Chalasmenos I: The Late Minoan IIIC Settlement House A.2 9781623034160, 9781931534956, 1623034167

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Chalasmenos I The Late Minoan IIIC Settlement House A.2

PREHISTORY MONOGRAPHS 59

Chalasmenos I The Late Minoan IIIC Settlement House A.2 by

Melissa Eaby

contributions by W. Flint Dibble, Heidi M.C. Dierckx, Rodney D. Fitzsimons, Katharine Hall, and Metaxia Tsipopoulou

edited by Metaxia Tsipopoulou

Published by INSTAP Academic Press Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 2018

Design and Production INSTAP Academic Press, Philadelphia, PA

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Eaby, Melissa Suzanne, 1975- author. Title: Chalasmenos I : the late Minoan IIIC settlement house A.2 / by Melissa Eaby ; contributions by W. Flint Dibble, Heidi M.C. Dierckx, Rodney D. Fitzsimons, and Metaxia Tsipopoulou with Katharine Hall. Description: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania : INSTAP Academic Press, 2018. | Series: Prehistory monographs ; 59 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017048267 (print) | LCCN 2018022317 (ebook) | ISBN 9781623034160 (e-book) | ISBN 9781931534956 (hardcover : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Chalasmenos Site (Greece) | Ierapetra (Greece)—Antiquities. | Excavations (Archaeology)— Greece—Ierapetra. | Dwellings—Greece—Ierapetra—History—To 1500. | Minoans—Greece—Crete. Classification: LCC DF261.I37 (ebook) | LCC DF261.I37 E23 2018 (print) | DDC 939/.18—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017048267

Copyright © 2018 INSTAP Academic Press Philadelphia, Pennsylvania All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America

Table of Contents

List of Tables.................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii List of Charts.................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix List of Figures................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi List of Plates.. ................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii Acknowledgments............................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii List of Abbreviations........................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi 1. Introduction, Metaxia Tsipopoulou, contribution by Melissa Eaby. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2. Excavation of House A.2, Melissa Eaby. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3. Architectural Remains, Rodney D. Fitzsimons, contribution by Melissa Eaby.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 4. Pottery, Melissa Eaby. . .................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 5. Small Finds, Heidi M.C. Dierckx and Melissa Eaby, contribution by Katharine Hall.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 6. Animal Bones, W. Flint Dibble.......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 7. Shell and Botanical Remains, Melissa Eaby.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 8. Conclusions, Melissa Eaby................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

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References. .. ................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Index. ......................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Tables Charts Figures Plates

List of Tables

Table 1.

Pottery bags examined from House A.2.

Table 2.

List of stone implements from House A.2.

Table 3.

Animal species and element distribution from House A.2 and outside the building to the west (NISP).

Table 4.

Counts of largely unidentifiable animal specimens from sample HL01/936.

Table 5.

Numbers of identifiable animal specimens (NISP) from House A.2 that are burned, unburned, well preserved, and poorly preserved (excluding teeth, which were not recorded for preservation status and were largely unburned).

Table 6.

Anatomical distribution of identifiable animal specimens (NISP) by context.

Table 7.

Summary of marine shell remains from Room 2.

Table 8.

Summary of marine shell remains from Room 1.

List of Charts

Chart 1.

Percentage of ceramic fabric types from roofing collapse, floor, and subfloor levels of Room 1 by count.

Chart 2.

Percentage of ceramic fabric types from roofing collapse, floor, and subfloor levels of Room 2 by count.

Chart 3.

Percentage of ceramic fabric types from roofing collapse, floor, and subfloor levels of Room 1 by weight.

Chart 4.

Percentage of ceramic fabric types from roofing collapse, floor, and subfloor levels of Room 2 by weight.

Chart 5.

Cataloged vessel types from House A.2 by fabric.

Chart 6.

Wares from roofing collapse, floor, and subfloor levels of Rooms 1 and 2 by count.

List of Figures

Figure 1.

Map of Crete with sites mentioned in the text.

Figure 2.

Map of the isthmus of Ierapetra showing LM IIIC excavated sites.

Figure 3.

Block plan of Chalasmenos.

Figure 4.

State plan of Chalasmenos.

Figure 5.

Grid plan of Chalasmenos.

Figure 6.

State plan of House A.2.

Figure 7.

East–west stratigraphic section a–a' of Rooms 1 and 2 (top); north–south stratigraphic section b–b' of Room 1 (bottom).

Figure 8.

Locations of select pottery and small finds in Rooms 1 and 2.

Figure 9.

North–south stratigraphic sections of Room 2: c–c' (top) and d–d' (bottom).

Figure 10. Plans of Area Alpha Upper showing proposed first phase of construction of House A.2 (left) and proposed second phase (right). Figure 11.

Plan of site showing room designations.

Figure 12. Pithoi (A2 P1–A2 P10). Figure 13. Pithoid jars (A2 P11–A2 P18). Figure 14. Pithoid jar (A2 P19) and jugs/amphorae (A2 P20–A2 P30).

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Figure 15. Jugs/amphorae (A2 P31–A2 P38), amphoriskoi (A2 P39, A2 P40), and stirrup jars (A2 P41– A2 P46). Figure 16. Lid (A2 P47), larnax (A2 P48), miscellaneous closed vessels (A2 P49–A2 P58), and basins (A2 P59, A2 P60). Figure 17.

Basins (A2 P61–A2 P66).

Figure 18. Bowls (A2 P67–A2 P72), kalathoi (A2 P73, A2 P74), and kraters (A2 P75–A2 P79). Figure 19.

Kraters and possible krateriskoi (A2 P80–A2 P87).

Figure 20. Deep bowls and deep bowls/cups (A2 P88–A2 P106). Figure 21.

Deep bowls and deep bowls/cups (A2 P107–A2 P134).

Figure 22. Deep bowls/cups and cups (A2 P135–A2 P157). Figure 23. Cups (A2 P158–A2 P161), kylikes (A2 P162–A2 P164), and cooking pots (A2 P165– A2 P170). Figure 24. Cooking pots (A2 P171–A2 P179). Figure 25. Cooking pots and cooking amphorae (A2 P180–A2 P189). Figure 26. Cooking dishes (A2 P190–A2 P199), cooking trays (A2 P200, A2 P201), incense burner (A2 P202), and scuttles (A2 P203, A2 P204). Figure 27. Miscellaneous vessels/objects (A2 P205–A2 P207) and non–LM IIIC pottery (A2 P208– A2 P219). Figure 28. Stone vases (A2 S1–A2 S4, A2 S6, A2 S7), obsidian (A2 ST1, A2 ST2), and reworked stone vase fragments (A2 ST4, A2 ST36). Figure 29. Pounder-abrader (A2 ST3), whetstone/pounder (A2 ST5), quern (A2 ST6), weight (A2 ST7), pounder-pestle/polishers (A2 ST9, A2 ST15), chopper (A2 ST10), abrader (A2 ST11), whetstone (A2 ST14), and pounder-pestle (A2 ST16). Figure 30. Pounder-pestle (A2 ST17), whetstones (A2 ST19, A2 ST21), grinder (A2 ST20), pounderabrader (A2 ST22), pounder (A2 ST23), weights (A2 ST24, A2 ST25, A2 ST27), celt (A2 ST26), and pounder-pestle/polisher (A2 ST31). Figure 31.

Pounders (A2 ST33, A2 ST35), mortar (A2 ST34), pounder-abraders (A2 ST37, A2 ST38), whetstone (A2 ST40), and copper-alloy fibula (A2 M1).

List of Plates

Plate 1A.

View of Cha Gorge from the northwest.

Plate 1B.

View of Chalasmenos from the northwest.

Plate 2A.

View of Chalasmenos from the north.

Plate 2B.

View of excavated area of Chalasmenos from the east.

Plate 3A.

Aerial view of Chalasmenos from the southwest.

Plate 3B.

Aerial view of Chalasmenos.

Plate 4A.

House A.2 from the east.

Plate 4B.

House A.2 from the west.

Plate 5A.

Room 1 from the northeast.

Plate 5B.

Room 1 from the southwest.

Plate 5C.

Room 1: bin/oven.

Plate 5D.

Room 1: bench along Wall 3.

Plate 5E.

Room 1: bench along Wall 2.

Plate 5F.

Room 1: Balk A8/A14 wall collapse.

Plate 6A.

Pithoid jar A2 P13 in situ.

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Plate 6B.

Pithos rim A2 P4 in collapse in doorway between Rooms 1 and 2.

Plate 6C.

Tripod cooking pot A2 P172 in situ.

Plate 6D.

Fibula A2 M1 in situ (immediately to the south of Wall 3 and its bench).

Plate 7A.

Room 2 from the southwest.

Plate 7B.

Room 2 from the east.

Plate 7C.

Room 2 from the northeast.

Plate 7D.

Room 2: bench after excavation.

Plate 7E.

Room 2: bench and eastern platform after excavation.

Plate 7F.

Room 2: bench and platforms in 2012.

Plate 8A.

Deep bowls/cups A2 P137 and A2 P138 in situ.

Plate 8B.

Fragment of basin A2 P61 in situ.

Plate 8C.

Amphora A2 P20 in situ.

Plate 8D.

Stone tools A2 ST30–A2 ST32 on southeast platform.

Plate 9A.

Room 2: doorway in western wall (Wall 8) from the west.

Plate 9B.

Wall 6 from the south.

Plate 9C.

Room 2: western platform and bench from the northeast.

Plate 9D.

Room 2: eastern platform.

Plate 9E.

Room 2: doorway between Walls 4 and 5 from the west.

Plate 10A. Room 1: Wall 3 and bench from the south. Plate 10B. Room 1: Wall 2 and bench from the west. Plate 10C. Room 1: northern face of Wall 1. Plate 10D. Room 1: location of boulders indicating possible first phase east–west wall. Plate 11.

Pithoi (A2 P1, A2 P2, A2 P4–A2 P6).

Plate 12.

Pithoid jars (A2 P13, A2 P16) and amphorae (A2 P20, A2 P21).

Plate 13. Stirrup jars (A2 P41, A2 P42), deep bowls/cups (A2 P138, A2 P141), and cups (A2 P149, A2 P150, A2 P152). Plate 14. Tripod cooking pots (A2 P170, A2 P172, A2 P179), cooking amphora (A2 P187), handmade vessel (A2 P206), and skyphos (A2 P217). Plate 15. Stone vases (A2 S1–A2 S4, A2 S6, A2 S7), obsidian blade (A2 ST1), and reworked stone vase fragments (A2 ST4, A2 ST36). Plate 16. Stone tools from Room 1: pounder-abrader (A2 ST3), whetstone/pounder (A2 ST5), querns (A2 ST6, A2 ST8), weight (A2 ST7), pounder-pestle/polisher (A2 ST9), chopper (A2 ST10), abrader (A2 ST11), possible tool (A2 ST13), and whetstone (A2 ST14). Plate 17.  Stone tools from Rooms 1 and 2: pounder-pestle/polisher (A2 ST15), pounder-pestles (A2 ST16, A2 ST17), whetstones (A2 ST19, A2 ST21), grinder (A2 ST20), pounder-abrader (A2 ST22), pounder (A2 ST23), weights (A2 ST24, A2 ST25, A2 ST27), and celt (A2 ST26).

LIST OF PLATES

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Plate 18.  Stone tools from Room 2: pounder-pestles (A2 ST28–A2 ST32), pounders (A2 ST33, A2 ST35), mortar (A2 ST34), and pounder-abrader (A2 ST37). Plate 19. Stone tools from Room 2 and outside the building to the west: pounder-abrader (A2 ST38) and querns (A2 ST41–A2 ST43). Plate 20A. Copper-alloy fibula (A2 M1); bin or oven lining (A2 C4). Plate 20B. Burned phalanges (toe bones) of sheep and sheep/goat from Room 2 (HL01/936). Plate 20C. Burned articulating distal tibia and astragalus (ankle bones) of a sheep from Room 2 (HL01/936). Plate 20D. Burned phalanges (toe bones) of cattle from Room 2 (HL01/936). Plate 21A. Assorted burned lower leg specimens of sheep and sheep/goat from Room 2 (HL01/936). Plate 21B.  Marine shells from Room 2 (HL01/27, HL01/150, HL01/157, HL01/268, HL01/975, HL96/389).

Acknowledgments

House A.2 at Chalasmenos was excavated over several seasons from 1992 to 2003, initially as part of a synergasia (collaboration) between the 24th Ephoreia of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities of the Hellenic Ministry of Culture and the American School of Classical Studies at Athens (ASCSA) under the direction of Metaxia Tsipopoulou and the late William D.E. Coulson. I am grateful to Metaxia Tsipopoulou for granting me permission and entrusting me with the publication of this building, and also to Rodney Fitzsimons, Heidi Dierckx, Flint Dibble, and Katharine Hall for graciously contributing to the volume. Many thanks go to the staff of the Institute for Aegean Prehistory Study Center for East Crete (INSTAP SCEC), especially Thomas Brogan, Director, and Eleanor Huffman, Business Administrator, for facilitating this study and supporting me in many ways, including providing Publication Team assistance for the conservation, drawing, and photography of the finds. The object drawings are by Douglas Faulmann, Kostas Chalikias, Yuki Furuya, Lily Bonga, Freya Evenson, and Gabriella Lazoura; the photographs are by Chronis Papanikolopoulos; the conservation was carried out by Katharine Hall and Kleio Zervaki, with some assistance from Deidre Calloway. Vera Klontza-Jaklova helped in floating and sorting the residue from the soil samples, and Garyfalia Kostopoulou helped to locate trench notebooks as well as excavation photographs and drawings. I am also grateful to Leslie Day, Geraldine Gesell, Donald Haggis, Margaret Mook, Jerolyn Morrison, Krzysztof Nowicki, and Saro Wallace for their input during discussions of the material. Furthermore, I would like to thank Marilyn Bridges for granting me permission to use her wonderful aerial photographs of the site. In addition, Flint

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Dibble would like to thank Jonida Martini and Melissa Eaby for assistance in studying the material, and Valasia Isaakidou and Paul Halstead for providing insightful suggestions and details for his contribution. In 2005, I was first given the opportunity to excavate at the site. While I myself did not excavate any part of House A.2, many faces well known to me did, and I quite enjoyed reading some of their old trench notebooks, including those of Thomas Brogan (Trench A2, 1992), William Coulson (Trench A8, 1995 and 1996), Eleanor Huffman (Balk A8/A14, 1997), David Rupp (Balks A6/A14 and A8/A14, 1997), Evi Saliaka (Trench A22 and Balk A14/A23, 2000), Assaf YasurLandau (Trench A23, 2000), Krzysztof Nowicki (Trench A8, 2001), Garyfalia Kostopoulou (Balks A22/A23 and A23/A34, 2001; Balk A2/A8 and Trench A14, 2003), Nektaria Mavroudi (Trenches A14 and A23 and Balk A23/A24, 2001), and Lena Sjögren (Trench A14, 1996). The remaining trench supervisors of House A.2, whom I have not had the pleasure of meeting, included Vincenzo Panetta (Trench A2 and Balk A2/A8, 1995), Katerina Aspradaki (Trench A6, 1995), Barbara Olsen (Balk A2/A6, 1996), Georgos Antalis (Trench A14, 2001), and Angeliki Kossiva (Trench A23, 2001). Additionally, my husband, Vangelis Fiorakis, excavated half of Room 1 while a workman at the site, and he has assisted me in my study in countless ways. The publication of House A.2 was a collaborative effort. I have organized the publication and written or contributed to the majority of the text. The names of the individual authors have been placed at the head of each chapter. The introduction is by Metaxia Tsipopoulou (Ch. 1); the discussion of the architectural remains is by Rodney Fitzsimons (Ch. 3); and the discussion of the animal bone is by W. Flint Dibble (Ch. 6). The stone tool and vase catalogs were written by Heidi Dierckx, and she co-authored the discussion of the stone tools (Ch. 5); Katharine Hall provided the discussion on the X-ray fluorescence spectrometry analysis of the metal object (Ch. 5). Although they did not directly contribute to the text, Lynn Snyder provided the species identifications for the marine shells (Ch. 7), and her preliminary identification of animal bones was initially consulted when writing Chapter 2, and Margaret Scarry identified the few preserved botanical remains (Ch. 7). Melissa Eaby

A large number of Greek, European, and American archaeologists and other specialists, as well as more than 15 excavation workers (from Kavousi, Chamaizi, and Siteia) have participated in the Chalasmenos project since 1992. The excavation plans and sections are typically by the trench supervisors, though the stratigraphical sections of House A.2 are by Kostas Chalikias and Melissa Eaby. The primary conservator for the Chalasmenos excavations (1992–2014) was Kleio Zervaki, and excavation photos are usually by the directors of the project and form part of the Chalasmenos Excavation Archives. I wish to express my gratitude to the Hellenic Ministry of Culture for the permit and the funding of the first five years of the excavation as well as the fencing of the site; the ASCSA for the co-funding of the first five years of the excavation and conservation; the Institute for Aegean Prehistory (INSTAP) for the funding

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

xix

of the excavation, the conservation, the consolidation of the architectural remains, and the study since 1997; and Thomas Brogan and Eleanor Huffman for facilitating the study and helping in various ways. Also, thanks to Garyfalia Kostopoulou, who was responsible for the archives of the excavation (2001–2013), David Rupp for the master plan and the study of the architecture, and Heidi Dierckx for the study of the stone tools. For many useful discussions over the years mostly at the site itself, I have to thank David Rupp, Michael Wedde, Geraldine Gesell, Leslie Day, Rodney Fitzsimons, Krzysztof Nowicki, and Assaf Yasur-Landau. Finally, I wish to praise Melissa Eaby, the author of this monograph, for her hard and detailed work, for her patience and diligence dealing with many notebooks by many different trench supervisors in two different languages, and also for assembling a group of specialists who contributed various chapters of this book. Metaxia Tsipopoulou

List of Abbreviations

AgN Hagios Nikolaos Museum ASCSA American School of Classical Studies at Athens C clay object (not a vessel) ca. circa cf. comparable to (in faunal analyses) cm centimeter(s) d. diameter dim. dimension EM Early Minoan EO Early Orientalizing esp. especially est. estimated ext. exterior FN Final Neolithic g gram(s) h. height ha hectare(s) INSTAP Institute for Aegean Prehistory INSTAP SCEC Institute for Aegean Prehistory Study Center for East Crete int. interior

kg kilogram(s) km kilometer L liter(s) L. length LG Late Geometric LH Late Helladic LM Late Minoan M metal object m meter(s) m asl meters above sea level max. maximum ME μικρό εύρημα (small find) MH Middle Helladic mL milliliter(s) MM Middle Minoan mm millimeter(s) MNI minimum number of individuals MPD maximum preserved dimensions NISP number of identified specimens P pottery object pers. comm. personal communication

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pers. obs. personal observation PG Protogeometric poss. possible pres. preserved pXRF portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry S stone object

ST stone tool th. thickness UNID unidentified specimen w. width wt. weight XRF X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

1

Introduction by Metaxia Tsipopoulou contribution by Melissa Eaby

The present monograph constitutes the first volume of the final publication of the Late Minoan (LM) IIIC settlement at Chalasmenos, Ierapetra, East Crete. This introductory chapter provides general information about the site and discusses its topography, the history of site use, and the history of archaeological investigation at the site and in its immediate vicinity (including previous publications) as well as the goals and results of the excavation. It also presents an overview of the methodology as well as the stratigraphy and architecture of the site, in addition to an explanation of the presentation of the material and the catalogs in this volume.

Topography Chalasmenos is a rounded, rocky hill (238 m asl) located approximately 1 km northeast of the village of Monastiraki at the northeastern end of

the isthmus of Ierapetra in eastern Crete (Figs. 1, 2). The mouth of the Cha Gorge, a distinctive Vshaped crevice cutting into the western edge of the Siteia mountains (Thriphti range) and forming the primary drainage basin for that area (Pls. 1, 2), is situated immediately to the north of the Chalasmenos hill (Haggis 2005, 9–22, 145; Nowicki 2008, 7–8). River water is available year round at the base of the gorge, and a spring is located at the village of Monastiraki (Haggis and Nowicki 1993, 303). The hill of Chalasmenos is comprised of different topographical parts: the top is uneven but relatively flat, with three terraces, while the northern, southern, and western slopes are steep; the eastern side of the hill adjoins the cliffs of Lamia. A dirt road providing access to the site was constructed by the project in 1993. The flat area of the hill forms the main part of the site and is completely covered by archaeological remains (ca. 70 x 80 m; Pls. 2, 3). The excavated settlement is comprised of the summit itself, consisting of an east–west saddle (divided in the

2

METAXIA TSIPOPOULOU

middle by a small peak with a small plateau to the east and west); the northern edge of this saddle slopes down forming a second (also divided by a bedrock outcrop) and third plateau. Krzysztof Nowicki has also identified a possible so-called Upper Settlement on a narrow rocky spur on the slope above the Lower Settlement (ca. 50–60 x 10–15 m; Nowicki 2000, 90–91). The site of Chalasmenos is thus clearly oriented toward the westnorthwest, and it was accessible only from the plain to the east of the modern village of Pacheia Ammos. The position of Chalasmenos is also strategic, as it is situated near the intersection of two major north–south and east–west transportation routes in eastern Crete (Nowicki 1990, 165; Haggis and Nowicki 1993, 305, 308) and has visual control of both the Cretan and the Aegean seas.

History of Use Although the nearby site of Katalimata, located on the northern side of the Cha Gorge, shows evidence of six occupational phases (Final Neolithic [FN], Middle Minoan [MM] IIB, LM IB– IIIA:1, LM IIIC, early Byzantine/late seventh century a.d., Venetian/16–17th century a.d.; Nowicki 2008), only one primary phase of occupation, LM IIIC, followed by very limited activity or reoccupation in the Protogeometric (PG) and the Late Geometric (LG) periods, has been identified at Chalasmenos. The settlement was founded in an advanced phase of LM IIIC, and most of the remains are contemporary with nearby Vronda (Day, Klein, and Turner 2009; Day and Glowacki 2012) and Kastro Phase III (Mook and Coulson 1997, 357– 363; cf. Tsipopoulou 2004a, 122). Although limited phasing in the form of blocked doorways, multiple floor levels, and building repairs or additions is visible in some structures, Chalasmenos is essentially a single period, short-lived site (ca. 1150–1100 b.c.), which was peacefully abandoned by its inhabitants before the end of LM IIIC (Tsipopoulou and Nowicki 2003, 563; Tsipopoulou 2005b, 318; Rupp 2007; 2014, 164); there is no evidence for a violent destruction or massive fire. In addition, the architectural phasing where present cannot be connected with different pottery phases. Associated with this

main LM IIIC period of occupation is one small, non-plundered tholos tomb (excavated by Kostas Christakis and myself) discovered while bulldozing the road up to the site (Coulson and Tsipopoulou 1994, 86–91; Tsipopoulou and Coulson 1994–1996, 375–378). Unfortunately, geomorphological survey by Apostolos Sarris in 1993 did not succeed in locating more tombs in the area. Very limited later activity dated to two different periods has been recorded in certain parts of the site. Specifically, from the PG period there is a possible tholos tomb built in the ruins of Room 1 of House B.1 (Tsipopoulou and Coulson 2000, 104), as well as a single deposit in a small shrine associated with House A.1 (Tsipopoulou 2011b). Also, a LG oikos (building/structure) with evidence of ritual dining was built partially on top of the large LM IIIC Megaron A.1 in Area A (Tsipopoulou 2004b; 2005b, 320, 329–330). While most of the pottery from the site is LM IIIC with limited PG and LG, a few stray sherds from other periods for which no architectural remains have been found in the excavated area were also identified; those recovered (in addition to LM IIIC and LG) from House A.2 can be dated to the Early Minoan (EM) I, MM II, and possibly LM I, Early Orientalizing (EO), and Hellenistic periods, and they can likely be attributed to accidental presence in the area (e.g., erosion from other sites, agricultural/pastoral activity, ancient visitors/travelers), as all LM IIIC structures were founded mostly on the bedrock. While the evidence for pre–LM IIIC activity within the area of the excavated settlement is quite limited, signs of an earlier Minoan presence have been noted in the vicinity of the site through surface surveys. Middle Minoan pottery in addition to LM IIIC was observed by Nowicki on the surface of the possible Upper Settlement, located beyond the excavated site to the east (Nowicki 2000, 91). In addition, the Gournia Survey has identified the possible presence of a MM IB–II farmstead, a MM III–LM IB hamlet, and the outskirts of the LM IIIC Chalasmenos settlement situated at the base (i.e., to the northwest) of the excavated site next to and south of the streambed of the Cha Gorge (Watrous et al. 2012, 120, site 68). An EM I–II field site, a MM IB–II hamlet, and a MM III–LM I field site were also identified ca. 800 m southwest of the excavated site (Watrous et al. 2012, 120, site 70).

INTRODUCTION

Evidence for much later agricultural use on the hill is indicated by the presence of abandoned terraces on the western slope and on the eastern side extending up the Lamia cliffs; in fact, barley was cultivated on the western slope terraces as late as the 1950s (Haggis 1992, 107; Haggis and Nowicki 1993, 305). Also, until very recently the lower slopes were used for apiculture, and wooden beehives had previously been placed in a small enclosure against the bedrock outcrop separating the northern end of Area Alpha Lower from Area Gamma (see below). The area in and around the site is currently used as grazing land, and remains of an abandoned sheep pen (mandri) were found in the center of the site prior to excavation.

History of Investigation Although the name of the hill (Χαλασμένος; ruined, destroyed) refers to the existence of ancient ruins, the site was unknown before 1989 when a fire burned down much of the small pine forest and brush that had previously covered the area (Haggis and Nowicki 1993, 305; Coulson and Tsipopoulou 1994, 68). The nearby site of Katalimata, however, situated on multiple terraces of the Cha Gorge, had been known to archaeologists since at least 1903. In fact, Harriet Boyd noted that she was able to observe walls of that site with a spyglass, and she was also shown pottery collected there by her foreman, Aristides Pappadias, though she never visited Katalimata herself (Boyd 1904, 17–18; Nowicki 2008, 2). The first published reference to Chalasmenos was by Nowicki (1990, 176). Donald Haggis and Nowicki visited both Chalasmenos and Katalimata in 1990, drawing topographical and sketch plans of the visible architecture and studying a sample of pottery collected from the surface (Haggis 1992, 106– 124; Haggis and Nowicki 1993). The results were included in the Kavousi-Thriphti Survey, which formed the basis of Haggis’s doctoral dissertation (Haggis 1992, 2005). I first visited Chalasmenos in February 1990, accompanied by Nikos Panagiotakis, and in the summer of 1991 I invited my good friends and colleagues, the excavators of Kavousi—Geraldine

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Gesell, William D.E. Coulson†, and Leslie Day—to excavate Chalasmenos as a joint Greek-American project. Day and Gesell decided they were too busy with the excavation and studies at Kavousi, but Coulson accepted. Excavations at Chalasmenos then began in 1992 as a synergasia (collaboration) between the 24th Ephoreia of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities of the Hellenic Ministry of Culture and the American School of Classical Studies at Athens (ASCSA), under my direction and with the late Coulson as co-director. From the beginning, Chalasmenos was a small-scale project with limited funding (initially provided in equal amounts from both organizations) and with short excavation seasons ranging from two to three weeks. The excavation was continued after Coulson’s untimely death as a systematic Greek project until its completion in 2014; study of the material is ongoing. Excavations at the site of Katalimata were also conducted as part of this project by Nowicki over four seasons (1994–1997), and the results have already been published (Nowicki 2008).

Goals of Excavation When I first visited the site, I observed sections of walls among a huge amount of fallen stones, with many burned roots and branches still present, but there were very few LM IIIC diagnostic sherds. Having finished my doctoral dissertation on the Early Iron Age of eastern Crete only six years earlier (based on material from old excavations as well as chance finds), my dream was to excavate a site that would provide evidence on the transition from the Late Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age as well as to identify architectural remains belonging to the Subminoan period (Tsipopoulou 2005a; 2008, xix). Although Chalasmenos ultimately proved to have no Subminoan architectural remains, as it was abandoned before the end of LM IIIC, the results of our research over the years have been rewarding in many ways, and also extremely interesting; indeed, the issue of the Subminoan as a separate chronological phase (and not just a stylistic phase in pottery) is still open to debate (Hallager 1997b; Mook and Coulson 1997; Hayden 2003, 3–6; 2004, 154–155, 160;

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Tsipopoulou 2005a, 555–556; D’Agata 2007; 2011; Kotsonas 2008, 35–37; Wallace 2010, 23–24). After the fall of the Mycenaean palaces (toward the end of LM IIIB) and in the context of general instability in the Aegean, many large coastal settlements in eastern Crete, such as Gournia, Mochlos, Petras, Palaikastro, and Zakros, were abandoned (in some cases limited destructions by fire were connected with these abandonments) in favor of more secure, defensible sites on high, steep hills with good visual control of the land and sea routes. By the end of LM IIIB and during the LM IIIC period many such new sites were founded (Nowicki 1990; 1994; 2000, 228–247; Haggis 1993; 1996a; Wallace 1997–2000; 2003, 256–262; 2010; Kanta 2001; Borgna 2003b; Hayden 2003, 137–166; Prent 2005, 104–126, 213–243; see also Knapp and Manning 2016). In the general area of the Gulf of Mirabello and the isthmus of Ierapetra, excavated sites of this period now include Vrokastro (Hall 1914; Hayden 1983a, 1983b, 2003, 2004), Kavousi Kastro and Vronda (Boyd 1901; Gesell, Day, and Coulson 1983, 1985, 1988, 1995; Day, Coulson, and Gesell 1986; Gesell, Coulson, and Day 1991; Mook 1993; Coulson et al. 1997; Day, Klein, and Turner 2009; Day and Glowacki 2012; Day et al. 2016), Azoria (Haggis et al. 2004, 2007a, 2007b, 2011a, 2011b; Haggis and Mook 2011), Vasiliki Kephala (Eliopoulos 1998, 2004), and Monastiraki Katalimata and Chalasmenos (Fig. 2; Coulson and Tsipopoulou 1994; Tsipopoulou 2001, 2004a, 2004b, 2005b, 2009, 2011a, 2011b; Nowicki 2008). As new excavations had recently been completed at nearby Kavousi Vronda and Kastro, Monastiraki Chalasmenos and Katalimata provided a unique opportunity for comparing roughly contemporary, neighboring pairs of sites. In fact, the so-called parallel configuration of the two sites in each area (i.e., a lower settlement on a hilltop flanked by an upper one nearby) was another important factor for selecting Chalasmenos and Katalimata; it was also hoped that their excavation would help determine the reasons for the foundation of such sites (Coulson and Tsipopoulou 1994, 67; see also Tsipopoulou and Coulson 2000, 103; Tsipopoulou 2005b, 303; 2008, xviii–xix). Chalasmenos also presented several advantages over the Kavousi sites. For example, it had not been previously investigated, whereas Kastro and Vronda had been partially excavated at the beginning

of the 20th century (Boyd 1901). In addition, the fact that no Geometric sherds were identifiable on the surface at Chalasmenos was a promising indication that habitation at the site did not continue beyond the end of the Bronze Age (or the beginning of the Early Iron Age, if Subminoan was indeed present), while Kastro was obscured by the effects of continuous occupation up to the EO period, and Vronda was greatly disturbed by the presence of LG graves among the LM IIIC architectural remains. Another goal of the excavation at Chalasmenos was an examination of the material evidence for the presence of Mycenaeans in Crete and the degree of Mycenaeanization of the area after the destruction of the Mycenaean palaces on the mainland, which was followed by a significant movement of populations (Tsipopoulou and Coulson 2000, 105; Tsipopoulou and Nowicki 2003; Tsipopoulou 2005b; 2008, xvii; 2011a; see also Nowicki 1999, 148). Finally, both excavators, as specialists on the pottery of the Early Iron Age, endeavored to provide “clarification of stratigraphical problems and pottery classification encountered at other sites in the wider area” (Tsipopoulou and Coulson 2000, 105; Tsipopoulou 2008, xix). More specifically, we hoped that careful excavation using modern methods would provide stratigraphical evidence for refining and clarifying the detailed pottery sequence currently being established for this area (e.g., Haggis and Mook 1993; Day 1997; Mook and Coulson 1997; Hayden 2003; Mook 2004; Day, Klein, and Turner 2009; Day and Glowacki 2012).

Results of Investigations at the Site Before excavation, concentrations of pottery and stone (wall collapse), including the lines of walls, were visible on the surface, and the surface survey of Haggis and Nowicki noted at least 27 units of architecture spread over the top of the hill over an area of 0.65 ha (interpreted as comprising 10 or 12 houses; Haggis and Nowicki 1993, 308– 310; Nowicki 2000, 90). Excavation at Chalas­ menos has revealed a relatively large (for the period) settlement of approximately 4,000 m² and provided interesting evidence for urban planning

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(Tsipopoulou 2011a, 346). The buildings are oriented east–west due to the geography of the hill and in order to avoid strong northern winds. The site was excavated in three sectors, designated as Areas Alpha (later separated into Upper and Lower after the identification of a path running east– west), Beta, and Gamma (test trenches in Area Delta just to the east of the main part of the site revealed no architecture and little pottery), and these appear to have comprised four distinct quarters, which were separated by pathways paved with fine gravel and/or angular cobbles (Fig. 3; Tsipopoulou 2004a, 122; 2005b, 318; 2011a, 333–335, 345; Rupp 2007, 62; 2014, 163–164, 187, fig. 4). An open, flat, roughly triangular-shaped area or plateia (plaza) occupied the center of the settlement and controlled circulation among different parts of the site. In 2012–2014, a well-preserved LM IIIC kiln was excavated near this area, built up against the bedrock outcrop in between Areas Alpha Lower and Gamma (Rupp and Tsipopoulou 2015). A large two-room, nearly free-standing building with three long benches and a slightly different orientation than the remaining structures—a communal shrine containing numerous figures of the so-called goddess with upraised arms type, snake tubes, plaques, kalathoi, and pithoi—was found at the northeastern edge of the site (Fig. 4; Tsipopoulou 2001, 2009). In addition to the communal shrine, special functions have also been assigned to certain buildings in Areas Alpha Lower and Beta. Three adjacent buildings (Megara A.1– A.3) at the northwestern part of the site (in Alpha Lower) may have been used for communal feasting, probably serving different clans (γένη), rather than as residences (Tsipopoulou 2005b, 318–322; 2011a; see also Whitley, Prent, and Thorne 1999, 238–242, 246; Hatzi-Vallianou 2004; Wallace 2005, 253–272; Whitley 2006, 601–604; for further discussion of the megaron form and function, see this vol., Chs. 3, 8). In contrast, Houses B.1 and B.2 (and possibly also B.3) in the southeastern part of the site may have been used for serving large-scale food preparation, based on the evidence of multiple hearths and very large cooking pots (Yasur-Landau 2003– 2004; Tsipopoulou 2005b, 318–322; 2011a). In terms of domestic structures, David Rupp has identified at least four or possibly as many as six houses in the area of Alpha Upper, and a minimum of four,

possibly five houses in Area Gamma (Rupp 2014, 169, figs. 4, 6). Two of these buildings from Area Alpha Upper have been presented thus far: House A.1 (or Coulson’s House, as this was the only building that Coulson completely excavated), which apparently had a domestic function and an associated small exterior shrine that was also used during PG times (Tsipopoulou 2011b); and House A.2, the subject of the present monograph (see also Eaby forthcoming). There is also a large, significant building at the center of the site in Area Gamma, which is not yet studied and includes many rooms, storage areas, hearths, and an oven (Tsipopoulou 2008, xx).

Methodology The site was excavated on a grid system consisting of 4 x 4 m trenches separated by balks 1 m in width (Fig. 5). The grid was oriented north– south in Areas Alpha and Beta, while that of Area Gamma was oriented slightly northeast– southwest because of the uneven terrain. Due to limited funding, it was not possible to create a full topographic map and a complete grid system of the area at the beginning of the excavation. Thus, trenches were identified by both a letter (A, B, Γ, or Δ for the sector of the site) and a consecutive number for each area, based on the order in which they were excavated (as a result, contiguous trenches often do not have consecutive numbers). Balks were identified by their area letter and the numbers of the two adjacent trenches; for example, Balk A6/A14 represents the balk between Trenches A6 and A14. Over 100 trenches as well as their associated balks have been excavated. The master plan using a total station was produced in 2001 by Rupp and Roger Klein. Chalasmenos was excavated using the locus system: locus numbers were used to define both individual soil layers (vertical) and also special features such as walls, hearths, pits, benches, and so forth (horizontal), which were excavated (or cleaned) separately. For the collection and recording of the finds during excavation, as well as that of the study of the Chalasmenos pottery and small finds, the following system was applied:

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(1) All sherds from each locus of the excavation were collected and put in bags labeled with a pottery bag number, which also included the year of excavation. The pottery bag numbers were entered sequentially in the catalog of pottery bags, which was created on an annual basis and comprised all bags from all excavated areas of the site (for House A.2 pottery bags, see Table 1). (2) Vases with a full profile or sherds of particular interest due to their decoration or rarity of shape, including clearly intrusive sherds, were given a μικρό εύρημα (ME; small find) number, which also included the year of excavation (e.g., HL03/9 = ME 9 from 2003). Other ceramic objects—bone, shell, metal, pumice, and so forth— from all excavated areas of the site were also assigned ME numbers in the field each year. The 3D coordinates for each small find were measured and recorded in the excavation notebook as well as on the 1:20 drawings (plans) for each locus. (3) After the pottery was washed, all bags and MEs were laid out and examined by the conservator whenever possible. When joins were found and they resulted in a full profile, a new ME number was assigned and added to the catalog. Forms with space for a photograph were created for the MEs from the Chalasmenos excavation, as were forms for the study of the contents of the pottery bags. On the latter, the pottery bag number, locus number, date of excavation, initials of the excavator, number of sherds, number of diagnostic sherds, weight of sherds, shapes of the vases, types of clay fabrics, types of decoration, dating, and initials of the archaeologist who completed the form were recorded. Following this, as part of the next and final stage of study, several sherds were selected from each pottery bag on the basis of interesting shape/ fabric/decoration, and they were described, photographed, and drawn. These sherds were assigned catalog numbers indicating the year, the pottery bag, and their particular number among the sherds pulled from that bag (e.g., HL94/bag 35/6). All pottery from the Chalasmenos excavation is retained and stored at the Institute for Aegean Prehistory Study Center for East Crete (INSTAP SCEC) in Pacheia Ammos by pottery bag number, according to the provenance of each bag (sector of the excavation, trench/room, and deposit). Dry sieving was carried out during excavation, primarily of roofing collapse and floor contexts.

Soil samples were also collected for water sieving, primarily from floor or hearth deposits or inside vessels. Additionally, as the site was abandoned for a long time and not destroyed by fire, in many cases little organic material was preserved, a feature also observed in many houses at Vronda (Day, Klein, and Turner 2009, 5).

Stratigraphy and Architecture The stratigraphy of most buildings at Chalasmenos, including House A.2, was relatively straightforward, as in most areas there was only a single primary phase of habitation dated to the end of the LM IIIC period (commonly referred to as LM IIIC late or advanced LM IIIC). The deposition in the rooms was typically relatively shallow, ranging from 0.50 to 0.80 m, and walls were often visible on the surface in the midst of large quantities of collapsed stones. Throughout the site, the excavated strata were noted as being comprised of topsoil (consisting of loose, dark soil with roots and fallen stones) followed by a layer of wall collapse with many fallen stones above the floor. A shallow layer of roofing material (hard-packed yellowish soil with almost no sherds) was often excavated below the collapse. The floor consisted of reddish soil, usually hard packed, and it often included flat stones, which comprised partial paving, pot stands, or bases for wooden posts. In a few cases in Area B, tests below the floor revealed a packing for the leveling of the bedrock made of small pebbles and some soil with practically no sherds (Coulson and Tsipopoulou 1994, 74–75; Tsipopoulou and Coulson 1994–1996, 368). Rupp has noted, however, the presence of two separate LM IIIC stratigraphical phases (before the settlement was abandoned) both inside and outside of some structures (Rupp 2014, 164). The specific stratigraphy for House A.2 will be examined in Chapter 2. The buildings at the site, including House A.2, had double-faced walls constructed of local bluishgray crystalline limestone called sideropetra, and dolomite fieldstones, sometimes with roughly dressed faces, bonded with mud mortar and small stones or chips. In most cases, houses shared party walls with adjacent buildings. The structures were

7

single storied with flat roofs comprised of wooden beams, branches, reeds, and a layer of yellow or reddish clay, and the floors were typically of beaten soil, similar to traditional houses still preserved in Cretan villages, including nearby Monastiraki. Benches, bins, hearths, small platforms, and pot stands were among the features present in various structures, while ovens, contrary to other settlements in the area such as Vronda and Kastro (Day, Klein, and Turner 2009; Day and Glowacki 2012; see also E. Hallager 2000, 128–129), were infrequent. The architecture of House A.2 will be examined in Chapter 3.

Presentation of the Material This volume is intended to be the complete publication of House A.2. Other buildings from the site, including the shrine and previously identified megara, will be published in subsequent volumes of the Chalasmenos series. In addition to the above-mentioned preliminary publications by Metaxia Tsipopoulou, Coulson, Nowicki, Rupp, and Melissa Eaby, petrographic analysis of the ceramics from the site also have been presented (Nodarou and Iliopoulos 2009; see also Day et al. 2006). Chapter 2 presents the progress of excavation and the stratigraphy of House A.2; a basic room-by-room description of the architectural features and small finds is also provided. A list of cataloged finds is included for each room, organized by context, while the object catalogs themselves appear in other chapters. The architecture of the building is examined in greater detail in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 focuses on the pottery and includes the full pottery catalog (organized by shape), fabric descriptions, and a discussion of shapes and motifs; basic statistics are included, primarily in chart form. A brief discussion regarding the date of the pottery within LM IIIC is also included, as well as a presentation of the limited non–LM IIIC material. The small finds, including stone, metal, and non-pottery ceramic objects, are discussed in Chapter 5. The animal bones are presented in

Chapter 6, and the marine shells and botanical remains in Chapter 7. Finally, Chapter 8 includes general conclusions about the possible function of the building.

Catalogs The material catalogs are placed with the discussions of the individual types of object, rather than presented stratigraphically by room within a single chapter. Chapter 2, however, contains lists of the pottery bags and their associated small finds organized by stratigraphical level for crossreferencing. Details specific to the cataloging of certain object types are provided in the separate sections. The catalog number consists of the building in which the object was found (e.g., A2), followed by a letter designating the material and sequential numbers based on the order in which the objects appear in the catalog for each material. Materials are designated in this volume by P for pottery, C for clay objects, S for stone objects, ST for stone tools, and M for metal objects. Non-tool animal bones and shells were not given specific catalog numbers for this volume, and they will be referred to in the text with their initial ME numbers, which typically refer to the bag of bone or shell rather than to individual specimens. (In most cases, bone and shell from a single context were collected separately in bags with different ME numbers, but there are a few instances in which they were gathered together in the same bag.) For pottery and other objects, the excavation catalog number, room number, trench number, and numbers of all pottery bags from which fragments were found are provided. The catalog entries are presented as follows: Catalog number of the object in this volume (excavation catalog number; findspot [room; trench, associated pottery bag number (when not fully listed as part of excavation catalog number)]; Figure; Plate). Identification of object. Preservation. Measurements. Weight. Description of fabric (including inclusions, hardness, type, color, surface treatment). Decoration. Details of shape. Comments. Bibliography. Date. Comparanda.

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Excavation of House A.2 by Melissa Eaby

House A.2 is a LM IIIC two-room building (ca. 40 m² in size) incorporated into the western side of a large building complex (Area Alpha Upper) and situated on a high plateau of relatively level bedrock near the southwestern edge of the settlement (Figs. 3, 4; Pls. 3B, 4). Three or four additional two- and three-room suites run in a northwest– southeast direction along the western side of the A.2 complex, while an additional suite known as Coulson’s House (or House A.1) spreads across two different terraces on its eastern flank (Tsipopoulou 2011b; Rupp 2014, 169). House A.2 is oriented roughly southeast–northwest and shares party walls with those buildings on the northern, eastern, and southern sides, while the entrance to the building is on the western side, facing a probable pathway around the western edge of the site rather than the open plaza area in its center. House A.2 is not to be confused with Megaron A.2 (as designated in Tsipopoulou 2011a), which is located to the northeast of this building in Area Alpha Lower together with Megara A.1 and A.3 and has been published thus far only in preliminary

form (Fig. 4; Tsipopoulou 2004b, 2005b, 2011a); these buildings will be referred to as MA.1, MA.2, and MA.3 in future publications (Rupp 2014). The excavator of the site has used these building designations as a means of distinguishing the functions of various structures. Thus, the megara, which were interpreted as non-domestic, specialfunction buildings (Tsipopoulou 2004b, 2005b, 2011a), were named accordingly, while House A.2, even though of megaron shape, was not given this designation as it was initially interpreted as being purely domestic in nature (for a discussion of the function of House A.2, see this vol., Ch. 8). The walls of Room 1, the small eastern room, and a section of Room 2, the large western room, were partially visible before excavation, though a doorway was wrongly identified during the earlier survey as existing between Room 1 and the adjacent room of House A.1 to the east (Haggis and Nowicki 1993, fig. 4:19, 21). As a result of the grid system used at Chalasmenos, the two rooms of House A.2 ultimately ended up being dug over seven different excavation seasons between 1992

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MELISSA EABY

and 2003, and they comprised parts of 15 different trenches and balks, which were dug by 15 different trench supervisors (Fig. 5). This grid system, combined with the varying use of the locus system by different trench supervisors, created several difficulties. In upper levels, separate pottery bags were not always assigned for different spaces, and, as a result, it was not always clear with which room or rooms a pottery bag belonged; for example, parts of four different rooms, four walls, and two bins were exposed in upper levels within the area of Trench A14, only some of which are associated with Rooms 1 and 2 of House A.2. Also, levels and contexts were not always interpreted and excavated by trench supervisors in the same way, making it more difficult to re-associate objects and pottery from the same context.

Room 1 History and Progress of Excavation Room 1 was excavated as part of Trenches A2, A6, A8, and A14 and Balks A2/A6, A2/A8, A6/ A14, and A8/A14 (Figs. 5, 6; for associated pottery bags, see below and Table 1). Excavation in this room proceeded as follows: In 1992 and 1995, excavation in the northwestern corner of Trench A2 (and also part of Balk A2/A8 in 1995) revealed part of Wall 2; no specific objects or pottery pails from this trench, however, can be associated with House A.2. Also in 1995, the tops of the corners of Walls 2 and 3 were exposed in the southwestern corner of Trench A6, though again there were no finds or pottery that can be definitely associated with Room 1. Finally, in the same year topsoil was removed from the area of Room 1 within Trench A8 (together with that from the rest of the trench), and Walls 1 and 5 were exposed. An additional section of Wall 2 was exposed with Balk A2/A6 in 1996, for which there is no specifically associated pottery. In 1996, most of the southern half of Room 1 was excavated down to the floor level with Trench A8 (which also included part of A2/A8), and the northwestern corner of the room was excavated with Trench A14 (including the exposure of the rest of Walls 3

and 4). The center and northeastern corner of the room were then excavated down to floor level in 1997 with Balk A8/A14 (which included a section of A2/A6), and the top of the remaining section of Wall 5 was exposed. Finally, the southeastern corner of the room was further excavated in 2003 with Balk A2/A8, and fallen stones in the doorway between Walls 4 and 5 were removed with Trench A14. A few sherds were also collected from the surface in 2008.

Architecture and Features Room 1 is the eastern room of House A.2, and it is a small, squarish space ca. 12.65 m² in size (Fig. 6; Pls. 5A, 5B). It is bounded on the north by Wall 3, on the east by Wall 2, on the south by Wall 1, and on the west by Walls 4 and 5. Room 1 is entered from Room 2 through a doorway between Walls 4 and 5, and it was provided with a number of built features, including a rectangular stone-lined bin (or possible oven) in the northwestern corner (int. bottom 228.03 m asl, top of wall on eastern side 228.30 m asl; Pl. 5C) and low benches on the northern (228.16 m asl) and eastern walls (228.06 m asl; Pls. 5D, 5E). Although the walls of Room 1 were conserved for the most part, however, a few stones, especially from the benches, have fallen or been knocked out of place by goats that a local shepherd often lets into the fenced site. In addition to the built features, a round pit roughly 0.40 m deep and 0.56 m in diameter was sunk into the floor (i.e., cut into the bedrock) in the southwestern corner of the room. A possible hearth consisting of a round area of burned clay (ca. 0.40 x 0.30 m) was also identified along the center of the southern wall above a raised section of bedrock. Finally, a single sideropetra slab, possibly a post support though more likely a pot stand given the small size of the room, was found roughly in the center of the room (at 228.12 m asl); note that similar probable vessel stands were commonly found at the site and often used to identify the level of the floor surface (e.g., Room 3 of House A.1 and Room 1 of House B.1; Coulson and Tsipopoulou 1994, 71, 75–76; Tsipopoulou and Nowicki 2003, 563). The architecture and built features will be fully discussed in Chapter 3.

EXCAVATION OF HOUSE A.2

Stratigraphy Excavation began in the area of Room 1 at an average elevation of 228.74 m asl with the removal of topsoil (loose soil, 7.5YR 3/4 [dark brown], with plant roots, goat droppings, and some stones); the surface soil was particularly dark as a result of a forest fire that had recently cleared the site. Below topsoil was wall collapse consisting of loose soil, slightly lighter in color (7.5YR 4/4, brown), with many medium- and large-sized stones (Pl. 5F). Harder packed, dark reddish-brown soil (5YR 3/4) with fewer, typically smaller-sized stones was uncovered below the tumble, and in some areas it appears to have extended directly down to the floor; this level represents eroded roofing material mixed with wall collapse. Black soil with red and yellow burned clay fragments at or near its preserved edges was found concentrated along the center of the southern wall in several different passes (esp. at 228.19–228.27 m asl), likely representing a hearth and possibly also burned roofing/chimney material, and a small patch of dark, black soil was found on or just below the floor immediately in front of the bin/oven located in the northwestern corner of the room. Below the dark reddish-brown soil, a thin layer of hard-packed, reddish-yellow soil (7.5YR 6/8) was noted in certain parts of the room above the floor (perhaps representing the floor itself in some areas). A hard-packed floor surface was uncovered only at the southern end of the room at around 228.11–228.16 m asl. No hard-packed surface was noted in the northern half of the room, though the floor appears originally to have been at around 228.07–228.11 m asl; the floor surface itself may have eroded away in this area, or it was excavated together with the roofing debris (Fig. 7). In fact, floor packing (gravelly, soft, reddishyellow soil) and some bedrock were exposed after excavation, especially at the northern end of the room. The bedrock slopes up at the southern end of the room, while the floor surface appears to slope down slightly toward the west. No second or earlier floor level was observed by the excavators. As also observed at the Vronda settlement (Glowacki 2007; Day and Glowacki 2012), the evidence indicates that Room 1 of House A.2 was constructed in LM IIIC, abandoned by the end of the period, and then allowed to collapse. No clear evidence of distinct abandonment layers was

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observed during excavation; in fact, some vessels and other objects appear to have been left in situ, only to be broken and/or displaced by the collapse of the roof and walls. There were, however, indications of erosion damage and post-abandonment processes (the roles of which have been stressed in recent studies; see, e.g., Schiffer 1987; LaMotta and Schiffer 1999; Ault and Nevett, eds., 2005), represented in particular by the poor preservation of the floor surface in the northern part of the room and the often quite fragmentary nature of the pottery. Also, some of the cataloged objects recovered from the uppermost levels, especially the individual pottery sherds, may have washed into the area from an adjacent space post abandonment.

Pottery Of the pottery objects recovered from Room 1, in general findspots were only noted for fragments from vessels of medium to large size (Fig. 8). Also, vessels were only rarely able to be reconstructed, and they typically do not provide full profiles; in fact, the majority of the cataloged pottery consists of single diagnostic sherds. Pithos fragments were found scattered at both the northern and southern ends of the room. Note that the majority of cataloged pithos sherds appear to come from different vessels, and only a relatively small number of fragments were found for study. Some of the pithos sherds were clearly found on the floor: example A2 P2 was recovered from the southern end of the room, and A2 P6 was found directly on top of (and perhaps intentionally covering) a nearly intact pithoid jar (A2 P13; Pl. 6A), which was placed in a pit in the southwestern corner of the room with its rim at floor level. In addition, fragments of A2 P10 were found in roofing collapse and on the floor, and A2 P4 was recovered from tumble in the doorway of the room (Pl. 6B). Several fragments of A2 P1 were found above the floor (in roofing clay) at the southern end of the room at ca. 228.18 m asl. This elevation, higher than that of the main floor level, could indicate that A2 P1 was stored on the roof or fell off a bench, or perhaps more likely that it formed part of a chimney pot; in fact, sherds of this vessel were found on top of the possible hearth below additional black

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soil, and burned red and yellow clay was present in the same area. Additional ceramic finds from Room 1 include a nearly intact cooking amphora (A2 P187) and a decorated amphora base (A2 P21), which were found broken on the floor and in roofing collapse just to the west of the bench along Wall 2; these vessels thus may have fallen from that feature (note that sherds of the cooking amphora were also found immediately to the east of the possible hearth). Also, a pithos base (A2 P5) was recovered immediately south of that same bench, and an unusual handmade vase (A2 P206) was recovered while cleaning the face of Wall 2, perhaps from just above or on top of the bench. A tripod cooking pot (A2 P172) was found to the north of the possible pot stand in the center of the room and could have fallen from that stone or alternatively from the bench along the northern wall (Pl. 6C). Object HL97/102 (possibly cooking pot fragments, based upon an examination of excavation photographs), which was not located for the pottery study, was recovered from roofing collapse just south of the bench along the northern wall; it is possible that this object was the same as/joined with A2 P172. In addition, cooking tray A2 P201, if it actually belongs to this room, may also have come from this area (there is some confusion in the trench notebook, old photographs, and an existing catalog card). Other cataloged vessels of note from the floor include a fragment of a possible incense burner (A2 P202) and a horn attachment from a plaque or kalathos rim (A2 P205).

Other Objects Two stone tools (pounder-abrader A2 ST3, whetstone/pounder A2 ST5), a quern (A2 ST6), and a serpentinite stone vase fragment reused as a possible weight and drill base (A2 ST4) were recovered from wall collapse layers in Room 1, and a fragment of a Minoan stone bowl (A2 S1) was found among the fallen stones in the area of the doorway from Room 2. On the floor just south of the bin/oven, a stone weight (A2 ST7) was found; a small patch of dark soil with carbon and a piece of pumice (A2 ST12) was revealed on top of or just below the poorly preserved floor in this area. A saddle quern (A2 ST8) was

found resting on top of the bench along the northern wall (Fig. 8). Two stone tools (possible tool A2 ST13, pounder-pestle/polisher A2 ST15) and a whetstone (A2 ST14) were found just north of the bench along the eastern wall, perhaps having slipped from it, and one stone abrader (A2 ST11) was found on top of or below stones of that same feature. In addition, two stone tools (pounderpestles A2 ST16, A2 ST17) were recovered from the floor near the southeastern corner of the room (and an obsidian blade fragment, A2 ST1, from roofing collapse), and two other stone tools (pounder-pestle/ polisher A2 ST9, chopper A2 ST10) were found north of the area of the possible hearth at the southern end of the room. A copper-alloy fibula (A2 M1) was found south of the bench along Wall 3 (Pl. 6D). While it is possible that this object was recovered from below the floor, it seems more likely to have been found at a lower elevation due to erosion of the floor surface rather than represent a non-preserved previous occupation level or an object deliberately buried below the floor. Finally, many joining fragments of a possible clay bin or oven lining (A2 C4) were found at the northern end of the room; the thickness of the walls of the stone built feature, however, suggest that it may have served as an oven rather than a bin, as does the small patch of dark soil found just to the south of the feature.

Faunal Remains Animal bones consisting primarily of sheep and goat but also limited amounts of cow and domesticated pig appears to have been concentrated in several areas of the room. For example, from roofing collapse and floor levels at the southern end of the room in the area around the possible hearth HL96/68, HL96/109, HL96/201, HL96/265, and HL03/38 were recovered. A few bones (HL96/305) were recovered from inside the pithoid jar sunk into the floor in the southwestern corner (A2 P13). Numerous animal bones, including HL97/77, HL97/82, HL97/87, HL97/103, and HL97/158, were also found within the bin/ oven in the northwestern corner and on the floor (as well as in roofing collapse) just outside of it. Finally, some animal bones were recovered from

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the northeastern corner (HL97/122, HL97/131, HL97/152) and from on the bench along the northern wall (HL97/163). Shell remains were limited: a dog cockle (Gly­ cymeris; HL96/227) was found on the bench along the eastern wall, a second example (HL97/97) was found in the northeastern area of the room, and a fragmentary oyster shell (Spondylus; HL97/77) was found in the northwest near the bin/oven.

