobierno de la ciudad de Santa Fe, en el Territorio de Nuevo Mejico, por el General de Brigada Esetvan W. Kearny, en virtud de la facultad que le confirio el Gobierno de los Estados Unidos, este dia vigesimo segundo del mes de Setiembre del año del señor 1846.

S. W. Kearny Brig[adier]. Gen[era]l. U[nited]. S[tates]. A[rmy]. 1

Verified by Leyes del Territorio de Nuevo Mejico. Santa Fe, a 7 de Octobre 1846. Laws of the Territory of New Mexico. Santa Fe, October 7 1846, [Santa Fe: O. P. Hovey, 1846], 3–15 [cited as print A], and corrected according to the original manuscript as sent by Brigadier Stephen Watts Kearny to the U.S. Secretary of War William L. Marcy, 22 September 1846, now deposited in the National Archives, Washington, D.C. Spelling, capitalization, punctuation, and paragraphing follow the original manuscript. Obvious typographical errors in printing have been tacitly ignored in the annotations. Also checked against the 1970 facsimile reprint of the Kearny Code as presented by printer Oliver Perry Hovey to Colonel Doniphan [print B] which is, in the English version, with very few exceptions identical with print A, and against “Organic law for the territory of New Mexico, compiled under the directions of General Kearny,” in: Messages of the President of the United States. The Mexican War Correspondence (House of Representa-

S. W. KEARNY, Gen. de Brig. del Ejercito de los Estados Unidos. 1

Verified by Leyes del Territorio de Nuevo Mejico. Sañta Fe, a 7 de Octobre 1846. Laws of the Territory of New Mexico. Santa Fe, October 7 1846, [Santa Fe: O. P. Hovey, 1846], 3–15 [cited as print A]. Spelling, capitalization, and punctuation follow print A. Parentheses appear in headlines for square brackets used in both prints. Also checked against the 1970 facsimile reprint of the Kearny Code as presented by printer Oliver Perry Hovey to Colonel Doniphan [print B] which corrected many of the errors in print A, though not all and especially not the often erratic use of the accent. Whenever print B corrected print A the text given here, for better understanding, will follow print B. Also checked against the English version (q.v.) as representing the original language. Only cases of incorrect or incomplete translation have been annotated. 2 In Spanish translation, headline added. 3 In English original, “organized and administered”. 4 In print A, 4, “permanecrá”

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N UEVO M ÉXICO tives Ex. Doc. No. 60. 30th Congress, 1st Session), Washington: Wendell and Van Benthuysen, 1848, 177– 183. The text of the Bill of Rights has also been checked against the versions published in New Mexico Statutes 1978 Annotated. Historical Documents. Pamphlet 3: Territorial Laws and Treaties, Charlottesville, VA: The Michie Company, s.d., 1–2, West’s New Mexico Statutes Annotated. Territorial Laws and Treaties. Bill of Rights (WESTLAW, 2010), 1–2, and put online by the New Mexico Office of the State Historian of the New Mexico State Record Center and Archives as of June 2010 (http://www.newmexicohistory.org/filedetails.php?file ID=383). The Kearny Code of some seventy manuscript pages, covered many areas of law, with the Organic Law as its introductory part. In his accompanying letter Kearny wrote: “The Organic Law is taken from the Organic Law of Missouri Teritory [sic] – see Act of Congress June 4th 1812.” As a matter of fact, this act (“An Act providing for the government of the territory of Missouri”, U.S. Statutes at Large, 12th Congress, Sess. I, Ch. 95) is by character and content an act of Congress and bears no resemblance to a constitution, an analogy Kearny and his chief draftsman, Col. Alexander W. Doniphan, however, deliberately sought and underlined by including a Bill of Rights, unknown to the Missouri Territory act of 1812 as to the Organic Laws of Oregon of 1843 and 1845 (q.v.). As legislation for territories was within the responsibility of Congress, and New Mexico was legally still Mexican territory before the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo of 2 February 1848, the Organic Law was rejected by President Polk (cf. Robert W. Larson, New Mexico’s Quest for Statehood, 1846–1912, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1968, 4–6), whereas the subsequent “Laws for the Government of the Territory of New Mexico” became the legal basis of the territory for the next forty years (cf. Nolie Mumey in the introductory note to the 1970 facsimile reprint of the 1846 edition). The original language of the Kearny Code is English. For the local inhabitants a Spanish translation (q.v.) was provided. While military rule continued in New Mexico and in view of Washington’s inertia„ a new effort to erect civil government led to the convention of September 1849 and the drafting of a constitution of the Territory of New Mexico (q.v.). 2 In 1846 print (A and B), 3, “for the Territory of said government”. 3 Ibid. (A and B), “known and hereafter designated”. 4 Ibid. (A and B), “hereinafter”. 5 In Washington print, 177, “2”. 6 In 1846 print (A and B), 4, “and ex-officio super intend [sic] of the Indian Affairs”. 7 Ibid. (A and B), and in Washington print, 177, “law”. 8 In 1846 print (A and B), word missing. 9 Ibid. (A and B), “were”. 10 Ibid. (A and B), “the power”. 11 Ibid. (A and B), “until”. 12 Ibid. (A and B), 5, “until another be appointed and

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5 In print A, instead of “, á no ser quel Presidente”, “llamada para el servicio”. 6 In English original, “Indian affairs”. 7 In print A, 4, “assamblea“. 8 Ibid., “albun”. 9 Ibid., “provecrá”. 10 In English original, “decision”. 11 In print A, 4, “Estado”. 12 Ibid., 5, “Gobernado”. 13 In English original, “marshal”. 14 In English original, “district attorney”. 15 In English original, “sheriff”. 16 In English original, “coroner”. 17 In print A, 6, “representaló”. 18 Ibid., “tieínta”. 19 In English original, “San Miguel del Bado”. 20 In print A, 7, “Arrlva”. 21 In print B, 7, “notre”. 22 In print A, 7, “immediatamente”. 23 Ibid., “Agoste”. 24 Ibid., “bublica”. 25 In English original, “Speaker”. 26 In print A, 8, “adelaute”. 27 Ibid., “indirecamente”. 28 Ibid., “c”. 29 In English original, “of the same”. 30 In print A, 9, “elegilos”. 31 In English original, “all”. 32 In English original, “in any other place”. 33 In print A, 10, “castiar”. 34 In English original, “The Other”. 35 In print A, 11, “superintedencia”. 36 Ibid., “leys”. 37 In English original, “Every court and tribunal”. 38 In print B, 12, “Juremento”. 39 In Spanish translation, “a year” missing. 40 In print A, 12, “seré”. 41 In Spanish translation, “a year” missing. 42 In Spanish translation, “a year” missing. 43 In print A, 13, “seun”. 44 Ibid., “constantenmente”. 45 In English original, “village”. 46 In print A, 13, “lo”. 47 In English original, “all charges”. 48 In English original, “PRINCIPLES”. 49 In print A, 13, “par a”. 50 In English original, “shall be rendered ineligible”. 51 In print A, 14, “opiniones todos les empleos de honra, religiosas podrá perder el derecho a”. 52 Ibid., “servécio”. 53 In English original, “and”. 54 In print A, 14, “las”. 55 Ibid., “testigo”. 56 In English original, “speedy”. 57 In print A, 14, “testimenio”. 58 Ibid., “jucio”. 59 In English original, “acquitted”.

P ROYECTO DE C ONSTITUCIÓN DE N UEVO M ÉXICO (1846) qualified the Secretary shall discharge the duties of Governor”. 13 Ibid. (A and B), “and”. 14 In Washington print, 178, “duty”. 15 Ibid., “4”. 16 In 1846 print (A and B), word missing. 17 Ibid. (A and B), 6, word missing. 18 Ibid. (A and B), “inbitant”. 19 Ibid. (A and B), word missing. 20 Ibid. (A and B), “may”. 21 Ibid. (A and B), word missing 22 Ibid. (A and B), 7, “and”. 23 Ibid. (A and B), and in Washington print, 179, “Taos”. 24 In 1846 print (A and B), “Sant Ana”. 25 Ibid. (A and B), and in Washington print, 179, “Bernalillo”. 26 In 1846 print (A and B), word missing. 27 Ibid. (A and B), word missing. 28 Ibid. (A and B), word missing. 29 Ibid. (A and B), 8, and in Washington print, 179, “a speaker”. 30 In 1846 print (A and B), word missing. 31 Ibid. (A and B), “set”. 32 Ibid. (A and B), word missing. 33 Ibid. (A and B), “monies”. 34 Ibid. (A and B), “bribes”. 35 Ibid. (A and B), “constitution of”. 36 Ibid. (A only) , 9, word missing. 37 Ibid. (A and B), “other”. 38 In Washington print, 180, word missing. 39 In 1846 print (A and B), and in Washington print, 180, “proceedings”. 40 In 1846 print (A and B), and in Washington print, 180, “proceedings”. 41 In 1846 print (A and B), “the same”. 42 Ibid. (A and B), “with his objections, if he fail to return it within six days” missing. 43 Ibid. (A and B), 10, “without the approval of the Governor”. 44 Ibid. (A and B), “to and”. 45 Ibid. (A and B), “or by”. 46 Ibid. (A and B), and in Washington print, 180, “compensation”. 47 In 1846 print (A and B), 11, and in Washington print, 181, headlines interchanged. 48 In 1846 print (A and B), and in Washington print, 181, word missing. 49 In Washington print, 181, “them”. 50 In 1846 print (A and B), “Supreme”. 51 Ibid. (A and B), 12, “offices”. 52 In Washington print, 181, headlines interchanged. 53 In 1846 print (A and B), “Supreme”. 54 Ibid. (A and B), 13, “appointment”. 55 Ibid. (A and B), “appointment”. 56 Ibid. (A and B), “successors”. 57 Ibid. (A and B), New Mexico Statutes 1978 Annotated, 1, West’s New Mexico Statutes Annotated, 1, and

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In English original, “rebellion”. In English original, “cruel and unusual”. 62 In English original, “effects”. 63 In English original, “from unreasonable searches and seizures and that no writ shall issue for a search or seizure without a probable case of guilt is made out under oath”. 64 In English original, “every abuse”. 65 In Spanish translation, “ever” missing. 66 In Spanish translation, “word on roads” missing. 61

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N EW M EXICO in online Bill of Rights, “conscience”. 58 In manuscript, “inelegle”. 59 In 1846 print (A and B), 14, New Mexico Statutes 1978 Annotated, 1, West’s New Mexico Statutes Annotated, 1, and in online Bill of Rights, “or”. 60 In 1846 print (A and B), 14, New Mexico Statutes 1978 Annotated, 1, West’s New Mexico Statutes Annotated, 1, and in online Bill of Rights, “and that”. 61 In 1846 print (A and B), 14, New Mexico Statutes 1978 Annotated, 1, West’s New Mexico Statutes Annotated, 1, and in online Bill of Rights, “accusations”. 62 In 1846 print (A and B), 14, “witness”. 63 Ibid. (A and B), 14, New Mexico Statutes 1978 Annotated, 1, West’s New Mexico Statutes Annotated, 1, and in online Bill of Rights, “county”. 64 In New Mexico Statutes 1978 Annotated, 1, and West’s New Mexico Statutes Annotated, 1, “That”. 65 In New Mexico Statutes 1978 Annotated, 1, and West’s New Mexico Statutes Annotated, 1, word missing. 66 In Washington print, 182, and in online Bill of Rights, word missing. 67 In Washington print, 182, “been once”. 68 In 1846 print (A and B), 14, New Mexico Statutes 1978 Annotated, 1, West’s New Mexico Statutes Annotated, 1, and in online Bill of Rights, word missing. 69 In 1846 print (A and B), 14, New Mexico Statutes 1978 Annotated, 1, West’s New Mexico Statutes Annotated, 1, and in online Bill of Rights, “a”. 70 In 1846 print (A and B), 15, New Mexico Statutes 1978 Annotated, 1, West’s New Mexico Statutes Annotated, 1, and in online Bill of Rights, word missing. 71 In New Mexico Statutes 1978 Annotated, 1, and West’s New Mexico Statutes Annotated, 1, “That excessive”. 72 In 1846 print (A and B), 15, New Mexico Statutes 1978 Annotated, 1, West’s New Mexico Statutes Annotated, 1, and in online Bill of Rights, “punishment”. 73 In 1846 print (A and B), 15, “writs”. 74 In Washington print, 183, word missing. 75 In 1846 print (A and B), 15, New Mexico Statutes 1978 Annotated, 1, West’s New Mexico Statutes Annotated, 1, and in online Bill of Rights, “cause”. 76 In 1846 print (A and B), 15, New Mexico Statutes 1978 Annotated, 1, and West’s New Mexico Statutes Annotated, 2, word missing. 77 In 1846 print (A and B), “communications”. 78 In New Mexico Statutes 1978 Annotated, 1, and West’s New Mexico Statutes Annotated, 2, “inviolable”. 79 In 1846 print (A and B), New Mexico Statutes 1978 Annotated, 1, West’s New Mexico Statutes Annotated, 2, and in online Bill of Rights, “or”. 80 In 1846 print (A and B), 15, “denominations”. 81 Ibid. (A and B), New Mexico Statutes 1978 Annotated, 1, West’s New Mexico Statutes Annotated, 2, and in online Bill of Rights, last two words missing. 82 In Washington print, 183, “on”.

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FAILED P ROVISIONAL C ONSTITUTION OF N EW M EXICO (1846) 83 In 1846 print (A and B), 15, “twenty second of”; in New Mexico Statutes 1978 Annotated, 1, West’s New Mexico Statutes Annotated, 2, and online Bill of Rights, “twenty-second day of”. 84 In 1846 print (A and B), 15, New Mexico Statutes 1978 Annotated, 1, and West’s New Mexico Statutes Annotated, 2, “A.D. 1846”.

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Draft of a Constitution of New Mexico (1849) [Proposed Constitution of the Territory of New Mexico]1

The undersigned, majority of a committee, to whom was confided the highly responsible and arduous duty of preparing a plan to be recommended to Congress, as the basis upon which we desire the civil government of the territory of New Mexico to be formed, have, after giving to the subject the mature consideration which its great importance to our future welfare, as a people, merits, decided upon the following as our report, and which we respectfully submit to the convention for their approval.

[ARTICLE I] [Executive Power]2 S ECT. 1. On the subject of the Executive Power. – We recommend that the executive power in and over New Mexico, shall be vested in a Governor – shall hold his office for four years, and until his successor shall be appointed and qualified, unless sooner removed by the President of the United states. The governor shall reside in said territory; shall be commander-in-chief of the militia; and shall perform the duties and receive the emoluments of superintendent of Indian affairs. He may grant pardons for offenses against laws of said territory, and reprieves for offences against laws of the United States, until the decision of the President can be made known thereon. He shall commission all officers who shall be appointed to office under the laws of said territory, and see that the laws be faithfully executed. He shall, from time to time, inform the Legislative Assembly of the condition of

the territory, and shall recommend all necessary measures, and may convene them on extraordinary occasions by proclamation, stating the purpose for which they were convened. S ECT. 2. That there shall be a secretary of said territory, who shall reside therein, and hold his office for four years, unless sooner removed by the President of the United States. He shall record and preserve all the laws and proceedings of the legislative assembly, hereinafter constituted, and all the acts and proceedings of the Governor in his executive department. He shall transmit one copy of the laws and one copy of the executive proceedings, on or before the first day of December, in each year, to the President of the United States; and at the same time, two copies of the laws to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, and the President of the Senate, for the use of Congress. And in case of the death, removal, resignation or necessary absence of the Governor from the territory, the secretary shall be, and he is hereby authorized and required to execute and perform all the powers of the governor during such vacancy or necessary absence, or, until another governor shall be duly appointed to fill such vacancy.

ARTICLE II Legislative Power S ECT. 1. We recommend that the Legislative power and authority of said territory

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N EW M EXICO of New Mexico, shall consist of a Governor and Legislative Assembly, which Assembly shall consist of a Counsel3 and House of Representatives. S ECT. 2. The House of Representatives shall consist of members to be chosen every two years by the qualified electors of the several counties, and the Legislative Council shall consist of members to be chosen every four years by the qualified electors of their respective districts. S ECT. 3. No person shall be eligible to the House of Representatives who shall not have attained to the age of 24 years, who shall not be a free male citizen of the territory of New Mexico, who shall not have been an inhabitant of the county he may be chosen to represent, at least six months preceding his election. S ECT. 4. No person shall be eligible to the Legislative Council who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years, who shall not be a free male citizen of the Territory of New Mexico, and who shall not have been an inhabitant of the district which he may be chosen to represent at least six months preceding his election, if such district shall be so long established; but if not, then of the district or districts, from which the same may have been taken. S ECT. 5. The Legislative Council shall never be more than one third as numerous as the House of Representatives, for the election of whom, the Territory shall be divided into convenient districts, which may be altered from time to time, and new districts established as public convenience may require. S ECT. 6. The General Assembly shall divide the Territory into a convenient number of counties, and shall apportion the members of the House of Representatives among the same, according to the free male

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population, but the whole number of its members shall never exceed twenty-one, until otherwise directed by the Legislative Assembly. S ECT. 7. Until the Legislative power otherwise direct, the Territory of New Mexico shall retain the division of counties and districts established by the decree of the department of New Mexico, of June 17th, 18494 ; and they shall be represented as follows: In the House of Representatives, the county of Santa Fe shall have three members; the county of Rio Arriba, three; the county of Valencia, five; the county of Taos, three; the county of Santa Ana, two; the county of Bernalillo, two. In the Legislative Council, the central district shall have three members; the northern district, two members; [the South Eastern district two members]5 which apportionment shall continue until otherwise directed by law. S ECT. 8. All free male citizens of said Territory, who shall be residents thereof at the time of the passage of this act, shall be entitled to vote, and shall be eligible to any office at the first election, but the qualification of voters and of holding office, shall, at all subsequent elections, be prescribed by the Legislative power. Provided, That the right of suffrage and of holding office, shall be exercised only by the citizens of the United States, and all those free white male inhabitants residing within the limits of New Mexico, not already citizens of the United States, but who, on the 2d day of February, 1848,6 were residents within the Territory of New Mexico, and such persons taking an oath or affirmation before the Superior or Circuit Courts of the Territory, or before the Circuit or District Court of the United States, to renounce and abjure allegiance to every foreign Prince, Potentate, State or Sovereignty, whatever.

D RAFT OF A C ONSTITUTION OF N EW M EXICO (1849) S ECT. 9. The Legislative power of the Territory shall extend to all rightful subjects of legislation, consistent with the Constitution of the U. States. No tax shall be imposed upon the property of the U. States, nor shall the lands or other property of non-residents be taxed higher than the lands on7 other property of residents. S ECT. 10. All the laws passed by the Legislative Assembly and Governor, shall be submitted to the Congress of the United States, and if disapproved, shall be null and of no effect. S ECT. 11. The Governor of the Territory shall order the first election for members of the Legislative Assembly, and it shall be held at such times and places, and be conducted in such manner, as he shall direct. S ECT. 12. Any bill may originate in either house, and may be altered, amended or rejected, by the other house; and shall be read on three different days in each house; – and having passed both houses, shall be signed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President of the Legislative Council, and presented to the Governor for his approval. If he approve the same, he shall sign it. If he disapprove the same, he shall return it, with his objections, to the house in which it originated, within six days. S ECT. 13. That House shall cause the objections to be entered at large upon its Journal, and shall reconsider the bill. If after a bill shall have been returned, and reconsidered by both Houses, it shall again pass by a vote of two thirds of each House, it shall become a law without the approval of the Governor. If any bill shall not be returned by the Governor within six days after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it; unless the Legislative Assembly, by adjournment, prevent it.

S ECT. 14. Each House of the Legislative Assembly shall judge of the elective qualifications of its members, and make its own rules of proceedings. S ECT. 15. No person who now is, or hereafter may be a collector, or holder of public money, or assistant or deputy thereof, shall be eligible to any office of profit or trust, until he shall have accounted for, and paid over all moneys for which he may be accountable as such collector or holder, and no person who shall have directly or indirectly given any bribe to procure his election or appointment to any office, or who shall have been convicted of perjury or other infamous crime, shall be eligible to any office of honor, profit or trust, within this Territory, or shall be allowed the right of suffrage.

ARTICLE III Judicial Power S ECT. 1. We recommend that the Judicial Power of said Territory of New Mexico, shall be vested in a Supreme Court, Circuit Courts, and such other inferior tribunals as shall be established by law. S ECT. 2. The Supreme Court shall consist of four Judges, one to be Supreme or Appellate Judge, and the other three to be District Judges, for the hearing and adjudication of law cases, and associates of the Supreme Judge in all cases of appeal; and the Judge who tried the case, shall not be allowed to sit in the Appellate Court, and who shall hold two terms of said court in each year, at the seat of government of said Territory; and they shall hold their offices during the period of five years. One of the Judges shall be assigned to each of the districts into which the Territory of New Mexico is now divided; and within said districts, shall hold Circuit Courts at

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N EW M EXICO such times and places as shall be designated by law, – and they shall respectively reside in the districts which shall be assigned them. S ECT. 3. The jurisdiction of the Supreme and Circuit Courts, and of the inferior tribunals of justice, shall be limited by law, but the said Supreme and Circuit Courts shall possess Chancery as well as common jurisdiction. The Supreme and Circuit Courts shall appoint their own clerks; and every clerk shall hold his office at the pleasure of the court by which he shall have been appointed. Writs of error, bills of exception8 , and appeals, shall be allowed in all cases from the final decisions of said Circuit Courts to the Supreme Court, under such regulations as may be prescribed by laws9 , but in no case removed to the Supreme Court shall trial by jury be allowed in said court. S ECT. 4. Writs of error and appeals from the final decisions of said Supreme Court shall be allowed, and may be taken to the Supreme Court of the United States in the same manner and under the same regulations as from the Circuit Courts10 of the U. States, when the value of the property or the amount of the controversy to be ascertained by the oath or affirmation of either party, or other competent witnesses, shall exceed the sum of one thousand dollars. S ECT. 5. And each of said Circuit Courts, shall have and exercise the same jurisdiction in all cases arising under the Constitution and laws of the U. S., as is vested in the circuit and district courts of the U. States; and the first six days of every term of said Courts, or so much thereof as shall be necessary, shall be appropriated to the trial of causes arising under said Constitution and laws; – and writs of error and appeal in all such cases, shall be made to the Supreme

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Court of said Territory, the same as in other cases. The Clerks of the Supreme and Circuit courts shall receive such fees and compensation as shall be prescribed by law.

MISCELLANEOUS S ECT. 1. We recommend that there shall be appointed a United States District Attorney, who shall hold his office for four years, unless sooner removed by the President. S ECT. 2. There shall also be a Marshal appointed, who shall hold his office for four years, unless sooner removed by the President; and who shall execute all processes issuing from said courts, when exercising their jurisdiction as courts of the United States. He shall be subject to the same regulations and penalties as the Marshal of the District Courts of the United States in their Territories. S ECT. 3. The Governor, Secretary of the Territory, Chief Justice, and associate Justices, Attorney and Marshal, shall be appointed by, and with the advice and consent of the Senate, appointed11 by the President of the United States; and shall receive such compensation and salaries as the Congress of the United States may allow. S ECT. 4. All persons appointed or elected, to any office within the Territory of New Mexico, shall, before entering upon the discharge of the duties of their offices, take an oath or affirmation to support the Constitution and laws of the United States, and faithfully demean themselves in office. S ECT. 5. A Delegate to the House of Representatives of the United States, to serve for the term of two years, may be elected by the voters qualified to elect members of the Legislative Assembly, who shall be entitled

D RAFT OF A C ONSTITUTION OF N EW M EXICO (1849) to the same rights and privileges as are exercised and enjoyed by the delegates from other Territories of the United States, to said House of Representatives. And the time and places of holding and conducting said election, shall be prescribed by the Legislative Assembly.

1

Verified by Journal of the Convention of the Territory of New Mexico [caption title], [Santa Fe, N.M.: s.n., 1849], 5–9. Spelling, capitalization, and punctuation as in the original print. An original manuscript is not known to have survived. Checked against New Mexico – Convention of Delegates. Journal and Proceedings of a Convention of Delegates Elected By the people of New Mexico, held at Santa Fe on the 24th of September, 1849, presenting a plan for a civil government of said territory of New Mexico, and asking the action of Congress thereon. February 25, 1850 (House of Representatives), 31st Congress, 1st Session, Miscellaneous, No. 39, [Washington: William M. Belt, 1850], 5–9, and a reprint of the Washington print as Journal and Proceedings of a Convention of Delegates Elected By the people of New Mexico, held at Santa Fe on the 24th of September, 1849 (Historical Society of New Mexico, Publications No. 10), Santa Fe, N.M.: The New Mexican Printing Company, 1907, 11–17. The proposed constitution was adopted by the convention on September 26, 1849 against a minority who had strived for statehood. Both factions intended to introduce civil government in New Mexico to replace the military government which had been the consequence of Washington’s rejection of the Organic Law

for the Territory of New Mexico of 1846 (q.v.). As the proposed constitution of 1849 was also not accepted by Congress (cf. Robert W. Larson, New Mexico’s Quest for Statehood, 1846–1912, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1968, 18–24), New Mexicans undertook a new attempt to achieve civil government with the Constitution of 1850 (q.v.). 2 In original print, 6, Washington print, 6, and 1907 reprint, 11, headings missing. 3 In Washington print, 6, and 1907 reprint, 12, “council”. 4 The whole sect. 7 is copied verbatim from sect. 7 of art. III of the Organic Law of the Territory of New Mexico of 1846 (q.v.), like a number of other sections. It is, therefore, highly probable that “1849” is a misprint for 1844, as there was no “department of New Mexico” in the American government, and that subsequently the county of San Miguel del Bado (three members) and the southeastern district (two members) were erroneously omitted by the printer. Cf. also art. III, sect. 2 below which indirectly refers to three districts. 5 In original print, 7, clause added by hand; in Washington print, 7, and 1907 reprint, 13, addition missing (cf. preceding note). 6 The date of the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo which, in terms of international law, ceded the former Mexican territory to the United States (The Statutes at Large and Treaties of the United States of America. From December 1, 1845, to March 3, 1851, Arranged in Chronological Order, edited by George Minot, IX, Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1862, 922–943). 7 In Washington print, 7, and 1907 reprint, 14, “or”. 8 In 1907 reprint, 15, “exeption”. 9 Ibid., “law”. 10 In Washington print, 9, and 1907 reprint, 16, “court”. 11 In Washington print, 9, and 1907 reprint, 16, word missing.

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Failed Constitution of Texas (1833)

Proyecto de constitución de Tejas (1833)

Constitution of Texas1

Constitucion de Tejas1

In the name of God, Omnipotent Author, and Supreme Legislator of the Universe! We, the People of Texas, being capable of figuring as a State in the manner contemplated in the second article of the Decree of the General Congress of the Nation, of the 7th of May, 1824, DO ORDAIN THE FOLLOWING CONSTITUTION , and do mutually agree with each other, to form ourselves into a Free and Independant State of the Mexican Confederacy, by the name of the S TATE OF T EXAS.

En el nombre de Dios, Autor Omnipotente, y Supremo Legislador del Universo. Nos, los Habitantes2 de Tejas, teniendo los requisitos3 que exige el articulo 2o . del Decreto del Congreso general de la Nacion, de 7. de Mayo de 1824, D ECRETAMOS LA SIGUIENTE C ONSTITUCION, y mutuamente convenimos en formar un Estado libre é independiente, dela Confederacion Mejicana, con el nombre de E STADO DE T EJAS.

GENERAL PROVISIONS

DISPOSICIONES GENERALES

A RTICLE 1. All power is inherent in the people; and all free governments are founded on their authority, and established for their peace, safety, and happiness: for the advancement of these ends, they have at all times an undeniable right to alter, reform, or abolish the government, in such manner as they may think proper.

A RTÍCULO 1o . Todo poder es inherente al pueblo, y todos los gobiernos son emanacion suya, y han sido establecidos para su seguridad, conservacion y prosperidad4 : para el sostenimiento de estos fines tiene en todos tiempos incuestionable derecho pa . alterar, reformar ó abolir el gobierno en los terminos que lo juzgue conveniente.

A RT. 2. Government being instituted for the protection and common benefit of all persons, the slavish doctrine of non-resistance against arbitrary power and oppression is discarded, as destructive of the happiness of mankind, and as insulting to the rights, and subversive of the liberties of any people.

A RT. 2o . Instituido todo gobierno pa . la proteccion y beneficio comun de todos, el servil principio de no resistencia ála opresion y poder arbitrario5 es erróneo, como destructor dela felicidad del hombre, ofensivo álos derechos y subversivo delas libertades públicas6 .

A RT. 3. All elections shall be free and equal.

A RT. 3o . Las elecciones serán libres é iguales.

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T EXAS A RT. 4. The right of trial by jury, and the privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall be established by law, and shall remain inviolable.

A RT. 4o . El derecho de juzgar por un jury, y el privilegio de Habeas Corpus, se establecerá pr . ley y será inviolable.

A RT. 5. The people shall be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and possessions, from unreasonable searches and seizures: and general warrants, whereby an officer may be commanded to search suspected places, without evidence of the fact committed, or to seize any person, or persons, not named, whose offences are not particularly described; and supported by evidence, are dangerous to liberty, and shall not be granted.

A RT. 5o . Los Ciudadanos no serán detenidos, ni sus casas, papeles y posesiones embargadas, sin justa causa7 ; y no se espedirán ordenes generales, por las cuales se mande á un oficial q. cate lugares sospechosos, sin previa evidencia del hecho cometido, ni se arrestará persona alguna de cuyos delitos no se tenga exacta noticia y que no se hayan probado evidentemente, por ser esto contrario àla libertad.

A RT. 6. No citizen shall be taken, or imprisoned, or disseized of his freehold, liberties or privileges, or outlawed, or exiled, or in any manner distrained, or deprived of his life, liberty, or property, but by the law of the land.

A RT. 6o . Ningun ciudadano podrá ser detenido, puesto preso, ó privado de su feudo franco, de sus libertades ó privilegios, ni proscripto ó desterrado, ni de ningun modo privado de su vida, de su libertad ó bienes, sino por las leyes del pais.

A RT. 7. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused hath a right to be heared by himself and his counsel, to demand the nature and cause of the accusation against him, and to have a copy thereof: he shall be confronted by his accusers and the witnesses, he shall have compulsory processes for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and in prosecutions by indictment or presentment, a speedy public trial, by an impartial jury of the municipality or district, in which the crimes shall have been committed; and shall not be compelled to give evidence against himself.

A RT. 7o . En todos los procesos criminales, el acusado tiene derecho para ser oido lo mismo que su abogado, pa . preguntar la naturaleza y causa dela acusacion que se lehace, y para exigir copia de ella: será careado con sus acusadores y con los testigos; se le darán órdenes compulsorias pa . q. los presente á su favor, y en los procesos pr . representacion jurídica8 , será prontamente juzgado por un jury imparcial dela municipalidad ó distrito en q. se cometiere el crimen; sin q. pueda obligársele á deponer contra sí mismo.

A RT. 8. No person shall, for the same offence, be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb.

A RT. 8o . Nadie podrá por el mismo delito ser dos veces castigado con riesgo de perder la vida ó algun miembro.

A RT. 9. No retrospective law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be made.

A RT. 9o . No se dará ley retroactiva ó que impida el cumplimiento de cualquier contrato.

A RT. 10. No conviction shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture of estate.

A RT. 10o . La conviccion no producirá derramamiento de sangre ó secuestro de bienes.

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FAILED C ONSTITUTION OF T EXAS (1833) A RT. 11. No person arrested, or confined in jail, shall be treated with unnecessary rigour.

A RT. 11o . Ninguna persona arrestada ó presa, será tratada con innecesario rigor.

A RT. 12. No person shall be compelled to answer any criminal charge but by presentment, indictment, or impeachment, or by a concurrent vote of both houses of the legislature, as provided by the constitution.

A RT. 12o . Ninguna persona tendrá q. responder cargo alguno criminal sino es pr . representacion jurídica, ó acusacion pública9 , ó por unánime10 voto de ámbas Cámaras dela Legislatura, segn . previene esta Constitucion.

A RT. 13. All persons shall be bailable by sufficient sureties, unless for capital crimes, when the proof is evident, or the presumption strong; and the privelege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, except when in cases of rebellion, or invasion, the public safety may require it.

A RT. 13o . A nadie podrá rehusarse la admision de suficientes fianzas, á ménos q. sea pr . crimenes capitales, cuando las pruebas son evidentes, y las sospechas poderosas; y el privilegio de Habeas Corpus solo podrá suspenderse en los casos de rebelion ó invasion en q. la seguridad pública lo requiera.

A RT. 14. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed: or cruel or unusual punishment inflicted: all courts shall be open, and every man, for an injury done him in his lands, goods, person, or reputation, shall have remedy by due course of law, and right and justice administered, without sale, denial, or delay.

A RT. 14o . No se exigirán escesivas fianzas, ni se impondrán crecidas11 multas; no se castigará de un modo cruel ó desusado: los tribunales estarán abiertos, y todos, pr . cualqr . perjuicio que se les haya en su persona, reputacion, tierras ó efectos12 , serán atendidos segn . la Ley13 , y se les administrará justicia sin repulsa, dilacion, y sin exigir paga14 .

A RT. 15. The person of a debtor, where there is not strong presumption of fraud, shall not be continued in prison after delivering up his estate for the benefit of his creditor, or creditors, in such manner as shall be prescribed by law.

A RT. 15o . Ningun deudor, cuando no hay fundadas sospechas de fraude, será detenido en prision desps . de haber entregado sus bienes á favor del acreedor ó acreedores, en los terminos prescriptos pr . la Ley.

A RT. 16. The free communication of thoughts and opinions, is one of the inviolable rights of man; and every person may freely speak, write, print, and publish, on any subject, being responsible for the abuse of that liberty: but in prosecutions for the publication of papers investigating the official conduct of men in public capacity, the truth thereof may be given in evidence, as well as in personal actions of slander; and in all indictments for libles, the jury shall have

A RT. 16o . La libre comunicacion delas ideas y opiniones, es uno delos inviolables derechos del hombre; y todos pueden libremente hablar, escribir, imprimir y publicar sobre cualqr . materia, quedando responsables por el abuso de esta libertad; mas en las denuncias pr . publicacion de papeles referentes ála conducta pública de un funcionario, fundados tal vez en evidencias ó en calumnias, y en las acusaciones por libélos, el jury tendrá derecho para tomar conoci-

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T EJAS the right to determine the law and the facts, under the direction of the court as in other cases.

miento de la ley y del hecho, de q. el tribunal entienda como en otros casos.

A RT. 17. No man’s particular service shall be demanded, nor property taken, or applied to public use, without the consent of himself, or his, representative; or without just compensation being made therefor, according to law.

A RT. 17o . No podrán exigirse los servicios personales de ningun individuo, ni tomarse su propriedad ó aplicarla á uso público, sin el consentimiento del interesado ó de su apoderado15 , ó sin justa compensacion conforme ála Ley.

A RT. 18. The people have a right to assemble together, in a peaceable manner, for their common good: to instruct their representatives and to apply to those invested with the powers of government, for redress of grievances, or for other proper purposes, by address or remonstrance.

A RT. 18o . El Pueblo tiene derecho á reunirse pacíficamente para promover sus adelantos16 ; instruir á sus representantes, y ocurrir álos que están investidos con el poder público, para la satisfaccion de agravios, ó para otros fines, por medio de solicitudes ó representaciones.

A RT. 19. Perpetuities and monopolies are contrary to the genius of a free government, and shall not be allowed.

A RT. 19o . Las perpetuidades y monopolios son contrarios al espíritu de un gobierno libre, y no se permitirán.

A RT. 20. The sure and certain defence of a free people, is a well regulated militia: and it shall be the duty of the legislature to enact such laws, as may be necessary to the organization of the militia of this State.

A RT. 20o . La defensa firme y segura de un pueblo libre, es una milicia bien arreglada; y será un deber dela Legislatura el espedir aquellas Leyes que se crean necesarias para la organizacion dela del Estado.

A RT. 21. No soldier, in the time of peace, shall be quartered in the house, or within the inclosure of any individual, without the consent of the owner; nor in time of war, but in a manner prescribed by law.

A RT. 21o . En tiempo de paz ningun soldado será alojado en la casa ó pertenencia de ningun individuo sin su consentimiento; y en tiempo de guerra solo en los términos prescriptos por ley.

A RT. 22. No property qualifications shall be required to entitle a citizen to vote, or hold any office, in the gift of the people of this State.

A RT. 22o . No será necesaria la calificacion de bienes para que un ciudadano pueda votar, ó llenar un empleo de eleccion popular17 de este Estado.

A RT. 23. All persons residing in Texas, at the date of this Constitution, except bonded servants, and other persons not liable to taxation by virtue of laws enacted under this Constitution, shall be regarded as citizens, and as being entitled to all the benefits of persons who emigrated to the country under the Colozination Law of 1825, and shall be acknowledged and admitted to all the rights

A RT. 23o . Todas las personas residentes en Tejas al formarse esta Constitucion, á escepcion delos esclavos18 y demas personas no sugetas al pago de impuestos en virtud delas Leyes dadas por esta Constitucion, serán reputados por ciudadanos, con derecho álos privilegios correspondientes álos individuos que emigraron al pais bajo la Ley de Colonizacion de 1825., y serán reconocidos

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P ROYECTO DE CONSTITUCIÓN DE T EJAS (1833) and privileges of such immigrants.

como tales, y admitidos álos derechos y privilegios de dichos emigrados.

A RT. 24. All contracts and transfers of property, by will or otherwise, as well in relation to real as personal estate, which have been made in Texas heretofore, or which hereafter may be made, in good faith, by the parties, shall not be void for any want of form or technicality, but shall be construed and enforced according to the true intention of the parties.

A RT. 24o . Todos los contratos y traslados de propriedad por testamento ó de otro modo, tanto en relacion á bienes reales como personales que hasta ahora se hayan hecho en Tejas ó en lo succesivo se hagan sobre la buena fé delas partes, no serán nulos por falta de otras formalidades19 , sino que se harán válidos y obligatorios conforme al intento delas partes.

A RT. 25. Treason against the State shall consist only in levying war against it, or adhering to its enemies, giving them aid and comfort. – No person shall be convicted of treason, unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act.

A RT. 25o . La traicion contra el estado solo consistirá en hacer guerra contra él ó en adherirse á sus enemigos dandoles ayuda ó ausilio. Ninguna persona será convencida de traicion sino por el testimonio de dos testigos del hecho.

A RT. 26. The benefits of education, and of useful knowledge, generally diffused through a community, are essential to the preservation of a free government. The protection and advancement of these great objects are given in special and solemn charge to the legislature. – It shall be a particular duty of the government to patronize and cherish the interests of literature, of science, and the arts; and as soon as practicable, to establish schools, where the poor shall be taught gratis.

A RT. 26o . Los beneficios dela educacion y de útiles conocimientos generalmente difundidos en la comunidad, son la esencia dela conservacion de un gobierno libre. La proteccion y adelanto de estos grandes obgetos se consignan especial y solemnemente ála Legislatura. Será el particular deber del Gobierno fomentar y proteger los progresos20 dela Literatura, delas Artes y delas Ciencias21 ; y establecerá, tan pronto como sea practicable, escuelas en que los pobres sean enseñados gratis.

A RT. 27. All elections in this State, shall be by ballot: and the manner thereof shall be prescribed by law.

A RT . 27o . Todas las elecciones en este Estado serán por boletas; y el modo de verificarlas22 se prescribirá por ley.

A RT. 28. All lands in this state, liable to taxation, held by deed, grant, concession, colonization law, or otherwise, shall be taxed according to their valuation.

A RT. 28o . Todas las tienas en este Estado, q. puedan ser pensionadas23 , poseidas por testamento, donacion, concesion, Ley de colonizacion ó de otra manera, lo serán conforme á su avalúo.

A RT. 29. The right of suffrage shall not be exercised by any person of insane mind, or who shall be a pauper, or supported by public or private charity, nor by any noncommissioned officer, soldier, seaman, or marine, in the service of the United Mexican

A RT. 29o . El derecho de sufragio no será egercido por persona demente, ó que sea pobre24 ó esté sostenida por la caridad pública ó privada, ni por ningun oficial comisionado25 , soldado, hombre de mar ó marino, al servicio delos Estados Unidos Megicanos,

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T EXAS States; nor by any person convicted of an infamous offence, hereafter committed.

ni por ninguna persona convencida de un crímen infame cometido en lo succesivo.

A RT. 30. No bank nor banking institution, nor office of discount and deposite, nor other monied corporation, nor private banking establishment, shall ever exist during the continuance of this constitution.

A RT. 30o . Ningun Banco público ó privado , ni establecimiento de descuento y depósito, ni ninguna corporacion monetaria27 existirá durante el periodo designado á esta Constitucion.

A RT. 31. All lands within the limits of Texas, at this date vacant, or not held agreeable to law, or to be located under genuine and bonifide grants, now issued and received by the grantee, or grantees, or otherwise provided for by this constitution, shall belong and constitute a fund for the use of the state; and be subject to the disposal of the legislature: Provided, that nothing contained in this article shall be so construed, as to prejudice the rights of citizens, colonists or settlers, who hold, or are entitled to acquire, under this constitution, lands by deed, grant, concession, or settlement right.

A RT. 31o . Todas las tierras dentro delos limites de Tejas sin dueño en esta fecha, ó no poseidas conforme á ley, ó no ocupadas bajo contratos genuinos y de buena fé dadas ahora y recibidas por el concesionario ó concesionarios, ó de otra manera prevenida por esta Constitucion, pertenecerán y constituirán un fundo para el uso del Estado, y estarán ála disposicion dela Legislatura: Ordenando sin embargo, que nada de lo contenido en este artículo sea interpretado en perjuicio delos derechos delos ciudadanos, colonos é poseedores28 , q. tienen ó pueden tener derecho á adquirir, conforme á esta Constitucion, tierras por muerte, donacion, concesion ó derecho de colonizacion.

LEGISLATURE

PODER LEGISLATIVO

A RT. 32. The legislative authority of this State, shall be vested in a Legislature, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives, both dependent on the people.

A RT. 32. El Poder Legislativo de este Estado se depositará en una legislatura que se compondra de un Senado y de una Camara de Representantes, ambas emanadas del Pueblo29 .

A RT. 33. The members of the legislature shall be chosen by the qualified electors, and shall serve for the term of two years from the day of commencement of the general election, and no longer.

A RT. 33. Los miembros de la legislatura serán elegidos por electores calificados, y servirán por el termino de dos años, contados desde el día que comienze la eleccion general, y no mas.

A RT. 34. The senators and representatives shall be chosen every two years, on the first Monday of August, and the day following.

A RT. 34. Los Senadores y Representantes serán electos cada dos años en el primer lunes de Agosto y día siguiente.

A RT. 35. Within three years from the meeting of the first legislature under this constitution, an enumeration of the population of the

A RT. 35. A los tres años contados desde la reunion de la primera Legislatura, conforme á esta constitucion, se hará un censo

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26

FAILED C ONSTITUTION OF T EXAS (1833) state shall be made agreeably to the mode which shall be prescribed by the legislature, and the apportionment and representation shall be regulated by law.

de la poblacion del Estado conforme á lo prescripto por la Legislatura, y la division y representacion sera arreglada por una ley.

A RT. 36. The number of senators shall, at the several periods of making the enumeration before mentioned, be fixed by the legislature, and apportoined among the precincts, formed as hereinafter directed, according to the number of taxable inhabitants in each, and shall never be less than one third, nor more than one half of the whole number of representatives.

A RT. 36. El numero de Senadores se fijará en los diversos periodos de hacer la enumeracion mencionada por la Legislatura, y elegidos30 entre los distritos formados como antes se ordena, conforme al numero de habitantes contribuyentes en cada uno; y nunca será menos que el tercio ni mas que una mitad del num.o total de representantes.

A RT. 37. Elections for representatives for the several precincts entitled to representation, shall be held at the places of holding their respective courts, or at such other places as the legislature may prescribe.

A RT. 37. Las elecciones para representantes delos diversos distritos que tienen derecho de representacion, se verificarán en sus respectivas capitales31 , ó en aquellos lugares prescritos por la Legislatura.

A RT. 38. The senators shall be chosen by districts, to be formed by the legislature according to the number of taxable inhabitants in each, provided that no precinct shall be divided in forming a senatorial district.

A RT. 38. Los Senadores serán elegidos por distritos formados por la Legislatura conforme al no . de havitantes de cada uno que paguen contribucion, en concepto de que ningun lugar será dividido para formar un distrito senatorial.

A RT. 39. The first three years after the adoption of this constitution, the legislature shall meet annually, on the first Monday of November; and thereafter it shall meet biennially, on the same day, and be held at such place as the legislature shall prescribe.

A RT. 39. Alos tres años despues de la adopcion de esta constitucion, la Legislatura se reunirá anualmente el primer lunes del mes de Noviembre; y en lo succesivo se reunirá cada dos años en el mismo día y en el lugar que la Legislatura designe.

A RT. 40. No person shall be eligible to a seat in the senate until he has arrived to the age of twenty-five years, nor in the house of representatives until he shall have arrived to the age of twenty-one years; he shall be a citizen of the state, and shall have resided within the same twelve months, and six months within the precinct, or district for which he is elected, immediately preceding the time of his election.

A RT. 40. Ninguna persona será elegible pa . ocupar una plaza en el Senado, hasta que no haya llegado á la edad de veinte y cinco años, ni para la camara de representantes, hasta que tenga veinte y un años; el elegido será ciudadano del Estado con residencia en el de doce meses, y de seis en el lugar ó distrito por el que es elegido, cuyo tiempo habrá precedido al en que se haga la eleccion.

A RT. 41. Every male inhabitant of the age of twenty-one years, who shall be a citizen

A RT. 41. Cada havitante varon de la edad de veinte y un años que sea ciudadano del

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T EJAS of the state, and shall have resided for the last six months, immediately preceding the day of election, within the precinct, or district, shall enjoy the right of an elector.

Estado y que haya residido los ultimos seis meses anteriores el día de la eleccion en el lugar ó distrito gozará los derechos de elector.

A RT. 42. [T]he senate, at its meeting, shall elect a president protempore; and the house of representatives shall elect its speaker. Each house shall elect its own officers, and be judges of the qualifications and election of its members.

A RT. 42. El senado luego que se reuna, nombrará un Presidente pro-tempore; y la camara de representantes nombrará el suyo32 . Cada camara elegirá sus proprios empleados, y será juez de las calificaciones y elecciones de sus miembros.

A RT. 43. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings; punish its members for disorderly behaviour, and with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member; but not a second time for the same offence; and shall have all other powers necessary for the legislature of a state.

A RT. 43. Cada camara podrá formar su reglamento interior, castigar á sus miembros por conducta desordenada, y con la concurrencia de dos tercios expeler á un miembro, pero no una segunda vez por la misma ofensa; y tendra todos los otros poderes necesarios á la Legislatura de un Estado.

A RT. 44. Senators and representatives shall, in all cases except treason, felony, or breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during the session of the legislature, and in going to and returning from the same.

A RT. 44. Los Senadores y Representantes en todos los casos, escepto el de traicion, felonia ó alteracion dela paz, tendrán privilegio para no ser arrestados durante la sesion de la Legislatura, ni ála ida y regreso de la misma.

A RT. 45. Each house may punish, by imprisonment, any person not a member, who shall be guilty of disrespect to the house, by any disorderly or contemptuous behaviour in their presence; – Provided, that such imprisonment shall not be for a longer time than thirty days.

A RT. 45. Cada camara podrá castigar con prision á cualquiera persona que no sea miembro suyo, que sea culpable de falta de respeto á la Camara por algun hecho desordenado ó escandoloso en su presencia; ordenandose que tales prisiones no podrán esceder de treinta dias.

A RT. 46. Bills may originate in either house, but may be afterwards amended or rejected by the other.

A RT. 46. Los proyectos de ley podrán tener origen en una ú otra camara; pero despues podran ser reformados ó desechados por la otra.

A RT. 47. Every bill shall be read on three different days, and signed by the president of the senate, and speaker of the house [of] representatives, before it becomes a law, unless the public safety should be endangered by delay.

A RT. 47. Cada proyecto será leido en tres diversos dias y firmado por el presidente del Senado y el dela Camara de Representantes antes que llegue á ser ley, á menos que la Salud pubca . se comprometa por la demora.

A RT. 48. After a bill has been rejected, no bill containing the same substance shall be

A RT. 48. Cuando un proyecto haya sido desechado, ningun otro conteniendo la mis-

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P ROYECTO DE CONSTITUCIÓN DE T EJAS (1833) passed into a law during that session.

ma sustancia pasará á ser ley en la misma sesion.

A RT. 49. The style of the laws of this state shall be – “Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the State of Texas.”

A RT. 49. La formula de las leyes de este Estado será – “Se decreta por el Senado y Camara de representantes del Estado de Texas.”

A RT. 50. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and publish them, except such parts as the welfare of the state may require to be kept secret; and the yeas and nays of the members, on any question, shall at the request of one-fourth of the members present, be entered on the journal.

A RT. 50. Cada Camara llevará un diario de sus procedimientos y lo publicará, escepto aquellas partes que el bien del Estado exija queden secretas; y los votos negativos ó afirmativos33 de los miembros presentes en cualquiera cuestion, serán estampados en el diario, si lo pide la cuarta parte de los presentes.

A RT. 51. The legislature shall have power to establish, from time to time, the salaries of all the officers of the state; and to regulate the compensation of its own members.

A RT. 51. La Legislatura tendrá facultad para fijar de tiempo en tiempo los sueldos de todos los empleados del Estado, y para determinar la compensacion de sus miembros.

A RT. 52. The doors of each house, and committees of the whole, shall be kept open, unless when the business before them require secrecy.

A RT. 52. Las puertas de cada sala y las de las comisiones34 se conservarán abiertas, escepto cuando los negocios que se traten en ellas exijan secreto.

A RT. 53. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in pursuance of appropriation by law.

A RT. 53. Ninguna cantidad se estraerá de la Tesoreria sino en virtud de una ley.

A RT. 54. No person, who heretofore hath been, or hereafter may be a collector, or holder of public monies, shall have a seat in either house of the legislature of the state, until such person shall have accounted for, and paid into the treasury, all sums for which he may be liable.

A RT. 54. Ninguna persona que haya sido ó fuese Administrador35 ó depositario de caudales publicos, tendrá lugar en cualquiera delas camaras de la Legislatura del Estado, hasta que dicha persona haya rendido cuentas y pagado al tesoro todas las sumas de que haya quedado responsable.

A RT. 55. No judge of any court of law, or equity, secretary of state, attorney general, register, clerk of any court of record, or person holding any office under the authority of the Mexican United States, shall have a seat in the legislature of this state, nor shall any person in this state hold more than one lucrative office at one and the same time; Provided, that no appointment in the militia,

A RT. 55. Ningun juez de algun Tribunal36 , Secretario de Estado, Procurador general, Registrador, dependiente de alguna oficina de archivo37 , ó persona que desempeñe algun destino de la Federación, tendrá lugar en la Legislatura de este Estado; ninguna persona gozará en él mas de un destino lucrativo á la vez y en el mismo tiempo; ordenandose ademas que ningun destino en la

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T EXAS or to the office of justice of the peace, so long as no salary is attached thereto, shall be considered a lucrative office.

milicia ó en un empleo de juzgado de paz, todo el tiempo que no se disfrute salario por él, pueda considerarse como empleo lucrativo.

A RT. 56. If any member of the legislature is appointed to, or elected to, or accepts any other office than that of justice of the peace, trustee of a literary society, or commission in the militia, such appointment and acceptance shall be a vacation of his seat in the legislature; and no member thereof shall be eligible to hold any office, created by the legislature, during his term of service as a member.

A RT. 56. Si algun individuo de la Legislatura es designado ó elegido y acepta cualquiera comision que no sea la de juez de paz, miembro38 de alguna sociedad de Literatura, ó empleado39 en la milicia, tal destino y su aceptacion hará considerar como vacante su plaza en la Legislatura; y ningun miembro de ella será elegible para desempeñar ningun otro oficio, creado por la Legislatura durante el periodo de su servicio como miembro de ella.

