Petras, Siteia I: A Minoan Palatial Settlement in Eastern Crete.Excavation of Houses I.1 and I.2 (Prehistory Monographs) 9781931534857, 9781623034085, 1931534853

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Petras, Siteia I A Minoan Palatial Settlement in Eastern Crete Excavation of Houses I.1 and I.2

Petras, Siteia I A Minoan Palatial Settlement in Eastern Crete Excavation of Houses I.1 and I.2

Frontispiece. Stone wine press GS 9 and pithos P 2.

PREHISTORY MONOGRAPHS 53

Petras, Siteia I A Minoan Palatial Settlement in Eastern Crete Excavation of Houses I.1 and I.2

by

Metaxia Tsipopoulou

with contributions by Maria Emanuela Alberti, Maria Relaki, Olga Krzyszkowska, Anna Simandiraki-Grimshaw, Joanne Cutler, Heidi M.C. Dierckx, Cesare D’Annibale, Valasia Isaakidou, and Tatiana Theodoropoulou

Published by INSTAP Academic Press Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 2016

Design and Production INSTAP Academic Press, Philadelphia, PA

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Tsipopoulou, Metaxia, author. Title: Petras, Siteia I : a Minoan palatial settlement in eastern Crete : excavation of houses I.1 and I.2 / by Metaxia Tsipopoulou ; with contributions by Maria Emanuela Alberti [and 8 others]. Description: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania : INSTAP Academic Press, 2016. | Series: Prehistory monographs 53 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016011896 (print) | LCCN 2016012252 (ebook) | ISBN 9781931534857 (hardcover : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781623034085 (PDF) Subjects: LCSH: Petras (Crete, Greece)--Antiquities. | Minoans. | Excavations (Archaeology)--Greece--Petras (Crete) Classification: LCC DF221.C8 T765 2016 (print) | LCC DF221.C8 (ebook) | DDC 939/.18--dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2016011896

Copyright © 2016 INSTAP Academic Press Philadelphia, Pennsylvania All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America

For my mother, Sophia Tsipopoulou

Table of Contents

List of Tables. . ................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix List of Figures. ............................................................................................................xi List of Plates. . . ............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv Preface and Acknowledgments... .......................................................................................... xix Cataloging System.. . ................................................................................................. xxiii Abbreviations. . ............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxvii 1. Excavation Data, Metaxia Tsipopoulou.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2. Architecture and Function, Metaxia Tsipopoulou. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 3. Cooking Wares, Maria Emanuela Alberti.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 4. Early and Middle Minoan Pottery, Maria Relaki... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 5. Seal Impression on Amphora EMP 152, Olga Krzyszkowska.. . ............................................. 125 6. Miniature Vessels, Anna Simandiraki-Grimshaw.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 7. Potter’s Marks, Metaxia Tsipopoulou.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137 8. Figurines, Anna Simandiraki-Grimshaw... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 9. Producing Textiles: The Evidence from the Textile Tools, Joanne Cutler... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

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PETRAS, SITEIA I: A MINOAN PALATIAL SETTLEMENT IN EASTERN CRETE

10. Stone Vases, Metaxia Tsipopoulou............................................................................ 185 11. Ground Stone Implements, Heidi M.C. Dierckx............................................................. 189 12. Obsidian, Cesare D’Annibale..................................................................................... 213 13. Mammalian Faunal Remains, Valasia Isaakidou.. . ........................................................... 219 14. Marine Faunal Remains, Tatiana Theodoropoulou.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 References.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Concordance A. Field and Siteia Museum Numbers and Findspots for Cataloged Objects.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Concordance B. Pottery Catalog Numbers with Field and Siteia Museum Numbers and Their Findspots......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 Index... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 Tables Figures Plates

List of Tables

Table 1.

Types of burning marks on different types of cooking vessels.

Table 2.

Fabric differentiation among shapes.

Table 3.

Capacity measurements of House I.1 restored vessels.

Table 4.

Parallel typology of jars and cooking pots.

Table 5.

Distribution of Prepalatial ceramics across House I.1.

Table 6.

Distribution of shapes and wares in the Protopalatial assemblage of House I.1.

Table 7.

Distribution of figurines from Petras Houses I.1 and I.2, in correlation with the distribution of miniature vessels and a selection of other finds from corresponding contexts.

Table 8.

Loomweights from House I.1, by location and type.

Table 9.

Discoid (and one cylindrical) loomweights originating from the upper floor above Rooms Λ and E.

Table 10.

Cuboid loomweights originating from the upper floor above Rooms Λ and E.

Table 11.

Weights and possible values of Type 11 objects, possible “balance weights.”

Table 12.

Petras House I.1: Distribution of ground stone implements.

Table 13.

Correlation of tool type and raw material.

Table 14.

Selective catalog of obsidian blades.

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PETRAS, SITEIA I: A MINOAN PALATIAL SETTLEMENT IN EASTERN CRETE

Table 15.

Selective catalog of obsidian.

Table 16.

Selective catalog of chert.

Table 17.

Obsidian distribution by type and morphology.

Table 18.

Obsidian blade by type and segment.

Table 19.

Spatial distribution of recorded bone specimens by period.

Table 20.

List of body parts selected for detailed analysis.

Table 21.

Total MinAU and MaxAU counts by area/room.

Table 22.

MaxAU of gnawed vs. ungnawed specimens (excluding loose teeth and eroded specimens), by area/room.

Table 23.

Whole long bones, cylinders, end + shaft fragments.

Table 24.

Detailed long bone fragmentation.

Table 25.

MaxAU counts of burned vs. unburned specimens by area/room.

Table 26.

MinAU counts by both area/room and by species.

Table 27.

Anatomical unit representation by species.

Table 28.

MaxAU counts for butchery marks by tool type.

Table 29.

MaxAU counts for types of butchery marks inflicted by knives.

Table 30.

MinAU for Anatomical unit representation by species.

Table 31.

Long bone fusion by group.

Table 32.

Mandibular tooth (loose and part of fragmentary mandibles) listing tooth wear and eruption stages and approximate true age.

Table 33.

Sexable specimens.

Table 34.

Marine species represented in House I.1.

Table 35.

Marine species represented in House I.2.

Table 36.

Marine species distribution in various spaces and layers of House I.1.

Table 37.

Distribution of marine species from all layers in House I.1.

Table 38.

Distribution of marine animal remains in various spaces and layers of House I.1.

List of Figures

Figure 1.

The Petras excavations on Hill I.

Figure 2.

Plan of Sector I, Houses I.1 and I.2, with elevations and wall numbers.

Figure 3.

Sector I: Section A–A'.

Figure 4.

House I.1: Section B'–B.

Figure 5.

Rooms A and M: wine-press installation.

Figure 6.

Room Ξ and Area Φ: kitchen and yard.

Figure 7.

Staircase Y, Staircase H, and staircase at West Courtyard.

Figure 8.

Paved Road (a); Pit Θ and Pit I (b).

Figure 9.

Sector I construction phases.

Figure 10. Sector I, House I.1 circulation patterns. Figure 11. Tripod cooking pots: large-mouthed, cylindrical (type B) with horizontal handles (CW 1, CW 5, CW 6) and with vertical handles (CW 8); medium mouthed type AB (CW 12, CW 13). Scale 1:5. Figure 12. Tripod cooking pots: narrow-mouthed, globular type A (CW 15, CW 17). Tripod cooking jugs, brikki (CW 22, CW 23, CW 26, CW 28, CW 29-PM 136). Scale 1:4. Figure 13. Tripod cooking pans: rounded body (CW 30, CW 32, CW 35); flaring body (CW 36, CW 37). Tripod cooking pots/pans, fragmentary legs (CW 45, CW 55). Scale 1:4.

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PETRAS, SITEIA I: A MINOAN PALATIAL SETTLEMENT IN EASTERN CRETE

Figure 14. Large-mouthed jars in cooking fabric (CW 59-EMP 131-PM 125, CW 60–CW 62). Scale 1:4. Figure 15. Shapes and quantities of vessels in cooking fabric from House I.1. Figure 16. Types and quantities of cooking pots from House I.1. Figure 17.

Plates: Group 1 (CW 68); Group 2 (CW 69, CW 72); Group 3 (CW 73, CW 75, CW 77, CW 78); Group 4 (CW 82, CW 84, CW 85, CW 87); Group 5 (CW 90–CW 92, CW 101-EMP 157). Scale 1:4 unless otherwise indicated.

Figure 18. Plates: Group 6 (CW 103, CW 106); Group 7 (CW 107, CW 110). Thick trays: Group 1 (CW 114); Group 2 (CW 115); Group 3 (CW 116–CW 119). Scale 1:4. Figure 19. Thick trays: Group 4 (CW 122–CW 125); Group 5 (CW 128, CW 129). Thin trays: Group 1 (CW 131, CW 132); Group 2 (CW 133, CW 138). Scale 1:4. Figure 20. Thin trays: Group 3 (CW 139–CW 141, CW 144); Group 4 (CW 148–CW 150, CW 152); Group 5 (CW 157); Group 6 (CW 158, CW 159). Scale 1:4. Figure 21.

Thin trays: Group 7 (CW 160, CW 161); Group 8 (CW 163, CW 164). Portable hearths/ovens (CW 165, CW 166-EMP 256). Firestands: type A (CW 201, CW 203); Type C (CW 207). Scale 1:4.

Figure 22. Cooking dishes: Group 1 (CW 167); Group 3 (CW 168); Group 5 (CW 169, CW 171, CW 174); Group 6 (CW 175, CW 180–CW 182); Group 8 (CW 186-EMP 25, CW 187, CW 189, CW 190, CW 192); Group 9 (CW 193, CW 194); Group 10 (CW 195); Group 11 (CW 197). Thick cooking dishes (CW 199, CW 200). Scale 1:4 unless otherwise indicated. Figure 23. Room A: cup (EMP 1); conical cup/lamp (EMP 19). Room 1: carinated cup (EMP 23). Room Φ: alabastron (EMP 170); saucer (EMP 125); incense burners (EMP 164, EMP 168); basin (EMP 155); lamp (EMP 169); jugs (EMP 127, EMP 129-PM 121, EMP 144). Scale 1:2. Figure 24. Corridor B-Δ: pithos (EMP 26). Area Φ: pithoid jar (EMP 140); amphora with seal impression (EMP 152). Scale 1:5 unless other indicated. Figure 25. Area Φ: conical cups (EMP 49, EMP 62–EMP 66, EMP 72); tumblers (EMP 98, EMP 100–EMP 106, EMP 114, EMP 115). Scale 1:2. Figure 26. Area Φ: straight-sided cups (EMP 28, EMP 30, EMP 31); globular cup (EMP 35); teapot (EMP 156). Scale 1:2. Figure 27.

Area Φ: carinated cups (EMP 79–EMP 82, EMP 85, EMP 88–EMP 90). Scale 1:2.

Figure 28. West Courtyard: cups (EMP 183, EMP 185–EMP 189, EMP 196–EMP 198, EMP 215, EMP 216); tumbler (EMP 207). Scale 1:2. Figure 29. West Courtyard: bowl (EMP 220); saucer (EMP 222); small basin (EMP 248); tray (EMP 257); open vase (EMP 260); lamp (EMP 261). Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated. Figure 30. Sector I, Houses I.1 and I.2: distribution of miniature vessels. Figure 31.

Typology of miniature vessels: dishes (MV 2, MV16, MV 21); tumblers (MV 8, MV 10, MV 17, MV 18, MV 20); cups (MV 1, MV 3, MV 4-EMP 2, MV 15, MV 22, MV 23-EMP 264); semiglobular cups (MV 11, MV 12); juglets (MV 6, MV 7, MV 9, MV 13-EMP 225, MV 19); kernos (MV 5); piriform rhyton (MV 14-PM 182). Scale 1:2.

Figure 32. Sector I, Houses I.1 and I.2: distribution of potter’s marks.

LIST OF FIGURES

xiii

Figure 33. Loomweights with potter’s marks. Scale 1:2. Figure 34. Open vases with potter’s marks. Scale 1:4 unless otherwise indicated. Figure 35. Conical and globular handleless cups, bowls, and a stright-sided cup with potter’s marks. Scale 1:3. Figure 36. Sector I, Houses I.1 and I.2: distribution of figurines. Figure 37. Figurines from Houses I.1 and I.2: bovine leg (F 2); bovine body (F 8); anthropomorphic figurine (F 14). Scale as indicated. Figure 38. Loomweights from House I.1: type and weight/thickness. Figure 39. Discoid and cuboid loomweights from House I.1: suitability for use with different thread tensions. Figure 40. Loomweights from House I.1 (LW 35, LW 40, LW 47, LW 71) and House I.2 (LW 97). Scale 1:2. Figure 41. Loomweights originating from House I.1, the upper floor above Rooms Λ and E: type and weight/thickness. Figure 42. Sector I, Houses I.1 and I.2: distribution of stone vases. Figure 43. Stone vases: bowls. Scale 1:2. Figure 44. Stone vases. Scale 1:2. Figure 45. Stone vases: basins. Scale 1:2. Figure 46. Ground stone tools: Type 1 (GS 121, GS 238, GS 250); Type 2 (GS 99); Type 3 (GS 28, GS 72, GS 113, GS 143); Type 4 (GS 193). Scale 1:3. Figure 47. Ground stone tools: Type 6 (GS 30, GS 53, GS 60, GS 254, GS 266); Type 7 (GS 139, GS 163, GS 367, GS 373). Scale 1:3. Figure 48. Ground stone tools: Type 9 (GS 65, GS 187); Type 10 (GS 147, GS 182); Type 16 (GS 251). Chisels (GS 83, GS 315); knife (GS 111). Scale 1:3. Figure 49. Ground stone tools: Type 5 (GS 181, GS 229); Type 11 (GS 7, GS 31, GS 33, GS 51, GS 52, GS 54, GS 142, GS 173); Type 14 (GS 34, GS 35, GS 122, GS 131, GS 177, GS 192, GS 241). Scale 1:3. Figure 50. Gournes (GS 106, GS 194, GS 198, GS 200, GS 201); quern (GS 223). Figure 51.

Stone wine press GS 9.

Figure 52. Combined sheep and goat anatomical unit survivorship following Brain’s rank order. Figure 53. Cattle anatomical unit survivorship. Figure 54.

Sheep and goat anatomical unit survivorship.

Figure 55. Pig anatomical unit survivorship. Figure 56. Sector I, Houses I.1 and I.2: spatial distribution of main species of mollusks. Figure 57. Marine faunal remains: (a, b) environmental habitats (marine depths and substrates) of collected mollusks found at Petras House I.1; (c) deposition of main shell species per phase of use/destruction at Petras House I.1.

List of Plates

Frontispiece. Stone wine press GS 9 and pithos P 2. Plate 1.

Aerial photo of Petras showing the palace and Sectors I–III from the northeast.

Plate 2A.

Aerial photo of Sector I from the northwest.

Plate 2B.

House I.1 from the west.

Plate 3A.

Sector I from the north.

Plate 3B.

House I.1 from the east.

Plate 4A.

Room A, Lr III: wine press GS 9, from the northeast.

Plate 4B.

Room A, Lr IV: pithos P 2 and pithoid jar P 3, from the south.

Plate 4C.

Room A: flagstone floor, from the east.

Plate 4D.

Room A: door socket, from the east.

Plate 4E.

Room M, Lr III: detail of pithos P 36 in situ, from the west.

Plate 4F.

Rooms M and A: pithos P 36 in situ, from the west.

Plate 5A.

Rooms A and M from the southeast.

Plate 5B.

Rooms E and Λ from the east.

Plate 5C.

Room Λ, Lr II: jug P 154 in situ, from the east.

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PETRAS, SITEIA I: A MINOAN PALATIAL SETTLEMENT IN EASTERN CRETE

Plate 5D.

Room Λ, Lr II: amphora P 140 in situ, from the east.

Plate 5E.

Room Λ, Lr II: tripod cooking jug CW 23 in situ, from the east.

Plate 5F.

Room Ξ, Lr III: southwest corner of the room, vases P 381 and P 393 in situ, from the west.

Plate 6A.

Room Ξ, Lr III: central part of the room, jug P 397 in situ, from the southeast.

Plate 6B.

Room Ξ, Lr III: floor slabs, from the north.

Plate 6C.

Room Ξ, Area Φ and Staircase Y, from the southeast.

Plate 6D.

Room Π, Lr I: bridge-spouted jar P 496 in situ, from the east.

Plate 6E.

Room Π, Lr II: tripod cooking pot CW 1 in situ, from the east.

Plate 6F.

Room Π, Lr III: lamp P 544 in situ, from the east.

Plate 7A.

Room Π, floor: gourna GS 106 in situ, from the north.

Plate 7B.

Room 1, Lr III, from the north.

Plate 7C.

Room 1, Lr III: amphora P 563 in situ, from the west.

Plate 7D.

Room 1, floor, from the south.

Plate 7E.

Corridor B-Δ, Lr I: loomweight LW 39 and handleless bell cup P 638 in situ, from the north.

Plate 8A.

Corridor B-Δ, Lr III: MM II W 45, from the north.

Plate 8B.

Corridor B-Δ, Lr IV: pithos EMP 26 in situ, from the north.

Plate 8C.

Corridor B-Δ, Lr IV: pithos EMP 26 in situ, from the west.

Plate 8D

Corridor B-Δ, Lr IV: pithos EMP 26 and W 10, from the west.

Plate 8E.

Corridor B-Δ: MM II floor after removal of pithos EMP 26, from the northeast.

Plate 8F.

Area Z from the east.

Plate 9A.

Area Z, bench, and W 15, from the north.

Plate 9B.

Staircase H, detail, from the north.

Plate 9C.

Staircase H from the north.

Plate 9D.

Area Φ, Lr II: vases in situ, from the east.

Plate 9E.

Area Φ, Lr II: vases in situ, from the north.

Plate 9F.

Area Φ, Lr IV, detail of floor deposit, from the east. Detail of floor deposit.

Plate 10A. Area Φ, Lr IV, from the east. Plate 10B. Staircases Y1 and Y2 from the east. Plate 10C. Staircase Y1 from the east. Plate 11A. Area 3: gournes GS 198, GS 200, and GS 201 in situ, from the west. Plate 11B.

Area 3: gournes GS 198, GS 200, and GS 201 in situ, from the south.

Plate 11C.

Sector I from the northwest.

Plate 12A. West Courtyard, ramp and staircase from the north. Plate 12B. West Courtyard, staircase to the ramp, from the northeast.

LIST OF PLATES

xvii

Plate 12C. West Courtyard, Lr II: pithoid jar P 771 with infant burial in situ, from the north. Plate 12D. West Courtyard, north part: LM III W 29 and gourna GS 194, from the south. Plate 12E. South-Southeast Courtyard and Room Π from the east. Plate 12F.

Area K, Lr II: tripod cooking pot CW 19 in situ, from the east.

Plate 13A. Paved road from the north. Plate 13B. Pits I and Θ from the southeast. Plate 13C. Pit I and MM II W 46 from the south. Plate 13D. Pit Θ from the east. Plate 13E. Pit Θ, Lr II: vases in situ, from the south. Plate 13F.

Pit Θ, Lr II: triton shell P85/100, from the north.

Plate 14A. Area P, Lr II, from the north. Plate 14B. North-northwest of House I.1 (Areas Σ and T) with LM III walls and hearths, from the east. Plate 14C.

House I.2 and Narrow Passage from the east.

Plate 14D. Houses I.2 and I.1 from the southeast. Plate 15.

Drain fragments. Scale 1:2.

Plate 16.

Wall plaster fragments (A 13, A 14, A 42, A 65), plaster table fragments (P86/284). Basin fragment P 686 with plaster on the interior surface. Scale 1:1 unless otherwise indicated.

Plate 17.

Slabs (A 21, A 25, A 34); mudbrick (A 57); door socket (A 18). Scale 1:2.

Plate 18.

Tripod cooking pots: type A (CW 19); type B (CW 1, CW 5, CW 8); type AB (CW 12). Tripod cooking jugs (brikki) (CW 22, CW 23, CW 28, CW 29-PM 136); jars in cooking fabric CW 59-EMP 131-PM 125, CW 62. Tripod cooking pan: CW 32. Scale 1:6.

Plate 19.

Tripod cooking pans (CW 35–CW 37). Plates: Group 1 (CW 66); Group 3 (CW 77, CW 78); Group 4 (CW 85, CW 86); Group 5 (CW 90–CW 92, CW 101-EMP 157); Group 6 (CW 104). Thin cooking trays (CW 152, CW 155, CW 158); thick cooking trays (CW 119, CW 130). Scale 1:6.

Plate 20.

Cooking dish (CW 195); firestands (CW 206, CW 207). Scale 1:3 unless otherwise indicated.

Plate 21.

Examples of fabrics: cF (CW 84, CW 131); vcT (CW 101-EMP 157, CW 122, CW 132); cP (CW 121, CW 143). Scale 1:2.

Plate 22.

Early Minoan (EMP 4) and Middle Minoan pottery from Rooms A, Ξ, and 1, Corridor B-Δ, and Staircase Y. Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated.

Plate 23.

Area Φ: teapot (EMP 156); carinated cups (EMP 77, EMP 79–EMP 85); one-handled globular cup (EMP 35); S-profile cup (EMP 121). Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated.

Plate 24.

Area Φ: straight-sided cups (EMP 30, EMP 31); tumblers (EMP 100–EMP 105); conical cups (EMP 43, EMP 44, EMP 49). Scale 1:2.

Plate 25.

Area Φ: closed vases (EMP 127, EMP 130, EMP 133-PM 134, EMP 143, EMP 152 [with seal impression]); incense burners (EMP 163, EMP 164). Scale 1:3 unless otherwise indicated.

xviii

PETRAS, SITEIA I: A MINOAN PALATIAL SETTLEMENT IN EASTERN CRETE

Plate 26.

Area Φ: pithos with potter’s mark (EMP 161-PM 133); pithoid jars (EMP 135, EMP 141). Scale 1:6 unless otherwise indicated.

Plate 27.

Area Σ: closed vases (EMP 272, EMP 273, EMP 275). West Courtyard: cups (EMP 190, EMP 192-PM 181, EMP 193, EMP 196); kalathos (EMP 221-PM 145); jar (EMP 224); jug (EMP 229); tray (EMP 256-CW 166). Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated.

Plate 28.

Oval-mouthed amphora EMP 152 (a) with arrow marking the position of seal impression; (b) detail of seal impression; (c) drawing of seal impression. Scale 4:1 unless otherwise indicated.

Plate 29.

Typology of miniature vessels: dishes (MV 2, MV 16, MV 21); tumblers (MV 8, MV 10, MV 17, MV 18, MV 20); cups (MV 1, MV 3, MV 4-EMP 2, MV 15, MV 22, MV 23-PM 264); semiglobular cups (MV 11, MV 12); juglets (MV 6, MV 7, MV 9, MV 13-EMP 225, MV 19); kernos (MV 5); piriform rhyton (MV 14-PM 182). Scale 1:2.

Plate 30.

Technical details and artifact-human engagement of Petras House I.1 miniature vessels (MV 3, MV 5, MV 10, MV 14-PM 182, MV 21). Scale 1:1.

Plate 31.

Potter’s marks. Scale 1:2.

Plate 32.

Loomweights and vases with potter’s marks. Scale 1:2.

Plate 33.

Figurines from Petras Houses I.1 (F 2, F 3, F 6–F 8) and I.2 (F 14). Scale as indicated.

Plate 34.

Loomweights and a spindle whorl (LW 64) from House I.1, and a loomweight from House I.2 (LW 94). Scale 1:2.

Plate 35.

Stone bowl fragments. Scale 1:1.

Plate 36.

Stone vase fragments. Scale 1:1 unless otherwise indicated.

Plate 37.

Ground stone tools from Room A and Room M.

Plate 38.

Ground stone tools from Room E and Room Λ.

Plate 39.

Ground stone tools from Room Ξ.

Plate 40.

Ground stone tools from Room Π, Rooms 1 and 2, Corridor B-Δ, Areas Z and Φ, and Staircase Y.

Plate 41.

Ground stone tools from the West Courtyard.

Plate 42.

Ground stone tools from Area 3, Paved Road, Area K, South-Southeast Courtyard, and Pit Θ.

Plate 43.

Ground stone tools from Pit Θ, Pit I, Area P, and Area Σ.

Plate 44.

Ground stone tools from Area Σ.

Plate 45.

Ground stone tools from Area T and House I.2 (GS 379).

Plate 46.

Querns.

Plate 47.

Wine press (GS 9); gournes (GS 27, GS 106, GS 194, GS 198, GS 200, GS 201, GS 347, GS 376).

Plate 48A. Typical alterations of shell surface found at Petras House I.1. Plate 48B. Main shell species found at Petras House I.1: (a) murex shells; (b) limpet; (c) whelk; (d) helmet shell; (e) triton shell; (f) cowrie; (g) bittersweet.

Preface and Acknowledgments

The excavation of the Minoan urban settlement and palace at Petras Siteia, which includes Sector I, the subject of the present monograph, was conducted from 1985 to 2000. It is part of the ongoing research project, “Minoan Occupation and Settlement Patterns in the Area of the Siteia Bay, Eastern Crete.” The project started with the excavation at Hagia Photia in 1984–1985 (Tsipopoulou 1988, 2007). It also included the intensive survey in the same area (Tsipopoulou 1989), as well as the excavations at Achladia (1991–1993; see Tsipopoulou and Vagnetti 1995). The excavation at Petras started as an exploratory dig in 1985, and in 1988, following the expropriation of 40,000 m² of land by the Hellenic Ministry of Culture, it was granted the status of systematic research project, under my direction. The largest part of the research was carried out while I was working at the 24th Ephoreia of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities in Siteia (1983–1989), and later in Hagios Nikolaos (1989–2007; Tsipopoulou 2012a). My deep gratitude goes to Professor Costis Davaras, then Ephor of Antiquities for Eastern Crete, who, in 1985, entrusted me with the Petras excavation and actively supported my research in many ways. Also, I wish to thank most warmly the then Director of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities, and later Director General, Yannis Tzedakis, for granting the excavation permit and for the expropriation of the land. For the permit to undertake the systematic research of the cemetery, granted in 2012, my warmest thanks go to Maria Vlazaki, then Director General of Antiquities and Cultural Heritage and current Secretary General of the Ministry. I would also like to thank the subsequent directors of the 24th Ephoreia, the late Nikos Papadakis and Stavroula Apostolakou for their support in general, as well as the Municipality of Siteia and the

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PETRAS, SITEIA I: A MINOAN PALATIAL SETTLEMENT IN EASTERN CRETE

mayors, Nikos Petrakis, Nikos Kouroupakis, and Nikos Tsikalakis, who supported both the research for Minoan Siteia since the very beginning and its transformation into an archaeological park (2005–2006, financed by the European project “Leader Plus”; see Tsipopoulou and Zervaki 2008; Tsipopoulou 2012a). The systematic research project at Petras, Hill I, was conducted until 2000, including several study seasons. Three sectors of the settlement as well as the palace were excavated. An intensive survey was conducted over the four hills in the area of Petras in 1986, supported by the Municipality of Siteia, with the participation of a group of students from France, as part of an exchange program. Between 2002 and 2007, test excavations were conducted on non-expropriated properties on the lower slopes of Hill I. On one of the properties, a large, massive, double Late Minoan (LM) III fortification wall of Mycenaean type, unique for Crete, came to light, and on two other properties, parts of the Protopalatial and the Neopa­ latial settlement were excavated (Tsipopoulou 2012a). Also, in 2002 excavations were begun on Hill II (or Kephala), to the east of Hill I, again on non-expropriated properties. The first excavation there revealed the largest known settlement dated to the Final Neolithic IV period in Crete, in stratigraphical sequence with an Early Minoan IA settlement (2002–2004; see Papadatos 2007, 2008, 2012; Tsipopoulou 2012a). A Pre- and Protopalatial cemetery of house tombs and a burial rock shelter were partially excavated in 2004–2006 (Tsipopoulou 2012d). Since 2009, with the invaluable assistance and financial support of the Institute for Aegean Prehistory (INSTAP) and its Executive Director, Philip P. Betancourt, the excavation of the Pre- and Protopalatial cemetery advanced significantly. In 2012 the Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Tourism granted the status of a five year (2012–2016) systematic excavation project to the Petras cemetery. The excavation of Sector I in 1985 and 1986 was financially supported by the Hellenic Ministry of Culture, and since 1987, INSTAP has been the principal funding source. The conservation of the finds, the consolidation of the architectural remains, and the study of the material were exclusively supported by INSTAP. On the occasion of the publication of the present volume, I wish to express my gratitude to the large group of people who contributed to the excavation, the conservation, the consolidation, the studies, and the creation of the archaeological park of Petras, as well as to the volume itself. First, I wish to thank the workers of the excavation, from Siteia and Chamaizi—without them, nothing would have happened; the foreman of the Siteia excavations, Pandelis Kampanos from Chamaizi, who did not participate in the excavation of Sector I, but consolidated the architectural remains in 1992; the young archaeologists who worked in the excavation of Sector I were Elsa Papatsaroucha (1986, 1988, 1989), Anastasia Papacostopoulou (1986), Elena Prokopiou (1988), Costas Sbonias (1989), and Olga Mantzari (1989, 1990); in 2011 Garifalia Kostopoulou and Maria Psallida conducted additional cleanings in Sector I and completed the drawings (sections). The plans of Sector I are by M. Tsipopoulou (1985–1986), Stephania Chlouveraki (1989), Costas Paschalidis (2000), G. Kostopoulou, and M. Psallida (2011). The conservation of the finds was started in 1987 at the Hagios Nikolaos Museum by Costis Nikakis, conservator of the 24th Ephoreia, and it was continued in 1989–1991 in the Siteia Museum by S. Chlouveraki, Clio Zervaki, and Costas Georgantakis; in 1999–2003 the conservation was completed at the INSTAP Study Center for East Crete in Pacheia Ammos by C. Zervaki, assisted by Michel Roggenbucke. The excavation photos were taken by M. Tsipopoulou and the photos of the finds by M. Tsipopoulou (1985–1990) and the photographers of the INSTAP Study Center, Erietta Attali (1999–2001) and Chronis

PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Papanikolopoulos (2002–2005). The drawings of the finds are by M. Tsipopoulou, Michael Wedde, Mary-Jane Schumacher, Siphis Pseikarakis, and Aspassia Phygetaki. I also thank very warmly J. Alexander MacGillivray, director of the Palaikastro excavations, for the flotation of the soil samples of Sector I in 1990. The botanical residue is not published in the present volume as their present whereabouts remain unknown. The processing and cataloging of the small finds was carried out by E. Papatsaroucha, A. Papacostopoulou, C. Sbonias, Eleni Nodarou, Costas Christakis, G. Kostopoulou, M. Wedde, Yannis Papadatos, Lena Sjögren, Louise Hitchock, Claudia Fugalli, Elena Chadjidopavlaki, O. Mantzari, and Evi Saliaka. Yiannis Papadatos created a database for the finds in Access format, which is currently used also for the excavation of the Petras cemetery. The present volume is the result of the hard work of an enthusiastic group of people. Metaxia Tsipopoulou coordinated the publication and wrote the chapters on the excavation data (Ch. 1), the architecture (Ch. 2), the potter’s marks (Ch. 7), and the stone vases (Ch. 10). For the processing of the excavation notebooks, the stratigraphical data, and the subsequent writing of Chapter 1, I was helped significantly by Y. Papadatos (2003–2004), M. Psallida (2010–2011), G. Kostopoulou (2013), and Nektarios Karadimas (2013); Maria Emanuela Alberti studied and publishes the pottery in cooking fabrics, Protopalatial, Neopalatial, and Postpalatial (Ch. 3); Maria Relaki studied and publishes the Early and Middle Minoan I–II pottery (Ch. 4); Anna Simandiraki-Grimshaw studied and publishes the miniature vases (Ch. 6) and the figurines (Ch. 8); Joanne Cutler studied and publishes the textile tools (Ch. 9); Heidi Dierckx studied and publishes the ground stone tools (Ch. 11); Cesare D’Annibale studied and publishes the obsidian and chert material (Ch.12); Valasia Isaakidou studied and publishes the mammalian faunal remains (Ch. 13); and Tatiana Theodoropoulou studied and publishes the marine faunal remains (Ch. 14). Several individuals were instrumental to the preparation of this volume. The plates of photographs and the figures of drawings, as well as the concordance tables of the present volume, were compiled by G. Kostopoulou and M. Psallida. The bibliography and index were the work of N. Karadimas. The proofreading and the editorial work was done by M. Tsipopoulou, with assistance from N. Karadimas and Melissa Eaby. The two anonymous INSTAP reviewers are also warmly thanked, as they helped all contributors of the volume to improve their manuscripts. Thanks are also due to the INSTAP Academic Press team, the Publications Director Susan Ferrence, and Managing Editor Jennifer Sacher for their excellent job in producing this volume. This volume is not the first monograph dealing with Petras, as it was preceded by two books, the first containing the final publication of the hieroglyphic archive of the palace (Tsipopoulou and Hallager 2010), and the second containing the proceedings of the first Petras Symposium (Tsipopoulou, ed., 2012). This present volume is the first volume of the final publication of Sector I of the settlement. It comprises the excavation data and reports by specialists, as well as four minor pottery studies, although quite significant in length. The decision was made to include the chapters on Early and Middle Minoan Pottery (Relaki, Ch. 4) as well as the one on Protopalatial, Neopalatial, and Postpalatial cooking wares (Alberti, Ch. 3) in the present volume, along with chapters on the miniature vessels (SimandirakiGrimshaw, Ch. 6) and the potter’s marks (Tsipopoulou, Ch. 7) for the following two reasons: (1) the economy of publishing the data of an enormous volume of

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PETRAS, SITEIA I: A MINOAN PALATIAL SETTLEMENT IN EASTERN CRETE

Neopalatial ceramics and (2) the logic of the organization, since the other ceramic researchers who present their results in the first volume deal with particular and specialized components of the ceramic remains (e.g., potter’s marks). These ceramic components either are not in the main phase of House I.1 and I.2 (Relaki) or they deal with special and limited in quantity components of the material (Alberti; Simandiraki-Grimshaw). Further, it is not possible to separate the pottery described above from the discussion of the potter’s marks because of the fact that the individual ceramic catalogs are interlinked with it. In addition, a very large number of potter’s marks are related to the Protopalatial phase of Sector I. The second volume of the publication of Petras, Sector I, by Metaxia Tsipopoulou with a chapter on petrography by Eleni Nodarou, will discuss the Neopalatial and Postpalatial pottery from Houses I.1 and I.2, and it will focus exclusively on the main period of the Petras settlement, as excavated to date, namely the Neopalatial one. That volume will contain the publication of the pottery of the two principal and extensively excavated phases of Sector I (Middle Minoan III–LM IA), followed by the limited amount of LM III pottery connected with the Postpalatial reoccupation. Included at the end of that volume will be a final concluding chapter for Sector I as a whole. This present volume appears after a long hiatus, and this fact accounts for various shortcomings. A test excavation in the 1980s could not have possibly been conducted using what is considered in the 21st century as best practice. For instance, only the soil of few selected floor deposits was sieved, and the samples chosen for flotation were very limited. Very few charcoal fragments were collected and none proved suitable for dendrochronogical analysis or for C14 dating. It should be noted, however, that this delay in publication, although regrettable per se, brought us the advantage of being able to take into consideration a much more complete picture of the site and its components, and also allowed us to include the results of the numerous systematic projects that have been conducted and published since the mid1980s in Eastern Crete. In any case, the present monograph would not possibly have been finished had I still had a demanding full time job at the Hellenic Ministry of Culture. The severe economic crisis in Greece, which caused the firing of many directors of the Archaeological Service in 2011, including myself, enabled me to dedicate my time and energy to the completion of this volume. Metaxia Tsipopoulou Athens, Exarcheia January 2014

Cataloging System

In order to make the catalogs of the present volume easy to use, the methods of collection and recording at the time of excavation, as well as that of the study of the Petras pottery and small finds, are explained below. For every year of excavation, two catalogs were created. In the first catalog, all sherds from each locus of the excavation were collected and put in bags labeled with a pottery bag number, which also included the year of the excavation (e.g., P86/bag 6). The pottery bag numbers were entered in the catalog of pottery bags, which is created on an annual basis and comprised of all bags from all excavated areas of the site. In the second catalog, complete vessels, vessels with a full profile, sherds of particular interest due to their decoration or rarity of shape, or even clearly intrusive sherds were given a ME number (μικρά ευρήματα, excavation numbers for small finds and select pottery). In the first two years of the Petras excavations (1985 and 1986), complete pots were entered in a separate catalog and labeled with the letter “A” (for αγγείο [vessel], e.g., P86/A326 = Petras 1986, complete vessel 326). Other finds such as animal bones, shells, stone tools, soil samples, and carbon samples were also given ME numbers, measured, and entered into the catalog. The catalog of the small finds contains objects from all excavated areas of the site, and it is also created on an annual basis (e.g., P85/582). The 3-D coordinates for each ME were measured and recorded in the excavation notebook, as well as on the locus plan scaled 1:20. The Petras excavation catalogs have been electronic since 2000, and older catalogs, such as those related to Sector I, have also been transferred into an electronic database in Access format.

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PETRAS, SITEIA I: A MINOAN PALATIAL SETTLEMENT IN EASTERN CRETE

After the pottery had been washed, all bags and ceramic MEs were laid out and examined by the conservator. When joins were found and resulted in a full profile, a new ME number was assigned and added to the catalog. After the completion of the conservation work, each ME and bag of pottery was studied by an archaeologist and all data was recorded on special forms. Forms with a space for a photograph were created for the MEs from the Petras excavations, as were forms for the study of the contents of each pottery bag. All ceramic MEs and all stone tools were described on the forms, drawn, and photographed. Recorded on the pottery bag forms are the pottery bag number, the locus number, the date of excavation, the initials of the archaeologist-excavator, the number of sherds and weight of the bag, the number of diagnostic sherds, the shapes of the vases, the types of clay, the types of decoration, the chronology, and the initials of the person who completed the form. Afterward, during the next and final stage of the study, several sherds were selected from each pottery bag on the basis of interesting shapes/fabric/decoration, and these were described, photographed, and drawn. These sherds were assigned numbers indicating the year, the pottery bag, and their particular number (e.g., P85/bag 71/2). This information is also entered on the pottery bag study forms. All pottery from the Petras excavations is retained and stored in the Siteia Museum storerooms by pottery bag, according to each bag’s provenance (e.g., House I.1, Room A, Lr II). Some of the Petras finds have been cataloged by the Siteia Museum (e.g., P86/855, SM 12348). In spite of a very thorough search in four storerooms of the 24th Ephoreia of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities, a limited number of MEs and pottery bags seem to have been temporarily misplaced, with the result that they could not be included in their related catalogs. For these particular MEs, this fact is noted as “not found in the Siteia Museum,” and in the case of pottery bags, the symbol > is used. All catalog entries are ordered sequentially by room, type, and layer so that the reader can easily find further details on the context in the Excavation Data section of the book (see Ch. 1). All measurements are in centimeters unless otherwise indicated. When a sherd does not preserve a full profile, preserved dimensions are given by numbers only (e.g., 3.5 x 6 x 0.5). The first number represents length, the second width, and the third thickness. Measurements for small finds follow the same convention. In the catalogs and the concordance tables, the following object designations are used: A architectural elements (e.g., drains, plaster, slabs, mudbricks, door sockets) C chert CW cooking wares EMP Early Minoan (I–III) and Middle Minoan (I–II) pottery F figurines GS ground stone tools LW loomweights MV miniature vessels O obsidian OB obsidian blades P MM III, LM I, LM III pottery (cataloged here when discussed in conjunction with potter’s marks; all other P catalog entries will appear in the subsequent volume)

CATALOGING SYSTEM

PM SV

potter’s marks stone vases

When a ME belongs to more than one category (e.g., a cooking pot with a potter’s mark), both catalog numbers are given, separated by a hyphen (e.g., CW 76PM 215). Munsell numbers are provided for the ceramics.

xxv

Abbreviations

The following abbreviations are used in this volume: A architectural element (cataloged) base d. base diameter C chert (cataloged) c coarse Ca calcareous ca. circa Ch chamotte/grog cm centimeter(s) Cort. cortical CW cooking ware (cataloged) d. diameter d distal dim/s. dimension(s) Dist. distal EBA Early Bronze Age EM Early Minoan EMP Early and Middle Minoan I–II pottery (cataloged) est. estimated F figurine (cataloged) F phyllite based

FM phyllite and silver mica FN Final Neolithic g gram(s) GS ground stone implement (cataloged) h. height H/A horn core or antler kg kilogram(s) L liter(s) L. length LBA Late Bronze Age LH Late Helladic LM Late Minoan Lr layer LW loomweight (cataloged) m meter(s) max. maximum MaxAU maximum anatomical units  MBA Middle Bronze Age mc medium coarse MD mandible

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PETRAS, SITEIA I: A MINOAN PALATIAL SETTLEMENT IN EASTERN CRETE

ME μικρά ευρήματα (excavation number for small finds and select pottery) Med. medial MF multi-faceted MinAU minimum anatomical units MM Middle Minoan MNI minimum number of individuals MT metapodial miniature vessel (cataloged) MV NISP number of identified specimens O obsidian (cataloged) OB obsidian blade (cataloged) Neo- and Postpalatial pottery P (cataloged) P pink iridescent phyllite p proximal P11 Petras excavation 2011 P85 Petras excavation 1985 P86 Petras excavation 1986 P88 Petras excavation 1988 P89 Petras excavation 1989

P90 Petras excavation 1990 PE pelvis pers. comm. personal communication pers. obs. personal observation PH phalanx PM potter’s mark (cataloged) pres. preserved R dark reddish-purple stone rest. restored rim d. rim diameter SC scapula sf semi-fine SM Siteia Museum catalog number SV stone vase (cataloged) T transparent white th. thickness U ulna vc very coarse vol. volume W wall w. width wt. weight

1

Excavation Data by Metaxia Tsipopoulou

Introduction This chapter presents the excavation data by Room/Area for House I.1 and the excavated part of House I.2 (Figs. 1–57; Pls. 1–48), also making reference to the use/function of each space. Sector I, which is composed of these two houses, was initially excavated in various trenches that are not mentioned in this text. The order of presentation is: Room A, Room M, Room E, Room Λ, Room Ξ, Room Π, Room 1, Room 2, Corridor B-Δ, Area Z, Staircase H, Area Φ, Staircase Y, the West Courtyard, Area 3, the Paved Road, Area K, the SouthSoutheast Courtyard, Pit Θ, Pit I, Area P, Area O, North-Northeast of House I.1 (Area Σ), and NorthNortheast of House I.1 (Area T). A second floor deposit was encountered in Room A, Room M, Room E, and Room Λ, while Room 1, Room 2, and Corridor B-Δ supported verandas/balconies at the level of the upper floor. Before the description of each Room/Area, a reference is given for the related figures and plates. Elevation readings, in meters above sea level (m asl), are included in each plan.

The stratigraphical sequence for rooms with a second floor was: Layer (Lr) I, the surface; Lr II, the upper floor deposit; and Lr III, the ground floor deposit. In Rooms/Areas without an upper floor, there are only two layers: Lr I, the surface; and Lr II, the ground floor deposit. In several cases, excavation was continued below the Neopalatial floors (e.g., Corridor B-Δ) or simply below the Neopalatial deposits (e.g., Pits Θ and I, which did not preserve a floor surface). These layers are labeled Lr IV; the term Lr IV is also used to refer to the Protopalatial part of Area Φ (the stratigraphy in this case is horizontal). Two stratigraphical sections have been drawn across Sector I, A–A′ and B–B′ (Figs. 3, 4). The data for each room/area are presented in the following order: 1. Stratigraphy. This section includes a description, measurements, the walls, and the stratigraphical sequence. 2. Finds. All movable finds that have been assigned ME numbers (μικρά ευρήματα, excavation

2

METAXIA TSIPOPOULOU

numbers for small finds and select pottery) are presented by layer and category. Each cataloged object has both a letter and number designation (e.g., MV 1) that refers to the various catalogs, which can be found in the appropriate chapters of this volume (except for the catalog of the Neopalatial and Postpalatial pottery, which will be included in the second volume of the publication of Sector I). The prefix identifies the object type: clay Neopalatial and Postpalatial vases and fragments of vases (P); cooking wares (CW); Early Minoan (EM) and Middle Minoan (MM) I–II vases and fragments (EMP); miniature vases (MV); vases, sherds, and loomweights with potter’s marks (PM); loomweights (LW); ground stone tools (GS); obsidian and chert tools, blades, and debitage (O, C, OB, respectively); figurines (F); stone vases (SV); and architectural elements (A). Reference is also made to the presence of animal bones and seashells (the excavation numbers of which are not given, except in very particular cases, e.g., for a triton shell). Finally, a general mention is made of the sherds found in each layer, including the weights and shapes represented. 3. In-text tables. Following the discussion on finds, in-text tables display the pottery for each layer (i.e., the sherds remaining after the removal of the ceramic MEs), including the chronology, the total number of sherds, their weight, the number and percentage of the diagnostic sherds, and also the numbers for fine, medium, and coarse wares. In some cases, numbers in the tables are preceded by the symbol >, which means that one or more pottery bags from the particular layer was not found in the Siteia Museum, and, therefore, are not included in the calculations. Lists beneath the tables include the shapes of the vases present in the sherd material in each layer and the number of examples of each shape. It is useful to note here that the soil at Petras is typically of a light yellowish-buff color (usually Munsell 10YR 8/2 and 10YR 8/4 or 7.5YR 7/2–7/3). When it contains disintegrated mudbricks, the soil is reddish or reddish buff (Munsell 2.5YR 5/6 or 10YR 4/4), and when it has traces of burned wood, it is grayish buff (Munsell 5YR 5/1 or 5YR 4/1).

House I.1 Room A Stratigraphy Room A is a square space at the northeast corner of the building, measuring 2.70 m (north– south) by 2.60 m (east–west), with a total area of ca. 7 m2 (Figs. 3, 5; Pls. 4A–4D, 4F, 5A). It is accessible from the east through Corridor B-Δ and from the west through Room M. Both openings, situated at the southwest and southeast corners of the room, respectively, are 1 m wide, and placed opposite each other. The floor of Room A is at the same level as that of the adjacent rooms. The walls (W 1, W 2, W 5, and W 6) were preserved roughly to the same level, at an average height of 0.60 m, and their thickness varies from 0.50 to 0.70 m; the north and west walls (W 1 and W 5) are constructed of large undressed blocks and initially served as external walls in the first architectural phase of the Neopalatial period. Room A was excavated in 1985 and 1986. The excavation began at +24.09 meters above sea level. The surface layer (Lr I) had an average thickness of 0.30 m, and the upper part of the walls was 0.20 m below the modern surface. Immediately below the surface, the rim of a large stone wine press (GS 9) appeared; the vessel was filled with large stones from the collapse of the walls. Layer II had an average thickness of 0.50 m; the soil was yellowish buff and contained several medium to large stones. At the northwest corner of the room, the stones were lying directly on the floor. The floor deposit, Lr III, was 0.15 m thick; the soil was buff to yellowish in color and contained a few small stones. The northwest corner was paved with large slabs; consequently, the surface of the floor in this area was higher, at +23.33–23.17 m asl, while in the rest of the room the beaten earth floor was at +23.14 m asl. At the south part of the room, lumps of clay were found on the floor, probably belonging to roofing material. The east door of Room A preserved a door socket in situ at the south end.

EXCAVATION DATA

While cleaning the floor surface, the rim of the pithos P2 came to light, and a trial trench (2 x 1.25 m) was opened (Lr IV) in order to remove it. The deep, narrow pit that had been dug below the floor to accommodate the pithos destroyed the earlier (MM II) layers related to W 47. The base of P 2 was found below the foundation of the earlier wall, about 1 m below the floor of Room A. This was the end of the archaeological deposition (elevation +22.17 m asl), and the soil contained half a dozen EM sherds. Finds The surface layer, Lr I, contained more than 27 kg of pottery sherds, the majority of which were sherds of handleless conical cups (9%), pithoid jars (5.5%), and tripod cooking pots (5%). The pottery included fragmentary vessels such as a bridgespouted jar (P 5), a globular cup with a potter’s mark (P 7-PM 1), a miniature handleless conical cup (MV 1), a bowl (P 26), an alabastron (P 6), a straight-sided cup (P 12), an incense burner (P 31), a lid (P 29), a basin (P 4), a footed cup (P 14), and a pithos (P 1). This layer also contained two pieces of plaster (A 1, A 2), bones, seashells, a small and thin lead disk (P86/10), and two mudbrick fragments. Layer II contained more than 30 kg of pottery, including sherds of handleless conical cups (5%), pithoid jars (3.5%), and cooking pots (5%). Also present in smaller quantities were globular, straightsided, bell, and carinated cups, basins, plates, cooking dishes, miniature vases, pithoi, amphorae, jugs and juglets, bowls and ledge-rimmed bowls, lamps, bridge-spouted jars, and various closed vessels. Room A produced mainly fragmentary but also some relatively well-preserved and/or complete vases from the upper layers of the deposit: two handleless conical cups (P 15, P 16-PM 2), the latter with a potter’s mark; a straight-sided cup (P 13); a bowl (P 27); and a miniature dish (MV 2). However, it is difficult to see these finds as initially belonging to the room, as they were all found in loose soil among the fallen stones. The lower layers of the deposit also contained some vases, including a miniature handleless conical cup (MV 3); two stands (P 32, P 33); and three globular cups, one

3

with a potter’s mark (P 8-PM 3, P 9, P 10), all of which were too fragmentary to be attributed to the original contents of Room A. Layer II also contained three pounders (GS 1, GS 2, GS 6), two pounder-abraders (GS 3, GS 8), a quern (GS 5), a stone disk (GS 4), a possible balance weight (GS 7), bones, four mudbricks (including A 5), and a fragment of a cylindrical stone vase (SV 1). Few objects were found in the floor deposit (Lr III) that can be considered to have been initially standing on the floor. The wine press (GS 9) was found standing on the slabs almost in the middle of the room. No finds were present on the slabs in the northwest corner of the room. All finds associated with the floor came from the south half of Room A, where the floor consisted of beaten earth. The floor deposit contained 456 sherds, weighing 8.45 kg; 45% of the pottery was diagnostic, comprising mainly handleless conical cups (29%), pithoid jars (17%), and tripod cooking pots (11%), and in smaller numbers, globular and straightsided cups, bowls, jars, and amphorae. The floor deposit also contained two fragmentary handleless conical cups (P 17, P 18), a fragmentary globular cup (P 11), a footed lamp (P 28), a few animal bones, obsidian (P85/220, P86/190), a pounder (GS 10), a pestle-pounder (GS 11), an abradergrinder (GS 12), a possible hand tool (GS 13), and a discoid loomweight (LW 1). To the south of the wine press, in front of the spout, a large pithos (P 2), 95 cm high and with three horizontal handles, was found, completely sunken into the floor (elevation of the rim +23.14 m) in order to receive the liquid. Pithos P 2 contained three stone tools (GS 14–GS 16) and nine clay vases: a cup-rhyton (P 30); a fragmentary large tripod cooking pot (CW 15) with traces of burning on the exterior surface; four handleless conical cups (P 19–P 22), all of which were in a good state of preservation; and three handleless globular cups (P 23–P 25). A complete four-handled pithoid jar (P 3) decorated with a plastic rope at the base of the low wide neck was found to the southwest of the wine press. The rim of the jar was also slightly lower than the level of the floor and partially underneath

4

METAXIA TSIPOPOULOU

a stone slab that protruded over the top of the pit which had been excavated to hold the two vessels. The pithoid jar (P 3) was placed on top of an earlier (MM II) wall oriented north–south (W 47). Layer IV contained a small quantity of EM I– MM II pottery, including one complete and some fragmentary vessels: a small pithos (EMP 18); a handleless conical cup (EMP 1); an EM basin (EMP 15); a jug of Hagios Onouphrios type (EMP 4); a lamp (EMP 19); a miniature handleless conical cup possibly also used as a lamp (MV 4-EMP

2); two pithoid jars (EMP 9, EMP 10-PM 4), one with a potter’s mark; a bridge-spouted jar (EMP 8); an EM bowl (EMP 7); two basins (EMP 16, EMP 17); a foot of a lamp (EMP 20); a Pyrgos chalice (EMP 3); three hole-mouthed pithoid jars (EMP 11–EMP 13); and some EM sherds (EMP 5, EMP 6, EMP 14). Other finds included a tripod cooking pot (CW 16), carbon, obsidian (O 1), a whetstone (GS 17), a loomweight (LW 2), three pieces of plaster (including A 3, A 4), and animal bones.

Pottery Layer

Date

Total Sherds

Weight

Diagnostic (% of Total)

Decorated

Fine

Medium

Coarse

I

Few EM and MM II; MM III; LM IA

>1,280

>27.45 kg

564 (44%)

181

345

715

220

II

Few MM IB; few MM II; LM IA; few LM III

>1,998

>30.05 kg

728 (36.4%)

332

291

1,279

428

III

Few MM II; LM IA; LM III (1)

456

8.45 kg

205 (45%)

75

100

168

188

IV

EM I–III; MM II; few MM III/LM IA

350

8.47 kg

229 (65.4%)

169

110

185

55

Layer I shapes: 20 pithoi, 77 pithoid jars, 18 closed vases, 65 amphorae, 15 jugs, 72 tripod cooking pots, 19 cooking pots, 5 cooking dishes, 5 dishes, 20 basins, 111 handleless conical cups, 6 conical cups, 24 globular cups, 4 straight-sided cups, 1 carinated cup, 1 tumbler, 1 footed cup, 69 cups, 27 bowls, 2 pyxides, 1 lid, 1 scuttle. Layer II shapes: 20 pithoi, 78 pithoid jars, 2 bridge-spouted jars, 70 closed vases, 29 amphorae, 34 jugs, 1 juglet, 2 kalathoi, 55 tripod cooking pots, 93 cooking pots, 6 tripod cooking dishes, 1 cooking dish, 9 dishes, 41 basins, 4 plates, 97 handleless conical cups, 17 conical cups, 42 globular cups, 28 straight-sided cups, 9 carinated cups, 8 tumblers, 40 cups, 35 bowls, 3 lamps, 1 miniature vase, 1 bell cup, 1 ledge-rimmed bowl, 1 stand. Layer III shapes: 4 pithoi, 36 pithoid jars, 9 jugs, 5 amphorae, 14 closed vases, 23 tripod cooking pots, 1 cooking pot, 1 tripod tray, 6 basins, 3 kalathoi, 59 handleless conical cups, 2 conical cups, 6 globular cups, 5 straight-sided cups, 1 carinated cup, 1 miniature cup, 25 cups, 2 bowls, 1 bowl with carinated profile, 1 ledge-rimmed bowl. Layer IV shapes: 2 pithoi, 52 pithoid jars, 1 bridge-spouted jar, 1 closed vase, 3 amphorae, 29 jugs, 18 tripod cooking pots, 1 dish, 14 basins, 41 handleless conical cups, 8 conical cups, 8 globular cups, 1 straight-sided cup, 1 carinated cup, 1 tumbler, 1 Pyrgos chalice, 14 cups, 28 bowls, 2 lids, 1 fruitstand, 2 lamps.

Room M Stratigraphy Room M (Fig. 5; Pls. 4E–5A) is a rectangular space at the northwest corner of the building,

measuring 2.60 m (north–south) by 1.80 m (east– west), with an area of ca. 4.70 m 2. It can be accessed both from outside the house and through Room A. It is accessed from outside by means of a

EXCAVATION DATA

1 m wide opening located at the south end of W 4 (at the southwest corner of the room). As the floor of Room M was 0.50 m lower than that of the ramp to the west, it is likely that there were three steps made of a perishable material (wood), as suggested by fragments of carbon at the southwest corner of the room. The elevated threshold, situated at +23.86 m, is monolithic and measures 0.90 x 0.50 m. There is also a second doorway, 0.90 m wide, at the south end of W 5 (at the southeast corner of the room). Both doors are on the same axis. The walls of Room M (W 1, W 4, W 5, and W 6) are preserved to roughly the same level, with an average height of 0.60–0.70 m. All walls are 0.60– 0.80 m thick, but W 4a is more carefully built with large, undressed stones. Room M, which is in direct communication with Room A where the stone wine press was found, and also with the courtyard, was part of the wine-press installation. Room M was excavated in 1985 and 1986. The original surface sloped slightly from west to east. The surface layer, Lr I, had an average thickness of 0.40 m, and it was full of fallen stones and broken pottery. The upper part of the walls was at an elevation of +23.80–24.00 m, 0.30–0.40 m below the modern surface. Layer II had an average thickness of 0.40 m. The soil was a yellowish-buff color and contained several medium to large stones, fallen from the surrounding walls. The presence of fallen stones continued down to 0.10 m above the floor level, and some stones were even found on the floor. Layer II was subdivided into IIa and IIb to account for the presence or absence of stones. The floor deposit, Lr III, was 0.15–0.20 m thick. The soil was buff to yellowish with few small stones. The floor level was found at about +23.36 m (the south part) and +23.33 m (the north part). Finds Layer I contained 61.5 kg of sherds. Among the finds there were fragmentary vessels: two lamps (P 56, P 57) and a miniature kernos (MV 5) with

5

plastic decoration on the interior, imitating six small conical cups. The deposit also contained three mudbrick fragments and a pestle-abrader (GS 18). Layer II contained more than 34 kg of pottery, 30% of which were handleless conical cups. In the upper part of the deposit all finds were fragmentary, while in the lower part some vases were preserved to more than 50%, namely, three handleless conical cups (P 46–P 48); three jugs (P 37–P 39); a cup-rhyton (P 60) with a knob on its slightly raised base and a hole in the middle; two bridge-spouted jars (P 41, P 42); an alabastron (P 43); four bowls (P 51–P 54), the last one with band decoration on both surfaces; a tripod cooking pot (CW 10); a tray (CW 131); and two small fragments of pithoi (P 34, P 35) with plastic relief decoration. The deposit also contained sea shells, a whetstone (GS 19), three pounder-abraders (GS 21–GS 23), an abrader (GS 20), plaster fragments (including A 6), and a mudbrick. Layer III contained 3.06 kg of pottery, especially handleless conical cups (ca. 23%) and pithoid jars. Few objects, more or less complete, were found on the floor. The room was probably cleared of its contents before the abandonment of the house or the collapse of the roof. At the east end of the room, in front of wall W 5, a large pithos (P 36) was found in situ, its base placed directly on the floor, preserved to a height of 0.50 m. It has a flat base, with two plastic bands of triangular section. The neck is decorated with a plastic band with finger impressions on its lower part. Various other vases were found on the floor, including two handleless conical cups (P 49, P 50), a bowl (P 55), a globular cup with a potter’s mark (P 45-PM 5), two lamps (P 58, P 59), a fruitstand (P 44), a stand (P 61), and a jug (P 40). Other finds include a polisher (GS 24), obsidian debitage fragments (O 2, P86/291 [SM 6779]), animal bones, a loomweight (LW 3), carbon fragments, and a few mudbrick fragments. At the center of the room, a large piece of painted plaster was found (A 7), which might have been originally attached to a window or door frame.

6

METAXIA TSIPOPOULOU

Pottery Layer

Date

Total Sherds

Weight

Diagnostic (% of Total)

Decorated

Fine

Medium

Coarse

I

Few MM II; LM IA; few LM III

2,006

61.5 kg

1,410 (70.3%)

275

376

826

804

II

Few EM II; few MM IB; few MM II; MM III; LM IA

1,423

34.1 kg

852 (59.9%)

302

607

521

295

III

Few MM IB–II; MM III; LM IA; few LM III

343

3.06 kg

198 (57.7%)

85

134

110

99

Layer I shapes: 140 pithoi, 315 pithoid jars, 6 bridge-spouted jars, 124 amphorae, 34 jugs, 161 tripod cooking pots, 19 cooking pots, 18 cooking dishes, 13 dishes, 41 basins, 328 handleless conical cups, 5 conical cups, 41 globular cups, 34 straight-sided cups, 1 carinated cup, 4 tumblers, 1 footed cup, 70 cups, 40 bowls, 1 pyxis, 2 kalathoi, 1 kylix, 1 alabastron, 1 stand, 1 stirrup jar, 5 closed vases, 1 lamp, 1 lid, 1 firestand. Layer II shapes: 40 pithoi, 63 pithoid jars, 4 bridge-spouted jars, 22 amphorae, 55 jugs, 11 closed vases, 157 tripod cooking pots, 3 cooking dishes, 5 dishes, 4 basins, 287 handleless conical cups, 19 conical cups, 24 globular cups, 29 straight-sided cups, 5 carinated cups, 1 tumbler, 1 footed cup, 49 cups, 1 tripod cup, 54 bowls, 1 kalathos, 4 fruitstands, 4 ledge-rimmed bowls, 4 lids, 4 trays, and 1 scuttle. Layer III shapes: 12 pithoi, 24 pithoid jars, 4 amphorae, 12 jugs, 6 tripod cooking pots, 1 cooking dish, 2 dishes, 7 basins, 79 handleless conical cups, 1 conical cup, 2 globular cups, 8 straight-sided cups, 3 carinated cups, 1 tumbler, 10 cups, 14 bowls, 1 lamp, 4 kalathoi, 2 fruitstands, 1 pyxis, 1 scuttle, 1 stand, 2 kylikes.