Stratigraphic List of Pottery Bags and Objects Surface Pottery bags: 68 (1995); 140 (1996); 6-1, 6-2, 15-1, 15-2 (1997) Pottery objects: miscellaneous closed vessel A2 P52 (HL97/bag 6/1); basin A2 P64 (HL97/bag 15/4); miniature cup or juglet A2 P151 (HL97/bag 15/1); possible cooking pot A2 P188 (HL97/bag 15/2)

Wall Collapse Pottery bags: 17, 40, 174 (1996); 46 (1997); 7-1 (2003) Pottery objects: pithoid jar A2 P12 (HL97/bag 46/1); amphora A2 P22 (HL97/bag 46/3); small jug A2 P32 (HL03/bag 7/2); possible jugs A2 P33 (HL96/ bag 40/3), A2 P38 (HL96/bag 40/4); stirrup jar A2 P46 (HL03/bag 7/6); basin A2 P65 (HL97/bag 46/5); bowls A2 P70 (HL97/bag 46/6), A2 P71 (HL97/bag 46/8); possible krater A2 P82 (HL96/ bag 40/1); krater A2 P86 (HL97/bag 46/2 [also Room 2]); deep bowls/cups A2 P94 (HL97/bag 46/7), A2 P95 (HL97/bag 46/9), A2 P144 (HL97/ bag 46/11); cup A2 P155 (HL97/bag 46/10); tripod cooking pot A2 P165 (HL97/bag 46/4); cooking pot A2 P173 (HL96/bag 40/2) Stone objects: pounder-abrader A2 ST3 (HL96/26); weight and drill base A2 ST4 (HL97/67); whetstone/ pounder A2 ST5 (HL03/5); quern A2 ST6 (HL03/6) Faunal remains: bone (HL97/72, HL03/4); shell (HL97/72)

Roofing Collapse Pottery bags: 44, 63, 80 (1996); 52-1, 58-1 (1997); 7-2 (2003) Pottery objects: pithoi A2 P1 (HL96/148b), A2 P5 (HL96/148a), A2 P8 (HL96/bag 80/1), A2 P10 (HL96/148c); amphora A2 P21 (HL96/149); jug/ amphora A2 P34 (HL96/bag 44/2); deep bowls/ cups A2 P96 (HL03/bag 7/5), A2 P97 (HL97/bag 58/3), A2 P108 (HL97/bag 52/2), A2 P127 (HL96/ bag 63/2); deep bowl A2 P105 (HL97/bag 58/6);

kylix(?) A2 P163 (HL97/bag 58/5); tripod cooking pot A2 P180 (HL97/bag 52/1); cooking pot A2 P182 (HL96/478); possible cooking pot HL97/102 (not found, possibly = A2 P172); dish (cooking?) A2 P190 (HL97/bag 58/4); handmade vessel A2 P206 (HL03/7) Stone object: obsidian blade A2 ST1 (HL03/31) Faunal remains: bone (HL96/68, HL96/109, HL97/103); shell (HL97/97)

Floor Pottery bags: 104, 127 (1996); 52-2, 58-2, 66-1 (1997); 14 (2003); 1 (surface collection; 2008) Pottery objects: pithos A2 P2 (HL96/bag 127/2); probable amphora A2 P27 (HL96/bag 104/2); probable jug A2 P28 (HL97/bag 58/7); basin(?) A2 P63 (HL96/bag 127/3); bowl(?) A2 P72 (HL96/ bag 127/5); deep bowls A2 P92 (HL96/bag 127/1), A2 P93 (HL96/475a); cup/deep bowl A2 P128 (HL96/bag 127/4); cooking pots A2 P166 (HL96/ bag 104/3), A2 P167 (HL03/30b); tripod cooking pots A2 P172 (HL97/248+HL97/300), A2 P181 (HL96/450a); small cooking pot (cooking amphora?) A2 P184 (HL97/bag 66/3); cooking amphora A2 P187 (HL96/226+HL03/30); cooking dish A2 P191 (HL97/bag 52/3); cooking tray A2 P201 (HL97/96[?]); incense burner A2 P202 (HL97/258) Non–LM IIIC pottery object: carinated cup A2 P211 (HL97/bag 52/4) Stone objects: weight A2 ST7 (HL97/85); saddle quern A2 ST8 (HL97/120); pounder-pestle/polisher A2 ST9 (HL96/257); chopper A2 ST10 (HL96/258); possible tool A2 ST13 (HL97/135); whetstone A2 ST14 (HL97/136); pounder-pestle/polisher A2 ST15 (HL97/137); pounder-pestles A2 ST16 (HL03/36), A2 ST17 (HL03/37) Faunal remains: bone (HL96/201, HL96/265, HL96/272, HL96/305, HL97/77, HL97/122, HL97/131, HL97/163, HL03/38); shell (HL96/227, HL97/77)

Floor and Below Floor Pottery bags: 131 (1996); 55, 66-2, 66-3 (1997) Pottery objects: pithos A2 P6 (HL96/304); pithoid jar in pit below floor A2 P13 (HL96/302a); probable amphora A2 P23 (HL97/bag 66/1b); amphoriskos(?) A2 P40 (HL97/bag 66/5); miscellaneous closed vessel A2 P49 (HL97/bag 66/7); deep bowls/cups A2 P98 (HL97/bag 55/2), A2 P99 (HL97/bag 66/4), A2 P100 (HL97/bag 66/8), A2 P101 (HL97/bag 66/9); horn attachment from possible kalathos or plaque A2 P205 (HL97/bag 66/12); possible cooking tray, lid, or lamp A2 P207 (HL97/bag 66/1) Stone objects: abrader A2 ST11 (HL96/280); pumice pebble A2 ST12 (HL97/90) Metal object: copper-alloy fibula A2 M1 (HL97/151)

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Clay object: possible oven (or bin) lining A2 C4 (HL97/bag 66/11) Faunal remains: bone (HL97/87, HL97/152)

Bin/Oven (Roofing Collapse) Pottery bag: 50-1, 50-2 (1997) Pottery object: cup/deep bowl A2 P109 (HL97/bag 50/2) Faunal remains: bone (HL97/82, HL97/158)

Collapse in Doorway to Room 2 Pottery bag: 1 (2003) Pottery object: pithos A2 P4 (HL03/9) Stone object: bowl A2 S1 (HL03/10) Faunal remains: bone (HL03/18); shell (HL03/19)

Room 2 History and Progress of Excavation Room 2 was excavated as part of Trenches A14, A23, and A34 and Balks A8/A14, A8/A24, A14/ A23, A22/A23, A23/A24, and A23/A34 (Figs. 5, 6; for associated pottery bags, see below and Table 1). Excavation in this room proceeded as follows: The eastern end of Wall 6 was exposed with Trench A14 in 1996, and topsoil and some wall collapse were removed from the northeastern corner of the room. Topsoil was removed in the southeastern corner of the room with Balk A8/A14 in 1997. In 2000, the majority of Room 2 was excavated down to the floor level with Trench A23 and Balk A14/A23, and Walls 6 and 7 (and part of Wall 8) were further exposed. More of Wall 6 was also exposed with Trench A22, from which there are no associated finds. In 2001, the entrance to the building was revealed (along with the southern part of Wall 8) with Balk A23/A34. Wall 6 was completely exposed with Balk A22/A23, and the southeastern corner of the room and some of Wall 7 was excavated with Balk A8/A24 and Trench A8; more of Wall 7 was revealed with Trench A24, which has no associated pottery, as well as with Balk A23/A24. In the same season, excavation was completed in the northeastern corner of the room with Trench A14. Cleaning of the floor surface throughout the room was also conducted in

2001 with pottery collected and recorded as from Trench A23. In addition, the area in front of the entrance to the building was partially excavated with Balk A23/A34 and Trench A34. Finally, some pottery was collected from the exposed surface throughout the area of the room in 2008.

Architecture and Features Large, roughly rectangular Room 2 comprises the western room of House A.2 and is ca. 27.25 m² in size (Fig. 6; Pls. 7A–7C). The room is bounded on the north by Wall 6, on the east by Walls 4 and 5, on the south by Wall 7, and on the west by Wall 8. The room (and building) was entered through a wide doorway in Wall 8, and it accessed Room 1 through a narrower doorway between Walls 4 and 5. The floor level of Room 2, however, is significantly lower (ca. 0.50 m) than that of Room 1, an indication that it may have been built in a slightly different phase than Room 1. Room 2 also was provided with a number of built features. A low, wide bench lines the southern side of the room, connecting two tall stone platforms found in the southeastern and southwestern corners (Pls. 7D–7F); the top of the western platform is 228.08–228.19 m asl, that of the eastern platform 228.50 m asl, and that of the bench ca. 227.80 m asl. As in Room 1, a stone-lined bin was found in the northwestern corner, but in this case it is very poorly preserved. Overall, the walls and built features of Room 2 are in worse condition than those of Room 1, as conservation was not completed in this area; after excavation, many stones have fallen or been dislodged by goats, especially from the long walls on the northern and southern sides, currently making it difficult to discern much of the original architecture. A sub-rectangular (ca. 0.40 x 0.45 m) hearth comprised of burned clay with pithos sherds incorporated into its construction was located near the center of the room (227.71 m asl), slightly south of the east–west axis (Yasur-Landau 2003– 2004, 50; 2006, 238). Due to poor preservation, it is not known if the hearth was originally outlined with small stones, as, for example, in the hearths of the southeastern room of House A.1 (Coulson and Tsipopoulou 1994, 71) and Room N5 at

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Vronda (Glowacki and Day 2012, 126–127); it is also unclear from the excavation notebook whether the pithos sherds were merely incorporated into the fabric of the hearth itself, or if they served as a bedding for it, as identified at Chania Kastelli (E. Hallager 2000, 128–129). In addition, an outcrop of bedrock to the west of the hearth was cut and leveled, perhaps to form a surface for food preparation or cooking (Yasur-Landau 2003–2004, 50) or else as a potential pillar support base. Several possible vessel stands were identified from Room 2: a thin, flat stone (19.2 x 2.3 x 3.0 cm) was found on the floor to the northwest of the western platform, and there are several roughly flat stones preserved among the fallen stones along the southern face of Wall 6. Finally, the threshold at the entrance to the building was apparently paved (227.51 m asl), and a section of a small paved area (not completely excavated) is preserved just outside the building, representing either part of a paved pathway leading around the western edge of the site and/or a small open courtyard leading into the building (Pl. 4B).

Stratigraphy Excavation began in Room 2 at an average elevation of 228.50 m asl with the removal of topsoil (7.5YR 3/4, dark brown, to 7.5YR 4/3, brown); before excavation, the surface sloped down considerably toward the west (esp. at the northwest, which had an opening elevation of 227.73 m asl). In addition, the stratigraphy throughout much of the room was disturbed by the presence of many large tree roots; each excavator also identified the levels somewhat differently. Below topsoil was a layer of wall collapse with many medium- to large-sized stones; the soil was still loose, though slightly harder packed and lighter in color (7.5YR 5/4, brown). Below the wall collapse was a layer of lighter-colored soil (7.5YR 5/3, brown, to 10YR 5/3, brown) with fewer stones, apparently a transitional layer of collapse mixed with eroded roofing debris. A thin layer of yellow (2.5Y 6/6, olive yellow) clayey soil, likely roofing debris (and in some cases possibly part of the floor matrix itself), was observed in patches in the southwestern part of the room (and also on top of the platforms). In many areas, the brown soil (7.5YR 5/3) with few stones was found

extending directly down to the floor, which sloped down to the west and was identified at an average elevation of 227.55 m asl (227.46–227.64 m asl). The floor was identified primarily by the presence of objects resting upon it rather than the presence of a hard-packed surface. No second or earlier floor surface was conclusively identified by the excavators; slightly compact orange (10YR 5/4–5/6, yellowish brown) soil with very small stones was noted as having been found directly below the floor in some areas, likely representing floor packing, and patches of bedrock were also exposed in many parts of the room (Figs. 7:top, 9). Black and gray ashy soil was found in the immediate vicinity of the central clay-lined hearth, likely scattered from it, and a concentration of dark black soil (a possible second hearth or more likely dumped ashy debris) was uncovered to the north of the central hearth roughly along the center of Wall 6. Note that a second hearth was incorrectly labeled on a published plan as existing beside the southwest platform (Tsipopoulou 2005b, 321, fig. 16). As also observed in Room 1, the evidence indicates that Room 2 was constructed in LM IIIC, abandoned by the end of the period, and then allowed to collapse. A large number of vessels and various small finds appear to have been left in situ, only to be broken and/or displaced by the collapse of the roof and walls. Room 2, however, showed greater effects of erosion (due to the slope of the hillside in this area) and bioturbation from large tree roots than Room 1. These factors are represented by poorer wall preservation, especially in the northwest, and greater movement of finds (with some objects apparently washed just outside the building to the west)—in fact, in several instances joining fragments of the same vessel were found both inside the room and outside the entrance.

Pottery The findspots of a greater number of objects were recorded in Room 2 than in Room 1 (Fig. 8). Many fragments of a stirrup jar (A2 P41) with Cretan close/fringed style decoration (see this vol., Ch. 4) were found resting on a stone slab on top of the platform in the southeastern corner of the room. Fragments of a second stirrup jar (A2 P42)

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and possibly a miniature cup or juglet base (A2 P160) were found on top of the platform in the southwestern corner; pieces of the same stirrup jar, two miniature cup bases (A2 P147, A2 P152), and one miniature cup/juglet base (A2 P153) were found just outside the building to the west, perhaps fallen from this platform and washed out of the room after its collapse. A small decorated larnax (or storage chest) fragment (A2 P48) was found on the long bench. Just north of the roughly central hearth fragments of a tripod cooking pot (A2 P177), a scuttle handle (A2 P204), and a krater rim (A2 P76) were found; a cup (A2 P150) was also recovered during the scraping of the floor, probably from the southeastern part of the room, and a basin/pithoid jar rim (A2 P17) may also have been recovered from at or below the floor near the central hearth. Two cup/deep bowl bases (A2 P137, A2 P138) and a two-handled cup (A2 P149) were found on the floor in the northeastern corner of the room; two of these were upside down, perhaps indicating that they had fallen from a shelf or had been hung on the wall (Pl. 8A). A possible juglet base (A2 P55) and an EM I lug handle (A2 P210) were found along the center of the northern wall on the floor near the area of the possible second hearth/dumped burned ashy debris. Just to the east of the bin in the northwestern corner two pithoid jars (A2 P11, A2 P16) and two tripod cooking pots (A2 P171, A2 P179) were recovered; a lid (A2 P47), possibly for a pithoid jar, was apparently found in the area of the entrance to the building. A tripod cooking pot (A2 P170, surrounded by three stones perhaps for support) and a kylix stem (A2 P164) were inside the poorly preserved bin. Many cooking vessel fragments were also noted in and around the bin. Part of a basin (A2 P61) was also found in this area, the rest of which was found just outside the entrance to the building (Pl. 8B). Finally, a nearly intact amphora (A2 P20) was recovered from a possible paved court outside the building; this vessel may also have washed out from the southwestern corner of the room (Pl. 8C).

were recovered from the surface above the area of Room 2, and a whetstone (A2 ST19) was recovered from wall collapse in the northeastern corner. In this same level, in the area roughly along the center of Wall 6, fragments from two to three stone vases were recovered: examples A2 S2 and A2 S4 from EM II–MM I stone bowls and A2 S5, a body fragment from another stone vase. A stone weight (A2 ST25) and a whetstone (A2 ST21) were found in wall collapse in the area above the bench, and a pounder (A2 ST23) and a stone weight (A2 ST27) were found just above the bench. A stone celt (A2 ST26) was found possibly in collapse at the western end of the room/on the western wall (or possibly just outside the building). In the northeastern corner, a natural stone weight (A2 ST24) was found in roofing collapse. Two MM III–LM I blossom bowl fragments (A2 S3, A2 S6) were recovered from wall and roofing collapse levels in the area to the east of the central hearth. In addition, three small stone tools (pounder-pestles A2 ST30 and A2 ST32, pounder-pestle/polisher A2 ST31) were found grouped together in the northeastern corner of the southeast platform (Pl. 8D). On the floor just north of the southeast platform was a pounder (A2 ST33). Inside the bin in the northwestern corner were a grinder (A2 ST20) and two pounder-abraders (A2 ST22 [below a cooking pot], A2 ST37); a saddle quern (A2 ST41) was found on the floor beside the bin. Two stone tools were recovered from the floor along the northern wall, just west of the center (pounder-pestles A2 ST28, A2 ST29), and an obsidian flake was found to the northwest of the central hearth (A2 ST2). A mortar (A2 ST34) was present on the floor in or beside the area of the possible hearth or concentration of black soil along the northern wall, and a pounder (A2 ST35) and a stone vase fragment reused as a drill base (A2 ST36) were also recovered from the floor of the room. A pounderabrader (A2 ST38) and quern fragments (A2 ST42, A2 ST43) were found in wash just outside the entrance to the building.

Other Objects

Faunal Remains

A saddle quern (A2 ST39) and a possible stone vase fragment (HL01/1055 [not located for study])

Animal bone was concentrated in different areas of Room 2. A fair amount of bone—primarily

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sheep and goat but also limited cow, pig, and dog—was recovered from the northwestern part of the room, specifically in the area east of the bin (HL00/304, HL00/309, HL00/310, HL00/313, HL00/332). Some of the bones from this area showed signs of burning and may have been associated with the significant concentration of animal bone found within the area of the possible second hearth (or small ash/refuse pile) along the northern wall (HL01/936, HL01/937), the majority of which was heavily burned and included a few dog bones. Animal bone was also recovered from the area in between the central hearth and the area of burning to the north of it (HL00/315, HL00/317, HL00/324). A few animal bones (HL01/108, HL01/167) were found on the floor in the northeastern corner of the room, some of which were also burned, and bone fragments were recovered from and below the floor (HL01/187) in this same area. From roofing collapse and the floor in the southern half of the room (possibly primarily from the southwest) came HL01/460 and HL01/510, both of which included some partially burned bones. A general cleaning of the floor produced more bones (HL01/820, HL01/821) from the eastern part of the room. In addition, two sheep/ goat bone fragments (HL01/416, HL01/436), one partially burned, were recovered from just above the bench along the southern wall, and other bones were found on the floor in front of the bench at the eastern end (HL01/560). Sheep, goat, pig, and cow bones (HL01/430, HL01/511) were found in the bin at the northwestern corner of the room (and possibly in the area to the south of it), and additional bones (HL01/976) were recovered on the floor near the entrance to the building. Finally, animal bone was also present in the doorway into the building (HL01/961) and just outside of it in the area of the possible paved courtyard (HL01/489, HL01/627, HL01/965; also HL01/743 and HL01/744 [found among basin and amphora fragments]). Several shells were recovered from wall collapse levels, including one dog cockle (Glycymeris; HL96/389), three limpets (Patella; HL00/263, HL01/12, HL01/27), a dove shell (Columbella rus­ tica; HL01/17), and one cockle (HL01/266); four of these shells (two limpets, one dove shell, and one dog cockle) were recovered from the northeastern corner of the room. In addition, one Thais

shell (HL01/73) was recovered from roofing collapse, also in the northeastern corner. A fragment of a dog cockle (HL01/28) was found in roofing material above the southeast platform, and an Arca noae (HL00/299) and two dog cockle fragments (HL01/427, HL01/487+HL01/325) were found on the bench along the southern wall (with one joining fragment of the latter specimen found on the floor to the north of the central hearth). Two additional shells (Glycymeris HL01/150, Hexaplex trunculus HL01/157) were found on the floor in the northeastern corner, and a limpet (HL01/188) was recovered likely from below the floor in that same area. In addition, another limpet fragment (HL03/20) and a Hexaplex (HL03/21) were recovered from roofing material immediately west of the doorway into Room 1. A general cleaning of the floor also produced a Patella (HL01/823) and an Arca noae (HL01/821) from the eastern part of the room, a Dentalium segment (HL01/937) from the area of burned bone and soil along the center of the northern wall, and a Patella (HL01/975) from near the entrance to the building. Finally, a Glycymeris fragment (HL01/965) was found just outside the building in the area of the paved courtyard.

Stratigraphic List of Pottery Bags and Objects Surface Pottery bags: 140 (1996); 210 (2000); 4, 41-1, 41-2, 111, 157-1, 222-1, 222-2 (2001) Pottery objects: probable jug A2 P29 (HL01/bag 222/8); pitharaki(?) A2 P57 (HL96/bag 140/1); kalathos(?) or bowl/krater/basin A2 P73 (HL01/bag 222/7); deep bowl/cup A2 P129 (HL01/bag 222/3); kylix(?) A2 P162 (HL01/bag 157/1) Stone objects: flake tool A2 ST18 (HL01/165); saddle quern A2 ST39 (HL00/201); possible stone vase fragment (HL01/1055 [not found for study])

Wall Collapse Pottery bags: 183 (1996); 96, 211, 214, 221, 226, 234, 240, 264, 271-1 (2000); 14-1, 14-2, 15-1, 15-2, 17, 261, 71, 114-1, 114-2, 148-1 (2001) Pottery objects: pithoi A2 P3 (HL00/bag 240/1), A2 P7 (HL00/736); amphorae A2 P24 (HL00/ bag 96/2), A2 P26 (HL00/bag 226/2); jug/amphora A2 P37 (HL00/bag 96/3); miscellaneous closed vessel A2 P50 (HL00/bag 226/1); basins A2 P59

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(HL01/bag 26/5), A2 P60 (HL00/bag 226/3); bowl A2 P67 (HL00/bag 240/3); deep bowls/cups A2 P102 (HL00/bag 240/5), A2 P103 (HL00/ bag 240/6), A2 P104 (HL00/bag 271/3), A2 P112 (HL96/bag 183/2), A2 P131 (HL00/bag 271/2), A2 P132 (HL00/bag 271/1), A2 P133 (HL01/bag 15/1); deep bowl A2 P117 (HL96/bag 183/1); cups A2 P156 (HL00/bag 240/4), A2 P159 (HL01/2064); tripod cooking pot A2 P168 (HL01/bag 148/3); cooking pot A2 P174 (HL00/bag 234/1); dish (cooking?) A2 P197 (HL01/bag 114/1); scuttle A2 P203 (HL01/ bag 26/6); HL01/399 (unknown vase [not found for study]) Non–LM IIIC pottery objects: pedestaled base A2 P215 (HL01/bag 148/2); skyphoi A2 P217 (HL00/737), A2 P218 (HL01/bag 114/2+HL01/2061); possible amphora A2 P219 (HL00/270) Stone objects: bowls A2 S2 (HL00/559), A2 S4 (HL00/224), A2 S7 (HL00/284); blossom bowl A2 S3 (HL00/208); vase A2 S5 (HL00/226); whetstones A2 ST19 (HL96/386), A2 ST21 (HL01/401); weight A2 ST25 (HL01/383); celt A2 ST26 (HL01/414) Faunal remains: bone (HL00/246, HL01/12, HL01/17, HL01/267, HL01/326, HL01/400); shell (HL96/389, HL00/263, HL01/12, HL01/17, HL01/27, HL01/266)

Roofing Collapse Pottery bags: 98, 271-2, 287 (2000); 26-2, 47, 194-1 (2001) Pottery objects: pithos(?) A2 P9 (HL01/bag 47/4); closed vessel (jug?) A2 P30 (HL01/bag 194/3); amphoriskos A2 P39 (HL00/bag 271/10); stirrup jar A2 P43 (HL00/bag 271/16); miscellaneous closed vessel (juglet?) A2 P56 (HL00/bag 98/2); bowl A2 P68 (HL00/bag 271/9); deep bowls A2 P91 (HL00/bag 271/5), A2 P118 (HL01/bag 26/7), A2 P120 (HL00/ bag 287/1); deep bowls/cups A2 P106 (HL00/ bag 271/15), A2 P110 (HL00/bag 98/1), A2 P113 (HL00/bag 271/14), A2 P126 (HL01/bag 26/9); cup A2 P157 (HL00/bag 271/11); cooking pots A2 P183 (HL00/bag 271/17), A2 P185 (HL01/bag 26/1), A2 P189 (HL01/bag 26/3); cooking dish (or cooking tray?) A2 P194 (HL01/bag 26/2); cooking dish A2 P195 (HL01/bag 26/4); cooking tray A2 P200 (HL01/bag 47/2) Non–LM IIIC pottery object: possible miniature dinos A2 P216 (HL01/bag 194/6) Stone objects: blossom bowl A2 S6 (HL00/561); weight A2 ST24 (HL01/48) Clay objects: pisé (possible hearth lining) A2 C1 (HL00/273), A2 C2 (HL00/275), A2 C3 (HL00/285) Faunal remains: bone (HL01/46, HL01/72, HL01/74, HL01/460); shell (HL01/73, HL03/20, HL03/21)

Floor Pottery bags: 81, 302-1, 302-2 (2000); 50, 194-2, 214, 280-1, 280-2, 280-3, 289, 294 (in entrance; 2001); 3 (surface collection; 2008) Pottery objects: pithoid jars A2 P11 (HL00/302), A2 P16 (HL00/329); pithoid jars (or basins) A2 P17 (HL01/955), A2 P18 (HL01/bag 50/4); amphora (or jug) A2 P25 (HL01/bag 294/2); jug(?) A2 P31 (HL01/2063); possible stirrup jars A2 P44 (HL01/bag 50/1), A2 P45 (HL01/2067); lid A2 P47 (HL00/284); miscellaneous closed vessels A2 P51 (HL00/bag 302/16), A2 P54 (HL00/bag 81/5), A2 P55 (HL00/312); basin (or pithoid jar) A2 P62 (HL00/740); bowl A2 P69 (HL01/bag 294/1+HL00/ bag 302/7); kraters A2 P75 (HL01/184), A2 P76 (HL00/741), A2 P77 (HL08/bag 5/2+HL00/bag 81/6 [also outside building to west]); probable krater A2 P79 (HL00/bag 302/13); possible krater A2 P81 (HL01/2068); krateriskos (or deep bowl) A2 P85 (HL01/148/1+HL01/123); deep bowls/cups A2 P121 (HL01/bag 50/3), A2 P122 (HL01/bag 289/1), A2 P137 (HL01/87), A2 P138 (HL01/155a), A2 P141 (HL00/bag 81/4), A2 P142 (HL01/bag 280/10b); deep bowl or cup (or krateriskos) A2 P140 (HL00/ bag 302/14); cups A2 P148 (HL00/bag 302/1), A2 P149 (HL01/158), A2 P150 (HL01/847); cooking pots A2 P169 (HL00/bag 302/11), A2 P175 (HL00/bag 302/9), A2 P178 (HL00/bag 302/6); tripod cooking pots A2 P171 (HL00/321), A2 P177 (HL01/bag 280/2+HL00/739+HL00/301), A2 P179 (HL00/328); small cooking pot (cooking amphora?) A2 P186 (HL00/bag 81/1+HL01/bag 280/1); scuttle A2 P204 (HL00/738) Non–LM IIIC pottery objects: bowls (or goblets) A2 P208 (HL00/bag 302/10), A2 P209 (HL01/bag 280/3); pierced lug handle from pyxis or bowl A2 P210 (HL01/939); conical or straight-sided cup A2 P212 (HL01/bag 280/6); possible straight-sided cup A2 P213 (HL01/bag 280/4) Stone objects: obsidian flake A2 ST2 (HL00/326); pounder-pestles A2 ST28 (HL00/307), A2 ST29 (HL00/308); pounders A2 ST33 (HL01/514), A2 ST35 (HL01/956); mortar A2 ST34 (HL01/954); drill base A2 ST36 (HL01/957); saddle quern A2 ST41 (HL08/1) Faunal remains: bone (HL00/304, HL00/309, HL00/ 310, HL00/313, HL00/315, HL00/317, HL00/324, HL00/332, HL01/108, HL01/167, HL01/510, HL01/ 560, HL01/820, HL01/821, HL01/936, HL01/937, HL01/961, HL01/976); shell (HL00/325, HL01/150, HL01/157, HL01/268, HL01/821, HL01/823, HL01/ 937, HL01/975)

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Botanical remains: traces of olive, almond, and unidentified pulse

Floor/Below Floor Pottery bags: 83 (2001) Pottery objects: deep bowls/cups A2 P88 (HL01/bag 83/2), A2 P89 (HL01/2069); deep bowls A2 P125 (HL01/2071+HL01/186+HL01/123+HL01/156), A2 P146 (HL01/2070+HL01/186) Faunal remains: bone (HL01/187); shell (HL01/188)

Bench (Collapse) Pottery bags: 290, 296 (2000); 148-2, 185, 194-1 (2001); 4 (surface collection; 2008) Pottery objects: larnax A2 P48 (HL01/428); krateriskos A2 P84 (HL00/bag 296/2); cups/deep bowls A2 P135 (HL01/bag 194/4), A2 P136 (HL01/bag 194/7) Stone objects: pounder A2 ST23 (HL01/415); weight A2 ST27 (HL01/437) Faunal remains: bone (HL01/416, HL01/436); shell (HL00/299, HL01/427, HL01/487+HL01/325)

Bin (Collapse) Pottery bags: 164-1, 164-2, 164-3, 186 (2001) Pottery objects: miscellaneous closed vessel A2 P53 (HL01/bag 164/7); krateriskos (or deep bowl) A2 P83 (HL01/bag 164/2); krater A2 P87 (HL01/ bag 164/3); deep bowls/cups A2 P90 (HL01/bag 164/6b), A2 P114 (HL01/bag 164/4), A2 P115 (HL01/bag 164/5), A2 P116 (HL01/bag 164/6a), A2 P123 (HL01/bag 164/8); deep bowl A2 P124 (HL01/ bag 164/6c); cup A2 P158 (HL01/bag 164/1); kylix A2 P164 (HL01/459); tripod cooking pot A2 P170 (HL01/385) Stone objects: grinder A2 ST20 (HL01/429); pounderabraders A2 ST22 (HL01/458), A2 ST37 (HL01/972); whetstone A2 ST40 (HL01/996 [wrong catalog number, not certain if belongs with house]) Faunal remains: bone (HL01/430, HL01/511)

Southeast Platform (Collapse) Pottery bags: 27, 29 (2001); 2 (surface collection; 2008) Pottery object: stirrup jar A2 P41 (HL01/32) Stone objects: pounder-pestles A2 ST30 (HL01/512a), A2 ST32 (HL01/512c); pounder-pestle/polisher A2 ST31 (HL01/512b) Faunal remains: shell (HL01/28)

Southwest Platform (Collapse) Pottery bags: 274, 288 (2000); 229 (2001) Pottery objects: stirrup jar A2 P42 (HL01/964 [also outside building to west]); deep bowl A2 P119 (HL00/bags 274+288/3 [possibly on platform]); cups/deep bowls A2 P134 (HL00/bags 274+288/1), A2 P139 (HL01/bag 229/2); miniature cup or juglet A2 P160 (HL00/bags 274+288/4); cooking pot A2 P176 (HL01/bag 229/1 [also outside building to west])

Outside Building to West Pottery bags: 289 (topsoil; 2000); 157-2 (topsoil), 208, 237, 238-1, 238-2, 241, 292 (wash; 2001); 5 (surface collection; 2008) Pottery objects: pithoid jars A2 P14 (HL01/2066), A2 P15 (HL01/2062 [also collapse in Room 2, HL01/ bag 14/2]); possible pithoid jar A2 P19 (HL01/bag 157/3); amphora A2 P20 (HL01/700); juglet A2 P35 (HL01/bag 238/16); jug/amphora A2 P36 (HL01/ bag 241/4); miscellaneous closed vessel (or basin?) A2 P58 (HL01/bag 237/1 [also collapse in Room 2]); basin A2 P61 (HL01/701; probably originally from northwestern corner of Room 2); basin (or possible cooking pot) A2 P66 (HL01/2065); kalathos A2 P74 (HL01/bag 238/9); kraters (or basins?) A2 P78 (HL01/bag 241/1), A2 P80 (HL01/bag 238/5); deep bowl A2 P107 (HL01/bag 238/1); deep bowls/ cups A2 P111 (HL01/bag 157/6), A2 P130 (HL01/ bag 238/2), A2 P143 (HL01/bag 157/4), A2 P145 (HL01/bag 241/6); miniature cups A2 P147 (HL01/ bag 241/3b), A2 P152 (HL01/631); miniature cup or juglet A2 P153 (HL01/bag 241/3a); cups A2 P154 (HL01/959), A2 P161 (HL01/bag 238/13); cooking dishes A2 P192 (HL01/bag 238/6), A2 P193 (HL01/ bag 157/5), A2 P196 (HL01/2072); possible cooking dishes A2 P198 (HL01/bag 238/7), A2 P199 (HL01/ bag 238/8) Possible non–LM IIIC pottery object: tumbler A2 P214 (HL01/bag 238/14) Stone objects: pounder-abrader A2 ST38 (HL01/960); querns A2 ST42 (HL00/209A), A2 ST43 (HL00/209B) Faunal remains: bone (HL01/489, HL01/627, HL01/743, HL01/744, HL01/965); shell (HL01/965)

3

Architectural Remains by Rodney D. Fitzsimons contribution by Melissa Eaby

This chapter presents a detailed description of the extant architectural remains of House A.2, including a brief discussion of the evidence for possible construction phases and a few comments on its place in and relationship to local and regional building practices. As a means of facilitating discussion, the rooms are presented in the order in which they would have been accessed—that is, Room 2 is presented first as it is the room through which the building was entered. Analysis and publication of the other buildings on the site will be presented in future volumes.

Room 2 The western room of House A.2 is a large, rectangular space of slightly trapezoidal shape, measuring between ca. 6.50 (northern side) and 6.60 m (southern side) in length and ca. 4.15 (western side) and 4.20 m (eastern side) in width (Fig. 6;

all measurements represent internal dimensions unless otherwise stated). The western side of the room is pierced by a doorway ca. 1.50 m wide (in Wall 8) that granted access to the building from the exterior. This doorway appears to be relatively wide for the site; the only other doorway from a domestic structure published to date is that in the southwestern corner of Room 2 in House B.1, which at ca. 1.0 m wide is substantially narrower than the doorway of House A.2 (Coulson and Tsipopoulou 1994, 77). Each jamb of the House A.2 doorway is set on a squarish, roughly dressed sideropetra block, between which sit a series of flat sideropetra pavers, some dislodged into the room to the east, which appear to have served as the threshold. A series of additional pavers scattered to the west of the doorway suggest the presence of an exterior paved court onto which the doorway opened (Pl. 9A). No traces of a pivot hole were detected. The wall section to the north of the door, which stands to a preserved height of ca. 0.25 m and runs for a distance of 0.90 m before bonding

22

RODNEY D. FITZSIMONS

with Wall 6, is composed of small- and mediumsized sideropetra blocks set to form two faces to a width of ca. 0.55–0.65 m. The wall section to the south of the doorway, which stands slightly higher (ca. 0.40 m) and runs south for a distance of ca. 1.75 m before turning east as Wall 7, has an interior (eastern) face of irregularly shaped dolomite chunks and squarish blocks of sideropetra, and an exterior (western) face of medium- to large-sized dolomite boulders. It is packed with numerous cobbles and flattish slabs and measures ca. 0.60– 0.65 m in width. The northern wall of the room, Wall 6, runs east from Wall 8, the junction of the two being set atop a large outcrop of bedrock, for a distance of ca. 6.50 m before it abuts Wall 4; it also continues ca. 2.30 m west of the northwestern corner of the room before turning north and forming the western wall of the room to the north (A.4). The wall is in extremely poor condition, with much of it having collapsed into the rooms to the north, so that its current preserved height ranges from 0.50 m at the northeastern corner of the room to surface level at the western end of the wall (Pl. 9B). It is constructed with two distinct faces set to a width of ca. 0.60–0.65 m within the room and widening to ca. 0.80 m to the west of it in a manner similar to that evident in Wall 7. The southern (inner) face of the wall is composed largely of squarish and long (up to ca. 0.75 m) rectangular slabs of sideropetra laid in rough courses with small cobbles and flat slabs packed into the interstices, while the northern (exterior) face appears to incorporate a number of large dolomite boulders (max. dim. 0.65 m). A poorly preserved bin measuring ca. 0.85 m east– west and ca. 0.90 m north–south on the interior is set against the southern face of the wall at its western end, its sides composed of a single course of medium-sized blocks of sideropetra and dolomite standing to a preserved height of ca. 0.20 m. The southern wall of the room, Wall 7, runs east from the southwestern corner, where its bonded junction with Wall 8 is marked by a large (ca. 0.70 x 0.50 x 0.25 m) dolomite boulder, for a distance of ca. 6.60 m before it abuts Wall 5. The central portion of the wall has largely collapsed into the room, but its western portion is composed of two courses of large sideropetra and dolomite stones amid a packing of cobbles and small slabs, and

is set atop a leveling course of medium-sized dolomite stones with roughly rectangular faces to a preserved height of ca. 0.65 m. Interestingly, there is a distinct preference for squarish sideropetra blocks in the interior corners, and for larger dolomite stones in the western half of the exterior face where the wall widens from ca. 0.55–0.60 m to ca. 0.70–0.80 m. Much of the northern face of Wall 7 is obscured by a low bench that runs for a distance of ca. 4.20 m between two high platforms set into the southeastern and southwestern corners (Pls. 7D–7F). The western half of the bench is composed of a single line of four sideropetra stones with roughly dressed faces set against an inner packing of small stones to a height of ca. 0.20 m and a depth of ca. 0.55 m. The eastern half of the bench, which also measures ca. 0.55 m deep, has largely collapsed, but it appears to have been constructed of medium-sized blocks of sideropetra set in two to three rough courses to a height of ca. 0.25 m. The junction between the two halves is marked by a long sideropetra stone ca. 0.30–0.35 m high and set in header fashion, which may have been intentionally placed to divide the bench, while a second such stone set roughly halfway between the first stone and the eastern platform may have performed a similar function; it is perhaps on this basis that Rupp (2014, 169, 172) suggests that the bench was divided into individual seats. The western platform is composed of mediumand large-sized dolomite and sideropetra stones set into a single- (w. ca. 0.40 m) and double-faced (w. ca. 0.60 m) wall on the northern (ca. 1.41 m long) and eastern (ca. 0.97 m) sides, respectively (Pl. 9C). These walls enclose a small bedrock outcrop in the southwestern corner of the room measuring ca. 0.80 m east–west and 0.70 m north– south, and are preserved to a height of 0.50–0.60 m above floor level. The eastern platform (ca. 0.80 m east–west and 0.50 m north–south), which is built against the bedrock rise in the southeastern corner of the room, is bounded on the northern and western sides by single-faced walls ca. 0.20 m wide composed of small- and large-sized blocks of sideropetra packed with small stones (Pl. 9D); a flat slab of sideropetra is set ca. 0.10 m below the outer edges of the platform, which rises to a height of ca. 0.80 m above the floor.

ARCHITECTURAL REMAINS

The eastern side of the room, which measures ca. 4.20 m in length, is bounded by two separate wall sections (Wall 4 to the north and Wall 5 to the south), which flanked either side of a doorway ca. 1.05 m wide (Pls. 6B, 9E); this doorway is significantly smaller than that of the entrance to the building but comparable to that found in Room 2 of House B.1 (Coulson and Tsipopoulou 1994, 77). A large outcrop of bedrock in the southwestern corner of Room 1 was roughly worked either to form the threshold or, more likely, the bedding for a fugitive threshold, because the upper surface of the bedrock is rather rough and shows no sign of wear. Its upper surface is roughly level with that of the floor in Room 1, ca. 0.40–0.45 m above that in Room 2, though no traces of a step marking the transition were preserved; a series of three risers, however, was found joining Rooms 1 and 2 of House B.1 (Tsipopoulou 2011a, 336). To the north of the door, Wall 4 runs for a distance of ca. 2.50 m before it bonds with Wall 3 to form the northwestern corner of Room 1. A short retaining wall of medium-sized dolomite and sideropetra stones piled one to two high (ca. 0.40– 0.45 m) serves both to contain the higher fill to the east and to support Wall 4, which was composed of medium- and large-sized blocks of sideropetra set in two faces to a width of ca. 0.60–0.65 m and standing to a preserved height of ca. 0.40 m. Several large (max. dim. ca. 0.60 m) dolomite boulders are incorporated into the northern jamb of the door, likely to provide additional stability. The southern jamb of the door is formed by the same rise in bedrock from which the threshold was cut, though again neither its northern face nor its upper surface are particularly well worked. A leveling fill of dolomite cobbles and flattish sideropetra slabs is set atop the bedrock and serves to support a series of thicker sideropetra slabs that form the wall south of the door, Wall 5, which runs southward from the door for ca. 0.60 m before continuing as the western wall of the room to the south of Room 1 (Building A.3, Room 1). Despite the large size of the room (ca. 27.25 m²), no post supports were detected by the excavators, though several patches of shaved bedrock are visible in the room that might have served such a function.

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Room 1 The eastern room of House A.2 is a small, slightly trapezoidal space measuring between ca. 3.40 (northern side) and ca. 3.50 m (southern side) in length and ca. 3.55 (eastern side) and ca. 3.80 m (western side) in width. It was accessed through the doorway in the eastern wall of Room 2, which is not axially aligned with that of the entrance to the building (Fig. 6). The northern wall, Wall 3, forms a bonded corner with Wall 4 and runs east for a distance of ca. 3.40 m before it abuts Wall 2 (Pls. 5D, 6D, 10A). The western portion of Wall 3 has collapsed to the north, where it is further obscured by a bench running along its northern face, while its southern face is preserved to a height of only one or two stones (h. ca. 0.15–0.40 m). The wall is composed of medium-sized pieces of irregularly shaped dolomite and short, thick slabs and blocks of sideropetra stones, all tightly packed with small stones to form two relatively smooth faces set to a width of ca. 0.55–0.60 m. Some of the stones are set in header fashion, including one that appears to divide the wall into two units, with that to the west incorporating more sideropetra and that to the east showing a preference for dolomite stones. It is possible that this pseudoheader marks the eastern jamb of an early doorway that was blocked in a later remodeling phase (see below), though the western limit of this putative doorway is not easily discernible in the extant remains. A low bench runs along the eastern portion of the interior face of the northern wall, while a narrow built feature occupies the northwestern corner. This bench (Pl. 5D), which is now largely obscured by backfill and some washed-in soil, measures ca. 2.30 m in length and ca. 0.40 m in width and appears to have been composed of a packing of cobble-sized stones faced with flattish dolomite slabs on its southern face. The upper surface of the bench, which is only preserved at the eastern and western ends, is composed of mediumsized blocks of dolomite rising to a height of ca. 0.50 m above floor level. A pier of large sideropetra and dolomite blocks set in three courses to a preserved height of ca. 0.45 m sits to the western end of the bench and appears to have formed the

24

eastern side of a small stone bin or oven (ca. 0.45– 0.50 m east–west and 0.85–0.90 m north–south) whose southern border is marked by a line of three thin stones ca. 0.20–0.30 m thick (Pl. 5C; the western border of the feature is Wall 4 and the northern border is Wall 3). One sideropetra slab is also preserved in the interior of the bin/oven, and it may represent the remains of the original bottom of the feature or else have been a small vessel stand. The eastern side of the room was bounded by Wall 2, which also serves as the western wall of House A.1 to the east (Pl. 10B). It too is composed of medium-sized pieces of irregularly shaped dolomite and short, thick slabs of sideropetra, with a packing of small cobbles and flat slabs, though it is somewhat wider (ca. 0.60–0.70 m) than Wall 3 and does not incorporate any header construction. The stones here are set with no concern for coursing and stand to a preserved height of ca. 1.00 m at the southern end of the room and ca. 0.40 m at the northern end of the room, where the wall appears to have been founded on shaved bedrock. A second low bench composed of irregularly sized dolomite and sideropetra slabs set in a single course to a height of ca. 0.20 m and a width of at least ca. 0.35–0.45 m begins ca. 0.80 m south of the northern wall of the room and runs for a distance of ca. 1.20 m, ending at a small bedrock outcrop that emerges from the bottom of Wall 2. Wall 1, which forms the southern boundary of the room, runs between Walls 2 and 5, both of which it abuts, and it measures ca. 3.50 m in length (Pl. 10C). Its style of construction is similar to that of Wall 6, though it is somewhat narrower, with an average width of ca. 0.45–0.50 m, and its stones tend to be more regular in shape and size and are laid in roughly coursed fashion. It is founded on shaved bedrock and stands to a preserved height of ca. 0.70–0.75 m on the northern face and ca. 0.45– 0.55 m on the southern face.

Phasing Although no distinct chronological phases have been discerned in the ceramic material recovered from House A.2 (see this vol., Ch. 4), or indeed from the site as a whole (Coulson and Tsipopoulou

1994, 80; Tsipopoulou and Coulson 2000, 104; Tsipopoulou 2004a; 2011a, 333), two phases of architectural construction have been cited (in published reports) for Room 4 of House A.1 (Coulson and Tsipopoulou 1994, 70–73) and Room 3 of House B.1 (Coulson and Tsipopoulou 1994, 78–80); Rupp has also recently suggested the presence of up to six distinct architectural phases (i.e., the sequence of construction of rooms) within LM IIIC across the entire settlement (Rupp 2014, 167–170, 190, fig. 7; cf. Rupp 2007). Similar evidence for House A.2 is uncertain, though there are some indications, not evident stratigraphically, that the extant architectural remains represent a remodeling (within the LM IIIC period) of the original configuration of the suite, and, indeed, Rupp’s proposed phase plan suggests such a reconstruction (Rupp 2014, 190, fig. 7). What precise form the area of House A.2 assumed prior to this remodeling is not quite certain, but it does seem clear that Room 2 represents a later addition to the original structure, with the building thus not having been constructed as a single, planned unit. Prior to the addition of Room 2, Room 1 may have comprised the northernmost element of a two- or three-room suite running parallel to House A.1 (Fig. 10:left). (Note that Rupp, on the other hand, sees the room to the south [A.3.1] as having been built at the same time as Room 2 and having no connection in any phase to Room 1 [2014, 190, fig. 7].) These rooms would have been bounded on the east by the western wall of House A.1 (Wall 2) and on the west by Wall 5. The northern limit of this complex would have been marked by Wall 3, through which access may have been permitted by the putative door in its western portion, though the primary entrance would appear to have been from the south through a wide (ca. 0.95 m) doorway in the center of the wall running south of and parallel to later Wall 1. At least one more room may have existed to the south of this doorway. Thus, Room 1 may originally have been twice as large as it was after the remodeling, because Wall 1 was clearly a later addition. If this reconstruction is correct, then the putative pithos stand in the center of Room 1 may have been the northern of two post supports, the southern of which is no longer extant (Pls. 5A, 5B). Alternatively, only the southern portion of Room 1 may have belonged to this reconstructed suite of

25

rooms. In this scenario, the northern limit of the complex, which is admittedly difficult to ascertain, may be indicated by traces of a fugitive wall (Wall 9) that ran parallel to but slightly north of Wall 1 (Fig. 10:left; Pl. 10D). The large bedrock outcrop at the southern end of the doorway joining Rooms 1 and 2 would have served as an ideal cornerstone, similar to that situated at the northwestern corner of Room 2, while two large boulders no longer in situ but visible in the original excavation photographs would have formed a suitable foundation. No clear northeastern corner is discernible in the extant remains, but it is possible that traces are preserved in the lower course of Wall 2 in the area to the south of the bench, where a rough outcrop of bedrock emerges from beneath the wall in line with the outcrop in the doorway leading to Room 2. A sizeable section of shaved bedrock that marks the floor level in the later incarnation of Room 1 may have served as bedding for this putative early east–west wall, which would have run ca. 1.50 m north of Wall 1. At some point subsequent to its initial construction, the original configuration of the building appears to have been significantly remodeled, resulting not only in the creation of a new architectural suite, but also in a shift in aspect away from the south and toward the west (Fig. 10:right). At this time, in the first scenario the putative doorway in the western portion of Wall 3 appears to have been blocked, while the southern half of the room was cut off through the construction of Wall 1, and the area to the south thus became part of a new unit. Otherwise, in the second reconstruction Wall 9 would have been dismantled and replaced with Wall 1. The northern section of Wall 5 was also torn down to the level of the bedrock outcrop and Wall 4 was added, thus creating Room 1. This space between these two walls was then converted into the foundation for the threshold of a doorway that opened onto a new room that was built to the west, Room 2, presumably the main hall of the house given the presence of the hearth, benches, and platforms.

Discussion A discussion of the overall site plan and its relationship to settlement patterns in the immediate

region is beyond the scope of the present study and in any event must await detailed analysis and publication of the rest of the buildings on the site. Given the limited extent of the structural remains belonging to House A.2 and the absence of detailed architectural information forthcoming from most of the rest of the site (Coulson and Tsipopoulou 1994; Tsipopoulou and Coulson 2000; Paschalides 2006; Yasur-Landau 2006, 237–239; Rupp 2007; 2014, 166; Tsipopoulou 2011a, 333– 337), it is difficult to assess its precise function and significance relative to the overall settlement plan. Moreover, the lack of phasing evident in the artifactual remains, not only from House A.2 but also from the site as a whole, hinders any detailed examination of the building as it appeared in its original incarnation. Nevertheless, for the second phase it is possible to make some preliminary observations on both the specific relationship of House A.2 to the various other structures on the hilltop and on the general position of the building in the development of Early Iron Age architecture in the region. Despite some early indications that mudbrick was employed on the site (Coulson and Tsipopoulou 1994, 70), the walls of House A.2, as with those of the rest of the structures, were composed entirely of unworked stone (dolomite and sideropetra) broken and set so as to produce relatively smooth faces, while larger stones, often founded on bedrock outcrops, were employed in the corners (Tsipopoulou 2011a, 336). A similar use of larger stones is also evident in the door jambs, and while none were found in situ in House A.2, evidence from elsewhere on the site suggests that the doors may once have been provided with large thresholds (Tsipopoulou 2011a, 336). The floors of both rooms were of beaten earth and, in places, shaved bedrock, and as with all of the buildings on site, the structure was single storied and capped with a flat roof of wooden beams supporting a layer of rushes and yellow and/or red clay (Coulson and Tsipopoulou 1994, 74–75, 82; Tsipopoulou 2004a, 106; 2011a, 336; Rupp 2014, 166). Although only a few examples have been mentioned in the published reports, examination of the site plan indicates that many rooms across the settlement were provided with clay hearths, benches, platforms, and bins, as appear in House

26

A.2 (Coulson and Tsipopoulou 1994, 76; Tsipopoulou 2001, 99; 2011a, 336; Paschalides 2006; Rupp 2007, 62, 64). Aside from minor variations arising from the exigencies of local geography and topography, then, House A.2, and indeed almost all the buildings at the site, conform to the general building traditions exhibited throughout the Early Iron Age (see, e.g., McEnroe 2010, 147–159; Wallace 2010, 105–116; Glowacki and Klein 2011, 409; Rupp 2014, 166, 170–172), most notably at nearby sites such as Kastro (Coulson 1997, 1998; Coulson et al. 1997; Mook 1998), Vronda (Day, Coulson, and Gesell 1986; Gesell, Day, and Coulson 1995, 68–92, 116–117; Glowacki 2002; 2004; 2007; Klein 2004; Day, Klein, and Turner 2009; Day and Glowacki 2012; Day et al. 2016), Katalimata (Nowicki 2008; see also Haggis and Nowicki 1993; Coulson and Tsipopoulou 1994, 94–97), and Vrokastro (Hayden 1983a, 1983b), and even into the modern era (Mook 2000). House A.2 also conforms well to local patterns of architectural design, which Tsipopoulou has divided into two broad categories that she describes as “Minoan” and “Mycenaean” in character (Tsipopoulou 2011a); note that two similar contemporary types of architecture have also been observed at Karphi (Pendlebury, Pendlebury, and MoneyCoutts 1937–1938; Nowicki 1999; Wallace 2005). The so-called Minoan type is represented by two large structures in the southern half of Area B (Houses B.1, B.2), each of which is comprised of three rooms (one large and two smaller) arranged in a C-shape, their floors paved and their roofs supported by wooden posts (Figs. 4, 11; Tsipopoulou 2011a, 335); this design type is also found in a few instances in Areas Alpha Upper and Gamma. The so-called Mycenaean type is best evidenced in Areas Alpha Lower and Gamma, where the structures are comprised of megaron-like suites, typically of two rooms of unequal length arranged in axial fashion (Tsipopoulou 2005b, 322; 2011a, 333, 345; see also McEnroe 2010, 151). The larger (front) room of each suite is usually accessed through a wide, centrally placed doorway and is often provided with a central hearth and one or more benches lining the long walls. Floors are of beaten soil, and there is no evidence for either post supports or ovens. Regarding Tsipopoulou’s designation of the buildings in Areas Alpha Lower and Gamma as

Mycenaean, there is no denying the formal similarities (i.e., rectilinear, axial design) between many post–Neopalatial Cretan structures and the Middle Helladic (MH) or Late Helladic (LH) mainland structures that have often been dubbed megara (e.g., Hayden 1981; 1987; Mazarakis Ainian 1997, 219–220; McEnroe 2010, 143–145). Nevertheless, no definitive proof for the origin of the former in the latter, or for its association with Mycenaean settlers (e.g., Pendlebury, Pendlebury, and Money-Coutts 1937–1938, 84; Nowicki 1999, 148; Tsipopoulou and Nowicki 2003; Tsipopoulou 2005b, 306, 320, 324; 2011a), has yet been demonstrated (e.g., Hayden 1987, 213; Darcque 1990; Whittaker 2005; Rupp 2007, 65; McEnroe 2010, 151; Wallace 2010, 129–130; 2011, 324, 329–330); Rupp himself has stated that the so-called megara lack certain distinct features that define the supposed mainland (and LM III) prototypes (e.g., porches, side corridors, auxiliary rooms; Rupp 2014, 165). Rupp has recently further divided Tsipopoulou’s second category, which he also suggests is Mycenaean in character, into four formal subtypes (Rupp 2014; see also Hayden 1987; Rupp 2007, 65; McEnroe 2010, 143–145, 151; Wallace 2011, 324, 329–330): squarish structures with a widthto-length ratio of 1:1.2; rectangular structures with a width-to-length ratio of between 1:1.2 and 1:1.5; elongated rectangles or megara with two adjoining rooms connected by an off-centered doorway and an overall width-to-length ratio of greater than 1:2; and megaroid structures formed by appending a squarish room onto a rectangular room to form a pseudo-elongated rectangle. He further suggests that the elongated rectangles and megaroids represent attempts on the parts of their builders to monumentalize vernacular architecture (Rupp 2014, 165). The layout of House A.2 thus places it firmly in Tsipopoulou’s second category (Tsipopoulou 2011a, 336), and in Rupp’s megaroid category (Rupp 2014, 164–165, 169): a suite of two linearly arranged rooms formed by adding a rectangular unit onto a square unit (with an overall length-towidth ratio of ca. 1:2.3); primary access by means of a single doorway located centrally in one of the short walls; a large central hearth but no internal roof supports or ovens in the main (rectangular) room; and earthen floors. And, while detailed measurements of all the structures at Chalasmenos

27

have not yet been published, the internal dimensions of House A.2 (ca. 40 m²) are not too dissimilar from those available for other structures at the site, such as Megara A.2 (35 m²) and A.3 (40.5 m²) and Houses B.1 (48 m²) and B.2 (43.5 m²; Tsipopoulou 2011a, 336); note that the actual architectural footprint of House A.2 is slightly larger at ca. 61.90 m². The buildings at Chalasmenos, especially those of megaron and megaroid type such as House A.2 (in its second phase), are typically oriented east– west and conform to the geography of the site (Fig. 4); adjacent House A.1 is a notable exception (Tsipopoulou 2004a, 106; 2011a, 333). The primary access to the settlement of Chalasmenos appears to have been from the east, between Areas Beta and Gamma, and pathways, typically comprised of fine gravel or cobbles and in some cases with rough steps, led to the central plateia and around the exterior of the settlement, dividing and connecting the four quarters of the site (Rupp 2014, 167–168, 187, fig. 4). Note that House A.2 was accessed from a path leading around the western edge of the settlement, as were Megara A.2 and A.3; unlike Megaron A.1 and House A.1, it had no direct access to the central open plateia and was not in close proximity to the shrine that was located at the northeastern edge of the site. It is positioned, however, roughly in the center of Area Alpha Upper. In terms of materials, building techniques, layout, orientation, size, and built features, then, at first glance there is little that differentiates House A.2 from most of the other megaron-like

structures on the site: units of two, three, or sometimes more rooms arranged for the most part in axial fashion with one of the rooms, usually the largest in the suite, containing a central hearth and/or one or more benches/platforms against the side walls. Closer consideration, however, reveals that there are several aspects of its construction that do serve to distinguish it from most other megaron-like structures in the settlement. For example, while many room suites were provided with benches, platforms, and/or bins, few, if any, contain as many examples as House A.2 does (three benches, two platforms, two bins [or one bin and one oven]). Similarly, while most rooms in the settlement were accessed through centered doorways, that connecting Rooms 1 and 2 was set off to the side (though off-centered doorways do also appear elsewhere on the site, as in Houses A.1 and A.3, Megara A.1 and A.2, and the shrine; Tsipopoulou 2001, 99). In addition, if the proposed phasing of House A.2 is correct, its shift in orientation in the second phase to that shared by the megaronlike structures in Areas Alpha Lower and Gamma (i.e., now perpendicular to A.1) assumes added meaning, one perhaps related to the increasing importance of the sea (Tsipopoulou 2004a, 103) and/ or the growing significance of the bench shrine at Vasiliki Kephala (Eliopoulos 1998, 2004). Thus, despite the fact that its builders drew entirely from local building traditions, House A.2 nevertheless possesses enough distinctive architectural features to suggest that it served some sort of specialized function(s).

4

Pottery by Melissa Eaby

Introduction A significant amount of LM IIIC pottery has been presented in recent years (and is forthcoming) from nearby sites such as Kavousi Kastro (Mook 1993, 1999, 2004; Mook and Coulson 1997) and Vronda (Day, Klein, and Turner 2009; Day and Glowacki 2012; Day et al. 2016), Azoria (Haggis et al. 2007a), Vasiliki Kephala (Eliopoulos 1998, 2004), and Vrokastro (Hayden 2003), as well as from more distant sites such as Karphi (Seiradaki 1960; Day 2011b), Chania (Hallager and Hallager, eds., 2000; Hallager 2003), Thronos/Sybrita (Prokopiou 1997; D’Agata 1999, 2003; D’Agata and Boileau 2009), and Phaistos (Borgna 2003a, 2007). In addition, the LM IIIC period has been examined in several recent ceramic studies (e.g., Kanta 1980; Hallager and Hallager, eds., 1997; Deger-Jalkotzy and Zavadil, eds., 2003, 2007; Tsipopoulou 2005a). Although the period has been divided into at least two or three subphases (see, e.g., D’Agata 2007), however, there is still no consensus as to their terminology, and some

disagreement still exists as to their overall defining characteristics (Day 2011b, 3). The primary phase of occupation at the site of Chalasmenos, for example, has been dated in publications by the director of the site to LM IIIC middle (Tsipopoulou 2004a, 103; 2005b, 320; 2009, 131; 2011b, 466), but it is elsewhere referred to as LM IIIC late (Coulson and Tsipopoulou 1994, 71; B. Hallager 2000, 174 n. 345; D’Agata 2007, 101, table 3; Day, Klein, and Turner 2009, 7; Day 2011b, 3). Regardless of terminology, recent studies have confirmed that the nearby site of Katalimata was founded and occupied earlier than Chalasmenos (with a slight overlap), dating from early LM IIIC to no later than the middle of the period (Nowicki 2008, 58–63), and that Chalasmenos itself is contemporary with the majority of the LM IIIC remains from Kavousi Vronda (Day, Klein, and Turner 2009, 7), Kastro Phase III (Mook and Coulson 1997, 358–363; and possibly also with the later part of Kastro Phase II: Tsipopoulou 2004a, 120– 122), and Karphi (Day 2011b, 325), which date

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MELISSA EABY

toward the end of the period. Additionally, there is a relatively clear distinction between the pottery from the early part of LM IIIC and the later part, though the existence of a middle phase remains debatable. For the purposes of the discussion here, therefore, the pottery from Chalasmenos will be referred to as advanced LM IIIC so as to clearly indicate its date in the later part of the period and to avoid any uncertainty that might arise with the use of the terms middle or late; note, however, that it is perhaps most commonly called LM IIIC late in other publications. With few exceptions (which will be presented at the end of the chapter), the pottery from House A.2 at Chalasmenos is thus advanced LM IIIC in date, as also seen at the rest of the site, and the ceramic repertoire recovered from the site overall is typical of that found at sites dating to the later part of LM IIIC. A large proportion of the pottery from Chalasmenos consists of storage vessels (pithoi, pithoid jars, amphorae), cooking vessels (tripod cooking pots, cooking amphorae, cooking dishes), and food preparation vessels (basins), as well as cups and deep bowls for drinking and jugs and kraters for serving (Tsipopoulou and Coulson 2000, 108). Some cooking vessels from the site were previously analyzed by Assaf YasurLandau, and Tsipopoulou has provided preliminary presentations of pottery from across the site as well as overviews of the best preserved vessels from certain specific buildings or contexts (YasurLandau 2003–2004, 2006; Tsipopoulou 2004a, 2005b, 2011a, 2011b). The majority of the ceramic finds from House A.2 are fragmentary, and only a few vessels were able to be completely or nearly completely restored from the 98 bags of context pottery (see this vol., Table 1) and the 42 individually collected pottery objects recovered during excavation; note that four additional bags of pottery were recovered from a surface collection in 2008. The total amount of pottery recovered from the building is 4,241 sherds with a weight of 73.114 kg; note that of this total the Room 1 assemblage represents 23% of the pottery by count and 42% by weight. The number of preserved vessel profiles is also rather limited, though a large number of diagnostic rim, handle, and base sherds were identified in the pottery study. A wide range of shapes, however, are represented among the ceramic assemblages from the two rooms of

the building, and these include, as seen elsewhere on the site, vessels used for storage, food preparation, and serving, as well as drinking and food consumption.

Fabric Analysis For this study, only macroscopic analysis of the LM IIIC ceramic fabrics will be presented. Petrographic analysis of pottery from the site will be presented in a later volume; a preliminary study has, however, been conducted on samples of cult equipment and pottery from the Chalasmenos shrine (Nodarou and Iliopoulos 2009). A thorough macroscopic study of coarse wares from the general area was conducted as part of the KavousiThriphti Survey (Haggis and Mook 1993; Mook 2005). This study included pottery observed on the surface at Chalasmenos (Haggis and Nowicki 1993), and the typology was later adapted for the ceramic analyses from the excavations at Vronda and Kastro (as part of the Kavousi Project; Mook and Day 2009); note that a petrographic analysis of cult equipment from the shrine at Vronda has also been published (Day et al. 2006). For this reason, the same basic typology was adapted for the study of Chalasmenos House A.2, as the vast majority of the coarse ware pottery conforms (or is very similar or identical) to types previously identified in the area. In this volume, coarse (and mediumcoarse) fabrics are provided with different type numbers specific to the study of House A.2 because not all fabrics identified in the study can be definitively correlated with types distinguished at the Kavousi sites, thereby avoiding any implications about the specific location of the manufacture of the Chalasmenos and Vronda pottery. The recent discovery of a kiln at Chalasmenos between Areas Alpha Lower and Gamma (Rupp and Tsipopoulou 2015), however, and the kiln previously excavated at Vronda near the shrine (Day, Coulson, and Gesell 1989; Day and Glowacki 2012, 51–56; Day et al. 2016, 225–226) imply that at least some of the pottery was made and/or fired at each individual site. Note that for those Chalas­ menos fabrics that are equivalent to Kavousi examples, more detailed fabric descriptions can be

POTTERY

found elsewhere (Haggis and Mook 1993; Mook 2005; Mook and Day 2009). Additionally, the fabric types identified here and the percentages with which they occur (as shown in Charts 1–5) pertain only to House A.2 and are not necessarily reflective of the assemblages found on the rest of the site.