A RT. 57. Any member of either house of the legislature shall have liberty to dissent from, and protest against, any act or resolve which he may think injurious to the public, or to any individual, and have the reasons of his dissent entered on the journals.

A RT. 57. Cualquiera miembro de alguna de las camaras de la Legislatura, tendrá libertad para disentir y protestar contra cualquiera acto ó resolucion que pueda considerar como perjudicial al publico ó á algun individuo, y tendrá derecho para publicar en los periodicos40 , las razones de su disentimiento.

A RT. 58. The legislature shall have power to establish such a system of internal improvement as they may think proper.

A RT. 58. La Legislatura tendrá facultad para establecer el sistema de gobierno interior41 que juzgue proprio.

A RT. 59. The legislature shall have power to enact laws to impose taxes, and collect money for the use of the state; but no currency shall ever be made a2 lawful tender, except gold, silver and copper coin.3

A RT. 59. La Legislatura tendrá poder para dictar leyes sobre contribuciones, y recoger numerario para el uso del Estado; pero no podrá establecerse ningun signo representativo de moneda en el mercado, sino es oro, plata y cobre.

EXECUTIVE

PODER EXECUTIVO

A RT. 60. The Executive power shall be vested in a Chief Magistrate, who shall be styled the Governor of the State of Texas.

A RT. 60. El Poder Executivo se compondrá de un Supremo Magistrado, á quien se denominará, Gobernador del Estado de Texas.

A RT. 61. The Governor shall be elected by the qualified electors, at the time and place of choosing representatives for the legislature. – He shall hold his office for the term of two years from the time of his installation,

A RT. 61. El Gobernador se nombrará por los electores calificados, en el lugar y tiempo que se elijan los representantes de la Legislatura. Tendrá este encargo por el termino de dos años que se contarán desde el tiempo

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FAILED C ONSTITUTION OF T EXAS (1833) and until a successor be duly appointed and qualified; but shall not be eligible for more than four years in any term of six years. He shall be a citizen of the United States of Mexico; shall be at least twenty-seven years of age, and shall have resided in Texas at least three years, next preceeding his election.

de su instalacion, y hasta que su succesor sea debidamente nombrado y calificado; pero en seis años solo podrá ser electo dos veces42 . Deberá ser ciudadano de los E. U. Mexicanos, y tendrá lo menos veinte y siete años de edad, habiendo residido en Texas lo menos tres años antes de su eleccion.

A RT. 62. The returns of every election for governor and lieutenant governor shall be sealed up, and transmitted to the president of the senate pro tem. who shall open and publish them, in presence of both houses of the legislature. The person having the highest number of votes shall be governor. Should two or more have been candidates for the office, and two or more persons be equal and highest in number, one of those who are equal and highest shall be chosen governor, by joint ballot of both houses; and in like manner, under similar circumstances, shall the lieutenant governor be chosen.

A RT. 62. Los pliegos de cada eleccion de Gobernador y Vice Gobernador se sellaran y transmitirán al presidente del Senado pro tempore quien los abrirá y publicará á presencia de ambas Camaras de la Legislatura. La persona que reuna la mayoria de votos, será Gobernador. Si hubiese dos ó mas personas que hayan sido candidatos pa . el nombramiento, y otros dos ó mas con igual43 numero de votos, una de ellas será electo Gobernador, por sorteo (ó votacion de balotas)44 que haran ambas Camaras; en igual manera y bajo las mismas circunstancias, será electo el Vice Gobernador.

A RT. 63. The governor shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compensation which shall be neither increased nor reduced during the term for which he shall have been elected.

A RT. 63. El Gobernador recibirá45 por sus servicios una compensacion que no se aumentará ni disminuirá durante el termino por que haya sido electo.

A RT. 64. The governor shall be commander in chief of the militia of the state; except when they shall be called into the service of the Mexican United States; but he shall not command personally in the field, unless he shall be advised so to do by resolution of the legislature; shall take care that the constitution of this state, the constitutive act, and the constitution of the Mexican United States, and the laws be faithfully executed; shall communicate to the legislature at every session the condition of the state; and recommend such measures as he may deem expedient; he shall have power to convene the legislature, when, in his opinion, the interest of the state may require it; to grant reprieves and pardons, except in case of impeachment; to conduct all correspondence,

A RT. 64. El Gobernador será el Commandante en Gefe de la milicia del Estado; excepto cuando ella se llame al Servicio de los E. U. Mexicanos; pero no podrá mandar personalmente en Campaña á menos que no se disponga asi por resolucion de la Legislatura; cuidará que la Constitucion del Estado, el Acta Constitutiva, la Constitucion de los E. U. Mexicanos, y las Leyes se executen fielmente; comunicará á la Legislatura en cada sesion la situacion46 del Estado, recomendando las medidas que juzgue convenientes; tendrá poder para convocar la Legislatura, cuando en su opinion el interes del Estado lo pueda necesitar; conceder perdones y execuciones de sentencias de muerte47 , excepto en caso de acusacion48 ; mantener toda la correspondencia ó comunicaciones

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T EJAS or intercourse, with other states, and with the general government; and during the recess of the legislature, to fill, pro tempore, until the end of the next succeeding session, all vacancies in those offices which it may be the duty of the two houses, or of the executive and senate, to fill permanently.

con otros Estados, y con el Gobierno General; y durante el receso de la Legislatura, llenar pro tempore,49 todas las vacantes en aquellos destinos que sea del deber de las dos Camaras, ó del Executivo y el Senado dar en propiedad.

A RT. 65. Every bill which shall have passed both houses of the legislature, shall be presented to the governor; if he approve he shall sign it, but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to the house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large upon the journals, and proceed to reconsider it; if, after such reconsideration, a majority of the whole number elected to that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, with the objections, to the other house, by whom it shall likewise be reconsidered; if approved by a majority of the whole number elected to that house, it shall become a law; but in such cases, the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the members voting for or against the bill, shall be entered on the journals of each house, respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the governor within five days, Sundays excepted, after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law in like manner, as if he had signed it, unless the legislature by their adjournment, prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law.

A RT. 65. Todas las Leyes50 que hayan pasado por ambas Camaras de la Legislatura, se presentarán al Gobernador; si son de su aprobacion las firmará, y si no, las volverá con sus objeciones, á la Camara de su origen, la que hará insertar en las actas51 dichas objeciones integras52 , y procederá á tomarlas nuevamente en consideracion; si despues de tal paso, una mayoria53 de aquella Camara accediese á que pase la Ley, la remitirá con sus observaciones54 á la otra Camara, por quien tambien se volverá á tomar en consideracion; y si se aprueba por una mayoria55 será una Ley; pero en tales casos, los votos de ambas Camaras se determinaran en pro ó en contra, y los nombres de los miembros que hayan votado, pro ó contra la Ley, se insertaran en el acta de cada Camara respectivamente. Si alguna Ley no se devuelve por el Gobernador dentro de cinco dias, (exceptuando los domingos) despues que se le haya presentado, la misma sera una Ley, del proprio modo que si la hubiera firmado, á menos que por receso de la Legislatura no haya podido ser devuelta en cuyo caso no tendrá fuerza de Ley.

A RT. 66. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of both houses may be necessary, except on questions of adjournment, shall be presented to the governor, and before it shall take effect be approved by him; or being disapproved, shall be repassed by both houses, according to the rules and limitation prescribed in the case of a bill.

A RT. 66. Toda orden, resolucion, ó voto á que la concurrencia de ambas Camaras pueda ser necesaria, excepto en las cuestiones de suspension, se presentará al Gobernador, y antes que tenga efecto deberá aprobarse por él; ó si la desaprueba se volverá á pasar á ambas camaras, conforme á las reglas y modificaciones56 prescritas en el caso de una Ley.

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P ROYECTO DE CONSTITUCIÓN DE T EJAS (1833) A RT. 67. There shall be a Lieutenant Governor, who shall be elected at the same time, in the same manner, for the same term, and shall possess the same qualifications as the governor. The electors shall designate for whom they vote as governor, and for whom as lieutenant governor.

A RT. 67. Habrá un Vice Gobernador, que se elijirá al mismo tiempo y del mismo modo por el proprio termino y deberá tener los mismos requisitos que el Gobernador.57

A RT. 68. The lieutenant governor shall, exoficio, be president of the senate, and when there is an equal division in the senate, shall give the casting vote; and also, in joint voting of both houses.

A RT. 68. El Vice Gobernador, cuando no esté en exercicio,58 será Presidente del Senado, y cuando se empate la votacion en el Senado, dará el suyo; tambien cuando voten unidas ambas Camaras.

A RT. 69. When the office of governor shall become vacant by death, resignation, absence from the state, removal from office, refusal to quality, impeachment, or otherwise, the lieutenant governor, or in case of like4 disability on his part, the president of the senate pro tempore; or if there be no president of the senate pro tem. the speaker of the house of representatives shall possess all the powers and discharge all the duties of governor; and shall receive for his services the like compensation to the end of the term, or until the disability of the governor be removed; Provided, that should the office become permanently vacant, within ten months from the beginning of the term, the person exercising the powers of governor, for the time being, shall, as may be, cause an election to be held to fill such vacancy, giving three months notice thereof.

A RT. 69. Cuando el empleo de Gobernador esté vacante, por muerte, renuncia, ausencia del Estado, remocion de empleo, falta de aprobacion, acusacion, ú otra causa, el Vice Presidente59 , ó en caso de igual imposibilidad de su parte, el Presidente del Senado pro tempore, ó á falta de este, el Presidente de la Camara de Representantes exercerá el poder, y cumplirá todos los deberes de Gobernador; recibiendo por sus servicios la misma compensacion al fin del termino, ó hasta que la imposibilidad del Gobernador cese, siempre que el empleo quede vacante, dentro de diez meses que se deberan contar desde el principio del periodo la persona que exerza el empleo de Gobernador, el tiempo que haya estado vacante, promoverá tan pronto como sea posible60 una eleccion para llenar tal vacante, lo que se anunciará tres meses antes que se verifique aquella.

A RT. 70. There shall be a Secretary of State, appointed by the governor, with the advice and consent of the senate. He shall hold his office three years, and shall keep a register of all the official acts and proceedings of the governor, and perform such duties as may be enjoined upon him by law. He shall, as soon as may be, procure and keep a seal of state, with such emblems and devices as shall be directed by law, which shall not be subject to change.

A RT. 70. Habrá un Secretario de Gobierno61 , nombrado por el Gobernador, con aprobacion62 del Senado. La duracion de este empleo será de tres años; llevará un registro de todos los actos oficiales y disposiciones del Gobernador cumpliendo con los deberes que le impone la Ley; guardará un sello de Estado con aquellos emblemas y divisas que determine la Ley, y que no estarán sujetos á cambio, que se le entregará luego que sea posible.

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T EXAS A RT. 71. A state treasurer shall be elected by joint vote of both houses who shall also discharge the duties of Auditor, until otherwise provided by law.

A RT. 71. Se nombrará un Tesorero por el voto unido de ambas Camaras, que tambien desempeñará el cargo de Auditor, hasta que por Ley se determine otra cosa.

A RT. 72. There shall be an ayuntamiento in each municipality. The powers and duties of the ayuntamientos, the number of members who are to compose them, and the mode of their election, shall be prescribed by law.

A RT. 72. Habrá un Ayuntamiento en cada municipalidad. Los poderes y deberes de los Ayuntamientos, el numero de miembros de que deban componerse, y su eleccion, se prescribirá por Ley.

A RT. 73. All commissions shall be in the name of “The State of Texas,” be sealed with the state seal, signed by the governor, and attested by the secretary of state.

A RT. 73. Todas las comisiones serán en nombre “del Estado de Texas”, se sellaran con el Sello de Estado, firmandolas el Gobernador, y autorizandolas el Secretario de Gobierno.

A RT. 74. Sheriffs and Coroners shall be elected every two years, by the qualified electors; at the time and place of choosing representatives. Their duties shall be regulated by law, and they shall hold their office for two years, and until a successor shall be duly appointed and qualified, unless sooner removed for misdemeanor in office.

A RT. 74. Se nombraran por dos años prefectos (sheriffs) y Jueces (Coroners) por electores calificados; al mismo tiempo y en el lugar en que se haya la eleccion de representantes. Sus deberes se designarán por ley, la duracion de sus empleos será de dos años; y hasta que se nombren sus succesores y califiquen debidamente, á menos que antes sean removidas por mala conducta en el desempeño de su empleo.

A RT. 75. The governor shall nominate and appoint, with advice and consent of the senate, all officers whose offices are established by this constitution, and whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for: Provided, however that the legislature shall have the right to prescribe the mode of appointment of all other officers to be established by law.

A RT. 75. El Gobernador nombrará con la aprobacion63 del Senado, todos los empleados que establezca la Constitucion, y aquellos nombramientos de que no se ha hecho aqui mencion y sean necesarios: determinandose que la Legislatura tenga el derecho de prescribir la manera de nombrarlos64 .

A RT. 76. The governor shall make use of his private seal until a seal of the state shall be provided.

A RT. 76. El Gobernador hara uso de su Sello privado, hasta que se determine el del Estado.

JUDICIARY

PODER JUDICIAL

A RT. 77. The judicial power shall be vested in a supreme court, and inferior courts.

A RT. 77. El poder judicial rendirá en una Corte Suprema y en otras subalternas.

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FAILED C ONSTITUTION OF T EXAS (1833) A RT. 78. The State of Texas shall be divided into four judicial districts, in each of which there shall be appointed a district judge.

A RT. 78. El Estado de Tejas se dividirá en cuatro distritos judiciales, nombrándose en cada uno de ellos un juez de distrito.

A RT. 79. The said district judges shall compose the supreme court; a majority of whom shall form a quorum. The said judges shall hold their courts as district judges, and judges of the supreme court, at the time and places prescribed by law.

A RT. 79. Los mencionados jueces de distrito compondran la Corte Suprema y su mayoría será competente pa . fallar. Dichos jueces obraran como de distrito y como Jueces de la Suprema Corte en el tpo. y el lugar prescrito pr . la ley.

A RT. 80. The legislature shall create and establish such inferior courts as may be convenient for the administration of justice.

A RT. 80. La Legislatura establecerá y creará los tribunales65 q. juzgue necesarios pa . la administracion de justicia.

A RT. 81. The judges of the district and supreme courts, who shall be elected at the first session of the legislature, shall hold their offices for the term of three years, eligible for re-election; and their succcessors in office shall hold their office for the term of six years, eligible to re-election by the legislature every six years.

A RT. 81. Los jueces de distrito y de la Suprema Corte, q. se eligian en la primera sesion de la Legislatura durarán en su ejercicio pr . el termino de tres años, pudiendo ser reelectos, y sus succesores en dho. encargo continuarán pr . el termino de seis años pudiendo ser reelectos pr . la Legislatura cada seis años.

A RT. 82. The judges, by virtue of their office, shall be conservators of the peace through[ou]t5 the state. The style of all processes shall be, “The State of Texas;” all prosecutions shall be carried on “In the name, and by the authority of the State of Texas,” and conclude, “against the peace and dignity of the State.”

A RT. 82. Los jueces en virtud de su empleo seran conservadores de la paz en el Estado. La formula de todas las diligencias será “El Estado de Tejas” ellas se praticarán “En nombre y pr . autoridad del Estado de Tejas” y terminaran “En obsequio de66 la paz y dignidad del Estado[”].

A RT. 83. There shall be an attorney general for the state, and as many prosecuting attornies as may hereafter be found necessary. – Their duties, salaries, perquisites, and terms of service shall be determined by law.

A RT. 83. Habrá un Procurador general pa . el Estado y otros tantos particulares cuantos en seguida se juzguen necesarios. Sus dros., sueldos, emolumentos y las condiciones del servicio seran determinadas pr . ley.

A RT. 84. The clerks of the districts and supreme courts shall be appointed by the judges of the respective courts.

A RT. 84. Los empleados de los juzgados de distrito y de la Corte Suprema serán nombrados pr . los jueces de las respectivas Cortes. A RT. 85.67 Las leyes ecsistentes68 del Estado de Coahuila y Tejas al tpo. de promulgar esta Constitucion continuaran vigentes has-

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T EJAS ta q. sean alteradas ú abolidas pr . la Legislatura, adoptando esta un sistema ó código y especificando en todo caso las diferentes resoluciones q. de ella emanen69 . A RT. 85. The judges of the district and supreme courts shall receive fixed and adequate salaries, which shall be established by law.

A RT. 86.70 Los jueces de distrito y de la Corte Suprema percibiran sueldos fijos y proporcionados, los q. seran determinados pr . una ley.

A RT. 86. The judges may be removed from office by a concurrent vote of both houses of the legislature: but two-thirds of the number present, must concur in such vote, and the causes of removal shall be entered on the journal of each. The judge against whom the legislature may be about to proceed, shall receive notice thereof, accompanied with a copy of the causes alleged for his removal, at least thirty days before the day on which either house of the legislature shall sit thereupon.

A RT. 87. Los jueces podran removerse de su cargo interviniendo el voto71 de las dos Cámaras pero es necesario q. concurran en cada voto las dos terceras partes de los individuos presentes, y las causas de la remocion se patentizarán en las actas de cada una de ellas. Al juez contra el mal tenga q. proceder la Legislatura se le dará noticia de ello, acompañandole una copia de las causas q. se aleguen pa . un remocion, cuando menos treinta dias antes del en q. deban decidir las Cámaras sobre el particular.

A RT. 87. The judges may also be removed by impeachment.

A RT. 88. Los jueces pueden ser igualmente removidos pr . acusacion.

A RT. 88. The power of impeachment shall be vested in the house of representatives.

A RT. 89. El dro. de acusar rendirá en la Cámara de representantes.

A RT. 89. All impeachments shall be tried by the Senate: when acting for that purpose, the members shall be upon oath, and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present.

A RT. 90. Todas las acusaciones serán ecsaminadas pr . el Senado; cuando se reuna pa . este objeto sus miembros prestarán juramento y ninguno podrá ser declarado convicto sin la concurrencia de las dos terceras partes de los miembros presentes.

A RT. 90. The governor, and all civil officers shall be liable to impeachment for all misdemeanors in office: but judgment in such cases, shall not extend further than removal from office, and disqualification to hold any office of trust or profit, in this state. But the parties shall nevertheless, be liable and subject to indictment, trial and punishment according to law.

A RT. 91. El Gobernador y todos los demas empleados civiles estarán sujetos á la acusacion pr . los crímenes72 cometidos en el desempeño de su empleo: mas el juicio en ambos casos se limitará unicamente á la declaracion de la remocion del empleo y á la de ser incapaz de todo cargo de honor, confianza ó sueldo73 en este Estado. Pero las partes sin embargo se sujetaran á acusacion74 , proceso y castigo, conforme á la ley.

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P ROYECTO DE CONSTITUCIÓN DE T EJAS (1833) A RT. 91. The judges of the district and supreme courts, and the attorney general, shall be at least twenty-five years of age, and shall be learned in the law.

A RT. 92. Los jueces de distrito y de la Corte suprema y el Procurador gral. deberán tener cuando menos 25. años de edad y estar instruidos en la ciencia del derecho75 .

A RT. 92. Alcaldes and Comisarios shall be elected by the people; their duties, jurisdiction, number in each municipality, and fees, shall be determined by law.

A RT. 93. Los Alcaldes y Comisarios76 serán elegidos pr . el Pueblo; sus deberes, jurisdiccion, número en cada municipalidad y gratificaciones77 se determinarán pr . una ley.

A RT. 93. The legislature is authorised to increase the number of judicial districts and district judges, whenever the necessity of the country requires it.

A RT. 94. La Legislatura está autorizada pa . aumentar el número de distritos judiciales y de jueces de distrito cuando la necesidad del pais lo requiera.

A RT. 94. The legislature shall establish a separate supreme court, so soon as the condition of the state may require it.

A RT. 95. La Legislatura establecerá una Corte Suprema separada, tan pronto como la situacion del Estado lo requiera.

A RT. 95. The interpretation of the constitution and laws of this state shall belong exclusively to the judiciary.

A RT. 96. La interpretacion de la Constitucion y de las leyes del Estado pertenecerá esclusivamente al poder judicial.

SCHEDULE

DIVERSAS DISPOSICIONES 78

A RT. 96. The state of Texas shall include all the country formerly known as the province of Texas.

A RT. 97. El Estado de Tejas comprenderá todo el pais q. antes se ha conocido bajo la denominacion de Provincia de Tejas.

A RT. 97. That no inconvenience may arise in our separation from Coahuila, it is declared that all rights, actions, prosecutions, and contracts, shall continue as if no change had taken place, except in cases provided for in the body of this constitution.

A RT. 98. A fin de q. no resulte inconveniente de nuestra separacion de Coahuila, se declara, q. todos los dros., acciones, diligencias y contratas continuaran como si no hubieso habido tal separacion, escepto en los casos previstos en el cuerpo de esta Constitucion.

A RT. 98. All dues, fines, penalties, and forfeitures due and owing to the State of Coahuila and Texas, shall be collectable in the name, and for the use of Texas. All bonds for the performance of duties, shall be passed over to the first Governor of Texas, and his successors in office, for the use and benefit of the parties interested.

A RT. 99. Todas las deudas, multas, penas pecuniarias y secuestras al Estado de Coahuila y Tejas seran percibidos en nombre y pa . uso del Estado de Tejas. Todas las obligaciones pa . la ejecucion de los dros.79 pasarán al primer Gobernador de Tejas y en seguida á sus succesores pa . uso y beneficio de las partes interesadas.

A RT. 99. The authorities of the State of Coahuila and Texas shall fill their offices

A RT. 100. Las autoridades del Estado de Coahuila y Tejas q. estén empleadas den-

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T EXAS within the limits of Texas, and shall continue in the exercise of their respective duties until suspended under this constitution.

tro de los límites de Tejas continuaran en el ejercicio de sus respectivos deberes hasta q. sean suspendidas pr . la presente constitucion.

A RT. 100. Until the first enumeration, as provided for by this constitution, the apportionment of representation to the legislature, shall be regulated by a resolution to be adopted by this constitution6 .

A RT. 101. Hasta no formar el censo como se previene pr . esta Constitucion el número80 de representantes en la Legislatura será arreglado pr . una resolucion q. se adoptará pr . esta Convencion81 .

A RT. 101. All officers or persons elected, or appointed to any office or place of trust, profit, or honor, in this state, before entering upon the duties of his office, or station, shall take the following oath: – “I A. B. do solemnly swear, that I will support the constitution of the United Mexican States, the constitutive act, and the constitution of this state, and that I will faithfully discharge the duties of the office of ––––––, according to law, to the best of my abilities. – So help me God.”

A RT. 102. Todos los empleados ó personas elegidas ó nombradas pa . algun empleo ó plaza de confianza, lucro ú honora en el Estado, antes de entran en el desempeño de sus deberes prestará el singuiente juramento “Yo N. juizo solemnemente q. sostendré la Constitucion de los Estados Unidos Mejicanos, el acta constitutiva y la Constitucion de este Estado, y q. desempeñaré fiel y debidamente82 los deberes del empleo de ––––––– conforme á las leyes y a mi capacidad. Si asi lo hiciere Dios me ayude.[”]

A RT. 102. The election of Senators and Representatives to the general congress, shall take place agreeably to the provisions of the Federal constitution of the United Mexican States; and laws to that effect, shall be passed by the legislature.

A RT. 103. La eleccion de Senadores y representantes al Congreso gral[.] se hará conforme á las disposiciones de la Constitucion gral. de los Estados Unidos Mejicanos; las leyes pa . el efecto se espediran pr . la Legislatura.

A RT. 103. Whenever a majority of both houses of the legislature, may deem it necessary to amend this constitution, they shall recommend to the electors at the next election of members of the legislature, to vote for or against a convention, and if it shall appear, that a majority of all the electors of the state, voting for the members of the legislature, shall have voted for a convention, the legislature shall, at their next session, call a convention to consist of at least as many members as there may be in the legislature, to be elected at the same places, and in like manner as prescribed for the election of members of that body.

A RT. 104. Cuando una mayoría de ambas Cámaras juzgue conveniente83 reformar esta Constitucion, se recomendará á los electores en la prócsima eleccion de miembros de la Legislatura, q. voten en pro ó en contra de una Convencion, y si aparece q. la mayoría de los electores del Estado q. han votado á los miembros de la Legislatura lo han hecho igualmente en favor de una Convencion, la Legislatura en sus prócsimas sesiones84 convocará una q. se componga á lo menos del mismo número de miembros q. la Legislatura, los q. se nombrarán de la misma manera85 q. se ha prescrito pa . la eleccion de los individuos q. componen dha. corporacion.

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FAILED C ONSTITUTION OF T EXAS (1833) A RT. 104. Until the first enumeration shall be made as described by this constitution, the senatorial districts shall be composed of the following precincts: Bexar, shall he entitled to one senator. Nueces, Goliad and Guadalupe Victoria, one senator, [Gonzalez, Bastrop and Alfred, one senator.]7 Labaca, Matagorda, and Santa Anna, one senator. Victoria, and Bolivar, one senator. San Felipe, one senator. Magnolia, San Jacinto, {west side} and precinct of San Jacinto, one senator. New-Holland, Hidalgo, and Tenoxticlan, one senator. Anahuac, Liberty and Cow Bayou, one senator. Nacogdoches, one senator. Ayish and Snow River, one senator. Tennahaw and Sabine, one senator.

A RT. 105. Hasta tanto q. no se forme el prócsimo censo como está prevenido pr . esta Constitucion, los distritos senatoriales se compondran de los seguintes territorios. Bexar, nombrará un Senador. Nueces, Goliat y Guadalupe Victoria, un Senador. Gonzalez, Bastrop y Alfred, un Senador.86 Labaca, Matagorda y Santa Anna, un Senador. Victoria y Bolivar, un Senador. Sn . Felipe, un Senador. Magnolia, Sn . Jacinto (parte occidental) y Territorio de Sn . Jacinto, un Senador. Nueva Holanda, Hidalgo y Tenoxtitlan87 , un Senador. Anahuac, Libertad y Cow Bayou, un Senador. Nacogdoches, un Senador. Ayish y Rio nevado, un Senador. Tennahaw y Sabina, un Senador.

A RT. 105. The number of representatives that each of the precincts, above enumerated, shall have in the first legislature, shall be determined by the number of votes given in at the first election, on the basis of one representative for every hundred voters, without counting fractions under one hundred. Provided, that each precint shall have one representative, whatever may be the number of its voters. After all the votes are taken, and the polls are closed, the judges of the election shall declare the persons who have received the highest number of votes for representatives, to be duly elected, agreeably to the basis above established, and shall issue certificates to such persons accordingly. In case of a tie between two or more, it shall be decided by lot, by the judges.

A RT. 106. El número de representantes q. cada uno de los territorios ya mencionados deba tener en la primera Legislatura será determinado pr . el número de votos q. haya en la primera eleccion, á razon de un representante pr . cada cien votantes sin contar las fracciones q. resulten. Todo territorio tendrá un representante cualquiera q. sea el número de votantes. Despues de dados los votos y q. las juntas hayan terminado los jueces de la eleccion declararán las personas q. hayan tenido el mayor número de votos pa . representantes, y q. han sido electos legalemente conforme á la base establecida y estenderan unos certificados sobre lo mismo q. entregarán á los electos. En caso de empate entre dos ó mas individuos los jueces haran q. decida la suerte.

A RT. 106. All powers, or grants of power, rights, or privileges, and immunities, not expressly given or granted by this constitution, are reserved to, and shall remain with, the People of the State, and can only be di-

A RT. 107. Todos los poderes ó concesiones de poder, dros., privilegios é inmunidades q. no hayan sido dados ó garantizados88 espresamente pr . esta Constitucion, estan reservados y ecsisten en el Pueblo del Esta-

119

T EJAS vested, or delegated, by amendment of this Constitution.

do y podran ser unicamente renunciados ó delegados en la reforma q. se haya de esta Constitucion.

Done in the Town of San Felipe de Austin, in Convention of the People of Texas, by means of their chosen Delegates, on the thirteenth day of April, in the Year of our Lord, eighteen hundred and thirty-three.

Dada en la Ciudad de Sn . Felipe de Austin, en la Convencion del Pueblo de Tejas pr . medio de sus representantes electos, el dia 30.89 de Abril del año de nuestro Señor mil ochocientos treinta y tres.

WILLIAM H. WHARTON. Member and President of the Convention.8 John P. Coles, Thomas S. Saul, Joseph B. Chance, Charles Baird, Nestor Clay, David G. Burnett, J. G. Wright, A. Farmer, Jesse Grimes, Francis Holland, Jared E. Groce, Eli Mitchell, George W. Davis, Joseph M’Coy, Green De Witt, Jesse Woodbury, Phillip A. Sublett, Elisha Roberts, A. E. C. Johnson, Stephen F. Slaughter, John English, William English, Robert H. Williams, Charles Wilson, Ira Ingram, Thomas M. Duke, Leonard W. Groce,

Charltoa Thompson, Patrick C. Jack, Samuel Whiting, William Harden, William Shaw, George Sutherland, Gail Borden, Jr. Wyly Martin, Luke Lesassier, James B. Miller, E. Roddy, Bartlett Sims, Edward Burleson, Andrew Rabb, Thomas J. Gazley, James C. Neill, Samuel Houston, Thomas Hastings, William Robinson, James J. Ross, Eli Mercer, J. Wright, Stephen F. Austin, R. R. Royall, Branch T. Archer, R. M. Williamson, Adolphus Sterne.

THOMAS HASTINGS, Secretary.

EXPLANATION The paragraph following has been omitted at the proper place. It should be article 60, and follow article 59, under the head of L EGISLATURE. In the copy it stood as 85. A RT. 85. The existing law of the State of Coahuila and Texas, when this constitution goes into effect, shall continue in force un-

120

GUILLERMO WHARTON. Presid te .90

Juan P. Coles Tomas S. Saul José B. Chance. Carlos Baird. Nestor Clay. David G. Burnett. J. G. Wright. A. Farmer. Jesse Grimes Franco . Holland. Jared E. Groce. Elias Mitchell. Jorge W. Davis José Mc Coy. Green De Witt. Jesse Woodbury. Felipe A. Sublett. Elisha Roberts. A. E. C. Johnson Esteban F. Slaughter. Juan English. Roberto H. Williams92 . Carlos Wilson. Ira Ingram Tomas M. Duke. Leonardo W. Groce

Charlton91 Thompson. Patricio C. Jack. Samuel Whiting. Guillermo Harden. Guillermo Shaw. Jorge Sutherland. Gail Borden, Junior Wyly Martin. Lucas Lesassier. Jacobo B. Miller. E. Roddy. Bartlett Sims. Eduardo Burleson. Andres Rabb. Tomas J. Gazley. Jacobo C. Neill. Samuel Houston. Tomas Hastings. Guillermo Robinson. Jacobo J. Ross. Elias Mercer. J. Wright. Esteban F. Austin. R. R. Royall. Branch T. Archer. R. M. Williamson. Adolfo Sterne.

TOMAS HASTINGS, Secretario.93

P ROYECTO DE CONSTITUCIÓN DE T EJAS (1833) til altered, or abolished, by the legislature; Provided, however, that the legislature shall never adopt any system or9 code of laws by general reference to said system or code, but in all cases shall specify the several provisions of the laws it may enact. 1

Verified by Constitution or Form of Government of the State of Texas. Made in General Convention, in the Town of San Felipe de Austin, in the Month of April, 1833, New-Orleans: Printed at the Office of the Commercial Bulletin, 1833, 14 p., and checked against the version as published in Documents of Texas History, 2nd ed., ed. by Ernest Wallace et al., Austin, TX: Texas State Historical Association, 2002, 80-85. Also checked against the Spanish translation (q.v.). The Constitution is not reprinted in Gammel’s The Laws of Texas. Neither the original manuscript nor a second contemporary print is known to exist. Spelling, capitalization, punctuation, and italics as in the New Orleans print. Curly brackets are used where square brackets appear in the New Orleans print. The Constitution, in marked contrast to Mexican models, closely followed American examples, such as the Constitutions of Ohio of 1802 (q.v.) and Indiana of 1816 (q.v.). It was adopted by the convention on April 13, 1833, and expressed the desire especially of the Anglos in Texas to separate from Coahuila, with which it was united under the Constitution of Coahuila and Texas of 1827 (q.v.) within the Mexican federation. The Mexican government rejected the idea of a separate state of Texas and with it the proposed Constitution of Texas, thus paving the way for the Texas Revolution and the Constitutions of 1835 (q.v.) and 1836 (q.v.) (cf. S. S. McKay, “Constitution Proposed in 1833,” in: The Handbook of Texas, ed. by Walter Prescott Webb, I, Austin: The Texas State Historical Association, 1952, 399–400; Janice C. May, The Texas State Constitution. A Reference Guide [Reference Guides to the State Constitutions of the United States, no. 26, G. Alan Tarr, Series Editor], Westport, CT and London: Greenwood Press, 1996, 3). 2 In Documents of Texas History, ed. by Wallace, 82, word missing. 3 According to “Explanation” (New Orleans print, 14) to be followed by new art. 60: “The existing law of the State of Coahuila and Texas, when this constitution goes into effect, shall continue in force until altered, or abolished, by the legislature; Provided, however, that the legislature shall never adopt any system or code of laws by general reference to said system or code, but in all cases shall specify the several provisions of the laws it may enact.” As a consequence, numbering of the subsequent articles would have to be raised by one. The complete wording of the “Explanation” is given in Documents of Texas History, ed. by Wallace, 85. The copy

1

Verified by the original manuscript “Constitucion ó Forma de Gobierno del Estado de Tejas. Hecha en Convencion gral. en la Ciud.d de San Felipe de Austin, en el mes de Abril de 1833” as preserved in the Gomez Farias Papers in the Benson Library at the University of Texas at Austin TX, and checked against the English original (q.v.). The Spanish translation was apparently made from the manuscript in the Foreign Office in Mexico, as it is written on sheets stamped “Primera Secretaria de Estado. Departamento del Esterior” and contains at least one provision omitted in the New Orleans print, when Stephen F. Austin was in Mexico City applying for a separation from Coahuila and a Mexican statehood for Texas. The application, with the translated constitution, finally reached the Mexican vice-president Valentín Gómez Farías, who was acting as president during the absence of Antonio López de Santa Anna. Instead of gaining statehood, Austin was imprisoned, and the Spanish translation was never published. Spelling, capitalization, and punctuation follow the manuscript. Parentheses are reprinted as in the manuscript, whereas small capitals or, for juridical terms, italics have been used for underlining in the manuscript.To avoid redundancies deviations in the Spanish translation have only been annotated when the translation is incomplete, incorrect, incoherent, or ambivalent. Matters purely of style have not been annotated. 2 In English original, “People”. 3 In English original, “being capable of figuring as a State”. 4 In English original, “peace, safety, and happiness”. 5 In English original, “arbitrary power and oppression”. 6 In English original, “liberties of any people”. 7 In English original, “The people shall be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and possessions, from unreasonable searches and seizures”. 8 In English original, “by indictment or presentment”. 9 In English original, “by presentment, indictment, or impeachment”. 10 In English original, “concurrent”. 11 In English original, “excessive”. 12 In English original, “lands, goods, person, or reputation”. 13 In English original, “shall have remedy by due course of law”. 14 In English original, “without sale, denial, or delay”. 15 In English original, “representative”. 16 In English original, “common good”.

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T EXAS the “Explanation” referred to may have been the one from which the Spanish translation was made where the article appeared as art. 85 and not as art. 60. 4 In Documents of Texas History, ed. by Wallace, 83, “the”. 5 Ibid., 84, “through”. 6 In Spanish translation, “Convencion”. 7 District in English prints missing; added from the Spanish translation. 8 In Documents of Texas History, ed. by Wallace, 85, rest of signatures missing. 9 Ibid., “of”.

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17

In English original, “in the gift of the people”. In English original, “bonded servants”. 19 In English original, “any want of form or technicality”. 20 In English original, “to patronize and cherish the interests”. 21 In English original, “of literature, of science, and the arts”. 22 In English original, “the manner thereof”. 23 In English original, “liable to taxation”. 24 In English original, “who shall be a pauper”. 25 In English original, “nor by any non-commissioned officer”. 26 In English original, “No bank nor banking institution”. 27 In Spanish translation, “, nor private banking establishment,” missing. 28 In English original, “settlers”. 29 In English original, “dependent on the people”. 30 In English original, “apportioned”. 31 In English original, “shall be held at the places of holding their respective courts”. 32 In English original, “its speaker”. 33 In English original, “the yeas and nays”. 34 In English original, “committees of the whole”. 35 In English original, “collector”. 36 In English original, “any court of law, or equity”. 37 In English original, “any court of record”. 38 In English original, “trustee”. 39 In English original, “commission”. 40 In English original, “journals”. 41 In English original, “a system of internal improvement”. 42 In English original, “but shall not be eligible for more than four years in any term of six years”. 43 In Spanish translation, “and highest” missing. 44 In English original, “by joint ballot”. 45 In Spanish translation, “at stated times” missing. 46 In English original, “condition”. 47 In English original, “reprieves and pardons”. 48 In English original, “impeachment”. 49 In Spanish translation, “until the end of the next succeeding session,” missing. 50 In English original, “Every bill”. 51 In English original, “journals”. 52 In English original, “at large”. 53 In Spanish translation, “of the whole number elected” missing. 54 In English original, “with the objections”. 55 In Spanish translation, “of the whole number elected to that house” missing. 56 In English original, “limitation”. 57 In Spanish translation, “The electors shall designate for whom they vote as governor, and for whom as lieutenant governor.” missing. 58 In English original, “, exoficio,”. 59 In English original, “lieutenant governor”. 60 In Spanish translation, “tan pronto como sea posible” added. 18

FAILED C ONSTITUTION OF T EXAS (1833) 61

In English original, “Secretary of State”. In English original, “advice and consent”. 63 In English original, “shall nominate and appoint, with advice and consent”. 64 In Spanish translation, “to be established by law” missing. 65 In English original, “such inferior courts”. 66 In English original, “against”. 67 In the English original as printed in New Orleans, art. 85 was added in the “Explanation” (p. 14), indicating, as obvious by its nature, that the article is here misplaced under the heading “Judiciary” and should properly be inserted as art. 60 under the heading “Legislature”. The numeration of all subsequent articles differs accordingly by one from the New Orleans print. 68 In English original, “The existing law”. 69 In English original, instead of last half sentence “Provided, however, that the legislature shall never adopt any system or code of laws by general reference to said system or code, but in all cases shall specify the several provisions of the laws it may enact”. 70 In English original, “Art. 85”, and with numeration thus diverging to last article. 71 In Spanish translation, “concurrent” missing. 72 In English original, “misdemeanors”. 73 In English original, “any office of trust or profit”. 74 In English original, “indictment”. 75 In English original, “shall be learned in the law”. 76 In English original, “Alcaldes and Comisarios”. 77 In English original, “fees”. 78 In English original, “Schedule”. 79 In English original, “All bonds for the performance of duties”. 80 In English original, “apportionment”. 81 In English original, “constitution”. 82 In English original, “will faithfully discharge”. 83 In English original, “may deem it necessary”. 84 In English original, “at their next session”. 85 In English original, “at the same places, and in like manner”. 86 In English original, whole senatorial district missing. 87 In English original, “Tenoxticlan”. 88 In English original, “granted”. 89 In English original, “thirteenth”. 90 In English original, “Member and President of the Convention”. 91 In English original, “Charltoa”. 92 In Spanish translation, “William English” missing. 93 In Spanish translation, “Explanation” missing, cf. inserted art. 85. 62

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Constitution of Texas (1836)

Constitución de Tejas (1836)

Constitution of the Republic of Texas1

Constitucion de la Republica de Téjas1

We, the People of Texas, in order to form a Government, establish justice, ensure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defence and general welfare, and to secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution.

Nosotros, los habitantes de Tejas, para formar un Gobierno, establecer justicia, asegurar la tranquilidad domestica, proveer la defensa comun2 , i para lograr los beneficios de la libertad para nosotros mismos i para nuestros hijos, ordenamos i establecemos esta constitucion.

ARTICLE I

ARTÍCULO PRIMERO

S ECT. 1. The powers of this Government shall be divided into three departments, viz: Legislative, Executive, and Judicial, which shall remain forever separate and distinct.

S EC . 1. Los poderes de este gobierno serán repartidos en tres departamentos, á saber, el Lejislativo, el Ejecutivo, i el Judicial, los cuales quedarán por siempre seperados i distintos.

S ECT. 2. The Legislative power shall be vested in a Senate and House of Representatives, to be styled The Congress of the Republic of Texas.

S EC . 2. El poder lejislativo residirá en un Senado i una Cámara de Representantes, que se denominarán el Congreso de la República de Téjas.

S ECT. 3. The members of the House of Representatives shall be chosen annually, on the first Monday of September each year, until Congress shall otherwise provide by law, and shall hold their offices one year from the date of their election.

S EC . 3. Los miembros de la Cámara de Representantes serán elejidos anualmente, el primer lúnes de Setiembre de cada año, hasta que el Congreso disponga de otro modo por lei, i durarán un año en el desempeño de su oficio contado desde el dia de su eleccion.

S ECT. 4. No person shall be eligible to a seat in the House of Representatives until he shall have attained the age of twenty-five years, shall be a citizen of the Republic, and shall have resided in the county or district six months next preceding his election.

S EC . 4. Ninguno podrá ser elejido á un asiento en la Cámara de Representantes ántes que tenga la edad de veinte i cinco años cumplidos, siendo ciudadano de la República con residencia en el condado ó distrito, de seis meses imediatamente ántes de la eleccion. 125

T EXAS S ECT. 5. The House of Representatives shall not consist of less than twenty-four, nor more than forty members, until the population shall amount to one hundred thousand souls, after which time2 the whole number of Representatives shall not be less than forty nor more than one hundred: provided, however, that each county shall be entitled to at least one Representative.

S EC . 5. La Cámara de Representantes no constará de ménos de veinte i cuartro, ni de mas de cuarenta miembros hasta que la poblacion llegue al número de cien mil almas, despues de lo que el número total de representantes no será menos de cuarenta, ni mas de ciento; proveyendose, no ostante, que cada Condado tendrá derecho en todo caso á un Representante.

S ECT. 6. The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and other officers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment.

S EC . 6. La Cámara de Representantes elejirá su Orador3 , i tendrá únicamente el poder de (impeachment) intentar causas criminales contra los funcionarios publicos4 .

S ECT. 7. The Senators shall be chosen by districts, as nearly equal in free population (free negroes and Indians excepted) as practicable, and the number of Senators shall never be less than one-third nor more than one-half the number of Representatives, and each district shall be entitled to one member and no more.

S EC . 7. Los Senadores serán elejidos por distritos tan iguales en poblacion libre (sin hacer caso de negros libres, é indios) como fuere posible, i el número de los Senadores no será jamas ménos de una tercera parte ni mas de la mitad del número de los Representantes, i cada distrito tendrá derecho á un Senador i no mas.

S ECT. 8. The Senators shall be chosen for the term of three years, on the first Monday in September, shall be citizens of the Republic, reside in the district for which they are respectively chosen at least one year before the election, and shall have attained the age of thirty years.

S EC . 8. Los Senadores serán elejidos, el primer lúnes de Setiembre, por el término de tres años; serán ciudadanos de la Republica, con residencia de un año, á lo ménos, imediatamente ántes de la eleccion, en el distrito por el cual fueren respectivamente elejidos; i tendrán treinta años de edad.

S ECT. 9. At the first session of the3 Congress after the adoption of this Constitution, the Senators shall be divided by lot into three classes, as nearly equal as practicable; the seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the end of the first year, of the second class at the end of the second year, the third class at the end of the third year, in such a4 manner that one-third shall be chosen each year thereafter.

S EC . 9. A la primera sesion de Congreso despues de la adopcion de esta constitucion los Senadores serán repartidos por suerte en tres clases tan iguales como se puedan hacer; los Senadores de la primera clase desocuparán sus asientos al fin del primer año; los de la segunda, al fin del segundo, i los de la tercera, al fin del tercer año, de manera que en adelante, se elejirá una tercera parte cada año.

S ECT. 10. The Vice President of the Republic shall be President of the Senate, but shall not vote on any question, unless the Senate be equally divided.

S EC . 10. El Vice-Presidente de la Republica será Presidente del Senado, pero no tendrá voto sobre ninguna cüestion á ménos que sea el Senado igualmente dividido.

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C ONSTITUTION OF T EXAS (1836) S ECT. 11. The Senate shall choose all other officers of their body, and a President pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice President, or whenever he shall exercise the office of President; shall have the sole power to try impeachments, and when sitting as a court of impeachment, shall be under oath; but no conviction shall take place without the concurrence of two-thirds of all the members present.

S EC . 11. El Senado elejirá todos los demas funcionarios de su cuerpo, i un Presidente interino, en la ausencia del VicePresidente ó siempre que haga las veces de Presidente; solo tendrá poder para juzgar (impeachments) causas criminales intentadas por la cámara de representantes, contra funcionarios publicos,5 i siendo en sesion como un tribunal para tal efecto, estarán juramentados; pero no será ninguna conviccion sin la concurrencia de las dos terceras partes de todos los miembros presentes.

S ECT. 12. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall only extend to removal from office, and disqualification to hold any office of honor, trust, or profit under this Government; but the party shall nevertheless be liable to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment, according to law.

S EC . 12. La sentencia en tales causas no se estenderá sino á la privación de empleo, é incapacidad6 para llenar todo puesto de honra, confianza, ó provecho bajo este gobierno; pero el tratado de reo7 quedará, no ostante, sujeto á la acusacion, (indictment) juicio, sentencia i castigo segun la lei.

S ECT. 13. Each House shall be the judge of the elections, qualifications and returns of its own members. Two-thirds of each House shall constitute a quorum to do business, but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day and may compel the attendance of absent members.

S EC . 13. Cada Cámara será árbitro de las elecciones, calidades i credenciales8 de sus miembros. Las dos terceras partes de cada Cámara compondrán el número competente9 para hacer negocios, pero un número mas corto podrá prorogar las sesiones de dia en dia i compeler la comparencia de miembros ausentes.

S ECT. 14. Each House may determine the rules of its own proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behaviour, and with the concurrence of two-thirds, may expel a member, but not a second time for the same offence.

S EC . 14. Cada Cámara podrà determinar las reglas de sus procedimientos, castigar sus miembros por conducta desordenada i con la concurrencia de las dos terceras partes, espeler á un miembro, pero no la segunda vez, por la misma ofensa.

S ECT. 15. Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation for their services, to be fixed by law, but no increase of compensation, or diminution, shall take effect during the session at which such increase or diminution shall have been made. They shall, except in case5 of treason, felony or breach of the peace, be privileged from

S EC . 15. Los Senadores i Representantes recibirán, por sus servicios, un sueldo que será señalado por la lei, pero ningun aumento ni diminucion tomará efecto durante las sesiones á las cuales se hizo. Serán esceptuados de arresto sino por causa de traicion, feloníaI i ofensas contra la tranquilidad publica10 , mientras duren las sesiones I

Término jeneral para todos los delitos que importan la pena capital.

127

T EJAS arrest during the session of Congress, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other place.

de congreso, así como concurriendo al lugar de ellas, i volviendose á sus casas. Tambien no serán responsables en11 otro lugar por ningun discurso ni argumento que se haga en una ú otra Cámara.

S ECT. 16. Each House may punish, by imprisonment, during the session, any person not a member, who shall be guilty of any disrespect to the House, by any disorderly conduct in their presence.

S EC . 16. Cada cámara podrá castigar por prision durante las sesiones cualquiera persona, no siendo miembro, quien le mostrare alguna falta de respeto12 con portarse desordenadamente delante de ella.

S ECT. 17. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and publish the same, except such parts as, in its judgment, require secrecy. When any three members shall desire the yeas and nays on any question, they shall be entered on the journals.

S EC . 17. Cada Cámara llevará un diario de sus procedimientos i le publicará á escepcion de las porciones que, á su juicio, requieran secreto. Siempre que tres miembros lo pidan, los votos à favor, i en contra, serán asentados en el diario.

S ECT. 18. Neither House, without the consent of the other, shall adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two Houses may be sitting.

S EC . 18. Ni la una ni la otra Cámara podrá sin el consentimiento de la otra, prorogar sus sesiones por mas de tres dias, ni transladar su residencia á otro lugar que aquel en que las dos Cámaras tengan sus sesiones.

S ECT. 19. When vacancies happen in either House, the Executive shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies.

S EC . 19. Cuando acontecieren vacantes en una ú otra cámara, el Presidente13 espedirá órdenes para que se celebre una eleccion al fin de llenar tales vacantes.

S ECT. 20. No bill shall become a law until it shall have been read on three several days in each House, and passed by the same, unless, in cases of emergency, twothirds of the members of the House where the bill originated, shall deem it expedient to dispense with the rule.

S EC . 20. Ningun proyecto de lei tendrá la fuerza de tal ántes de haberse leido en tres varios dias en cada càmara, i aprobado por ellas, à ménos que, en casos de emerjencia, las dos terceras partes de los miembros de la cámara en que el proyecto de lei tuvo su orijen tengan á bien esceptuarlo del reglamento.

S ECT. 21. After a bill shall have been rejected, no bill containing the same substance shall be passed into a law during the same session.

S EC . 21. Despues de que se haya desechado un proyecto de lei, ningun otro que abrace la misma sustancia tendrá la fuerza de tal durante las mismas sesiones.

S ECT. 22. The style of the laws of the Republic shall be “Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Republic of Texas in Congress assembled.”

S EC . 22. La fórmula de qué se usará para las leyes de la República será “Decretarse por el Senado i Cámara de Representantes de la República de Téjas reunidos en Congreso.”

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C ONSTITUCIÓN DE T EJAS (1836) S ECT. 23. No person holding an office of profit under the Government shall be eligible to a seat in either House of Congress, nor shall any member of either House be eligible to any office which may6 be7 created, or the profits of which shall be increased during his term of service.

S EC . 23. Ningun individuo que tenga un oficio provechoso bajo este gobierno podrá elegirse á un asiento ni en una ni en otra cámara de Congreso; tampoco podrá ningun miembro de una ú otra cámara elejirse á un oficio que establezca ó de que se haya aumentado el provecho durante el término en que desempeñe su comision14 .

S ECT. 24. No holder of public moneys, or collector thereof, shall be eligible to a seat in either House of Congress, until he shall have fully acquitted himself of all responsibility, and shall produce the proper officer’s receipt thereof. Members of either House may protest against any act or resolution, and may have such protest entered on the journals of their respective Houses.

S EC . 24. Ningun depositario de fondos publicos, ni colector de ellos podrá elejirse para miembro ni de una ni de otra cámara de Congreso ántes que se haya librado de toda responsibilidad, i logrado descargo del funcionario competente15 . Los miembros de una i otra cámara podrán protestar contra todo proyecto de lei ó acuerdo16 i causar que se asiente su protestacion en el diario de la respectiva cámara.

S ECT. 25. No money shall be drawn from the public treasury but in strict accordance with appropriations made by law; and no appropriations8 shall be made for private or local purposes, unless two-thirds of each House concur in such appropriations.

S EC . 25. No se sacará dinero de la tesorería publica sino en cumplimiento estrecho de alguna apropiacion hecha por la lei, i no se harán apropiaciones para objetos locales ó de interes privado, sino con la concurrencia de las dos terceras partes de los miembros de cada cámara.