Room E Stratigraphy Room E is an elongated space, measuring 1.70 m (north–south) by 4.30 m (east–west), with an area of 7.7 m2 (Fig. 3; Pl. 5B). It was a storeroom with access from the upper floor, probably via a wooden ladder. A long, wide modern terrace wall was built directly on top of W 4a and W 4b, thus preserving it to a height of up to 1.05 m (elevation +24.46 m), while the other walls are only 0.50 m–0.95 m in height. All walls are 0.50–0.80 m wide. Room E was excavated in 1985 and 1986. The original surface sloped down from west to east. The surface layer (Lr I) was 0.30 m deep, and the upper part of the walls came to light 0.10–0.30 m below the modern surface. The destruction deposit of the upper floor (Lr II) was 0.75 m (at the west) to 0.45 m (at the east) deep. The soil was a yellowish-buff color and contained many stones fallen from the walls; the stones were concentrated in the southeast part of the room, and

hence, they were probably fallen from W 7, which was preserved in this area to a height of only 0.30 m. At the center of the room, ca. 0.10–0.20 m above the floor level, a few slabs were found, probably belonging to the floor of the upper story. Fallen stones and slabs continued down to 0.10 m above the floor level. The floor deposit (Lr III) was 0.10–0.15 m thick. The soil was light buff to yellowish, with a few small stones. The surface of the floor, made of beaten earth and a few sea pebbles, was sloped slightly downward from west to east, +23.41–23.38 m (west) and +23.28 m (east). A slab, probably the base of a wooden post, was found lying horizontally on the floor. Slightly off the center of the room, toward the southeast corner, two vertical slabs were found forming a small built feature of unknown use. Few objects were present on the floor, probably because the room was cleared of its contents before the house was abandoned. Finds Layer I and the upper part of Lr II contained only fragmentary finds. In contrast, most of the

EXCAVATION DATA

pottery was well preserved in the lower part of Lr II, as well as Lr III. Layer I contained ca. 41.5 kg of pottery, mainly sherds of pithoid jars and handleless conical cups, and, in smaller quantities, fragments from pithoi (P 62–P 64), jugs, amphorae, pithoid and bridgespouted jars, basins, various types of cups (globular and straight-sided), closed vases, tripod cooking pots, cooking dishes, trays, lamps, lids, and incense burners. Further finds included: one bowl (P 91); a handleless conical cup with a potter’s mark (P 87-PM 7); a large plate (CW 73); a medium-sized plate (CW 81); two trays (CW 142, CW 162); four lids (P 105–P 108); an amphora (P 74); a trefoilmouthed jug (P 77); a basin (P 72); a pithoid jar (P 65); a kalathos (P 73); loomweights (LW 4, LW 5-PM 6), one with a potter’s mark; an abradergrinder (GS 25); a pounder-abrader (GS 26); and a fragmentary gourna (GS 27). The destruction deposit of the upper floor, Lr II, produced 101.5 kg of pottery, the majority of which consisted of handleless conical cups (>15%), pithoid jars, and tripod cooking pots (>6%). The upper part contained many fragmentary vases, including two fruitstands (P 80, P 81), a fenestrated stand (P 114), three bowls (P 98, P 100, P 99-PM 12), a rhyton (P 109) decorated with bands and zones of ripple pattern, a tray (CW 160), an amphora (P 75), two lamps (P 103, P 104), a straight-sided cup (P 82), six pithoid jars (P 66–P 71), a bowl (P 102), and a jug (P 78). With these vessels were a pounder-abrader (GS 28); a pounder (GS 29); four loomweights, one with a potter’s mark (LW 6, LW 7, LW 8-PM 8, LW 9); animal bones; seashells; five fragments of mudbricks (including A 8–A 10); a terracotta floor slab (A 12); and a terracotta drain fragment. All these were at the same elevation as the uppermost preserved parts of the walls. Near the floor surface a large number of fragmentary vessels and sherds were collected, including a plate (CW 108); three large plates (CW 82, CW 83, CW 107); two large spouted plates (CW 90, CW 91); a tray (CW 143); a handleless bell

7

cup (P 90); a conical cup (P 85); a handleless conical cup (P 88); 9 bowls (P 93, P 94, P 95-PM 9, P 96-PM 10, P 97, P 98, P 99-PM 12, P 101, P 102), three with a potter’s mark; a fenestrated stand (P 113); a cooking dish (CW 169); two incense burners (P 111, P 112); a scuttle (P 110); an amphora (P 76); two leg fragments of tripod cooking pots (CW 44, CW 45); a footed cup (P 86); and a pithoid jar (P 70). Other finds included an abrader (whetstone; GS 30), a discoid loomweight with a potter’s mark (LW 10-PM 11), a pounder (GS 32), two stone weights (GS 34, GS 35), three possible balance weights (GS 31, GS 33, GS 40), three abraders (GS 36–GS 38), a hand tool (GS 39), a clay horn (F 1), three clay loomweights (LW 11–LW 13), nine fragments of mudbricks (including A 11), animal bones and shells, a fragment from a carinated stone bowl (SV 2), carbon fragments, obsidian (O 3, P85/89b), and a bronze pin or spit (P86/168). The lower part of Lr II contained larger quantities of mudbricks and stones than the upper part. Some of the stone tools might have been used as building material. Furthermore, the number of complete vases, as well as those preserving full profiles, was substantially larger than that of the layer’s upper part. The floor deposit, Lr III, contained a limited quantity of pottery (pithoi, pithoid jars, amphorae, tripod cooking pots, various types of cups, fruitstands, pyxides, stands, hole-mouthed jars, cooking dishes, scuttles, lamps, kalathoi, and dishes). Inventoried objects include a wide-mouthed jug (P 79-PM 13) with a potter’s mark and two straightsided cups (P 83, P 84). On the floor a clay slab was found, which was probably used as the base for another vessel, perhaps jug P 79-PM 13. All of these vessels were deposited in the southwest corner of the room and were standing on the floor. In the same corner, a few traces of burning were found, probably the remains of a burned or decomposed roof beam or of a wooden ladder. Other finds include a stone weight (GS 41) cuboid loomweight (LW 14), and animal bones.

8

METAXIA TSIPOPOULOU

Pottery Layer

Date

Total Sherds

Weight

Diagnostic (% of Total)

Decorated

Fine

Medium

Coarse

I

Few MM II; LM I A

955

41.35 kg

768 (80.4%)

109

259

271

425

II

Few MM II; few MM III; LM IA

3,363

101.5 kg

2,054 (61.1%)

687

835

1,620

908

III

Few MM III; LM IA

284

7.86 kg

149 (50%)

67

87

85

112

Layer I shapes: 101 pithoi, 231 pithoid jars, 6 bridge-spouted jars, 41 amphorae, 7 jugs, 1 stirrup jar, 5 closed vases, 58 tripod cooking pots, 8 dishes, 36 basins, 199 handleless conical cups, 1 conical cup, 32 globular cups, 27 straight-sided cups, 3 tumblers, 9 bowls, 1 lamp, 1 stand, 1 firestand. Layer II shapes: 92 pithoi, 369 pithoid jars, 7 bridge-spouted jars, 54 amphorae, 1 Palace-style amphora, 93 jugs, 80 closed vases, 205 tripod cooking pots, 20 cooking dishes, 18 dishes, 112 basins, 6 kalathoi, 506 handleless conical cups, 34 conical cups, 2 tripod conical cups, 101 globular cups, 168 straight-sided cups, 10 carinated cups, 4 tumblers, 37 cups, 1 stemmed cup, 96 bowls, 6 ledge-rimmed bowls, 4 fruitstands, 4 lamps, 1 miniature vase, 1 rhyton, 1 stand, 15 lids, 1 pyxis, 4 trays, 1 scuttle. Layer III shapes: 6 pithoi, 7 pithoid jars, 3 amphorae, 3 jugs, 3 closed vases, 3 tripod cooking pots, 1 cooking dish, 2 dishes, 5 basins, 4 kalathoi, 70 handleless cups, 1 conical cup, 3 globular cups, 8 straight-sided cups, 2 carinated cups, 2 cups, 2 tripod cups, 10 bowls, 3 fruitstands, 1 lamp, 1 pyxis, 1 scuttle, 1 stand.

Room Λ Stratigraphy Room Λ is a rectangular space, south of Room E, measuring 2.25–3.00 m (north–south) by 3.00– 4.00 m (east–west), with an area of ca. 9.20 m2 (Fig. 3; Pls. 5B–5E). It was a storeroom, accessible only from the upper floor of the house, probably via a wooden ladder. Heavy traces of burned soil and carbon, found on the floor at the northwest corner of the room, could indicate the remains of such a ladder. As a result of the long, wide modern terrace wall built on top of W 4, the latter is preserved at an average height of 1.50 m. Furthermore, W 4 was constructed partially on top of an earlier (MM IB– IIA) wall, W 4b. Wall W 2 and the east parts of W 3 and W 7 are preserved at a much lower height (ca. 0.40–0.90 m). All walls are 0.70 m thick except for W 7, an inner partition wall between Room Λ and Room E, which is 0.50 m thick. Room Λ was divided into two areas by a short wall (W 8), which is not preserved to its entire length. It seems quite possible that there was a doorway at the south side of W 8, which had a mudbrick superstructure, as suggested by the large

quantities of mudbricks found at the northeast corner of the room. Room Λ was excavated in 1986. The surface level, Lr I, was 0.20–0.30 m thick, and it was very disturbed because of the modern retaining wall and a vineyard planted to the north of it. The soil was yellowish buff, almost sandy, and it contained a few stones. The upper part of the west wall (W 4a) appeared immediately below the surface at an average elevation of +24.89 m, while the rest of the walls lay significantly deeper. At the east side of the room, the upper part of the walls was found at +24.15 m (the east part of W 3) and +24.30 m (the east part of W 7). Layer II, the destruction deposit of the upper floor, was 1.4 m thick. The soil varied from buff to yellowish buff in color and contained mainly small stones with a few medium and large stones fallen from the nearby walls, as well as mudbricks and plaster fragments, especially near the floor. The large amount of fallen stones and mudbricks in this layer indicate the existence of an upper floor over Room Λ with mudbrick walls. The plaster fragments suggest that the walls of the upper story were plastered.

EXCAVATION DATA

The floor deposit, Lr III, was 0.20–0.30 m thick, with buff to yellowish soil, and contained few stones and little pottery. Several mudbrick fragments were found in the east part of the room. At the north side of the east part of the room, many fallen stones came from the destruction of the north wall (W 7). The floor consisted of beaten earth and had a slightly sloping surface (west compartment +23.34 m at the west end and +23.28 m at the east end; east compartment +23.23 m). There was a large area with traces of heavy burning at the northwest corner. Finds All layers of Room Λ produced significant quantities of pottery and other finds, more than any other area of House I.1. The stratigraphical sequence allowed the deposits of the upper floor to be clearly distinguished from those of the basement. The surface layer, Lr I, contained about 14 kg of pottery, mainly pithoid jars, pithoi, and handleless conical cups. Several fragmentary vases were collected separately, including a lamp (P 276), a strainer (P 357), a thin tray/plate (CW 74), a plate (CW 86), the foot of a tripod vessel with a potter’s mark (PM 14), and a firestand (CW 206). Other finds include stone tools, namely a pounder/pestle abrader (GS 42), two abrader-grinders (GS 44, GS 47), an abrader (GS 43), a possible tool (GS 45), a pounder (GS 46), a possible polisher/balance weight (GS 48), a weight (GS 49), fragments of a stone alabastron (SV 3), a stone basin (SV 4), four mudbrick fragments, animal bones, and drain fragments (A 15, A 16). The first (almost) complete vases were found in Lr II, representing the upper story. These include a handleless bell cup (P 212), a handleless globular cup (P 211), two handleless conical cups (P 203, P 209), two lamps (P 277, P 278), a bowl with a potter’s mark (P 251-PM 33), a scuttle (P 316), and a juglet (MV 6). The number of complete (or almost complete) vases increased significantly toward the floor deposit. Numerous fragmentary vessels were collected separately, including five straight-sided cups (P 185–P 187, P 189, P 191), and 11 lamps (P 280, P 283–P 285, P 288, P 289, P 293, P 296–P 299). Piece P 288 was a handleless conical cup used as lamp. The pedestalled lamp P 296 preserves two plastic bands on the lower part of the leg. Example P 289 is a bell cup-lamp,

9

and other finds include: 20 bowls (P 227–P 231, P 233–P 236, P 242, P 243, P 245, P 246, P 253–P 255, P 257–P 260); six handleless conical cups (P 202, P 204, P 205-PM 26, P 206-PM 30, P 207PM 31, P 208), three of them with potter’s marks; 17 small fragments from stands (P 324, P 326–P 328, P 330, P 331, P 334–P 337, P 342, P 344–P 346, P 349, P 351, P 352); six fragmentary trays (CW 116, CW 117, CW 122, CW 123, CW 144, CW 156); two fragmentary tray/plates (CW 113, CW 114); 12 fragments of plates (CW 69, CW 71, CW 75, CW 78, CW 79, CW 84, CW 85, CW 93, CW 94, CW 96, CW 97, CW 103); a fragmentary table (CW 103); a pyxis (P 356); 11 fragments of fruitstands (P 171–P 181); four lids (P 306–P 309); two amphorae (P 143, P 144); two bridge-spouted jars (P 163, P 164); three jugs (P 157–P 159); three scuttles (P 318–P 320); six basins (P 130–P 135); a pithoid jar (P 125); a cooking dish (CW 176); two kalathoi (P 138, P 139); an alabastron (P 167); three scored basins (beehives; P 361–P 363); three rhyta (P 311, P 313, P 314 [P 311 is a bowl/rhyton, and P 313 and P 314 are closed vases-rhyta]); fragments from three pithoi (P 115–P 117); a sherd of a strainer pyxis (P 358); the lower part of a tripod cooking pot (CW 38); and two more cooking pots (CW 17, CW 57-PM 17), one with a potter’s mark. Layer II also contained two possible balance weights (GS 51, GS 52); two abraders (GS 53, GS 73); a possible abrader/balance weight (GS 54); another abrader (GS 60); a mortar (GS 55); a pestle (GS 70); a pestle/whetstone (GS 56); an unfinished quern or building stone (GS 57); three facetted tools (GS 58, GS 59, GS 64); two polishers (GS 61, GS 71); three pounders (GS 62, GS 63, GS 68); a pounder-hammer (GS 50); a polisher (GS 65); three pounder-abraders (GS 66, GS 69, GS 72); an abrader-grinder (GS 67); 21 mudbrick fragments; seashells and bones; a leg of an animal figurine (F 2); a bead or rock crystal (P86/19); six loomweights (LW 15-PM 18, LW 16–LW 20), one with a potter’s mark; and four obsidian flakes (O 4–O 7). It must be noted that in Lr II there was a small percentage of earlier (MM) and later (Late Minoan [LM] III) pottery (e.g., P 201, MV 7). Moreover, there are vases with joins from Lr II and Lr III or even from Lr II and nearby trenches. The crossjoins indicate the magnitude of the destruction that

10

METAXIA TSIPOPOULOU

resulted in the smashing of the vases and the distribution of their fragments all over the room and into neighboring areas. Thus, in order to attribute the pottery and the finds of Lr II and Lr III to the basement floor, the upper story, or to a possible later disturbance, we took into account: (1) the layer in which they were found; (2) the position in which they were found (inclination, orientation); (3) the state of preservation (intact/complete or not); and (4) the number and the provenance of the joining fragments. Most of the finds attributable to the upper story were found just above the floor deposit. However, fragments of vases from the upper story were also found in Lr III in different inclinations, for example, tripod cooking pot CW 23 was found upsidedown at the southeast corner of the room, along the eastern part of W 3. The finds from the upper story include complete or almost complete vases such as a jug with spatter decoration (P 154), a lamp (P 281), two bowls (P 215, P 216), three tripod cooking jugs (CW 22– CW 24), and two straight-sided cups (P 185, P 192). Other fragmentary vessels include three jugs (P 155, P 156, P 160), undecorated or with dribbles and a zone of foliate band; a wide-mouthed jug (P 168); 12 amphorae (P 140, P 141-PM 25, P 142PM 29, P 145–P 153), two with potter’s marks; a jug-rhyton (P 312); a LM III miniature juglet (MV 7); a scored basin (beehive; P 360); seven pithoid jars (P 122-PM 20, P 123, P 124, P 126–P 129), one with a potter’s mark; three tripod cooking pots, one with a potter’s mark (CW 39, CW 46, PM 28); three large plates (CW 92, CW 95, CW 109); three cooking dishes (CW 168, CW 188, CW 198); a tray (CW 112); a tripod tray (CW 139); four fruitstands (P 170, P 172, P 182, P 183); a fragment from a pithoid jar (P 121-PM 16) with a potter’s mark; three lids (P 303–P 305); eight straight-sided cups (P 187, P 189–P 191, P 193–P 196), of which, P 187, P 193, and P 194 have band decoration, and P 195 has dribbles and drops of paint on the interior; a footed cup (P 200); nine lamps (P 279, P 282, P 286, P 287, P 290–P 292, P 294, P 295-PM 32 [P 282 and P 295-PM 32 are bowls that were used as lamps]), two with potter’s marks; 12 fragments of fenestrated stands (P 325, P 329, P 332, P 333, P 338–P 341, P 343, P 347, P 348, P 350); a handleless conical cup (P 206-PM 30); a handless globular cup (P 211); two handleless bell cups (P 212, P

213); a cup-rhyton (P 310); a conical cup (P 197); two kalathoi (P 136-PM 24, P 137), the first with a potter’s mark; an incense burner (P 323-PM 19) with a potter’s mark; a scuttle with a potter’s mark (P 317-PM 15); 53 bowls, two with potter’s marks (P 214, P 215, P 217–P 231, P 232-PM 27, P 233–P 250, P 251-PM 33, P 252–P 267); a plate (P 275); and a LM IIIA kylix (P 201). The destruction deposit also contained a large number of other finds that had fallen from the upper story, including a number of stone tools: three pestles (GS 74, GS 76, GS 78), a whetstone (GS 81), a hammer/whetstone (GS 79), a polisher (GS 82), a chisel (GS 83), a pebble (GS 75), a pounder (GS 77), a possible stone tool (GS 80), four obsidian blades (OB 1–OB 4), and obsidian debitage (O 8). Additional items included animal bones; six loomweights, three with potter’s marks (LW 21-PM 21, LW 22, LW 23-PM 22, LW 24-PM 23, LW 25, LW 26); a bone tool (P86/342); and fragments of stone vases, including a cylindrical jar (SV 5), a rim fragment from an open vase (SV 6), a stone pyxis (SV 7), two unspecified fragments (SV 8, SV 9), and a small cylindrical vase (SV 10). Of particular interest are six fragments of a plaster table (P86/284; Pl. 16). The largest plaster fragment measures 4.4 x 3.5 x 1.2 cm and preserves an edge. The lower surface of the fragment, where the wooden structure would have been attached, is curved and hollow, and the piece has a flat and wide edge. Three layers are preserved: (1) a relatively rough layer, used to ensure the plaster would adhere to the wood, (2) the second layer, white in color and somewhat finer, and (3) a very thin and polished surface layer. Dark red lustrous paint and traces of a darker paint are preserved on a wide band at the rim (cf. MacGillivray et al. 1991, 139). Additionally, the destruction deposit contained architectural elements such as 10 fragments of plaster (including A 13), eight mudbricks, and a door socket (A 18). From the basement, Lr III, came 270 kg of sherds and two complete or almost complete vases were collected: a wide-mouthed jug (P 169), which was found in the middle of the west compartment with its base lying on the floor, and a bowl (P 272). Several fragmentary vases were inventoried from the same area: three bowls (P 268, P 273, P 274), two lamps (P 301, P 302), a jug (P 162), two conical cups (P 198, P 199), a bowl-rhyton (P 315), two large plates (CW 88, CW 104), a fenestrated stand

EXCAVATION DATA

(P 354), a strainer pyxis with a potter’s mark (P 359-PM 36), and a handle fragment from a stirrup jar (P 166). A cluster of fragmentary vases was found in the floor deposit of the eastern part of the room and included bowls (P 269–P 271); a handleless conical cup (P 210); a jug (P 161) decorated with bands and dribbles; a bridge-spouted jar (P 165) decorated with bands, ivies, and a foliate motif; a lamp (P 300); a pithos fragment with a potter’s mark (P 119-PM 37); a rim and upper body fragment from a small cylindrical pithos (P 120); a tripod cooking pot with a potter’s mark (PM 35); a scuttle (P 322); and two small fragments of fenestrated stands (P 353, P 355).

11

Layer III also contained a large number of other finds, including a whetstone (GS 84), some obsidian debitage (O 9, O 10) and an obsidian blade (OB 5), animal bones, three loomweights (LW 27–LW 29), plaster fragments (including A 14, A 17), the horn of a bovine figurine (F 3), fragments of a stone lid (SV 11) and a stone pyxis (SV 12), and a small piece of pumice (GS 85). Additionally, five mudbricks were found, the majority of which come from the eastern part of the room, suggesting that the thin dividing wall had a mudbrick superstructure that fell to the east.

Pottery Layer

Date

Total Sherds

Weight

Diagnostic (% of Total)

Decorated

Fine

Medium

Coarse

I

Few MM; LM I; few LM III

333

13.7 kg

96 (28.8%)

45

67

176

90

II

Few EM I; few EM IIA; few EM III/MM I; few MM IIA; LM IA; LM III(1)

10,442

1,323.8 kg

2,641

4,048

4,054

2,340

III

Few EM III/MM I; few MM IIA; MM III; LM IA

1,182

170 kg

314

430

417

335

7,453 (71.4%)

782 (66.9%)

Layer I shapes: 17 pithoi, 28 pithoid jars, 2 stirrup jars, 7 amphorae, 7 jugs, 4 tripod cooking pots, 1 cooking dish, 1 dish, 1 basin, 11 handleless conical cups, 1 straight-sided cup, 13 cups, 1 bowl, 2 lids. Layer II shapes: 255 pithoi, 969 pithoid jars, 51 bridge-spouted jars, 688 amphorae, 531 jugs, 1 juglet, 36 closed vases, 16 tripod closed vases, 124 cooking pots, 751 tripod cooking pots, 72 cooking dishes, 67 dishes, 60 kalathoi, 168 basins, 5 tables, 1 miniature conical cup, 1,512 handleless conical cups, 161 conical cups, 211 globular cups, 43 carinated cups, 457 straight-sided cups, 24 tumblers, 1 bell cup, 1 kylix, 12 footed cups, 1 egg cup, 523 cups, 15 ledge-rimmed bowls, 578 bowls, 46 fruitstands, 16 lamps, 15 stands, 1 miniature bowl, 9 pyxides, 12 lids, 5 scuttles, 6 incense burners, 2 rhyta, 7 alabastra. Layer III shapes: 20 pithoi, 87 pithoid jars, 4 bridge-spouted jars, 49 amphorae, 44 jugs, 1 stirrup jar, 6 closed vases, 2 cooking pots, 101 tripod cooking pots, 3 cooking dishes, 8 dishes, 5 kalathoi, 23 basins, 214 handleless conical cups, 1 conical cup, 12 globular cups, 6 carinated cups, 38 straight-sided cups, 2 tumblers, 2 bell cups, 68 cups, 7 ledge-rimmed bowls, 66 bowls, 4 fruitstands, 1 strainer pyxis, 3 lids, 3 lamps, 1 stand, 1 alabastron.

Room Ξ Stratigraphy Room Ξ is located in the northwest part of the house, adjacent to Area Φ, Area O, Area P, and Staircase Y (Figs. 3, 4, 6; Pls. 5F–6C). It has an

inverted Γ-shaped plan and measures 2.20 m (east– west) by 3 m (north–south), with an area of 6.6 m2. It is comprised of walls W 13, W 20, W 21, W 22, W 23, and W 33, which are preserved at heights varying from 0.25 m to 0.63 m. They are constructed of medium irregularly shaped stones, which probably

12

METAXIA TSIPOPOULOU

were initially plastered, and their maximum thickness is 0.60 m. Room Ξ was a kitchen, and through Staircase Y it communicated with the upper floor of the house. This room belongs to the second Neopalatial phase of House I.1. Room Ξ is accessible from the sheltered industrial Area P on the northeast side. There is also a doorway (1 m wide) with a stone threshold on the west side, leading to open Area Φ. Room Ξ can be divided into two parts: (1) the east compartment, measuring 3 x 1 m (W 13, W 20, W 21, and W 22); and (2) the west compartment, measuring 2 x 1.2 m (W 21, W 23, and W 33), which is in communication with Area Φ. The floor of Room Ξ is not at the same level as that of Area Φ. Room Ξ was excavated in 1986, and three different layers were identified. The elevation prior to the excavation was +24.15–24.09 m. The surface layer, Lr I, was 0.15–0.20 m thick and contained a few sea pebbles at the southeast corner; the soil was a yellowish-buff color. In the middle of the room, fallen stones and many fragmentary vessels were found. The upper surfaces of W 21 and W 33 were also revealed, and W 33 had a doorway 1 m wide. Layer II, about 0.45 m thick, had compact soil containing fallen stones, especially in the middle of the room. Small plaster fragments suggest that the walls were plastered. The quantity of sherds and fragmentary vases, as well as of stone tools, was much larger here than in Lr I. In Lr II the first complete or almost complete vases came to light. The floor deposit, Lr III, was 0.20 m thick, with very compacted yellowish-white soil and few fallen stones. The large quantity of fragmentary and complete or almost complete vessels of various types and shapes was noteworthy. Most of them came from the southwest corner of the west compartment of the room, suggesting the existence of wooden shelves on which the vases were initially stored. This hypothesis is further supported by the presence of carbonized wood at the southwest corner of the room. Many vessels also came from the middle of the room and near W 21, especially handleless conical and straight-sided cups. In addition, traces of fire suggest the presence of a hearth. A third cluster of fragmentary and complete vases (cups, kalathoi, and a jug) were found near the northeast entrance of the room, close to W 21.

The floor, at an elevation of +23.28 m, was paved. The slabs in the west compartment of the room, at the junction of W 22 and W 23, were not in their initial position, probably as a result of an earthquake. At the southeast part of the room, the lower courses of W 13a, as well as the MM II wall W 13b, were revealed at +23.31 m. Finds Layer I contained only pottery fragments (6.3 kg of sherds), including a bridge-spouted jar (P 412), two handleless conical cups (P 448, P 449), and a large plate (CW 65), most of which were found in the east part of the room. Other inventoried finds include a pounder-polisher (GS 86), a loomweight (LW 30), and a mudbrick fragment. In Lr II, below the fallen stones of the northeast part, there was a small pottery cluster consisting of a complete handleless conical cup (P 450), a fragmentary straight-sided cup (P 425), and sherds from a closed vase. An almost complete jug (P 392), mended from many sherds, was found at the northwest corner of the room, in front of the junction of W 21 and W 33. A fragment of a lid (P 482) came from the same area. A bowl (P 459) and a small fragment from a MM closed vase (EMP 22) with relief decoration consisting of two vertical parallel raised bands, probably initially included in a mudbrick, were found after the removal of the fallen stones. The rest of the area produced two amphorae (P 379, P 380), a jug with two horizontal white bands on the body (P 391), a pithoid jar (P 366), and a fragment of a stand (P 484). Other finds from Lr II include two pounder/ pestles (GS 87, GS 92), two pounders (GS 89, GS 90), a polisher (GS 93), a pounder-polisher (GS 88), a pounder-abrader (GS 91), two abraders (GS 94, GS 95), a trapezoidal obsidian blade (P86/160), a discoid loomweight with a potter’s mark (LW 31-PM 38), a mudbrick fragment, a plaster fragment, seashells, and bones. On the floor, Lr III, the first cluster of vessels was found at the southwest corner, in front of W 23 and near the junction of W 22 and W 23. It included fragmentary and complete, or almost complete, examples of various types and shapes: jugs, monochrome, or with linear decoration (P 393, P 394-PM 39, P 396–P 399), an amphora (P 382), a

EXCAVATION DATA

globular cup (P 421), two ledge-rimmed bowls (P 460, P 462), and a conical bowl (P 461). Near the junction of W 21 and W 33, a one handled conical cup (P 444) and three straight-sided cups (P 428, P 438, P 439) came to light. The pottery cluster close to wall W 21 contained a wide-mouthed jug (P 413); a jug with traces of red paint on the exterior surface (P 395); three amphorae with band decoration (P 381, P 386, P 387); a globular cup (P 417); two handleless conical cups (P 451, P 455); one-handled bell cup (P 443); two handleless bell cups (P 457, P 458); a one-handled conical cup (P 441); a bowl with a potter’s mark (P 471-PM 43); a plate (P 477); and seven straightsided cups (P 426, P 430–P 434, P 437), with P 426 decorated with three thin white bands near the base and below the rim, while fragmentary cup P 433 has light-on-dark decoration with a zone of running spirals. The cluster also contained an S-profile bowl (P 467); a ledge-rimmed bowl (P 468); two pithoid jars (P 367, P 369-PM 44), the second one with a potter’s mark; a fragmentary lamp (P 479); two tripod cooking pans (CW 31, CW 36), the second with two horizontal arched handles below the rim; the lower part of a tripod cooking pot (CW 40); a cooking jar (CW 63); and a lamp (P 478). The cleaning of the floor surface near W 21 produced three bowls (P 465–P 467). The third pottery cluster was found to the east of the previous one near W 21. It contained a onehandled globular cup (P 418); a straight-sided cup with a white band on the rim and three more bands at mid-height (P 427); and a few fragmentary vases, including three jugs (P 402, P 405, P 409), a globular cup (P 424), a straight-sided cup (P 440), a ledge-rimmed bowl (P 473), a kalathos (P 376), a small fragment of a large plate (CW 98), a lamp (P 481), a tripod cooking pot with traces of burning on the lower body and leg (CW 25), and two pithoid jars (P 371, P 372). Two fragmentary kalathoi were found together near W 23 (P 375-PM 40, P378), one with a potter’s mark on the base. The area also produced four jugs, one with a potter’s mark (P 400-PM 41, P 403, P 404, P 407); two amphorae (P 388, P 389); a one-handled conical cup (P 445); another conical

13

cup (P 447); two straight-sided cups (P 429, P 435); two globular cups (P 419, P 420), the first one decorated with a careless spiral on the body and a black band on both surfaces of the rim; three handleless conical cups (P 452, P 453, P 454-PM 42), one with a potter’s mark; three bowls (P 463, P 464, P 470); a ledge-rimmed bowl (P 469); a fragment of a rhyton decorated with a zone of floral motifs between bands (P 483); a fragment of a lamp with barbotine decoration (EMP 21); a tray (CW 126); a small cooking jug (CW 26); a tripod cooking pan (CW 30); a tripod tray (CW 154); a fruitstand (P 415); fragments from two scored basins (beehives; P 488, P 489); and two fragments from fenestrated stands (P 485, P 486). The cleaning of the floor produced four amphorae (P 383–P 385, P 390), two pithoid jars (P 368, P 370), two trefoil-mouthed jugs (P 401, P 408), a beaked jug with floral decoration (P 406), two more fragments of jugs (P 410, P 411), two globular cups (P 422, P 423), three straight-sided cups (P 436, P 441, P 442), a cup with a potter’s mark (PM 45), a conical cup (P 446), a handleless conical cup (P 456), three bowls (P 472, P 474, P 475), a basin with a double handle (P 373), a small basin with horizontal handle (P 374), an undecorated wide mouthed jug (P 414), a fragment from a stand (P 487), a lamp (P 480), a body fragment from a pithos decorated with dribbles (P 364), a handle fragment of a small pithos with plastic rippling (P 365), a cooking dish (CW 177), and a fruitstand (P 416). All vases were fragmentary or mended from many sherds and spread over various loci, indicating that they were not found in situ, but had fallen from their original position. Other finds included three pounder-abraders (GS 97, GS 98, GS 101), two pounders (GS 96, GS 103), a pounder/pestle-polisher (GS 99), a pumice hand tool (GS 100), a weathered cobble (GS 102), a quern (GS 104), an obsidian blade (OB 6), seashells and animal bones, plaster fragments (including A 19), four mudbrick fragments (including A 20), a floor slab (A 21), part of a slab fallen from the roof (A 22), and two loomweights (LW 32, LW 33).

14

METAXIA TSIPOPOULOU

Pottery Layer

Date

Total Sherds

Weight

I

Few MM II; MM III; LM I

193

6.35 kg

II

Few EM II; few MM II–III; LM IA

>361

III

Few EM; few MM IB– II; MM III; LM IA

3,013

Diagnostic

Decorated

Fine

Medium

Coarse

186 (96.4%)

36

51

47

96

>5.85 kg

198 (54.8%)

43

128

133

100

50.9 kg

1,566 (51.2%)

634

1,697

948

368

(% of Total)

Layer I shapes: 6 pithoi, 79 pithoid jars, 7 amphorae, 19 jugs, 2 tripod cooking pots, 9 cooking pots, 13 handleless conical cups, 16 conical cups, 10 globular cups, 3 straight-sided cups, 2 bell cups, 2 carinated cups, 4 cups, 2 ledge-rimmed bowls, 11 bowls, 1 larnax. Layer II shapes: 2 pithoi, 15 pithoid jars, 7 amphorae, 38 jugs, 21 tripod cooking pots, 4 dishes, 2 basins, 54 handleless conical cups, 20 conical cups, 2 globular cups, 12 straight-sided cups, 1 footed cup, 12 cups, 6 bowls, 1 lid, 1 pyxis. Layer III shapes: 49 pithoi, 118 pithoid jars, 8 bridge-spouted jars, 75 amphorae, 105 jugs, 5 closed vases, 199 tripod cooking pots, 3 cooking dishes, 18 dishes, 10 kalathoi, 22 basins, 225 handleless conical cups, 29 conical cups, 76 globular cups, 89 straight-sided cups, 26 carinated cups, 4 tumblers, 1 bell cup, 1 footed cup, 1 spouted cup, 382 cups, 2 ledge-rimmed bowls, 107 bowls, 2 lamps, 1 thelastron, 2 fruitstands, 1 scuttle, 3 incense burners, 2 lids.

Room Π Stratigraphy Room Π is a long rectangular space located at the northeast side of House I.1, to the north of Room A and Corridor B-Δ, measuring 1.90 m (north–south) x 5.30 m (east–west) for an area of 10.1 m2 (Pls. 6D–7A). It comprises W 1, W 2, W 11, W 12, W 13a, W 14, and W 20. No access to the room is preserved, probably due to the poor preservation of W 12, though the doorway likely would have been in the northeast corner. A short dividing wall oriented north–south, W 14, is situated in the middle of W 13a and forms two compartments—one to the west (Π1) and one to the east (Π2)—that communicated through an opening 1.10 m wide. In front of the east face of W 14 there was a feature of unknown use, consisting of two vertical slabs. At the southwest corner of the room there was a large stone mortar. A large piece of mudbrick with wood impressions, found on the floor (Lr III), confirms the presence of a roof over this space. Room Π was excavated in 1985 and 1989. The surface sloped slightly from west to east, at +23.66

m (west) and +23.38 m (east). The surface layer, Lr I, was 0.15–0.20 m thick and contained little pottery and very few stones. The upper part of the walls (except for W 12 and W 14) was revealed almost immediately. Layer II was 0.25 m thick. The soil was a yellowish-buff color and contained no stones. Wall W 14 came to light at +23.33 m. The floor deposit, Lr III, was 0.20 m thick and had a light buff to yellowish soil with a few small stones. The surface of the floor sloped from west to east (elevations: +23.01 m at the west and +22.78 m at the east end). Wall 12 was revealed at +22.81 m. Finds Room Π contained a significant number of vessels, preserved either intact or almost intact, probably in use at the time of the abandonment of the house. Layer I produced a limited quantity of pottery (ca. 3 kg), including various types of cups (handleless conical, straight sided, globular, conical, carinated), pithoi, and also pithoid jars, bridge-spouted jars, basins, tripod cooking pots, bowls, and dishes. Intact pottery was also found in Lr I, such as an almost complete bridge-spouted jar fallen on its side (P 496), together with animal

EXCAVATION DATA

bones, probably from the upper floor of the adjacent rooms. In Lr II, more than 6 kg of pottery were recovered from just below the uppermost preserved part of the walls, mainly consisting of various types of cups (handleless conical, conical, globular, and straight sided), pithoid jars, amphorae, tripod cooking pots, basins, and kalathoi. Inventoried items include an upside-down, almost intact, tripod cooking pot (CW 1); a bowl (P 526-PM 46) with a potter’s mark; two handleless conical cups/lamps (P 542, P 543); a footed cup (P 506) with drops of orange paint underneath the base; a basin with a plastic rope under the rim (P 492); and a tripod cooking pan (CW 37). Other finds from the same deposit include seashells and animal bones. The floor deposit, Lr III, produced 33.2 kg of sherds, including 480 cups of various types. Of these approximately 60% are handleless conical cups, as well as pithoi, pithoid jars, bridge-spouted jars, amphorae, jugs, and cooking pots. It also contained a few bowls, cooking pots, and rhyta. Many vases were found lying on the floor. In Π1 a large square mortar (gourna; GS 106) was found in situ at +23.25 m in the southwest corner. Inside the mortar there was a body and handle fragment of a closed vase with a potter’s mark (PM 51) and a pounder (GS 107), indicating that the space was in use at the time of abandonment. To the east of the gourna across the doorway, there were complete and fragmentary vases, including a one-handled conical cup (P 503); two handleless globular cups (P 523, P 524-PM 52), one with a potter’s mark on the lower surface of the base; seven handleless conical cups, four with potter’s marks (P 508-PM 47, P 509, P 510, P 511-PM 49, P 545-PM 48, P 546, P 547-PM 50 [the last three used as lamps]); and an amphora with a zone of running spirals (P 494). As

15

the vases were found fallen on their sides or upside down, it is probable that they were originally placed on a shelf on the south wall of the room. Moreover, the distribution of the vases, on the south–north axis in front of the short wall (W 14), across the doorway, suggests that this was not a real wall, but probably an elevated bench used to support a wooden shelf, on which the vases originally stood. Other finds in Π1 include a pedestalled lamp (P 544); three handleless conical cups, one with a potter’s mark (P 507, P 516, P 518-PM 59); a handleless globular cup (P 525); two bowls (P 531, P 532); a pithoid jar (P 490); and a rhyton (P 551) decorated with alternating black and reddish bands and a zone with solid disks. A pounder (GS 105) and a mudbrick fragment with wood impressions were also discovered. Numerous vases were found in Π2, such as 10 handleless conical cups, seven with potter’s marks (P 512-PM 54, P 513-PM 55, P 514, P 515-PM 57, P 517, P 519-PM 61, P 520-PM 67, P 521-PM 68, P 522-PM 69, P 549 [the last one used as lamp]); 14 bowls, 11 with potter’s marks (P 527-PM 53, P 528, P 529, P 530-PM 58, P 533-PM 62, P 534-PM 63, P 535-PM 64, P 536-PM 65, P 537-PM 66, P 538PM 70, P 539-PM 71, P 540-PM 72, P 541-PM 74, P 548 [the last one used as lamp]); a bowl-rhyton (P 550); four globular cups, one with a potter’s mark (P 499-PM 56, P 500–P 502), monochrome or decorated with arcs, bands, foliate bands, and spirals; two conical cups (P 504, P 505) decorated with spiral motifs; an amphora (P 495) decorated with bands on the exterior and dribbles on the interior; a kalathos (P 493); two alabastra (P 497, P 498), one undecorated and the other with ripple pattern; and a pithoid jar with a potter’s mark (P 491-PM 73). Non-ceramic finds in Π2 include obsidian debitage (O 11), a pestle (GS 108), and animal bones.

Pottery Layer

Date

Total Sherds

Weight

Diagnostic (% of Total)

Decorated

Fine

Medium

Coarse

I

Very few MM II; LM I

>218

>3.1 kg

99 (45.4%)

37

59

105

54

II

Very few MM II; LM I; LM III (1)

>486

>6.2 kg

132 (27.1%)

73

90

240

156

III

Few MM II; LM I

1,540

33.2 kg

1,084 (70.4%)

106

450

744

346

16

METAXIA TSIPOPOULOU

Layer I shapes: 9 pithoid jars, 1 bridge-spouted jar, 19 closed vases, 4 tripod cooking pots, 5 basins, 1 dish, 34 handleless conical cups, 1 conical cup, 12 globular cups, 3 straight-sided cups, 2 carinated cups, 7 bowls, 1 open vase. Layer II shapes: 11 pithoid jars, 3 amphorae, 9 closed vases, 2 tripod cooking pots, 10 basins, 1 kalathos, 56 handleless cups, 3 conical cups, 22 globular cups, 7 straight-sided cups, 2 carinated cups, 3 bowls, 1 open vase, 1 miniature vase, 1 kylix. Layer III shapes: 26 pithoi, 135 pithoid jars, 1 amphora, 13 jugs, 2 bridge-spouted jars, 320 closed vases, 51 tripod cooking pots, 34 basins, 291 handleless conical cups, 124 globular cups, 23 straight-sided cups, 5 carinated cups, 17 tumblers, 20 cups, 20 bowls, 1 miniature vase, 1 rhyton.

Room 1 Stratigraphy Room 1 is a rectangular space, measuring 1.60– 1.80 x 1.90 m (ca. 3.2 m2), located at the south part of the courtyard, west of Room Λ and Room E. It includes W 4a, W 49, W 50, and W 51 (Pls. 7B– 7D). No doorway is preserved, and it is probable that the access to the room was at a higher level through an unpreserved (wooden?) step on W 51. The absence of mudbrick and the thickness of the walls suggest that there was no upper floor. Wall W 4a is the west wall of Room Λ, Room E, and Room M. Wall W 51 is slightly oblique, possibly as a result of an earthquake. The maximum width of the walls is 0.40 m. Walls W 49 and W 50 are preserved at an average height of 0.45 m, while the maximum height of W 51 is 0.27 m. The east facade of W 50 is built of squarish stones, while the west facade has irregular small stones. The northeast corner of Room 1 has a built niche that contained an amphora, which was probably used to store a liquid (water?) for the industrial activities in the West Courtyard. A few burned sherds were found in the southwest part of the room. Room 1 was excavated in 1989. The surface layer, Lr I, had an average thickness of 0.50 m. The soil was light buff in color and soft, and it contained a few stones. The upper surface of W 4a was revealed at +24.91 m. Layer II was 0.30 m thick. The soil was a light yellowish-buff color, containing medium and small stones that had fallen from the surrounding walls. The upper surfaces of W 49, W 50, and W 51 were at +25.01–24.78 m. At the corner of W 49 and W 50 there was a small area of burned soil. After the removal of the fallen stones, the floor came to light at +24.52 m (Lr III). The floor was paved with small, irregular stones. The lowest row

of stones of W 50 lies at the same elevation as the floor, +24.52 m. At the southwest part of the area the soil was gray, and burned sherds from coarse wares suggest a possible hearth. At the northeast part of the area, an amphora (P 563) was found in a built niche (at +24.46 m), measuring 0.30 x 0.35 x 0.37 x 0.35 m, in a square cavity excavated into the floor. The east side of the niche is formed by W 4a, while at the corner of W 4a and W 51 there was a big square stone, measuring 0.42 x 0.22 x 0.32 m. The south and west sides of the niche are built of irregular stones. Excavation continued below the floor for another 0.15 m (Lr IV). The reddish soil was used to level the space between the lower terrace of the house and the higher terrace of the courtyard. The foundations of walls W 4a, W 49, and W 51 lie at different elevations as a result of the initial inclination. Finds The finds from all strata were very fragmentary, dated both to MM and LM I. Layer I contained sherds, both from coarse and fine wares, many with light-on-dark decoration, and a clay drain (A 23). Layer II produced a sherd of a miniature cup with a raised foot (P89/bag 67/2) and various fragmentary vases: a handleless conical cup (P 572); a carinated cup (EMP 23) with a white band on the rim and base and a pair of arched and wavy bands under the rim; two globular cups (P 566, P 567), the first monochrome, the latter decorated with bands and concentric arcs; 13 bowls, nine with potter’s marks (P 581-PM 76, P 582-PM 77, P 583, P 584, P 585-PM 79, P 586-PM 80, P 587, P 588-PM 85, P 589, P 590-PM 86, P 591-PM 87, P 592-PM 88, P 593-PM 89); a stem fragment of a kylix (P 571); the base and body fragment of a handleless conical cup used as a rhyton (P 598); a fragment

EXCAVATION DATA

of a monochrome piriform rhyton (P 599); a sherd from a Final Neolithic (FN) cheese pot with two holes below the rim (P89/839 [SM 12132]); two basins (P 558, P 559-PM 81), the latter with a potter’s mark; a lamp (P 596); rim and body fragments of five pithoid jars (P 553-PM 78, P 554, P 555-PM 84, P 556, P 557-PM 90), three with potter’s marks; two alabastra (P 564, P 565) decorated with bands and a zone of ripple pattern; a pithos (P 552); a fragment of a straight-sided cup with a potter’s mark (P 569-PM 83); the handle of an amphora with a potter’s mark (P 562-PM 82); a tray (CW 150) a miniature tumbler (MV 8); and a scuttle (P 600). There were also mudbrick fragments; animal bones and seashells; three loomweights (LW 34PM 75, LW 35, LW 36), one with a potter’s mark; a possible stone tool (GS 109); a pounder (GS 110); a stone knife (GS 111); a possible abraderwhetstone (GS 112); a pounder-abrader (GS 113); fragments of a clay drain; a fragment of a figurine (F 2); and a fragmentary stone pyxis lid (SV 13). Two slabs probably came from the upper story of Room Λ and Room E (one cataloged as A 25). From Lr III, only oval-mouthed amphora P 563 belonged to the original context of the room, as it was the only complete object found in situ in the niche. It has four handles—two small vertical

17

handles from the rim to the neck and two smaller ones in the middle of the body. The amphora is decorated with bands and dribbles on the body and with bands on the neck and the handles. Other inventoried finds include various fragmentary vases: five handleless conical cups, three with potter’s marks (P 573, P 574, P 575-PM 91, P 576-PM 92, P 577-PM 93); two bowls (P 594, P 595); a conical cup (P 570) decorated internally with a band on the rim and a dribble; the rim and upper body fragment from a basin with a plastic band decorated with finger impressions (P 560); and a small basin (P 561). The deposit also contained a hammer (GS 114), a whetstone (GS 115), a small mortar (GS 116), a loomweight (LW 37), a mudbrick fragment (A 24), a clay animal horn (F 3), seashells, animal bones, two pieces of painted plaster, carbon fragments (P90/409, P90/648, P11/16), and three more mudbrick fragments. A floor slab was also collected. The subfloor deposit, Lr IV, contained a few fragmentary vases, including three handleless conical cups (P 578–P 580), a pedestalled lamp (P 597), a monochrome globular cup (P 568), a quern (GS 117), a pounder-abrader (GS 118), and a trapezoidal obsidian blade (OB 7). Animal bones were also recovered from this layer.

Pottery Layer

Date

Total Sherds

Weight

Diagnostic Decorated (% of Total)

I (West Courtyard, Room 1, Room 2, Area 3)

EM I (Pyrgos); MM IA–II; MM III; LM I; LM III; few Byzantine

2,969

109.53 kg

1,722 (58%)

II

MM III/LM IA; few LM III; few Byzantine or later

>1,180

>32.17 kg

III

MM I; MM III; LM IA

>39

>2 kg

Fine

Medium

Coarse

663

905

1,979

85

758 (64.2%)

139

300

623

257

26 (66.7%)

3

14

15

10

Layer I shapes: see entry for West Courtyard, Lr I, p. 30. Layer II shapes: 14 pithoi, 86 pithoid jars, 2 bridge-spouted jars, 52 amphorae, 22 jugs, 184 closed vases, 22 tripod cooking pots, 2 cooking dishes, 2 dishes, 1 tray, 30 basins, 8 kalathoi, 173 handleless conical cups, 4 conical cups, 22 globular cups, 39 straight-sided cups, 16 carinated cups, 18 tumblers, 1 tripod cup, 40 cups, 7 bowls, 7 lamps, 1 alabastron, 1 incense burner, 3 rhyta, 1 kylix. Layer III shapes: 1 pithos, 13 pithoid jars, 1 jug, 4 tripod cooking pots, 3 cooking dishes, 4 globular cups.

18

METAXIA TSIPOPOULOU

Room 2 Stratigraphy Room 2 is a small rectangular space, 1 x 2 m (2 m2), located at the south-southeast part of the West Courtyard, west of Room Λ and south of Room 1. It comprises W 4a, W 48, W 49, and W 50. Room 2 was excavated in 1989; excavation was not completed and stopped at +24.79 m. Room 2, along with Room 1, did not have an upper story, as suggested by the limited number of mudbricks. Instead, it is probable that they supported an open balcony on the upper floor. Layer I had an average thickness of 0.60 m. The soil was soft and buff and contained many small stones and sherds. Layer II was more than 0.40 m. thick. The soil was a light yellowish-buff color,

intermixed with a few stones fallen from the walls. Wall W 48, 0.12 m high, 0.50 m wide, and oriented east–west, came to light at +24.91 m asl. Finds The finds were very fragmentary, and they do not seem to represent the original context of the room. Inventoried finds from Lr II included: five bowls with potter’s marks (P 603-PM 94, P 604PM 95, P 605-PM 96, P 606-PM 97, P 607-PM 100), a tripod cooking jug (CW 27), a straightsided cup (P 602), a kalathos with a potter’s mark (P 601-PM 98), and an open vase with a potter’s mark (PM 99). The deposit also produced a whetstone (GS 119), two trapezoidal obsidian blades (OB 8, OB 9), a loomweight (LW 38), a possible mudbrick fragment, and animal bones.

Pottery Layer

Date

Total Sherds

Weight

Diagnostic Decorated (% of Total)

I (West Courtyard, Room 1, Room 2, Area 3)

EM I (Pyrgos); MM IA–II; MM III; LM I; LM III; few Byzantine

2,969

109.53 kg

1,722 (58%)

II

LM I; few LM III

>51

>1.2 kg

19 (37.2%)

Fine

Medium

Coarse

663

905

1,979

85

4

0

38

13

Layer I shapes: see entry for West Courtyard, Lr I, p. 30. Layer II shapes: 3 pithoi, 5 closed vases, 11 tripod cooking pots.

Corridor B-Δ Stratigraphy Corridor B-Δ is a long rectangular space, situated along the entire east side of the building, in front of Room A, Room E, and Room Λ (Pls. 7E– 8E). It was excavated in 1985, 1989, 1990, and 2011. It measures 1.50 m (east–west) by 7.70 m (north– south), with an area of 11.5 m2, and it is accessed from the east (Area Z) and from the west (Room A). The access from the exterior (Area Z) is through a 1.50 m wide opening at the northeast corner of the room (at the north end of W 10). The large size of the opening and the absence of any support in the middle suggests that there was a light

roofing system. A door socket was found in situ at the north side of the opening, showing that the door opened to the right. A second doorway, at the northwest side, connected Corridor B-Δ to Room A and was 0.80 m wide. A door socket was found in situ on its south side, showing that the door opened to the left. Walls W 9, W 10, and W 11 were built of small stones and are 0.50 m wide, while W 2, originally an external wall in the first Neopalatial architectural phase of the building, is 1 m wide. Moreover, the amount of fallen stones in the corridor was limited, compared to that in other rooms. Wall W 9 is preserved to a height of 1 m, and the rest of the walls are preserved to a height of 0.40–0.60 m.

EXCAVATION DATA

The surface level, Lr I, had an average thickness of 0.30 m. It contained a relatively large quantity of pottery (>45 kg) and fallen stones. The upper part of the walls came to light between 0.10–0.30 m from the surface. Layer II was 0.50 m thick. The soil was yellowish buff and contained fallen stones; 0.20 m above the floor level the soil became more compact and lighter in color. The floor deposit, Lr III, had an average thickness of 0.10–0.20 m. The soil was yellowish buff with a few small stones, and the surface of the floor was at +23.19 m. The deposit (0.05–0.10 m deep) below the floor, Lr IV, was initially excavated only in the south part of the room. The soil was buff, soft, and without stones. A wall oriented east–west (W 45), which came to light at +23.14 m, belongs to an earlier (MM IIA) structure. Wall W 45 was founded directly on the bedrock and was preserved to a height of 0.18 m. During cleaning of the area in 2011, large fragments of a large pithos (EMP 26) were revealed at +23.12 m, at the north part of the corridor, below W 10. A rectangular trench (1.30 x 0.40 m) was opened around the pithos to further investigate the stratigraphical sequence. A deposit 0.60 m deep was removed, and at +22.73 m, a floor surface of the earlier structure was revealed, made of lustrous red clay. The upper part of the pithos was placed in an inverted position on the floor and used to support the north end of W 10. Finds Layer I produced a handleless conical cup (P 625) and a monochrome handleless bell cup (P 638), both complete or nearly complete. Fragmentary vases were collected separately: a lid (P 648), a miniature conical cup (P85/bag 3/3), two straight-sided cups (P 620, P 621), a conical bowl (P 639), a ledge-rimmed bowl (P 640), two alabastra (P 616, P 617), two basins (P 611, P 612), a tripod cooking pot (CW 2), a fragment of a tray leg (CW 130), a pithoid jar (P 609), a lamp (P 645), a pedestalled lamp (P 646), a plate with traces of burning on the upper surface (CW 66), and a pithoid jar with a deeply incised potter’s mark just above the torus base (P 608-PM 101). Other inventoried finds included a hammer/whetstone (GS

19

120), a loomweight (LW 39), fragments of three mudbricks (including A 26), animal bones, and seashells. The majority of the finds in Lr II came from the south part of the corridor. The deposit contained a handleless conical cup (P 632) and two juglets (MV 9, P85/bag 91/2), the latter of which is nearly complete. Inventoried fragmentary vases include two amphorae (P 614, P 615), the former with a plastic ring on the base of the neck and traces of black paint on the exterior surface; eight handleless conical cups (P 626–P 631, P 633, P 634); a monochrome globular cup (P 619); a monochrome footed cup (P 624); two conical cups (P 622, P 623); three conical bowls (P 642, P 643-PM 102, P 644); a ledge-rimmed bowl (P 641); a lamp (P 647); a tripod tray (CW 140); a tripod cooking pot (CW 18); a plate (CW 99); two large plates (CW 80, CW 105); a fenestrated stand (P 650); a basin (P 613); and a lid (P 649). Other inventoried finds include a pounder (GS 121), an incomplete weight with a natural hole in the center (GS 122), a pounder-abrader (GS 124), two possible stone tools (GS 123, GS 125), four obsidian blades (OB 10– OB 13), a stone lid (SV 14), a fragment of a stone vase (SV 15), a stone bowl (SV 16), a painted plaster fragment, 10 mudbrick fragments (including A 27–A 33), a clay slab (A 34), a few animal bones and seashells, a loomweight (LW 40), and also some carbon fragments. It is probable that all these objects came from the upper floor of Room Λ and Room E, as suggested by the fragment of painted plaster. Layer III produced an almost intact miniature tumbler (MV 10) and three handleless conical cups preserving full profiles (P 635–P 637). Inventoried fragmentary vases include a pithoid jar (P 610), and a fruitstand (P 618). Small quantities of carbon were collected from the south part of the area. Other finds included a few animal bones and seashells. Very few finds came from Lr IV: the rim fragment from a cooking dish (CW 186-EMP 25), a cooking pot (EMP 24), and a mudbrick fragment. The fragmentary large pithos at the north part of the area (EMP 26) was found with animal bones and a long obsidian blade (P11/15).

20

METAXIA TSIPOPOULOU

Pottery Layer

Date

Total Sherds

Weight

Diagnostic (% of Total)

Decorated

Fine

Medium

Coarse

I

Few MM II; LM IA

2,195

>45 kg

737 (33.6%)

284

302

1,144

749

II

Few MM II; LM IA

3,106

65.75 kg

1,132 (36.4%)

519

420

1,738

948

III

Few MM II; LM IA

>171

>4 kg

140 (81.9%)

73

70

88

13

IV

Few EM; MM IIA

56

2.6 kg

52 (92.8%)

15

15

21

20

Layer I shapes: 23 pithoi, 116 pithoid jars, 2 bridge-spouted jars, 29 amphorae, 15 jugs, 1 juglet, 50 closed vases, 1 stirrup jar, 42 tripod cooking pots, 4 cooking dishes, 6 kalathoi, 48 basins, 12 dishes, 197 handleless conical cups, 8 conical cups, 63 globular cups, 41 straight-sided cups, 8 carinated cups, 2 tumblers, 23 cups, 43 bowls, 1 lid, 1 lamp, 1 open vase. Layer II shapes: 21 pithoi, 141 pithoid jars, 1 bridge-spouted jar, 32 amphorae, 1 Palatial-style amphora, 19 jugs, 177 closed vases, 77 tripod cooking pots, 6 cooking dishes, 8 kalathoi, 102 basins, 1 dish, 233 handleless conical cups, 4 conical cups, 112 globular cups, 75 straight-sided cups, 10 carinated cups, 22 tumblers, 17 cups, 41 bowls, 8 lids, 2 lamps, 1 incense burner, 1 pyxis, 1 rhyton, 17 open vases, 2 miniature vases. Layer III shapes: 41 pithoid jars, 11 closed vases, 2 tripod cooking pots, 5 basins, 38 handleless conical cups, 1 conical cup, 10 straight-sided cups, 10 tumblers, 22 cups. Layer IV shapes: 6 pithoid jars, 1 bridge-spouted jar, 2 jugs, 11 closed vases, 10 tripod cooking pots, 4 basins, 12 handleless conical cups, 4 globular cups, 1 pyxis, 1 rhyton.

Area Z Stratigraphy Area Z was a sheltered space, serving as the main entrance to House I.1 from the east (Pls. 8F, 9A). It lies at the northeast part of the house, to the east of Corridor B-Δ, north of Staircase H, and south of Room Π. It belongs to the second Neopalatial architectural phase of House I.1. Area Z gives access to: (a) Staircase H and through it to the upper story of the house; (b) Room A, Room M, through Corridor B-Δ and the South-Southeast Courtyard; (c) Room Π; and (d) Room Ξ through the sheltered Area P. Area Z measures 4 m north–south by 3 m east– west, with an area of 12 m 2. Its eastern part is open. Its floor was at the same level as that of Corridor B-Δ. Wall W 10 is 0.40 m thick, while W 11 and W 15 are 0.70 m thick. All walls are built of undressed stones. Area Z was excavated in 1985 and 1989. The surface layer, Lr I, was 0.30–0.40 m thick. The soil was

compact and a yellowish-buff color. The upper part of W 10 came to light at +23.60 m. Layer II was 0.15 m deep, and the soil was rather hard and yellowish buff in color. It contained a few fallen stones, especially at the east part near W 15. After the removal of the stones, the soil became soft and buff. This deposit did not contain any mudbrick fragments, likely indicating the absence of a superstructure. The floor deposit, Lr III, was 0.15–0.20 m thick. The soil was sandy, yellowish buff, and without any stones. There is a pronounced inclination of the floor from west to east, at +23.00 m and +22.81 m, respectively. In the middle of the east part of the room (at +22.91 m) there is a square stone, 0.30 x 0.30 m, which likely served as base for a column or post. In the north part of the room, attached to the south facade of W 11 (at +23.07–22.99 m) there is a rectangular bench measuring 1.10 m long, 0.25 m high, and 0.20–0.50 m wide. A second bench was found in the southwest corner of the room, attached to the east facade of W 10, at +23.13 m; it is 0.90 m

EXCAVATION DATA

21

conical cups with potter’s marks (P 661-PM 106, P 662-PM 109), four bowls with potter’s marks (P 666-PM 107, P 667-PM 108, P 668-PM 110, P 669-PM 112), a LM III kylix (P 660), a Palatialstyle amphora with a potter’s mark (P 655-PM 111), a fragmentary bronze chisel (P89/508), a mudbrick fragment, and animal bones. Most of the finds from the floor deposit (Lr III) came from the south part of the room, and they were very fragmentary and not in situ: a conical cup (P 659), a handleless conical cup (P 663-PM 113) with a potter’s mark, three pithoid jars (CW 64, P 652, P 653), a pithos (P 651), and an amphora (P 656). The deposit also produced animal bones. Layer IV contained two non-joining fragments of a beaked jug (P 657), a pithoid jar (P 654), a straight-sided cup with a potter’s mark (P 658-PM 114), a handleless conical cup with a potter’s mark (P 664-PM 115), a lid with a potter’s mark (P 670PM 116), obsidian debitage (O 12), animal bones, and seashells.

long, 0.38 m high, and 0.40–0.60 m wide. A threshold, 1.50 m wide, was found in the northwest corner of the room, equipped with a door socket, suggesting the existence of a wooden door leading to Corridor B-Δ. A trial trench, 0.30 m deep (Lr IV), was excavated around the southwest bench, to provide more details about its construction. The bench consists of a large slab supported by a second one, 0.06 m thick, and small stones to level the ground. Finds Layer I contained ca.14 kg of sherds. Inventoried objects include two tripod cooking pots with potter’s marks (CW 41-PM 105, CW 47-PM 103), a bowl with a potter’s mark (P 665-PM 104), a possible pounder/balance weight (GS 126), a pounder (GS 127), a fragment of a stone lid (SV 17), animal bones, and seashells. Layer II produced more than 10 kg of sherds. Fragmentary vessels cataloged include two handleless Pottery Layer

Date

Total Sherds

Weight

Diagnostic (% of Total)

Decorated

Fine

Medium

Coarse

I

few MM II; LM IA

804

14.2 kg

386 (48%)

133

83

421

300

II

few MM II; LM IA; LM III (1)

384

10.55 kg

264 (68.7%)

111

170

153

61

III

LM IA

142

3.75 kg

114 (80.3%)

34

55

63

24

IV

MM IIA

2

0.55 kg

0

0

0

0

2

Layer I shapes: 4 pithoi, 71 pithoid jars, 5 amphorae, 1 jug, 1 bridge-spouted jar, 30 closed vases, 18 tripod cooking pots, 1 cooking dish, 19 basins, 5 dishes, 143 handleless conical cups, 14 conical cups, 35 globular cups, 11 straight-sided cups, 3 carinated cups, 1 tumbler, 15 bowls, 1 lamp, 1 fruitstand, 4 open vases, 1 rhyton, 1 miniature vase, 1 lid. Layer II shapes: 2 pithoi, 36 pithoid jars, 3 amphorae, 3 jugs, 19 closed vases, 1 bridge-spouted jar, 5 tripod cooking pots, 1 cooking dish, 14 basins, 2 dishes, 110 handleless conical cups, 1 conical cup, 13 globular cups, 10 straight-sided cups, 11 tumblers, 32 cups, 1 kylix. Layer III shapes: 1 pithos, 16 pithoid jars, 1 amphora, 29 closed vases, 6 tripod cooking pots, 5 basins, 1 dish, 41 handleless conical cups, 3 globular cups, 11 straight-sided cups.

22

METAXIA TSIPOPOULOU

Staircase H Stratigraphy The long irregular space H is situated at the southeast side of House I.1, to the east of Corridor B-Δ and north of Pit I (Fig. 7; Pls. 9B, 9C). It was excavated in 1985. There was an inclination of the initial surface from south to north (elevation +24.03–23.83 m). Space H was a staircase, the lower part of which was built of stone, and the upper part probably made of wood. Its width (east–west) varies from 1 m to 1.70 m, while its length (north– south) is 3 m (ca. 4.1 m2). It comprises the walls W 9, W 10, W 15, and W 16, which are made of rubble masonry. Walls W 15 and W 9 were constructed in a relatively careful manner, and they are made of irregular stones, with an average thickness of 0.70 m. Wall W 10, poorly preserved, is also built of irregular undressed stones and is 0.70 to 0.40 m thick. Wall W 16, built of small irregular stones, is only 0.30 m thick. There is no preserved access to the room. However, as W 16 is very thin and very low with only one face, it was probably a terracing wall. This hypothesis is confirmed by the fact that the floor of Staircase H was about 0.40 m higher than the level of the open space to the east of it at +22.87 m. Consequently, W 16 was probably used to support the floor of Staircase H at a higher level than the exterior space, making Staircase H a semi-open space, perhaps with a light roofing system or else with no roof at all, that was accessible from the east.

At the southwest corner of Staircase H a stepped feature was excavated, built of stones with slabs on the upper surface for the steps. The staircase, partly built of stones, led from the entrance (Area Z) of House I.1 to the upper floor, above Corridor B-Δ and Rooms E and Λ. Three steps, measuring 2.10 x 1.00 m, were preserved, ascending from north to south, and the staircase was attached to the stronger walls W 9 and W 10. The lower step was at +23.48 m and the uppermost at +23.74 m. The height of each step, as preserved, varies from 0.09 to 0.16 m. The surface layer, Lr I, was 0.20 m thick. The soil was buff and compact. There were visible traces of burned soil near the northeast face of W 16, suggesting remains of the wooden superstructure of the staircase. Layer II had an average thickness of 0.15 m. The soil was yellowish-buff and did not contain any stones. The floor deposit, Lr III, was 0.40 m thick and had a yellowish-buff soil. The surface of the floor sloped from +23.48 m at the south to +23.28 m at the north. Finds Staircase H produced very few small finds. Layer II contained only a piece of mudbrick and a seashell, while on the floor there were only the rim and body fragment of a pithoid jar (P 671) and a few animal bones.