Additional Features of the Fabric Study Due to the fragmentary nature of the pottery from House A.2, it was not possible to calculate the minimum number of vessels from any given assemblage or fabric, nor was it feasible to produce any meaningful statistics regarding the percentages of shapes or total number of vessels represented in the assemblage from the building. A large percentage of the diagnostic sherds, however, were cataloged with the hope of providing as accurate a picture of the ceramic assemblage as possible. The basic statistics presented in this chapter (including those in the following fabric descriptions) represent only the assemblages (typically both cataloged and uncataloged sherds) from roofing collapse, floor, and subfloor deposits of both rooms in House A.2, as the pottery bags from upper levels sometimes included material potentially from adjacent buildings or that had washed into the area at a later date. In addition, in calculating the relative percentages of fabric types, only sherds with clearly identifiable types were included. An additional aspect of the ceramic fabric study was the recording of basic counts by room of sherds from both the pottery bags and cataloged objects from roofing collapse, floor, and subfloor levels according to ware (fine, medium coarse, and coarse; Chart 6). These ware counts appear to reflect functional differences between the two rooms (for further discussion, see this vol., Ch. 8). In Room 1, which appears to have served primarily for storage but also possibly for some cooking/ food preparation, coarse ware represents the greatest percentage of the assemblage by sherd count (53.9%), with lesser amounts of medium-coarse (15.0%) and fine (31.1%) wares. Room 2, on the other hand, which appears to have served especially for dining but also food preparation (and perhaps limited short-term storage), shows a much

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greater percentage of fine wares (45.8%), while coarse (37.8%) and medium-coarse (16.4%) pottery is also common. In terms of specific fabrics, Types 1 and 2 comprise the vast majority of coarse and medium-coarse pottery from House A.2 at Chalasmenos (Charts 1–4), with combined totals consisting of 76.3% (by count) and 95.2% (by weight) in Room 1 and 87.1% (by count) and 78.6% (by weight) for Room 2. This is comparable to the situation at Vronda, where the equivalent types IV and X typically comprise 50%–80% of any ceramic assemblage (Day, Klein, and Turner 2009; Day and Glowacki 2012). The high frequencies with which these types occur, as well as previous petrographic studies in the area and the presence of kilns at both sites, likely indicate that the majority of pottery at Chalasmenos and Vronda was locally made.

Type 1 This fabric type is identical to Kavousi type X/ XI (XI is a finer version of X; Haggis and Mook 1993, 275–276; Mook 2005, 171; Mook and Day 2009, 165), and it was identified at Chalasmenos during the survey of the site (Haggis and Nowicki 1993, 314). This fabric is the most common type used for ritual objects (goddesses with upraised arms, snake tubes, plaques) at Chalasmenos, and appears to be local in manufacture with outcrops identified nearby (Nodarou and Iliopoulos 2009). Type 1 fabrics commonly have a distinctive slip, which ranges at Chalasmenos in color from very pale brown (10YR 8/3–8/4) to pink (7.5YR 8/4) to reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6). The fabric itself varies from reddish yellow (5YR 6/6– 7/6, 7.5YR 7/6) to pink (5YR 7/4, 7.5YR 7/4–8/4) to very pale brown (10YR 8/4), and it sometimes has a gray (10YR 5/1–6/1, gray; 10YR 6/2, light brownish gray; 7.5YR 7/1, light gray) or light red core (2.5YR 6/6). Inclusions consist of abundant to very abundant, moderately sorted, red, purple, or gray phyllites (size ca. 0.2–7.0 mm). White angular quartz/quartzite and sometimes limestone inclusions (size ca. 0.3–5.0 mm) also sparsely to rarely occur, and chaff voids are present in a few instances. The surface is also typically of soft to medium hardness. This fabric type appears to be

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closely related to one commonly found in LM I deposits at Mochlos (coarse fabric type 2; Barnard 2003, 5–6; Mook 2005, 171) and is typical of the LM IIIC period at Chalasmenos. In both rooms of House A.2, Type 1 is the most popular fabric, representing 43.2% (Room 1) and 44.4% (Room 2) of the pottery by count from roofing collapse, floor, and subfloor levels (Charts 1, 2), and 62.2% and 52.0%, respectively, of the pottery from those same levels by weight (Charts 3, 4). It is especially common in storage jars (pithoi, pithoid jars, amphorae) but is also frequently used for basins, kraters, possible kalathoi/bowls, and jugs. A finer version of this fabric is also apparently used for kylikes, cups, and deep bowls. Specifically, from among the cataloged coarse vessels of known fabric type, 100.0% of the pithoi, 88.9% of the pithoid jars, 92.9% of amphorae/jugs, and 62.5% of basins were in Type 1 fabric (or variations of this type; Chart 5). In addition, the corresponding Kavousi type X/XI is the most common fabric for pithoi, pitharakia, amphorae, pithoid jars, basins, kraters, and fenestrated stands at Vronda (Mook and Day 2009, 165). A variation of Type 1 (e.g., A2 P5, A2 P51) has also been observed in which the fabric is lighter in color (e.g., 10YR 8/2, very pale brown, and 2.5Y 8/2, pale yellow), and the inclusions are primarily blue to gray phyllites. This may merely represent the result of different firing conditions, however, and does not appear to represent a separate fabric type.

commonly occur, and soft, chalky calcium carbonate is rarely present. The surfaces of Type 2 vessels are also medium to hard. While this fabric has thus far only been identified on LM IIIC vessels at Chalasmenos (and also in House A.2), it was found at Vronda in MM I–II and MM III–LM I as well as in LM IIIC (Mook and Day 2009, 164). Type 2 comprises the second most common fabric in House A.2 (and the most common cooking ware), representing 33.1% (Room 1) and 42.7% (Room 2) of the pottery by count (for roofing collapse, floor, and subfloor contexts: Charts 1, 2), and 33.0% and 26.6%, respectively, of the pottery by weight (Charts 3, 4). As also seen at Vronda (Mook and Day 2009, 164), in House A.2, Type 2 fabric is primarily used for cooking vessels (cooking dishes, trays, tripod and flat-based cooking pots), scuttles, and an incense burner, though it is also sometimes used for basins; specifically, 25.0% of basins, 81.8% of probable tripod cooking pots, 22.2% of cooking dishes, and 100.0% of cooking trays from House A.2 are in this fabric type (Chart 5). There are also limited examples of possible (but not definite) cooking amphorae in the pottery bags. At Vronda, Type 2 fabric was one of the most common fabric types at the site, and in addition to cooking vessels, it was also used less frequently for pithoi, pithoid jars, kraters, pyxides, kalathoi, and jugs (Mook and Day 2009, 164), though it was not typically observed in these shapes in House A.2 (with the exception of one possible krater fragment and a possible kalathos rim).

Type 2

Type 3

Type 2 fabric is equivalent to Kavousi type IV (Haggis and Mook 1993, 274; Mook 2005, 169– 170; Mook and Day 2009, 164), and it was previously identified at Chalasmenos during survey (Haggis and Nowicki 1993, 314). This fabric has also been noted among the cooking wares and cult equipment from the Chalasmenos shrine (Nodarou and Iliopoulos 2009). The fabric is red (2.5YR 4/6–4/8 and 5/6–5/8) to yellowish red (5YR 4/6 and 5/6–5/8), sometimes with a gray core (5YR 5/1, 10YR 5/1– 6/1). The primary inclusions consist of abundant, poorly sorted red to gray to brown phyllites. Angular white inclusions, likely quartz/quartzite, also

This fabric type is likely a variation of Type 2, perhaps equivalent to Kavousi type XXVI, which occurs in the same shapes as Kavousi type IV (Mook 2005, 175; Mook and Day 2009, 167). Chalasmenos Type 3 fabrics are softer and have a brighter orange color than Type 2 (5YR 6/6–6/8, reddish yellow). This fabric also has phyllite (and rare siltstone) and probable quartzite inclusions, but chalky white calcium carbonate inclusions often occur with a greater frequency than in Type 2. Only three objects of this fabric have been cataloged from House A.2: two cooking pot fragments (A2 P167, A2 P169) and a possible bowl (A2 P72).

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Type 3 fabric is found in House A.2 pottery at a frequency of 20.4% (Room 1) and 2.5% (Room 2) by pottery count (Charts 1, 2), and 3.4% and 1.1%, respectively, by pottery weight (Charts 3, 4). It also represents 18.2% of the cataloged probable tripod cooking pots (Chart 5).

Type 4 This fabric is likely equivalent to Kavousi type XVI (Haggis and Mook 1993, 277; Mook 2005, 172–173; Mook and Day 2009, 165–166), which has been previously identified at Chalasmenos (Haggis and Nowicki 1993, 314). This fabric occurs very rarely in the House A.2 assemblage, however, and is represented only in the sherd material— primarily cooking vessel fragments and a possible tray or lamp. In fact, this fabric was not identified in Room 1 and represents only 0.4% by count and 0.5% by weight of the fabrics in Room 2 (Charts 2, 4). Type 4 fabric varies from red (2.5YR 5/8) to yellowish red (5YR 5/8) in color. Silver mica schists are abundant, and white possibly quartzite/ limestone inclusions also occur commonly in the fabric, the surface of which is medium to soft. At Vronda, this fabric is used primarily for cooking vessels and storage jars, especially pithoi (Mook and Day 2009, 165), and occurs only in LM IIIC. A similar fabric has also been found at Mochlos (type 8; Barnard 2003, 8; Mook 2005, 173). Possible lamp or cooking tray A2 P207 may represent a variation of this fabric, with red clay (or possibly eroded phyllites) and gold mica inclusions in addition to the abundant silver mica schist, though its date is uncertain.

Type 5 This fabric type is equivalent to Kavousi type XIII (Haggis and Mook 1993, 276; Mook 2005, 172; Mook and Day 2009, 165), and it was also previously identified at Chalasmenos during survey (Haggis and Nowicki 1993, 314). Only a limited number of sherds and one possible cataloged object (A2 P57), however, have been identified from House A.2; no sherds were observed from Room

2, and examples from roofing collapse, floor, and subfloor levels in Room 1 represent 0.5% by count and 0.7% by weight of the assemblage (Charts 1, 3). Examples of Kavousi type XIII (Chalasmenos Type 5) are light red (2.5YR 6/6) to reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) in color and commonly have a very pale brown slip (10YR 7/4); this fabric also contains poorly sorted, very densely packed red to purple siltstone or mudstone (phyllite) inclusions, sometimes with white inclusions or clay lumps. The limited examples of Type 5 from House A.2 are found in basins and pithoi/pithoid jars (which are represented only in the sherd material), the same shapes in which this fabric occurs most commonly at Vronda, where it appears to be an LM III fabric (Mook and Day 2009, 165).

Type 6 Fabric Type 6 is likely equivalent to Kavousi type XXV (Mook 2005, 175; Mook and Day 2009, 167). The Chalasmenos examples have red (2.5YR 4/6) to yellowish-red (5YR 5/6) fabric, sometimes with a dark grayish-brown core (10YR 4/2) and rarely with a reddish-yellow surface color (7.5YR 6/6); this fabric also has poorly to moderately sorted abundant granodiorite inclusions (with a sugary appearance, 0.2–3.0 mm in size, angular to subangular), and other hard white inclusions and gold mica (biotite) particles are common. The fabric is medium to hard and often well smoothed so that the gold mica inclusions are those primarily visible on the surface. At Vronda this fabric was noted primarily in cooking vessels as well as kalathoi and is LM IIIC in date (Mook and Day 2009, 167). Type 6 fabric was also previously observed at Chalasmenos in cooking pots and ritual vessels from the shrine, and the granodiorite likely came from sources in the Gournia/Priniatikos Pyrgos area a few kilometers to the west (Nodarou and Iliopoulos 2009). It is not, however, a common fabric in House A.2, where it represents 1.4% (Room 1) and 0.5% (Room 2) of the pottery by count (Charts 1, 2), and 0.4% and 0.2%, respectively, by weight (Charts 3, 4). In fact, only one cataloged example of this fabric type exists from the house (A2 P196, a so-called cooking dish rim), representing 11.1%

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of the cooking dishes from the house (Chart 5); the sherds of this fabric noted from among the pottery bags were primarily from dishes or bowls.

Type 7 This type was identified in House A.2 only in the sherd material, and it was apparently used for closed, medium-sized vessels; no diagnostic sherds were present, only body fragments. The fabric is typically pink (5YR 7/4) to reddish yellow (5YR 7/6, 7.5YR 6/6) in color, sometimes with a very pale brown slip (10YR 8/3). It contains well- to moderately sorted and abundant possible white granodiorite inclusions, especially subrounded, with rare, small red and soft white inclusions, and the surface is typically medium to soft. Type 7 fabric represented only a very small percentage of sherds in Room 1 (0.30% by count, 0.02% by weight; Charts 1, 3), but showed a more significant presence in Room 2 (1.1% by count, 0.6% by weight; Charts 2, 4). There are no cataloged sherds of this type, though examples were found in pottery bags 194 and 280 from 2001 and bag 44 from 1996, among others. The date of this fabric type is uncertain, and there does not appear to be an equivalent variant identified among the published LM IIIC Kavousi coarse fabrics; a similar fabric, however, was present in limited quantity in an LM IIIC context at Azoria (pers. obs.). It is hoped that study of additional pottery deposits from Chalasmenos will clarify the date of this fabric.

Type 8 Examples of this fabric type in House A.2 are yellowish red (5YR 5/6–5/8) to reddish yellow (5YR 6/6, 7.5YR 6/6–7/6) in color. Poorly sorted abundant white granodiorite inclusions (with a sugary appearance) occur, along with rarer chalky white, soft yellow, and gold mica inclusions and rare clay lumps. Often the soft white and yellow inclusions and clay lumps are the only inclusions visible on the surface, and they provide the primary means of distinguishing this fabric from Type 6, which has similar inclusions but a primary

visible surface inclusion of gold mica; in fact, it is possible that Type 8 is actually a variation of Type 6. Voids/spalls in the clay also sometimes occur in Type 8, and the surface is slightly rough with medium-soft hardness. Although this fabric has similar inclusions to Kavousi types XXII and XV (Mook 2005, 172, 174; Mook and Day 2009, 165–166), which have been previously identified at Chalasmenos (Haggis and Nowicki 1993, 314), it does not appear to be the same as either. In addition, there are different variations of this fabric in House A.2, some with a much higher percentage of chalky white inclusions and clay lumps than others; the scarcity of examples and condition of the sherds make it difficult to know if these constitute separate fabrics or poorly sorted examples of the same fabric, or if in some cases they actually represent Type 6. In House A.2, Type 8 fabric was clearly limited to amphorae and cooking amphorae, as well as to possible cooking dishes; specifically, this fabric type represents 7.1% of cataloged identifiable coarse amphorae/jugs, 100% of probable cooking amphorae, and 66.7% of cooking dishes (Chart 5). This fabric appears to be an LM IIIC type, and it occurs in 1.1% (Room 1) and 7.9% (Room 2) of the roofing collapse, floor, and subfloor pottery deposits by count (Charts 1, 2), and in 0.2% and 17.3% of the deposits by weight, respectively (Charts 3, 4).

Type 9 Another possible fabric is represented by Type 9, for which there are only a few sherds and cataloged objects (A2 P17, A2 P68, A2 P74), each of which occurs with slight variations in fabric. The limited examples are primarily yellowish red (5YR 5/8) to reddish yellow (5YR 6/8, 7.5YR 6/6–7/6) in color, and the fabric is often relatively soft. While red and blue/gray, mostly subrounded and subangular, poorly sorted phyllite inclusions commonly occur in this fabric type, they are not as dominant as in Types 1 and 2. Hard white (quartzite and limestone?), soft white calcium carbonate, and rare silver mica inclusions also occur, along with some chaff voids and small surface spalls. No examples were recovered from Room 1, and this type

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represents 0.5% by count (Chart 2) and 1.7% by weight (Chart 4) of the assemblage from Room 2. The limited examples from House A.2 come from a pithoid jar/basin and from uncataloged fragments of a bowl and kalathos. Based on the scarcity of examples, it is not certain whether this actually represents a separate fabric type or merely variations/ firing differences from other known types (e.g., perhaps it is a variation of Type 1). At least one example appears similar to Kavousi type XXIII fabric (Mook 2005, 174–175; Mook and Day 2009, 166). Future ceramic study at the site will be able to ascertain whether or not this is a separate fabric type.

and pithoi, while the red clay was used primarily for cooking vessels and to a lesser degree for kalathoi and dishes. The dark brown fabric was also said to be extremely rare and possibly imported, while that same type and brownish red did not occur in fine varieties (Tsipopoulou 2004a, 107). The previously identified pinkish- and orange-buff (and possibly also yellowish-buff) clays likely represent, in most cases, versions of Type 1 fabric, while the red clay is likely primarily Type 2. It is possible that the brownish-red and dark brown fabrics could, at least in some cases, represent Type 6 or Type 8. For the fine wares, however, the clay types of pinkish buff, orange buff, and yellowish buff do comprise the most common fabrics.

Fine Ware and Previous Fabric Identification For the fine wares, it is more difficult to identify clear fabric distinctions. Fine wares most commonly occur in reddish-yellow (5YR 6/6–6/8 and 7/6, 7.5YR 6/6–7/6), pink (5YR 7/4), and very pale brown (10YR 8/2–8/3) fabrics. Inclusions are rarely visible macroscopically, and fine wares are also generally soft in texture, as also seen at Vronda where this trait was interpreted as either the result of firing conditions or local soil characteristics (Day, Klein, and Turner 2009, 12). In limited instances, small phyllite (and possible quartzite) inclusions are identifiable, likely primarily representing finer versions of Chalasmenos Type 1. Also, there is a single example of a fine ware vessel in reddish-yellow fabric with speckled tiny white inclusions (A2 P149), and a deep bowl base with pink fabric has small white and red inclusions with rare mica (A2 P138). These vessels could also represent finer versions of the identified coarse ware types. In a previous examination of pottery from Chalasmenos, six so-called clay types were identified— pinkish buff, orange buff, yellowish buff, brownish red, red, and dark brown—though it was acknowledged that “an argument can be made for reducing these to four” (Tsipopoulou 2004a, 107). Pinkish buff and orange buff were said to be found most commonly in medium-coarse and fine vessels, with orange buff used especially for cups, deep bowls, dishes, bowls, amphorae, jugs, basins, pithoid jars,

Slips and Paint The vessels from Chalasmenos, especially the fine wares, commonly had applied slips (or selfslips), most often thin and of the same color as the clay, though sometimes of a light buff color (Tsipopoulou 2004a, 107). Decoration was most commonly added in a darker “paint,” which ranges in color from black to red or dark brown based on firing; it is not an actual paint but is similar to the slip in nature. The surfaces of the pottery, however, are in general poorly preserved, and it is difficult to clean them (either with water or with acid) without removing the paint and/or slip as the soil adhering to the pots was in many cases harder than the surface of the vessels themselves, a feature also observed in the ceramics at Vronda (Day, Klein, and Turner 2009, 13). The best method of cleaning was revealed to be through the use of a scalpel, though it was not feasible to clean the majority of the pottery with this time-consuming method; regardless, most of the pottery had already been cleaned by one method or another prior to this study. Thus, it was often difficult to definitively identify fabric type or slip/decoration, especially when the sherds were small in size; for example, poorly preserved patches of paint on certain vessels could be representative of a monochrome slip, though they could also indicate blob decoration or even a thick band.

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Catalog

Shape Typology, Methodology, and Catalog Order

Features of the Catalog

In an effort to present the ceramic material as thoroughly as possible, a large number of vases and sherds were selected to be cataloged. All vessels with one-third to complete profiles, as well as a large selection of diagnostic rim, base, and handle sherds and diagnostic and non-diagnostic decorated body sherds, were cataloged. An effort was made to illustrate the full range of profiles, fabrics, and decorations of each shape. In addition, for certain shapes, especially cups/deep bowls, a much larger sample of sherds was cataloged than for other shapes with the hope of providing a fuller range of the minor variations that occur in the profiles of rims and bases. Within the LM IIIC catalog, a specific subphase date is only provided in the few instances where such an assignation could be convincingly made; general comments regarding the dates of certain features are presented within the discussion sections for individual shapes. As it facilitates the discussion of vessel types, in this section the LM IIIC pottery from House A.2 is presented and organized according to shape, rather than by room/context (a system also followed, e.g., in some of the Mochlos publications: Barnard and Brogan 2003; Smith 2010); the room in which an object was found, however, is listed in the catalog entry and the stratigraphic context of the object can be found listed in Chapter 2. Pottery of non– LM IIIC date is presented in a separate section below. In addition, decorative treatment and motifs are discussed together with the vessel shapes on which they appear. In general, the terminology established by Birgitta Hallager (Hallager 1997a) for LM IIIC shapes was followed, with a few exceptions. For example, the small pithoi were designated pitharakia, following recent studies (e.g., Christakis 2005, 2; Day, Klein, and Turner 2009, 11), as these vessels were too small to be considered pithoi, and the presence of a collared neck did not allow them to be categorized as pithoid jars. As many as 25 LM IIIC shapes (with 207 cataloged objects) have been identified from House A.2, and these are grouped into four broad categories in order to aid in discussion: closed vessels, open

All measurements for the pottery are given in centimeters and weights in grams; for instances where nonjoining sherds can probably (on the basis of fabric and shape) but not definitely be associated with a vessel, their weight is given in parentheses beside that of the main object. Although the percentage of preservation is provided for some well-preserved vessels, these numbers are only estimates. Fabrics were divided into three categories (coarse, medium coarse, and fine, with medium fine used in rare instances) on the basis of size and frequency of inclusions. Hardness was determined by a scale adapted for Aegean ceramics by Jennifer Moody and also used by the Kavousi Project (Mook 2005, 168; Day, Klein, and Turner 2009, 12): very soft, almost chalky and covers hands with sherd dust; soft, easily scratched with a fingernail and rubs off on hands; medium, can be scratched with a fingernail and surface can rub off with some effort; and hard, cannot be scratched with a fingernail. Note that in the catalog entries, the densities of inclusions (coarse, medium coarse, or fine) are listed first, followed by degree of hardness (very soft, soft, medium, or hard). Color was identified by the use of a Munsell Soil Color Chart (Munsell 2000). The date of the vast majority of the pottery from House A.2 is LM IIIC; only in a few cases could objects be assigned to a specific phase within that period. For the few vessels of non–LM IIIC date, it was often not possible to assign a specific date but rather only broad period designations, such as MM or EM. In addition, a limited number of object photographs are presented in this volume as a result of the state of preservation of the ceramics. Only a small number of vessels were preserved to any significant degree, and the surfaces of the sherd material are often quite poorly preserved or have been removed due to cleaning. For that reason, in most cases the drawings provide more information than the photographs, and all of the cataloged ceramic objects were therefore drawn.

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vessels, vessels possibly used in the cooking process, and miscellaneous vessels. Closed shapes consist primarily of vessels with narrow and restricted mouth diameters that were used for storage or for pouring, such as pithoi, amphorae, jugs, and jars. Pithoid jars and larnakes are also included in this category, even though in some cases their mouths are nearly as wide as their bases, due to their storage function and the fact that they were usually closed by lids. Open shapes typically have wide and unrestricted mouth diameters and include vessels used for eating and drinking or serving, such as cups, deep bowls, bowls, kraters, and dishes. These also include basins, which were likely used for food preparation. Vessels in cooking fabrics include tripod cooking pots, cooking amphorae, and cooking dishes and trays, while a miscellaneous category incorporates rare vessels or those that may have had specialized functions, such as incense burners, scuttles, and an unusual handmade vase. The typology of shapes is organized as follows: I. CLOSED VESSELS A. Pithoi B. Pithoid jars C. Amphorae and jugs D. Amphoriskoi E. Stirrup jars F. Lid G. Larnax H. Miscellaneous closed vessels II. OPEN VESSELS A. Basins B. Bowls C. Kalathoi D. Kraters and krateriskoi E. Deep bowls and cups/deep bowls F. Other cups G. Kylikes

III. VESSELS POSSIBLY USED FOR COOKING A. Tripod and possible flat-bottomed cooking pots B. Cooking amphorae C. Cooking dishes D. Cooking trays E. Cooking basins IV. OTHER VESSELS A. Incense burner B. Scuttles C. Miscellaneous

I. Closed Vessels A. Pithoi Numerous fragments of pithoi were recovered from House A.2, though there were no complete mendable examples or profiles that could be reconstructed (A2 P1–A2 P10; Fig. 12; Pl. 11). Ten objects have been cataloged, and variations in fabric and decoration indicate that several different pithoi are represented. Although pithoi were typically used for large-scale storage, when only sherds are present it can be difficult to determine whether they were used for storage at the time of abandonment, consisted of broken fragments in a secondary usage, such as for a chimney pot, or were washed into the area (Day 2011b, 309–310). The pithos fragments found in Room 1 were recovered mostly from roofing collapse levels (from across the room) but also from the floor, while those from Room 2 were found mostly in wall collapse (though also in roofing collapse) but not on the floor. All examples are in Type 1 fabric or an apparent variation of that type, and they frequently have a buff slip. These sherds likely belong to pithoi of a common LM IIIC type with an ovoid-shaped body, narrow torus base, narrow neck, everted rim with a rounded or squared lip, and vertical handles on the lower and upper body

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(Seiradaki 1960, 3–4; Tsipopoulou 2004a, 108– 109, fig. 8.3:92-70; Christakis 2005, 7, 10, figs. 3, 10, forms 8, 41; Day, Klein, and Turner 2009, 38– 39, fig. 24). Based on the preserved rim (24.8 cm interior for A2 P4) and base (26 cm for A2 P5) diameters, the House A.2 examples would appear to have belonged to relatively small pithoi; at Karphi, for example, the rim diameters of the smaller pithoi range from 23–35 cm and the larger from 36–54 cm, and the heights range from 75–125 cm (Seiradaki 1960, 3–4; Day 2011b, 307). Many pithos sherds from House A.2 (A2 P1– A2 P3, A2 P8) have raised bands with incised herringbone decoration, and variation is seen in the manner and precision of the incised lines, which sometimes overlap in the center of the motif; this decoration is commonly found on pithoi during the LM IIIC period (e.g., Tsipopoulou 2004a, 109, fig. 8.3:92-70; Christakis 2005, 28–29, figs. 40, 41, esp. bands 40, 47; Nowicki 2008, 63, 94, 97, figs. 33:KP 33, 41:KP 148; Day, Klein, and Turner 2009, 38– 39, fig. 24; Day 2011b, 310). A raised band with incised parallel diagonal lines (a series of lines oriented in one direction meeting a series oriented in the other direction) is also preserved (A2 P6; cf. Christakis 2005, 29, fig. 43, band 69 [a LM IIIB– IIIC type found throughout the island]). Raised bands not only provided a surface for decoration, but they were also functional, helping strengthen the joints between sections of the vessel (Day 2011b, 307). An applied rope band with finger impressions was also found along the neck/shoulder join of a pithos rim (A2 P4) found in the doorway between Rooms 1 and 2; this form of decoration is common in LM IIIC Crete as well (cf. Christakis 2005, 26, figs. 28, 29, ropes 13, 15; Day, Klein, and Turner 2009, 132, fig. 89:J P29; Day 2011b, 308– 309). Finally, a small raised band with incised diagonal hatches may have broken off of the neck or shoulder of a similar pithos (A2 P9; Tsipopoulou 2004a, 109, fig. 8.3:92-70; Christakis 2005, fig. 30, rope 24; Day, Klein, and Turner 2009, 38–39, fig. 24:B3 P20, P22; Day 2011b, 308, fig. 9.25:K26.14). Note that at nearby Vronda and Phase III Kastro, as at Chalasmenos, incised herringbone decoration was especially common on pithoi of type X fabric (equivalent to Chalasmenos Type 1), and fingerimpressed bands also frequently occurred (Mook and Coulson 1997, 362).

A2 P1 (HL96/148b; Room 1; Trench A8, pottery bag 80; Fig. 12; Pl. 11). Pithos, body. Mended from four joining sherds (possibly shoulder fragment). Max. pres. h. ca. 15; th. 1.1–1.6 cm. Wt. 1,100 g. Coarse, medium, reddish-yellow fabric (7.5YR 7/6) with light gray core (7.5YR 7/1); Type 1 with red phyllite and sparse chalky white inclusions; ext. well-preserved very pale brown slip (10YR 8/3). Incised herringbone decoration on raised band. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P2 (HL96/bag 127/2; Room 1; Trench A8; Fig. 12; Pl. 11). Pithos, body. Two joining sherds. Max. pres. h. 10.8; th. 1.9–2.2 cm. Wt. 350 g. Coarse, medium, pale yellow fabric (2.5Y 8/4); Type 1 variation with red phyllite and sparse quartzite inclusions; ext. very pale brown slip (10YR 8/3). Incised herringbone decoration on raised band; incisions meet and sometimes cross slightly in center of decoration. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P3 (HL00/bag 240/1; Room 2; Trench A23; Fig. 12). Pithos, body. Two joining sherds. Max. pres. h. 6.8; th. 1.5–1.8 cm. Wt. 170 g. Coarse, medium, pink fabric (5YR 7/4) with pink int. surface (7.5YR 8/4); Type 1 with red and gray phyllite and sparse quartzite inclusions; ext. very pale brown slip (10YR 8/4). Incised herringbone on raised band; incisions cross at center of decoration. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P4 (HL03/9; doorway between Rooms 1 and 2; Trench A14, pottery bag 1; Fig. 12; Pls. 6B, 11). Pithos, rim and neck. Single sherd (ca. 1/3 preserved). Max. pres. h. 12.9; d. rim 24.8 (int.), 31.8 cm (ext.). Wt. 1,500 g. Coarse, medium, reddish-yellow fabric (5YR 7/6); Type 1 with dense, poorly sorted red phyllite inclusions; ext. pink slip (7.5YR 8/4). Applied rope band with finger impressions at neck-shoulder join. Everted rim with rounded lip; two thin ridges run around neck. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P5 (HL96/148a; Room 1; Trench A8, pottery bag 80; Fig. 12; Pl. 11). Pithos, base. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 11.4; d. base 26 cm. Wt. 1,000 g. Very coarse, medium, very pale brown fabric (10YR 8/2–8/4); Type 1 variation with abundant red, brown, and gray phyllite (up to 6 mm in size) and sparse quartzite inclusions. Flat base with torus/slightly beveled profile; raised band with central groove above base. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P6 (HL96/304; Room 1; Trench A8, pottery bag 131; Fig. 12; Pl. 11). Pithos, body (lower body probably below center). Five joining and two joining sherds. Max. pres. h. 20.9; th. 1.0–1.5 cm. Wt. 2,600 g. Coarse, medium, reddish-yellow fabric (5YR 6/6) with center of core gray (5YR 6/1) to light gray (5YR 7/1) and pink int. surface (7.5YR 8/4); variation of Type 1(?) with abundant brownish-gray phyllite, sparse limestone/ quartzite, and rare gold mica inclusions; ext. very pale brown slip (10YR 8/4). Raised band with incised diagonal lines which change direction at the center of the motif, forming a V at the change. Date: LM IIIC.

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A2 P7 (HL00/736, Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bag 214; Fig. 12). Pithos, rim and base. Two nonjoining sherds. Max. pres. h. base 3.8, max. pres. h. rim 5.9; d. base ca. 30 cm. Wt. 290 g. Very coarse, medium, reddish-yellow fabric (5YR 7/6) with center of core light gray (7.5YR 7/1) to white (7.5YR 8/1); Type 1 with very abundant red, brown, and gray phyllite and common quartzite inclusions, very visible on the surface; int. surface and ext. slip pink (7.5YR 7/4–8/4) to reddish yellow (7.5YR 8/6). Slightly torus/beveled base and large overhanging rim. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P8 (HL96/bag 80/1; Room 1; Trench A8; Fig. 12). Pithos. Single body sherd. Max. pres. h. 12.5; th. 1.8–1.9 cm. Coarse, medium, probably Type 1 fabric. Raised band with incised herringbone decoration; lines sometimes meet or cross in center of motif. Comments: sherd not found for study. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P9 (HL01/bag 47/4; Room 2; Trench A14; Fig. 12). Pithos(?). Single body sherd (possibly broken off neck/shoulder). Max. pres. h. 1.8; max. pres. L. 3.4; th. 0.9 cm. Wt. 5 g. Coarse, medium, reddish-yellow fabric (7.5YR 7/6); Type 1 with red phyllite inclusions; ext. pink slip (7.5YR 8/4); int. surface not preserved. Thin, incised rope band. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P10 (HL96/148c; Room 1; Trench A8, pottery bag 80; one sherd from 1996 pottery bag 104; Fig. 12). Pithos, shoulder, handle, and rib of neck. Seventeen mended, joining sherds and 34 possible nonjoining sherds. Max pres. h. 21; th. body 1.2–1.8; d. handle 3.2 cm. Wt. 850 g (and possibly + 450 g). Coarse, soft, pink fabric (7.5YR 7/4–8/4) with light gray core (10YR 6/1); fabric is in poor condition, very eroded; abundant reddish-black phyllite inclusions visible on surface (Type 1); ext. very pale brown slip (10YR 8/3). Probable black paint on center of and to right of handle. Vertical handle with elliptical section; raised rib partially preserved just above handle, at neck. Date: LM IIIC. Comparanda: Day and Glowacki 2012, figs. 23:E1 P143, 72:I3 P22 (Vronda).

B. Pithoid Jars Pithoid jars of various sizes occur frequently in the assemblage, and the catalog includes two nearly complete examples and fragments of at least five others (A2 P11–A2 P19; Figs. 13, 14; Pl. 12). The best preserved examples from House A.2 range in height from 29.5–36.1 cm (with one possibly as tall as 44 cm) and in exterior rim diameter from 25–36 cm. While many (but not all) of the pithoid jars from the site are technically open vessels, they are included here with the closed vessels due to their similarity in function with the pithoi. Pithoid jars most likely were used for short-term

storage, though they could also have been used for some processing activities (Day 2011b, 306). Nearly all of the cataloged pithoid jar fragments were recovered from floor levels (or in wash just outside the entrance to the building); for example, A2 P13 was found in a pit in the southwestern corner of Room 1, and A2 P11 and A2 P16 were recovered from the floor in the northwestern corner of Room 2. The LM IIIC pithoid jar is smaller and more cylindrical in form than the typical pithos, with a wider, open mouth (and no neck). The rim is very distinctive—fat and flattened outward with a rib below, similar to that found on basins—and the walls are often nearly vertical (or with only a slight curve), with two vertical handles of elliptical section placed typically at or just below the rib (Hallager 1997a, 414; Day 2011b, 305–306). In some instances, there are single round finger impressions at the bottoms of the handles (e.g., A2 P11, A2 P16). This shape has also been variously referred to as a cylindrical pithos, small pithos, tub pithos, or open jar (e.g., Tsipopoulou 2004a, 108; Christakis 2005, 21, fig. 26:122; Nowicki 2008, 110). An earlier version of this type of jar can be seen in LM IIIB at Kommos (Watrous 1992, 68, fig. 43:1139), and the shape is quite common elsewhere at Chalasmenos (Tsipopoulou 2004a, 109, fig. 8.3), at the LM IIIC settlements near the site (e.g., Nowicki 2008, fig. 76 [Katalimata]; Day, Klein, and Turner 2009, 47, 107, figs. 31:B4 P56, 74:D4 P5 [Vronda]), and at sites farther afield on Crete (e.g., Prokopiou 1997, 377 fig. 18:k [Sybritos]; Rethemiotakis 1997, 308, fig. 9 [Kastelli Pediada]). Nearly all examples of pithoid jars from House A.2 are in coarse Type 1 fabric; there is only one exception (A2 P17, a rim fragment), which is in a more orange fabric (possibly Type 9) and may actually come from a basin rather than a pithoid jar. The LM IIIC pottery at Chalasmenos often has poorly sorted inclusions within the fabric; nearly complete example A2 P13 clearly demonstrates this feature in that it has several spall marks, one of which is quite large (7 x 8 cm). The pithoid jars also commonly have buff slips on the interior and exterior, as is typical of this fabric type. In addition, one possible pithoid jar base (A2 P19) has

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a painted band above the base. Finally, a small body fragment (A2 P18), likely of a pithoid jar or possibly a basin, contained thin incised herringbone decoration with a line through the center of the motif, a feature not observed on the pithos examples. A2 P11 (HL00/302; Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bag 302-1; Fig. 13). Large pithoid jar, rim, handle, and base. Ten sherds (2 joining rim, 3 joining base, 5 nonjoining body). Max. pres. h. base 16.8, max. pres. h. rim 17.2 (est. total h. 44); d. rim 32 (int.), 36 (ext.); d. base 25; d. handle 2.2 cm. Wt. 2,350 g. Coarse, medium, light reddish-brown (5YR 6/4) to pink fabric (5YR 7/4); Type 1 with purple/red and black phyllite and quartzite inclusions; ext. and int. very pale brown slip (10YR 8/3). Elliptical handle section; sharp ridge below rim; finger impression at bottom of vertical handle. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P12 (HL97/bag 46/1; Room 1; Balk A8/A14; Fig. 13). Pithoid jar, rim. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 6.1; d. rim ca. 30 cm. Wt. 100 g. Coarse, medium, reddishyellow (7.5YR 7/6) to pink fabric (7.5YR 8/4) with light gray center of core (7.5YR 7/0); red phyllite inclusions (Type 1). Thin ridge below rim. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P13 (HL96/302a [Hagios Nikolaos (AgN) 15620]; Room 1; Trench A8, pottery bag 131; Fig. 13; Pls. 6A, 12). Pithoid jar. Mended from three joining sherds. Full profile, 2/3 of vessel preserved (60% rim; 100% of both handles; 90% base; 75% body). H. 36.1; d. rim 29.5 (int.), 34.1 (ext.); d. base 25.1; d. handle 2.5 cm. Wt. 7,550 g. Coarse, medium, reddish-yellow fabric (5YR 6/6–7/6) with light red core (2.5YR 6/6); Type 1 with red, brown, and gray phyllite and sparse quartzite inclusions; int. and ext. very pale brown slip (10YR 8/4). Traces of black paint on top of rim; very thin band above base. Torus/beveled base; vertical handles with elliptical section; sharp ridge below rim; rolled coil of base visible on int., rough on underside; rest of vessel wheelmade. Comments: very large spall (7 x 8 cm) and some smaller spall marks on body. Date: LM IIIC. Comparanda: Kanta 1980, fig. 57:6 (Kavousi); Tsipopoulou 2004a, 109, fig. 8.3:92-43 (Chalasmenos); Nowicki 2008, 110, fig. 76:KP 557 (Katalimata); Day, Klein, and Turner 2009, 107, fig. 74:D4 P5 (Vronda). A2 P14 (HL01/2066; outside building to west; Balk A23/A34, pottery bag 238-1; Fig. 13). Pithoid jar, rim. Fragment mended from 10 joining sherds. Max. pres. h. 10.9; d. rim 28 (int.), 31.6 cm (ext.). Wt. 380 g. Coarse, medium, reddish-yellow fabric (7.5YR 7/6); Type 1 with red phyllite and very rare chalky white inclusions; int. and ext. slip pink (7.5YR 8/4) to very pale brown (10YR 8/4). Thin rib below rim. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P15 (HL01/2062; Room 2/outside building to west; Balk A22/A23, pottery bag 208; one sherd from Trench A14, HL01/bag 14/2; Fig. 13). Pithoid jar, rim.

Three joining sherds and one nonjoining. Max. pres. h. 12.6; th. body 1.0 cm. Wt. 150 g. Coarse, medium, reddish-yellow fabric (7.5YR 7/6); Type 1 with red and gray phyllite and rare quartzite inclusions; int. and ext. pink slip (7.5YR 8/4). Rim only slightly thickened, with thin rib below. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P16 (HL00/329; Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bag 302-2; Fig. 13; Pl. 12). Small pithoid jar. Ninety percent preserved, mended from 61 joining sherds. H. 29.5; d. rim 22.4 (int.), 25.2 (ext.); d. base 23.7; d. handle 2.2 cm. Wt. 4,750 g. Coarse, medium, reddishyellow fabric (7.5YR 7/6) with core dark gray (10YR 4/1) to gray (10YR 5/1); Type 1 with red and brown phyllite, sparse quartzite, and chalky white inclusions; int. and ext. slip pink (7.5YR 8/4) to yellow (10YR 7/6) to very pale brown (10YR 8/2). Two vertical handles with finger impression at bottom; flat base; thin rib below rim. Comments: ext. patches of burning/ discoloration. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P17 (HL01/955; Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bag 280-2; Fig. 13). Pithoid jar (or possibly basin), rim. Two joining sherds (and one probably associated with handle scar). Max. pres. h. 13.9; d. rim 29 cm. Wt. 310 g (+ 170 g). Coarse, soft, reddish-yellow fabric (7.5YR 6/6–7/6) with some grayish brown/reduction (10YR 5/2) on areas of ext. body; Type 9 with blue/gray and dull red phyllite, sparse quartzite, other hard and soft white, and rare silver mica inclusions. Slightly thickened rim with rounded rib below. Comments: different fabric from other pithoid jars, but similar shape. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P18 (HL01/bag 50/4; Room 2; Trench A14, pottery bag 50-1 [formerly HL01/123]; Fig. 13). Pithoid jar (or basin?), body. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 2; th. 1.6 cm. Wt. 15 g. Medium-coarse, medium, reddishyellow fabric (5YR 7/6) with light gray center of core (7.5YR 7/1); Type 1 with purple and red phyllite inclusions; int. and ext. surface pink (7.5YR 8/3). Thin incised herringbone decoration with line through center of motif. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P19 (HL01/bag 157/3; outside building to west; Balk A22/A23, pottery bag 157-2; Fig. 14). Pithoid jar(?), base. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 8.3; th. body 0.8–1.0; d. base ca. 20 cm. Wt. 70 g. Medium-coarse, medium, reddish-yellow fabric (5YR 7/6; Type 1); int. and ext. pink slip (7.5YR 8/4). Traces of reddish-brown paint: ext. solid band above base; int. a few possible drips. Unevenly smoothed underside of base; molding on base (rough torus). Date: LM IIIC.

C. Amphorae and Jugs Due to the fragmentary nature of the material, it is often difficult to distinguish amphora and jug sherds with any certainty. Those examples that can be definitely identified or represent probable amphorae or jugs are included here (A2 P20–A2 P38;

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Figs. 14, 15; Pl. 12), while the remaining less certain examples are presented in the miscellaneous closed vessel section. Amphorae are represented by one nearly complete medium-coarse example (A2 P20) found just outside the entrance into the building, a base with painted wavy line decoration (A2 P21) found on the bench along the eastern wall in Room 1, and several other handle, rim, and base fragments. The amphorae found in House A.2 typically have flat or slightly raised bases, slightly globular bodies, low necks with round mouths, and handles with elliptical or round sections. The rims are slightly everted with either rounded or flattened lips. As seen elsewhere at the site (Tsipopoulou 2004a, 108; 2011b, 475, fig. 15) and on the island (e.g., Kanta 1980, 272; Day, Klein, and Turner 2009, figs. 42:B8 P8, 90:J1 P32; Day 2011b, 300, fig. 9.22), the few decorated examples most commonly had painted bands around the rim, neck, and/or body; wavy lines are also frequently found on the body or shoulder. Amphora A2 P20 is in an uncommon fabric (Type 8), while the other identifiable examples are in Type 1 fabric with buffcolored slips. Nearly all of the House A.2 amphorae are medium coarse (or coarse); in fact, fine amphorae are rare in LM IIIC deposits on the island (Day 2011b, 300). Many of the jugs found in House A.2 have narrow necks with slightly everted rims that are identical/nearly identical to those found on the amphorae, thus making specific assignations difficult when only sherds are preserved. Unfortunately, jugs are visible only in the sherd material, and no examples can be reconstructed nor complete profiles formed. From elsewhere at the site, however, jugs do occur in a variety of sizes (h. 5–35 cm) and often have globular bodies (Tsipopoulou 2004a, 115). While the House A.2 amphorae tend to be medium coarse to coarse, many of the jugs are in finer fabrics (though also in medium-coarse, typically Type 1 fabric), and they appear to have a greater range in shape and size. The jugs also typically have handles of elliptical section, and one has a groove down the center (A2 P31), a feature more commonly seen on scuttles from the building but also on LM IIIC cups from other sites such as Vronda (e.g., Day and Glowacki 2012, fig. 80:IC2 P3). The House A.2 jugs tend to have flat bases, though some possible examples have small raised bases. Similar to the amphorae, jugs are also

sometimes decorated with bands and/or curvilinear motifs (Tsipopoulou 2004a, 115; Day, Klein, and Turner 2009, figs. 30:B4 P38, 68:D1 P14; Day 2011b, 298). In addition, A2 P35 represents a very fragmentary, small handmade juglet; a miniature handmade juglet was also noted from a nearby building but has not yet been published (Tsipopoulou 2004a, 115). A2 P20 (HL01/700; outside building to west; Balk A23/A34, pottery bag 238-1; Fig. 14; Pls. 8C, 12). Amphora. Mended from 49 joining sherds. 90% preserved (100% base; 60% rim; 85% body; 100% of both handles). H. 38.5; d. rim 11.5; d. base 14.5; d. handle 3.3 cm. Wt. 4,950 g. Medium-coarse, medium-soft, reddish-yellow fabric (5YR 6/6); Type 8 with abundant chalky white (carbonates) and white granodiorite inclusions and some chaff voids; reddish-yellow surface (7.5YR 6/6–7/6), possibly ext. slip. Two ridges at join between neck and shoulder. Comments: residue sample no. 2479. Date: LM IIIC. Comparanda: Tsipopoulou 2004a, 110, fig. 8.4:96-358 (Chalasmenos). A2 P21 (HL96/149; Room 1; Trench A8, pottery bag 80; Fig. 14; Pl. 12). Amphora, base (100% preserved) with part of lower body. Mended from 11 joining sherds. Max. pres. h. 15.1; d. base (lower) 14.6, (upper) 15.6 cm. Wt. 1,500 g. Medium-coarse, medium, reddish-yellow fabric (7.5YR 7/6) with reddish-yellow core (5YR 6/6); Type 1 with red, black, and gray phyllite, quartzite, and rare gold mica inclusions and a few chaff voids visible on surface; ext. slip pink to very pale brown (7.5YR 8/4–10YR 8/4). Traces of black and red paint: ext. traces of black band above base; wavy line preserved mostly in shadow (with traces of red) at highest preserved point. Notch at edge of underside of base. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P22 (HL97/bag 46/3; Room 1; Balk A8/A14; Fig. 14). Amphora, handle and body. Two joining sherds. Max. pres. h. 10.1; max. pres. w. 9.5; th. body 0.6; d. handle 3.2 cm. Wt. 135 g. Coarse, medium, very pale brown fabric (10YR 8/4) with pink center of core (5YR 7/4); Type 1 with abundant phyllite and quartzite and rare mudstone(?) inclusions. Brownish-black paint: ext. two or three bands below handle, circle around base of handle, and possible stripe down side of handle (or solidly painted handle). Handle with elliptical section. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P23 (HL97/bag 66/1b; Room 1; Balk A8/A14, pottery bag 66-3; Fig. 14). Probable amphora, rim. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 2.9; d. rim 12 cm. Wt. 10 g. Medium-coarse, soft, reddish-yellow fabric (5YR 6/6) with gray phyllite inclusions (Type 1); int. and ext. of rim pink slip (7.5YR 8/4). Red paint: band or hatches on top of rim; int. and ext. band below rim. Flattened top of rim, slightly beveled. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P24 (HL00/bag 96/2; Room 2; Balk A14/A23, Trench A23, 2000 pottery bag 214; Fig. 14). Amphora,

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handle (and possibly associated base fragment). Two joining handle sherds and one nonjoining base sherd. Max. pres. h. base 2; max. pres. h. handle 9.5; d. base ca. 8; d. handle 2.5 cm. Wt. 10 g (possibly + 110 g). Coarse, medium, pink fabric (5YR 7/4) with reddishyellow core (5YR 7/6); Type 1 with phyllite-quartzite inclusions; ext. very pale brown slip (10YR 8/3). Possible traces of black paint. Nearly round handle section. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P25 (HL01/bag 294/2; Room 2; Balk A22/ A23; Fig. 14). Amphora (or jug), rim. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 3.4; d. rim est. 8 cm. Wt. 10 g. Mediumcoarse, medium, pink fabric (7.5YR 7/4); Type 1 with phyllite-quartzite inclusions; ext. and int. of rim very pale brown slip (10YR 8/3). Ext. black paint on rim (possibly band). Date: LM IIIC. A2 P26 (HL00/bag 226/2; Room 2; Trench A23; Fig. 14). Amphora, handle. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 7.2; th. 0.6; d. handle 2.4 cm. Wt. 70 g. Coarse, medium, light brownish-red (2.5YR 6/4) to pink (5YR 7/4) fabric; Type 1 with phyllite-quartzite inclusions; ext. pink slip (7.5YR 8/4). Nearly round handle section. Comments: possibly same vessel as A2 P24. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P27 (HL96/bag 104/2; Room 1; Trench A8; Fig. 14). Probable amphora, rim. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 3.4; d. rim 8 cm. Wt. 10 g. Medium-coarse, soft, pink fabric (7.5YR 8/4); Type 1 with phyllite-quartzite inclusions; ext. and int. of rim very pale brown slip (10YR 8/3). Reddish-brown paint: ext. band below rim; int. three bands below rim (thin, thick, thin). Slightly beveled rim. Comments: visible inclusions on surface, which is somewhat uneven, esp. on the interior. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P28 (HL97/bag 58/7; Room 1; Balk A8/A14, pottery bag 58-2; Trench A8, 1996 pottery bag 63; Fig. 14). Probable jug, rim and neck. Five joining sherds and one nonjoining. Max. pres. h. 4.5; d. rim 8–9 cm. Wt. 15 g. Medium-fine, soft, reddish-yellow fabric (5YR 7/6) with reddish-yellow surface (7.5YR 7/6; ext. probable slip); possibly Type 1 with red phyllite, quartzite, and chalky white inclusions. Traces of red to brown paint: int. band on neck (just below rim); ext. band at neck/shoulder join. Everted rim and thin body. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P29 (HL01/bag 222/8; Room 2; Balk A23/A34, pottery bag 222-2; Fig. 14). Probable jug, base. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 3.5; d. base 11.5 cm. Wt. 60 g. Medium-fine, very soft, reddish-yellow fabric (7.5YR 7/6) with int. very pale brown surface (10YR 8/4); ext. and underside of base very pale brown slip (10YR 8/3). Flat base, unevenly smoothed at edge. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P30 (HL01/bag 194/3; Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bag 194-1; possibly Trench A14, HL01/bag 83/1; Fig. 14). Closed vessel (jug?), base. Two joining sherds and one possible nonjoining sherd. Max. pres. h. 5.3; d. base 9 cm. Wt. 20 g (possibly + 15

g). Medium-coarse, medium to soft, light red fabric (2.5YR 6/6); Type 1 with phyllite-quartzite inclusions; int. surface pink (7.5YR 7/4), ext. slip pink (7.5YR 8/4) to very pale brown (10YR 8/4). Flat base, slightly uneven. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P31 (HL01/2063; Room 2; Trench A14, pottery bag 50-1; Fig. 15). Jug(?), rim and handle. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 2.3; d. handle 2.1 cm. Wt. 15 g. Fine, medium, pink fabric (7.5YR 7/4); probably fine version of Type 1; int. rim and ext. (slip?) very pale brown (10YR 8/3). Black paint on upper edges of handle; int. band below rim (possible second band below at break). Handle with central groove. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P32 (HL03/bag 7/2; Room 1; Balk A2/A8, pottery bag 7-1; Fig. 15). Small jug, rim and section of handle. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 2; d. rim 5; d. handle 1.4 cm. Wt. 10 g. Fine, very soft, very pale brown surface (10YR 8/4) with pink core (7.5YR 7/4). Ext. traces of red paint below rim and on handle. Handle elliptical in section. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P33 (HL96/bag 40/3; Room 1; Trench A8; Fig. 15). Closed vessel (probably jug or amphora), base. Two joining sherds and one nonjoining (and seven probable body sherds from 1997 pottery bags 46, 50, 58). Max. pres. h. 3.5; d. base 11 cm. Wt. 80 g. Medium-coarse, medium, pink (7.5YR 7/4) to reddishyellow (7.5YR 7/6) fabric with int. and most of core gray (2.5Y 6/1) to light gray (5Y 6/1); Type 1 fabric with quartzite and phyllite inclusions; ext. yellow slip (10YR 7/6). Flat base, poorly smoothed and slight ridge on underside near edge. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P34 (HL96/bag 44/2; Room 1; Trench A8; Fig. 15). Jug or amphora, body/shoulder to neck. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 2.8; th. 0.3–0.5; max. pres. w. 3.5 cm. Wt. 10 g. Medium-coarse, medium, pink fabric (7.5YR 7/4) with ext. (self-slip?) and int. surface very pale brown (10YR 8/4); Type 1 fabric with phyllitequartzite inclusions. Black paint: ext. band at neck join; part of curvilinear motif lower on body. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P35 (HL01/bag 238/16; outside building to west; Balk A23/A34, pottery bag 238-1; Fig. 15). Handmade juglet, neck and handle attachment. Four joining sherds and three nonjoining. Max. pres. h. 4.2; th. 0.4–0.5; d. handle 0.7 cm. Wt. 28 g. Medium-coarse, soft, reddishyellow fabric (5YR 7/6); Type 1 with black and gray phyllite inclusions; ext. very pale brown slip (10YR 8/4). Date: LM IIIC. A2 P36 (HL01/bag 241/4; outside building to west; Trenches A23, A34, Balk A23/A34; Fig. 15). Amphora (or jug), rim. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 2.5; d. rim 11.5 cm. Wt. 10 g. Medium, medium-soft, pink fabric (5YR 7/4); Type 1 with red phyllite, quartzite, and chalky white inclusions; int. and ext. very pale brown surface or slip(?) (10YR 8/3). Black paint: ext. band below rim; int. band along rim. Thickened, slightly flaring rim. Date: LM IIIC.

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A2 P37 (HL00/bag 96/3; Room 2; Balk A14/A23; Fig. 15). Amphora/jug (or possibly stirrup jar), body sherd. Max. pres. h. 4.7; th. 0.7 cm. Wt. 20 g. Coarse, medium, reddish-yellow fabric (7.5YR 7/6); Type 1 with red phyllite and quartzite inclusions; ext. very pale brown slip (10YR 8/3). Red to brown paint: ext. two thin bands framed above and below by thicker bands. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P38 (HL96/bag 40/4; Room 1; Trench A8; Fig. 15). Jug(?), base. Two joining sherds. Max. pres. h. 1.2; d. base 8 cm. Wt. 10 g. Fine, soft, reddish-yellow fabric (7.5YR 7/6; fine version of Type 1); ext. possible yellow slip (10YR 7/6). Black paint: ext. band (or monochrome) around and on underside of base. Date: LM IIIC.

D. Amphoriskoi Two probable amphoriskos rims were recovered from House A.2 in roofing collapse and floor levels (A2 P39, A2 P40; Fig. 15). These rims are everted and have short necks. The amphoriskos is a rare shape at Chalasmenos, with restorable examples displaying globular bodies with flat bases, horizontal handles on the shoulder, and average heights of 13–15 cm (Tsipopoulou 2004a, 107–108, fig. 8.6:95-71). Similar examples have also been found at Kastelli Pediada (Rethemiotakis 1997, 310, fig. 11:c) and Karphi (Day 2011b, 304, fig. 9.23:K116.7; see also Mountjoy 2007, 232, fig. 4:5), where they are called jars. Painted bands comprise the most common decoration for this vessel type. Amphoriskoi are also similar in shape to the so-called cooking amphorae, from which they are clearly distinguished by their finer fabric, smaller size, and painted decoration. Rims A2 P39 and A2 P40 are likely in fine versions of Type 1 fabric. In addition, A2 P39 preserves two bands (one just below the rim and the other at the shoulder join) and is very similar in shape and decoration to another example from Chalasmenos (Tsipopoulou 2004a, 112, fig. 8.6:95-71). A2 P39 (HL00/bag 271/10; Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bag 271-2; Fig. 15). Amphoriskos, rim. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 3.3; d. rim 14 cm. Wt. 10 g. Fine, soft, pink fabric (5YR 7/4); possibly fine version of Type 1; int. and ext. surface very pale brown (10YR 8/3). Black paint: int. band on rim; ext. band on rim and below rim at neck. Date: LM IIIC. Comparanda: Tsipopoulou 2004a, 112, fig. 8.6:95-71 (Chalasmenos). A2 P40 (HL97/bag 66/5; Room 1; Balk A8/A14, pottery bag 66-2; Fig. 15). Amphoriskos(?), rim. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 2.8; d. rim 9 cm. Wt. 10 g. Fine (possible version of Type 1), soft, reddish-yellow fabric

(7.5YR 7/6); int. rim and ext. pink slip (7.5YR 8/4). Plain (or possible faded bands in area of slip). Date: LM IIIC.