S ECT. 26. Every act of Congress shall be approved and signed by the President before it becomes a law; but if the President will not approve and sign such act, he shall return it to the House in which it shall have originated, with his reasons for not approving the same, which shall be spread upon the journals of such House, and the bill shall then be reconsidered, and shall not become a law unless it shall then pass by a vote of two-thirds of both Houses. If any act shall be disapproved by the President, the vote on the reconsideration shall be recorded by ayes and noes. If the President shall fail to return a bill within five days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented for his approval and signature, the same shall become a law, unless the Congress prevent9

S EC . 26. Todo proyecto de lei o acuerdo17 de Congreso será aprobado i firmado por el Presidente ántes de ser lei; pero si el Presidente no aprobare i firmare tal proyecto, le devolverá á la cámara en que tuvo su orijen, con sus motivos por no aprobarle, los cuales serán estendidos en el diario de tal cámara, i en seguida el proyecto de lei ó acuerdo18 será discutido otra vez, i no será lei á ménos que fuere entonces aprobado por las dos terceras partes de las dos cámaras. Si un proyecto de lei ó acuerdo no fuere aprobado por el Presidente los votos á favor i en contra en este segundo debate serán asentados. Si el Presidente faltare en devolver el proyecto de lei ó acuerdo dentro de cinco dias (á escepcion de Domingos) despues de que se le haya comunicado para su aproba-

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T EXAS its return within the time above specified, by adjournment.

cion i firma será lei ó acuerdo19 á ménos que el congreso lo impida suspendiendo sus sesiones dentro del término señalado.

S ECT. 27. All bills, acts, orders, or resolutions, to which the concurrence of both Houses may be necessary, (motions or resolutions for adjournment excepted,) shall be approved and signed by the President, or being disapproved, shall be passed by twothirds of both Houses, in manner and form as specified in section twenty10 .

S EC . 27. Todos los proyectos de lei, decretos, órdenes i acuerdos que ecsijan la concurrencia de las dos cámaras (á escepcion de propuestas20 para prorogar las sesiones) serán aprobados i firmados por el Presidente, ó no siendo aprobados por él, lo serán por las dos terceras partes de ambas cámaras, de la manera i en los términos21 señalados por la sección vijésima.

ARTICLE II

ARTÍCULO SEGUNDO

S ECT. 1. Congress shall have power to levy and collect taxes and imposts, excise and tonnage duties, to borrow money on the faith, credit and property of the Government, to pay the debts and to provide for the common defence and general welfare of the Republic.

S EC . 1. Los poderes del Congreso serán, imponer i colectar derechos é impuestos22 , escisa, i derechos de toneladas23 ; hacer préstamos empeñando la fe, crédito, i caudal del gobierno, pagar las deudas i proveer la defensa comun i el bienestar jeneral de la República.

S ECT. 2. To regulate commerce, to coin money, to regulate the value thereof and of foreign coin, to fix the standard of weights and measures, but nothing but gold and silver shall be made a lawful tender.

S EC . 2. Regular el comercio, acuñar moneda, i fijar su valor, i él de la estranjera i establecer la tasa regular de pesos i medidas; pero en nada se hará oferta léjitima de pagamento, sino en plata i oro.

S ECT. 3. To establish post offices and post roads, to grant charters of incorporation, patents, and copy-rights and secure to the authors and inventors the exclusive use thereof for a limited time.

S EC . 3. Establecer correos i caminos de posta, crear corporaciones24 , conceder patentes i privelejios esclusivos para publicar obras literarias25 i asegurar á los autores é inventores el goce de semejantes privilejios por un término limitado.

S ECT. 4. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and to regulate captures.

S EC . 4. Declarar la guerra, conceder cartas de corso i represalia i regalar presas.

S ECT. 5. To provide and maintain an army and navy, and to make all laws and regulations necessary for their Government.

S EC . 5. Levantar i mantener un ejército i una marina, i hacer todas las leyes i reglamentos necesarios para su gobierno.

S ECT. 6. To call out the militia to execute the law, to suppress insurrections11 and repel invasion.

S EC . 6. Llamar la milicia para ejecutar las leyes, suprimir insurrecciones, i repeler invasiones.

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C ONSTITUTION OF T EXAS (1836) S ECT. 7. To make all laws which shall be deemed necessary and proper to carry into effect the foregoing express grants of power, and all other powers vested in the Government of the Republic, or in any officer or department thereof.

S EC . 7. Hacer todas las leyes que se estimaren necesarias i á propósito para llevar á efecto las atribuciones espresadas26 , i todos los demas poderes que residan27 en el gobierno de la República ó en algun funcionario ó departamento de él.

ARTICLE III

ARTÍCULO TERCERO

S ECT. 1. The Executive authority of this12 Government shall be vested in a chief magistrate, who shall be styled The President of the Republic of Texas.

S EC . 1. La autoridad ejecutiva de este gobierno residirá en un Majistrado Principal el cual será llamado El Presidente de la República de Téjas.

S ECT. 2. The first President elected by the People shall hold his office for the term of two years, and shall be ineligible during the next succeeding term; and all subsequent Presidents shall be elected for three years, and be alike ineligible; and in the event of a tie, the House of Representatives shall determine between the two highest candidates by a viva voce vote.

S EC . 2. El primer Presidente electo por los pueblos durará en el desempeño de su empleo por el término de dos años i no podrá ser reelejido por el término prócsimo siguiente, i todos los Presidentes subsecuentes serán elejidos por tres años, i del mismo modo no podrán volver á elejirse; i en caso de empate, la Cámara de Representantes determinará entre los dos individuos que tengan mayor número de votos por medio de una votacion vocal.

S ECT. 3. The returns of the elections for President and Vice President shall be sealed up and transmitted to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, by the holders of elections of each county; and the Speaker of the House of Representatives shall open and publish the returns, in presence of a majority of each House of Congress.

S EC . 3. Los testimonios de la acta de eleccion de Presidente i Vice-Presidente serán envueltos en pliego sellado i remitidos al Orador de la Cámara de Representantes por los encargados de celebrar la eleccion en cada condado. El Orador de la Cámara de Representantes abrirá i publicará dichos testimonios delante de una mayoría de cada cámara de congreso.

ARTICLE IV

ARTÍCULO CUARTO

S ECT. 1. The Judicial powers of the Government shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts13 as the Congress may, from time to time, ordain and establish. The judges of the supreme and inferior courts shall hold their offices for four years, be eligible to re-election, and shall, at stated periods, receive for their ser-

S EC . 1. El poder judicial de este gobierno residirá en una Corte Suprema i los tribunales inferiores que, de cuando en cuando, el congreso ordenare i estableciere. Los jueces de la Corte Suprema i tribunales inferiores durarán en el desempeño de sus empleos por cuartro años, podrán ser reelejidos, i recibirán á plazos fijos una indemnizacion por sus 131

T EJAS vices a compensation not to be increased or diminished during the period for which they were elected.

servicios que no será aumentada ni disminuida durante el término por el cual fueron elejidos.

S ECT. 2. The Republic of Texas shall be divided into convenient judicial districts, not less than three nor more than eight. There shall be appointed for each district, a judge, who shall reside in the same, and hold the courts at such times and places as Congress may by law direct.

S EC . 2. La República de Tejas será dividida en Distritos judiciales convenientes, no ménos de tres, ni mas de ocho. Se nombrará para cada distrito un Juez con residencia en él, quien tendrá sesiones28 à los tiempos i en los lugares que designare el Congreso por lei.

S ECT. 3. In all admiralty and maritime cases, in all cases affecting ambassadors, public ministers or consuls, and in all capital cases, the district courts shall have exclusive original jurisdiction, and original jurisdiction in all civil cases when the matter in controversy amounts to one hundred dollars.

S EC . 3. Los tribunales de Distrito conocerán orijinal i esclusivamente de todas las causas marítimas i de jurisdiccion de almirantazgo, de las que toquen á los embajadores, ministros públicos ó consules, i de todas las capitales, i conocerán orijinalmente de todas las causas civiles en que la materia en contienda importe cien pesos29 .

S ECT. 4. The judges, by virtue of their offices, shall be conservators of the peace, throughout the Republic. The style of all process shall be, The Republic of Texas; and all prosecutions shall be carried on in the name and by the authority of the same, and conclude, Against the peace and dignity of the Republic.

S EC . 4. Los jueces, en virtud de sus oficios, serán conservadores de la paz por todas partes de la República. El estilo de todo proceso será, “La República de Tejas:” i todas las causas criminales procederán en el nombre i por la autoridad de la misma, i concluirán “contra la paz i dignidad de la República.”

S ECT. 5. There shall be a district attorney appointed for each district, whose duties, salaries, perquisites and term14 of service shall be fixed by law.

S EC . 5. Será nombrado un asesor letrado30 para cada distrito cuyos deberes, salarios, gajes i duracion en oficio serán señalados por una lei de Congreso31 .

S ECT. 6. The clerks of the district courts shall be elected by the qualified voters for members of Congress in the counties where the courts are established, and shall hold their offices for four years, subject to removal by presentment of a grand jury, and conviction of a petit jury.

S EC . 6. Los Secretarios de los tribunales de distrito serán elejidos por los electores32 de miembros de congreso en los condados donde los tribunales se establecieren respectivamente, i durarán en el desempeño de sus empleos cuatro años, sujetos, no ostante á separarse de ellos, siendo acusado por un gran jurado i pronunciado reo por un pequeño jurado.

S ECT. 7. The Supreme Court shall consist of a chief justice and associate judges; the district judges shall compose the associate judges, a majority of whom, with the chief justice, shall constitute a quorum.

S EC . 7. La Corte Suprema se compondrá de un Justicia Superior33 i Jueces asociados; los Jueces de Distrito serán los Jueces asociados, la mayoría de quienes con el Justicia Superior compondrá el número competente para tener sesiones.

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C ONSTITUCIÓN DE T EJAS (1836) S ECT. 8. The Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction only, which shall be conclusive, within the limits of the Republic; and shall hold its sessions annually at such times and places as may be fixed by law; provided that no judge shall sit in a case in the Supreme Court, tried by him in the court below.

S EC . 8. La Corte Suprema solo tendrá jurisdiccion apelativa, la cual será conclusiva dentro de los límites de la República; tendrá sus sesiones anualmente á los tiempos i en los lugares que designare la lei, siendo entendido que ningun juez se mezclará34 en el juicio de una causa en la Corte Suprema, que se juzgó por él en el tribunal inferior.

S ECT. 9. The judges of the supreme and district courts shall be elected by joint ballot of both Houses of Congress.

S EC . 9. Los Jueces de la Corte Suprema i tribunales de distrito serán elejidos por votacion de las dos Cámaras reunidas en Congreso.

S ECT. 10. There shall be in each county, a county court, and such justices’ courts as the Congress may, from time to time, establish.

S EC . 10. Habrá en cada condado un Tribunal de Condado, i ademas, los jusgados35 que, de cuando en cuando, el Congreso estableciere.

S ECT. 11. The Republic shall be divided into convenient counties, but no new county shall be established, unless it be done on the petition of one hundred free male inhabitants of the territory sought to be laid off and established, and unless the said territory shall contain nine hundred square miles.

S EC . 11. La República será dividida en condados convenientes, pero no se establecerá ningún nuevo condado á menos que sea sobre la peticion de cien habitantes libres i varones del territorio que haya de erijirse en nuevo condado, ni á ménos que tal territorio incluya novecientas millas cuadradas.

S ECT. 12. There shall be appointed, for each county, a convenient number of justices of the peace, one sheriff, one coroner, and a sufficient number of constables, who shall hold their offices for two years, to be elected by the qualified voters of the district or county, as Congress may direct. Justices of the peace and sheriffs shall be commissioned by the President.

S EC . 12. Se nombrará para cada condado un número conveniente de Justicias de paz, un Esherife, un Coronario, i bastante número de Alguaziles, los cuales durarán dos años en sus empleos i serán elejidos por los electores del distrito ó condado, segun mandare el Congreso. Los Justicias de paz i los Esherifes recibirán sus despachos del Presidente.

S ECT. 13. The Congress shall, as early as practicable, introduce, by statute, the common law of England with such modifications as our circumstances, in their judgment, may require; and in all criminal cases the common law shall be the rule of decision.

S EC . 13. El Congreso, á la mayor brevedad practicable, introducirá por estatuto á tal efecto el derecho comun de Inglaterra, con las modificaciones que, á su juicio, pidan nuestras circumstancias, i en todas las causas criminales, dicho derecho comun será la regla de decision.

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T EXAS

ARTICLE V

ARTÍCULO QUINTO

S ECT. 1. Ministers of the gospel being, by their profession, dedicated to God and the care of souls, ought not to be diverted from the great duties of their functions, therefore, no minister of the gospel or priest of any denomination whatever, shall be eligible to the office of the Executive of the Republic, nor to a seat in15 either branch of the Congress of the same.

S EC . 1. Los ministros del evanjelio siendo por su profesion consagrados a Dios i la cura de almas, no deben desviarse de los altos deberes de sus funciones; por cuyo motivo ningun ministro del evanjelio ni sacerdote de cualquiera secta podrá ser elejido como Presidente de la República ni como miembro ni de una ni de otra Cámara de Congreso.

S ECT. 2. Each member of the Senate and House of Representatives shall, before they proceed to business, take an oath to support the Constitution, as follows: I, A B, do solemnly swear {or affirm, as the case may be} that, as a member of this General Congress, I will support the Constitution of the Republic, and that I will not propose or assent to any bill, vote, or resolution, which shall appear to me injurious to the People.

S EC . 2. Todo miembro del Senado i de la Cámara de Representantes, ántes de proceder á los negocios, prestará juramento de guardar36 la constitucion en los términos siguientes; “Yo, N. juro solemnemente (ó afirmo segun fuere el caso) que como miembro de este Congreso Jeneral guardaré la Constitucion de la República, i que no propondré ni aprobaré ningun proyecto de lei, voto, ni acuerdo que me pareciere dañoso á los pueblos.[”]

S ECT. 3. Every person who shall be chosen or appointed to any office of trust or profit shall, before entering on the duties thereof, take an oath to support the Constitution of the Republic, and also an oath of office.

S EC . 3. Todo individuo que fuere elejido ó nombrado á un empleo de confianza ó provecho, ántes de empezar el desempeño de sus encargos, prestará juramento de guardar la constitucion de la República i tambien un juramento de oficio.

ARTICLE VI

ARTÍCULO SESTO

S ECT. 1. No person shall be eligible to the office of President who shall not have attained the age of thirty-five years, shall be a citizen of the Republic at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, or an inhabitant of this Republic at least three years immediately preceding his election.

S EC . 1. Ningun individuo podrá ser elejido como Presidente que no tuviere treinta37 años de edad con calidad de haber sido ciudadano de la República al tiempo de adoptarse la Constitucion, ó residio en ella tres años, á lo ménos, imediamente ántes de la eleccion.

S ECT. 2. The President shall enter on the duties of his office on the second Monday in December next succeeding his election, and shall remain in office until his successor shall be duly qualified.

S EC . 2. El Presidente entrará en el desempeño de sus funciones, el segundo lúnes del Deciembre prócsimo despues de su eleccion i durará en oficio hasta que sea debidamente habilitado su sucesor.

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C ONSTITUTION OF T EXAS (1836) S ECT. 3. The President shall, at stated times, receive a compensation for his services, which shall not be increased or diminished during his continuance in office; and before entering upon the duties of his office, he shall take and subscribe the following oath or affirmation: I, A B, President of the Republic of Texas, do solemnly and sincerely swear {or affirm, as the case may be} that I will faithfully execute the duties of my office, and to the best of my ability16 preserve17 , protect, and defend the Constitution of the Republic.

S EC . 3. El Presidente recibirá, á plazos fijos, una indemnizacion por sus servicios que no será aumentada ni disminuida mientras dure en su empleo, i ántes de comenzar el desempeño de sus funciones prestará i firmará el juramento ó afirmacion siguiente; “Yo Presidente de la República de Téjas, juro solemnemente i sinceramente (ó afirmo segun fuere el caso) que ejecutaré fielmente los deberes de mi oficio, i á lo mejor de mi capacidad guardaré38 , protejeré i defenderé la Constitucion de la República.”

S ECT. 4. He shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the Republic, and the18 militia thereof, but he shall not command in person without the authority of a resolution of Congress. He shall have power to remit fines and forfeitures, and19 to grant reprieves and pardons, except in cases of impeachment.

S EC . 4. Será Comandante en jefe del ejército, marina i milicia de la República, pero no mandará en persona, sin ser autorizado por un acuerdo de Congreso. Podrá escusar de multas i penas pecuniarias, conceder suspensiones de castigo, i remitir ofensas, á escepcion de los casos de proceso criminal contra funcionarios públicos.39

S ECT. 5. He shall, with the advice and consent of two-thirds of the Senate, make treaties; and with the consent of the Senate, appoint ministers and consuls, and all officers whose offices are established by this Constitution, not herein otherwise provided for.

S EC . 5. Con el consejo i consentimiento de las dos terceras partes del senado hará tratados; i con el consentimiento del Senado nombrará ministros i consules i todos los demas funcionarios cuyos oficios son establecidos por esta constitución, con tal que ella no disponga de otro modo.

S ECT. 6. The President shall have power to fill all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate; but he shall report the same to the Senate within ten days after the next Congress shall convene; and should the Senate reject the same, the President shall not re-nominate the same individual to the same office.

S EC . 6. El Presidente podrá llenar todos los vacantes que acontecieren durante el tiempo intermedio de unas á otras sesiones del Senado40 ; pero dará cuenta de ello al Senado, dentro de diez dias despues de juntarse el imediato congreso, i si el Senado desechare los nombramientos, el Presidente no volverá á nombrar el mismo individuo para el mismo empleo.

S ECT. 7. He shall, from time to time, give Congress information of the state of the Republic, and recommend for their consideration, such measures as he may deem necessary. He may, upon extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses or either of them. In the event of a disagreement as to the time of

S EC . 7. Dará cuenta, de cuando en cuando, al Congreso del estado de la República, i propondrá para su consideracion las medidas que estime necesarias. Podrá, en los casos estraordinarios, convocar las dos cámaras ó una de ellas. En caso de diferencia respeto del tiempo de prorogar las sesiones

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T EJAS adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he may think proper. He shall receive all foreign ministers. He shall see that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the Republic.

podrá prorogarlas hasta el tiempo que juzgare conveniente. Admitirá á todos los ministros estranjeros. Cuidará de que se ejecuten fielmente las leyes i espedirá los despachos de todos los funcionarios de la República.

S ECT. 8. There shall be a seal of the Republic, which shall be kept by the President and used by him officially; it shall be called the great seal of the Republic of Texas.

S EC . 8. Habrá un sello de la República que se guardará por el Presidente, i de que se servirá de oficio; se llamará el gran sello de la República de Téjas.

S ECT. 9. All grants and commissions shall be in the name and by the authority of the Republic of Texas, shall be sealed with the great seal, and signed by the President.

S EC . 9. Todas las concesiones i despachos correrán en el nombre y por la autoridad de la República de Téjas, i serán selladas con el gran sello i firmadas por el Presidente.

S ECT. 10. The President shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to appoint a Secretary of State and such other heads of Executive departments as may be established by law, who shall remain in office during the term of service of the President, unless sooner removed by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate.

S EC . 10. El Presidente podrá, con el consejo i consentimiento del Senado nombrar á un Secretario de Estado i á los demas jefes de los departamentos ejecutivos que establecieren las leyes; los cuales durarán en sus oficios mientras dure el Presidente en el suyo, á ménos que fueren separados mas pronto por el Presidente con el consejo i consentimiento del Senado.

S ECT. 11. Every citizen of the Republic who has attained the age of twenty-one years, and shall have resided six months within the district or county where the election is held, shall be entitled to vote for members of the General Congress.

S EC . 11. Todo ciudadano de la República que hubiere llegado á la edad de veinte i un años, con residencia de seis meses dentro del distrito ó condado donde se celebre la eleccion, será elector habilitado para votar en la eleccion de miembros del Congreso Jeneral.

S ECT. 12. All elections shall be by ballot, unless Congress shall otherwise direct.

S EC . 12. Todas las elecciones serán por escrito, á menos que el Congreso previniere de otro modo.

S ECT. 13. All elections by joint vote of both Houses of Congress shall be viva voce, shall be entered on the journals, and a majority of20 the votes shall be necessary to a choice.

S EC . 13. Todas las elecciones por votacion de las dos cámaras reunidas serán de palabra i asentados los votos en el diario. Necesitará la mayoría de todos los votos para que haya eleccion.

S ECT. 14. A Vice President shall be chosen at every election for President, in the same manner, continue in office for the same time, and shall possess the same qualifica-

S EC . 14. A cada elección de Presidente será elejido, del mismo modo, un Vice Presidente, quien durará en su empleo el mismo tiempo i poseerá las mismas calidades como

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C ONSTITUCIÓN DE T EJAS (1836) tions of the President. In voting for President and Vice President, the electors shall distinguish for whom they vote as President, and for whom as Vice President.

el Presidente. Al votar para Presidente i Vice Presidente se requiere que los electores designen cual quieran elejir como Presidente, i cual como Vice Presidente.

S ECT. 15. In cases of impeachment, removal from office, death, resignation, or absence of the President from the Republic, the Vice President shall exercise the powers and discharge the duties of the President until a successor be duly qualified, or until the President, who may be absent or impeached, shall return or be acquitted.

S EC . 15. En caso de causa criminal41 intendada contra el Presidente, separacion de empleo,42 resignación ó ausencia dél de la República, el Vice Presidente ejercerá los poderes i desempeñará los deberes del Presidente, hasta que su sucesor sea debidamente habilitado ó hasta que el Presidente que fuere ausente ó procesado43 viere ó sea absuelto.

S ECT. 16. The President, Vice President, and all civil officers of the Republic, shall be removable from office by impeachment for, and on conviction of, treason, bribery, and other high crimes and misdemeanors.

S EC . 16. El Presidente, Vice Presidente, i todos los funcionarios civiles de la República podrán separarse de sus empleos siendo procesados i convictos de traicion, cohecho ú otros delitos ú ofensas graves44 .

SCHEDULE

ARTICULOS ADICIONALES45

S ECT. 1. That no inconvenience may arise from the adoption of this Constitution, it is declared by this Convention that all laws now in force in Texas, and not inconsistent with this Constitution, shall remain in full force until declared void, repealed, altered, or expire by their own limitation.

S EC . 1. Para que no resulte inconveniencia alguna de la adopcion de esta constitucion, se declara por esta convencion que todas las leyes actualmente vijentes en Téjas, que no fueren opuestas á esta Constitucion durarán en plena fuerza hasta que se anulen, deroguen, alteren ó acaben por su propia limitacion.

S ECT. 2. All fines, penalties, forfeitures21 , and escheats, which have accrued22 to Coahuila and Texas, or Texas, shall accrue to this Republic.

S EC . 2. Todas las multas i penas pecuniarias actualmente debidas, i todos bienes46 caidos al Estado de Coahuila i Tejas ó Téjas, pertenecerán á esta República.

S ECT. 3. Every male citizen, who is, by this Constitution, a citizen, and shall be otherwise qualified, shall be entitled to hold any office or place of honor, trust, or profit, under the Republic, any thing in this Constitution to the contrary notwithstanding.

S EC . 3. Todo varon que sea ciudadano segun las prevenciones de47 esta constitucion con las otras calidades requiridas podrá llenar todo oficio ó puesto de honra, confianza ó provecho en esta República, no ostante cualquiera cosa que se halle en esta constitucion al contrario.

S ECT. 4. The first President and Vice President that shall be appointed after the adoption of this Constitution, shall be cho-

S EC . 4. El primer Presidente i Vice Presidente48 despues de la adopcion de esta constitucion serán elejidos por esta Conven-

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T EXAS sen by this Convention, and shall immediately enter on the duties of their offices, and shall hold said offices until their successors be elected and qualified, as prescribed in this Constitution, and shall have the same qualifications, be invested with the same powers, and perform the same duties which are required and conferred on the Executive head of the Republic by this Constitution.

cion, entrarán imediatamente en el ejercicio de sus funciones i durarán en sus empleos hasta que sus sucesores sean elejidos i habilitados, según previene esta constitucion; tendrán las mismas calidades que se requieren por esta constitucion para el Presidente de esta República i los mismos poderes49 que se le conceden por ella.

S ECT. 5. The President shall issue writs of election directed to the officers authorized to hold elections of the several counties, requiring them to cause an election to be held for President, Vice President, Representatives and Senators to Congress, at the time and mode prescribed by this Constitution, which election shall be conducted in the manner that elections have been heretofore conducted. The President, Vice President and members of Congress, when duly elected shall continue to discharge the duties of their respective offices for the time and manner prescribed by this Constitution, until their successors be duly qualified.

S EC . 5. El Presidente espedirá órdenes50 dirijidas á los funcionarios que fueren habilitados para celebrar elecciones, en los varios condados, ecsijiendo de ellos que hagan se celebre eleccion para Presidente, Vice Presidente, Representantes i Senadores51 al tiempo i del modo prevenidos por esta Constitucion, la cual procederá en la forma que se ha observado ántes. El Presidente, Vice-Presidente i miembros de congreso debidamente electos durarán en el desempeño de los deberes de sus respectivos oficios por los términos i del modo prevenidos por esta Constitucion, hasta que sus sucesores sean debidamente habilitados.

S ECT. 6. Until the first enumeration shall be made, as directed by this Constitution, the precinct of Austin shall be entitled to one representative; the precinct of Brazoria to23 two representatives; the precinct of Bexar two representatives; the precinct of Colorado one representative; Sabine one; Gonzalez24 one; Goliad one; Harrisburg one; Jasper one; Jefferson one; Liberty one; Matagorda one; Mina two; Nacogdoches two; Red River three; Victoria one; San Augustine two; Shelby two; Refugio one; San Patricio one; Washington two; Milam one; and Jackson one representative.

S EC . 6. Hasta que se haga la primera enumeracion segun previene esta Constitucion el partido52 de Austin tendrá un Representante; el partido de Brazoria dos Representantes; el partido de Béjar dos Representantes; el partido de Colorado un Representante; Sabine, uno; Gonzales, uno;53 Harrisburg, uno; Jasper, uno; Jefferson, uno; Liberty, uno; Matagorda, uno; Mina, dos; Nacogdoches, dos; Red River, tres; Victoria, uno; San Augustine dos; Shelby dos; Refujio, uno; San Patricio, uno; Washington, dos; Milam, uno; i Jackson un Representante.

S ECT. 7. Until the first enumeration shall25 be made, as described by this26 Constitution, the Senatorial districts shall be composed of the following precincts: Bexar shall be entitled to one senator; San Patricio, Refugio, and Goliad one; Brazoria one;

S EC . 7. Hasta que se haga la primera enumeracion segun previene esta Constitucion los distritos senatorios serán compuestos de los partidos siguientes; Béjar tendrá un Senador; San Patricio, Refujio, i Goliad, uno; Brazoria, uno; Mina i Gonzales, uno; Na-

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C ONSTITUTION OF T EXAS (1836) Mina and Gonzales one; Nacogdoches one; Red River one; Shelby and Sabine one; Washington one; Matagorda, Jackson and Victoria one; Austin and Colorado one; San Augustine one; Milam one; Jasper and Jefferson one; and Liberty and Harrisburg one Senator.

cogdoches, uno; Red River, uno; Shelby i Sabine uno; Washington, uno; Matagorda, Jackson i Victoria, uno; Austin i Colorado, uno; San Augustine, uno; Milam, uno; Jasper i Jefferson, uno; i Liberty i Harrisburg un Senador.

S ECT. 8. All judges, sheriffs, commissioners, and other civil officers shall remain in office, and in the discharge of the powers and duties of their respective offices, until there shall be others appointed or elected under the Constitution.

S EC . 8. Todos los Jueces, Esherifes[,] Comisionados i otros funcionarios civiles durarán en sus empleos i en el desempeño de sus atribuciones54 hasta que se nombren ó elejan otros, bajo esta Constitucion.

GENERAL PROVISIONS

PREVENCIONES JENERALES

S ECT. 1. Laws shall be made to exclude from office, from the right of suffrage, and from serving on juries, those who shall hereafter be convicted of bribery, perjury, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.

S EC . 1. Serán decretadas leyes para escluir de oficios, del derecho de sufragar i de prestar servicio como jurados á todos los individuos que fueren sentenciados como reos de coecho, perjurio ú otro delito ú ofensa grave.

S ECT. 2. Returns of all elections for officers who are to be commissioned by the President, shall be made to the Secretary of State of this Republic.

S EC . 2. Testimonios de la acta de elección de todos55 los funcionarios que han de recebir sus despachos del Presidente serán remitidos al Secretario de Estado de esta República.

S ECT. 3. The Presidents27 and heads of Departments shall keep their offices at the seat of Government, unless removed by the permission of Congress, or unless, in cases of emergency in time of war, the public interest may require their removal.

S EC . 3. Los Presidentes56 i Jefes de departamentos tendrán oficinas á la capital á menos que fueren trasladadas á otro lugar con licencia de Congreso ó que en caso de emerjencia en tiempo de guerra el bien público lo pida.

S ECT. 4. The President shall make use of his private seal until a seal of the Republic shall be provided.

S EC . 4. El Presidente se servirá de su sello privado hasta que se provee uno de la República.

S ECT. 5. It shall be the duty of Congress as soon as circumstances will permit, to provide by law, a general system of education.

S EC . 5. Corresponderá al Congreso tan pronto como las circunstancias lo admitan, adoptar por estatuto un sistema jeneral de instruccion pública.

S ECT. 6. All free white persons who shall emigrate to this Republic, and who shall, af-

S EC . 6. Todo individuo libre blanco que viniere con objeto de establecerse57 en esta

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T EJAS ter a residence of six months, make oath before some competent authority that he intends to reside permanently in the same, and shall swear to support this Constitution, and that he will bear true allegiance to the Republic of Texas, shall be entitled to all the privileges of citizenship.

República, i despues de una residencia de seis meses prestare juramento ante alguna autoridad competente á que intenta residir permanentemente en ella, i que guardará58 está constitucion i será siempre leal á la República de Téjas, podrá reclamar59 los privilejios de ciudadano.

S ECT. 7. So soon as convenience will permit there shall be a penal code formed, on principles of reformation, and not of vindictive justice; and the civil and criminal laws shall be revised, digested and arranged under different heads; and all laws relating to land titles shall be translated, revised and promulgated.

S EC . 7. Tan luego como fuere conveniente será adoptado un código criminal fundado sobre la base de reformacion i no de justicia vengativa; las leyes civiles i criminales serán revisadas dijeridas, i reducidas á la regularidad, bajo sus respectivos títulos60 , i todas las leyes relativas á los títulos de tierras serán traducidas revisadas i publicadas.

S ECT. 8. All persons who shall leave the country for the purpose of evading a participation in the present struggle, or shall refuse to participate in it, or shall give aid or assistance to the present enemy, shall forfeit all rights of citizenship and such lands as they may hold in the Republic.

S EC . 8. Todos los que abandonaren el pais con motivo de evitar participacion en la lucha actual, rehusaren tomar parte en ella, ó dieren aucsilio ó socorro al enemigo61 , perderán los derechos de ciudadano i todas las tierras que les pertenezcan en la República.

S ECT. 9. All persons of color who were slaves for life previous to their emigration to Texas, and who are now held in bondage, shall remain in the like state of servitude, provided the said slave shall be the bona fide property of the person so holding said slave as aforesaid. Congress shall pass no laws to prohibit emigrants28 from bringing their slaves into the Republic with them, and holding them by the same tenure by which such slaves were held in the United States; nor shall Congress have power to emancipate slaves; nor shall any slave-holder be allowed to emancipate his or her slave or slaves without the consent of Congress, unless he or she shall send his or her slave or slaves without the limits of the Republic. No free person of African descent, either in whole or in part, shall be permitted to reside permanently in the Republic, without the consent of Congress, and the importation or admission of Africans or negroes into this

S EC . 9. Todos los negros i mulatos62 que eran esclavos por vida, ántes de emigrar á Téjas i lo son actualmente63 , permanecerán en semejante estádo de esclavitud64 con calidad de que el esclavo pertenezca verdaderamente65 al individuo que le detenga como tal. El Congreso no dará leyes para prohibir á los que emigraren á la República66 , introducir sus esclavos en ella i tenerlos como los tenian en los Estados Unidos ni podrá emancipar esclavos; tampoco será permitido al dueño emancipar su esclavo ó esclavos sin el consentimiento de Congreso, á ménos que los envie fuera de la República. Ningún individuo libre siendo hijo de Africanos en todo ó en parte será permitido á permanecer en la República, sin el consentimiento de Congreso; i la introduccion ò admision de Africanos ó negros en esta República, sino de los Estados Unidos de América, se prohibe por siempre, i se declara piratería.

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C ONSTITUCIÓN DE T EJAS (1836) Republic, excepting from the United States of America, is forever prohibited, and declared to be piracy. S ECT. 10. All persons (Africans, the descendants of Africans, and Indians excepted,) who were residing in Texas on the day of the Declaration of Independence, shall be considered citizens of the Republic, and entitled to all the privileges of such. All citizens now living in Texas, who have not received their portion of land, in like manner as colonists, shall be entitled to their land in the following proportion and manner: Every head of a family shall be entitled to one league and “labor” of land, and every single man of the age of seventeen and upwards, shall be entitled to the third part of one league of land. All citizens who may have, previously to the adoption of this Constitution, received their league of land as heads of families, and their quarter of a league of land as single persons, shall receive such additional quantity as will make the quantity of land received by them equal to one league and “labor” and one-third of a league, unless by bargain, sale or exchange, they have transferred or may henceforth transfer their right to said land, or a portion thereof, to some other citizen of the Republic; and in such case the person to whom such right shall have been transferred, shall be entitled to the same, as fully and amply as the person making the transfer might or could have been. No alien shall hold land in Texas, except by titles emanating directly from the government of this Republic. But if any citizen of this Republic should die intestate or otherwise, his children or heirs shall inherit his estate, and aliens shall have a reasonable time to take possession of and dispose of the same, in a manner hereafter to be pointed out by law. Orphan children, whose parents were entitled to land under the colonization law29 of Mexico, and who now reside in the Republic, shall be entitled to all the rights

S EC . 10. Todo individuo (a escepcion de Africanos, los hijos de Africanos é Indios,) que tuvó residencia en Tejas el dia de la declaracion de la independencia será estimado ciudadano67 , i tendrá derecho á todos los privilejios de tal. Todos los ciudadanos que residen ahora en Téjas i que no han recibido su porcion de tierras68 podrán reclamar tierras en la cantidad i manera siguientes. Toda cabeza de familia tendrá derecho á una legua i labor69 , i todo soltero que tenga diez i siete años de edad70 tendrá derecho á una tercera parte de una legua de tierra. A todos los ciudadanos que hayan recibido71 una legua de tierra, como cabezas de familia, ó la cuarta parte de una legua como solteros, serán aumentadas sus asignaciones de terrenos, de manera á igualarlas respectivamente con una legua i labor i la tercera parte de una legua á menos que por medio de venta á cambio72 hayan enajenado ó enajenaren en adelante sus derechos á tales terrenos, ó porcion de ellos, á favor de algun otro ciudadano de la República, i en tal caso el comprador73 podrá reclamar lo mismo con tan amplios derechos como lo hubiera podido el que lo haya enajenado. No podrá ser dueño de terranos en Téjas ningun estranjero, sino por medio de titulos emanados directamente del gobierno de esta República. Si algun ciudadano de esta República falleciere sin testamento ó con uno74 , sus hijos i heredos sucederán á sus derechos i si fueren estrangeros se les concederá un término razonable para tomar posesion i disponer de ellos de la manera que se estableciere por lei. Los húerfanos cuyos padres tenian derecho á reclamar terrenos bajo las leyes de colonizacion de Méjico i que residan actualmente en la República tendrán todos los derechos que correspondian á sus padres al tiempo de su muerte. Los ciudadanos de la Repú-

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T EXAS of30 which their parents were possessed at the time of their death. The citizens of the Republic shall not be compelled to reside on the land, but shall have their lines plainly marked. All orders of survey legally obtained by any citizen of the Republic, from any legally authorized Commissioner, prior to the act of the late consultation closing the land offices, shall be valid. In all cases the actual settler and occupant of the soil shall be entitled, in locating his land, to include his improvement, in preference to all other claims not acquired previous to his settlement, according to the law of the land and this Constitution; Provided, That nothing herein contained shall prejudice the rights of any31 citizen from whom a settler may hold land by rent or lease. And whereas the protection of the public domain from unjust and fraudulent claims, and quieting the people in the enjoyment of their lands, is one of the great duties of this Convention: and whereas the Legislature of32 Coahuila and Texas having passed an act in the year eighteen hundred and thirtyfour, in behalf of General John T. Mason, of New York, and another on the fourteenth day of March, eighteen hundred and thirtyfive, under which the enormous amount of eleven hundred leagues of land has been claimed by sundry individuals, some of whom reside in foreign countries, and are not citizens of the Republic, which said acts are contrary to articles fourth, twelfth and fifteenth of the laws of eighteen hundred and twenty-four, of the General Congress of Mexico, and one of said acts, for that cause has, by33 said General Congress of Mexico, been declared null and void: It is hereby declared, that the said act of eighteen hundred and thirty-four, in favor of John T. Mason, and of the fourteenth of March, eighteen hundred and thirty-five, of the said Legislature of Coahuila and Texas, and each and every grant founded thereon, is, and was

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blica no serán requiridos á residir sobre el terreno, pero tendrán sus límites claramente indicados. Todas las órdenes de medida de terrenos obtenidas75 por algun ciudadano de la República de un Comisionado legalmente autorizado, ántes del decreto de la Consultacion cerrando los despachos de terrenos serán válidas. En todos los casos el poblador áctual i poseedor del terreno tendrá derecho á abrazar su establicimiento en la eleccion de sus tierras con preferencia á todas las otras reclamaciones que no se adquisieron conforme á la lei del pais, i á esta Constitucion, anteriormente á tal establecimiento; proveyendose, que nada de eso llevará perjuicio á los derechos de cualquier ciudadano de quien haya el poblador arrendado terrenos76 . Por cuanto es una obligacion grave de esta Convencion protejer la hacienda pública contra reclamaciones injustas i fraudulentas, i aquietar á los habitantes en el goce de sus terrenos, i por cuanto la Legislatura del Estado de Coahuila i Téjas dió una lei en el año 1834, á favor del Jeneral John T. Mason de Nueva York, i otra, el 14 de Marzo de 1835 bajo las cuales varios individuos, algunos de los cuales residen en paises estranjeros, i no son ciudadanos de la República reclaman la enorme cantidad de mil cien leguas de tierra; por ser tales leyes contrarias á los artículos cuarto; duodécimo, i décimo quinto de la lei del congreso Jeneral de Méjico de 1824, una de las que habiendo sido por tal motivo declarada nula, por dicho congreso jeneral de Méjico; por tanto se declara por esta Constitucion que la referida lei de 1834 á favor de John T. Mason i la del 14 de Marzo de 1835 decretadas por dicha legilatura de Coahuila i Téjas i toda concesion de tierras, fundada en ellas, fueron desde el principio nulas i de ningun valor, i todas las medidas de tierras praticadas bajo pretesto de autoridad derivada de ellas se declaran nulas; tambien todas las reclamaciones de

C ONSTITUTION OF T EXAS (1836) from the beginning, null and void; and all surveys made under pretence of authority derived from said acts are hereby declared to be null34 and void; and all eleven league claims, located within twenty leagues of the boundary line between Texas and the United States of America, which have35 been located contrary to the laws of Mexico, are hereby declared to be null and void: and whereas many surveys and titles to lands36 have been made whilst most of the people of Texas were absent from home, serving in the campaign against Bejar, it is hereby declared that all the surveys and locations of land made since the act of the late consultation closing the land offices, and all titles to land made since that time, are and shall be null and void. And whereas the present unsettled state of the country and the general welfare of the people demand that the operations of the land office37 , and the whole land system shall be suspended until persons serving in the army can have a fair and equal chance with those remaining at home to select and locate their lands, it is hereby declared, that no survey or title which may hereafter be made shall be valid, unless such survey or title shall be authorized by this Convention, or some future Congress of the Republic. And with a view to the simplification of the land system, and the38 protection of the people and the Government from litigation and fraud, a general land office shall be established, where all the land titles of the Republic shall be registered, and the whole territory of the Republic shall be sectionised, in a manner hereafter to be prescribed by law, which shall enable the officers of the Government or any citizen, to ascertain with certainty the lands that are vacant, and those lands which may be covered by39 valid titles.

once leguas de tierras, elejidas dentro de las veinte leguas limitrofes entre Téjas i los Estados Unidos de América,77 contra las leyes de Mejico se declaran nulas i de ningun valor. I por cuanto muchas medidas de tierras han sido praticadas i titulos estendidos mientras la mayor porcion de los habitantes de Téjas estuvieron ausentes78 , prestando servicio en la campaña contra Béjar, se declara que todas las medidas i elecciones de tierras hechas despues del decreto79 de la Consultacion, cerrando los despachos de terrenos, i todos los títulos estendidos despues del mismo tiempo, son nulos i de ningun valor. Y ademas, por cuanto el estado desarreglado actual del pais, y el bienestar jeneral de los habitantes piden la suspension de las operaciones de los despachos de terrenos i del sistema jeneral de repartimiento de tierras80 hasta que los individuos que sirven en el ejército puedan tener igual81 oportunidad con los que permanecen en casa para la eleccion de sus terrenos82 , se declara que ninguna medida de tierras que se praticare, ni titulos que se estendieren en adelante, valdrán á ménos que sean autorizados por esta convencion ó algun Congreso venidero de la República. Al fin de simplificar el sistema de terrenos i de protejer los habitantes i el gobierno de pleitos i fraudes, se establecerá un despacho jeneral de terrenos, en el cual todos los titulos de tierras en la República seran rejistrados; i el territorio entero de la República será dividida en secciones de una manera que se prevendrá en lo sucesivo por lei, para que los funcionarios del gobierno, i todo ciudadano puedan conocer con certeza las tierras que sean valdias83 i las que sean cubiertas de titules válidos.

S ECT. 11. Any amendment or amendments to this Constitution, may be proposed

S EC . 11. Toda mejora ó mejoras de esta Constitucion podrán proponerse en la Cáma-

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T EJAS in the House of Representatives or Senate, and if the same shall be agreed to by a majority of the members elected to each of the two Houses, such proposed amendment or amendments shall be entered on the journals, with the yeas and nays thereon, and referred to the Congress then next to be chosen, and shall be published for three months previous to the election; and if the Congress next chosen as aforesaid, shall pass said amendment or amendments by a vote of two-thirds of all the members elected to each House, then it shall be the duty of said Congress to submit said40 proposed amendment or amendments to the people, in such manner and at such times as the Congress shall prescribe; and if the people shall approve and ratify such amendment or amendments by a majority of the electors qualified to vote for members of Congress voting thereon, such amendment or amendments shall become a part of this Constitution: Provided, however, that no amendment or amendments be referred to the people oftener than once in three years.

ra de Representantes ó Senado, i si fueren aprobadas por la mayoria de los miembros electos de las dos cámaras, tal propuesta de mejora ó mejoras será estendida en los diarios con los votos á favor i en contra, i referida al Congreso que haya de elejirse imediatamente, i publicada por tres meses ántes de la eleccion; i si el congreso prócsimo aprobare tal mejora ó mejoras por el voto de las dos terceras partes de todos los miembros84 de ambas cámaras, le corresponderá á dicho congreso, someterlas á los pueblos en el modo i tiempos que designare, i si los pueblos las aprobaren i ratificaren por la mayoria de los votos de los electores de miembros al congreso, tal mejora ó mejoras serán parte de esta constitucion; proveyendose, no ostante, que no será sometida ninguna mejora ó mejoras á los pueblos mas amenudo de una vez por tres años.

DECLARATION OF RIGHTS

DECLARACION DE DERECHOS

This declaration of Rights is declared to be a part of this Constitution, and shall never be violated on any pretence whatever. And in order to guard against the transgression of the high powers which we have delegated, we declare that every thing in this bill of rights contained, and every other right not hereby delegated, is reserved to the People.

Esta declaracion de derechos se declara parte de esta Constitucion i no será violada bajo ningun qualquiera pretesto. Y para precaver abusos de los altos poderes que hemos delegado, declaramos que todo lo que se halle en esta declaracion de derechos, i todo otro derecho no delegado por la Constitucion, está reservado á los pueblos85 .

First. All men, when they form a social compact, have equal rights, and no man41 or set of men are entitled to exclusive public privileges or emoluments from the community.

P RIMERO . Todos los hombres, cuando formen un pacto social, tienen iguales derechos i ningun hombre ni grado de hombres es acreedor á derechos ni emolumentos públicos esclusivos derivados de la comunidad.

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C ONSTITUCIÓN DE T EJAS (1836) Second. All political power is inherent in the People, and all free governments are founded on their authority, and instituted for their benefit; and they have at all times an inalienable right to alter their government in such manner as they may think proper.

S EGUNDO . Todo poder político es inherente á los pueblos i todos los gobiernos libres son fundados en su autoridad i establecidos para su beneficio, i ellos tienen86 derecho inalianable á alterar su gobierno de la manera que estimaren conveniente.

Third. No preference shall be given by law to any religious denomination or mode of worship over another, but every person shall be permitted to worship God according to the dictates of his own conscience.

T ERCERO . Ninguna preferencia se dará por la lei á cualquiera secta relijiosa ó modo de culto, pero todo individuo será permitido á adorar á Dios segun las sujestiones de su propia conciencia.

Fourth. Every citizen shall be at liberty to speak, write, or publish his opinions on any subject, being responsible for the abuse of that privilege. No law shall ever be passed to curtail the liberty of speech or of the press; and in all prosecutions for libels, the truth may be given in evidence, and the jury shall have the right to determine the law and fact, under the direction of the court.

C UARTO . Todo ciudadano será libre para hablar, escribir, ó publicar sus opiniones sobre cualquiera materia, siendo responsable por el abuso de tal privilejio. Ninguna lei se dará para impedir libertad de hablar ó de la imprenta, i en todo proceso por libelo infamatorio87 , se puede dar en testimonio la verdad, i el jurado podrá decidir sobre la lei i el hecho bajo la direccion del tribunal.

Fifth. The People shall be secure in their persons, houses, papers and possessions, from all unreasonable searches or42 seizures, and no warrant shall issue to search any place or seize any person or thing, without describing the place to be searched or the person or thing to be seized, without probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation.

Q UINTO . Los pueblos serán seguros en sus personas, casas, documentos i bienes de todos los rejistros i presas sin razon, i no será espedida órden para rejistrar cualquiera lugar ó prender cualquiera persona ó cosa sin describir el lugar que deba rejistrarse ó la persona ó cosa que deba prenderse, sin causa verosimil apoyada por juramento ó afirmacion.

Sixth. In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall have the right of being heard, by himself, or counsel43 , or both; he shall have the right to demand the nature and cause of the accusation, shall be confronted with the witnesses against him, and have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor. And in all prosecutions by presentment or indictment, he shall have the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury; he shall not be compelled to give evidence against himself, or be deprived of life, liberty, or property, but by due course of law. And no freeman shall be holden to answer for any criminal charge, but on presentment

S ESTO . En todos los procesos criminales el tratado de reo tendrá el derecho de ser entendido por sí, por sus abogados, ó de ambas maneras. Podrá88 demandar la naturaleza i motivo de la acusacion; será careado con los testigos contra él, i tendrá proceso compulsorio para lograr la comparencia de los testigos á favor suyo. En todos los procesos por medio de informacion de un gran jurado ó acusacion formal89 , el acusado tendrá derecho á un juicio pronto i público por un jurado imparcial. No será compelido á dar testimonio contra sí ni será privado de la vida, libertad ó propiedad, sino por debido curso de lei. Ningun libre será obligado á

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T EXAS or indictment by a grand jury, except in the land and naval forces, or in the militia when in actual service in time of war or public danger, or in cases of impeachment.

responder á un cargo criminal á ménos que fuere fundado en la informacion ó acusacion formal de un gran jurado, á escepcion de las fuerzas de mar i tierra, i la milicia siendo en el servicio actual en tiempo de guerra ó peligro público, ó de funcionarios públicos procesados criminalmente90 .

Seventh. No citizen shall be deprived of privileges, outlawed, exiled, or in any manner disfranchised, except by due course of the law of the land.

S ÉPTIMO . Ningun ciudadano será privado de privilejios, proscripto, desterrado ó quitado de sus derechos sino por debido curso de la lei del pais.

Eighth. No title of nobility, hereditary privileges or honors, shall ever be granted or conferred in this Republic. No person holding any office of profit or trust shall, without the consent of Congress, receive from any foreign state any present, office, or emolument, of any kind.

O CTAVO . Ningun despacho91 de nobleza, privilejios ú honras hereditarias serán concedidas ó conferidas en esta República. Ninguno que ocupe cualquier oficio de provecho ó confianza, recibirá92 empleo ni emolumento alguno93 de cualquiera estado estranjero.

Ninth. No person, for the same offence, shall be twice put in jeopardy of life or limbs. And the right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate.

N ONO . Ningun individuo será puesto dos veces en peligro de perder vida ó miembro, por la misma ofensa; i el derecho de juicio por jurado quedará inviolado.

Tenth. All persons shall be bailable by sufficient security, unless for capital crimes, when the proof is evident or presumption strong; and the privilege of the writ of “habeas corpus” shall not be suspended, except in case of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it.

D ÉCIMO . Todo individuo tratado de reo podrá librarse de prision, dando bastante fianza94 , á menos que sea por causa de delito capital, siendo las pruebas evidentes ó las presunciones fuertes; i no será suspendido el privilejio del mandato de “habeas corpus” á ménos que en caso de rebelion ó invasion la seguridad pública lo requiera.

Eleventh. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines44 imposed, or cruel or unusual punishments45 inflicted. All courts shall be open, and every man for any injury done him in his lands, goods, person, or reputation, shall have remedy by due course of law.

U NDÉCIMO . No serán pedidas fianzas escesivas, ni impuestas multas ecsorbitantes, ni inflijidos castigos crueles ó inusitados. Todos los tribunalas serán abiertos, i todo individuo tendrá remedio legal95 por cualquiera injuria que se le haga en sus terrenos, bienes, persona ú reputacion.

Twelfth. No person shall be imprisoned for debt in consequence of inability to pay.

D UODÉCIMO . Ninguno será encarcelado por causa de deudas en consecuencia de inhabilidad para pagar.

Thirteenth. No person’s particular services shall be demanded, nor property taken

D ÉCIMO T ERCIO . No serán demandados los servicios personales de cualquier indivi-

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C ONSTITUTION OF T EXAS (1836) or applied to public use, unless by the consent of himself or his representative, without just compensation being made therefor according to law.

duo, ni tomados i destinados al uso público sus bienes, sin su consentimiento de él ó de su ajente96 , sin que se le haga indemnizacion equitativa coniforme á la lei.

Fourteenth. Every citizen shall have the right to bear arms in defence of himself and the Republic. The military shall at all times and in all cases be subordinate to the civil power.

D ÉCIMO C UARTO . Todo ciudadano tendrá derecho á llevar armas en defensa de sì i de la República. El poder militar será en todos tiempos i casos subordinado al civil.

Fifteenth. The sure and certain defence of a free people is a well-regulated militia; and it shall be the duty of the Legislature to enact such laws as may be necessary to46 the organizing of the militia of this Republic.

D ÉCIMO Q UINTO . La defensa segura i cierta de un pueblo libre es una Milicia bien arreglada, i corresponderá á la lejislatura decretar las leyes que fueren necesarias para organizar la milicia de esta República.

Sixteenth. Treason against this Republic shall consist only in levying war against it, or adhering to its enemies, giving them aid and support. No retrospective or ex post facto law, or laws impairing the obligations47 of contracts, shall be made.

D ÉCIMO S ESTO . La traicion contra esta República solo constará de suscitar la guerra contra ella, unirse97 á sus enemigos ó de ayudar i apoyarlos. No serán decretados leyes retroactivas ó ex post-facto, ni leyes destructivas98 de la obligacion de contratos.

Seventeenth. Perpetuities or monopolies are contrary to the genius of a free government, and shall not be allowed; nor shall the law of primogeniture or entailments ever be in force in this Republic.

D ECIMO S ÉPTIMO . Los privilejios perpetuos i monopolios siendo contrarios al jenio de un gobierno libre no serán permitidos, ni jamas tendrán fuerza leyes de primojenetura ó mayorazgo en esta República.

The foregoing Constitution was unanimously adopted by the Delegates of Texas, in Convention assembled, at the town of Washington, on the seventeenth day of March, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and thirty-six, and of the Independence of the Republic the first year.