Pottery Layer

Date

Total Sherds

Weight

Diagnostic (% of Total)

Decorated

Fine

Medium

Coarse

I

Few MM I–II; LM I

441

5.8 kg

232 (52.5%)

37

207

112

122

II

LM IA

21

1.25 kg

15 (71.4%)

6

2

13

6

III

LM IA

>24

>0.5 kg

9 (37%)

5

10

10

4

Layer I shapes: 85 pithoi, 8 pithoid jars, 10 hole-mouthed jars, 1 bridge-spouted jar, 7 amphorae, 1 jug, 3 tripod cooking pots, 1 basin, 12 dishes, 36 handleless conical cups, 1 conical cup, 63 globular cups, 2 straight-sided cups, 2 bowls. Layer II shapes: 2 pithoi, 4 pithoid jars, 3 hole-mouthed jars, 1 tripod cooking pot, 5 handleless conical cups. Layer III shapes: 2 pithoi, 2 pithoid jars, 3 handleless conical cups, 2 straight-sided cups.

EXCAVATION DATA

Area Φ Stratigraphy Area Φ, an open courtyard, located to the west of Room Ξ and north of Staircase Y, is rectangular with external dimensions of 4.90 x 6.30 m and internal dimensions of 3.60 x 5 m, or 18 m2 (Figs. 4, 6; Pls. 6C, 9D–10A). It as excavated in 1986, 1988, 1989, and 1990 and was part of the Protopalatial structure that occupied the area of the later House I.1. In Neopalatial times, when House I.1 was constructed, the western part of Φ was filled in and went out of use, while new walls defined a space in the eastern part. Thus Area Φ is divided in two by the different masonry of the walls. The east compartment, Φ1, comprises W 24 and W 33, and it is accessed through a doorway in W 33 (1 m wide) from Room Ξ. It was apparently open to the north. The west compartment, Φ2 (3.60 x 2.50 m), comprises W 25, W 28, and W 32. Wall W 25 is the continuation of W 24 to the west, and it joins with two other Protopalatial walls: W 26, which is oriented northwest–southeast of Staircase Y, and W 28, which is oriented north–south. Wall W 24 is preserved to a height of 0.26 m, and is 3 m long and 0.80 m wide. It is built of small and medium stones. Wall W 25 and W 28 are preserved to a height of 0.80–0.90 m; W 25 is 3.60 m long and 0.70 m wide, while W 28 is interrupted at its north end by the Postpalatial W 29. The preserved length of W 28 is 4.90 m and its width is 0.90 m. Area Φ1, located to the north of W 24, was first excavated in 1986. All layers were disturbed because of the construction of the modern terrace wall. The surface soil (Lr I), 0.05–0.10 m deep, was soft and contained many small stones. Layer II is limited to the area close to the north face of W 24. The soil was very hard and contained a large amount of sherds, especially in the middle of the area. Many fallen stones were removed from the south part. The soil of the floor deposit, Lr III, in Area Φ1 (thickness 0.10 m) was hard and contained few stones. In the middle the soil was reddish and contained disintegrated mudbricks, as well as bones and carbon fragments. Many sherds and fragmentary vessels came to light near the doorway to Room Ξ. The floor consisted of beaten earth. Various fragmentary and intact vessels of various types were found in the floor deposit.

23

The excavation continued to the west in Φ 2. After the removal of the deposit associated with the construction of the modern terrace wall, Protopalatial Lr IV was excavated in 1989 and 1990. The layer was ca. 0.90 m deep. The soil was light buff and hard, especially at the north part of the area. Wall W 25 (oriented east–west) was found at +24.47 m. At the northwest end of Φ 2, part of W 32, oriented east–west, was found lying below W 29 at +23.95– 23.65 m. Wall W 32 is parallel to W 25 and of equal width (0.70 m); it is poorly preserved, due to the construction of the Postpalatial W 29, and it seems to have continued to the east, toward W 33. Finds Layer I contained more than 5 kg of sherds, including pithoi, pithoid jars, amphorae, jugs and juglets, cooking pots and cooking dishes, basins, various types of cups, pyxides, kylikes, and bowls. Inventoried fragmentary vases include two LM III basins, one with a potter’s mark (P 684-PM 118); three pithoid jars (P 675–P 677); two basins (P 684, P 685); and a lamp (P 732). There were also a pounder-abrader (GS 128); a quern (GS 130); an abrader (GS 129); four loomweights (LW 41, LW 42-PM 117, LW 43, LW 44), one with a potter’s mark; mudbricks; two fragmentary stone vases (SV 18, SV 19); eight obsidian blades and fragments (P90/136, P90/137, P90/148, P90/400, P90/128, P90/322); a rock crystal fragment (P90/326); a tiny bronze fragment; and animal bones. Layer II produced mainly pithoid jars, tripod cooking pots, amphorae, jugs, and handleless conical cups, as well as some pithoi, globular, straight-sided, and carinated cups, bowls, fruitstands, cooking dishes, plates, and lids. Inventoried vases preserving full or almost full profiles include two tripod cooking pots (CW 8, CW 28), a conical cup (EMP 44), and a deep handleless conical cup (P 720). The deposit also contained the following fragmentary vases: a tray (CW 161), a pithoid jar with a potter’s mark (P 678-PM 119), an incense burner with incised decoration (EMP 163), three tumblers (EMP 97–EMP 99), a straight-sided cup (EMP 27), a globular cup (EMP 33), a S-profile cup (EMP 119), a carinated cup (EMP 77), two conical cups (P 716, P 717), a fruitstand (EMP 162), a bowl (P 725), a ledge-rimmed bowl with a large zone of smear pattern on the exterior surface (P 724), four jugs (EMP

24

METAXIA TSIPOPOULOU

127, EMP 128, P 697, P 698), a scored basin (beehive; P 746), a tripod cooking pot (CW 7), a fenestrated stand (P 743), two lids (P 738, P 739), and a pithoid jar (P 679). Among the other finds were a mudbrick, a seashell, bones, two obsidian blades (P90/158, P90/764), two plaster fragments, three mudbrick fragments, and two fossils. Nearly 40 kg of sherds were collected from Lr III, dating from EM III to LM III, but the majority belong to LM IA. Inventoried, almost complete vases or vases preserving a full profile from the deposit included a handleless conical cup (EMP 45) and two globular cups (EMP 34, EMP 35), the former with dribbles and spatter decoration on both surfaces. There were also a kalathos (P 690); an EM III teapot decorated with double S-motifs and converging bands with triangular ends (EMP 156); a small tripod cooking pan (CW 32); two large jars (CW 61, EMP 131-CW 59-PM 125), one with a potter’s mark; a beaked jug with a shallow vertical incision on the body (EMP 129-PM 121); a lamp, also with a potter’s mark (P 733-PM 120); a bridge-spouted jar (P 706), and two wide-mouthed jugs (P 709, P 710). There were also the following fragmentary vases: seven tripod cooking pots (CW 3, CW 4, CW 9, CW 12, CW 42, CW 49, CW 50); a cooking pot (CW 11); nine jugs and juglets of various types (EMP 130, EMP 132, P 699, P 700-PM 126, P 701-PM 129, P 702–P 705), two with potter’s marks; seven amphorae (EMP 151, P 691–P 696); four handleless conical cups, one with a potter’s mark (EMP 47-PM 127, P 721–P 723); six bowls (P 726, P 727, P 728-PM 123, P 729-PM 124, P 730, P 731), two with potter’s marks; a onehandled cup (EMP 46); four straight-sided cups (P 713–P 715, EMP 28); an alabastron (P 708); two conical cups (P 718, EMP 48); a kalathos with a potter’s mark (PM 122); a tray (CW 127); a cooking dish (CW 193); a plate (CW 100); a MM II carinated cup (EMP 78); four lamps (P 734–P 737), the last two of which were a handleless conical cup and a bowl used as lamps; an incense burner (EMP 164); three pithoi (P 672–P 674); four pithoid jars (P 680-PM 128, P 681–P 683); a bridge-spouted jar (P 707); four scored basins (beehives; P 747–P 750); two basins (P 686, P 687), the first one with plaster on the interior surface; two rhyta (P 740, P 741) decorated with bands, solid circles, and foliate bands; three kalathoi (P 688–P 690); a stand (P 744); two fruitstands (P 711, P 712); a pyxis (P

745); a scuttle (P 742); and an Hagios Onouphrios vase (EMP 143). A fragmentary kylix (P 719) is an isolated find related to the LM III activity northnorthwest of House I.1. Other finds include a weight (GS 131), a stone disk(?) of quartzite (GS 132), an abrader (GS 133), a polisher (GS 134), four loomweights (LW 45– LW 48), seashells, bones, obsidian debitage and blades (O 13, O 14, P86/364 [SM 6776], P86/366, P86/428, P86/445, P90/631, P90/636, P90/637), a piece of plaster, a mudbrick, a fragment of a drain (A 37), carbon fragments, a fossil (P86/1069), and three fragments of animal figurines (F 4–F 6). All of these finds come from the east part of the area, especially in its center and near Room Ξ, indicating that Area Φ was connected to Room Ξ. The floor deposit, Lr IV, in Area Φ 2 was clearly and exclusively Protopalatial in date and included Kamares pottery. Inventoried almost complete vases from the deposit include a one-handled cup (EMP 49); a deep conical cup (EMP 50); a handleless conical cup with a potter’s mark (EMP 52PM 131); four tumblers (EMP 100–EMP 103), the second with a black monochrome exterior surface and white and orange bands, a zone containing a white fish, and a S-pattern; four straight-sided cups (EMP 29–EMP 32) decorated with white multiple arcs pending from the rim or with net pattern; two carinated cups (EMP 81, EMP 82), monochrome or with light-on-dark decoration including bands; a S-profile cup (EMP 121); a saucer (EMP 125); and a tripod cooking jug with a potter’s mark (CW 29–PM 136). The floor layer also included the following fragmentary vases: six handleless conical cups, two of them with potter’s marks (EMP 51-PM 130, EMP 54–EMP 56, EMP 58, PM 140); three onehandled cups (EMP 53, EMP 74, EMP 75); 17 conical cups (EMP 57, EMP 59–EMP 73, EMP 76); two rounded and conical cups (EMP 41–EMP 43); an S-profile cup (EMP 120); five globular cups (EMP 36–EMP 40); 16 carinated cups (EMP 79, EMP 80, EMP 83–EMP 96, PM 132); and 15 tumblers (EMP 104–EMP 118), of which EMP 104 is a Kamares ware tumbler, and EMP 106 is black monochrome on the exterior surface and decorated with a white band above the base, concentric angles vertically arranged, and a red foliate band. The other tumblers are monochrome or decorated with bands, splashes, or net pattern. Additional

EXCAVATION DATA

finds include: three bowls (EMP 122–EMP 124); a saucer (EMP 126); four jugs, two with potter’s marks (EMP 133-PM 134, EMP 134-PM 135, EMP 136, EMP 137); an open-spouted jar (EMP 135); a bridge-spouted jar (EMP 138); a holemouthed jar (EMP 139); three large jars (EMP 140–EMP 142); six closed vases (EMP 144–EMP 148, EMP 150), of these, the majority are decorated with bands and EMP 147 has a ripple pattern, EMP 148 is a Vasiliki closed vase, and EMP 150 is an Hagios Onouphrios vessel; three amphorae (EMP 152, EMP 153-PM 138, EMP 154), the first with a hieroglyphic seal impression on the lower attachment of one handle, the second with a potter’s mark, and the third with a floral motif; a basin (EMP 155); a plate (EMP 157-CW 101); two cooking pots, one with a potter’s mark (EMP 158, EMP 159-PM 139); a tripod closed vase with a potter’s mark (EMP 160-PM 137); a MM IIA spouted pithos with wide white bands on the exterior surface and a potter’s mark below the lug

25

(EMP 161-PM 133); four incense burners (EMP 165–EMP 168); a lamp (EMP 169); an alabastron (EMP 170); a tripod cooking pot (CW 13); a tripod cooking pan (CW 33); and 10 cooking dishes (CW 167, CW 173, CW 175, CW 181–CW 183, CW 190–CW 192, CW 197). Among the other finds there were a possible pounder/balance weight (GS 137), two pounders (GS 138, GS 141), a whetstone (GS 139), a possible balance weight (GS 142), three pounderabraders (GS 135, GS 136, GS 143), a quern/ anvil (GS 144), a pebble (P89/50), a facetted tool (GS 140), five loomweights (LW 49–LW 53), seven obsidian blades (OB 14–OB 20), obsidian debitage (O 15–O 19), three fragments of stone vases (SV 21, SV 23, SV 24), a stone lid (SV 22), the core of a stone vase (SV 20), seashells, bones, seven fragments of plaster (including A 35, A 36), a fragment of a stalagmite (P89/286), a mudbrick, a drain fragment, a fossil (P90/658), and carbon fragments.

Pottery Layer

Date

Total Sherds

Weight

Diagnostic (% of Total)

Decorated

Fine

Medium

Coarse

I

MM II; LM IA; few LM III

110

5.4 kg

67 (60.9%)

23

20

46

44

II

Few EM II; MM IB; LM IA; LM III

502

18.8 kg

395 (78.7%)

112

106

275

121

III

Few EM II; few EM III; MM I; MM IIA; LM I; LM III

1,575

39.85 kg

1,094 (69.5%)

452

647

632

296

IV

Few MM II; MM III; LM IA; few LM III

>2,238

>61.75 kg

1,283 (57.3%)

599

562

1,015

661

Layer I shapes: 8 pithoi, 5 pithoid jars, 5 amphorae, 7 jugs, 1 juglet, 10 tripod cooking pots, 1 cooking dish, 2 basins, 10 handleless conical cups, 1 conical cup, 7 globular cups, 2 straight-sided cups, 2 carinated cups, 1 cup, 1 kylix, 2 bowls, 2 pyxides. Layer II shapes: 11 pithoi, 113 pithoid jars, 41 amphorae, 1 bridge-spouted jar, 34 jugs, 1 oinochoe, 4 closed vases, 64 tripod cooking pots, 1 cooking dish, 3 plates, 15 basins, 43 handleless conical cups, 21 globular cups, 15 straightsided cups, 6 carinated cups, 12 cups, 6 bowls, 3 fruitstands, 1 lid. Layer III shapes: 23 pithoi, 83 pithoid jars, 70 amphorae, 6 bridge-spouted jars, 90 jugs, 1 juglet, 209 tripod cooking pots, 15 cooking dishes, 4 plates, 2 dishes, 16 basins, 304 handleless conical cups, 35 conical cups, 21 globular cups, 34 straight-sided cups, 16 carinated cups, 12 tumblers, 90 cups, 44 bowls, 2 fruitstands, 9 kalathoi, 2 plates, 1 alabastron, 1 pyxis, 1 lid, 1 lamp, 1 scuttle, 1 teapot. Layer IV shapes: 26 pithoi, 296 pithoid jars, 1 bridge-spouted jar, 50 closed vases, 31 amphorae, 53 jugs, 2 kalathoi, 43 tripod cooking pots, 28 cooking pots, 1 tripod cooking dish, 28 dishes, 35 basins, 155 handleless conical cups, 92 conical cups, 105 globular cups, 13 straight-sided cups, 45 carinated cups, 66 tumblers, 170 cups, 32 bowls, 3 lamps, 1 alabastron, 1 lid, 1 teapot, 1 rhyton, 2 EM IIA burnished closed vases, 1 deep bowl, 1 fruitstand.

26

METAXIA TSIPOPOULOU

Staircase Y Stratigraphy Staircase Y comprises two parallel corridors, Y1 and Y2, oriented east–west, and lies east of the West Courtyard and between Room A, Room M, and Area Φ (Figs. 3, 7; Pls. 6C, 10B, 10C). The north corridor Y1, measuring 4 x 1.20 m (4.8 m2), includes W 13a, W 22, W 23, and W 24, which are built of small and medium irregular stones, as well as MM II walls W 13b, W 25, W 26, and W 27, which are preserved at the west, south, and northwest sides of the corridor. The south corridor, Y2, 4.80 x 1 m (5.5 m2), includes W 1, W 13b, W 13, and W 20. Wall 20 is a later addition related to the construction of Area Π. The arrangement of these two parallel corridors indicates the presence of a staircase which was used in the two successive Neopalatial phases, as indicated by the masonry of the walls. Corridor Y2 was the initial staircase that led from the West Courtyard to the upper floor. When Room Ξ and Area Φ were added and W 20 was built, Y2 went out of use and was filled with debris. A new staircase (Y1) was built with the addition of a second wing. For this purpose, the earlier walls W 25, W 26, and W 27 were backfilled, and the new W 13 was built over the earlier W 13b. The staircase connected the kitchen, Room Ξ, directly to the upper floor of the house. Staircase Y was excavated in 1986, 1989, and 2011. The excavation began at +24.27–24.17 m. The surface soil (Lr I) was 0.20–0.30 m thick. The soil was yellowish-buff and soft in Y2, and more compact in Y1. The deposit contained many small stones, especially in the southwest part of the area. Layer II was 0.20 m thick. The soil was yellowishbuff and compact. Many fallen stones from the surrounding walls were removed, especially from the west part of the area. Plaster fragments also came from the surrounding walls. A floor deposit, Lr III, at +23.70 m in the west part and +23.22 m at the east part, was preserved only in the south corridor Y2. There were also two partially preserved steps. The east step measures 0.75 x 0.25 x 0.12 m and the west step 0.75 x 0.35 x 0.20 m. The soil was yellowish buff and very soft. Wall W 13b was preserved to a maximum height of 0.74 m. The continuation of the excavation in the general area (Lr IV) revealed MM II walls in the west part

of Staircase Y1 (W 25, W 26, and W 27). Wall W 27, oriented southwest–northeast, is built of small and medium stones and measures 3.80 x 1.0 x 0.47 m. Wall W 26 (max. ht. 0.90 m), oriented northwest– southeast, has the same width and joins with W 25 at the north and with W 27 at the south. Attached to the east facade of this wall is a rectangular construction, probably a bench (1.20 x 0.70 x 0.47 m; elevation +24.05 m). The Protopalatial W 25, oriented east– west, is the continuation of W 24 to the west. Wall W 27 has a slightly different orientation than W 13, and there is a gap of 0.10–0.50 m between them. Finds The area revealed a small number of fragmentary finds. Inventoried finds from Lr I are a lamp (P 762), a bowl (P 759), a LM III globular cup decorated with a papyrus motif (P 755), a closed vase with a potter’s mark (PM 141), a fruitstand (P 754), a pithos (P 751), a cooking dish (CW 170), and a pithoid jar (P 752). The deposit also revealed an assortment of stone tools, a pounder-polisher (GS 148), a weight (GS 146), a pestle (GS 147), a saddle quern (GS 145), an obsidian blade (OB 21), two loomweights (LW 54, LW 55), two mudbricks, a fragment of a bird’s nest bowl (SV 25), two pieces of plaster fallen from the walls of the adjacent areas, seashells, and bones. Layer II contained few fragmentary vases: a ledge-rimmed bowl (P 761-PM 143) found in Y1; a straight-sided cup (P 756); a stand (P 763) from the same area; a bowl with a potter’s mark (P 760-PM 142); the rim, neck, and shoulder from a monochrome beaked jug (P 753); an incense burner (EMP 178); a proto-carinated cup mended from five sherds with black lustrous paint and added white (EMP 171); and two fragmentary one-handled conical cups (P 757, P 758). The deposit also produced many ground stone tools, especially from the northeast part of the area: an abrader (GS 149), a facetted tool (GS 150), a quern (GS 151), and a pestle (GS 152), as well as an obsidian blade (OB 22) and bones. Layer IV produced the body fragment of a pithoid jar with a potter’s mark (EMP 179-PM 144), a fragmentary cup with light-on-dark decoration (EMP 173), a basin (EMP 176), two cups (EMP 174, EMP 175), obsidian fragments (O 20), animal bones, and a lid from a stone pyxis (SV 26).

EXCAVATION DATA

27

Pottery Layer

Date

Total Sherds

Weight

Diagnostic (% of Total)

Decorated

Fine

Medium

Coarse

I

Few EM; MM; MM II; MM III; LM IA; LM IIIA

>838

>25 kg

>472 (56.3%)

615

400

258

180

II

EM III; MM IA; MM IIA; MM III; LM I

>587

>14.5 kg

>295 (50.3%)

>110

200

257

130

III

—

IV

EM II; MM I; MM II; LM I

25

63

86

No sherds found 174

3,250 kg

66 (37.9%)

18

Layer I shapes: 29 pithoi, 45 pithoid jars, 3 bridge-spouted jars, 16 amphorae, 27 jugs, 1 juglet, 115 tripod cooking pots, 8 cooking dishes, 1 dish, 6 basins, 4 kalathoi, 2 plates, 83 handleless conical cups, 4 conical cups, 1 globular cup, 13 straight-sided cups, 4 carinated cups, 81 cups, 2 tumblers, 22 bowls, 3 lids, 1 lamp, 1 firestand. Layer II shapes: 5 pithoi, 47 pithoid jars, 2 bridge-spouted jars, 10 amphorae, 17 jugs, 4 closed vases, 34 tripod cooking pots, 1 cooking dish, 1 dish, 2 basins, 5 kalathoi, 67 handleless conical cups, 23 conical cups, 4 globular cups, 13 straight-sided cups, 3 carinated cups, 34 cups, 1 tumbler, 22 bowls. Layer III shapes: none. Layer IV shapes: 11 pithoid jars, 1 amphora, 1 bridge-spouted jar, 16 jugs, 6 dishes, 4 basins, 14 handleless conical cups, 2 globular cups, 5 straight-sided cups, 1 tumbler, 2 bowls, 3 lamps.

West Courtyard Stratigraphy The courtyard on the western, higher terrace of House I.1 has an irregular rectangular shape, measuring 13.50 x 3.20 m (43.2 m2), with elevations of +24.58 m at the northern end and +25.12 m at the southern end (Figs. 4, 7; Pls. 11C–12D). At the west end of the courtyard there is a strong terrace wall (W 56) that is oriented north–south and measures 14 m long and 1 m wide. Its construction was necessary to retain soil, as the south and central part of the courtyard were leveled over the Lakkos deposit (“pit” in Greek), which was excavated in Sector III and continues in this area (Fig. 2; for the Lakkos deposit, see Haggis 2007). A 3.60 m long section of W 56 was destroyed. This wall is preserved at an average height of 0.50 m, and it is built of largeand medium-sized irregular stones, with small stones used as filling. Wall W 56 joins at its south end with W 57, which is oriented east–west. Wall W 57 is connected to W 58 (oriented northwest– southeast), and it was constructed to retain the west end of the Paved Road. Wall W 57 measures 1.30 x 0.50 m, while W 58 measures 3 x 1 m.

A three-step, stone-built staircase, which was attached to the north side of Room 1, and a ramp connected the courtyard to the lower terrace of House I.1. Near the corner of W 56 and W 57 (and attached to the east facade of W 56), there was a built bench, 1.70 x 0.50 x 0.60–0.70 m (at +25.81–25.72 m), made of large and medium stones with a filling of small stones. The courtyard was excavated in 1988 and 1989. The surface layer (Lr I), 0.60 m deep, had buff, soft soil with small stones. The floor deposit (Lr II), 0.20 m deep, contained many stones, especially in the eastern and northern parts. The floor surface consisted of beaten earth and was preserved only near the east facade of W 56 and on top of Protopalatial walls W 25 and W 26 of Staircase Y, as the floor inclined toward the east. At the south part of the courtyard, west of Room 1 and Room 2, the floor level is roughly 0.50 m higher than the rest of the area. In front of the bench and attached to it, a stone vaguely resembling a human head was found in situ (P89/681). About 1 m to the east of the bench and 0.15 m to the north of W 57, an infant burial in an inverted pithoid jar was excavated at +25.26 m.

28

METAXIA TSIPOPOULOU

The pithoid jar was inserted into the floor and was surrounded by small stones that were arranged in a circle (McGeorge 2012). Two meters to the east of W 56, a staircase was found at +24.74–24.15 m, consisting of three poorly preserved steps, built of small and large stones, and including a fragmentary gourna/mortar (GS 194), in secondary use, placed upside down. The staircase is attached to the north side of Room 1. The height of each step varies from 0.20 to 0.31 m, and their width varies from 0.50 to 0.77 m. The average length of each step is 0.60 m. A 0.22 m wide wall retains the north side of the steps. The staircase connects the courtyard (average elevation +24.48 m) to the ramp (elevation +23.79 m) west of Room M. At the north end of the courtyard, 0.30 m east of W 56, a fragmentary wall (W 55 [MM?]), oriented north–south, was found at +24.80 m. Its preserved length is 0.70 m, and it was built of small irregular stones. The deposit under the floor of the courtyard (Lr IV) was excavated only in the cavity where the pithoid jar containing the infant burial was deposited. The soil was yellow, somewhat hard, and sandy. A few stones were used to level the surface of the ramp. Finds All layers contained large amounts of pottery dating from the EM to the LM I periods. The surface layer (Lr I) contained mostly sherds of coarse ware, such as pithoid jars, trays, and cooking pots, and sherds dated to the MM and LM I periods, as well as some dated to LM III. Among the other fragmentary finds, there were an amphoroid krater (P 784); three jugs, one with a potter’s mark (P 785-PM 164, P 786, P 787); two globular cups (P 793, P 794); a miniature semi-globular cup (MV 11); three vases with potter’s marks (PM 166, PM 168, PM 170); a carinated cup with a potter’s mark (PM 167); two lamps (P 822, P 823); an amphora (P 783); six pithoid jars, three with potter’s marks (P 765-PM 163, P 766-PM 169, P 767-PM 175, P 768–P 770); three tripod trays (CW 115, CW 148, CW 163); a possible portable hearth/oven (CW 165); a bell cup (P 797); a footed cup (P 804); two cooking pots with potter’s marks (PM 173, PM 174); a cup with a potter’s mark (PM 179); three handleless conical cups (P 806, P 807, P 809); a miniature conical cup

(P88/bag 61/18); three scuttles with potter’s marks (P 824-PM 165, P 825-PM 172, P 826-PM 178); a conical cup (P 798); a body fragment from a Late Helladic [LH] IIIA Zygouries-type kylix decorated with a vertical murex on the exterior (P 805); a plate (CW 89); eight trays (CW 118–CW 120, CW 124, CW 128, CW 135, CW 145, CW 157); two kalathoi (P 779-PM 176, P 780), one with a potter’s mark; four bowls (P 812, P 813, P 814-PM 171, P 815), one with a potter’s mark; four basins (P 775– P 778); a fragment of a pithos (P 764); a fragment of a scored basin (beehive; P 830); a stand (P 827); two pyxides (P 828, P 829); and the body fragment of a closed vase with a potter’s mark (PM 177). Various stone tools were also discovered, including two pounders (GS 153, GS 157), four pounderabraders (GS 154, GS 159, GS 161, GS 166), a pounder/hammer (GS 162), an abrader (GS 164), a whetstone/pestle (GS 155), five whetstones (GS 160, GS 163, GS 167, GS 171, GS 172), a polisher/ burnisher (GS 168), a hand tool (GS 169), a hammer (GS 170), a facetted tool (GS 156), and two querns (GS 158, GS 165). Eight loomweights (LW 56–LW 63), a spindle whorl (LW 64), fragments of a stone basin (SV 27), two stone vases (SV 28, SV 30), a fragmentary stone bird’s-nest bowl (SV 29), animal bones, three drain fragments (including A 43, A 44), a mudbrick, two plaster fragments (including A 38), and seashells were also found. During the removal of the surface layer, a clay model of horns of consecration (F 7) came to light. The layer was very disturbed because of the cultivation of the vineyard, which was removed before the excavation started. The floor (Lr II) contained large quantities of EM and MM sherds, especially at the corner of W 56 and W 57. This pottery probably belonged to the Lakkos deposit in Sector III, the eastern limits of which lie within the area of the courtyard. Thus, the courtyard was laid on top of the Lakkos deposit, and the retaining walls W 56, W 57, and W 58 were built to keep in place the loose material of the Lakkos at the west part of the courtyard. However, a part of W 56 collapsed and the Lakkos deposit spread into the courtyard and part of Staircase Y. The material from the Lakkos deposit at the south end of the courtyard included a tumbler with white and red bands on the rim and the body and intersecting white and red lines in the middle of the body (EMP 207); two carinated cups (EMP 214,

EXCAVATION DATA

EMP 215); three conical cups (EMP 190, EMP 191, EMP 194); a bowl (EMP 218); eight globular cups (EMP 182–EMP 189), monochrome or with light-on-dark decoration including bands and dots or with spatter decoration; a saucer (EMP 222); a jar (EMP 224); two fruitstands (EMP 250, EMP 251); an open vase (EMP 260) with lighton-dark decoration that includes arcs and oblique thin bands; a basin (EMP 248); three trays (EMP 255, CW 166-EMP 256, EMP 257); five cooking dishes (EMP 241–EMP 245); a handmade jug with oblique red and white bands and white spirals (EMP 228); a tripod cooking pot (EMP 244); two basins (EMP 246, EMP 247); and two lamps (EMP 259, EMP 261). There were also many fragments from various vases with potter’s marks, including a kalathos (EMP 221-PM 145), five pithoid jars (EMP 236PM 156, EMP 237-PM 157, EMP 238-PM 147, EMP 239-PM 148, EMP 240-PM 151), a tripod tray (EMP 258-PM 146), a stand (EMP 262-PM 150), a scuttle (EMP 263-PM 152), an open vase (EMP 264-PM 153), an oval-mouthed amphora (EMP 265-PM 154), two closed vases (EMP 231-PM 155, EMP 233-PM 161), a spouted bowl (EMP 219-PM 158), a fruitstand (EMP 254-PM 159), a semi-closed vase (EMP 232-PM 160), and a cylindrical pithos (EMP 266-PM 162). Among the other inventoried finds there were a pounder-polisher (GS 187), a pounder (GS 188), two abraders (GS 189, GS 190), a hammer (GS 191), a weight (GS 192), a pounder-hammer (GS 193), fragments of a drain, and a mudbrick fragment. Layer II also contained five tumblers (EMP 208– EMP 212); five handleless conical cups with potter’s marks (P 809-PM 187, P 810-PM 189, P 811-PM 198, EMP 192-PM 181, EMP 195-PM 149); two carinated cups (EMP 216, EMP 217), the latter decorated with a red band and white net pattern; two MM II straight-sided cups (EMP 180, EMP 181); one more MM III straight-sided cup (P 796); a globular cup (P 795); a globular bowl (EMP 220) with a plastic knob at the greatest diameter of the body; and 15 conical cups (EMP 193, EMP 196–EMP 202, EMP 204, EMP 205, P 799–P 803), of which EMP 196 is decorated with a fragmentary horned animal and an arched band below it. The deposit also produced fragments from a pithoid jar (P 774); a hole-mouthed jar (EMP 235); two

29

globular jars (EMP 226, EMP 227); a spout fragment from an Hagios Onouphrios Ware jug (EMP 229); two kalathoi with potter’s marks (P 781-PM 184, P 782-PM 197); two pithoid jars, one decorated with plastic rope and dribbles (P 772) and the other with a potter’s mark (P 773-PM 183); a basin decorated with bands and white strokes (EMP 249); three closed vases with potter’s marks (PM 186, PM 190, PM 191); and a firebox (P 831). Other inventoried vessels included a jug (P 790); six bowls, one with a potter’s mark (P 816, P 817, P 818-PM 188, P 819–P 821); a straight-sided cup (P 796); a saucer (EMP 223); two fruitstands (P 796, EMP 252, EMP 253); an EM semi-closed vase decorated with oblique bands (EMP 234); two trays (CW 146, CW 125); three jugs (EMP 230, P 788, PM 192), the last one with two plastic rings at the junction with the neck and below them a zone of ripple pattern; two juglets (MV 13-EMP 225, P 789-PM 194), the latter with a potter’s mark; a miniature piriform rhyton with three oblique shallow incisions (MV 14-PM 182); a tripod cup with a potter’s mark (PM 195); a miniature semi-globular cup (MV 12); a lid fragment with a potter’s mark (PM 193); and two fragments of alabastra (P 791, P 792). The deposit also contained four facetted tools (GS 173, GS 176, GS 179, GS 186); two pestles (GS 182, GS 183); a pounder-abrader (GS 175); a saddle quern (GS 178); two querns (GS 174, GS 185); a stone weight (GS 177); a pounder (GS 184); a drill holder (GS 181); 11 loomweights (LW 65, LW 66-PM 199, LW 67–LW 75), one with a potter’s mark; a mudbrick fragment; animal bones; and seashells. Among the inventoried finds there were also four obsidian fragments (OB 23, OB 26); a fragment of quartz (C 2); seven plaster fragments, some of them painted (including A 39–A 42); a stone vase fragment (SV 31); and part of a drain (A 45), which likely fell from the upper floor of the house. Two Final Neolithic sherds from Lr II (P89/429, P89/bag 66/11) are isolated finds, and they were probably initially included in a mudbrick. The only in situ intact ceramic find was the pithoid jar that contained the infant burial (P 771-PM 180). A pounder-abrader (GS 180), a fragmentary cup/ bowl (SV 32), and a fragment of painted plaster came from the area of the ramp.

30

METAXIA TSIPOPOULOU

From the layer below the ramp (Lr IV) came very few sherds from fine wares dated to MM I–MM II, two of which had potter’s marks (EMP 213-PM

200, EMP 206-PM 201). In the cavity with the jar burial (Lr IV), four sherds, two bases, the leg of a tripod vessel, and the rim of a cup were collected.

Pottery Total Sherds

Weight

Diagnostic (% of Total)

Decorated

I EM I (Pyrgos); (West Courtyard, Room MM IA–II; MM III; 1, Room 2, Area 3) LM I; LM III; few Byzantine

2,969

109.53 kg

1,722 (58%)

663

905

1,979

85

Few EM I; few EM III/MM I; few MM II; MM III; LM I

1,421

14.58 kg

798 (56.2%)

292

415

760

246

Layer

II

Date

Fine Medium Coarse

Layer I shapes: 78 pithoi, 405 pithoid jars, 11 bridge-spouted jars, 2 teapots, 138 amphorae, 140 jugs, 1 stirrup jar, 244 tripod cooking pots, 42 cooking pots, 15 cooking dishes, 100 basins, 13 kalathoi, 23 dishes, 80 handleless conical cups, 76 conical cups, 30 globular cups, 41 straight-sided cups, 11 carinated cups, 36 tumblers, 5 footed cups, 1 spouted cup, 113 cups, 1 miniature tripod cup, 1 chalice, 82 bowls, 5 ledge-rimmed bowls, 1 stemmed bowl, 3 pyxides, 5 lids, 1 table, 3 scuttles, 10 fruitstands, 2 incense burners, 1 teapot, 1 scored basin (beehive). Layer II shapes: 19 pithoi, 141 pithoid jars, 3 bridge-spouted jars, 10 amphorae, 33 jugs, 72 closed vases, 66 tripod cooking pots, 1 cooking dish, 17 basins, 2 kalathoi, 8 dishes, 190 handleless conical cups, 9 conical cups, 41 globular cups, 59 straight-sided cups, 10 carinated cups, 9 tumblers, 1 bell cup, 2 teapots, 82 cups, 11 bowls, 4 lids, 2 fruitstands, 1 incense burner, 4 lamps, 1 rhyton.

Area 3 Stratigraphy Area 3 (Pls. 11A, 11B) is a triangular open space, measuring 2 x 1.20 m (2.4 m2), probably initially with a light roofing system, constructed in the north part of the courtyard between Staircase Y and the large terrace wall (W 56). It includes three walls (W 52, W 53, and W 54), which are built of large, small, and medium irregular stones and preserved to a height of 0.16–0.36 m. Their width varies from 0.30 m to 0.40 m. The walls were probably used as benches for the industrial activities that took place in the triangular space. Area 3 was excavated in 1988 and 1989. The surface layer (Lr I), 0.60 m deep, was buff, soft, and contained small stones. Layer II, 0.15 m deep, had a light buff and yellow color. It was sandy in the north part and contained few stones. Wall W 54, oriented north–south, was found 1.34 m east of the east facade of W 56, at +24.93 m. Wall W 53, oriented east–west, was

found 1 m east of W 56, at +24.91 m, and it joined with W 54. Near the southwest corner of the area, there were fallen stones of various sizes. The floor deposit, Lr III, was 0.23 m deep. No real floor was found, except for a thin layer of gray soil. The third wall (W 52) of the area came to light at +24.71 m and joined with W 53 and W 54. Three gournes were found in Area 3: GS 201, 0.42 x 0.30 x 0.20 m, at +24.75 m; GS 200, 0.35 x 0.33 x 0.23 m, close to the previous one and to the south of it, at +24.78 m in a slightly oblique position; and GS 198, ovoid in shape, 0.30 x 0.34 x 0.23 m, with a circular depression tapering downward, was found inverted near the northwest corner, following the removal of the fallen stones, at +24.78 m. The mortars indicate that this small area had a function associated with food preparation. The three mortars were initially placed in the three corners of the area. Underneath the gray soil, small stones were used for leveling out the soil and for keeping the mortars in position. In the southwest corner of the area, small fragments of rock crystal were found. Some sherds

EXCAVATION DATA

collected from the east part of the area are dated to MM I–II and probably belong to the Lakkos deposit, which occupied the whole area of what was in Neopalatial times the West Courtyard of House I.1.

31

A 46), a mudbrick fragment, two loomweights (LW 76, LW 77), obsidian debitage (O 23–O 26), and obsidian fragments (P90/261, P90/609), a rock crystal fragment (P90/327), animal bones, and two mudbrick fragments. From Lr III came a fragmentary lid (P 836). The most interesting finds in Area 3 were the three gournes/mortars (GS 198, GS 200, GS 201) found in the north part of the area. Mortar GS 200 contained a few sherds. Other finds include a stone weight (GS 203), a facetted tool (GS 202), a pounder (GS 196), a possible stone tool (GS 197), a quern/anvil (GS 198), a mudbrick fragment, a plaster fragment, seashells, and bones. The lack of homogeneity in the deposit suggests that it was disturbed, and Area 3, together with the rest of the West Courtyard, was reused in LM III.

Finds Layer I contained only a few sherds, in both coarse and fine wares. Layer II produced few sherds, some burned and including decorated fragments, either light-on-dark or dark-on-light. Inventoried sherds include a handleless conical cup (P 834), a bowl (P 835-PM 204), a kylix (P 833), a closed vase with a potter’s mark (PM 203), a tripod cooking pot with a potter’s mark (PM 205), and a handle of a pithoid jar with a potter’s mark (P 832-PM 202). Other finds include a possible stone tool (GS 195), plaster fragments (including Pottery Layer

Date

Total Sherds

I

Weight

Diagnostic (% of Total)

Decorated

Fine

Medium

Coarse

See West Courtyard, Lr I, above p. 30

II

MM II–III; LM I; few LM III

>28

>0.70 kg

>26 (92.9%)

>6

9

7

12

III

MM II–III; LM I; few LM III

178

2.7 kg

82 (46.1%)

34

84

62

32

Layer I shapes: see entry for West Courtyard, Lr I, p. 30. Layer II shapes: 11 pithoid jars, 3 closed vases, 1 tripod cooking pot, 7 handleless conical cups, 1 globular cup, 2 bowls, 1 cup rhyton. Layer III shapes: 20 pithoid jars, 2 amphorae, 4 jugs, 2 closed vases, 1 basin, 8 tripod cooking pots, 8 handleless conical cups, 24 globular cups, 6 straight-sided cups, 2 carinated cups, 3 cups, 1 lamp, 1 lid.

Paved Road Stratigraphy At the southwest corner of House I.1, a paved road built of irregular, relatively flat stones led south-­ ward, probably toward the palace (Fig. 8; Pl. 13A). This road continues to the south of the modern irrigation pipe, after a gap of 1.5 m, for a total of more than 7.5 m. Its width varies from 0.90 m to 1.20 m (ca. 7.9 m2). The road is defined to the west by W 57 and W 58 and to the east by W 3 and W 4 of House I.2.

The Paved Road was excavated in 1989 and 1990. The surface layer (Lr I), 0.50–0.60 m deep, was light buff in color, very compact, and contained a few small stones. The upper surface of W 57 came to light at +25.72 m at the north side and +25.92 m at the south end. Wall W 57 is oriented north–south and follows the inclination of the slope, joining with W 56. Wall W 57, as preserved, is 2.80 m long, 1 m wide, and 0.20 m high. At a distance of ca. 1–1.20 m to the east of W 57, the external wall of House I.2 was found at +25.63 m (south end) and +25.04 m (north end). Wall W 3 of House I.2 is oriented

32

METAXIA TSIPOPOULOU

north–south and is parallel to W 57. It measures 3 x 0.50 m. The excavation continued to the south of the modern irrigation pipe to reveal the continuation of W 57 and the Paved Road. Four stone tools were collected during the cleaning of W 58: a pounder (GS 206), a whetstone (GS 207), a pestle-abrader (GS 208), and a pounder-abrader (GS 209). Layer II, the cleaning of the surface of the road, was 0.10–0.20 m thick, with light buff and soft soil, and contained small stones. The part of the road oriented east–west in the passage between House I.1 and House I.2 was at an elevation of +25.14 m, while the part oriented north–south was at +25.44 m on the north side and +25.64–25.95 m to the south of the pipe.

Inventoried finds include two stone tools, a polisher (GS 204) and an abrader (GS 205). The majority of the finds from Lr II came from the paved area between W 57 of House I.1 and W 3 of House I.2. The deposit produced coarse wares, especially small fragments from pithoid jars, amphorae, basins, and conical, carinated, and globular cups. Inventoried finds include a MM III ledge-rimmed bowl (P 839), the rim and handle fragment from a bridge-spouted jar with a potter’s mark (P 837-PM 206), the base and lower body fragment of a straight-sided cup with a potter’s mark (P 838-PM 207), two fragments of two stone basins (SV 33, SV 34), a mudbrick fragment, seashells, and animal bones.

Finds Layer I contained sherds of fine and coarse wares, dating to the MM II, LM I, and LM III periods. Pottery Layer

Date

Total Sherds

Weight

Diagnostic (% of Total)

Decorated

Fine

Medium

Coarse

I

Few MM II; LM I; few LM III

192

4.2 kg

50 (26.04%)

13

28

132

32

II

Few MM IIA; LM I; few LM III

>342

>7 kg

41 (12%)

11

20

235

87

Layer I shapes: 2 pithoi, 6 pithoid jars, 9 closed vases, 1 amphora, 3 tripod cooking pots, 7 basins, 9 handleless conical cups, 2 globular cups, 4 straight-sided cups, 1 tumbler, 5 bowls, 1 kylix. Layer II shapes: 1 pithos, 4 pithoid jars, 1 amphora, 1 closed vase, 2 tripod cooking pots, 10 basins, 8 handleless conical cups, 2 globular cups, 2 carinated cups, 3 straight-sided cups, 1 tumbler, 1 kylix, 5 bowls.

Area K Stratigraphy Area K is a small open space of irregular shape between House I.1 and House I.2 (Pl. 12F). It has not been fully excavated, and no borders have been established to the east and the south. The excavated part measures 3 x 4 m (12 m²), and it lies to the south of Pit Θ and Pit I and east of House I.2. Area K has access to the West Courtyard through the passage between the two houses, and it forms the southernmost part of the SouthSoutheast Courtyard.

Area K was excavated in 1985, 1986, and 1990. The surface layer (Lr I) was 0.20 m thick, and the soil was compact and yellowish buff in color. Layer II was 0.25 m thick. The area was covered by a compact fill of red earth from disintegrated mudbricks. Two mudbricks preserved their edges and were collected separately (P86/425, P86/451). Extensive traces of burning were observed. In this red soil a few painted sherds, as well as an almost intact large tripod cooking pot (CW 19), were found. The tripod cooking pot was in situ, fallen on its side (at +23.62 m), thus 0.60–0.70 m above the floor level of the ground floor of House I.1. A probable wall,

EXCAVATION DATA

oriented east–west, was at the south part of Area K at +23.95 m. It is built of large irregular stones and continues into the unexcavated area to the east. The red soil and the large cooking pot indicate that there was open-air cooking in Area K. Finds Layer I contained many sherds, the majority of which came from the east part of Area K, including coarse wares, such as tripod cooking pots, cups of various types (conical, straight-sided, and globular), and amphorae. Inventoried finds include a fragmentary amphora (P 840), a fragmentary kylix (P 841), two handleless conical cups (P 842, P 843), a bowl (P 844), fragments of a rhyton decorated with zones of ripple pattern (P 845), a mudbrick fragment, obsidian flakes (P85/69), fragments of two scored basins (beehives; P 846, P 847), and a plate (CW 110). There were also

33

animal bones, a slab (A 47), three stone tools from the eastern part of the area, a quern (GS 211), a possible tool (GS 330), a differentially weathered cobble (GS 210), and two mudbrick fragments. Layer II produced many coarse ware sherds, such as pithoi and basins, as well as cups (conical, straight-sided, globular), and a few painted sherds. The majority were found at the east part of Area K. Inventoried fragmentary pottery includes a spouted tripod cooking pot (CW 19) with traces of burning on the exterior and two leg fragments of tripod cooking pots with plastic decoration (CW 51, CW 52). There were also five mudbrick fragments (P86/415, P86/425, P86/451, P86/757, P90/492), fallen from the surrounding walls, and some seashells, and bones. The majority of the non-ceramic finds were obsidian fragments, including a core (P90/493).

Pottery Layer

Date

Total Sherds

Weight

Diagnostic (% of Total)

Decorated

Fine

Medium

Coarse

I

Few MM II; MM III; LM I

1,106

12.9 kg

379 (34.3%)

121

202

413

491

II

Few MM II; MM III; LM IA

661

8.45 kg

328 (49.6%)

114

111

340

210

Layer I shapes: 2 pithoi, 87 pithoid jars, 16 amphorae, 42 jugs, 1 kalathos, 23 tripod cooking pots, 5 tripod cooking dishes, 5 dishes, 21 basins, 132 conical cups, 15 globular cups, 9 straight-sided cups, 2 carinated cups, 8 cups, 10 bowls, 1 lamp. Layer II shapes: 1 pithos, 17 pithoid jars, 31 closed vases, 7 amphorae, 33 jugs, 1 kalathos, 6 tripod cooking pots, 1 tripod cooking dish, 22 basins, 13 handleless conical cups, 82 conical cups, 50 globular cups, 26 straight-sided cups, 4 carinated cups, 2 tumblers, 26 bowls, 1 lamp, 1 bell cup, 2 alabastra, 1 stirrup jar, 1 lid.

South-Southeast Courtyard Stratigraphy The South-Southeast Courtyard is a large open area to the east and southeast of House I.1, east of Pit Θ, Pit I, Area Z, and Room Π (Pl. 12E). The area had shallow archaeological deposits, but in contrast to Area P, no bedrock surface came to light there. This courtyard is located in front of the east (main) entrance to House I.1, giving access to the sheltered porch Area Z and the main doorway toward Corridor B-Δ. No evidence for cobbling or paving was preserved.

The only architectural remains in the area are to the east of Room Π. They consist of three fragmentary walls at right angles (W 41, W 42, and W 43) that define two very poorly preserved rooms. Wall W 41 (3 x 0.60 m) is oriented north–south. At the south edge it joins with W 43 (1 x 0.60 m), which is oriented east–west. Wall W 42 is parallel to W 43 (0.70 x 0.60 m) and attached to the east face of W 41. The orientation suggests that this construction was not related to House I.1 but probably belonged to a small building, built after the abandonment/destruction of House I.1. No intact vases were found in situ, but the pottery included

34

METAXIA TSIPOPOULOU

many LM III sherds, suggesting a probable chronological attribution for the structure. The area was excavated in 1985, 1986, 1989, and 1990. The surface sloped slightly downward from west to east (elevation +22.88 at the west and +22.70 at the east). The soil coverage was less than 0.50 m. The surface soil, Lr I, had an average thickness of 0.15 m. Layer II had an average thickness of 0.35 m. The soil was a yellowish-buff color. Both layers contained very few stones. Finds The ceramic finds in Lr I included a miniature handleless conical cup (MV 15), found at the level of Staircase H. East of Room Π there was a fragmentary jug with a potter’s mark (P 856-PM 209), 70% preserved, suggesting that it came from Room P, which contained a large number of vases. From the area to the east of Staircase H and Pit I were collected five stone tools, a pounder (GS 213), two abraders (GS 214, GS 216), a quern (GS 217), and a whetstone (GS 215). Layer II contained few sherds. East of Pit I and Staircase H All ceramic objects were fragmentary and out of context. Of interest are a pithos rim fragment (P 849); three conical cups (P 862, P 864, P 865), the first with dribble decoration under the rim and the second with a wide band on the rim and dribble; a globular cup preserving a handle of circular section and band decoration on the exterior (P 860); four bowls (P 874, P 875, P 876-PM 211, P 877); a handleless bell cup (P 872); and a tripod cooking pan (CW 34). Other finds included the handle of a cup with a potter’s mark (PM 208); four handleless conical cups with potter’s marks (P 868-PM 210,

P 869-PM 212, P 870-PM 213, P 871-PM 214); a globular cup preserving a spiral motif (P 861); a bridge-spouted jar with a wide band on the interior surface of the rim (P 857); a juglet (P 854) with wide bands on the neck and the body; a basin (P 852); the neck and upper body fragment of an amphora (P 853); the base and body fragment of a stand (P 879); a jug decorated with a spiraliform motif with a floral motif in the center (P 855); two fragments of bird’s-nest bowls (SV 36, SV 41); a fragment of a stone pyxis (SV 37); a fragment of a possible stone bridge-spouted jar (SV 38); fragments of two stone bowls (SV 39, SV 40), the latter with an outcurving rim; a few animal bones and seashells; and stone tools, including two pounderabraders (GS 218, GS 220), a pounder (GS 221), an abrader (GS 219), a weight (GS 222), and a saddle quern (GS 223). The deposit also produced obsidian (P85/223, P85/64, P90/12, P90/489, P90/29, P90/38), six mudbricks (including A 48–A 51), and three floor clay slabs (A 52–A 54). East of Area Z and Room Π This area is of special importance, as it controls the main access to House I.1. Inventoried finds from Lr I include the leg of a footed cup (P 866), a bowl (P 873), a lid fragment (P 878), two pithoid jars (P 850, P 851), and a pithos fragment with an incised net pattern on a plastic band (P 848). A LM IIIA date for the poorly preserved walls is suggested by fragments of a kylix (P 867) and a monochrome conical cup (P 863); none of these finds were in situ. Other fragmentary vases include two alabastra (P 858, P 859), a firestand (CW 204), and a cooking dish (CW 184). There were also a cylindrical stone pyxis (SV 35), a few animal bones, and two obsidian flakes (P89/651, P89/666).

Pottery Layer

Date

Total Sherds

Weight

Diagnostic (% of Total)

Decorated

Fine

Medium

Coarse

I

Few EM; few MM II; LM I; few LM III

>3,695

>54.36 kg

1,528 (41.3%)

464

965

1,431

1,299

II

LM IA

>157

>5.05 kg

42 (26.7%)

11

39

90

28

Layer I shapes: 46 pithoi, 327 pithoid jars, 6 bridge-spouted jars, 75 closed vases, 49 amphorae, 47 jugs, 2 juglets, 13 kalathoi, 56 tripod cooking pots, 6 tripod cooking dishes, 8 dishes, 28 basins, 559 handleless conical cups, 40

EXCAVATION DATA

35

conical cups, 38 globular cups, 34 straight-sided cups, 1 carinated cup, 4 tumblers, 134 cups, 42 bowls, 1 lamp, 2 stands, 1 deep bowl, 5 stirrup jars, 4 lids. Layer II shapes: 7 pithoi, 9 pithoid jars, 3 closed vases, 2 amphorae, 3 tripod cooking pots, 2 basins, 11 conical cups, 4 globular cups, 1 lid.

Pit Θ Stratigraphy Pit Θ is a small, almost triangular area situated outside of the southeast corner of the building (Fig. 8; Pls. 13B, 13D–13F), measuring 0.60–1.20 m north–south by 1.80 m east–west (ca. 1.6 m2), with access from above. Only the north wall (W 9) was regularly built. Despite the fact that the walls are preserved up to 1 m high, they clearly did not support a superstructure. Moreover, the lack of fallen stones either within Pit Θ or outside of it suggests that the walls were not originally much higher. Massive quantities of pottery were found in Pit Θ, beginning in the surface layer. The shapes include mostly bowls and handleless conical cups. All of the pottery was fragmentary; even when joins were identified, no vase was 100% intact, indicating that Pit Θ was a constructed pit 1.15 m deep, connected with the second Neopalatial architectural phase of House I.1. The lack of an opening shows that the pottery was dumped from above, and the lack of roofing material suggests that the space was probably open, or had a light roof made of branches or reeds, without clay or soil. Given the impressive number of broken vessels, especially cups, in Pit Θ, and the fact that almost no animal bones were deposited in it, one can suggest a ritual deposition of vessels used in communal meals, and not a simple refuse pit for ordinary household use. Pit Θ was excavated in 1985. The initial surface sloped slightly from west to east (+24.28 m in the west to +24.14 m in the east). The surface layer (Lr I) had an average thickness of 0.20 m, and it contained few fallen stones and a large quantity of fragmentary pottery. The upper part of the walls came to light between 0.10–0.20 m below the surface at 24.04–24.12 m. Beneath the surface the soil was soft and loose (Lr II), and it contained no stones fallen from the walls. The 0.90 m thick deposit was uniform down to the level of the foundation of the walls.

Pit Θ did not have a floor surface. Below the foundations of the walls, at +23.05 m, a new wall appeared (W 44), belonging to an earlier MM II building (Lr IV). Finds Layer I contained large quantities of pottery, though it cannot be attributed with certainty as belonging to the material that was originally dumped into Pit Θ. Inventoried vessels include 10 handleless conical cups (P 956–P 965); eight bowls (P 1125–P 1132); a miniature dish (MV 16); a miniature tumbler (MV 17); an amphora with a potter’s mark on the handle (P 897-PM 217); two firestands (CW 201, CW 202); and three rhyta (P 1253–P 1255), the second conical, decorated with bands and a spiral; P 1255 is a fragmentary closed vase/rhyton. Furthermore, the deposit contained a lid (P 1251); a large plate with a potter’s mark (CW 76-PM 215); a tray (CW 151); a cooking pot with a potter’s mark (CW 58-PM 216); a cooking dish (CW 194); a large plate (CW 72); and a large cooking dish (CW 195) with a full profile, reassembled from many sherds that were found in the surface layer and partially over Pit I. Other finds include five mudbricks (including A 55–A 57); a whetstone (GS 224); four loomweights (LW 78– LW 80, LW 81-PM 218), one with a potter’s mark; seashells; and bones. The great majority of the pottery comes from Lr II (ca. 119 kg). It includes various types of cups, the majority (81%) of which are handleless conical cups. The deposit also contained sherds of pithoid jars, amphorae, jugs, pithoi, tripod cooking pots, various closed vases, basins, bowls, cooking trays, and, to a lesser degree, sherds of kalathoi, fruitstands, alabastra, open vases, plates, lamps, firestands, stirrup jars, and miniature vases. Inventoried

36

METAXIA TSIPOPOULOU

complete or fragmentary vessels preserving a full profile include 152 handleless conical cups, 14 with potter’s marks (P 966, P 967-PM 219, P 968–P 1007, P 1008-PM 223, P 1009–P 1031, P 1032-PM 227, P 1033–P 1039, P 1040-PM 228, P 1041–P 1068, P 1069-PM 231, P 1070–P 1083, P 1084-PM 232, P 1085–P 1087, P 1088-PM 233, P 1089–P 1091, 1092-PM 234, P 1093, P 1094, P 1095-PM 235, P 1096–P 1100, P 1101-PM 236, P 1102–P 1104, P 1105-PM 238, P 1106, P 1107PM 239, P 1108–P 1113, P 1114-PM 241, P 1115, P 1116, P 1117-PM 242); and 110 bowls, eight with potter’s marks (P 1133–P 1147, P 1148-PM 220, P 1149–P 1156, P 1157-PM 221, P 1158– P 1160, P 1161-PM 222, P 1162–P 1164, P 1165PM 224, P 1166–1176, P 1177-PM 226, P 1178–P 1185, P 1186-PM 229, P 1187, P 1188-PM 230, P 1189, P 1190–P 1230, P 1231-PM 237, P 1232– P 1242). Also present were 11 one-handled globular cups (P 929–P 939). Of these, P 934 has wide bands on the rim and the lower body, a zone of spirals in the middle, and three oblique white bands on the handle; P 929 has drops of black paint on both surfaces, especially on the interior; and P 936 has spatter decoration. Other pottery included four handleless globular cups (P 1121–P 1124); a onehandled conical cup (P 955); eight bell cups (P 947–P 954), of which P 947 and P 952 are monochrome on the interior surface, while the exterior is decorated with bands and a foliate band; seven straight-sided cups (P 940–P 946), with band decoration on P 940 and spatter decoration on P 943; a miniature tumbler (MV 18); three lamps (P 1248– P 1250); four bowls used as lamps (P 1244–P 1246, P 1247-PM 225), the last with a potter’s mark; a wide-mouthed jug with elaborate decoration including bands on both surfaces of the rim, a zone of ripple pattern on the neck, a zone with rosettes, and three bands on the body (P 926); an amphora decorated with a band and dribbles on the interior of the rim, three horizontal bands on the handles, and a stylized floral motif on the shoulder between the handles (P 907); a tripod cooking pot (CW 5); and two large-mouthed jars (CW 60, CW 62). Fragmentary vessels not preserving full profiles were collected separately and included a pedestalled lamp (P 1248); eight jugs (P 908–P 915);

10 amphorae (P 898–P 907), the first with spatter decoration on the neck, the shoulder, and the upper part of the handle; six pithoid jars (P 887–P 892); eight bridge-spouted jars (P 916–P 923); seven fragments of pithoi (P 880–P 886); five trays (CW 132, CW 141, CW 152, CW 155, CW 164); two cooking dishes (CW 178, CW 196); a plate (CW 102); three leg fragments from cooking pots (CW 53–CW 55); a lid (P 1252); three rhyta (P 1256– P 1258), the first a bridge-spouted jar-rhyton with a raised pierced base and decorated with white bands; two fruitstands (P 927, P 928); a scuttle (P 1259); a strainer pyxis (P 1263); two basins (P 893, P 894); a kalathos (P 896); a plate with a potter’s mark (CW 67-PM 240); two stands (P 1260, P 1261); a firestand (CW 203); two alabastra (P 924, P 925); a lamp (P 1249); and a pyxis (P 1262). It is interesting to note that Pit Θ also contained a large number of stone tools: 13 pounders (GS 226–GS 228, GS 234, GS 238–GS 240, GS 245, GS 246, GS 250, GS 255, GS 260, GS 261), a drill holder (GS 229), four abraders (GS 230, GS 254, GS 256, GS 258), an abrader-grinder (GS 259), four possible tools (GS 231, GS 233, GS 244, GS 249), four pounder-abraders (GS 232, GS 257, GS 263, GS 264), a possible pounder/balance weight (GS 235), a pounder-polisher (GS 253), a pounder/ weight (GS 241), a weight (GS 252), a polisher (GS 236), a facetted tool (GS 237), two cobbles (GS 242, GS 243), a pestle (GS 247), a pestle/ pounder (GS 248), three whetstones (GS 255, GS 262, GS 265), and a mortar (GS 251). There were also six loomweights (LW 82–LW 87). The limited number of animal bones and the lack of shells may suggest that the food leftovers were disposed of elsewhere for sanitary purposes. Other finds included obsidian (P85/85b), four mudbricks (including A 58, A 59), a fragment of a drain (A 60), a plaster fragment, an almost complete triton shell (P85/100), a fragmentary animal figurine (F 8), a bead made of rock crystal (P85/164), and a slab fragment (A 61). A few finds were collected separately from Lr IV: three handleless conical cups (P 1118–P 1120), a bowl (P 1243-PM 243), a basin (P 895), a loomweight (LW 88), a mudbrick fragment, and animal bones.

EXCAVATION DATA

37

Pottery Layer

Date

Total Sherds

Weight

Diagnostic (% of Total)

Decorated

Fine

Medium

Coarse

I

Few MM II; LM I

3,168

56.2 kg

1,205 (38.04%)

270

500

1,157

1,511

II

MM II; MM III; LM I

>7,179

>119.5 kg

3,321 (46.3%)

582

1,012

3,285

2,882

Layer I shapes: 21 pithoi, 192 pithoid jars, 3 bridge-spouted jars, 39 amphorae, 20 jugs, 139 closed vases, 153 tripod cooking pots, 10 cooking pots, 6 cooking trays, 3 dishes, 46 basins, 6 plates, 412 handleless conical cups, 1 conical cup, 42 globular cups, 13 straight-sided cups, 3 carinated cups, 1 tumbler, 1 footed cup, 30 cups, 51 bowls, 1 strainer pyxis, 5 lids, 1 kalathos, 2 miniature vases, 3 rhyta, 1 fruitstand. Layer II shapes: 94 pithoi, 733 pithoid jars, 319 amphorae, 1 Palace-style amphora, 116 jugs, 389 closed vases, 5 bridge-spouted jars, 538 tripod cooking pots, 12 cooking trays, 139 basins, 18 plates, 691 handleless conical cups, 22 conical one-handled cups, 63 globular cups, 29 straight-sided cups, 2 carinated cups, 1 bell cup, 1 tumbler, 2 footed cups, 46 cups, 59 bowls, 3 ledge-rimmed bowls, 20 kalathoi, 3 open vases, 6 lamps, 3 fruitstands, 1 strainer pyxis, 1 stirrup jar, 1 firestand, 1 miniature vase, 1 footed lamp, 1 alabastron.

Pit I Stratigraphy Pit I is a built pit, trapezoidal in shape, situated at the southeast part of the building, east of Pit Θ and adjacent to Staircase H (Fig. 8; Pls. 13B, 13C). Its width (east–west) varies from 1.00 to 1.80 m, and its length (north–south) is ca. 2.00 m (ca. 3.00 m2). It comprises W 9, W 17, W 18, and W 19, which are preserved at an average depth of 1.25 m and built of undressed irregular stones. Walls W 9 and W 19 preserve two courses and are 0.60 m wide, while the widths of W 17 and W 18 vary from 0.50 to 0.80 m. Parts of two MM II walls, W 44 and W 46, were found at the bottom of the pit at +22.93–22.80 m. Wall W 44, oriented east–west and built of undressed stones, is 0.90 m long and 0.90 m wide and forms the continuation to the east of the wall found inside Pit Θ. Wall W 46, oriented north–south, begins at the east edge of W 44; it preserves only one course of stones and is 0.60 m wide, 0.35–0.40 m high, and 2 m long. The masonry of Pit I is the same as that of Corridor B-Δ and Areas Z and H, and it belongs therefore to the second Neopalatial architectural phase of House I.1. It was either open

or roofed with some light perishable material. It is clear that it was built after Pit Θ (though the pottery belongs to the same LM IA phase), likely because Pit Θ was already full, or, alternatively, to contain refuse from a different occasion. Pit I contained fragmentary vessels including a large number of handleless conical cups and bowls, though fewer in number than what was found in Pit Θ. Pit I was excavated in 1985 and 1990. The surface layer (Lr I) was 0.20–0.30 m thick. The soil was soft and yellowish buff in color with fallen stones. Walls W 17, W 18, and W 19 came to light at +23.90–24.13 m. Layer II was 0.80 m deep. The deposit contained many fallen stones and Kamares sherds. As the pit did not have a floor level, the excavation continued deeper (Lr IV), reaching the bottom of MM II wall W 46, which was founded directly on the bedrock. Finds Layer I contained about 10 kg of sherds, the majority being handleless conical cups. Inventoried fragmentary vases include four handleless conical cups (P 1276–P 1279); two handleless globular cups (P 1283, P 1284); five globular cups decorated with

38

METAXIA TSIPOPOULOU

bands, spirals, or stylized spiraliform floral motifs (P 1270–P 1274); a straight-sided cup (P 1275); five bowls (P 1288–P 1292) with bands, spirals, and a reed motif; two jugs (P 1265, P 1266) with bands and spirals; a bridge-spouted jar (P 1268); a bowllamp (P 1294); and a tripod cooking pot (CW 14). Other finds include an abrader-grinder (GS 266), obsidian debitage (O 27), an obsidian blade (OB 28), animal bones, and seashells. Layer II produced more than 23 kg of sherds dating from MM II to LM I, as well as a few EM sherds. Shapes included mainly handleless conical cups, various closed vases, and globular cups, and a few straight-sided, carinated, and footed cups, tumblers, bowls, lids, lamps, fruitstands, stands, kalathoi, basins, tripod cooking pots, and dishes. None of the vessels was complete. Inventoried fragmentary vases preserving full profile include three handleless conical cups (P 1280–P 1282); three handleless globular cups (P 1285–P 1287); a

bowl (P 1293); and three lamps (P 1295–P 1297), of which P 1295 is a bowl-lamp. A few more vases not preserving a full profile were collected separately: two cooking dishes (CW 179, CW 185), a large plate (CW 68), a basin (P 1264), a cooking pot (CW 20), a jug decorated with a wide band on the upper part and a zone of running spirals (P 1267), and a bridge-spouted jar (P 1269). Layer II also produced a possible tool (GS 267), a possible facetted tool/balance weight (GS 268), a pounderabrader (GS 269), a quern (GS 270), a chert fragment (C 3), three plaster fragments, animal bones, a mudbrick (A 62), a tiny bronze sheet (P85/204), and the handle of a stone vase (SV 42). Layer IV contained a significant number of sherds, mainly from pithoid jars, globular, straight-sided and conical cups, tumblers, tripod vessels, sherds decorated in light-on-dark, and several sherds of Vasiliki Ware. The deposit also produced two loomweights (LW 89, LW 90), animal bones, and carbon.