E. Stirrup Jars Stirrup jars from Chalasmenos have been noted in two sizes, medium (h. ca. 30 cm) and small (h. ca. 15 cm), and all examples identified thus far are decorated (Tsipopoulou 2004a, 108). The House A.2 stirrup jars are all in fine, soft fabrics, reddish yellow to pink in color. At other sites such as Karphi, however, large coarse versions (h. >30 cm) for transport or storage have also been found in addition to the fine, decorated variety (Day 2011b, 290–294). Examples from House A.2 (A2 P41– A2 P46; Fig. 15; Pl. 13) all appear to represent the smaller type of stirrup jar, which typically has a slightly hollowed, raised base, globular body (especially popular in LM IIIC), and two handles (one on either side of the false spout). In at least one instance (A2 P42) the false spout has a small knob on top, a feature that appears to date to a mature phase of LM IIIC (Seiradaki 1960, 16; Kanta 1980, 247–248; Mook and Coulson 1997, 363; Smith 2010, 85; Day 2011b, 290; cf. Popham 1965, 320; B. Hallager 2000, 146; 2007, 190). In addition, A2 P42 illustrates a feature diagnostic of LM IIIC manufacture: the base and body were wheelmade, while the top with the handles and false spout was made as a separate disk that was attached to the body; the join was sealed with a ridge of clay on the interior (Mook 1993, 161–162; Day 2011b, 290). Another feature considered to date to late in the period is the use of an airhole close to the neck or handles (D’Agata 2007, 96; Mountjoy 2007, 223; Day 2011b, 290), and A2 P41 contains a plugged airhole below one handle. As seen elsewhere at the site and commonly throughout the Mirabello and Siteia areas (Tsipopoulou 2004a, 108, 111, fig. 8.5), the two best preserved examples from House A.2 (A2 P41, A2 P42) were decorated in the Cretan close style (also called fringed style or pleonastic style; see, e.g., Schachermeyr 1979, 206; Mountjoy 1999, 513; Day 2011b, 260). The elaborate decorative motifs were typically placed on the shoulder (Kanta 1980, 257; Day 1997, 395, 397, fig. 4; 2011b, 292–293; D’Agata 2007, 115, fig. 16:3, 4), and the House A.2 motifs include elaborate fringed concentric semicircles, concentric triangles, and palmettes,

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with fillers of hatching and crosshatching, Upattern, and curved ladder pattern. Although the close style occurs throughout LM IIIC, it appears to be most common late in the period, at least at the sites near Chalasmenos. For example, it became much more prevalent at Kavousi Kastro in Phase III (Mook and Coulson 1997, 360; Mook 2004, 169), and it is virtually missing from the early LM IIIC site of Katalimata (Nowicki 2008, 61). Several of the House A.2 fragments also contain numerous thin bands across the body (A2 P41 has groups of thin bands separated by thick bands), as commonly seen on decorated stirrup jars from other LM IIIC sites (Day 2011b, 291). In addition, A2 P42 has a spiral on the false spout and the two handles are outlined with vertical bands; both of these are common LM IIIC features also seen on stirrup jars from Karphi (Day 2011b, 293), Palaikastro Kastri (Sackett, Popham, and Warren 1965, 288, fig. 10:d), and Katalimata (Nowicki 2008, figs. 42:KP 175, 49:KP 250). Additionally, well-preserved stirrup jars A2 P41 and A2 P42 appear to have been placed on the two stone platforms in the southeastern and southwestern corners of Room 2. Their prominent placement on the platforms would appear to indicate that they were intentionally displayed and thus potentially of some value; furthermore, the elaboration of the decorative motifs on stirrup jars like these in comparison to that found on most other types of vases in this period may be an indication of the importance of the stirrup jar contents or the jars themselves (Smith 2010, 84). A2 P41 (HL01/32; Room 2; Trench A8, pottery bag 29; Fig. 15; Pl. 13). Stirrup jar (small variety). Mended from 13 joining sherds. Ca. 1/3 of body and shoulder and one handle scar preserved. Max. pres. h. 7.7 (est. h. 11); max. body d. 12.5; d. handle 1.4 cm. Wt. 70 g. Fine, soft, pink fabric (5YR 7/4); ext. very pale brown slip (10YR 8/3). Black paint, mostly faded or preserved only in shadow: fringed semicircles filled with hatches (parallel vertical and horizontal lines) on shoulder; body decorated with rows of thin bands separated by single thick bands. Cretan close style decoration. Comments: plugged airhole visible on underside of preserved handle scar. Date: LM IIIC. Comparanda: Tsipopoulou 2004a, 111, fig. 8.5:92-6 (Chalasmenos). A2 P42 (HL01/964; Room 2/outside building to west; Balk A23/A34, pottery bags 229, 238-2; Trench A23, 2000 pottery bag 81; Fig. 15; Pl. 13). Stirrup jar (small variety). Mended from 23 joining and 13 probable nonjoining sherds. Ca. 1/3–1/4 preserved (95% of

shoulder and all of false spout and two handles). Max. pres. h. 7.2; max. pres. body d. 14.5; d. handle 1.7 cm. Wt. 200 g. Fine, soft, reddish-yellow fabric (7.5YR 7/6); ext. very pale brown slip (10YR 8/4). Red paint: fringed papyrus, concentric triangles, and semicircles all filled with small U-pattern; cross-hatched triangles fringed with U-pattern; ladder pattern frames interior of papyrus and triangle; painted spiral on false spout and vertical lines framing edges of handles. Knob on top of false spout. Cretan close style decoration. Date: LM IIIC late. A2 P43 (HL00/bag 271/16; Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bag 271-2; Fig. 15). Stirrup jar, false spout. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 1.6; th. body 0.2–0.3; d. spout 1.5 cm. Wt. 10 g. Fine, very soft, pink fabric (7.5YR 7/4–8/3). Comments: very worn. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P44 (HL01/bag 50/1; Room 2; Trench A14, pottery bag 50-1 [formerly HL01/156]; Fig. 15). Stirrup jar(?), body. Two nonjoining sherds. Max. pres. h. 3.2; th. 0.2–0.3 cm. Wt. 10 g. Fine, very soft, reddish-yellow fabric (7.5YR 7/6–8/6); traces of very pale brown slip (10YR 8/3) preserved. Very faded reddish-yellow to red paint, decoration preserved mostly in shadow: ext. thin horizontal bands (fragments of six preserved). Comments: perhaps same vessel as A2 P42. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P45 (HL01/2067; Room 2; Trench A14, pottery bag 50-1 [formerly HL01/156]; Fig. 15). Stirrup jar(?), body (possibly shoulder up to spout). Single sherd. Max. pres. h. ca. 3.5; th. 0.2–0.5 cm. Wt. 15 g. Fine, soft, reddish-yellow (5YR 7/6 [inner core]) to pink (7.5YR 8/4 [outer core]) fabric; ext. very pale brown slip (10YR 8/3). Black paint: ext. band at top near base of spout(?), two bands below. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P46 (HL03/bag 7/6; Room 1; Balk A2/A8, pottery bag 7-1; Fig. 15). Stirrup jar(?), body. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 1.9; max. pres. w. 3.1; th. 0.3–0.4 cm. Wt. 1 g. Fine, soft, reddish-yellow fabric (5YR 7/6); ext. pink slip (7.5YR 8/4). Traces of red paint: ext. at least four thin horizontal bands. Comments: perhaps same vessel as A2 P41. Date: LM IIIC.

F. Lid Only one lid fragment was recovered from House A.2, perhaps from the area of the entrance into the building (A2 P47; Fig. 16). This lid is flat on one side with a squared edge, and a wide (3.5 cm), deep groove is visible on the other side. This groove may have served to fit over the rim of the vessel being covered (i.e., with the flat side on top), providing a 29 cm inner diameter. With an exterior diameter of 35 cm, this lid could have been used to cover a pithoid jar (well-preserved jar A2 P13, for example, has an exterior rim diameter of 34.1 cm) or pithos; in fact, fragments of several pithoid jars were found in the northwestern corner of

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Room 2. Lid A2 P47 was also produced in a possible variation of Type 1 fabric, the most common type for both pithoi and pithoid jars. In contrast, much smaller lids for cooking vessels with the flat side on the bottom and grooves with a central knob handle on the top have been identified at Karphi (Day 2011b, 283–285, fig. 9.14:K113.4). While it is possible that the fragmentary House A.2 example was of a similar shape, it seems unlikely. A2 P47 (labeled as HL00/284 [duplicate excavation catalog number with stone vase A2 S7]; Room 2; Trench A23, 2001 pottery bag 294[?]; Fig. 16). Lid (possibly for pithos or pithoid jar). Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 3.8; max. pres. L. 10.1; d. 29 (int.), 35 (ext.); th. 2.2–2.4 cm. Wt. 350 g. Coarse, soft, reddish-yellow fabric (5YR 7/8, 7.5YR 7/6); probably Type 1 with phyllite and chalky white inclusions; ext. and int. slip pink (7.5YR 8/4) to very pale brown (10YR 8/4). Flat on one side with squared edge; 3.5 cm wide groove on interior, perhaps for area of rim. Date: LM IIIC.

G. Larnax One larnax (or storage chest) fragment was recovered from House A.2 on the large bench in Room 2 (A2 P48; Fig. 16). This fragment preserves two red painted bands on the interior and two bands below a wavy line on the exterior, motifs commonly observed on other closed vessels from the site. The large storage chest is not a shape commonly found at the site (Tsipopoulou 2004a) and only rarely occurs (or has been identified, given the similarity of larnax sherds to pithoi) in settlement contexts elsewhere on the island (Day 2011b, 314–315). A2 P48 (HL01/428; Room 2; Balk A23/A24, pottery bag 148-2; Trench A23, 2001 bag 194-1; Fig. 16). Larnax/storage chest, body (lower body where begins to curve to base). Four joining sherds. Max. pres. h. 11.5; th. body 1.5–2.5 cm. Wt. 330 g. Coarse, medium, pink (7.5YR 7/4) to reddish-yellow (7.5YR 7/6) fabric with gray center of core (10YR 5/1–6/1); probably Type 1 with red, brown, and gray phyllite and very rare quartzite/other white and white calcium carbonate inclusions; int. and ext. slip/surface pink (7.5YR 8/4) to very pale brown (10YR 8/4). Red paint: int. two bands above base; ext. two bands above base below wavy line. Date: LM IIIC. Comparanda: Prokopiou 1997, 383 fig. 29:d (Sybritos).

H. Miscellaneous Closed Vessels The vessels presented in this section consist in particular of a variety of bases for which the exact

type is uncertain (A2 P49–A2 P58; Fig. 16). These include flat bases for relatively large vessels, such as A2 P52 with a torus molding (from a jug, an amphora, or possibly a basin), medium-sized vessels, such as A2 P53 with a small rib/beveling on the base, and small vases, such as A2 P54 and A2 P56 (possible juglets). Also, three examples consist of raised bases: A2 P49 (a flat raised base, possibly for a juglet), A2 P50 (a concave raised base possibly from a stirrup jar or juglet), and A2 P55 (a slightly raised base, possibly for a juglet). Due to the poor surface preservation of the pottery in general, it is often difficult to be certain whether or not a vessel is open or closed, and it is possible that some of the smaller bases actually belong to open vessels such as cups or deep bowls. The miscellaneous vessel fragments also include A2 P57, a possible pitharaki body sherd with incised herringbone decoration, and rims A2 P51 and A2 P58. This section contains fine, medium, and coarse vessels in a variety of fabric types, both decorated and undecorated. The miscellaneous closed vessels come from the floor (A2 P49) and surface (A2 P52) of Room 1 and the floor (A2 P51, A2 P54, A2 P55), bin (A2 P53), wall collapse (A2 P50), roofing collapse (A2 P56), and surface (A2 P57) of Room 2; A2 P58 was recovered from just outside the building to the west/inside Room 2. A2 P49 (HL97/bag 66/7; Room 1; Balk A8/A14, pottery bag 66-3; Fig. 16). Closed vessel (juglet?), base. Three joining sherds and one possible nonjoining (100% of base). Max. pres. h. 1.6; d. base 4.2 cm. Wt. 25 g. Fine, soft, reddish-yellow fabric (7.5YR 6/6–7/6) with phyllite, hard white, chalky white, and gold mica inclusions; ext. possible self-slip. Traces of black paint (mostly in shadow) around base and possibly on underside; int. plain. Slightly raised base with flat bottom, raised on interior. Date: LM IIIC. Comparanda: Tsipopoulou 2004a, 110, fig. 8.4:98-71-1 (Chalasmenos). A2 P50 (HL00/bag 226/1; Room 2; Trench A23; Fig. 16). Closed vessel (juglet or small stirrup jar?), base. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 1.7; d. base 4.1 cm. Wt. 30 g. Fine, medium, pink fabric (5YR 7/4); ext. pink slip (7.5YR 8/4). Flaky red paint: ext. and underside of base monochrome. Raised base, concave on underside, raised on interior. Date: LM IIIC. Comparanda: Tsipopoulou 2004a, 110–111, figs. 8.4:95-58, 8.5:92-13 (Chalasmenos). A2 P51 (HL00/bag 302/16; Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bag 302-2; Fig. 16). Amphora or jug(?), rim. Two joining sherds. Max. pres. h. 3.5; d. rim ca. 9–10 cm. Wt. 5 g. Coarse, very soft, white fabric (2.5Y 8/2,

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pale yellow) with visible, irregularly sorted gray phyllite and quartzite inclusions (Type 1 variation?). Slightly everted rim, thickened at lip. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P52 (HL97/bag 6/1; Room 1; Balk A6/A14, pottery bag 6-2; Fig. 16). Closed vessel (amphora, jug, or possible basin?), base. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 3.9; d. base est. 18–20 cm. Wt. 40 g. Medium-coarse, medium, reddish-yellow fabric (7.5YR 6/6) with granodiorite, chalky white, and gold biotite mica inclusions (Type 8); relatively smooth, sandy surface; no slip. Flat base with flattened torus molding/beveled. Date: LM IIIC. Comparanda: Tsipopoulou 2004a, 117, fig. 8.10:97-229 (basin, for molding and diameter; Chalasmenos). A2 P53 (HL01/bag 164/7; Room 2; Balk A22/A23, pottery bag 164-3; Fig. 16). Closed vessel(?), base. Five sherds (including two joining base) and four possible nonjoining sherds, including very small fragments of rim. Max. pres. h. 3.7; th. body 0.5–0.6; d. base 14 cm. Wt. 60 g (possibly + 15 g). Medium-coarse, hard, red fabric (2.5YR 4/6) with weak red center of core (2.5YR 4/2); hard white (limestone?), small white, and possible phyllite inclusions; int. and ext. surface red (2.5YR 5/8) to yellowish red (5YR 5/8); possible very pale brown (10YR 8/3) slip (or more likely encrustation) preserved on underside of base. Thick, flat base with beveled edge. Comments: very small fragments of relatively squared rim possibly associated; ext. possible traces of burning. Date: LM IIIC(?). A2 P54 (HL00/bag 81/5; Room 2; Trench A23; Fig. 16). Closed vessel (juglet?), base. Six joining sherds (85% of base) and five possible nonjoining. Max. pres. h. 2.5; d. base 4.3 cm. Wt. 50 g. Medium-fine, soft, reddish-yellow (7.5YR 7/6) to light yellowish-brown (10YR 6/4) fabric with common white (quartzite?), possible phyllite, and rare gold mica inclusions and small voids in the clay. Ext. traces of brown to black paint (not on underside of base): possibly drip/blob or monochrome. Center of base slightly raised; flat base. Comments: int. surface eroded. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P55 (HL00/312; Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bag 302-1; Fig. 16). Closed vessel (juglet?), base. Two joining sherds (100% base). Max. pres. h. 2.3; d. base 4 cm. Wt. 60 g. Medium-fine, medium, pink (7.5YR 7/4) to reddish-yellow (7.5YR 7/6) fabric with gray core (2.5Y 7/1); Type 1 with phyllite-quartzite inclusions. String-cut base and visible wheel marks on interior; flat base, slightly raised, uneven at one end. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P56 (HL00/bag 98/2; Room 2; Balk A14/A23, Trench A23, pottery bag 296; Trench A14, 2001 pottery bag 83; Fig. 16). Closed vessel (juglet?), base. Four joining sherds. Max. pres. h. 3.4; d. base 4.6 cm. Wt. 30 g. Fine, very soft, pink (7.5YR 7/4–8/4) to reddishyellow (7.5YR 7/6) fabric with visible red phyllite, rare mica, and soft white inclusions; possible reddish-yellow slip (5YR 7/6) preserved on underside of base or traces of irregular firing. No extant surface decoration. Thin, flat base (th. 0.2 cm). Date: LM IIIC(?).

A2 P57 (HL96/bag 140/1; Room 2, Trench A14; Fig. 16). Closed vessel (pitharaki or basin?), body. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 1.9; max. pres. w. 4.8; th. 1.2 cm. Wt. 65 g. Coarse, medium, reddish-yellow fabric (7.5YR 7/6) with very pale brown core (10YR 7/4); possibly Type 5 fabric with large, densely packed, and poorly sorted red phyllite and rare quartzite inclusions that protrude from the surface (int. eroded); int. surface pink (7.5YR 7/4). Raised band with roughly incised herringbone (uneven at top, longer lines for bottom half than top). Comments: poorly preserved surface. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P58 (HL01/bag 237/1; outside building to west/ Room 2; Trenches A23, A34, Balk A23/A34; Balk A23/A24, 2001 pottery bag 114; Fig. 16). Closed vessel (or basin?), rim. Eight sherds (three joining, two joining, two joining, one nonjoining). Max. pres. h. 7; d. rim 35–40 cm. Wt. 100 g. Coarse, hard, red (2.5YR 4/8) to yellowish-red (5YR 5/6) fabric with phyllite, quartzite/hard white, gold mica, and chalky whiteyellow inclusions. Everted rim, body carinated below rim. Comments: black encrustation on exterior. Date: LM IIIC(?).

II. Open Vessels A. Basins Basins are common at Chalasmenos, comprising around 10% of certain assemblages, and they occur in various types (A2 P59–A2 P66; Figs. 16, 17; Tsipopoulou 2004a, 115). The most common type of basin from the site has a rim nearly identical to that found on the pithoid jars (i.e., flattened on top with a groove and rib below) and straight walls. Note that in the publication of the pottery from Vronda, this particular form of basin is referred to as a lekane (Day, Klein, and Turner 2009, 11). Similar examples have been identified at many sites including Vronda (Day, Klein, and Turner 2009, figs. 18:AE P44, 87:J1 P19, 105:K4 P19) and Karphi (Day 2011b, 280–282, fig. 9.12). When fragmentary, these basins can be difficult to distinguish from pithoid jars, though sometimes they can be identified by their greater rim diameter (ca. 40–50 cm for the House A.2 examples); this may not always be the case, however, as large pithoid jars with rim diameters over 40 cm have been identified at other sites. Lekane-type basins also tend to be more open in shape and shallower than pithoid jars; for example, the only basin from House A.2 with a preserved profile is only 15 cm

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tall (A2 P61). These basins also typically have a wide, flat base (sometimes with a torus molding) and two horizontal handles (as opposed to the vertical handles of the pithoid jar) with rounded to elliptical section placed below the rib; some examples also have pulled spouts, such as A2 P61 (see also Tsipopoulou 2004a, 115). Basins of this type from House A.2 (A2 P59– A2 P64) are typically in coarse and mediumcoarse Type 1 fabric, usually with a buff slip, and one example (A2 P63) with a thin base preserves two painted bands. Variation can be observed in the basin rims of this type from House A.2, which range from squared and flattened (e.g., ledge rim A2 P59) to slightly everted, fattened, and flattened (A2 P61) to everted, fattened, and flattened (A2 P62, possibly a pithoid jar), but all have ribs below the rim. In addition, all of the House A.2 bases are flat, and A2 P60 has a notch above the base. Fragments of A2 P61 were found on the floor in the northwestern corner of Room 2 as well as in the paved court in front of the house; example A2 P62 and was also found on the floor of Room 2, while the other examples were recovered from wall collapse and surface levels above the same room. Example A2 P63 was found on the floor of Room 1. Other basins from the site show a more rounded profile and a rounded, often slightly inverted (though sometimes everted) rim, though they still have large rim diameters and bases (e.g., A2 P65, A2 P66); they can also be deeper (between 30 and 44 cm) than basins of the other type (Tsipopoulou 2004a, 115; see also Day 2011b, 281–283). Some examples also have slight ribs below the rim (Tsipopoulou 2004a, fig. 8.10:97-229, 95-579). Vessels of this shape from House A.2 tend to occur not in Type 1 fabric but in coarse, darker-colored fabrics similar to Type 2. Unlike the more common type with the rib below the rim, these basins are identifiable only in quite limited quantities in the sherd material: one fragment was recovered from outside the building to the west (A2 P66) and another in the wall collapse of Room 1 (A2 P65). These two examples show signs of burning and apparent traces of a dark gray slip, perhaps indicating an association with cooking, as opposed to the lekanetype basins that may have served food processing or other domestic activities such as washing (Day 2011b, 282). Vessels comparable in shape to A2 P65

have also been referred to as cooking basins (YasurLandau 2003–2004, 54, fig. 1.1:6; see also below). A2 P59 (HL01/bag 26/5; Room 2; Trench A14, pottery bag 26-1; Fig. 16). Basin, rim. Two joining sherds. Max. pres. h. 6.3; d. rim est. 44 cm. Wt. 65 g. Coarse, medium-soft, pink fabric (7.5YR 7/4) with light red core (2.5YR 6/6); Type 1 with phyllite-quartzite inclusions, visible on surface, esp. on rough interior (surface not well preserved); int. and ext. very pale brown (10YR 8/3) slip. Ledge rim with rib below. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P60 (HL00/bag 226/3; Room 2; Trench A23; Fig. 16). Basin, base. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 7.5; th. 1.8–2.0 cm (1.1 cm at bottom of base). Wt. 90 g. Coarse, medium, reddish-yellow fabric (5YR 6/6–7/6) with light gray core (7.5YR 7/1); Type 1 with red and black phyllite inclusions, visible on surface; int. and ext. slip pink (7.5YR 8/4) to very pale brown (10YR 8/3). Flat, notched base (unusual curve in body interior); uneven body (possibly because pulled for spout). Date: LM IIIC. A2 P61 (HL01/701; Room 2/outside building to west; Balk A23/A34, pottery bag 238-1; Trench A23, 2001 pottery bags 280-2, 280-3; Trench A14, pottery bag 83; Fig. 17; Pl. 8B). Shallow basin, profile. Fortysix sherds (and three possibly associated); mended and partially restored (17 joining, 10 joining, 16 joining, 3 joining, and 3 possible). H. 15; d. rim 50; d. base 36.4 cm. Wt. 2,950 g. Coarse, medium, reddish-yellow fabric (5YR 6/6–7/6, 7.5YR 7/6) with light gray to gray core (7.5YR 6/1–7/1); Type 1 with phyllite-quartzite inclusions; int. and ext. very pale brown slip (10YR 7/4–8/4). Fattened, flattened rim with rib below; flat base; one horizontal handle (100%) preserved; section of spout. Comments: residue sample no. 2478. Date: LM IIIC. Comparanda: Tsipopoulou 2004a, 117, fig. 8.10:97-5 (Chalasmenos). A2 P62 (HL00/740; Room 2; Trench A23, 2000 pottery bags 81, 302-1 [formerly HL00/301]; Fig. 17). Basin (or pithoid jar), rim and body. Six joining and two probably associated sherds. Max. pres. h. 18.4; d. rim ca. 40 cm. Wt. 150 g (+ 50 g). Medium-coarse, medium, reddish-yellow fabric (7.5YR 7/6) with gray center of core (10YR 5/1–6/1); Type 1 with phyllitequartzite inclusions; int. and ext. very pale brown slip (10YR 8/4). More everted rim than other examples, but fattened and flattened with rib below. Date: LM IIIC. Comparanda: Day, Klein, and Turner 2009, fig. 98:J4 P31 (Vronda). A2 P63 (HL96/bag 127/3; Room 1; Trench A8; Fig. 17). Basin(?), base. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 8.6; th. body 1.1–1.5; th. base 0.6 cm. Wt. 210 g. Coarse, medium, pink fabric (7.5YR 8/4); phyllite-quartzite inclusions (Type 1); int. and ext. very pale brown slip (10YR 8/3). Ext. traces of black paint: band just above base and additional band higher up on body. Uneven body,

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perhaps because pulled to spout; flat, thin base. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P64 (HL97/bag 15/4; Room 1; Balk A8/A14, pottery bag 15-2; Fig. 17). Basin, rim. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 6.3 cm. Wt. 40 g. Coarse to mediumcoarse, medium, reddish-yellow fabric (5YR 7/6); quartzite and small phyllite inclusions protrude from sherd in some areas (possible variation on Type 1 with larger quartzite than usual and rare limestone); ext. and top of rim very pale brown slip (10YR 8/4). Ext. traces of red paint (possible band below rim). Roughly flat rim with thin rib below. Date: LM IIIC. Comparanda: Tsipopoulou 2004a, 116, fig. 8.9:95-57-1 (Chalasmenos); Day 2011b, 281, fig. 9.12 (Karphi). A2 P65 (HL97/bag 46/5; Room 1; Balk A8/A14, 1997 pottery bag 52-1; Fig. 17). Basin, rim and body. Three joining sherds. Max. pres. h. 9.2; d. rim ca. 45 cm. Wt. 200 g. Very coarse, medium, light red (2.5YR 6/8) to reddish-yellow (5YR 6/6) fabric with burned center of core dark gray (10YR 4/1) to gray (10YR 5/1); rough with abundant phyllite and rare quartzite inclusions (variation of Type 2?); int. and ext. faded dark gray slip (10YR 4/1). Slightly inverted, uneven rounded rim with ridge below. Comments: burning clearly visible on ext. bottom of sherd. Date: LM IIIC. Comparanda: Tsipopoulou 2004a, 117, fig. 8.10:95-579 (Chalasmenos). A2 P66 (HL01/2065; outside building to west; Balk A23/A34, pottery bag 238-2; Fig. 17). Basin (or possible cooking pot), base. Four joining and eight possibly associated sherds. Max. pres. h. 9; d. base ca. 40 cm. Wt. 540 g (possibly + 550 g). Coarse, medium, yellowish-red fabric (5YR 5/6; possibly Type 2 variation) with phyllite, quartzite, other hard white, and chalky white inclusions; int. and ext. apparently faded dark gray slip (10YR 4/1). Visible wheel marks; flat base, very thin with rough underside; evidence of smoothing at join of body to base. Comments: burned on base; black encrustation also on surface. Date: LM IIIC.

B. Bowls Bowls from House A.2 are in general poorly preserved and identified only from the sherd material, comprising primarily rim fragments (A2 P67–A2 P72; Fig. 18). Due to this poor preservation, it is possible that in some cases the cataloged sherds actually come from other types of open vessels such as cups, deep bowls, kraters, kalathoi, dishes, or basins. Six possible LM IIIC bowl fragments have been cataloged from the house: fragment A2 P72 was recovered from the floor of Room 1, and A2 P68 and A2 P69 were found in roofing collapse and floor levels of Room 2. The rims are frequently rounded (of the same thickness as the body or sometimes thickened), though there

are also examples with everted and almost ledge rims, and one example is slightly incurving (A2 P70). The bowl rim diameters also range from ca. 15 to 25 cm. The bodies are conical or curved in profile, and no certain associated base sherds were identified in the House A.2 assemblage; bowls found elsewhere on the site, however, tend to have flat bases, heights ranging from 3–12 cm, and rim diameters of 15–30 cm (Tsipopoulou 2004a, 116, 120, fig. 8.9:93-114, 94-183, 95-18-1, 95-57-1, 95116-1, 95-196-2). The House A.2 bowls occur in fine, medium, and coarse fabrics and include possible examples of Types 1, 3, and 9. Many bowls are plain, while others contain painted decoration on the interior and/or exterior. For example, A2 P70 appears to be monochrome on the interior and exterior, and A2 P71 contains pendant loops below a rim band on the exterior and a monochrome interior; both of these motifs also occur on deep bowls/cups from the assemblage. A2 P67 (HL00/bag 240/3; Room 2; Trench A23, 2000 pottery bag 271-2; Fig. 18). Bowl, rim. Mended from three joining sherds. Max. pres. h. 3.0; d. rim ca. 24 cm. Wt. 10 g. Fine, very soft, pink fabric (7.5YR 8/4). Red paint: int. only traces of paint preserved; ext. monochrome or possibly large band below rim (with pendant loops below?); paint on top of rim. Surface very scratched. Comments: possibly same vessel as A2 P71. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P68 (HL00/bag 271/9; Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bag 271-2; Fig. 18). Bowl, rim. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 4.4; d. rim est. 25 cm. Wt. 30 g. Medium, medium-hard, reddish-yellow fabric (5YR 6/8) with small white and yellow and rare siltstone/phyllite inclusions as well as voids from possible calcium carbonates (Type 9). Wheel marks visible on interior; straight, rounded rim. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P69 (HL01/bag 294/1+HL00/bag 302/7; Room 2; Balk A22/A23, Trench A23, pottery bag 302-1; Fig. 18). Bowl, rim. Two joining sherds. Max. pres. h. 3.7; d. rim ca. 25 cm. Wt. 40 g. Coarse, medium-soft, yellowishred fabric (5YR 5/8) with int. strong brown (7.5YR 5/6; one sherd burned completely gray [10YR 5/2, grayish brown]); phyllite, limestone, and few chalky white inclusions. Straight rim, narrows slightly toward tip. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P70 (HL97/bag 46/6; Room 1; Balk A8/A14; possibly one sherd from 1997 pottery bag 58-2; Fig. 18). Bowl, rim. Three joining sherds and one possible nonjoining. Max. pres. h. 2.9; d. rim 20 cm. Wt. 10 g (and possibly + 2 g). Fine, very soft, pink fabric (5YR 7/4); int. and ext. pink slip (7.5YR 8/4). Red paint: int. monochrome; ext. possibly monochrome. Rim slightly incurving. Date: LM IIIC.

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A2 P71 (HL97/bag 46/8; Room 1; Balk A8/A14, 1997 pottery bags 50-2, 52-1; Fig. 18). Bowl (or possibly large cup/deep bowl), rim. Eight sherds (three joining, two joining, and three nonjoining). Max. pres. h. 2.5; d. rim ca. 22 cm. Wt. 20 g. Fine, very soft, pink (7.5YR 7/4) to reddish-yellow fabric (7.5YR 7/6); int. and ext. pink color/slip (7.5YR 8/4). Faded red paint: int. monochrome; ext. band below rim with pendant loops. Straight rounded rim. Date: LM IIIC. Comparanda: Borgna 2003a, 457, fig. 31:7 (Phaistos); Day 2011b, 56, 99, figs. 3.6:K8.1, 4.9:K29.11 (Karphi). A2 P72 (HL96/bag 127/5; Room 1; Trench A8; Fig. 18). Bowl(?), rim. Three nonjoining and seven possible sherds. Max. pres. h. rim 2.5; d. rim ca. 15 cm. Wt. 15 g (possibly + 30 g). Medium-coarse, medium, yellowish-red fabric (5YR 5/6; Type 3) with few visible phyllite-quartzite and chalky white inclusions. Slightly flaring, flattened rim. Date: LM IIIC.

C. Kalathoi Although numerous kalathoi have been identified at Chalasmenos, they occur primarily in cultic and tomb deposits (Tsipopoulou 2004a, 115, 119– 120, fig. 8.12; 2011b, 465–466) and are not common in household assemblages. This also seems to be the case at other nearby sites such as Vronda (Gesell 1999) and Vasiliki Kephala (Eliopoulos 1998, 2004), where they occur in large numbers only in the shrines, while at Karphi kalathoi appear to occur more frequently in domestic deposits (Seiradaki 1960, 11; Day 2011b, 271–275). While they occur in numerous variations, the typical LM IIIC kalathos has a flat or slightly raised base (beveled or with a torus molding) and conical profile; the rim may be straight, slightly flaring, or everted and flattened. Only two possible kalathos rims have been identified from the area of House A.2 (Fig. 18), one from the surface and the other from outside the building to the west; both are in medium-coarse fabrics (Types 1, 9). Vessel A2 P73 has an everted rim, slightly flattened on top and preserves traces of a painted band below the rim on the exterior; this sherd, however, could also come from a bowl or krater rather than a kalathos. Example A2 P74 is plain and has a straighter rim, likely from a kalathos with a more conical profile; this fragment also shows signs of burning on the exterior. Kalathoi were frequently burned on the interior and/or exterior, and coarse examples may in some cases have served as lamps, scuttles, small cooking vessels, or offering vessels (Day 2011b, 274).

A2 P73 (HL01/bag 222/7; Room 2; Balk A23/A34, pottery bag 222-2; Fig. 18). Kalathos(?) or bowl/krater/basin, rim. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 2.1; d. rim ca. 25 cm. Wt. 10 g. Medium-coarse, soft, reddish-yellow fabric (7.5YR 7/6) with light red core (2.5YR 6/6); gray phyllite inclusions (Type 1); int. and ext. pink slip (7.5YR 8/4). Black paint: ext. band below rim. Everted rim, slightly flattened on top. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P74 (HL01/bag 238/9; outside building to west; Balk A23/A34, pottery bag 238-2; Fig. 18). Kalathos, rim. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 4.9; d. rim 19 cm. Wt. 30 g. Medium-coarse, medium, yellowish-red (5YR 5/8) to reddish-yellow (5YR 6/8) fabric with phyllite, possible quartzite, small white, and rare possible silver mica inclusions (Type 9). Comments: ext. traces of burning. Date: LM IIIC. Comparanda: Day, Klein, and Turner 2009, 32, fig. 18:AE P53 (Vronda).

D. Kraters and Krateriskoi The krater is a popular LM IIIC shape (Kanta 1980, 273), representing at Karphi, for example, the most common open shape after the deep bowl (Day 2011b, 277). Although the material from House A.2 at Chalasmenos is only fragmentary, the cataloged sherds come from as many as eleven different vessels and include fragments of three possible krateriskoi (A2 P75–A2 P87; Figs. 18, 19). The identified House A.2 examples consist primarily of rim fragments, a few with preserved horizontal handles, and one base. Many of these kraters (e.g., A2 P82, A2 P87) resemble deep bowls in shape, with raised, often ring bases (A2 P75), deep semiglobular bodies, everted rims, and two horizontal handles below the rim. The primary difference between the two shapes is that kraters are taller in height and have larger rim diameters (typically >20 cm; Prokopiou 1997, 386; Warren 1997, 182; Nowicki 2008, 61; Day 2011b, 278). The House A.2 krater rims vary in diameter from 23–35 cm, with one possible example of 42 cm. Similar kraters have been identified at many other LM IIIC sites such as Phaistos (Borgna 1997b, 288, fig. 20:14, 290), Sybritos (Prokopiou 1997, 377, fig. 18:c), and Vronda (Day, Klein, and Turner 2009, 30, 58, figs. 16:AE P18, AE P19, 40:B8 P4). Some kraters from House A.2 have a more everted, almost ledge-like rim (e.g., A2 P76, A2 P78, A2 P80, A2 P86; cf. Borgna 1997b, 288, fig. 20:17; Day, Klein, and Turner 2009, 137, 142, figs. 95:J3 P5, 97:J4 P17), while at least one example (A2 P79) displays a more straight body profile (with nearly vertical walls) and a lipless upright

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rim (cf. Borgna 1997b, 288, 291, fig. 20:13). In addition, A2 P81 has an unusual flattened, squared rim with a lip/ledge on the interior, though the identification of this object as a krater is not certain. The most common decoration preserved on the krater fragments is monochrome paint, especially on the interior, or bands (esp. at the rim on the exterior, e.g., A2 P78, A2 P79, A2 P86). Monochrome interiors are very common on LM IIIC kraters, apparently found on all examples from Karphi (Day 2011b, 278), and painted bands also frequently occur. In addition, A2 P86 may also have had a curvilinear motif below the rim band. Krater rim A2 P87 is distinguished from the other examples in that it shows traces of panel decoration, consisting of a band below the rim with vertical parallel lines (framing the panel), and part of a triangle with diagonal lines on its interior; this vessel may also have had a reserved band on the interior, a feature only rarely observed on kraters at Karphi (Day 2011b, 217–218, 278, fig. 6.25:K124.6). Paneled decoration, however, is quite common on LM IIIC kraters (e.g., Day 2011b, 279). Other House A.2 examples are apparently plain, sometimes with slips. Krater fragments from Room 1 were found only in wall collapse levels, while those from Room 2 were found primarily on the floor and washed outside the room to the west but also in the bin. Finally, the kraters occur in several different fabrics: the majority of examples occur in medium to fine versions of Type 1, while one example (A2 P82) may be in Type 3, one is in a medium-fine orange fabric (A2 P87), and two are in unusual coarse fabrics (A2 P80, A2 P81). Finally, due to their smaller size A2 P83, A2 P84, and A2 P85 (Fig. 19) may represent krateriskoi rather than kraters; it is often difficult, however, to distinguish krateriskoi from large deep bowls, as they often have similar shapes and can be of similar size (at the large end of the range of deep bowls). In addition, the House A.2 possible examples are quite fragmentary and their identification is not certain. Elsewhere at Chalasmenos, a very small number of krateriskoi have been previously identified; these have slightly raised bases, bell-shaped, conical, or slightly curved bodies, flaring rims, two horizontal handles, and heights of between 15 and 17 cm; the one previously published example from the site has a rim diameter

of 21 cm (Tsipopoulou 2004a, 115, fig. 8.11:95– 295). The possible krateriskoi from House A.2 occur in fine or medium-fine fabrics, and decoration (monochrome) is preserved in only one instance, on example A2 P85. This example, the only preserved krateriskos rim from House A.2, also has a diameter of 21 cm. In addition, the possible krateriskos fragments were recovered from the bench and bin of Room 2. A2 P75 (HL01/184; Room 2; Trench A14, pottery bag 50-1; Fig. 18). Krater, base. Five joining sherds (100% of base). Max. pres. h. 2.5; d. base 5.1 (int.), 8.1 cm (ext.). Wt. 110 g. Medium-coarse, soft, very pale brown fabric (10YR 8/4) with a few visible phyllite, quartzite, and chalky white inclusions (Type 1). Traces of brown paint on underside of base and possibly interior. Ring/raised base with concave underside. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P76 (HL00/741; Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bags 81, 302-1 [formerly HL00/301]; Fig. 18). Krater, rim. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 2.5; d. rim 28 (int.), ca. 32 cm (ext.). Wt. 20 g. Medium-coarse, medium, reddish-yellow fabric (5YR 7/6); Type 1 with red phyllite inclusions; int.(?) and ext. pink slip (7.5YR 8/4). Int. faded black paint (monochrome); ext. traces of red paint preserved on rim and below (probably band). Ledge rim. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P77 (HL08/bag 5/2; outside building to west; two sherds from Room 2; Trench A23, HL00/bag 81/6; Fig. 18). Krater, rim. Three joining sherds. Max. pres. h. 4.8; d. rim 31 cm. Wt. 35 g. Medium to fine, soft, reddish-yellow fabric (5YR 7/6); probably fine Type 1 with phyllites and chalky white inclusions; int. and ext. very pale brown slip (10YR 8/4). Traces of blackishbrown paint: int. possibly monochrome; ext. only traces of paint preserved on top of rim. Everted rim. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P78 (HL01/bag 241/1; outside building to west; Trenches A32, A34, Balk A32/A34; Fig. 18). Krater (or basin?), rim. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 2.5; d. rim 23– 25 cm. Wt. 10 g. Medium-coarse, medium, pink fabric (5YR 7/4); Type 1 with red phyllite and quartzite inclusions; int. and ext. very pale brown slip (10YR 8/3). Red paint: int. band below rim; ext. rim band and paint on top of rim. Everted rim. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P79 (HL00/bag 302/13; Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bag 302-2; Fig. 18). Probable krater, rim. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 2.9; th. 1.0–1.1 cm. Wt. 10 g. Medium-coarse, soft, reddish-yellow fabric (5YR 7/6); Type 1 with phyllite-quartzite inclusions; int. and ext. very pale brown slip (10YR 8/4). Black paint: int. monochrome; ext. band below rim. Straight rim and nearly vertical profile. Date: LM IIIC. Comparanda: Borgna 1997b, 288, fig. 20:13 (Phaistos).

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A2 P80 (HL01/bag 238/5; outside building to west; Balk A23/A34, pottery bag 238-2; Fig. 19). Krater (or basin?), rim. Two joining sherds. Max. pres. h. 2.1; d. rim ca. 42 cm. Wt. 30 g. Coarse, medium, red fabric (2.5YR 5/8) with hard white (quartzite or granodiorite?), other small hard white, gold mica, and rare rounded, smooth black inclusions. Everted, slightly downturned rim. Date: LM IIIC(?). A2 P81 (HL01/2068; Room 2; Trench A14, pottery bag 50-1 [formerly HL01/156]; Fig. 19). Krater(?), rim. Two joining sherds. Max. pres. h. 3.7; d. rim 28 (int.), 32 cm (ext.). Wt. 90 g. Coarse, hard, red fabric (2.5YR 5/8) with very poorly sorted large chalky white/ yellow inclusions (up to 0.6 cm), clay lumps, red phyllites (and siltstones), and some chaff voids (unusual given amount of chalky white inclusions). Burned/ reduced or possibly painted on interior (10YR 5/2, grayish brown). Relatively flat, squared rim (2.2 cm wide), but very thin body below (0.5 cm); lip/ledge on interior below rim. Comments: black encrustation on exterior. Date: LM IIIC(?). A2 P82 (HL96/bag 40/1; Room 1; Trench A8; Fig. 19). Krater(?), body, handle, and rim. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 9; max. pres. w. 11; th. 0.5–0.8; d. handle 1.8 cm. Wt. 140 g. Coarse, medium-soft, reddishyellow fabric (5YR 6/6) with phyllite and a few small quartzite/other hard white inclusions; some chaff voids and spalling (possibly variation of Type 2 or 3?). Horizontal handle with round section; probably had slightly everted rim. Comments: black encrustation on exterior. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P83 (HL01/bag 164/2; Room 2; Balk A22/A23, pottery bag 164-2; Fig. 19). Krateriskos (or large deep bowl), body and handle attachment. Two joining (and 15 possibly associated) sherds. Max. pres. h. 9.3; th. 0.7–1.1; est. max. body d. 20; d. handle 1.2 cm. Wt. 170 g (possibly + 65 g). Medium-fine, medium, light red fabric (2.5YR 6/6) with burned, very dark gray core (2.5YR 3/1, dark reddish gray); primarily phyllite with some quartzite inclusions. Horizontal handle with round section. Comments: burned surface on areas of exterior. Date: LM IIIC. Comparanda: Tsipopoulou 2004a, 118, fig. 8.11:92-15 (Chalasmenos). A2 P84 (HL00/bag 296/2; Room 2; Trench A23; Fig. 19). Krateriskos (or large deep bowl), handle and body. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 6.2; th. 0.3–0.6 (body); d. handle 1.3 cm. Wt. 60 g. Medium-fine, soft, reddish-yellow fabric (5YR 7/6); Type 1 fabric with gray and red phyllite inclusions; int. and ext. slip pink (7.5YR 8/4) to very pale brown (10YR 8/3; int. very worn). Int. and ext. possible traces of red paint. Horizontal handle with slightly elliptical section; slightly carinated above handle. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P85 (HL01/bag 148/1; Room 2; Balk A23/A24, pottery bag 148-1; Trench A14, 2001 pottery bag 50, HL01/123; possibly Trench A23, 2000 pottery bag

302-1; Fig. 19). Krateriskos (or large deep bowl?), rim and body. Three joining sherds, handle, and two joining, possibly associated sherds. Max. pres. h. 4.5; d. rim 21; d. handle 0.9 cm. Wt. 50 g (possibly + 20 g). Fine, soft, red fabric (2.5YR 5/6); possibly Type 1 fabric with few visible phyllites; int. and ext. surface reddish-yellow (7.5YR 7/6). Faded brown paint: int. monochrome; ext. possibly monochrome. Thin handle with round section; flaring rim. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P86 (HL97/bag 46/2; Room 1; Balk A8/A14, 1997 pottery bag 50-2; probably pottery bags 58-2, 662; Trench A8, 1996 pottery bag 63; Room 2; Trench A23, 2000 pottery bags 271-2 [three joining sherds], 302-2; Trench A14, 2001 pottery bag 26-2; Balk A23/ A24, 2001 bag 148-1; HL01/bag 26/8; Fig. 19). Krater, rim, body, and horizontal handle attachment. Four joining and 22 probably associated nonjoining sherds. Max. pres. h. 4.8; d. rim 30–32 cm. Wt. 105 g. Mediumcoarse, medium-soft, pink fabric (7.5YR 7/4); Type 1 fabric with phyllite-quartzite inclusions; int. and ext. pink slip (7.5YR 8/4). Black paint: int. possibly monochrome; ext. band on and below rim and paint around handle attachment; possible curvilinear motif below. Flattened, everted rim. Date: LM IIIC. Comparanda: Day, Klein, and Turner 2009, fig. 97:J4 P17 (Vronda). A2 P87 (HL01/bag 164/3; Room 2; Balk A22/A23, pottery bag 164-2; Fig. 19). Krater, rim. Single sherd (and one possibly associated). Max. pres. h. 7.8; d. rim ca. 35 cm. Wt. 40 g (possibly + 20 g). Medium-fine, medium, reddish-yellow fabric (5YR 6/8); int. and ext. pink to very pale brown slip (7.5YR 8/4, 10YR 8/4). Red paint, but decoration preserved mostly in shadow: int. monochrome with possible reserved band below rim; ext. rim band, pendant hatched triangle and panel with two or three vertical lines preserved. Date: LM IIIC. Comparanda: Day and Glowacki 2012, 97, fig. 86:01 P17 (Vronda); Day 2011b, 140–141, fig. 5.2:K61.1 (Karphi).

E. Deep Bowls and Cups/Deep Bowls Although only a few examples were mendable or provided nearly complete profiles, diagnostic cup and deep bowl fragments were quite commonly found in the House A.2 material (A2 P88–A2 P146; Figs. 20–22; Pl. 13). The deep bowl appears to be the most frequent drinking vessel in the assemblage, as seen elsewhere at Chalasmenos (Tsipopoulou 2004a, 120); in fact, the deep bowl is also the most common fine shape found at Karphi as well as at other sites on Crete (Kanta 1980, 258– 260; Mook 1993, 147; Borgna 1997b; B. Hallager 2000, 139–143; Day 2011b, 257). The poor preservation of these small, typically fine-ware vessels, the lack of mendable profiles, and the similarity

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in their rims and bases, however, makes it difficult to identify with any certainty the majority of cup/deep bowl fragments (unless handles are preserved), let alone accurately ascertain the relative frequencies of deep bowls vs. cups of various types in the building. For this reason, definite deep bowls as well as deep bowls/cups are cataloged together in this section (definite and likely cups are presented in the next section); given their relative percentages elsewhere at the site as well as at other sites, it is likely that the majority of the cataloged examples from House A.2 represent deep bowls rather than cups. Cataloged deep bowl/cup fragments from the building include 34 rims and 17 bases. The deep bowls and cups/deep bowls in House A.2 typically have a slightly everted rim, which is internally thickened in a few cases (A2 P106, A2 P107, A2 P121, A2 P146, and A2 P114, which is irregular in its thickness); in some examples, however, the rim is more everted (A2 P145) or nearly straight (A2 P98, A2 P100, A2 P104, A2 P112). Contemporary examples of this shape from Kavousi Kastro Phase III also show variety in the rims, ranging from straight to slightly everted to flaring with an inwardly thickened rim (Mook and Coulson 1997, 359); variation in the rims is also seen, for example, at Karphi (Day 2011b, 257) and Phaistos (Borgna 1997b). The House A.2 deep bowl/cup rim sherds range in diameter from 10– 20 cm, with 12 and 14 cm being the most common. In comparison, at Karphi the rim diameters vary from 8–20 cm, though again the majority have diameters from 12–14 cm (Day 2011b, 257), which is the primary range at Chania Kastelli as well (B. Hallager 2000, 139). The cup/deep bowl bases are most commonly raised and hollowed or slightly hollowed underneath (A2 P127, A2 P128, A2 P133, A2 P136– A2 P141, A2 P143; cf. Tsipopoulou 2004a, 118, fig. 8.11:95-365); a low conical foot is found only on A2 P135, though it may actually come from a krateriskos rather than a deep bowl. Other House A.2 examples have raised, flat bases (A2 P130, A2 P131, A2 P142; cf. Tsipopoulou 2004a, fig. 8.11:92-15) or flat/nearly flat bases (A2 P129, A2 P132, A2 P134). Raised bases appear to be more typical of a later phase of LM IIIC than flat bases, which are more common earlier in the period (Kanta 1980, 259; Mook and Coulson 1997,

353; Nowicki 2008, 60; Day 2011b, 257–259). The House A.2 bases range in diameter from 3.5 to 6.0 cm, though they are primarily 4.0–5.0 cm. In comparison, the bases at Karphi range from 3.4 to 6.0 cm, especially 4.0–5.5 cm (Day 2011b, 257). In addition, base A2 P133 is unusual in that it appears to have paint along the break of the base; perhaps it was pierced or deliberately broken before firing and served some other unknown function. Variations in the bodies of deep bowls also occur; the profiles range from relatively straight and gently curving (the most common type) to semiglobular or even bell shaped (Tsipopoulou 2004a, 118, fig. 8.11; Day 2011b, 258, fig. 9.2). All deep bowls have two horizontal handles below the rim, typically of round to slightly elliptical section. Nearly all cups/deep bowls from House A.2 are in fine, soft to very soft fabrics, especially reddish yellow and pink in color though also very pale brown; some probable fine versions of Type 1 fabric can also be identified among the assemblage. Pink and very pale brown slips were applied to many vessels and black to red painted decoration is common. Note that A2 P123 is a rare example— very soft, reddish-yellow fabric, nearly white slip, and red paint—though its date is not certain. The interiors of deep bowls/cups are typically painted monochrome (e.g., A2 P88, A2 P90, A2 P91, A2 P97, A2 P99, A2 P101, A2 P104–A2 P106, A2 P109, A2 P111, A2 P113, A2 P117, A2 P119, A2 P120, A2 P124, A2 P131–A2 P134, A2 P136–A2 P138, A2 P140, A2 P142, A2 P144), while the exteriors are only rarely monochrome (e.g., A2 P117, A2 P133, A2 P136, A2 P137, A2 P142—in most of these cases, the decoration may actually be thick bands, esp. when found above the base; see also Kanta 1980, 259). On many of the examples with monochrome exteriors, the paint also covers the underside of the base. Reserved bands are sometimes present below the rim on the interior (e.g., A2 P92, A2 P98, A2 P100, A2 P102, A2 P103, A2 P112), and from House A.2 there is only one possible example of a reserved disk in the center of the interior of the base (A2 P140). While the reserved band is a clear indicator of LM IIIC date, it appears to have been popular throughout the period, though perhaps more so toward the end (Mook 1993, 147–148; Mook and Coulson 1997, 345, 353, 359–360; Mountjoy 2007, 224; Day 2011b, 259). Nowicki (2008, 60) has noted

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the dominance of monochrome decoration in this area as a regional phenomenon, though the majority of deep bowls from Karphi (Day 2011b, 259), Phaistos (Borgna 1997b), Vronda (Day 1997, 395), and Sybritos (Prokopiou 1997, 391) are also monochrome on the interior, often with reserved bands. Blob decoration is also rarely attested on the interiors and exteriors of deep bowls from House A.2 (e.g., A2 P89, possibly A2 P99, A2 P114). In fact, due to the poor preservation of the material it is possible that some of the examples identified as monochrome may actually show decoration of this type, though blob decoration tends to occur more commonly on cups than on deep bowls. Although blob decoration was observed in all three LM IIIC phases at Kavousi Kastro (Mook and Coulson 1997, 347, 354, 361) and all phases at Karphi (Day 2011b, 264), it appears to be more common in the earlier LM IIIC deposits at Vronda (Day 1997, 400, fig. 6:3, 5; 2011b, 256–257) and in the late deposits at Chania (which date to early LM IIIC; B. Hallager 2000, 141). Also, at Karphi deep bowls with blob decoration tend to be of small size (d. rim 8–11 cm; Day 2011b, 264), while the one certain example from House A.2 (A2 P89) has a rim diameter of ca. 15 cm. The exteriors of deep bowls and cups/deep bowls more typically display decorative motifs, with thick (A2 P88, A2 P90, A2 P98, A2 P127, A2 P132, A2 P138, A2 P140) and thin (A2 P90– A2 P93, A2 P95, A2 P97, A2 P100, A2 P102, A2 P103, A2 P106, A2 P111, A2 P112, A2 P125, A2 P138, A2 P145) bands occurring most frequently; in fact, the majority of examples have a band below the rim, as seen at other sites (Mook 1993, 148–149; Day 2011b, 260). The primary decorative zone of the deep bowl consists of the area below the rim band and between the handles; this zone is also often bordered by a band (or bands) below, and there may be a band above or around the base. In most instances, the decoration appears to be in the relatively simple open style with only a few isolated motifs below a rim band, while in limited examples the decoration may be in the close style (as also seen on the stirrup jars and one krater fragment) with many motifs and patterns, including panels, dots, or fillers, covering much of the vessel. These two types of decoration have been noted at numerous other LM IIIC sites, including Vronda (Day 1997, 395), Kastro (Mook and

Coulson 1997), and Karphi (Seiradaki 1960, 30– 31). In fact, according to Day (2011b, 260), at Karphi there seems to be “a correlation between the size of the deep bowl and the type of decorative scheme employed”: the large examples (esp. rim d. >14 cm) tend to have more elaborate decoration, while the smaller vessels tend to be in the simple open style. Kraters are thus much more commonly decorated in the close style than in the open style (Day 2011b, 260; see also Prokopiou 1997, 391). Although both styles appear to occur throughout the period, the close style became much more prevalent at the end of the period at Kastro (in Phase III; Mook and Coulson 1997, 360; Mook 2004, 169), it was predominant at Kastelli Pediada in LM IIIC middle (Rethemiotakis 1997, 311, 318), and it is virtually missing from the early LM IIIC site of Katalimata (Nowicki 2008, 61). On the House A.2 cups/deep bowls, which appear to represent examples of both the open and close styles, fragmentary curvilinear motifs (A2 P92 [with squiggle], A2 P103, A2 P105, A2 P111), a hatched loop/leaf or triangle (A2 P126), spirals (A2 P124, A2 P144, possibly A2 P116), pendant concentric semicircles (A2 P96, A2 P106), pendant triangles/semicircles with a single dot in the center (A2 P103), pendant concentric triangles (A2 P100), and vertical lines or a possible panel border or hatching (A2 P97) have been identified. This decoration is in many ways comparable to that seen at Karphi, for example, where vessels decorated in the open style typically had curvilinear decoration consisting especially of wavy lines, concentric semicircles, and spirals, while those in the close style showed a wider range of motifs (more densely packed) and filling patterns (often with dots and fringes), which were typically separated by panels (Seiradaki 1960, 30–31; Day 2011b, 258–264; see also, e.g., Kanta 1980, 260). Of the motifs observed on the House A.2 deep bowls/cups, concentric semicircles appear to have been popular throughout the LM IIIC period (B. Hallager 2000, 141), though the pendant variety (also called pendant loops; A2 P96, A2 P106), which sometimes alternates with other decoration, has been observed less frequently, as at Karphi (Day 2011b, 260–261, figs. 2.2, 9.3) and Kastelli Pediada (Rethemiotakis 1997, fig. 10:h), and it may have been more popular in the later part of the period. Although pendant semicircles were

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commonly found on LM IIIC pottery, pendant concentric triangles appear to be rather rare, and no exact parallel for the decoration of A2 P100 was found; the innermost triangle on the House A.2 example is a closed triangle, while the rim band comprises the third side of the outer triangles. This motif may represent a variation of the pendant concentric semicircle, or else it could be associated with pendant concentric chevrons (e.g., at the Knossos Spring Chamber; Kanta 1980, fig. 113:1), which sometimes comprised part of more complex motifs or close style decoration (e.g., Kanta 1980, figs. 139:10, 144:8). A single row of pendant semicircles/triangles (also called scallops) with a dot in the center is preserved on A2 P103 (and two “scallops” with dots in the center are found in the center of the pendant semicircles of A2 P106). This motif has been observed elsewhere in LM IIIC, as at Vronda (Day, Klein, and Turner 2009, fig. 16:AE P18) and Karphi (Day 2011b, fig. 9.17:K85.9), where it seems to occur on both early and late vessels; this motif is also used, perhaps more commonly in LM IIIC, as part of larger scale patterns (Coulson 1997, fig. 8:12; Day 2011b, fig. 7.2:M3.2) or as single vertical rows of “scallops” (B. Hallager 2000, pl. 53:70-P 0269). Spirals present a common decorative motif on LM IIIC deep bowls, representing 14% of identifiable decoration at Karphi, for example (Day 2011b, 260). The most frequent type of spiral from this period, especially characteristic of LM IIIC early, is the buttonhook variety (Day 2011b, 260–261, fig. 9.3:a), which appears to be rare or unknown at Chalasmenos. The House A.2 examples (A2 P124, A2 P144, possibly A2 P116), on the other hand, appear to depict running spirals; running spirals are found on LM IIIC pottery, though less often than the buttonhook type, and they appear to occur throughout the period (Prokopiou 1997, 387, figs. 11, 20; B. Hallager 2000, 140–142, pl. 58:e; Tsipopoulou 2004a, fig. 8.11:92-137; AndreadakiVlasaki and Papadopoulou 2005, 370–371, figs. 28, 30; Day 2011b, figs. 2.1:K147.2, K147.3, 9.3:b). The spiral of possible cup/deep bowl A2 P144 has a fringed interior commonly seen on close style vessels, and a U-motif filler is also preserved outside of the spiral. An additional motif of note from the House A.2 pottery is that of arcs/curved lines (resembling thick, tall blades of grass) extending up from a band to the rim, as seen on example A2

P105; this deep bowl is also unusual for the assemblage in that it does not have a rim band. Similar decoration (but alternating solid and hatched) exists on an LM IIIC stirrup jar from Kritsa (Kanta 1980, fig. 134:6). Cataloged deep bowl/cup fragments from Room 1 were recovered primarily from roofing collapse (A2 P96, A2 P97, A2 P105, A2 P108, A2 P109, A2 P127), floor (A2 P92, A2 P93, A2 P128), and on/below the floor (A2 P98–A2 P101; also wall collapse: A2 P94, A2 P95, A2 P144). Fragments from Room 2 were recovered from the surface (A2 P129), wall collapse (A2 P102–A2 P104, A2 P112, A2 P117, A2 P131–A2 P133), roofing collapse (A2 P91, A2 P106, A2 P110, A2 P113, A2 P118, A2 P120, A2 P126), the possible bin (A2 P90, A2 P114–A2 P116, A2 P123, A2 P124), the bench (A2 P135, A2 P136), the floor (A2 P121, A2 P122, A2 P137, A2 P138, A2 P140–A2 P142), on/below the floor (A2 P88, A2 P89, A2 P125, A2 P146), outside of the building to the west (A2 P107, A2 P111, A2 P130, A2 P143, A2 P145), and possibly on the southwest platform (A2 P119, A2 P134, A2 P139). Few specific findspots were recorded in the excavation notebooks for the cups/ deep bowls, though A2 P137 and A2 P138 were found in the northeastern corner of Room 2 (Pl. 8A). Note that a much greater number of cataloged cups/deep bowls were found in Room 2 than in Room 1, perhaps illustrative of functional differences between the two spaces. A2 P88 (HL01/bag 83/2; Room 2; Trench A14, HL01/186 and probably HL01/bag 4/1; Fig. 20). Deep bowl or cup, rim. Single sherd (and one possibly associated sherd). Max. pres. h. 2; d. rim ca. 15–20 cm. Wt. 5 g (possibly + 2 g). Fine, very soft to soft, reddishyellow (7.5YR 7/6) to pink (7.5YR 8/4) fabric; int. and ext. pink surface (7.5YR 8/4; probably slip). Faded red paint: ext. band along rim; int. monochrome. Everted rim. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P89 (HL01/2069; Room 2; Trench A14, pottery bag 83, HL01/186; Fig. 20). Deep bowl or cup, rim/body. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 5; d. rim ca. 15 cm. Wt. 10 g. Fine, soft, pink fabric (7.5YR 8/4). Red (int.) and brown/ black (ext.) paint: int. and ext. blob decoration. Everted rim and wide, globular body. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P90 (HL01/bag 164/6b; Room 2; Balk A22/A23, pottery bag 164-2; Fig. 20). Deep bowl or cup, body. Two joining sherds (at curve in middle of body). Max. pres. h. 3.2; th. 0.3–0.4 cm. Wt. 2 g. Fine, soft, pink fabric (7.5YR 8/4). Dull red paint: int. monochrome; ext.