La Constitución antecedente se adoptó99 por los delegados de Téjas, en convención reunidos en el pueblo de Washington el 17 de Marzo del año de nuestro Señor mil ocho cientos treinta i seis i el primer año de la Independencia de la República.

In witness whereof, we have hereunto subscribed our names.

En testimonio de lo cual la firmamos.

RICHARD ELLIS, President and Delegate from Red River.

RICHARD ELLIS, Presidente i Delegado de Red River.

ALBERT H. S. KIMBLE, Secretary.

ALBERT H. S. KIMBLE, Secretario.

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T EJAS C. B. Stewart, James Collinsworth, Edwin Waller, A. Brigham, John S. D. Byrom, Francis Ruis, J. Antonio Navarro50 , William D. Lacy, William Menifee, John Fisher, Matthew Caldwell51 , William Motley, Lorenzo de Zavala54 , George W. Smyth, Stephen H. Everett, Elijah Stepp, Claiborne West, William B. Leates, M. B. Menard, A. B. Hardin, John W. Bunton, Thomas J. Gazley, R. M. Coleman, Sterling C.58 Robertson, George C. Childress59 , Baily Hardiman, Robert Potter, Charles Taylor,

John S. Roberts, Robert Hamilton, Collin McKinney48 , A. H. Latimore, James Powers49 , Sam. Houston, Edward Conrad, Martin Palmer, James Gaines, William Clark, jun., Sydney52 C.53 Pennington, Samuel P. Carson, Thomas J.55 Rusk, William C. Crawford, John Turner, Benjamin Briggs Goodrich, James G. Swisher, George W. Barnet56 , Jesse Grimes, E. O. Legrand, David Thomas, S. Rhoads57 Fisher, John W. Bower, J. B. Woods, J. W. Briscoe60 , Thomas Barnett, Jesse B. Badgett, Stephen W. Blount.61

C. B. Stewart, James Collinsworth, Edwin Waller, A. Brigham, John S. D. Byrom, Francis Ruis, J. Antonio Navarro, William D. Lacy, William Menifee, John Fisher, Matthew Caldwell, William Motley, Lorenzo de Zavala, George W. Smyth, Stephen H. Everett, Elijah Stepp, Claiborne West, William B. Leates, M. B. Menard, A. B. Hardin, John W. Bunton, Thomas J. Gazley, R. M. Coleman, Sterling C. Robertson, George C. Childress, Baily Hardiman, Robert Potter, Charles Taylor,

John S. Roberts Robert Hamilton, Collin McKinney, A. H. Latimore, James Power, Sam. Houston, Edward Conrad, Martín Palmer, James Gaines, William Clark, Jun. Sidney O. Pennington, Samuel P. Carson, Thomas J. Rusk, William C. Crawford, John Turner, Benjamin B. Goodrich, James G. Swisher, George W. Barnet, Jesse Grimes, E. O. Legrand, David Thomas, S. Rhoads Fisher, John W. Bower, J. B. Woods, Andrew Briscoe100 , Thomas Barnett, Jesse B. Badgett, Stephen W. Blount.

I do hereby certify that I have carefully compared the foregoing Constitution, and find it to be a true copy from the original filed in the archives of the Convention. Given under my hand, this 17th day of March, 1836.

Certifico que he ecsaminado cuidadosamente la Constitucion antecedente i la hallo una copia fiel del orijinal depositado entre los archivos de la Convención. Dado de mi mano el dia de hoi 17 de Marzo, 1836.

Attest: H. S. KIMBLE, Secretary of the Convention.

H. S. KIMBLE, Secretario de la Convencion.

1

1

Verified by “Constitution of the Republic of Texas”, published in Telegraph and Texas Register, August 9, 1836, 1, 4, where it had been published, in identical form, for the first time on August 2, 1836, (p. 1 and 3) but the copy available at the Center for American History at the University of Texas at Austin is heavily demolished, cf. http://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth47870/ constitution of 1836. Checked also against Constitution of the Republic of Texas. To which is prefixed The Declaration of Independence, Made in Convention, March 2, 1836, Washington: Printed by Gales and Seaton, 1836, 8–24, and the versions as published in Laws of the Republic of Texas, in Two Volumes.

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Verified by Constitucion, Leyes Jenerales, &c. de la Republica de Tejas, Traducidas al Castellano por S. P. Andrews, Abogado de los Tribunales de dicha República. Por disposicion del Secretario de Estado, Houston: Imprenta del Telégrafo, 1841, 13–33, and checked against the English original (q.v.), and against the manuscript of the Spanish translation of the first draft of the constitution of March 8, 1836, as preserved in the Texas State Library and Archives Commission at Austin, TX. Spelling, capitalization, and punctuation as in the Houston print. Obvious typographical errors have been tacitly corrected. The subsequent notes refer to deviations from the English original, either caused by unclear Spanish phrasing, omissions, additions, or

C ONSTITUCIÓN DE T EJAS (1836) Printed by Order of the Secretary of State, I, Houston: Printed at the Office of the Telegraph, 1838, 9–25, Oliver C. Hartley, A Digest of the Laws of Texas: To Which is Subjoined an Appendix [. . . ]; And to Which are Prefixed The Constitutions of the United States, of the Provisional Government of Texas, of the Republic of Texas, and of the State of Texas, Philadelphia: Published by Thomas, Cowperthwait & Co., 1850, 25–43, in Hans Peter Mareus Neilsen Gammel, The Laws of Texas 1822–1897, 10 vols., Austin: The Gammel book company, 1898, I, 1069–1086 (http://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth5872), in Documents of Texas History, 2nd ed., ed. by Ernest Wallace et al., Austin, TX: Texas State Historical Association, 2002, 100–106, and in The Constitution & Laws of The Republic of Texas, compiled by Robert A. Irion, Secretary of State, [Fulton, TX:] Copano Bay Press, 2007, 15–32. The original manuscript is not known to have survived. Whenever the wording as published in the Telegraph and Texas Register and in the Washington print, as the two original prints, was at variance, reference was made to the wording of the manuscript of the first draft of the Constitution of March 8, 1836, as preserved in the archives of the Texas General Land Office at Austin, TX, to the four committee drafts, as preserved in the Texas State Library and Archives Commission at Austin, TX and to the draft of the Constitution reported to the convention on March 9, 1836, as published in Journals of the Convention of the Free, Sovereign and Independent People of Texas, in General Convention Assembled, [Columbia: Printed at the Telegraph Office, 1836?], 44–59 (cf. Thomas W. Streeter, Bibliography of Texas 1795–1845, 2nd ed., reprint Woodbridge, CT: Research Publications, 1983, 80 [Streeter 162]). However, none of these documents cover the complete text of the final document. Spelling, capitalization, and punctuation follow the Telegraph and Texas Register of August 2, 1836, as far as the text is extant or legible, the remaining parts following the issue of August 9, 1836. Italics and parentheses were used as in the Telegraph and Texas Register, with curly brackets replacing the newspaper’s square brackets. Obvious typographical errors have been tacitly corrected and are not considered in the annotations. This strangely disorganized constitution – a result to some extent of the circumstances of its creation – which relied heavily on the Federal Constitution (q.v.) and several state constitutions, was adopted by the convention on March 17, 1836, in the midst of the war with Mexico and ratified by the people in September 1836 (cf. Joe E. Ericson, “Constitution of the Republic of Texas,” in: The New Handbook of Texas, In Six Volumes, II, Austin: The Texas State Historical Association, 1996, 292; cf. also Rupert N. Richardson, “Framing the Constitution of the Republic of Texas,” in: The Southwestern Historical Quarterly, 31 [1927/28], 191–220). It replaced the

inaccurate or erroneous translation, whereas questions merely of style have been ignored, as have been repetitions. Whenever the translation in the Spanish first draft – covering the first six articles of the final document – which was made by the three Spanish-American members of the convention, was more precise or closer to the English original, it was added in the notes. The Spanish translation of March 8 documents the initial intention of the convention to publish the constitution simultaneously in English and Spanish, an idea which fell victim to the tumultuous situation after March 17, and the difficulties to get even an English version published in the subsequent months. 2 In Spanish translation, “and general welfare” missing. In Spanish first draft, “y el bien estar general”. 3 In English original, “speaker”. In Spanish first draft, “Presidente”. 4 In English original, “the sole power of impeachment”. In Spanish first draft, “solamente la facultad de acusar”. 5 In English original, “shall have the sole power to try impeachments”. In Spanish first draft, “el Senado tendra facultad de erigirse en tribunal para los casos de acusacion”. 6 In English original, “disqualification”. 7 In English original, “the party”. 8 In English original, “returns”. 9 In English original, “a quorum”. In Spanish first draft, “una quorum (una mayoría)”. 10 In English original, “breach of the peace”. In Spanish first draft, “de haber quebrantado la paz”. 11 In Spanish translation, “any” missing. In Spanish first draft, “alguno”. 12 In Spanish translation, “to the House” missing. In Spanish first draft, “´á la Camara respectiva”. 13 In English original, “Executive”. In Spanish first draft, “Egecutivo”. 14 In English original, “service”. In Spanish first draft, “sesion”. 15 In English original, “and shall produce the proper officer’s receipt thereof”. 16 In English original, “act or resolution”. In Spanish first draft, “acta ó resolucion”. 17 In English original, “Every act”. In Spanish first draft, “Todas las Actas”. 18 In English original, “the bill”. In Spanish first draft, “el Proyecto”. 19 In English original, “shall become a law”. In Spanish first draft, “tendrá carácter de ley”. 20 In English original, “motions or resolutions”. In Spanish first draft, “resoluciones y Proposiciones”. 21 In English original, “in manner and form”. 22 In English original, “taxes and imposts”. 23 In English original, “tonnage duties”. 24 In English original, “grant charters of incorporation”. In Spanish first draft, “créar cuerpos incorporados”.

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T EXAS provisional constitution of 1835 (q.v.), and remained in effect until the annexation of Texas to the United States under the Constitution of 1845 (q.v.). 2 In Documents of Texas History, ed. by Wallace, 100, word missing. 3 In Laws of the Republic of Texas, I, 10, in Hartley’s Digest of the Laws of Texas, 26, in Gammel’s The Laws of Texas, I, 1070, in Documents of Texas History, ed. by Wallace, 100, and in Constitution & Laws of The Republic of Texas, 16, word missing. 4 In Washington print, 9, word missing. Also in manuscript of the first draft and in the two committee drafts that have the same wording. 5 In Washington print, 10, “cases”. The plural form appears in the Convention Journal, 46, the manuscript of the first draft and the majority of the four committee drafts. 6 In Washington print, 10,“shall”. In the manuscripts using the language of the final version (manuscript of the first draft and two committee drafts) “shall” is used. The Convention Journal, 47, and two committee manuscripts phrase the section differently. 7 In Laws of the Republic of Texas, I, 11, in Gammel’s The Laws of Texas, I, 1071, and in Constitution & Laws of The Republic of Texas, 17, word missing; in Documents of Texas History, ed. by Wallace, 101, word inserted in square brackets. 8 In Washington print, 11, “appropriation”. In manuscript of the first draft and all four committee drafts, “appropriation”. In the Convention Journal, 47, “appropriations”. 9 In Washington print, 11, “prevents”. In manuscript of the first draft and all four committee drafts, and in the Convention Journal, 48, “prevents”. 10 An undisclosed error. In manuscript of the first draft correctly, “twenty six”. Also in two committee drafts reference to the preceding section. The others and the Convention Journal, 48, without precise reference. 11 In Washington print, 11, “insurrection”. Only in manuscript of the first draft, “insurrections”. In all committee drafts and the Convention Journal, 48, “insurrection”. 12 In Gammel’s The Laws of Texas, I, 1073, “the”. 13 In Washington print, 12, “court”. In manuscript of the first draft, in all committee drafts and the Convention Journal, 51, “courts”. 14 In Washington print, 13, “terms”. In manuscript of the first draft, and in three committee drafts, “terms”. In the Convention Journal, 51, “term”. 15 In Washington print, 14, “of”. In manuscript of the first draft, and in committee draft, “in”. 16 In Laws of the Republic of Texas, I, 15, in Hartley’s Digest of the Laws of Texas, 33, in Gammel’s The Laws of Texas, I, 1075, and in Constitution & Laws of The Republic of Texas, 22, “abilities”. 17 In Washington print, 14, “to preserve”. In manuscript of the first draft, “preserve”. The committee

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25

In English original, “copy-rights”. In Spanish first draft, “asegurar á los Autores la propiedad de sus obras”. 26 In English original, “the foregoing express grants of power”. In Spanish first draft, “las facultades mencionadas”. 27 In English original, “vested”. In Spanish first draft, “se hallan depositadas”. 28 In English original, “courts”. In Spanish first draft, “su tribunal”. 29 In English original, “dollars”. 30 In English original, “district attorney”. In Spanish first draft, “Promotor Fiscal”. 31 In Spanish translation, last two words added. 32 In English original, “qualified voters”. In Spanish first draft, “electores legales”. 33 In English original, “Chief Justice”. In Spanish first draft, “Juez superior”. 34 In English original, “shall sit”. In Spanish first draft, “podrá tener conocimiento”. 35 In English original, “such justices’ courts”. In Spanish first draft, “los demas tribunales para la administracion de Justicia”. 36 In English original, “suppport”. In Spanish first draft, “sostener”. 37 In English original, “thirty-five”. In Spanish first draft, “treinta y cinco”. (In the first draft as sect. 4 of art. III). 38 In English original, “preserve”. In Spanish first draft, “conservaré”. (In the first draft as sect. 6 of art. III). 39 In English original, “except in cases of impeachment”. In Spanish first draft, “menos en casos de acusacion por la Cámara”. (In first draft as sect. 7 of art. III). 40 In English original, “during the recess of the Senate”. In Spanish first draft, “durante el recreo del Senado”. (In first draft as sect. 9 of art. III). 41 In English original, “impeachment”. In Spanish first draft, “acusacion”. (In first draft as sect. 18 of art. III). 42 In Spanish translation, “death” missing. In Spanish first draft, “muerte”. 43 In English original, “impeached”. In Spanish first draft, “en caso de haber sido acusado”. 44 In English original, “and other high crimes and misdemeanors”. In Spanish first draft, “ó cualquier otro delito capital ó faltas”. (In first draft as sect. 19 of art. III). 45 In English original, “Schedule”. 46 In English original, “All fines, penalties, and forfeitures, and escheats”. 47 In Spanish translation, last three words added. 48 In Spanish translation, “that shall be appointed” missing. 49 In Spanish translation, “and perform the same duties which are required and” missing. 50 In English original, “writs of election”.

C ONSTITUTION OF T EXAS (1836) drafts and the Convention Journal, 49, do not contain the wording of the oath. 18 In Laws of the Republic of Texas, I, 15, in Hartley’s Digest of the Laws of Texas, 33, in Gammel’s The Laws of Texas, I, 1075, and in Constitution & Laws of The Republic of Texas, 22, word missing. 19 In Washington print, 14, word missing. Word also missing in manuscript of the first draft, the two committee drafts that contain the section, and in Convention Journal, 49. 20 In Washington print, 15, “of all”. Also in manuscript of the first draft. 21 In Washington print, 16, “and forfeitures”. In committee draft, and in Convention Journal, 53, “forfeitures”. 22 In Washington print, 16, “heretofore accrued”. Also in committee draft, and in Convention Journal, 53. 23 In Washington print, 17, word missing. Also and in Convention Journal, 54. In committee draft, “to”. 24 In Washington print, 17, in Laws of the Republic of Texas, I, 18, in Hartley’s Digest of the Laws of Texas, 36, in Gammel’s The Laws of Texas, I, 1078, and in Constitution & Laws of The Republic of Texas, 24, “Gonzales”. Also in committee draft, and in Convention Journal, 54. 25 In Gammel’s The Laws of Texas, I, 1078, “can”. 26 In Washington print, 17, “the”. Also and in Convention Journal, 54. In committee draft, “this”. 27 In Washington print, 17, “President”. Also in committee draft, and in Convention Journal, 57. 28 In Washington print, 18, “emigrants from the United States of America”. Also in committee draft. 29 In Laws of the Republic of Texas, I, 20, in Hartley’s Digest of the Laws of Texas, 38, in Gammel’s The Laws of Texas, I, 1080, and in Constitution & Laws of The Republic of Texas, 27, “laws”. 30 In Constitution & Laws of The Republic of Texas, 27, word missing. 31 In Laws of the Republic of Texas, I, 20, in Hartley’s Digest of the Laws of Texas, 39, in Gammel’s The Laws of Texas, I, 1080, and in Constitution & Laws of The Republic of Texas, 27, “any other”. 32 In Washington print, 19, “of the State of”. 33 Ibid., “by the”. 34 In Constitution & Laws of The Republic of Texas, 28, “nail”. 35 In Hartley’s Digest of the Laws of Texas, 39, “may have”. 36 In Washington print, 20, “land”. 37 Ibid., “offices”. 38 Ibid., word missing. 39 In Laws of the Republic of Texas, I, 21, in Hartley’s Digest of the Laws of Texas, 40, in Gammel’s The Laws of Texas, I, 1081, and in Constitution & Laws of The Republic of Texas, 28, “with”. 40 In Washington print, 20, “such”. Also in committee draft.

51

In Spanish translation, “to Congress” missing. In English original, “precinct”. 53 In Spanish translation, “Goliad one; ” missing. 54 In English original, “of the powers and duties of their respective offices”. 55 In Spanish translation, word added. 56 In English original, “The President”. 57 In English original, “who shall emigrate”. 58 In English original, “and shall swear to support”. 59 In English original, “shall be entitled to all”. 60 In English original, “and arranged under different heads”. 61 In Spanish translation, “present” missing. 62 In English original, “All persons of color”. 63 In English original, “and who are now held in bondage”. 64 In English original, “servitude”. 65 In English original, “shall be the bona fide property”. 66 In English original, “emigrants from the United States of America”. 67 In Spanish translation, “of the Republic” missing. 68 In Spanish translation, “, in the like manner as colonists,” missing. 69 In English original, “‘labour’ of land”. 70 In Spanish translation, “and upwards” missing. 71 In Spanish translation, “previously to the adoption of this Constitution” missing. 72 In English original, “bargain, sale, or exchange”. 73 In English original, “the person to whom such right shall have been transferred”. 74 In English original, “otherwise”. 75 In English original, “legally obtained”. 76 In English original, “may hold land by rent or lease”. 77 In Spanish translation, “which have been located” missing. 78 In English original, “absent from home”. 79 In English original, “act”. 80 In English original, “the whole land system”. 81 In English original, “fair and equal”. 82 In English original, “to select and locate their lands”. 83 In English original, “vacant”. 84 In Spanish translation, “elected” missing. 85 In English original, “the People”. 86 In Spanish translation, “at all times” missing. 87 In Spanish translation, word added. 88 In English original, “He shall have the right”. 89 In English original, “by presentment or indictment”. 90 In English original, “or in cases of impeachment”. 91 In English original, “title”. 92 In Spanish translation, “without the consent of Congress” missing. 93 In English original, “any present, office or emolument”. 94 In English original, “All persons shall be bailable 52

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T EJAS 41 In Laws of the Republic of Texas, I, 22, in Hartley’s Digest of the Laws of Texas, 41, in Gammel’s The Laws of Texas, I, 1082, and in Constitution & Laws of The Republic of Texas, 29, “men”. 42 In Laws of the Republic of Texas, I, 22, in Hartley’s Digest of the Laws of Texas, 41, in Gammel’s The Laws of Texas, I, 1082, and in Constitution & Laws of The Republic of Texas, 29, “and”. 43 In Washington print, 21, and in Gammel’s The Laws of Texas, I, 1083, “council”. In committee draft, and in Convention Journal, 55, “counsel”. 44 In Constitution & Laws of The Republic of Texas, 30, “fine”. 45 In Gammel’s The Laws of Texas, I, 1083, “punishment”. 46 Ibid., 1084, “for”. 47 In Laws of the Republic of Texas, I, 24, in Hartley’s Digest of the Laws of Texas, 42, in Gammel’s The Laws of Texas, I, 1084, and in Constitution & Laws of The Republic of Texas, 31, “obligation”. 48 In Washington print, 23, “McKinny”. 49 In Laws of the Republic of Texas, I, 24, in Hartley’s Digest of the Laws of Texas, 43, in Gammel’s The Laws of Texas, I, 1084, and in Constitution & Laws of The Republic of Texas, 31, “Power”. 50 In Washington print, 23, “Navaro”. 51 Ibid., “Calwell”. 52 Ibid., “Sydny”. 53 In Laws of the Republic of Texas, I, 24, in Hartley’s Digest of the Laws of Texas, 43, in Gammel’s The Laws of Texas, I, 1084, and in Constitution & Laws of The Republic of Texas, 31, “O.”. 54 In Washington print, 23, “Zavalla”. 55 Ibid., “I.”. 56 Ibid., “Barnett”. 57 Ibid., “Rhodes”. 58 In Gammel’s The Laws of Texas, I, 1085, “G.”. 59 In Constitution & Laws of The Republic of Texas, 32, “Children”. 60 In Laws of the Republic of Texas, I, 25, in Hartley’s Digest of the Laws of Texas, 43, in Gammel’s The Laws of Texas, I, 1085, and in Constitution & Laws of The Republic of Texas, 32, “Andrew Briscoe”. 61 In Hartley’s Digest of the Laws of Texas, 43, and in Documents of Texas History, ed. by Wallace, 106, rest missing.

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by sufficient security”. 95 In English original, “shall have remedy by due course of law”. 96 In English original, “representative”. 97 In English original, “or adhering”. 98 In English original, “impairing”. 99 In Spanish translation, “unanimously” missing. 100 In English original, “J. W. Briscoe”.

Declaration of Rights of Virginia (1776) A Declaration of Rights made by the representatives of the good people of Virginia, assembled in full and free Convention; which rights do pertain to them, and their posterity, as the basis and foundation of government1

W EDNESDAY June the 12th2 1776. 1. T HE Declaration of Rights having been fairly transcribed was read a third time and passed as follows nemine contradicente.3 T HAT all Men are by nature equally free and Independent and have certain inherent Rights of which when they enter into a state of Society they cannot by any compact deprive or divest their Posterity namely the enjoyment of Life and liberty with the means of acquiring and possessing property and pursuing and obtaining happiness and Safety. 2. T HAT all power is vested in and consequently derived from the People that Magistrates are their Trustees and Servants and at all times amienable to them. 3. T HAT Government is or ought to be instituted for the common benefit protection and Security of the People Nation or Community of all the various Modes and forms of Government that is best which is capable of producing the greatest degree of happiness and Safety and is most effectually secured against the danger of MalAdministration and that whenever any Government shall be found inadequate or contrary to these purposes a Majority of the Community hath an indubitable unalienable and indefeasible Right to reform alter or

abolish it in such manner as shall be judged most4 conducive to the publick Weal. 4. T HAT no Man or set of Men are intitled to exclusive or5 separate Emoluments or Privileges from the Community but in consideration of publick Services which not being descendible neither ought the Offices of Magistrate Legislator or Judge to be hereditary. 5. T HAT the Legislative and Executive powers of the State should be separate and Distinct from the Judicative6 and that the Members of the two first may be restrained from oppression by feeling and participating the burthens of the People they should at fixed Periods be reduced to a private station return into that7 Body from which they were originally taken and the vacancies be supplied by frequent certain and regular Elections in which all or any part of the former Members to be again elegible or inelegible as the laws shall direct. 6. T HAT Elections of Members to serve as Representatives of the People in Assembly ought to be free and that all Men having sufficient evidence of permanent common Interest with and attachment to the Community have the right of Suffrage and cannot be taxed or deprived of their Property for Publick Uses without their own Consent or that of their Representatives so Elected nor

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V IRGINIA bound by any Law to which they have not in like manner assented for the public good. 7. T HAT all Power of suspending Laws or the execution of Laws by any Authority without consent of the Representatives of the People is injurious to their rights and ought not to be exercised. 8. T HAT in all Capital or Criminal Prosecutions a Man hath a Right to demand the Cause and Nature of his Accusation to be confronted with the Accusers and Witnesses to call for Evidence in his favour and to a speedy Trial by an impartial Jury of his Vicinage without whose unanimous consent He cannot be found guilty nor can he be compelled to give Evidence against himself that no Man be deprived of his liberty except by the Law of the Land or the Judgment of his Peers. 9. T HAT excessive Bail ought not to be required nor excessive Fines imposed nor cruel and8 unusual Punishments inflicted. 10. T HAT9 General Warrants whereby any Officer or Messenger may be commanded to search suspected places without evidence of a fact committed Or to seize any Person or Persons not named or whose Offence is not particularly described and supported by evidence are grievous and oppressive and ought not to be granted. 11. T HAT in Controversies respecting Property and in suits between Man and Man the antient Trial by Jury is preferable to any other and ought to be held sacred. 12. T HAT the freedom of the Press is one of the great Bulwarks of liberty and can never be restrained but by despotic Government10 . 13. T HAT a well regulated Militia composed of the Body of the People trained to Arms is the proper natural and safe Defence of a free State that standing Armies in time

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of peace should be avoided as dangerous to liberty and that in all Cases the Military should be under strict Subordination to and governed by the Civil power. 14. T HAT the People have a Right to Uniform Government and therefore that no Government separate from or Independent of the Government of Virginia ought to be erected or established within the Limits thereof. 15. T HAT no free Government or the Blessing of Liberty can be preserved to any People but by a firm adherence to Justice Moderation Temperance Frugality and Virtue and by frequent recurrence to fundamental Principles. 16. T HAT Religion or the Duty which we owe to our Creator and the manner of discharging it can be directed only by reason and Conviction not by force or Violence and therefore all Men are equally intitled to the free exercise of Religion according to the Dictates of Conscience And that it is the mutual Duty of all to practise Christian Forbearance Love and Charity towards each other.11

1 Verified by Postscript [to Purdie’s Virginia Gazette] Friday; June 14, 1776, [Williamsburg: Alexander Purdie, 1776,] 2 p., and corrected according to the handwritten original as preserved in the State Records Collection of the Library of Virginia, Richmond VA. Also checked against the versions as published in The Proceedings of the Convention of Delegates, Held at the Capitol, in the City of Williamsburg, in the Colony of Virginia, on Monday the 6th of May, 1776, Williamsburg: Printed by Alexander Purdie. Printer to the Commonwealth, [1776], 100–103, in Ordinances Passed at a General Convention of Delegates and Representatives, From the several Counties and Corporations of Virginia, Held at the Capitol, in the City of Williamsburg, on Monday the 6th of May, Anno Dom: 1776, Williamsburg: Printed by Alexander Purdie. Printer to the Commonwealth, [1776], 3–5, in The Constitution or Form of Government Agreed to and Resolved Upon at a General Convention of the Delegates and

D ECLARATION OF R IGHTS OF V IRGINIA (1776) Representatives of the Several Counties and Corporations of Virginia, Held at the Capitol in the City of Williamsburg, On Monday the Sixth of May, In the Year 1776, Richmond: Re-printed by Nicolson & Prentis, [s.a.], 3–5, and in Brent Tarter and Robert L. Scribner (eds.), Revolutionary Virginia. The Road to Independence, VII/2: Independence and the Fifth Convention, 1776. A Documentary Record, [Charlottesville, VA:] University of Virginia Press, 1983, 449–450. Spelling, capitalization, and punctuation follow the original manuscript. Obvious typographical errors have been tacitly corrected or ignored. Emphasis is given as in the manuscript. The title does not appear in the original manuscript and was, obviously, inserted by the printer, who, changing “us” and “our” to “them” and “their”, adopted the title from the committee draft (A Declaration of Rights made by the representatives of the good people of Virginia [. . . ], [Williamsburg: Alexander Purdie, 1776], 1). Title also used in Ordinances, 3. The Declaration of Rights was adopted on June 12, 1776 and not submitted to the people. It survived all constitutional changes in Virginia in the first half of the nineteenth century, being incorporated in the Con-

stitutions of 1830 (q.v.) and of 1851 (q.v.), and thus remained in force up to the Civil War. 2 In Proceedings of the Convention, 100, “June 12,”. 3 Ibid., “nem. con.” with document title inserted between this sentence and first clause of the Declaration. In Postscript, 1, in Ordinances, 3, in Nicolson & Prentis print, 3, and in Tarter and Scribner (eds.), Revolutionary Virginia, 449, date and sentence missing. 4 In Tarter and Scribner (eds.), Revolutionary Virginia, 449, word missing. 5 In Postscript, 1, “on”. 6 In Ordinances, 4, and in Nicolson & Prentis print, 4, “judiciary”. 7 In Tarter and Scribner (eds.), Revolutionary Virginia, 449, “the”. 8 In Nicolson & Prentis print, 4, word missing. 9 Ibid., “The”. 10 In Postscript, 2, in Proceedings of the Convention, 102, in Ordinances, 5, and in Nicolson & Prentis print, 5, “governments”. 11 In Postscript, 2, “Edmund Pendleton, Pr. (A copy) John Tazewell, clerk of the Conv.” added.

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Index Overview

ambassadors apportionment of representatives – by geographical units – by inhabitants – by tax revenue auditor general capital punishment census church – autonomy of the church/of churches – separation of church and state – state church citizenship – loss of – obligations of commerce common law constitution – amendment of – – constitutional convention – constitutional review – fundamental principles – legal status of – purpose corporations debtors economy – banking – regulations education – common schools, establishment of election, eligibility for – age – citizenship – disqualifying attributes – education – gender – property – race, ethnicity

– religion – residence elections – contestation of – election committee – election day – electoral returns – voter registration – voting procedure – – ballot – – viva voce electoral districts – single constituency electoral principles – direct elections – equal elections – free elections – general elections – majority principle executive – council of state – duties – – state of the government address – executive agencies – – ministries – – – competencies – head of state – – competencies – mayor – members – – appointment – – election – – ex officio – – immunity or indemnity – – impeachment – – inability to serve – – length of term – – plurality of offices – – qualifications – – re-eligibility – – remuneration

157

I NDEX OVERVIEW – – responsibility – – right of attendance in legislature – ministers – monarch – – appanage – official seat – plural executive – powers – – adjourning legislature – – appointing power – – – vacancies, filling of – – budgetary powers – – – emergency budgetary powers – – convoking legislature – – dissolving legislature – – foreign affairs, control of – – – treaties – – judicial powers – – legislative powers – – – executive orders or ordinances – – – legislative initiative – – – sanctioning of laws – – – veto power – – military commanding power – – pardoning power – – removal power – – war and peacemaking – presidential system – relation to other branches feudal institutions and practices – entail – feudal tenure – primogeniture – privileges government – federal - state relations – – admission into federation – – federal powers – – – executive – – – judiciary – – – legislative – – supremacy of federal law – finances – – budget

158

– – fiscal period – – public debt – – revenue, ordinary and extraordinary – form of – – democracy – – republic – governmental institutions see also executive, legislative – public domain – public institutions – subnational government – – municipal government – – – municipal officers – – provincial or state parliaments – – provincial subdivisons (counties etc) – – supervision of local government – suits against the state hereditary distinctions, outlawed infrastructure – postal system – railroad – roads judiciary – attorney general – council of censors – courts – – appellate court – – court of arbitration – – court of sessions – – courts of equity – – inferior courts – – local courts – – military courts – – supreme court – – – as appellate court – – – as constitutional court – – – judges – – – – appointment – – – – chief justice – – – – impeachment – – – – incompatibility with other offices – – – – number – – – – qualifications

I NDEX OVERVIEW – – – – tenure – judges – – appointment or election – – incompatibility with other offices – – legally competent judges – – removal – judicial districts – juries – jurisdiction – – appellate – – ordinary – – original – – reciprocity of recognition of judgments – – restrictions upon – local judicial officers – relation to other branches – – distinction from administrative bodies – remuneration – trials – – hearing of evidence language – official language – other languages law – civil law – codification of existing bodies of law – transitional provisions – uniformity of legislature – convocation of – joint sessions – lower house – – members – – – appointment – – – election – – – immunity, indemnity – – – incompatibility – – – leader of lower house – – – length of term – – – mandatory attendance – – – plurality of offices – – – qualifications – – – re-eligibility – – – remuneration

– – – speaker – – – vacancy – – powers – – – adjournment – – – appointing power – – – – confirmation of appointments – – – appropriation of funds – – – budgetary power – – – bylaws – – – impeachment – – – interpellation – – – judiciary functions – – – legislation – – – – legislative initiative – – – – passage of bills – – – – – majorities – – – – promulgation – – – – publication of laws – – – – reading of bills – – – – restrictions – – – – – bills of attainder – – – – – constitutionality of laws – – – – – ex post facto laws – – – – sanctioning of laws – – – – taking effect of law – – – – tax, revenue legislation – – – ratification of treaties – – – vote of no confidence – – – war and peace-making – – procedures – – – budget report – – – committees – – – dissolution – – – duration of session – – – election of officers – – – first/constitutive session – – – journal – – – – publication of – – – parliamentary officers – – – quorum – – – resolutions – – – sessions open to public – – – votes – official seat – powers – relation to other branches

159

I NDEX OVERVIEW – structure – – bicameral – – unicameral – third and further houses or chambers – – members – – – election – – – plurality of offices – – – remuneration – – powers – – – judiciary functions – – – legislation – – – – restrictions – – – – – bills of attainder – – procedures – – – votes – upper house – – members – – – appointment – – – election – – – immunity, indemnity – – – incompatibility – – – leader of upper house – – – length of term – – – mandatory attendance – – – parliamentary officers – – – plurality of offices – – – qualifications – – – re-eligibility – – – remuneration – – – speaker – – – vacancy – – powers – – – adjournment – – – appointing power – – – – confirmation of appointments – – – appropriation of funds – – – budgetary power – – – bylaws – – – impeachment – – – interpellation – – – judiciary functions – – – legislation – – – – legislative initiative – – – – passage of bills – – – – – majorities – – – – promulgation

160

– – – – publication of laws – – – – reading of bills – – – – restrictions – – – – – bills of attainder – – – – – constitutionality of laws – – – – – ex post facto laws – – – – sanctioning of laws – – – – taking effect of laws – – – – tax or revenue legislation – – – ratification of treaties – – – vote of no confidence – – – war and peace making – – procedures – – – committees – – – dissolution – – – duration of session – – – election of officers – – – first/constitutive session – – – journal – – – – publication of – – – quorum – – – resolutions – – – sessions open to public – – – votes lotteries military – conscription – members – – special regulations for – navy – organization of – quartering of troops – standing army – subordination to civil authorities – supreme command militia nobility – abolition of titles of – position of oaths – loyalty oaths – of office

I NDEX OVERVIEW police power, domestic security population groups – foreigners – minorities – – African-Americans – – ethnic groups – – indigents – multiethnic states – – relations between ethnic groups/nations – – rights and privileges of ethnic groups/nations religion – Christianity – Judaism – state religion representation rights – abolition or alteration of government, popular right of – assembly, freedom of – bearing or keeping of arms – business, freedom to conduct – contract, freedom of – emigration, right of – equality – ex post facto laws, illegality of – expression, freedom of – habeas corpus – inalienability of rights – innocent, rights of – inviolability of the home – legal rights – – bail – – compulsory process (for exculpatory evidence) – – confrontation with witnesses for the prosecution – – counsel – – cruel or unusual punishment, prohibition of – – double jeopardy – – due process – – excessive fines, prohibition of – – indictment and information – – non-self-incrimination

– – to be heard – – trial by jury – liberty and security of person – liberty of residence – life, right to – matrimony – movement, freedom of – occupation, freedom of – personal freedom – petition, right of – popular sovereignty – press, freedom of the – privacy of mail – property rights – – expropriation – – freedom of ownership – religion, freedom of – science, freedom of – self-defense, right of – separation of powers – speech, freedom of – trade, freedom of settlement slavery social welfare – financing of – poor, supervision of sovereign rights of the state – hunting privileges – mining privileges – right of coinage – state monopolies state and administrative apparatus – administration – – waters – civil servants state independence state insignias state structure – confederation – federal state state territory

161

I NDEX OVERVIEW suffrage: see voting rights tariffs and duties taxes – tax equity – tax expenditures – taxation territorial organization – boundaries – capital – federalism treason

162

voting rights – age – citizenship – disqualifying attributes – education – gender – property – race, ethnicity – religion – residence war, state of

Index USA Part I–VIII

ambassadors, I: 37, 39, 59, 77 apportionment of representatives, I: 21, 46, 71, 109, 179, 189, 213, 223, 290, 318; II: 14, 23, 24, 31, 92, 136, 145, 252, 266, 277, 305, 322, 370; III: 22, 27, 66, 96, 112, 139, 215, 216, 230, 375, 384, 446; IV: 24–25, 42, 43, 69–70, 98– 99, 130, 155, 205, 222–223, 307–308, 328, 332, 346, 349, 364, 366, 396, 418; V: 87–88, 99–100, 161, 168, 198, 208, 246–247, 270, 271, 275, 288–289, 313, 329, 371, 456, 475; VI: 18, 52, 65, 169– 170, 175, 236, 284; VII: 14, 86, 99, 100, 104, 122, 125, 126, 130, 148, 252–258, 313; VIII: 25–26, 29–30, 38, 74, 82, 96, 106–107, 118 – by geographical units, I: 55, 56, 76, 87, 115, 119, 126, 197, 245, 303, 304, 343; II: 14, 28, 92, 104, 148, 149, 309, 354, 355; III: 11, 47, 108, 140, 170; IV: 89, 108, 185, 251–252, 330, 331; V: 71–72, 86, 128–129, 179–180, 260–261, 274, 456, 489; VI: 25–27, 33–36, 69, 175, 210–211, 236–237, 285; VII: 55, 162– 165, 335; VIII: 81, 119, 138–139 – by inhabitants, I: 81, 96, 97, 105, 115, 119, 126, 127, 148, 151, 158, 159, 197, 318, 352; II: 31, 35, 53, 88, 101, 113, 144, 200, 244, 260, 277, 321; III: 11, 28, 40, 45–47, 108, 109, 111, 112, 156, 159, 184, 206, 208, 245, 270, 272, 320, 384, 408, 414, 427; IV: 11–12, 27, 38, 43, 44, 51, 53, 54, 58, 59, 71, 89, 108, 126, 142, 144, 174–175, 194–195, 223–224, 273, 282, 290–291, 295, 318, 348, 366, 396, 416–417; V: 18, 36, 42, 86, 88, 96, 100, 128–130, 134, 168, 178–179, 184–185, 243–246, 261, 274, 282, 288, 299, 330– 331, 350–351, 371, 382, 418–419, 429, 456, 473–474, 488–489; VI: 43, 59, 76– 77, 103, 122–123, 170, 175–176, 198,

235–236, 284–285; VII: 15, 28, 42, 55, 60, 62, 67, 69, 71–72, 74, 76–78, 80, 103, 104, 126, 128, 143–144, 161–162, 216, 281; VIII: 12–13, 22, 29, 66, 82, 96, 107, 119, 126 – by tax revenue, IV: 328, 346, 364, 378, 397; V: 18, 167, 330–331, 350–351, 382, 418–419; VI: 27; VII: 15, 28, 42, 126 auditor general, II: 137, 372; IV: 96, 105, 129–130; VII: 79; VIII: 80, 86–87 capital punishment, III: 179, 343; IV: 325, 343, 361, 392–393, 412 census, I: 38, 46, 53, 71, 75, 81, 97, 109, 115, 119, 127, 128, 158, 197, 290, 318; II: 31, 35, 53, 88, 92, 101, 118, 144, 200, 244, 252, 260, 266, 277, 296, 321, 343, 365, 370; III: 11, 28, 46, 55, 108, 109, 112, 139, 156, 206, 384, 427, 444, 446; IV: 11–12, 43, 51, 53, 54, 58, 59, 71, 82, 89, 98–99, 108, 144, 174–175, 185, 194, 205, 223, 291; V: 36, 42, 57, 63–64, 86–88, 96, 100, 129, 135–136, 168, 178– 179, 184–185, 243–244, 299, 313, 350, 371, 382, 429, 488–489; VI: 43, 59, 76, 169–170, 235, 284; VII: 55, 62, 67, 69, 71, 74, 76–77, 80, 131, 143–144, 161– 162, 216, 281; VIII: 13, 25–26, 34, 38, 66, 74, 106–107 church, I: 194, 320; II: 326, 350, 368, 371; III: 241; IV: 19–20, 63–64, 323–324, 341–342, 359–360, 376, 391–392, 411 – autonomy of the church/of churches, IV: 50 – separation of church and state, I: 62, 79, 94, 122, 218, 221, 232, 243, 256, 269, 283, 294, 346, 359; II: 20, 24, 100, 131, 163, 192, 239, 255, 271, 300, 339, 347, 360; III: 13, 30, 31, 48, 50, 79, 115, 118, 203, 310, 413; IV: 10, 112, 140, 171–172, 182, 191, 225, 246, 292, 304;

163

citizenship V: 23, 51, 66, 164, 177, 201, 216–217, 237, 295, 328, 365, 400, 453, 470–471; VI: 37, 65–66, 73–74, 84, 226, 235, 279, 284; VII: 88, 104, 127, 128, 188–189, 211, 276, 277; VIII: 10, 42, 45, 61–62 – state church, I: 94, 316; III: 242, 253; V: 10; VIII: 10 citizenship, I: 20, 51, 60, 74, 78, 238, 248, 298, 357; III: 414; IV: 153, 203; V: 93, 165, 297, 341; VI: 100–102, 168–169, 185, 212–216; VII: 18, 64; VIII: 104– 105, 139–143 – loss of, I: 90; III: 90, 253; IV: 130; VI: 101–102, 212; VIII: 140 – obligations of, III: 90; VI: 145, 212; VII: 30–31, 33, 44, 46–47; VIII: 139– 140 commerce, III: 213; IV: 125; V: 163, 333–335, 441; VI: 202; VII: 145–146; VIII: 130 common law, VI: 182–183 constitution, I: 176–178, 323, 358; II: 27, 166, 167, 229, 251, 288, 289, 305, 312, 332, 333, 353, 354, 374, 376; III: 28, 40, 95, 136, 143, 144, 184, 190, 191, 218, 254, 423, 445; IV: 83, 98, 129–131, 155–157, 306–307, 309; V: 9, 23, 165, 178, 257, 312, 435, 464, 480; VI: 66, 145, 263–266, 299–300; VII: 13–14, 19, 33, 42, 47, 98, 193–194, 249–250, 311; VIII: 53, 59, 73 – amendment of, I: 31, 61, 78, 95, 108, 128, 141, 171, 184, 196, 217, 218, 221, 232, 243, 256, 284, 293, 321, 338, 353, 357; II: 20, 26, 41, 44, 129, 162, 226, 227, 250, 286, 303, 304, 353, 372; III: 19, 37, 93, 137, 187, 218, 233, 258– 260, 264, 267, 269, 271, 273–275, 277, 280–296, 300–306, 308–311, 313, 314, 316, 318, 319, 321, 322, 324, 326, 329, 331, 332, 335–339, 341–343, 345, 347, 348, 351, 353, 355, 357, 358, 360, 362, 364, 366, 368, 369, 371, 373, 375, 376, 378, 380, 381, 389, 391–393, 398, 399, 401, 403, 405; IV: 13, 46–84, 96–97, 127, 129–131, 153, 204, 244, 245, 271–

164

I NDEX USA PART 304, 320, 340, 356, 374, 387, 407, 428, 430; V: 31, 44, 108–109, 142–143, 171, 180, 198–199, 253–254, 259–260, 291, 311–312, 327–328, 342–344, 404, 406, 435, 463, 479, 493; VI: 32, 41, 44, 66, 85–86, 90, 146, 175, 216, 257, 295–296; VII: 19, 28, 33–34, 47–48, 69, 72–73, 75, 79–80, 149, 190, 243–244, 305, 327; VIII: 11, 24, 34–35, 41–42, 50, 59, 72, 118, 143–144 – – constitutional convention, I: 184, 232, 257, 284, 321; II: 17, 28, 162, 250, 251, 265, 286, 304, 333, 353, 354, 373; III: 19, 37, 63, 64, 93, 414, 446; IV: 38, 83–84, 97–98, 127, 153, 183– 184, 340, 356, 374, 387, 407; V: 71, 167, 171, 198–199, 254–255; VI: 41, 66; VII: 19, 33–34, 47–48, 69, 72–73, 79–80, 149, 191, 244, 306; VIII: 72– 73 – constitutional review, I: 106, 124, 135, 171, 359; II: 38; IV: 83, 127, 231, 296, 340, 356, 387, 407; V: 70, 75–76, 143, 258–260, 342–344; VI: 253, 293–294; VII: 19, 33–34, 47–48; VIII: 22 – fundamental principles, I: 347, 352; III: 419; IV: 326–327, 345, 363, 394– 395, 414; V: 483; VII: 13, 27, 211–212, 277 – legal status of, I: 31, 79, 217, 218, 232, 256, 284, 359, 360; II: 27, 40, 287; III: 92, 188; V: 44, 76, 109, 144– 145, 435, 459, 472, 487, 494; VI: 209; VII: 70, 80, 138, 139; VIII: 33, 137 – purpose, I: 45–307; VI: 225, 279; VIII: 9, 53, 95 corporations, I: 195, 232, 247, 256, 273, 283, 320, 321; II: 100, 110, 148, 161, 162, 220, 222, 248, 264, 276, 281–283, 287, 301, 303, 327, 328, 350, 351, 371, 372; III: 49, 134; IV: 20, 85, 122– 124, 126–127, 135, 150–152, 165–167, 170, 182, 241, 302–303, 416; V: 70–71, 139–140, 239, 250, 274, 309, 327–328, 387, 399, 417–419, 442, 459, 460, 488; VI: 169, 255, 295; VII: 28, 130, 179–

I–VIII 180, 242–243, 304, 305; VIII: 70, 106 debtors, I: 95, 135, 151, 160, 346, 357; II: 40, 133, 164, 194, 240, 257, 273, 340, 361; III: 21, 39, 65, 432; IV: 85, 116–117, 124, 140, 172, 192, 248, 305– 306; V: 22, 165, 178, 204, 218, 296, 337, 368, 403, 433, 446, 447, 470, 480, 484; VI: 67, 74–75, 168, 228, 280; VII: 11, 17, 25, 32, 39, 46, 150, 188, 211, 276; VIII: 11, 62–63, 103 economy, I: 51, 53, 54, 74, 75; III: 432, 441; IV: 326, 344, 363, 394, 414 – banking, I: 107, 136, 139, 160, 320, 321, 337; II: 110, 134, 147, 162, 220–222, 248, 264, 283, 304, 327, 328, 352, 372; III: 180, 182, 432; IV: 85, 122–123, 135, 151, 182, 211, 241, 286, 303; V: 38, 70– 71, 140, 249–250, 273, 309, 439, 442, 459; VI: 169; VII: 178–179, 243, 305; VIII: 23, 70, 106 – regulations, I: 159, 160, 299, 308, 343, 352; II: 160, 352; III: 134, 180, 422, 432; IV: 15; V: 38, 158, 239, 441 education, I: 106, 134, 169, 170, 194, 319, 357; II: 40, 203, 204, 248, 249, 264, 283, 285, 300, 301, 326, 328, 337, 347, 348, 359, 364, 367, 368; III: 63, 136, 137, 152, 185–187; IV: 32, 34, 35, 56, 80–82, 95, 120–121, 149, 183, 203, 241, 301– 303, 337, 354, 372, 414–415; V: 38, 67, 107–108, 140, 237, 240–241, 281–282, 287, 307, 364, 398, 434, 444, 451, 463, 485–486, 498; VI: 86–87, 119, 144, 212, 260–261, 297, 307; VII: 18, 177–178, 239–241, 301, 303; VIII: 22, 50, 58, 70– 71, 87, 139 – common schools, establishment of, I: 170, 194, 347, 357; II: 19, 216, 249, 264, 300, 328, 337, 347, 359, 368; III: 136, 214; IV: 95, 120, 149, 240–241, 301–302, 426; V: 22, 67, 165, 178, 201, 205, 237, 307, 341–342, 364, 398, 440, 451, 479, 486, 493; VI: 169, 260, 297; VII: 18, 33, 47, 178, 240, 302; VIII: 71,

election, eligibility for 87, 105 election, eligibility for, I: 88, 164, 193, 307, 312; II: 14, 198, 303, 325, 351; III: 36, 75, 79, 91, 130, 156, 162, 164, 169, 170, 174, 175, 178, 189, 252, 259, 284, 415, 424, 427, 431, 435, 436, 440, 442; IV: 64, 148–149, 251–252; V: 253, 454, 491; VI: 108, 112, 122–123, 235, 284; VII: 12, 26, 40, 195; VIII: 55 – age, I: 45, 47, 56, 71, 72, 76, 96, 97, 99, 115, 123, 124, 129, 161, 190, 223, 225, 245, 248, 271, 274, 290, 291, 298, 300, 309, 311, 312, 327, 338, 344, 352; II: 14, 23, 25, 31, 32, 36, 74, 94, 113, 114, 119, 120, 138, 144, 152, 156, 200, 207, 242, 245, 258, 261, 274, 278, 297, 318; III: 11, 12, 14, 27, 29, 30, 45, 47, 50, 53–56, 58, 75, 77, 81, 108, 113, 118, 125, 165, 207, 208, 211, 245, 247, 249– 251, 266, 270, 272, 327, 384, 386, 407, 410, 411, 428, 433, 434, 437; IV: 112, 145, 174–175, 177, 181, 194–195, 197, 199, 223, 231, 239, 290–291, 296, 300, 318, 330, 332, 348, 350, 365, 367, 378, 381, 383, 386, 398, 400, 404, 418–419, 421; V: 35, 39, 54–55, 102, 131–132, 134, 162–163, 175–176, 184–185, 190, 283, 290, 299, 302, 349, 351, 355, 381– 383, 388, 430, 453; VI: 34, 36, 38, 60, 62, 77, 79, 81, 103–104, 107–108, 124, 132–133, 135–136, 142, 170–171, 174, 197–198, 206, 231–232, 244, 282, 289; VII: 63, 67, 71, 75–76, 86, 104, 110, 127, 132, 135, 143–144, 146, 171; VIII: 12– 13, 16, 38–39, 56, 64, 67, 81, 96, 107– 108, 110–111, 117, 125–126, 134 – citizenship, I: 45, 47, 56, 71, 72, 76, 96, 97, 99, 115, 123, 124, 129, 154, 161, 223, 225, 245, 248, 271, 274, 290, 291, 309, 311, 312, 327, 338; II: 23, 25, 31, 32, 36, 74, 94, 96, 98, 113, 114, 119, 120, 138, 144, 152, 156, 159, 200, 207, 242, 245, 258, 261, 274, 278, 318; III: 11, 14, 27, 29–31, 45, 47, 50, 53–56, 58, 75, 77, 81, 108, 113, 118, 125, 165, 207, 211, 327, 404, 425, 428, 433, 434, 437; IV: 72, 90–

165

election, eligibility for 91, 108, 112, 145, 174–175, 177, 194– 195, 199, 223, 231, 290–291, 296, 300; V: 35, 39, 54–55, 58, 72, 102, 131–132, 175–176, 184–185, 189–190, 283, 290, 299, 302, 304–305, 349, 351, 355, 381– 383, 388, 397–398, 430, 453; VI: 34, 36, 38, 62, 77, 79, 102–104, 107–108, 124, 132–133, 135–136, 142, 170–171, 197– 198, 206, 209–210, 231–232, 244, 282, 289; VII: 56, 63, 110, 132, 144, 146, 157, 171, 221, 286; VIII: 12–13, 16, 29, 38–39, 46–47, 64, 67, 81, 96, 107–108, 110–111, 125–126, 134, 137 – disqualifying attributes, I: 48, 72, 90, 99, 105, 124, 157, 168, 172, 175, 195, 216, 231, 232, 256, 273, 275–277, 294, 301, 305, 315–317, 345, 346, 352, 355; II: 10, 15, 16, 23, 32, 33, 39, 114, 135, 146, 147, 159, 165, 197, 198, 207, 243, 246, 256, 259, 272, 276, 294–296, 320, 340, 341, 362, 363, 367; III: 18, 30, 31, 35, 36, 48, 50, 59, 61, 79, 89, 115, 118, 129, 131, 135, 176, 177, 183, 246, 253, 258, 414, 416, 423, 428, 431, 439; IV: 10, 14– 15, 37, 79, 90, 108, 111, 113, 176–177, 182, 196, 202–203, 225–226, 292, 295, 339, 349, 356, 366, 373, 374, 381, 407, 427–428; V: 16, 17, 35, 57, 100, 106, 162, 164, 171, 172, 177, 179, 189, 198, 220, 236, 253, 297–298, 302, 331–333, 336, 338, 353, 385, 398, 472, 478, 491; VI: 24–25, 28, 37, 39, 48, 61, 65, 78, 84, 104, 124, 132, 136, 171, 174, 206, 211, 234–235, 250–253, 259, 284, 292–293, 297; VII: 17, 32, 45–46, 88, 107, 127, 128, 136, 137, 144–145, 165, 189–190, 218, 245, 283, 307; VIII: 15, 21, 42, 45, 65–66, 68, 83, 109, 116, 134, 139 – education, VI: 107–108, 135–136, 142 – gender, I: 96, 97, 109, 123, 124, 290, 298, 311, 312, 327, 338; II: 242, 258, 274; III: 75, 108; IV: 223, 290–291, 318; V: 134, 175, 283, 290, 453; VI: 34, 36, 170, 209–210; VII: 86; VIII: 12–13, 25, 38, 46–47, 56, 64, 81, 96, 107–108, 137