Pottery Layer

Date

Total Sherds

Weight

Diagnostic (% of Total)

Decorated

Fine

Medium

Coarse

I

MM II; MM III; LM IA

>540

>10.4 kg

341 (63.1%)

193

189

258

93

II

Few EM II; few MM II; LM IA

>1,546

>23.05 kg

519 (33.6%)

355

200

1,036

310

Layer I shapes: 8 pithoi, 15 pithoid jars, 16 amphorae, 14 jugs, 12 bridge-spouted jars, 53 closed vases, 28 tripod cooking pots, 3 cooking dishes, 17 basins, 83 handleless conical cups, 22 globular cups, 3 straight-sided cups, 2 carinated cups, 52 cups, 13 bowls. Layer II shapes: 47 pithoid jars, 3 amphorae, 2 jugs, 111 closed vases, 20 tripod cooking pots, 1 cooking dish, 1 dish, 1 kalathos, 31 basins, 168 handleless conical cups, 88 globular cups, 5 carinated cups, 15 straight-sided cups, 1 tumbler, 1 footed cup, 15 bowls, 3 lids, 3 lamps, 2 fruitstands, 1 stand.

Area P Stratigraphy Area P is a rectangular sheltered space measuring 3.5 x 5 m (17.5 m2) that is open to the north and east (Fig. 4; Pl. 14A). It lies north of Room Π and east of Room Ξ to which there was access through a doorway at the northwest corner. Area P was excavated in 1986 and 1989. Initial elevations were +23.64 (west part) and +23.30 m (east part).

The area is defined by two perpendicular walls: W 20, which is oriented north–south and separates Area P from Room Ξ; and W 13a, which is oriented east–west and separates Area P from Room Π. Wall W 20 is built of two courses of irregular stones. Its preserved dimensions are 2.30 x 0.60 x 0.40–0.47 m. A bench, preserved to a height of 0.20 m, is attached to the east face of W 20 at +23.34– 23.25 m; it is 2 m long and its width varies from 0.20 m to 0.35 m, as the north end is narrower

EXCAVATION DATA

than the south end. The east part of W 13 is badly preserved. A rock-cut circular gourna (d. 0.28, h. 0.11–0.19 m, elevation +23.21 m) near the northwest corner provides the only indication for the use of Area P. In addition, bedrock was exposed, especially at the north and east part of the area (elevation +22.80 m). The surface layer (Lr I) had an average thickness of 0.25–0.30 m. The soil was compact, hard, and light buff. During the removal of the deposit, the upper surfaces of W 20 and W 13 were revealed. The floor deposit (Lr II) had an average thickness of 0.20–0.25 m. The soil was compact and contained few small stones. Near the east face of W 20, at +23.25 m, a large cluster of fragmentary vases, especially conical cups, some of which were upside down, came to light. Finds During surface cleaning in 1988, a fragment of the base of an open stone vase was found (SV 43). Layer I contained few sherds, mostly from conical cups. Inventoried fragmentary pottery includes a globular cup (P 1307), a handleless globular cup decorated with foliate band (P 1337), an amphora with a potter’s mark (P 1305-PM 244), three pithoid jars (P 1298–P 1300), a tripod cooking pot (CW

39

43), a plate (CW 106), a fenestrated stand (P 1350), and a scored basin (beehive; P 1351). The cleaning of the walls produced interesting finds, such as a clay horn (F 9), a fragment of a plate (CW 111), part of a figurine (F 10), a polisher (GS 271), and a drain fragment. Obsidian debitage came to light in the eastern half of the room (O 28–O 30). The majority of the finds from the floor deposit (Lr II) came from the western half of Area P, adjacent to Room Ξ and near the bench, and they included 26 handleless conical cups, complete or fragmentary, two of which had potter’s marks (P 1311–P 1325, P 1326-PM 246, P 1327, P 1328, P 1329-PM 248, P 1330–P 1336). Other inventoried finds include a miniature cup (P86/A272), two handleless bell cups (P 1339, P 1340), a monochrome globular cup (P 1308), a handleless globular cup (P 1338), a ledge-rimmed bowl (P 1348), seven more bowls (P 1341–P 1347), two kalathoi (P 1303, P 1304), a lamp (P 1349), two monochrome straightsided cups (P 1309, P 1310), an amphora (P 1306), sherds from two pithoid jars with potter’s marks (P 1301-PM 245, P 1302-PM 247), a tripod spouted cooking pan (CW 35), a floor slab probably fallen from the upper floor of the adjacent rooms (A 63), bones, animal teeth, seashells, a pounder-abrader (GS 272), and a pestle (GS 273).

Pottery Layer

Date

Total Sherds

Weight

Diagnostic (% of Total)

Decorated

Fine

Medium

Coarse

I

Few EM and MM; LM I; LM III

614

8.6 kg

332 (54.1%)

101

304

216

94

II

Few MM II; LM I; LM III (1)

1,637

15.6 kg

1,048 (64%)

154

931

466

240

Layer I shapes: 12 pithoi, 90 pithoid jars, 25 amphorae, 1 open-mouthed amphora, 4 bridge-spouted jars, 38 jugs, 42 tripod cooking pots, 7 cooking pots, 2 cooking dishes, 9 dishes, 32 handleless conical cups, 5 conical cups, 9 globular cups, 9 straight-sided cups, 1 carinated cup, 2 tumblers, 27 cups, 14 bowls, 1 ledge-rimmed bowl, 1 scored basin (beehive), 1 rhyton. Layer II shapes: 11 pithoi, 101 pithoid jars, 23 amphorae, 24 jugs, 80 tripod cooking pots, 3 cooking dishes, 1 dish, 3 closed vases, 8 kalathoi, 20 basins, 613 handleless conical cups, 1 conical cup, 43 globular cups, 19 straightsided cups, 10 carinated cups, 3 one-handled cups, 2 tumblers, 66 cups, 1 footed cup, 11 bowls, 1 lamp, 1 lid, 1 kylix, 1 alabastron, 1 spout.

40

METAXIA TSIPOPOULOU

Area O Stratigraphy Area O is a rectangular open space to the west of Area P and north of Room Ξ (Fig. 3). It is defined by W 21 and W 33. The east and north parts of O are open and the bedrock was found almost on the surface. Area O measures 3.50 m (east–west) by 4 m (north–south), and it has an area of 14 m2. The walls are preserved to an average height of 0.40 m and are 0.80 m wide. Area O was excavated in 1986. The surface layer, Lr I, was 0.30 m thick. The soil was soft, yellowish buff, and contained few sherds. Wall W 33 was found at +24.08 m. The surface of the bedrock appeared at the north side at +23.86–23.98 m. Plaster fragments found during the cleaning of the wall suggest that it was plastered. The floor deposit (Lr II) was 0.20 m thick. The soil was buff, compact, and contained fallen stones, especially to the north of W 21. Finds Layer I contained sherds both of coarse and fine wares, Protopalatial as well as Neopalatial.

Inventoried examples include: a handleless conical cup (P 1356); a carinated cup decorated with a white band on the exterior surface (EMP 267); a straight-sided cup (P 1354); a one-handled conical cup (P 1355); a miniature amphora with traces of red paint on the exterior surface (MV 19); a fragment of a vertical ribbon handle of an amphora with oblique bands and a loop around the attachment (P 1353); a teapot decorated with bands of white paint (EMP 268); a bowl (P 1357); a small basin (P 1352); a lamp (P 1358); a base and body fragment of a stand (P 1359); a rim and body fragment of a cooking dish (CW 171); and three loomweights (LW 91, LW 92, LW 93-PM 249), one with a potter’s mark. These finds are probably not related to Area O but to Area Φ, as many of them were found during the cleaning of W 33, which separates the two areas. The finds also included a base fragment of a stone vase (SV 44), a trapezoidal obsidian blade (OB 29), two plaster fragments, bones, and sea shells. Layer II produced a small number of sherds, a mudbrick fragment, and fragments of a stone pyxis (SV 45).

Pottery Layer

Date

Total Sherds

Weight

Diagnostic (% of Total)

Decorated

Fine

Medium

Coarse

I

Few EM III; few MM I; MM IIA; MM III; LM IA

970

21.8 kg

430 (44.3%)

224

377

405

188

II

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Layer I shapes: 12 pithoi, 80 pithoid jars, 3 bridge-spouted jars, 17 closed vases, 10 amphorae, 21 jugs, 1 kalathos, 43 tripod cooking pots, 4 cooking pots, 1 tripod cooking dish, 17 dishes, 17 basins, 54 handleless conical cups, 8 conical cups, 17 globular cups, 3 straight-sided cups, 8 carinated cups, 6 tumblers, 82 cups, 17 bowls, 1 lamp, 1 miniature vase, 2 fruitstands, 1 alabastron, 1 pyxis, 2 teapots, 1 scuttle. Layer II shapes: totals unknown; the bag of sherds from this layer was not found in the Siteia Museum.

North-Northwest of House I.1 (Area Σ) Stratigraphy Area Σ, north-northwest of House I.1, was reoccupied in LM IIIA (Pl. 14B). Three walls were excavated in the west part of the area, north-northwest

of Area Φ, that were not related to the Neopalatial house. Wall W 29 is oriented east–west and is built of two rows of large and medium irregular stones. The largest stones, on the south face, are of roughly quadrangular shape and are 0.50 to 1.20 m long. The wall, as preserved, is 3.70 m long, and its

EXCAVATION DATA

maximum width is 1.10 m. It is attached to the north end of W 28 of Area Φ. The upper surface of W 32, oriented east–west (see Area Φ), was lying underneath the east edge of W 29. To the west, W 29 joins with W 30, which is oriented southeast–northwest. It comprises two rows of irregular stones, smaller than those of W 29. Wall W 30 is preserved to a length of 5.30 m, and its width varies between 0.50 m at the north and 0.90 m at the south. Wall W 31, oriented east–west, is parallel to W 29 and consists of one row of stones. The east part of it, ca. 2.30 m long, is missing, probably due to the construction of a big circular hearth in LM III. The total length of W 31 is 6.50 m, its maximum width is 0.80 m, and the height is 0.85 m. Its eastern part is founded on the bedrock. Three small LM III rooms are present to the north of Area O. The first room is defined by W 30, W 31, W 34, and W 35. It is rectangular, 2.5 m wide, and was probably open to the northwest. Wall W 34 is oriented southwest–northeast, measures 2 x 0.60 m, and preserves only its foundations. North of it lies another small rectangular room, measuring 2 x 1.40 m (2.8 m2) and defined by W 34, W 35, and W 37 to the east and by a series of small stones oriented northwest–southeast (at +23.90 m) in the west part, possibly belonging to two other walls, W 38 and W 39. Wall 37 which is poorly preserved, is parallel to W 34. East of these rooms a small triangular area, 2 x 1.50 m (3 m2), is defined by W 35, W 36, and the bedrock to the east. The area north of House I.1 was excavated in 1986, 1990, and 2011. It should be noted that all deposits were very disturbed due to the construction of the modern retaining wall of the vineyard in the east part of the area. The surface layer (Lr I), 0.40 m deep, was dark buff, loose, and contained sea pebbles. The upper surface of W 30 (the south part) came to light at +25.02 m. The continuation of this wall to the north was found during the removal of surface fill at +24.91 m to +24.69 m. At the east part of the area, west of Φ, part of a wall oriented east–west (W 29) was revealed at +24.72 m. The area also contained fallen stones belonging to W 29. The floor deposit (Lr II) was 0.20–0.30 m deep. At the north part of the area, the upper surface of W 31 came to light at +24.59 m. A large stone threshold was found at the west end of W 29 at +24.82 m.

41

This threshold was associated with a floor of beaten earth and sea pebbles to its south. About 0.90 m north of the threshold at +24.77 m, the rim of a stone mortar/gourna (GS 347) was found in situ, protected by two slabs placed vertically around it. The floor is preserved only at the southwest part of the area, between W 29 and W 30. The modern retaining wall at the eastern part of the area probably destroyed the rest of the floor and also the continuation of W 29 to the east. The soil above the floor was buff, compact, and contained few stones. A built hearth of circular shape was found east of W 29 and W 31 (1.00–1.70 m north of W 29) at +24.60 m. Ceramic finds in this area, and especially the leg of a tripod cooking pot with circular section, date the hearth to LM III. The soil around the hearth was black. At the western part of the area to the west of W 30, a partially preserved floor surface was cleaned, made of reddish-buff, extremely hard soil containing sea pebbles, small stones, and many mudbrick fragments. Layer III was 0.40–0.50 m thick. The soil was light buff in color, loose in texture, and contained many small stones and sea pebbles. The deposit includes the area east of W 30 and north of W 29. The soil west of W 30 was yellowish and sandy, containing pieces of carbon and pebbles, while at the foundations of W 29, the soil was dark buff and compact. Excavation continued in 2011 in the area between W 30 and W 31. Wall W 38, oriented north–south, was located 2.40 m east of W 30 at +24.46 m. Its preserved dimensions are 2.50 x 0.60 x 0.63 m, and it was built of large and medium irregular stones. At its north end (at +24.13 m), W 38 joins with W 39, which is oriented east–west. Wall W 39, built of large and medium irregular stones, is 0.90 m long, 0.30 m high, and 0.60 m wide. Near the east face of W 30 and ca. 2.30 m north of W 31, a built hearth, ovoid in shape, came to light at +24.16 m. Sherds of a tripod cooking pot were collected within and around the hearth. Further excavation to the east revealed three small areas or rooms. Bedrock appeared at the east end of the excavated area at +24.16 m. The upper parts of the walls were found at +23.93 m to +24.21 m. The excavation did not continue farther north in this area. The majority of the pottery from the area north of House I.1 is dated to the LM III period. Walls W 29, W 30, and W 31 define a rectangular space that

42

METAXIA TSIPOPOULOU

probably used for domestic activities, as suggested by the two hearths and the gourna. Another space is defined north of W 31 where a large amount of stone tools were collected but no floor surface was preserved. Three more areas were excavated north of Area Φ and Area O, also of domestic function, as indicated by the stone tools and the presence of the hearth. Finds The surface fill (Lr I) was very disturbed and contained Minoan and modern pottery. The majority of the sherds were LM IIIA in date and belonged to 13 kylikes (P 1392–P 1404), a monochrome conical cup (P 1389), and a deep bowl (P 1406). Sherd P 1392 is a body fragment from an imported LH IIIA kylix, which is decorated with a whorl shell (Furumark motif 23.2; Furumark 1941). Other fragmentary finds included the rim and neck fragments of two pithoi (P 1360, P 1361); three fragments of pithoid jars (P 1363–P 1365); a basin with bands on both surfaces of the rim (P 1367); three kalathoi (P 1369–P 1371); the vertical handle fragment of an amphora with a potter’s mark (P 1373-PM 250); four jugs (P 1375–P 1378); a bridge-spouted jar (P 1381), decorated with spirals and floral motifs; a stirrup jar (P 1382); a straight-sided cup decorated with ripple pattern (P 1387); three handleless conical cups (P 1409–P 1411); a bowl decorated with oblique lines with a potter’s mark (P 1416-PM 261); and 11 more bowls (P 1417–P 1427); 10 lamps (P 1432–P 1441); a discoid lid (P 1446); a cooking dish (CW 187); a scuttle (P 1449); two stands (P 1450, P 1451); a feeding bottle (P 1453); a sherd of a closed vase with a potter’s mark (PM 262); five trays (CW 121, CW 136, CW 147, CW 158, CW 159); a large plate (CW 77); a miniature tumbler (MV 20) and a miniature dish (MV 21); the handle of an EM jug decorated with two bands near the handle attachment (EMP 269); and a spouted cup with barbotine decoration (EMP 280); two cooking dishes (CW 199, CW 200) and two tripod cooking pots, one with a potter’s mark (CW 6, PM 253); and a fire-stand (CW 205). The deposit also contained many stone tools, the majority of which were found at the north part of the area: seven pounder-abraders (GS 280, GS 290, GS 292, GS 297, GS 298, GS 309, GS 342), three abraders (GS 300, GS 306, GS 308), an

abrader-grinder (GS 287), two abraders/plastering tools (GS 288, GS 307), two pounders (GS 281, GS 293), a pounder/pestle-whetstone (GS 285), two pounder/pestle-polishers (GS 289, GS 303), two pounder/pestles (GS 296, GS 284), a pestle (GS 295), two whetstones (GS 283, GS 291), a possible whetstone/grinder (GS 299), a polisher (GS 301), two mortars (GS 294, GS 302), three possible tools (GS 286, GS 304, GS 305), and a miniature mortar or door socket (GS 343). There were also the handle of a stone vase (SV 46), three floor slabs, five obsidian blades and fragments (P90/136, P90/137, P90/147, P90/148, P90/174), two plaster fragments, three mudbrick fragments, seashells, two fossils (P90/158, P90/261), a rock crystal fragment (P90/128), and animal bones. During the removal of the modern retaining wall at the eastern part of the area, various stone tools were collected, including a quern (GS 310), a pounder/pestle-abrader (GS 311), two whetstones (GS 312, GS 314), an unfinished weight (GS 313), and a facetted tool/drill holder (GS 282). After the removal of the modern retaining wall, sherds from pithoid jars, conical and straight-sided cups, and sherds with light-on-dark decoration came to light. At the eastern part of the area and north of Area Φ, many MM II sherds were discovered. The disturbed floor deposit (Lr II) contained pottery dating from MM II to LM III. Finds included fragments of a pithoid jar (P 1366), a straightsided cup, with a potter’s mark (P 1388-PM 254), a conical cup (P 1390), a deep bowl (P 1407), a bowl with a potter’s mark (P 1428-PM 255); a handleless conical cup with a potter’s mark (P 1412-PM 256). There were also sherds with dark-on-light or light-on-dark decoration. The only object found in situ was the mortar (GS 347). Other inventoried finds include the body fragment of an Hagios Onouphrios vase (EMP 270), a whetstone (GS 344), a pounder/pestle (GS 345), and a pounder (GS 346). Layer III was also disturbed. It contained sherds dated from the Final Neolithic/Early Minoan I to the LM III periods. Inventoried finds include rim and body fragments from a pithoid jar with a potter’s mark (P 1362-PM 257); a basin (P 1368); and a kalathos (P 1372); the upper part of an amphora (P 1374); two body fragments of jugs (P 1379, P 1380); a body fragment of a stirrup jar (P 1383); two fragments of alabastra (P 1384, P 1385); fragments from a conical cup (P 1391); a kylix

EXCAVATION DATA

(P 1405); as well as from a monochrome deep bowl (P 1408). There were also three fragmentary handleless conical cups with potter’s marks (P 1413-PM 258, P 1414-PM 259, P 1415-PM 260), three fragmentary bowls (P 1429–P 1431), four fragmentary lamps (P 1442–P 1445); a fragmentary lid (P 1447); a body sherd from a rhyton (P 1448); and a sherd of a stand (P 1452). Other inventoried ceramic finds include a cooking pot (CW 21), basin (EMP 277), a Vasiliki ware conical cup (EMP 282), a jug with spatter decoration (EMP 276), an MM jug with band decoration (EMP 275), a fragmentary closed EM vase with incised decoration (EMP 272), a spout from an EM burnished vase (EMP 278), three MM IB– IIA jugs with spatter decoration (EMP 271, EMP

43

273, EMP 274), and a fragmentary stone vase (SV 48). Large amount of stone tools came from the area west of W 30: a possible pestle (GS 348), four abraders (GS 351, GS 354, GS 357, GS 366), two pounder-abraders (GS 355, GS 364), five pounders (GS 350, GS 352, GS 359, GS 361, GS 363), three polishers (GS 349, GS 356, GS 353), a weight (GS 362), two querns (GS 358, GS 365), and a small quern (GS 360). Other finds included obsidian fragments (O 30, P90/560), three fragments of stone vases (SV 47, SV 49, SV 50). The excavation north of Area O (cleaning of the bedrock) produced many decorated and undecorated sherds, mostly from coarse wares, as well as cups of various types (conical, globular, and straight-sided).

Pottery Layer

Date

Total Sherds

Weight

Diagnostic (% of Total)

Decorated

Fine

Medium

Coarse

I

Few EM III/ MM IA; MM III; LM I; LM III

>3,994

>58.49 kg

1,843 (46.1%)

627

1,216

1,822

956

II

MM IB/IIA; LM I; LM III

691

9 kg

307 (44.4%)

106

206

335

150

III

EM III; MM; MM II; LM I; LM III

>3,340

>54.15 kg

1,492 (44.7%)

551

1,143

1,507

690

Layer I shapes: 76 pithoi, 342 pithoid jars, 128 amphorae, 1 Palace-style amphora, 1 stirrup jar, 5 bridge-spouted jars, 159 jugs, 2 juglets, 50 closed vases, 112 tripod cooking pots, 35 cooking dishes, 14 dishes, 53 basins, 4 kalathoi, 551 handleless conical cups, 7 conical cups, 70 globular cups, 12 straight-sided cups, 1 carinated cup, 2 bell cups, 1 tumbler, 1 footed cup, 118 cups, 83 bowls, 2 deep bowls, 6 kylikes, 1 lamp, 2 fruitstands, 4 lids. Layer II shapes: 3 pithoi, 83 pithoid jars, 11 amphorae, 3 jugs, 40 closed vases, 2 tripod cooking pots, 1 cooking dish, 7 basins, 1 kalathos, 69 conical cups, 7 globular cups, 4 straight-sided cups, 2 tumblers, 61 cups, 1 deep bowl, 8 bowls, 4 open vases. Layer III shapes: 35 pithoi, 173 pithoid jars, 3 bridge-spouted jars, 31 amphorae, 59 jugs, 35 closed vases, 181 tripod cooking pots, 3 cooking pots, 12 cooking dishes, 6 dishes, 27 basins, 1 kalathos, 704 handleless conical cups, 29 conical cups, 89 globular cups, 43 straight-sided cups, 7 carinated cups, 1 bell cup, 2 cups, 9 tumblers, 34 bowls, 1 kylix, 1 miniature pot, 1 krater, 1 scored basin (beehive), 1 lamp, 3 lids.

North-Northwest of House I.1 (Area T) Stratigraphy Area T (Fig. 2; Pl. 14B), located to the north of Area Σ, is an open space measuring 4.20 x 4.20 m (17.64 m2) in which only one possible wall was excavated, oriented east–west (W 40). Wall W 36

separates Area T from Area Σ. Area T was probably never part of House I.1, and it is characterized by a distribution of stone tools fallen probably from the west (Sector III). Area T was excavated in 1986. Layer I was 0.40 m thick. The soil was buff and hard, and it contained fallen stones. Wall W 40 was revealed at

44

METAXIA TSIPOPOULOU

+23.87 m, with preserved dimensions of 1.20 x 0.80 m. At the eastern part of Area T the bedrock was revealed at +24.05 m. Finds The deposit produced mostly Neopalatial pottery. Inventoried finds include a tray (CW 137), a bowl (P 1456), a basin (P 1454), a lid (P 1457), a

fruitstand (P 1455), three whetstones (GS 367, GS 373, GS 375), a pestle (GS 369), a polisher (GS 378), a pounder-abrader (GS 368), a pounder (GS 370), an abrader/plastering tool (GS 377), a fragment of a stone lid (SV 51), two gournes/mortars (GS 374, GS 376), a possible stone tool (GS 372), a facetted tool (GS 371), an obsidian blade (OB 31), and two mudbrick fragments.

Pottery Layer

Date

Total Sherds

Weight

Diagnostic (% of Total)

Decorated

Fine

Medium

Coarse

I

Few MM II; MM III; LM IA

144

4.3 kg

76 (52.8%)

41

70

63

11

Layer I shapes: 2 pithoi, 2 pithoid jars, 1 bridge-spouted jar, 3 jugs, 7 tripod cooking pots, 2 kalathoi, 1 basin, 15 handleless conical cups, 1 conical cup, 1 globular cup, 2 carinated cups, 5 straight-sided cups, 1 tumbler, 24 cups, 7 bowls, 1 pyxis, 1 fruitstand.

House I.2 Stratigraphy House I.2 was excavated in 1986 and 1989, but its excavation was not completed (Fig. 3; Pls. 14C, 14D). The northern section is preserved while the rest of the original building was probably destroyed by the construction of a modern irrigation pipe. The preserved section includes W 1, W 2, W 3, W 4, and W 5, the last one of which was a dividing wall. The western part measures 2.0 x 3.5 m (7 m2), and the eastern part measures 2.0 x 3.0 m (6 m2). The construction of House I.2 is similar to that of House I.1. The preserved length of W 1 is 1.5 m, it is oriented north–south, and it joins at the north with W 2, which measures 9.30 x 0.60 m and is oriented east–west. Wall W 2 starts as a rectilinear wall and then curves toward the east. It joins with W 3, which measures 2.70 x 0.60 m and is oriented north–south. Wall W 4 is oriented east–west and joins with W 3. Wall W 5, measuring 1.00 x 0.60 m, is an internal wall oriented north–south. The surface layer (Lr I) was 0.40–0.70 m thick. The soil was hard, buff, and contained few stones. The upper surface of the walls appeared at +24.16 m (W 1), +25.29 m (W 2, west), +24.28 m (W 2, east), +25.24 (W 3), and +25.63 m (W 4).

Lr II is 0.50 m deep. The soil was yellowish buff and contained few stones. Wall W 5 was found at +24.22 m. Finds The finds in Lr I are similar to those of the Narrow Passage, which divides House I.1 from House I.2, as well as those of the Paved road. Layer I produced various fragmentary vessels. Inventoried vases include a fragment of a basin (P 1459); three non-joining fragments of an amphora (P 1460); a body fragment from a jug with a globular depressed body, decorated with band and a running spiral (P 1462); fragments from a monochrome globular cup (P 1463) and a conical cup (P 1464), which is also monochrome; fragments from a bowl (P 1465), a lid (P 1469), a conical rhyton (P 1470), and a scuttle with a potter’s mark (P 1471PM 263); a conical cup (EMP 283); and a leg of a tripod cooking pot (CW 56). Other finds include a slab (A 67), carbon fragments, five loomweights (LW 94–LW 98), animal bones, three obsidian blades (OB 32–OB 34), and five mudbrick fragments (including A 66). The most interesting find was an anthropomorphic figurine (F 14), with the torso and upper part of the arms preserved.

EXCAVATION DATA

Layer II contained few sherds, including fragments of a monochrome pithoid jar (P 1458), a fragmentary monochrome amphora (P 1461), three non-joining fragments of a bowl decorated with ripple pattern and bands (P 1466), one more fragmentary undecorated bowl (P 1467), a lamp (P 1468), half of a scuttle (P 1472), and half of an amphoriskos-pyxis (P 1473).

45

Other inventoried finds include a miniature handleless conical cup (MV 22), a fragment of a stone vase (SV 52), fragments of two trays (CW 133, CW 138), two cooking dishes (CW 172, CW 180), the rim and neck fragment from an EM II beaked jug (EMP 284), an abrader (GS 379), a pounderabrader (GS 380), a plaster fragment (A 65), a piece of pumice, two stone slabs, and animal bones.

Pottery Layer

Date

Total Sherds

Weight

Diagnostic (% of Total)

Decorated

Fine

Medium

Coarse

I

Few MM I; few MM IIA; LM IA; few LM III

632

14.2 kg

305 (48.2%)

155

233

309

90

II

Few EM II; few EM III/MM IA; MM IIB; MM III; LM IA

>244

>4.9 kg

151 (61.9%)

88

83

110

51

Layer I shapes: 14 pithoi, 60 pithoid jars, 3 bridge-spouted jars, 20 closed vases, 21 amphorae, 11 jugs, 24 tripod cooking pots, 9 cooking pots, 1 tripod cooking dish, 2 dishes, 4 basins, 35 handleless conical cups, 4 conical cups, 2 globular cups, 29 straight-sided cups, 3 carinated cups, 3 tumblers, 50 cups, 3 bowls, 1 lamp, 1 miniature vase, 1 fruitstand, 2 lids, 1 teapot, 1 table. Layer II shapes: 1 pithos, 3 pithoid jars, 1 bridge-spouted jar, 9 amphorae, 19 jugs, 10 tripod cooking pots, 2 tripod cooking dishes, 3 cooking dishes, 2 dishes, 14 basins, 6 handleless conical cups, 21 conical cups, 17 globular cups, 5 straight-sided cups, 5 carinated cups, 1 tumbler, 10 cups, 15 bowls, 1 miniature vase, 2 lids, 3 scuttles, 1 egg cup.

Narrow Passage between Houses I.1 and I.2

difference in the soil consistency. An intense inclination in the soil was observed in Lr II (+24.41 m [west part] and +23.96 m [east part]).

Stratigraphy This narrow passage lies between the two houses of Sector I (Fig. 3, Pls. 14C, 14D). It is accessed from the west through the West Courtyard and the Paved Road and from the east through Area K. It is 7 m long, and its maximum width, at the west, is 1 m (ca. 7 m2). It becomes gradually narrower toward the east, especially south of Pit Θ, where its width is only 0.30 m. This small passage probably served only to protect the facades of the two houses from humidity and was not a road for circulation. The Narrow Passage was excavated in 1985, 1986, and 1989. The surface layer (Lr I) was 0.30–0.50 m thick, and the soil was hard, buff, and contained few stones. Layer II was 0.40 m deep with no visible

Finds For Lr I, inventoried finds from the west part of the passage, south of Room 2, included a fragmentary handleless conical cup (P 1479), an obsidian blade (OB 35), and some animal bones. In Lr II the majority of the finds came from the area south of Room Λ. The deposit contained various sherds, including a fragment from an amphora with a potter’s mark (P 1475-PM 265); a rim and shoulder fragment from a pithos preserving two bands and two zones of ripple pattern on the upper surface of the rim and on the exterior surface and four deep incisions on the interior surface of the shoulder (P 1474-PM 267); two fragmentary kylikes (P 1477, P 1478); two fragmentary bowls (P

46

METAXIA TSIPOPOULOU

1481, P 1482), the first one with a flat horizontal rim, the second one of an S profile; a fragmentary lid (P 1484); a lamp (P 1483); the handle of a scuttle with a potter’s mark (P 1485-PM 266); fragments of a tray (CW 153); two handleless conical cups (MV 23-PM 264, P 1480), the first a miniature vessel with a nail impression on the exterior

surface of the base; and a monochrome straightsided cup (P 1476). Other finds from the area between Pit Θ and House I.2 include a pounder (GS 381), a pounder-abrader (GS 382), a fragment of a stone lid (SV 53), carbon fragments, four mudbrick fragments, a plaster fragment, a fragment of a drain (A 68).

Pottery Layer

Date

Total Sherds

Weight

Diagnostic Decorated (% of Total)

I

LM I

>65

>1.5 kg

34 (52.3%)

II

Few EM III/MM IA; few MM II; MM III; LM I; few LM III

>863

>26 kg

581 (67.3%)

Fine

Medium

Coarse

40

21

15

29

282

343

355

165

Layer I shapes: 1 pithos, 7 pithoid jars, 1 bridge-spouted jar, 2 amphorae, 1 basin, 1 kalathos, 8 conical cups, 12 cups, 1 bowl. Layer II shapes: 31 pithoi, 44 pithoid jars, 11 bridge-spouted jars, 25 amphorae, 51 jugs, 4 kalathoi, 69 tripod cooking pots, 22 cooking pots, 3 dishes, 14 basins, 89 handleless conical cups, 14 conical cups, 7 globular cups, 27 straight-sided cups, 1 carinated cup, 2 tumblers, 124 cups, 26 bowls, 2 lamps, 1 miniature vase, 10 ledgerimmed bowls, 1 alabastron, 2 lids, 1 egg cup.

2

Architecture and Function by Metaxia Tsipopoulou

Memory is everywhere, the House is history. —Jan Driessen 2010, 46.

John McEnroe, in his very useful monograph, pointe­d out that in the Neopalatial period the Minoans invested in domestic architecture, as opposed to other societies who invested in tombs or other types of structures (McEnroe 2010, 93–116). The range of Neopalatial excavated—and published—domestic structures is very wide, starting from humble rural habitations in secondary or tertiary settlements, or even isolated ones, and extending to large urban mansions (e.g., at Knossos), as well as including everything in between. The number of known Neopalatial houses was 320 at the time of the publication of McEnroe’s book. In the intervening years this number has undoubtedly not increased significantly. The present monograph presents evidence for Sector I in the urban settlement of Petras, Siteia, palatial in nature since MM IIA (Fig. 1; Pl. 1).

Sector I consists of a fully excavated and well-preserved, large Neopalatial building (House I.1) and a second structure of the same period (House I.2), which is poorly preserved and only partially excavated (Fig. 2; Pls. 2, 3). Sector I had a history much longer than the life of the two Neopalatial houses; occupation in the area started in EM I and continued through LM III (Fig. 9). The excavation, documentation, and studies of Sector I show that the large two-story structure labeled House I.1 had various functions, likely including habitation, though it lacks elite/palatial-type architectural features. It is interesting to point out in this context that McEnroe noted “there are no standard residential quarters at Petras” (McEnroe 2010, 94), by which he probably meant that the settlement has not been widely excavated or published.

48

METAXIA TSIPOPOULOU

This statement shows the significance of the present book, especially since no extensive excavation in the settlement is planned for the near future. House I.1 was the first structure excavated at Petras, starting in 1985. It was a test excavation, before the expropriation of the site. Although it seemed clear from the topography of the site that a possible palatial building (analogous to Gournia) might exist on the extensive, partially artificial, plateau high on Hill I, the investigation was begun on the slope of the hill, for a number of reasons, the most important being that I wanted to get acquainted with the site and its stratigraphy before uncovering the possible central building (Fig. 1; Pl. 1). The systematic study for the final publication of House I.1 started almost a decade ago, and it continued with various interruptions: chiefly, the excavations of the Final Neolithic site and the cemetery on Kephala Hill (both on non-expropriated properties). Two publications have resulted from this study (Tsipopoulou 2006; Tsipopoulou and Dierckx 2006), which present the spatial organization within and around the building, the circulation patterns between the various spaces, and the distribution of several categories of finds. These articles also used contextual analysis in order to create a threedimensional approach to the remains. Based on the above-mentioned analyses, an effort was made to establish the functions of this large Neopalatial building. The present monograph uses the same methodology, develops further the initial ideas, and constitutes a more coherent presentation in full detail. An analysis of the architectural features of House I.1 was attempted for the first time in 1992, two years after its excavation was completed (Tsipopoulou and Papacostopoulou 1997, 206–209, fig. 3, tables 1, 2; see also Pls. 15–17). The aim of that publication was to place the urban palatial settlement of Petras within its wider administrative and economic framework in the Siteia Bay area, and also to investigate the relationship between Petras as a central place and the secondary settlements in the hinterland. Thus, the two fully excavated large Neopalatial buildings, House I.1 and House II.1, were compared to the four, similarly sized so-called villas at Klimataria, Zou, Achladia, and Hagios Georgios, which were excavated by Nikolaos Platon in the 1950s (for Klimataria, see Platon 1952c, 1953, 1954; for Zou, see Platon 1955, 1956; for Achladia,

see Platon 1952b, 1959; for Hagios Georgios– Prophetes Elias, see Platon 1960 and cf. Platon 1997 for the re-examination by Lefteris Platon). The architectural features examined in an earlier article (Tsipopoulou and Papacostopoulou 1997, 209, table 1) included cut slab pavements, coursed ashlar blocks, megalithic rubble masonry, external walls at right angles, internal walls at right angles, pier-and-door partitions, cut jamb bases, columns, pillars, frescoes, and foundation deposits. House I.1 is equipped with four of these features, namely cut slab pavements (in Rooms A and Ξ), external and internal walls all at right angles, and painted plaster. Also, there are several column, or post, bases. As for the functions of various spaces, the Petras houses and the “villas” were examined for the presence of the following features: corridors, fore halls, Minoan halls, industrial areas, kitchens, stairways, vestibules, doorless spaces, and domestic storage/ industrial wings. In House I.1, five of these features are present, namely a corridor (B-Δ), industrial areas (Room A, Room M, and Area 3), doorless spaces (Rooms E and Λ), a kitchen (Room Ξ), and stairways (Staircases Y1, Y2, and H; see Tsipopoulou and Papacostopoulou 1997, 209, table 2).

The History of Occupation in the Area Sector I, the first excavated at Petras, comprises one of only two completely excavated large buildings in the settlement (House I.1); in addition, it offers evidence both for urban arrangement and for the boundaries between private and public space. Sector I extends over two partially artificial terraces on the east slope of Hill I (Figs. 1, 2; Pls. 1–3). The difference in height is bridged by an external staircase with three steps (Fig. 7; Pls. 11C–12B) that links the higher West Courtyard to the ramp and beyond it to Room M. Because of this difference in elevation, the west wall of Room Λ and Room E, W 4a and W 4b, is preserved to a height of more than 1.5 m (Pl. 5B). The area was already occupied in EM I, as suggested by the trench excavated in Room A that was created in order to remove pithos P 2, which was connected with the wine press, GS 9 (Figs. 3,

ARCHITECTURE AND FUNCTION

5). A dozen EM I sherds were found in other areas of House I.1, but in no case were they connected to architectural remains (see Relaki, Ch. 4, this vol.). Despite the absence of architectural remains, these EM I ceramic finds are significant because they suggest a form of occupation on Hill I that is contemporary with that of the neighboring Kephala Hill (Papadatos 2012). During MM IIA, the first palatial phase at Petras, at least part of Sector I was occupied by one or more buildings (Fig. 9:a). The preserved architectural remains of this phase were discovered in stratigraphical trenches within House I.1 in Room A (Fig. 3), Corridor B-Δ (Pls. 8A–8E), Area Φ (Figs. 4, 6; Pls. 9D–10A), Staircase Y (Figs. 3, 7; Pls. 10B, 10C), and Pits I and Θ (Fig. 8; Pls. 13B– 13F). Interestingly enough, the walls of this earlier building(s) had the same orientation as those of the later Neopalatial constructions (Houses I.1 and I.2), and one of these earlier walls was even integrated into a Neopalatial wall (W 4b, the west wall of Rooms E and Λ; see Figs. 2, 9:a). This fact probably indicates that the timespan between the destruction of the earlier structure(s) and the construction of the Neopalatial houses in MM III was not a long one. It should be pointed out, however, that no clear indication of occupation (or destruction) in MM IIB was preserved in the area of Sector I; but it cannot be excluded that such remains were present at the time of the foundation of the Neopalatial houses. The other Protopalatial walls include W 44 and W 46 (Figs. 2, 9:a), located at the lowest end of Pit I and Pit Θ and built with large boulders to likely serve as external walls (Pls. 13C, 13D); W 45 (Fig. 2), built of small stones and located below Corridor B-Δ (Pl. 8A); and W 47 (Fig. 2), below Room A, which also probably served as an external wall (Figs. 3, 9A). Furthermore, the architectural history of Area Φ and the western part of Staircase Y (Y1; Figs. 4, 6, 7; Pls. 10A–10C) shows that Protopalatial walls were integrated in the later building, and W 28 (Fig. 2), the west wall of the Protopalatial Area Φ, continued to serve as a retaining wall for the West Courtyard in Neopalatial, as well as in Postpalatial, times (Fig. 9:a, d). The earliest building activity in Sector I was contemporary with the formation of the Lakkos deposit, which filled a large cavity in the bedrock along the western part of the West Courtyard

49

(Haggis 2007, 2012). The Lakkos deposit continues under W 56 (Fig. 2) toward the west, for at least another three meters, into Sector III. This loose deposit was the cause of the later collapse of the massive wall, W 56. As already stated above, the situation at the end of the Protopalatial period in Sector I is not very clear, as most, if not all, of the Protopalatial architectural remains and associated pottery belong to MM IIA (see Relaki, Ch. 4, this vol.). In MM III, Neopalatial Houses I.1 and I.2 were constructed. House I.1, a two-story structure from the time of its construction, included Rooms A, M, E, and Λ, as well as Rooms 1 and 2, which were initially one space that was not divided by an internal wall (Fig. 9:b). The dividing wall, W 49 (Fig. 2), was added later (though it was not possible to establish the exact date) in order to better support the balcony upstairs. Wall W 8 in Room Λ was also a later addition (Fig. 2), likely to support the upper floor. In the first Neopalatial phase House I.1 consisted of five rooms on the ground floor with entrances on two sides, namely rooms A, M, E, Λ, and 1–2 (not yet divided by an internal wall). It also included the West Courtyard and the small staircase that provides access to the ramp and beyond it to Room M (Fig. 7; Pl. 12B). There was also staircase Y2 giving access to the upper floor of the house. Area 3 possibly was already defined in the West Courtyard. Furthermore, the Paved Road, probably leading to the palace, was constructed (Figs. 2, 8; Pl. 13A). The fact that Rooms E and Λ are doorless strengthens the hypothesis for the existence of a second floor already in the first Neopalatial phase. This rectangular plan is similar to that of some houses on Pseira and at Gournia, though rectangular plans at those sites do not always have walls at right angles (e.g., McEnroe 2010, figs. 9.31, 9.36). Room A, with access to the outside of the house and a flagstone floor (Fig. 5; Pl. 4C), is similar to the paved vestibules found in other East Cretan sites. Furthermore, at Gournia and Pseira, these paved areas were adjacent to doorless storage rooms, as was the case at Petras. Access to the upper floor in the first Neopalatial phase was through Staircase Y2 (Figs. 7, 9:b; Pls. 10B, 10C). Rooms Λ, E, M, and A preserved an upper floor deposit, while Rooms 1 and 2 apparently never had an upper story, and their roofs must have served as a veranda/balcony, necessary

50

METAXIA TSIPOPOULOU

to offer light—and also a good view to the sea— to the upper floor (Tsipopoulou 2006, fig. 8.2). The main function of the upper floor was as a habitation area (e.g., sleeping, eating); weaving was also an important activity on the upper story (see Cutler, Ch. 9, this vol.). During the second Neopalatial phase (LM IA), House I.1 was enlarged significantly, and, as a result, its ground plan became irregular (Fig. 9:c; Pls. 3A, 3B). Corridor B-Δ was added, the roof of which would have supported another veranda that offered a view to the east. This addition created the need for direct access to the eastern part of the upper floor, and thus Staircase H was added (Figs. 7, 9:c; Pls. 9B, 9C). The eastern access to the building was moved farther to the east through the open, sheltered Area Z (Fig. 9:c; Pls. 8F, 9A), which was equipped with two benches that allowed the visitor to sit and rest before entering or after exiting the house. These benches could also have served individuals using the wine-press installation in Rooms A and M (Fig. 5; Pls. 4A–5A) if they had to wait nearby until their vines were pressed. To the north of Area Z, Room Π was added (Fig. 9:c; Pl. 7A), and this space was probably used for food preparation, as indicated by the presence of the gourna and stone tools, as well as for the storage of vessels used for cooking and serving food. Room Ξ (Figs. 4, 6, 9:c; Pls. 5F–6C) was a kitchen with a clay hearth situated close to its east entrance and a partially paved floor; the room also contained many vessels used for serving food, which were probably initially stored on shelves. Room Ξ was equipped with two doors: the entrance was from the east through Area P, an open space used as a small courtyard in front of the kitchen; a second door to the west granted access to a second open space, Area Φ. These two open spaces on either side of the kitchen could have served for openair cooking or for washing the various pots used in food preparation, short-term storage, and food consumption. Also, it is interesting to note the distance of the kitchen from the habitation quarters on the upper floor, which would thus have kept the living areas free of smoke and kitchen odors. The additions to House I.1 in its second architectural phase suggest not only that the needs of the inhabitants increased significantly, but also that they became more complex. The two built pits, Pits I and Θ (Fig. 8; Pls. 13B–13F), contained a very

large amount of broken and discarded vases, especially, but not exclusively, used to serve drinks. During the LM IA period, House I.1 was abandoned by its inhabitants, probably following an earthquake, and fell into ruin. This destruction caused the pottery and other objects from the upper floor to fall, not only directly into the rooms below, but often, as joins in the pottery showed (e.g., between Room Λ, Room E, and Area Φ), as far as three to four meters to the south or north of their initial position. At this point, the partially ruined house would have been looted and some of its still-usable contents could have been removed, as the settlement (and the palace) of Petras continued to function in LM IB. A partial reoccupation in the area of Sector I was observed in LM IIIA and B (Fig. 9:d; Pl. 14B). The limits of this reoccupation are not clear and the architectural remains are not well preserved. The reoccupation is limited to the area north-northwest of Area Φ (i.e., Areas Σ and T), where three or four rooms can be identified. No complete plan of this period is preserved. It is certain that the West Courtyard was also used as an open space in this period, as the threshold in W 29 shows (Fig. 2). The LM III walls have a slightly different orientation, but the building technique is not different from that of the Neopalatial period. It is probable also that the building material for these LM III constructions came from the ruins of House I.1 and House I.2, as well as from other Neopalatial houses in the adjacent Sector III of the settlement. Furthermore, several Neopalatial walls were integrated into the LM III structures. Even though the extent of the Postpalatial occupation is not clear, it is certain that it was a permanent one, as shown by the two built hearths plastered with clay. Of the same orientation, and probably also dated to the Postpalatial period, are walls W 41, W 42, and W 43 in the South-Southeast Courtyard (Fig. 2), though their state of preservation does not allow for a more detailed attribution. To the south of House I.1, a second building, House I.2 (Figs. 2, 3; Pls. 14C, 14D) was identified and partially excavated; this structure was also founded in the first Neopalatial architectural phase, as suggested by its west wall, W 3 (Fig. 2), which supports the Paved Road. Excavation was stopped at the south due to the presence of a concrete irrigation drain, which had been constructed

ARCHITECTURE AND FUNCTION

in the early 1960s, prior to the designation of Petras as a protected archaeological site. The foundation of this drain caused serious damage to the ancient remains, and, unfortunately, no architecture was preserved to the south of it, as the bedrock was visible on the surface (Fig. 8; Pl. 2A). Houses I.1 and I.2 are separated by the Narrow Passage (Figs. 2, 3; Pls. 14C, 14D), which is less than one meter wide. It could hardly have been used as a real road, and its only function was probably to allow the air to pass between the two buildings and thus prevent damage from humidity.

Evidence for Urban Arrangement and the Boundaries between Private and Public Space The settlement at Petras was not extensively excavated; for this reason, it is not possible to estimate with any degree of certainty its original extent nor is its urban arrangement well defined. It is not clear whether it resembled other extensively excavated and better-known settlements in eastern Crete, such as Gournia, Palaikastro, Mochlos, or Pseira (Cunningham 2001, 76–77). Nor is it easy to speculate with any certainty as to the size of the settlement at Petras in any period of occupation given the small size of the excavated area on Hill I. My personal view, considering the data from the 1986 survey (Tsipopoulou 2012b, 61–62), is that the settlement would have been larger than the 2.5 hectares suggested by Branigan (Branigan 2001, 39, 41, table 3.1). The excavation of Sector I offered some data, albeit limited and probably not representative for the whole settlement, about urban organization. More specifically: (a) The existence of open spaces around these large Neopalatial houses, either defined by the topography, such as the South-Southeast Courtyard, or artificially created, such as the strong retaining/enclosing wall, W 56 (Fig. 2), to the west of the West Courtyard is significant. This already constitutes a difference in regard to the above-mentioned Neopalatial settlements of Gournia, Pseira, Mochlos,

51

and Palaikastro. There the settlements are clearly divided into “blocks,” which are defined by roads, and external courtyards are an almost unknown feature. The open areas in Sector I served a variety of functions, including industrial activities such as the manufacture of obsidian blades (see Dierckx, Ch. 11, and D’Annibale, Ch. 12, both in this vol.), food preparation (see Tsipopoulou, Ch. 1, this vol.), and stone vase manufacture (see Tsipopoulou, Ch. 10, this vol.), and they were probably also used to keep domesticated animals (see Isaakidou, Ch. 13, this vol.). In any case, the badly preserved and partially excavated House I.2 suggests that at Petras there were also, at least in some cases, buildings placed very close to each other, even though the Narrow Passage between the two houses cannot be compared to the often-paved roads found in other settlements. (b) The way in which the well-constructed Paved Road is linked to the West Courtyard and the strong retaining wall, W 56, is quite unusual (Figs. 2, 7, 8; Pls. 12B, 13A). The Paved Road on the east side is supported by the west wall of House I.2, W 3, and on the west side by W 57, which is in fact a continuation of W 56 (Fig. 2). This shows in a very explicit way the connection of the private with the public space. At Petras, as excavated to date, there is no other similar example; furthermore, no secure road or path has been excavated, especially one leading from the settlement to the palace. In the case of the Paved Road, it is probable that it actually led to the North Magazines and the adjacent Central Court of the palace in LM IA.

Description and Functions of the Areas of the House House I.1 covers an area of ca. 229 m² in its ground floor, including the open spaces that constitute an integral part of it (i.e., the West Courtyard, the South-Southeast Courtyard, and Area O). The ground floor consisted of 65.33 m² of covered

52

METAXIA TSIPOPOULOU

space, semi-sheltered areas (29.5 m²), staircases (ca. 14.5 m²), two pits (5.40 m² in total), two courtyards (more than 68 m²), and open areas (ca. 46.5 m²). The upper floor comprised ca. 30 m² of covered space, to which another 20 m², consisting of the verandas over Rooms 1 and 2, as well as over Corridor B-Δ, should be added. Despite its rather large size, House I.1 does not include features of elite architecture in any of its components. Elements that are more or less common in large Minoan buildings, especially within palatial settlements, but also at Mochlos and Palaikastro—such as the Minoan hall, doorjambs, and polythyra—are absent here. Nevertheless, fallen from the upper story, where the living quarters were apparently situated, were found many floor slabs, made both of stone and clay, as well as many plaster fragments, some with color, suggesting a certain degree of sophistication to the architecture.

Ground Floor It is obvious that House I.1 served a number of functions (Fig. 10:a). Its ground floor is composed of a highly specialized area, the wine-press installation, as well as two storage areas. Interestingly enough, while the former was accessible through two different doorways (in Room M and Room A), the two storage areas, Room E and Room Λ, were accessible only from the upper floor by a wooden ladder. This probably suggests that the items stored in Rooms E and Λ served only the inhabitants of the house, while the wine-press installation was accessed by a part of the Petras community wider than the social group that owned the house. As Room E and Room Λ were found to be practically empty, it is not easy to speculate what type of goods were stored in them. The possibility that they contained pithoi that were removed when the house was abandoned, or even at a later time, should not be excluded. Yet, it is not easy to accept that there were pithoi in these rooms that were subsequently removed, while the pithoi in Rooms A and M, much more easily accessible, were left in situ. Furthermore, goods could have been stored in containers made of perishable material. The only certainty about these two areas is that they could not possibly have had any other function besides storage. Tsipopoulou, Mavroudi, and Christakis have

noted the low storage potential of the two fully excavated Neopalatial houses at Petras (House I.1 and House II.1; Mavroudi 2005; 2012; Christakis 2008, 92–93; Tsipopoulou 2012b, 49). This particularity can potentially be explained if one supposes a special relationship between the inhabitants of these houses and the palace of Petras. They could have been specialized craft persons, assigned to the production of one or more products necessary for the palatial economy; in exchange, the palace would have offered them their means of subsistence. The products could have been stone vases and/or textiles. Although attractive, this hypothesis cannot be easily proven, but it should be kept in mind that pithoi were missing also from House II.1, the second fully excavated Neopalatial house in the Petras settlement, which was destroyed by fire in LM IB. Evidence for the connection of House II.1 to the palace is also offered by the presence of documents in Linear A (Tsipopoulou and Hallager 1996; Christakis 2008, 92–93). The wine-press installation was accessible to individuals coming from other areas of the settlement through two controlled ways (Fig. 10:a): (1) through Room M (from the Paved Road, through the West Courtyard, the small staircase, and the ramp) for those coming from the palace; or (2) through the sheltered Area Z for individuals coming from the east slope of the hill or even from the harbor. This evidence, in combination with the very high quality of the stone wine press, the largest complete Minoan stone vessel preserved intact, possibly indicates that the wine production was connected to the palace (Hamilakis 1999). Furthermore, it has been argued that wine was not consumed on a daily basis in Minoan times, as was the case in Crete until recently, nor was wine accessible to everyone; rather, it was consumed during ritualized dinners or symposia (Hamilakis 1999). Rooms E and Λ, though adjacent to the winepress installation and sharing a wall with Corridor B-Δ (W 2; Fig. 2), where one or more windows may have existed to give light and fresh air (if light and fresh air were considered necessary in a storage area), could not be accessed through the corridor. Consequently, Corridor B-Δ, a sheltered area supporting a veranda on the upper floor, was probably used by people who came to the wine-press installation if they had to wait. It is possible that

ARCHITECTURE AND FUNCTION

Area Π, accessible from the outside of the house and containing gournes and a large number of conical cups and other vases, was also connected to the wine preparation activity. Alternatively, Area Π also could have been used for food preparation given its proximity to Room Ξ, a kitchen. Another interesting area in terms of function is Room Ξ, which was used as a kitchen and for the storage of vessels. Room Ξ was also equipped with two doors. The first, to the east, provided the main access from outside of the house, through the open spaces Areas P and O. The second door granted access to Area Φ, an internal court that could have been used for food preparation activities in an openair area, for the storage of the wood necessary for cooking, or for the washing of vessels and utensils used in food preparation. As for the function of the other three small rooms/ workspaces (Room 1, Room 2, and Area 3) in the West Courtyard, not much can be said. The large amphora in Room 1, P 563 (Pl. 7C), probably was used to hold water for the various activities that were taking place in the Courtyard (e.g., the manufacture of stone vases?). Area 3 was, in fact, simply a low triangular bench on which one could sit and/or grind on the three gournes, and it was probably equipped with light roofing made of wood and/or canes. The two built pits (Pit Θ and Pit I) were also connected with food consumption activities. The number of complete or almost complete vases, especially the conical cups in Pit Θ, was amazing (377 cataloged vases in addition to 175.7 kg of sherds). Pit I contained 34 cataloged vases and more than 34 kg of sherds. It is not possible, unfortunately, to establish whether these mostly fragmentary vessels were deposited on a single occasion or at different times. Dierckx (Ch. 11, this vol.) has suggested a deliberate (possibly even ritual?) deposition of complete (not broken) stone tools in Pit Θ and Pit I.

Upper Floor Michailidou and Hallager established criteria for identifying the existence, understanding the formation, and investigating the function of the upper floors in Minoan houses, with Michailidou focusing on the well-preserved houses at Akrotiri

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(Michailidou 1990b, 305; 2001) and Hallager on the evidence from Chania and other Cretan sites (Hallager 1990, 282–284). These criteria for the study of upper floors include: (a) parts of the upper floor that are still standing; (b) staircases, which sometimes can only lead to the terrace, as is often the case in traditional architecture in the Cyclades and Crete; (c) architectural details in the ground floor construction, especially the different construction techniques and thickness of the ground floor walls; (d) building materials fallen from the upper story, particularly the preserved fragments of terracotta from the roof/ceiling construction, as well as flagstones, thresholds, and other architectural remains fallen into destruction deposits; (e) pottery and other artifacts fallen from the upper story, which may indicate the activities that took place there; and (f) evidence for a drainage system connected to the upper story or roof. Criteria b, c, d, e, and f all apply to House I.1, making the existence of an upper story certain. I proposed a reconstruction for the upper story in my 2006 article (Tsipopoulou 2006, fig. 8.2), and it is reproduced here in a more detailed fashion (Fig. 10:b). The two staircases, Y and H, suggest that they served the specialized function of providing access to particular areas of the upper floor and not just to the roof of the house. Michailidou also observed that more than one staircase in the large houses at Akrotiri indicates complex functions (Michailidou 1990b). Thus, at Petras, Staircase H was probably considered the main access to the upper floor, used by the occupants of the house as well as by visitors; Staircase Y primarily served the kitchen. The walls of the ground floor were strong enough to support a second floor, and they were probably entirely built of stone. The walls of the upper floor were probably constructed of mudbrick and wood, as indicated by the quantity of mudbrick fragments found in Lr II, the destruction deposit. The same deposit contained fragments of plaster, some painted,

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and also many floor slabs, made either of clay, limestone, or schist. The use of these on the same floor would have produced an interesting and colorful decorative effect. Furthermore, clay fragments with wood impressions found in Lr II must have come from the roof of the upper floor. The same was observed in House A.1 at neighboring Papadiokampos (Brogan, Sofianou, and Morrison 2012, 34). As for the fragments of drains, 11 examples, all of U-section, were found fallen from the upper floor, constituting strong evidence not only for the existence of a second story, but, more importantly, for the proposed reconstruction of the verandas/ balconies (the three drains found in the destruction deposit of House A.1 at Papadiokampos; their function is discussed in some detail in Brogan, Sofianou, and Morrison 2012, 34). Hallager (1990), Palyvou (1999), and Shaw (2004) have examined drainage systems in Minoan or Theran houses. The distribution pattern of drains in House I.1 at Petras (three from the destruction deposit of Room Λ, one from Room 1, one from Area Φ, three from the West Courtyard, and another two from the surface layer of Pit Θ and the Narrow Passage between Houses I.1 and I.2) enabled us to better understand the upper story of House I.1 and the nature of its spaces, whether roofed, unroofed, or sheltered. It would not have looked much different from Hallager’s reconstruction of House I at Kastelli Chania (Hallager 1990, figs. 5, 6). The most important argument in favor of the existence of a second story was the large quantity of pottery and other artifacts, such as stone tools, that were clearly fallen from above (see Tsipopoulou, Ch. 1, this vol.). The plan of the upper floor of House I.1 was rather simple, as features such as the Minoan hall with a polythyron or a vestibule are absent. No evidence about the number of rooms is preserved, and the space available could have been divided into several rooms in accordance with the plans of Rooms E, Λ, M, and A of the ground floor, or it could have had a different arrangement with fewer interior dividing walls, and possibly also with the use of wooden posts. Certainly, there must have been at least two doorways to the two verandas: the one to the west, over Room 1 and Room 2, and the other to the east, over Corridor B-Δ. In the area above Room Λ, there was at least one loom, as indicated by the fallen loomweights. Since

lighting was important for weaving, one or more windows must have existed there. The two different types of loomweights could have been used in different looms or in the same loom to produce a wider cloth with patterns. Cutler’s analysis of the loomweights concluded that “there was a focus, in this building at least, on the manufacture of textiles made with very thin to thin thread” (Cutler, Ch. 9, this vol., p. 185). The upper floor was also used for food consumption, as suggested by the large quantity and significant variety of the table wares recovered from the destruction deposit. Six plaster fragments belonging to a plaster table (P86/284) testify to the generally high standard of living of the inhabitants of House I.1. It is noteworthy that the upper story of Room Λ contained a large pithos, although the storage areas on the ground floor (Room Λ and Room E) had no pithoi. This pithos could have been used to store food, wine, or even water. At Akrotiri, pithoi are not unusual finds for upper floors (Michailidou 1990b, 305). Also at Chania, Hallager reported two pithoi from the upper story of House I (Hallager 1990, 289). The communication of the upper story with the kitchen, Room Ξ, was through Staircase Y. This staircase must have landed over the ramp adjacent to Room M, where a wooden platform must have existed. The few fragments of figurines (SimandirakiGrimshaw, Ch. 8, this vol.), likely fallen from the upper floor, possibly suggest the existence of a domestic shrine. Unfortunately, the preservation and the scattering of the fragments cannot help us to define the location or nature of the shrine.

Architectural Features and Building Materials Paved Floors On the ground floor, only two rooms preserved part of a paved floor—Room A and Room Ξ— both of which had a specialized function. Room A contained the large stone wine press, and the slabs underneath it would have offered the necessary

ARCHITECTURE AND FUNCTION

stability for the installation. In Room Ξ, the slabs were probably installed to give balance to large vases such as amphorae or pithoid jars. It is not possible to establish whether the floors were initially completely paved, but this seems unlikely. On the upper floor, as suggested by the various broken schist slabs and clay plaques found in Lr II of Rooms A and E, the habitation areas were paved, either completely or partially. It seems that the stone slabs were alternating in some way with clay plaques (see catalog below). Eight fragments of slabs, all from the destruction deposit of the upper floor, were selected to be included in the catalog below.

Earth Floors All rooms on the ground floor, as well as all external spaces in House I.1, except for the abovementioned partially paved Rooms A and Ξ, had floors made of beaten earth. In some cases, small sea pebbles were also mixed in with the earth.

Doors/Thresholds All doorways, both internal and external, are 0.90 m wide. No stone doorjambs were found in House I.1, either from the ground floor or the upper floor. Five thresholds are preserved on the ground floor. The eastern entrance of Room A does not have a stone threshold; a door socket is preserved in situ. The doorway between Room A and Room M also did not preserve a threshold. The west door of Room M, leading out to the ramp, preserved a stone threshold. This was situated at a higher level than the floor of the room, and the gap must have been bridged by three wooden steps. This threshold is comprised of large stones and shows evidence for intensive use. The entrance to Room Ξ did not preserve a threshold, and the bedrock was visible on the surface. The doorway to Area Φ at the west part of Room Ξ is equipped with a well-preserved stone threshold. The doorway to Room Π is not preserved, but it was probably situated at the northeastern corner of the room at the junction of W 12 and W 13.

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Staircases Three stone staircases were excavated in House I.1. A small one, with four steps and built of irregular medium-sized stones, connected the West Courtyard to the ramp to the west of Room M. The other two, larger staircases, H and Y, were only partially made of stone and each preserves only three to four stone steps. The continuation of the staircase would have been made mostly of wood with some stone. Traces of disintegrated wood were preserved in Y. In addition to these three, mostly stone, external staircases, there was also indirect evidence of three internal wooden staircases in House I.1. Two of them must have been located in Rooms E and Λ, and they would have provided the means of communication between the upper floor and these two doorless spaces of the ground floor; a third smaller staircase of three steps was placed in Room M in front of the door in W 4a, as the threshold there is elevated by ca. 55–60 cm.