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thick band and thinner band below (preserved mostly in shadow). Date: LM IIIC. A2 P91 (HL00/bag 271/5 [HL00/742]; Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bag 271-2; Fig. 20). Deep bowl, handle, rim, and body. Mended from four joining sherds. Max. pres. h. 4.9; d. rim 15–16; d. handle ca. 0.8 cm. Wt. 15 g. Fine, soft, pink fabric (5YR 7/4); int. and ext. pink slip (7.5YR 8/4). Traces of black paint: int. probably monochrome; ext. paint on top of handle, band on rim. Round handle section; slightly everted rim. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P92 (HL96/bag 127/1; Room 1; Trench A8; Fig. 20). Deep bowl, rim. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 4.5; d. rim 17 cm. Wt. 10 g. Fine, soft, reddish-yellow fabric (5YR 7/6); int. and ext. very pale brown surface (10YR 8/4). Flaky, poorly preserved black paint: int. monochrome with possible reserved band below rim; ext. band below rim, squiggle motif (or possibly derivation of thin wavy line or quirk) with loop (or thick wavy line) below. Slightly everted rim. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P93 (HL96/475a; Room 1; Trench A8, pottery bag 104; Fig. 20). Deep bowl, body (possibly approaching base). Three joining sherds. Max. pres. h. 6.4; th. 3.5 cm. Wt. 20 g. Fine, soft, reddish-yellow fabric (5YR 7/6); traces of phyllite(?) and white inclusions (possibly fine version of Type 1); int. and ext. pink slip(?) (7.5YR 7/4). Black paint: int. possibly monochrome; ext. traces of two bands (and traces of paint above, possibly part of other motif). Date: LM IIIC. Comparanda: Day 2011b, 261, fig. 9.3:m (Karphi). A2 P94 (HL97/bag 46/7; Room 1; Balk A8/A14; possibly with Room 2, Trench A23, HL00/bag 81/9; Fig. 20). Cup or deep bowl, rim and body. Three joining sherds (and two possibly associated joining rim sherds, possible handle fragment). Max. pres. h. 5.8; d. rim ca. 14; d. handle 0.6–0.7 cm. Wt. 10 g (possibly + 5 g). Fine, soft, pink (5YR 7/4) to reddish-yellow (5YR 7/4) fabric; int. and ext. pink slip (7.5YR 8/4). Int. and ext. traces of red paint preserved: int. possibly monochrome. Slightly everted rim. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P95 (HL97/bag 46/9; Room 1; Balk A8/A14; Fig. 20). Deep bowl or cup, rim. Two joining sherds. Max. pres. h. 2.2; d. rim 11–12 cm. Wt. 5 g. Fine, very soft, very pale brown fabric (10YR 8/4). Traces of black paint: int. shadows of paint, probably monochrome; ext. rim band and trace of other motif below. Rim slightly thickened and slightly everted. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P96 (HL03/bag 7/5; Room 1; Balk A2/A8, pottery bag 7-2; Fig. 20). Deep bowl or cup, rim. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 2.2; d. rim ca. 11 cm. Wt. 2 g. Fine, soft, pink fabric (7.5YR 7/4); very pale brown slip (10YR 8/3–8/4). Black paint on interior, only shadows preserved on exterior: int. possibly monochrome; ext. band on rim with pendant concentric semicircles below. Slightly everted rim, thickened on interior. Comments: possibly same vessel as A2 P106. Date:

LM IIIC. Comparanda: Rethemiotakis 1997, fig. 10:h (Kastelli Pediada); Day 2011b, figs. 2.2:K149.3, K149.5, 9.3:c (Karphi). A2 P97 (HL97/bag 58/3; Room 1; Balk A8/A14, pottery bag 58-1; Fig. 20). Deep bowl or cup, rim. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 2.2; d. rim 14 cm. Wt. 2 g. Fine, soft, reddish-yellow fabric (7.5YR 7/6); ext. pink slip (7.5YR 8/4). Faded red (ext.) to reddish-black (int.) paint: int. probably monochrome; ext. band on rim with two nearly vertical lines extending downward, possibly forming a panel border (or possibly part of pendant concentric triangles/semicircles motif). Slightly everted rim. Comments: possibly same vessel as A2 P110. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P98 (HL97/bag 55/2; Room 1; Balk A8/A14; Fig. 20). Deep bowl or cup, rim. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 2.3; d. rim 11 cm. Wt. 2 g. Fine, soft, reddishyellow fabric (7.5YR 7/6); int. and ext. pink slip (7.5YR 8/4). Traces of red paint: int. monochrome (or possibly band) with reserved band below rim; ext. band below rim. Straight rim. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P99 (HL97/bag 66/4; Room 1; Balk A8/A14, pottery bag 66-2; Fig. 20). Deep bowl or cup, rim. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 3.2; d. rim 12 cm. Wt. 50 g. Fine, soft, pink fabric (7.5YR 7/4–8/4); int.(?) and ext. very pale brown slip (10YR 8/3). Black and red paint: int. blob or monochrome; ext. possibly blob or monochrome. Slightly everted rim. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P100 (HL97/bag 66/8; Room 1; Balk A8/A14, pottery bag 66-3; Fig. 20). Deep bowl or cup, rim. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 2.6; d. rim 16 cm. Wt. 2 g. Fine, soft, reddish-yellow fabric (5YR 7/6); int. and ext. pink slip (7.5YR 8/4). Black to brown paint: int. monochrome with reserved band below rim; ext. band along rim with pendant concentric triangles. Nearly straight rim. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P101 (HL97/bag 66/9; Room 1; Balk A8/A14, pottery bag 66-3; Fig. 20). Deep bowl or cup, rim. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 3.1; d. rim 13 cm. Wt. 5 g. Fine, very soft, reddish-yellow fabric (7.5YR 7/6); red phyllite inclusions (possibly fine Type 1); int. and ext. pink surface (7.5YR 7/4; possibly slip on ext.). Int. traces of brown to black paint, probably monochrome; ext. traces of red paint only. Rim more flaring than some other examples. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P102 (HL00/bag 240/5; Room 2; Trench A23; Fig. 20). Deep bowl or cup, rim. Two joining sherds. Max. pres. h. 3.4; d. rim 17–18 cm. Wt. 10 g. Fine, soft, reddish-yellow fabric (7.5YR 7/6); int. and ext. very pale brown slip (10YR 8/3). Red paint: int. probably monochrome with thin reserved band below rim; ext. rim band. Slightly flaring rim. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P103 (HL00/bag 240/6; Room 2; Trench A23; Fig. 20). Deep bowl or cup, rim. Two joining sherds (and five possibly associated). Max. pres. h. 3; d. rim 13–14 cm. Wt. 7 g. Fine, very soft, reddish-yellow

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fabric (5YR 7/6); ext. pink slip (7.5YR 8/4). Faded red (int.) and black (ext.) paint: int. monochrome with reserved band below rim; ext. band below rim with single row of pendant semicircles/triangles with dot in center, possible curvilinear/leaf/arc/flower motif fragment below. Slightly everted rim. Date: LM IIIC. Comparanda: Andreadaki-Vlasaki and Papadopoulou 2007, fig. 10:14 (Chamalevri); Day, Klein, and Turner 2009, fig. 16:AE P18 (Vronda). A2 P104 (HL00/bag 271/3; Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bag 271-1; Fig. 20). Deep bowl or cup, rim. Two joining sherds. Max. pres. h. 2.5; d. rim 14 cm. Wt. 2 g. Fine, soft, reddish-yellow (7.5YR 7/6) to yellow fabric (10YR 7/6); some visible chalky inclusions; int. and ext. pink surface or slip (7.5YR 8/4). Traces of brown/red paint: int. probably monochrome, possibly with reserved band; ext. possible band on or below rim (or monochrome). Nearly straight rim. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P105 (HL97/bag 58/6; Room 1; Balk A8/A14, pottery bag 58-1; Fig. 20). Deep bowl, rim, handle, and body. Mended from six joining sherds. Max. pres. h. 6.9; d. rim 14.1; d. handle 0.9 cm. Wt. 15 g. Fine, soft, pink fabric (7.5YR 8/4). Poorly preserved black to reddish-brown paint: int. probably monochrome; ext. solidly painted handle, band below handle at curve to lower body, curvilinear/grass motif on body extending up from band to rim. Slightly everted rim and elliptical handle section. Date: LM IIIC. Comparanda: Kanta 1980, fig. 134:6 (Kritsa). A2 P106 (HL00/bag 271/15; Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bag 271-2; possibly with Balk A23/A34, HL01/ bag 238/11; Fig. 20). Deep bowl or cup, rim. Single sherd (and one possibly associated). Max. pres. h. 1.6; d. rim 11 cm. Wt. 2 g (possibly + 5 g). Fine, soft, pink fabric (7.5YR 7/4); very pale brown slip (10YR 8/4). Int. monochrome; ext. band below rim with pendant semicircles below (innermost semicircle filled with two small semicircles side by side, each with dot in center). Rim slightly everted and slightly thickened on interior. Comments: possibly same vessel as A2 P96. Date: LM IIIC. Comparanda: Day, Klein, and Turner 2009, fig. 16:AE P18 (Vronda); Day 2011b, figs. 2.2:K149.3, K149.5, 9.3:c (Karphi). A2 P107 (HL01/bag 238/1; outside building to west; Balk A23/A34, pottery bag 238-2; Fig. 21). Deep bowl, rim and handle attachment. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 3.5; th. body 0.3; d. handle 0.9 cm. Wt. 10 g. Fine, soft, pink fabric (5YR 7/4); possibly fine version of Type 1; int. and ext. very pale brown surface (10YR 8/4; probable slip). Traces of red (int.) to brown (ext.) paint: int. probably monochrome; ext. traces of paint preserved on and around handle. Slightly elliptical handle section; slightly everted rim. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P108 (HL97/bag 52/2; Room 1; Balk A8/A14, pottery bags 46, 52-1; Fig. 21). Deep bowl or cup, rim. Two joining sherds. Max. pres. h. 2.2; th. 0.2–0.3 cm.

Wt. 2 g. Fine, soft, pink fabric (5YR 7/4); int. and ext. pink slip (7.5YR 8/4). Traces of red to black paint: int. monochrome or blob; ext. possible thick band on rim (or monochrome/blob). Slightly everted rim; roughly smoothed on top of rim, elsewhere smooth from being made on wheel. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P109 (HL97/bag 50/2; Room 1; Balk A8/A14, pottery bag 50-2; Fig. 21). Deep bowl or cup, rim. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 2.0; d. rim 12 cm. Wt. 2 g. Fine, soft, pink fabric (7.5YR 7/4); int. and ext. very pale brown slip (10YR 8/3). Washy dull black (ext.) and red (int.) paint: int. and ext. probably monochrome. Flaring rim. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P110 (HL00/bag 98/1; Room 2; Balk A14/A23; Fig. 21). Deep bowl or cup, rim. Two joining sherds. Max. pres. h. 3.5; d. rim ca. 14 cm. Wt. 10 g. Fine, very soft, reddish-yellow fabric (7.5YR 7/6); int. and ext. pink surface/slip (7.5YR 7/4). Int. possible traces of black paint preserved. Slightly everted rim. Comments: possibly same vessel as A2 P97. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P111 (HL01/bag 157/6; outside building to west; Balk A22/A23, pottery bag 157-2; Fig. 21). Deep bowl or cup, rim. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 3.1; d. rim 14 cm. Wt. 5 g. Fine, soft, pink fabric (5YR 8/3); int. and ext. very pale brown slip (10YR 8/4). Black paint: int. monochrome; ext. band below rim, fragment of curvilinear motif/wavy line/diagonal line on body. Rim thicker than many other examples. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P112 (HL96/bag 183/2; Room 2; Trench A14; Fig. 21). Deep bowl or cup, rim. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 2.3; d. rim 15–19 cm. Wt. 2 g. Fine, soft, pink fabric (7.5YR 7/4); pink surface or slip (7.5YR 8/4). Dull red paint: int. probably monochrome with reserved band below rim; ext. band below rim, traces of other motif (possibly triangle/hatching) below. Nearly straight rim. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P113 (HL00/bag 271/14; Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bag 271-2; Fig. 21). Deep bowl or cup, rim. Mended from three joining sherds. Max. pres. h. 2.2; d. rim 10–11 cm. Wt. 5 g. Fine, very soft, pink fabric (7.5YR 7/4); int. and ext. pink slip (7.5YR 8/4). Red to reddish-brown paint: int. monochrome; ext. monochrome(?). Slightly everted rim. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P114 (HL01/bag 164/4; Room 2; Balk A22/A23, pottery bag 164-2; Fig. 21). Deep bowl or cup, rim. Two joining sherds and one nonjoining (and three possibly associated). Max. pres. h. 3.6; d. rim 10 cm. Wt. 10 g (possibly + 5 g). Fine, soft, reddish-yellow fabric (7.5YR 7/6). Red paint: int. monochrome (or possibly blob); ext. monochrome (or possibly blob). Slightly everted, thickened rim; uneven body. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P115 (HL01/bag 164/5; Room 2; Balk A22/A23, pottery bag 164-2; possibly also Trench A23, 2001 bag 280-2; Fig. 21). Cup or deep bowl, rim. Four joining sherds (and five associated[?], three of which join).

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Max. pres. h. 4.6; d. rim ca. 12 cm. Wt. 10 g (possibly + 5 g). Fine, soft, very pale brown fabric (10YR 8/2). No surface decoration preserved: int. monochrome(?), trace of blackish-brown paint; ext. traces of paint on one sherd. Slightly everted rim. Date: LM IIIC(?). A2 P116 (HL01/bag 164/6a; Room 2; Balk A22/ A23, pottery bag 164-2; Fig. 21). Deep bowl or cup, body. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 3.2; th. 0.2 cm. Wt. 2 g. Fine, soft, pink fabric (7.5YR 8/4). Red paint: int. monochrome; ext. decoration preserved mostly in shadow, sections of three curving lines, possibly part of spiral. Comments: possibly same vessel as A2 P124. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P117 (HL96/bag 183/1; Room 2; Trench A14; Fig. 21). Deep bowl, handle and body. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 3.3; th. 0.2 (body); d. handle 0.9 cm. Wt. 10 g. Fine, soft, pink fabric (7.5YR 7/4); int. and ext. very pale brown slip (10YR 8/4). Black paint preserved in traces: int. and ext. probably monochrome. Horizontal handle, round in section. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P118 (HL01/bag 26/7; Room 2; Trench A14, pottery bag 26-2; Fig. 21). Deep bowl, rim and handle attachment. Single sherd and 14 possibly associated. Max. pres. h. 3.9; d. rim ca. 12; d. handle 1.3 cm. Wt. 5 g (possibly + 20 g). Fine, very soft, reddish-yellow fabric (7.5YR 7/6). Red paint: int. monochrome, possibly with reserved band below rim; ext. paint preserved around handle. Round handle section; slightly everted rim. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P119 (HL00/bags 274+288/3; Room 2; Trench A23; Fig. 21). Deep bowl or cup, rim. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 2.3; d. rim 14–16 cm. Wt. 2 g. Fine, medium, reddish-yellow fabric (7.5YR 7/6); surface (or slip?) pink (7.5YR 8/4) to very pale brown (10YR 8/4). Traces of black paint (faded on ext.): int. probably monochrome; ext. possibly monochrome. Slightly flaring rim. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P120 (HL00/bag 287/1; Room 2; Trench A23; Fig. 21). Deep bowl, rim and handle attachment. Two mended joining sherds. Max. pres. h. 4.5; th. body 0.3– 0.4; d. handle 0.9 cm. Wt. 10 g. Fine, soft, very pale brown fabric (10YR 8/3). Faded black paint: int. monochrome; ext. traces on rim and handle. Everted rim and round handle section. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P121 (HL01/bag 50/3; formerly HL01/156; Room 2; Trench A14; Fig. 21). Deep bowl or cup, rim. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 2.3; d. rim ca. 18 cm. Wt. 2 g. Fine, soft, very pale brown fabric (10YR 8/3); int. partially light gray (10YR 7/2; reduced). Black paint: int. unknown decoration; ext. trace of paint below rim, vertical line/drip from rim (preserved only in shadow). Rim thickened at tip and everted. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P122 (HL01/bag 289/1; Room 2; Trench A23; Fig. 21). Deep bowl or cup, rim. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 3.4; d. rim ca. 13 cm. Wt. 10 g. Fine, soft,

reddish-yellow fabric (5YR 7/6, 7.5YR 7/6); int. and ext. very pale brown slip (10YR 8/3). No preserved decoration. Slightly everted rim. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P123 (HL01/bag 164/8; Room 2; Balk A22/A23, pottery bag 164-3; Fig. 21). Deep bowl or cup, rim. Mended from three joining sherds. Max. pres. h. 2.5; th. 0.3 cm. Wt. 5 g. Fine, very soft, reddish-yellow fabric (5YR 7/6); int. and ext. pink slip (5YR 8/3). Int. and ext. traces of red paint. Nearly straight rim. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P124 (HL01/bag 164/6c; Room 2; Balk A22/ A23, pottery bag 164-2; Fig. 21). Deep bowl, body and handle attachment. Two joining sherds. Max. pres. h. 3.6; th. 0.2–0.3; d. handle 1.2 cm. Wt. 9 g. Fine, soft, pink fabric (7.5YR 8/4). Red paint: int. monochrome; ext. running spiral, line/band around handle. Round handle section. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P125 (HL01/2071; Room 2; Trench A14, pottery bag 83, and HL01/186, HL01/123, HL01/156; Fig. 21). Deep bowl, body, two handles. Three joining, five joining, two joining, and 63 probably associated sherds (73 total). Max. pres. h. 6; th. 0.2–0.4 cm. Total poss. wt. 280 g (30 g for drawn sherd). Fine, very soft, very pale brown fabric (10YR 8/3). Traces of black and red/ brown paint: int. possibly monochrome; ext. traces of five bands. Comments: only one body sherd (with bands) shown in Fig. 21. Date: LM IIIC. Comparanda: Day 2011b, 77, fig. 3.15:K76.32 (Karphi). A2 P126 (HL01/bag 26/9; Room 2; Trench A14, pottery bag 26-2; Fig. 21). Probable deep bowl or cup, body. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 2; th. 0.2 cm. Wt. 1 g. Fine, soft, reddish-yellow fabric (7.5YR 7/6); int. and ext. very pale brown slip(?) (10YR 7/4). Red paint: int. traces of paint only; ext. curvilinear motif/loop with hatches and curved line. Date: LM IIIC. Comparanda: Day and Glowacki 2012, fig. 85:01 P8 (Vronda). A2 P127 (HL96/bag 63/2; Room 1; Trench A8; Fig. 21). Deep bowl or cup, base. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 1.9; d. base 6 cm. Wt. 10 g. Fine, soft, pink fabric (7.5YR 7/4) with light gray center core (2.5Y 7/1); ext. and underside of base very pale brown slip (10YR 8/4). Traces of black and faded reddish-brown paint: ext. black band around base, extending slightly to underside. Raised, slightly concave base. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P128 (HL96/bag 127/4; Room 1; Trench A8; Fig. 21). Deep bowl or cup, base. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 1.5; d. base 4.8 cm. Wt. 10 g. Fine, medium-soft, reduced/burned light gray fabric (10YR 7/2). Ext. and underside of base traces of black paint; int. surface not preserved. Raised base with concave underside. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P129 (HL01/bag 222/3; Room 2; Balk A23/34, pottery bag 222-1; Fig. 21). Deep bowl or cup, base. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 2.3; d. base 5 cm. Wt. 10 g. Fine, soft, pink fabric (5YR 7/4, 7.5YR 7/4). Int. red

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paint (probably monochrome); ext. unknown decoration. Nearly flat base. Comments: much of surface not preserved; black encrustation on interior and exterior. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P130 (HL01/bag 238/2; outside building to west; Balk A23/A34, pottery bag 238-2; Fig. 21). Deep bowl or cup, base. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 2.5; th. body 0.6; d. base 4.5 cm. Wt. 10 g. Fine to medium, mediumsoft, reddish-yellow fabric (5YR 7/6); probably fine version of Type 1 with phyllite-quartzite and chalky white inclusions; very pale brown slip (10YR 8/2–8/3). Ext. possible traces of paint. Flat, slightly raised base. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P131 (HL00/bag 271/2; Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bag 271-1; Fig. 21). Deep bowl or cup, base. Two joining sherds (and one possible). Max. pres. h. 1.9; d. base 4 cm. Wt. 10 g (possibly + 5 g). Fine, soft, pink fabric (7.5YR 7/4); ext. pink surface (7.5YR 8/4). Black paint: int. monochrome; ext. possible traces of paint. Flat, slightly raised base. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P132 (HL00/bag 271/1; Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bag 271-1; Fig. 21). Deep bowl or cup(?), base. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 1.9; d. base 5 cm. Wt. 10 g. Fine, soft, pink fabric (7.5YR 7/4–8/4; surface color/slip) with core light red (2.5YR 6/6) to reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6); phyllite and chalky white inclusions. Black paint: int. probably monochrome; ext. likely band above base. Nearly flat base. Date: LM IIIC(?). A2 P133 (HL01/bag 15/1; Room 2; Trench A14, pottery bag 15-2; Fig. 21). Deep bowl or cup, base. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 1.6; d. base 5 cm. Wt. 10 g. Fine, soft, pink fabric (7.5YR 8/4) with pink core (7.5YR 7/4). Brown paint: int. monochrome; ext. and underside of base monochrome. Slightly concave underside of raised base. Comments: area along break of base painted with same paint, possibly was intentionally broken or pierced before firing. Date: LM IIIC(?). A2 P134 (HL00/bags 274+288/1; Room 2; Trench A23; Fig. 21). Deep bowl or cup, base. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 1.7; d. base 4.9 cm. Wt. 20 g. Fine, soft, reddish-yellow fabric (5YR 7/6, 7.5YR 7/6); red phyllite inclusions (possibly fine version of Type 1); int. and ext. traces of pink slip (7.5YR 8/4). Traces of blackishbrown and reddish-black paint: int. monochrome; ext. band or probably monochrome (and underside of base). Raised base with flat bottom. Comments: worn surface. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P135 (HL01/bag 194/4; Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bag 194-1; Fig. 22). Deep bowl (or krateriskos?), base and body. One base sherd and eight probable body sherds. Max. pres. h. 2.7; d. base 5 (int.); 6.2 cm (ext.). Wt. 60 g. Fine, very soft, friable, reddishyellow fabric (7.5YR 7/6); some phyllite and small white inclusions (possibly variation on Type 1). Ext. traces of red paint around upper part of base, likely band; int. appears plain, but is very worn. Low conical foot. Date: LM IIIC.

A2 P136 (HL01/bag 194/7; Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bag 194-1; Fig. 22). Small deep bowl or cup, base. Three joining and two probably associated sherds. Max. pres. h. 2.2; d. base 3.5 cm. Wt. 30 g (+ 5 g). Fine, soft, pink fabric (7.5YR 7/4); int. and ext. pink slip (7.5YR 8/4). Faded black to brown paint: int. probably monochrome; ext. probably monochrome (or possibly solid area/thick band just above base below decorative zone) and underside of base. Visible wheel marks on slightly raised, concave base. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P137 (HL01/87; Room 2; Trench A14, pottery bag 50; Fig. 22; Pl. 8A). Deep bowl or cup, base. Sixteen joining and five possibly associated sherds (95% of base). Max. pres. h. 3.2; d. base 4.6 cm. Wt. 50 g. Fine, medium-soft, reddish-yellow fabric (7.5YR 7/6) with some quartzite and phyllite inclusions. Black to red paint: int. monochrome; ext. probably monochrome (or solid area just above base below decorative zone), plain underside of base. Slightly raised, concave base. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P138 (HL01/155a; Room 2; Trench A14, pottery bag 50; Fig. 22; Pls. 8A, 13). Deep bowl or cup, base. Four joining sherds (100% of base). Max. pres. h. 4; d. base 4.2 cm. Wt. 65 g. Fine, soft, pink fabric (7.5YR 7/4); visible very fine, white (possibly quartzite, chalky white), rare mica, and small red phyllite inclusions. Dull black paint: int. monochrome; ext. band around base and thin band on lower body. Raised, slightly concave base. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P139 (HL01/bag 229/2; Room 2; Balk A23/A34; Fig. 22). Deep bowl or cup, base. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 1.2; d. base 4 cm. Wt. 20 g. Fine, very soft, reddish-yellow fabric (5YR 7/6, 7.5YR 7/6) with a few visible small, red phyllite inclusions. Traces of black paint: int. possibly monochrome; ext. possible band around base or monochrome, traces of paint on underside of base. Raised slightly concave base. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P140 (HL00/bag 302/14; Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bag 302-2; Fig. 22). Deep bowl or cup (or possible krateriskos), base. Single sherd (100% base). Max. pres. h. 1.7; d. base 5.9 cm. Wt. 40 g. Fine, soft, pink fabric (7.5YR 7/4); int. and ext. very pale brown slip (10YR 8/3). Black and reddish-brown paint: int. monochrome, possible reserved disk in center of base; ext. band around base and band around outer edge of underside of base. Raised concave base with wheel marks. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P141 (HL00/bag 81/4; Room 2; Trench A23; Fig. 22; Pl. 13). Deep bowl or cup, base. Five mended joining sherds (65% of base). Max. pres. h. 3.2; d. base 4.1 cm. Wt. 30 g. Fine, medium-soft, pink fabric (7.5YR 8/4). Int. and ext. traces of possible black paint. Raised, slightly concave base. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P142 (HL01/bag 280/10b; Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bag 280-2; Fig. 22). Deep bowl or cup, base. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 1.9; d. base 6 cm. Wt. 5 g.

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Fine, soft, reddish-yellow (7.5YR 7/6) to pink (7.5YR 8/4) fabric. Red paint: int. monochrome; ext. monochrome (or thick band). Flat, slightly raised base. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P143 (HL01/bag 157/4; outside building to west; Balk A22/A23, pottery bag 157-2; Fig. 22). Small deep bowl or cup, base (85% preserved) and body. Mended from seven joining sherds. Max. pres. h. 3.2; d. base 3.5 cm. Wt. 25 g. Fine, very soft, pink fabric (7.5YR 7/4) with light gray center of core (5YR 7/1); a few visible phyllite and chalky white inclusions. Very worn surface with no paint preserved. Raised, slightly concave base (and int. raised “knob” in center from wheel throwing). Date: LM IIIC. A2 P144 (HL97/bag 46/11; Room 1; Balk A8/A14; Fig. 22). Open vessel (deep bowl, bowl, or possibly krater), body. Three joining sherds. Max. pres. h. 4.3; th. 0.5 cm. Wt. 17 g. Fine, soft, pink fabric (7.5YR 7/4); int. and ext. very pale brown slip (10YR 7/4). Dull black paint: int. monochrome; ext. spiral with fringed center, U-pattern filler outside spiral (probable close style). Date: LM IIIC. A2 P145 (HL01/bag 241/6; outside building to west; Trenches A32, A34, Balk A32/A34; Fig. 22). Deep bowl or cup, rim. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 2; d. rim 12 cm. Wt. 2 g. Fine, soft, pink fabric (7.5YR 7/4); int. and ext. very pale brown slip (10YR 8/3–8/4). Black paint: int. traces of black to brown paint (possibly monochrome or thick band on int. rim); ext. band below rim and at join with neck. Everted rim. Date: LM IIIC late(?). Comparanda: Day, Klein, and Turner 2009, fig. 16:AE P11; Day and Glowacki 2012, fig. 98:N2 P7 (Vronda). A2 P146 (HL01/2070; Room 2; Trench A14, pottery bag 83, HL01/186; possibly associated with HL01/bag 148/1, HL00/bag 302/3; Fig. 22). Deep bowl or cup, rim. Single sherd (and possibly five rim sherds). Max. pres. h. 3.4; d. rim est. 19–20 cm. Wt. 10 g (possibly + 20 g). Fine, soft, pink fabric (7.5YR 8/4). Int. and ext. possible traces of paint (or discoloration). Slightly flaring, thickened rim. Date: LM IIIC.

F. Other Cups While the majority of cup types are likely represented in the deep bowls and cups/deep bowls section, definite examples of both handleless and handled (with one or two vertical handles) cups are represented from among the sherd material of House A.2 (as many as 15 examples, a few of which are nearly complete or have profiles that could be reconstructed; A2 P147–A2 P161; Figs. 22, 23; Pl. 13). Regardless of the total number of cups originally associated with the two rooms of the building, in general they were not particularly common in LM IIIC in comparison to deep bowls

(Seiradaki 1960, 20; Kanta 1980, 266; B. Hallager 2000, 138; Day 2011b, 255). Handleless cups, such as A2 P150 and A2 P159, commonly have semiglobular or even globular profiles, flaring rims, and raised bases with hollow undersides, as is also characteristic of many of the deep bowls. Possible example A2 P158 has a slightly carinated body and an only slightly flaring rim. Only traces of paint remain on example A2 P150, while A2 P159 is badly burned and the presence of paint is thus uncertain. Similarly shaped handleless cups found elsewhere at the site typically have monochrome or blob/drip decoration (or sometimes bands; Tsipopoulou 2004a, 120– 121, fig. 8.13:92-150, 92-72; 2011b, 466; see also B. Hallager 2000, 137–139). The certain House A.2 handleless cups have rim diameters of 11 and 15 cm and are in fine, primarily reddish-yellow/pink to yellowish-red fabrics, in one case with a very pale brown slip (A2 P150). Other handleless cups found in House A.2 have more conical profiles. For example, A2 P155 and A2 P157 appear to be more like traditional conical cups in shape. In general, LM III conical cups can be distinguished from LM I examples, which frequently have an incurved rim, because they are typically larger, “with thicker walls [and] a straighter and more shallow profile” (Smith 2010, 20). As the bases were either not preserved or identified, it is not certain whether or not these two cataloged examples resembled the traditional late conical cups or if they had raised bases. The two cups also have straight rims with diameters of 8 cm, though A2 P155 has a groove below the rim and the body thickens out below. Both examples also appear to have had monochrome (or dipped) interiors and exteriors and are in reddish-yellow, very soft, fine fabrics. True conical cups only rarely occur at Chalasmenos (Tsipopoulou 2011b, 466), Karphi (Day 2011b, 255), Vronda (Day, Klein, and Turner 2009, fig. 38:B7 P12; Day and Glowacki 2012, fig. 98:N2 P8), and other sites (Kanta 1980, 266, 268–269) during LM IIIC, and they appear to have had typically flat, but sometimes raised bases. Five bases (A2 P147, A2 P151–A2 P153, A2 P160) appear to come from miniature cups of primarily conical, but also somewhat globular (A2 P147) profile. All of these bases are flat and narrow (d. 2.4–3.0 cm) compared to the uppermost

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preserved part of the body, which typically has a diameter of ca. 2.5 times that of the base; the cups were presumably quite short in height. One base (A2 P147) has an almost miniature torus molding, and two examples (A2 P151, A2 P152) have an irregular, small ridge of clay around the outer edge. In addition, three examples have “swirl” stringcut marks on the base (A2 P152, A2 P153, A2 P160). All five examples are in a fine, soft, pink or reddish-yellow fabric, which in most cases resembles Type 1 with a few visible red phyllite and limited white inclusions. The vessels tend to be plain with a pink or very pale brown slip; only one example (A2 P147) shows definite paint (possibly monochrome on the interior and a band around the base on the exterior). Although the bases as preserved somewhat resemble those of MM II cups, the fabric looks LM IIIC in date. Similarly shaped bases of larger diameter (but of uncertain date, variously assigned from LM I–IIIC) were found at Katalimata (Nowicki 2008, figs. 35:KP 56, 44:KP 204, 57:KP 341), while bases of comparable size to the House A.2 examples were identified among the LM IIIC material from Vasiliki Kephala (Rooms 2 and 3; pers. obs.). Alternatively, some of these bases may come from juglets, of which similar examples have been found at Kastro and Azoria (M. Mook, pers. comm., 12 July 2011). As evidenced by A2 P148, cups with single vertical handles of elliptical (and also likely round) section were also present among the House A.2 assemblage, though no profiles were preserved that could be reconstructed, and many examples are likely represented in the deep bowl/cup section presented above. One-handled cups found elsewhere on the site were comparable in shape and decoration to the previously mentioned handleless examples, though there were also versions with nearly straight rims and more conical profiles (Tsipopoulou 2004a, 120; 2011b, 466). Example A2 P161 is included in the cup section primarily due to its small size (d. rim 9 cm), though it is not certain whether or not it had a handle. This vessel had a flaring rim with monochrome decoration on the interior and a band below the rim on the exterior, as commonly seen on deep bowls/cups; the fabric was also medium-fine and pink with a very pale brown slip. One well-preserved two-handled cup (A2 P149) was also recovered from House A.2. This vessel

has the rounded profile, slightly everted rim, and slightly concave, raised base typically found on deep bowls and handleless cups at the site, though it also has two tall vertical handles of elliptical profile. Two-handled cups appear to be extremely rare in LM IIIC, with only one-handled or handleless examples mentioned from most sites (e.g., at Karphi, Day 2011b, 255). In addition, the fabric, reddish yellow/gray with abundant small white inclusions, is unusual for this assemblage, and the vessel is plain; the fabric may be similar to Kavousi type XXIII (Mook and Day 2009, 166), or perhaps the vessel was imported. Finally, there is one example of a small/miniature handmade cup (A2 P154) in medium-coarse Type 1 fabric with a very pale brown slip. A limited number of similar examples, both with a single handle and without handles, have been noted at the site (Tsipopoulou 2004a, 120). Only two of the cup fragments (A2 P151, A2 P155) come from the area of Room 1, and both are from surface and wall collapse layers, thus potentially indicating a functional difference between the two rooms of House A.2. Of the five miniature cup (or possibly juglet) bases, one example (A2 P160) appears to have been found on the southwest platform of Room 2, and three others (A2 P147, A2 P152, A2 P153) were found immediately to the west of that platform just outside of the building; perhaps the four miniature vessels were all displayed, together with stirrup jar A2 P42, on that same platform, and they were later washed/fell outside of the room. Cups A2 P154 and A2 P161 were also recovered from outside the entrance to the building. Three vessels were found on the floor of Room 2: example A2 P149 was in the northeastern corner (together with cups/deep bowls A2 P137 and A2 P138), A2 P150 was likely recovered from the southeastern part of the room, and A2 P148 may have come from roughly the center of the room. One cup fragment (A2 P157) was recovered from roofing collapse, two from wall collapse (A2 P156, A2 P159), and one in the area of the possible bin (A2 P158). A2 P147 (HL01/bag 241/3b; Room 2/outside building to the west; Trenches A23, A34, Balk A23/A34; Fig. 22). Miniature cup, base. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 2.7; d. base 3 cm. Wt. 2 g. Fine, soft, pink fabric (7.5YR 7/4); some small phyllite inclusions; int.(?) and ext. very pale brown slip (10YR 8/3–8/4). Ext. traces

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of red to black paint around foot (band around base); int. possibly monochrome. Flat raised base with very small ring/torus. Date: LM IIIC. Comparanda: Nowicki 2008, fig. 57:KP 341 (Katalimata). A2 P148 (HL00/bag 302/1; Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bag 302-1; Fig. 22). Cup (probably onehandled), handle. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 3.2; d. handle 1.2 cm. Wt. 5 g. Fine, soft, reddish-yellow fabric (7.5YR 7/6; probably fine version of Type 1); int. and ext. very pale brown slip (10YR 8/3). Blackish-brown paint preserved in traces on handle and int. of body. Elliptical section, handle attaches at rim. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P149 (HL01/158; Room 2; Trench A14, 2001 pottery bags 50, 83, HL01/186; possibly HL01/ bag 147/3, HL01/bag 280/7; Fig. 22; Pl. 13). Twohandled cup. Preserved profile (mended: 100% of base, 100% of both handles, 50% body). Seventeen joining sherds (and 18 possibly associated). H. 8.4; d. rim 11; d. base 3.9; d. handle 1.2 cm. Wt. 100 g (possibly + 40 g). Medium-fine, soft to very soft, reddish-yellow fabric (5YR 6/6) with burned/reduced mottled gray exterior (7.5YR 6/1); very small abundant white inclusions and some phyllite inclusions visible on the surface. Plain. Elliptical handle section; handles set just below rim; raised, slightly concave base; slightly everted rim. Comments: fabric possibly similar to Kavousi type XXIII (Mook and Day 2009, 166). Date: LM IIIC. A2 P150 (HL01/847; Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bag 280-1; Fig. 22; Pl. 13). Handleless cup, profile. Mended from 34 joining sherds (and 11 possibly associated; ca. 50% total preserved: 100% base; 25% rim; 50% body). H. 11.0; d. rim 15.2; d. base 4.8 cm. Wt. 130 g (possibly + 40 g). Fine, soft, pink (7.5YR 7/4) to reddish-yellow fabric (7.5YR 7/6); ext. very pale brown surface (10YR 8/3; probable slip). Possible traces of black paint (or more likely encrustation), or possibly plain. Uneven, everted rim; raised, concave base with interior lump from wheel throwing. Comments: residue sample no. 2481. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P151 (HL97/bag 15/1; Room 1; Balk A8/A14, pottery bag 15-1; Fig. 22). Miniature cup (or juglet), base (100%) and body. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 2.9; d. base 2.4 cm. Wt. 15 g. Fine, soft, reddish-yellow fabric (5YR 6/6); rare visible red phyllite inclusions; int. and ext. pink slip (7.5YR 8/4; also on underside of base). Apparently plain. Small, round, flat base with rim of excess clay at edge (unevenly folded/pushed up from base). Date: LM IIIC. A2 P152 (HL01/631; Room 2/outside building to west; Balk A23/A34, pottery bag 238-1; Fig. 22; Pl. 13). Miniature cup, base. Single sherd (95% of base). Max. pres. h. 2.7; d. base 2.6 cm. Wt. 20 g. Fine, soft, pink fabric (5YR 7/4); int. and ext. very pale brown slip (10YR 8/4). Plain. Flat base with slightly uneven ridge of clay and string-cut marks; smoothing marks on body. Date: LM IIIC. Comparanda: Nowicki 2008, fig. 44:KP 204 (Katalimata).

A2 P153 (HL01/bag 241/3a; Room 2/outside building to west; Trenches A32, A34, Balk A32/A34; Fig. 22). Miniature cup (or juglet), base. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 1.0; d. base 2.8 cm. Wt. 3 g. Fine, soft, pink fabric (7.5YR 7/4); few visible red phyllite inclusions; int. and ext. very pale brown surface (slip?) (10YR 8/3). Trace of black encrustation (or possible paint). Stringcut base with flat but uneven bottom. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P154 (HL01/959; outside building to west; Balk A22/A23, pottery bag 208; Fig. 22). Handmade vessel (cup), profile. Three joining sherds. H. 4.3; d. rim 8.5; d. base 2.8 cm. Wt. 30 g. Medium-coarse, soft, reddish-yellow fabric (5YR 7/6); Type 1 with phyllite-quartzite inclusions; int. and ext. very pale brown slip (10YR 8/4). Uneven surface and uneven rim. Date: LM IIIC(?). Comparanda: Tsipopoulou 2004a, 121, fig. 8.13:92-17 (Chalasmenos). A2 P155 (HL97/bag 46/10; Room 1; Balk A8/A14; Fig. 22). Cup, rim. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 2.9; d. rim 8 cm. Wt. 5 g. Fine, very soft, reddish-yellow fabric (7.5YR 8/6). Traces of faded red paint: int. possibly monochrome; ext. traces only, possibly monochrome. Straight rim, conical profile; area below rim slightly recessed and externally thickened/uneven; wheelmade with smooth interior but exterior looks roughly smoothed. Date: LM IIIC. Comparanda: Day and Glowacki 2012, 68, fig. 70:I3 P7 (Vronda). A2 P156 (HL00/bag 240/4; Room 2; Trench A23; possibly pottery bag 302-2; Fig. 22). Cup, rim and body. Twenty-six sherds (six joining, seven joining, three joining, three joining, and seven nonjoining; probably associated vertical handle). Max. pres. h. 6; d. rim 11 cm. Wt. 25 g. Medium-fine, medium-soft, reddish-yellow fabric (7.5YR 7/6; fine version of Type 1?); phyllite-quartzite and chalky white inclusions; slightly gritty surface. Int. and ext. plain. Everted rim. Date: LM IIIC(?). A2 P157 (HL00/bag 271/11; Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bag 271-2; Fig. 22). Cup, rim. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 2.4; d. rim 8 cm. Wt. 5 g. Fine, very soft, reddish-yellow fabric (5YR 7/6); int. and ext. pink slip (7.5YR 8/4). Traces of faded red paint: int. monochrome; ext. traces preserved only on rim (possibly band or monochrome). Straight rim, conical profile; body thickens quickly below rim. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P158 (HL01/bag 164/1; Room 2; Balk A22/A23, pottery bag 164-1; Fig. 23). Cup (possibly handleless), rim and body. Fifteen nonjoining sherds. Max. pres. h. body 4.5; max. pres. h. rim 1.5; d. rim 12–13 cm. Wt. 10 g. Fine, very soft, reddish-yellow fabric (7.5YR 7/6); ext. self-slip/very pale brown (10YR 8/4); int. plain. Everted rim. Date: LM IIIC(?). Comparanda: Tsipopoulou 2004a, 121, fig. 8.13:92-72 (Chalasmenos). A2 P159 (HL01/2064; Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bag 214, possibly 2001 bag 280-1, 2000 bag 81; Fig. 23). Handleless cup, base, body, and rim. Seven

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joining, three joining (and 10 probably associated) sherds, including 100% of base. Max. pres. h. rim 3.4; max. pres. h. base 3.5 (est. total h. 9); d. rim 11; d. base 4.1 cm. Wt. 60 g (possibly + 30 g). Medium-fine, hard, red (2.5YR 5/8) to yellowish-red (5YR 5/6) fabric with black center of core; few visible quartzite and phyllite inclusions; int. and ext. black surface (very burned with encrustation all over). Raised slightly concave base; everted rim. Comments: flaking/broken surface; heavy (from extensive burning). Date: LM IIIC. A2 P160 (HL00/bags 274+288/4; Room 2; Trench A23; Fig. 23). Miniature cup (or juglet), base. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 1.5; d. base 2.8 cm. Wt. 10 g. Fine, very soft, reddish-yellow fabric (7.5YR 6/6); light gray surface (10YR 7/2; from reduction/burning). No clear decoration preserved. Small, flat base, slightly uneven, with string-cut marks on underside. Date: LM IIIC. Comparanda: Nowicki 2008, fig. 35:KP 56 (Katalimata). A2 P161 (HL01/bag 238/13; outside building to west; Balk A23/A34, pottery bag 238-2; Fig. 23). Probable cup, rim. Three mended joining sherds. Max. pres. h. 2.2; d. rim 9 cm. Wt. 3 g. Medium-fine, soft, pink fabric (7.5YR 7/4); probably fine version of Type 1 with phyllite, quartzite, and soft white inclusions; ext. and int. very pale brown slip (10YR 8/4). Dull red (int.) and brownish-black (ext.) paint: int. monochrome; ext. band on rim and part of another band/other motif below. Date: LM IIIC.

G. Kylikes Kylikes are rarely found in House A.2 (A2 P162–A2 P164; Fig. 23), as seen elsewhere at the site where they make up less than 1% of the pottery assemblage (Tsipopoulou 2004a, 120). This shape, though popular, also occurs much less frequently than deep bowls at other sites on Crete, such as Karphi (Seiradaki 1960, 25; Day 2011b, 267–269), Chania (B. Hallager 2000, 143), and Kastro (Mook and Coulson 1997, 354, 361). At Chalasmenos, kylikes have been found in two sizes, small (with a capacity of ca. 200–300 mL as seen in House A.1) and large (with a capacity of 1.6 L as seen in one of the so-called megara; Tsipopoulou 2004a, 120, fig. 8.13:92-149, 94-180; 2011a, 343, 347, fig. 29.14; 2011b, 466). Small (d. rim 11–18 cm) and large (d. rim 21–27 cm) kylikes have also been observed at Karphi (Day 2011b, 269). At Chalasmenos, as at Vronda and Karphi, the large kylikes may have been used in drinking rituals, especially in large houses or buildings (Day and Snyder 2004, 73, 77– 78; Day 2011b, 269). Late Minoan IIIC kylixes often have carinated profiles—with straight, slightly flaring, or everted

rims—and relatively conical lower bodies, two vertical handles of elliptical section placed at or just below the rim, stems (which become shorter and thicker as the period progresses and are straight or sometimes have a bulge in the center, possibly a late LM IIIC feature), and wide, circular, flat or concave bases (Kanta 1980, 263–265; Hallager 1997b, 38–39; Mountjoy 2007, 222–223; Day 2011b, 267–269). Fragments of three possible kylikes (none with profiles that could be reconstructed) have been recovered from House A.2, including a stem fragment (A2 P164), a rim sherd (A2 P162), and decorated body sherds (A2 P163). The stem fragment (A2 P164) is pierced through the center, a typical feature of LM IIIC kylikes (Kanta 1997, 95; Mook and Coulson 1997, 361; Day 2011b, 267). Possible kylix A2 P162 has an everted rim (d. ca. 18 cm); everted rims are found much less commonly on kylikes in this period than the nearly vertical or only slightly flaring versions (Day 2011b, 269; see also Tsipopoulou 2004a, 121, fig. 8.13:92-149). Late Minoan IIIC kylikes also typically have monochrome interiors and painted bands or more elaborate decoration on the exterior, though monochrome exteriors do also occur (Tsipopoulou 2004a, 120; Day 2011b, 269). Kylix A2 P162, for example, may have had a monochrome interior and exterior. Several body sherds (A2 P163) appear to come from a single kylix with close style decoration on the exterior and a monochrome interior. The decorative motifs on A2 P163 include panels with checkerboard (Sackett, Popham, and Warren 1965, 288, fig. 9:x; Kanta 1980, fig. 133:2; B. Hallager 2000, pls. 53:82-P 0189, 54:71-P 0606/77) and crosshatching (net pattern; Kanta 1980, fig. 134:9; B. Hallager 2000, pl. 36:84-P 0689; Day 2011b, 13, fig. 2.3:K149.20), a probable wavy line with a possible quatrefoil motif (B. Hallager 2000, fig. 36:82P 1650, 84-P 0712; Day and Glowacki 2012, fig. 87:02 P5), and filling hatches beside a panel with a column of dotted semicircles (Day 2011b, 38, 261– 262, figs. 2.16:K134.3, 9.3:h; Day and Glowacki 2012, fig. 87:02 P5), which appear to indicate a date relatively early in LM IIIC. The three kylix fragments from House A.2 are in soft, pink, very pale brown, or reddish-orange fabric and tend to have a very pale brown or pink slip. In addition, A2 P164 was recovered from the bin in Room 2, A2 P162 from the surface above Room 2, and A2 P163 from roofing collapse in Room 1.

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A2 P162 (HL01/bag 157/1; Room 2; Balk A22/A23, pottery bag 157-1; Fig. 23). Kylix(?), rim. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 2.9; d. rim est. 18 cm. Wt. 2 g. Fine, soft, very pale brown fabric (10YR 8/2); phyllite inclusions. Brown paint: int. and ext. possibly monochrome. Date: LM IIIC. Comparanda: Tsipopoulou 2004a, 121, fig. 8.13:92-149 (Chalasmenos). A2 P163 (HL97/bag 58/5; Room 1; Balk A8/A14, pottery bag 58-1; Fig. 23). Kylix(?). Three nonjoining and two joining body sherds. MPD 5.3 x 5.6 cm. Th. 0.4–1.0 cm. Wt. 35 g. Fine, soft, reddish-yellow fabric (5YR 6/6); int. and ext. pink slip (7.5YR 8/4). Red to faded orange paint: int. monochrome; ext. net pattern below band and inside panel, checkerboard inside panel, wavy line and possible quatrefoil motif, horizontal hatching beside panel, column of semicircles with dot inside. Close style decoration. Date: LM IIIC early. Comparanda: Sackett, Popham, and Warren 1965, 288, fig. 9:x (Palaikastro Kastri); Kanta 1980, fig. 134:9 (Kritsa); Day 2011b, 38, fig. 2.16:K134.3 (Karphi); Day and Glowacki 2012, fig. 87:02 P5 (Vronda). A2 P164 (HL01/459; Room 2; Balk A22/A23, pottery bag 186; Fig. 23). Kylix, stem. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 2.8; d. 2.6; center hole d. 0.5 cm. Wt. 15 g. Fine, soft, pink fabric (7.5YR 7/4); very pale brown slip (10YR 8/4). Round section. Comments: pierced through the center. Date: LM IIIC.

III. Vessels Possibly Used for Cooking A variety of vessels that may have been used in the cooking process have been recovered from House A.2, including cooking pots (both tripod and flat bottomed), cooking amphorae, cooking dishes, cooking trays, and possible cooking basins. These objects are most commonly in Type 2 fabric but also occur in Types 3 and 8. Miscellaneous cooking pot rims are for the most part included in the same section as the tripod cooking pots, though some examples in Type 8 fabric are included with the cooking amphorae. A. Tripod and Possible Flat-Bottomed Cooking Pots Tripod cooking pots have been recovered from House A.2, and they comprise some of the best restorable vessels from the building (e.g., A2 P170– A2 P172, A2 P179; Figs. 23–25; Pl. 14). The tripod cooking pots typically have everted to slightly everted rims, globular to ovoid bodies (with Sshaped profiles often essentially forming a collared rim), two horizontal handles (of round section)

placed on the shoulder/high on the body, and flat bases, and their legs are typically round in section and flare out slightly (or are sometimes nearly vertical). These vessels represent a standard LM IIIC type of cooking pot, commonly found at sites across the island (Borgna 1997a, 200–201; Day, Glowacki, and Klein 2000, 119; B. Hallager 2000, 158; Tsipopoulou 2004a, 108, 113, 115, fig. 8.7; YasurLandau 2006, 234–235; Day 2011b, 319–320, fig. 9.31:K14.2). This type of tripod cooking pot can also be considered to continue the tradition of Philip Betancourt’s type A cooking pot (Betancourt 1980, 2, 3, fig. 1A; Yasur-Landau 2003–2004, 50–51). The House A.2 tripod cooking pots come in small, medium, and large versions (e.g., A2 P168, A2 P170–A2 P172, A2 P179). Perhaps the type of food prepared in these vessels was associated with their size, or the pots comprised part of a cooking set or sets. The examples with preserved profiles (A2 P170–A2 P172, A2 P179) have heights (without the legs) of 12.9, 17.3, 23.5, and 26.4 cm, while the rim diameters are 12.5, 20 (two examples), and 21 cm; the base diameters are 9.5, 14.5, 16, and 20 cm. A preliminary study of tripod cooking pots from Chalasmenos (comprising only wellpreserved examples found in Areas Alpha Upper and Beta) revealed that the rim diameters of vessels from the site appear to fall most commonly between 22–25 cm, though they can be as small as 13 cm, and the base diameters are most commonly 18–23 cm, though they can be as small as 11–14 cm (Yasur-Landau 2006, 235). In comparison, rim diameters of similar tripod cooking pots at Karphi are most commonly 17–19 cm, though they range from 11 to 22 cm (Day 2011b, 319), and the rim diameters at Vronda range from 12–27 cm (Day, Glowacki, and Klein 2000, 119). The House A.2 tripod legs frequently have round finger impressions at the attachment to the body (A2 P168, A2 P171, A2 P172, A2 P177) and/or one or two vertical incisions; note that examples with three incisions per leg have been found elsewhere at the site (Tsipopoulou 2004a, 108, 113, fig. 8.7:96-397). Tripod legs with finger impressions and vertical slashes occur frequently across Crete in LM IIIC (Seiradaki 1960, 7, fig. 4:1–4; B. Hallager 2000, 158; 2003, 114–115; Yasur-Landau 2006, 235; Warren 2007, 332; Day 2011b, 319–320).

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Although these features appear as early as the end of LM IIIB and become more common in LM IIIC, their combined use on the same leg appears to be a late feature, typical of LM IIIC middle to late (Nowicki 2000, 268; 2008, 61–63). In addition to the best preserved vessels, various tripod leg fragments (A2 P165, A2 P177, A2 P180, A2 P181) and rims with horizontal handles (A2 P167, A2 P182) were recovered from House A.2. Several additional rim sherds (A2 P166, A2 P169, A2 P173–A2 P176, A2 P178) from cooking vessels, most likely from tripod cooking pots, are also included in this section of the catalog. It remains possible, however—though it does not seem likely—that some of these rims come from flatbottomed cooking pots (which are also sometimes called cooking amphorae and occur infrequently at the site). The cataloged rims of these probable cooking vessels from House A.2 are slightly flaring to everted and range in diameter from 16 to 23 cm; example A2 P169 is unusual in that the rim is flaring but squared at the top. The House A.2 tripod cooking pots are typically of medium to hard Type 2 fabric (or a variation), and red, yellowish red, or reddish yellow in color. The other, possible tripod cooking pot rims cataloged in this section are in Type 2 and 3 fabrics. The majority of cataloged vessels from the assemblage show heavy signs of burning on the interior and exterior, and they were likely used over an open fire (or hot embers; Day, Glowacki, and Klein 2000, 119; Yasur-Landau 2003–2004, 51; 2006, 239, 243). Study of tripod cooking pots from across the site revealed similar burning marks on vessels of small, medium, and large size, indicating that they were used in essentially the same manner, most likely primarily for cooking, heating, and/or boiling liquids such as soups, stews, and/or water (Yasur-Landau 2003–2004, 50–51; 2006, 243; see also Borgna 1997a, 204). The best preserved tripod cooking pots from House A.2 were recovered from the floor levels of both Rooms 1 and 2, while the more fragmentary vessels were found in floor (A2 P166, A2 P167, A2 P169, A2 P175, A2 P178, A2 P181), roofing collapse (A2 P180, A2 P182), and wall collapse (A2 P165, A2 P168, A2 P173, A2 P174, A2 P176 [area of southwest platform and outside building to west]) contexts. Example A2 P172 was recovered

from the north end of Room 1 (near the oven/bin and bench), while there was a concentration of cooking pots (A2 P170, A2 P171, A2 P179) both inside and around the bin in the northwestern corner of Room 2, and A2 P177 was found to the north of the central hearth. A2 P165 (HL97/bag 46/4; Room 1; Balk A8/A14; Fig. 23). Tripod leg fragment (from small cooking pot). Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 4.5; max. pres. d. 1.8 cm. Wt. 15 g. Coarse, medium-hard, reddish-yellow fabric (7.5YR 6/6–7/6); probably Type 2 with phyllite and hard white inclusions. Round section. Comments: black encrustation on surface; signs of probable burning. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P166 (HL96/bag 104/3; Room 1; Trench A8, Balk A8/A14, 1997 pottery bag 55; Fig. 23). Cooking pot, rim. Two joining sherds. Max. pres. h. 3.8; d. rim 19–20 cm. Wt. 50 g. Coarse, medium, red fabric (2.5YR 4/6–5/6; probably Type 2); phyllite and hard white inclusions. Int. slightly rough, ext. smoother. Slightly everted rim. Comments: int. and ext. traces of burning. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P167 (HL03/30b; Room 1; Balk A2/A8, pottery bag 14; Fig. 23). Cooking pot, rim, handle, body, and possibly associated base. Forty-nine sherds (two joining, two joining, and 45 nonjoining). Max. pres. h. rim 2.8; th. 0.3–0.4 cm; d. handle 1.8. Wt. 175 g. Coarse, soft, reddish-yellow fabric (5YR 6/8) with gray core (10YR 6/1); Type 3 with phyllite-quartzite inclusions. Everted rim; horizontal handle with round section. Comments: int. and ext. traces of burning in some areas. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P168 (HL01/bag 148/3; Room 2; Balk A23/A24, pottery bag 148-1; Fig. 23). Large tripod cooking pot, leg and rim. Two nonjoining sherds. Max. pres. h. rim 4.5; max. pres. h. leg 9.5; d. rim 19–20; d. leg 3.3 cm. Wt. 280 g. Coarse, medium, red fabric (2.5YR 5/8) with gray core (10YR 5/1); Type 2 with phyllite and white inclusions. Finger impression and single incised line down leg; round leg section; everted rim. Comments: int. and ext. burned. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P169 (HL00/bag 302/11; Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bag 302-2; Fig. 23). Cooking pot, rim. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 3.7; d. rim ca. 23 cm. Wt. 20 g. Coarse, medium, light red (2.5YR 6/8) to reddishyellow (5YR 6/8) fabric; Type 3(?) with phyllitequartzite and soft white inclusions. Everted, squared rim. Comments: similar to A2 P170 but different vessel. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P170 (HL01/385; Room 2; Balk A22/A23, pottery bag 164-1; Fig. 23; Pl. 14). Tripod cooking pot. Mended from 71 joining sherds. Eighty-five percent preserved (40% rim; 65% base; 75% body; 100% both handles; no tripod feet preserved, only attachment scars). H. 23.5 (without legs); d. rim 21; d. base 20; d.

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handle 2 cm. Wt. 2,900 g. Coarse, medium, yellowishred (5YR 5/6) to reddish-yellow (5YR 6/8) fabric, red center of core (2.5YR 5/6); Type 2 variation with higher percentage of quartzite and other hard white inclusions visible on interior; also red and gray phyllite and rare calcium carbonate inclusions. Part of single incised line preserved at tripod leg attachments. Handles round in section; flat, slightly irregular base; slightly flaring rim. Comments: ext. traces of burning on upper and lower body. Date: LM IIIC. Comparanda: Day, Klein, and Turner 2009, 131, fig. 88:J1 P22 (Vronda). A2 P171 (HL00/321; Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bag 302-2; Fig. 24). Tripod cooking pot. Profile; only leg attachments preserved. Mended from 15 joining sherds. H. 17.3 (without legs); d. rim 20; d. base 14.5 cm. Wt. 850 g. Coarse, hard, red fabric (2.5YR 4/8); Type 2; red to gray phyllite and quartzite/other hard white inclusions and some chaff voids visible. Half of thumb impression preserved at tripod leg attachment; everted rim. Comments: int. and ext. traces of burning. Date: LM IIIC. Comparanda: Day and Glowacki 2012, 31, fig. 37:E7 P6 (Vronda). A2 P172 (HL97/248+HL97/300; Room 1; Balk A8/ A14, 1997 pottery bags 46, 50, 52, 55, 58; Fig. 24; Pls. 6C, 14). Large tripod cooking pot, profile. Ca. 1/3 preserved (including one tripod leg, one handle). Mended from 21 joining sherds (and 11 possible nonjoining). Est. h. 38 (max. pres. h. 31.4); d. rim ca. 20; d. base ca. 16; d. handle 1.8 cm. Wt. 1,940 g. Coarse, medium, yellowish-red fabric (5YR 5/6); Type 2 with gray phyllite, sparse quartzite, other white, and very rare mica inclusions. Tripod leg (round in section) with deep (1 cm) incised line on either side of deep finger impression. Horizontal handle with round section; slightly flaring rim. Comments: ext. and int. traces of burning. Date: LM IIIC. Comparanda: Mook and Coulson 1997, 350, fig. 17:39 (Kastro); Day, Klein, and Turner 2009, 135, fig. 92:J2 P1 (Vronda). A2 P173 (HL96/bag 40/2; Room 1; Trench A8; Fig. 24). Cooking pot, rim. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 3.9; d. rim 16 cm. Wt. 15 g. Coarse, hard, red (2.5YR 5/6) to light red (2.5YR 6/6) fabric; red phyllite and rare white inclusions (Type 2). Slightly everted rim. Comments: int. and ext. burned. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P174 (HL00/bag 234/1; Room 2; Trench A23; Fig. 24). Cooking pot, rim. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 3.7; d. rim 20 cm. Wt. 30 g. Coarse, hard, yellowishred fabric (5YR 4/6, 5/8); red phyllite and rare white inclusions (Type 2). Slightly flaring rim. Comments: int. and ext. burned; possibly same vessel as A2 P171. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P175 (HL00/bag 302/9; Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bag 302-2; Fig. 24). Cooking pot, rim. Mended from three joining sherds. Max. pres. h. 5.8; d. rim 18 cm. Wt. 45 g. Coarse, medium-hard, red fabric (2.5YR 5/6); red and gray phyllite, other small white/yellow,

and rare silver mica inclusions (Type 2 variation). Slightly flaring rim. Comments: int. and ext. burned. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P176 (HL01/bag 229/1; southwest platform/ outside building to west; Balk A23/A34; Fig. 24). Cooking pot, rim. Two joining sherds. Max. pres. h. 3.4; d. rim ca. 22 cm. Wt. 25 g. Coarse, hard, red fabric (2.5YR 5/8); red phyllite and common quartzite inclusions (Type 2). Slightly everted rim. Comments: int. and ext. traces of burning (and dark gray center of core [7.5YR 4/1]). Date: LM IIIC. A2 P177 (HL01/bag 280/2; Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bag 280-1; 2001 bag 214, HL00/739+HL00/301, 2000 bags 81, 302; Balk A2/A8, 2003 bag 14; Fig. 24). Tripod cooking pot, leg, body, and base. Six mended joining sherds (and nine probably associated). Max. pres. h. 13.2; th. body 1.2–1.7; d. base 20 (est.); d. leg 3.2 cm (at break). Wt. 430 g (probably + 300 g). Coarse, medium, red (2.5YR 5/8) to light red (2.5YR 6/8) to yellowish-red (5YR 5/8) to reddish-yellow (7.5YR 6/6) fabric with burned dark gray core (5YR 4/1); Type 2(?) with phyllite-quartzite and other white inclusions. Finger impression and single incision down leg; ext. body uneven, smoother on interior of one base sherd. Thin, flat base. Comments: traces of burning on interior, exterior, and core of many sherds. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P178 (HL00/bag 302/6; Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bag 302-1; Fig. 24). Cooking pot, rim. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 3.5; d. rim 18 cm. Wt. 20 g. Coarse, medium-hard, red fabric (2.5YR 4/8); probably Type 2. Everted rim. Comments: int. and ext. burned. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P179 (HL00/328; Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bag 302-2; Fig. 24; Pl. 14). Small tripod cooking pot. Mended from 35 joining and 13 nonjoining sherds. Sixty percent preserved (100% rim; 95% base; 50% body; 40% handles; attachments for two tripod legs preserved). Pres. h. 13.8; d. rim 12.5; d. base 9.5 cm. Wt. 800 g. Coarse, hard, yellowish-red fabric (5YR 5/6), mostly burned very dark gray (2.5YR 3/1, dark reddish gray); phyllite-quartzite and other white inclusions. Round section for horizontal handles; nubs for tripod legs (or broken and later smoothed from use); flat base; slightly everted rim. Comments: int. and ext. burned; residue sample no. 2482. Date: LM IIIC. Comparanda: Day and Glowacki 2012, 68, fig. 71:I3 P17 (Vronda). A2 P180 (HL97/bag 52/1; Room 1; Balk A8/A14, pottery bag 52-1; Fig. 25). Tripod cooking pot. Two small leg fragments (one nonjoining and two joining sherds). Max. pres. h. 6.9; max. pres. d. 2.8 cm. Wt. 75 g. Coarse, medium, yellowish-red fabric (5YR 5/6); phyllite-quartzite inclusions; ext. very pale brown surface (10YR 7/4), possibly slip. Round leg section; slightly flattened on bottom of legs. Comments: ext. burned. Date: LM IIIC.