166

I NDEX USA PART – property, I: 223, 245, 256, 277, 298, 300, 307, 343, 344, 352; II: 14, 23, 25, 31, 32, 36, 74, 94; III: 75, 77, 81, 245, 247, 249– 251, 266, 270, 272, 287, 408; IV: 10, 26– 29, 32, 37, 54, 174–175, 177, 192, 318, 330, 331, 348, 365, 378, 381, 383, 400, 430; V: 25, 87–88, 99, 102, 122, 162– 163, 169, 175–176, 179, 428, 429, 432; VI: 24, 26, 34, 36, 38, 60, 62, 104, 133, 135–136, 168; VII: 86, 104, 143–144, 146; VIII: 104 – race, ethnicity, I: 96, 97, 109, 115, 123, 124, 290, 298, 311, 312, 327; II: 242, 258, 274; III: 75, 108, 408; IV: 223, 290– 291, 332, 349, 350, 366, 367, 381, 398; V: 25, 175, 179, 283, 290, 453; VI: 36; VIII: 12–13, 25, 38, 46–47, 64, 81, 96 – religion, I: 115, 338; II: 14; III: 310; IV: 15, 32, 318, 330–332, 348–350, 365– 367, 398, 400, 430; V: 16, 92, 106, 483; VI: 23–24, 26, 84 – residence, I: 45, 47, 55, 56, 71, 72, 75, 76, 87, 96, 97, 99, 109, 115, 123, 124, 129, 135, 154, 161, 175, 223, 225, 245, 248, 271, 273, 274, 290, 291, 298, 309, 311, 312, 327, 338, 343, 344, 352; II: 14, 17, 23, 25, 31, 32, 36, 74, 94, 96, 98, 113, 114, 119, 120, 138, 144, 152, 156, 159, 200, 207, 212, 242, 245, 258, 261, 274, 278, 294, 318, 363; III: 11, 12, 14, 27, 29–31, 36, 45, 47, 50, 53–56, 58, 60, 75, 77, 81, 90, 108, 113, 118, 129, 130, 165, 178, 207, 211, 245, 247, 249–252, 266, 270, 272, 327, 384, 386, 402, 404, 407, 410, 411, 414, 415, 425, 428, 433, 434, 436, 437, 439, 441; IV: 10, 26–29, 32, 54–56, 60, 69–70, 72, 75, 83, 91, 112, 144–147, 174–175, 182, 194–195, 197–199, 223, 231, 290–291, 296, 300, 318, 329–332, 347–350, 364–367, 378, 381, 383, 398, 400, 417–419, 421; V: 18, 25, 35, 39, 55, 58, 69, 102, 131–132, 162–163, 169, 175–176, 179, 184–185, 189–190, 220, 282–283, 288, 290, 299, 302, 304–305, 326–327, 349, 351, 355, 381–383, 388, 397–398, 415, 428–430,

I–VIII 453, 478; VI: 24, 26, 34, 36, 38, 60, 62, 77, 103–104, 107–108, 124, 132–133, 135–136, 170–171, 197–198, 206, 231– 232, 244, 252, 282, 289, 293; VII: 13, 18, 33, 44, 46–47, 56, 63, 86, 104, 127, 135, 137, 143–144, 146, 165, 171, 217, 282; VIII: 12–13, 16, 25, 30, 33, 38–39, 46–47, 56, 64, 67, 81, 96, 107–108, 110– 111, 125–126, 134 elections, I: 96, 104, 109, 134, 137, 166, 173, 178, 179, 189, 193, 197, 218, 224, 249, 262, 285, 292, 293, 333, 335, 338, 342, 354; II: 13–15, 23, 24, 26, 31–33, 39, 118, 121, 131, 136, 166, 167, 203, 204, 228, 229, 241, 242, 244–246, 251, 257, 258, 266, 288, 294, 309, 311, 312, 332, 342, 348, 350, 352, 353, 372, 374– 376; III: 22, 36, 40, 60, 76, 90, 130, 143, 152, 153, 156, 158, 187, 213, 215, 226, 229, 233, 254, 265, 271, 272, 285, 293, 294, 296, 308, 312, 317, 323, 324, 331, 332, 334, 335, 345, 349, 353, 383, 385– 388, 393, 399, 404, 407–409, 417, 423, 445; IV: 10–13, 15–16, 33–34, 42, 48, 54–56, 61, 69–70, 72, 75, 77–78, 80, 83, 89, 117–118, 126, 129–130, 144–145, 147–148, 155–157, 174, 177, 193–194, 196, 198, 204–205, 209, 213, 217, 224– 226, 236–237, 291–292, 298, 306, 309, 336, 353, 370, 378, 379, 383–385, 398, 402–404, 416, 418–419, 423, 425; V: 13, 17–19, 46, 55, 72, 86, 102, 104, 109, 114, 135–136, 140–142, 157–158, 169, 170, 183–184, 195–197, 207–208, 223, 236, 243, 255–256, 258–260, 282, 284, 291, 297–298, 302, 304, 311–313, 331, 338, 358, 391, 397–398, 408–409, 418, 421, 432, 435, 438, 454, 458–462, 464, 476– 478, 480, 487, 490–491, 494; VI: 20, 28– 29, 37, 59, 63, 69, 80, 83, 106–107, 111, 169–170, 189–190, 210, 231, 237–238, 263–264, 267, 282, 285–286, 299–300; VII: 12, 17, 26, 58, 66, 68, 69, 71–75, 77, 79–81, 92, 109, 122, 126, 137, 144, 151, 176, 193–195, 220–221, 225, 231, 245–247, 249–252, 286, 290, 296, 306,

elections 308, 311, 312; VIII: 12, 20, 25, 29–30, 32, 34, 40–41, 49, 63–64, 66–68, 73–74, 82, 105, 107, 138, 153 – contestation of, I: 98, 99, 116, 129, 130, 226, 247, 249, 274, 290, 309, 312; II: 62, 64, 119, 152, 168, 207, 258, 274, 278, 299, 312, 318; III: 12, 13, 29, 33, 36, 48, 52, 54, 56, 78, 113, 161, 248, 410, 432, 439; IV: 111, 177, 199, 235, 292– 293, 298; V: 38, 55, 170, 190, 302, 352, 357, 384, 390; VI: 61–62, 79, 108–109, 111–112, 243–244, 288–289; VII: 131; VIII: 14, 16, 38 – election committee, I: 293; II: 151, 311, 312, 361, 375; III: 40, 80, 95, 164, 207, 208, 245–248, 266, 268, 270, 272, 296, 312, 313, 324, 327, 331, 335, 407–409; IV: 11, 13, 25–26, 29, 70, 72, 80, 97– 98, 129–130, 157, 251, 319, 329, 331, 333, 347, 350, 365, 368, 379, 398, 419; V: 352, 372, 384, 465, 476–477, 490– 491; VI: 106–114, 120, 122–123, 136; VII: 56, 64, 66, 68, 246, 308; VIII: 41 – election day, I: 48, 56, 72, 76, 96, 97, 99, 109, 115, 118, 124, 137, 153, 154, 161, 163, 164, 177, 178, 190, 194, 200, 217, 223, 258, 262–264, 276, 285, 290, 293, 309, 311, 312, 327, 334, 338, 354, 356; II: 13, 14, 23, 28, 31, 36, 37, 51, 62, 64, 79, 83, 88, 93, 96, 99, 104, 112, 119, 136, 143, 152, 159, 167, 198, 228, 241, 245, 246, 258, 288, 325, 326, 332, 341, 350, 367; III: 11, 12, 27, 29, 40, 45, 47, 50, 52, 60, 75, 95, 108, 113, 144, 156, 163, 164, 175, 189, 191, 205, 207, 210, 215, 216, 229, 231, 234–237, 245, 247–249, 251, 254, 264, 266, 270, 272, 288, 301, 316, 319, 373, 385, 388, 399, 408, 409, 411, 424, 427, 430, 436, 438, 439, 442, 443; IV: 11–12, 25–26, 28, 32– 34, 41, 42, 48, 54–56, 69–72, 75, 77, 83, 89, 91, 97–98, 104, 111–112, 148, 156, 174, 177, 184–185, 194, 196, 204– 205, 213, 217, 224, 252–253, 278, 281, 291, 300, 308–309, 318, 331, 335–337, 352–354, 371; V: 17, 23, 25, 35, 55, 75,

167

electoral districts 101, 109, 130, 141, 143, 162, 179, 184, 190, 220, 226–227, 243, 255–256, 258– 259, 270, 283, 290–291, 298, 312–313, 327–328, 330–331, 342–344, 349–350, 355, 381–382, 387–388, 408–409, 415, 429, 430, 432, 435, 460, 464, 465, 476, 490, 494; VI: 18, 20, 25–28, 36, 54, 57, 59, 77, 94, 106–107, 110–111, 122–123, 130, 136, 169, 197–198, 231, 237–238, 267, 282, 285–286, 300; VII: 13–16, 19, 28, 33–34, 42–43, 47–48, 60, 62, 66, 71, 74, 77–80, 131, 138, 143–144, 151, 157– 158, 165, 216, 221, 245, 282, 286, 306, 327; VIII: 12–13, 15, 25, 29–30, 34, 38, 40–41, 49, 56, 63–64, 67–68, 82, 106, 125–126 – electoral returns, I: 48, 72, 98, 99, 105, 116, 125, 129, 130, 135, 137, 161, 179, 189, 190, 224, 225, 233, 246, 247, 272, 274, 290, 292, 293, 309, 312, 317, 335; II: 15, 24, 32, 39, 51, 62, 64, 99, 119, 152, 167, 168, 201, 206, 242, 245, 258, 261, 274, 278, 295, 297, 311, 318, 321, 328, 341, 343, 350, 361, 363; III: 22, 29, 40, 56, 61, 63, 78, 80, 90, 113, 116, 117, 144, 161, 163, 164, 172, 189, 190, 213, 245–247, 254, 266, 270, 272, 296, 327, 383, 387, 402, 407, 408, 424, 437, 439, 442; IV: 11, 25–26, 28–29, 55, 56, 75, 91, 97–98, 129–130, 142, 145, 156–157, 175, 177, 183, 185–186, 195, 199, 203, 226, 235–237, 251–253, 292–293, 298, 318, 319, 329, 331, 333, 347, 350, 365, 368, 380, 399, 420; V: 36, 45, 58–59, 75– 76, 130, 170, 190, 220–221, 223, 227, 258–259, 302, 355, 372, 373, 387–388, 464, 465, 490; VI: 18, 26, 61–62, 79, 130, 171–172, 199, 203, 211, 237–238, 243–244, 285–286, 288–289; VII: 15– 16, 28, 42–43, 55–56, 62, 67, 69, 71– 75, 78–79, 131, 139, 157–158, 195, 221, 251–252, 286, 312; VIII: 14–16, 21–22, 34, 38, 40–41, 64, 67, 111, 127, 131, 139 – voter registration, I: 315; II: 293; III: 93, 158, 207, 208, 213, 327; IV: 25– 26, 77; V: 127–128, 432, 454, 464, 471–

168

I NDEX USA PART 472, 485–487, 490, 496; VII: 131 – voting procedure, I: 48, 72, 115, 190; III: 93; IV: 318, 319, 331; V: 476, 491; VI: 106–111, 113, 130–131, 136, 171– 172, 243–244, 288–289; VII: 55–56, 67, 71–72; VIII: 111 – – ballot, I: 55, 75, 87, 96, 153, 189, 190, 193, 226, 247, 249, 262–264, 276, 293, 317, 343, 344, 356; II: 9, 10, 15, 16, 23, 24, 26, 28, 31, 39, 51, 62, 64, 158, 198, 241, 257, 273, 288, 293, 318, 325, 350, 353, 367, 375; III: 12, 15, 60, 80, 90, 116, 130, 178, 189, 205, 208, 210, 212, 213, 236, 246–251, 254, 266, 270, 272, 274, 285, 327, 408, 410, 411, 414, 423, 437, 440; IV: 10–13, 15, 26–27, 29, 32–34, 54, 56, 77, 89, 117, 129, 131, 148, 156–157, 174, 177, 194, 199, 329, 333, 335, 336, 347, 349, 350, 352, 353, 365, 366, 368, 370, 379, 381, 383, 399, 400, 402, 403, 417, 425; V: 17–19, 23, 43, 58–59, 61, 64, 86, 88, 90, 102, 114, 128, 131, 161–165, 167, 168, 170, 175–177, 190, 192, 195, 197, 236, 258–260, 284, 327–333, 338, 342–344, 358, 391, 430, 454, 455, 460, 476–477, 490–491; VI: 17, 19, 20, 23– 25, 27–29, 33, 36–39, 61–63, 79–80, 94, 112–113, 115, 131, 169, 208, 251, 292–293; VII: 13–17, 19, 28, 32–34, 42–43, 47–48, 56, 62, 64, 67–69, 73– 74, 78–80, 87, 88, 122, 150, 157–158, 176, 215, 221, 280, 286, 327; VIII: 12, 41, 56, 63, 105, 136 – – viva voce, I: 105, 124, 125, 160, 317; II: 39, 118, 198, 244, 260, 278, 293, 342, 350, 367; III: 36, 60, 130, 178, 245, 247, 266, 270, 272, 407–409, 424; IV: 69, 90, 109, 144–145, 178–179, 227, 293, 416; V: 86, 169, 225, 298, 358, 391; VI: 80, 108, 203, 208–209, 251, 292–293; VII: 78, 109, 122, 176, 220–221, 286; VIII: 21, 66–67, 131, 136 electoral districts, I: 159, 197, 318; II: 145, 148, 244, 260, 277, 305–309,

I–VIII 370; III: 28, 29, 40, 45–47, 75, 76, 95, 96, 108, 109, 111, 140, 151, 156, 159, 170, 174, 175, 190, 208, 226, 236, 245– 247, 255, 266, 268, 270, 272, 277, 281, 283, 285, 289–294, 296, 298, 302–306, 308, 309, 311, 312, 317, 320, 323, 324, 327, 330, 332, 334–339, 341, 342, 345, 348, 349, 351, 353, 355, 358, 360, 362, 364, 367, 369, 371, 375, 376, 378, 381, 385, 386, 388, 390, 414, 423, 425, 427, 428, 436, 437, 441, 444; IV: 11–12, 24– 26, 42, 43, 51, 53–55, 58, 59, 69–71, 74–75, 84, 88–90, 97–99, 102, 104, 108, 130, 144, 148, 155, 173–175, 193–195, 223–224, 290–291, 313, 318, 328–331, 346, 347, 349, 364–366, 378, 381, 384, 385, 397, 398, 403, 404, 417–418, 423– 424; V: 25–27, 35, 36, 87–88, 99–100, 114, 115, 127–130, 162, 167–169, 179– 180, 220, 244–246, 248–259, 270, 271, 274–276, 282, 284, 298–299, 331, 351, 371, 383, 456, 474, 485–486; VI: 20, 25–28, 33–34, 37, 43–45, 47–48, 50–52, 55, 56, 59, 85, 103, 105–107, 110–111, 118, 122–123, 130, 170, 236–237, 285; VII: 13–15, 28, 42, 55–56, 60, 62, 66, 67, 69, 71–72, 74, 77–78, 86, 99, 100, 122–124, 130, 139, 143–144, 151, 176, 194, 216, 250–252, 281, 312, 327, 333; VIII: 34, 66, 81–83, 107 – single constituency, I: 197, 223, 356; II: 88, 148, 200, 322, 341; III: 92, 108, 111, 171, 183; VII: 216–217, 282 electoral principles, I: 352; V: 158; VI: 170; VIII: 107 – direct elections, II: 15 – equal elections, I: 122, 221, 243, 269, 307, 356; II: 15, 131, 163, 196, 330, 350; III: 20, 38, 64; IV: 64, 131, 246, 304, 324, 342, 360, 392, 412; V: 51, 297, 365, 400; VI: 66, 74, 167; VII: 150; VIII: 101 – free elections, I: 122, 211, 221, 243, 269, 307, 342, 351, 356; II: 15, 131, 163, 196, 330, 350; III: 20, 38, 64, 239, 419; IV: 21, 64, 246, 304, 324, 342, 360, 392,

executive 412; V: 13, 18, 51, 157, 297, 323, 338, 365, 400, 422; VI: 66, 74, 167; VII: 12, 17, 26, 32, 40, 46, 81, 92, 119, 150; VIII: 49, 55, 101, 153 – general elections, I: 99; III: 47, 77, 174, 187, 189, 441–444, 446; IV: 103, 131; V: 37, 45, 132–133, 135, 139, 141, 143, 241, 251, 275, 276, 291, 396, 415; VI: 44, 83, 91, 235, 284; VII: 71, 139, 327; VIII: 15, 49 – majority principle, I: 175, 197; II: 51, 62, 64; III: 172; IV: 55, 77; V: 298, 462, 474, 478; VI: 110 executive, I: 54, 57, 75, 77, 123, 153, 188, 225, 247, 274, 289, 298, 300, 303, 304, 309; II: 13, 17, 31, 36, 112, 119, 143, 152, 198, 206, 241, 245, 257, 261, 274, 278, 317, 341, 343, 361; III: 11, 14, 27, 30, 45, 50, 74, 107, 117, 155, 206, 210, 239; IV: 28, 72, 89, 91, 107, 141, 145, 173, 177, 193, 199, 222, 231, 290, 296, 326, 344–345, 363, 394, 400, 414; V: 17, 35, 53–54, 58, 102, 157, 176, 189– 190, 226–227, 282, 288, 298, 302, 326, 355, 387, 427, 430, 454, 457, 472, 475, 487, 489; VI: 25, 37–38, 61, 76, 79, 102– 103, 171, 197, 203, 229, 243, 281, 288; VII: 13, 27, 41, 60–61, 63, 68, 86, 92, 98, 110, 115, 119, 122, 131, 146, 221, 286; VIII: 29, 38, 63, 67, 79–80, 95, 110, 125, 131 – council of state, I: 214–216, 233, 304, 305, 344, 345, 354; II: 9, 10, 13, 15–17, 209; III: 208, 211, 212, 215, 236, 246, 247, 249–254, 258, 259, 264, 266, 268, 270, 272, 279, 282, 284, 288, 300, 316, 322, 328, 385, 411, 413–416; IV: 16, 26, 28–30, 32–34, 41, 44–45, 48, 51, 54–56, 61, 69–70, 72–76, 78, 80–82, 328, 329, 332–339, 346, 347, 349–356, 363, 365, 367–373, 379, 382–384, 387, 395, 397, 398, 400–406, 415–416, 419; V: 9, 10, 17–20, 45, 163–164, 170, 325–326, 331– 335, 373, 492–493; VI: 17, 19, 20, 23– 30, 116–117, 120–121, 125, 127–128, 130, 133, 179–186, 188; VII: 13, 15–16,

169

executive 27–31, 41–45, 55, 60–61, 63, 68, 87, 88, 111 – duties, III: 83; V: 304, 431, 458, 476; VI: 125, 179–180; VII: 139, 151, 160– 161, 224–225, 289; VIII: 80, 95 – – state of the government address, II: 36, 120, 245, 318; III: 83, 167, 185, 328, 426; IV: 178, 200, 232, 296; V: 39, 89, 102, 131, 190, 193, 228, 240, 303, 357, 389, 392–393, 430, 458; VI: 24–25, 38, 62, 80, 115–116, 172, 208, 245, 289; VII: 16, 43, 110, 132, 158, 221– 222, 287; VIII: 67, 80, 95, 111–112, 135–136 – executive agencies, II: 123 – – ministries – – – competencies, VIII: 30 – head of state, I: 54–58, 75–77, 87, 99– 101, 104, 126, 128–131, 154, 157, 161– 164, 178, 180, 189–192, 195, 199, 200, 214, 225–227, 233, 247, 248, 250, 258, 263, 264, 274, 275, 277, 286, 290–292, 300, 303, 304, 309, 311, 316, 317, 344, 345, 354; II: 9, 10, 13, 16, 17, 24, 25, 28, 33, 36, 51, 55, 62, 64, 94, 116, 117, 119, 120, 122, 123, 146, 152–155, 206–208, 210–212, 228, 243–246, 259, 261, 262, 275, 278, 279, 296–298, 305, 318, 319, 324, 332, 333, 343, 344, 361, 362, 365, 374; III: 12, 14–16, 30–33, 35, 36, 50– 52, 57, 80–83, 87–90, 94, 95, 117–119, 127, 144, 164–166, 168, 175, 189–191, 205, 210, 211, 215, 217, 229, 231, 233– 235, 246, 248–251, 253, 258, 264, 282, 288, 301, 316, 322, 327, 328, 385, 386, 388, 402, 409, 411, 413, 414, 416, 424– 426, 440, 445; IV: 10, 12–15, 28–29, 31– 33, 37, 41, 48, 55, 72–75, 77–79, 91– 92, 96–98, 112–113, 118, 120, 128–130, 145, 152–153, 177, 179, 184–185, 196, 199, 201, 229–232, 234–235, 252–253, 264–265, 292, 295–297, 332, 333, 335– 339, 350, 352–356, 367, 368, 370–373, 379, 381, 383, 384, 387, 398, 400–403, 405, 406, 419–423, 426–427; V: 9, 10, 17, 19, 25, 27, 38–40, 45, 57–60, 63, 69,

170

I NDEX USA PART 71, 74–76, 88–90, 102, 131–134, 143, 151, 162–165, 170, 176–178, 187–208, 224, 226–227, 229–230, 288–289, 302, 310, 325–326, 331–333, 355–357, 359, 373, 387–388, 390, 392, 406, 429–431, 438–439, 457–462, 465, 473, 475–478, 480, 488–494; VI: 17–19, 21, 23–25, 27– 28, 32, 37–40, 43, 48, 61–63, 79–80, 103, 118, 120, 124, 126–128, 130, 133, 135, 141, 171–174, 179–182, 185–186, 203, 206–210, 243–244, 248–249, 256, 288–289, 291, 295; VII: 13, 15–16, 27– 28, 30–31, 41–46, 56, 60–61, 63, 64, 68, 71–72, 75, 78–79, 87, 88, 107, 110–111, 131, 132, 137–140, 144, 146–147, 151, 157–160, 168–169, 221–223, 225–234, 286–288, 290; VIII: 15–17, 20, 29–35, 39–40, 47–48, 65, 67–68, 79–80, 86–87, 95–96, 98, 110–114, 116, 131, 134–138 – – competencies, I: 57, 76, 77, 100–102, 113, 114, 116, 118, 124, 129, 130, 156, 161–163, 168, 191, 210, 214–216, 225– 227, 230–232, 237, 240, 241, 245, 247, 248, 252, 253, 255, 256, 259, 271, 274– 277, 279, 280, 282, 283, 286, 291, 292, 298, 300, 301, 304, 305, 309– 311, 314, 321, 330, 331, 344, 345, 354, 355; II: 16, 17, 25, 33, 36–39, 45, 48, 51, 62, 66, 76, 81, 83, 96, 98, 115, 120, 121, 124, 125, 127, 128, 136, 145, 152–155, 167, 201, 208–210, 222, 225, 241–243, 245–247, 258, 259, 261, 262, 275, 278, 279, 297–299, 301, 318, 319, 323, 344–346, 348, 354, 361, 362, 364, 366, 369, 374; III: 14–17, 22, 31– 35, 50–56, 59, 61, 62, 82–84, 86, 87, 116, 119–122, 124, 127, 142–144, 152, 163, 166–169, 173, 174, 183, 188, 191, 208, 209, 211, 213, 215, 236, 247, 249– 254, 278, 279, 300, 328, 380, 385, 386, 393, 399, 402, 404, 405, 411–417, 421, 425–427, 430, 433, 434, 436–440, 442, 444; IV: 14–16, 23, 26, 28–31, 33–34, 37, 42, 45, 51, 54, 56, 61, 67–70, 72– 74, 76, 78–82, 90–95, 109, 112–115, 118, 120, 142–143, 145, 147, 165–167,

I–VIII 176–178, 180–181, 184–185, 195, 197, 199–201, 217, 224–236, 239–240, 242, 253–254, 266, 267, 275, 278, 281, 291– 292, 296–301, 303, 306–307, 309, 327, 329, 332–338, 345, 347, 349–355, 365, 367–369, 371, 373, 382, 384, 387, 397, 400–403, 405, 406, 421–423, 425– 427; V: 9, 10, 17, 19, 20, 26–27, 36, 39, 40, 42–44, 46, 56, 59, 61–63, 65–67, 74–76, 85–86, 88–90, 92, 97, 100–104, 106, 123, 130–135, 141–142, 144, 151, 162–165, 169, 171, 176–178, 186, 190– 192, 196–197, 207, 227–230, 233– 234, 237–238, 241–242, 247, 258– 259, 288–289, 302–308, 333–335, 353–360, 362–363, 386–390, 392– 393, 395–397, 408, 415, 428, 430, 455, 457, 458, 460, 461, 463, 475– 477, 479, 489–491, 493, 496; VI: 18, 20, 25–27, 29–30, 36, 38–39, 43, 54, 57, 60, 62, 64, 79–80, 83, 115, 121– 122, 124, 133, 135, 141, 172–173, 180– 186, 188–190, 201–202, 205, 207–208, 210, 232, 239–242, 244–245, 247– 249, 283, 286–292; VII: 15–17, 29– 31, 43–45, 56–57, 60–61, 63, 64, 66, 68, 69, 71–75, 78, 87, 88, 105, 110, 114, 126, 127, 132, 133, 136, 137, 144, 146–147, 158–160, 166, 171, 183, 218, 221–225, 229, 284, 287, 288, 290, 294, 327; VIII: 16–18, 29–35, 39–40, 48, 63–65, 67–70, 79, 80, 83–84, 95–97, 111–114, 129–130, 133, 135–136, 138 – mayor, III: 92, 268, 296, 423, 436, 443; V: 104, 117, 120, 454, 460, 461, 472, 477 – members, I: 227, 282, 304, 355; II: 17, 28, 96, 99, 121, 122, 138, 153–155, 206, 211, 212, 243, 259, 261, 262, 278–280, 296–298, 305, 319, 320, 333, 343–345, 354, 361–363, 368, 374; III: 16–18, 31, 32, 35, 51, 62, 79, 83, 87, 88, 90, 94, 118, 121, 127, 128, 152, 163–166, 172, 184, 185, 187, 189–191, 211, 213, 217, 239, 245, 247, 251–253, 266, 270, 272, 296, 314, 401, 415, 419, 424, 426, 427,

executive 436, 440–442, 445; IV: 10, 14–15, 31– 33, 70, 72, 74–75, 91–93, 96, 112–113, 118, 123, 129–130, 145–146, 152, 176– 177, 179, 183, 196–197, 199, 234–236, 279, 292, 297–298, 329, 338, 339, 347, 355, 356, 365, 373, 384, 385, 402, 403, 420–421, 423, 426; V: 9, 13, 23, 58– 63, 67, 69, 71, 89, 102–103, 131–133, 151, 163–164, 226–227, 229, 240, 247, 302, 304, 310, 333, 335, 364, 390, 399, 428–431, 438, 455–458, 474–479, 489– 490, 492; VI: 17, 19, 21, 24–25, 28–29, 38, 40, 83, 127, 132, 172–173, 179–180, 247, 290; VII: 12, 26, 31, 45, 63, 68, 71, 75, 114, 132, 133, 159–161, 167–168, 217, 221, 223–225, 241, 283, 286, 288– 290, 303; VIII: 30–31, 33–34, 65, 95, 98, 113 – – appointment, I: 100, 192, 199, 202, 226, 231, 255, 283, 310, 345; II: 37, 96, 99; III: 15, 188, 249, 415; IV: 230, 295; V: 89, 103, 192, 197, 339, 357– 358, 363–364; VI: 62–64, 80–81, 83, 208; VII: 88, 147, 151; VIII: 16, 30, 80, 86–87, 98, 136 – – election, I: 55, 75, 76, 87, 99, 115, 128–131, 161, 164, 178, 190, 192, 200, 214, 225, 226, 231, 233, 247, 255, 258, 274, 282, 283, 292, 300, 309, 334, 344, 345, 354; II: 13, 16, 24, 36, 51, 62, 64, 96, 119, 121, 124, 152–154, 206, 207, 211, 224, 228, 245, 261, 262, 278, 280, 288, 297–299, 318–320, 332, 343, 344, 361, 373; III: 14, 30– 33, 36, 50–52, 80, 81, 95, 116, 117, 144, 152, 164, 165, 169, 175, 183, 205, 210, 212, 213, 215, 229, 233, 248– 250, 264, 288, 301, 316, 322, 327, 328, 388, 402, 411, 423–425, 440– 442; IV: 10, 12–13, 15, 28–29, 32– 33, 41, 42, 48, 55, 56, 72, 74–75, 77– 78, 91–92, 97–98, 105, 112, 117–118, 121, 128–130, 156, 177–179, 184–185, 199–201, 209, 213, 231–232, 234–235, 252–253, 279, 296–298, 332, 333, 335, 336, 350, 352, 353, 367, 368, 370,

171

executive

–– –– ––

––

172

371, 379, 381, 383, 384, 398, 400, 403, 419, 421, 423, 426; V: 19, 26, 38–40, 45, 58–59, 75, 88–89, 102, 117, 120, 131–132, 143, 162–163, 170, 176– 177, 190, 207–208, 226–227, 255, 282, 289, 302, 304, 331–333, 355, 373, 387– 388, 397, 421, 430, 432, 439, 457, 458, 460–462, 464, 465, 476–477, 480, 489–491, 494; VI: 17, 19, 20, 23–25, 29, 32, 37–38, 61–62, 79, 83, 118, 120, 124, 128, 130–132, 171–173, 179– 181, 203, 207, 209–210, 243–246, 249, 288–291, 306; VII: 15–16, 28, 42–43, 56, 64, 68, 72, 75, 77–79, 87, 110, 131– 133, 137, 139, 140, 146, 157–158, 160, 221, 224, 286, 289; VIII: 15, 30, 40, 48, 67, 79–80, 110–111, 113–114, 131, 134, 136–138 ex officio, I: 192 immunity or indemnity, V: 490 impeachment, I: 56, 58, 76, 77, 101, 126, 130, 157, 163, 191, 192, 194, 195, 202, 217, 226, 227, 248, 250, 277, 292, 311, 317, 345, 354; II: 117, 121, 123, 146, 154, 155, 207, 212, 243, 245, 259, 262, 275, 279, 292, 298, 324, 339, 344, 345, 362, 365; III: 15, 16, 32, 35, 51, 57, 83, 88, 118, 127, 128, 165, 175, 204, 215, 327, 328, 425; IV: 14–15, 92, 113, 120, 152–153, 179, 181, 202, 229–230, 234–236, 279, 295, 297–298, 400, 420; V: 22, 40, 41, 52, 57, 60–61, 89, 102, 131–134, 151, 163–164, 170, 177, 180, 188–189, 224, 229–230, 288, 359, 392, 429–431, 457, 475–476, 493; VI: 24, 38–39, 48, 63, 128, 174, 209, 245–247, 259, 289–290, 296–297; VII: 16, 107, 129, 144, 147, 159, 168–169, 223, 225–234, 288, 290; VIII: 17, 40, 48, 65, 67–68, 116, 137 inability to serve, I: 56, 76, 101, 130, 163, 191, 192, 214, 226, 248, 275, 292, 300, 303, 304, 311, 345; II: 17, 25, 36, 51, 55, 96, 122, 123, 153, 154, 207, 208, 245, 262, 279, 296, 298, 319, 343– 345, 362; III: 15, 32, 51, 83, 118, 165,

I NDEX USA PART 211, 386, 411, 425; IV: 14, 32–33, 74– 75, 92, 113, 179, 201, 234–235, 297, 335, 352, 370, 383, 384, 401, 403, 422– 423; V: 19, 40, 60–61, 89, 102–103, 131–132, 151, 163, 176, 191–192, 229– 230, 289, 302, 331–333, 357, 390, 430, 431, 458, 475–476, 489–490; VI: 19, 24–25, 38, 62, 80, 131, 209, 245–247, 289–290; VII: 88, 111, 132, 146, 159, 223, 288; VIII: 17, 30, 40, 48, 67–68, 137 – – length of term, I: 54, 75, 99, 100, 129– 131, 161, 164, 173, 190, 192, 199, 202, 214, 225, 231, 247, 255, 258, 274, 282, 283, 286, 291, 292, 300, 309, 310, 334, 344; II: 16, 24, 36, 37, 51, 96, 99, 119, 121, 152–154, 206, 207, 211, 225, 245, 246, 261, 262, 278–280, 297, 318–320, 343, 361; III: 14, 30, 31, 50, 52, 80, 83, 117, 118, 121, 152, 164, 168, 169, 210, 212, 213, 217, 229, 231, 234, 235, 241, 250, 253, 288, 316, 327, 328, 386, 411, 415, 421, 424–426, 442; IV: 15, 33, 41, 42, 48, 56, 72, 74–75, 91, 93, 96, 112, 118, 121, 145–146, 168, 177–179, 199–201, 215, 217, 231– 232, 234–236, 279, 296–298, 332, 350, 367, 381, 400, 421, 426; V: 39, 58, 61, 88–89, 102–103, 131–132, 142– 143, 151, 162–163, 170, 176, 190, 192, 207–208, 227, 289, 302, 304, 331–333, 355, 388, 406, 421, 430, 458, 476, 490; VI: 19, 23–25, 29, 37–38, 62–64, 79– 81, 83, 124, 127–128, 171–173, 203, 207–209, 244, 289; VII: 56, 71, 75, 77, 79, 87, 110, 131–133, 139, 140, 146– 147, 157, 160, 195–196, 221, 224, 286, 289; VIII: 16, 30, 39–40, 47, 50, 67– 68, 79–80, 95, 98, 110–111, 113, 131, 134, 136–137 – – plurality of offices, I: 101, 131, 162, 195, 214, 225, 231, 248, 273–275, 291, 298, 311, 316, 345, 346, 354, 355, 357; II: 16, 147, 152, 207, 211, 246, 261, 279, 298, 362; III: 14, 31, 50, 61, 89, 118, 134, 177, 182, 211, 241, 250, 251,

I–VIII 253, 258, 282, 413, 416, 421, 440; IV: 15, 37, 46, 75, 78–79, 92, 113, 225, 292, 295, 339, 356, 373, 387, 406, 427; V: 39, 59, 164–165, 172, 177– 178, 192–230, 302, 355–357, 388, 457, 492; VI: 24, 38, 62, 80, 131, 234–235, 249, 254, 284, 291, 294; VII: 31, 45, 58, 131, 159–160; VIII: 17, 39, 48, 68 – – qualifications, I: 56, 76, 99, 105, 126, 129, 190, 192, 214, 225, 248, 300, 309; II: 25, 36, 94, 121, 152, 207, 261, 278, 297, 298; III: 30, 31, 50, 51, 118, 211, 388, 402, 411, 424, 425; IV: 10, 13, 15, 28–29, 32, 72, 74–75, 91, 177, 179, 199, 231, 234, 296–297, 335, 352, 370, 381, 400, 402, 421; V: 58, 88, 102, 190, 302, 355, 388, 430, 478; VI: 18, 38, 62, 79, 124, 127–128, 171, 206, 244, 289; VII: 46, 56, 110, 132, 146, 157, 221, 286; VIII: 16, 21, 30, 110– 111, 134 – – re-eligibility, I: 99, 129, 214, 225, 231, 233, 247, 255, 274, 282, 309, 344, 354, 355; II: 16, 119, 152, 206, 211, 297, 318, 343; III: 30, 50, 81, 118, 165, 213, 250, 327, 388, 415, 442; IV: 75, 199, 232, 296, 335; V: 39, 63, 162–163, 170, 176, 190, 302, 304, 331–333, 355, 388; VI: 24–25, 38, 62, 79, 124, 127, 129, 171, 203, 244, 289; VII: 68, 87, 110, 131; VIII: 16, 110–111, 131 – – remuneration, I: 56, 76, 100, 101, 129, 130, 164, 180, 191, 214, 225, 226, 231, 248, 249, 256, 275, 283, 291, 309, 311, 345, 355; II: 10, 25, 36, 37, 96, 99, 116, 120, 122, 152, 154, 210, 244, 246, 261, 262, 298, 318, 333, 345, 362; III: 14, 31, 32, 50, 51, 82, 83, 119, 144, 166, 211, 328, 413, 426, 430, 440–442, 445; IV: 31–32, 74, 92, 113, 118, 145–146, 177, 179, 199, 201, 234– 235, 264–265, 297–298, 335, 352, 370, 402, 423; V: 39, 59–61, 69, 102, 131– 132, 163, 176, 187–188, 191, 230, 289, 310, 356, 388, 431, 458, 473, 476, 488, 490; VI: 21, 38, 60–62, 79, 172–

executive 173, 207, 244, 246–247, 256, 289–290, 295; VII: 63, 87, 132, 146, 158–161, 222–225, 287–289; VIII: 16–17, 30– 31, 33–34, 39, 50, 67–68, 86, 95, 98, 111, 113, 135 – – responsibility, I: 57, 77, 100, 129–131, 164, 226, 249, 273, 292, 304, 310, 334, 344; II: 19, 120, 122–124, 153, 154, 211, 246, 262, 280, 298, 319, 321, 345, 362; III: 15, 32, 52, 121, 212, 440, 441; IV: 74–75, 92–93, 178, 200, 235– 236, 279, 298, 384, 403, 423; V: 61, 192, 304, 357–358, 390; VI: 12, 62– 63, 80–81, 132; VII: 133, 147, 160, 224, 289; VIII: 16, 30–31, 40, 48, 68, 80, 95 – – right of attendance in legislature, I: 345; IV: 10, 75, 234, 297, 368; V: 170, 428, 430, 475 – ministers, I: 55, 58, 76, 77, 87, 88, 100, 101, 115, 126, 130, 131, 135, 147, 157, 164, 179, 192, 199, 200, 202, 227, 231, 233, 248–250, 255, 273, 274, 276, 277, 282, 283, 292, 300, 303, 304, 310, 317, 334, 345, 346, 354, 355; II: 26, 37, 96, 116, 124, 244, 246; III: 422, 428; IV: 81, 376; V: 10; VIII: 16–17, 40, 48, 67–68 – monarch – – appanage, I: 125 – official seat, I: 131, 137, 293, 298, 315, 322, 334; II: 28, 41, 247; III: 19; V: 304, 491; VI: 228, 280–281; VIII: 41, 69 – plural executive, I: 100, 190; II: 16, 245; VIII: 16, 67 – powers, I: 128, 161, 214; II: 9, 17, 344, 361; III: 328, 385; V: 76, 430, 459; VI: 21, 126–127, 132, 172–173, 180– 183, 186; VII: 161, 225, 290; VIII: 95, 113 – – adjourning legislature, I: 57, 77, 100, 118, 129, 162, 191, 215, 226, 248, 275, 309; II: 16, 25, 33, 121, 153, 245, 261, 279, 297, 344, 362; III: 15, 51, 83, 120, 167, 211, 249; IV: 13–14, 29, 73, 92, 119, 177, 200, 333, 350, 368, 382, 400, 401, 421–422; V: 59, 88–89, 191,

173

executive 228, 357, 389–390, 430, 458, 475, 489; VI: 18, 244–245, 289; VII: 66, 87, 147; VIII: 16, 67 – – appointing power, I: 57, 77, 131, 164, 215, 216, 225, 230, 231, 240, 248, 255, 276, 279, 304, 356; II: 17, 26, 37, 39, 124, 125, 153, 301; III: 14, 17, 31, 33, 34, 52, 59, 61, 82, 87, 116, 120, 128, 142, 152, 163, 166, 172, 174, 183, 188, 211, 213, 236, 251–253, 300, 328, 380, 385, 386, 393, 399, 414, 415, 425, 426, 433, 437, 444; IV: 14, 30, 45, 73, 76, 79–80, 93–95, 145, 185, 234–236, 239–240, 242, 266, 275, 281, 297–301, 334, 351, 352, 369, 382, 384, 401, 403, 421–423, 425; V: 17, 19, 27, 42–44, 61–63, 89–90, 92, 97, 103–104, 133, 142, 164, 171, 176–177, 196–197, 242, 308, 333–335, 356–358, 360, 362– 363, 389, 392–393, 395–397, 408, 415, 428, 455, 457, 463, 479, 491–493; VI: 20, 29–30, 64, 83, 125, 133, 142, 173, 180–184, 188, 205, 207–208, 239, 247–248, 286, 290–291; VII: 16–17, 29, 43, 56–57, 66, 71–72, 74–75, 88, 136, 137, 146–147, 183; VIII: 30, 33, 80, 95, 113–114, 133, 135–136 – – – vacancies, filling of, II: 16, 25, 36, 83, 96, 98, 115, 120, 124, 145, 154, 210, 229, 242, 245, 258, 261, 275, 278, 287, 298, 299, 323, 345, 346, 362, 366, 369; III: 15, 17, 31, 35, 50, 53, 55, 62, 82, 87, 116, 120, 127, 167, 169, 236, 247, 251, 252, 279, 385, 386, 393, 405, 409, 414, 415, 425, 430, 436–438, 440, 442; IV: 45, 56, 61, 80, 82, 91–92, 113, 115, 118, 120, 143, 145, 147, 176, 178, 184, 195, 197, 224–233, 235–236, 267, 278, 291–292, 296–297, 309, 384, 403, 425; V: 19, 36, 40, 43, 46, 56, 59, 62–63, 135, 144, 163, 169, 176, 186, 191, 230, 233–234, 238, 282, 288–289, 303–305, 333–335, 389, 396, 415, 475, 477, 489; VI: 29–30, 60, 62, 80, 172, 207, 232, 248–249,

174

I NDEX USA PART 283, 291; VII: 16, 29, 43, 56–57, 71, 78, 88, 105, 110, 127, 132, 144, 166, 171, 218, 229, 284, 294; VIII: 14, 16–18, 25, 39, 48, 64, 67, 80, 83, 111–112, 135 – – budgetary powers, I: 344; III: 31, 426; IV: 73, 328, 334, 346, 352, 363, 369, 395, 402, 415–416, 423; V: 163, 176, 333–335; VI: 125, 129 – – – emergency budgetary powers, IV: 31 – – convoking legislature, I: 57, 77, 100, 116, 129, 154, 162, 189, 214, 226, 245, 271, 275, 290, 291, 300, 309, 355; II: 25, 36, 51, 121, 122, 153, 154, 201, 210, 241, 245, 258, 261, 278, 297, 318, 344, 354, 362; III: 15, 31, 32, 51, 83, 120, 167, 211, 250, 399, 402, 411, 412, 426, 427; IV: 13–14, 29, 67, 73, 92, 113, 145, 177, 200, 217, 232, 296, 333, 350, 368, 382, 400, 401, 421–422; V: 26, 36, 39, 59–61, 88–89, 102, 130–131, 191, 228, 289, 303, 333– 335, 357, 389–390, 430, 458, 475–476, 489; VI: 18, 27, 36, 38–39, 62, 79–80, 125, 129, 172, 185–186, 208, 244–245, 289; VII: 16, 29, 43, 57, 110, 132, 146– 147, 158, 221–222, 287, 327; VIII: 16, 29–30, 38–39, 46, 48, 63, 67, 80, 95, 111–112, 135–136 – – dissolving legislature, I: 215, 291; III: 191, 412; IV: 13–14, 29, 333, 350, 382, 400, 421; VI: 18; VII: 87; VIII: 39, 48 – – foreign affairs, control of, V: 333– 335; VI: 172, 208; VII: 16, 29, 43; VIII: 111–112, 135–136 – – – treaties, VI: 20, 30, 207; VIII: 135 – – judicial powers, I: 215; III: 426; IV: 28, 34, 69, 179, 351, 368, 401; V: 333–335; VI: 125, 141, 180, 183– 184; VII: 16, 29, 31, 43, 45, 158–159, 222–223, 287 – – legislative powers, I: 45, 71; III: 167; IV: 234, 297, 303, 333, 350; V: 282; VI: 27, 121–122, 124, 129, 180–181;

I–VIII VII: 15, 44; VIII: 30, 80, 95–96 – – – executive orders or ordinances, III: 14, 33; IV: 30; VII: 16, 43; VIII: 30, 95 – – – legislative initiative, V: 289; VI: 124 – – – sanctioning of laws, II: 25, 37, 123, 154, 208, 243, 259, 275, 295, 298, 319, 345, 364; III: 14, 32, 52, 84, 121, 168, 209, 254; IV: 23, 42, 67– 68, 90–91, 109, 142–143, 178, 200, 233, 296–297, 327, 345, 382, 400, 421; V: 39, 61–62, 85–86, 100–101, 132, 289, 303, 353–355, 386–387, 428, 455; VI: 121–122, 172, 201– 202, 247–248, 290–291; VII: 30, 57, 64, 68, 160, 223–224, 288; VIII: 17, 30, 42, 46, 65, 84, 97, 112, 129–130 – – – veto power, II: 17, 25, 37, 123, 154, 208, 243, 259, 275, 295, 298, 319, 345, 364; III: 14, 32, 33, 52, 84, 121, 168, 209; IV: 23, 42, 67–68, 90–91, 109, 142–143, 145, 178, 200, 233, 296–297, 327, 345, 382, 400, 421; V: 61–62, 100–101, 132, 289, 303, 353–355, 386–387, 428, 455; VI: 121, 172, 201–202, 247–248, 290–291; VII: 30, 57, 64, 68, 160, 223–224, 288; VIII: 17, 39, 47, 65, 112, 129–130 – – military commanding power, I: 57, 76, 100, 129, 161, 164, 215, 225, 248, 275, 291, 300, 309, 344, 355; II: 17, 25, 36, 121, 153, 208, 245, 261, 278, 297, 318, 344, 348, 369; III: 14, 31, 50, 82, 119, 166, 211, 250, 412, 425; IV: 13– 14, 30, 79, 91–92, 112–113, 145, 177, 180, 199, 201, 232, 296, 333, 351, 368, 401, 422; V: 20, 26–27, 39, 59, 66–67, 88–89, 102, 131–132, 151, 163, 176, 191, 196–197, 228, 242, 282, 289, 302– 303, 333–335, 356, 388–389, 430, 457, 475, 489; VI: 11, 38, 62, 79, 125, 172, 181–182, 188, 207, 244, 249, 289, 292; VII: 16, 29, 43, 56–57, 60–61, 63, 68, 88, 110, 132, 146, 158–159, 221–223, 287, 288; VIII: 16, 30, 39, 47–48, 67,

executive 79, 95, 111–112, 135 – – pardoning power, I: 100, 129, 162, 191, 214, 226, 248, 275, 291, 300, 304, 310, 344, 354; II: 25, 36, 66, 81, 120, 152, 209, 246, 261, 279, 297, 318, 344, 362; III: 15, 31, 50, 61, 82, 119, 166, 211, 250, 412, 424, 426, 431; IV: 13– 15, 30, 73, 92, 113, 145, 178, 200, 232, 296, 334, 351, 369, 402, 422–423; V: 27, 39, 40, 62, 88–89, 102, 131, 163, 176, 190, 228–229, 282, 289, 303, 333–335, 357, 389, 430, 458, 489, 496; VI: 38, 62, 79, 124, 172, 180, 207, 245, 289; VII: 16, 29, 43, 57, 60–61, 63, 68, 87, 110, 132, 146–147, 158–159, 222– 223, 287; VIII: 16, 30, 39, 48, 68, 80, 95, 111–112, 135 – – removal power, I: 103, 113, 114, 193, 210, 227, 231, 237, 240, 241, 253, 255, 277, 280, 282, 283, 314, 330; II: 37–39, 45, 48, 76, 96; III: 16, 34, 53, 55, 86, 124, 173, 252, 278, 413, 421, 433, 434; IV: 33, 45, 76, 82, 120, 180–181, 199, 301, 334, 336, 351, 353, 371, 426; V: 103–104, 106, 123, 133– 135, 141–142, 306, 359, 392–393, 415; VI: 125, 240, 286–287; VII: 225, 290; VIII: 19–20 – – war and peacemaking, I: 23, 25; IV: 30, 112, 333, 351, 368, 401, 422; VI: 20, 30, 181–182; VII: 132 – presidential system, I: 214; II: 9; VI: 11, 203; VIII: 131 – relation to other branches, I: 100, 129, 162, 226, 248, 275, 291, 310; II: 17, 208, 209, 245, 261, 278, 297, 319, 344; III: 15, 31, 51, 83, 120, 167, 168, 211, 212, 328, 426, 427, 433, 434, 440, 441; IV: 13–14, 92–93, 112–113, 145, 232, 296, 333, 335, 350, 353, 404; V: 59, 89, 131, 228–230, 303, 333–335; VI: 62–63, 80–81, 125, 129; VII: 132, 147, 158, 160–161, 221–222, 224–225, 287, 289; VIII: 16, 39, 48, 67

175

feudal institutions and practices feudal institutions and practices, VII: 210, 276 – entail, I: 358, 359; VI: 228, 281 – feudal tenure, V: 126 – primogeniture, VI: 40–41, 228, 281 – privileges, I: 351 government, I: 52, 74; III: 23, 239, 243, 347, 419; VI: 102; VII: 13, 27, 41, 82, 94, 120; VIII: 29, 79, 154 – federal - state relations, I: 20, 31, 37, 40, 51, 52, 54, 58, 60, 61, 74, 75, 77, 78, 83, 215; II: 16, 305, 337, 354, 376; III: 81, 91, 165, 178, 184, 249, 263, 285, 296, 411, 423, 428; IV: 15, 20, 34, 97–98, 141, 182–185, 242–243, 252–253, 265, 268, 277, 289–290, 301–302, 337, 354, 371, 372, 386; V: 37, 39, 75–76, 90, 165, 328–329, 421, 488–489; VI: 19, 28, 122, 175; VII: 14, 32, 45, 58, 156–157, 194, 213–214, 279; VIII: 55, 79, 82, 86–87, 96–99, 118 – – admission into federation, I: 22, 31, 37, 41, 60, 78, 324; II: 331; IV: 141, 146; VII: 156–157, 212–213, 277 – – federal powers, I: 22, 23, 28, 37, 38, 52, 74 – – – executive, VIII: 11, 39, 47 – – – judiciary, VIII: 11, 40, 48 – – – legislative, VIII: 11, 38, 46 – – supremacy of federal law, I: 25, 31, 39, 62; V: 437; VIII: 97–98 – finances, I: 53, 75, 170, 311, 318; II: 243; III: 89, 94, 132, 136, 137, 180, 219, 253; IV: 16, 87, 112, 122– 123; V: 37, 38, 126, 137–138, 240– 241, 243, 283, 338–339, 342–344, 486; VI: 11, 143, 202; VII: 31, 44–45, 75, 130; VIII: 30–31, 33–34, 65–66, 86, 130 – – budget, I: 105, 135, 158, 174, 224, 225; II: 35, 116, 147, 148, 192, 243; III: 129; V: 488; VIII: 21, 65–66 – – fiscal period, I: 105, 173, 225, 273; II: 364; V: 137, 152; VIII: 21, 56 – – public debt, I: 30, 31, 50, 51, 62, 73, 169, 273; II: 147, 219, 220, 247, 263,