Plaster Eighteen small plaster fragments were found in the destruction deposit of the upper floor (Lr II). It is certain that the area corresponding to Room E and Room Λ upstairs had plastered walls. Some of the plaster fragments preserve traces of one (usually bluish) or more (red, black, and yellow) colors. These plaster fragments are of very good quality and have a well-polished upper surface. In Room M, a small fragment (A 7) preserved a corner and came from a door or a window frame. Chryssikopoulou, who studied plaster from various areas of the settlement and the palace of Petras (Chryssikopoulou 2006), observed that 50% of the total were white plasters (type 3); subtype 3a (pure white plaster) was the most common (35% of the total), while 3γ (white plaster with a few inclusions) and 3δ (porous plaster with large inclusions and sea pebbles) were also rather common. All these subtypes are present in House I.1 and other Neopalatial deposits from the settlement. Irregular lumps of pure lime, probably to be used to make plaster, were found in several rooms of the

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ground floor (Shaw 1971, 207–212). Also, a broken basin (P 686; Pl. 16) held plaster, which was probably used to repair a plastered wall.

Mudbricks The selective catalog below includes 28 mudbrick fragments. Their fragmentary state does not allow any secure reconstruction of their initial dimensions. Few of them preserve one or more edges. They are all made of coarse clay with inclusions, especially small pebbles and often clay fragments and shells. In some cases, there are traces of disintegrated organic materials. Shaw listed the dimensions of mudbricks from various Minoan sites (1971, 231–234), which typically measured 40–60 x 30–45 x 8–10 cm.

Hearth There is evidence for one hearth in Room Ξ, the kitchen (Fig. 6; Pl. 6C). It has a diameter of ca. 40 cm, and traces of burning and a tripod cooking pot were found on top of it. In Area Σ, two relatively large hearths, belonging to the LM III reoccupation, were excavated (Fig. 9:d). They are built of small stones and plastered with clay. Very similar hearths have been excavated at LM IIIC settlements such as Kavousi-Vronda (Glowacki 2004, 127–129, figs. 9.2– 9.4) and Chalasmenos (Tsipopoulou 2011b).

Column Bases No column base similar to those found in the palace was excavated in House I.1. The only evidence for support of a superstructure through wooden posts comes from Room E and Area Z (Fig. 10:a; Pl. 8F). In both cases, traces of burned wood were found on irregular slabs that were situated roughly in the middle of the space.

excavated, all external. The first example is situated at the southeast corner of W 56 (Fig. 2), in the West Courtyard, near the south entrance of the house and the Paved Road, and very close to the infant burial (Fig. 10:a; Pl. 12C). The other two benches are in Area Z, a sheltered space at the east entrance of the house (Fig. 10:a; Pls. 8F, 9A). All the benches would have been used for sitting by people who either worked in these areas or had to wait before entering the house.

Retaining Wall Wall W 56 (Fig. 2) is a dual purpose wall that acted as a retainer while separating the West Courtyard of House I.1 from structures in Sector III of the settlement. This wall is preserved to a height of 50 cm, but it was probably higher. It is a substantial structure, 1 m wide, built of both large and smaller stones.

Courtyards House I.1 offers us a rare opportunity to see how the space around a large Neopalatial domestic structure could be organized. Usually, houses in urban settlements are separated by roads that are often paved. In this case, there are two large open spaces to the west and east of House I.1 that clearly belong to it, and they form an integral part of the structure as a whole. These open spaces were used for industrial activities, and they also served to link the space of the house proper to the external world. Also, there were two smaller, but well defined, open auxiliary areas connected with the kitchen (Room Ξ), namely Areas P and Φ, which were located to the east and west of it. These features show just how well adapted House I.1 was to the environment and the climate.

Paved Road Benches Benches are a rather common feature in Minoan houses, both in internal as well as in external spaces. In House I.1, three built benches were

The manner of construction, with irregular slabs of limestone and schist, is similar to other Minoan roads found within settlements, such as that in Block N at Palaikastro (Sackett, Popham, and Warren 1965, 253).

ARCHITECTURE AND FUNCTION

Who Were the Occupants of House I.1? It is not easy to see a large complex structure such as House I.1 simply as the dwelling of a nuclear family. The term “social group” was used above, as opposed to “nuclear (or extended) family,” to make a point about the social organization in Neopalatial Petras. Driessen introduced the term “House” to define both the architectural form of large Minoan houses, as well as the social groups who built them and inhabited them (Driessen 2010, 41). Thus, on one level, a “House” is “an architectural form” and on a second level, quoting Gillespie, it is “the objectification or materialization of an enduring social group that is materially represented by a physical structure and the objects that go with it—furnishings, curated heirlooms, and graves within a designated locus in the landscape” (Gillespie 2000, 2–3). Following this line of thought, the architectural features and the functions of a particular structure, as detected through excavation, combined with evidence for urban planning, can be used to understand the group’s social organization, as expressed on the settlement scale as well as within a wider geographical framework. I believe that large urban houses, such as those excavated at Petras, can be better understood within the framework of this theory of “Houses” that refers to corporate groups within the society rather than to simple families. Thus, the architectural structures constitute the basis of relations in the Minoan society. The unity of these corporate groups was based on common memory and its perpetuation through particular rituals, such as the symposia. Evidence of food preparation and consumption was observed in House I.1 on a large scale that would exceed the needs of a single household. Also, the presence of the two built refuse pits, Pit Θ and Pit I, argues for ritualized food consumption followed by the discarding of pottery and other artifacts connected with this consumption. The possible special relationship with the palace, as well as the production of expensive and valued commodities, such as wine, stone tools, obsidian blades, and fine textiles, indicates an elevated status of the social group using House I.1.

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Catalog of Select Architectural Elements Room A A 1 (P86/43; Lr I). Lime fragments. Two lumps of lime to be used to make plaster. (a) 6.5 x 10 x 5; (b) 5.5 x 8.7 x 4. A 2 (P86/32, SM 7011; Lr I). Plaster, two fragments. White plaster of irregular shape. (a) 12.5 x 8.5 x 0.7; (b) 7 x 4.5 x 0.5. A 3 (P86/202; Lr IV). Lime fragment. Two small lumps of lime to be used to make plaster. (a) 4.5 x 4.3 x 3; (b) 2.5 x 3.5 x 2. A 4 (P86/191; Lr IV). Lime fragment. Small lumps of lime to be used to make plaster. The largest: 5 x 7 x 13.5. A 5 (P85/187, SM 5248; Lr II). Mudbrick, two fragments. (a) 7 x 7 x 4; (b) 4.2 x 4 x 1.6. Coarse red clay, 2.5YR 5/8, with many small pebbles.

Room M A 6 (P86/263; Lr II). Lime fragments. Two lumps of lime to be used to make plaster. (a) 12.4 x 13 x 8; (b) 8.3 x 12 x 14. A 7 (P86/314; Lr III). Six very small plaster fragments. Fragments preserve the substratum made of clay and include small sherds. Probably attached to a window or door frame. Traces of burning on the smooth surface of one fragment. Traces of red paint.

Room E A 8 (P85/49, SM 5160; Lr II). Mudbrick, fragment. 13.5 x 9 x 7.5. Irregular shape. Coarse red clay, 2.5YR 5/8, with many inclusions and small pebbles. A 9 (P85/54, SM 5163; Lr II). Mudbrick, fragment. 5 x 4.5 x 3. Irregular shape. Coarse light red clay, 2.5YR 6/6, with many inclusions. A 10 (P85/56, SM 5165; Lr II). Mudbrick, two fragments. (a) 11 x 6 x 6; (b) 6 x 8 x 6. Irregular shape. Coarse red clay, 2.5YR 5/8, with many inclusions, small pebbles, and crushed sherds. A 11 (P85/80, SM 5179; Lr II). Mudbrick, four fragments. (a) 5.5 x 7 x 5; (b) 7.5 x 7 x 5; (c) 6.5 x 6.5 x 5.5.

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Irregular shape. Coarse light red clay, 2.5YR 7/6, with many inclusions, small pebbles, and crushed sherds. Traces of disintegrated organic material. A 12 (P85/466, SM 12433; Lr II). Floor slab, fragment. 7.6 x 7 x 2.7. It preserves surfaces on the top, bottom, and one side. One surface rough, the other two smooth. Coarse light reddish-brown clay, 2.5YR 7/4. Thick yellowish slip. Black paint, initially lustrous. Monochrome on the smooth surface and the side.

Room Λ A 13 (P86/411; Lr II; Pl. 16). Painted plaster fragment. 2.2 x 3.9 x 1.6. It preserves a thick layer of white plaster with traces of disintegrated organic material, and a finer, very thin layer, painted gray, 7.5Y 8/2. Worn matte paint, probably initially blue. Monochrome. A 14 (P86/442; Lr III; Pl. 16). Painted plaster fragment. 4 x 3.8 x 1. It preserves a semi-coarse substratum that includes small pebbles and crushed sherds, as well as disintegrated organic material, and an upper surface of white fine plaster very smooth and polished. Two large bands of bluish paint and several large dots of dark red paint. A 15 (P86/1240; Lr I; Pl. 15). Drain, base and wall fragment. H. 6.4; w. 6.8; L. 13.6; th. 1.2. Flat base, rough underneath. Vertical wall of uneven thickness. U-section. Medium pink clay, 5YR 7/4, with gray core. Self-slipped. A 16 (P86/1251; Lr I; Pl. 15). Drain, fragment. H. 4.8; L. 8.3; th. 2.8. One edge preserved. Flat base, rough underneath. Vertical wall. U-section. Vertical rim. Coarse light red clay, 2.5YR 7/8. Self-slipped on the interior surface. A 17 (P86/1320; Lr III). Drain, upper wall fragment. 9.8 x 9.3 x 1.8. U-section. Vertical wall. Medium reddish-gray clay (5YR 5/2) ranging to dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) in color. A 18 (P86/29, SM 6458; Lr II; Pl. 17). 10 x 8 x 3. Door socket. Oval shape. Whitish limestone. Uneven surface. Cavity on the upper surface.

Room Ξ A 19 (P86/180; Lr III). Lime fragment. Two large lumps of lime to be used to make plaster and a few small lumps. (a) 7.5 x 11 x 4.5; (b) 5 x 8.5 x 4.5. A 20 (P86/181, SM 7007; Lr III). Mudbrick, three fragments. (a) 7 x 6 x 4. Irregular shape. One preserves a flat side. Coarse light red clay, 2.5 YR 6/6, with many inclusions, small pebbles, and sherds.

A 21 (P86/752; Lr III; Pl. 17). Floor slab, fragment. Three sides preserved. 15.1 x 7.0 x 3.2. One surface rough, the other smooth. Coarse pink clay, 5YR 7/4, with many inclusions. Thick pinkish slip. A 22 (P86/754; Lr III; Pl. 15). Floor slab, fragment. 10.8 x 13 x 3. One surface rough, the other smooth. Medium light red clay, 2.5YR 6/6. Thick slip of the same color.

Room 1 A 23 (P89/740; Lr I). Drain, fragment. H. 6; L. 12.5; th. 1. Flat base, rough underneath. Vertical wall. Usection. Thick, slightly incurving rim. Coarse reddishyellow clay, 5YR 7/6, with many inclusions. Self-slipped. A 24 (P89/153; Lr III). Mudbrick, almost complete. 26 x 16 x 5.5. Rectangular shape. Coarse light red clay, 2.5YR 6/8. Smooth surfaces. A 25 (P89/842; Lr II; Pl. 17). Slab, fragment. 9.4 x 9.0 x 3.0 One surface rough, the other smooth. Coarse red clay, 2.5YR 5/6. Thick slip of the same color.

Corridor B-Δ A 26 (P85/70, SM 6299; Lr I). Mudbrick, six fragments. (a) 7 x 4 x 6. Irregular shape. Coarse light red clay, 2.5YR 6/6, with many inclusions and small pebbles. A 27 (P85/78, SM 5178; Lr II). Mudbrick, fragment. 4 x 12.5 x 8. Almost rectangular shape. It preserves a small part of the original smooth surface. Coarse red clay, 2.5YR 5/8, with many inclusions. A 28 (P85/84, SM 5181; Lr II). Mudbrick, three fragments. (a) 7.5 x 7.5 x 5; (b) 6.5 x 3.5 x 4. Irregular shape. Coarse light red clay, 2.5YR 6/6, with inclusions. A 29 (P85/119, SM 5200; Lr II). Mudbrick, fragment. 7.5 x 8 x 6. Irregular shape. Coarse red clay, 2.5YR 5/6, with inclusions. A 30 (P85/123, SM 5204; Lr II). Mudbrick, four fragments. (a) 9 x 9 x 6; (b) 10.5 x 8 x 6.5; (c) 6.5 x 7 x 2.5; (d) 3.5 x 4.5 x 3.5. Irregular shape. Coarse red clay, 2.5YR 5/8, with many inclusions, small pebbles, and crushed shells. A 31 (P85/128, SM 5209; Lr II). Mudbrick, six fragments. (a) 10 x 8.5 x 5; (b) 8.5 x 7.5 x 7. Irregular shape. Coarse light red clay, 2.5YR 6/6, with inclusions, small pebbles, and crushed sherds. Burned. A 32 (P85/144, SM 5216; Lr II). Mudbrick, fragment. 13.5 x 8.5 x 8.5. Irregular shape. Coarse red clay, 2.5YR 5/6, with inclusions, small pebbles, and traces of disintegrated organic material.

ARCHITECTURE AND FUNCTION

A 33 (P85/181, SM 5243; Lr II). Mudbrick, six fragments. (a) 10 x 9 x 4; (b) 8 x 9 x 4.5. Irregular shape. The largest one preserves part of the original surface. Coarse red clay, 2.5YR 5/8, with many inclusions and small pebbles. A 34 (P85/439; Lr II; Pl. 17). Floor slab, fragment. 3.2 x 9.4. Three sides preserved. One side rough, the other two smooth. Coarse gray clay, 5YR 5/1. Self-slipped.

Area Φ A 35 (P89/192; Lr IV). Lime fragment with a hole. Small lump of lime to be used to make plaster. 5 x 6 x 4; hole d. 1.3. A 36 (P89/342; Lr IV). Lime fragment. Small lump of lime to be used to make plaster. 5 x 7 x 4.

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lower part. Coarse pink clay, 5YR 8/4, with many inclusions. Thick brown slip. A 44 (P88/562; Lr I; Pl. 15). Drain, fragment. Pres. h. 5.6; L. 6.2; th. 1.4. Wall and rim fragment. Vertical wall with rough external surface. Rim of trapezoidal section. Coarse very pale brown clay, 10YR 8/4, with many inclusions. Self-slipped. A 45 (P89/756; Lr II; Pl. 15). Drain, fragment preserving base and lower wall. 6.6 x 5.5 x 1.6. Flat base, rough underneath. Vertical wall. U-section. Medium brown clay with inclusions. Self-slipped. Traces of brown paint.

Area 3 A 46 (P89/64; Lr II). Lime fragments. Many small lumps of lime to be used to make plaster.

Drain A 37 (P86/664; Lr III; Pl. 15). Drain, base and wall fragment. Pres. h. 5.3; w. 6.7; L. 17.5; th. 2.3. Flat base, rough underneath. Vertical wall. Coarse light red clay, 2.5YR 6/6, with many inclusions. Thick slip of the same color.

West Courtyard A 38 (P88/678; Lr I). Plaster fragment. 3.1 x 5.5 x 2. It preserves a corner, probably part of a window or a door frame. Two layers: the lower one thicker and the upper one preserving a smooth white surface. A 39 (P89/85; Lr II). Lime fragment. 9.5 x 15 x 8.3. Lump of lime to be used to make plaster. One surface smooth. A 40 (P89/108; Lr II). Lime fragments. Four very small lumps of lime to be used to make plaster. (a) 2 x 3 x 2. A 41 (P89/172; Lr II). Lime fragments. Two small lumps of lime to be used to make plaster. (a) 2.2 x 3 x 2. A 42 (P89/295; Lr II; Pl. 16). Painted plaster fragment. 2.7 x 3 x 0.7–1.3. It preserves a corner (door or window frame). Comprised of three layers: the first one is thick and rough to adhere to the wall; the second one, white in color, is thinner and finer; and the surface layer is very thin and smooth. Pale olive matte, 10Y 6/2, worn paint. Two horizontal lines. A 43 (P88/561; Lr I). Drain, base and lower wall fragment. Pres. h. 4.7; max. L. 7.3; th. 1.4. Flat base, rough underneath. Vertical wall, slightly curved at the

Area K A 47 (P86/308, SM 12144; Lr I). Slab, one-quarter preserved. H. 3.9; w. 8.2; L. 12.3. One surface rough, the other smooth. Oblique side. Coarse red clay, 2.5YR 5/6, with many inclusions. Thick slip of the same color.

South-Southeast Courtyard, East of Pit I and Staircase H A 48 (P85/53, SM 5162; Lr I). Mudbrick, fragment. 7.5 x 6.4 x 5. Irregular shape. Burned. Coarse light red clay, 2.5YR 6/6, with inclusions. Wood impressions. A 49 (P85/55, SM 5164; Lr I). Mudbrick, fragment. Irregular shape. 7 x 4.7 x 4.6. Burned. Coarse light red clay, 2.5YR 7/6, with many inclusions and small pebbles. Wood impressions at one edge. A 50 (P85/60, SM 5167; Lr I). Mudbrick, two fragments. (a) 9.2 x 8.5 x 6; (b) 3.5 x 4.6 x 3.5. Irregular shape. Medium light red clay, 2.5YR 6/6, with few inclusions. Burned. Wood impressions. A 51 (P90/1120; Lr I). Mudbrick, fragment. 2.2 x 8.4. Irregular shape. It preserves one surface. Medium light red clay, 2.5YR 6/8, with many organic inclusions. A 52 (P85/566, SM 12560; Lr I). Floor slab, fragment. 9 x 8 x 2. Rectangular section. Oblique side. Coarse red clay, 2.5YR 5/6. Thick whitish slip. A 53 (P89/649; Lr I). Floor slab, fragment. 10.5 x 7.4 x 1. Parts of the two sides and a corner preserved. Flat

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surfaces. Fine light brown clay, 7.5YR 6/4. Self-slipped. Brown matte paint unevenly fired. Monochrome. A 54 (P90/1334; Lr I). Floor slab, fragment. 3 x 2.5 x 11.4. Preserves both surfaces and one side. One surface rough, the other two smooth. The side slightly curved. Coarse reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 6/6. Thick yellowish slip.

Pit Θ A 55 (P85/37, SM 5154; Lr I). Mudbrick, fragment. 7.5 x 6 x 6. Irregular shape. Coarse red clay, 2.5YR 5/8, with inclusions. A 56 (P85/168, SM 5234; Lr I). Mudbrick, fragment. 11.8 x 8 x 8.3. Coarse red clay, 2.5YR 5/8, with many inclusions and small pebbles. A 57 (P89/142; Lr I; Pl. 17). Mudbrick, fragment. 14.8 x 9.2 x 5.0. Rectangular shape. Preserves two smooth surfaces. Coarse red clay, 2.5YR 5/8, with many inclusions. A 58 (P85/94, SM 5186; Lr II). Mudbrick, fragment. 12.5 x 9.5 x 8.5. Preserves a large part of the original smooth surface. Rectangular shape. Coarse red burned clay, 2.5YR 5/8, with many inclusions, small pebbles, and traces of organic material. A 59 (P85/102, SM 5189; Lr II). Mudbrick, four fragments. (a) 5 x 5.5 x 2.5; (b) 4 x 3 x 2; (c) 4.5 x 2.5 x 2. The largest preserves an external surface. Coarse red clay, 2.5YR 5/8, with many inclusions. A 60 (P85/148; Lr II; Pl. 15). Drain, fragment; broken on all sides. H. 20.2 x 8.8 x 2.2; th. 1.8. Elliptical section. Flat base. Traces of organic material on the exterior surface. Curved body profile. Medium reddishyellow clay, 7.5YR 7/6, with inclusions. Yellowish slip on the interior surface. A 61 (P85/532, SM 12559; Lr II). Floor slab, fragment. 3.7 x 2.2. One surface rough, the other smooth. Coarse reddish-brown clay, 5YR 6/6. Self-slipped.

Pit I A 62 (P85/149, SM 6303; Lr II). Mudbrick, 15 fragments. Irregular shape. (a) 9 x 7.5 x 5. One preserves the impression of a wooden beam. Coarse light red clay,

2.5YR 6/6, with many inclusions, small pebbles, broken shells, and bones.

Area P A 63 (P86/696, SM 12343; Lr II). Floor slab, fragment, mended from six fragments. L. 23; w. 12.5; th. 3. Rectangular section. One rough surface and one smooth. Coarse brown clay with many inclusions. Thick slip of the same color.

North-Northwest of House I.1 (Area Σ), North of Area O (Cleaning of Bedrock) A 64 (P86/50, SM 6363; Lr I). Mudbrick, five fragments. (a) 7.6 x 6.2 x 5. Irregular shape. The largest fragment preserves one narrow side. Coarse red clay, 2.5YR 5/6, with many inclusions and small pebbles.

House I.2 A 65 (P86/518; Lr II; Pl. 16). Plaster fragment. 5.0 x 6.0 x 1.9. Preserves a thick layer, buff in color, with small pebbles; a second layer, thin and white; and a very thin smooth surface. A 66 (P86/331, SM 6950; Lr I). Mudbrick, fragment. 8 x 9.5 x 6. Irregular shape. Coarse light red clay, 2.5YR 6/8, with many small pebbles and traces of organic material. A 67 (P86/1293; Lr I). Floor slab, fragment. 10.8 x 3.8. Rectangular section. One surface rough, the other smooth. Coarse red clay, 2.5YR 5/8, with many inclusions. Thick slip of the same color.

Narrow Passage between Houses I.1 and I.2 A 68 (P86/920, SM 12268; Lr II; Pl. 15). Drain, fragment. 7.6 x 6.2 x 4.0. Flat base, rough on the exterior surface. Body of curved profile. Coarse clay with reddish-yellow core, 5YR 7/6. Thick brown slip.

3

Cooking Wares by Maria Emanuela Alberti

Vessels in cooking fabric represent an important part of the ceramic assemblage of House I.1 (Figs. 11–22; Pls. 18–21). At Petras and throughout Crete, the large majority of Minoan cooking vessels are made in a phyllite fabric fired at a low temperature. These fabrics were used for a wide range of shapes, not all of which were connected to cooking activities: tripod cooking pots, simple cooking pots, cooking jars, plates, cooking trays, portable ovens, cooking dishes, spit-rests/ firestands, braziers, scuttles, incense burners, and lamps. Even though a general, systematic study of Minoan cooking wares is still lacking, their main characteristics (technology, typology, chronology, and distribution) are now well known from a series of studies focusing mostly on the specific evidence from particular sites (for the Neopalatial period, see Brogan and Hallager, eds., 2011; for Kommos, see Betancourt 1980; Rutter 2004; Rutter and Van de Moortel 2006 [MM II–LM III]; for Mochlos, see Barnard and Brogan 2003 [LM IB], 2011 [LM IA and LM IB]; for Petras, see Alberti 2011 [LM IB], 2012 [LM IA]; for Papadiokampos, see

Brogan, Sofianou, and Morrison 2011 [LM IB]; for Palaikastro, see Knappett and Cunningham 2003 [MM IIIB–LM IA]; for other periods, cf. Malia, see Poursat and Knappett 2005 [MM II]; for Kastelli Chania: Hallager 1997; Hallager and Hallager, eds., 2000; 2003 [LM III]; for Phaistos: Borgna 1997, 2000 [LM III]; for additional general studies, see Betancourt 1980; Martlew 1988; Martlew and Tzedakis, eds., 1999). Many lamps and braziers are made in cooking fabric, but these should not be considered among cooking wares strictu sensu (cf. Georgiou 1983, 75; see also Rice 1987, 210– 242, esp. 224–225, 236–242, table 7.2, figs. 7.1, 7.4; Floyd 1999). Close parallels for the Petras material are found at Mochlos (Barnard and Brogan 2003) and Palaikastro (MacGillivray, Sackett, and Driessen 2007). Kommos offers very few similarities. The previously identified distinction between East and SouthCentral Cretan cooking wares thus seems to be confirmed, while published evidence from Knossos points toward possible similarities with NorthCentral Crete (Hatzaki 2007a, 2007b).

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In the framework of a typological slow change of Minoan coarse wares between MM III and LM IB (see below), the cooking wares from House I.1 show a typical LM IA profile along with some hints of transformation from the classical MM repertoire (e.g., the presence of transitional type AB cooking pots along with traditional type B examples) and the first appearance of some “developed” shapes (e.g., type A cooking pots), while the mostly late elements (e.g., type D cooking pots) are absent.

Study of the Petras Cooking Wares An examination of Neopalatial cooking wares has been conducted by the author at Petras (Houses I.1 and II.1) and Malia (Bâtiment Pi, still in progress), and the typology presented here is based on the evidence from both sites. Unless stated otherwise, the preservation of cataloged vessels is less than one-quarter. An important distinction is made here between taller vessels like cooking pots (Figs. 11, 12) and shallower vessels like cooking pans (Fig. 13). This division also provides insight into the function of the vessels, a topic frequently overlooked in most publications, where pots and pans are grouped together as type B pots. These vessels are, however, very different in terms of shape and function (Banou 2011). A further distinction is made between thinner and thicker cooking trays (see, e.g., Fig. 19 for both types in parallel). The typological evolution of cooking pots and jars in cooking fabric was examined for both Petras and Malia, and the classification of cooking dishes also follows a scheme common to both sites. On the other hand, it is often difficult to separate (tripod) cooking pots (see Figs. 11, 12) and jars in cooking fabric (see Fig. 14); the two shapes are very similar and somewhat overlap. When only fragments of vessels are preserved, a definite identification is often impossible. In addition, traces of burning would seem to indicate that—in most cases—the jars were used for cooking purposes, and we could then consider these jars as multifunctional vessels and label them, especially when incomplete, as jars/cooking pots (jarres/marmites). The examination of traces of burning on the Petras House I and House II wares, together with

published materials from other sites, suggest a marked difference (Table 1) between cooking pots, cooking pans, cooking dishes, and jars in cooking fabric on the one hand and plates on the other. The former generally have the majority of burn marks on the exterior of the vessel, while the latter tend to have most traces of burning on the interior, though traces are also present on the exterior. Based on this evidence, the function of these two groups of vessels seems quite different: the first was used on a fire or on embers/charcoal, while the second was used to contain embers/charcoal and possibly fire. Plates thus can be interpreted, at least in most cases, as possible portable hearths/ovens or braziers. As for trays, traces of burning are more ambiguous: they can be burned on either the interior or exterior surfaces, or on both, but in some cases they are not burned at all. Their use is thus more difficult to assess, but they too could have been used as portable braziers or hearths. For example, at Chryssi, on a stone hearth in House B 1, room 3, “a tripod cooking pot was found in situ, still standing over a broken cooking tray and a thick layer of ashes . . .” (Apostolakou, Brogan, and Betancourt 2012, 180).

Statistical Summary of Cooking Wares and Possible Cooking Sets The statistical analysis of the attested types suggests some important equivalence relations between the various shapes, as well as the possible existence of a “cooking set.” A plotting of the data from House I.1 (Fig. 15) shows that the major groups within the cooking fabric assemblage are cooking pots, cooking dishes, thinner trays, and plates, occurring in approximately the same number (ca. 40 items each); all classes are generally in fragmentary conditions, with various complete profiles among trays and few complete and almost complete items among cooking pots, pans, and jars. It can thus be suggested that in the Minoan household economy an equal number of those items were necessary— that is, they were functionally complementary. The typological separation of cooking pots (Fig. 16) shows an almost equal number of type A examples (globular), type B examples (cylindrical),

COOKING WARES

and pans. Is it then possible to suppose an ideal “cooking” set consisting of one type A pot, one type B pot, and a pan? This would make sense strictly in terms of cooking. It is also possible that the set included one or two plates, one or two thinner trays, one or two cooking dishes, and a firestand. On the other hand, tripod jugs seem to form a separate group, being present in a wide range of dimensions, forming a complete dimensional series from the largest to the smallest. In addition, it is worth noting the large amount of vessels in cooking fabric that were associated with House I.1. This raises questions about the activities and the building’s intended use(s). Thus, it seems probable that cooking or other activities involving fire and embers/charcoal were taking place in the structure on a significant scale.

Macroscopic Fabric Analysis As already mentioned, the common Minoan cooking ware fabric has a prominence of phyllites in a dark red to brown to orange matrix, and it was fired at a low temperature, possibly to improve the resistance to thermal shock. Many studies have dealt with the issue of heat resistance (e.g., see Riley 1983, 290; Moody 1985, 53–54; Rice 1987, 228–231, 236–238, 366–369; Mannoni and Giannichedda 1996, 159; furthermore, see Day’s observation [1997, 227 n. 43]: “Phyllite inclusions are plate in their nature and therefore are likely to be aligned parallel to the pot wall, transmitting stresses around the vessel instead of across the pot wall. This may avoid cracking when the pot expands through heating.”). Recent research and experimentation, however, proved that things are not so simple (see Hein et al. 2008; Hein, Müller, and Kilikoglou 2009; Müller et al. 2009). Phyllite and mica-tempered fabrics are common both in eastern and southern Crete (for the Siteia area, see Day 1995; for Myrtos Phournou Koriphi, see Whitelaw et al. 1997, 270; for the south coast and the Gulf of Mirabello, see Day 1997; Day, Wilson, and Kiriatzi 1997, 281; for Kommos, see Myer and Betancourt 1990; for Kavousi and the Gulf of Mirabello, see Haggis and Mook 1993; for Phaistos, see Palio

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2001a, 365; for Mochlos and comparisons with Pseira, see Barnard 2003; Day, Joyner, and Relaki 2003). The macroscopic analysis resulted in a grouping of the fabrics based on the following criteria (Pl. 21): Coarseness of the fabric: the fabrics were categorized as vc (very coarse), c (coarse), mc (medium coarse), or sf (semi-fine). Type of the dominant inclusions: F (phyllite), FM (phyllite and silver mica), P (type of schistphyllite of elongated form and iridescent pink color), Ca (calcareous), T (transparent white, possibly quartz?), R (dark reddish-purple stone), or Ch (chamotte/grog). Progressive number: within each inclusion group, a progressive number was assigned for differ­ent fabric recipes, including variations in the frequency or dimensions of the inclusions or the presence of some different secondary components. Example: cF4 = coarse fabric, with phyllites as the main component, fourth variation among that group. The resulting fabric groupings include: F = Phyllite-based fabrics. They are the most numerous among the examined pottery, and this accords well with the petrographic analysis of the material that will be published by E. Nodarou in a subsequent volume of this series. Recorded groups: vcF1–vcF11; cF1–cF17; mF1–mF10. This group corresponds to the group in n. 4 (coarse phyllite and quartzite) in Day 1995. The main visible secondary components are matte white (calcareous?), transparent and iridescent white (quartz?), and dusky red (7.5R 4/4) stone inclusions, in variable quantities and dimensions. Many of the very coarse examples (mostly plates, thick trays, and firestands) have densely packed inclusions with almost no matrix and a sort of bed of phyllite blades at the exterior of the base.

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FM = Phyllite and silver mica. Recorded groups: cFM1–cFM6. This group has the same primary and secondary components as in F, but with the presence of brilliant mica, generally powdered, and in foliated blades in some cases. A similar fabric has also been identified by thin-section petrography. P = Pink iridescent phyllite. Recorded groups: cP1–cP4. The main component is a light red (2.5YR 7/6) iridescent phyllite, found in elongated blades of various dimensions, along with less frequent weak red (2.5YR 4/2) phyllites. This group has the same secondary components as in fabric grouping F. Ca = Calcareous. Recorded groups: vcCa1, cCa1–cCal3, and mcCa1–mcCal3. The main component is angular matte white inclusions (calcareous?) in various quantities and dimensions. Dark phyllites are also present, but as a secondary component, along with iridescent transparent white (quartz?) and dark dusky red (7.5R 4/4) stone inclusions. Other components can also be present. T = Transparent white. Recorded groups: vcT1– vcT3. Transparent and iridescent white inclusions (quartz?) and phyllites are the main components, with matte white (calcareous) and dusky red (7.5R 4/4) stone inclusions as secondary components (in variable quantity and dimensions). It is possible, however, that the identification of quartz is not correct, and that these fabrics belong to the calcareous group. R = “Dark reddish-purple stone” fabrics. Very rare. Recorded group: cR1. Dark dusky red stone (7.5R 4/4), both elongated and angular, predominates in all dimensions. Very few phyllites and matte white inclusions are also present. Some examples of fabrics with a prevalence of grog/chamotte (Ch) are attested, but they are all very different from each other. Not surprisingly, the large majority of the examined vessels are ascribed to the F group (Table 2). This is particularly true for the totality of type B cooking pots, cooking jugs, other fragments in cooking fabric, and

jars in cooking fabric. Among other shapes and types (e.g., plates, thin trays, cooking dishes, and firestands), the F fabrics are largely predominant, with only a few examples of other recipes such as FM, P, T, and Ca. However, type A cooking pots and thick trays seem to have a more mixed composition. It is interesting to note that fabric T (prevalent white transparent and iridescent inclusions) is only attested among the shapes with traces of burning on the interior of the vase such as plates, trays, and portable hearths. Does this represent a particular recipe, or are the transparent inclusions simply the result of a higher exposure to fire and heat? In this case, the identification as quartzbased fabrics could be incorrect.

Capacity Measurements Given the number of vases from House I.1 that have been restored, it was possible to undertake a small-scale study of capacity measurements on vessels in cooking fabric and other classes. The study of the dimensions of the vases, and especially of their capacities, can lead to a better understanding of the scale of the activities carried out in House I.1. When plotting together all of the measurements (Table 3), one can observe that different types of vessels belong to different dimensional range blocks; this is quite obvious, as for example, cooking pots are normally shorter and smaller than amphorae. Volume values represent the same dimensional groupings and follow a mathematical series of multiples, with some adaptations, as the author has already analyzed elsewhere (Alberti 2012, 243). It is noteworthy that some of the larger cooking pots (type A) have the same capacity as amphorae and jars (ca. 10–12 L), possibly due to intense cooking activities as well as the standardization of pot volumes. The size of 12 L—which is eight times the larger unit, or 24 times the intermediate one—is particularly common and can be related to the so-called kados unit, whose existence has been proposed by the author (Alberti 2012). In this sense, the collection of pots seems to indicate that Petras shared the same measurement system already in use in other parts of Crete and the Aegean.

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65

Vessels in Context

Tripod Cooking Pots

Vessels in cooking fabric were found in different parts of the building, though some interesting concentrations could be detected in the West Courtyard, Rooms E, Λ, and Ξ, and Area Φ (for a first overview of the distribution of House I.1 finds, see Tsipopoulou and Dierckx 2006). Room Λ in particular yielded a large number of plate fragments and some thick and thin trays. Its basement was probably used for temporary storage of goods, while the upper story was likely the living area of the house, where food consumption and other activities took place. In the southeast corner, three of the tripod cooking jugs (CW 22–CW 24) were found, possibly fallen from the upper story. Room Ξ, a kitchen and pantry, contained a large quantity of cooking vessels as well as stone tools. It was intimately connected with the external courtyard, Area Φ, which also produced a significant quantity of small finds along with loomweights, bones, and shells (Alberti 2012, 242). The largest concentration of thick and thin trays comes from the West Courtyard and adjacent areas, together with an important quantity of stone tools and also seashells, bones, and loomweights. Some of the material examined comes, not surprisingly, from Pit Θ, more than 1.15 m deep, which was constructed to receive broken pottery. This pit yielded enormous amounts of different types of fragmentary vases used for food consumption and drinking, and to a much lesser degree, for food preparation. One should note that a significant percentage of the various types of vessels in cooking fabric were recorded from different rooms/areas of the building. The concentrations mentioned above, however, could suggest a different pattern of storage and use for two large categories of vases. The majority of pots to be used on fire/embers/charcoal (i.e., tripod cooking pots, pans, jars, and cooking dishes) were found in the kitchen area (Room Ξ and Area Φ), while the majority of vessels that could have been used as portable hearths or portable ovens (to contain embers/charcoal or fire) were either in storage areas Λ and E (e.g., plates and a number of trays) or in the West Courtyard (e.g., most of the trays).

Tripod cooking pots are clearly associated with cooking activities, especially boiling and stewing (Figs. 11, 12; Pl. 18; for a discussion of various types of pots such as those of Minoan, Mycenaean, or Mycenaean derivation and their connection with different ways of cooking, see Borgna 1997, 200–205; 2000, 147–153; for the links between types of cooking pots, see Martlew 1996, 145; Philippa-Touchais 2000, 426). At the same time, these vessels could have been successfully used in other production processes, such as washing textile fibers in hot water or making dye-baths, and it is possible they were used for storage. It also appears that cooking pots were reused as portable braziers once they were no longer suitable for cooking food (Philippa-Touchais 2000, 423– 424); in fact, Minoan tripod cooking pots resemble μαγκάλια, the traditional portable braziers of modern Crete (Blitzer 1984, 149–150, fig. 18-5:8). The shape of the Petras tripod cooking pots can vary considerably (see Barnard and Brogan 2003, 81, for a general description of the shape). The typological transformations observed in later times (LM II–III) are not considered here. What follows is a discussion of the shape and form of the tripod cooking pots at Petras for the LM IA period. The body of a tripod cooking pot can have a globular or rounded profile, a flat base, an everted or plain rim, and an open mouth, typically with a spout. The shoulder carries two horizontal, or occasionally vertical, handles, round to slightly ovoid in section, and, less often, a third vertical handle is placed opposite the spout. The exterior is generally water-wiped, producing a smooth and hardened surface. Some examples are self-slipped, though not on the bottom, which is always left rough. The interior is generally self-slipped, though it can also be simply water-wiped. The dimensions of the House I.1 cooking pots vary, though they exhibit a range similar to examples from Petras House II.1 and the Artisans’ Quarter at Mochlos. Their height (with legs) is between 17 and 36 cm, and the rim diameters range from 18 to 25 cm while base diameters measure 12–18 cm. The legs vary from 6 to 13 cm in length (average 7–9 cm), with maximum widths of 4–6 cm. The

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thickness of the vessels also varies, but the walls are usually not very thick, generally ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 cm. The rims are even thinner, ranging from 0.3 to 0.7 cm. Thin walls are to be expected in cooking wares because they conduct heat and resist thermal shock (see Barnard and Brogan 2003, 81). At Kastelli Chania, rim diameters of LM IIIB:2/ IIIC pots range from 13 to 34 cm (Hallager and Hallager, eds., 2000, 158). All cooking pots, with the exception of the legs, are wheelmade. Given the high variability of the shape, a strict typology is not possible. Previous studies (Betancourt 1980) have noted a broad distinction between pots with a narrow mouth and globular profile (Betancourt type A) and pots with a wide mouth and conical or straighter profile (Betancourt type B); these distinctions are here developed into a more articulated typology. This differentiation is generally thought to be linked to chronological factors: type B is more common in the MM and MM III/ LM IA periods (e.g., at Knossos, Kommos, and Mochlos), while type A appears first in LM IA, but is attested mainly from LM IB onward (e.g., at Malia, Pseira, Mochlos, Palaikastro, Zou, and Phaistos-Chalara). At Mochlos, “it seems clear that Type A pots basically replace those of Type B profile around the end of LM IA or during LM IB” (Barnard and Brogan 2003, 81; for the transition from type B to type A at Mochlos, see also Barnard and Brogan 2011, 432, 441). Some regional variations can also be detected, however. With few exceptions, type A pots appear to be an East Cretan phenomenon. Type B cooking pots, on the other hand, continue to be used in Central and western Crete during LM IB, in some cases with modifications, while also occurring in East Crete (for the presence of globular profiles in other periods, see Alberti 2011, 484–485, with notes). During MM III/LM IA, type B pots are attested mainly at Knossos, Phaistos, and Kommos, but they are also present at Malia and Mochlos (Barnard and Brogan 2003, 81). In LM IB, the type is present at least at Chania, Phaistos-Chalara, Malia, and Mochlos (Barnard and Brogan 2003, 81). Perhaps the diffusion of type A pots is due the particular shape of type B cooking pots from LM IA Galatas, which have a cylindrical body but a marked and everted rim (Rethemiotakis and Christakis 2011, 217). At Kommos, type B pots seem to continue from LM IA to LM III (see below), while

type A pots are scarcely attested; large numbers of cooking jars are also present (Rutter 2004, fig. 4.5). At LM IB Phaistos-Chalara, the majority of cooking pots are type B (Palio 2001a, nos. 281, 282, 327, 376, 461, 462, 651, 675, 926, figs. 41, 46:h, 51:o), though other types are also attested (Palio 2001a, nos. 653, fig. 41 [probably type AB], 359, 621 [not illustrated, probably type A], 22, 714 [not illustrated, probably type C]). An intermediate type, type AB, has also been identified in the Petras material. In addition, a type of tripod cooking pot with incurving rim, called type C, and probably linked to the MM shapes, is also present at House II.1 at Petras, Palaikastro, and other sites (for type C at Palaikastro [MM IIIB], see Knappett and Cunningham 2003, 135–136, 157, nos. 177–180, 287, 289, 296, figs. 20, 21:B6R1/3, 37:EP 87; for LM IB at Palaikastro, see Sackett and Popham 1970, fig. 18:NP 111; for Mochlos [LM IA], see Barnard and Brogan 2011, 433, fig. 6:P4391; and for Petras [LM IB], see Alberti 2011, 491, fig. 40). This type C shape, however, is attested from MM IIB Apodoulou (Martlew and Tzedakis, eds., 1999, 89, 91, 162, nos. 54, 57, 145) and Monastiraki (Martlew and Tzedakis, eds., 1999, 96, 146, nos. 67, 128). The appearance of type A cooking pots is probably related to the general trend toward narrow-mouthed and necked or collared pots, which is typical of the late Neopalatial period (mainly LM IB) throughout the island (see below). In accordance with this trend, the most characteristic cooking pot is the so-called type D, which has a narrow mouth and pronounced shoulder and neck; while this type is not attested at Petras, it is recorded in LM IB contexts from other sites such as Palaikastro (Sackett and Popham 1970, fig. 18:NP 120), Mochlos (Barnard and Brogan 2003, fig. 48:IB.500), and Malia (Deshayes and Dessenne 1959, fig. 3, pl. X).

Group 1: Large-Mouthed, Cylindrical (Type B) The primary characteristic of the type B tripod cooking pot (10 examples) is the large mouth, which gives the body a more cylindrical profile (Fig. 11; Pl. 18). This type has a short, thick, and occasionally flaring rim and is often given a small

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spout. Two horizontal handles are placed on the shoulder and, in some cases, a vertical handle or lug is found opposite the spout. The base is flat. The straight profile and large mouth are more suitable for fast heating and boiling (Borgna 2000, 149). Although more popular in the MM III/LM IA periods, the shape is also attested during LM IB at Pseira, Mochlos, Makrygialos, and PhaistosChalara. It is also seen in Western Crete (for Chania [LM IB], see Martlew and Tzedakis 1999, 108–109, nos. 77–79; Andreadaki-Vlazaki, eds., 2011, 69, fig. 19), Central Crete (for the Knossos [LM IB] Royal Road North, see Hood 2011, 173, fig. 51:61.P103; for the SEX North Building, see Warren 2011, 188, fig. 4:P1378; for Galatas [LM IA], see Rethemiotakis and Christakis 2011, 217, fig. 16, possibly type AB?; for Kommos [LM IA and LM IB], see Rutter and Van de Moortel 2006, nos. 9b/9, 10, pls. 33.30, 33.31 [LM IA early], nos. 22b/3, 24/25, pls. 3.35, 3.37 [LM IA Final], no. 37e/15, pl. 3.43 [LM IA advanced to LM IB early], nos. 40/32 and 40/33, pl. 34.5 [LM IB early]; and see also Rutter 2004; for Hagia Triada [MM IIIB], see Girella 2005, 383–384, with also a carinated version, possibly for storage; for Selì-Kamilari Phaistos [LM IA], see La Rosa and Cucuzza 2001, XXVII-19, 108, fig. 132; for Phaistos-Chalara [LM IB], see Palio 2001a, 301, 326, 328, nos. 281, 282, 651, 675, figs. 41, 46:h, i; for Pitsidia [LM IB Early and LM IB], see Chatzi-Vallianou 2011, room XIV P13, P.21, and room XXII A.7, A.13), Central East Crete (for Malia [LM IB], see Pelon 1966, 573, fig. 16; for Makrygialos [LM IB], see Davaras 1997, 132, figs. 35, 36; Mantzourani 2011, 299, fig. 20, right), and East Crete (for Pseira, Plateia Building [LM IB], see Floyd 1998, fig. 3:BS/BV35, and for Building BY [LM I], see Betancourt and Davaras 1999, fig. 44:BY35; for Pseira [LM IA], see Barnard and Brogan 2011, fig. 6:P4286, P7509, P4358; for Mochlos [LM IB], see Barnard and Brogan 2003, 81–82, fig. 49:IB.503, IB.505; for Palaikastro [MM IIIB], see Knappett and Cunningham 2003, 156–157, nos. 293, 294, figs. 36, 37). Horizontal Handles Room Π CW 1 (P85/A5, SM 12015; Lr II; Fig. 11; Pl. 18). Tripod cooking pot. Almost complete. A handle and the legs are mended and/or restored. H. (rest.) 24.5; base

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d. 12.5; rim d. 16.5; max. d. 20.0; vol. 3.8–4 L; leg h. (rest.) 9.4, w. 8; th. 1.6. Thin plain rim with squared section, with small open spout. Two horizontal handles with circular section. Flat base, rough underneath. Three legs with elliptical, flat section. Coarse yellowish-red clay, 5YR 5/6, with many inclusions. Wheelmade. Wheel marks on the interior and exterior surfaces. Exterior surface: worn, with self-slip. Traces of burning interior and exterior, especially under the rim and on the bottom. Corridor B-Δ CW 2 (P85/bag 9/1+2; Lr I). Tripod cooking pot. Rim, body, and handle attachment. H. 9.6; w. 8.9; th. 0.7. Large mouthed. Rounded body. Coarse reddishbrown clay, 5YR 4/4. Self-slipped. Area Φ CW 3 (P86/896; Lr III). Tripod cooking pot. Various fragments, some joining; large body fragments with traces of the handle and one leg. Max. dims. 26 x 24; body th. 0.8; base th. 1.2–1.5; leg h. 8.5, w. 5.4–1.6, th. 3.3–0.8. Horizontal handle with circular section. Leg with elliptical section. Fabric: mcF7. Wheelmade. Interior surface: slip, smoothed. Exterior surface: red slip, smoothed. Traces of burning exterior. CW 4 (P86/904, SM 12352; Lr III). Upper part of a cooking pot. Rim, body, and handle fragment; mended from 3 sherds. Pres. h. 16; th. 0.9. Slightly incurving rim. Rounded body. Horizontal, oblique handle with circular section, obliquely set. Coarse reddish-yellow clay, 7.5YR 7/6, with gray core. Wheelmade. Thick orangishred slip. Sponge marks and traces of burning near the handle. Pit Θ CW 5 (P85/A528, SM 12010; Lr II; Fig. 11; Pl. 18). Tripod cooking pot. Restored. Mended from many sherds. H. 23; w. 23; th. 0.6. One handle, part of the rim, body, and part of the legs are preserved. Rounded body. Outcurving rim, rounded. Horizontal, oblique handle with circular section. Flat base, slightly convex underneath. Legs with elliptical section. Medium pink clay, 7.5YR 7/4, with large schist inclusions. Wheel marks on the interior surface. Self-slipped. Traces of burning, especially on the base. North-Northwest of House I.1 (Area Σ) CW 6 (P86/1296; Lr I; Fig. 11). Cooking pot. Fragmentary. Part of the rim, upper body, and a handle are preserved. H. 18.5; rim d. 50.5; max. d. 50.5; pres. w. 15; rim th. 0.9; body th. 0.8–1. Rounded body, slightly incurving, rounded rim, and horizontal handle with circular section. Fabric: cF15. Wheelmade. Interior surface: self-slipped, smoothed. Exterior surface: selfslipped, smoothed.

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Vertical Handles Area Φ CW 7 (P86/A211; Lr II). Tripod cooking pot, upper part. Five fragments from the rim, body, and handle. H. 15.6. Rounded body. Thickened rim, slightly incurving. Vertical handle with circular section, starting slightly below the rim. Medium yellowish-brown clay, 10YR 5/4, with mica inclusions. Self-slipped. Burned. CW 8 (P86/877, SM 11994; Lr II; Fig. 11; Pl. 18). Tripod cooking pot. Joined with P86/544, SM 12038. Restored from 37 sherds. H. 34.3; w. 27.5; rim d. 25.5; th. 0.8; vol. 7 L; leg h. 9.5, w. 6.4–3, th. 2.7–0.8. Two legs, a large part of the base, two-thirds of the body, the rim, and one handle are preserved. Body of rounded profile. Square rim, slightly incurving. Vertical handle with elliptical section. Flat base, rough underneath. Legs with flat, elliptical section. Fabric: cFM2. Wheelmade. Interior surface: water-wiped. Exterior surface: slip, smoothed, and water-wiped. Traces of burning on large part of exterior and interior surface of the base. CW 9 (P86/899; Lr III). Tripod cooking pot. Upper part. Rim, body, and handle are preserved. Rim d. 25. Square rim. Vertical handle with round section, attached at the rim.

Other Cylindrical Type B Cooking Pot Room M CW 10 (P86/bag 106/3; Lr II). Cooking pot. Rim and upper body fragment. Pres. h. 5.1; w. 7; th. 0.9. Rounded body. Slightly incurving, rounded rim. Medium reddish-yellow clay, 7.5YR 8/6, with many inclusions and gray core. Traces of burning on the exterior surface. Self-slipped.

Group 2: Medium-Mouthed (Type AB) One group of tripod cooking pots from House I has an intermediate profile between types A and B and can therefore be called type AB (Fig. 11; Pl. 18; four examples). This vessel type has a narrow mouth, an elongated and curved body, a smoothed and almost nonexistent shoulder, and a plain rim. The base is flat. This type of elongated profile has not yet been distinguished in publications, except at Petras, though comparisons can be found at Kommos, among the type B examples, and Mochlos, among type A examples, as well as at other sites. Additional type B examples come from Knossos (KS178 Group, MM IIIB; see Hatzaki 2007a, fig. 5.7:3), Poros (Banou 2011, 501, fig. 1:b [LM IB]),

and Kommos (C900 and C915; see Betancourt 1980, fig. 1:type B). Type A examples are found at Pitsidia (Chatzi-Vallianou 2011, 361, fig. 16, room XXI–XXII A.11 [LM IB]), Malia (Quartier Δ, MM III–LM I: see Demargne and Gallet de Santerre 1953, fig. 5, pl. XXXI; Maison Zα, a small example: Demargne and Gallet de Santerre 1953, fig. 3:2, pl. XLI), Mochlos (Barnard and Brogan 2003, fig. 48:IB.492, IB.494 [LM IB]), Petras (House I, LM IA, see Alberti 2012, 236, fig. 1; for House II, LM IB, see Alberti 2011, 487–488, figs. 35, 36), and Papadiokampos (House A.1, LM IB, see Brogan, Sofianou, and Morrison 2011, 582, fig. 32). Area Φ CW 11 (P86/A217, SM 13256; Lr III). Cooking pot. Fragmentary. Two non-joining fragments mended from two and three sherds, respectively. Rim d. 1.7; rim th. 1.2; L. 13.9; th. 1.1–0.8; handle d. 1.6. (a) Fragment of a horizontal handle, with circular section; (b) rim and body fragment. Rounded body. Slightly outcurving rim with rectangular section and a ledge for the lid on the upper surface. Fabric: cP1. Wheelmade. Interior surface: abraded. Exterior surface: self-slipped, smoothed. CW 12 (P86/941, SM 11997; Lr III; Fig. 11; Pl. 18). Tripod cooking pot. More than two-thirds preserved, mended from many sherds. H. 26.5; w. 23.5; rim d. 18; th. 0.8; vol. 12 L; leg h. 8.0, w. 6.5–2.2, th. 2.5–2.2. Slightly outcurving rim, rounded, with a small spout. Curved body profile. Two horizontal handles with circular section. Flat base, rough underneath. Legs with flat elliptical section. Fabric: cF1. Wheelmade. Interior surface: wheel marks, self-slipped. Exterior surface: finger prints; self-slipped. Traces of reddish-brown paint, 5YR 5/4, on the upper body, near the rim and the handles; evanescent traces of white horizontal band decoration. Traces of burning on large part of the exterior surface and the spout. CW 13 (P90/1417; Lr IV; Fig. 11). Tripod cooking pot. Almost complete. Restored from many fragments. Pres. h. 33.5; base d. 12.5; rim d. 19; max. d. 28.5; rim th. 0.6; body th. 0.7; base th. 1; leg h. 7.0, leg max. w. 6.2, max. th. 2.9. Intermediate between types A and AB. Rounded body, with low shoulder. Plain rim, slightly outcurving. Horizontal handle with rounded section. Flat base. Leg with elliptical section. Fabric: cFR1. Wheelmade. Interior surface: slightly smoothed. Exterior surface: self-slipped, smoothed. Traces of burning on most of exterior. Pit I CW 14 (P85/bag 63/28; Lr I). Tripod cooking pot. Rim, upper body, and handle fragment. Mended from three sherds. 8.6 x 11.2 x 0.6. Thin outcurving rim. Oblique handle with circular section. Medium dark gray (7.5YR 4/1) burned clay. Self-slipped.

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Group 3: Narrow-Mouthed, Globular (Type A) The type A cooking pot (seven examples) has a narrow mouth, globular body profile, everted rim, two horizontal handles on the shoulder, a flat base standing on three legs, and frequently, a small spout (Fig. 12; Pl. 18). The height of the globular cooking pot is also generally greater than its maximum diameter. Theoretically, the type A pot is best-suited for slow cooking or slow firing processes, like soups and stews or long dye-baths. Steam and heat are retained longer by the narrow mouth and better distributed by the rounded body (Borgna 2000, 148). As already mentioned, this type is largely attested in LM IB contexts, especially in eastern Crete (Mochlos, LM IB, see Barnard and Brogan 2003, fig. 48:IB.492, IB.494 [type A]; Petras, House I, LM IA, see Alberti 2012, 236, fig. 1, and House II, LM IB, see Alberti 2011, 487–488, figs. 35, 36; Papadiokampos, House A.1, LM IB, see Brogan, Sofianou, and Morrison 2011, 582, fig. 32). Similar specimens are also encountered in Central Crete (Knossos, MM IIIB, KS178 Group, see Hatzaki 2007a, fig. 5.7, no. 3; Poros, LM IB, see Banou 2011, 501, fig. 1:b; Kommos, C900 and C915, see Betancourt 1980, fig. 1:type B; Pitsidia, LM IB, see ChatziVallianou 2011, 361, fig. 16, room XXI–XXII A.11). The type is also found at Malia, Quartier Δ (MM III–LM I, a large example; see Demargne and Gallet de Santerre 1953, fig. 5, pl. XXXI; and Maison Zα, a small example, see Demargne and Gallet de Santerre 1953, fig. 3:2, pl. XLI). Room A CW 15 (P86/620, SM 12413; Lr III; Fig. 12). Tripod cooking pot. Ca. 1/3 preserved, including the handle, most of one leg, part of the base, body, and rim; mended from 29 sherds. H. 30.2; rim d. 24; max. d. 25; body th. 0.7; base th. 1; leg w. 4.3–1.7, th. 2.2–1.1. Globular body. Outcurving rim, slightly rounded, spouted. One horizontal, oblique handle with circular section. Flat base. Leg with elliptical flat section. Fabric: cF2. Wheelmade. Interior surface: slip, water-wiped, and wheel marks. Exterior surface: thick brown slip, water-wiped (sponge marks), and smoothed. Traces of burning on the whole exterior surface, especially under the spout. CW 16 (P86/A283, SM 12411; Lr IV). Globular cooking pot. Fragmentary. Three non-joining body and handle fragments. (a) + (c) body sherds; (b) mended from five sherds. W. 18.5; handle d. 1.8; th. 0.5–1.1.

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Globular body. Horizontal handle with circular section. Fabric: cCa3. Wheelmade. Interior and exterior surfaces: self-slipped, smoothed. Traces of intense burning on all of exterior. Room Λ CW 17 (P86/bag 21/1; Lr II; Fig. 12). Cooking pot. Rim and upper body fragment. Pres. dims. 6 x 5.5 x 0.4. Outcurving rim, rounded. Preserves the attachment of a horizontal handle with elliptical section. Coarse brown clay, 7.5YR 5/2, with red surfaces. Wheelmade. Corridor B-Δ CW 18 (P85/bag 91/10; Lr II). Cooking pot. Rim, body, and handle fragment. Pres. dims. 7.6 x 11.6 x 0.5. Outcurving rim, low shoulder. Horizontal handle with circular section. Coarse dark reddish-brown clay, 5YR 3/6. Wheelmade. Self-slipped. Area K CW 19 (P86/A157, SM 11992; Lr II; Pl. 18). Tripod cooking pot. Almost complete. H. 36.5; base d. 20.5; rim d. 21.5; max. d. 31; vol. 10 L. Small parts of the base, body, rim, and one leg are all missing. Flat base. Globular body. Three legs with elliptical section (h. 9.5; w. 6.3–1.7; th. 3.4–1.7). Outcurving rim with a small spout. Two horizontal handles with rounded section. Fabric: cCh1 (predominantly chamotte, also with white matte and transparent inclusions and small yellow pebbles). Wheelmade. Interior surface: wheel marks. Exterior surface: wheel marks, smoothed. Unusual slip with predominant large white matte components (calcareous?), with some medium-sized phyllites and smallsized white transparent (quartz?) inclusions. Traces of burning on the exterior surface. Pit I CW 20 (P85/A501; Lr II). Cooking pot. Fragmentary. Ca. 20 fragments of the same vessel, amounting to ca. one-third of the original shape. Max. dims. 27 x 27; rim d. 13; rim th. 0.7; body th. 0.5–1. Globular body. Outcurving rim, slightly rounded. Fabric: cR1. Wheelmade. Interior and exterior surfaces: self-slipped, smoothed. Traces of burning on the exterior. North-Northwest of House I.1 (Area Σ) CW 21 (P90/1360, SM 12508; Lr III). Globular cooking pot. Rim and upper body fragment. Pres. h. 7.8; w. 11.3; rim d. 25. Small part of the body, rim, and one handle are preserved, mended from three sherds. Outcurving rim, rounded. Horizontal arched handles with circular section, obliquely set below the rim. Fabric: coarse dark reddish-gray clay, 5YR 4/2, with gray core and many inclusions. Wheelmade. Exterior surface: thick slip of the same color.

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Tripod Cooking Jugs (Brikki) Quite interestingly, a group of tripod “cooking jugs,” or brikki, is recorded from House I.1 (Fig. 12; Pl. 18). These vessels have a rounded body, wide mouth, simple spout, one vertical handle opposite the spout, flat base, and three legs. The surface treatment is similar to that of cooking pots. The two largest examples have a trefoil spout. In most cases, traces of burning are present, especially on the exterior, the base, and the front side (below the spout). The overall dimensions vary considerably and range from a height of 11.2 cm and a rim diameter of 5.7 cm to a height of 24 cm and a rim diameter of 12 cm, thus allowing for some insights on the range of possible uses and on the system of capacity measurements. Indeed, the attested volumes comprise a series: 0.2–0.3, 0.6, 1.5–1.7, and 4.6 L. Based on their size, these vessels could have been used for one or more people, for warming/ boiling water or milk, or even for preparing a soup. Room Λ CW 22 (P86/A144, SM 11998; Lr II; Fig. 12; Pl. 18). Small tripod cooking jug. Almost complete; one leg, the handle, and parts of the rim are missing. H. 11.2; base d. 6.2; rim d. 5.7; th. 0.6; vol. 0.2–0.3 L. Oval body. Slightly outcurving rim, with spout. One vertical handle starting at the rim (only the attachment is preserved). Flat base with two small feet/lugs. Fabric: cF9. Wheelmade. Exterior surface: water-wiped. Burned extensively on both surfaces. CW 23 (P86/A145, SM 12017; Lr II; Fig. 12; Pl. 18). Tripod cooking jug. Almost complete, mended from 29 sherds. Part of the legs are missing. H. 24; base d. 12; rim d. 12; max. d. 22; th. 0.7; vol. 4.6 L. Rounded body. Thin outcurving rim with a small spout. One vertical arched handle with circular section, starting below the rim. Flat base, rough underneath. Legs with elliptical section. Fabric: cF4. Interior and exterior surface: wheel marks and thick slip of the same color as clay. Worn surfaces with traces of burning, both on interior and exterior, at the base and below the spout. CW 24 (P86/A153, SM 6947; Lr II). Tripod cooking jug. Almost complete, missing the lower part of the legs. Pres. max. h. 19; base d. 9.2; max. d. 16.2. Thin rim. Trefoil mouth. Globular-ovoid body. Flat base, rough underneath, with string marks. Thin legs with elliptical section. Vertical handle of circular section, from the rim to the middle of the body. Wheelmade. Coarse yellowish-red clay, 5YR 4/6, with inclusions. Wheel marks on both surfaces. Self-slipped. Traces of burning on the legs, base, one side, and the rim.

Room Ξ CW 25 (P86/843, SM 12314; Lr III). Possible small cooking jug. Fragmentary. Base, two legs, and lower body fragment; mended from six sherds. Pres. dims. 8.3 x 7.2 x 0.4. Globular body. Legs with elliptical section, one asymmetrical. Medium reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 6/6, with schist inclusions. Traces of burning on the lower body and one leg. Brown worn slip. Wheel marks on the base. CW 26 (P86/1028; Lr III; Fig. 12). Small cooking jug. Complete profile. Large part of the body, handle attachment, and leg attachment are preserved. Mended from nine sherds. H. (without legs) 7.8; rim d. 9; max. d. 11; base d. 7; rim th. 0.4; body th. 5; base th. 7; leg max. w. 28, max. th. 2. Rounded body. Slightly outcurving rim, rounded, with beginning of spout. Vertical handle with circular section. Flat base. Leg with oval section. Fabric: cF7. Wheelmade. Interior and exterior surfaces: self-slipped. Traces of burning on large part of the exterior surface, especially on one side. Room 2 CW 27 (P89/983; Lr II). Small cooking jug. Fragmentary. Only part of the base with one leg attachment is preserved, as well as part of the body with the handle attachment. Base d. 10; th. 0.8; leg max. w. 3.3, max. th. 1.4. Rounded body profile. Vertical handle with circular section. Flat base. Leg with elliptical section. Fabric: cF1. Handmade? Interior and exterior surfaces: selfslipped. Traces of burning, primarily on exterior, but also on interior. Area Φ CW 28 (P86/540, SM 12000; Lr II; Fig. 12; Pl. 18). Small tripod cooking jug. Ca. three-quarter is preserved; mended from 14 sherds. Two of the legs are half-preserved, while only the attachment is preserved from the third. H. 14; base d. 5.5; w. 11.3; th. 0.2; vol. 0.6 L. Rounded body. Thin rounded rim with a small spout. Very slightly convex base with string marks and a knob on the interior surface. One vertical handle with elliptical section, starting under the rim. Leg with elliptical section. Fabric: cF9. Wheelmade. Interior surface: smoothed. Exterior surface: thick slip of the same color, smoothed. Deep nail impression on the lower part of the body. Traces of burning on a large part of exterior surface, especially under the spout, and the inside of the rim. CW 29-PM 136 (P89/778, SM 12012; Lr IV; Fig. 12; Pl. 18). Tripod cooking jug. Ca. three-quarters of the vase is preserved, including most of the base, a small part of two legs, and half of the third leg attachment. Mended from 56 sherds. Pres. h. 17; base d. 10; rim d. 10.7; max. d. 15.5; th. 0.3; vol. 1.5–1.7 L; leg max. w. 4.5; max. th. 1.8. Rounded body. Thin rounded rim, with a small spout. One vertical handle with circular

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section, starting below the rim. Flat base with string marks. Legs with flat elliptical section. Fabric: cF4. Thick slip of the same color. Four deep horizontal incisions under the handle. Finger prints on the exterior surface. Traces of burning, especially under the spout.