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A2 P181 (HL96/450a; Room 1; Trench A8, pottery bag 127; Fig. 25). Tripod cooking pot. Single rim sherd and three leg fragments. Max. pres. h. rim 4.2; max. pres. h. leg 9.4; d. rim ca. 15; pres. d. leg 2.8 cm. Wt. 210 g. Coarse, medium-hard, red fabric (2.5YR 4/8) with dark gray center of core (5YR 4/1); Type 2 with phyllite-quartzite inclusions visible on surface. Round leg section. Comments: int. and ext. traces of burning. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P182 (HL96/478; Room 1; Trench A8, pottery bag 80; one sherd from Balk A8/A14, 1997 bag 663; possibly with Balk A2/A8, 2003 bag 14, HL03/30a; Fig. 25). Cooking pot, rim, handle, and body. Mended from four joining sherds (and five joining body and one nonjoining base sherds possibly associated). Max. pres. h. rim 10.4; max. pres. h. body 17; d. rim ca. 22 cm. Wt. 450 g (possibly + 550 g). Coarse, medium-hard, red fabric (2.5YR 5/6–5/8) with gray core (7.5YR 6/1), discolored from fire or firing; phyllite, quartzite, and other hard white inclusions visible on the surface (possible variation of Type 2). Everted rim; poorly attached horizontal handle/cracked from the heat, splitting fabric at area of attachment. Comments: burning on most of exterior and in patches on interior. Date: LM IIIC.

B. Cooking Amphorae One vessel shape that occurs infrequently at Chalasmenos is the so-called cooking amphora. This term has been used to refer to two different variations of cooking vessel from the site (Yasur-Landau 2003–2004, 51–54). The first type of cooking amphora has a similar shape to that of the tripod cooking pot and also commonly has horizontal handles, but it typically has a wider mouth (e.g., d. rim 30 cm, d. base 20 cm) and a flat base without legs (Yasur-Landau 2003–2004, 51–52, fig. 1:5; Tsipopoulou 2004a, 114, fig. 8:95-329, 96347). These vessels were rare at the site, and no definite example has been identified from House A.2, though it is possible that this shape is represented among the miscellaneous cooking pot rim fragments presented above; in fact, it is rather difficult to distinguish a flat-bottomed cooking pot from a tripod cooking pot when the base is not preserved. The type of cooking amphora best represented at Chalasmenos has a flat bottom, a subglobular to ovoid body, an everted rim, and two vertical handles of elliptical section, which extend from the top of the rim to the shoulder. Vessels of this type are usually smaller than tripod cooking pots, and they have rim diameters ranging from 12–16 cm and base diameters ranging from 10–13 cm (YasurLandau 2003–2004, 51, 54, fig. 1:3, 4; 2006,

235–236, 248, fig. 1:3, 4; Tsipopoulou 2004a, 114– 115, fig. 8.8:93-47, 93-71, 96-33). Similar vessels with vertical handles have elsewhere been called cooking jars, cooking pots, or wide-mouthed jars, and in some cases they have tripod legs (Hallager 1997a, 414; Borgna 2004a, 253, fig. 9; AndreadakiVlasaki and Papadopoulou 2005, 359, 368, figs. 8, 24; Nowicki 2008, 103, fig. 53:KP 295; Day and Glowacki 2012, 27, 155, figs. 33:E3 P5, 127:M1 P17). In addition, while the handles of these vessels at Chalasmenos are typically placed at the rim, at other sites, such as Chania Kastelli (B. Hallager 2000, 159–160), they tend to be found on the shoulder; examples of both types can be observed at Chamalevri (Andreadaki-Vlasaki and Papadopoulou 2007, figs. 3:28, 10:4) and Phaistos (Borgna 1997a, 195, fig. 4; 2004a, 253, fig. 9). Cooking amphorae of this type also often show evidence of localized scorch marks on the exterior wall of the body, perhaps an indication that they were placed on the edge of the hearth (rather than directly in or on the fire); they may thus have been used for cooking small quantities of food or for reheating previously cooked dishes (Yasur-Landau 2003– 2004, 54; 2006, 243–244), though they could alternatively have been used for storage or served both functions (Rethemiotakis 1997, 308, fig. 8; B. Hallager 2000, 160). While no certain cooking amphorae can be identified from House A.2, seven cataloged objects may come from vessels of this type (A2 P183–A2 P189; Fig. 25). For example, A2 P187 (Pl. 14), which is nearly complete, has the semiglobular body, everted rim (d. 16.5 cm), and flat base (d. 12.7 cm) of a typical cooking pot or cooking amphora with vertical handles, but it is not as squat nor is it in a traditional Chalasmenos cooking fabric. It does, however, show a large patch of burning on one side, possibly a scorch mark from sitting near the fire; a similar vessel has been published from the Casa a ovest del Piazzale I at Phaistos (Borgna 2004a, 253, fig. 9). While the use of this vessel from House A.2 for cooking purposes cannot be definitively shown (it could instead have been used for small-scale storage, as suggested at other sites), A2 P187 is included in this category due to its similarity in shape to other vessels identified at the site as cooking amphorae. Example A2 P186 was clearly a small cooking pot, likely a cooking amphora,

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and shows many signs of burning on the body; it has a flat base (d. 14 cm), with one uneven, apparently incised line above it, and the vessel shows no signs of having had tripod feet. This vessel also has a rim diameter of approximately 13 cm and shows traces of a handle attachment, possibly horizontal. Furthermore, it is in an unusual fabric with abundant small hard white to gray, sparse soft yellow, and possible phyllite/gold mica inclusions. Five cataloged objects (A2 P183–A2 P185, A2 P188, A2 P189) represent everted or slightly everted rim fragments of cooking pot type (rim d. ca. 20–25 cm, except for A2 P184, which is only ca. 12 cm); these vessel fragments are all in Type 8 fabric, and at least one example shows signs of burning. Although it is not possible to definitively determine the type of vessel to which they belong (i.e., tripod cooking pots, large flat-bottomed cooking pots, or cooking amphorae), their rim profiles are consistent with cooking vessels. These objects are included in this section, rather than in the section on tripod cooking pots, primarily on account of their fabric type, which was also observed on amphora A2 P20 and is distinct from the Type 2 or 3 fabric found on the majority of cooking vessels at the site. In fact, Type 8 fabric, if it was used for cooking, seems more suited to placement near a hearth, rather than directly on top of a fire. Examples A2 P184 and A2 P187 were both found on the floor of Room 1 (A2 P187 was found just west of the bench along the eastern wall), while A2 P188 was recovered from the surface. The possible cooking amphorae from Room 2 were found in roofing collapse (A2 P183, A2 P185, A2 P189) and on the floor (A2 P186). A2 P183 (HL00/bag 271/17; Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bag 271-2; Fig. 25). Cooking pot, rim. Two joining and one possibly associated sherd. Max. pres. h. 3.3; d. rim ca. 25 cm. Wt. 25 g. Coarse to medium, medium, reddish-yellow (7.5YR 6/6) to light yellowish-brown (10YR 6/4) fabric with grayish-brown core (10YR 5/2; on one sherd); abundant small white granodiorite(?), gold mica, and chalky white/yellow inclusions (Type 8). Comments: traces of burning on exterior and interior of one rim. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P184 (HL97/bag 66/3; Room 1; Balk A8/A14, pottery bag 66-2; Fig. 25). Small cooking pot (cooking amphora?), rim. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 2.7; d. rim 12 cm. Wt. 10 g. Medium-coarse, medium, brownishyellow fabric (10YR 6/6); poorly sorted granodiorite, chalky white, and mica inclusions (possibly variation

of Type 8). Comments: int. and ext. traces of burning. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P185 (HL01/bag 26/1; Room 2; Trench A14, pottery bag 26-2; Fig. 25). Cooking pot (cooking amphora?), rim. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 4.5; d. rim ca. 23 cm. Wt. 30 g. Medium-coarse, medium, reddishyellow fabric (7.5YR 6/6–7/6); Type 8 with granodiorite, chalky white (carbonates?), yellow, and gold mica inclusions, clay lumps. Slightly everted rim. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P186 (HL00/bag 81/1, HL01/bag 280/1; Room 2; Trench A23, possibly 2001 pottery bag 214; Fig. 25). Small cooking pot (cooking amphora?), rim, body, base, and handle attachment. Forty-four sherds (four joining, six joining, four joining), plus 98 probable (nine joining, three joining, and 11 nonjoining) and 11 possibly associated sherds. Est. h. 19; d. rim 13–14; d. base 13–14 cm. Wt. 100 g (probably + 370 g). Coarse, hard, yellowish-red (5YR 5/6) to reddish-yellow fabric (5YR 6/6); int. and ext. burned dark gray (5YR 4/1, 7.5YR 4/1); abundant small, hard white to gray, soft yellow and white, and gold mica or eroded phyllite inclusions. Flat base with rough smoothing/incised line above; handle attachment (possibly horizontal). Comments: very friable, flaking fabric. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P187 (HL96/226+HL03/30; Room 1; Trench A8, 1996 pottery bag 104; Balk A2/A8, 2003 bag 7-2; Fig. 25; Pl. 14). Cooking amphora, two vertical handles. Eighty-five percent complete, whole profile. Restored from 83 sherds (95% base; 100% rim; 100% handles; 85% body). H. 21.5; d. rim 16.5; d. base 12.7 cm; d. handle 2.2 cm. Wt. 1,700 g (with plaster). Medium-coarse, medium, pink (7.5YR 7/4) to reddishyellow fabric (7.5YR 6/6–7/6) with mostly gray core (10YR 5/1–6/1, GLEY 1 5/N); abundant soft white (calcium carbonate?), sparse red/purple phyllite, and rare quartzite inclusions with few voids; ext. areas of very pale brown slip(?) (10YR 8/3). Flat base; everted rim; small vertical strap handles of elliptical section attached at rim. Comments: large patch of burning on one side (int. and ext.), possibly from sitting near fire (scorch mark?); small, slightly warped area of body on same side. Date: LM IIIC. Comparanda: Borgna 2004a, 253, fig. 9 (Phaistos); AndreadakiVlasaki and Papadopoulou 2005, 359, fig. 8 (Chamalevri); Yasur-Landau 2003–2004, 52, fig. 1:3, 4 (Chalasmenos). A2 P188 (HL97/bag 15/2; Room 1; Balk A8/A14, pottery bag 15-1; Fig. 25). Cooking pot (cooking amphora), rim. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 2.8; th. 0.6. Wt. 20 g. Coarse, medium-hard, yellowish-red (5YR 5/6) to reddish-yellow (7.5YR 6/6) fabric; abundant granodiorite, common gold mica, and sparse chalky white inclusions (Type 8). Slightly everted rim. Comments: ext. traces of burning (or encrustation). Date: LM IIIC. A2 P189 (HL01/bag 26/3; Room 2; Trench A14, pottery bag 26-2; Fig. 25). Cooking pot, rim. Two

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nonjoining sherds. Max. pres. h. 3.3; d. rim est. 24 cm. Wt. 30 g. Coarse, hard, yellowish-red fabric (5YR 5/6); abundant white granodiorite, common mica, and chalky white inclusions, clay lumps (Type 8); some inclusions protrude from surface; ext. surface yellowish red (5YR 5/6) to brown (7.5YR 5/4); int. possible very pale brown slip (10YR 8/4). Everted rim. Comments: ext. and int. traces of burning. Date: LM IIIC.

C. Cooking Dishes The cooking dish is a shape for which there has previously been a lack of consistency regarding its identifying characteristics in various periods; in fact, Betancourt notes that there is “no precise line” between cooking dishes and cooking trays from Minoan Kommos, for example, because neither shape was standardized (Betancourt 1980, 5–7). Mook, however, has suggested the following criteria for identifying LM IIIC cooking dishes: a thin, rounded bottom; no legs; a thickened rim that is nearly vertical to flaring (some of which were pulled to form spouts); a distinct demarcation (rib or carination) between the rim and bottom on the exterior; and a roughened exterior on the bottom (Mook 1999, 503–504, pl. CX). Cooking dishes from Kastro occur in handmade Kavousi types IV, XVI, and XXV fabrics and show great diversity in shape and size, though they typically have large rim diameters, especially between 40 and 60 cm (Mook 1999, 505–506). Vessels of this type have been previously identified at Chalasmenos—though the bases were not preserved (Yasur-Landau 2003–2004, 55; 2006, 236; Tsipopoulou 2004a, 115–116, fig. 8.9)—as well as at many other sites on Crete, such as Chania Kastelli (B. Hallager 2000, 160), Karphi (Day 2011b, 315–317), and Phaistos (Borgna 1997a, 193, 197, fig. 6). The cooking dishes that show clear signs of burning may have been used either like a wok (for stir frying) set directly on the coals or upside down to create a surface for baking, while those dishes without evidence for burning could have served as lids placed on top of other dishes to create a form of oven (Betancourt 1980, 7; Borgna 1997a, 200; Mook 1999, 508). Rim fragments from several shallow probable cooking dishes (A2 P190–A2 P199; Fig. 26) have been recovered from House A.2, though in no case was the diagnostic carination or rib preserved/present (A2 P195 appears to be broken at the point of carination). The preserved sections of

rim are typically quite flaring, though in one case (A2 P195) the profile is nearly straight; the rims are also rounded (A2 P191, A2 P194, A2 P195, and A2 P198, which is also slightly uneven/bent below the rim), thickened (A2 P190, A2 P196, A2 P197, A2 P199), and slightly squared and thickened (A2 P192) on top, and their diameters appear to fall in the range of 35–45 cm, which is consistent with other examples from the site (Tsipopoulou 2004a, 115). It is not known how many different dishes are represented among the cataloged sherds from House A.2, as the rim can vary quite a bit on a single vessel due to the size and method of manufacture (typically handmade, likely in a mold). In addition, A2 P195 may preserve traces of a spout, and A2 P193 has a hole pierced in the wall; such holes have been interpreted as intended to hold spits (Seiradaki 1960, 9), for suspending or lifting the vessel (Mook 1999, 507, pl. CX:6), or for inserting a stick to help with pouring out the contents of the vessel (B. Hallager 2000, 160; Day 2011b, 317). The House A.2 dishes are primarily in coarse Type 8 fabric, though they also occur in Types 2 and 6. Traces of a possible buff slip were found on one example (A2 P197) and a dark gray slip on another (A2 P191). The majority of examples also show some signs of burning, especially on the exterior, though unfortunately a use for cooking cannot be confirmed in most cases. The dishes were recovered from the floor (A2 P191) and roofing collapse (A2 P190) of Room 1 and from roofing (A2 P194, A2 P195) and wall collapse (A2 P197) in Room 2, as well as just outside the building to the west (A2 P192, A2 P193, A2 P196, A2 P198, A2 P199). A2 P190 (HL97/bag 58/4; Room 1; Balk A8/A14, pottery bag 58-1; Fig. 26). Dish (cooking?), rim. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 1.8; th. 0.6–0.7 cm. Wt. 10 g. Coarse, medium, reddish-yellow fabric (7.5YR 6/6; Type 8); soft, chalky white and yellow, granodiorite, and gold mica inclusions. Rim thickened and slightly flaring. Comments: possibly same vessel as A2 P197. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P191 (HL97/bag 52/3; Room 1; Balk A8/A14, pottery bag 52-1; Fig. 26). Cooking dish, rim. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 2.4; th. 0.6 cm. Wt. 10 g. Coarse, medium, yellowish-red fabric (5YR 5/6; Type 2?); phyllite and hard white inclusions; int. and ext. dark gray slip (5YR 4/1). Straight rim. Date: LM IIIC.

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A2 P192 (HL01/bag 238/6; outside building to west; Balk A23/A34, pottery bag 238-2; Fig. 26). Cooking dish, rim. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 1.6; th. 0.8 cm. Wt. 15 g. Coarse, medium, red fabric (2.5YR 4/8–5/8); granodiorite, gold mica, and chalky white inclusions (Type 8?). Unusual rim, squared and slightly thickened on exterior. Comments: ext. apparent burning below rim. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P193 (HL01/bag 157/5; outside building to west; Balk A22/A23, pottery bag 157-2; Fig. 26). Cooking dish, profile. Two joining sherds (and two possibly associated). H. 2.7; d. rim ca. 40; d. hole 1.2 cm. Wt. 45 g (possibly + 35 g). Coarse, hard, yellowish-red fabric (5YR 5/6); granodiorite, chalky yellow, and rare gold mica inclusions, clay lumps (Type 8). Thin, flat base. Comments: pierced hole above base; ext. possibly burned. Date: LM IIIC. Comparanda: Seiradaki 1960, 10, fig. 6:6 (Karphi); Tsipopoulou 2004a, 116, fig. 8.9:92-28-1 (Chalasmenos). A2 P194 (HL01/bag 26/2; Room 2; Trench A14, pottery bag 26-2; Fig. 26). Cooking dish (or cooking tray?), rim. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 2.5; d. rim 35– 40(?) cm. Wt. 20 g. Coarse, medium-hard, red fabric (2.5YR 4/8–5/8); Type 2 with phyllite and a few quartzite inclusions. Comments: int. and ext. traces of burning. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P195 (HL01/bag 26/4; Room 2; Trench A14, pottery bag 26-2; Fig. 26). Cooking dish, rim. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 3.5; th. 0.8–0.9 cm; d. rim unknown. Wt. 20 g. Coarse, medium, red (2.5YR 5/6) to yellowish-red fabric (5YR 5/8); phyllite and hard white inclusions (Type 2). Comments: rim appears to be pulled out to form spout; rim broken at sharp triangular carination to body; int. and ext. traces of burning. Date: LM IIIC. Comparanda: Mook 1999, pl. CX:17– 23 (Kastro). A2 P196 (HL01/2072; outside building to west; Balk A22/A23, pottery bag 208; Fig. 26). Cooking dish, rim. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 2.2; d. rim ca. 45 cm. Wt. 30 g. Coarse, medium, red fabric (2.5YR 4/6); Type 6 with granodiorite, other white, and gold mica inclusions visible on surface. Comments: ext. traces of burning; int. slightly smoother. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P197 (HL01/bag 114/1; Room 2; Balk A23/A24, pottery bag 114-2; Fig. 26). Dish (cooking?), rim. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 2.7; th. 0.4–0.5 cm; d. rim unknown. Wt. 20 g. Coarse, medium, light brown (7.5YR 6/4) to reddish-yellow fabric (7.5YR 6/4–6/6; Type 8); white granodiorite, chalky white and yellow, and gold mica inclusions; ext. traces of very pale brown slip(?) (10YR 8/3). Thickened rim. Comments: possibly same vessel as A2 P190. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P198 (HL01/bag 238/7; outside building to west; Balk A23/A34, pottery bag 238-2; Fig. 26). Dish (cooking?), rim and body. Five nonjoining sherds. Max. pres. h. 3.4; d. rim ca. 37–40(?) cm. Wt. 130 g. Coarse,

medium, yellowish-red fabric (5YR 5/8); poorly sorted gold mica, large chalky yellow, and white granodiorite inclusions (Type 8). Uneven body, slightly bent inward below rim. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P199 (HL01/bag 238/8; outside building to west; Balk A23/A34, pottery bag 238-2; Fig. 26). Dish (cooking?), rim. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 2.2; d. rim ca. 40(?) cm. Wt. 30 g. Coarse, hard, yellowish-red fabric (5YR 5/8) with very dark gray center of core (5YR 3/1); white granodiorite, gold mica, and common chalky yellow inclusions, poorly sorted large clay lumps (light brown to orange; Type 8); unusual in frequency of soft chalky inclusions. Thickened rim, irregularly smoothed on exterior, creating small ridge. Comments: traces of possible burning on surface. Date: LM IIIC.

D. Cooking Trays When only sherds are preserved, it is often difficult to distinguish cooking trays from cooking dishes (both of which are large open vessels), and the two are often confused in publications. The main distinction between these two vessel types is that trays have flatter bottoms and shorter, more upright (and often thicker) walls, and they can have tripod legs (Betancourt 1980, 7; Mook 1999, 503– 504; Yasur-Landau 2003–2004, 55). Cooking trays have rim diameters ranging from 30–50 cm and typical heights of 3–5 cm. Flat (as well as tripod) cooking trays occur at Chalasmenos (Tsipopoulou 2004a, 115; Yasur-Landau 2006, 236) as well as at numerous other sites on Crete (where they do not appear to be particularly common), such as Kastro (Mook and Coulson 1997, 351, 363, fig. 17:40), Palaikastro Kastri (Sackett, Popham, and Warren 1965, 290, fig. 11:m–o), Phaistos (Borgna 1997a, 193, 196, fig. 5), Chania Kastelli (B. Hallager 2000, 160–161, pl. 46), Chamalevri (Andreadaki-Vlasaki and Papadopoulou 2005, 378, fig. 42), and Karphi (Day 2011b, 317–318, fig. 9.29). This type of vessel has been variously interpreted as having been used for baking, as indicated by the rough surface of the base (Yasur-Landau 2003–2004, 55), as a portable oven (Borgna 1997a, 200), for warming food near the fire, or for food presentation (Day 2011b, 318). One cooking tray with a full profile (A2 P201) was recovered and has been published as having come from the floor of Room 1 of House A.2 (Yasur-Landau 2003–2004, 56, fig. 3). The base of this vessel has a rough underside, and it has a smooth interior, a shallow body, an angular profile

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(with relatively straight walls), and a rim with a rounded top. It shows traces of burning, and its rim (d. ca. 45 cm) appears to have been pulled out to form a spout. The findspot of this vessel, however, is confusing: inconsistencies in the excavation notebook, the old photographs, the original drawing, the object labels, and the catalog card make it unclear whether or not A2 P201 was the actual vessel found in Room 1. On the other hand, a fragmentary cooking tray with a similar profile (A2 P200) can be definitively attributed to Room 2 (roofing collapse); its wall is less vertical than the previous example, but its base also has a rough underside and its interior is smoothed. Both examples from House A.2 (Fig. 26) are slightly taller than the examples more commonly noted from other sites, with heights of 7.1 and 5.7 cm, though that of other examples of this shape from the site are often 5–8 cm (Tsipopoulou 2004a, 115). The House A.2 cooking trays also occur in the most common cooking fabric (Type 2) found at the site. A2 P200 (HL01/bag 47/2; Room 2; Trench A14, with Trench A23, HL01/bag 194/1, HL00/bag 302/5, HL00/bag 240/2; Fig. 26). Cooking tray, base, body, and rim. Eighteen sherds (three nonjoining rim, three nonjoining base, and 12 body sherds). Max. pres. h. base 2.9; max. pres. h. rim 3.8 (total est. h. 5.7); th. 0.4–0.6 cm. Wt. 90 g. Coarse, hard, red fabric (2.5YR 4/8–5/6); phyllite and quartzite inclusions (Type 2). Self-slip(?). Flat base with relatively smooth interior, rough exterior. Comments: int. and ext. traces of burning. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P201 (HL 97/96; Room 1; Balk A8/A14, pottery bag 58(?); Fig. 26). Cooking tray, full profile and section of base. Fourteen mended joining, six joining, and eight nonjoining sherds. H. 7.1; d. rim ca. 45; d. base 43 cm. Wt. 675 g. Coarse, medium, red fabric (2.5YR 5/6); Type 2 with phyllite, quartzite, and other white inclusions, chaff voids; ext. red surface (2.5YR 5/8). Uneven rim (possibly pulled to spout); base relatively smooth on interior, rough on underside. Comments: ext. and int. some traces of burning; vessel may be mistakenly attributed to House A.2. Bibliography: YasurLandau 2003–2004, 56, fig. 3. Date: LM IIIC.

E. Cooking Basins Two possible cooking basins (A2 P65, A2 P66) have been identified from among the finds of House A.2. These vessels were discussed above in the basin section and they were both in probable variations of Type 2 fabric (see above, pp. 47– 48). Note that other vessels from Chalasmenos

identified as cooking basins have large rim diameters (e.g., 41 cm), rounded profiles, thick walls, and vertical handles. Scorch marks were also observed on the exterior of these vessels, and they may have been used for the slow cooking of large quantities of food (Yasur-Landau 2003–2004, 54; 2006, 236).

IV. Other Vessels A. Incense Burner A small, burned, curved body sherd with several holes pierced through it (A2 P202) was recovered from the floor of Room 1 (Fig. 26). It may represent a fragment of an incense burner; this shape is also sometimes referred to as a firebox or censor. The House A.2 fragment may have belonged to a vessel similar in shape to Hara Georgiou’s type 1 firebox, which consists of a bowl-shaped vessel with a pierced, curved bottom and a spherical capsule in the center; this vessel form was used especially from MM III–LM I, it appeared as early as EM II and as late as LM III, and it may have served for the use of aromatics (Georgiou 1980, 124–125, pls. 1–3; 1983, 80–87). Few examples of possible incense burners have been recovered from LM IIIC sites, and they consist only of fragments, as at Karphi (Day 2011b, 185, 315, fig. 6.10:K110.17) and Sybritos (Prokopiou 1997, 376, fig. 17:f). Alternatively, the House A.2 fragment could have come from a vessel with a pierced domed top, similar to vessels possibly used in beekeeping (“smokers”), which have been associated with fire or smoke (Tsipopoulou 2004a, 120, fig. 8.6:95-294; see also Georgiou 1983, 87, pls. 3, 4). A2 P202 (HL97/258; Room 1; Balk A8/A14, pottery bag 66-1; Fig. 26). Incense burner, body. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 3.8; th. 0.7; max. hole d. 1 cm. Wt. 15 g. Coarse, medium, yellowish-red fabric (5YR 5/6); Type 2 with phyllite and quartzite inclusions. Preserved parts of four holes; raised clay on interior from pushing stick through clay to create hole; slightly smooth on interior. Comments: burned; handmade. Date: LM IIIC(?).

B. Scuttles Fragments of two scuttle handles (A2 P203, A2 P204; Fig. 26) have been recovered from Room

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2 of House A.2, the first from wall collapse and the second from the floor just north of the central hearth. Both examples are of elliptical section and have a shallow groove down the center of the handle; the handle of A2 P204 is flattened on the end. A groove down the center of the handle can also be seen on a scuttle from Vronda (Day, Klein, and Turner 2009, 56, fig. 38:B7 P18). The House A.2 scuttles are also in coarse fabrics and show signs of burning. No additional parts of these vessels were observed among the assemblage, though scuttles can often be confused with bowls or kalathoi, which can have similar profiles. Scuttles have also been called braziers, scoops, and lamps (Seiradaki 1960, 12; Hallager 1997a, 417; Tsipopoulou 2004a, 120), though this type of vessel seems to have functioned for transporting hot charcoal (Day 2011b, 275–276, fig. 9.9), an identification supported in House A.2 by the findspot of A2 P204 (near the hearth). A2 P203 (HL01/bag 26/6; Room 2; Trench A14, pottery bag 26-1; Fig. 26). Scuttle, handle fragment. Single sherd. Max. pres. L. 5.8; preserved handle d. 3.4–4.4 cm. Wt. 65 g. Coarse, medium, red (2.5YR 5/8) to reddish-yellow (5YR 6/8) fabric; variation of Type 2(?) with phyllite, hard white, other white, and siltstone(?) inclusions. Elliptical handle section with groove down center. Comments: int. and ext. burned. Date: LM IIIC. A2 P204 (HL00/738; Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bags 81, 302-1 [formerly HL00/301]; Fig. 26). Scuttle, handle (nearly complete). Single sherd. Max. pres. L. 9.6; d. handle. 3.1 cm. Wt. 80 g. Coarse, medium, reddish-yellow fabric (5YR 6/8); phyllite, rare silver mica, and small white inclusions; yellow surface (10YR 7/6; slip). Elliptical handle section with wide groove down center; flattened at end. Comments: some burning on upper side. Date: LM IIIC. Comparanda: Day, Klein, and Turner 2009, fig. 38:B7 P18 (Vronda).

C. Miscellaneous This section contains additional LM IIIC ceramic objects of note from House A.2 (Fig. 27; Pl. 14). For example, A2 P205 consists only of a small “horn” in a fine version of Type 1 fabric with traces of paint (possibly three vertical lines) preserved. It may represent an attachment for the rim of a kalathos or plaque, and it was found on the floor of Room 1. Similar horns have been found on kalathos rims in Building B and the shrine at Vronda (Gesell 1999, 285, pls. LXI:c, LXII:a–c; Day, Klein, and Turner 2009, 38, fig. 23:B3 P14),

as well as on the upper parts of 11 plaques from the shrine at Chalasmenos (Tsipopoulou 2006, 68; 2009, 129, figs. 11.16–11.18). Example A2 P206 represents approximately half of a small, plain handmade vessel (h. 5; d. base 5.7 cm), which is flat on the bottom and surrounded by a poorly smoothed “dome” of clay on the top and on three sides, and a round opening on the fourth side. It is also in medium-coarse Type 1 fabric, and it was found above the bench in Room 1 during the cleaning of the face of Wall 2. Although the exact identification of this object remains unknown, it could have been a crudely made version of a hut-urn. Hut-urns typically have domed tops, flat bases, and cut-out doors, and they tend to be plain; they are also often of similar (and sometimes larger) height and base diameter as A2 P206, as, for example, at Karphi (Day 2011b, 288– 290). Known examples of this object type, however, tend to be wheelmade, and they often have lug handles on either side of the door. Hut-urns have been variously interpreted as representing architectural models of huts made of perishable materials (Hägg 1990, 101) or household cult objects connected to the worship of the goddess with upraised arms (Mersereau 1993), as having been influenced by basketwork cages such as for birds (Seiradaki 1960, 28–29), as symbolic models of households or workshops which house their guardian spirits (Hallager 2009, 119–120; Day 2011b, 289–290), or perhaps most commonly as models of tholos tombs (Petrakis 2006). These objects are found primarily in domestic contexts and workshops rather than in community shrine buildings, though they may be connected with household shrines (Hägg 1990, 101–102). The identification and date (LM IIIC[?]) of A2 P207 remains uncertain, and it was found on the floor (or below) of Room 1. This object consists of a rim, triangular in profile, slightly flattened on the interior, and with a diameter of 30–31 cm; it may have come from a shallow cooking tray, a lid for a cooking vessel, or possibly a lamp, as traces of burning were preserved along the rim. In addition, A2 P207 is in a rare fabric for House A.2, with silver mica schist comprising the most common inclusion type. A LM IIIC fabric used for cooking vessels and pithoi has been identified at Vronda (Type XVI) in which silver mica schists were

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abundant (Mook and Day 2009, 165), and the fabric of A2 P207 may be similar to this type. A2 P205 (HL97/bag 66/12; Room 1; Balk A8/A14, pottery bag 66-2; Fig. 27). Horn attachment for plaque or kalathos. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 2.2; max. pres. d. 1.6 cm. Wt. 2 g. Fine, soft, reddish-yellow (5YR 7/6) to pink fabric (7.5YR 7/4; Type 1); pink slip (7.5YR 8/4). Brownish-black paint: possibly three vertical stripes. Date: LM IIIC. Comparanda: Day, Klein, and Turner 2009, fig. 23:B3 P14 (Vronda); Tsipopoulou 2009, 129, figs. 11.16–11.18 (Chalasmenos). A2 P206 (HL03/7; Room 1; Balk A2/A8, pottery bag 7-1; Fig. 27; Pl. 14). Handmade vessel, possible hut-urn, whole profile (ca. 50% preserved). Single fragment. H. 5; th. 0.5–0.6; d. base 5.7 cm. Wt. 50 g. Medium-coarse, medium-soft, pink fabric (7.5YR 7/4); red phyllite inclusions (possibly Type 1); ext. and int. appear plain (possible traces of buff slip). Ext. traces of black paint (or encrustation). Flat base with dome-shaped top and sides; roughly round opening on one side; poorly smoothed (int. and ext. uneven); opening curves outward slightly. Comments: handmade. Date: LM IIIC. Comparanda: Mersereau 1993, 30–31, fig. 17 (Phaistos). A2 P207 (HL97/bag 66/1; Room 1; Balk A8/A14, pottery bag 66-2; Fig. 27). Possible cooking tray, lid, or lamp, rim. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 2; d. rim 30–31 cm. Wt. 20 g. Coarse, medium-soft, yellowish-red fabric (5YR 5/8) with gray center core (10YR 5/1); abundant silver mica schist, common red clay (or eroded phyllites?), possible gold mica, and small white inclusions (Type 4?). Comments: ext. and int. traces of burning. Date: LM IIIC(?).

Discussion With one or two possible exceptions, such as the fragments of kylix A2 P163 that may belong to the early phase of the period, the majority of the pottery recovered from House A.2 at Chalasmenos dates to an advanced phase of LM IIIC, often referred to as LM IIIC late, which is contemporary with the majority of remains from Vronda, Karphi, and Phase III Kastro (Mook and Coulson 1997, 358–363; B. Hallager 2000, 174 n. 345; D’Agata 2007, 101, table 3; Day, Klein, and Turner 2009, 7; Day 2011b, 325). Although many of the shapes represented in the assemblage, such as pithoi, pithoid jars, and basins, contain few features that point to a specific phase within the period, other shapes do provide indicators of a date late in LM IIIC. Characteristic features of advanced LM IIIC observed in the House A.2 pottery (as discussed in

the separate shape sections above) include a knob on the top of a stirrup jar false spout (as well as the use of an airhole close to the neck or handle), raised concave bases on deep bowls and cups, combined finger impressions and incisions on tripod cooking pot legs, and perhaps the use of close style decoration, in this area of Crete at least. The analysis of the House A.2 material thus supports previous preliminary investigations of pottery from the site, which indicated that Chalas­ menos was founded no earlier than the middle of the period, with most of the site going out of use by the end of the period. In addition, although cataloged objects from different stratigraphic levels (see this vol., Ch. 2), such as below the floor, may date to distinct phases of use or abandonment of the building, there was no evidence for ceramic phasing present in the assemblage, nor were multiple floor levels identified in either room of the building. Any potential architectural phasing (see this vol., Ch. 3) is also not represented by visible changes in the pottery due to the short period of the occupation of the site within LM IIIC.

Non–LM IIIC Pottery and Vessels of Uncertain Date Nearly all of the pottery from House A.2 was LM IIIC in date, though a few stray sherds of different periods, some of which have not been previously identified at the site and for which no architectural remains have been found, were also identified (Fig. 27). Three cataloged objects are of EM I date (A2 P208–A2 P210). A pierced lug handle (A2 P210) comes from a pyxis (or possibly a bowl) and is in a fine, slightly burnished, reduced bluish-gray fabric; pyxides were quite common in EM I and typically had lug handles of various shapes and sizes (as did their associated lids; see, e.g., Betancourt 2008, 39–40, 62, figs. 4.3, 5.19:F). A sherd with a thickened, rounded rim (A2 P209) in a medium-coarse fabric with possible granodiorite and grog inclusions likely comes from a small bowl (or cup/goblet); a very similar example (in shape and size) has been identified at nearby Aphrodite’s Kephali (Betancourt 2013, 78– 79, fig. 8.1:2), and thickened rims occur frequently on open vessels of this date (e.g., Haggis 1996b,

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664, 666, figs. 21:KT9, 25:KT45). Finally, sherd A2 P208 comes from a coarse bowl (or possibly goblet) rim or pedestaled foot; it is flattened on the interior and in a light red to buff fabric with possible phyllite and quartz inclusions. Similarly flaring rims and pedestaled feet were common on EM I vessels of various shapes, including chalices, goblets, and bowls (e.g., Haggis 1996b, 664, 669, 671, figs. 21:KT 6, 30:KT 95, 32:KT 112; Betancourt 2008, 34–36, 47, 58, figs. 5.2, 5.14). Fabrics similar to those found in the three House A.2 cataloged objects have also been observed on EM I (and FN) vessels from nearby Vasiliki Kephala, where a significant amount of pottery of that date has been recovered (pers. obs.). All three EM I sherds from House A.2 were recovered from the floor (or possibly below) of Room 2, and they may represent traces of an earlier occupation at the site (or perhaps more likely a temporary presence/ activity). Although evidence of FN habitation was preserved at Katalimata, EM I pottery does not appear to have been recovered from that site (Nowicki 2008). Early Minoan I–II field sites, however, were identified by the Gournia Survey at site no. 70, situated approximately 800 m to the southwest of the excavated area of Chalasmenos, and also in the area around the Church of the Holy Spirit on a small hill just to the northeast of Chalasmenos and west of Katalimata at site no. 67 (Watrous et al. 2012, 121). The MM II period is represented by as many as four cataloged vessels (A2 P211–A2 P214). A carinated cup body/base fragment with monochrome black slip (A2 P211) was recovered from the floor of Room 1, and similar carinated cups of the same date have been identified at numerous sites such as Palaikastro (Knappett and Cunningham 2012, 134, 137, figs. 4.14:129, 4.17:157), Kommos (Betancourt 1990, fig. 19:228), and Katalimata (Nowicki 2008, 106–108, 123, figs. 39:KP 123, 45:KP 219). One nearly flat cup base (A2 P213) also appears to be MM II in date; this fragment was recovered from the floor of Room 2. In addition, two flat bases (A2 P212, A2 P214) of small diameter (3–4 cm) in a fine, orange fabric resemble MM II cup bases, though their fabric may indicate an LM IIIC date; they were recovered from the floor of Room 2 and just outside the entrance to the building. If A2 P214 is actually LM IIIC in

date, it may have been associated with the miniature cups (and/or juglets) recovered from outside the building near the southwest platform (A2 P147, A2 P152, A2 P153, A2 P160). Bases similar to A2 P212–A2 P214 have been dated to MM II at Katalimata (e.g., Nowicki 2008, figs. 57:KP 336, KP 345, 65:KP 442). Note that there is a fair amount of evidence for MM I–II activity in the immediate vicinity of Chalasmenos; part of a MM II settlement has been excavated at Katalimata (Nowicki 2008), and the Gournia Survey identified MM IB–II hamlets on the small hill to the northeast of Chalasmenos (site no. 70) and immediately to the southwest of the site (site no. 67), as well as a farmhouse at the base of the excavated area (site no. 68; Watrous et al. 2012, 120). The LM I period may be represented by A2 P215, a hollow, conical pedestaled base, possibly from a stand, jug, or jar, in a fine, very soft, buff fabric (cf. LM I jugs, bridge-spouted jars, and other vessels: Betancourt 1985, pls. 17:F, G, 21:G, H, 22:A; Hood 2011, 164, 167, figs. 29, 34; Knappett and Cunningham 2012, 191, fig. 6.2:687). The House A.2 vessel was recovered from wall collapse in Room 2. Material from LM IB–IIIA has been identified from the excavations at Katalimata (Nowicki 2008), and MM III–LM I hamlets were identified by the Gournia Survey at the same sites from which MM II material was found (site nos. 67, 68, 70); note that no LM IIIA or IIIB sites were noted by the survey in the immediate vicinity of Chalasmenos (Watrous et al. 2012, 120). Fragments of two LG skyphoi were recovered among fallen stones in the upper levels of the southeastern quarter of Room 2 (A2 P217, A2 P218). These vessels were in noticeably harder, darker orange fabric than the LM IIIC cups and deep bowls. Both vessels had everted rims, wide globular bodies, flat bases, and two horizontal handles (of elliptical or round section) on the widest part of the body. On their exteriors, the painted decoration consisted of a series of uneven thick bands (A2 P217) and a motif with two parallel curved lines surrounded by a panel of thick solid lines (A2 P218), while the interior decoration consisted of painted bands (A2 P217) and possibly monochrome decoration (A2 P218). Vessels of similar shape and with numerous thick bands or small reserved panel decoration have been

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observed elsewhere at Chalasmenos, as well as at Kastro (Tsipopoulou 2004b, 132, fig. 6:00/668; Mook 2004, 173, fig. 12.11; see also Tsipopoulou 2005a, 409, 417–421, figs. 102:H700, H702, 114). Late Geometric pottery (primarily drinking and serving vessels) has been previously identified at Chalasmenos from Megaron A.1; a small rectangular oikos was built partially on top of that LM IIIC structure, reusing one of its walls, and it apparently served for the ritual consumption of food and drink (Tsipopoulou 2004b; 2005b, 329– 330). There was, however, no evidence for a similar structure above House A.2, and the vessels could have been thrown into this area after use or could have washed into the space from a nearby building. An unusual, small, closed globular vessel (A2 P216) with a fat, flattened rim was recovered from roofing collapse in Room 2. This vessel may represent a miniature form of dinos, perhaps dating to the seventh century b.c. (M. Mook, pers. comm., 12 July 2011). No exact parallel was found for this object. Finally, A2 P219 is probably the toe of a Hellenistic amphora, possibly of Ionian fabric (M. Mook, pers. comm., 12 July 2011; cf. Vogeikoff-Brogan and Apostolakou 2004, 424, 426, figs. 6a, 8 [late third–early second century b.c.]). This object was recovered from wall collapse above Room 2. Although no Hellenistic pottery has been previously noted in the immediate vicinity of Chalasmenos, a hamlet (site no. 77) from that period (ca. 350–200 b.c.) has been identified by survey a little over a kilometer to the southwest, and another potential site (no. 66) of that date was identified approximately 500 m to the north (Watrous et al. 2012, 120–122). Note that A2 P219 is also similar to a rare LM IIIC shape, the chalice, which consists of a large open vessel with a flaring body (like a kalathos) and a hollow stem, which is separated from the body by a thick ridge; single examples are known from Karphi and Vronda, and both were found in contexts associated with the goddess with upraised arms (Day 2011b, 268, 270, fig. 9.5:K1.9). As the Chalasmenos vessel is not hollow below the rib, however, the identification as a Hellenistic amphora toe seems more likely. A2 P208 (HL00/bag 302/10; Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bag 302-2; Fig. 27). Bowl (or goblet?), rim (or possible pedestaled foot). Single sherd. Max. pres. h.

2.8; th. 0.7–1.3 cm. Wt. 20 g. Coarse, medium, light red fabric (2.5YR 6/8); apparent phyllite-quartzite inclusions; int. reddish-yellow slip (?) (5YR 6/6, 7.5YR 7/6). Rim narrows toward tip, which is slightly flattened on interior. Date: EM I. Comparanda: Haggis 1996b, 669–670, figs. 30:KT 95, 31:KT 99 (Kalo Chorio). A2 P209 (HL01/bag 280/3; Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bag 280-1; Fig. 27). Bowl (or goblet?), rim. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 2.5; d. rim 12 (int.) cm. Wt. 10 g. Medium-coarse, soft, very pale brown fabric (10YR 8/3–8/4); poorly sorted abundant white granodiorite (or granite) and common red (and rare gray) grog inclusions; some inclusions protrude from int. surface. No apparent decoration or slip. Thickened, rounded rim. Date: EM I. Comparanda: Betancourt 2013, 78, fig. 8.1:2 (Aphrodite’s Kephali). A2 P210 (HL01/939; Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bag 289; Fig. 27). Pyxis (or bowl), lug handle. Two joining sherds. Max. pres. h. 3.3; max. pres. L. 5.9; th. body 0.4–0.6; d. pierced holes 0.9–1.0 cm. Wt. 22 g. Fine, soft, bluish-gray fabric (7.5YR 7/1 [light gray], 8/1 [white]). Slightly burnished. Handle with two pierced vertical holes. Date: EM I. A2 P211 (HL97/bag 52/4; Room 1; Balk A8/A14, pottery bag 52-1; Fig. 27). Carinated cup, body (at carination) to base. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 3.2; est. base d. 4 cm. Wt. 10 g. Fine, soft, very pale brown fabric (10YR 8/3). Dull black paint/slip (7.5YR 3/1 [very dark gray], 4/1 [dark gray]): int. and ext. monochrome. Date: MM IIB. A2 P212 (HL01/bag 280/6; Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bag 280-1; Fig. 27). Straight-sided or conical cup, base. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 1.5; d. base 4 cm. Wt. 5 g. Fine, very soft, reddish-yellow fabric (5YR 7/8); soft white and mica inclusions. Apparently plain; no traces of slip. Flat base. Date: MM II (or LM IIIC[?]). Comparanda: Nowicki 2008, fig. 57:KP 336 (Katalimata). A2 P213 (HL01/bag 280/4; Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bag 280-1; Fig. 27). Possible straight-sided cup, base. Two joining sherds. Max. pres. h. 3.3; d. base 4–5 cm. Wt. 10 g. Fine, very soft, friable pink fabric (7.5YR 8/4), mostly very pale brown (10YR 7/3–7/4) in color. Traces of red/brown paint: ext. and underside of base monochrome; int. decoration unknown. Flat base, very thin at center. Comments: fabric cracked throughout. Date: MM II(?). Comparanda: Nowicki 2008, figs. 57:KP 336, KP 345, 64:KP 426 (Katalimata); Knappett and Cunningham 2012, 134, fig. 4.14:131 (Palaikastro). A2 P214 (HL01/bag 238/14; outside building to west; Balk A23/A34, pottery bag 238-2; Fig. 27). Tumbler, base. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 1.4; d. base 3 cm. Wt. 5 g. Fine, very soft, reddish-yellow fabric (5YR 6/8); white (granodiorite?) and mica inclusions. No apparent decoration. Flat base. Date: MM II or LM IIIC(?). Comparanda: Nowicki 2008, figs. 57:KP 345, 70:KP 509 (Katalimata).

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A2 P215 (HL01/bag 148/2; Room 2; Balk A23/A24; pottery bag 148-1; Fig. 27). Pedestaled base (possibly from stand, krater, jug, or jar). Three joining sherds. Max. pres. h. 2.7; d. base 5.4 cm (6.6 cm with notch). Wt. 50 g. Fine, very soft, pink fabric (5YR 7/4, 7.5YR 7/4) with gray center of core (10YR 5/1) and patches on exterior; int. and ext. very pale brown surface (10YR 8/3). Cylindrical, hollow pedestal; notched base. Date: LM I(?). A2 P216 (HL01/bag 194/6; Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bag 194-1; Fig. 27). Miniature dinos(?), rim. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 2.8; th. body 0.2–0.4; d. rim 4 (int.), 7 (ext.) cm. Wt. 20 g. Fine, soft, pink (7.5YR 7/4) to reddish-yellow fabric (7.5YR 7/6). Red to brown paint on exterior: solid on top of rim and below (possibly monochrome). Thick flattened rim; globular body; no neck. Date: seventh century b.c.(?). A2 P217 (HL00/737; Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bag 271-1; Fig. 27; Pl. 14). Skyphos (or small krater), rim, handle, and body. Five joining and five possibly associated sherds. Max. pres. h. 12.8; d. rim ca. 23; d. handle 1.8 cm. Wt. 150 g (possibly + 60 g). Mediumfine, medium, reddish-yellow fabric (5YR 6/6–7/6, 7.5YR 7/6) with core reddish yellow (5YR 7/6) to pink (7.5YR 7/4); int. and ext.(?) possible pink slip (7.5YR 8/4). Black paint, nearly completely washed out in areas/preserved only in shadow: ext. series of four bands (and fifth band on rim), paint on handle and drip down; int. band on rim and fragment of another, third at break at bottom; two incised horizontal lines (or spalls/chaff?) across body, one just below handle. Handle with round section; may have had flat base; everted rim, globular body. Date: LG. Comparanda: Tsipopoulou 2004b, 132, fig. 6:00/673 (Chalasmenos). A2 P218 (HL01/bag 114/2+HL01/2061; Room 2; Balk A23/A24, pottery bag 114-2; one sherd from Trench A14, 1996 bag 183; Fig. 27). Skyphos, profile. Four joining (mended) and one possible nonjoining sherd. H. 9.2; d. rim 15.5; d. base 7.5; d. handle 1 cm. Wt. 90 g (possibly + 20 g). Fine, medium, reddish-yellow fabric (5YR 7/6). Red paint, decoration preserved mostly in shadow: ext. band below rim and below handle, paint around (and possibly on) handle, and two thin lines in between two larger bands below handle and on rim (or monochrome?); int. traces of black paint (or encrustation), possibly monochrome. Elliptical handle section; flat base; everted rim with globular body (wider d. at handles than at rim). Date: LG. Comparanda: Tsipopoulou 2004b, 132, fig. 6:00/668, 01/1054 (Chalasmenos). A2 P219 (HL00/270; Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bag 214; Fig. 27). Amphora, toe. Single sherd. Max. pres. h. 5.8; d. base 6.5 (molding), 4 (main area of bottom) cm. Wt. 140 g. Medium, hard, reddish-yellow fabric (5YR 6/6–7/6); abundant red phyllite, common gold mica, soft white and yellow, and possible rock crystal inclusions (possible Ionian fabric, M. Mook pers. comm., 12 July 2011); int. pink surface (5YR 7/4). Rib

at join between body and toe. Date: Hellenistic. Comparanda: Vogeikoff-Brogan and Apostolakou 2004, 424, 426, figs. 6a, 8 (late third–early second century b.c.).

Nature of House A.2 Pottery Overall, the pottery recovered from House A.2 appears to be domestic in nature. The vast majority of the ceramic material is LM IIIC in date and consists of short- and long-term storage vessels, such as pithoi, pithoid jars, and amphorae; vessels for food preparation and production, such as tripod cooking pots, cooking dishes, cooking trays, cooking amphorae, and basins and vessels for serving food and drink, such as deep bowls, cups, kylikes, kraters, bowls, and jugs. There were also numerous vessels, however, with potentially specialized function or significance. The two small stirrup jars (A2 P41, A2 P42) from Room 2, for example, may have been deliberately displayed (and/or have been objects of some value) in addition to serving the storage of some liquid, and the two-handled cup (A2 P149) found in the northeastern corner of that room appears to represent a very rare shape for this period. Furthermore, the miniature cups (and/ or juglets; A2 P147, A2 P151–A2 P153, A2 P160), incense burner fragment (A2 P202), plaque or kalathos horn attachment (A2 P205), and handmade vessels (possible juglet [A2 P35] and hut-urn [A2 P206]) could have been associated with some ritual, perhaps in some cases with domestic cult activity. The possible function of the building will be further discussed in Chapter 8. The number of non–LM IIIC objects identified from the assemblage may also be significant. The two well-preserved LG skyphoi (A2 P217, A2 P218), for example, could reflect the presence of later activity, potentially ritual dining similar to that observed in Megaron A.1, either in the ruins of House A.2 (for which additional architecture was not preserved) or in a nearby space. In addition, the presence of several possibly MM II cups (and also stone vessels; see this vol., Ch. 5) may reflect a significant earlier presence in this area (possibly even habitation) for which no architecture is preserved; alternately, these objects could

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have been heirlooms or antiques that were deliberately collected from a nearby site with MM II remains, such as Katalimata. While it is possible that the limited EM I remains reflect the presence of habitation or some other form of activity at the site, the nature of a possible LM I presence at Chalasmenos cannot be determined on the basis of the finds recovered from House A.2. Overall, the true nature of all pre–LM IIIC activity at Chalasmenos

remains uncertain pending further study of material from the site; in fact, Tsipopoulou (the director of the site) believes that these earlier finds are the result of accidental presence in the area rather than representative of earlier habitation within the area of the LM IIIC settlement (see this vol., Ch. 1), and no evidence of pre–LM IIIC architecture has been identified at the site thus far.

5

Small Finds by Heidi M.C. Dierckx and Melissa Eaby contribution by Katharine Hall

Nearly all non-pottery objects recovered from House A.2 were made of stone. As typically seen at other LM IIIC sites, such as Vronda (Glowacki 2004; Day, Klein, and Turner 2009; Day and Glowacki 2012; Day et al. 2016), stone tools represented the majority of these finds. This chapter examines the stone tools as well as the stone vessel fragments and chipped stone recovered from the building. Note that some stone items, which were given catalog numbers in the field, were later revealed to show no traces of modification or use; for this reason, these stones are not discussed here. The quite limited number of metal and clay (pisé and possible mudbrick) objects recovered from House A.2 will also be examined. As with the pottery, the object catalogs are included with the discussions of each object type, and additional information regarding context can be found in Chapter 2.

Stone Heidi M.C. Dierckx and Melissa Eaby

Stone Vases Seven non-reworked fragments of Minoan stone vases (A2 S1–A2 S7; Fig. 28; Pl. 15) were recovered from House A.2, six of which came from wall collapse and one from roofing collapse; an additional possible vase fragment (HL01/1055), which was not found for study, was recovered from the surface. Six pieces were found in Room 2 (the large room) and one piece in the area of the doorway between Rooms 1 and 2; no examples were recovered from within Room 1. As the stone vase fragments were found primarily in upper levels, in some cases they may have washed in from an adjacent area; alternately, some examples could

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have been displayed on wall shelves or some other non-preserved wooden furniture and later fell in among the collapse, or else they could have been used as part of the architecture (i.e., to fill gaps in the walls). It is interesting to note, however, that five of the stone vase fragments were found along the same north–south line in Room 2: A2 S2, A2 S4, and A2 S5 were found along the center of Wall 6 in the area just above the possible second hearth/dumped burned debris, and A2 S3 and A2 S6 were found to the southeast, just east of the central hearth but at a slightly higher level (Fig. 8). It is thus possible that the stone vase fragments were deliberately associated with the hearth(s) in some way, though it is not certain given their contexts. All pieces range in date from EM II–LM I (and in one case, A2 S1, possibly as late as LM IIIA), and thus they may not be directly associated with the LM IIIC building but rather represent intrusive debris from earlier activity (such as a potential settlement) at the site—that is, there is no evidence for a LM IIIC date of manufacture. As seen in Chapter 4, a limited amount of pre–LM IIIC pottery, but no associated architectural remains, has also been recovered from House A.2, and it should be noted that fragments of three MM stone vases, including a lid, were recovered from the adjacent House A.1 (Tsipopoulou 2011b, 467). On the other hand, it is also possible that some of these vessels, of which only fragments are preserved, may have served as heirlooms or antiques (potentially collected from an earlier nearby site or sites) and may have been prominently displayed within the house. Alternatively, they may have been collected and reused (in part due to the high quality and/or appearance of the stone) in fragmentary form for other purposes, for example as tools or amulets; two additional stone vase fragments from House A.2 (A2 ST4 found in wall collapse in Room 1, and A2 ST36, found on the floor of Room 2, are discussed in the next section) were clearly reworked and then reused as tools in LM IIIC. Although the surfaces of A2 S3 were not reworked, the presence of a shallow, round depression on the interior may indicate that it too was intended for a secondary reuse as a tool. Regardless, the presence and number of these vessels is likely a strong indicator either of significant earlier activity within the general area of the site and/or of the potentially important role played by objects associated with the Minoan/ancient

past and real or perceived ancestors in LM IIIC society (see, e.g., Wallace 2003; 2010, 148–149, 177; Day et al. 2016, 163; see also Wason 1994, 48–51, 103–107). The House A.2 stone vase fragments cataloged in this section belong to two blossom bowls, two plain bowls, one bowl with a vertical rim handle, and one bowl with a spouted rim; all examples are in serpentinite, the most common stone used for stone vessels in the Protopalatial and Neopalatial periods (Bevan 2007, 116, 119). Blossom bowls similar to A2 S3 and A2 S6 have been found at numerous sites throughout Crete, primarily in MM III–LM I, where they may have been used in domestic cult rituals, possibly for holding offerings or pouring libations (Warren 1969, 14–17; Privitera 2008, 147–150; Day and Glowacki 2012, 66– 67). These bowls also occur in limited LM IIIC contexts, however, where they may be antiques or heirlooms; for example, a well-preserved serpentinite blossom bowl was found on the floor near the hearth in Room 3 of Building I at Vronda (Gesell, Coulson, and Day 1991, 165–166; Day and Glowacki 2012, 59, 62, 66–67, fig. 72:I3 S1, pls. 14C, 15), and one-quarter of a similar bowl was recovered from small storeroom Room E7 at Vasiliki Kephala (Eliopoulos 1998, 306). Note that fragments from additional stone vessels of various types were also recovered from both sites (Day et al. 2016, 163–164; T. Eliopoulos, pers. comm., 20 October 2012). Spouted vessel A2 S1 may either be similar to Warren’s type 11B (especially LM IIIA) or type 37B (EM II–MM III; Warren 1969, 31–32, 94–95), an example of which has been recovered from an LM IIIC context at Karphi (Pendlebury, Pendlebury, and Money-Coutts 1937–1938, 122–123). Finally, A2 S2 and A2 S4 represent fragments of plain bowls, which may be EM II–MM I in date (type 31A; Warren 1969, 76– 78), while A2 S7 is a fragment of a handled bowl that may date to MM I–LM I (type 10B; Warren 1969, 28–30). A2 S1 (HL03/10; doorway between Rooms 1 and 2; Trench A14, pottery bag 1; Fig. 28; Pl. 15). Stone bowl, spout and body (broken at rim) fragment. Max. pres. h. 3.9; d. rim 12 (est.); d. spout 2.7 cm. Serpentinite, dark greenish gray (10Y 4/1) with spotted dark bluish gray (10BG 4/1). Comments: Warren type 11B, plain bowls with rim spout and strap handle at right angle to the spout; or Warren type 37B, open-spouted bowls with

SMALL FINDS

rim spouts and usually rim lugs. Date: EM II–MM III (type 37B); LM III(A) (type 11B). Comparanda: Warren 1969, 31–32, 94–95, types 11B, 37B. A2 S2 (HL00/559; Room 2; Balk A14/A23, pottery bag 96; Fig. 28; Pl. 15). Stone bowl, rim fragment. Max. pres. h. 3.0; d. rim est. 12; max. th. 0.6 cm. Serpentinite, dark bluish gray (5PB 4/1–3/1). Straight rim, flattened on top. Comments: Warren type 31A (plain bowl). Date: EM II–MM I. Comparanda: Warren 1969, 76–78, type 31A. A2 S3 (HL00/208; Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bag 214; Fig. 28; Pl. 15). Blossom bowl, rim fragment. Max. pres. h. 6.4; d. rim 9 cm. Serpentinite, dark greenish gray (10BG 4/1). Comments: surface very weathered; shallow, round depression (d. 0.8 cm) on interior, possibly from secondary use; Warren type 5, blossom bowl. Date: MM III–LM I. Comparanda: Warren 1969, 14–17, type 5. A2 S4 (HL00/224; Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bag 226; Fig. 28; Pl. 15). Stone bowl, base and body fragment. Max. pres. w. 8.65; th. 1.1; d. base ca. 8 cm. Serpentinite, very dark greenish gray with white spots (5GY 3/1). Comments: Warren type 31A, plain bowl. Date: EM II–MM I. Comparanda: Warren 1969, 76– 78, type 31A. A2 S5 (HL00/226; Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bag 234). Stone vase, body fragment. Max. dim. 4.24 cm. Serpentinite, very dark greenish gray (5GY 3/1). Comments: broken on all surfaces. A2 S6 (HL00/561; Room 2; Trench A14/A23, pottery bag 98; Fig. 28; Pl. 15). Blossom bowl, rim fragment. Max. pres. h. 7.8; d. 9 cm. Serpentinite, dark bluish gray (5PB 4/1–3/1). Comments: interior surface weathered; Warren type 5, blossom bowl. Date: MM III–LM I. Comparanda: Warren 1969, 14–17, type 5. A2 S7 (HL00/284 [duplicate excavation catalog number with ceramic lid A2 P47]; Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bag 234; Fig. 28; Pl. 15). Stone bowl, side handle fragment with rim. Max. pres. L. 4.35; th. rim 1.0 cm. Serpentinite, very dark greenish gray (10Y 3/1). Comments: flat rim; Warren type 10B, bowl with rim lugs or handles. Date: MM I–LM I. Comparanda: Warren 1969, 28–30, type 10B.