176

I NDEX USA PART 281, 282, 301, 312, 326, 348, 349, 371, 372; III: 49, 50, 133, 181, 232, 395, 396, 429, 432, 440; IV: 103, 122– 123, 135, 150, 165–167, 170, 202–203, 287, 294, 416; V: 38, 71–73, 107–108, 137–139, 152, 238–241, 250, 308–310, 417–418, 459, 473, 488, 494; VI: 11, 256, 295; VII: 130, 145–146, 180– 182, 236–238, 298–300; VIII: 70 – – revenue, ordinary and extraordinary, I: 24, 38, 53, 75, 135, 136, 192, 272, 318; II: 147, 217, 219, 223, 326, 327, 348; III: 13, 129, 442; IV: 150, 182, 202; V: 70, 143, 250, 417; VI: 142– 143, 186; VII: 130 – form of, III: 419; IV: 22, 65–66, 294, 317, 323–324, 341–342, 359–360, 391– 392, 411–412; V: 9, 483; VI: 11, 17, 179, 185–186 – – democracy, I: 304; V: 451 – – republic, I: 61, 78, 244, 304; II: 330 – governmental institutions see also executive, legislative, VI: 184–185; VII: 18 – public domain, V: 284, 290, 442; VII: 133; VIII: 58 – public institutions, II: 218, 301, 369; III: 441; V: 237, 241, 273; VI: 134 – subnational government, I: 136; II: 135; IV: 111; V: 162, 179, 421 – – municipal government, I: 160, 173, 216; II: 10, 19, 159, 203, 204, 213, 249, 303, 329, 349, 364, 372, 374; III: 390; IV: 42, 68–69, 118–119, 121, 126, 152, 214; V: 22, 131, 440, 443, 444, 460; VI: 79, 173; VII: 167–168, 219, 242–243, 285, 304; VIII: 71–72, 114 – – – municipal officers, II: 19, 121, 135, 160, 167, 203, 204, 212, 249, 250, 288, 295, 302, 320, 350, 367–370; III: 13, 17, 18, 22, 31, 33–35, 56, 58, 59, 82, 127–129, 135, 174, 183–185, 189, 226, 236, 251, 253, 254, 266, 270–272, 274, 285, 294, 296, 312, 320, 324, 332, 335, 345, 390, 397, 404, 405, 407, 414–416, 422, 437,

I–VIII 442–445; IV: 15, 25–26, 29–30, 37, 45, 56, 58, 70, 73, 75–76, 78, 81–82, 94, 97–98, 118–120, 125–126, 128, 130, 152–153, 176, 178–179, 184– 186, 196, 198–199, 201, 225, 236– 237, 252–253, 292, 296, 298, 319, 329, 333, 334, 339, 347, 350, 351, 356, 365, 368, 369, 379, 382, 385, 386, 398, 401, 402, 404, 419–420, 423, 425, 427; V: 21, 27–28, 31, 37, 43, 45, 66, 90, 104, 109, 128, 135, 140–141, 144, 165, 178, 197–198, 207–208, 242–243, 257, 275, 276, 298, 304, 306, 333, 338, 356–357, 362–363, 371, 395–396, 432, 435, 439, 440, 454, 458, 460, 462–465, 476, 479; VI: 20, 29, 39, 64, 83, 91, 133, 173–174, 182–183, 205, 211, 234–235, 241, 252, 284, 287, 293; VII: 17, 31–32, 45–46, 57–58, 62, 66, 67, 71, 74, 77, 88, 114, 137, 138, 176, 193, 215, 225, 246–247, 249, 281, 290, 308, 310; VIII: 32, 34, 71– 72, 80, 114, 117, 133, 139 – – provincial or state parliaments, II: 159; VII: 246, 308 – – provincial subdivisons (counties etc), IV: 102, 183–186, 376; V: 10, 23, 27, 75, 96, 103–105, 109, 128–129, 131, 135, 258, 274–276, 285, 288– 289, 329, 339, 397–398, 418–419, 437, 444, 464–466, 485–486, 490–491, 494; VI: 19, 25–29, 32, 69, 83, 90, 91, 93, 133–136, 182–183, 189–190, 203, 205, 210–211, 307; VII: 17, 27, 31–32, 41, 45–46, 56–57, 74–76, 79–80, 138, 139, 231–233, 297, 298; VIII: 29–31, 34–35, 96, 131, 133, 138–139 – – supervision of local government, II: 250, 350; IV: 68–69, 123; V: 463; VI: 133; VII: 219, 285; VIII: 72 – suits against the state, I: 146, 174; II: 147, 205, 294; III: 35, 60; IV: 85, 118, 182, 203, 218–228, 293; V: 301, 367, 402; VI: 67, 74; VII: 168, 220, 285

judiciary hereditary distinctions, outlawed, I: 95, 123, 188, 223, 245, 270, 308, 342, 352; II: 196, 293, 330, 340, 361; III: 21, 40, 66, 205, 243, 422; IV: 20, 64, 173, 193, 249, 306, 324, 342, 360, 392, 412; V: 158, 205, 219, 297, 369, 404; VI: 40, 68, 75, 102; VII: 81, 92, 119, 150; VIII: 11, 153 infrastructure, I: 135; II: 327; III: 396; IV: 96, 119; V: 440, 442; VIII: 58 – postal system, I: 51, 74; V: 288–289; VI: 180, 202; VII: 145–146; VIII: 130 – railroad, II: 110, 327, 337; III: 396; IV: 122–123, 165–167; V: 137 – roads, I: 106, 135, 273, 320; II: 203, 204, 244, 276, 277, 327; III: 88; IV: 96, 111, 122–123, 125–126, 214, 241; V: 125–126, 442, 444; VI: 180, 202; VII: 145–146; VIII: 22, 32, 66, 130 judiciary, I: 58, 77, 103, 123, 131, 153, 188, 227, 237, 250, 277, 289, 298, 303, 304, 309; II: 13, 31, 37, 45, 56, 76, 112, 125, 143, 155, 198, 213, 241, 246, 257, 262, 274, 280, 317, 322, 341, 345, 365; III: 11, 16, 27, 33, 45, 52, 74, 107, 122, 155, 206, 213, 239, 421; IV: 76, 89, 93, 107, 141, 146, 173, 180, 193, 197, 222, 237, 290, 299, 326, 344–345, 363, 394, 414; V: 35, 53–54, 63, 157, 192–193, 231, 247–248, 282, 288, 298, 304, 359, 392, 427, 431, 445, 454, 462, 472, 478, 487, 492; VI: 39, 63, 76, 81, 102–103, 137, 173, 182, 197, 203–204, 229, 281; VII: 86, 92, 98, 112, 119, 122, 147, 169, 226–234, 291; VIII: 19, 29, 38, 63, 68– 69, 85, 97, 114, 125, 131–132 – attorney general, I: 104, 133, 139, 140, 147, 215, 217, 231, 241, 248, 255, 274, 282, 283, 286, 303–305, 315, 334, 344– 346; II: 10, 26, 38, 67, 72, 79, 83, 85, 98, 106, 137, 281, 288, 294, 298, 305, 324, 343, 345, 361, 362, 368, 374; III: 15, 32, 36, 52, 62, 87, 125, 127, 144, 152, 173, 175, 211, 236, 251–253, 279, 295, 415,

177

judiciary 416, 431, 438–440; IV: 15, 56, 77, 93– 94, 105, 117–118, 128–129, 145, 152, 176, 181, 196, 199, 213, 217, 225, 229– 230, 240, 264, 279, 292, 295, 300–301, 319, 334, 351, 369, 382, 401, 424–425; V: 10, 27, 43, 65, 69, 71, 103, 132–133, 143, 162–164, 171, 176–177, 226–227, 230, 240, 255, 257–258, 333–335, 430– 432, 439, 456, 460, 464, 474, 476, 478, 480, 490–492, 494; VI: 20, 21, 29, 78, 94, 174, 204, 234–235, 241, 259, 284, 287, 296–297, 306; VII: 46, 88, 114, 132, 137, 147–148, 161, 225, 241, 290, 303; VIII: 20, 30–33, 48, 80, 86–87, 98, 115, 117, 132 – council of censors, I: 359; V: 342–344, 444; VII: 19, 33–34, 47–48, 69, 72–73, 75, 79–80 – courts, I: 94, 103, 215, 230, 231, 240, 241, 250, 252, 270, 298, 305; II: 10, 19, 26, 193, 215, 293, 340, 374; III: 18, 21, 49, 65, 124, 143, 269, 299, 343, 445; IV: 13, 68, 81, 172, 192, 301, 327, 345; V: 91, 104, 219, 235, 256–257, 295, 326, 367, 402, 445–447, 463; VI: 29, 67, 74, 86, 103; VII: 13, 17, 27, 41, 131, 136, 138, 150; VIII: 10, 19, 31–33, 57, 83, 85–86, 97 – – appellate court, I: 194, 216, 279; II: 155; III: 87, 254, 276, 279, 414, 416, 431–433, 436, 440; IV: 197; V: 20, 27, 40, 42, 43, 133–136, 144 – – court of arbitration, V: 289 – – court of sessions, IV: 76; V: 104, 195, 305, 431; VI: 238–239, 286; VII: 135, 137 – – courts of equity, I: 103, 228–230, 237– 240, 251, 252, 254, 277–279, 281; II: 155, 262, 280, 322, 323; III: 57, 254, 275, 380, 388, 414–416, 419, 434, 435, 438; IV: 180, 197–198, 208, 216, 237–239, 265, 300, 386; V: 20, 38, 40, 41, 90, 136, 143–144, 289, 335–336, 361, 394, 462, 478; VI: 19, 20, 28–29; VII: 16, 28, 41, 57–58; VIII: 19 – – inferior courts, I: 51, 58, 74, 77, 102,

178

I NDEX USA PART 117, 119, 131, 132, 139, 140, 165, 192, 215, 216, 222, 227–230, 236–239, 244, 250–254, 259, 270, 277–280, 282, 292, 303, 304, 313, 314, 330, 331, 333; II: 19, 37, 38, 45, 46, 48, 56, 57, 59, 60, 76, 102, 110, 125, 126, 155, 157, 158, 166, 213–215, 240, 246, 247, 249, 262, 280, 299, 322, 323, 345, 346, 365, 366; III: 16, 33, 52, 54, 55, 57, 85, 86, 122, 126, 152, 169, 172, 200, 213, 236, 275, 321, 323, 324, 331, 332, 334, 335, 347, 432–438; IV: 24, 76, 93, 114–116, 128, 146–147, 180, 197–199, 212, 236–239, 264–265, 268, 270, 275, 276, 281, 298–300, 319, 385, 386, 404; V: 20, 27, 40–43, 46, 63–64, 105–106, 134–136, 143–144, 193–194, 231–233, 251, 258, 282, 289, 304–305, 336, 359– 362, 392–395, 415, 431, 432, 436, 462, 478–479, 492; VI: 39, 63, 81–82, 140– 141, 173, 203–204, 238–243, 261, 286– 288, 297–298; VII: 41, 133, 135, 136, 145–147, 169–172, 226–230, 234–236, 291, 292, 294, 295; VIII: 18, 40, 48, 62, 68–69, 71, 114–115, 131–132 – – local courts, I: 103, 119, 131, 133, 165–167, 206, 216, 227, 237, 278, 313; II: 38, 48, 102, 155–157, 168, 246, 247, 262, 280, 299, 345–347, 365, 367, 374; III: 34, 56, 57, 252, 254, 255, 275, 278, 279, 317, 320, 349, 374, 380, 390, 404, 414, 415, 417, 432, 433, 435– 437; IV: 93, 114, 146–147, 268, 299– 300; V: 41, 90, 103–106, 135, 143– 144, 231–232, 257, 272, 273, 304–306; VI: 32, 64, 204–205, 238, 240–241, 286–287; VII: 31–32, 45–46, 55–56, 58, 62, 67, 74–76, 79, 133, 135, 137, 169, 226–234, 291; VIII: 19, 68–69, 132–133 – – military courts, III: 252, 254, 416, 421, 426; IV: 334, 351; V: 42, 43, 90, 103, 142, 484–485; VI: 19, 68, 75; VII: 27 – – supreme court, I: 58, 77, 102, 131, 132, 165, 167, 192, 210, 216, 227, 228,

I–VIII 236–238, 250–253, 277–280, 292, 303–305, 313; II: 18, 19, 25, 26, 37, 38, 45–48, 56, 57, 69, 71, 76, 108, 110, 125, 155, 157, 158, 165, 168, 172, 213, 214, 246, 247, 262, 280, 299, 300, 322, 323, 345, 346, 365; III: 16, 33, 52, 53, 55, 85, 122–124, 143, 169, 172, 189, 213, 435; IV: 31– 32, 76, 93, 114–115, 146, 180, 197, 237, 265, 299–301, 337, 354, 371, 404, 424, 427; V: 20, 40–42, 63, 65, 90, 105, 134, 136, 143–144, 192–193, 231, 257, 282–284, 289, 304–305, 335– 336, 359–361, 392–394, 431, 435, 445, 462, 466, 478–480, 492, 494; VI: 39, 63, 81, 141–142, 173–174, 203–204, 238–239, 286; VII: 16, 32, 46, 112, 147, 169, 171–172, 226–230, 234, 291, 295; VIII: 18–19, 31, 40, 48, 68–69, 85–86, 97–98, 114, 117, 131–132 – – – as appellate court, II: 37, 45, 46, 56, 57, 76, 125, 155, 247, 262, 280, 299, 322, 365; III: 17, 33, 53, 85, 122, 170; IV: 114, 146, 197, 237, 299, 404, 424; V: 63, 193; VI: 81, 205, 238–239, 241–242, 286–288; VII: 133, 135, 136, 169, 226–292; VIII: 18, 69, 133 – – – as constitutional court, II: 165 – – – judges, II: 26, 37, 38, 45, 67, 72, 82, 83, 123, 125, 126, 155, 156, 213, 215, 243, 244, 246, 247, 259, 261, 262, 275, 280, 299, 300, 305, 322– 324, 345, 346, 354, 366; III: 16, 18, 34, 35, 53, 54, 57, 86, 87, 90, 123, 124, 151–153, 172, 174, 189, 213, 214; IV: 15, 76, 93, 114–116, 128–130, 181, 198–199, 230, 265, 295, 299, 301, 335, 339, 352, 356, 370, 386, 402, 404, 423, 426–427; V: 40, 41, 43, 63–65, 85–86, 90– 91, 105, 134–135, 144, 163, 171, 176, 187–188, 193–194, 233–235, 272, 282, 284, 305–307, 310, 335, 364, 399, 463, 478–479, 492–493; VI: 63–64, 82, 142, 173, 211, 238–

judiciary 240, 256, 286–287, 295; VII: 16, 27, 29, 41, 43, 113, 135, 144, 167–171, 227–231, 235–236, 292, 294, 296; VIII: 19–20, 31–33, 48–49, 65, 67, 69, 86, 115, 139 – – – – appointment, II: 45, 56, 67, 76, 125, 155, 156, 158, 213, 228, 247, 262, 280, 281, 288, 299, 323, 345, 354, 365; III: 53, 125, 151, 171, 172; IV: 105, 146, 156, 180, 197, 199, 239, 264, 266, 267, 275, 278, 299, 309, 319, 425, 427; V: 27, 43, 64, 135, 143, 162, 176, 194, 231, 255–256, 289, 304–305, 392–393, 415, 431, 462, 478–479, 492–493; VI: 39, 63, 81, 94, 142, 173–174, 205, 239, 286, 306; VII: 61, 72, 78, 88, 113, 135, 139, 146–147, 171, 194–195; VIII: 19, 40, 48, 69, 85, 97–98, 115, 133 – – – – chief justice, II: 10, 18, 19, 125, 155, 246, 262, 280, 322–324, 346, 365; III: 123, 127, 151–153, 170, 175; IV: 94, 114, 120, 146, 400, 420, 426–427; V: 41, 63, 69, 105, 170, 282, 305, 415, 429, 431, 457, 475, 493; VI: 205, 238, 286; VII: 170, 227–228, 235–236, 292, 293; VIII: 31, 40, 48, 69, 98, 132 – – – – impeachment, II: 37, 45, 56, 76, 126, 156, 243, 259, 275, 292, 324, 339, 365; III: 15, 57, 124, 127, 128, 172, 173, 175, 204, 215; IV: 94, 120, 152, 229–230, 239– 240, 295; V: 22, 41, 52, 57, 64, 170, 171, 180, 224, 335, 429–431, 457, 462, 475, 478–479, 492–493; VI: 81, 138, 142, 174, 240, 259, 286–287, 297; VII: 16, 61, 107, 129; VIII: 19–20, 65, 116 – – – – incompatibility with other offices, II: 215, 262, 280, 323, 366; III: 134, 174, 177, 182, 213, 215, 241, 253, 421; IV: 10, 15, 37, 46, 78–79, 93, 105, 147, 225, 292, 295, 339, 356, 373, 406, 427;

179

judiciary V: 21, 28, 37, 43, 90, 106, 134, 164–165, 172, 177–178, 194, 333– 335, 356–357, 392–393, 415, 492– 493; VI: 39, 63, 82; VII: 45, 58, 112, 136, 171 – – – – number, II: 18, 76, 125, 155, 213, 246, 262, 280, 299, 300, 345, 346, 365; III: 53, 85, 123, 170; IV: 114, 146, 180, 197, 237, 299; V: 41, 63, 105, 135–136, 193, 231, 234, 289, 304–305, 431; VI: 81, 238, 286; VII: 135, 169–170, 227– 236, 292; VIII: 40, 48, 69 – – – – qualifications, II: 156, 247; III: 53; IV: 114, 147, 181, 197, 239, 300, 386, 404; V: 304–305, 415; VI: 81, 94, 137, 142, 174, 241–242, 287–288; VII: 171; VIII: 20, 69, 117 – – – – tenure, II: 37, 45, 56, 67, 72, 76, 125, 155, 168, 213, 262, 280, 299, 324, 345, 354, 365; III: 16, 34, 53, 86, 123, 151, 170–172, 213, 251; IV: 15, 23, 66, 76, 93, 105, 115, 146, 197, 215, 239, 265–266, 270, 275, 278, 299, 309, 326, 344, 362, 377, 394, 414, 425; V: 21, 27, 43, 64, 90, 105–106, 134, 162, 176, 194, 255–256, 289, 305, 335, 359, 392–393, 406–407, 415, 431, 462, 478–479, 492; VI: 39, 63, 81, 94, 173–174, 203–204, 239, 286; VII: 17, 58, 61, 71–72, 78, 88, 112–113, 147, 227–236, 292; VIII: 18–20, 31, 40, 48, 97–98, 115, 131–132 – judges, I: 104, 113, 119, 126, 137, 139, 157, 166–168, 206, 228, 229, 231, 252, 253, 255, 266, 267, 278–280, 282, 314– 316, 330, 331; II: 10, 38, 48, 59, 82, 83, 125, 126, 156, 157, 214, 215, 243, 244, 247, 259, 261, 275, 280, 299, 300, 311, 323, 346, 354, 366, 367; III: 16, 18, 34, 35, 54–56, 82, 86–88, 90, 94, 124, 125, 127, 152, 173–175, 213, 214, 228, 236, 245, 251–253, 266, 270, 272, 276, 278,

180

I NDEX USA PART 279, 393, 415, 416, 421, 433, 435, 436, 438–440, 444; IV: 15, 34, 75–76, 82, 90, 114–116, 118, 126, 128, 130, 147, 180– 181, 185, 197–199, 239–240, 265–266, 298, 300–301, 314, 319, 336, 338, 339, 353, 355, 356, 371, 373, 386, 404, 405, 424–425; V: 40, 41, 43, 65, 69, 90, 103– 104, 106, 133–136, 144, 163, 193–194, 224, 233–235, 272, 305–306, 335, 360– 362, 364, 393–395, 399, 407–408, 431, 432, 463, 492; VI: 19, 29, 39–40, 46, 63– 64, 81–82, 182, 204–205, 211, 239–240, 256, 286–287, 295; VII: 27, 31, 41, 45, 58, 75, 88, 135, 137, 167–168, 172, 229– 230, 294; VIII: 20, 31–33, 49, 65, 67, 69, 132, 139 – – appointment or election, I: 117, 140, 278, 280, 286, 331; II: 48, 59, 60, 155, 156, 166, 228, 262, 280, 281, 288, 299, 323, 346, 354; III: 54–57, 152, 170, 175, 200, 236, 275, 278, 279, 416, 433– 439, 445; IV: 76–77, 93, 114–116, 121, 146–147, 156, 180, 197–199, 238, 264–268, 270, 275–276, 281, 299– 300, 308–309, 319, 424–425; V: 19, 41–43, 105–106, 134–135, 143, 162, 172, 194, 233, 255–256, 258, 305, 333– 335, 360, 415, 431, 439, 463; VI: 20, 63, 81, 94, 140, 182–183, 205, 239, 286, 306; VII: 17, 57, 66, 71, 74, 77, 79, 88, 135–137, 139, 170, 173, 228, 231, 293, 296; VIII: 30, 49, 133 – – incompatibility with other offices, I: 248, 253, 273, 280, 336, 345, 346, 357; II: 215, 262, 280, 323, 366; III: 134, 174, 241, 437; IV: 37, 46, 78–79, 114–115, 147, 225, 292, 295, 299, 339, 356, 373, 406, 427; V: 37, 90, 106, 134, 164–165, 178, 194, 356– 357, 392–393, 415, 492; VI: 24–25, 39, 82; VII: 58, 136 – – legally competent judges, I: 212; II: 216; III: 55, 241, 254, 275, 278, 416, 434; IV: 147, 197, 418; V: 134, 306, 392–393, 415; VI: 137, 140, 174, 241–242, 287–288; VIII: 117

I–VIII – – removal, V: 41, 392–393, 492; VI: 138, 174; VII: 16–17, 58, 113, 136, 172–173; VIII: 116 – judicial districts, II: 158, 280, 288, 289, 366, 367; III: 53, 55–57, 125, 152, 236, 275, 278, 279, 343, 375, 390, 393, 433, 434, 438; IV: 114, 121, 126, 129–131, 139, 146–147, 156, 180, 197, 237–238, 266, 281, 299–300; V: 63–64, 90, 105– 106, 134–136, 193, 231–232, 258, 272, 313–314, 360, 393, 396, 415; VI: 48, 83, 94, 140, 173, 204, 239, 286, 306; VII: 66, 74, 133–135, 137, 170, 227– 228, 293; VIII: 31–33, 49, 97–98, 115, 132 – juries, II: 19; V: 446, 492; VI: 182; VII: 17, 32 – jurisdiction, I: 21, 25, 58, 59, 77, 103, 105, 122, 166, 167, 187, 192, 193, 228– 230, 237–240, 250–253, 255, 278–282, 292, 305, 313, 357; II: 18, 26, 37, 45, 46, 56, 57, 69, 76, 87, 108, 109, 125, 127, 134, 156, 165, 168, 194, 203, 214, 224, 227, 240, 247, 250, 262, 280, 299, 300, 303, 322, 346, 351, 352, 365, 366; III: 16, 55–57, 65, 87, 126, 135, 136, 173, 221, 279, 343, 435, 438, 439; IV: 20, 76, 115, 128, 141, 147–148, 180, 197–199, 237–238, 265, 300, 385, 386, 404, 424; V: 134–135, 143–144, 193– 194, 232–233, 258, 272, 273, 282, 301, 304–306, 360, 393, 431, 435, 436, 462, 478–480, 492–494; VI: 19, 82, 182–183, 226, 242–243, 279–280, 288; VII: 112, 131, 133, 135–138, 140, 169–171, 185– 186, 208, 226–232, 234, 238, 273, 291, 297, 300; VIII: 19, 21, 40, 48–49, 62– 63, 69, 72, 83, 98 – – appellate, I: 229, 230, 236, 238–240, 251, 252, 254, 278, 281; II: 213, 323; III: 85, 172, 433, 434, 440; IV: 114, 146–147, 238, 424; V: 105–106, 231– 232, 289, 305; VI: 242, 288; VII: 170– 171, 228–229, 294 – – ordinary, I: 103, 122, 166, 314; II: 102; V: 41; VIII: 19

judiciary – – original, I: 132, 228, 236, 238, 250; II: 76, 155, 213, 323, 365; III: 16, 126; IV: 114, 146–147, 180, 197–198, 238, 424; V: 136, 193, 231–232, 289; VI: 240–242, 287–288; VII: 135, 170– 171, 228–229, 294 – – reciprocity of recognition of judgments, I: 21, 60, 78; III: 172 – – restrictions upon, I: 230, 238, 255, 282, 313; II: 323, 330; III: 174, 275, 415, 434; IV: 386; V: 135 – local judicial officers, I: 103, 104, 131– 134, 137, 139, 165–167, 193, 206, 215, 227, 230, 231, 237, 240, 241, 253, 255, 259, 274, 280, 282, 283, 300, 303, 304, 313–315, 333, 334, 346, 354–357; II: 10, 16, 18, 19, 38, 39, 44, 48, 49, 59, 60, 67, 72, 79, 83, 85, 98, 102, 106, 127, 147, 151, 155–157, 164, 166, 203, 211, 214, 215, 243, 247, 249, 256, 259, 263, 265, 272, 276, 281, 286, 295, 299, 300, 305, 311, 320, 322–324, 333, 345– 347, 365, 366, 369; III: 13, 17, 18, 22, 30, 34, 36, 40, 48, 54, 56–58, 85, 87, 95, 126, 127, 134, 152, 169, 170, 172– 175, 182, 183, 189, 211, 213, 228, 236, 245, 247, 251–254, 266, 270, 272, 279, 314, 317, 320, 347, 380, 404, 405, 414– 416, 428, 431–436, 438–440; IV: 15, 30, 33–34, 45–46, 73, 75–77, 82, 88, 90, 93– 94, 114–116, 120, 123, 126, 146–148, 156, 176, 180–181, 196–199, 225, 238– 240, 253, 268, 292, 299–300, 308–309, 314, 319, 334, 336–339, 351, 353–356, 369, 371, 373, 377, 382, 386, 401, 404– 406, 424–425, 427; V: 20, 21, 27–28, 34, 37, 40–43, 46, 52, 65, 90, 103–105, 114, 134–136, 143–144, 164–165, 170–172, 177–178, 194–195, 220, 233–235, 243, 255–258, 282, 284, 304, 306, 337–338, 359, 362–364, 389, 392, 395–397, 399, 407–409, 429, 431, 439, 446, 463–465, 479, 484, 493; VI: 20, 28–29, 40, 61, 64, 78, 81–83, 94, 174, 204–205, 239, 241, 243, 286–288; VII: 16–17, 28, 29, 55– 58, 62, 66, 67, 72, 74, 77, 88, 112–114,

181

language 136–138, 145, 169, 172–174, 196, 226– 231, 234, 291, 295, 296; VIII: 19–20, 31–33, 65, 69, 71, 86, 98, 115, 132–133 – relation to other branches, III: 86, 213, 435, 436, 438, 440; IV: 33–34, 265, 336, 353, 371; V: 41, 289; VI: 19, 173; VIII: 115 – – distinction from administrative bodies, I: 316; VI: 137; VII: 86, 92, 98, 119, 122 – remuneration, I: 58, 77, 103, 132, 133, 167, 215, 227, 237, 253, 280, 313, 315, 333, 345, 355; II: 10, 26, 38, 48, 59, 82, 98, 126, 156, 157, 215, 244, 261, 280, 299, 323, 324, 346, 365, 366; III: 34, 36, 53, 55, 56, 85, 123–125, 153, 170, 174, 213, 241, 278, 430, 433–436, 439, 445; IV: 23, 31–32, 66, 93, 118, 126, 147, 180, 185, 197–198, 239, 265, 299, 326, 335, 344, 352, 362, 370, 377, 394, 402, 414, 423; V: 20, 21, 41, 43, 69, 134–136, 144, 163, 171, 176, 187–188, 194, 234, 310, 335–336, 359, 392–393, 415, 431, 463, 479, 493; VI: 21, 39, 60–61, 63, 82, 142, 174, 203–204, 239, 256, 286, 295; VII: 17, 113, 136, 137, 147, 171, 174, 228–230, 293, 294; VIII: 19, 31–33, 50, 67, 86, 98, 116, 131–132 – trials, I: 59, 77, 133, 215; II: 18, 19, 76, 87, 272, 322; III: 153, 200; IV: 41, 84, 325, 343, 361, 385, 393, 412–413, 424; V: 452, 470, 479; VI: 19, 40, 46, 82, 240– 241, 287; VII: 32, 46; VIII: 98 – – hearing of evidence, II: 165; III: 20, 38; IV: 87, 116, 172, 191; V: 361, 394 language, III: 91, 179, 184, 187, 191 – official language, II: 168, 329; III: 131, 136; IV: 125, 301 – other languages, III: 131; V: 359 law, I: 58, 77, 151, 273, 305, 342, 343, 357; II: 9, 90, 116, 146, 195, 203, 205, 240, 244, 256, 260, 275, 276, 283, 295, 296, 304, 320, 321, 329, 342, 343, 351, 352, 364, 372; III: 18, 49, 61, 124, 129, 133, 134, 179, 181, 254, 420; IV: 69, 83, 88,

182

I NDEX USA PART 91, 103, 110–112, 117, 122–123, 126, 128–130, 143–144, 146, 149–151, 181– 182, 231, 294, 296, 326, 339, 344, 355, 356, 362, 373, 394, 406, 413–414, 427; V: 10, 18, 19, 54, 70–72, 157, 187, 223, 283–284, 298–301, 309, 330, 427, 454, 472; VI: 32, 60, 78, 86, 98, 205–206, 212, 230–231, 254, 282, 294; VII: 15, 18–19, 30, 33, 44, 47, 82, 93, 119, 128, 166, 219, 284; VIII: 32, 57, 58, 62, 66, 85, 97, 133, 140, 154 – civil law, I: 322 – codification of existing bodies of law, I: 232, 256, 283; II: 194, 340; IV: 320; V: 126–127; VI: 23 – transitional provisions, I: 62, 95, 108, 109, 136, 195, 232, 233, 237, 241, 256– 260, 283–287, 301, 303, 305, 309, 322, 323, 327, 338; II: 9, 40, 47, 72, 87, 135–137, 165–168, 227–229, 250, 251, 265, 266, 287, 305, 312, 331, 353, 374; III: 18, 22, 36, 40, 60, 66, 67, 87, 94– 96, 110, 114, 138, 142, 143, 188, 189, 191, 217, 237, 239, 243, 254, 419, 422, 438, 444, 445; IV: 16, 37–38, 42, 48, 79, 82, 96–97, 127–128, 130, 154–155, 184, 204, 215, 217, 249–250, 253, 278, 306, 317, 319, 338, 339, 355, 356, 373, 374, 406, 422, 427; V: 28, 45, 46, 73, 91–92, 108–109, 127, 143–144, 180, 206–207, 255–258, 313, 364, 370, 398–399, 405– 406, 408–409, 435, 436, 466, 471, 476, 478, 480, 484, 488, 494; VI: 20, 21, 30, 40, 66, 69, 85, 87, 94, 146, 175, 179, 185–186, 209, 211, 262–263, 266–267, 298–300; VII: 113, 115, 140, 151, 191– 193, 195, 247–249, 258, 309, 310, 319; VIII: 11, 24–25, 33, 50, 72–74, 117–118, 137, 139 – uniformity of, I: 151; II: 204, 272, 277, 296, 364; IV: 15–16, 37–38, 79, 93, 117, 198, 406; V: 27–28, 38, 65, 90–91, 130– 131, 165, 178, 195, 224–225, 235–236, 252, 336–337, 362, 395, 487, 489–490; VI: 39, 86, 137; VII: 174

I–VIII legislature, I: 123, 153, 154, 188, 213, 223, 245, 271, 289, 298, 303, 304, 309, 343, 352; II: 10, 13, 23, 31, 39, 112, 143, 198, 241, 243, 257, 274, 317, 320, 341, 363; III: 11, 27, 45, 74, 93, 107, 155, 156, 163, 183, 185, 186, 189, 206, 239, 253, 407, 410, 419, 432; IV: 10, 22–23, 66– 67, 78, 89, 107, 141, 173–174, 193–194, 222, 290, 326–327, 344–345, 363, 376, 394–395, 414–415; V: 9, 17, 35, 53–54, 99, 157, 161, 175, 183–184, 220, 282, 288, 298–299, 326, 349, 359, 381–472, 487; VI: 18, 23, 33, 59, 76, 102–103, 169, 197, 229, 281; VII: 13, 27, 41, 55, 60, 62, 66, 86, 92, 98–100, 119, 122, 143, 161, 216, 281; VIII: 29, 38, 55, 63, 65, 81, 95–97, 106, 125 – convocation of, I: 48, 72, 137, 211, 298; II: 51, 62, 64; III: 12, 29, 47, 75, 145, 209, 240, 357, 420; IV: 67, 204–205, 217, 327, 345, 363, 395, 415; V: 18, 178, 351, 384, 406; VI: 116–117, 120; VII: 71; VIII: 29–30, 57 – joint sessions, I: 48, 72, 100, 116, 118, 154, 189, 213, 223, 245, 271, 290, 311, 338; II: 17, 28, 32, 67, 72, 79, 83, 85, 107, 115, 117, 145, 201, 205, 228, 241, 252, 258, 274, 288, 296, 305, 321, 343, 365; III: 12, 22, 28, 75, 78, 108, 161, 164, 166, 180, 247–250, 264, 282, 288, 301, 316, 327, 392, 399, 411, 414, 424, 427, 429, 430, 440, 441; IV: 23, 32–33, 41, 48, 91, 111, 141–142, 169, 230–231, 295, 309, 319, 326, 344, 362, 377, 394, 414; V: 25, 38, 43, 54, 71, 85, 101, 170, 224, 270, 279, 300, 327–328, 427, 438, 456, 465, 472, 488, 491; VI: 17, 19, 36, 59–60, 77, 170, 208–209; VII: 68, 77– 79, 86, 98–100, 105, 122, 127, 139, 144, 166, 218, 283; VIII: 16, 38, 46, 55, 63, 74, 107, 136 – lower house, I: 45, 71, 96, 105, 115, 123, 213, 223, 245, 271, 290, 343; II: 13, 14, 112, 114, 143, 199, 242, 257, 274, 320, 341, 363; III: 11, 27, 45, 74, 83, 107, 155, 156, 159, 206, 245, 249, 407,

legislature 427; IV: 10, 13, 23, 27, 33, 67, 71, 89, 108, 141–142, 174, 194, 222, 290, 313, 318, 327, 345, 363, 395, 415; V: 17, 25, 35, 54, 85, 99, 128, 161–162, 175, 183– 184, 220–221, 288, 298–299, 325–326, 349, 381–438, 454, 456, 472–474, 487; VI: 23, 33, 59, 76, 103, 169, 197, 230– 231, 282; VII: 13, 27, 41, 55, 60, 62, 66, 86, 98–100, 122, 143, 160–161, 216, 281; VIII: 12, 21, 29, 38, 46, 55, 64, 81, 95–96, 106, 125 – – members, I: 21, 39, 45, 48, 71, 72, 97, 115, 116, 127, 159, 160, 189, 213, 223, 231, 245, 255, 271, 272, 274, 282, 291, 298, 299, 303–305, 313, 327, 343, 344, 351–353, 355; II: 15, 24, 31, 33, 53, 101, 113, 115–117, 143, 144, 199, 200, 205, 241–244, 258, 260, 274–277, 294, 312, 320, 342, 363; III: 13, 18, 28, 30, 35, 47, 74, 80, 88, 116, 128, 156, 176, 206, 236, 239, 246, 249, 251, 254, 265, 287, 314, 322, 407, 415, 416, 419, 427; IV: 44, 58, 89, 128, 142–143, 330, 337, 339, 354, 356, 372, 378, 396, 405, 407, 416, 426; V: 13, 17, 38, 45, 86, 88, 96, 109, 162, 260–261, 299, 302, 364, 399, 438, 465, 488–489, 492; VI: 17, 19, 24–25, 43, 44, 61, 65, 84, 171; VII: 12, 26, 77, 161, 167–168, 216, 281; VIII: 13, 29, 39, 47, 63–67, 82, 96, 109 – – – appointment, II: 88, 296; III: 427; VI: 111; VIII: 47 – – – election, II: 13, 15, 23, 28, 67, 72, 79, 83, 85, 88, 93, 112, 114, 143, 145, 199–201, 241, 242, 258, 274, 288, 295, 320, 321, 332, 341, 354, 363; III: 11, 27–29, 36, 45, 47, 48, 60, 75, 77, 78, 90, 93, 95, 108, 113, 130, 144, 156, 160, 163, 178, 189, 191, 205, 206, 209, 216, 229, 230, 233, 245, 246, 251, 254, 264, 266, 268, 270–272, 274, 283, 285, 294, 319, 327, 328, 373, 375, 383, 384, 386, 399, 407, 408, 417, 423, 428, 430, 435, 436, 438, 440; IV: 11–13,

183

legislature 27–28, 38, 41–43, 48, 55, 69, 71– 72, 77, 89–90, 97–98, 104, 108–109, 111, 129, 142, 144, 155–156, 174– 175, 177, 179, 184–185, 194–196, 204–205, 209, 213, 222–223, 226, 251–253, 273, 290, 292–293, 318, 319, 330–332, 348, 349, 366, 396, 416–418, 423; V: 17, 18, 25–26, 28– 29, 35, 36, 38, 43, 45, 54–55, 75, 86– 88, 99–100, 129–130, 143, 157, 161– 162, 168, 169, 175–176, 184–185, 207–208, 220, 270, 282, 288, 299– 300, 326–328, 330–331, 349, 372, 381, 396, 418–419, 421, 422, 427– 429, 432, 439, 455, 456, 461, 464, 465, 472–474, 476–477, 480, 487– 488, 490–491, 493–494; VI: 18, 20, 25–28, 33, 36, 45, 52, 54, 57, 59–60, 69, 77, 103–107, 112–113, 117, 130, 169–170, 175–176, 197, 210–211, 231–232, 234–235, 251, 282–284, 292–293; VII: 13–15, 28, 42, 55, 60, 72, 74, 77–78, 86, 92, 99, 105, 108, 122, 127, 139, 143–145, 151, 165– 166, 216–217, 282, 327; VIII: 12, 14, 29–30, 38, 40–41, 46–47, 49, 59, 63–64, 81–82, 96–97, 106, 108, 119, 125, 138 – – – immunity, indemnity, II: 24, 33, 115, 145, 200, 242, 258, 275, 295, 342, 364; III: 13, 29, 48, 79, 114, 162, 210, 420, 430; IV: 28, 44, 66, 69, 90, 108–109, 142, 176, 195, 227– 228, 293, 326, 332, 344, 349, 362, 367, 394, 397, 414, 417–418; V: 36, 72, 130, 165, 178, 186, 222, 299– 300, 353, 385, 427, 455, 472, 487; VI: 36, 60, 77, 105–106, 170, 199– 200, 232–233, 283; VII: 40, 145, 166, 186, 218–219, 284; VIII: 14, 38, 47, 64, 84, 108, 127–128 – – – incompatibility, II: 116, 117, 144, 146, 197, 259, 276, 294, 295; III: 48, 79, 89, 92, 115, 162, 177, 210, 250–252, 259, 284, 413, 428, 431; IV: 10, 44, 78–79, 110–111,

184

I NDEX USA PART

–––

–––

–––

–––

176–177, 196, 225, 292, 339, 356, 373, 387, 406; V: 57, 89, 100, 130, 164, 177, 189, 333, 427, 455, 472, 487; VI: 18, 28, 61, 65, 78, 201, 235, 284; VII: 104, 107, 127, 128, 218, 245, 283, 307; VIII: 21, 56, 83–84, 97, 129 leader of lower house, II: 275, 321; III: 431; IV: 69, 176, 196, 201, 273; V: 56; VI: 114–115; VII: 144; VIII: 14–15 length of term, II: 14, 23, 228, 241, 258, 274, 295, 320, 341, 354; III: 11, 27, 45, 74, 108, 156, 160, 206, 231, 234, 235, 399, 427; IV: 27– 28, 42, 71, 89, 108, 144, 174, 194, 215, 219, 222–223, 290, 319, 332, 349, 366, 396, 417; V: 28–29, 54, 99, 128, 143, 161, 168, 175, 184, 207–208, 220, 270, 299, 327, 349, 381, 421, 476; VI: 18, 33, 77, 105– 106, 117–118, 169, 197, 231, 282; VII: 62, 86, 99, 122, 139, 143, 165, 327; VIII: 12, 29, 38, 46, 50, 58, 59, 63–64, 81, 96, 106, 125 mandatory attendance, II: 32, 107, 114, 145, 201, 242, 258, 274, 321; III: 13, 29, 48, 113, 209; IV: 58, 90, 109, 142, 175, 195, 226, 292–293; V: 55, 185, 220–221, 300, 352, 384, 428, 455, 472; VI: 36, 60, 77, 232, 282; VII: 105, 127, 144–145, 165, 217, 282; VIII: 14, 38, 47, 56, 64 plurality of offices, II: 16, 23, 32, 144, 147, 197, 205, 243, 246, 259, 276, 294, 295, 341, 363; III: 13, 30, 36, 48, 61, 79, 115, 131, 134, 162, 182, 210, 241, 250, 251, 258, 263, 384, 413, 421, 428, 430; IV: 37, 46, 78, 90–91, 108, 142, 176, 196, 295, 320, 339, 356, 373, 387, 406, 427; V: 18, 19, 28, 37, 56, 90, 100, 130, 164–165, 172, 177–178, 188–189, 220, 223, 298, 302, 326–327, 353, 385, 397–398, 427, 455, 478, 492; VI: 17, 24–25, 28, 37, 61, 78, 104–

I–VIII

–––

––– –––

–––

106, 171, 201, 234–235, 252–254, 283–284, 293–294; VII: 31, 45, 58, 60, 104, 105, 127, 145, 165–166, 218, 283; VIII: 15, 58, 65, 68, 83– 84, 97, 109–110, 129 qualifications, II: 23, 24, 32, 74, 113, 114, 144, 145, 200, 201, 242, 258, 274, 295, 312, 320, 321, 341, 363; III: 11, 13, 27, 29, 45, 48, 78, 108, 113, 161, 207–209, 246, 384, 407, 408, 428; IV: 10, 13, 15, 54, 69, 72, 90, 108–109, 144, 174–175, 194– 195, 223, 226, 290–293, 349, 366, 381, 417–418; V: 18, 25–26, 35, 36, 54–55, 99, 130, 162, 175, 184–185, 220–221, 288, 299, 326–328, 349, 352, 381–382, 384, 428, 429, 455, 472, 478, 487; VI: 18, 26, 34, 36, 60, 77, 103–104, 114–115, 170, 197– 198, 232, 282; VII: 13–14, 28, 42, 44, 56, 74, 86, 104, 105, 127, 143– 145, 165–166, 217, 282; VIII: 14, 29, 38, 46–47, 56, 64, 81, 83, 96–97, 107–108, 125 re-eligibility, II: 320; III: 48; V: 18, 165–166, 178, 327; VI: 117–118 remuneration, II: 146, 147, 205, 211, 243, 246, 260, 276, 296, 319, 321, 333, 343, 363; III: 13, 29, 32, 48, 75, 78, 96, 114, 119, 161, 209, 384, 430, 431, 445; IV: 44, 67, 91, 109–110, 137, 142, 176, 196, 228, 250–251, 273, 285, 293, 318, 320, 332, 381, 397, 417; V: 36, 46, 69, 100, 130, 187–188, 223, 226, 301– 302, 353, 385, 488, 498; VI: 37, 61, 78, 105, 171, 199–200, 234, 237, 283, 285; VII: 105, 127, 145, 166– 167, 219, 284; VIII: 15, 21, 25, 32, 50, 58, 66, 68, 85–86, 109, 127–128 speaker, II: 14, 23, 24, 26, 32, 33, 35, 51, 62, 64, 114, 116, 119, 145, 146, 152, 206, 211, 242, 245, 246, 259, 261, 262, 275, 278, 279, 298, 318, 319, 321, 362; III: 12, 13, 28, 32, 47, 51, 76, 110, 117, 119, 158,

legislature 164, 166, 207, 211, 246, 254, 386, 408, 417, 424, 425, 430; IV: 15, 28, 92, 110, 145, 175–177, 195–196, 199, 201, 227, 234–235, 252–253, 293, 297–298, 314, 319, 332, 349, 367, 397, 418; V: 18, 26, 36, 40, 56, 60, 69, 87, 130, 132–133, 151, 162–163, 175–176, 185, 187, 191– 192, 229–230, 288, 302, 327–328, 351–353, 384, 386, 429, 432, 433, 438, 456, 460, 461, 465, 474, 476– 478, 489; VI: 18, 19, 27–28, 37, 60, 77–78, 80, 170, 172–173, 198, 203, 232–234, 243–244, 282–284, 288– 289; VII: 13–14, 28, 42, 87, 105, 127, 131, 144, 195, 251–252, 312; VIII: 14–17, 40, 59, 64–65, 68, 83, 85, 95, 97, 108, 113, 126, 131 – – – vacancy, II: 39, 115, 229, 275, 295, 321, 342, 363, 364; III: 13, 30, 49, 80, 116, 163, 207, 408, 430; IV: 26, 90, 96, 108, 113, 176, 195, 201, 224– 292, 319, 331, 332, 339, 349, 356, 367, 381, 384, 397, 403, 417; V: 36, 56, 162, 175, 186, 222, 288, 304, 353, 386, 427–429, 455, 456, 465, 474, 491; VI: 18, 27–28, 37–38, 60, 77, 200, 232, 283; VII: 87, 105, 127, 144, 166, 218, 284; VIII: 58, 83, 128 – – powers, I: 30, 39, 59, 61, 78, 98, 101– 103, 105, 107, 124, 132, 139, 165, 173, 176, 180, 189, 214, 280, 290, 298, 299, 301, 305, 315, 316, 353; II: 10, 24, 26, 32, 34, 35, 37–40, 45–48, 56, 57, 71, 76, 102, 106, 110, 147, 157, 159, 202, 215, 223, 242, 246–248, 250, 256, 258, 281, 293, 300, 302, 321, 325, 327, 328, 341, 342; III: 16, 18, 35–37, 49, 50, 55, 59–61, 130, 131, 133–137, 153, 200, 204, 385, 387, 402, 408, 424, 439, 442; IV: 13, 22, 24, 27, 29, 33– 34, 37, 41–42, 45, 66, 68–69, 72–73, 76–77, 82–85, 94, 111–116, 118, 123, 143, 146, 148, 150–151, 153, 175, 178– 182, 195, 199–201, 203, 209–210, 237–

185

legislature 240, 293–294, 299, 301, 303, 326– 327, 344–345, 362–363, 381, 384, 385, 394–395, 400, 401, 403, 404, 414–415, 423–427; V: 18–20, 87, 169–171, 176– 177, 186, 223, 225–226, 231–232, 234– 236, 242, 248–289, 298, 300, 302, 306– 310, 327–328, 336, 352, 359, 384, 397, 399, 407–408, 430–432, 434, 455, 459, 460, 462, 463, 465, 471–473, 477–479, 492–493; VI: 18, 39, 60, 63, 65, 77, 81, 83, 86, 118, 119, 128, 130–131, 135, 142, 144, 168, 251–252, 254, 293– 294; VII: 17–19, 28, 30, 41, 44, 104, 112–113, 133, 135, 147–148, 157–158, 161, 167, 169–170, 178–179, 220–221, 226–228, 231, 234–236, 286, 291– 293, 296; VIII: 14, 17–19, 21, 23, 31, 38, 47–48, 64, 68–70, 72, 104 – – – adjournment, II: 14, 24, 32, 33, 107, 114, 115, 145, 201, 242, 243, 258, 259, 274, 275, 295, 321, 342, 363; III: 13, 14, 29, 33, 48, 77, 78, 84, 113, 114, 160, 161, 167, 168, 209, 210, 215, 246, 249, 357, 408, 412, 428; IV: 13, 27–28, 58, 67, 69, 90, 98, 109, 111, 137, 142–144, 176, 195–196, 226–227, 233, 250–251, 292–293, 296–297, 314, 319, 332, 349, 350, 367, 381, 397, 417; V: 18, 26, 36, 55–56, 62, 85, 88, 99, 130, 162, 165–166, 175, 178, 185, 187, 220–222, 288–289, 300, 303, 327– 328, 352–353, 384–385, 427, 428, 438, 455, 465, 472–473, 487–488, 496; VI: 18, 19, 27, 36–37, 60, 77– 78, 117, 199–200, 232–233, 282– 283; VII: 13–14, 28, 42, 58, 66, 87, 105, 127, 144–145, 160, 165, 167, 217–218, 223–224, 283, 288; VIII: 14, 38, 47, 56, 64–65, 83, 97, 127–128 – – – appointing power, II: 14, 38, 39, 48, 83, 85, 98, 137, 215, 248, 319; III: 35, 58, 82, 87, 128, 165, 166, 175, 176, 246–250, 254, 282, 295, 401, 409, 411, 424, 430, 440; IV: 13–

186

I NDEX USA PART 14, 61, 118, 178–179, 200, 227, 230, 264, 266, 289, 293, 295, 314, 319, 418; V: 17, 18, 27, 43, 65, 89–90, 103, 141, 162–164, 169, 176, 225, 251–252, 327–329, 339, 363–364; VI: 17, 19, 20, 24, 29–30, 63–64, 81, 118, 142, 259, 297; VII: 14, 28, 32, 57, 87, 88, 114, 151, 233, 247, 298, 308; VIII: 19, 70, 86–87 – – – – confirmation of appointments, IV: 93–95, 118, 145, 234–236, 297–298; V: 61–64, 177; VI: 129 – – – appropriation of funds, II: 40, 217, 218, 248, 249, 277, 285, 300, 328, 347, 349, 359, 368; III: 49, 137, 186, 429; IV: 56, 81, 85, 95, 149, 151, 241; V: 67, 87–88, 237, 307, 434, 463, 479; VI: 86–87, 171, 201, 251–252, 260, 293, 297; VII: 16, 29, 31, 43–44, 130, 145–147, 177– 178, 239–241, 301–303; VIII: 70– 71, 109, 129 – – – budgetary power, II: 24, 33, 243, 260, 276, 364; III: 49, 246; IV: 326, 344, 363, 394, 414; V: 240; VI: 119, 202; VIII: 14–15, 65, 130 – – – bylaws, II: 115, 145, 202, 258, 274, 295, 320, 341; III: 13, 29, 48, 77, 78, 113, 161, 209, 247, 428, 430; IV: 90, 109, 142, 175, 195, 226–227, 293; V: 18, 36, 87, 186, 221, 288, 300, 327–328, 352, 384, 428, 455, 472–473, 487–488; VI: 18, 36, 60, 77, 199, 232, 282–283; VII: 13–14, 28, 42, 105, 127, 145, 165–166, 217, 283; VIII: 14, 83, 127 – – – impeachment, II: 23, 32, 116, 146, 212, 243, 259, 275, 292, 296, 324, 339, 343, 365; III: 15, 16, 35, 57, 88, 127, 128, 175, 176, 178, 204, 208, 215, 246, 328, 432; IV: 14–15, 28, 72, 94, 119–120, 143, 152, 181, 201–202, 230, 295, 332, 349, 367, 369, 370, 380, 384, 397, 399, 402, 403, 417, 420; V: 18, 22, 27, 41, 52, 57–58, 91, 105, 133–134, 163–164,