Tripod Cooking Pans The tripod cooking pans have lower walls than the pots, and they are distinguished by the presence of a spout on one side (Fig. 13; Pls. 18, 19). Eight examples are cataloged below. The dimensions of the pans are extremely variable, but most are medium-sized, with the exception of a few smaller examples. In some cases, a rope decoration appears between two legs. Medium-sized pans have rim diameters of ca. 18, base diameters of ca. 10, and heights of ca. 20 cm. The legs are typically slightly pulled back from the front, and the body walls can be either rounded or straight-sided and flaring. This shape occurs in both earlier and later contexts at a number of sites. Parallels from Palaikastro are especially abundant from MM IIIB onward (LM IB, LM IIIA:1; for MM IIIB, see Knappett and Cunningham 2003, nos. 290, 291, 295). Globular examples are documented from LM IB contexts (e.g., for Kommos, see Betancourt 1980, 2, fig. 1B-C103; for Phaistos, see Levi and Carinci 1988, pl. 15:n; for Zakros, see Martlew 1988, 424, no. D II).

Rounded Body Room Ξ CW 30 (P86/1018, SM 12401; Lr III; Fig. 13). Tripod cooking pan. Complete profile. Mended from 16 sherds, with an additional 15 non-joining sherds. Joined with P86/865. Large part of the body is preserved, including part of the base, rim, and body, two handles, and one leg. Two legs are missing. H. 15.6; w. 22.0; base d. ca. 10.4; rim d. 22; body th. 0.5; base th. 0.8; leg w. 6.3–3.3, th. 3–1.1. Rounded body. Plain, slightly outcurving rim, with a spout. Horizontal arched handles with circular section. Flat base. Leg with triangular, flattened section. Fabric: cF7. Wheelmade. Interior and exterior surfaces: thick slip. Base left rough underneath. Traces of burning on large part of the exterior surface.

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CW 31 (P86/1149, SM 12053; Lr III). Tripod cooking pan. Fragmentary. Pres. dims. 2.9 x 7.5 x 0.4. Three non-joining fragments. (a) Mended from 10 sherds: base, two legs, and lower body fragment. Curved body profile. Legs with elliptical section. Flat base, rough underneath, with string marks. Medium reddishyellow clay, 5YR 6/6, with silver mica. Traces of burning on the exterior surface. Thick orange slip. (b) Rim and upper body fragment, mended from three sherds. Rounded rim. Horizontal, slightly oblique handle with circular section. (c) Handle and rim fragment, mended from two sherds. Intense burning on the handle. Area Φ CW 32 (P86/992, SM 12040; Lr III; Fig. 13; Pl. 18). Small tripod cooking pan. Fragmentary. Mended from 39 sherds, with an additional 12 non-joining fragments from the body, three from the rim (two of them mended from three and four sherds, respectively), lower body, and base. Pres. h. 16; base d. 15; max. d. 23; th. 0.4; vol. 2 L; leg h. 4.8, th. 3.7. Large part of the rim, body, and a small part of the base are missing. Two legs are partially preserved. Rounded body. Legs with elliptical section. Plain rim, with spout. The handles are not preserved. Flat base, rough underneath. Fabric: over-fired. Medium reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 7/6, with very small inclusions. Wheel marks on the interior surface. Thick slip of the same color. Burned on both surfaces, particularly heavily interior. CW 33 (P89/783, SM 12242; Lr IV). Tripod cooking pan. Complete profile. Two non-joining fragments. (a) Mended from nine sherds. Slightly more than one-third preserved, including one leg, part of the base, body, and rim. H. 20.5; rim d. 11.5; w. 13.8; rim and body th. 0.5; base th. 0.8; leg h. 9.3, w. 5.1–2.3, th. 1.5–0.6. (b) Lower body, base, and leg attachment fragment. Pres. dims. 5.4 x 7.5 x 0.4. Shallow semi-globular body. Thin, rounded rim. Flat base. Legs with flat elliptical section. Fabric: over-fired, probably mcF10. Wheelmade. Interior surface: thick self-slip. Exterior surface: thick self-slip, smoothed, and water-wiped (sponge marks). Traces of burning on a large part of the exterior and interior surfaces, and on the base. South-Southeast Courtyard CW 34 (P90/1333; east of Pit I and Staircase H; Lr I). Tripod cooking pan. Complete profile. Mended from three sherds. Approximately one-third is preserved, including half of one leg. H. 9.7; w. 11.4; base d. 14; rim th. 0.4; body th. 0.6; base th. 0.7. Rounded body. Thin rim with a raised spout; small lug under the spout. Flat base. Fabric: cF1. Interior surface: slip, well preserved. Exterior surface: worn, slip badly preserved. Diffuse traces of burning interior and exterior.

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Area P CW 35 (P86/A340, SM 12035; Lr II; Fig. 13; Pl. 19). Cooking pan. Almost complete. Rim, body, and handle fragments; mended from 30 sherds. Joined with P86/886. H. 14.1; base d. 20; rim d. 26; th. 0.5; vol. 4.2– 4.5 L. Rounded body. Plain rim, rounded, with large spout. Horizontal handle on the rim, of circular section. Slightly convex base, almost entirely restored: it was not possible to determine whether or not there were legs. Plastic rope band at the junction of the base with the body. Fabric: cF4. Wheelmade. Unevenly fired. Interior surface shows wheel marks. Thick slip of the same color as the clay.

Flaring Body Room Ξ CW 36 (P86/991, SM 12011; Lr III; Fig. 13; Pl. 19). Tripod cooking pan. Restored, almost complete. The legs and part of the base, body, and rim are missing. H. 13.2; base d. 15; w. 27.6; th. 0.7; vol. ca. 3.3 L; leg w. 4.8, th. 1.9. Flaring body. Plain, rounded rim. Two horizontal arched handles, with circular section, below the rim. Flat base with three leg attachments of elliptical section. Fabric: cF4. Wheelmade. Wheel marks on the interior surface. Thick worn slip of the same color, unevenly fired. The base was left rough underneath. Traces of burning on both surfaces of the base. Room Π CW 37 (P89/616; Lr II; Fig. 13; Pl. 19). Tripod cooking pan. Restored, almost complete; the legs are missing. H. 15.1; rim d. 21; base d. 14; rim th. 1; base th. 1.3. Flaring body. Plain rounded rim, with spout. Two opposite lugs under the rim. Wheelmade. Interior and exterior surfaces: self-slipped, smoothed. Traces of burning on the exterior, near and below the spout.

Other Sherds from Cooking Pots Tripod Bases Room Λ CW 38 (P86/1268; Lr II). Tripod cooking pot. Large fragment from the base and lower body. Flat base, it preserves the attachment of two legs with flat elliptical section. Base d. 16; body and base th. 1.1. The two preserved legs do not have the same dimensions: (a) w. 7.2, th. 3.1; (b) w. 5.2, th. 2.8 m. Conical body. Fabric: cF16. Interior and exterior surface: self-slipped, smoothed. The center of the base was left rough underneath.

CW 39 (P86/bag 150/6; Lr II). Tripod cooking pot. Base and body fragment. The attachment of a leg with elliptical section is preserved. Pres. h. 6.8; base d. 14; th. 0.7. Slightly curved body profile. Flat base. Coarse reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 5/8, with many inclusions. Wheel marks on the interior surface. Thick slip of the same color. Sponge marks on the exterior surface. Traces of burning on the exterior surface and near the leg. Room Ξ CW 40 (P86/1107; Lr III). Tripod cooking pot. Lower part of the body, base, one leg, and the attachment of a second leg are preserved. Max. d. 23.4; base d. 14.2; body th. 0.8; base th. 1; leg h. 9, w. 5.2–3.1, th. 2.9–1. Leg with flat elliptical section. Fabric: cF4. Wheelmade. Interior surface: smoothed. Exterior surface: slightly water-wiped (sponge marks). Traces of burning on the exterior surface. Area Z CW 41-PM 105 (P85/A564; Lr I). Tripod cooking pot. Small part of the base, including one leg attachment and part of the body. Oblique line on the lower part of the body. Pres. dims. 5.5 x 6.8 x 0.9. Body with flaring profile. Flat base. Fabric: cP1. Self-slipped. Area Φ CW 42 (P86/bag 147/1; Lr III). Tripod cooking pot. Base and lower body fragment. One leg attachment preserved. Pres. h. 7.8; w. 10; th. 0.5. Curved body profile. Flat, slightly convex base. Leg with elliptical section. Coarse reddish-brown clay, 2.5YR 4/4. Wheel marks on both surfaces. Self-slipped. Area P CW 43 (P86/bag 58/6; Lr I). Tripod cooking pot. Base with part of a leg and lower body fragment. Pres. h. 8.5; w. 14.4; th. 0.6. Slightly curved body profile. Leg with elliptical section. Medium weak red clay with a thick gray core. Red, worn surface, burned on various places. No slip preserved.

Legs Room E CW 44 (P85/bag 75/1a; Lr II). Tripod cooking pot. Leg fragment. Pres. dims. 11.1 x 6.8 x 5.6–2.2. Elliptical in section; vertical plastic rope decoration. Coarse reddish-brown clay, 2.5YR 4/4. Self-slipped. CW 45 (P85/bag 75/3a; Lrs II; Fig. 13). Tripod cooking pot. Leg fragment. Pres. dim. 9.9 x 6.6 x 2.6. Elliptical in section; vertical rope decoration. Coarse reddish-brown clay, 2.5YR 4/4. Thick slip. Traces of burning on the lower part.

COOKING WARES

Room Λ CW 46 (P86/bag 164/1a; Lr II). Tripod cooking pot. Leg fragment. Pres. h. 7; w. 7.4; th. 1.8. Wide, with elliptical section and a vertical plastic rope in the middle. Coarse yellowish-red clay, 5YR 5/6, with many inclusions. Thick slip of the same color. Traces of burning on both surfaces. Area Z CW 47-PM 103 (P85/A562; Lr I). Leg of a tripod cooking pot. The top is not preserved. Pres. h. 5.4; w. 4.4–3.2; th. 3.2–2.5. Elliptical section. Deep vertical incision. Handmade. Fabric: cF11. Thin brown slip. CW 48 (P89/bag 266/6; Lr III). Tripod cooking pot. Leg with elliptical section. Pres. dims. 7.4 x 4.8 x 1.9. Coarse weak red clay, 2.5YR 5/2, with a gray core. Area Φ CW 49 (P86/1342; Lr III). Tripod cooking pot. Leg fragment. Pres. dims. w. 7–4.5; th. 3.6–2.2. Flat triangular section. Fabric: cF4. CW 50 (P86/1343; Lr III). Tripod cooking pot. Leg fragment. W. 6–4.3; th. 3–2. Rope decoration at the center. Flattened section. Fabric: cF14. Area K CW 51 (P86/bag 187/2; Lr II). Tripod cooking pot. Leg fragment. Pres. dims. 8.3 x 7.5 x 2.1. Elliptical section. Plastic decoration, rope with finger impressions. Fine red clay, 2.5YR 5/6, with inclusions. Self-slipped. CW 52 (P86/bag 187/7; Lr II). Tripod cooking pot. Leg fragment. W. 3.5–2.3; th. 1.8–0.8. Squared extremity. Elliptical section. Fabric: cF1. Pit Θ CW 53 (P85/bag 71/1a; Lr II). Tripod cooking pot. Leg fragment. Pres. dims. 15 x 8.1 x 2.8. Flat elliptical section. Coarse red clay, 2.5YR 4/6, with inclusions. CW 54 (P85/bag 71/1b; Lr II). Tripod cooking pot. Leg fragment. Elliptical section. Vertical plastic rope decoration. Coarse red clay, 2.5YR 4/6. Self-slip. Pres. dims. 6.8 x 9 x 6.5. CW 55 (P85/bag 79+87/1; Lr II; Fig. 13). Tripod cooking pot. Leg, broken horizontally at the lower part. Pres. dims. 11 x 6.8 x 3.7. Elliptical section. Vertical wide rope with finger impressions. Coarse reddishyellow clay, 5YR 6/6, with inclusions. Brown slip. House I.2 CW 56 (P89/bag 234/1; Lr I). Tripod cooking pot. Leg of circular section. Pres. dims. 6.2 x 5.1 x 3.2. Coarse red clay, 2.5YR 4/6. Self-slipped.

Six other fragments of cooking pot legs, without inventory numbers, were collected.

73

Base Fragments of Cooking Pots (No Legs Preserved) Room Λ CW 57-PM 17 (P86/A344a, SM 12419; Lr II; Pl. 31). Cooking pot. Base and lower body fragment, mended from two sherds. Joined with PM 34. Pres. dims. 5.8 x 9.2 x 0.5. Curved body profile. Irregular multiple nail incisions on the exterior surface. Fabric: cF11. Medium reddish-brown clay, 2.5YR 5/4, with inclusions, especially schist. Self-slipped. Burning on the exterior surface. Pit Θ CW 58-PM 216 (P85/A479, SM 12546; Lr I; Pl. 32). Cooking pot. Base fragment. W. 3.2; th. 3.2. On the upper surface large and small triangular incisions. Medium reddish-brown clay, 2.5YR 4/4. Traces of burning on the lower surface.

Jars in Cooking Fabric Not surprisingly, some jars from House I were made in cooking fabric (Fig. 14; Pl. 18). Their shapes are generally very simple and substantially related to those of the cooking pots. As discussed more extensively below, during Neopalatial times, along with the large-mouthed examples, which were already common in the previous phase, narrow-mouthed types begin to be attested as well, following the formal trend of the period. Two items in the reduced sample are quite large-mouthed and undecorated and have burn marks; they were probably used as cooking pots. A further two examples are more narrow-mouthed, with pronounced rims, and show traces of painted decoration; they may have been used mainly for storage.

Large-Mouthed Jars Parallels for the Petras large-mouthed jars come from western, Central, and eastern Crete. For western Crete, examples are found at Chania (LM IB, Andreadaki-Vlazaki 2011, 68, fig. 18), and Central Cretan examples are found at Knossos (for MM IIIB, KS178 Group, see Hatzaki 2007a, fig. 5.7, no. 2; for LM IB, Royal Road North, see Hood

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2011, 173, fig. 51, 61.P417; for LM II, MUM South Sector Group, see Popham 1984, 36, 50, L110, pl. 86:h, 162.11; Hatzaki 2007b, fig. 6.10:4; for a piece similar to the example from MUM, a LM II item with outcurving rim from Poros, see Banou 2011, 504, fig. 4:f); Hagia Triada (MM IIIB, Girella 2005, 372, fig. 1); Phaistos-Chalara (LM IB, Palio 2001a, 301, no. 281, fig. 46:h); and Pitsidia (LM IB Early, Chatzi-Vallianou 2011, 361, room XIV, fig. 16:A.14). Examples from Central–eastern Crete come from Malia (MM II and MM III–LM IA, for examples in different sizes and profiles, see Poursat and Knappett 2005, 57–58, nos. 362, 364–367, fig. 12, pls. 17, 47; MM III–LM IA, Demargne and Gallet de Santerre 1953, pl. XL, fig. 2, nos. 4, 5, and pl. XLI, fig. 3:1) and Makrygialos (LM IB, Mantzourani 2011, 299, fig. 20, left). Those from eastern Crete are located at Palaikastro (for both large- and medium-sized examples from MM IIIB, see Knappett and Cunningham 2003, 136– 137, 156, nos. 181–183, 292, figs. 21, 22:B6 R1/3, 36:EP 87; for LM IA, see Knappett and Cunningham 2003, 170, no. 436, fig. 46:EP 87; for LM IB, see MacGillivray, Sackett, and Driessen 2007, fig. 3.6:31; for LM IIIA:1, see MacGillivray, Sackett, and Driessen 2007, fig. 4.20:511).

rough underneath. Fabric: cF7. Uneven firing. Traces of burning on the lower part of the body. Self-slipped.

Simple Rim, No Decoration

Room Ξ

Area Φ

CW 63 (P86/971, SM 12056; Lr III). Jar. Less than half is preserved, including a small part of the base; mended from 32 sherds. Additional small non-joining fragment from the rim and upper body, mended from five sherds. H. 41; max. d. 28; th. 0.6. Piriform body. Light reddish-brown clay, 5YR 6/3, with gray core and schist inclusions. Burned on the exterior surface. Flat base, rough underneath. Self-slipped.

CW 59-EMP 131-PM 125 (P86/902, SM 11995; Lr III; Fig. 14; Pl. 18). Large-mouthed spouted jar. Complete profile. Joined with P86/A123. Mended from 46 sherds. More than half preserved, including large part of the base. Parts of the rim and body are missing. H. 37; base d. 16.5; rim d. ca. 23; th. 0.7; vol. 12 L. Piriform body. Incurving rim, rounded, with spout. Two horizontal, oblique handles with circular section. Very flat base, rough underneath. Fabric: cF3. Medium pink clay, 7.5YR 7/4. Possibly handmade: no wheel marks are attested, while traces of burnishing are visible on interior and exterior. Interior and exterior surfaces: thick brownish-orange slip, smoothed. Traces of burning on all of the exterior surface. Nail impressions on the interior surface of the base.

Marked Rim, Decorated Area Φ CW 61 (P86/947, SM 12245; Lr III; Fig. 14). Large part of a large-mouthed jar. H. 34; max d. 31; rim d. 21.5; th. 0.9. Piriform body. Pronounced outcurving rim, flattened on the upper edge. One horizontal handle with circular section preserved. Exterior surface: selfslipped, smoothed, and light-on-dark decoration with white horizontal bands. Pit Θ CW 62 (P85/A529, SM 11987; Lr II; Fig. 14; Pl. 18). Large-mouthed jar. Almost complete. Mended from many sherds. Part of the rim, body, and one handle are missing. H. 39; rim d. 21.5; max. d. 27.5; base d. 14.5; rim th. 1.2; vol. 12 L. Piriform body. Wide, outcurving, pronounced rim. Two horizontal, oblique handles with circular section. Flat base. Fabric: light reddish-brown (5YR 6/4), burned clay, with large schist inclusions. Wheel marks on the interior surface. Self-slipped. Exterior surface: traces of band decoration, light-on-dark on the whole surface.

Other Jars

Area Z CW 64 (P89/645; Lr III). Jar in cooking fabric. Base. Fabric: cP1. Max. d. 15.5; base d. 11.8. Wheelmade. Exterior surface: smoothed, with many traces of burning.

Pit Θ

Plates

CW 60 (P85/A530, SM 12497; Lr II; Fig. 14). Jar in cooking fabric. Mended from many sherds. Large part of the lower body, small part of the upper body, and the handle attachment. One additional non-joining rim sherd and several more non-joining body sherds. H. 20; w. 25.7; th. 0.7. Piriform body. Rounded outcurving rim. Horizontal handle with circular section. Flat base,

Plates are large and shallow vessels, disk shaped, with a slightly raised rim, very low to almost nonexistent sidewalls, and a flat base (Figs. 17, 18; Pl. 19). The interior surface of the body and the exterior surface of the rim are generally water-wiped

COOKING WARES

and smoothed or slipped. The rest of the exterior surface, including the base, is left rough. These vessels are handmade in a fabric very similar to that used for thick trays and firestands/spit-rests. They do not have handles or legs. It is possible that they could have been used for the processing of liquids, or as drain heads, or even for cooking (e.g., flat bread cooking). Indeed, traces of burning are common, especially on the interior, but also on the exterior of the vessels. This could suggest, at least in some cases, their use as portable hearths or braziers. They would thus have held a bed of embers/charcoal, or even a small fire, on which tripod cooking pots and firestands could have been used, and chestnuts and legumes could have been toasted. Some spouted examples are also attested: large fragments of plates with simple spouts can almost surely be identified as drain-heads or similar features (see CW 90, CW 91). The presence of drains is also attested in the house (see Tsipopoulou, Ch. 2, this vol.). The difference between plates and trays is not clear-cut, especially for fragmentary examples. The most important distinctive feature is the articulation between rim and base, smooth for plates and sharp for trays. Heights range from 3 to 4 cm and diameters from 30 to 40 cm. In this catalog, most fragments with no handles or legs and a gradually raising rim, with a height of ca. 4 cm, have been included among the plates. In any case, some confusion with trays is always possible. Fragments of 47 plates from House I are presented here according to their main formal characteristics, but it is not possible to propose a strict typology. Spouted plates (gutter spouts) seem to be quite common at Palaikastro, where many fragments and one in-situ example are reported from different contexts and chronologies. These include: a spouted plate (drainage channel/gutter) from Building 4 (MacGillivray et al. 1989, pl. 65:c); a spouted plate (drainage channel/gutter), LM IB, from Well 576 (MacGillivray, Sackett, and Driessen 2007, fig. 7.4, no. 73); a fragment of spouted plate (gutter spout), LM IIIA:2, from Well 605 (MacGillivray, Sackett, and Driessen 2007, fig. 4.30:639); a P-shaped spout (from drain or basin), LM IIIA:1, from Well 605 (MacGillivray, Sackett, and Driessen 2007, fig. 4.20:514); and a simple plate, LM IB–II, from Well 605

75

(MacGillivray, Sackett, and Driessen 2007, fig. 4.13:450). Group 1: Almost Flat Plates The shape is quite peculiar, and their identification as plates is doubtful (Pl. 19). It is a possibility that these vessels served as pithos lids. Room Ξ CW 65 (P86/790, SM 12115; Lr I). Large plate. Very small part of the rim and base are preserved. Pres. L. 8.5; pres. w. 7; th. 3.5. Rounded rim, almost nonexistent. Flat base. Very coarse red clay, 2.5YR 5/8, with many inclusions. Upper surface: thick self-slip. The lower surface is very rough. Corridor B-Δ CW 66 (P85/A450; Lr I; Pl. 19). Plate. Rim fragment. H. 3.9; rim d. 74–75; pres. w. 29.2. Rounded rim. Fabric: vcF9. Handmade. Thick orange slip, smoothed. Rough underneath. Traces of burning on the upper surface. Pit Θ CW 67-PM 240 (P85/A539, SM 12403; Lr II). Plate. Rim fragment. W. 6; th. 2.4. Very rough underneath. Coarse dark red clay, 2.5YR 3/6. Yellowish thick slip. Shallow incision on the upper surface of the body. Pit I CW 68 (P85/A493, SM 12541; Lr II; Fig. 17). Large plate. Part of the base and body/rim is preserved. H. 2.7; w. 10.6. Rounded rim, almost nonexistent (only 1 cm higher than the base). Flat base. Fabric: vcF4. Handmade. Thick light slip, smoothed, on the interior and exterior surfaces, rough underneath. Traces of burning on the interior surface.

Group 2: Plates with Thickened Rim This group includes a small number of very flat specimens (Fig. 17). Room Λ CW 69 (P86/1226; Lr II; Fig. 17). Large plate. Rim fragment. Small part of the base and body/rim preserved. H. 3.6; rim d. 56–60; w. 8.4; rim th. 3.1; base th. 2.9. Thickened border, rounded. Flat base. Fabric: vcF8. Handmade. Interior and exterior surface: smoothed. The exterior side of the base was left rough, with a visible layer of densely packed inclusions of small size and also medium and large. CW 70 (P86/1228; Lr II). Medium-sized plate. Small part of the base, body, and rim is preserved. H. 1.9; rim d. 34; w. 7.2; rim th. 2; base th. 0.9. Thickened rounded border. Flat base. Fabric: mcF4. Wheelmade? Thick

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self-slip, smoothed, on the interior and exterior surfaces except for the exterior base, which was left rough. CW 71 (P86/1323; Lr II). Large plate. Small part of the rim and base is preserved. H. 2.7; rim d. ca. 60; rim th. 2.6; base th. 1.6; pres. dims. 9 x 12.5. Thickened rounded border. Flat base. Fabric: vcF1. Handmade. Reddish slip smoothed on the interior and exterior surfaces except for the exterior surface of the base, which was left rough. Traces of burning underneath. Pit Θ CW 72 (P85/A526, SM 12557; Lr I; Fig. 17). Large plate. Small part of the rim and base is preserved. H. 3.4; w. 7.7; th. 2.4. Thickened border, rounded. Flat base, very rough underneath. Fabric: vcF7. Self-slipped.

Group 3: Plates with Squared Rim This group includes specimens very similar to the previous group (plates with thickened rims), but with a different rim section (Fig. 17; Pl. 19). Low rim Room E CW 73 (P85/A410, SM 12454; Lr I; Fig. 17). Large plate. Small part of the rim and body preserved. Pres. dims. 12 x 8.7 x 4.1. Flat, only slightly formed rim with squared section. Flat base. Coarse dark red clay, 2.5YR 3/6, with many inclusions. Self-slipped on the interior surface. Room Λ CW 74 (P86/951; Lr I). Thin tray/plate. Small part of the base/body and rim are preserved. H. 1.9; rim d. 20; w. 6.9; rim th. 1; body th. 0.8; base th. 0.9. Slightly thickened rim, flattened on the top, with squared section. Straight-sided shallow body. Flat base. Fabric: cF1. Handmade. Worn surface. Red worn paint on both surfaces (originally monochrome). Rough underneath. CW 75 (P86/1213, SM 12484; Lr II; Fig. 17). Large plate. Part of the base and body/rim preserved. H. 2.8; w. 8.7; th. 18. Flat rim with squared section. Flat base, very rough underneath. Coarse reddish-gray clay, 5YR 5/2, with gray core. Thin brown slip. Lustrous black paint, better preserved on the interior surface of the base. Pit Θ CW 76-PM 215 (P85/A369; Lr I). Large plate. Rim fragment. H. 1.8; rim d. ca. 47; w. 9.3; rim th. 18; base th. 15. Flat base, very rough underneath. Wide flat rim, only slightly marked. Fabric: cF4. Handmade. Interior surface: thick self-slip, smoothed. Traces of burning on the exterior surface. Shallow oblique incisions on the interior surface of the base, one of which reaches the rim.

North-Northwest of House I.1 (Area Σ) CW 77 (P86/1312, SM 12389; Lr I; Fig. 17; Pl. 19). Large plate. Part of the rim and base preserved. H. 3.9; rim th. 3.5; base th. 3.1; pres. dims. 16 x 12.4. Flat rim with squared section. Flat base. Fabric: vcF9. Possibly partially wheelmade. Thick self-slip smoothed on the interior and exterior surfaces except for the exterior surface of the base, which is very rough. Burned underneath and on the exterior surface of the rim.

High rim Room Λ CW 78 (P86/977; Lr II; Fig. 17; Pl. 19). Large plate. Small part of the rim, body, and base preserved. H. 3.7; rim th. 3.5; body th. 3.6; base th. 2.6; pres. dims. 10.5 x 9. Thickened rim with squared section. Straight-sided body. Flat base. Fabric: vcF8. Handmade. Thick light slip smoothed on the interior and the exterior surfaces except for the lower surface of the base, which was left rough. Over-fired. CW 79 (P86/1250, SM 12476; Lr II). Plate. A very small part of the base and body/rim preserved. H. 3.5; w. 6.3; th. 2. Thickened flat rim with squared section. Flat base, very rough underneath. Coarse dark red clay, 2.5YR 3/6. Buff, thick, worn slip. Corridor B-Δ CW 80 (P85/A474; Lr II). Large plate. Small part of the rim and base preserved. H. 3.9; rim d. 58; rim th. 3.6; base th. 1.8; pres. dims. 8.7 x 5.5. Thickened rim of squared section. Flat base. Fabric: vcF9. Handmade. Thick slip smoothed on the interior and exterior surfaces except for the base, which was left rough underneath. Over-fired and burned.

Group 4: Plates with Rounded Body and Sometimes Slightly Incurving Rim Some of the following sherds, especially the taller ones, can instead belong to trays (see, e.g., tray CW 132; Fig. 19; Pl. 21). Rounded Body Room E CW 81 (P85/A414, SM 12443; Lr I). Medium-sized plate. A small part of the base and rim preserved. H. 2.5; rim d. 48; w. 5.8; th. 1.3. Slightly outcurving rim with squared section. Rounded body. Flat base, rough underneath. Medium pink clay, 2.5YR 3/6, with several inclusions. Self-slipped. CW 82 (P85/A459, SM 12580; Lr II; Fig. 17). Large, tall plate. A small part of the base, body, and rim

COOKING WARES

preserved. H. 4.6; rim d. 44; w. 7.5; rim th. 3.1; body th. 3.3; base th. 2.3. Thickened rim with squared section. Shallow rounded body. Flat base, rough underneath. Fabric: over-fired. Coarse very dark reddish-brown clay, 2.5YR 2/4, with many phyllite inclusions. Handmade. Self-slipped, smoothed on the interior and exterior surfaces except for the base, which was left rough underneath. Over-fired. Similar to CW 86. CW 83 (P86/803, SM 12576; Lr II). Large plate. A very small part of the base/body and rim preserved. H. 1.9; w. 5.1; th. 1.1. Rounded rim. Rounded body. Flat base. Medium pink clay, 5YR 7/3, with many small inclusions. Self-slipped. Room Λ CW 84 (P86/657; Lr II; Fig. 17; Pl. 21). Large plate. A small part of the base, body, and rim is preserved. H. 1.8; rim d. 28; w. 9.8; rim th. 1.5; body th. 0.9. Thickened rounded rim. Rounded body. Flat base. Fabric: cF4. Handmade? Slip smoothed on the interior and exterior surfaces except for the base, which was left rough underneath. CW 85 (P86/973; Lr II; Fig. 17; Pl. 19). Large plate. Rim fragment. Non-joining fragment P86/A343; two non-joining, rim, body, and base fragments. (a) H. 3.1; rim d. 38; w. 14.2; rim th. 1.4; body th. 2.4; base th. 1.7; (b) pres. dims. 3.1 x 7.8 x 1.4. Plain, slightly incurving, rim. Rounded body. Flat base. Fabric: Coarse very dark reddish-brown clay, 2.5YR 2/4, with many phyllite (all sizes) and few calcareous inclusions; black core. Overfired. Thick lustrous slip on the upper surface, slightly darker than the clay. The base was left rough underneath, but slipped. Burned, especially on the interior surface. Fingerprints on the lower surface of the base. CW 86 (P86/1177; Lr I; Pl. 19). Large, tall plate. Part of the base and body/rim preserved. H. 4.8; rim d. 5.2; w. 10.8; rim th. 2.4; body th. 3.4; base th. 2. Thickened rounded rim, slightly squared in section. Flat base. Fabric: vcP2. Handmade. Self-slipped, smoothed on the interior and exterior surfaces except for the base, which is very rough underneath. Similar to CW 82.

Rounded Body and Thickened Incurving Rim Room Λ CW 87 (P86/662; Lr II; Fig. 17). Large plate. A small part of the base, body, and rim preserved. H. 1.8; rim d. 29; w. 5.2; rim th. 1.3; base th. 0.9. Thickened rounded rim, slightly incurving. Rounded body. Flat base. Fabric: vcF10. Wheelmade? Slip smoothed on the interior and exterior surfaces except for the base, which is rough underneath. CW 88 (P86/1195; Lr III). Large plate. Small part of the base, body, and rim preserved. H. 2.9; w. 7; th. 1; rim th. 1.8; base th. 1.2. Rounded rim. Rounded

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body. Flat base. Fabric: mcF9. Wheelmade? Thick slip smoothed on the interior and exterior surfaces except for the lower surface of the base, which was left rough. West Courtyard CW 89 (P88/713; Lr I). Medium-sized plate. Part of the rim, body, and base preserved. H. 2.3; rim d. ca. 30; w. 4; th. 1. Thickened very rounded rim, slightly incurving. Rounded body. Flat base, rough underneath. Medium reddish-brown clay, 2.5YR 4/3, with mica inclusions. Thick brown slip. Traces of reddish paint.

Group 5: Plates with Thickened Rounded Rim, Sometimes Outcurving Some of the following sherds, especially the taller ones, may instead belong to trays (Fig. 17; Pl. 19). Room E CW 90 (P86/804; Lr II; Fig. 17; Pl. 19). Large spouted plate. Part of the base, body, and rim preserved. Mended from various sherds, some from Room Λ. H. 3.7; rim d. >60; w. 33; rim th. 2.5; base th. 2.2–3. Thickened rounded rim, ending in what is probably the beginning of a spout. Flat base. Fabric: vcF7. Thick self-slip on the interior and exterior surfaces except the base, which was left rough underneath. Traces of burning on much of interior surface. CW 91 (P86/805; Lr II; Fig. 17; Pl. 19). Large spouted plate. Joined with P86/693. Mended from three sherds; preserves a complete profile, including the spout. H. 3.7; rim d. >60; rim th. 2.5–2.8; base th. 2.2–3.4. Rounded rim with large pulled-out spout. Flat base, thicker at the center, very rough and irregular underneath, with cavities. Fabric: vcF8. Handmade. Very thick light slip smoothed on the interior and exterior surfaces except for the base, which was left rough underneath. The slip is worn on most of the interior surface of the base. Traces of burning on most of interior surface, both on base and rim. Room Λ CW 92 (P86/A278; Lr II; Fig. 17; Pl. 19). Large, tall plate. Rim fragment. H. 4.5; rim d. >40; w. 9.4; L. 11.2; rim th. 1.8. Thickened rounded rim. Flaring body. Flat base. Fabric: vcF10. Handmade, very coarse clay. Interior surface: thick red slip, smoothed. Exterior surface: smoothed (no slip), rough underneath. Traces of burning on the interior surface. Very similar to CW 98. CW 93 (P86/A342; Lr II). Medium-sized plate. Rim fragment. Nearly one-quarter preserved. H. 1.8; rim d. >25; w. 7; L. 4.5; th. 1. Thickened, rounded, raised rim. Straight-sided body. Flat base. Medium reddish-brown clay, 5YR 5/3, with many inclusions, especially schist, limestone, and mica. Self-slipped. Rough underneath.

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CW 94 (P86/974; Lr II). Large plate. Small part of the rim, body, and base preserved. H. 4.4; rim d. 60; w. 8.4; rim th. 3.5; base th. 1.9. Thickened slightly pronounced rim, resulting in a triangular section. Flat base, rough underneath. Fabric: vcP4. Handmade. Thin, light slip, smoothed except for the base, which was left rough underneath. Worn surface. Traces of burning underneath. Burned core. CW 95 (P86/1004; Lr II). Large, tall plate. A small part of the base, body, and rim preserved. H. 5.1; rim d. ca. 60; w. 8.9; rim th. 4.2; base th. 2.7. Thickened rounded rim, slightly outcurving. Flat base. Fabric: vcF2. Handmade. Interior surface: self-slipped, smoothed. Exterior surface: rough. CW 96 (P86/1171; Lr II). Large, tall plate. A small part of the base, body, and rim preserved. H. 4; w. 14.5; rim th. 3.5; base th. 2. Thickened rounded rim. Straight-sided body. Flat base. Fabric: vcF4. All surfaces are worn, no slip is preserved. The base was left rough underneath, with a layer of phyllite, dark reddish-purple stone, and calcareous inclusions (medium and large sized). Generally burned. CW 97 (P86/1210; Lr II). Large plate. A small part of the base, body, and rim preserved. H. 2.5; w. 3.1; rim th. 1.2; base th. 1.7. Rounded rim, slightly outcurving. Straight-sided body. Flat base. Fabric: dominant phyllites, over-fired. Handmade. Light brown slip, smoothed on the interior and exterior surfaces except for the base, which was left rough underneath. Traces of burning on most of interior surface. Room Ξ CW 98 (P86/880, SM 12114; Lr III). Large plate. Small part of the base/body and rim preserved. H. 3.6; w. 7.9; th. 2.2. Thickened rounded rim, slightly outcurving. Slightly flaring body. Flat base. Coarse reddish-yellow clay, 7.5YR 6/6, with many inclusions. Thick brown slip. Orange plaster on the upper surface. Profile very similar to CW 92. Corridor B-Δ CW 99 (P85/bag 73/7; Lr II). Plate. Part of the rim, body, and base preserved. H. 1.8; w. 4.1; th. 1.2. Rounded, slightly incurving rim. Rounded shallow body. Flat base. Light brown medium clay, 7.5YR 6/4. Selfslipped. Traces of orange paint on both surfaces, probably initially monochrome. Rough underneath. Area Φ CW 100 (P86/873, SM 12170; Lr III). Rim fragment of a plate. Part of the base/body and rim preserved. H. 2.8; base d. 34; th. 1.6. Rounded, slightly incurving rim. Rounded shallow body. Flat base. Coarse strong brown clay, 7.5YR 4/6. Thick slip of the same color. Traces of burning on both surfaces. CW 101-EMP 157 (P89/919; Lr IV; Fig. 17; Pls. 19, 21). Medium-sized plate. Mended from seven sherds.

Part of the rim, body, and base preserved. H. 3; rim d. 34; rim th. 1.8; body th. 2.2; base th. 1.9; pres. dims. 15 x 12. Rounded rim, slightly outcurving. Flaring body. Flat base. Fabric: vcT3. Handmade? Over-fired. Thick light slip smoothed on the interior and exterior surfaces except for the exterior surface of the base, which is left rough. Traces of burning on the interior. The core is over-fired. Pit Θ CW 102 (P85/bag 71/2; Lr II). Plate. Part of the rim, body, and base preserved. Max. pres. dims. 3.6 x 6.3 x 0.7. Rounded rim. Rounded shallow body. Flat base. Medium brown clay, 7.5YR 5/4. Self-slipped.

Group 6: Plates/Trays with Thickened Rounded Rim, Marked Outside Most of these examples have a significantly raised rim, with an interior height of ca. 2 cm, and thus they are almost trays (Fig. 18; Pl. 19). Room Λ CW 103 (P86/1220; Lr II; Fig. 18). Large plate. A small part of the base, body, and rim preserved. H. 1.8; rim d. 34; w. 7.1; rim th. 2; base th. 1.3. Flat base. Rounded body, with a protuberance. Strongly rounded and thickened rim. Fabric: mcF4. Wheelmade? Self-slipped, smoothed on the interior and exterior surfaces except for the exterior surface of the base, which is left rough. Traces of burning on the interior and exterior surfaces. CW 104 (P86/A173; Lr III; Pl. 19). Large plate. Preserves part of base/body and rim. Associated pieces include non-joining fragment P86/908 and two additional non-joining fragments (not cataloged). H. 4.5; rim d. ca. 60; rim th. 1.5–2.7; body th. 3.7; base th. 1.5. Thickened rounded rim, slightly pronounced externally. Rounded body. Flat base. Fabric: vcF1. Handmade. Interior and exterior surfaces: thick lustrous brownish-orange slip, smoothed. The base is left rough underneath. A layer of burned, large-sized elongated phyllites is visible on the interior surface. Over-fired. Corridor B-Δ CW 105 (P85/A436; Lr II). Large plate. A small part of the base and rim preserved. H. 3.8; w. 9.5; th. 2.2. Thickened rounded rim. Carinated body. Flat base, rough underneath. Fabric: vcF1. Self-slip, smoothed, on the interior and exterior surfaces except for the base, which is rough underneath. Area P CW 106 (P86/A255, SM 12186; Lr I; Fig. 18). Large plate. A small part of the base, body, and rim preserved. H. 2.3; w. 2.7; L. 2.9; rim th. 2.3; max. d. 33.6; base th. 1.3. Thickened rounded rim, pronounced on exterior. Flat base, rough underneath. Fabric: cF12, over-fired. Self-slipped.

COOKING WARES

Group 7: Plates with Other Profiles This group includes specimens with a conical profile and those that are deeper than the pieces com­prising the previous groups. Room E CW 107 (P85/A412, SM 12574; Lr II; Fig. 18). Large plate. A small part of the base, body, and rim preserved. H. 4.9; rim d. 60; w. 7.6; rim th. 2.4; body th. 3.6; base th. 3. Thickened rim with quadrangular section. Slightly flaring body. Flat base, rough underneath. Fabric: over-fired; coarse weak red clay, 2.5YR 4/2, with gray core and many inclusions, especially phyllite and quartz. Handmade. Thick pinkish-orange slip on the interior and exterior surfaces except for the base. Traces of burning especially strong on the exterior surface (base and rim) and less intense on the interior. Burned core. CW 108 (P85/bag 75/1b; Lr II). Plate. A small part of the rim, body, and base preserved. H. 5; w. 7.6; th. 2.8. Thickened rim with rounded/quadrangular section. Slightly flaring body. Flat base, rough underneath. Coarse weak red clay, 2.5YR 5/2, with thick gray core. Self-slipped. Room Λ CW 109 (P86/651; Lr II). Large plate. A small part of the base, body, and rim preserved. H. 3.7; rim d. 56; w. 7.6; rim th. 2.4; base th. 2.6. Slightly outcurving and thickened rounded rim, pronounced internally. Shallow, conical body. Flat base, rough underneath. Fabric: vcF9. Wheelmade? Thick slip smoothed on interior and exterior surfaces except for the base, which is left rough underneath. Traces of burning on the interior. Generally smaller and less coarse than other examples, possibly because it is wheelmade. Area K CW 110 (P85/A348, SM 12542; Lr I; Fig. 18). Large plate. Rim fragment. Approximately one-fifth preserved. H. 6; rim th. 4.5; max. d. 44; base th. 3.2. Rounded rim, slightly outcurving. Flat base. Fabric: vcF12. Thick self-slip, smoothed. Rough underneath. Traces of burning at the rim and on the interior surface. Area P CW 111 (P86/953, SM 12087; Lr I). Large plate, base fragment. Flat. Very rough lower surface, smooth upper surface. Pres. dims. 9.2 x 11.5 x 3.1. Coarse light brown clay, 7.5YR 6/4. Burned on the upper surface. Thin brown slip.

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Cooking Trays An important characteristic of House I.1 is the strong presence of cooking trays. In most cases, the presence of burn marks, especially on the interior of the vessels, but also on the exterior and near the rim, confirms an association with fire, though this is not always the case. It is important to state that the definitive reexamination of the House I materials altered the preliminary numbers recorded for trays and plates (for a preliminary presentation of the House I cooking wares, see Alberti 2012). These vessels may have been used not only for cooking or other processes involving fire, but also for serving or storing food. Similar examples from the Mochlos Artisans’ Quarter show little sign of contact with fire (Barnard and Brogan 2003, 33; see also Hallager and Hallager, eds., 2000, 160– 161). Given this evidence, the term “baking pan” might provide a more accurate description (baking pans [γιουβέτσι] are also recognized in the traditional pottery production of modern Crete; see Blitzer 1984, 149–150, fig. 18-5:10). When used over fire, the trays probably provided a warm cooking surface. And when used with large lids, the trays may have served as portable ovens (Borgna 1997, 200). Indeed, fragmentary examples can be easily confused with sherds from portable ovens, which are very similar in shape and fabric. The trays are typically round and have flat bases; low side-walls, which are straight, slightly flared, or slightly convex; and a rounded or squared lip, which is often pulled out to form a spout. The type of handle varies: some are horizontal, while others are pierced lugs. All trays are handmade and most are provided with three legs, though there are examples without supports. The interior surface and exterior of the rim are generally water-wiped and smoothed or slipped, with the rest of the exterior and the bottom left rough (Borgna 1997, 193). The dimensions vary considerably, with heights from 4 to 10 cm and rim diameters from 18 to 40 cm (for parallels with Bronze Age pottery from central and southern Italy, Sicily, and Sardinia, see Alberti 2011, n. 44).

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The difference between trays and plates is not at all clear-cut, especially when fragments are involved. Fragments with tripod legs have been included in this catalog among the trays, as well as other fragments taller than 4 cm. The main difference between trays and plates is the articulation between the base and wall, which is pronounced for the trays and smooth for the plates. Fragments of tripod trays can also be slipped and smoothed underneath, which is not the case for non-tripod tray fragments. Two dimensional classes of trays have been identified: thinner and thicker (Alberti 2011, 2012). Thinner trays are more common and widespread than thicker examples, which, however, occur in an interesting way at Neopalatial Petras (Hallager and Hallager, eds., 2000, 160–161; Barnard and Brogan 2003, 86). This distinction has not been widely used in publications, but, in my opinion, this seems particularly important as far as the use and function of the vessels are concerned (see the evidence from Petras House II; Alberti 2011). For both the thick and thin classes, a broad formal division in groups is given here, as a strict typology is not really possible. Fifty-three examples are presented below.

Thick Trays Thick cooking trays are made in a distinctive fabric similar to that of plates and firestands, which is a very coarse mixture with many different inclusions, some of which appear to have been smashed into powder (Figs. 18, 19; Pl. 19). These vessels are considerably larger than the thinner trays, with walls 2–3.5 cm thick (in some cases even 4.8 cm) and bases (when preserved) of similar dimension. The rim diameters vary from 35 to 60 cm, with the average size between 40–45 cm, and the preserved handles are thick and round in section (up to 3 cm). The thick trays commonly have horizontal rim handles, but many variations are attested, including horizontal round-section coils, pierced lugs, or a series of two to three contiguous lugs. Spouts are frequently attested. Most trays are provided with three thick legs, but the smaller fragments can easily be confused with the so-called plates.

Group 1: Rounded Rim with Slightly Flaring Body This is the least characteristic group of trays, overlapping easily with plates, especially with plates of Group 5 (see Figs. 17, 18). Room Λ CW 112 (P86/1003; Lr II). Thick tray. Only part of the rim preserved. H. 5.4; rim d. ca. 60; rim and base th. 3.6. Thickened rounded rim, slightly outcurving. Fabric: vcF7. Handmade. Thick orange slip smoothed on the interior and exterior surfaces except for the base, which is left rough underneath. Traces of burning on the interior. CW 113 (P86/1231; Lr II). Thick tray/plate. A small part of the base, body, and rim preserved. H. 6.3; rim d. more than 60; w. 7.7; rim th. 3.8; body th. 4.5; base th. 2.7. Thickened rounded rim. Slightly flaring body. Flat base. Fabric: vcF7. Handmade. Interior surface: orange slip, smoothed. Exterior surface: orange slip, rough underneath. CW 114 (P86/1319; Lr II; Fig. 18). Large thick tray/ plate. A small part of the base, body, and rim preserved. H. 5.2; rim d. 43.2; max. pres. dims. 11 x 78; rim th. 3.1; body th. 3.8; base th. 2.5. Rounded thickened rim. Slightly flaring body. Flat base. Fabric: cF1. Handmade. Thick slip, smoothed, on the interior and exterior surfaces except for the inferior part of the base, left rough. Dark paint on all of interior surface.

Group 2: Rounded Rim, Rounded Body This is a unique example, having a curved body profile and an incurving rim. West Courtyard CW 115 (P88/739; Lr I; Fig. 18). Thick tripod tray. Complete profile: a small part of the rim, body, and base preserved, including traces of a leg attachment with deep scorings. H. 4.8; rim d. 26.8; rim th. 1.9; body th. 2.2; base th. 2. Max. pres. dims. 5 x 7.5. Plain rounded rim. Rounded body. Flat base. Leg with oval section (badly preserved). Handmade. Coarse fabric, dark reddish brown, 5YR 3/4. Interior surface: self-slipped. Exterior surface: self-slipped, rough underneath. Traces of burning on the interior surface of the base.

Group 3: Straight-Sided Flaring Body Also a rare type, pieces in this group have an almost conical profile.

COOKING WARES

Room Λ CW 116 (P86/994; Lr II; Fig. 18). Thin tripod tray. Complete profile. H. 7.8 (only 4 from rim to base); rim d. 37; th. 1.8. Rounded rim. Shallow, straight-sided, slightly flaring body. Flat base. Leg with elliptical section and vertical rope decoration. Coarse dark yellowish-brown clay, 10YR 3/6, with black core, over-fired/burned, with phyllite, chamotte, and calcareous inclusions. Thick slip, smoothed, on the interior and exterior surfaces except for the inferior part of the base, which is left rough. Traces of burning interior and exterior. CW 117 (P86/1321; Lr II; Fig. 18). Thick tray. A small part of the rim and body preserved; the base is missing. Pres. h. 4.6; rim d. ca. 45; rim th. 2.4; body th. 2.8. Thickened squared rim. Shallow straight-sided flaring body. Fabric: vcF1. Coil-built. Interior surface: smoothed slip. Exterior surface: slip on the walls, no smoothing. West Courtyard CW 118 (P88/570; Lr I; Fig. 18). Thick tray. Complete profile: a small part of the rim, body, and base preserved. H. 6.2; rim d. 36; rim and body th. 2.7; base th. 3.2; max. pres. dims. 8 x 8. Thickened squared rim. Straight-sided flaring body. Flat base. Fabric: vcT1. Handmade. Interior surface: self-slipped, smoothed. Exterior surface: smoothed, rough underneath. Over-fired. CW 119 (P88/583; Lr I; Fig. 18; Pl. 19). Thick tray. Complete profile: a small part of the rim and body, including the attachment to the base, preserved. H. 7.3; rim d. ca. 37; rim and body th. 3.1; max. pres. dims. 8.5 x 6. Thickened rounded rim. Straight-sided flaring body. Fabric: vcT2. Handmade. Interior surface: self-slipped, smoothed. Exterior surface: smoothed. Over-fired. CW 120 (P88/656; Lr I). Thick tray. Complete profile: a small part of the rim, body, and base preserved, including a non-joining base fragment. H. 6.9; rim d. more than ca. 40; rim th. 3.5; body th. 3.3; base th. 2.3. Max. pres. dims. 6 x 9.2; 8.3 x 7. Thickened squared rim. Straight-sided, slightly flaring body. Fabric: vcT1. Handmade. Interior surface: thick self-slip, well smoothed and burnished. Exterior surface: selfslipped, smoothed, rough underneath. Over-fired. Traces of burning interior and exterior, near rim. North-Northwest of House I.1 (Area Σ) CW 121 (P90/1187, SM 12377; Lr I; Pl. 21). Thick tray. Complete profile: ca. one-quarter of the vessel preserved, including part of the rim, body, and base. H. 6.3; rim d. ca. 40; w. 8.9; rim and body th. 25–26; base th. 1.8. Thickened rim with squared section. Straightsided, flaring body. Slightly convex base, rough underneath. Fabric: cP3. Handmade. Self-slipped, smoothed, on the interior and exterior surfaces, except for the inferior part of the base, left rough. Light traces of burning on the exterior surface.

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Group 4: Straight-Sided Body This group includes large examples with a shallow, cylindrical profile. Room Λ CW 122 (P86/A293, SM 12237; Lr II; Fig. 19; Pl. 21). Large thick tripod tray. Complete profile, including traces of a leg attachment; ca. one-quarter of the vessel preserved. H. 10.4; rim d. more than 60; w. 19.5; rim th. 2.5; body th. 3.5; base th. 2.1. Rounded/squared rim. High and straight-sided body, only slightly flaring. Flat base. Fabric: vcT1 (with the core fired black). Handmade. Self-slipped, smoothed, on the interior and exterior surfaces except for the interior part of the base, which is left rough underneath. Traces of burning interior and exterior, near the base but not underneath. CW 123 (P86/767; Lr II; Fig. 19). Thick tray. Part of the rim, body, and base preserved. H. 4.9; w. 7.9. Straight-sided, irregular, very thick body. Coarse reddish-brown clay, 5YR 4/8, with inclusions, especially pebbles. Thick slip of the same color. Rough underneath. Traces of burning on the interior surface. West Courtyard CW 124 (P88/657, SM 12227; Lr I; Fig. 19). Thick tripod tray. Complete profile: part of the rim, body, base, and leg preserved. H. 7.7; rim d. 31; w. 8.5; th. 2.2. Rounded rim. Flat base. Leg with flattened elliptical section. Fabric: vcF8. Handmade. Thick self-slip, smoothed, on the interior and exterior surfaces (also underneath). Over-fired. CW 125 (P89/789, SM 12198; Lr II; Fig. 19). Thick tray. Part of the base, body/rim, and handle preserved. Two large fragments, mended from five and four sherds, respectively. H. 5.9; base d. 60; th. 1.4. Thickened rim with squared section. Straight-sided body. Flat base. Horizontal handle, rising above the rim, with circular section. Coarse reddish-brown clay, 5YR 4/8. Self-slipped. Rough underneath.

Group 5: Very Thick Trays with Large Horizontal Lug This group of “trays” stands out both for its dimensions and the exceptional thickness of the body and for having a massive horizontal lug at the rim. The fabric is very coarse, and the base is, as usual, rough underneath. No traces of burning are attested on the recorded examples. Room Ξ CW 126 (P86/751, SM 12116; Lr III). Very large thick tray. Complete profile: part of the rim, body, and base preserved, including part of a massive lug at the

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rim. H. 6.1; th. 3.4. Thickened rim, slightly outcurving. Straight-sided body. Flat base. Large horizontal lug at the rim, thickened and with rounded profile. Coarse reddish-brown clay, 5YR 4/8, with many inclusions, especially quartz. Handmade. Self-slipped on the interior and exterior surfaces except for the inferior part of the base, left rough. Very similar to CW 128. Area Φ CW 127 (P86/A267, SM 12166; Lr III). Very large thick tray. Complete profile: a small part of the rim, body and base preserved, including part of a massive lug at the rim. H. 3.5; w. 9; th. 1.1. Thickened rim. Straight-sided body. Flat base. Large horizontal lug at the rim, thickened and with rounded profile. Coarse yellowish-red clay, 7.5YR 4/6, with many inclusions. Handmade. Self-slipped on the interior and exterior surfaces except for the base, which is left rough underneath. Very similar to CW 128. West Courtyard CW 128 (P88/560; Lr I; Fig. 19). Very large thick tray. Complete profile: a small part of the rim, body, and base preserved, including part of a massive lug at the rim. H. 6 (6.3 including lug); rim d. ca. 42 (including lug, ca. 44.4); base d. ca. 38; rim th. 4; body th. 4.8; pres. base th. 3.3; lug w. 1.2; th. 3.8; L. >14; max. pres. dims. 12.5 x 15.2. Thickened squared rim. Straightsided body. Flat base, not well preserved. Large horizontal lug at the rim, thickened and with rounded profile. Fabric: vcP1. Handmade. Interior surface, rim, and lug: thick self-slip, smoothed. Exterior surface: smoothed, but rough underneath. Over-fired in some places. Very similar to CW 126, CW 127, and CW 129. CW 129 (P90/1312, SM 12136; Lakkos deposit; Fig. 19). Very large thick tray. Complete profile: a small part of the rim, body, and base preserved, including part of a massive lug at the rim. H. 5.6; w. 1.5; L. 7.4; rim th. 3.1; base th. 2.5; lug w. 13; th. 1.8. Thickened rim. Straight-sided body. Flat base. Large horizontal lug at the rim, thickened and with rounded profile. Fabric: vcF7. Handmade. Self-slipped on the interior and exterior surfaces, except for the inferior part of the base, left rough. Very similar to CW 128.

5.5; body th. max. 8.3; w. and th. at the attachment 7 and 5.6. Circular section. Handmade. Fabric: vcF7. Pinkish orange slip, smoothed. No traces of burning.

Thin Trays Thin cooking trays are made in normal cooking fabric, and their walls are on average ca. 1 cm (0.8–1.5 cm) thick (Figs. 19–21). Rim diameters vary from 20 to 50 cm, while the majority cluster between 35 and 45 cm. The bases of these vessels are not thick, and traces of legs are preserved in a few cases. Thirty-four vessels are listed below. Group 1: Rounded Rim, Shallow Slightly Flaring Body Room M CW 131 (P86/785, SM 12579; Lr II; Fig. 19; Pl. 21). Thin tripod tray. Complete profile, from rim to base and leg; approximately one-quarter of vessel preserved. H. 3.6; rim d. 49.2; w. 9.1; rim and base th. 1. Rounded rim. Shallow, slightly flaring body. Flat base. Fabric: cF11. Handmade. Brown thick slip, smoothed, on the interior and exterior surfaces. Exterior surface: traces of red worn paint; burned underneath. Pit Θ CW 132 (P85/A505; Lr II; Fig. 19; Pl. 21). Thin tripod tray. The complete profile preserved, from rim to base, including the attachment of a leg and part of border between the legs. Max. h. 5.2; h. (rim and body, above the base) 2.3; rim d. 50; rim th. 1.4; base th. 1.2; th. of decorated interior border 1.2–1.5. Rounded rim. Shallow, slightly flaring body. Flat base. The border between the legs has a rope decoration. Fabric: vcT3. Handmade. Thick slip with finishing traces on the interior and exterior surfaces. Traces of burning on the interior surface of the base.

Group 2: Rounded Rim, Rounded Body

Tray Legs This section includes a single leg, which probably is attributable to a tray of Group 5 type. Corridor B-Δ CW 130 (P85/A282, SM 12309; Lr I; Pl. 19). Tray leg, very large (possibly connected to Group 5?). Only upper part of the leg preserved, with traces of the attachment to the body (rim to base). Max. pres. h. 16; rim th.

House I.2 CW 133 (P86/1294, SM 12256; Lr II; Fig. 19). Thin tripod tray. A small part of the rim, body, and base preserved, including the leg attachment. H. 3.7; rim d. 25; w. 5.4; body th. 1.4; base th. 1.5. Rounded rim. Shallow rounded body. Flat base. Over-fired; coarse phyllite fabric. Interior and exterior surfaces: smoothed all around and underneath. Traces of burning on the interior surface and on the rim. No slip is preserved.

COOKING WARES

Room Π CW 134 (P86/731, SM 12062; Lr I). Thin tray, possibly tripod. Part of the rim, body, and base preserved. H. 3.4; w. 7.8; L. 7.2; th. 1.2. Plain rim. Rounded body. Flat base, slightly convex, with possible traces of the attachment of a leg. Traces of intense burning on the base. Coarse reddish-brown clay, 5YR 4/8, with many inclusions, especially of gray schist. Self-slipped. West Courtyard CW 135 (P88/569, SM 12211; Lr I). Thin tray/plate. Complete profile: part of the rim, body, and base preserved. H. 3; rim d. 3.6; w. 5.7; th. 1.4. Rounded rim. Slightly rounded body. Flat base. Fabric: cCa2. Handmade. Interior surface: light paint with a red rim band. Exterior surface: smoothed, but rough underneath. Traces of burning on the exterior surface of the body. Matte impression under the base. North-Northwest of House I.1 (Area Σ) CW 136 (P86/1313b; Lr I). Thin tray. Small part of the rim, base, and body preserved. H. 3.5; w. 5.3; th. 0.8. Rounded rim. Shallow body with rounded profile. Flat base. Medium pink clay, 7.5YR 7/3, with gray core and several inclusions. Self-slipped. Band on the interior surface of the rim in worn red paint. Rough underneath. North-Northwest of House I.1 (Area T) CW 137 (P86/966, SM 12142; Lr I). Thin tray. Part of the base, body, and rim preserved. H. 2.8; w. 8.1; rim th. 1.5; body th. 1.5; base th. 0.8. Rounded rim. Rounded shallow body. Flat base. Fabric: cF1. Handmade. Thick dark orange slip, smoothed, on the interior surface. Smoothed dark orange slip with many inclusions (especially phyllites, but also white and dark red stones) and worn red paint on the rim and exterior surface. Rough underneath. House I.2 CW 138 (P86/1286, SM 12259; Lr II; Fig. 19). Thin tray. Small part of the rim/body and base preserved. H. 3.6; rim d. 41.2; w. 5.6; rim and body th. 1.8; base th. 1.1. Rounded rim. Shallow rounded body. Flat base. Fabric: cFM3. Self-slip, smoothed, on the interior and exterior surfaces except for base, which was left rough underneath. Traces of dark red paint on both surfaces.

Group 3: Thickened Rim, Straight-Sided Flaring Body Room Λ CW 139 (P86/A290; Lr II; Fig. 20). Thin tripod tray. Part of the rim, body, and base preserved, including the attachment of a leg with elliptical section. H. 3.8; rim d. 32; w. 4.4; rim and body th. 1.5; base th. 1.1. Thickened squared rim. Shallow straight-sided flaring body.

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Fabric: cF14. Handmade. Interior surface: self-slipped, smoothed; traces of a rim band painted in red (almost faded away). Exterior surface: smoothed all around but left rough underneath. Corridor B-Δ CW 140 (P85/A437; Lr II; Fig. 20). Thin tripod tray. A small part of the base, body, and rim preserved, as well as leg attachment. H. 3.4; rim d. 24; w. 7.3; rim th. 1.4; body th. 1.9; base th. 1.5. Rounded rim. Shallow, straight-sided flaring body. Flat base. Fabric: cF16. Thick self-slip, smoothed, on the interior and exterior surfaces, also underneath. Handmade. Traces of burning interior and exterior. Pit Θ CW 141 (P85/A285, SM 12432; Lr II; Fig. 20). Thin tripod tray. Complete profile, from rim to base, including part of a leg: approximately one-quarter of the vase preserved, and only the extremity of the leg is missing. H. 8.8 (only 2.5 without leg); rim d. 42; w. 10.2; rim and body th. 1.5; base th. 0.9; leg max. w. 6.5; max. th. 2.5; min. w. 3.7; min. th. 2. Wide, slightly outcurving rim of squared section. Shallow, straight-sided flaring body. Attachment of a horizontal handle below the rim. Flat base. Wide, flat leg with elliptical section. Fabric: cR1. Handmade. Thick self-slip, smoothed, on the interior and exterior surfaces. Room E CW 142 (P85/bag 22/6; Room E; Lr I). Thin tray. Small part of the rim, body, and base preserved. H. 4.2; w. 8.5; th. 1.4. Rounded rim. Straight-sided, slightly flaring body. Flat base. Coarse reddish-brown clay, 5YR 4/8, with thick gray core. Self-slipped. CW 143 (P85/A431; Lr II; Pl. 21). Thin tray. A small part of the base, body, and rim preserved. H. 3.2; rim d. 46; w. 6.3; rim th. 1.3; body th. 1.4; base th. 0.9. Rounded rim. Slightly flaring body. Flat base. Fabric: cP1. Thick slip smoothed on both surfaces: the slip is composed mainly of calcareous and pink mica-schist inclusions. Rough underneath. Room Λ CW 144 (P86/646; Lr II; Fig. 20). Thin tray. A small part of the base, body, and rim preserved. H. 2.6; max. rim d. 21; rim th. 0.8; body th. 1.4; base th. 0.9; max. pres. dims. 5.5 x 6. Plain rim. Straight-sided, shallow, slightly flaring body. Fabric: cF14. Handmade. Selfslipped, smoothed, on the interior and exterior surfaces except for the inferior part of the base, which was left rough. Traces of burning exterior. West Courtyard CW 145 (P88/662; Lr I). Thin tray. Complete profile: part of the rim, body, and base preserved. H. 3.2; base d. 36; rim th. 12; body th. 1.5; base th. 0.9.