Chipped Stone Only two fragments of obsidian (A2 ST1, A2 ST2; Fig. 28; Pl. 15) were recovered from the building, one blade from roofing collapse in Room 1 and one flake from the floor of Room 2. Although these pieces of obsidian may be intrusive, representing merely remnants of earlier activity in the vicinity of the site, as suggested for pieces

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found at Vronda (Dierckx 2016, 146), the possibility remains that they were reused as tools or even produced in the LM III period, as has been suggested for a portion of the chipped stone assemblage from the Mycenaean settlement at Mochlos (Carter 2011, 92–93). A general lack of published data from LM III sites, however, currently makes this issue difficult to resolve (Karantzali 2000, 185), though it seems rather unlikely that the House A.2 fragments were produced in LM IIIC; note that a few additional obsidian blades but no cores have been found in other buildings at Chalasmenos (Dierckx 2016, 146; C. D’Annibale and M. Tsipopoulou, pers. comm., 9 October 2010). Alternately, the obsidian could have served as an antique or valued object, as previously suggested for the stone bowl fragments; note for example that a MM carinated stone bowl with knobbed lid found at Karphi (Cliff House Room K110) contained an obsidian blade fragment (Pendlebury, Pendlebury, and Money-Coutts 1937–1938, 94, pl. XXX:1). A2 ST1 (HL03/31; Room 1; Balk A2/A8, pottery bag 7-2; Fig. 28; Pl. 15). Prismatic blade, proximal end and center section, distal end broken off. Pres. L. 4.04; w. 1.1; th. 0.31 cm. Obsidian, black (N2). Comments: marginal retouch on both edges of dorsal surface. Date: Minoan. A2 ST2 (HL00/326; Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bag 81; Fig. 28). Flake, complete. Max. dim. 2.25 cm. Obsidian, black (N2). Comments: very little cortex preserved. Date: Minoan.

Ground Stone For the study of ground stone implements, Chalasmenos is an important site due to the fact that it is primarily a single-period settlement dating to the end of the Bronze Age. Hence, the stone tools (at least the majority) can be securely dated to the LM IIIC period. One cannot rule out the possibility that some of the stone tools were associated with earlier activity at the site or were brought from an earlier nearby site, however, as tool types changed very little over time; specific examples could also have been used over a considerable period. The tools from House A.2 consist of 41 pieces (A2 ST3–A2 ST43) spread primarily over three levels (Figs. 28–31; Pls. 15–19): wall collapse,

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roofing collapse, and floor. Fifteen examples come from the area of Room 1, 23 from the area of Room 2, and three from outside the building to the west. The ground stone tools recovered from roofing collapse and floor contexts in Room 1 were found primarily on top of or beside the benches along the northern and eastern walls, as well as at the southern end of the room near the possible hearth. Those in Room 2 were concentrated in and beside the bin in the northwestern corner, along the center of the northern wall, and by the central hearth; two small pounder-pestles and one pounder-pestle/polisher (A2 ST30–A2 ST32) were also found on the southeast platform (Fig. 8; Pl. 8D). The typology of the ground stone implements is based on one created for the nearby settlement of the same date, Kavousi Vronda (Day, Klein, and Turner 2009, 9–10; Day and Glowacki 2012; Dierckx 2016). The following list of major ground stone tool types from Vronda, which was also used for the Chalasmenos ground stone tool assemblage, includes the interpretative functions of the tools as well as the equivalent tool types found at Kommos (Blitzer 1995, 425–487). Kommos and Vronda provide the best, most up-to-date, and most complete accounts for ground stone implements; hence these sites are used as the primary references for parallels. Type 1. Implements with pecked or battered ends/circumference, pounders or hammer stones (Blitzer type 1; Dierckx 2016, 138, type 1) Type 2. Implements with pecked-ground marks and occasionally polished faces, pounderpestle/polishers (Blitzer type 9; Dierckx 2016, 138, type 2) Type 3. Implements with pecked ends/ circumference and abraded faces, pounderabraders (Blitzer types 2 and 7; Dierckx 2016, 138, type 3) Type 4. Implements with flaked end, choppers or hammers (Blitzer type 10; Dierckx 2016, 138, type 4) Type 5. Implements with pecked and abraded facets, faceted (Blitzer type 6; Dierckx 2016, 138, type 5)

Type 6. Implements with abraded faces, grinders (Blitzer type 7; Dierckx 2016, 138, type 6) Type 7. Implements with one or two abraded faces, whetstones (Blitzer type 5; Dierckx 2016, 138, type 7) Type 12. Composite implements (Blitzer types 2, 7, 9, 10; Dierckx 2016, 138, type 12) Type 13. Celts/axes (Dierckx 2016, 138, type 13) Type 14. Weights (Blitzer type 12; Dierckx 2016, 138, type 14) Type 15. Querns (Blitzer type 17; Dierckx 2016, 138, type 15) Type 16. Mortars (Blitzer type 18; Dierckx 2016, 138, type 16) Table 2 displays the distribution of stone tools by type from House A.2. Both rooms contain a variety of tools, including pounders, grinders, whetstones, abrader-pounders, pounder-pestles, a chopper or hammer stone, weights, querns, and a small mortar. The number and variety of tool types from the two rooms supports the view of an overall primarily domestic function for the building. Note that unlike at Vronda Building I-O-N where querns were typically found only in the largest rooms of a house, in particular those with central hearths (Glowacki 2004, 132, fig. 9.12), in House A.2 at Chalasmenos querns were found in both Rooms 1 and 2, as well as in the possible paved courtyard in front of the building. In addition, if in fact the findspots of artifacts from the building can be said to reflect the activities that took place in the rooms in which they were found (which is by no means certain), the overlap of stone tool types found on the floors of these two rooms may indicate that certain activities took place in both spaces; for example, querns, weights, whetstones, abraders, and pounder-pestles were found in both rooms. The greater number and variety of stone tools found in Room 2, however, may instead support the interpretation of a greater emphasis on food processing and preparation there than in Room 1, where storage may have been a primary function (see also this vol., Ch. 8). Of particular interest from the House A.2 assemblage are a celt, two serpentinite stone vase

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fragments reused as tools, and a pierced stone disk. The celt (A2 ST26), perhaps an heirloom or collected object (Wallace 2010, 148), could also easily have been reused as a tool or else have been incorporated into the fabric of a wall. Other celts from LM IIIC and later contexts do exist both at Vronda and Kastro (Dierckx 2016, 143–144), as well as at Karphi (Pendlebury, Pendlebury, and Money-Coutts 1937–1938, 125, pl. XXX:2) and Vasiliki Kephala (T. Eliopoulos, pers. comm., 20 October 2012). As for the two serpentinite vase fragments reworked and reused as tools (A2 ST4, A2 ST36; Fig. 28; Pl. 15), it is suggested that they served as drill bases, and one of them may have been used as a weight (or possibly as a pendant/ amulet) as well. Note that a roughly circular stone (possibly serpentinite) disk of similar size and markings, but pierced completely through the center, was identified by the excavators of Karphi as a small lid that could have been attached to a vessel by a string threaded through the hole (Pendlebury, Pendlebury, and Money-Coutts 1937–1938, 94, 124, pl. XXX:4, no. 532). Finally, the larger pierced stone disk (A2 ST27) from House A.2 probably functioned as a weight, not for suspension because it is too big, but perhaps as part of the pressure system of a press (Blitzer 1995, 471); alternately it could have served as a large vessel lid. The ground stone assemblage from House A.2 is similar to the LM IIIC Vronda domestic assemblages, not only in tool types but in raw materials as well (Dierckx 2016, 152). Igneous pebbles and cobbles of basalt and diabase were collected or brought to the site from the Mirabello Bay Miocene onlap conglomerate outcrop near Vrokastro (Dierckx and Tsikouras 2007). These were primarily used as pounder-pestles, and one such pebble was fashioned into a celt (A2 ST26). The next common rock for fashioning implements was sandstone, mainly of calcareous nature, for use as querns, abraders/grinders, and weights. A variety of tools were also made from quartzite cobbles. Crystalline limestone, calcareous schist, and conglomerate were used for a few of the tools, each from one to three in number. All stone raw materials could have been collected and/or brought to the settlement locally from within a 15 km radius of the site (Dierckx and Tsikouras 2007).

A2 ST3 (HL96/26; Room 1; Trench A8, pottery bag 17; Fig. 29; Pl. 16). Pounder-abrader. Cobble, triangularrounded and flat, complete. L. 8.7; w. 8.1; th. 2.6 cm. Wt. 280 g. Quartzite, brownish gray. Pecked circumference; abraded on one face (slightly concave). Comments: Type 3. A2 ST4 (HL97/67; Room 1; Balk A8/A14, pottery bag 46; Fig. 28; Pl. 15). Weight and drill base. Pebble, irregular, complete. L. 5.7; w. 4.5; th. 2.0 cm. Wt. 80 g. Serpentinite, dark bluish gray. Hole at top, drilled from both sides (int. d. of hole 0.2 cm; d. of depression around hole 0.7 cm); drilled depression in center of polished face (d. 0.7 cm); polishing marks visible on one face. Comments: Type 14 (for weight function); stone vase fragment reworked on all sides and reused as weight (or possible amulet) and drill base. A2 ST5 (HL03/5; Room 1; Balk A2/A8, pottery bag 7-1; Fig. 29; Pl. 16). Whetstone/pounder. Cobble, oblong, complete. L. 9.3; w. 6.9; th. 3.0 cm. Wt. 320 g. Quartzite, brownish gray. Pecked-ground on small end creating beveled edge; pecked-ground-flaked on large end; abraded, smooth on one face. Comments: Type 12. A2 ST6 (HL03/6; Room 1; Balk A2/A8, pottery bag 7-1; Fig. 29; Pl. 16). Quern. Slab, rectangular-rounded, complete. L. 28.0; w. 20.5; th. 8.5 cm. Wt. >5 kg. Conglomerate, granular and pebble, gray-white matrix. Pecked-flaked to shape; abraded upper surface slightly concave. Comments: Type 15. A2 ST7 (HL97/85; Room 1; Balk A8/A14, pottery bag 52-2; Fig. 29; Pl. 16). Weight. Pebble, rounded, complete. L. 6.0; w. 5.2; th. 1.8 cm. Wt. 70 g. Calcareous sandstone, light red. Drilled hole. Comments: Type 14. A2 ST8 (HL97/120; Room 1; Balk A8/A14, pottery bag 58-2; Pl. 16). Saddle quern. Slab, oblong, intact. Pres. L. 28; w. 20; max. th. 7.4 cm. Pres. wt. 3–5 kg. Calcareous sandstone, white (2.5Y 8/1). Pecked-flaked to shape; one saddle ridge preserved; pecked-abraded upper surface (concave). Comments: Type 15. A2 ST9 (HL96/257; Room 1; Trench A8, pottery bag 127; Fig. 29; Pl. 16). Pounder-pestle/polisher. Cobble, oblong, complete. L. 8.3; w. 4.9; th. 2.8 cm. Wt. 200 g. Basalt, reddish gray. Pecked-ground most of circumference and part of one face; polished on one face. Comments: Type 2. A2 ST10 (HL96/258; Room 1; Trench A8, pottery bag 127; Fig. 29; Pl. 16). Chopper. Cobble, triangularrounded, complete. L. 9.5; w. 9.0; th. 4.5 cm. Wt. 540 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Bifacial flaking on large end; pecked on circumference; pecked depression on one face. Comments: Type 4. A2 ST11 (HL96/280; Room 1; Trench A8, pottery bag 131; Fig. 29; Pl. 16). Abrader. Cobble, triangularrounded, complete. L. 11.6; w. 9.4; th. 4.9 cm. Wt. 810 g.

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Sandstone, medium with pebbles, poorly sorted, gray. Abraded on one face (concave). Comments: Type 6. A2 ST12 (HL97/90; Room 1; Balk A8/A14, pottery bag 55). Pebble, irregular, complete. L. 3; w. 2; th. 1.4 cm. Wt. 5 g. Pumice, very pale brown. A2 ST13 (HL97/135; Room 1; Trench A8/A14, pottery bag 66-1; Pl. 16). Possible tool. Cobble, oblong, complete. L. 13; w. 6.9; th. 3.8 cm. Wt. 530 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. No visible wear marks. A2 ST14 (HL97/136; Room 1; Balk A8/A14, pottery bag 66-1; Fig. 29; Pl. 16). Whetstone. Cobble, oblong and flat, complete. L. 9.9; w. 4.0; th. 2.0 cm. Wt. 130 g. Calcareous schist, light greenish gray. One face abraded, flat. Comments: Type 7. A2 ST15 (HL97/137; Room 1; Balk A8/A14, pottery bag 66-1; Fig. 29; Pl. 17). Pounder-pestle/polisher. Cobble, triangular rounded, complete. L. 7.5; w. 7.0; th. 3.2 cm. Wt. 260 g. Diabase, bluish gray. Pecked-ground on one end; polished on one face. Comments: Type 2. A2 ST16 (HL03/36; Room 1; Balk A2/A8, pottery bag 14; Fig. 29; Pl. 17). Pounder-pestle. Cobble, oblong, complete. L. 7.7; w. 4.0; th. 2.6 cm. Wt. 125 g. Basalt, dark reddish gray. Pecked-ground on large end; pecked-ground-chipped on small end. Comments: Type 2. A2 ST17 (HL03/37; Room 1; Balk A2/A8, pottery bag 14; Fig. 30; Pl. 17). Pounder-pestle. Cobble, triangular, complete. L. 6.6; w. 5.3; th. 1.8 cm. Wt. 100 g. Basalt, reddish gray. Pecked-ground corners and bottom margin. Comments: Type 2. A2 ST18 (HL01/165; Room 2; Balk A8/A24, pottery bag 41). Flake, complete. L. 15.5; w. 8.1; th. 1.5 cm. Wt. 245 g. Calcareous schist, greenish gray. Flaked along edge creating pointed tool. Possibly used as tool, but flake from a larger cobble. A2 ST19 (HL96/386; Room 2; Trench A14, pottery bag 183; Fig. 30; Pl. 17). Whetstone. Pebble, oblong and flat, incomplete. Pres. L. 4.8; w. 4.0; th. 1.1 cm. Pres. wt. 50 g. Crystalline limestone, light gray. Abraded on one face. Comments: Type 7. A2 ST20 (HL01/429; Room 2; Balk A22/A23, pottery bag 164-1; Fig. 30; Pl. 17). Grinder. Slab, oblong, incomplete. Pres. L. 9.4; w. 11.9; th. 4.2 cm. Pres. wt. 750 g. Quartz sandstone, medium and poorly sorted, grayish white. Pecked on preserved end; abraded on one face (slightly convex). Comments: Type 6. A2 ST21 (HL01/401; Room 2; Balk A23/A24, pottery bag 148-1; Fig. 30; Pl. 17). Whetstone. Cobble, oblong, complete. L. 13.4; w. 6.2; th. 3.2 cm. Wt. 500 g. Quartzite, brownish gray. Pecked on one margin; abraded smooth on one face. Comments: Type 7. A2 ST22 (HL01/458; Room 2; Balk A22/A23, pottery bag 186; Fig. 30; Pl. 17). Pounder-abrader. Cobble, oblong, incomplete. Pres. L. 3.6; w. 5.4; th. 4.0 cm. Pres. wt. 135 g. Quartzite, dark brownish gray. Pecked

on preserved end; abraded smooth (polished) on one face with visible tiny scratches. Comments: Type 3. A2 ST23 (HL01/415; Room 2; Balk A23/A24, pottery bag 148-2; Fig. 30; Pl. 17). Pounder. Cobble, rounded, half preserved. L. 8.5; w. 8.3; pres. th. 4.9 cm. Pres. wt. 525 g. Quartzite, gray (N5). Pecked-battered surface. Comments: Type 1. A2 ST24 (HL01/48; Room 2; Trench A14, pottery bag 26-2; Fig. 30; Pl. 17). Weight. Pebble, irregular, complete. L. 4.2; w. 3.8; th. 1.2 cm. Wt. 20 g. Calcium carbonate concretion, very pale brown. Natural hole. Comments: Type 14. A2 ST25 (HL01/383; Room 2; Balk A23/A24, pottery bag 148-1; Fig. 30; Pl. 17). Weight. Pebble, oblong, complete. L. 6.4; w. 3.7; th. 2.8 cm. Wt. 70 g. Sandstone, fine and dense, weak red. Drilled hole in upper portion. Comments: Type 14. A2 ST26 (HL01/414; Room 2 [or possibly outside building to south]; Trench A23/A24, pottery bag 114-2; Fig. 30; Pl. 17). Celt. Pebble, triangular, intact. L. 4.3; w. 2.8; th. 1.2 cm. Wt. 30 g. Basalt, dark reddish brown to gray. Chipped working edge; shaped by pecking and polishing. Comments: Type 13. A2 ST27 (HL01/437; Room 2; Balk A23/A24, pottery bag 185; Fig. 30; Pl. 17). Weight (or possibly lid). Disk, round and flat, incomplete. D. 15; th. 2.5 cm. Pres. wt. 650 g. Calcareous sandstone, white. Biconical hole in center (d. 2.2 cm); shaped by pecking. Comments: Type 14. A2 ST28 (HL00/307; Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bag 302-1; Pl. 18). Pounder-pestle. Cobble, oblong, complete. L. 11.49; w. 6.47; th. 4.07 cm. Wt. 351 g. Basalt, reddish gray. Pecked-ground on two ends. Comments: Type 2. A2 ST29 (HL00/308; Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bag 302-1; Pl. 18). Pounder-pestle. Cobble, irregular, complete. L. 7.99; w. 8.13; th. 4.59 cm. Wt. 474 g. Basalt, reddish gray. Pecked-ground on two corners; pecked-battered on one end. Comments: Type 2. A2 ST30 (HL01/512a; Room 2; Trench A8, pottery bag 29; Pls. 8D, 18). Pounder-pestle. Pebble, triangular rounded, complete. L. 6; w. 4.5; th. 2.4 cm. Wt. 110 g. Basalt, greenish and reddish gray. Pecked-ground on two corners. Comments: Type 2. A2 ST31 (HL01/512b; Room 2; Trench A8, pottery bag 29; Fig. 30; Pls. 8D, 18). Pounder-pestle/polisher. Cobble, irregular and flat, complete. L. 8.1; w. 6.3; th, 2.6 cm. Wt. 190 g. Basalt, greenish gray. Peckedground on two corners; pecked-battered on one corner; polished on one face. Comments: Type 2. A2 ST32 (HL01/512c; Room 2; Trench A8, pottery bag 29; Pls. 8D, 18). Pounder-pestle. Cobble, triangular rounded, complete. L. 5.7; w. 4.8; th. 2.0 cm. Wt. 305 g. Basalt, greenish gray. Pecked-ground on two ends. Comments: Type 2.

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A2 ST33 (HL01/514; Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bag 214; Fig. 31; Pl. 18). Pounder. Cobble, oblong, intact. L. 11; pres. w. 6.7; pres. th. 4.8 cm. Pres. wt. 595 g. Diabase, greenish gray. Pecked-battered on two ends. Comments: Type 1. A2 ST34 (HL01/954; Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bag 289; Fig. 31; Pl. 18). Mortar. Slab, irregular/ rectangular, complete. L. 6.8; w. 6; th. 3.5 cm. Wt. 150 g. Quartzite, grayish brown. Pecked depression (d. 2.2 cm); pecked to shape. Comments: Type 16. A2 ST35 (HL01/956; Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bag 280-2; Fig. 31; Pl. 18). Pounder. Cobble, triangular rounded, complete. L. 8; w. 5.3; th. 3 cm. Wt. 180 g. Basalt, reddish gray. Pecked-ground on three corners. Comments: Type 2. A2 ST36 (HL01/957; Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bag 280-2; Fig. 28; Pl. 15). Drill base. Pebble, rectangular-flat, complete. L. 4.5; w. 3.7; th. 1.2 cm. Wt. 50 g. Serpentinite, dark bluish gray with white inclusions. Reworked/shaped by pecking and abrading; small abraded depression (d. 0.4 cm) in center of one face; polishing marks visible on faces. Comments: Stone vase base fragment reused as drill base. A2 ST37 (HL01/972; Room 2; Balk A22/A23, pottery bag 164; Fig. 31; Pl. 18). Pounder-abrader. Cobble, oblong, complete. L. 12.3; w. 8.6; th. 5.5 cm. Wt. 1,045 g. Quartzite, brownish gray. Pecked on ends creating beveled edges; abraded smooth on one face; pecked on center of faces and one margin. Comments: Type 3. A2 ST38 (HL01/960; outside building to west; Balk A22/A23, pottery bag 208; Fig. 31; Pl. 19). Pounderabrader. Cobble, irregular and faceted, complete. L. 8.7; w. 7.2; th. 7.0 cm. Wt. 685 g. Quartzite, gray. Three pecked-abraded facets; one concave abraded base; pecked surface with one beveled edge. Comments: Type 5. A2 ST39 (HL00/201; Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bag 210). Saddle quern. Slab, oblong, incomplete. L. 33.0; w. 37.0; th. 6.0 cm. Wt. >10 kg. Calcareous sandstone, gray. Pecked-flaked to shape; abraded concave upper surface. Comments: Type 15. A2 ST40 (HL01/996[?]; Room 2; Balk A22/A23, pottery bag 164; Fig. 31). Whetstone. Cobble, oblong and flat, complete. L. 14.9; w. 8.1; th. 2.8 cm. Wt. 630 g. Quartzite, brownish gray. Slightly pecked ends and one margin; abraded on both faces, one face abraded smooth. Comments: Type 7. A2 ST41 (HL08/1; Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bag 3; Pl. 19). Saddle quern. Slab, incomplete. Pres. L. 33; w. 24.5; th. 5 cm. Wt. >10 kg. Calcareous sandstone, gray. One slight saddle ridge preserved; pecked-flaked to shape; abraded concave upper surface. Comments: Type 15. A2 ST42 (HL00/209A; outside building to west; Trench A23, surface; Pl. 19). Saddle quern. Slab,

incomplete. Pres. L. 25; w. 25; max. th. 11.5 cm. Wt. >5 kg. Calcareous sandstone, white. One saddle ridge preserved; abraded upper surface (concave); pecked and flaked to shape. Comments: Type 15. A2 ST43 (HL00/209B; outside building to west; Trench A23, surface; Pl. 19). Quern. Slab, fragment. Pres. L. 10.7; pres. w. 25; th. 4.46 cm. Wt. 1,758 g. Calcareous sandstone, white. Pecked-flaked to shape; abraded upper surface. Comments: Type 15.

Metal Melissa Eaby and Katharine Hall Metal objects in general occur only very rarely at Chalasmenos (Tsipopoulou and Nowicki 2003, 563) and Vronda (Day et al. 2016, 166) in the LM IIIC period, and House A.2 is no exception, with only one metal object recovered from the building, a decorated copper-alloy fibula (A2 M1; Fig. 31; Pl. 20A). This fibula was found near the bench at the northern end of Room 1 at a level lower than that of the floor surface preserved in the southern half of the space (Fig. 8; Pl. 6D). While its location below the level of the floor may provide evidence for an earlier phase, given the nature of deposition in the room it is more likely that it was associated with the one identified floor surface, which had merely eroded away (or was excavated) in that area. Object A2 M1 is a large violin-bow fibula (L. 11.4 cm) with a double cone at either end of the bow; the bow is decorated with four sets of incised vertical lines framing zones with impressed dots. While this basic type of fibula is common throughout Greece, Crete, and Cyprus in the Late Bronze Age, only a limited number of examples, primarily LM/LH IIIC in date, have been recorded with decoration on the bow between double cones, including one from the mainland, two from Crete (in the Herakleion Museum and at Karphi), and one from both Kos and Kephalonia; this type is more commonly found in Italy during this period (Peschiera type) (Blinkenberg 1926, 49–50, type I:5, 6, Mycenaean type; Pendlebury, Pendlebury, and MoneyCoutts 1937–1938, 113–114; Sapouna-Sakellarakis

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1978, 36, pl. 1:6–8, type Ic; SouyoudzoglouHaywood 1999, 79–80). Analysis of the House A.2 fibula was carried out in spring 2010 using portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (pXRF). X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) is a non-destructive technique that provides an elemental analysis of a surface using an X-ray generator to excite surfaces into emitting characteristic secondary X-rays, which are collected and analyzed. The artifact was sampled using a Bruker AXS Tracer III–V unit with settings 40kV and 3.45µA for 180 seconds. The resulting spectrum showed a large peak of copper, with a much smaller peak of tin and very small peaks of lead. The artifact is thus clearly a copper alloy containing tin and lead. Because only one reading was taken from a corroded surface, and no calibration standards were available, it is not possible to extract any quantitative results from the spectrum other than that lead is perhaps present at very low levels. A2 M1 (HL97/151; Room 1; Balk A8/A14, pottery bag 66-1; Fig. 31; Pls. 6D, 20A). Copper-alloy fibula. Nearly complete, part of catch-plate missing. L. 11.4; w. 4.0; d. bow 0.7; d. pin 0.3 cm. Wt. 37 g. Violin-bow type. Bow and pin round in section. Catch-plate flattened, triangular in shape. Bow contains double cone at either end framing decoration, which consists of four sets of five vertical incised lines which divide the bow into three zones. The outer two zones contain horizontal rows of impressed dots, while the central zone contains impressed dots forming a rough petal pattern (or tongues on stems). Bibliography: Tsipopoulou and Nowicki 2003, 575, fig. 15. Date: LM IIIC. Comparanda: Blinkenberg 1926, 49, type I:4–6; Sapouna-Sakellarakis 1978, 36, pl. 1:6–8, type Ic.

Possible Mudbrick/Pisé Melissa Eaby In addition to several quite small, irregularlyshaped fragments (not worth cataloging), a single concentration of so-called mudbrick or pisé was noted and sampled in each of the rooms of House A.2. In Room 1, a small round area (ca. 40 x 30 cm) described in the excavation notebook as consisting of burned red soil, a possible hearth, was noted on the floor at the southern end of the room along Wall 1. Black, red, and yellow soil

with pithos fragments and two objects identified as mudbricks (HL96/150, HL96/151)—measuring 26 x 10 x 8 cm and 23 x 7 x 10 cm—were found immediately above this feature. The two samples consisted of crumbly, clayey, pale yellow (2.5Y 7/4), reddish-brown (5YR 4/4), and brown (10YR 5/3) soil, which was full of irregularly shaped stones of varying sizes (e.g., 2.6 x 2.1; 1.0 x 0.9; 0.7 x 0.7 cm). The so-called mudbrick does not appear to have been intentionally fired, however, but rather to have been burned or reddened (especially in the center of the samples) through contact with fire or heat. The “mudbricks” from Room 1 would thus appear to represent burned roofing material rather than actual mudbricks. The burned clay could have come from a chimney (to which some of the pithos sherds may have belonged) placed above the possible hearth along Wall 1; alternately, the burned soil could represent part of the hearth itself. On the other hand, the samples from Room 2 represent actual fired pisé (A2 C1–A2 C3). These samples were found just west of the central hearth in roofing collapse and likely represent part of the lining of the hearth (for Vronda hearths, see Day et al. 2016, 19–21). Each fragment preserves one roughly flat side, and A2 C2 has two roughly flattened sides (one straight, the other curving). The pisé is reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6) in color and is likely from the same clay source used for much of the pottery (especially Type 1) found in the building. In addition, a large fragment of pisé (A2 C4) was recovered above the bench/on the floor in the northwest corner of Room 1. Example A2 C4 (Pl. 20A) is rough on the underside/exterior with impressions perhaps from being pressed into an irregular surface, and it appears to show signs of burning on the smooth upper side/interior. This object may have comprised a form of clay lining, either for the top of the bench or more likely for the interior of the built feature in the northwestern corner. Rather than representing a bin, this feature may actually have been a small oven for which the pisé fragment, which narrows toward one end, formed part of the wall or superstructure. Small clay-lined ovens were commonly found at Vronda, for example, and were often placed in the corner of a room (Day, Glowacki, and Klein 2000, 117–118; Glowacki 2004, 128–130; Day et al. 2016, 21–26,

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233–235; see also Shaw 1990). Note, however, that the House A.2 possible oven (with int. dimensions of 0.45–0.50 x 0.85–0.90 m) is larger than the published Vronda examples (e.g., Room C2, 0.38 x 0.60 m; Room I3, 0.62 x 0.46 m; Room O3, 0.30 x 0.45 m; Day et al. 2016, 21–26, pl. 10E), though fragment A2 C4 is similar to a fragment possibly from the upper surface of the oven in Vronda Room O3 (in thickness and surface treatment). A2 C1 (HL00/273; Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bag 271-2). Pisé (possible hearth lining). Single fragment. MPD 6.9 x 4.4 x 4.9 cm. Wt. 115 g. Coarse, soft, reddish-yellow (7.5YR 7/6) fabric with irregular gray stone, schist, soft and hard white inclusions. Roughly flat on one side. A2 C2 (HL00/275; Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bag 271-2[?]). Pisé (possible hearth lining). Single fragment. MPD 18.3 x 13.7 x 9.5 cm. Wt. 1,850 g. Coarse, soft, reddish-yellow (7.5YR 7/6) fabric with

irregular gray stone, schist, soft and hard white inclusions. Roughly flattened on two sides, one straight, the other curved. A2 C3 (HL00/285; Room 2; Trench A23, pottery bag 287). Pisé (possible hearth lining). Single fragment. MPD 14.0 x 7.5 x 7.7 cm. Wt. 516 g. Coarse, soft, reddish-yellow (7.5YR 7/6) fabric with irregular gray stone, schist, soft and hard white inclusions. Roughly flat on one side. A2 C4 (HL97/bag 66/11; Room 1; Balk A8/A14, pottery bag 663; Pl. 20A). Pisé, possible oven (or bin) lining. Twenty-seven sherds (14 joining mended and seven non-joining). Max. pres. L. 21.8; th. 0.9–1.5 cm. Wt. 450 g. Coarse, medium, reddish-yellow (5YR 6/6, 7.5YR 6/6) fabric with reddish-yellow (5YR 6/6) to very pale brown (10YR 6/3) exterior surface, possibly from burning. Red and gray phyllite, sparse hard white, possible silver mica, rare white, and other inclusions; visible chaff voids. Smooth int. surface and very rough underside/ext. Flat and thick on one end; narrows toward other end. Comparanda: Day et al. 2016, pl. 10E.

6

Animal Bones by W. Flint Dibble

The zooarchaeological material from House A.2 at Chalasmenos was studied in August 2014 at the INSTAP SCEC. The analysis detailed in this chapter includes only the mammalian bone, teeth, and horn core material, and not the shells, which are presented in Chapter 7. Assemblages were analyzed from five contexts: (1) the floor of the large room (Room 2); (2) roofing collapse from Room 2; (3) the floor of the smaller room (Room 1); (4) the admixture of roofing collapse and floor material from Room 1; (5) and outside the building to the west. The House A.2 remains are presented therefore within their find contexts and referenced according to excavation ME number (which typically refers to the bag of bone rather than to individual specimens, though in some cases shell was also collected in the same bag with the same ME number); note that additional information regarding specific contexts can be found in Chapter 2. Also, the examined material represents only a small portion of the overall excavated bones from the entire site, and thus site-wide patterns are not

appropriate until a study of the whole assemblage is undertaken. The matrix was irregularly sieved during excavation, and thus we must expect that smaller elements from smaller species are under-represented (Payne 1972). The material was stored in paper bags at the INSTAP SCEC, and it had already been washed. Zooarchaeological remains were identified with reference to the INSTAP SCEC comparative skeletal collection, with specifics concerning speciation, ageing, and sexing, alongside the use of published sources (Boessneck, Müller, and Teichert 1964; Boessneck 1969; Silver 1969; Schmid 1972; Payne 1973, 1985, 1987; Bull and Payne 1982; Grigson 1982; Halstead 1985; Halstead, Collins, and Isaakidou 2002; Zeder and Lapham 2010). The methodology used for recording follows that published in Halstead 2011 and Dibble 2015. All specimens identifiable to the following anatomical elements were recorded in detail: horn core, maxilla, mandible, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpal, pelvis, femur, tibia, astragalus,

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calcaneus, metatarsal, metapodial, first phalanx, second phalanx, and third phalanx. Specimens identifiable to other anatomical elements were recorded briefly, but they are not considered identifiable in the following counts. In addition, the recording of the preservation of skeletal material follows Richard Lyman’s weathering scale (1994, 355, table 9.1): 0 = perfectly preserved; 5 = crumbling and heavily weathered. A score of 2 or higher means “poorly preserved,” and a score of 3 or higher means “extremely poorly preserved.” Only identified specimens were recorded in such detail. The material is discussed by assemblage, and then conclusions concerning taphonomy and patterned burning are presented. All counts are presented as the number of identified specimens (NISP), unless they are specified to be a count of unidentified specimens (UNID) or a minimum number of individuals (MNI). Most specimens are unique; therefore, NISP provides a good sense of each assemblage, and there is no need to give a minimum count of anatomical units. There are a total of 143 identifiable specimens from the House A.2 assemblage (Table 3). It is comprised of fragmentary remains of cattle (17 specimens, 11.9%), dog (1 specimen, 0.7%), goat (8 specimens, 5.6%), hare (2 specimens, 1.4%), pig (11 specimens, 7.7%), sheep (19 specimens, 13.3%), and indiscernible sheep/goat (85 specimens, 59.4%). The majority of the assemblage is thus made up of sheep and/or goat (78.3%), with sheep outnumbering goats 2.5:1, suggesting that sheep comprised slightly over half of the entire assemblage. The dominance of ovicaprids compares well with other contemporary sites in the area (cf. Klippel and Snyder 1991; 1999; Snyder and Klippel 1999; Day et al. 2016, 167–177). Because the studied assemblage is quite small and most of the zooarchaeological remains from the site are still unstudied, however, one should not draw conclusions pertaining to animal husbandry at this time. For this reason, measurements and ageing data are not presented in detail here; one or two data points is not sufficient for drawing broader conclusions.

Animal Bones from Selected Contexts Outside House A.2 to the West Bone bags examined: HL01/489, HL01/627, HL01/ 743, HL01/744, HL01/965 Total specimens: 175 Identifiable specimens: 23

Overall, the material from outside the building to the west is extremely poorly preserved. Eighteen out of the 23 identifiable specimens betray poor preservation. The unidentifiable specimens were similarly poorly preserved. The material derives from cattle (5), pig (2), sheep (1), and sheep/goat (15). The securely identifiable assemblage is primarily made up of lower leg elements (16/23), with occasional cranial, trunk, or upper leg specimens; however, this pattern is perhaps explained by the small dataset and likely influenced by differential preservation. The unidentifiable specimens include non-speciable vertebrae and ribs. One medium mammal (goat, pig, or sheep) vertebra has been burned.

Room 1, Roofing Collapse/Floor Bone bags examined: HL96/68, HL96/109, HL96/ 305, HL97/77, HL97/103, HL97/122 Total specimens: 54 Identifiable specimens: 7

Overall, the material from the roofing collapse/ floor layers of Room 1 is extremely poorly preserved. Almost all specimens, identifiable or not, betray extremely poor preservation. The material derives from cattle (1), goat (1), sheep (1), and sheep/goat (4), but the assemblage is too small to discern any clear patterns. A newborn sheep/goat femur (upper hind leg) and a splinter from a sheep/goat metatarsal (lower hind leg) were burned. Little can be said about this small, poorly preserved assemblage.

ANIMAL BONES

Room 1, Floor Bone bags examined: HL96/201, HL96/265, HL96/272, HL97/87, HL97/131, HL97/152, HL03/38; bin/oven (HL97/82, HL97/158) Total specimens: 160 Identifiable specimens: 17

Overall, this material depicts mostly poor preservation, though not as poor as the roofing collapse above, with only half of the specimens at a 2 or higher on Lyman’s weathering scale. The material derives from goat (2), pig (1), sheep (1), and sheep/ goat (13), alongside unidentifiable large mammal fragments (cattle, equid, and/or red deer). Most likely, the large mammal fragments derive from cattle, because there is no securely identified equid or red deer extant in the studied assemblage from the site. The material includes anatomical elements from most parts of the body (cranial, trunk, upper and lower leg). A small number of unidentifiable specimens were burned (9). A left-sided radius from a sheep/goat contains an extant knife mark near the fused proximal articulation, likely for dismembering the animal at the elbow joint. Little can be said about this small, poorly preserved assemblage. The zooarchaeological material from the storage bin/possible oven in the room (HL97/82, HL97/158) consists of 24 extremely small unidentifiable bone fragments, a third of which are poorly preserved. None were precisely identifiable.

Room 2, Roofing Collapse/Floor Bone bags examined: HL01/46, HL01/72, HL01/74, HL01/108, HL01/167, HL01/430, HL01/436, HL01/ 460, HL01/510 Total specimens: 85 Identifiable specimens: 18

Overall, this material is extremely poorly preserved, with an overwhelming majority of specimens betraying signs of poor preservation. The material derives from cattle (2), goat (2), sheep (2), and sheep/goat (12), and it includes anatomical elements from most parts of the body (cranial,

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trunk, upper and lower leg). One sheep/goat scapula specimen, one sheep/goat tibia specimen, one medium mammal vertebral fragment, one large mammal UNID, and nine medium mammal UNIDs have been burned. Little can be said about this small, poorly preserved assemblage.

Room 2, Floor Bone bags examined: HL00/304, HL00/309, HL00/ 310, HL00/313, HL00/315, HL00/317, HL00/324, HL00/332, HL01/187, HL01/560, HL01/820, HL01/ 821, HL01/936, HL01/937, HL01/961, HL01/976 Total specimens: 615 Identifiable specimens: 78

The assemblage from the floor of this room shows clear differential preservation. Most samples contain specimens that all show heavy weathering, others (HL00/324, HL01/821) contain a combination of poorly preserved specimens and well-preserved but burned specimens, and bone bag HL01/936 contains an assemblage of largely well-preserved and burned remains. Sample HL01/936 derives from a concentration of dark, black soil with dumped, ashy debris located beside the northern wall of Room 2, to the north of the central clay-lined hearth. Sample HL00/324 derives from the area between this black, ashy deposit and the central hearth, and HL01/821 derives from a general cleaning of this half of the room. Sample HL01/936 therefore seems to represent a pure, burned layer, and the samples with mixed preservation/burning likely represent a mixture of poorly preserved material with wellpreserved, burned material from the same deposit as HL01/936. The material from the floor of Room 2 derives from cattle (9), dog (1), goat (3), hare (2), pig (8), sheep (13), and sheep/goat (42). Almost half of the identifiable assemblage is comprised of burned specimens (42/78), which is not surprising given that almost all identifiable burned specimens are well preserved (41/42). Over half (24/42 NISP) of these burned specimens derive from the sample

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HL01/936. Of the 26 identifiable specimens from HL01/936, only two are unburned, one of which is weathered. The same is true of the unidentifiable specimens, with most showing signs of burning (152/182). While HL01/936 appears to be dominated by burned ribs and long bones (Table 4), it is important to note that all of the fragments in the unidentified count are heavily fragmented, and thus five to 10 of the rib fragments or long bone fragments could derive from the same specimen. Therefore, it is difficult to draw conclusions from this UNID data. The 24 identifiable burned specimens from HL01/936 derive from the following species and anatomical elements (Pls. 20B–21A): (1) Dog (MNI 1): one maxilla (no cut marks) (2) Cattle (MNI 2): two distal radii (not from the same individual), two first phalanges (3) Pig (MNI 1): one first phalanx (4) Sheep (MNI 1): one fused proximal radius, two metacarpals, one fused distal tibia, one astragalus, one unfused distal metapodial epiphyses, two fused proximal first phalanges, and one fused proximal second phalanx. (The fit between the tibia and astragalus suggest they articulate with one another.) (5) Sheep/goat (MNI 1): one humerus fragment, three radius fragments (one an unfused distal fragment), one unfused distal metacarpal fragment, one pelvis fragment, one tibia fragment, and one third phalanx. Thus, this diverse assemblage is dominated by burned sheep elements with specimens occasionally deriving from other species. Most of the specimens belong to the lower legs of the animals (18/24), around or below the carpus (wrist) or tarsus (ankle). These lower leg counts include the distal half of the radius (foreleg) and tibia (hind leg) through to the third phalanx (hoof). Most of these burned bones would not have contained much meat (cf. Binford 1978). Because burning is not localized to the ends of long bones but includes both ends and shafts, this burning pattern is not indicative of roasting or grilling activities (David 1990). Rather, the anatomically clear pattern

of burning indicates that select specimens were exposed to the fire. The fact that these burned specimens are fairly complete and only lightly carbonized, and very few displayed any signs of calcining, indicates that this exposure to the fire was for a limited period of time and not intended to destroy or dispose of trash. Therefore, this seems to be a clearly structured deposit, which does not resemble the rest of the room where fewer than half of the specimens are burned (17/38), or the rest of the building where only four identifiable burned specimens were recovered. The burned remains from the rest of Room 2 follow a similar pattern as above, with half deriving from the lower leg (9/18). The burned remains from these layers include hare (1 astragalus), pig (4), sheep (1), and sheep/goat (12). The unburned remains from this room, however, show a very different anatomical pattern. Slightly over a quarter of these are from lower legs (10/36), with the remaining specimens deriving from cranial, trunk, and upper leg anatomical areas. It is possible that these unburned, yet poorly preserved remains represent food consumption debris. Five of the specimens from Room 2 include extant cut marks. There are multiple knife marks near the fused proximal articulation of a burned sheep/goat radius indicative of dismemberment at the elbow joint. Multiple dismembering knife marks are also evident near the unfused distal articulation of a burned cattle radius and on an unburned goat astragalus. There are dismembering knife marks near the distal articulation of an unburned sheep humerus, and there is a chop mark through the acetabulum of an unburned sheep/ goat pelvis. This last mark is indicative of efficient butchery when removing the leg from the carcass.

Taphonomy Most of the analyzed material from House A.2 betrays evidence of extremely poor preservation: cracking, pitting, and heavy weathering, which frequently penetrates the surface of the bone to damage the interior. This suggests that counts of identifiable specimens are affected by differential preservation—that is, the more robust and

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denser examples likely better survived attrition. The overall assemblage largely consists of denser anatomical elements, so this attrition is evident in the assemblage and thus affects its interpretation. There is also evidence for colluvial activity in this area, with ceramic sherds from the western part of Room 2 joining with sherds that have washed out of the entrance of the building. It is likely that seasonal rains are responsible for disturbing and weathering most of the analyzed material. Interestingly, the majority of well-preserved material from Room 2 shows traces of burning, which would normally destabilize skeletal material, making it more fragile to most post-depositional destructive processes. Hence, from the overall House A.2 assemblage there are very few identifiable fragments that are both burned and poorly preserved (Table 5). The patterns evident in the Room 2 burned material potentially indicate the intentional deposition of skeletal material in a fire. Thus, in a localized area of that room protected along the northern wall, a structured deposit (HL01/936) of burned zooarchaeological material has remained in situ. Some of this material has become mixed into other units/bone bags as well. Excepting this ashy deposit, the preservation is certainly poor enough to have heavily biased the assemblage.

Selective Burned Sacrifice? The pattern of ritually burning predominantly lower leg elements from pigs has been published from Late Bronze Age contexts at Hagios Konstantinos in Methana (Hamilakis and Konsolaki 2004) and at Eleusis (Cosmopoulos and Ruscillo 2014). At Hagios Konstantinos the authors argue that immediately after slaughter, the non-meaty (i.e., cranial and lower leg) elements from pigs were burned on the hearth. After removing the flesh from other meatier elements (evident from cut marks), some of these were then burned. Some burned meaty elements were also found from other species (e.g., sheep/goat). At Eleusis, the burned pig remains derive largely from lower legs, dominated by specimens from around the carpus (wrist) or tarsus (ankle).

At these two sanctuaries, burned material largely consisted of non-meaty (cranial and lower leg) elements from pigs, while in House A.2 at Chalas­ menos the burned elements derive from a variety of species but seem to be dominated by sheep. The author has observed a similar anatomically burned pattern for a range of species (dominated by goat) in Geometric and Archaic period deposits at the nearby site of Azoria and of both sheep and cattle within a pit at Dark Age Nichoria (Dibble 2017). This pattern of lower leg burned offerings has been observed in so-called pyres within the Hellenistic Industrial District at Athens as well (Rotroff 2013, 41). On the other hand, sacrificial remains from Late Helladic Pylos follow an entirely different pattern, with burned femora, humeri, and mandibles from cattle and red deer (Isaakidou et al. 2002; Halstead and Isaakidou 2004; Stocker and Davis 2004). The burned anatomical elements at Pylos thus derive from both meaty and non-meaty parts of the animals. At the ash altar of Zeus at Mt. Lykaion, the thighs and tails of sheep and goats (as analyzed by B. Starkovich) were burned from the Mycenaean period through the Archaic period; this represents clear evidence for continuity in the typical thysia (offering of burned animal sacrifices; Romano and Voyatzis 2014, 614–615, 630–632, 644–648). It is thus clear that there are numerous patterns, varying over time and space, by which one can identify burned ritual sacrifice. Proving sacrificial activity is dependent upon identifying a structured deposit of selectively burned skeletal specimens (Isaakidou and Halstead 2013). The anatomical pattern of burned specimens from the hearth/black soil deposit at Chalasmenos House A.2 suggests that it could be added to the growing list of evidence for burned sacrifice from Late Bronze Age Greece (Table 6). The majority of burned remains derive from the lower legs of sheep/goat, and were likely dominated by sheep as no burned goat bones (0/8 burned) were identified compared to several burned sheep specimens (11/20 burned). The ages for these sheep/goat specimens range from newborn to full adult. In addition, other species (cattle, dog, hare, and pig) are included in this burned assemblage and were likely treated in a similar manner.

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One should note that overall this is a very small assemblage with which to prove sacrifice, and the counts might be affected by the sample size. Furthermore, the assemblage needs to be set within the context of the larger site. Within the studied material, however, only one burned specimen contained canine gnaw marks, suggesting the skeletal material was rapidly deposited in the possible second hearth. The presence of several unburned and poorly preserved lower leg elements outside the building indicates that slaughter took place onsite and only selective lower leg elements were burned. The presence of meatier, unburned elements in the larger Room 2 suggests the animals were also eaten within this structure. The evidence further suggests that the anatomical pattern of burned zooarchaeological specimens from House A.2 at Chalasmenos is very similar to other attested sacrificial deposits, suggesting that these burned specimens may have derived from ritual activity.

Conclusions There is a clear pattern to the differential preservation within the faunal assemblage from House A.2 at Chalasmenos. Outdoor and upper roofing layers were exposed to worse weathering than were lower, more protected layers. A burned area in Room 2 likely represents a group of ritually burned bones within a structured deposit located near the hearth and protected from weathering by the proximity of the northern wall of the building. This material probably represents the burned ritual sacrifice of select skeletal material at the site. Animal slaughter and butchery potentially took place outside the building, and the consumption of sacrificial meat likely took place in the same room, perhaps around the central hearth. Such potential sacrificial activity appears to have taken place alongside other activities within this house (see this vol., Ch. 8).

7

Shell and Botanical Remains by Melissa Eaby

A limited number of marine shell and botanical remains were recovered from House A.2. In this section, the shells are designated only by their ME numbers, as was the bone analyzed in Chapter 6. Note, however, that in a few instances (e.g., HL01/12, HL01/17) shells were recovered in the same bag together with animal bones, and hence there are duplicate numbers. Also, in one instance multiple shells were recovered in the same bag (HL97/77). The shell species identifications were provided by Lynn Snyder, and the botanical remains were identified by C. Margaret Scarry. The shell finds from Room 2 will be presented first, as they provide a much larger assemblage for discussion. Additional information regarding the contexts of the shell and botanical remains can be found in Chapter 2.

Shell Remains Room 2 Fragments of 23 marine shells of nine different species were recovered from Room 2, and one additional shell was found just outside the building to the west (Pl. 21B; Table 7). Shell types include Glycymeris (dog cockle), Patella (limpet), cockle, Thais (dog winkle), Hexaplex trunculus (murex), Arca noae, Euthria, Columbella rustica (dove), and Dentalium. Limpets are the most common, with nine examples, followed by Glycymeris, with five examples (and a sixth from outside the building), while the other species occur in only one or two specimens. From inside Room 2, remains of

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six shells were found in wall collapse, three in roofing collapse, eight on the floor, and two from the floor or possibly below the floor. It is worth noting that nearly half of these (comprising five different types) were found in the northeastern corner of the room (HL96/389, HL01/12, HL01/17, HL01/27, HL01/73, HL01/150, HL01/157, HL01/188). One shell was also found on the southeast platform (HL01/28), and two shells (HL03/20, HL03/21) were found on the floor just in front of this platform, perhaps having washed/fallen off of it; two additional shells (HL01/821, HL01/823) with unspecified locations were found in the eastern part of the room, perhaps either from the northeastern corner or near the southeast platform. In addition, three shells (HL00/299, HL01/427, HL01/487) were recovered from the area of the long bench. While it is assumed that these shells were collected in the LM IIIC period, one cannot rule out the possibility that some examples are earlier in date given the limited presence of earlier pottery and stone vases, and that they were weathered by various site deposition processes. Although all of these species, with the exception of Columbella and Dentalium, are edible, the majority of the House A.2 marine shells appear to have been collected dead (they are often waterworn) rather than having been used for food. It remains possible, however, that some of the less worn Patella shells were used for food. Limpets were a common food source in several periods and were overwhelmingly the most frequent marine shell found at MM, LM, and Iron Age Kommos (Reese 1995, 252; Ruscillo 2012, 95); examples have also been found at LM IIIC Vronda (Day, Klein, and Turner 2009; Day and Glowacki 2012; Day et al. 2016, 178–179). On the other hand, the House A.2 Glycymeris shells were likely all collected dead, as also observed at LM III Kommos (Reese 1995, 240, 252–256), Late Helladic III/Dark Age I Nichoria (Reese 1992a, 772–773), and LM IIIC Vronda (Day et al. 2016, 178–179) where they were relatively common. Some of these shells, especially the larger examples, could have been used as scoops or spoons, for display, or even potentially as ritual objects. Glycymeris shells were sometimes placed in both public and private shrines of various dates, such as on a stone table in the shrine of House X at Kommos (Ruscillo 2012, 95, 112– 115) and at the sanctuary at Kato Syme (Lebessi

and Reese 1986, 184), and painted examples were found in the Temple Repositories at Knossos (Evans 1921–1935, I, 498, 517–523). Regarding the two Hexaplex shells, there is no evidence that they were used either in the production of purple dye or as food (see, e.g., Reese 1992a, 772; 1995, 259– 261). Additionally, the Euthria fragment could have been unintentionally collected together with the Hexaplex shells, as they were often preyed upon by Hexaplex (Ruscillo 2012, 96). Although Columbella rustica shells (Reese 1995, 261–263), along with Glycymeris shells and those of other types, were often used as ornaments, none of the shells from House A.2 appears to have been deliberately pierced or otherwise modified for such a function. The Dentalium fragment (HL01/937), however, which is naturally cylindrical with a hole through the center, could have been used as a bead; in fact, this type of shell has a long history of ornamental use in Greece and was found, for example, in post-Minoan levels at both the Unexplored Mansion at Knossos and Kommos as well as at Early Iron Age Nichoria (Reese 1992a, 771–772; 1992b, 493; 1995, 270–271). In addition, the possibility that limpet HL01/975, which has a natural predator hole, could have been used as an ornament such as a pendant cannot be ruled out. Therefore, given the fact that many of the shell specimens are intact, without any holes (either natural or manmade), and show no evidence of being used for food or as tools, the House A.2 marine shells may have been collected for display (potentially even ritual) purposes or some other unknown function.

Room 1 The remains of five shells of four different species (Patella, Glycymeris, Spondylus, and Arca noae) were recovered from the area of Room 1 (Table 8). One example was recovered from wall collapse, one from roofing collapse, two from the floor, and one (HL96/227) was found on the bench along the eastern wall. As also observed in Room 2, the shells from Room 1 generally appear to have been collected dead from the beach, and they thus were not used for food, nor do they appear to have been used as

SHELL AND BOTANICAL REMAINS

ornaments. One Glycymeris fragment (HL97/97), however, is smoothed and/or waterworn, and it could have been used as a small polishing tool. While the lesser number of shells from Room 1 could merely be a factor of its smaller size, it may also hint at different functions for the two rooms: Room 2 could have served a greater display (which would also imply a more public nature) or cultic function, or else there may merely have been more of an emphasis on food production/processing for which at least some of the shells could have played a role (see also this vol., Ch. 8). Note, however, that the shells from both rooms are for the most part of the same species.

Botanical Remains A total of 32 soil samples were taken during the excavation of House A.2. From these soil samples, small unworked stones, bones, shells, pottery, burned clay, and possible plaster/natural lime were recovered nearly exclusively. Due to poor preservation in this area, very limited botanical remains

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were recovered from House A.2, and thus no conclusions can be drawn about their use. The best preservation was noted in the area of the possible hearth/rubbish dump with black soil along the northern wall of Room 2 (soil sample HL01/940): traces of olive pits, an almond, and an unidentifiable pulse were noted from this area (M. Scarry, pers. comm., 20 June 2012). As the majority of botanical remains from the rest of the site have not yet been studied, it is unknown whether the House A.2 finds are consistent with that found elsewhere at Chalasmenos; the sparse remains of House A.2 are, however, in sharp contrast to the 500 grape pips that were recovered from Room 1 of Building B.2 (Tsipopoulou 2011a, 342). The House A.2 botanical remains are comparable (i.e., limited in quantity) to those found in LM IIIC domestic assemblages at Vronda, a site that was also not destroyed by fire and remained abandoned for a long period of time (Glowacki 2004, 130; Day, Klein, and Turner 2009, 5; Day et al. 2016, 181–193). In addition, although several areas with black soil were uncovered within House A.2, no charcoal samples of significant size were recovered for study.

8

Conclusions by Melissa Eaby

Although there is some evidence for two architectural phases (presumably with a relatively short period of time in between them) in the construction of House A.2 at Chalasmenos (see this vol., Ch. 3), only a single phase of occupation was preserved stratigraphically (see this vol., Ch. 2). Furthermore, the building appears to have been abandoned rather than destroyed, and it was later affected by a variety of post-depositional processes (see, e.g., Schiffer 1987; LaMotta and Schiffer 1999). It is also probable that the inhabitants or later visitors to the site removed some artifacts from the building (esp. metal). Nevertheless, numerous intact or mostly intact objects (see this vol., Chs. 4–7) were recovered from floor and roofing collapse contexts from both rooms of the building, and in some cases there appears to be a pattern to their deposition. While the nature of the evidence obviously does not allow for the reconstruction of a complete and accurate picture of the use and contents of the building, it is possible to draw certain conclusions on the basis of finds and

architecture regarding both the overall functions of the building and those of the individual rooms.

Room 1 Room 1 appears to have been used at least partially for storage. Its location at the back of the building and its smaller size and higher floor level (by 0.50 m) than Room 2 would appear to support this identification. Cataloged storage vessels from roofing collapse and the floor include a pithoid jar (A2 P13) placed in a pit, numerous fragments from at least two pithoi (e.g., A2 P1, A2 P5, A2 P6), and an amphora base (A2 P21). The rectangular stone-built feature (a possible bin) in the northwestern corner could also have been used for storage. The low narrow bench beside it was likely used to store vessels and stone tools (a quern [A2 ST8] was found on top of the bench and a

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tripod cooking pot [A2 P172] on the floor in front of it), and a second low bench along the eastern wall likely served a similar purpose (a stone tool [A2 ST11] may have been found on top of it, three stone tools [A2 ST13–A2 ST15] were found just to the north, and the amphora base [A2 P21] and the intact cooking amphora [A2 P187] were found just west of the feature, perhaps originally having been placed upon it; Fig. 8). Room 1 also may have been used for limited food preparation and/or processing, as the benches could have been used as work surfaces and a possible small hearth was found along the center of the southern wall with numerous unburned animal bones nearby. In addition, many joining fragments of fired pisé (A2 C4) were found at the northern end of the room, and this apparent clay lining together with the thick walls of the stone “bin” suggest that it may have served as an oven rather than a bin (though it could have been used for storage when not in use as an oven). The remains of at least two to three medium to large tripod cooking pots (A2 P172, A2 P181, A2 P182), a cooking amphora (A2 P187), and possibly a cooking tray (A2 P201) were found on the floor, along with fragments of several cups and deep bowls (e.g., A2 P93, A2 P105), and several stone tools, including the quern (A2 ST8), were also recovered. Finally, the animal bones recovered from floor/roofing collapse contexts in the room may represent primarily food debris (see this vol., Ch. 6). It is also worthy of note that fragments of three potentially specialized vessels were recovered from roofing collapse and floor levels of this room: a handmade vase (a possible hut-urn, A2 P206), an incense burner fragment (A2 P202), and a horn attachment from a plaque or kalathos rim (A2 P205). Perhaps these objects provide a glimpse of the presence of some form of domestic cult activity or the storage of such objects in this room, though admittedly the evidence is quite limited for Room 1.

Room 2 Room 2 appears to have been used primarily for food processing and preparation, but also for dining

(potentially ritual in some instances) and limited small-scale storage, with different areas of the room perhaps emphasizing different functions, as illustrated by the distribution of the best preserved artifacts from floor/roofing collapse contexts (Fig. 8). Room 2 is approximately twice the size of Room 1, and it is significant architecturally for its size, central hearth, long bench in between two stone platforms, stone-lined bin, and paved entrance. The ceramic assemblage of this room is dominated by cooking vessels, with large portions of both a small (A2 P179) and a medium tripod cooking pot (A2 P171) preserved near the bin at the northwestern corner; in addition, a large tripod cooking pot (A2 P170) was found inside the bin. In fact, a concentration of pottery (primarily food preparation and storage vessels) was found in the northwestern area of the room (with a few likely associated vessels and vessel fragments found just to the west of the entrance, having been washed or thrown out of the building post-abandonment), including fragments of at least two small pithoid jars (A2 P11, A2 P16) and two basins (A2 P61, A2 P62) in addition to the three well-preserved cooking vessels. Two large querns (one called a grinder in the catalog; A2 ST20, A2 ST41) and other stone tools were also recovered from the floor in this area. A concentration of black soil/gray ash with many burned animal bones was found along the center of the northern wall, and similar remains (possibly part of the same deposit) were found in the area closer to the central hearth. Many of the unburned animal bones found on the floor of the room appear to represent food remains and/ or food processing debris, while it is possible that the burned bones from the black soil concentration represent a burned sacrifice (see this vol., Ch. 6). Note that several Minoan stone vessel fragments were also found in the vicinity of this deposit as well as near the central hearth, though typically in levels slightly above the floor. In addition, the bedrock beside the central hearth on one side appears to have been cut and leveled, perhaps in order to provide an additional flat surface for cooking or food preparation. The finds from the northeastern part of the room, on the other hand, were distinct from those present at the northwest: three relatively well-preserved cups and deep bowls (A2 P137, A2 P138, A2 P142)

CONCLUSIONS

and fragments of several others were recovered (in contrast to the primarily cooking and food preparation vessels found in the northwestern corner), and the majority of the shells from the room also came from this area; it is possible that these items had been stored or displayed on wooden shelves that were not preserved. Additionally, sherds from numerous drinking and dining vessels, including cups, deep bowls, jugs, kraters, bowls, and dishes as well as additional cooking pot, basin, and pithoid jar fragments, were identified from roofing collapse and floor levels throughout the room (see this vol., Chs. 2, 4). One of the most interesting features of this large room is the presence of the two stone-built platforms, each of which appears to have held a small stirrup jar (A2 P41, A2 P42) decorated in the Cretan close style. Three small stone tools (A2 ST30– A2 ST32) were also found on the eastern platform, while several miniature cups and/or juglets (A2 P147, A2 P152, A2 P153, A2 P160) appear to have been placed upon the western platform before the collapse of the building.

Outside the Building to the West The area immediately outside of the entrance to the building to the west appears to comprise part of a paved pathway and/or a small paved courtyard in front of the house, though as the area was not completely excavated, some fallen or washed stones are still present. This space also contained animal bones (unburned), which appear to represent a mixture of food and cast-off butchering or processing debris, as well as a nearly complete amphora (A2 P20) and two querns (A2 ST42, A2 ST43). While it is possible that the amphora was found in this area merely as a result of having been washed or thrown out of the main room of the house (e.g., joining fragments of a basin [A2 P61] from the northwestern corner of the room were recovered from this area), it could, however, together with the animal bones and querns, reflect additional food processing/preparation activities that took place in a small associated courtyard at the front of the building.