I–VIII 170, 177, 180, 188–189, 224, 288, 327–328, 335, 358–359, 391–392, 429, 430, 457, 475, 493; VI: 28, 39, 63, 81, 174, 259, 296–297; VII: 16, 28, 45, 88, 107, 129, 144, 168–169, 172–173, 225–234, 290; VIII: 14, 19–20, 65, 116 – – – interpellation, VI: 170; VIII: 108 – – – judiciary functions, II: 24, 32, 115, 145, 157, 202, 242, 258, 274, 295, 320, 341; III: 13, 29, 48, 50, 55, 113, 114, 161, 176, 209, 246, 254, 409, 430; IV: 28, 69, 142–143, 175– 176, 195, 226–227, 293, 328, 332, 346, 349, 363, 367, 395, 397, 415– 416, 418; V: 55–56, 186–187, 221, 288, 300, 352, 384, 428, 455, 459, 472–473; VI: 36, 60, 77, 118, 170, 200, 232–233, 259–260, 282–283, 297; VII: 105, 127, 145, 165–166, 168–169, 217, 225–234, 282, 283, 290; VIII: 11, 14, 19, 55, 64, 83, 108, 128 – – – legislation, III: 91, 159, 181, 182, 417, 425, 428, 431, 432, 445; IV: 111, 326, 328, 344, 346, 362– 363, 377, 394–395, 413–416; V: 28, 140, 301, 438, 459, 460; VI: 19, 37, 118, 119, 121, 253–254, 293– 294; VII: 28, 40–41, 62, 66, 82, 87, 93, 106, 119, 145–146, 219, 284; VIII: 154 – – – – legislative initiative, II: 14, 24, 34, 116, 146, 199, 202, 242, 259, 275, 293, 295, 321, 340, 342, 363; III: 21, 30, 36, 39, 49, 60, 65, 89, 116, 129, 131, 178, 187, 209, 210, 240, 246, 420, 429; IV: 13, 22, 24, 66, 68, 90, 109, 172, 176, 192, 196, 227, 293, 317, 319, 325, 343, 361, 393, 413, 430; V: 18, 25, 35, 44, 46, 53, 56, 65–66, 91– 92, 100, 108–109, 126–127, 130, 142–143, 157, 162, 169, 175, 187, 203, 219, 222, 274, 288–289, 291, 300, 327–328, 353, 367, 386, 402,

legislature 487, 493, 496; VI: 18, 27, 36, 60, 78, 170, 198, 203, 229, 233, 281, 283; VII: 13–14, 27, 42, 87, 106, 128, 167, 219, 231–232, 284, 297; VIII: 10, 14–15, 21, 55, 65, 83– 84, 97, 108, 126, 131 – – – – passage of bills, II: 33, 41, 116, 118, 146, 205, 208, 242, 321, 343, 363, 364; III: 14, 32, 84, 162, 168, 209, 246, 254, 408, 417, 431; IV: 137, 144, 176, 196, 227, 293, 327, 345, 382, 400, 421; V: 36, 39, 56, 85–86, 100–101, 130, 132, 139, 221, 223, 289, 300, 330, 354, 387, 428; VI: 18, 60, 78, 170, 201– 202, 233–234, 283; VII: 13–15, 30, 42, 44, 57, 60, 64, 68, 167; VIII: 56, 65, 84, 97, 108, 129– 130 – – – – – majorities, II: 41, 146, 275, 295, 298, 342, 364; III: 14, 30, 32, 50, 52, 79, 84, 93, 162, 168, 246, 254, 417, 429; IV: 23, 46–68, 84, 90–91, 109– 110, 142–143, 178, 200, 233, 244, 296–297, 327, 345, 382, 400, 421, 428, 430; V: 38, 44, 61–62, 85–86, 100–101, 107– 109, 126, 130–132, 142–143, 171, 180, 289, 291, 301, 303, 311, 353–355, 386–387, 404, 455, 463, 479, 488, 493; VI: 32, 41, 44, 90, 121–122, 172, 200– 202, 216, 247–248, 290–291; VII: 64, 68, 160, 181–182, 223– 224, 236–237, 243–244, 288, 299, 305; VIII: 56, 112, 128– 130, 143–144 – – – – promulgation, II: 244; III: 91, 184; IV: 46–84, 111, 231, 244, 296, 428; V: 19, 136, 142–143, 171, 180, 252–254, 291, 311, 330, 404, 435, 463, 479, 493, 496, 498; VI: 41, 85–86, 216; VII: 190, 243–244, 305; VIII: 66, 143–144 – – – – publication of laws, II: 41, 214,

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legislature 244, 260, 276, 296, 364; III: 91, 179; V: 66, 301; VI: 44; VII: 15, 44, 128, 174, 232, 297; VIII: 39, 47, 66 – – – – reading of bills, II: 15, 33, 41, 116, 146, 202, 242, 295, 321, 342, 364; III: 30, 49, 79, 115, 429; IV: 110, 143–144, 176, 196, 227, 244, 293; V: 19, 36, 56, 162, 171, 175–176, 180, 187, 222–223, 300, 330; VI: 37, 41, 44, 60, 78, 170, 200, 233, 283; VII: 128; VIII: 14– 15, 65, 84, 97, 108, 128 – – – – restrictions, II: 146, 296; III: 87, 182, 431, 432; IV: 96, 112, 123, 182, 317, 320; V: 37, 38, 131, 140, 169, 250–251, 301; VI: 170, 200, 233, 283; VII: 112, 167; VIII: 108–109, 128 – – – – – bills of attainder, II: 241, 257, 273; III: 21, 39, 204; IV: 88, 112, 140, 192; V: 37, 93; VI: 40, 228, 280; VII: 106, 128, 150, 188, 210, 276; VIII: 11, 42, 46, 63 – – – – – constitutionality of laws, II: 14, 24, 34, 40, 303, 351; III: 209; IV: 306, 328, 346, 363, 395, 415–416; V: 18, 85–86; VI: 216; VII: 135; VIII: 143–144 – – – – – ex post facto laws, II: 296; V: 37 – – – – sanctioning of laws, II: 14, 146, 202, 203, 242, 275, 295, 296, 321, 342; III: 84, 168, 204, 210, 429; IV: 90, 176, 196, 227, 293, 314; V: 25–26, 39, 85–86, 100, 130, 187, 487, 496, 498; VI: 27, 36, 60, 78, 121, 172, 233, 283; VII: 13– 15, 42, 44, 68, 128, 167, 219, 284; VIII: 14–15, 42, 46, 56, 65, 112 – – – – taking effect of law, II: 123, 146, 199, 205, 243, 244, 259, 260, 275, 276, 296, 319, 342, 345, 352, 364, 372; III: 32, 49, 121, 209, 258–

188

I NDEX USA PART 265, 267–269, 271, 273–275, 277, 280–296, 298–306, 308–311, 313, 314, 316, 318, 319, 321, 322, 324, 326, 328–332, 335–338, 341–343, 345, 347, 348, 353, 358, 360, 362, 364, 366, 368, 369, 371, 373, 375, 376, 378, 380, 381, 389, 391–393, 395, 398, 399, 401, 403, 405, 417; IV: 23, 42, 46–68, 84, 90–91, 109– 110, 123, 142–143, 170, 176, 178, 196, 200–202, 233, 296–297, 327, 345, 382, 400, 404, 421; V: 18, 61–62, 72, 224–225, 301, 303, 327–328, 353–355, 386–387, 428, 454, 455, 459, 463, 479; VI: 18, 41, 78, 85–86, 120, 233, 247–248, 283, 290–291; VII: 160, 223–224, 288; VIII: 39, 47, 65–66 – – – – tax, revenue legislation, II: 33, 118, 146, 147, 202, 219, 259, 260, 276, 282, 296, 301, 326, 343, 348, 349, 371; III: 18, 30, 35, 49, 60, 78, 80, 116, 161, 163, 178, 182, 210, 213, 246, 286, 398, 408, 420, 429, 430; IV: 13, 28, 68, 72, 96, 112, 122, 142–143, 150, 176, 182, 196, 202, 230, 249, 295, 306, 314, 319, 328, 332, 346, 349, 363, 367, 395, 397, 415–417; V: 22, 26, 37, 70–73, 139, 188, 223, 250, 273, 288–289, 295, 297, 300, 308, 353, 386, 459, 473, 479, 488, 498; VI: 18, 27, 36–37, 61, 78, 119, 143, 171, 202, 233, 251–252, 255, 283, 293–295; VII: 18, 40, 60, 62, 66, 87, 130, 145, 149, 180–182, 189, 236–237, 298, 299; VIII: 58, 110, 130 – – – ratification of treaties, VI: 20, 30 – – – vote of no confidence, VI: 81–82 – – – war and peace-making, V: 288–289; VI: 20, 30, 202; VII: 145–146; VIII: 130 – – procedures, I: 125, 155, 299, 312; II: 115, 145, 242, 258; III: 48, 78, 161, 248; IV: 13, 319; V: 487–488; VI: 117,

I–VIII 121, 170, 199; VIII: 56, 64, 97, 108, 127 – – – budget report, II: 35, 116, 146, 219, 243, 259, 275, 326, 373; III: 18, 35, 60, 129, 178, 213, 246, 399; IV: 96, 125, 150–151, 182, 230, 295; V: 56– 57, 188, 252–253, 308; VI: 78, 119, 251–252, 293; VII: 130, 149, 180– 181; VIII: 21, 65 – – – committees, V: 88; VI: 27; VII: 15– 16, 28, 42–43, 66, 71–72, 74–75, 78– 79 – – – dissolution, IV: 23, 377; VI: 116 – – – duration of session, III: 428; IV: 41, 48, 377; V: 141, 288–289, 487, 496; VI: 17, 116; VII: 127; VIII: 29–30, 83 – – – election of officers, II: 14, 23, 32, 114, 145, 201, 218, 258, 274, 295, 296, 299, 321, 341; III: 12, 28, 47, 76, 110, 158, 184, 207, 212, 248, 301, 316, 411, 428; IV: 28, 68–69, 90, 109, 142, 175, 226, 292–293, 314, 319, 332, 349, 367, 397; V: 26, 36, 55, 99, 130, 162, 175, 185, 221, 288, 300, 327–328, 428, 429, 455, 456, 461, 462, 474, 489; VI: 18, 27– 28, 36, 60, 77, 115, 170, 198, 232, 282; VII: 13–14, 28, 42, 105, 127, 144, 165, 217, 283; VIII: 38, 40–41, 47, 49, 56, 59, 108, 126 – – – first/constitutive session, II: 13, 24, 117, 145, 201, 241, 258, 267, 274, 277; III: 55, 77, 160, 184, 191, 215, 254, 268, 417, 428, 431, 436, 446; IV: 98, 128, 130, 153, 155, 174–175, 177, 194, 196, 223–224, 237–238, 250–251, 265, 291, 309, 319, 331, 348, 366, 396; V: 26, 31, 35, 75, 126–127, 129, 136, 162–163, 167– 169, 171, 189, 224, 251–252, 270, 288–289, 328–329, 351–352, 384, 417–418, 465, 466; VI: 19, 23–24, 87, 114, 130, 237, 285; VII: 14, 78, 146, 151, 179, 192, 232–233, 249, 297, 310; VIII: 15, 22, 29, 32, 38,

legislature 46, 49, 63, 83 – – – journal, II: 33, 114, 145, 146, 154, 156, 202, 205, 208, 226, 242–244, 250, 258–260, 275, 278, 295, 298, 300, 302, 303, 319, 342, 345, 346, 349, 351, 353, 363, 364, 366, 372; III: 14, 32, 34, 50, 52, 53, 84, 86, 116, 121, 124, 168, 173, 185, 187, 209, 215, 386; IV: 23, 45–84, 90– 91, 109–110, 142–145, 150, 178– 181, 199–200, 202–203, 227, 233, 239–240, 293, 296–297, 301, 382, 400, 421, 428; V: 17, 19, 36, 39, 56, 61–62, 100–101, 108–109, 123, 130–132, 134–135, 139, 142–143, 163, 165, 178, 186, 221–222, 235, 253–254, 289, 300, 303, 311, 353– 355, 386–387, 404, 428, 431, 455, 473, 488; VI: 60–61, 78, 80–82, 85– 86, 90, 171–172, 174, 200–202, 208– 209, 216, 240, 247–248, 286–287, 290–291; VII: 15, 30, 57, 61, 68, 113, 136, 145, 160, 167–168, 172– 173, 176, 181–182, 190, 219–221, 223–224, 236–237, 243–244, 284, 286, 288, 299, 305; VIII: 17, 19–21, 30, 64–67, 72, 83, 97, 109–110, 112, 116, 128–130, 136, 143–144 – – – – publication of, II: 114, 145, 242, 258, 274, 295, 321, 342; III: 13, 29, 48, 78, 91, 113, 161, 179, 428; IV: 176, 195, 226–227, 293, 332, 350, 367, 381, 397, 418, 430; V: 36, 44, 88, 99, 130, 165–166, 178, 185–186, 252, 352, 384–385, 428, 455; VI: 171, 200, 232, 283; VII: 44, 128, 167, 217–218, 283; VIII: 14, 64, 109, 128 – – – parliamentary officers, III: 130; V: 438; VIII: 21, 38, 47 – – – quorum, II: 114, 145, 201, 242, 258, 274, 302, 321, 349, 363; III: 13, 29, 48, 77, 113, 160, 209, 428; IV: 13, 28, 44, 58, 72, 90, 109, 142, 175, 195, 226, 292–293, 320, 332, 349, 367, 397, 417; V: 18, 25, 36, 55, 87,

189

legislature 99, 130, 139, 185, 220–221, 288, 300, 328, 352, 384, 428, 455, 472, 487; VI: 36, 60, 77, 199, 232, 282; VII: 14, 28, 105, 127, 144–145, 151, 152, 165, 182, 217, 237, 282, 299; VIII: 14, 38, 47, 56, 58, 59, 64, 83, 127 – – – resolutions, II: 114, 145, 242, 258, 300, 342, 343, 346, 366, 376; III: 14, 33, 50, 52, 82, 84, 121, 209, 210, 218; IV: 90–91, 109, 120, 143, 178, 200–201, 232–233, 296– 297; V: 62, 235, 300–301, 306, 354, 387, 431, 455, 462, 478–479; VI: 121, 172, 233–234, 248, 283, 291; VII: 128; VIII: 14, 64, 112 – – – sessions open to public, II: 115, 145, 202, 242, 259, 275, 295, 321, 342; III: 13, 428; IV: 90, 109, 143, 176, 195, 227, 293, 378, 396, 416; V: 19, 56, 88, 99, 130, 187, 222, 300, 329, 352, 385; VI: 60, 78, 114, 171, 233, 283; VII: 14–15, 30, 44, 167, 217– 218, 283; VIII: 14, 64–65, 85, 109 – – – votes, III: 33, 52, 84, 121; IV: 69, 90, 113, 178, 200–201, 333, 350, 368; V: 62, 298, 329–330, 438, 457, 492; VI: 116, 172, 174; VII: 15, 30, 44, 113, 136, 168, 219, 284; VIII: 64, 112, 116 – official seat, I: 38, 99, 118, 172, 189; II: 137, 212, 267, 278, 287, 297, 303, 318, 321, 322, 329, 337, 343, 345, 355, 373, 374; III: 29, 31, 37, 47, 51, 53, 62, 80, 83, 92, 95, 108, 120, 132, 156, 163, 167, 180, 191, 240, 327, 328, 351, 388, 420, 422, 426, 434, 440; IV: 91–92, 96, 107, 111, 113, 117–118, 137, 141– 142, 146, 150–151, 153, 177, 196–197, 199–200, 204–205, 230, 234, 243, 250– 251, 253, 279, 295, 297, 299, 302, 319; V: 59, 69, 71–72, 136, 170, 178, 180, 190, 198, 227, 231, 252, 305, 310, 355, 387–388, 465; VI: 25–27, 36, 54, 57, 61–62, 66, 79, 87, 114, 211, 237–238, 243–244, 262, 285–286, 288–289, 298;

190

I NDEX USA PART VII: 13–14, 42, 66, 132, 139, 160–161, 166, 180–181, 192, 195, 218, 224–225, 230, 249, 251–252, 283, 289, 295, 310, 312, 327; VIII: 15, 31–32, 83, 139 – powers, I: 168, 188, 213, 222, 309; III: 82, 85–87, 90, 91, 95, 156, 158, 166, 169, 170, 172–175, 179, 181–185, 187, 251, 254, 278, 279, 295, 328, 414– 417, 420–423, 425, 429, 431, 432, 434– 438, 440, 443–445; IV: 16, 33–34, 38, 80, 105, 110–111, 121–124, 126, 130, 182–183, 203, 228, 253, 265–266, 272, 273, 278, 279, 281, 286, 287, 303, 314, 318–320, 323–328, 331, 332, 334, 336, 338–342, 344–346, 351, 353, 355, 356, 359–360, 362, 364, 371, 377, 383, 385, 386, 391–394, 396, 404, 411, 413, 415, 426; V: 10, 27, 34, 35, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 88–89, 101, 103–104, 131, 134–136, 141–142, 165, 251–252, 259–260, 283, 415, 417–419, 422, 454, 465, 484, 487– 488, 491, 493; VI: 19–21, 23–24, 27–29, 48, 81, 83–84, 86, 94, 168, 171, 173–174, 202–203, 205, 212; VII: 56, 58, 61, 64, 67–69, 72, 77–78, 140, 230–231, 296; VIII: 109–110, 114–115, 117, 130, 133, 139 – relation to other branches, I: 298; II: 300, 346; III: 84, 228, 429–431, 438; V: 26–27; VII: 15, 44 – structure – – bicameral, I: 45, 71, 96, 123, 154, 188, 213, 223, 245, 290, 311, 343; II: 23, 31, 112, 241, 257, 274, 294, 320, 341, 363; III: 27, 45, 74, 107, 155, 245, 407, 427; IV: 10, 23, 67, 89, 108, 141–142, 174, 222, 290, 313, 318, 327, 345, 363, 395, 415; V: 25, 35, 54, 85, 99, 161, 175, 183–184, 220, 298–299, 349, 381–438, 454, 472, 487; VI: 23, 33, 59, 76, 169, 230–231, 282; VII: 86, 98–100, 122, 143, 161, 216, 281; VIII: 12, 29, 38, 46, 55, 63, 95–96, 106 – – unicameral, I: 352; V: 17, 326 – third and further houses or chambers

I–VIII – – members – – – election, IV: 226 – – – plurality of offices, VI: 234–235, 284 – – – remuneration, VIII: 85 – – powers – – – judiciary functions, V: 134 – – – legislation – – – – restrictions – – – – – bills of attainder, VI: 228, 280 – – procedures – – – votes, VIII: 64 – upper house, I: 45, 71, 96, 105, 123, 197, 213, 223, 245, 271, 290, 343; II: 31, 112, 114, 143, 199, 257, 274, 320, 341, 363; III: 11, 27, 45, 74, 83, 107, 155, 206, 245, 249, 407, 427; IV: 10, 13, 23, 33, 67, 89, 108, 110, 141–142, 174, 194, 222, 290, 318, 327, 345, 363, 395, 415; V: 9, 25, 35, 54, 85, 99, 128, 161–162, 175, 179–180, 183–184, 220, 298–299, 349, 381–438, 454, 472, 487; VI: 23, 33, 59, 76, 169, 197, 230–231, 282; VII: 55, 60, 62, 66, 86, 98–100, 122, 123, 143, 161, 216, 281; VIII: 12, 21, 29, 38, 46, 55, 81, 95–96, 106, 125 – – members, I: 21, 39, 46–48, 71, 72, 97, 98, 115, 116, 118, 119, 127, 155, 159, 160, 197, 213, 223, 231, 245, 255, 271, 272, 282, 290, 291, 318, 327, 343, 344, 351; II: 24, 33, 88, 113–117, 143, 144, 199, 200, 205, 242–244, 258, 260, 274– 277, 294, 312, 320, 342, 363; III: 11, 13, 18, 28, 30, 35, 47, 80, 88, 112, 116, 128, 156, 176, 208, 236, 239, 249, 251, 254, 265, 287, 314, 322, 383, 415–417, 419; IV: 53, 59, 89, 128, 130, 142–143, 175, 194–195, 329, 337, 339, 347, 354, 356, 365, 370, 372, 378, 396, 397, 405, 407, 416, 418, 426; V: 13, 17, 38, 45, 54, 88, 96, 133–134, 162, 299, 302, 350–351, 364, 382, 399, 429, 438, 457, 475, 478, 489, 492; VI: 17, 24–25, 36, 44, 59, 61, 65, 76–77, 84, 171, 231, 236–237, 282, 284–285; VII: 12, 26, 161, 167–168, 216, 281; VIII: 13–14,

legislature 29, 38–39, 47, 64–67, 81, 96, 109 – – – appointment, II: 242, 296; V: 46; VIII: 47, 64 – – – election, II: 13, 23, 28, 31, 67, 72, 79, 83, 85, 88, 93, 104, 112–114, 143–145, 199–201, 242, 258, 274, 288, 295, 320, 321, 332, 341, 342, 354, 363; III: 11, 12, 28, 29, 36, 47, 48, 60, 76–78, 90, 95, 113, 116, 130, 144, 160, 163, 178, 189, 191, 205, 208, 209, 229, 233, 247, 248, 254, 266, 268, 270–272, 274, 285, 294, 296, 308, 383–386, 393, 399, 409– 411, 423, 427, 428, 430; IV: 11–13, 24–27, 41–43, 48, 55, 69–70, 77–78, 89–90, 97–99, 108–109, 111, 129, 142, 144, 155, 175, 177, 184–186, 195–196, 204–205, 209, 213, 223– 224, 226, 251–253, 291–293, 313, 314, 318, 319, 328–330, 346–348, 364, 365, 378–380, 398, 399, 416– 420, 423; V: 25–26, 28–29, 35, 36, 38, 45, 46, 54–55, 75, 86–88, 96, 99– 100, 128–130, 143, 157, 161–162, 167–169, 173, 175–176, 179, 184– 185, 207–208, 220, 270, 299–300, 350–351, 371, 372, 382–384, 418, 421, 422, 427, 428, 432, 439, 455, 456, 460, 461, 464, 465, 472, 474, 476–477, 480, 487–488, 490–491, 493–494; VI: 25–26, 28, 34–36, 52, 54, 57, 59–60, 69, 77, 169–170, 198, 210–211, 231–232, 234–235, 251, 282–284, 292–293; VII: 55–56, 60, 62, 63, 67, 69, 71–72, 75–78, 86, 92, 100, 105, 108, 123, 127, 139, 144–145, 151, 165–166, 216–217, 282, 327; VIII: 13–14, 29–30, 38, 40–41, 46–47, 49, 56, 64, 81–82, 96– 97, 106–108, 126, 138–139 – – – immunity, indemnity, II: 24, 33, 115, 145, 200, 242, 258, 275, 295, 342, 364; III: 13, 29, 48, 79, 114, 162, 210, 420, 430; IV: 44, 66, 69, 90, 108–109, 142, 176, 195, 227– 228, 293, 326, 332, 344, 349, 362,

191

legislature 367, 394, 397, 414, 417–418; V: 36, 72, 130, 165, 178, 186, 222, 299– 300, 353, 385, 427, 455, 472, 487; VI: 36, 60, 77, 170, 199–200, 232– 233, 283; VII: 40, 145, 166, 186, 218–219, 284; VIII: 14, 38, 47, 64, 84, 108, 127–128 – – – incompatibility, II: 116, 117, 144, 146, 197, 259, 276, 294, 295; III: 48, 79, 89, 92, 115, 162, 177, 210, 250–252, 259, 284, 413, 428, 431; IV: 10, 44, 78–79, 111, 176– 177, 196, 225, 292, 339, 356, 373, 387, 406; V: 57, 89, 100, 130, 164, 177, 189, 427, 455, 472, 487; VI: 18, 28, 61, 65, 78, 201, 235, 284; VII: 104, 107, 127, 128, 218, 245, 283, 307; VIII: 21, 83–84, 97, 129 – – – leader of upper house, II: 23, 25, 31, 33, 36, 39, 51, 55, 62, 64, 201, 208, 210, 211, 242, 245, 246, 259, 262, 275, 279, 298, 319, 321, 344, 345, 362; III: 80, 83, 119, 166, 209, 211, 248, 327, 328, 384, 386, 411, 425, 430, 431; IV: 13–14, 27, 69, 78, 91–92, 110, 113, 145–146, 176, 179, 195–196, 201, 227, 234–235, 253, 273, 293, 297–298, 313, 314, 319, 320, 330, 335, 338, 348, 352, 355, 366, 368, 379, 380, 383, 387, 399, 401, 405, 420–422; V: 26, 36, 40, 56, 60–61, 69, 89–91, 99, 102–103, 130, 132–134, 151, 227, 229–230, 302, 428, 429, 431, 438, 457, 458, 476, 489–490; VI: 27–28, 37–38, 170– 173, 199, 232–234, 245–247, 267, 282–284, 289–290, 300; VII: 56, 63, 68, 127, 132, 144, 146, 159, 195, 217, 223, 251–252, 283, 288, 312; VIII: 14–15, 17, 30, 39–40, 47, 65, 67–68, 108, 111, 113, 126–127 – – – length of term, II: 23, 31, 113, 144, 199, 228, 242, 258, 274, 288, 295, 320, 341, 354; III: 11, 28, 47, 76, 77, 111, 112, 159, 160, 208, 231, 234, 235, 248, 383, 427; IV: 11–12,

192

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–––

––– –––

–––

24–25, 42, 69–70, 89, 108, 144, 175, 195, 215, 219, 223–224, 291, 319, 378, 397, 418; V: 28–29, 35, 54–55, 87, 96, 99, 128, 143, 161, 167, 175, 184–185, 207–208, 220, 270, 299, 350–351, 371, 382–384, 421, 428, 476; VI: 34–36, 57, 77, 169, 198– 199, 231, 282; VII: 56, 62, 71, 78, 86, 100, 123, 139, 144, 165, 216– 217, 282, 327; VIII: 13–14, 29, 38– 39, 46–47, 50, 56, 59, 64, 81, 96, 106, 126 mandatory attendance, II: 32, 107, 114, 145, 201, 242, 258, 274, 321; III: 13, 29, 48, 113, 209, 399; IV: 59, 70, 90, 109, 142, 175, 195, 226, 292–293; V: 55, 185, 220–221, 300, 352, 384, 428, 455, 472; VI: 36, 60, 77, 232, 282; VII: 105, 127, 144– 145, 165, 217, 282; VIII: 14, 38, 47, 64 parliamentary officers, II: 242; III: 179; VIII: 38, 47, 64 plurality of offices, II: 16, 23, 32, 144, 147, 197, 205, 243, 246, 259, 276, 294, 295, 341, 363; III: 13, 30, 36, 48, 61, 79, 115, 131, 134, 162, 182, 210, 241, 250, 251, 258, 263, 384, 413, 421, 428, 430; IV: 15, 32–33, 37, 46, 78, 90–91, 108, 142, 176, 196, 295, 320, 339, 356, 373, 387, 406, 427; V: 28, 37, 56, 89– 90, 100, 130, 164–165, 172, 177– 178, 188–189, 220, 223, 298, 302, 353, 385, 397–398, 427, 455, 478, 492; VI: 17, 24–25, 28, 37, 61, 77– 78, 170–171, 201, 234, 252–254, 283–284, 293–294; VII: 58, 60, 104, 105, 127, 145, 165–166, 218, 283; VIII: 15, 65, 68, 83–84, 97, 107, 109–110, 129 qualifications, II: 23, 24, 31, 32, 74, 114, 144, 145, 200, 201, 242, 246, 258, 274, 295, 312, 320, 321, 341, 363; III: 12, 13, 29, 47, 48, 77, 78, 113, 161, 208, 209, 248, 383, 384,

I–VIII

––– –––

–––

–––

410, 411, 426, 428; IV: 10, 12–13, 15, 26, 54, 69–70, 90, 108–109, 144, 175, 195, 223, 226, 291–292, 329, 347, 365, 378, 380, 398, 399, 418– 420; V: 25, 35, 36, 55, 99, 130, 162, 169, 175, 185, 220–221, 299, 351– 352, 383–384, 428, 455, 472, 478, 487; VI: 36, 60, 77, 170, 231–232, 282; VII: 56, 63, 68, 71, 86, 104, 105, 127, 144–145, 165–166, 217, 282; VIII: 13–14, 29, 38, 46–47, 64, 68, 81, 83, 96–97, 108 re-eligibility, III: 48 remuneration, II: 146, 147, 153, 205, 211, 243, 246, 260, 276, 296, 321, 333, 343, 345, 363; III: 13, 29, 48, 78, 114, 161, 209, 384, 430, 431, 445; IV: 44, 67, 91, 109–110, 137, 142, 176, 196, 228, 250–251, 273, 285, 293, 381, 397, 417; V: 36, 46, 69, 100, 130, 187–188, 223, 226, 301–302, 353, 385, 488, 498; VI: 37, 61, 78, 171, 199–200, 234, 237, 283, 285; VII: 105, 127, 132, 145, 166–167, 219, 284; VIII: 15, 21, 25, 30, 32, 50, 58, 66, 68, 86, 109, 127–128 speaker, II: 114, 116, 122, 145, 146, 153, 154, 242, 275, 321; III: 12, 13, 15, 32, 51; IV: 176, 196, 349, 367, 397, 418; V: 56, 162–163, 170, 175– 176, 185, 187, 190–192, 351–353, 355, 357, 373, 384, 386–388, 390; VI: 18, 60–62, 77–80; VII: 87, 105; VIII: 14–15, 65, 83, 85, 95, 97 vacancy, II: 39, 115, 229, 262, 275, 295, 321, 342, 363, 364; III: 12, 13, 30, 49, 77, 80, 116, 163, 207, 208, 215, 248, 383, 384, 393, 411, 425, 430; IV: 13, 26, 33, 61, 90, 96, 108, 113, 176, 195, 201, 224–292, 319, 329, 336, 339, 347, 353, 356, 365, 370, 379, 384, 399, 403, 419–420, 423; V: 35, 36, 56, 162, 175, 186, 222, 304, 353, 371, 386, 427, 428, 455, 457, 458, 465, 477, 491; VI: 18,

legislature 27–28, 37–38, 44, 60, 77, 200, 232, 283; VII: 56, 67, 71, 78, 87, 105, 127, 144, 166, 218, 284; VIII: 58, 83, 128 – – powers, I: 30, 39, 59, 61, 78, 98, 101– 103, 105, 107, 132, 139, 165, 173, 176, 180, 189, 213, 214, 216, 280, 290, 315, 316; II: 10, 24, 26, 32, 34, 35, 37– 40, 45–48, 56, 57, 71, 76, 102, 106, 110, 147, 157, 159, 202, 215, 223, 242, 246–248, 250, 256, 258, 281, 293, 300, 302, 321, 325, 327, 328, 341, 342; III: 16, 18, 35–37, 49, 50, 55, 59–61, 130, 131, 133–137, 153, 175, 200, 204, 385, 387, 402, 409; IV: 13– 16, 22, 24, 27, 29, 33–34, 37, 41–42, 45, 66, 68–69, 73, 76–77, 82–85, 94, 111–116, 118, 123, 143, 146, 148, 150– 151, 153, 175, 178–182, 195, 199– 201, 203, 209–210, 237–240, 293– 294, 299, 301, 303, 326–327, 344– 345, 362–363, 381, 384, 385, 394–395, 400, 401, 403, 404, 414–415, 423– 427; V: 26–27, 106, 123, 142, 169– 171, 176–177, 186, 223, 225–226, 231– 232, 234–236, 242, 248–298, 300, 302, 306–310, 336, 352, 359, 384, 397, 399, 407–408, 430–432, 434, 455, 459, 460, 462, 463, 471–473, 477–479, 489, 492– 493, 496; VI: 39, 60, 63, 65, 77, 81, 83, 86, 168, 173, 251–252, 254, 293–294; VII: 28, 41, 68, 104, 112–113, 133, 135, 147–148, 157–158, 161, 167, 169– 170, 178–179, 220–221, 226–228, 231, 234–236, 286, 291–293, 296; VIII: 14, 17–19, 21, 23, 31, 38, 47–48, 56, 57, 64, 68–70, 72, 104, 113–114 – – – adjournment, II: 24, 32, 33, 107, 114, 115, 145, 201, 242, 243, 258, 259, 274, 275, 295, 321, 342, 363; III: 13, 14, 29, 33, 48, 77, 78, 84, 113, 114, 160, 161, 167, 168, 209, 210, 215, 248, 249, 357, 411, 412, 428; IV: 13, 27–28, 59, 67, 69–70, 90, 98, 109, 111, 137, 142–144, 175– 176, 195–196, 226–227, 233, 250–

193

legislature 251, 292–293, 296–297, 314, 319, 330, 332, 348, 350, 366, 367, 380, 381, 397, 399, 420; V: 26, 36, 55– 56, 62, 85, 88, 99, 130, 162, 165– 166, 175, 178, 185, 187, 220–222, 300, 303, 352–353, 384–385, 427, 428, 438, 455, 465, 472–473, 487– 488, 496; VI: 18, 27, 36–37, 60, 77– 78, 199–200, 232–233, 282–283; VII: 58, 66, 87, 105, 127, 144–145, 160, 165, 167, 217–218, 223–224, 283, 288; VIII: 14, 38, 47, 64–65, 83, 97, 127–128 – – – appointing power, II: 38, 39, 48, 83, 85, 98, 137, 215, 248, 319; III: 35, 58, 82, 87, 128, 165, 166, 175, 176, 248–250, 254, 282, 295, 401, 411, 424, 438, 440; IV: 13–14, 61, 93– 94, 118, 178–179, 200, 227, 230, 240, 264, 266, 289, 293, 295, 314, 319, 366; V: 17, 27, 43, 65, 89–90, 103, 141, 162–164, 169, 176, 225, 251–252, 328–329, 339, 363–364; VI: 17, 19, 20, 24, 29–30, 63–64, 81, 259, 297; VII: 87, 88, 114, 146–147, 151, 233, 247, 298, 308; VIII: 19, 70, 86–87 – – – – confirmation of appointments, II: 124, 125; III: 14, 31, 33, 34, 62, 87, 116, 120, 163, 166, 167, 254, 300, 380, 385, 386, 393, 399, 425, 426, 433, 438, 440, 442, 444; IV: 93, 95, 118, 145, 234–236, 239, 266, 267, 275, 281, 297–298, 300–301, 421–422, 425; V: 42–44, 61–64, 103–104, 142, 144, 177, 237–238, 389, 392– 393; VI: 207–208, 239, 241, 247– 248, 286–287, 290–291; VII: 57; VIII: 135–136 – – – appropriation of funds, II: 40, 165, 172, 217, 218, 248, 249, 277, 285, 300, 328, 347, 349, 359, 368; III: 49, 63, 137, 186, 429; IV: 56, 81, 85, 95, 149, 151, 241; V: 67, 237, 307, 434, 463, 479; VI: 86–87,

194

I NDEX USA PART

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–––

–––

––– –––

171, 201, 251–252, 260, 293, 297; VII: 130, 145–147, 177–178, 239– 241, 301–303; VIII: 70–71, 109, 129 budgetary power, II: 243, 260, 276, 364; III: 409; IV: 326, 344, 363, 394, 414; V: 240; VI: 202; VIII: 65, 130 bylaws, II: 115, 145, 202, 258, 274, 295, 320, 341; III: 13, 29, 48, 77, 78, 113, 161, 209, 247, 428, 430; IV: 90, 109, 142, 175, 195, 226– 227, 293; V: 36, 186, 221, 300, 352, 384, 428, 455, 472–473, 487–488; VI: 18, 36, 60, 77, 199, 232, 282– 283; VII: 56, 63, 68, 105, 127, 145, 165–166, 217, 283; VIII: 14, 83, 127 impeachment, II: 23, 31, 116, 146, 212, 243, 259, 275, 292, 296, 324, 339, 343, 362, 365; III: 15, 16, 35, 57, 88, 127, 128, 176, 178, 204, 208, 215, 328, 432; IV: 14–15, 27, 70– 73, 94, 120, 143, 152, 181, 201–202, 230, 295, 330, 332, 334, 348, 349, 351, 366, 367, 369, 370, 380, 384, 397, 399, 402, 403, 417, 420; V: 41, 52, 57–58, 91, 163–164, 170, 180, 188–189, 224, 359, 391–392, 429, 430, 457, 475, 493; VI: 28, 39, 63, 81, 174, 199, 259, 296–297; VII: 56, 63, 68, 107, 129, 144, 168–169, 172– 173, 225–234, 290; VIII: 14, 17, 19– 20, 65, 116, 127 interpellation, VI: 170; VIII: 108 judiciary functions, II: 24, 32, 115, 145, 157, 202, 242, 258, 274, 295, 320, 341; III: 13, 29, 48, 50, 55, 113, 114, 161, 176, 209, 254, 409; IV: 27–28, 69–71, 142–143, 175– 176, 195, 226–227, 293, 328, 330, 332, 346, 348, 349, 363, 366, 367, 380, 395, 397, 399, 415–416, 418, 420; V: 55–56, 134, 186–187, 221, 300, 352, 384, 428, 455, 459, 472– 473; VI: 36, 60, 77, 170, 200,

I–VIII 232–233, 259–260, 282–283, 297; VII: 105, 127, 145, 165–166, 168– 169, 217, 225–234, 282, 283, 290; VIII: 11, 14, 19, 55–57, 64, 83, 108, 128 – – – legislation, III: 91, 159, 181, 182, 417, 425, 428, 431, 432, 445; IV: 111, 326, 328, 344, 346, 362– 363, 377, 394–395, 413–416; V: 28, 140, 301, 438, 459, 460; VI: 19, 37, 253–254, 293–294; VII: 40–41, 62, 66, 82, 87, 93, 106, 119, 145–146, 219, 284; VIII: 154 – – – – legislative initiative, II: 24, 34, 116, 146, 199, 202, 242, 259, 275, 293, 295, 321, 340, 342; III: 21, 36, 39, 60, 65, 89, 129, 131, 178, 187, 209, 210, 240, 248, 420, 429; IV: 13, 22, 24, 66, 68, 90, 109, 172, 176, 192, 196, 227, 293, 317, 319, 325, 343, 361, 393, 413, 430; V: 25, 35, 44, 46, 53, 56, 65–66, 91–92, 100, 108–109, 126–127, 130, 142–143, 157, 162, 169, 175, 187, 203, 219, 222, 274, 291, 300, 367, 402, 487, 493, 496; VI: 18, 27, 36, 60, 78, 170, 203, 229, 233, 281, 283; VII: 27, 128, 167, 219, 231–232, 284, 297; VIII: 10, 14– 15, 21, 55, 56, 65, 83, 84, 97, 108, 131 – – – – passage of bills, II: 33, 41, 116, 118, 146, 205, 208, 242, 259, 321, 343, 363, 364; III: 14, 32, 84, 162, 168, 209, 246, 254, 417, 431; IV: 137, 144, 176, 196, 227, 293, 327, 345, 382, 400, 421; V: 39, 56, 85–86, 100–101, 130, 132, 139, 221, 223, 300, 354, 387, 428; VI: 18, 60, 78, 170, 201–202, 233– 234, 283; VII: 57, 60, 64, 68, 167; VIII: 56, 65, 84, 97, 108, 129– 130 – – – – – majorities, II: 41, 146, 275, 295, 298, 342, 364; III: 14, 30, 32, 50, 52, 79, 84, 88, 93, 162,

legislature 168, 254, 417, 429; IV: 23, 46– 68, 84, 90–91, 109–110, 142– 143, 178, 200, 233, 244, 296– 297, 327, 345, 428, 430; V: 38, 41, 44, 61–62, 85–86, 100–101, 107–109, 126, 130–132, 142– 143, 165–166, 171, 178, 180, 291, 301, 303, 311, 353–355, 386–387, 404, 455, 463, 479, 488, 493; VI: 32, 41, 44, 90, 172, 200–202, 216, 247–248, 290–291; VII: 64, 68, 160, 181– 182, 223–224, 236–237, 243– 244, 288, 299, 305; VIII: 112, 128–130, 143–144 – – – – promulgation, II: 244; III: 91, 184; IV: 46–84, 111, 231, 244, 296, 428; V: 136, 142–143, 171, 180, 252–254, 291, 311, 404, 435, 463, 479, 493, 496, 498; VI: 41, 85–86, 216; VII: 190, 243–244, 305; VIII: 66, 143–144 – – – – publication of laws, II: 41, 214, 244, 260, 276, 296, 364; III: 91, 179; V: 301; VI: 44; VII: 128, 174, 232, 297; VIII: 39, 47, 57, 66 – – – – reading of bills, II: 15, 33, 41, 116, 146, 202, 213, 242, 295, 321, 342, 364; III: 30, 49, 79, 115, 429; IV: 110, 143–144, 176, 196, 227, 244, 293; V: 36, 56, 162, 171, 175–176, 180, 187, 222–223, 300; VI: 37, 41, 44, 60, 78, 170, 200, 233, 283; VII: 128; VIII: 14–15, 65, 84, 97, 108, 128 – – – – restrictions, II: 146, 296; III: 87, 182, 248, 431, 432; IV: 96, 112, 123, 182, 317, 320; V: 37, 38, 131, 140, 169, 250–251, 301; VI: 170, 200, 233, 283; VII: 112, 167; VIII: 108–109, 128 – – – – – bills of attainder, II: 241, 257, 273; III: 21, 39, 204; IV: 88, 112, 140, 192; V: 37, 93; VI: 40; VII: 106, 128, 150,

195

legislature 188, 210, 276; VIII: 11, 42, 46, 63 – – – – – constitutionality of laws, II: 24, 34, 40; III: 209; IV: 306, 328, 346, 363, 395, 415–416; V: 85–86; VI: 216; VII: 135; VIII: 143–144 – – – – – ex post facto laws, II: 296; V: 37 – – – – sanctioning of laws, II: 33, 146, 202, 203, 242, 259, 275, 295, 296, 321, 342, 363; III: 49, 80, 84, 163, 168, 204, 210, 248, 429; IV: 90, 176, 196, 227, 293, 314; V: 25–26, 37, 39, 85–86, 100, 130, 187, 487, 496, 498; VI: 18, 27, 36, 60, 78, 172, 233, 283; VII: 87, 106, 128, 167, 219, 284; VIII: 14–15, 42, 46, 65, 112 – – – – taking effect of laws, II: 123, 146, 205, 243, 244, 259, 260, 275, 276, 319, 342, 345, 352, 364, 372; III: 32, 49, 121, 209, 246, 258– 265, 267–269, 271, 273–275, 277, 280–296, 298–306, 308–311, 313, 314, 316, 318, 319, 321, 322, 324, 326, 328–332, 335–338, 341–343, 345, 347, 348, 353, 358, 360, 362, 364, 366, 368, 369, 371, 373, 375, 376, 378, 380, 381, 389, 391–393, 395, 398, 399, 401, 403, 405, 409, 417; IV: 23, 42, 46–68, 84, 90–91, 109–110, 123, 142–143, 170, 176, 178, 196, 200–202, 233, 296–297, 327, 345, 382, 400, 421; V: 61–62, 72, 224–225, 301, 303, 353–355, 386–387, 428, 454, 455, 459, 463, 479; VI: 41, 78, 85–86, 233, 247– 248, 283, 290–291; VII: 160, 223– 224, 288; VIII: 39, 47, 65–66 – – – – tax or revenue legislation, II: 146, 147, 219, 260, 276, 282, 301, 326, 348, 349, 371; III: 18, 30, 35, 49, 60, 116, 178, 182, 210, 213, 246, 286, 398, 408, 409, 420, 429; IV: 13, 28, 68, 72, 96, 112, 122,

196

I NDEX USA PART 142–143, 150, 176, 182, 196, 202, 230, 249, 295, 306, 328, 332, 346, 349, 363, 367, 395, 397, 415–417; V: 22, 70–73, 139, 188, 223, 250, 273, 295, 297, 308, 353, 386, 459, 473, 479, 488, 498; VI: 18, 27, 36–37, 61, 78, 171, 202, 233, 251– 252, 255, 283, 293–295; VII: 68, 87, 130, 145, 149, 180–182, 189, 236–237, 298, 299; VIII: 58, 110, 130 – – – ratification of treaties, VI: 20, 30 – – – vote of no confidence, VI: 81–82 – – – war and peace making, VI: 20, 30, 202; VII: 145–146; VIII: 130 – – procedures, I: 125, 155, 312; II: 115, 145, 242, 258; III: 48, 78, 161, 248; IV: 13, 319; V: 487–488; VI: 170, 199; VIII: 64, 97, 108, 127 – – – committees, V: 88; VI: 27; VII: 66, 71–72, 74–75, 78–79 – – – dissolution, IV: 23, 377 – – – duration of session, III: 428; IV: 41, 48, 377; V: 141, 487, 496; VI: 17; VII: 127; VIII: 29–30, 56, 83 – – – election of officers, II: 23, 114, 145, 201, 218, 258, 274, 295, 296, 299, 321, 341; III: 12, 28, 32, 47, 76, 111, 159, 184, 209, 212, 248, 301, 316, 411, 428; IV: 27, 68–69, 90, 109, 142, 175, 195, 292–293, 314, 319, 330, 348, 380, 399, 420; V: 36, 55, 99, 130, 162, 175, 185, 221, 300, 428, 455, 461, 462, 475; VI: 18, 27– 28, 36, 60, 77, 170, 199, 232, 282; VII: 56, 63, 68, 105, 127, 144, 165, 217, 283; VIII: 38, 40–41, 47, 49, 108, 127 – – – first/constitutive session, II: 13, 24, 117, 145, 201, 241, 258, 267, 274, 277; III: 55, 77, 160, 184, 191, 215, 254, 268, 417, 427, 428, 431, 436, 446; IV: 89, 98, 128, 130, 153, 155, 174–175, 177, 194, 196, 223–224, 250–251, 265, 291, 309, 319; V: 26, 31, 35, 46, 75, 126–127, 129, 136,

I–VIII 162–163, 167–169, 171, 189, 224, 251–252, 270, 328–329, 351–352, 384, 417–418, 465, 466; VI: 19, 23– 24, 87, 237, 285; VII: 56, 78, 146, 151, 179, 192, 232–233, 249, 297, 310; VIII: 15, 22, 29, 32, 38, 46, 49, 63, 83 – – – journal, II: 33, 114, 145, 146, 154, 156, 202, 205, 208, 226, 242–244, 250, 258–260, 275, 278, 295, 298, 300, 302, 303, 319, 342, 345, 346, 349, 351, 353, 363, 364, 366, 372; III: 14, 32, 34, 50, 52, 53, 84, 86, 116, 121, 124, 163, 168, 173, 185, 187, 209, 215, 386; IV: 23, 45– 84, 90–91, 109–110, 142–145, 150, 178–181, 199–200, 202–203, 227, 233, 239–240, 293, 296–297, 301, 382, 400, 421, 428; V: 17, 36, 39, 56, 61–62, 100–101, 108–109, 123, 130–132, 134–135, 139, 142–143, 163, 165, 178, 186, 221–222, 235, 237–238, 253–254, 300, 303, 311, 353–355, 386–387, 404, 428, 431, 455, 473, 488; VI: 60–61, 78, 80–82, 85–86, 90, 171–172, 174, 200–202, 208–209, 216, 240, 247–248, 286– 287, 290–291; VII: 57, 68, 113, 136, 145, 160, 167–168, 172–173, 176, 181–182, 190, 219–221, 223–224, 236–237, 243–244, 284, 286, 288, 299, 305; VIII: 17, 19–21, 30, 64– 67, 72, 83, 97, 109–110, 112, 116, 128–130, 136, 143–144 – – – – publication of, II: 114, 145, 242, 258, 274, 295, 321, 342; III: 13, 29, 48, 78, 91, 113, 161, 179, 428; IV: 176, 195, 226–227, 293, 332, 350, 367, 381, 397, 418, 430; V: 36, 44, 88, 99, 130, 165– 166, 178, 185–186, 252, 352, 384– 385, 428, 455; VI: 171, 200, 232, 283; VII: 128, 167, 217–218, 283; VIII: 14, 64, 109, 128 – – – quorum, II: 114, 145, 201, 242, 258, 274, 302, 321, 349, 363; III: 13, 29,

military 48, 77, 113, 160, 209, 248, 383, 411, 428; IV: 13, 27, 42–43, 59, 70, 90, 109, 142, 175, 195, 226, 292–293, 313, 320, 330, 348, 366, 380, 399, 420; V: 25, 27, 36, 55, 87–88, 99, 130, 139, 185, 220–221, 300, 352, 384, 428, 455, 472, 487; VI: 17, 36, 60, 77, 199, 232, 259, 282, 297; VII: 56, 63, 68, 105, 127, 144–145, 151, 152, 165, 182, 217, 237, 282, 299; VIII: 14, 38, 47, 64, 83, 127 – – – resolutions, II: 114, 145, 242, 258, 300, 342, 343, 346, 366, 376; III: 14, 33, 50, 52, 82, 84, 121, 209, 210, 218; IV: 90–91, 109, 120, 143, 178, 200–201, 232–233, 296–297; V: 62, 235, 300–301, 306, 354, 387, 431, 455, 462, 478–479; VI: 172, 233–234, 248, 283, 291; VII: 128; VIII: 14, 64, 112 – – – sessions open to public, II: 115, 145, 202, 242, 259, 275, 295, 321, 342; III: 13, 428; IV: 90, 109, 143, 176, 195, 227, 293, 378, 396, 416; V: 56, 88, 99, 130, 187, 222, 300, 352, 385; VI: 60, 78, 171, 233, 283; VII: 167, 217–218, 283; VIII: 14, 64–65, 85, 109 – – – votes, II: 210, 279, 319; III: 32, 33, 52, 84, 121, 191; IV: 69, 90, 113, 178–179, 200–201, 333, 350, 368; V: 60, 62, 298, 428, 438, 457, 492; VI: 172, 174; VII: 113, 136, 168, 219, 284; VIII: 112, 116 lotteries, I: 135, 158, 265; II: 226, 244, 260, 276, 303, 327, 351, 373; III: 133, 181, 366, 431, 442; IV: 96, 111, 145, 303, 416; V: 37, 108–109, 126, 253, 310, 439, 473, 488; VI: 86, 253, 294; VII: 130, 168, 219, 285; VIII: 66 military, I: 38–40, 44, 51, 52, 54, 74, 75, 214, 216, 224, 244, 291, 304, 309; II: 70, 292, 339; III: 17, 50, 65, 89, 213, 254, 413, 416; IV: 14; V: 52, 326, 466, 494; VIII: 30, 39, 47–48

197

militia – conscription, I: 28, 354; III: 214; IV: 319; V: 23, 233–234, 241–242, 454; VI: 65, 80, 144, 188; VII: 183; VIII: 35 – members, I: 126, 299, 300, 344; II: 90; III: 211, 252, 253, 314, 445; IV: 31, 334, 337, 339, 351, 352, 354, 356, 369, 372, 373, 382, 401, 405, 426; V: 42, 43, 90, 103, 141–142, 162, 283, 308, 439; VI: 20, 29, 64, 83, 188–189; VII: 19, 31, 44–45, 57–58, 183; VIII: 35 – – special regulations for, I: 82, 94, 96, 123, 150, 188, 203, 222, 246, 249, 270, 276, 293, 298, 315, 329, 345; II: 15, 16, 32, 33, 128, 132, 159, 164, 196, 240, 241, 256, 257, 272, 273, 325, 340, 367; III: 20, 39, 111, 158, 204, 205, 241, 250, 258, 413, 421, 426; IV: 23, 65–66, 78, 80, 88–89, 117, 139–140, 148, 172, 192, 224–292, 305, 314, 320, 325–326, 334, 339, 343– 344, 351, 356, 361–362, 392–394, 412, 414; V: 27, 34, 36, 42, 53, 68, 107, 125, 142, 164, 205, 236, 297, 367, 401– 402, 423, 433, 452, 453, 469, 471, 485– 487; VI: 17, 24–25, 37, 83–84, 188– 190, 217; VII: 27, 122, 161–162, 176; VIII: 10, 12, 41, 62–63, 89, 145 – navy, I: 28, 51, 52, 74, 216, 291, 309; II: 121, 245, 261, 278; III: 14, 31, 50, 211, 412, 413, 415; IV: 319, 325, 343, 361, 393, 413; V: 34, 484; VI: 202, 227, 244, 280, 289; VIII: 30, 39, 47–48, 67, 130 – organization of, I: 24, 30, 38, 51, 52, 74; II: 17; III: 33; IV: 79–80, 126, 369, 383, 401, 402, 422; V: 23, 196–197, 242, 308; VI: 64–65, 189–190; VII: 31, 44–45, 145–146, 183–184, 220, 286; VIII: 35 – quartering of troops, I: 81, 95, 123, 151, 188, 212, 222, 244, 270, 308; II: 164, 195, 240, 256, 272, 292, 330, 339, 361; III: 21, 39, 66, 205, 241, 421; IV: 22, 66, 88, 125, 173, 193, 249, 306, 326, 344, 362, 394, 413; V: 34, 52, 218, 297, 369, 404, 422, 434, 453, 470, 485; VI: 68, 75, 168, 256, 295; VIII: 11, 62, 104