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Rounded thickened rim. Rounded body, in some parts straighter. Flat base. Fabric: mcF3. Handmade. Self-slip, smoothed, on the interior and exterior surfaces except for the inferior part of the base, which was left rough. Traces of burning on the exterior surface of the base, body, and rim, and in the interior of the base. CW 146 (P89/784, SM 12195; Lr II). Thin tray. Part of the rim, body, and base preserved. H. 3.1; base d. 31; th. 1. Rounded rim. Straight-sided, slightly flaring body. Flat base. Coarse reddish-brown clay, 5YR 4/8. Selfslipped. Rough underneath. North-Northwest of House I.1 (Area Σ) CW 147 (P90/bag 75/2; Lr I). Thin tray. Part of the rim, body, and base preserved. Max. pres. dims. 6 x 4.4 x 1.1. Rounded rim. Rounded, slightly flaring body. Flat base. Coarse dark yellowish-brown clay, 10YR 3/6. Thin slip lighter in color than the clay.

Group 4: Straight-Sided Body West Courtyard CW 148 (P88/727, SM 12208; Lr I; Fig. 20). Thin tripod tray. Complete profile: part of the rim, body, base, and leg preserved. Pres. h. 4.7; rim d. 35; w. 11.9; th. 1.3. Thickened rim with squared section and rounded edges. Straight-sided body. Flat base. Leg with semi-elliptical section. Rope decoration around the base. Fabric: cCa1. Interior surface: brown lustrous slip. Exterior surface: same slip, not lustrous. Traces of burning on the interior of the base and on the rim. Room Λ CW 149 (P86/1256; Lr II; Fig. 20). Thin tray. A small part of the base, body, and rim is preserved. H. 4; rim d. 25.6; w. 8.5; th. 1.4. Squared rim. Straightsided body. Flat base. Fabric: cR1. Wheelmade? Interior surface: thick light slip, smoothed. Exterior surface: smoothed, but rough underneath; yellowish paint; traces of band decoration in red paint (possibly a band on the upper surface of the rim and another on the interior, below the rim). Room 1 CW 150 (P89/834, SM 12412; Lr II; Fig. 20). Thin tray. Small part of the rim and base/body preserved, mended from seven sherds. H. 3.2; rim d. 39.2; w. 10.8; rim th. 1.1; body th. 1; base th. 0.8. Rounded rim. Straight-sided body. Flat base. Fabric: cF16. Brown, very worn slip on the interior surface and on the rim exterior. Rough underneath. Traces of burning on the interior surface. Pit Θ CW 151 (P85/A522, SM 12225; Lr I). Thin tray. Small part of the rim, body, and base preserved. H. 3.5;

rim d. 35; w. 6; rim th. 1.4; body th. 2.4; base th. 0.5 (badly preserved). Rim with squared section. Straightsided body. Flat base. Fabric: cF9. Handmade. Self-slip, smoothed, on the interior and exterior surfaces except for the inferior part of the base, which was left rough. CW 152 (P85/A573; Lr II; Fig. 20; Pl. 19). Thin tray. Part of the base, body/rim, and handle preserved. H. 3.2; w. 10.6; th. 1.1. Thickened rim with squared section. Straight-sided body. Flat base. Horizontal handle, rising above the rim, with circular section. Coarse reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 6/6. Thick slip of the same color. Very rough underneath. Two small shallow cavities on the handle. Narrow Passage between Houses I.1 and I.2 CW 153 (P86/956, SM 12150; Lr II). Thin tray. Small part of the base/body and rim preserved. H. 3.1; w. 4.7; th. 1.2. Plain rim. Shallow straight-sided body. Medium, light reddish-brown clay, 5YR 6/4. Self-slip. Traces of burning on the exterior surface.

Group 5: Squared Rim, Straight-Sided Flaring Body Room Ξ CW 154 (P86/A260, SM 12102; Lr III). Thin tripod tray. A large fragment of the rim, body, base and leg preserved. H. 3.5; w. 7; th. 0.9. Traces of burning. Rim with squared section. Almost straight-sided body with handle attachment preserved. Flat base with attachment of a flat leg with elliptical section. Buff, pink clay, 5YR 8/3, with many inclusions, especially of schist, and a gray core. Self-slipped. Pit Θ CW 155 (P85/A537; Lr II; Pl. 19). Thin tray. Four rim, body, base, and handle fragments preserved. Joined with P85/234. The leg attachment preserved. H. 4.5; rim d. 31; base d. 30; base th. 1; rim and body th. 1.3; leg attachment dims. 6.5 x 3.4. Squared ri m. Horizontal handle with circular section at the rim. Straightsided, slightly flaring body. Flat, slightly convex base. Leg with elliptical section and a vertical raised band. Fabric: cR1. Thick light orange slip on the rim and upper body. Rough underneath. Room Λ CW 156 (P86/1167; Lr II). Thin tray. A small part of the base, body, and rim preserved. H. 3.5; rim d. 50; rim th. 1.8; body th. 1.8–2.0; base th. 1.3. Squared thickened rim. Shallow straight-sided body, slightly flaring. Fabric: cF1. Wheelmade? Interior surface: light brown slip, smoothed and burnished. Exterior surface: smoothed (without slip), rough underneath. Clay core burned.

COOKING WARES

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West Courtyard

West Courtyard

CW 157 (P88/593; Lr I; Fig. 20). Thin tray. A small part of the base, body, and rim preserved. H. 3.7; rim d. 35; rim th. 1.3; body th. 1.4; base th. 1.2; max. pres. dims. 12 x 4. Flat rim with squared section. Straight-sided, slightly flaring body. Flat base. Fabric: vcT1. Handmade. Self-slip smoothed on both surfaces. Rough underneath. Traces of burning on the interior of the base and on the rim.

CW 163 (P88/563; Lr I; Fig. 21). Thin tripod tray. Small part of the rim, body, and base with traces of the leg preserved. H. 4.1; rim d. 31; rim th. 0.8; body th. 0.9; base th. 0.8. Outcurving pronounced rim. Rounded body. Flat base. Leg with flat oval section. Over-fired. Handmade. Self-slipped and smoothed on both surfaces. Rough underneath.

Group 6: Squared Rim, Rounded Body

CW 164 (P85/A538; Lr II; Fig. 21). Thin tray. Small part of the rim, body, and base preserved. Pres. h. 3.2; rim d. 21; w. 8.9; rim th. 1.3; body th. 1; base th. 0.8. Outcurving marked rim, flattened on the top. Shallow body with rounded profile. Flat base. Fabric: cF4. Possibly wheelmade. Buff thin slip and worn reddish-brown paint (originally monochrome) on both surfaces. Exterior surface worn. Rough underneath. Cooking fabric, but slipped and painted surfaces. Probably the same vessel as CW 162.

North-Northwest of House I.1 (Area Σ) CW 158 (P90/1430, SM 12384; Lr I; Fig. 20; Pl. 19). Thin tray. Small part of the rim and base/body preserved. H. 4.4; rim d. 30.8; w. 9.9; rim th. 1.1; body th. 1.4; base th. 1.6. Flat rim with squared section. Rounded shallow body. Flat base. Fabric: vcF8. Wheelmade. Thick self-slip, well smoothed, on both surfaces, including the underneath. Traces of burning on the exterior, especially under the base. CW 159 (P90/bag 287/1; Lr I; Fig. 20). Thin tray. Part of the rim, body, and base preserved. H. 4.2; th. 1.3. Flat rim with squared section. Rounded shallow body. Flat base. Coarse red clay, 10R 4/6. Self-slipped. Traces of burning.

Group 7: High-Sided, Rounded Body Room E CW 160 (P85/A472, SM 12447; Lr II; Fig. 21). Thick tray. Part of the base and rim preserved. Rounded plain rim. Rounded body, slightly incurving. Flat base. Rim d. 60; max. pres. dims. 8.3 x 8 x 1.3. Fabric: cF7. Selfslipped on both surfaces. Area Φ CW 161 (P86/875, SM 12167; Lr II; Fig. 21). Thin tray. Small part of the base/body and rim preserved. H. 4.7; base d. 24; w. 8.4; th. 1. Plain rim. Rounded body. Flat base. Medium, light reddish-brown clay, 5YR 6/4, with many inclusions. Thick slip of the same color.

Group 8: Everted Rim, Rounded Body Room E CW 162 (P85/A417, SM 12436; Lr I). Thin tripod tray. Small part of the rim, body, and base preserved. H. 3.3; w. 4.6; th. 0.7. Outcurving, marked rim, flattened on the top. Shallow body with rounded profile. Flat base preserving the attachment of a leg. Medium, dusky red clay, 10R 3/3, with several inclusions. Brown slip. Rough underneath. Probably the same vessel as CW 164.

Pit Θ

Portable Hearths/Ovens Few sherds from the House I assemblage belong to possible portable hearths/ovens (Fig. 21). These vessels are very similar to cooking trays, but the walls continue below the base, as if on a stand. As usual, East Crete offers the best parallels, epecially Palaikastro (Knappet and Cunningham 2003, 154, nos. 290, 291, 295, fig. 36 [MM IIIB]; MacGillivray et al. 2007, fig. 3.22:116 [LM IB–IIIA:1]). At LM IB Mochlos, there are both thinner and thicker examples (for thicker trays, see Barnard and Brogan 2003, figs. 51:IB.582, IB.590, 52:IB.597). From LM IB Pseira, Area BX, thick and thin trays are also present (Betancourt and Davaras, eds., 1999, fig. 40:BX5 [thick tray], BX8, BX9 [thick trays]). Other trays come from LM IB Poros (Banou 2011, 501, fig. 1:d); from Kommos at the LM IA–IB Oblique House (Watrous 1992, 10– 11, no. 187, pl. 20) and an MM III context (Betancourt 1980, 10, nos. C429 [thin tray], C643 [thin tray], fig. 4, with other thick trays from LM IIIB contexts); from Phaistos and Selì-Kamilari (a thin tray from the Volakakis plot; see La Rosa and Cucuzza 2001, 103, no. XX-33, fig. 262); and from the Neopalatial Maison Zα at Malia (Demargne and Gallet de Santerre 1953, pl. XLI:5).

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West Courtyard CW 165 (P88/753, SM 12213; Lr I; Fig. 21). Possible portable oven, almost complete profile. Part of the rim, body, base, and handle preserved. Pres. h. 9.2; rim d. ca. 40; w. 9.4; upper th. 2.4; lower th. 1.2; handle central d. 2.6. Rounded thickened rim. Straight-sided body. Flat base, at ca. one-half of the preserved height of the vessel. Horizontal, oblique handle with circular section, on lower part of the preserved body. Fabric: vcF7. Interior surface: thick smoothed slip, lustrous. Exterior surface: self-slipped, smoothed. Traces of burning on the interior surface, with traces of burning on the exterior surface. CW 166-EMP 256 (P90/1311, SM 12383; Lakkos deposit; Fig. 21; Pl. 27). Tripod tray. Part of the rim, body, and base preserved. H. 5.2; rim d. 45; w. 7.5; L. 11.3; th. 1.5. Rounded rim. Slightly flaring body. Convex base with traces of a leg attachment. Fabric: vcT1. Thick slip with mica of the same color on the interior and exterior surfaces except for the underside of the base, which was left rough.

Cooking Dishes Cooking dish fragments are quite abundant in House I.1 (Fig. 22; Pl. 20). Although it is one of the most common Minoan cooking shapes, its function is still debated. The distinction between portable hearths and portable ovens is not easy on the basis of fragmentary items. An example of a portable “hearth” has been recently published from Palaikastro, Building 4, LM IB (Hemingway, MacGillivray, and Sackett 2011, 526, fig. 10:a, b). Burn marks recur especially on the exterior parts of the cooking dish fragments, suggesting that these vessels were probably placed on a bed of coals to create a warm surface for toasting, roasting, frying, and cooking thin bread. The deeper examples would have been suitable for making soups, while other cooking dishes could have been used to make cheese and dyes. Parallels come from Kommos (Betancourt 1980, 5–7, where the shape is compared to the modern oriental wok); Kavousi (LM IIIC, Mook 1999); Zakros (LM I, Gerondakou 2000); Kastelli Chania (LM IIIC, Hallager and Hallager, eds., 2000, 160, 168); Mochlos (LM IB, Barnard and Brogan 2003, 82–83); the Unexplored Mansion at Knossos (LM II, Popham 1984, 174); and Phaistos (LM IIIC, Borgna 1997, 200).

Cooking dishes have an elongated shape with a rounded bottom and large spout on the short, straight side. They are made with extremely thin walls in order to allow the heat to pass through, while the rims tend to be thicker. The interior surface is generally water-wiped and smoothed, while the exterior is left rough. The dishes are handmade with rim diameters from 30 to 90 cm, with an average between 40 and 60 cm. In many ways, they have the same use as a kitchen plate or the traditional Cretan μαγκάλια (Blitzer 1984, 149–150, fig. 18-5:8; Sarpaki 2001, 39; for a larger discussion of the subject, see Barnard and Brogan 2003, 83). In excavations, they are usually found broken and reused in various ways, suggesting the vessels were fragile and used only a few times before they broke. On the basis of the impressions found on the underside of some vessels, it is argued that cooking dishes were handmade in a mold, either in woven baskets or directly on the ground. The rims were probably attached separately while the vessels were still wet, and the interior was then smoothed. In order to cover the join, clay was probably drawn up from the interior, thereby producing the characteristic thinning out of the bottom. On the basis of thickness and dimensions, cooking dishes can be divided into two classes: the more common medium-sized examples and the rarer thicker and larger examples (Alberti 2011, 2012). Thirty-four examples are cataloged below.

Medium-Sized Cooking Dishes These vessels are approximately 1 cm thick and have estimated diameters ranging from 20 to 60 cm. They occur far more frequently than the larger examples and can be grouped according to the shape of the rim. The proposed grouping is based both on the Petras (Houses I.1 and II.1) and Malia (Complex PI) evidence, but the various types of profiles are not equally attested at both sites. Thus, Groups 2 (raised rim), 4 (very incurving rim), 6 bis (thickened rim of squared section), and 7 (thickened inverted rim) are not attested in Petras House I.1. It is generally agreed that these dishes were left near or inside the hearths. At Kommos, fragments of cooking dishes appear in open hearths, while

COOKING WARES

fragments of cooking pots prevail in the closed hearths (Shaw and Shaw, eds., 1996, 225; but see the evidence from Papadiokampos for another point of view [Brogan, Sofianou, and Morrison 2011, 583–585]). Group 1: Plain Rim, Slightly Rounded Area Φ CW 167 (P90/1462; Lr IV; Fig. 22). Cooking dish. Spout fragment. Rim th. 0.9; body th. 0.6–0.8; max. pres. dims. 10 x 5. Plain rim, slightly rounded and everted. Handmade. Fabric: cP4. Interior surface: thick pinkish slip, smoothed. Exterior surface: rough. Traces of burning on the exterior.

Group 3: Thickened Triangular Rim Room Λ CW 168 (P86/A296; Lr II; Fig. 22). Cooking dish. Body fragment. Pres. h. 4.7; rim th. 0.8; body th. 0.4. Thickened triangular rim. Slightly curved body profile. Handmade. Over-fired. Fabric: semi-coarse, with phyllite inclusions. Interior surface: thick orange slip. Exterior surface: rough and badly preserved, with traces of burning.

Group 5: Plain, almost Flat Rim Room E CW 169 (P86/807; Lr II; Fig. 22). Cooking dish. Body fragment. Two non-joining fragments: (a) rim and body fragment. Max. pres. dims. 4.8 x 5 x 0.7; (b) rim and body fragment. Plain rim. Handmade. Coarse reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 6/8. Self-slipped. Staircase Y CW 170 (P86/bag 110/3; Lr I). Cooking dish. Body and rim fragment. Pres. dims. 2.6 x 3.7 x 0.7. Plain, slightly rounded rim. Handmade. Medium, red clay, 10R 4/6, with some inclusions and silver mica. Exterior surface rough, with traces of burning. Area O CW 171 (P86/bag 60/3; Lr I; Fig. 22). Cooking dish. Rim fragment. Pres. dims. 4.7 x 6.7 x 0.9. Plain, slightly rounded rim. Handmade. Medium, reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 6/6, with mica inclusions. Interior surface: selfslipped, smoothed. Exterior surface: rough. House I.2 CW 172 (P89/bag 234/5; Lr I). Cooking dish. Rim fragment. Max. pres. dims. 1.5 x 7.2 x 1. Plain, slightly

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rounded rim. Handmade. Coarse red clay, 10R 4/6. Interior surface: self-slipped. Exterior surface: rough. Area Φ CW 173 (P90/1459; Lr IV). Cooking dish. Spout fragment. Rim fragment. Rim th. 0.9; body th. 0.5; max. pres. dims. 4.5 x 5.5. Plain rim. Handmade. Fabric: mcF9. Interior surface: thick micaceous slip, smoothed. Exterior surface: thick micaceous slip, left rough. Traces of burning on the exterior surface. West Courtyard CW 174 (P88/bag 61/2; Lr I; Fig. 22). Cooking dish. Rim fragment. Max. pres. dims. 5.4 x 7.9 x 1.2. Plain, slightly thickened rim. Handmade. Medium, yellowishred clay, 5YR 4/6, with few inclusions. Interior surface: brown slip. Exterior surface: rough.

Group 6: Squared Rim Area Φ CW 175 (P90/1416b; Lr IV; Fig. 22). Cooking dish. Spout fragment. Approximately 15 joining fragments, forming the side, spout, and rim. 15.28 x 28.34; rim th. 1.1; body th. 0.8–0.6. Squared rim, slightly outcurving. Interior surface: self-slipped, smoothed. Exterior surface: rough, with traces of burning. LM III. Room Λ CW 176 (P86/1216; Lr II). Cooking dish. Rim and body fragment, mended from two sherds. Max. pres. dims. 5.5 x 16.5 x 1. Handmade. Squared rim. Slightly rounded body profile. Fabric: cF1. Wheelmade? Interior surface: thick self-slip, smoothed. Exterior surface: very rough. Traces of burning on both surfaces. Room Ξ CW 177 (P86/bag 128/4; Lr III). Cooking dish. Rim and body fragment. Max. pres. dims. 3.3 x 6.3 x 1. Handmade. Medium, light reddish-brown clay, 5YR 6/4. Interior surface: self-slipped. Exterior surface: rough. Pit Θ CW 178 (P85/A507; Lr II). Cooking dish. Rim and body fragment. Rim th. 0.8; max. pres. dims. 4.5 x 7.5 x 0.8. Squared rim. Handmade. Fabric: mcF3. Interior surface: self-slipped, smoothed. Exterior surface: rough. Pit I CW 179 (P85/bag 94/4; Lr II). Cooking dish. Rim fragment. Rim th. 1.1; max. pres. dims. 5.4 x 9. Squared rim. Handmade. Coarse red clay, 10R 4/6. Interior surface: self-slipped. Exterior surface: rough, with intense traces of burning.

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House I.2 CW 180 (P86/A282, SM 12293; Lr II; Fig. 22). Cooking dish. Rim, body, and base fragment; mended from 10 sherds. H. 9.2; w. 23; rim th. 0.9. Squared rim. Elliptical body with curved profile. Handmade. Coarse red clay, 10R 4/6. Interior surface: self-slipped. Exterior surface: rough and burned. Area Φ CW 181 (P90/1457; Lr IV; Fig. 22). Cooking dish. Rim and spout fragment. Rim th. 1.1; body th. 0.9–0.8; Max. pres. dims. 19 x 6.5. Squared rim, slightly everted. Handmade. Fabric: cF8 (pinkish). Interior surface: smoothed. Exterior surface: rough. Traces of burning on the exterior surface. CW 182 (P90/1460; Lr IV; Fig. 22). Cooking dish. Rim and spout fragment. Rim th. 1; body th. 0.8. max. pres. dims. 4.5 x 8. Squared rim, slightly everted. Handmade. Fabric: cF2. Interior surface: beige slip, smoothed. Exterior surface: rough. Traces of burning on the exterior. CW 183 (P90/bag 187/5; Lr IV). Cooking dish. Rim fragment. Max. pres. dims. 4.2 x 6.3 x 1. Squared rim, slightly everted. Handmade. Coarse weak red clay, 2.5YR 4/2, with gray core. Interior surface: selfslipped. Exterior surface: rough. South-Southeast Courtyard CW 184 (P89/bag 304/10; East of Area Z and Room Π; Lr I). Cooking dish. Rim fragment. Max. pres. dims. 3 x 4.9 x 0.8. Squared rim, slightly everted. Handmade. Coarse dark yellowish-brown clay, 10YR 4/4. Interior surface: self-slipped. Exterior surface: rough, with traces of burning. Pit I CW 185 (P85/A488, SM 12544; Lr II). Cooking dish. Two rim fragments. Rim th. 1; body th. 0.4; max. pres. dims. 7.6 x 9.5 x 0.8 and 9 x 4.5. Squared rim, slightly everted. Handmade. Fabric: cF12. Interior surface: Self-slipped, smoothed. Exterior surface: rough. Traces of burning on the exterior surface.

5.5 x 1. Thickened rounded rim. Handmade. Coarse gray clay, 5Y 6/1, with many inclusions. Interior surface: thick self-slip. Exterior surface: rough. Room Λ CW 188 (P86/bag 171/3; Lr II). Cooking dish. Rim and spout fragment, mended from two sherds. Max. pres. dims. 7.5 x 7.3 x 1.1. Rounded, slightly outcurving rim. Handmade. Medium, light yellowish-brown clay, 10YR 6/4, with many inclusions and gray core. Interior surface: smooth. Exterior surface: rough and burned. Corridor B-Δ CW 189 (P89/bag 260/3; Lr III; Fig. 22). Cooking dish. Rim fragment. Max. pres. dims. 7 x 4.1 x 0.7. Rounded, slightly outcurving rim. Handmade. Coarse reddish-yellow clay, 7.5YR 6/8, with many inclusions. Interior surface: self-slip. Exterior surface: rough. Traces of burning on both surfaces. Area Φ CW 190 (P90/1458; Lr IV; Fig. 22). Cooking dish. Rim fragments. Rim th. 1.2; body th. 0.8; max. pres. dims. 5.2 x 4.2. Thickened rounded rim, slightly everted. Handmade. Fabric: mcF10. Interior surface: pinkishorange slip, smoothed. Exterior surface: pinkish-orange slip, left rough. Traces of burning on the exterior. CW 191 (P90/1461; Lr IV). Cooking dish. Rim fragments. Rim th. 0.9; body th. 0.4. Thickened rounded rim, slightly everted. Handmade. Fabric: cF3. Interior surface: thick dark orange slip, smoothed. Exterior surface: rough. Traces of burning on the exterior. CW 192 (P90/bag 240/3; Lr IV; Fig. 22). Cooking dish. Rim fragment. Max. pres. dims. 4.8 x 6.4 x 1.2. Thickened, rounded, and slightly everted rim. Handmade. Coarse reddish-yellow clay, 7.5YR 6/8, with many inclusions. Interior surface: thick self-slip. Exterior surface: rough.

Group 9: Thickened Everted Rim, Triangular Section Area Φ

Group 8: Thickened Rounded Rim Corridor B-Δ CW 186-EMP 25 (P90/bag 151/3; Lr IV; Fig. 22). Cooking dish. Rim and body fragment. Max. pres. dims. 3.9 x 5.8 x 1.1. Thickened rounded rim. Handmade. Coarse dark grayish-brown clay, 10YR 4/2, with many inclusions and gray core. Traces of burning on the exterior surface. North-Northwest of House I.1 (Area Σ) CW 187 (P90/bag 192/6; Lr I; Fig. 22). Cooking dish. Rim and body fragment. Max. pres. dims. 4.6 x

CW 193 (P86/bag 192/4; Lr III; Fig. 22). Cooking dish. Rim and body fragment. Max. pres. dims. 2.3 x 3.7 x 1. Thickened everted rim with a triangular section. Handmade. Medium, gray clay, 10YR 5/1, with several inclusions and orange surfaces. Self-slipped. Corridor B-Δ CW 194 (P85/bag 47/7; Lr I; Fig. 22). Cooking dish. Rim fragment. Max. pres. dims. 4.8 x 4.4 x 1.4. Thickened everted rim with triangular section. Handmade. Coarse reddish-yellow clay, 7.5YR 6/8. Self-slipped.

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Group 10: High Carinated Rim Pit Θ CW 195 (P85/A364, SM 12047; Lr I; Fig. 22; Pl. 20). Complete cooking dish. Joins with P85/A368. H. 13.5; interior h. 12.5–13.5; w. 42; L. 58; rim th. 1.5; capacity 6.5 L. Tall carinated rim. Large, shallow, rounded body. Opposite the spout, small horizontal handle of circular section under the rim (half has been restored). On both sides of the spout, small circular lugs. Elliptical body. Convex asymmetrical base. Handmade. Fabric: vcF1 (light brown). Interior surface and exterior rim: phyllite-based, orange slip, smoothed, deeply worn in many places. Exterior surface below the rim: rough.

Group 11: Rounded Everted Rim Pit Θ CW 196 (P85/239, SM 12365; Lr II). Cooking dish. Body and spout fragment. Two non-joining rim and body fragments, one mended from two sherds. Max. pres. dims. (a) 6.5 x 4.3 x 0.9; (b) 6.9 x 6.8 x 0.9. Rounded everted rim, slightly outcurving. Handmade. Medium, pink clay, 2.5YR 8/3, with many inclusions, especially schist. Interior surface: self-slipped, smoothed. Exterior surface: rough. Area Φ CW 197 (P90/1456; Lr IV; Fig. 22). Cooking dish. Spout fragment with four rim fragments and a body sherd preserved. Rim th. 0.9; body th. 0.6–0.8; max. pres. dims. 9 x 14. Rounded everted rim, slightly outcurving. Handmade. Fabric: cF1. Interior surface: thick beige slip, smoothed. Exterior surface: rough. Traces of burning on both surfaces.

Thick Cooking Dishes These are clearly larger and thicker than the other examples, with a body thickness over 1 cm (Fig. 22). Room Λ CW 198 (P86/889; Lr II). Thick and large cooking dish. Only a very small part of the base/body and rim preserved. H. 1.9; w. 2.9; th. 0.9. Outcurving thickened rim with triangular section. Medium, strong brown clay, 7.5YR 5/6, with many inclusions, especially mica. Thick self-slip. North-Northwest of House I.1 (Area Σ) CW 199 (P90/bag 59/2; Lr I; Fig. 22). Cooking dish. Rim fragment. Max. pres. dims. 1.4 x 3.2 x 1. Outcurving rim with strongly marked lower limit. Coarse weak

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red clay, 2.5YR 4/2, with gray core. Interior surface: self-slipped. Exterior surface: rough. CW 200 (P90/bag 111/2; Lr I; Fig. 22). Cooking dish. Rim fragment. Max. pres. dims. 3.5 x 4.4 x 0.8. Irregular, squared rim. Coarse brown clay, 7.5YR 5/4, with gray core. Interior surface: smooth. Exterior surface: rough. Traces of burning.

Firestands The definition and function of the firestand/spitrest is still uncertain (Fig. 21; Pl. 20), but the type of fabric used and the traces of burning sometimes found on the sides point to a connection with cooking fires. A full discussion and typological analysis is given by Scheffer (spit-supports with scalloped tops), where three different shapes are recognized (Scheffer 1984, 155–156, fig. 1). A critical review of the shape is provided by Hallager and Hallager (eds., 2000, 162) and Georgiou (1983, 78–80). A nearly complete example is known from LM IB Palaikastro (Hemingway, MacGillivray, and Sackett 2011, 527). For additional examples from Malia and Phaistos, see the discussions by Chapoutier and Demargne (1942, 51), where types A and B are illustrated, and Levi and Carinci (1988). The stands were probably used to hold spits with meat over coals or legless cooking pots. At Petras, their fabric is quite distinctive, and it is very similar to that used for thick trays and plates. The current typology identifies examples with vertical walls (types A and B, which are probably variations of the same type) and incurving walls (type C; see Scheffer 1984). All types are characterized by a series of depressions on the rim that have been interpreted as rests for the spits.

Scheffer Type A Firestands of this type have vertical walls and a horizontal base. They generally occur both in the simple single form (with one vertical wall) or in the double form (with two vertical walls, one in front of the other). These vessels show signs of being cut with a string on the three sides. The surface

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is slipped and smoothed, with the exception of the base, which was left rough. Pit Θ CW 201 (P85/A484, SM 12555; Lr I; Fig. 21). Firestand. Part of the rim, body, and base preserved; mended from two sherds. Joins with P85/A492. H. 11.5; L. 1.4. Five deep grooves on rim (0.9 x 1.2). Straightsided, slightly incurving walls, particularly tall and thin. Flat base, very rough underneath. Handmade. Pinkish-gray clay, 7.5YR 7/2, with a brownish-gray core. Thin buff slip. CW 202 (P85/A512, SM 12561; Lr I). Firestand. Fragmentary. Max. pres. dims. 5 x 6.4 x 2.8. One cavity on the rim preserved. Handmade. Coarse reddishyellow clay, 5YR 6/8. No slip is preserved. CW 203 (P85/A577, SM 12563; Lr II; Fig. 21). Firestand. H. 11; w. 10.3; th. 3.2. Straight-sided walls. Three grooves on the upper part; one extremity is finished. Traces of flat base. Handmade. Fabric: vcF4. Interior surface: thick light slip, smoothed. Exterior surface: thick light slip, burned. South-Southeast Courtyard CW 204 (P89/bag 304/2; Lr I). Firestand. Fragmentary, part of one extremity is preserved, from rim to base. Max. pres. h. 7.3; max. pres. L. 11; rim th. 2.2. Squared rim. Straight-sided walls. Handmade. Coarse red clay, 10R 4/6. North-Northwest of House I.1 (Area Σ) CW 205 (P90/1436, SM 12392; Lr I). Fragment of a firestand. Max. pres. dims. 6 x 4.2 x 1.8. Rim and upper body fragment. Two grooves on the rim. Straightsided body. Handmade. Fabric: vcF8. Thick self-slip on both surfaces. Traces of burning on the rim.

Scheffer Type C Examples of this shape are less common not just at Petras, but in general. This vessel type resembles a pan or plate made with depressions on the rim, with two sides joining at one edge; it was probably used to hold spits above fire/embers or to transport embers or charcoal. The recorded examples have a slipped and smoothed exterior and rough interior. Room Λ CW 206 (P86/972; Lr I; Pl. 20). Firestand. Preserves the upper part with horizontal grooves and straightsided wall with rounded edges. Max. pres. dims. 8.4 x 8 x 2.3. Fabric: cF1. Handmade. Buff to brown thick slip on the exterior surface. Rough interior surface. Over-fired.

Area Φ CW 207 (P86/616; Lr II; Fig. 21; Pl. 20). Firestand. Joins with P86/A178 and P86/1295. Part of the body, rim, and one side preserved. Max. pres. dims. 11 x 26 x 1.3–3; rim th. 1.8–2.4; body th. 1.5–2.8. Seven-anda-half cavities on the upper part. Straight-sided walls, joining to the upper part and on the edge. Handmade. Fabric: vcFCa1. Self-slipped on the exterior surface; interior left rough.

General Remarks: Typological Transformations of Minoan Cooking Wares from MM IIIB to LM IB As already mentioned, the wares in cooking fabric from Petras House I.1 are easily assigned to the LM IA period on typological grounds. Indeed, during the Neopalatial period (MM IIIB–LM IB) both cooking pots and jars undergo some typological transformations before they ultimately reach the typical LM IB shapes (Table 4). In general terms, there is a trajectory from an open-mouthed vessel system (MM) to a narrow-mouthed vessel system (LM IB), and it is perhaps worthwhile to examine this evolution in some detail, comparing the vases from the two periods at Palaikastro, Malia, Knossos, and the Mesara. At Palaikastro, we can compare a MM IIIB assemblage with large-mouthed type B and incurved-rim type C cooking pots and cooking pans (Knappett and Cunningham 2003, 154, nos. 290, 291, 295, figs. 20–22, 36–38, 46) with a LM IB one, where, alongside the same shapes, a more globular and narrow-mouthed pan, a type D necked cooking pot, a large-based cooking jar, a piriform jar, and a hole-mouthed decorated jar with raised rim are present (Sackett and Popham 1970, figs. 14, 16–18). The settlement on the coast at Mochlos provides examples of LM IB shapes, such as cooking pots of types A, AB, B, and D, hole-mouthed jars, and amphoroid jars (Barnard and Brogan 2003, figs. 34, 41, 47–49). Middle Minoan II Quartier Mu at Malia is the best reference for the original MM shapes (Poursat and Knappett 2005) to be compared with the Neopalatial vessels from the houses in the town, including cooking pots of types AB and D, amphoroid jars

COOKING WARES

( jarres-brocs), and necked jars (Demargne and Gallet de Santerre 1953, pl. XXXI:5–7; Deshayes and Dessenne 1959, figs. 1, 3, pl. X). At MM IIIB Knossos, a traditional assemblage includes cooking pans, type B cooking pots, and large-mouthed but narrow-based “cooking jars” (Warren 1991, fig. 5:e; Hatzaki 2007a, KS 178 Group, figs. 5.6:11–13, 5.7:2–3, 5.9:2, 5). The assemblage for LM IA Knossos seems to be similar (Hatzaki 2007a, Gypsades Well Upper Deposit Group, figs. 5.1, 5.16:4, 5.19:3), while in LM IB a necked jar, a piriform jar, and an amphoroid jar are recorded (Catling, Catling, and Smyth 1979, Acropolis Houses, fig. 34; Hatzaki 2007a, SEX North House Group, fig. 5.27:1). A similar evolution is attested also in the Mesara—even if with some differences—at Kommos (Rutter 2004; Rutter and Van de Moortel 2006), Hagia Triada (MM IIIB; Girella 2005), Selì-Kamilari Phaistos (LM IA; La Rosa and Cucuzza 2001), Phaistos-Chalara (LM IB; Palio 2001a), and Phaistos Hagia Photini (Palio 2001b). As for jars, four basic shapes are attested in general: large-mouthed (from MM onward), narrow-mouthed/hole-mouthed (from MM onward), necked (LM IB), and piriform (LM IB). Both large-mouthed jars in cooking fabric and hole-mouthed/incurving rim jars belong to the MM tradition, with some variations and transformations from site to site. During LM IB, these two types acquire new characteristics: large-mouthed jars, at least at some sites, develop into the socalled amphoroid shape (according to the Mochlos terminology), with a trend toward taller vessels with larger bases, a large, almost cylindrical body, and an everted rim. Large-mouthed jars in cooking fabric are variously attested during the Neopalatial period at sites such as LM IB Chania (Andreadaki-Vlazaki 2011, 70, fig. 21:d); MM IIIB Knossos (KS 178 Group; Hatzaki 2007a, fig. 5.9:2); LM IB Knossos (Royal Road North; Hood 2011, 173, figs. 52, 61:P423); and MM IIIB Hagia Triada (Girella 2005, 372, fig. 2). At LM IB Papadiokampos, cooking jars are clearly part of the local cooking set (Brogan, Sofianou, and Morrison 2011, 584– 585, fig. 36). In most LM IB cases, the evolution of cooking jars toward a larger type, the amphoroid jar, is completed (for Palaikastro, see Sackett and Popham 1970, fig. 17:NP 63, NP 100; for Petras,

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House II, see Tsipopoulou 2011a, fig. 24, “pithoid jar”; for Mochlos, see Barnard and Brogan 2003, fig. 41:IB.424, IB.425; for Malia, see Demargne and Gallet de Santerre 1953, pl. XXXI:5; for Knossos, SEX North House Group, see Hatzaki 2007a, fig. 5.27:1; for Kommos, see Rutter 2004, fig. 4.5, top). At LM IB Phaistos, these jars seem to be different: large-mouthed, but with a narrow base (Palio 2001a, fig. 49:g; 2001b, 249, fig. 7). Hole-mouthed jar types, on the other hand, now have a slightly raised rim, pushing them toward the “necked” category. Necked jars come from the MM tradition and develop according to the new trend, while piriform jars are a LM IB novelty; both of these types are less often attested in cooking fabric and probably are used primarily for storage. Among cooking pots, as mentioned above, five basic shapes can be identified: large-mouthed, cylindrical (Betancourt type B; Fig. 11); largemouthed, with an incurving rim (Alberti type C); medium-mouthed (Alberti type AB; Fig. 11); narrow-mouthed and globular (Betancourt type A; Fig. 12); and narrow-mouthed and necked with a pronounced shoulder (Alberti type D). Openmouthed types (types B and C) belong to the MM tradition and continue beyond it, while the narrowmouthed cooking pots (types A, AB, D) are a new development, seemingly regionally based. Indeed, their appearance is a possible LM I innovation in eastern Crete: types AB and A are apparently attested only at Petras and Mochlos in LM IA and LM IB, and at Palaikastro in LM IB, with some examples of the intermediate AB type also at Malia in LM IA. During LM IB, the type D necked cooking pot is recorded once again also from eastern Crete and Malia (for type D, see Deshayes and Dessenne 1959, fig. 3, pl. X [Malia]; Sackett and Popham 1970, fig. 19:NP120 [Palaikastro]). It seems then that in the transformation trend toward narrow-mouthed vessels, each region had its own trajectory, with some innovations more widespread, and others, especially concerning cooking wares, concentrated in East Crete, with the site of Malia partially involved. The study of the assemblages from Petras House I.1 (LM IA) and II.1 (LM IB) confirm the pattern and assign the site to the “innovator” centers of eastern Crete. However, future publications could considerably change or improve the picture.

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Acknowledgments I wish to express my warmest thanks to both Metaxia Tsipopoulou (Ministry of Culture, Director Emerita, National Archive of Monuments, formerly 24th Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities) and Stavroula Apostolakou (24th Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities) for giving me the opportunity to study and publish this corpus of material facilitating my study, and to Paola Càssola Guida and Elisabetta Borgna (University of Udine) and Emanuele Greco (Scuola Archeologica Italiana di Atene [SAIA]) for their support during my Ph.D. and postdoctoral studies. For the study of the coarse wares from Malia, I wish to thank Maia Pomadère (Ecole française d’Athènes and Université de Picardie) for entrusting me with the study of the coarse wares from Complex Pi, and along with the other members of the Pi team, for the collaboration over these years (especially Charlotte Langohr, Christophe Gaston, Thibaut Gomrée, and Birgit Konnemann).

The large part of the work at the Siteia Museum was funded by a Ph.D. scholarship from the University of Udine (2001–2005) and a postdoctoral scholarship from SAIA (2005). Special thanks are due to my colleagues Garifalia Kostopoulou, Maria Psallida, and Clio Zervaki for their continuous help and encouragement during all these years of work. My special thanks go to M. Tsipopoulou, G. Kostopoulou, and M. Psallida for sharing with me the reconstruction of House I.1 find contexts. Many thanks also to Eleni Nodarou for her help and advice in petrographic and related subjects. Without the help and assistance of the staff at both the Hagios Nikolaos and Siteia Museums and the INSTAP Study Center for East Crete, this study would not have been completed. The drawings have been reworked and inked by Giuliano Merlatti. Pictures are by M. Tsipopoulou and Chronis Papa­ nikolopoulos. I take full responsibility for whatever errors remain.

4

Early and Middle Minoan Pottery by Maria Relaki

The Pre- and Protopalatial phases of House I.1 present a complex picture, particularly because the construction of the Neopalatial building has greatly damaged any earlier remains. Despite such disruption, a substantial amount of Middle Minoan and a modest quantity of Early Minoan pottery has been revealed in some of the rooms, providing valuable information about the habitation and use of this area of the lower Petras Hill I before Neopalatial times. The bulk of the Protopalatial and earlier material derives mainly from the northwest, south, and southwest areas of the House, specifically from Room 1, Room A, Room Ξ, Corridor B-Δ, Pit I, Pit Θ, Area Φ, Staircase Y, Area O, Area Σ, and the West Courtyard. The majority of these spaces produced only a small amount of fragmentary pottery dating to the Pre- and Protopalatial periods, though more substantial deposits have been located in Area Φ (and associated areas of Staircase Y and Area O) and the West Courtyard. The southern and western limits of the latter area coincide with the so-called Protopalatial Lakkos in Sector III, a vast pit containing an exceptionally large amount of pottery dating mainly to

the MM IB period (Haggis 2007, 2012). Apart from the largest concentrations of MM pottery in House I.1, Area Φ and the West Courtyard also produced a variety of shapes and wares that allow us to form a tentative picture regarding both the use of space and the chronological development of the Protopalatial phase of House I.1. The present study focuses mainly on the ceramic material from these two areas, while also providing a brief overview of the Protopalatial (and some earlier) material from the entire complex (Figs. 23–29; Pls. 22–28). Few architectural remains can be attributed to the Protopalatial period in House I.1, and these are located mainly in Area Φ and the north part of the West Courtyard (at the northwest section of the house) and in Corridor B-Δ, Pit I, and Pit Θ (in the southeast wing of the house). The surviving walls are generally quite substantial and often preserved at considerable length and height, but the nature of the Middle Minoan pottery associated with them is, on the whole, fragmentary, the result of the damage and dispersal caused by later building on the same locations. Even though it was not always possible to

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associate complete assemblages with these architectural units, the surviving Protopalatial ceramic material most likely represents habitation levels and not secondary material, in the manner that the Lakkos assemblage reflects such a deliberate deposition. The different spaces examined of course have idiosyncrasies, but the existence of a building predating the construction of House I.1, located mainly under the western and southern half of this Neopalatial complex, seems likely. The material from each room will be presented briefly, followed by a general discussion of the entire assemblage in terms of its chronology, composition, and usage.

Room A The EM and MM pottery from Room A derives exclusively from Lr IV, the layer underneath the vat and the pithos of the wine-press installation. The pottery from this layer is fragmentary and consists of a variety of shapes. Chronologically it is divided into two main periods: (a) Early Minoan material, particularly of the earliest phases, EM I and EM IIA, as represented by a fragment of a Pyrgos chalice (EMP 3) and a body sherd of a dark-on-light painted Hagios Onouphrios Ware jug (EMP 4), though there is also one fragment of Fine Gray ware (EMP 5); and (b) Middle Minoan material (MM IB–II) represented by a wider range of shapes and finishes, particularly examples of light-on-dark decoration (black and red monochrome surfaces with added white paint). In terms of shapes, the EM material consists mainly of a variety of closed shapes, but with the occurrence of a bowl and the Pyrgos chalice. The MM sample, being larger, contains a greater range of shapes, which include a few cups, mainly handleless conical cups, and a wider variety of larger shapes, such as basins, jars, a cooking pot, a pithos, and a bridge-spouted jar with light-on-dark painted decoration (EMP 8).

Room Ξ, Room 1, and Corridor B-Δ From Room Ξ, two examples of MM pottery are published: a fragmentary lamp with barbotine

decoration (EMP 21) and a body sherd from a closed vessel (EMP 22) with relief and light-on-dark painted decoration. Although the two vases come from different layers (Lr III and Lr II, respectively), they were both found near W 23, but appear to belong to earlier material reused from different areas of the House (EMP 22 probably formed part of a mudbrick; see Tsipopoulou, Ch. 1, this vol.). Room Ξ is adjacent to Area Φ, Area O, and Staircase Y, which have produced a greater amount of MM material; therefore, it is probable that these examples are associated with the assemblage of Area Φ. From Room 1, a carinated cup with light-ondark decoration (EMP 23) was recovered from Lr II. Room 1 contained an assortment of mixed material with fragmentary vessels ranging in date from Final Neolithic to LM III. Cup EMP 23 typologically seems to belong to an early part of the MM IB period, possibly even to a late phase of MM IA. Despite the existence of architectural remains (W 47) dating to an earlier period inside Corridor B-Δ, not much associated pottery has been collected which can aid the precise dating of an earlier phase of House I.1. The material presented in this study consists of two fragments of cooking pots/dishes (EMP 24, EMP 25-CW 186) and an impressive pithos (EMP 26), which was found inverted, embedded into a red clay floor underneath the floor level of Corridor B-Δ. The overall stratigraphy and layout of the area suggests that Corridor B-Δ represents a later addition to House I.1 that destroyed any earlier remains present underneath.

Area Φ Area Φ is a rectangular, open courtyard located in the northwest corner of House I.1, immediately to the north and northeast of the West Courtyard. This area contains the most substantial remains dating to the Protopalatial period, both architecturally and in terms of ceramics. The excavation of Area Φ has revealed a complex stratigraphy that, however, allows for the distinction of a pure Protopalatial stratum in the western part of the area (Φ2, Lr IV), albeit with some intrusions of earlier material (EM III and MM IA) and representations of a range of Middle Minoan sub-periods (MM IB and MM IIA). Protopalatial and some Prepalatial material

EARLY AND MIDDLE MINOAN POTTERY

has also been found in the other layers excavated in Area Φ, but these are mainly sporadic finds that have probably been moved through the deposit due to the disruption caused by a modern terrace wall built in this area. It seems, however, that the western part of Area Φ had remained relatively free of later structures after its initial destruction in MM II, thus preserving the material underneath. The pottery presented here derives mainly from the purer Protopalatial level—Lr IV—with fragmentary vessels also found in Lr II and Lr III. Regardless of the layer in which it was found, all Protopalatial pottery retrieved from Area Φ appears chronologically homogeneous (see discussion below). The majority of the assemblage is characterized by drinking vessels, represented in a wide range of cups, including straight-sided cups, globular and S-profile cups, handleless, one-handled conical cups, rounded cups, carinated cups, and tumblers, while there are relatively very few bowls and saucers. Also present is a considerable number of larger serving and storing vessels, such as jugs, a range of jars (hole mouthed, some bridge spouted, very few pithoid), a limited number of cooking pots, and a few examples of special-use vases such as incense burners and lamps. The variety of cup shapes is notable, particularly in comparison to the other spaces in House I.1 from which earlier material derives; this, however, must be explained to some extent by the much larger quantities of Protopalatial pottery retrieved from Area Φ in comparison to the other rooms of the house. The West Courtyard is the only other space where drinking vessels are represented in comparable variety, though a smaller range of cup shapes is recorded from that space. However, the sample studied from this area was smaller. In terms of surface finishes, a similar variety is represented in Area Φ, with the bulk of the material bearing light-on-dark decoration, closely followed by monochrome, black, and red (and sometimes dark brown), and with some rare examples of polychrome decoration occurring almost exclusively on tumblers, with rare examples also seen on straightsided (EMP 31) and carinated (EMP 77) cups. A notable portion of the drinking vessels have spatter or trickle surface finishes, mainly dark paint on a light background, but the reverse—light paint on a dark background—is also present in several examples (EMP 72, EMP 89, EMP 111, EMP 114). The larger vessels are primarily left undecorated and are

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usually covered by a slip in the same color as the clay, though there are some examples of jars/jugs that have a monochrome surface finish and several examples of closed vases and amphorae with darkon-light painted decoration. Apart from very few examples of dark-on-light vases that can be dated to the EM period, Area Φ seems to follow a pattern whereby the drinking shapes mainly occur in lighton-dark, monochrome, and polychrome decoration while the serving or storing vases generally occur in a dark-on-light finish. Other serving shapes, such as fruitstands, are rare in this assemblage.

Staircase Y Staircase Y lies to the east of the West Courtyard and to the south-southeast of Area Φ. The excavation of Lr IV revealed some MM walls (W 25, W 26, and W 27) in the west part of Staircase Y1. All the ceramic material included in this report belongs either to Lr II or Lr IV (see Tsipopoulou, Ch. 1, this vol.; Fig. 2). Notable finds from Lr II are a protocarinated cup with a black lustrous background and added decoration of white bands (EMP 171), a red monochrome cup with internal handle (EMP 172), a fragment of a basin (EMP 177), and part of an incense burner (EMP 178). From Lr IV derived mainly cup fragments, either with black monochrome surfaces or with added white painted decoration. A notable example is a base and body fragment of a conical cup (EMP 173), which preserves part of a fish motif. A basin fragment from this level (EMP 176) is red monochrome with added white decoration of oblique bands on the rim. Although the sample studied is limited, it does seem to belong to a rather early stage of MM IB, which would thus place it in the same horizon as the material from the neighboring West Courtyard and the Lakkos deposit.

West Courtyard The West Courtyard is an irregularly shaped open area to the west of House I.1, delimited by long retaining wall W 56 at its west boundary, beyond which the so-called Lakkos deposit had been

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excavated in Sector III (Haggis 2007, 719, fig. 3). In fact, the south and central part of the West Courtyard is leveled over the Lakkos deposit, which continues partly into the area of the courtyard (see Tsi­popoulou, Ch. 1, this vol.; Fig. 2). All layers excavated in this area contained large amounts of EM and MM pottery, particularly in the corner between W 56 and W 57. This area is where the Lakkos deposit extends into the courtyard, so it is possible that this ceramic material is associated with the Lakkos, a suggestion supported by the general nature and chronology of the West Courtyard pottery. Only a limited amount of material from the West Courtyard is presented in this study, but what is included is representative of the types, decoration, and chronology attested in the overall assemblage. Much of the pottery is very fragmentary, although a substantial number of complete or semi-complete profiles had been preserved and are included in this catalog. The sample presented here contains mainly fine, decorated examples, but there are also several coarse, undecorated wares that derive mainly from cooking and storing vessels. The majority of the vases from the Courtyard represent a variety of cups, including two straightsided examples, one preserving spatter decoration on the interior and exterior surfaces (EMP 181). This type of decoration is particularly common at Petras and is attested frequently in the Lakkos assemblage (Haggis 2007, 731–737), whereas it is considered rare outside of Petras and is probably a local creation. A few globular cups are also included, either with black or red monochrome surfaces and added white painted decoration, or again with splash and spatter patterns; one globular cup (EMP 186) bears a dark-on-light motif resembling a seaweed pod, a style named capsules d’algues (for chronology and parallels, see discussion below). A large amount of conical cups has been inventoried, some with vertical handles, others handleless, preserving a variety of surface finishes; there are a few examples with spatter, splash, or dribble decoration (EMP 190, EMP 194, EMP 197) and very few undecorated, self-slipped examples, but the majority consist of either dark monochrome (red or black) surfaces (EMP 200, EMP 203) or examples with light-on-dark painted decoration, again either on black or red monochrome surfaces (EMP 191, EMP 193, EMP 198, EMP 199, EMP 201, EMP 204, EMP 205). The painted

decoration generally consists of linear motifs, primarily of oblique bands and inverted and/or filled triangles (e.g., EMP 198, EMP 201), or sets of arched bands or pendant semi-circles (e.g., EMP 193); however, there are also examples of schematic figurative motifs, such as the fragmentary animal with horns illustrated in EMP 196 (Fig. 28; Pl. 27). Similar examples of animal motifs, such as fish in light-on-dark surface decoration, are noted in the material from Area Φ (EMP 101) and Staircase Y (EMP 173). A substantial number of tumblers are also recorded from the West Courtyard, usually with light-on-dark decoration consisting of sets of white horizontal bands along the base (EMP 210), or more rarely, of oblique bands (EMP 208) and semi-circles below the rim (EMP 212). Contrary to the situation in Area Φ, where the majority of the tumblers inventoried bear polychrome decoration, only one example (EMP 207) from the West Courtyard preserves polychrome decoration of red or orange and white flower motifs on a black lustrous or semi-lustrous background in the Alternating Floral Style, which is common in East Crete (Floyd 1997). A few carinated cups are also characterized by a similar variety in surface treatment: there are black monochrome examples (EMP 215), a light-on-dark example (EMP 217) with a horizontal band on the carination and a wide circular band on top, and two polychrome examples (EMP 214, EMP 216). A selection of bowls, a kalathos, and two saucers continue the same pattern with black or red monochrome surfaces being common, often with added white decoration in linear motifs and some notable examples of Spatter ware (see EMP 221-PM 145, EMP 222). Although few Spatter ware examples have been recorded in the material studied from House I.1, Spatter ware cups seem to concentrate in the area of the West Courtyard, a fact which might provide a further link to the Lakkos deposit. The larger, coarser vessels generally occur in undecorated or simply slipped surfaces, but with some exceptions in light-on-dark or monochrome finishes. In terms of serving vessels, fruitstands are more frequently represented in this assemblage, in contrast to the single example cataloged from Area Φ. The simply slipped and undecorated examples are more common, but there is also one example with polychrome (EMP 253) and one with spatter decoration (EMP 254-PM 159).

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Area O Area O is located to the north of Room Ξ and is divided from Area Φ by W 33, which runs in a north–south direction. It consists of a semi-open space where the bedrock was discovered relatively close to the surface. A few examples of lighton-dark cups and tumblers have been collected, several of which belong to contexts which are also associated with Area Φ. A carinated cup (EMP 267) and a teapot (EMP 268), both with light-ondark decoration, are cataloged in this study.

Area Σ (North–Northwest of House I.1) Area Σ is a large space to the Northwest of House I.1 that comprises several small rooms. All deposits in this area were very disturbed due to the construction of a modern retaining wall for a vineyard (see Tsipopoulou, Ch. 1, this vol.). The material presented here derives mainly from Lr III, which was excavated in the narrow area west of W 30 and north of W 29, with some rare sherds from Lr I and the floor deposit, Lr II. The pottery presents an assortment of mixed material consisting of a range of closed shapes, mainly jars/jugs, including a substantial amount of EM sherds, primarily with darkon-light painted decoration (EMP 269, EMP 270), but also a rare example with incised decoration (EMP 272). Further EM examples include a dark gray burnished spout (EMP 278) and a fragment of a Vasiliki conical cup (EMP 282). The MM pottery contains some examples of spatter decoration on jugs (EMP 271, EMP 273, EMP 274), which is rather unusual, but its presence emphasizes the popularity of this ware on the site and its probable local production. Two cups with black monochrome surface and barbotine decoration are also notable (EMP 279, EMP 280). As already emphasized, the area contains mixed material that cannot provide a clear picture of the nature of habitation prior to the construction of House I.1; the earliest material, however, testifies to the long continuity of occupation in this area of Petras Hill I.

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Discussion Methodological Observations As already noted in the introduction, this study presents a portion of the Early and Middle Minoan pottery discovered in House I.1, albeit a substantial and representative sample. Given this fact, it was not possible to provide conclusive statistical information about the assemblage, but only an overall general impression. In general, it seems unlikely that any further study will change the picture formed by the comparison of the combined contexts of Area Φ and the West Courtyard with the rest of the spaces examined. In contrast, any notable potential changes will probably derive more from the comparison between Area Φ and the West Courtyard, particularly in the proportions and percentages of the identified ceramic types. Effort was made to correlate wherever possible the ware types of House I.1 with wares known from other locations on the site of Petras, particularly with the published material from the Lakkos deposit (Haggis 2007, 2012) and Protopalatial material from the cemetery (Tsipopoulou 2012a, 2012c). Fabric information is not published in this chapter, but it will form part of future studies. The fragmentary nature of the material often made it difficult to enforce certain shape distinctions, such as the differentiation between conical cups and onehandled cups; similar difficulties were encountered in the study of the Lakkos material (Haggis 2007, 749). In general, sherds have been grouped together under conical cups, indicating the existence of handles wherever preserved. Tumblers have similarly been designated primarily by base fragments, but several rim fragments have been counted as well, especially if they preserved fuller and more flaring profiles than conical cups. Although Haggis makes a clear distinction between Spatter and Blob and Trickle wares in his study of the Lakkos material (2007, 743), it was not possible to maintain this distinction here, as the sample studied was not sufficient and material had already been cataloged during the excavation seasons. However, his stylistic observations about the character and execution of Spatter ware (Haggis 2007, 731, 737) also

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pertain to the House I.1 examples, in both the lighton-dark and the dark-on-light varieties.

The Prepalatial Ceramics A very small amount of Prepalatial pottery survives from House I.1, derived from discrete locations where either subfloor levels were investigated, as in Room A, or from areas where much mixed material was collected, such as Area Σ (to the north and northwest of the house) and the part of Area Φ adjacent to it. There seems to be a relatively neat distinction between early Prepalatial material (EM I and EM II), which is generally represented in very fragmentary sherd material and is widely dispersed across all the contexts where Prepalatial ceramics have been recovered, and late Prepalatial material (EM III and MM IA), which occurs less frequently but is represented by more complete profiles and even whole vessels such as teapot EMP 156 (Fig. 26; Pl. 23), and derives mainly from Area Φ and associated Area O (Table 5). The fragmentary examples of the earlier Prepalatial periods, including Hagios Onouphrios, Vasiliki, and some Dark Gray Burnished wares, probably form part of secondary depositions in this area, but they testify nevertheless to the more or less continuous habitation of the entire hill of Petras, as demonstrated by the various stratigraphic trenches dug in the area (Tsipopoulou and Wedde 2000; Tsipopoulou 2002). The later Prepalatial phases (EM III and MM IA), however, seem to be represented with more complete profiles and distinctive shapes, even though they are strikingly rare. Their concentration in Area Φ and its vicinity may have chronological significance, though their rarity and intact preservation may suggest that they represent some kind of heirlooms that were in use for a very long time. It is important to bear in mind the existence of an extensive EM III building in the vicinity, which had been destroyed by the time that the Lakkos was constructed and was buried underneath it (Rupp 2006, 268); thus, it may be possible that such earlier habitation levels also extend beneath House I.1. Little can be said about the functionality of the Prepalatial assemblage; the sample, however, consists almost entirely of fragments of closed or pouring vessels, with some very rare examples of bowls or cups. This is in stark contrast to the Protopalatial

material surviving from House I.1, where drinking shapes predominate. The only area where it may be possible to assume that Early Minoan material is associated with actual habitation debris is Room A, where a more coherent Prepalatial deposit was discovered, deriving from a single layer and dating consistently to EM I/IIA.

The Protopalatial Ceramics Wares and Shapes Drinking forms predominate in the Protopalatial assemblage of House I.1 and occur in all categories of identified surface finishes, apart from relief decoration (which is reserved exclusively for pithoi; see Table 6). Although the study has concentrated on finer decorated wares, which may present a slight bias toward drinking shapes, a substantial proportion of the assemblage examined consists of coarser and undecorated wares in which drinking forms are rare or entirely absent. By far, the most common type is the handleless or one-handled conical cup, which occurs extensively in the sherd material but also in complete or nearly complete profiles. This type occurs in all of the different surface finishes, apart from polychrome, with the majority clustering in Light-on-Dark ware. Tumblers and carinated cups are the next most popular type of drinking shape, being almost equal in their percentages across the assemblage, followed by much smaller numbers of straight-sided cups, globular, rounded, and S-profile cups. Tumblers and carinated cups occur in almost exactly the same surface finishes with one distinction: there are no carinated cups in Plain or Simply Slipped ware, and there are no tumblers with barbotine decoration. Again the most common surface finish is light-on-dark, but there seems to be a greater number of polychrome tumblers than carinated cups (the sample, however, is relatively small, so this distinction may not be too meaningful). In general, light-on-dark constitutes the most frequent surface finish throughout the assemblage, identified in almost every shape apart from cooking pots and lamps. The general appearance is a black or red lustrous or semi-lustrous background with added white paint. The most common motifs

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are white horizontal or oblique bands along the base or the rim, but a range of more intricate motifs are also observed: sweeping festoons (EMP 1; Fig. 23; Pl. 22); hanging concentric semi-circles (EMP 30; Fig. 26; Pl. 24); foliate motifs (EMP 33), wavy lines (EMP 81; Fig. 27; Pl. 23); quirks (EMP 32), zigzags (EMP 86); oblique cross-hatching starting from the rim, on the interior and the exterior of the vessels (EMP 58, EMP 112, EMP 165, EMP 205); and also pendant semi-circles on the interior (EMP 193; Pl. 27). Zoning is also common on cups, with white horizontal bands delimiting a surface area covered with a variety of motifs such as filled triangles (EMP 86), while zones of block colors in squares or curved triangles occur on larger vessels such as pithoid jars (EMP 140), basins (EMP 176), and jugs (EMP 275; Pl. 27). A motif of radiating spirals is common on jars (EMP 130, EMP 141; Pls. 25, 26). An unusual motif resembling a “ladder” or “alpha” is found painted in white on a red lustrous carinated cup fragment and may represent a hieroglyphic sign (EMP 84; Pl. 23). A small group of vases bear a range of pictorial motifs painted white on a black background. A fish motif occurs on a light-on-dark cup from Staircase Y (EMP 173), a horned animal is found on a cup from the West Courtyard, and an abstract pictorial motif is found on a conical cup from Area Φ (EMP 64; Fig. 25). Close parallels of the fish motif exist with Middle Minoan material from Palaikastro (Knappett 2007, 223, figs. 12:e, 15; Knappett et al. 2007, fig. 24:126), where the motif occurs on vases spanning from MM IA to MM IIA. It is also found on a carinated cup from a burial context at Gournia (Hawes et al. 1908, 56, fig. 40:3), and while there is no clear stratigraphy to help with dating, stylistically the cup appears to be MM IB. Haggis has also correlated a similar fish motif from the Lakkos pottery with a pattern appearing on seals and sealstones (Haggis 2007, figs. 10:h, 28:i). Polychrome ware is fairly well represented in House I.1, but it tends to come from material that is quite fragmentary. It is more common in tumblers and carinated cups, with the odd straight-sided cup and a fruitstand fragment. The motifs typically consist of alternating horizontal bands, but oblique bands also occur. More intricate designs include two examples of the Alternating Floral Style (EMP 106, EMP 207; Figs. 25, 28), pictorial motifs, such as a fish set in a zone of white and red horizontal

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bands on the upper body, followed by a zone of white quirks on the lower body of a tumbler (EMP 101; Fig. 25; Pl. 24), and a true Kamares Ware tumbler (EMP 104; Fig. 25; Pl. 24) with a zone of white added onto the black background and a thin crisscrossing pattern in brown/black paint on top, flanked by two wide bands of red and a thin white band along the rim. Another notable example is EMP 31 (Fig. 26; Pl. 24), a straight-sided cup covered in a net pattern of alternating orange and white thin bands on a black background (see below). Spatter ware is most common on conical cups, but in House I.1 it also occurs relatively frequently on carinated cups, while there are also examples on a straight-sided cup (EMP 181), a fruitstand (EMP 254-PM 159), and a few closed vases. Saucers, the typical shape in Spatter ware in the Lakkos assemblage, are relatively rare in House I.1; however, all of the saucer examples recorded from House I.1 occur either in Monochrome or Spatter ware. There seems to be a greater variety of forms recorded in this ware from House I.1 in comparison to the mainly cup shapes that characterize this ware at the Lakkos assemblage (Haggis 2007, 731), but in the present study, splash, blob, and trickle patterns have also been included in this ware category. A tentative and at present unquantifiable distinction may be suggested between cup forms occurring mainly in Spatter ware and larger forms occurring in splash, blob, and trickle pattern. Although the majority of examples of this ware consist of dark-on-light decoration, the lighton-dark finish is also very common, and, in some examples the two finishes exist in mirror image on the interior and exterior (e.g., EMP 181, with light-on-dark exterior and dark-on-light interior). Dark-on-Light ware mainly occurs in larger shapes, primarily serving and storing vases. The most usual motifs are horizontal, wide bands, but some foliate motifs also occur (EMP 224; Pl. 27), as well as an unusual motif described as capsules d’algues that resembles seaweed pods (EMP 186; Fig. 28). In all, this is quite a heterogeneous group and as Haggis (2007, 743) notes for the Lakkos assemblage; it may not even constitute a distinctive ware with consistent characteristics. Monochrome ware in both black and red is most common among carinated cups, but it also occurs frequently in conical cups, tumblers, and bowls, while there are also several examples of

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larger closed vases. In general, the surface is always slipped and bears either red or black lustrous or semi-lustrous paint, giving the vessel a shiny appearance that is particularly noticeable in the black monochrome examples. This is more evident in the cup forms, while the larger storing and serving vessels tend to have a duller appearance. Nearly every category of shape is represented in Plain or Simply Slipped ware, but the majority of examples consist of cooking pots, dishes, and trays, followed by conical cups and basins. This category of material requires much further study, particularly in distinguishing between the different slipped finishes (though no examples of Rough Burnished ware were noted in the House I.1 sample studied), and it would, of course, produce different percentages when a greater number of undecorated wares has been studied. The only meaningful observation that can be made at present is that apart from conical cups and some very rare tumbler examples, all other cup forms are absent from this ware, which seems to be more common in larger and closed forms. Finally, some observations can be made about the distribution of various shapes across the different spaces of House I.1. Both Area Φ and the West Courtyard, from where the majority of the Protopalatial material derived, contain a large number of cup forms, with Area Φ displaying a greater range of different cup shapes. However, storage and serving forms seem to be more numerous in Area Φ, whereas cooking pots and fruitstands occur more frequently in the West Courtyard, the latter being extremely rare in Area Φ. Pithoid jars and basins (or lekanes) are found in marginally greater quantities in the West Courtyard, but overall, the ratios between drinking and serving/storing vessels in the two areas appear broadly similar. Large storage jars, such as pithoi, are rare in both areas, but in total, four pithoi have been recorded from the Protopalatial levels of House I.1, a number that is only slightly fewer than the six documented examples from the Neopalatial phase of the building (Tsipopoulou and Papacostopoulou 1997, 208).