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Function of House A.2 On the one hand, House A.2 at Chalasmenos appears to represent an “ordinary” LM IIIC house, in as much as we can currently define one based on the limited number of sites at which large portions of a settlement have been both excavated and published. In terms of size, House A.2 is approximately 40 m², as compared, for example, to the Vronda I-O-N households, which average 36.47 m² (Glowacki 2007, 132–135; Day and Glowacki 2012; see also Wallace 2010, 114; 2011, 326–327), and its overall manner of construction is consistent with that observed in other Cretan houses of the period (see this vol., Ch. 3). As seen in other LM IIIC houses, House A.2 also shows signs of self-sufficiency. It has small-scale storage facilities (primarily in Room 1 but also apparently in areas of Room 2), with remains of pithoid jars, amphorae, and limited pithoi, and also evidence of food production on a small to medium scale (hearths, a possible oven, stone tools, a range of cooking vessels, basins, and butchered animal bones) as well as drinking and dining (deep bowls and cups, kraters, kylikes, bowls, jugs, and animal bones). Both rooms of the house were clearly multi-functional, especially the main hall (Room 2), and the possible exterior courtyard also may have been used for a variety of work activities. Furthermore, the finds of House A.2 are comparable to those recovered in the majority of houses at Vronda (Day, Klein, and Turner 2009; Day and Glowacki 2012; Day et al. 2016) and Karphi (Pendlebury, Pendlebury, and Money-Coutts 1937–1938; Wallace 2005; Day 2011a, 2011b), where they consist primarily of cooking and fine ware vessels, a limited number of storage vessels, and a variety of stone tools; these repeated patterns of assemblage are visible in houses identified at other LM IIIC sites as well. In addition, certain architectural features of House A.2 (though not its plan) are similar to those seen at Vronda I-O-N, for example, where each house typically had a large multi-functional room (and one or more smaller adjoining rooms) with a hearth and sometimes an oven; bins, benches, pot stands, and platforms were also common features (Glowacki 2004, 2007; Day and Glowacki 2012; Day et al. 2016). As hearths were typically

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found in these buildings, it has been suggested that they were the residences of small (possibly nuclear) family groups, and that the day-to-day cooking was done at the family/household level, which in fact comprised one of the main organizing units (the basic unit of sociopolitical organization) for many LM IIIC settlements (Haggis 1993, 152; Day 1997; Nowicki 1999, 147; Day, Glowacki, and Klein 2000, 115; Glowacki 2002; 2004, 134; 2007; Yasur-Landau 2003–2004, 57; Wallace 2010, 111– 112; 2011, 325–329; Glowacki and Klein 2011). This aspect of sociopolitical organization also appears to be reflected in at least some of the buildings at Chalasmenos, especially those in Area Alpha Upper, including House A.2 (see also Tsipopoulou 2011b, 468; Rupp 2014, 169). Finally, the location of House A.2 at the opposite end of the settlement from buildings previously identified as potentially having special functions (the shrine, Megara A.1–A.3, Houses B.1 and B.2; Tsipopoulou 2009, 2011a), and the fact that it was accessed from a pathway running along the edge of the settlement rather than from the central plaza, could support a more private rather than public function for the building. On the other hand, House A.2 shows several features that may distinguish it from a typical LM IIIC house. The presence of a minimum of seven tripod cooking pots, a cooking amphora, cooking dishes, possibly two pithoi, at least three pithoid jars, up to five stone querns, and a fair number of cups and deep bowls could be seen as comprising more than the average individual household unit (or nuclear family) would need; at Vronda, for example, individual households had from two to six cooking pots (Day et al. 2016, 109). The House A.2 assemblage could merely reflect the presence of a larger than average-sized (or wealthier) family living in the house, but there are additional features of potential significance worth noting. Among its finds, the building also has a rare twohandled cup (A2 P149), numerous miniature cup (and/or juglet) bases, half of a possible small huturn, an incense burner fragment, a horn from a kalathos or plaque, several shells (which were not used for food or as tools/ornaments), a large decorated bronze fibula (A2 M1), and several Minoan stone vessel fragments. Some of these items could potentially reflect the presence of a form of domestic cult activity, while others may represent the

ownership of potential prestige or status items or the collection of heirlooms/antiquities in the building (see this vol., Chs. 4, 5). Also, the two platforms with stirrup jars imply some level of display in the main room of the building. Furthermore, the patterned burning observed on the animal bones found concentrated on the floor in the area to the north of the central hearth in Room 2 appears to be consistent with that of burned sacrifices identified at other sites (see this vol., Ch. 6), not only at sanctuaries but as part of Mycenaean feasting, for example (Wright 2004, 170–173). In addition, House A.2 can be considered to have an abundance of architectural features compared to many of the other buildings at the site, including the two platforms with a long bench in between them, two additional benches, two possible bins (or one bin and one oven), several vessel stands, and a threshold of flat paving stones (see this vol., Ch. 3). Finally, the building has many features of the so-called megaron architecture (a rectilinear plan with two axially aligned rooms and a central hearth in the large room), which has sometimes been thought to display socalled Mycenaean elements and/or have special connotations (e.g., Pendlebury, Pendlebury, and Money-Coutts 1937–1938, 84; Nowicki 1999, 147– 152; Tsipopoulou and Nowicki 2003; Tsipopoulou 2005b, 324; 2011a). Although House A.2 was apparently not constructed as a single, planned building, with at least part of Room 1 built first at the same time as and possibly as part of the adjacent building, the megaron plan may have been deliberately created a short time later with the addition of Room 2, though the two doorways are not aligned (see Rupp 2014, 164–165). House A.2 is comparable in plan to Chalasmenos Megara A.1–A.3, two of which also do not have aligned doorways, but at least two of those buildings appear to have been built in a single phase as planned structures (Tsipopoulou 2005b, 317–322; Rupp 2007, 62–63). Furthermore, House A.2 is of similar size and orientation to the two smaller megara, which are 35 m² (Megaron A.2) and 40.5 m² (Megaron A.3) in size and are also accessed from the pathway extending around the western edge of the site (Tsipopoulou 2011a, 336). It has been suggested, however, that those megara may have been used primarily for communal food consumption and drinking instead of as

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residences, as a large number of fine drinking vessels were recovered with only minimal evidence for small-scale storage or food preparation (Tsipopoulou 2005b, 322; 2011a). These megara have also been contrasted with two houses from Area B (of similar size to the megara but with more “Minoan” irregular plans without central hearths), which may have functioned for food preparation on a large scale (perhaps to serve the megara) as well as storage, and contained a large number of cooking wares and pithoi (Tsipopoulou 2011a). In fact, primarily on the basis of large quantities of fine drinking vessels and food remains, certain buildings of the megaron plan have been identified at other sites, such as Karphi (Wallace 2005, 253–272; 2010, 112–132; 2011, 329), Smari (HatziVallianou 2004), and Kalamafki Kypia near Praisos (Whitley, Prent, and Thorne 1999, 238–242, 246; Whitley 2006, 601–604), as serving specialized functions, potentially having been built deliberately for feasting rather than as residences; these buildings also sometimes have associated cooking facilities. Feasting appears to have played a significant role in LM IIIC Cretan society (see, e.g., Borgna 2004a; 2004b; Wallace 2005, 253–272; Whitley 2006, 604). Public feasting could have helped the new communities bond and establish new identities as well as serve as an arena for elite competition and status display (Wallace 2010, 119–121, 127–132). At LM IIIC Phaistos, for example, new ceramic shapes and motifs (esp. elaborate decoration on kraters and drinking vessels) were introduced, potentially for drinking rituals; this has been interpreted as representative of competition for social status and power at that site (Borgna 2003b, 158–164; 2004a; 2004b). In addition to the evidence found in certain buildings of megaron plan, the importance of ritual food consumption in that period may also be observed in the rubbish dumps/ceremonial pits with broken pottery and animal bones found at Chamalevri (AndreadakiVlasaki and Papadopoulou 2005) and Thronos/ Sybrita (D’Agata 1997–2000), perhaps representing at these sites a series of single events. In other cases, however, it can be difficult to distinguish with any certainty typical domestic structures from those potentially used for specialized feasting, and some buildings may have served both functions (Wallace 2010, 112–132; 2011, 329). In

fact, the function even of a large building is not always certain; Building A-B at Vronda, for example, which has evidence of large-scale storage, large kylikes, and cow skulls (possibly for display), has been variously interpreted as a community storage or redistribution center, the dwelling of an elite individual (possibly a big man or chief) or of multiple households at which ritual drinking and possibly feasting also took place, or as a specialized public feasting venue (Whitley 1991; Mazarakis Ainian 1997, 377; Nowicki 2000, 238–239; Day and Snyder 2004; Prent 2005, 120–121; Day, Klein, and Turner 2009, 15–63; Wallace 2010, 113). The architectural distinctions between typical buildings at LM IIIC sites are also often relatively minor, with only slight differences in form, size, or features (and often artifact assemblages), which may in some cases reflect the size and prosperity of particular families rather than differences in social status (Haggis 1992, 309; Nowicki 2000, 237–239; Prent 2005, 118; Wallace 2005, 222; 2011, 325–326). Evidence for feasting does, however, appear to occur more often in the slightly larger houses or megara than in the average-sized houses, as seen at Karphi, for example (Wallace 2005, 257– 258; 2010, 119). In addition, a distinction has been noted between “ordinary dwellings adapted to accommodate periodic collective feasting” and “purposefully built formal venues for the same activity, divorced from any single group’s control and sometimes attached to centralized cooking facilities either in the same location or at another part of the site” (Wallace 2011, 329). For example, two different types of feasting have been observed at LM IIIC Phaistos: open or public communal feasts on the summit of the Acropoli Mediana (with a very high percentage of fine open decorated vessels), which may have served to encourage social bonding, and more restricted “competitive” feasting at a possible elite dwelling at the Casa a ovest (at which were found an abundance of fine wares but also kitchen wares and storage vessels) aimed at “strengthening elite social ties” (Borgna 2004a, 248–255; 2004b). In some instances, the second form of feasting may have taken place at several houses within a single settlement and may thus represent different, more or less equal emerging social groups (Borgna 2004a, 270), while at other sites feasting may only have occurred in a single building, such as

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Building A-B at Vronda (Day, Klein, and Turner 2009; Wallace 2011, 325; see also Yasur-Landau 2003–2004, 62–64). The megaron style of architecture thus may have been deliberately chosen in some instances for its potential Mycenaean or elite connotations, with certain houses, possibly of powerful families, imitating the features of such special-function buildings in an attempt to assert their status at a time where there appears to have been an absence of complex social stratification (Wallace 2011, 331–332). Although House A.2 is similar in plan, in size, and in the presence of a central hearth to the other megara at Chalasmenos and certain other sites, it differs in that it shows clear evidence not only of food consumption but also of food processing, food preparation, and small-scale storage. It further differs from the other megara in its dominance of cooking and storage vessels and its lower percentage of fine decorated wares, as well as in the presence of querns and hand stones (which at Chalasmenos were found in large quantities in Area B but not in the Area A Lower megara; Tsipopoulou 2011a); in fact, the ceramic assemblage from House A.2 is more similar to that found in the two investigated Area B houses, while the architecture is that of the megara. It therefore shows an interesting combination of the features observed thus far in other areas of the site. Although the assemblage from House A.2 would point to it serving a primarily domestic role, the building may also have had an additional function, which is hinted at by its architectural plan, built features, and certain artifacts. The building thus appears to have

served first and foremost as a house, but a significant one, possibly of an elite (or prospective elite) family or else a large, relatively prosperous one. Based on the architecture, the potential for food production on a relatively large scale, the possible evidence for burned sacrifice, and the elements of display (such as the stirrup jars on stone platforms), it may also have served as a meeting and dining (or feasting) place on certain occasions, perhaps for members of a certain clan or extended family. Its second-phase conversion into a building of the megaron type, the abundance of architectural features, and the display of certain artifacts, including possible antiques, heirlooms, or status items, may reflect a desire to compete with (or emulate) the activities taking place, presumably on a larger scale, in certain other megara at Chalasmenos as well as at other sites. In fact, Rupp (2014, 173–174) has recently suggested that Megaron A.1 could have served similar functions, possibly serving both as the residence of the leader of the settlement as well as the venue at which he entertained certain elites. In addition, the presence of two LG skyphoi (A2 P217, A2 P218) in the collapse may indicate, as also observed in Megaron A.1 (Tsipopoulou 2004b), the presence of later feasting in the area of House A.2, which could then hint at a remembrance of a special function for the building in the LM IIIC period. The use of the residence House A.2 for occasions of low-level feasting thus fits into the pattern observed elsewhere on the island in LM IIIC, a time when powerful families or clans were attempting to assert their status in the changing communities.

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. 2000. “Halasmenos-Kataleimata,” in Crete 2000: A Centennial Celebration of American Archaeological Work on Crete (1900–2000), J.D. Muhly and E. Sikla, eds., Athens, pp. 102–115. Tsipopoulou, M., and K. Nowicki. 2003. “Χαλασμένος Ιεράπετρας: Μινωίτες και Μυκηναίοι στο τέλος της Εποχής του Χαλκού στην Ανατολική Κρήτη,” in Β' Διεθνές Διεπιστημονικό Συμπόσιο “Η Περιφέρεια του Μυκηναϊκού Κόσμου,” Λαμίας, 26– 30 Σεπτεμβρίου, 1999, N. Kyparissi-Apostolika and M. Papakonstantinou, eds., Athens, pp. 561–580. Vogeikoff-Brogan, N., and S. Apostolakou. 2004. “New Evidence of Wine Production in East Crete in the Hellenistic Period,” in Transport Amphorae and Trade in the Eastern Mediterranean. Acts of the International Colloquium at the Danish Institute at Athens, September 26–29, 2002 (Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens 5), J. Eiring and J. Lund, eds., Åarhus, pp. 417–427. Wallace, S.A. 1997–2000. “Case Studies of Settlement Change in Early Iron Age Crete (c. 1200–700 bc): Economic Models of Cause and Effect Reassessed,” Aegean Archaeology 4 (Studies and Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology and Civilization II, vol. 5) [2001], pp. 61–99. . 2003. “The Perpetuated Past: Re-use or Continuity in Material Culture and the Structuring of Identity in Early Iron Age Crete,” BSA 98, pp. 251–277. . 2005. “Last Chance to See? Karfi (Crete) in the Twenty-First Century: Presentation of New Architectural Data and Their Analysis in the Current Context of Research,” BSA 100, pp. 215–274. . 2010. Ancient Crete: From Successful Collapse to Democracy’s Alternatives, Twelfth to Fifth Centuries bc, Cambridge. . 2011. “Tradition, Status Competition, and the Templates of Domestic and Special Buildings in Post-Collapse Crete,” in Glowacki and VogeikoffBrogan, eds., 2011, pp. 323–332. Warren, P.M. 1969. Minoan Stone Vases (Cambridge Classical Studies), Cambridge. . 1997. “Late Minoan III Pottery from the City of Knossos: Stratigraphical Museum Extension Site,” in Hallager and Hallager, eds., 1997, pp. 157–192. . 2007. “Characteristics of Late Minoan III C from the Stratigraphical Museum Site at Knossos,” in Deger-Jalkotzy and Zavadil, eds., 2007, pp. 329–343. Wason, P.K. 1994. The Archaeology of Rank, Cambridge.

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Wright, J.C. 2004. “A Survey of Evidence for Feasting in Mycenaean Society,” in The Mycenaean Feast, J.C. Wright, ed., special issue, Hesperia 73, Princeton, pp. 133–178. Yasur-Landau, A. 2003–2004. “The Last Glendi in Halasmenos: Social Aspects of Cooking in a Dark Age Cretan Village,” Aegean Archaeology 7 (Studies and Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology and Civilization II, vol. 8) [2006], pp. 49–66. . 2006. “Halasmeno Fagito: Burnt Dishes and Scorched Pots: Some Preliminary Observations on LM IIIC Cooking Ware,” in Πεπραγμένα Θ' Διεθνοῦς Κρητολογικοῦ Συνεδρίου Α' (1), Her­ akleion, pp. 233–251. Zeder, M.A., and H.A. Lapham. 2010. “Assessing the Reliability of Criteria Used to Identify Postcranial Bones in Sheep, Ovis, and Goats, Capra,” JAS 37, pp. 2887–2905.

Index

abandonment, 2–4, 6, 11, 15, 37, 72, 95, 97–98 Aphrodite’s Kephali, 72, 74 Area Alpha Lower, 3, 5, 9, 26–27, 30 Alpha Upper, 5, 9, 26–27, 63, 100 Beta, 5, 27, 63 Delta, 5 Gamma, 3, 5, 26–27, 30 Athens, Industrial District, 91 Azoria, 4, 29, 34, 60, 91

bedrock, 2–3, 5–6, 9–11, 15, 22–25, 98 bench, 5, 7, 10–14, 16–17, 19, 22–27, 41, 45, 50, 54, 64, 67, 71, 80, 83–84, 94, 97–100 bin, 7, 10–14, 16–17, 19, 22, 24–25, 27, 45, 50, 54, 60, 62, 64, 80, 84–85, 89, 97–100 blossom bowl. See stone objects bones, animal, 86–92 cattle/cow, 12, 17, 88–91, 101 dog, 17, 88–91 hare, 88–91 pig, 12, 17, 88–91 sheep/goat, 12, 17, 88–91

botanical remains, xviii, 7, 19, 93, 95 Building House A.1 (Coulson’s House), 2, 5, 9–10, 14, 24, 27, 62, 78 House A.3, 23–24, 27 House B.1, 2, 5, 10, 21, 23–24, 26–27, 100 House B.2, 5, 26–27, 95, 100 House B.3, 5 Megaron A.1, 2, 5, 9, 27, 74–75, 100, 102 Megaron A.2, 5, 9, 27, 100 Megaron A.3, 5, 9, 27, 100 oikos, 2, 74 shrines, 2, 5, 7, 27, 30, 32–33, 49, 71, 94, 100 burning on bones, 17, 88–91, 100 on mudbrick/pisé, 84–85 on pottery, 40, 46–49, 62, 64–72 scorch mark, 66–67, 70 butchering/butchery, 90, 92, 99 Byzantine period, 2

carbon/charcoal, 12, 71, 95 Cha Gorge, 1–3

114

CHALASMENOS I

chaff voids, 31, 34, 41, 51, 65, 70, 85 Chamalevri, 56, 66–67, 69, 101 Chania, 15, 29, 52–53, 62, 66, 68–69 chimney pot, 11, 37, 84 clay lining (for bin, hearth, or oven), 12, 14, 18, 26, 84– 85, 98 courtyard, 15, 17, 80, 99 cult activity. See ritual activity

decoration, on pottery applied decoration band, 38–39, 46 rope band, 38–39 band, painted, 35, 40–45, 47–63, 73, 75 blob decoration, 35, 46, 53–56, 59 checkerboard, 62–63 close style, 43–44, 53–54, 59, 62–63, 72, 99 concentric semicircle(s), 43–44, 53–55 crosshatching, 44, 62 curvilinear, 41–42, 50–51, 53, 56–57 finger impression, 38–40, 63–65, 72 incised decoration herringbone, 38–40, 45–46 line(s), 38, 64–65, 67, 75, 83–84 monochrome, 35, 43, 45–46, 48–63, 73–75 open style, 53 panel decoration, 73 pendant loop, 48–49, 53 pendant triangles/scallops, 51, 53–56 reserved band, 50–53, 55–57 reserved disk, 52, 58 semicircle (not concentric), 44, 53–54, 56, 62–63 spiral, 44, 53–54, 57, 59 defensible settlements/sites, 4 display (as object function), 44, 60, 75, 78, 94–95, 99–102 dolomite, building material, 6, 22–25 drinking and dining, 30, 31, 37, 62, 90, 98–102. See also ritual dining

fibula, copper alloy, 12–13, 83–84, 100 Final Neolithic (FN), 2, 73 floor or surface, 2, 6–7, 10–19, 22–23, 25–26, 31–34, 37, 39, 43, 45, 47–48, 50, 54, 60, 64, 67–73, 78–80, 83– 84, 87–89, 94, 97–100 floor packing, 6, 11, 15 food consumption. See drinking and dining, ritual dining food preparation/processing, 5, 15, 30–31, 37, 47, 63, 66, 70, 75, 80, 95, 98–99, 101–102

goddess with upraised arms, 5, 31, 71, 74 Gournia, 4, 33 Gournia Survey, 2, 73 granodiorite, in pottery fabric, 33–34, 41, 46, 51, 67– 69, 72, 74

Hagios Konstantinos, 91 hearth, 5–7, 10–12, 14–18, 25–27, 64, 66–67, 71, 78, 80, 84–85, 89, 91–92, 95, 98–102 heirloom or antique, 76, 78–79, 81, 100, 102 Hellenistic, 2, 74–75, 91 household, 49, 71, 99–101

identity, 101 isthmus of Ierapetra, 1, 4

Early Iron Age (EIA), 3–4, 25–26, 94 Early Minoan (EM), 2, 16, 36, 70, 72–74, 76, 78–79 Early Orientalizing (EO), 2 Eleusis, 91 elites and elite status, 101–102

Kalamafki Kypia, 101 Karphi, 26, 29, 38, 43–46, 48–57, 59–60, 62–63, 68–72, 74, 78–79, 81, 83, 99, 101 Kastelli Pediada, 39, 43, 53, 55 Kastro, 2, 4, 7, 26, 29–30, 38, 44, 52–53, 60, 62, 65, 68– 69, 72, 74, 81 Katalimata, 2–4, 26, 29, 39–40, 44, 53, 60–62, 73– 74, 76 Kato Syme, 94 Kavousi Kastro. See Kastro Kavousi Vronda. See Vronda kiln, 5, 30–31 knob, on pottery, 43–45, 59, 72 Knossos, 54, 94 Kommos, 39, 68, 73, 80, 94 Kritsa, 54, 56, 63

fabric types, ceramic, main discussion, 30–35 faunal remains. See bones, animal and shell feasting. See ritual dining

Late Geometric (LG), 2, 4, 73–75, 102 Late Minoan (LM) LM I, 2, 16, 32, 70, 73, 75–76, 78–79

INDEX

Late Minoan (LM), cont. LM IIIC early, 29–30, 53, 62–63 LM IIIC late/advanced, 6, 29–30, 43–44, 62, 64, 72

megaron (megara), as building form, 5, 9, 26–27, 100–102 metal objects copper alloy, 12–13, 83–84 methodology, 5–6, 36–37, 87–88 mica, in pottery fabric, 33–35, 38, 40–41, 45–46, 49, 51, 58, 65, 67–69, 71–72, 74–75, 85 Middle Minoan (MM), 2, 16, 32, 36, 60, 70, 73–76, 78– 79, 94 Mochlos, 4, 32–33, 36, 79 mudbrick/pisé, 18, 25, 77, 84–85, 98 mud mortar, 6 Mt. Lykaion, 91 Mycenaeans and mycenaeanization, 4, 26, 79, 100, 102

Nichoria, 91, 94

Obsidian. See stone tools oven, 5, 7, 10–14, 24, 26–27, 64, 68–69, 84–85, 89, 98–100

Pacheia Ammos, 2, 6 Palaikastro, 4, 73–74 Palaikastro Kastri, 44, 63, 69 pathway, 5, 9, 15, 27, 99–100 Petras, 4 Phaistos, 29, 49–50, 52–53, 66–69, 72, 101 phyllite, in pottery fabrics, 31–35, 38–43, 45–51, 55, 58–75, 85 pit, 5, 10–11, 13, 39, 91, 101 plateia, 5, 27 platform, 7, 14–17, 19, 22, 25, 27, 44, 54, 60, 64–65, 73, 80, 94, 98–100, 102 post base/support, 6, 10, 23–24, 26 pot stand, 6–7, 10, 12, 99 pottery, shapes amphora (not cooking), 12–13, 16–19, 30, 32, 34– 35, 37, 40–43, 45–46, 63–64, 67, 74–75, 97–99 amphoriskos, 13, 18, 37, 43 basin, 13, 16–20, 32–33, 35, 37, 39–40, 45–51, 63, 70, 72, 75, 98–99 bowl, 13, 17–18, 32, 34–35, 37, 48–49, 59, 71– 75, 99

115

pottery, shapes, cont. cooking vessels cooking amphora, 12–13, 18, 30, 32, 34, 37, 43, 63–64, 66–67, 75, 98, 100 cooking basin, 13, 19, 32, 37, 47–48, 63, 70–71 cooking dish, 13, 18–19, 30, 32–34, 37, 63, 68–69, 75, 100 cooking pot, flat bottomed, 37, 63–67 cooking tray, 12–13, 18, 32–33, 37, 63, 68– 72, 75, 98 tripod cooking pot, 12–13, 16, 18–19, 30, 32–33, 37, 63–67, 72, 75, 98, 100 cups, main discussion, 59–62. See also pottery, shapes, deep bowl and deep bowl/cup carinated cup, 13, 73–74 conical cup, 18, 59, 74 miniature cup. See pottery, shapes, miniature vessel one-handled cup, 18, 59–61 straight-sided cup, 18, 74 two-handled cup, 16, 18, 35, 60–61, 75, 100 tumbler, 19, 74 deep bowl and deep bowl/cup, 13–14, 16–19, 30, 32, 35–37, 45, 48–60, 62, 72–73, 75, 98–100 dinos, 18, 74–75 goblet, 18, 72–74 handmade vessels hut-urn, 12–13, 71–72, 75, 98 juglet, 41–42 incense burner, 12–13, 32, 37, 70, 75, 98, 100 jug, 13, 17–18, 30, 32, 35, 37, 40–43, 45–46, 73, 75, 99 jug/amphora, 13, 17–19, 32, 34, 37, 40–43, 45 juglet. See pottery, shapes, miniature vessel kalathos, 12–13, 17, 19, 32, 35, 49, 71–72, 74–75, 98, 100 krater, 13, 16–19, 30, 32, 37, 48–51, 53, 59, 75, 99, 101 krateriskos, 18–19, 37, 49–52, 58 kylix, 13, 16–17, 19, 62–63, 72 larnax, 16, 19, 37, 45 lekane. See pottery, shapes, basin lid, 13, 16, 18, 37, 44–45, 68, 71–72 miniature vessel, 13, 16, 18–19, 41, 45–46, 60–62, 73, 75, 99–100 pitharaki, 17, 32, 36, 45–46 pithoid jar, 11–13, 16, 18–19, 30, 32–33, 35–37, 39–40, 44–47, 72, 75, 97–100 pithos, 5, 11–15, 17–18, 24, 30, 32–33, 35–39, 44– 45, 71–72, 75, 84, 97, 99–101 plaque, 5, 12–13, 31, 71–72, 75, 98, 100

116

pottery, shapes, cont. pyxis, 18, 72, 74 scuttle, 16, 18, 32, 37, 41, 49, 70–71 skyphos, 18, 73, 75, 102 stirrup jar, 13, 15–16, 18–19, 37, 43–45, 53, 60, 72, 75, 99–100, 102 Priniatikos Pyrgos, 33 Protogeometric (PG), 2, 5 Pylos, 91

quartz/quartzite, in pottery fabric, 31–35, 38–43, 45– 51, 58, 61–62, 64–67, 69–70, 73–74

ritual activity (not dining/drinking or sacrifice), 31, 33, 75, 78, 94, 98 ritual dining (feasting), 2, 5, 74–75, 92, 100–102 road. See pathway roofing material/clay, 6, 11, 15, 84

sacrifice (burned sacrifice), 91–92, 98, 100, 102 shell, xviii, 7, 13–14, 17–19, 93–95, 99–100 sideropetra, building material, 6, 10, 21–25 Smari, 101 sociopolitical organization, 100 spall mark, on pottery, 34, 39–40, 51, 75 stone objects lid, 79, 81–82 pendant/amulet, 78, 81 vase, 12–14, 16–19, 77–79, 81, 83, 94 blossom bowl, 16, 18, 78–79 stone tools chipped stone obsidian, 12–13, 16, 18, 79 ground stone celt (Type 13), 16, 18, 80–82 chopper or hammer (Type 4), 12–13, 80–81 composite implements (Type 12; whetstone/ pounder), 12–13, 80–81 drill base, 12–13, 16, 18, 81, 83 grinder or abrader (Type 6), 12–13, 16, 19, 80–82, 98 mortar (Type 16), 16, 18, 80, 83 pounder-abrader (Types 3, 5), 12–13, 16, 19, 80–83

stone tools, ground stone, cont. pounder-pestles, 12–13, 16, 18–19, 80–82 pounder-pestle/polisher (Type 2), 12–13, 16, 19, 80–82 pounder or hammerstone (Type 1), 16, 18– 19, 80, 82–83 quern (Type 15), 12–13, 16–19, 80–81, 83, 97–100, 102 weight (Type 14), 12–13, 16, 18–19, 80–82 whetstone (Type 7), 12–13, 16, 18–19, 80, 82–83 stone tool and object materials basalt, 81–83 conglomerate, 81 diabase, 81–83 limestone, 81–82 pumice, 6, 12–13, 82 quartzite, 81–83 sandstone, 81–83 schist, 81–82, 85 serpentinite, 12, 78–81, 83 storage and storage jars, 31–33, 37, 39, 43, 45, 66, 75, 80, 89, 97–99, 101–102 street. See pathway string-cut marks, on pottery, 46, 61–62 Subminoan (SM), 3–4

Thronos/Sybrita, 29, 101

Vasiliki Kephala, 4, 27, 29, 49, 60, 73, 78, 81 Venetian period, 2 Vrokastro, 4, 26, 29, 81 Vronda, 2, 4, 6–7, 11, 15, 26, 29–33, 35, 38–41, 46–47, 49, 51, 53–54, 56–57, 59, 61–63, 65, 71–72, 74, 77– 81, 83–85, 94–95, 99–102

wall collapse, 4, 6, 11–17, 19, 37, 45, 47, 50, 54, 60, 64, 68, 71, 73–74, 77–79, 94

XRF, 84

Tables

TABLES 1 AND 2 Context

Year

Pottery Bag

Trench A2

1992 1995

None None

Trench A6

1995

None

1995 1996 2001 1996 2001 2003

68 17, 40, 44, 63, 80, 104, 127, 131 17, 27, 29 140, 174, 183 4, 14 (2), 15 (2), 26 (2), 47, 50, 83 1

Trench A8

Trench A14 Trench A22

2000

None

Trench A23

2000 2001

81, 210, 211, 214, 221, 226, 234, 240, 264, 271 (2), 274, 287–290, 296, 302 (2) 194 (2), 214, 280 (3), 289

Trench A24

2001

None

Room 1 surface collection

2008

1

Balk A2/A6

1996

None

Balk A2/A8

1995 2003

None 7 (2), 14

Balk A6/A14

1997

6 (2)

Balk A8/A14

1997

15 (2), 46, 50 (2), 52 (2), 55, 58 (2), 66 (3)

Balk A8/A24

2001

41 (2), 71

Balk A14/A23

2000

96, 98

Balk A22/A23

2001

157 (2), 164 (3), 186, 208, 294

Balk A23/A24

2001

111, 114 (2), 148 (2), 185

Balk A23/A34

2001

222 (2), 229, 238 (2), 292

Trenches A23, A34, Balk A23/A34

2001

237, 241

Room 2 surface collection

2008

2, 3, 4

Outside doorway into Room 2

2008

5

Table 1. Pottery bags examined from House A.2.

Context

Stone Tool Types 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

12

13

14

15

16

Chipped

Other

Total

Room 1 Wall collapse

— 

—  

1

 — 

 — 

—  

 — 

1

 — 

 — 

1

 — 

—

1

4

Roofing collapse

— 

 — 

 — 

—  

 — 

— 

 — 

 — 

—  

 — 

 — 

 — 

1

 — 

1

Floor

 — 

4

 — 

1

 — 

— 

1

—  

 — 

1 

1 

 — 

—  

1

9

Below floor 

 — 

 — 

 — 

 — 

 — 

1

 — 

 — 

—  

—  

 — 

 — 

 — 

1

2

Room 2 Surface

 — 

 — 

 — 

 — 

 — 

—  

 — 

 — 

 — 

 — 

1

 — 

—  

1

2

Wall collapse

1

—  

1

 — 

—  

1

3

 — 

1

1

 — 

—  

—  

 — 

8

Roofing collapse

—  

 — 

1

—  

 — 

 — 

—  

 — 

 — 

2

 — 

—  

—  

— 

3

Floor

1

6

 — 

—  

—  

 — 

 — 

 — 

—  

 — 

1

1

1

1

11

Outside to west

—  

 — 

 — 

 — 

1

—  

 — 

—  

 — 

 — 

2

—  

—  

—  

3

Total

2

10

3

1

1

2

4

1

1

4

6

1

2

5

43

Table 2. List of stone implements from House A.2.

TABLES 3 AND 4 Element

Sheep

Goat

Sheep/Goat

Cattle

Pig

Dog

Hare

Horn core

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

Maxilla

— 

— 

8

1

1

1

— 

Mandible

2

— 

7

— 

— 

— 

— 

Scapula

— 

1

2

— 

— 

— 

— 

Humerus

2

— 

14

1

3

— 

1

Radius

4

— 

10

3

— 

— 

— 

Ulna

— 

— 

1

—

1

— 

— 

Metacarpal

2

—

4

3

1

— 

— 

Pelvis

—

2

3

— 

— 

— 

— 

Femur

— 

— 

9

2

—

— 

— 

Tibia

2

2

8

—

1

— 

— 

Astragalus

1

1

—

1

—

—

1

Calcaneus

—

2

3

2

1

— 

— 

Metatarsal

— 

— 

8

— 

— 

— 

— 

Metapodial

2

—

1

— 

— 

— 

— 

1st phalanx

3

—

4

3

3

— 

— 

2nd phalanx

1

—

1

— 

— 

— 

— 

3rd phalanx

— 

— 

2

1

—

— 

— 

Table 3. Animal species and element distribution from House A.2 and outside the building to the west (NISP).

Element

Mammal Class

Total

Burned

Comments

Rib

Medium

23

23

Small rib fragments

Vertebra

Medium

3

3

—

Cranium

Medium

3

3

—

Long Bone

Medium

23

22

—

Unidentified

Medium

15

11

—

Long bone

Large

3

3

—

Unidentified

Large

15

11

A few possible ribs

Table 4. Counts of largely unidentifiable animal specimens from sample HL01/936.

TABLES 5–7

Preservation

Burned

Unburned

Well preserved

42

29

Poorly preserved

3

59

Table 5. Numbers of identifiable animal specimens (NISP) from House A.2 that are burned, unburned, well preserved, and poorly preserved (excluding teeth, which were not recorded for preservation status and were largely unburned).

Context

Lower Leg

Upper Leg

Cranial

Room 2 floor, burned

27

13

2

Room 2 floor, unburned

11

19

6

Room 2 roofing collapse

5

9

4

Room 1 floor and roofing

10

7

7

Outside building to west

16

5

2

Table 6. Anatomical distribution of identifiable animal specimens (NISP) by context. Lower leg elements include distal radius, metacarpal, distal tibia, astragalus, calcaneus, metatarsal, metapodial, first phalanx, second phalanx, and third phalanx. Upper leg elements include scapula, humerus, proximal radius, pelvis, femur, and proximal tibia. Cranial elements include horn core, maxilla, and mandible.

Context

Wall collapse

Roofing collapse

Excavation Number

Species

HL96/389

Glycymeris

1

—

Nearly complete; hole at umbo 8 x 4 mm; cracked; broken along edges; L. 47 mm

HL00/263

Patella

1

—

Worn; weathered; L. 26, w. 24 mm

HL01/12

Patella

—

1

Worn

Complete Fragments

Comments

HL01/17

Columbella rustica

1

—

Two holes (broken) on apex; L. 19 mm

HL01/27

Patella

1

—

Worn, weathered; L. 28, w. 23 mm

HL01/266

Cockle

—

1

—

HL01/73

Thais

—

1

Waterworn

HL03/20

Patella

—

1

Large; w. 38 mm

HL03/21

Hexaplex trunculus

1

—

L. 63.5 mm

Table 7. Summary of marine shell remains from Room 2.

TABLES 7 AND 8 Excavation Number

Species

HL00/325

Patella

1

—

Small; L. 18, w. 1.4 mm

HL01/150

Glycymeris

1

—

Waterworn; L. 35 mm

HL01/157

Hexaplex trunculus

1

—

Hole (broken) in body; L. 52 mm

HL01/268

Euthria

1

—

Broken edge; L. 34.5 mm

HL01/821

Arca noae

—

1

Hinge fragment

HL01/823

Patella

—

1

Weathered

HL01/937

Dentalium

—

1

Modified(?); pres. L. 17.5, w. 6 mm

HL01/975

Patella

1

—

Nearly complete; predator hole 6.5 x 4 mm in apex; L. 33, w. 30 mm

HL01/188

Patella

—

3

One consists of two joining edge fragments, L. 30 mm; other consists of edge fragment

HL00/299

Arca noae

1

—

L. 37.5, w. 21.5 mm

HL01/325+ HL01/487

Glycymeris

—

2

HL01/427

Glycymeris

—

1

Southeast platform

HL01/28

Glycymeris

—

1

Hinge fragment

Outside building to west

HL01/965

Glycymeris

—

1

—

Context

Floor

Floor/below floor

Bench

Complete Fragments

Comments

Joining fragments; waterworn; large/heavy; L. 72 mm Worn; possibly with HL01/325, HL01/487

Table 7, cont. Summary of marine shell remains from Room 2.

Context

Excavation Number

Species

Wall collapse

HL97/72

Patella

1

—

L. 20, w. 14 mm

Roofing collapse

HL97/97

Glycymeris

—

1

Smoothed, waterworn

Bench

HL96/227

Glycymeris

1

—

Heavy; waterworn; L. 40 mm

HL97/77

Spondylus

—

1

Edge fragment

HL97/77

Arca noae

—

1

Edge fragment

Floor

Table 8. Summary of marine shell remains from Room 1.

Complete Fragments

Comments

Charts

CHARTS 1 AND 2

0.5%

1.4%

0.3%

1.4% 1.4%6 Type 0.3%7 1.1% 0.3% Type 0.5% 1.1% 0.5%1.1% Type 8 Type 5

20.4%

20.4% Type 3 43.2%

43.2% Type 1

Type 11 Type

Type 1

Type 22 Type

Type 2

Type 33 Type

Type 3

Type 55 Type

Type 5

Type 66 Type Type 77 Type 33.1%

Type 88 Type

33.1% Type 2

Type 6

Type 7 Type 8

Chart 1. Percentage of ceramic fabric types from roofing collapse, floor, and subfloor levels of Room 1 by count.

0.4% 2.5%

1.1% 0.5%

2.5%

1.1% 0.5% 0.5%

0.5%

1.1%

Type 0.5%9 1.1% Type 7 0.5% Type 6 0.4% 0.5% 7.9% 7.9% 0.4% 0.4%4 Type

0.5%

Type 1 1 Type Type 1 1 Type

7.9%8 Type

2.5% 2.5%

Type 2 2 Type Type Type 2 2

Type 3

44.4%

42.7%

42.7% 42.7% Type 2

44.4% 44.4% Type 1

Type 3 3 Type TypeType 3 3 Type 4 4 Type TypeType 4 4 Type 6 Type 6 6 Type Type 6

Type 7 Type 7 7 Type Type 7 Type 8 Type 8 8 Type Type 8 Type 9 9 Type

Type 9

Type 9

Chart 2. Percentage of ceramic fabric types from roofing collapse, floor, and subfloor levels of Room 2 by count.

0.7% 3.4%CHARTS 3 AND 40.4%

0.02%

3.4% 3.4%

0.2%

0.7% 0.7%5 Type

0.4% 0.4%6 Type

0.02% 0.02% Type 7

Type 3

0.2% 0.2% Type 8

0.2%

Type 1 1 Type Type 2 2 Type Type 3 3 Type

33.0%

Type 5 5 Type

33.0% Type 2

Type 6 Type 6

62.2%

62.2% Type 1

Type 7 7 Type Type 8 8 Type

Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 5 Type 6

Type 7 Type 8

Chart 3. Percentage of ceramic fabric types from roofing collapse, floor, and subfloor levels of Room 1 by weight.

1.7%

1.7% 17.3%

17.3%

1.7%

1.7% 1.7% Type 9

0.6%

0.6% 0.6%Type 7

17.3%

0.2% 0.2% 0.2% Type 6

17.3%

Type 8

0.5%

0.5% 0.5%

1%

1.1%

Type 4

1.1%

1.1% 1.1% Type 3

52.2%

52.0% 26.6%

26.6%

26.6%

26.6%

Type 2

52.2%

52.0%

Type 1

Type 1 Type 1 1 Type Type 2 Type 2 2 Type Type 3 Type 3 3 Type Type 4 Type 4 4 Type Type 6 Type 6 6 Type Type 7 Type 7 7 Type Type 8 Type 8 8 Type Type 9 Type 9 9 Type

Type 1 Type 1 Type 2 Type 2 Type 3 Type 3 Type 4 Type 4 Type 6 Type 6 Type 7 Type 7 Type 8 Type 8 Type 9 Type 9

Chart 4. Percentage of ceramic fabric types from roofing collapse, floor, and subfloor levels of Room 2 by weight.

CHARTS 5 AND 6 100% 100

90 90% 80 80% 70 70% 60 60% 50 50% 40 40% 30 30% 20% 20 10% 10 0% 0

Type 1

Type 2

Type 3

Type 5

Type 6

Type 8

Pithoi

Pithoid jars

Amphorae/jugs

Basins

Tripod cooking pots

Cooking amphorae

Cooking dishes

Cooking trays

Type 9

Chart 5. Cataloged vessel types from House A.2 by fabric.

60%

50%

40% Fine

30%

Medium coarse Coarse

20%

10%

0%

Room 1 Wares

Room 2 Wares

Chart 6. Wares from roofing collapse, floor, and subfloor levels of Rooms 1 and 2 by count.

Figures

FIGURES 1–3

5 4 12 20

19 9

8 14

0

10

20

30

40

17

50 km

13

N

18

23

15

2 22 6 10 11 1 3 21

16 7

Figure 1. Map of Crete with sites mentioned in the text: (1) Aphrodite’s Kephali, (2) Azoria, (3) Chalasmenos, (4) Chamalevri, (5) Chania, (6) Gournia, (7) Kalamafki Kypia, (8) Karphi, (9) Kastelli Pediada, (10) Kastro, (11) Katalimata, (12) Knossos, (13) Kommos, (14) Kritsa, (15) Mochlos, (16) Palaikastro Kastri, (17) Phaistos, (18) Priniatikos Pyrgos, (19) Smari, (20) Thronos/Sybrita, (21) Vasiliki Kephala, (22) Vrokastro, (23) Vronda. Drawing M. Eaby and Y. Furuya.

Gulf of Mirabello Area C Area A Lower

Kiln

Azoria Vronda Kastro

Vrokastro

Chalasmenos

Plateia

Katalimata

Vasiliki Kephala Area A Upper

Area B

Libyan Sea N

N

0

10 km

N

Figure 2. Map of the isthmus of Ierapetra showing LM IIIC excavated sites. Drawing M. Eaby, Y. Furuya, and K.T. Glowacki.

0

10 m

Figure 3. Block plan of Chalasmenos. Drawing M. Eaby and G. Kostopoulou.

FIGURE 4 Shrine

Megaron A.3

Megaron A.2 Megaron A.1

House B.3

House A.2 House A.1

N

0

10 m

House B.1

Figure 4. State plan of Chalasmenos. Drawing K. Paschalides and D. Rupp.

House B.2

FIGURE 5

N 0

Figure 5. Grid plan of Chalasmenos. Drawing M. Eaby and G. Kostopoulou.

10 m

FIGURE 6

Bin

Platform

Hearth

Bench Platform

Bin/oven Bench

d' Slab

a'

c' N 0

2m

b'

Figure 6. State plan of House A.2. Drawing D. Faulmann, K. Paschalides, and D. Rupp.

a

228.10

228.60

229.10

Eroded roofing collapse

Topsoil

b

Roofing collapse 7.5YR 6/8

3/4 Topsoil 7.5 YR 7.5 YR 4/4 Wall collapse collapse 5YR 3/4 Eroded roofing and wall

Wall collapse

b'

Eroded roofing collapse

Topsoil

Wall collapse

a'

Figure 7. East–west stratigraphic section a–a' of Rooms 1 and 2 (top); north–south stratigraphic section b–b' of Room 1 (bottom). Drawings K. Chalikias and M. Eaby.

227.70

228.20

228.70

FIGURE 7

FIGURE 8

Room 2

Room 1

N

0

2m

Figure 8. Locations of select pottery and small finds in Rooms 1 and 2. Note that the prefix A2 has not been included with the catalog number labels here in order to improve legibility. Drawing M. Eaby and D. Faulmann.

FIGURES 9 AND 10 c

c'

Topsoil 7.5

YR 3/ 4

Wall collapse

7.5 YR 5/4

Eroded roofing collapse 7.5YR 5/3

d'

d

Topsoil 7.5 YR 3/4 Wall collapse 7.5YR 5/4

Eroded roofing collapse 7.5YR 5/3

Figure 9. North–south stratigraphic sections of Room 2: c–c' (top) and d–d' (bottom). Drawing K. Chalikias and M. Eaby.

Blocked doorway A.2

A.2

Wall 1 in second phase

Possible Wall 9

A.1

0

2m

0

2m

Figure 10. Plans of Area Alpha Upper showing proposed first phase of construction of House A.2 (left) and proposed second phase (right). The location of possible Wall 9 (at left) from a second, alternate reconstruction is shown with dashed lines. Drawing M. Eaby and R.D. Fitzsimons.

FIGURE 11

Shrine

MA.3.2 MA.3.1 C.5 MA.2.1

C.3.3 C.3.1

C.3.4

C.3.2 MA.1.2

C.1.2

C.2.4 MA.1.1

C.1.3

C.2.2 C.1.1

MA.2.2 A.4

A.6

C.1.4

C.2.1

A.5

C.2.3 C.4

A.2.2 A.2.1

A.3.2

A.1.1 B.3.4

A.3.1

B.3.3 A.1.2 B.3.2 B3.2

Shrine B.3.1

B.2.3 B.2.2

B.1.3 B.1.2

N

B.2.1 0

10 m

B.1.1

Figure 11. Plan of site showing room designations (modified from Rupp 2014, 189, fig. 6). Drawing M. Eaby and G. Kostopoulou.

FIGURE 12

(1:5)

Figure 12. Pithoi (A2 P1–A2 P10). Scale 1:4 unless otherwise indicated. Drawings K. Chalikias, F. Evenson, and Y. Furuya.

FIGURE 13

Figure 13. Pithoid jars (A2 P11–A2 P18). Scale 1:5 unless otherwise indicated. Drawings K. Chalikias, F. Evenson, and Y. Furuya.

FIGURE 14

Figure 14. Pithoid jar (A2 P19) and jugs/amphorae (A2 P20–A2 P30). Scale 1:4 unless otherwise indicated. Drawings K. Chalikias, F. Evenson, and D. Faulmann.

FIGURE 15

Figure 15. Jugs/amphorae (A2 P31–A2 P38), amphoriskoi (A2 P39, A2 P40), and stirrup jars (A2 P41–A2 P46). Scale 1:3 unless otherwise indicated. Drawings L. Bonga, K. Chalikias, and D. Faulmann.

FIGURE 16

Figure 16. Lid (A2 P47), larnax (A2 P48), miscellaneous closed vessels (A2 P49–A2 P58), and basins (A2 P59, A2 P60). Scale 1:3 unless otherwise indicated. Drawings K. Chalikias and D. Faulmann.

FIGURE 17

Figure 17. Basins (A2 P61–A2 P66). Scale 1:4 unless otherwise indicated. Drawings K. Chalikias.

FIGURE 18

?

?

A2 P67

Figure 18. Bowls (A2 P67–A2 P72), kalathoi (A2 P73, A2 P74), and kraters (A2 P75–A2 P79). Scale 1:3 unless otherwise indicated. Drawings K. Chalikias and D. Faulmann.

FIGURE 19

Figure 19. Kraters and possible krateriskoi (A2 P80–A2 P87). Scale 1:3 unless otherwise indicated. Drawings K. Chalikias.

FIGURE 20

?

?

?

Figure 20. Deep bowls and deep bowls/cups (A2 P88–A2 P106). Scale 1:3. Drawings K. Chalikias, D. Faulmann, and G. Lazoura.

FIGURE 21 ?

?

?

?

?

Figure 21. Deep bowls and deep bowls/cups (A2 P107–A2 P134). Scale 1:3 unless otherwise indicated. Drawings K. Chalikias, L. Bonga, and G. Lazoura.

FIGURE 22

Figure 22. Deep bowls/cups and cups (A2 P135–A2 P157). Scale 1:3. Drawings K. Chalikias and D. Faulmann.

FIGURE 23

Figure 23. Cups (A2 P158–A2 P161), kylikes (A2 P162–A2 P164), and cooking pots (A2 P165–A2 P170). Scale 1:3 unless otherwise indicated. Drawings K. Chalikias and D. Faulmann.

FIGURE 24

Figure 24. Cooking pots (A2 P171–A2 P179). Scale 1:3 unless otherwise indicated. Drawings K. Chalikias, D. Faulmann, and Y. Furuya.

FIGURE 25

Figure 25. Cooking pots and cooking amphorae (A2 P180–A2 P189). Scale 1:3 unless otherwise indicated. Drawings K. Chalikias and Y. Furuya.

FIGURE 26

Figure 26. Cooking dishes (A2 P190–A2 P199), cooking trays (A2 P200, A2 P201), incense burner (A2 P202), and scuttles (A2 P203, A2 P204). Scale 1:3 unless otherwise indicated. Drawings K. Chalikias.

FIGURE 27

Figure 27. Miscellaneous vessels/objects (A2 P205–A2 P207) and non–LM IIIC pottery (A2 P208–A2 P219). Scale 1:3. Drawings K. Chalikias.

FIGURE 28

Figure 28. Stone vases (A2 S1–A2 S4, A2 S6, A2 S7), obsidian (A2 ST1, A2 ST2), and reworked stone vase fragments (A2 ST4, A2 ST36). Scale 1:3 unless otherwise indicated. Drawings H. Dierckx.

FIGURE 29

Figure 29. Pounder-abrader (A2 ST3), whetstone/pounder (A2 ST5), quern (A2 ST6), weight (A2 ST7), pounder-pestle/polishers (A2 ST9, A2 ST15), chopper (A2 ST10), abrader (A2 ST11), whetstone (A2 ST14), and pounder-pestle (A2 ST16). Scale 1:3 unless otherwise indicated. Drawings H. Dierckx.

FIGURE 30

Figure 30. Pounder-pestle (A2 ST17), whetstones (A2 ST19, A2 ST21), grinder (A2 ST20), pounder-abrader (A2 ST22), pounder (A2 ST23), weights (A2 ST24, A2 ST25, A2 ST27), celt (A2 ST26), and pounder-pestle/ polisher (A2 ST31). Scale 1:3. Drawings H. Dierckx.

FIGURE 31

Figure 31. Pounders (A2 ST33, A2 ST35), mortar (A2 ST34), pounder-abraders (A2 ST37, A2 ST38), whetstone (A2 ST40), and copper-alloy fibula (A2 M1). Scale 1:3 unless otherwise indicated. Drawings H. Dierckx and K. Chalikias.

Plates

PLATE 1

Plate 1A. View of Cha Gorge from the northwest. Photo M. Eaby.

Chalasmenos

Plate 1B. View of Chalasmenos from the northwest. Photo M. Eaby.

PLATE 2

Chalasmenos

Plate 2A. View of Chalasmenos from the north. Photo M. Eaby.

Plate 2B. View of excavated area of Chalasmenos from the east. Photo M. Eaby.

PLATE 3

Plate 3A. Aerial view of Chalasmenos from the southwest. Photo © Marilyn Bridges, 2008.

Plate 3B. Aerial view of Chalasmenos. House A.2 indicated by arrow. Photo © Marilyn Bridges, 2008.

PLATE 4

Plate 4A. House A.2 from the east. For scale of the architecture, refer to the state plan in Figure 6. Photo M. Eaby.

Plate 4B. House A.2 from the west. For scale of the architecture, refer to the state plan in Figure 6. Photo M. Eaby.

PLATE 5

Plate 5A. Room 1 from the northeast. For scale of the architecture, refer to the state plan in Figure 6. Photo M. Eaby.

Plate 5B. Room 1 from the southwest. For scale of the architecture, refer to the state plan in Figure 6. Photo M. Eaby.

Plate 5C. Room 1: bin/oven. For scale of the architecture, refer to the state plan in Figure 6. Photo M. Eaby.

Plate 5D. Room 1: bench along Wall 3. For scale of the architecture, refer to the state plan in Figure 6. Photo M. Eaby.

Plate 5E. Room 1: bench along Wall 2. For scale of the architecture, refer to the state plan in Figure 6. Photo M. Eaby.

Plate 5F. Room 1: Balk A8/A14 wall collapse. Photo Chalasmenos Excavation Archives.

PLATE 6

A2 P4

Plate 6A. Pithoid jar A2 P13 in situ. Photo Chalasmenos Excavation Archives.

Plate 6B. Pithos rim A2 P4 in collapse in doorway between Rooms 1 and 2. Photo Chalasmenos Excavation Archives.

Plate 6C. Tripod cooking pot A2 P172 in situ. Photo Chalasmenos Excavation Archives.

Plate 6D. Fibula A2 M1 in situ (immediately to the south of Wall 3 and its bench). Photo Chalasmenos Excavation Archives.

PLATE 7

Plate 7A. Room 2 from the southwest. For scale of the architecture, refer to the state plan in Figure 6. Photo M. Eaby.

Plate 7B. Room 2 from the east. For scale of the architecture, refer to the state plan in Figure 6. Photo M. Eaby.

hearth

Plate 7C. Room 2 from the northeast. For scale of the architecture, refer to the state plan in Figure 6. Photo M. Eaby.

Plate 7D. Room 2: bench after excavation. For scale of the architecture, refer to the state plan in Figure 6. Photo Chalasmenos Excavation Archives.

Plate 7E. Room 2: bench and eastern platform after excavation. Photo Chalasmenos Excavation Archives.

Plate 7F. Room 2: bench and platforms in 2012. For scale of the architecture, refer to the state plan in Figure 6. Photo M. Eaby.

PLATE 8

Plate 8A. Deep bowls/cups A2 P137 and A2 P138 in situ. Photo Chalasmenos Excavation Archives.

Plate 8B. Fragment of basin A2 P61 in situ. For scale of the architecture, refer to the state plan in Figure 6. Photo Chalasmenos Excavation Archives.

Plate 8C. Amphora A2 P20 in situ. Photo Chalasmenos Excavation Archives.

Plate 8D. Stone tools A2 ST30–A2 ST32 on southeast platform. For scale of the architecture, refer to the state plan in Figure 6. Photo Chalasmenos Excavation Archives.

PLATE 9

door jambs

pavers

Plate 9A. Room 2: doorway in western wall (Wall 8) from the west. For scale of the architecture, refer to the state plan in Figure 6. Photo R. Fitzsimons.

Plate 9B. Wall 6 from the south. For scale of the architecture, refer to the state plan in Figure 6. Photo M. Eaby.

Plate 9C. Room 2: western platform and bench from the northeast. For scale of the architecture, refer to the state plan in Figure 6. Photo M. Eaby.

Plate 9D. Room 2: eastern platform. For scale of the architecture, refer to the state plan in Figure 6. Photo M. Eaby.

door

floor of Room 1

bedrock jamb

Plate 9E. Room 2: doorway between Walls 4 and 5 from the west. For scale of the architecture, refer to the state plan in Figure 6. Photo R. Fitzsimons.

PLATE 10

Plate 10A. Room 1: Wall 3 and bench from the south. For scale of the architecture, refer to the state plan in Figure 6. Photo M. Eaby.

Plate 10B. Room 1: Wall 2 and bench from the west. For scale of the architecture, refer to the state plan in Figure 6. Photo M. Eaby.

Plate 10C. Room 1: northern face of Wall 1. For scale of the architecture, refer to the state plan in Figure 6. Photo M. Eaby.

bedrock outcropping possible first phase wall line

Plate 10D. Room 1: location of boulders indicating possible first phase east–west wall. For scale of the architecture, refer to the state plan in Figure 6. Photo Chalasmenos Excavation Archives.

PLATE 11

A2 P2

A2 P1

A2 P4

A2 P5

0

5 cm

Plate 11. Pithoi (A2 P1, A2 P2, A2 P4–A2 P6). Photos C. Papanikolopoulos.

A2 P6

PLATE 12

A2 P13

A2 P16

A2 P21

A2 P20

0

10 cm

Plate 12. Pithoid jars (A2 P13, A2 P16) and amphorae (A2 P20, A2 P21). Photos C. Papanikolopoulos.

PLATE 13

A2 P41 A2 P42

A2 P138

A2 P149

A2 P141

A2 P152

0

5 cm

5 cm

0

A2 P150 Plate 13. Stirrup jars (A2 P41, A2 P42), deep bowls/cups (A2 P138, A2 P141), and cups (A2 P149, A2 P150, A2 P152). Photos C. Papanikolopoulos.

PLATE 14

A2 P170

A2 P172

A2 P179

0

10 cm

A2 P187

5 cm

0

A2 P206

A2 P217

Plate 14. Tripod cooking pots (A2 P170, A2 P172, A2 P179), cooking amphora (A2 P187), handmade vessel (A2 P206), and skyphos (A2 P217). Photos C. Papanikolopoulos.

PLATE 15

A2 S1

A2 S2 A2 S3

A2 S4

A2 S6

A2 S7

5 cm

0

A2 ST1

A2 ST36

A2 ST4 0

5 cm

Plate 15. Stone vases (A2 S1–A2 S4, A2 S6, A2 S7), obsidian blade (A2 ST1), and reworked stone vase fragments (A2 ST4, A2 ST36). Photos C. Papanikolopoulos.

PLATE 16

0

A2 ST3

5 cm

A2 ST5

A2 ST6

5 cm

0

5 cm

0

5 cm

0

A2 ST7

A2 ST9

5 cm

0

A2 ST8

A2 ST10

A2 ST11

0

5 cm

A2 ST13

A2 ST14

Plate 16. Stone tools from Room 1: pounder-abrader (A2 ST3), whetstone/pounder (A2 ST5), querns (A2 ST6, A2 ST8), weight (A2 ST7), pounder-pestle/polisher (A2 ST9), chopper (A2 ST10), abrader (A2 ST11), possible tool (A2 ST13), and whetstone (A2 ST14). Photos C. Papanikolopoulos.

PLATE 17

A2 ST15

A2 ST16

A2 ST17

A2 ST19

A2 ST22

A2 ST20

A2 ST21

A2 ST23

A2 ST25

A2 ST24

A2 ST26

A2 ST27 0

10 cm

Plate 17. Stone tools from Rooms 1 and 2: pounder-pestle/polisher (A2 ST15), pounder-pestles (A2 ST16, A2 ST17), whetstones (A2 ST19, A2 ST21), grinder (A2 ST20), pounder-abrader (A2 ST22), pounder (A2 ST23), weights (A2 ST24, A2 ST25, A2 ST27), and celt (A2 ST26). Photos C. Papanikolopoulos.

PLATE 18

A2 ST28

A2 ST29

A2 ST31

A2 ST30

A2 ST32

A2 ST34

A2 ST33

A2 ST35 0

A2 ST37 10 cm

Plate 18. Stone tools from Room 2: pounder-pestles (A2 ST28–A2 ST32), pounders (A2 ST33, A2 ST35), mortar (A2 ST34), and pounder-abrader (A2 ST37). Photos C. Papanikolopoulos.

PLATE 19

5 cm

0

A2 ST38

A2 ST41

A2 ST42

0

10 cm

A2 ST43

Plate 19. Stone tools from Room 2 and outside the building to the west: pounder-abrader (A2 ST38) and querns (A2 ST41–A2 ST43). Photos C. Papanikolopoulos.

PLATE 20

0

5 cm

0

10 cm

A2 M1 A2 C4 Plate 20A. Copper-alloy fibula (A2 M1); bin or oven lining (A2 C4). Photos C. Papanikolopoulos and M. Eaby.

Plate 20B. Burned phalanges (toe bones) of sheep and sheep/goat from Room 2 (HL01/936). Photo J. Martini.

Plate 20C. Burned articulating distal tibia and astragalus (ankle bones) of a sheep from Room 2 (HL01/936). Photo J. Martini.

Plate 20D. Burned phalanges (toe bones) of cattle from Room 2 (HL01/936). Photo J. Martini.

PLATE 21

Plate 21A. Assorted burned lower leg specimens of sheep and sheep/goat from Room 2 (HL01/936). Photo J. Martini.

HL01/27

HL01/150

HL01/157

HL96/389

HL01/975

HL01/268 0

5 cm

Plate 21B. Marine shells from Room 2 (HL01/27, HL01/150, HL01/157, HL01/268, HL01/975, HL96/389). Photo C. Papanikolopoulos.