198

I NDEX USA PART – standing army, I: 95, 151, 212, 222, 244, 270, 295, 308, 342, 352; II: 240, 256, 272, 291, 338, 360; III: 21, 39, 66, 189, 205, 241, 421; IV: 65, 140, 173, 192– 193, 325–326, 344, 362, 393, 413; V: 14, 52, 106, 158, 204–205, 216, 324, 369, 403–404, 422; VI: 68, 75, 180, 181, 188– 189, 202; VII: 12, 27, 41, 82, 94, 120, 150; VIII: 11, 43, 46, 62, 130, 154 – subordination to civil authorities, I: 95, 123, 151, 188, 212, 222, 244, 270, 295, 303, 308, 342, 352; II: 164, 195, 240, 256, 272, 291, 330, 338, 360; III: 21, 39, 66, 205, 241, 421; IV: 22, 65, 88, 125, 140, 173, 192–193, 249, 306, 326, 344, 362, 394, 413; V: 14, 34, 52, 158, 204– 205, 216, 296–297, 324, 369, 403–404, 422, 434, 453, 470, 484–485; VI: 32, 40, 68, 75, 219, 228, 281; VII: 12, 27, 41, 82, 94, 120, 150, 188, 211, 277; VIII: 11, 43, 46, 62, 147, 154 – supreme command, I: 28, 57, 76, 100, 129, 215; II: 261, 278; III: 422; IV: 333; VI: 188, 244, 289; VIII: 16 militia, I: 23, 38, 51, 52, 74, 81, 102, 129, 131, 151, 153, 157, 161, 168, 191, 193, 203, 212, 215, 218, 222, 224, 244, 270, 275, 291, 293, 300, 309, 315, 317, 344, 346, 357; II: 17, 25, 26, 36, 39, 90, 121, 127, 128, 132, 147, 159, 160, 164, 197, 222, 223, 240, 241, 243, 245, 247, 256, 257, 259, 261, 263, 276, 278, 281, 292, 295, 301, 302, 318, 320, 325, 328, 341, 348, 369; III: 13, 14, 17, 20, 30, 31, 36, 39, 48, 50, 59, 60, 65, 83, 85, 122, 169, 205, 211, 213, 214, 241, 252, 254, 259, 284, 412, 413, 416, 421, 444; IV: 13– 14, 23, 30–31, 45–46, 66, 79–80, 89– 90, 94–95, 116–117, 124, 152, 172–174, 176–177, 179–180, 192, 196, 199, 201, 225, 232, 242, 247, 292, 294, 296, 305, 314, 325–326, 334, 343–344, 351, 352, 361–362, 369, 392–394, 402, 412–414, 422, 425; V: 18, 27, 34, 42, 52–53, 66– 67, 92–93, 102–103, 141, 162–163, 165, 169, 170, 172, 176–178, 196, 220, 241–

I–VIII 242, 288–289, 298, 308, 326–327, 353, 356, 363, 367, 385, 388–389, 395–396, 401–402, 422, 428, 430, 432, 440, 452, 455, 469, 484; VI: 18, 24, 28, 61–62, 64, 68, 75, 78–79, 83, 119, 144, 168, 181– 182, 189, 203, 219, 227, 234–235, 244, 249, 280, 284, 289, 291–292; VII: 13, 31, 44–45, 82, 88, 94, 110, 112, 120, 132, 133, 145–146, 176, 183–184, 220, 286; VIII: 18, 35, 39, 41, 47–48, 50, 57, 62–63, 65, 67, 69–70, 104, 130, 147, 154 nobility – abolition of titles of, I: 22, 37, 53, 54, 75, 90; IV: 64, 249, 306; V: 297, 369, 404; VI: 218; VII: 150; VIII: 146 – position of, V: 66 oaths, I: 25, 47, 62, 72, 79, 82, 94, 104, 126, 157, 187, 193, 194, 203–205, 212, 216, 221, 225, 227, 232, 243, 247, 250, 256, 269, 276, 277, 290, 298–300, 304, 307, 317, 353; II: 15–17, 31, 33, 49, 59, 116, 146, 152, 192, 193, 229, 240, 243, 256, 259, 272, 275, 292, 296, 311, 324, 329, 330, 339, 343, 361, 365, 375; III: 13, 16, 18, 20, 22, 30, 35, 36, 38, 50, 57, 59–61, 65, 81, 88, 118, 127, 128, 165, 175, 176, 204, 208, 214, 240–242, 248, 249, 251–253, 256, 260–262, 265, 269, 299, 314, 322, 326, 328, 402, 407, 410, 411, 415, 416, 421–423, 432, 439, 440; IV: 13, 16, 21, 24, 27, 35–37, 44, 46, 65, 68, 78, 88, 94–96, 116, 120, 125, 140, 143–144, 146, 153, 172, 181, 191, 201–202, 230, 247, 295, 305, 309, 325, 327, 328, 330, 336–338, 343, 345, 346, 348, 353–355, 361, 363, 366, 371, 372, 377, 385, 387, 393, 395, 405, 413–416, 426–427; V: 14, 16–18, 21, 22, 28–29, 33, 38, 41, 51, 57–58, 68–69, 87, 91, 93, 105, 109, 133–134, 162, 165, 170, 176, 180, 188, 198, 202, 218, 224, 253, 283, 290, 295, 302, 306–307, 310, 324, 327–328, 340–341, 359, 364, 366, 389, 391, 399, 401, 427, 429, 433, 435, 452,

population groups 455, 457, 459, 462, 469, 475, 477–478, 484, 492–493; VI: 11–12, 18, 21, 24, 26, 39, 49, 63–65, 81–82, 84, 112, 114–115, 145–146, 174, 199, 206, 227, 249–250, 259, 280, 292, 297; VII: 12–14, 26, 28, 30–31, 40, 42–44, 56, 63, 68, 107, 111, 129, 146, 167–169, 172, 176–177, 187– 188, 210, 220, 225–234, 275, 285, 290; VIII: 10, 20, 38–39, 47, 55, 62, 65, 96, 116, 127, 134 – loyalty oaths, I: 344, 357; II: 118, 147, 225, 260, 277, 287, 333, 363; III: 12, 48, 410; V: 68; VI: 65; VII: 18, 31–33, 45–47, 139, 151 – of office, I: 41, 56, 76, 104, 110, 126, 137, 172, 195, 217, 292, 316, 322, 344; II: 24, 25, 36, 118, 136, 147, 165, 166, 225, 244, 260, 277, 287, 294, 305, 333, 363; III: 22, 40, 66, 95, 253, 422; IV: 146, 168, 253; V: 76, 106, 142, 456, 460, 465, 474, 491–492; VI: 30, 65, 175, 183, 206–207; VII: 18, 31–32, 45–46, 151, 190, 196, 258, 319; VIII: 20–21, 26, 32, 40, 50, 56, 58, 59, 66, 86, 98, 118, 134–135 police power, domestic security, I: 101, 211, 216, 341, 351; II: 121; III: 92, 135, 183, 419, 436; IV: 198, 214, 245, 304, 425; V: 13, 157, 165, 178, 288–289, 306, 322, 442–444; VI: 241, 287; VII: 11, 25, 39; VIII: 17–18 population groups, II: 35; III: 33; V: 168, 178–179; VI: 97, 99–101 – foreigners, I: 52, 53, 74, 152, 346, 357; II: 241, 257, 273, 329, 340, 361, 367; III: 206, 414; IV: 60, 125, 148; V: 22, 68, 165, 297, 341; VI: 213–216; VII: 18, 188, 214, 279; VIII: 63, 141–143 – minorities, I: 152; II: 293 – – African-Americans, I: 322; II: 196, 197, 223, 293, 331; IV: 228, 229, 294; VI: 212–216; VIII: 140–143 – – ethnic groups, I: 322; II: 45, 128, 160, 165, 196, 197, 223, 229; III: 206, 408, 421; IV: 79; V: 312; VII: 131, 161–

199

religion

I NDEX USA PART

162 – – indigents, I: 28, 347, 358; II: 160; IV: 117, 142; V: 92, 108, 126, 281– 282, 287, 442; VI: 180 – multiethnic states – – relations between ethnic groups/nations, V: 92, 108, 165 – – rights and privileges of ethnic groups/nations, I: 38; II: 129, 165, 324; V: 281–282, 287, 311 – religion, III: 59, 79, 81, 85, 169, 203, 214, 241, 265, 269, 286, 299, 421, 422; IV: 19–20, 50, 63–64, 87, 117, 124, 182– 183, 202, 248, 271–306, 317, 338, 355, 405; V: 164, 171, 177, 295, 308, 328, 364, 398–399, 421; VI: 65; VII: 18–19, 33, 47, 149 – Christianity, III: 422; IV: 16, 19–20, 28– 29, 41, 360, 430; VI: 30–32; VII: 11, 25, 39; VIII: 87 – Judaism, III: 326 – state religion, VI: 30–32, 98–99 representation, V: 421; VI: 27; VII: 13, 27, 41 rights, I: 37, 60, 78, 83, 96, 152, 244, 347; II: 15, 118, 163, 164, 241, 257, 273, 292, 329–331, 351, 361; III: 20, 38, 64, 76, 158, 205, 374, 419, 420; IV: 23, 66, 87, 112, 139, 173, 317, 323, 341, 359, 391, 411; V: 23, 34, 298, 312, 324–325, 342, 432, 438, 454, 470, 472; VI: 87; VIII: 12, 63 – abolition or alteration of government, popular right of, I: 93, 121, 149, 187, 211, 269, 294, 307, 341; II: 191, 239, 255, 271, 291, 329, 338, 360; III: 20, 38, 64, 203, 239, 414, 417, 419; IV: 20– 22, 38, 64–66, 87, 139, 171, 191, 245, 304, 324, 342, 360, 392, 411–412; V: 13, 33, 50–51, 200, 215, 295, 322–323, 365, 399–400, 421, 451, 483; VI: 66, 73, 167, 217, 225–226, 279; VII: 11, 26, 39–40, 81, 91, 119; VIII: 9, 42, 45, 53, 61, 101, 145, 153 – assembly, freedom of, I: 81, 95, 123,

200

– – –

–

–

151, 188, 222, 244, 308, 342, 352; II: 134, 164, 195, 240, 257, 273, 291, 330, 338, 360; III: 21, 39, 66, 204; IV: 22, 66, 88, 125, 173, 192, 245, 304, 326, 344, 362, 394, 414; V: 14, 34, 53, 126, 158, 204, 215–216, 288, 296, 325, 369, 403, 422, 434, 452, 470, 485; VI: 68, 75, 168, 228–229, 281; VII: 13, 27, 41, 150, 186, 208, 274; VIII: 11, 63, 87, 104 bearing or keeping of arms, I: 81, 95, 102, 123, 188, 295, 308, 342, 352; II: 195, 302, 328, 330, 338, 360; III: 17, 21, 33, 39, 66, 85, 122, 169, 205; IV: 22, 65, 88, 125, 173, 180, 192, 245, 248, 304, 306, 324, 342, 360, 392, 412; V: 14, 16, 53, 158, 204–205, 216, 288, 296–297, 308, 323–324, 363, 369, 395–396, 403, 422, 470, 485; VI: 68, 75, 219, 249, 292; VII: 12, 26, 27, 41, 150, 183; VIII: 11, 18, 42–43, 46, 147 business, freedom to conduct, V: 281, 287 contract, freedom of, I: 308; V: 281, 287, 312 emigration, right of, I: 20, 95; II: 196; III: 18, 21, 37, 40, 92; V: 14, 297; VII: 13, 27, 41, 151; VIII: 11 equality, I: 93, 121, 126, 152, 187, 211, 294, 307, 341; II: 130, 163, 191, 194, 271, 329, 338, 360, 364; III: 20, 38, 64, 203; IV: 19–20, 27, 63–64, 71, 87, 171, 191, 323, 341, 359, 391, 411; V: 13, 50, 157, 200, 295–296, 321, 364–365, 399, 451; VI: 99, 216, 226, 279; VII: 11, 25, 39, 81, 92, 119, 149, 186, 207, 273; VIII: 9, 42, 45, 54, 144, 153 ex post facto laws, illegality of, I: 53, 74, 95, 123, 151, 212, 294, 308, 343, 352; II: 39, 133, 164, 194, 241, 257, 273, 296, 330, 343; III: 21, 39, 65, 92, 132, 179, 204, 240, 420; IV: 22, 66, 88, 112, 140, 173, 192, 248, 305–306, 325, 343–344, 362, 393, 413; V: 14, 53, 158, 204, 225, 296, 368, 403, 422, 433, 452, 470, 484; VI: 67–68, 74–75, 137, 167–168, 219,

I–VIII

–

–

–

– –

228, 280; VII: 106, 128, 150, 188, 210, 276; VIII: 11, 42, 46, 63, 102, 147 expression, freedom of, I: 94, 150, 187, 294, 307; II: 134, 164, 192, 240, 256, 272, 292, 330, 339, 360; III: 20, 38, 64, 92, 132, 180, 203; IV: 66, 87, 112, 139, 172, 191, 248, 305, 326, 344, 362, 394, 414; V: 14, 34, 51, 107, 126, 202, 218, 295, 324, 366, 400–401, 451; VI: 67–68, 75, 168, 217, 226, 279; VII: 12, 27, 40, 150, 186, 208, 273; VIII: 10, 42, 45–46, 62, 89, 103–104, 145 habeas corpus, I: 53, 74, 94, 102, 122, 132, 150, 165, 188, 222, 228, 238, 244, 270, 294, 301, 308, 313, 359; II: 20, 26, 40, 133, 155, 164, 195, 240, 256, 272, 292, 322, 330, 339, 360, 365; III: 21, 39, 65, 92, 123, 132, 172, 179, 204; IV: 38, 65, 84, 88, 112, 114, 139–140, 172, 192, 237, 247, 299, 305, 339, 355, 373, 406, 427; V: 34, 52, 63, 106–107, 125, 203, 217, 281, 287, 296, 306, 368, 402–403, 433, 446, 452, 469, 484; VI: 67, 74, 167– 168, 182–183, 218, 227–228, 238–239, 280, 286; VII: 58, 69, 106, 128, 135, 147, 150, 169–171, 187, 209, 226–229, 234, 275, 292, 294; VIII: 10–11, 18, 42, 46, 62, 88, 102–103, 146 inalienability of rights, I: 93, 121–123, 149, 150, 187, 211, 294, 295, 307–309, 358; II: 20, 26, 39, 85, 130, 131, 134, 163, 164, 191, 239, 240, 255, 256, 360; III: 21, 40, 64, 66, 203; IV: 16, 63, 140, 173, 193, 323, 341, 359, 391, 411; V: 13, 33, 50–51, 53, 88, 106, 125, 157, 165, 178, 200, 215, 219, 296, 321, 342, 364– 365, 369, 399–400, 404, 421, 434, 451– 453, 460, 461, 470, 485; VI: 40, 66, 73, 167, 173–174, 217, 218, 229, 281; VII: 11, 19, 25, 33, 39, 47, 91, 119, 149, 151; VIII: 9, 42–43, 45–46, 61–62, 102, 115, 145, 146 innocent, rights of, I: 256, 283; IV: 116; V: 434, 452, 470 inviolability of the home, I: 82, 94, 122, 152, 187, 212, 221, 243, 269, 294, 307,

rights 342, 351; II: 131, 163, 193, 240, 256, 272, 292, 330, 339; III: 20, 38, 65, 241, 421; IV: 21, 65, 88, 140, 172, 191, 247, 305, 325, 343, 361, 377, 393, 413; V: 14, 33, 51, 157, 202, 218, 288, 295, 324, 366, 401, 422, 433, 452, 469, 484; VI: 66, 74, 140, 167, 217, 227, 280; VII: 12, 26, 40, 82, 93, 120, 150, 187–188, 210, 275; VIII: 10, 42, 46, 55, 62, 89, 102, 145, 154 – legal rights, I: 48, 72, 83, 114, 187, 227, 244, 269, 308; II: 20, 132, 134, 146, 192, 256, 272; III: 205, 278, 279, 420, 438; IV: 21, 23, 65–66, 116, 139–140, 172, 191–193, 229, 248, 305, 324–326, 342– 344, 360–362, 380, 392–394, 399, 412– 414; V: 34, 157, 366, 400–401, 422, 483– 484; VI: 139, 174; VII: 174; VIII: 54, 88, 116 – – bail, I: 83, 94, 122, 150, 188, 212, 222, 244, 270, 294, 308, 342, 346, 351; II: 20, 133, 164, 193, 194, 240, 256, 272, 273, 292, 330, 339, 360; III: 21, 39, 65, 92, 132, 179, 204, 227, 241, 421; IV: 22, 28, 66, 88, 116, 139–140, 172, 192, 246, 247, 305, 326, 332, 344, 349, 362, 367, 394, 397, 414, 417– 418; V: 22, 34, 52, 125, 157, 165, 178, 203–204, 217, 281, 287, 296, 337, 368, 402–403, 422, 433, 446, 452, 469, 484; VI: 40, 67, 74, 168, 218, 227–228, 280; VII: 17, 32, 46, 82, 93, 120, 150, 187, 208–209, 274, 275; VIII: 10–11, 42, 46, 62, 88, 103, 146, 154 – – compulsory process (for exculpatory evidence), I: 82, 94, 122, 187, 212, 221, 243, 269, 308; II: 132, 193, 240, 256, 272, 292, 330, 339, 360; III: 20, 38, 65, 91, 131, 204, 420; IV: 65, 88, 116, 139, 172, 191–192, 246, 305, 324– 325, 342–343, 361, 380, 392, 399, 412, 420; V: 14, 34, 52, 203, 217–218, 295– 296, 323–324, 366–367, 401, 433, 452, 469–470, 484; VI: 67, 74, 167, 217, 227, 280; VII: 12, 26, 40, 150, 187, 208–209, 274; VIII: 10, 62, 88, 102,

201

rights 145 – – confrontation with witnesses for the prosecution, I: 82, 94, 122, 187, 212, 221, 243, 269, 308, 342, 351; II: 132, 163, 193, 240, 256, 272, 292, 330, 339, 360; III: 20, 38, 65, 91, 131, 179, 204, 240, 420; IV: 21, 65, 88, 116, 139, 172, 191–192, 246, 305, 324–325, 342–343, 361, 392, 412; V: 14, 28, 34, 52, 125, 157, 203, 217–218, 295–296, 323–324, 366–367, 401, 422, 433, 452, 469–470, 484; VI: 67, 74, 167, 217; VII: 12, 26, 40, 82, 93, 120, 150, 187, 208–209, 274; VIII: 10, 54, 62, 88, 102, 145, 154 – – counsel, I: 82, 94, 122, 126, 150, 187, 212, 221, 222, 243, 269, 294, 308; II: 38, 132, 163, 193, 240, 256, 272, 292, 294, 330, 339, 360; III: 20, 38, 65, 91, 131, 204, 205, 240, 420; IV: 41, 88, 116, 139, 172, 191–192, 229, 246, 294, 305, 324–325, 342–343, 361, 380, 392, 399, 412; V: 14, 28, 34, 52, 91, 107, 125, 203, 217–218, 295–296, 323– 324, 366–367, 401, 422, 433, 452, 469–470, 484; VI: 67, 74, 167, 217; VII: 12, 26, 40, 150, 187, 208–209, 274; VIII: 10, 42, 46, 54, 62, 88, 102, 145 – – cruel or unusual punishment, prohibition of, II: 133, 164, 193, 292, 330, 339, 360; III: 21, 39, 65, 240, 241, 421; IV: 21–22, 65–66, 88, 116, 139, 172, 192, 247, 305, 325–326, 343–344, 361–362, 393–394, 413–414; V: 21, 34, 52, 125, 157, 203–204, 217, 281, 287, 296, 368, 402, 422, 433, 452, 469, 484; VI: 40, 67, 74, 140, 168, 218; VII: 82, 93, 120, 150, 187, 208, 274; VIII: 55, 88, 103, 146, 154 – – double jeopardy, I: 82, 94, 98, 122, 150, 222, 244, 270, 308; II: 133, 164, 193, 240, 256, 272, 292, 330, 339, 360; III: 21, 39, 65, 204; IV: 88, 116, 139– 140, 172, 192, 246, 305, 325, 343, 361, 392–393, 412; V: 34, 52, 107, 125,

202

I NDEX USA PART

––

––

––

––

––

203, 217–218, 296, 367, 401–402, 433, 452, 469, 484; VI: 67, 74, 167, 218, 228, 280; VII: 150, 187, 209, 275; VIII: 10, 14, 46, 55, 62, 88, 102, 146 due process, I: 82, 94, 95, 188, 221, 222, 308, 351; II: 193, 361; III: 420; V: 34, 107, 422, 484; VI: 217; VII: 150; VIII: 10–11, 88, 145 excessive fines, prohibition of, II: 360; III: 421; IV: 326, 344, 362, 394, 414; V: 34, 125, 203–204, 217, 281, 287, 422, 484; VI: 40, 64, 82–83, 140, 168, 218; VII: 17, 82, 93, 120, 150, 187, 208, 274; VIII: 88, 103, 146, 154 indictment and information, I: 82, 94, 103, 122, 150, 187, 195, 212, 221, 243, 269, 308, 342, 351; II: 132, 163, 164, 240, 243, 256, 272, 292, 296, 324, 330, 339, 343; III: 16, 20, 35, 38, 39, 57, 65, 88, 91, 127, 128, 131, 176, 179, 204, 240, 343, 415, 420; IV: 14–15, 27, 70–71, 88, 94, 116, 139–140, 152, 172, 181, 191–192, 199, 202, 246, 247, 305, 330, 338, 348, 355, 366, 373, 380, 399, 406, 420, 427; V: 34, 41, 52, 107, 125, 157, 170, 180, 188–189, 203, 217– 218, 224, 295–296, 359, 366–367, 392, 401–402, 422, 429, 433, 452, 457, 469– 470, 475, 484; VI: 39, 63, 67, 74, 167– 168, 217, 227, 259, 280, 297; VII: 107, 129, 144, 150, 168–169, 187, 208–209, 225–234, 274, 275, 290; VIII: 10, 19– 20, 54, 62, 65, 88, 102, 145 non-self-incrimination, I: 82, 94, 122, 150, 188, 212, 221, 243, 269, 308, 342, 351; II: 132, 163, 193, 240, 292, 330, 339, 360; III: 65, 91, 131, 179, 204, 240, 420; IV: 21, 65, 116, 139–140, 172, 191–192, 246, 305, 324–325, 342– 343, 361, 392, 412; V: 14, 107, 125, 157, 203, 217–218, 296, 323–324, 366– 367, 401, 422, 434, 452, 470, 484; VI: 67, 74, 167, 217, 227, 280; VII: 12, 26, 40, 82, 93, 120, 150, 187, 209, 275; VIII: 10, 54, 62, 88, 102, 145, 154 to be heard, I: 94, 103, 122, 150, 187,

I–VIII 221, 243, 269, 294, 308, 330; II: 132, 163, 193, 300, 330, 366; III: 20, 38, 179, 204, 205; IV: 21, 41, 45, 65, 172, 180–181, 191–192, 239–240, 246, 305, 324–325, 342–343, 361, 392, 412; V: 14, 103–104, 123, 125, 136, 141, 203, 295–296, 323–324, 366–367, 401, 484; VI: 67, 74, 139, 167, 217, 227, 240, 280, 286–287; VII: 12, 26, 40, 150, 172–173, 208–209, 225, 274, 290; VIII: 10, 19–20, 42, 46, 88, 102, 145 – – trial by jury, I: 59, 77, 82, 83, 94, 95, 108, 122, 126, 149, 187, 188, 195, 212, 221, 222, 243, 244, 250, 269, 270, 277, 294, 299, 301, 305, 307, 308, 317, 342, 351; II: 20, 26, 31, 38, 39, 47, 131– 133, 163, 164, 193, 194, 240, 243, 256, 259, 272, 275, 291, 292, 296, 324, 325, 330, 339, 340, 343, 360, 361, 365; III: 16, 20, 21, 35, 37, 38, 57, 61, 64, 65, 88, 91, 127, 128, 131, 176, 179, 204, 205, 208, 239, 240, 343, 415, 419, 420, 436, 445; IV: 14–16, 21–22, 27, 65, 70–71, 88, 112, 116, 139–140, 146, 152, 172–173, 181, 191–193, 199, 202, 229, 246, 305, 317, 324–325, 330, 342– 343, 348, 360–362, 366, 377, 380, 385, 392–393, 399, 412–413, 420; V: 14, 21, 22, 28–29, 34, 41, 51–57, 93, 106– 107, 125, 157, 170, 180, 188–189, 202– 203, 216–219, 224, 281, 287, 295– 296, 312, 323–324, 336, 359, 365–367, 392, 400–402, 422, 429, 433, 434, 452, 457, 469–470, 475, 484; VI: 19, 39– 40, 48, 63, 66–67, 74, 140, 167–168, 183, 217, 218, 227–228, 242–243, 258– 259, 280, 288, 296–297; VII: 12, 17, 25–27, 39–40, 82, 93, 94, 107, 120, 129, 144, 147, 149–150, 168–169, 186– 187, 208–209, 225–234, 274, 275, 290; VIII: 10–11, 24, 42, 46, 54, 55, 62, 65, 88, 98, 102–103, 145, 146, 154 – liberty and security of person, I: 82, 94, 121, 122, 149, 150, 152, 187, 188, 211, 221, 243, 269, 294, 305, 307, 308, 342,

rights

– –

–

–

– –

351; II: 130, 131, 163, 191, 193, 239, 240, 255, 256, 271, 272, 291, 292, 330, 338, 339, 351, 360; III: 20, 38, 64, 65, 203, 204, 240, 241, 420, 421; IV: 19, 21, 63–65, 116, 139–140, 172, 191–192, 246, 247, 305, 317, 323–325, 341–343, 359–361, 377, 391–393, 411–413; V: 13, 14, 16, 33, 50, 107, 125, 157, 200, 215, 218, 281, 287, 295, 321, 323–324, 364– 367, 399, 401, 421, 433, 451, 452, 469– 470, 484; VI: 11, 32, 40, 66–67, 74, 99, 167, 217, 227, 280; VII: 11, 12, 25, 26, 39–40, 81, 82, 91, 93, 119, 120, 150, 187–188, 210, 275; VIII: 10, 42, 45–46, 54, 61–62, 89, 102, 145, 153, 154 liberty of residence, II: 331; IV: 21 life, right to, I: 94, 108, 121, 122, 149, 150, 188, 211, 221, 243, 269, 294, 307, 308, 342, 351; II: 40, 130, 163, 191, 239, 255, 271, 291, 325, 330, 338, 351, 360; III: 18, 20, 37, 38, 64, 65, 203, 204, 240, 421; IV: 19, 21, 63–65, 116, 139– 140, 172, 191–192, 228–229, 246, 294, 305, 317, 323–325, 341–343, 359–361, 391–392, 411–412; V: 13, 14, 16, 50, 107, 200, 215, 321, 323, 364–367, 399, 401, 421, 433, 451, 452, 469–470, 484; VI: 32, 40, 66–67, 74, 99, 167, 228, 258, 280–281, 296; VII: 11, 12, 25, 26, 39– 40, 81, 91, 119; VIII: 10, 24, 42, 45, 61, 102, 153 matrimony, I: 105, 125, 158, 174, 273, 322, 359; II: 26, 38, 47, 69, 71, 95, 147, 203, 204, 244, 260, 276, 296, 303, 321, 329, 342, 351, 364, 373; III: 49, 133, 368, 429; IV: 34, 68, 96, 111, 124, 144, 183, 198, 203, 283, 294, 300, 337, 354, 371, 404, 424; V: 37, 71, 126, 169, 226, 284, 301, 310, 384, 445, 459; VI: 86, 253, 294; VII: 131, 184–187, 219, 285; VIII: 21, 66 movement, freedom of, I: 20; II: 331; III: 66, 132; IV: 173, 193, 249, 306; V: 53, 312, 325, 369, 404 occupation, freedom of, I: 187 personal freedom, I: 22, 82, 94, 122,

203

rights 149, 188, 211, 212, 243, 294, 342, 351; II: 131, 255, 271, 272, 291, 338; III: 20, 38; IV: 19, 63, 172, 191, 323, 341, 359, 391, 411; V: 50, 157, 200, 215, 281, 287, 321, 364–365, 399, 451; VI: 40, 66–67, 74, 99, 167; VII: 11, 25, 39, 81, 91, 119, 187–188, 210, 275; VIII: 10, 42, 45, 54, 102, 153 – petition, right of, I: 81, 95, 151, 188, 211, 222, 244, 270, 294, 308, 342, 352, 356; II: 195, 240, 257, 273, 291, 338, 360; III: 21, 39, 66, 204, 240, 420; IV: 19, 22, 66, 88, 125, 173, 192, 245, 304, 326, 344, 362, 394, 414; V: 14, 53, 126, 215– 216, 288, 325, 369, 403, 422, 434, 470, 485; VI: 218, 228–229, 281; VII: 13, 27, 41, 150, 208, 274; VIII: 11, 42, 46, 63, 87, 146 – popular sovereignty, I: 93, 121, 123, 149, 163, 187, 211, 221, 243, 269, 289, 307, 341, 351; II: 28, 130, 163, 191, 239, 255, 271, 291, 293, 329, 338, 360; III: 20, 38, 64, 203, 239, 419; IV: 19–20, 64, 87, 125, 139, 171, 191, 245, 304, 323–324, 326–327, 341–342, 345, 359–360, 363, 391–392, 394–395, 411–412, 414; V: 13, 50–51, 85, 88–89, 91–92, 108–109, 126, 157, 206, 215, 281, 287, 295–296, 322, 365, 399–400, 421, 451, 452; VI: 40, 59, 66, 73, 76, 97–98, 102, 167, 217, 225– 226, 279; VII: 11, 25, 26, 39, 81, 91, 119, 149, 186, 207, 273; VIII: 9, 37, 53– 55, 61, 87, 101, 145, 153 – press, freedom of the, I: 81, 94, 105, 122, 150, 187, 212, 221, 243, 269, 294, 301, 305, 307, 342, 351, 358; II: 20, 26, 39, 134, 164, 192, 240, 256, 272, 292, 330, 339, 360; III: 20, 38, 64, 92, 132, 180, 203, 243, 422; IV: 22, 65, 87, 112, 139, 172, 191, 248, 305, 325, 343, 362, 393, 413; V: 14, 22, 33, 51, 107, 126, 157–158, 202, 218, 288, 295, 324, 339, 366, 400–401, 422, 434, 452, 470, 485; VI: 32, 67–68, 75, 99, 120, 168, 217, 226, 279; VII: 12, 27, 40, 82, 94, 106, 120, 128, 150, 186, 208, 273; VIII: 10,

204

I NDEX USA PART 21, 42, 45–46, 62, 89, 103–104, 145, 154 – privacy of mail, I: 294; V: 33; VI: 140; VII: 150; VIII: 42, 46 – property rights, I: 20, 95, 174, 228, 229, 238, 239, 253, 254, 281, 351, 358, 359; II: 26, 163, 248, 257, 324, 327, 329, 333, 352, 361, 373; III: 21, 39, 49, 65, 205, 218–221, 240, 241, 388, 420, 421; IV: 21–22, 65, 88, 111, 124–125, 140, 173, 192, 247, 304–305, 317, 323–325, 338, 341–343, 355, 359, 361, 373, 377, 391–393, 406, 411–413, 427; V: 14, 19, 22, 28, 33, 38, 53, 126, 157, 165, 178, 201–202, 204, 218–219, 281, 284, 287, 296, 310–312, 321, 324, 339–340, 364– 365, 368–369, 399, 403, 421, 445, 448; VI: 11–12, 67, 74, 99, 168–169, 185– 186, 227–228, 253–254, 280–281, 294; VII: 11, 12, 18, 26, 33, 39, 46–47, 82, 94, 120, 148, 184–185, 188–189, 210– 211, 239, 276, 301; VIII: 11, 54, 70, 88, 102, 105–106, 154 – – expropriation, I: 82, 94, 150, 174, 188, 211, 222, 244, 270, 295, 308; II: 131, 147, 164, 194, 240, 256, 273, 293, 324, 330, 340; III: 21, 39, 205; IV: 21, 64– 65, 125–126, 136, 140, 172, 192, 246, 305, 324, 342, 360, 392, 412; V: 14, 34, 51, 107, 125–126, 157, 296, 309, 323, 367, 399, 401–402, 434, 453, 470, 484; VI: 68, 75, 140, 167–168, 219, 228, 254, 280, 294; VII: 11, 12, 25, 26, 39–40, 81, 92, 106, 119, 128, 150, 188, 210, 242, 276, 304; VIII: 10, 43, 46, 62, 102, 104, 146, 153 – – freedom of ownership, I: 82, 94, 121, 122, 149, 150, 152, 187, 188, 211, 212, 221, 243, 269, 294, 305, 307, 308, 342, 351; II: 130, 131, 163, 239–241, 255, 256, 271, 272, 291–293, 330, 338– 340, 351, 361; III: 20, 38, 64, 65, 203, 204, 421; IV: 19, 21, 63–65, 88, 116, 123–124, 139–140, 172, 191–192, 246, 247, 305, 324–325, 342–343, 360– 361, 377, 392–393, 412–413; V: 13, 14, 50–51, 157, 200, 202, 215, 218,

I–VIII

–

– –

–

–

295, 323–324, 366–367, 401, 433, 451, 452, 469–470; VI: 32, 40, 66–67, 74, 99; VII: 12, 25, 26, 40, 81, 82, 91, 93, 119, 120, 150, 187–188, 210, 275; VIII: 10, 42, 45, 61–63, 153, 154 religion, freedom of, I: 62, 79, 81, 93, 94, 121, 135, 149, 194, 211, 218, 221, 232, 243, 256, 269, 294, 305, 307, 342, 346, 352, 353, 356; II: 19, 26, 40, 130, 163, 191, 192, 239, 255, 271, 292, 328, 329, 339, 360; III: 20, 38, 64, 203, 241, 310, 421; IV: 16, 19, 63, 87, 112, 117, 140, 171–172, 191, 245, 246, 301, 304, 323–324, 341–342, 359–360, 391, 411; V: 13, 15, 28, 33, 51, 91–92, 106, 125, 158, 164–165, 177–178, 201, 216–217, 281, 287, 295, 321–322, 365, 400, 421, 434, 438, 453, 470–471, 483; VI: 30–32, 40, 66, 73–74, 217, 226, 279; VII: 11, 25, 39, 82, 94, 106, 120, 128, 149, 188– 189, 211, 276, 277; VIII: 9–10, 42, 45, 54, 61–62, 87, 145, 154 science, freedom of, IV: 21 self-defense, right of, I: 95, 149, 188, 221, 243, 269, 294, 307; II: 130, 163, 195, 239, 255, 271, 291; V: 33, 204–205, 288, 296–297, 421; VI: 219, 228, 280; VII: 150; VIII: 11, 42, 45, 61, 147 separation of powers, I: 95, 123, 153, 188, 298, 303, 309, 341, 351; II: 13, 31, 112, 143, 198, 241, 246, 257, 274, 294, 317, 341; III: 11, 27, 45, 74, 81, 91, 107, 155, 165, 178, 206, 215, 239, 420; IV: 23, 67, 89, 107–108, 141, 173, 193, 222, 290, 326, 344–345, 363, 386, 394, 414, 428; V: 35, 53–54, 157, 288, 298, 421, 427, 454, 487; VI: 76, 102– 103, 137, 197, 229, 281; VII: 28, 41–42, 81, 86, 92, 98, 119, 122; VIII: 11–12, 29, 38, 63, 68, 125, 153 speech, freedom of, I: 22, 81, 94, 122, 150, 187, 294, 307; II: 134, 164, 192, 240, 256, 272, 292, 330, 339, 360; III: 20, 38, 64, 92, 132, 180, 203, 240; IV: 22, 66, 87, 112, 139, 172, 191, 248, 305, 326, 344, 362, 394, 414; V: 14,

state independence 33, 51, 107, 126, 202, 218, 288, 295, 324, 366, 400–401, 422, 427, 455, 472; VI: 67–68, 75, 168, 217, 226, 279; VII: 12, 27, 40, 106, 128, 186, 208, 273; VIII: 10, 42, 45–46, 55, 62, 89, 103–104, 145 – trade, freedom of, I: 20 settlement, VI: 214; VIII: 142 slavery, I: 107, 108, 125, 126, 134, 152, 217, 318, 322; II: 40, 128, 129, 164, 165, 196, 241, 257, 273, 291, 324, 325, 332, 333, 339, 360; III: 18, 37, 62, 64, 388, 432; IV: 95, 125, 139, 183, 203– 204, 207, 210, 228–229, 293–294; V: 13, 50, 198–201, 216, 282, 287–288, 312, 443, 470, 483; VI: 79, 99, 212–213, 257– 258, 296; VII: 11, 25, 39, 129, 131, 148– 149, 186, 207–208, 273; VIII: 23–24, 63, 140–141 social welfare, I: 30; II: 337, 348, 350, 359; IV: 121 – financing of, II: 326 – poor, supervision of, II: 219, 301, 348, 369; III: 241; V: 442, 444 sovereign rights of the state, I: 28, 51, 52, 73, 74; V: 447, 484 – hunting privileges, I: 358; V: 341; VII: 18, 33, 47 – mining privileges, IV: 363, 395, 415 – right of coinage, I: 28, 30, 39, 51, 54, 74, 75; IV: 303; V: 247–248; VI: 255–256, 295; VII: 145–146, 178–179 – state monopolies, II: 330; III: 134, 243; VI: 68, 75, 168, 228, 281; VIII: 104 state and administrative apparatus, III: 184; V: 73–74 – administration – – waters, I: 51, 74; IV: 125, 243, 268– 269, 303; V: 9, 107–108, 118, 132– 133, 137–138, 152, 443, 484; VI: 75 – civil servants, III: 252; VI: 48, 211; VIII: 139 state independence, I: 20, 37, 93, 289; II: 317; III: 218, 221, 239; IV: 20, 23, 64, 67, 87, 171, 175, 195, 317, 327, 345,

205

state insignias 363, 395, 415; V: 49, 50, 300; VI: 59, 97–98; VII: 155; VIII: 9, 37, 45 state insignias, I: 100, 129, 163, 191, 192, 214, 216, 248, 274, 291, 292, 300, 310, 344, 354, 355; II: 16, 19, 25, 37, 136, 155, 225, 246, 262, 279, 297, 298, 312, 319, 344, 354, 362, 374; III: 17, 22, 35, 87, 95, 122, 169, 215, 250, 254, 413, 416, 417, 431, 433, 438; IV: 15, 34, 37, 79, 92–93, 113–114, 153–154, 178, 200, 236, 253–254, 298, 337, 338, 354, 355, 371, 373, 406, 427; V: 19, 20, 27, 39, 44, 61, 74, 105, 163, 176, 192, 207, 229, 304, 330, 335, 363, 397, 430, 438, 459, 489–490; VI: 27, 37, 39, 62, 69, 80, 173, 208, 247, 290; VII: 16, 31, 45, 69, 73, 112, 132, 245, 307; VIII: 16, 30, 39–40, 48, 68, 113–114, 136 state structure – confederation, I: 20, 22, 31, 32, 37, 41, 54, 75 – federal state, I: 93, 231, 255, 282, 357; VIII: 9 state territory, I: 61, 78, 106, 126, 135, 142–145, 148, 213, 289, 298; II: 34, 213, 217, 226, 230, 249, 265, 327, 337, 347, 352, 359, 376; III: 184, 185, 374, 390, 433, 434, 444; IV: 120, 129, 149, 155, 231, 242–243, 268–269, 273, 277, 282, 284, 288–290, 295, 301–303, 317; V: 9, 10, 73–74, 107–108, 126, 138, 284, 290–291, 437, 460, 487; VI: 11, 68, 98, 169, 175, 214, 215, 260–261, 297, 307; VII: 89, 143, 148, 185, 213–214, 238– 239, 279, 300, 301; VIII: 22, 29, 32, 34, 37, 45, 53, 55, 71, 79, 82, 96, 106, 117, 142, 143 suffrage: see voting rights, III: 89, 90 tariffs and duties, V: 107–108, 116, 118, 137, 152; VI: 202; VIII: 130 taxes, I: 37, 53, 74, 203, 226, 249, 343; II: 26, 39, 113, 114, 144, 239, 250, 255, 293, 326, 340; III: 49, 240, 241, 286, 374, 429; IV: 10–11, 22, 24, 45, 66, 122, 173–174, 223, 290–291, 318, 326,

206

I NDEX USA PART 328, 344, 347, 362, 364, 394, 398, 413; V: 17, 28, 33, 86–87, 107–108, 137, 158, 162, 175, 184–185, 195, 326, 342–344, 358, 390–391, 422, 439, 454, 459, 471– 473, 485–486, 496, 498; VI: 18, 34, 43, 143; VII: 18–19, 33–34, 47–48, 174; VIII: 32, 61, 72, 96–97 – tax equity, I: 135, 174, 318; II: 160, 302, 326, 349, 370; III: 135, 182; IV: 122, 149; V: 138, 172, 249, 273, 297, 307– 308; VI: 61, 78–79, 143, 255, 294–295; VII: 129, 145–146, 180 – tax expenditures, I: 53, 75, 318; II: 302; III: 182, 440; IV: 41, 56, 85, 119–122, 126, 149, 170; V: 239–240, 434, 459, 473; VI: 260, 297; VII: 178, 181–182, 236–237, 240, 298, 299, 302 – taxation, I: 24, 38, 45, 71, 105, 135, 136, 174, 299, 318, 342, 352, 358; II: 40, 134, 160, 161, 165, 172, 203, 204, 219, 271, 276, 282, 302, 326, 327, 347, 349, 350, 359, 370–372; III: 63, 135, 136, 205, 215, 420, 440; IV: 112, 122–123, 149– 150, 152–153, 170, 249, 301, 306; V: 27, 67, 139, 154, 172, 205, 237, 239–240, 243, 249–251, 307–308, 310, 454, 460, 486, 488, 498; VI: 61, 78–80, 169, 255, 294–295; VII: 12, 26, 40, 129, 145–146, 178, 213–214, 232, 236, 242–243, 279, 297, 298, 304; VIII: 21, 105 territorial organization, I: 97, 102, 105, 320; II: 159, 225, 265, 287, 349, 369; IV: 96, 118, 152, 203; V: 71, 198, 225– 226, 310–311; VI: 65, 84–85, 91, 93, 231, 256, 282, 295; VII: 113, 130, 148, 246, 308; VIII: 13, 19, 22 – boundaries, I: 93, 106, 121, 175; II: 24, 34, 111, 143, 224, 239, 255, 271, 287, 291, 317, 338, 352, 359; III: 73, 157, 374, 390; IV: 107, 141, 221, 289, 303; V: 49, 158–159, 199–200, 311, 437; VI: 68–69, 75–76; VII: 156, 212–213, 277; VIII: 9, 22, 29, 34, 61 – capital, IV: 155 – federalism, II: 291

I–VIII treason, I: 21, 22, 58, 59, 77, 78, 104, 129, 135, 152, 153, 163, 188, 195, 224, 227, 250, 277, 294, 322; II: 18, 24, 25, 33, 36, 66, 81, 115, 118, 128, 194, 195, 198, 200, 209, 240–242, 256, 272, 275, 279, 294, 295, 318, 325, 329, 342, 350, 361; III: 13, 15, 18, 21, 29, 31, 35, 39, 47, 48, 50, 59, 65, 82, 89, 110, 114, 119, 129, 166, 177, 204, 205, 210, 240, 241, 343, 420; IV: 22, 66, 88, 90, 108–109, 113, 116, 140, 142, 148, 173, 176, 178, 182, 195, 200, 202, 227–228, 247, 293, 305, 325, 343, 361, 393, 413; V: 34, 69, 102, 186, 195–196, 222, 228–229, 236, 296, 298–300, 303, 333–335, 353, 358, 368, 385, 391, 403, 454; VI: 36, 60, 63, 77, 169, 219, 245, 250, 289, 292; VII: 30, 44, 144–145, 147, 158–159, 166, 176, 187, 209–210, 218, 222–223, 275, 284, 287; VIII: 21, 35, 42, 46, 62–64, 105, 147 voting rights, I: 153, 175, 177, 193, 208, 211, 213, 227, 248, 249, 273, 276, 307, 354; II: 15, 118, 158–160, 198, 216, 241, 273, 293, 294, 303, 311, 312, 325, 329, 333, 340, 341, 350, 351, 355, 363, 367, 375; III: 15, 28, 36, 47, 55, 59, 111, 129, 130, 135, 156, 159, 177, 183, 205, 239, 245, 252, 285, 373, 408; IV: 21, 25–26, 64, 70, 89–90, 108, 117, 129, 144, 148, 153, 174, 193–194, 224, 252–253, 291, 329, 347, 349, 365, 366, 378, 379, 381, 397, 398, 419; V: 13, 58, 72, 87, 102, 109, 195–196, 236, 253, 283, 298, 304, 323, 331, 358, 391, 422, 430, 432, 454, 471–472, 478, 491, 496, 498; VI: 63, 80, 230, 234, 282–284; VII: 12, 26, 40, 69, 81, 87, 92, 119, 122, 127, 138, 144, 157, 165, 176–177, 195, 217, 221, 245–246, 282, 286, 307; VIII: 49, 55, 63, 153 – age, I: 96, 109, 123, 152, 193, 203–205, 226, 249, 276, 293, 298, 315, 329, 343; II: 15, 39, 118, 137, 158, 196, 257, 273, 293, 325, 340, 367; III: 12, 15, 28, 47, 76, 80, 110, 153, 158, 205, 245, 247, 251,

voting rights

–

–

– –

254, 266, 270, 272, 274, 319, 407, 423; IV: 10–11, 25–28, 45, 58, 77, 88–89, 117, 148, 156, 173–174, 184, 193, 224– 292, 318, 328, 347, 364, 378, 398, 418; V: 17, 26, 34, 67–68, 86–87, 101, 115, 127, 162, 169, 173, 175, 195–196, 236, 290, 297, 326, 358, 390–391, 432, 453, 471, 485–486; VI: 26, 34, 45, 53, 63, 208, 229–230, 281–282; VII: 13, 108, 122, 143–144, 175, 214, 279; VIII: 12, 25, 30, 41, 49, 136 citizenship, I: 96, 109, 123, 152, 193, 203, 204, 315, 329, 353; II: 26, 39, 158, 196, 241, 257, 273, 293, 325, 340, 367; III: 28, 47, 76, 80, 110, 153, 158, 423; IV: 45, 77, 88–89, 117, 148, 173–174, 184, 193, 224–292; V: 68, 101, 127, 173, 236, 283, 290, 297, 390–391, 453, 471, 485–486; VI: 26, 34, 45, 53, 80, 102, 229–230, 281; VII: 56, 108, 122, 175, 214, 279; VIII: 12, 25, 30, 49, 63, 82, 96 disqualifying attributes, I: 105, 124, 153, 172, 193, 249, 276, 316; II: 15, 118, 147, 159, 196, 197, 241, 257, 273, 293, 325, 367; III: 18, 35, 59, 111, 129, 158, 205, 246, 423, 424; IV: 77, 117, 143, 148, 182, 202, 225–226, 292, 378, 398, 418; V: 34, 57, 101–102, 127, 154, 169, 196, 236, 282, 297, 338, 432, 453, 454, 471, 486–487; VI: 80, 84, 169, 211, 229–230, 250–251, 281–282, 292; VII: 17, 32, 46, 108, 122, 176, 215, 245, 280, 281, 307; VIII: 21, 30, 49, 63, 83, 105–106, 139 education, IV: 58, 148 gender, I: 96, 109, 123, 152, 193, 203– 205, 226, 249, 276, 293, 298, 329, 343, 353; II: 15, 118, 137, 158, 196, 241, 257, 273, 293, 325, 340, 367; III: 15, 28, 47, 76, 80, 110, 158, 205, 245, 247, 266, 270, 272, 274, 285, 319, 419, 423; IV: 10– 11, 25–28, 45, 77, 88–89, 117, 148, 156, 173–174, 184, 193, 224–292, 318, 328, 347, 364, 378, 398, 418; V: 34, 67–68, 86–87, 101, 115, 120, 127, 169, 173, 175, 195–196, 236, 283, 290, 297, 432,

207

war, state of

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453, 471, 485–486; VI: 26, 34, 53, 63, 80, 229–230, 281–282; VII: 108, 122, 143–144, 175, 214, 279; VIII: 12, 25, 30, 41, 49, 63, 82, 96 property, I: 193, 203, 307, 343; II: 15; III: 76, 80, 239, 245, 247, 251, 254, 266, 270–272, 283, 407; IV: 10–11, 25–28, 192, 378, 397; V: 26, 86–88, 101, 127, 154, 162, 169, 173, 175, 432, 454, 460, 471, 485–486; VI: 18, 26, 34, 45, 53, 63, 168; VII: 108, 144; VIII: 104 race, ethnicity, I: 96, 109, 123, 152, 193, 203, 204, 226, 249, 276, 293, 298, 315, 329; II: 15, 118, 137, 158, 196, 241, 257, 273, 293, 367; III: 28, 47, 76, 80, 110, 153, 158, 245, 247, 266, 270, 272, 274, 285, 319, 419, 423; IV: 10–11, 88– 89, 117, 131, 148, 156, 173–174, 184, 193, 224–292; V: 34, 67–68, 101, 127, 154, 169, 173, 175, 195–196, 236, 282– 283, 290, 297, 390–391, 432, 453, 471; VI: 26, 34, 53, 80, 198, 229–230, 281– 282; VII: 108, 122, 143–144, 175, 214, 279; VIII: 12, 25, 30, 41, 63, 82, 96, 126 religion, IV: 318; VI: 26 residence, I: 96, 109, 123, 135, 152, 153, 175, 193, 203–205, 226, 249, 276, 293, 298, 315, 329, 343, 353; II: 15, 26, 39, 118, 137, 158, 159, 196, 197, 241, 257,

208

273, 293, 312, 325, 340, 367; III: 12, 15, 28, 47, 76, 80, 110, 111, 153, 158, 205, 245, 247, 251, 254, 266, 270, 272, 274, 285, 319, 407, 423; IV: 10–11, 25– 28, 45, 60, 77, 83, 88–89, 117, 148, 156, 173–174, 182, 184, 193, 224–292, 328, 329, 347, 364, 378, 397, 398, 419; V: 17, 26, 34, 67–69, 86–87, 101, 115, 127, 162, 169, 173, 175, 195–196, 236, 283, 290, 297, 326, 358, 390–391, 453, 471, 485–487; VI: 26, 34, 45, 53, 63, 208, 229–230, 252, 281, 293; VII: 13, 108, 122, 144, 175–176, 214–215, 245–246, 251–252, 279–281, 307, 312; VIII: 12, 25, 30, 41, 49, 63, 82, 96, 136 war, state of, I: 82, 153, 164, 222, 244, 270; II: 132, 147, 159, 164, 240, 241, 247, 256, 257, 272, 273, 282, 292, 301, 325, 326, 340, 349, 371; III: 20, 39, 65, 133, 181, 205, 241; IV: 22, 30, 66, 88– 89, 113, 117, 122, 125, 139–140, 150, 173, 193, 247, 249, 294, 305–306, 416; V: 52, 102, 205, 217–219, 238–239, 297, 309, 367, 369, 401–402, 404, 433, 434, 452, 453, 459, 469–470, 473; VI: 68, 75, 168, 184–186, 188–189; VII: 122, 130, 159, 176, 181, 187, 209, 223, 237, 275, 288, 299; VIII: 62–63, 70, 104

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