Chronology There seems to be no MM IIB pottery in the assemblage examined. The latest forms attested are MM IIA (mainly carinated cups and rare examples

of straight-sided cups) and derive primarily from Area Φ (with limited examples recorded from other rooms where deposits were more mixed), and they seem to represent a rather small proportion of the assemblage. The West Courtyard appears to be almost entirely MM IB in terms of forms and decoration, albeit with some material of possibly MM IA date, further strengthening its links with the Lakkos assemblage. Haggis observes that true straight-sided cups are rare in the Lakkos assemblage, a fact that emphasizes the MM IB date of the deposit (Haggis 2007, 750). He further argues that the true straight-sided cup (Vapheio style) is a feature characterizing mainly Central Cretan assemblages and only becomes more common in eastern Crete during MM IIA (Haggis 2007, 751). Although the number of straight-sided cups is relatively low in the overall House I.1 Protopalatial assemblage (only nine are cataloged here), they appear to represent a chronological range spanning MM IB and MM IIA, with all of the MM IIA examples concentrated in Area Φ. Cup EMP 29 is a reddish-brown monochrome example that corresponds well to MacGillivray’s Type 3 or 5, both being wheelmade (MacGillivray 1998, 70, fig. 2.10). For Type 5 in particular, MacGillivray notes (1998, 69): “the type came into being in the MM IB period and seems to have persisted without change throughout the Old Palace period.” This observation provides support for Haggis’s argument for a later adoption of the type in eastern Crete. Perhaps a stronger parallel may be found in EMP 31 (Fig. 26; Pl. 24), which, with its concave profile, very thin walls, and strap handle starting from the rim, represents a closer match to the Knossian Type 5 and also to Walberg’s type 205, which begins in her Early Kamares phase— MM IIA (Walberg 1976, 28, 175, fig. 30). It must be noted however, that the Petras forms appear straighter and less conical in profile, and thus are never an absolute match. Cup EMP 31 is also interesting by virtue of its polychrome surface finish in an oblique checked pattern of thin white and red/orange bands on a black background. The same decoration, but in vertical patterning, extends onto the exterior of the base, where wheelthrowing marks are visible. Diagonal red and white stripes also occur in examples from Palaikastro, H3 Lower (level 9), which date to the MM IB period, but the published examples only bear

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the motif on a zone/section of the pot (Knappett et al. 2007, figs. 18:95, 96; 20, second row, fourth sherd), not on the entire vase as is the case at Petras. Net patterns can also be found on Kamares vases at Chrysolakkos at Malia (Stürmer 1993, fig. 13:149), which are dated to the MM I/II period (though consensus is that most of the Chrysolakkos material is indeed MM IB, see Poursat 1993; Knappett 2007, 218). The covering of the whole cup in this motif is reminiscent of the Maliot décor écossais; however, the Maliot motif comprises vertical and much wider bands, occurring exclusively on straight-sided and carinated cups (Poursat and Knappett 2005, 125). It is possible that the House I.1 example derived its inspiration from parallels at Malia, though it seems decisively earlier than the MM IIB Quartier Mu examples. In any case, EMP 31 seems to be an isolated example of this style at House I.1, and it probably dates to the MM IIA period. A stronger argument for some percentage of the assemblage of House I.1 dating to the MM IIA period is made by the carinated or angular cups, though an uncertainty exists for these categories too. The majority of carinated cups seem to be more unequivocally MM IB, matching types identified by Haggis in the Lakkos material and the parallels he suggests from Knossos (Haggis 2007, 2012; Macdonald and Knappett 2007, 69, fig. 3.6:212). Notable examples are EMP 79 (Fig. 27; Pl. 23), a standard carinated cup type with parallels from the Lakkos (Haggis 2012, fig. 1:1, 2) and Palaikastro (Knappett et al. 2007, fig. 18:97, 98); EMP 81 (Fig. 27; Pl. 23) with decoration of white pendant arcs on a black background; and EMP 83 (Pl. 23) with notable metallizing ribbing on the upper body, resembling MacGillivray’s Shallow Grooved ware, dating to MM IB. However, there are examples such as EMP 82 (Fig. 27; Pl. 23) and EMP 84 (Pl. 23), which correspond well with MacGillivray’s Type 4, tallrimmed angular cup (1998, 73, fig. 2.11:4), which is typical of the MM IIA period. Other examples, which would seem to match better MacGillivray’s type 3, which Haggis takes to be a type-fossil for MM IB (Haggis 2012, 192–193), present difficulties as their dating in Knossos has oscillated between MM IB and MM IIA. In the most recent treatment of these pottery forms, MacGillivray concludes that Types 1–3 begin in MM IB but continue in MM IIA (MacGillivray 2007, 116–118). So it may

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be possible to assume that the carinated cups from House 1.1 represent a rather late phase of MM IB that expands and continues into the MM IIA period. Several Light-on-Dark ware cups in House I.1 are characterized by decoration on the interior of the vessel, often with only a monochrome or even plain/slipped exterior, though sometimes a mirror image of the painted decoration exists on the exterior surface. Typical motifs include oblique straight or arched bands starting from the rim (EMP 193; Pl. 27), and oblique cross-hatched wide bands (EMP 112, EMP 165). Similar examples of mirrored decoration also occur in Spatter ware cups. Parallels can be found from the Vasiliki House AZakros group (Andreou 1978, fig. 14.4), though the Petras House I.1 examples are usually from handleless cups. Andreou dates this group to MM IIB (Andreou 1978, 101), while Haggis classes this material as more clearly MM IIA (Haggis 2007, 752). A MM IIA date would tie well with other close parallels for this type of decoration from Palaikastro, deriving from MM IB and MM IIA deposits (for some MM IB examples with hanging arched bands, see Knappett et al. 2007, fig. 22; for an example of cross-hatching dating to MM II, see Knappett et al. 2007, fig. 23:105). Thus, it may be possible to suggest another element of the House I.1 assemblage that looks toward MM IIA. Hemispherical, or globular, cups and S-profile cups represent another category for which a MM IIA date can be suggested with greater certainty. Again, true hemispherical or globular cups are absent, though one example with a distinctive S-profile and a light-on-dark polka dot motif (EMP 35) bears strong resemblance to MacGillivray’s types 2 and 3 (1998, 75–76, fig. 2.14), the former of which dates to MM IB, the latter of which spans both MM IB and MM IIA. A black monochrome globular bowl (EMP 121; Pl. 23) can also be dated more clearly to the MM IIA period, and both EMP 35 and EMP 121 also have very strong parallels with vases excavated from the Pre- and Protopalatial cemetery located on the neighboring Kephala hill (Tsipopoulou 2012a, 185–186, fig. 10:r–t). Again, the impression presented by the House I.1 Protopalatial material is that it was either created during MM IB or at the transition to the MM IIA period. Examples of the Alternating Floral Style, a safe hallmark of MM IB, occur only on tumblers at Petras. They follow the typical arrangement identified

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by Floyd of a schematic floral motif rising from the base of the vase with alternating white and orange/ red branches or foliage (Floyd 1997, 314–315). Horizontal bands in red and white are also noted in one example (EMP 207; Fig. 28), while two other uncataloged examples bear a wide, white band running along the base. Tumbler EMP 106 (Fig. 25) also bears what Floyd describes as the “dot” stalk, a red branch with white dots, which is known from examples at Knossos (Floyd 1997, 315). The House I.1 examples find strong parallels in Alternating Floral Style tumblers published from Palaikastro, which date to MM IB (Knappett 2007, 226, fig. 22; Knappett et al. 2007, fig. 18:88). This style of polychrome decoration seems to be an East Cretan tradition, probably originating at Palaikastro, but it also occurs at a variety of sites extending as far west as Pseira, Gournia, and Vasiliki (Floyd 1997, 315). Spatter ware examples occurring in Block Chi, Room 1, at Palaikastro (Knappett et al. 2007, fig. 5:5, 6) and dating to the MM IA period may suggest that similar handmade cups from the Lakkos and House I.1 may predate MM IB (Haggis 2012, 193). The examples from House I.1 seem to be rather less numerous than those present in the Lakkos material, but the decoration seems to extend to a variety of shapes including rounded cups and carinated cups, which seem to be more at home in MM IB. It is possible, therefore, that this ware has its roots in the MM IA period but continues throughout all of MM IB. While acknowledging the presence of MM IA and EM III material in the Lakkos deposit, Haggis is reluctant to assign all the proto-carinated cups and tumblers with simple light-on-dark and polychrome banding to a clear MM IA phase, preferring to view them instead as belonging to early MM IB (Haggis 2012, 193). The same impression would be dominant in the House I.1 material, particularly for some of the tumblers, and especially in relation to the material present in Area Φ and the West Courtyard, while it is interesting to note that any earlier material dating clearly to EM III and MM IA derives from more mixed and disturbed contexts (see Table 5). In this respect, teapot EMP 156 deserves a special mention (Fig. 26; Pl. 23): the shape and surface finish are striking enough to date this vessel to the EM III period; the closest parallels, however, to both the shape and the motif of converging bands with triangular ends comes from a jug

found in a burial context from Hagia Photia, Ierapetra (Hawes et al. 1908, 82, pl. A:1), where the decoration is in polychrome, and therefore more than likely MM IA. The overall shape of the teapot also makes strong reference to the baggy jugs that are common in the Lakkos material in MM IB (Haggis 2007, 729, fig. 9:a). Only one example of the style named capsules d’algues has been discovered on a globular cup from the West Courtyard (EMP 186; Fig. 28). This style is commonly attested at Malia and Palaikastro where it dates to the MM IB period (Poursat 1993; Stürmer 1993, 151, fig. 9:97, 105–108; Knappett et al. 2007, fig. 20, top row, far right). Similar examples have been noted in the Lakkos assemblage (Haggis 2007, 743; 2012, 194), but they are rare in House I.1 aside from this single example, which would serve to further emphasize the connection of the West Courtyard assemblage with the Lakkos. This style of decoration, however, is not rare at Petras overall, as it is attested regularly in MM material excavated underneath the visitor’s pathways farther down the hill from House I.1 (currently under study by Tsipopoulou and Relaki) and also in the stratigraphical trenches excavated in the palace (Tsipopoulou, forthcoming)—a fact that further underlines the links between Malia, Palaikastro, and Petras during the MM IB period.

Conclusions If the Lakkos assemblage suggests non-domestic, communal feasting (Haggis 2012, 197), then it is not entirely clear what the ceramic material of House I.1 represents. It certainly does not imply consumption on such a grand scale. Similar to the Lakkos, the most popular shape category in House I.1 is that of drinking forms, but they occur at a ratio of roughly 1:4 to pouring vessels, and there is a much more limited occurrence of specialized serving shapes such as fruitstands (which nevertheless derive almost exclusively from the West Courtyard, a House I.1 context that is physically, chronologically, and compositionally very close to the Lakkos). At the same time, a modest amount of basins/lekanes and larger storage jars, such as pithoi and amphorae, also exists in the House I.1

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assemblage, a percentage that could rise with further study of the coarser, undecorated wares. Cooking pots appear marginally more common in the West Courtyard assemblage, though both the West Courtyard and Area Φ are open areas where some food preparation might have taken place. An interesting feature of the House I.1 material, however, is the very rare occurrence of bowls and dishes/ saucers, which contrasts slightly with the situation observed at the Lakkos, where such shapes were recorded more regularly. Bearing all this in mind, it might be possible that the Protopalatial assemblage of House I.1 suggests patterns of consumption on a notably smaller scale than the Lakkos, but perhaps not so small as to be considered a nuclear household assemblage. On the one hand, in terms of composition, House I.1 presents some idiosyncrasies in its great emphasis on drinking and serving as opposed to any other activities that one might expect to encounter in a domestic assemblage. At the same time, this bias does not seem pronounced enough to justify the interpretation of this assemblage as a feasting deposit in the same manner as the Lakkos. The surviving condition of the pottery may provide some further clues. Although a large portion of the assemblage consists of sherd material, there are a notable number of vases surviving intact or nearly complete. As a general rule, the appearance of the pottery is quite worn, denoting long-term use rather than a short span of usage before discard, as seems to be the case at the Lakkos (Haggis 2012, 199–200). Furthermore, although drinking shapes are concentrated in Area Φ and the West Courtyard, cup forms occur across all of the different contexts where Protopalatial pottery has been discovered, often accompanied by pouring/storage vessels and thus implying a more everyday household assemblage rather than a ritual deposit. Having said this, the concentration and relatively large quantity of drinking vessels in the two main open areas of House I.1 may offer some hints about the putative size of the household accommodated in this building. Recent scholarship has shifted from viewing the nuclear household as the basic unit of social organization in Minoan society (e.g., Whitelaw 1983) to recognizing larger, corporate groups broadly affiliated through kinship and/or spatial associations (e.g., Driessen 2010, 2012). Haggis, in his original analysis of the Lakkos material (Haggis 2007), identified similar, distinct corporate

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groups who used symbolic strategies of representation that relied heavily on the visual clues provided by ceramics, seals, textiles, and other forms of material culture—a practice that was becoming common throughout Crete in the early Protopalatial period (Relaki 2012). The peculiar composition of the Protopalatial ceramic assemblage of House I.1, neither a small household deposit, nor the result of an outright ritual depositional event, might tie well with this picture of larger, agglomerative households that reflect concentrations of smaller groups of people inhabiting the hill, who would periodically take part in the grand scale consumption events that are represented by deposits such as the Lakkos. In this respect, Haggis’s most recent visualization of a series of large houses, or agglutinative compounds, existing in separate neighborhoods during MM IB at Petras (Haggis 2012, 199), much in the same way as the houses of Quartier Mu might have been operating, offers a promising interpretation that could tentatively be supported by the evidence from House I.1, which could possibly be seen as such a neighborhood. Furthermore, this situation would link well with the patterns of large-scale feasting noted at open spaces outside the Palaces at Knossos and Phaistos in this period (Haggis 2012, 200), though at Petras, the First Palace was not established before MM IIA (Tsipopoulou 2002, 137; 2012b, 53–55). The material from House I.1, sitting at the transition between MM IB and MM IIA, may cover this supposed gap by providing a context broadly contemporary with the establishment of the First Palace farther up the hill and by representing a largely domestic context that may have provided participants and material resources for the implementation of the aforementioned consumption events. More importantly, the absence of a palatial establishment in this period at Petras is mitigated by the discovery in recent years of a large housetomb cemetery on the neighboring hill dating from Early Minoan to Middle Minoan times (Tsipopoulou 2012b, 58–59; 2012c). Preliminary study of the ceramics from the cemetery reveals that MM IB and MM IIA represent the main periods of activity, while two large votive deposits, containing vast amounts of drinking/eating forms, have also been revealed in the vicinity of the two most important burial buildings, House Tomb 2 (Tsipopoulou 2012c) and House Tomb 10. Close parallels

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between House I.1 and the ceramics from the cemetery, noted in some of the spouted jars and globular cups (Tsipopoulou 2012a, figs. 10:r–t [EMP 35], 13 [EMP 131]), further strengthen the chronological and ideological links between the two locations. A picture is emerging, therefore, in which relatively large-scale consumption events appear to be fairly regular in both the settlement and cemetery of Petras in the time just before and at the turn of the MM IIA period—the phase of the establishment of the first palatial building. The material from House I.1 seems to represent the missing domestic link in Petras, providing clues about the inhabitation of the hill and the groups of people who would have taken part in these events. Although there is no doubt that many elements of the consumption events that took place in the open areas of House I.1 and the Lakkos and at the open areas of the cemetery were distinct in both meaning and material implements used, their contemporary juxtaposition on the two hills of Petras, making clear visual reference to each other, underlines the seminal sociopolitical conditions from which the First Palace of Petras might have emerged at the beginning of MM IIA. In this sense, the Protopalatial material of House I.1 thus offers an interesting perspective on the social processes that led to palatial emergence at Petras. Of course, only a fuller study of Protopalatial assemblages from the settlement and the palace, and also the publication of the cemetery, will throw more light on these preliminary observations.

Catalog Room A Conical Cups EMP 1 (P86/A93; Lr IV; Fig. 23; Pl. 22). Handleless conical cup. Complete, mended from five sherds. H. 4.5; base d. 3.9; rim d. 9; th. 0.4. Conical body, slightly incurving rim with elliptical section. Semi-fine light pink clay, 7.5YR 8/4; thick buff slip. Uneven profile, handmade. Flat base with rough surface (and two nail impressions?). EMP 2-MV 4 (P86/A289, SM 12407; Lr IV; Fig. 31; Pl. 29). Handleless conical cup. For description, see Simandiraki-Grimshaw, this vol., Ch. 6.

Pyrgos Chalice EMP 3 (P86/bag 77/6; Lr IV). Fragment from a Pyrgos chalice, mended from two sherds. 3.4 x 6.8 x 0.7. Fine gray clay, 5Y 6/1. Gray burnished surface. EM I.

Jug EMP 4 (P86/A218; Lr IV; Pl. 22). Hagios Onouphrios. Body fragment of a closed vase, probably a jug. 4.8 x 3.4 x 0.8. Globular body. Coarse reddish-yellow clay, 7.5YR 6/6, with inclusions. Light buffish-orange slip. Dark-on-light painted decoration. EM I/IIA.

Closed Vases EMP 5 (P86/A222; Lr IV). Closed vase. Part of the lower body and very small part of the base. 3.8 x 5.3 x 0.6. Slightly curved base. Fine gray clay, 5Y 6/1, black burnished throughout. Rough burnishing marks on exterior. EM I/IIA EMP 6 (P86/bag 82/1; Lr IV). Body fragment from an EM vase. 3.3 x 3.1 x 0.9. Angular profile. Fine red clay, 2.5YR 4/8, with limestone inclusions. Reddishbrown paint. Burnished surface. EM I/IIA

Bowl EMP 7 (P86/A223; Lr IV). Bowl. Small part of the rim and upper body. 4 x 2.9 x 0.9. Straight rim with elliptical section following the profile of the body. Semifine, dark reddish-gray clay, 5YR 4/2, with dark brown core. Light buff slip and reddish-brown paint on interior and exterior. Burnished. EM I–IIA.

Bridge-Spouted Jar EMP 8 (P86/bag 77/2; Lr IV). Bridge-spouted jar. Rim and upper body fragment. 4.3 x 3.3 x 0.6. Incurving rim with elliptical section that follows the profile of the body. Slightly curved shoulder profile. Fine pink clay, 2.5YR 8/3, with few inclusions. Buff thin slip. Black and added white paints. Monochrome on the exterior surface and band on the rim interior. Three oblique white bands starting on the rim, on the exterior surface.

Jars EMP 9 (P86/707, SM 12406; Lr IV). Pithoid jar. Handle fragment with a finger impression. 4.5 x 3.1 x 1.9. Vertical handle with circular section. Medium, brownish-orange clay with inclusions. Light reddishbrown paint, 5YR 6/4. Monochrome. EMP 10-PM 4 (P86/708, SM 12409; Lr IV; Pl. 32). Pithoid jar. Rim and body fragment with a potter’s mark,

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two intersecting deep incisions. 6.2 x 4.7 x 0.8. Medium, yellowish-red clay, 5YR 5/6, with many inclusions. Buff slip. EMP 11 (P86/bag 82/2; Lr IV). Hole-mouthed jar. Rim fragment. H. 2.9; rim d. 10.6; th. 0.5. Short, outcurving rim. Pale red clay, 2.5YR 7/2, with gray core. Black paint on both surfaces of the rim. EMP 12 (P86/bag 82/7; Lr IV). Hole-mouthed pithoid jar. Rim fragment. H. 3.1; rim d. 10.6; th. 1.4. Incurving rim with semi-elliptical section. Coarse red clay, 10R 4/6. EMP 13 (P86/bag 95/4; Lr IV). Hole-mouthed jar. Rim fragment. W. 3.6; rim d. 10.6; th. 1. Incurving rim with semi-elliptical section. Fine reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 6/8. Reddish-brown paint and added white. Monochrome exterior surface and band on the rim interior. Oblique parallel white lines.

Tripod Cooking Pot EMP 14 (P86/A220; Lr IV). Tripod leg fragment. 7 x 4 x 1.9. Part of the leg and small part of the interior base. Leg with elliptical section. Coarse, dark reddishgray clay, 5YR 4/2, with gray core. Dark gray burnished surface. EM I–IIA.

Basins EMP 15 (P86/A221; Lr IV). Basin. Rim, mended from two sherds. 3.8 x 5 x 1. Flat thick rim with rectangular section, straight/conical body. Coarse brown clay, 7.5YR 5/4, with grayish-brown core. Traces of red paint on exterior and interior. EM. EMP 16 (P86/bag 77/1; Lr IV). Basin. Rim and upper body fragment. 4.2 x 6.2 x 1.8. Wide, oblique, outcurving rim. Fine, light reddish-brown clay, 5YR 6/4, with few inclusions. Self-slipped. Brown black paint, unevenly fired. Bands on both surfaces of the rim. EMP 17 (P86/bag 82/8; Lr IV). Basin. Rim fragment. H. 5.1; rim d. 1.4; th. 1.4. Flat, outcurving rim with rectangular section. Medium, pale red clay, 10R 4/6. EM?

Pithos EMP 18 (P86/A92, SM 11989; Lr IV). Small pithos. H. 30.5; base d. 13.5; rim d. 16; max. d. 25.3; th. 0.9. Intact with cracks at the rim and the shoulder. A small part of the shoulder and one handle are missing. Cracks at the body and the base. High torus base, flat underneath, with a somewhat rough surface. Piriform body. Low, wide, cylindrical neck with a plastic rope at its base. Wide rim with circular section, outcurving. Four vertical handles with circular section at the shoulder. Medium to coarse, light gray clay, 10YR 7/2, with

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light gray core. Buff thick slip. Relief decoration, four oblique ropes with finger prints between the handles.

Miscellanea EMP 19 (P86/A288; Lr IV; Fig. 23). Handleless conical cup/lamp. Rim and body fragment. 3.2 x 1.9 x 0.4. Traces of burning on the rim. Fine brownishyellow clay, 10YR 6/8. EMP 20 (P86/710; Lr IV; Pl. 22). Foot of lamp. H. 28; base d. (foot) 17.7; th. 1.6. Very coarse, light yellowishbrown clay, 10YR 6/4, with frequent inclusions, pinkish core, gray boundaries. Dark brown thick slip, patternburnished decoration of thick vertical bands. Outcurving rounded base with elliptical section, hollow foot.

Room Ξ Lamp EMP 21 (P86/A297; Lr III). Lamp. Rim and body fragment. Pres. h. 2.7. Body of curved profile. Oblique, incurving rim with elliptical section. Fine pale yellow clay, 5Y 8/4, with small inclusions. Brown paint, worn. Monochrome exterior surface. Barbotine decoration on the rim. Probable band under the rim on the interior surface.

Closed Vase EMP 22 (P86/1056; Lr II; Pl. 22). Closed vase. Body fragment with curved profile. 5.5 x 4.8. Relief decoration consisting of two vertical parallel raised bands. Medium, dark yellowish-brown clay, 10YR 4/4, unevenly fired. Self-slipped. Worn black and added white paints. Monochrome exterior surface. White bands on the raised bands.

Room 1 Carinated Cup EMP 23 (P89/713; Lr II; Fig. 23; Pl. 22). Carinated cup. H. 7.3. One-third preserved, mended from five sherds. Flat discoid base. Conical lower body, cylindrical upper body. Thin rim following the profile of the body. Fine pink clay, 7.5YR 7/4, with gray core. Brown/red background, unevenly fired, black and added white paints. Monochrome on both surfaces. White band on the rim, the carination, and the base. Below the rim a pair of pendant festoons.

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Corridor B-Δ Cooking Pots EMP 24 (P85/A567; Lr IV). Tripod cooking pot. Part of the rim, body, base, and foot preserved. Mended from 16 sherds. H. 25.2; w. 20; th. 0.5. Flat base. Flat foot with elliptical section. Outcurving rim with semielliptical section. Medium, light gray clay, 10YR 7/2, with orange core, burned. Thin slip. Wheel marks and sponge marks on the interior surface. Parts of the lower body and foot bear heavy burn marks. Potter’s mark(?) on the foot: deep oblique incision. EMP 25-CW 186 (P90/bag 151/3; Lr IV). Cooking dish. For description, see Alberti, this vol., Ch. 3.

Pithos EMP 26 (P11/10; Lr IV; Fig. 24; Pl. 22). Pithos. Two large, non-joining fragments. (a) Base and very small part of the lower body in two sherds. Base d. 32; pres. w. 40; th. 2.3. Very coarse brownish-yellow clay, 10YR 6/6, with thick gray core. Tall base. Unevenly baked, very worn bottom surface. At interior, finger marks from smoothing the clay. (b) Rim, neck, and shoulder; two handles are also preserved. Mended from 16 fragments. Pres. h. 36.5; rim d. 41; max pres. d. 63; th. 2.5. Wide, outcurving rim with trapezoidal section. Conical/cylindrical neck, convex shoulder, vertical handles with circular section, flatter toward the bottom. Very coarse orangish-brown clay with many inclusions and gray core. Self-slipped. Uneven firing with occasional gray colored surface. Relief decoration of three oblique ropes with plastic flakes between the handles.

Area Φ Straight-Sided Cups EMP 27 (P86/638; Lr II). Straight-sided cup. Base and lower body preserved, mended from three sherds. H. 6; base d. 5.7; th. 0.3. Very fine yellow clay, 5Y 8/6. Flat base with a knob inside, wheelmade, string marks on base. Straight profile, trace of the handle attachment. Black paint on interior and exterior, matte, faded. Traces of white paint on exterior, a curvilinear motif, some kind of rosette; white band along the base interior. EMP 28 (P86/1068, SM 12350; Lr III; Fig. 26). Straight-sided cup. One-third preserved, one-sixth of the base, mended from three sherds. H. 6.6; base d. 10; th. 0.3. Flat base. Curved body profile. Vertical rim with elliptical section. Fine pale yellow clay, 5Y 8/4. Black, matte, worn paint. Monochrome on both

surfaces and underneath the base. Traces of white paint along the base interior. EMP 29 (P89/751, SM 12528; Lr IV). Straightsided cup. One-fifth preserved including a small part of the base. 5.6 x 5.7 x 0.3. Flat base with worn surface. Straight body with slightly flaring profile, thin rim with triangular section that follows the profile of the body. Fine reddish-yellow clay, 7.5YR 6/8. Reddish-brown monochrome on both surfaces, uneven firing. White horizontal band on the middle of the body exterior and on both surfaces of the rim. Parallels: MacGillivray 1998, Type 3 or 5, 70, fig. 2.10. EMP 30 (P90/679, SM 11636; Lr IV, Fig. 26; Pl. 24). Straight-sided cup. Almost complete except for small part of the rim and the body; mended from many fragments. H. 6; base d. 6.7; rim d. 7.9–8.9. Flat base with string marks. Asymmetrical body with convex profile. Thin rim following the profile of the body. Medium, reddish-yellow clay, 7.5YR 6/6. Black paint on the exterior surface, reddish-brown on the interior, unevenly fired, and added white. Monochrome on both surfaces. On the lower surface of the base, white cross. Band above the base. Multiple arcs pendant from the rim. Two oblique converging bands on the handle. EMP 31 (P90/796, SM 11637; Lr IV; Fig. 26; Pl. 24). Straight-sided cup. Complete, mended at the rim. H. 6; base d. 6.6; rim d. 8.6; th. 0.3. Flat base, body with convex profile. Outcurving rim with triangular section. Vertical strap handle from the rim to the lower body. Fine strong brown clay, 7.5YR 4/6. Black, orange, and white paints. Monochrome on both surfaces with net pattern of orange and white bands on the exterior surface and underneath the base. Traces of white thin bands on the interior surface. White band on the handle. Parallels: Walberg 1976, type 205, 28, 175, fig. 30; MacGillivray 1998, type 5, 70, fig. 2.10. EMP 32 (P89/bag 126/4; Lr IV). Straight-sided cup. Part of the base, lower body, and the lower part of the handle preserved. 3.7 x 3.2 x 0.3. Flat base, strap handle. Very fine pale yellow clay, 5Y 7/4, black monochrome throughout, with added white decoration on the exterior surface. A white semi-circular motif along the base, wide horizontal band in the middle of the body, and horizontal band and wavy line in the zone between them. White spiral (quirk) motif on the exterior of the base.

Globular Cups EMP 33 (P86/637, SM 12356; Lr II). Globular cup. Base and lower body fragment. H. 2.1; base d. 5.4; th. 0.4. Flat base with a knob on interior. Body of curved profile. Very worn black paint on interior. Fine pale yellow clay, 5Y 8/4, with few inclusions. Blackish-brown paint unevenly fired and with added white. Monochrome on both surfaces. White foliate motif along the

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base consisting of vertical curved white bands, some of them intersecting, starting at the base. White horizontal band on the base. EMP 34 (P86/855, SM 12348; Lr III) Globular cup. Half is preserved; mended from eight sherds. H. 7; base d. 3.7; th. 0.3. The handle attachment is preserved. Flat base with string marks. Slightly curved body profile. Incurving thin rim with triangular section that follows the profile of the body. Fine dark gray clay, 7.5YR 4/1. Wheel marks on both surfaces. Thick brown slip. Black paint. Traces of white paint along the rim interior. Dribbles and spatter decoration on both surfaces. Finger impressions on the exterior surfaces. EMP 35 (P86/1153, SM 12347; Lr III, Fig. 26; Pl. 23). Globular cup. Base, body, rim, and handle fragment. H. 6.6; base d. 3.4; rim d. 9; th. 0.3. Flat base. Sprofile. Oblique, outcurving rim. Vertical strap handle, raised above the rim. Fine strong brown clay, 7.5YR 4/6. Wheel marks on the interior surface. Black matte paint and traces of added white. Monochrome on both surfaces. White paint on the handle, body, and rim. Black monochrome with white painted decoration, four dotted rows running horizontally and a wavy white band along the base. Parallels: for Knossos, see MacGillivray, 1998, 75–76, fig. 2.14, types 2 and 3; for Petras Cemetery, Kephala Hill, see Tsipopoulou 2012a, 185–186, fig. 10:r–t. EMP 36 (P90/691; Lr IV). Globular cup. One-third preserved, base and part of the lower body. H. 2.9; base d. 4.9; th. 0.3. Flat base with slightly raised knob in interior. Fine pink clay, 7.5YR 7/4. Black paint throughout, added white paint, oblique bands starting from base, and white triangles along base. EMP 37 (P90/695; Lr IV). Handleless globular cup. Most of the base and part of the body is preserved. H. 3.7; base d. 3.9. Slightly raised base, flat underneath. Slightly curved body profile. Medium, reddish-yellow clay, 7.5YR 7/6. Orange paint, unevenly fired. Monochrome on both surfaces and underneath the base. EMP 38 (P89/bag 113/15; Lr IV). Globular cup. Body fragment. 2.7 x 3.9 x 0.5. Very fine pale yellow clay, 2.5Y 8/3. Whitish buff slip throughout. Added black paint on exterior, spatter decoration. Wheel marks on interior. EMP 39 (P89/bag 126/13; Lr IV). Rim of globular cup. 2.3 x 2.5 x 0.3. Very fine pale yellow clay, 2.5Y 8/3; same color slip. Thin incurving rim, semi-globular profile. Decoration in red paint: horizontal band on the rim on both interior and exterior surfaces; wide red trickle vertical band on exterior. EMP 40 (P89/bag 182/14; Lr IV). One-handled globular cup, body fragment. 2.9 x 3 x 0.2. Fine red clay, 10R 4/8. Dark red paint and added white. Monochrome on both surfaces and traces of white decoration.

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Rounded Cups EMP 41 (P89/bag 182/15; Lr IV). Rounded cup. Rim fragment. 1.7 x 2.3 x 0.2. Rounded profile, thin rim with semi-elliptical section, slightly incurving. Very fine reddish-yellow clay, 7.5YR 6/8, black monochrome throughout, white decoration on interior; thick white band and semicircular motif. EMP 42 (P89/bag 209/15; Lr IV). Rounded cup. Rim and upper body. 3.8 x 2.5 x 0.3. Incurving rim with elliptical section, round body, shallow grooves on exterior. Reddish-yellow clay, 7.5YR 6/4, very thin walled, red monochrome throughout with added white paint. Three white oblique bands on interior.

Conical Cups EMP 43 (P89/bag 209/25; Lr IV; Pl. 24). Deep conical cup. Base and small part of lower body preserved. H. 7.4; est. base d. 5.2; th. 0.3. Semi-fine pale yellow clay, 5Y 8/4, black monochrome throughout. White decoration of elongated, angular elliptical motif above the base. EMP 44 (P86/988; Lr II; Pl. 24). Deep conical cup. About half preserved, mended from eight sherds. H. 7.7; base d. 5.9; th. 0.5. Flat base with string marks and raised knob inside. Conical profile, straight rim following the orientation of the body. Coarse reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 6/6, with many inclusions, self-slipped, uneven firing, burn marks on rim exterior. EMP 45 (P86/A127, SM 12162; Lr III). Handleless conical cup. Half preserved, mended from three sherds. 6.5 x 4.2 x 0.4. Flat base with string marks. Conical body. Thin rim with triangular section. Fine pale yellow clay, 5Y 8/4. Black matte paint, very worn. Traces of added white paint on both surfaces. Monochrome on both surfaces. Sponge marks on the exterior surface. EMP 46 (P86/666; Lr III). One-handled conical cup. H. 5; base d. 4.1; th. 0.4. Fine pinkish-white clay, 2.5YR 8/2, with very few inclusions and slightly gray core. Wheel throwing marks on interior. Light/very light buff slip on interior and exterior, dark brown, and in parts dark red paint applied on both exterior and interior. Irregular “trickle” decoration. EMP 47-PM 127 (P86/940; Lr III). Handleless conical cup. Only base and lower part of the body preserved, mended from two sherds. 3 x 3.8 x 0.3. Fine yellow clay, 5Y 8/6, self-slipped throughout. Red, semi-lustrous paint, very worn, on all surfaces. Flat base with string marks, conical body. Potter’s mark on the lower surface of the base, nail impression. EMP 48 (P86/bag 192/8; Lr III). Conical cup. Rim only preserved. Pres. h. 2.6; w. 1.8; th. 0.3. Fine reddishyellow clay, 7.5YR 6/8, with red, dark red/brown matte slip on exterior and interior. White painted decoration of three horizontal bands on interior.

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EMP 49 (P89/202; Lr IV; Fig. 25; Pl. 24). Onehandled cup. Two-thirds preserved. H. 6.8; base d. 4.5; rim d. 9.9. The handle is missing. Slightly raised base. Conical body with slightly curved profile. Thin, outcurving rim following the profile of the body. One vertical handle, only the lower attachment is preserved. Fine Petras clay, 5Y 5/4, with few inclusions. Thin slip, lighter than the clay. Black paint, worn and unevenly fired. Monochrome on the interior surface. Narrow band on the exterior side of the rim. EMP 50 (P89/213, SM 12517; Lr IV). Deep conical cup. Base and lower body fragment, mended from various sherds. H. 4.8; w. 4.1; base d. 4.3; th. 4.1. Flat base with string marks. Conical body. Fine pale yellow clay, 5Y 8/3, with very few rounded inclusions. Red to red/ brown slip throughout, the slip is very worn on the exterior and better preserved in the interior. Orange matte paint, unevenly fired. Monochrome on both surfaces. Traces of white paint on upper body interior, indistinguishable linear motif. EMP 51-PM 130 (P89/238; Lr IV; Fig. 35). Handleless conical cup. Missing part of the upper body and the rim. 3 x 3.6 x 0.5. Slightly raised base, flat underneath. Body of curved profile. Thin, slightly incurving rim. Medium Petras clay, 5Y 5/4. Self-slipped. Potter’s mark on the lower surface of the base: two incised arched lines. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 955, no. 21, fig. 11. EMP 52-PM 131 (P89/277; Lr IV). Handleless conical cup. Intact. H. 4; base d. 3.4; rim d. 8.2. Coarse reddish-yellow clay, 7.5YR 6/6, with frequent pebblesized inclusions. Coil-built and finished by rotation. Striations are visible along the rim and upper body. Thick lustrous slip of same color applied throughout. Conical profile, slightly raised base, straight rim with triangular section. Potter’s mark on the lower surface of the base: deep nail impression. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 955, no. 23. EMP 53 (P89/455; Lr IV). One-handled (tripod?) conical cup. Base, body, and part of the handle preserved, mended from six sherds. 4 x 8.3 x 5. Base slightly curved, broken in three symmetrical parts, where the feet were attached. Conical body, handle raised at short distance from the base, with circular section. Coarse pink clay, 7.5YR 7/3, with gray core. Reddish-brown slip throughout, uneven firing. Traces of white paint on interior and exterior, no discernible motif. EMP 54 (P89/750; Lr IV). Handleless conical cup. One-third preserved, with complete profile. H. 6.8; w. 5.1; th. 0.4; pres. base d. 3.7. Semi-fine pale yellow clay, 5Y 8/2, with a few fine inclusions. Thick matte slip throughout, light buff in color. Wheelmade, with striations on exterior. Conical, slightly flaring body, outturning rim with elliptical section following the orientation of the body. Flat base with string marks. EMP 55 (P89/772, SM 12521; Lr IV). Deep conical handleless cup. One-third preserved. 6 x 4.8 x 0.3. Flat

base, rough underneath. Conical body. Thin, outcurving rim following the profile of the body. Fine pale yellow clay, 5Y 8/4. Light buff slip on all surfaces. Brown paint, very worn. Narrow band on the rim exterior, wider on interior. Sponge marks on exterior surface. EMP 56 (P90/697; Lr IV). Handleless cup. H. 2.8; base d. 3.3; th. 0.4. Only the base and part of the lower body preserved. Semi-fine pale yellow clay, 5Y 8/4, with few rounded inclusions. Thin slip/wash of same color on all surfaces, undecorated. Flat base with rotation marks and raised knob inside. EMP 57 (P90/1409; Lr IV). Squat conical cup. About one-third preserved. H. 3.6; base d. 4; th. 0.4. Fine pale yellow clay, 5Y 8/4, with few rounded red inclusions. Self-slipped throughout. Conical body, slightly incurving rim with elliptical section following the orientation of the body, and flat base. EMP 58 (P90/1419; Lr IV). Handleless conical cup. Rim, part of body, and very small part of the base preserved. H. 5.9; est. base d. 4; th. 0.4. Conical body, flat base with string marks, straight rim with rectangular section. Fine to semi-fine light brownish-gray clay, 10YR 6/2, with gray core. Light grayish-brown slip applied on all surfaces, black matte paint on exterior, with added painted motifs on interior. Black monochrome on exterior, a cross-hatched motif of oblique white bands starting from the rim on interior. EMP 59 (P89/bag 32/3; Lr IV). Conical cup. Rim and body fragment. 5.1 x 3.6 x 0.4. Straight rim with triangular section. Conical body. Fine yellowish-red clay, 5YR 4/6. Whitish thin slip. Reddish-brown worn paint and added white. Wide band on both surfaces of the rim. Concentric white arcs. EMP 60 (P89/bag 32/7; Lr IV). Conical cup. Rim and upper body fragment, mended from many sherds. 4.2 x 7 x 0.3. Thin rim with triangular section. Conical body. Fine yellowish-red clay, 5YR 4/6. Self-slipped. Reddishbrown paint on both surfaces. Splash decoration. EMP 61 (P89/bag 65/3; Lr IV). Body sherd of a conical(?) cup. Light-on-dark decoration. 1.8 x 3.2 x 0.4. Fine light gray clay, 10YR 7/2. Very lustrous black monochrome with added white paint on exterior, plain on interior. Decoration of oblique white bands. EMP 62 (P89/bag 113/6; Lr IV; Fig. 25). Conical cup. Rim and upper body. H. 4.2; rim d. 8; th. 0.3. Rim with triangular section following the profile of the body. Conical body. Fine yellowish-red clay, 5YR 4/6. Reddish-brown paint and added white. Monochrome on both surfaces. Two white oblique bands pendant from the rim interior. EMP 63 (P89/bag 113/9; Lr IV; Fig. 25). Conical cup. Rim. 2.7 x 3 x 0.3. Rim and upper body fragment. Very fine yellowish-red clay, 7.5YR 4/6. Red monochrome throughout, lustrous red paint. Two oblique bands of added white paint on the interior, starting on the rim.

EARLY AND MIDDLE MINOAN POTTERY

EMP 64 (P89/bag 113/11; Lr IV; Fig. 25). Conical cup. Only part of upper body preserved. Pres. h. 3.9; max. pres. d. 6.8; th. 0.4. Conical profile. Fine pink clay, 5YR 7/4. Dark monochrome with added white paint: pictorial motif on exterior and horizontal bands on interior. EMP 65 (P89/bag 113/14; Lr IV; Fig. 25). Cup. Rim and upper body preserved. Pres. h. 5.1; rim d. 11.5; th. 0.4. Roughly straight profile, outcurving rim with elliptical section following the orientation of the body. Fine pink clay, 7.5YR 8/4. Dark monochrome on exterior, decoration of two rounded bands on interior. EMP 66 (P89/bag 113/16; Lr IV; Fig. 25). Conical cup. Rim and upper body fragment. Pres. h. 3.6, rim d. 7.8; th. 0.4. Conical profile, straight rim with elliptical section following the orientation of the body. Fine reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 6/6. Plain exterior and two oblique bands (in white?) on (dark?) interior. EMP 67 (P89/bag 126/6; Lr IV). Cup. Light-ondark decoration. Rim and handle. H. 1.7; w. 1.5; th. 0.2; handle w. 3; th. 0.7. Part of thin rim and ribbon handle with circular section. Fine reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 6/6, and red monochrome throughout with added white decoration. Three white oblique bands (two wide, one thin) on the handle, oblique band running vertically from the rim on the interior of the body. EMP 68 (P89/bag 126/9; Lr IV). Conical cup. Rim and upper body. 4.4 x 3.8 x 0.3. Fine, very pale brown clay, 10YR 8/3. Light buff slip throughout. Thin rim with semi-elliptical section, conical body. EMP 69 (P89/bag 182/4; Lr IV). Cup. Body sherd. 4.5 x 2.4 x 0.3. Very fine reddish-orange clay, 7.5YR 6/8. Thick, light buff throughout. Red trickle decoration on interior and exterior. EMP 70 (P89/bag 209/15; Lr IV). Cup. Very small fragment of rim and upper body. 2.3 x 1.6 x 0.3. Very fine light red clay, 10R 6/8. Red monochrome throughout, added decoration of white oblique cross-hatching on interior. EMP 71 (P89/bag 209/16; Lr IV). Cup base. H. 1.6; est. base d. 4.5; th. 0.3. Flat base with semi-rough surface, wheel marks on interior. Very fine light reddishbrown clay, 5YR 6/3. Red monochrome throughout, lustrous paint, metallic sound. Added white band along the base on the exterior. EMP 72 (P89/bag 209/21; Lr IV; Fig. 25). Conical cup. Base and lower body fragment. 3.2 x 2.8 x 0.2. Raised base, flat underneath. Conical body. Fine reddishyellow clay, 5YR 6/8, with thick gray core. Lustrous black paint and added white. Monochrome on both surfaces. White band on the base and spatter decoration on the interior surface. EMP 73 (P89/bag 233/1; Lr IV). Conical cup. About one-third preserved. H. 6.7; est. base d. 4.5; th. 0.3. Thin, slightly incurving rim following the orientation of the body. Conical body, flat base with rough surface.

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Semi-fine, reddish-brown clay, 5YR 4/4, with few inclusions and gray core. Same color slip. Rough exterior surface. Handmade with some rotation marks on the rim. Undecorated. EMP 74 (P89/bag 233/2; Lr IV). One-handled cup. Light-on-dark decoration. Rim and very small part of the handle attachment. 2 x 2.3 x 0.3. Thin rim with semi-elliptical section. Very fine pink clay, 5YR 7/4; black monochrome throughout. Added white paint. Two oblique bands on interior, white horizontal band on rim exterior. EMP 75 (P89/bag 233/3; Lr IV). One-handled cup. Light-on-dark decoration. Rim and strap handle. 2.5 x 2.1 x 0.3. Thin, straight rim with semi-elliptical section following the profile of the body. Vertical handle, raised above the rim, with rectangular section. Very fine pink clay, 5YR 7/4. Black monochrome throughout, white band on handle where it joins the rim. EMP 76 (P90/bag 187/4; Lr IV). Cup. Base and lower body fragment. 1.5 x 6.4 x 0.3. Flat base. Conical body. Fine reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 6/8. Self-slipped. Reddish paint. Zone of ripple pattern underneath the base and on the body. On the interior surface traces of paint, probably splash decoration.

Carinated Cups EMP 77 (P86/1121, SM 12316; Lr II; Pl. 23). Carinated cup. The base and a small part of the body and rim preserved, mended from four sherds; one additional non-joining sherd. H. 6.3; base d. 3.9; rim d. 9; th. 0.3. Slightly convex base with string marks and a knob on interior. Body of carinated profile. Vertical rim with semi-elliptical section. The attachment of a vertical, arched handle is preserved. Fine reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 6/8. Black paint and traces of added white on all surfaces and the base. Monochrome on both surfaces. Wide white band above the carination, traces of horizontal white band under the carination. Traces of curvilinear motif in faded red paint on lower body between the end of the handle and the base. Black paint has faded on the exterior. EMP 78 (P86/1074, SM 12172; Lr III). Carinated cup. Body fragment, mended from three sherds. 8 x 9.4 x 0.5. Angular profile. On the upper part, parallel incisions. Fine yellowish-red clay, 5YR 4/6, with brown core. Buff thick slip. Reddish-brown worn paint. Probably initially monochrome. EMP 79 (P89/214, SM 12153; Lr IV; Fig. 27; Pl. 23). Carinated cup. One-third preserved; mended from three sherds. H. 6.4; th. 0.3. The handle is missing. Flat base. Carinated body profile, straight rim. Fine pink clay, 5YR 8/3. Black matte paint, unevenly fired. Monochrome on both surfaces and underneath the base. Parallels: for Petras, Lakkos, see Haggis 2012, fig. 1:1, 2; for Palaikastro, see Knappett et al. 2007, fig. 18:97, 98.

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MARIA RELAKI

EMP 80 (P89/274; Lr IV; Fig. 27; Pl. 23). Onehandled carinated cup. Less than one-half is preserved; part of the rim, body, base, and whole handle, mended from five sherds. 6.7 x 8 x 0.3. Slightly convex base with a knob on interior. Carinated body. Thin rim with semi-elliptical section. Vertical handle, slightly raised above the rim, strap handle with flat section. Fine pale yellow clay, 5Y 8/4, with gray core. Black, quite matte paint and traces of added white with no discernible motif. Metallic sound, very high fired and thin walled. EMP 81 (P89/386, SM 12327; Lr IV; Fig. 27; Pl. 23). Carinated cup. Almost completely preserved. H. 6.4; base d. 4.3; rim d. 9.6. Parts of the rim and the upper body are missing. Flat base with string marks. Carinated body profile. Thin, slightly outcurving rim. Vertical ribbon handle, rising above the rim. Fine gray clay, 5Y 6/1. Black paint, unevenly fired, and added white. Monochrome on both surfaces. Horizontal band above the carination. On the rim two concentric hanging pendants, containing two wavy bands. On the upper part of the handle two oblique bands. EMP 82 (P89/387, SM 12065; Lr IV; Fig. 27; Pl. 23). Carinated cup. Almost complete, except for a small part of the rim and body, mended from many sherds. H. 6.8; base d. 4.4; rim d. 10.3; th. 0.6. Small flat base. Carinated body profile. Thin, slightly outcurving rim. Vertical ribbon handle, rising above the rim. Fine pink clay, 2.5YR 8/4. Orangish-brown lustrous paint, slightly worn. Monochrome on both surfaces and underneath the base. Parallels: MacGillivray 1998, 73, fig. 2.11:4, type 4, tall-rimmed angular cup. EMP 83 (P89/399; Lr IV; Pl. 23). Carinated cup. About two-thirds preserved, mended from five sherds. Three more non-joining sherds. H. 5.2; base d. 4; th. 0.3. Fine yellowish-red clay, 5YR 4/8, with very few inclusions. Globular lower body, sharp carination, horizontal grooves on shoulder imitating metallizing ribbing, thin outcurving rim with triangular section, flat base with raised knob on interior. Black monochrome throughout (except base), semi-lustrous, with traces of added white paint on rim. Parallels: MacGillivray 2007, 109, fig. 4.3:1, Shallow Grooved ware. EMP 84 (P89/779; Lr IV; Pl. 23). Carinated cup. Body fragment preserving most of the neck and a small section of the carination. 4.1 x 2.6 x 0.3. Very fine yellow clay, 2.5Y 8/6; red/reddish-brown lustrous slip throughout. Remains of white painted decoration, part of a “ladder” or “alpha” motif. Parallels: MacGillivray 1998, 73, fig. 2.11:4, type 4, tall-rimmed angular cup. EMP 85 (P89/780; Lr IV; Fig. 27; Pl. 23). Carinated cup. Rim and body fragment. 6.2 x 4 x 0.3. Thin, vertical rim. Carinated body profile. Fine yellow clay, 10YR 7/6. Brownish-black matte paint, worn, and added white. Monochrome on both surfaces. Narrow band on the rim and another just above the carination, forming a zone, which contains three oblique bands, zigzags, and horizontal bands.

EMP 86 (P89/bag 65/2; Lr IV). Carinated cup. Rim and upper body. 3.5 x 3 x 0.4. Fine pale yellow clay, 5Y 8/4; black monochrome throughout. Straight, thin rim with triangular section; a small part of the carination preserved. Added white decoration on exterior: white horizontal band above the carination, white band on the rim, and a set of white concentric triangular motifs (zigzag) on the zone between the two bands. EMP 87 (P89/bag 107/3; Lr IV). Carinated cup. Rim, body, and part of handle. 6.2 x 6.7 x 0.3. Thin rim with triangular section, sharp carination, strap handle raised just above the rim (not preserved). Very fine reddish-yellow clay, 7.5YR 7/8, with gray core. Orangish-brown slip throughout. Trickle decoration of dark brown paint on interior and exterior. EMP 88 (P89/bag 113/2; Lr IV; Fig. 27). Carinated cup. Body fragment. 4.9 x 6.2 x 0.4. It preserves the attachment of a vertical handle with elliptical section. Fine reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 6/8. Whitish slip. Brown paint. On the exterior surface careless bands, on the interior surface vertical and horizontal bands. EMP 89 (P89/bag 113/3; Lr IV; Fig. 27). Carinated cup. Pres. h. 3.8; max. pres. d. 6.1; th. 0.5. Upper body fragment. Fine, very pale brown clay, 10YR 8/4. Irregular white decoration on dark (black?) monochrome background exterior and irregular vertical band interior. EMP 90 (P89/bag 113/4; Lr IV; Fig. 27). Carinated cup. Pres. h. 5.1; max. pres. d. 8.2; th. 0.5. Upper body and carination preserved. Fine pink clay, 7.5YR 8/4. Monochrome throughout. Sharp carination, thin outcurving rim. EMP 91 (P89/bag 126/2; Lr IV). Carinated cup. Body fragment, mended from two sherds. 2.9 x 6.9 x 0.3. Very fine pale yellow clay, 5Y 8/2. Black monochrome throughout, faded black paint. Wheelmade. Sharp, angular carination. EMP 92 (P89/bag 126/3; Lr IV). Carinated cup. Body fragment. 2.1 x 4.2 x 0.4. Fine pinkish-white clay, 2.5Y 8/5. Blackish-red monochrome throughout, lustrous paint. EMP 93 (P89/bag 182/20; Lr IV). Carinated cup. Body fragment. 1.6 x 5.4 x 0.3. Fine yellow clay, 5Y 8/6. Brown paint. Careless bands (spatter pattern) on both surfaces. EMP 94 (P89/bag 209/11; Lr IV). Carinated cup. Body sherd. 2.8 x 3.5 x 0.2. Very fine yellowish-brown clay, 10YR 5/4. Black monochrome interior, uneven red-black mottled exterior, metallic sound. Added white decoration of thick horizontal band above the carination on exterior. Soft carination. EMP 95 (P89/bag 209/13; Lr IV). Carinated cup. Rim and upper body fragment. 4.5 x 5.5 x 0.3. Fine pinkish-white clay, 2.5YR 8/2; red monochrome throughout. Thin rim with triangular section, straight, following the orientation of the body. Soft carination.

EARLY AND MIDDLE MINOAN POTTERY

EMP 96 (P89/bag 209/22; Lr IV). Strap handle of (carinated?) cup. 3.2 x 1.6 x 0.4. Very fine reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 6/8, with gray core. Black monochrome throughout. Flat profile with convex upper surface.

Tumblers EMP 97 (P86/631; Lr II). Squat tumbler. Part of the rim, body, and base are preserved in two non-joining pieces. H. 4.3; rim d. (est.) 7.1; th. 0.7. Slightly outcurving rim with elliptical section; conical, flaring body profile; narrow, flat base, only about one-fifth preserved. Very fine pinkish-white clay, 2.5YR 8/2; light buff slip, dark red lustrous paint, very worn, preserved only in parts. EMP 98 (P86/632, SM 12354; Lr II; Fig. 25). Tumbler. Rim and upper body fragment. 4 x 5.5 x 0.3. Thin rim with triangular section. Body with curved profile. Fine yellowish-red clay, 5YR 4/6. Self-slipped. Reddishbrown worn paint. Monochrome on both surfaces. Traces of white paint along the rim on interior and exterior. Sponge marks on the exterior surface. EMP 99 (P86/633; Lr II). Tumbler. Only part of the rim preserved. 2.2 x 3.3 x 0.4. Thin rim with triangular section. Fine, dark grayish-brown clay, 10YR 4/2. Red slip throughout, worn. Traces of white paint along the rim on interior and exterior. Very similar to EMP 98, only slightly thicker. EMP 100 (P89/385, SM 12326; Lr IV; Fig. 25; Pl. 24). Tumbler, undecorated. Mended from various sherds; parts of the upper body and rim are missing. H. 7.3; base d. 4.6; th. 0.8. Thin rim with elliptical section following the profile of the body. Conical body narrowing to base. Flat base with string marks. Pale yellow clay, 2.5Y 8/2. Self-slipped. Wheel marks on the interior surface. EMP 101 (P89/427, SM 12327; Lr IV; Fig. 25; Pl. 24). Tumbler. Rim and body fragment, mended from three sherds. 6.5 x 5.3 x 0.3. Thin rim with elliptical section. Very fine yellowish-brown clay, 10YR 5/4; light buff slip on the interior. Black exterior surface with added horizontal bands in white and red and fish and S-motifs in white (thin white band along the rim; wide red band; another white band; a zone of white bands with fish motif in the middle; another zone of white and red bands with white double S-motifs in the middle). Wide black band on the interior of the rim. EMP 102 (P89/697; Lr IV; Fig. 25; Pl. 24). Tumbler. Light-on-dark decoration. Nearly complete base and part of the lower body preserved. H. 3.4; base d. 3.5; th. 0.5. Fine pale yellow clay, 2.5Y 8/2, with rare inclusions. Black monochrome exterior with three parallel white bands running along the base; monochrome interior; base exterior with red slip. Flat base with string marks and brush marks on interior. EMP 103 (P89/782, SM 12328; Lr IV; Fig. 25; Pl. 24). Tumbler. Profile similar to EMP 100. About two-thirds

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preserved, with parts of rim and the upper body missing, mended from many sherds. H. 6.8; rim d. 8.9; base d. 3.9; th. 0.4. Thin rim, slightly outcurving, with elliptical section, narrow flat base with string marks. Fine reddishyellow clay, 7.5YR 8/6. Thick slip of the same color. EMP 104 (P89/912, SM 12325; Lr IV; Fig. 25; Pl. 24). Kamares Ware tumbler. Only the rim and part of the upper body preserved, mended from four sherds. H. 3.3; rim d. 7.7; th. 0.3. Very fine, very pale brown clay, 10YR 8/3. Rim with semi-elliptical section following the profile of the body. Thin light buff lustrous slip on interior, black paint on exterior with added bands of white and red. The decoration consists of a set of horizontal bands: thin white band on the rim; a wide red band; a wide white band with brown cross-hatched filling; traces of another red band below. On interior of rim a wide brown band (2.7 wide). EMP 105 (P90/794; Lr IV; Fig. 25; Pl. 24). Tumbler. H. 3.4; base d. 3.6; th. 0.4. Straight body profile, flat base, pink fine clay (5YR 8/4), with traces of slip on interior. Black exterior with polychrome decoration and lustrous, shiny appearance. White band along the base, horizontal thick white band and two orange bands immediately above. EMP 106 (P90/1425, SM 12145; Lr IV; Fig. 25). Tumbler. Base and lower body fragment, mended from two sherds. H. 4.2; base d. 3.9; th. 0.3. Flat base. Conical body with flaring profile. Fine/semi-fine pink clay, 7.5YR 8/3. Lustrous slip of the same color. Black, red, and white paints. Black monochrome on the exterior surface. White band above the base and concentric angles vertically arranged, oblique red foliate band, white dotted lines visible on one of the red foliate bands. Coil-built and wheel-shaped. Parallels: Palaikastro, Knappett et al. 2007, 216, fig. 22. EMP 107 (P89/bag 32/5; Lr IV). Tumbler. Base and lower body fragment. 3.5 x 4 x 0.3. Flat base. Slightly convex body profile. Fine olive Petras clay, 5Y 5/4. Traces of black paint on the exterior surface. Wide band on the lower part of the body. EMP 108 (P89/bag 113/5; Lr IV). Tumbler. Rim and upper body. 3.5 x 4 x 0.2. Thin slightly outcurving rim with elliptical section, conical body. Very fine pinkishwhite clay, 2.5YR 8/2; red monochrome throughout. Traces of added white decoration, horizontal band on exterior. EMP 109 (P89/bag 126/14; Lr IV). Tumbler. Base and lower body. Part of the base missing. 2 x 3.6 x 0.3. Very fine, very pale brown clay, 10YR 8/4. Red monochrome throughout, unevenly fired. Flat base with string marks. Decoration of black band along the base on interior. EMP 110 (P89/bag 126/15; Lr IV). Tumbler. Base fragment. 2 x 3.6 x 0.4. Very fine brown clay, 10YR 5/3. Red monochrome on exterior (excluding base), plain interior, lustrous appearance. Black horizontal band on base.

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MARIA RELAKI

EMP 111 (P89/bag 171/4; Lr IV). Tumbler. Base and lower body fragment. 2.7 x 3.6 x 0.3. Flat base. Fine, light brownish-gray clay, 10YR 6/2. Black paint and added white. Monochrome on both surfaces. White spatter decoration on both surfaces. EMP 112 (P89/bag 182/13; Lr IV). Tumbler. Rim and body sherd. 5.4 x 4.5 x 0.3. Fine pinkish-white clay, 2.5YR 8/2. Thin rim with triangular section, straight, following the orientation of the body, conical body. Black monochrome throughout, exterior red-black, unevenly fired. Decoration of added white paint on interior, oblique cross-hatching. Parallels: Palaikastro, Knappett et al. 2007, fig. 23:105. EMP 113 (P89/bag 182/16; Lr IV). Tumbler. Rim and upper body fragment. 2.6 x 2.2 x 0.2. Straight, slightly outcurving rim. Very fine yellow clay, 10YR 8/8. Red monochrome throughout, reddish-brown on exterior. Added polychrome decoration: white band on the rim interior, thick orange band on the rim exterior, and a set of concentric circles in white on the body exterior. EMP 114 (P89/bag 195/15; Lr IV; Fig. 25). Tumbler. Rim fragment. H. 3.4; w. 3.2; rim d. 3.7; th. 0.4. Semielliptical section. Fine, very pale brown clay, 10YR 8/2. Black paint and added white. Monochrome on both surfaces. White spatter decoration on both surfaces. EMP 115 (P89/bag 195/16; Lr IV; Fig. 25). Tumbler. Base and body fragment. 2.4 x 3.6 x 0.4. Flat base, conical body. Fine reddish-yellow clay, 7.5YR 6/8, with dark gray core and grayish-brown slip. Black monochrome on exterior with two white horizontal bands along the base and above, plain interior. Lustrous appearance. EMP 116 (P90/bag 239/3; Lr IV). Tumbler. Base and body fragment. 5.2 x 4.8 x 0.5. Flat base. Curved body profile. Medium, yellowish-brown clay, 10YR 5/6. Wheel marks on the interior surface. Black paint. Monochrome on the exterior surface. EMP 117 (P90/bag 239/6; Lr IV). Tumbler. About one-fifth preserved, rim and part of the upper body, mended from two sherds. 4 x 5.5 x 0.3. Conical profile narrowing toward the base, straight rim with elliptical section. Very fine reddish-brown clay, 5YR 5/4. Wheel marks on interior and exterior. Black monochrome throughout with added white decoration on interior: two sets of white bands, running vertically from the rim in a cross-hatched pattern. EMP 118 (P90/bag 239/12; Lr IV). Tumbler. Base fragment. 2.5 x 2.7 x 0.6. Flat base, straight profile, only base and lower body preserved. Very fine pinkish-white clay, 2.5YR 8/2. Black paint on exterior and decoration in added white paint: two horizontal bands along the base and another higher up on the lower body.

S-profile Cups EMP 119 (P86/634; Lr II). S-profile cup. Light-ondark decoration. Two pieces: base/body fragment and

rim/body fragment. H. 3.8; base d. 0.4; th. 0.4. Very fine pinkish-white clay, 2.5YR 8/2; self-slipped, black paint throughout. S-profile, thin outcurving rim with triangular section, semi-globular body, flat base with raised omphalos inside. Wheel-throwing marks and fingerprints on exterior. Worn matte black paint all over, traces of added white paint on exterior: a dotted motif on the rim and horizontal band along the shoulder, two vertical bands and a hanging arc on the lower body. EMP 120 (P89/bag 209/17; Lr IV). S-profile cup. Light-on-dark decoration. Rim and upper body fragment. 3.7 x 3.5 x 0.2. Thin outcurving rim, flaring body. Very thin-walled, very fine gray clay, 5Y 5/1, with metallic sound. Black monochrome throughout, lustrous paint, with added white decoration of thick horizontal band on exterior on the shoulder.

Bowls EMP 121 (P89/203, SM 12021; Lr IV; Pl. 23). Globular bowl. Light-on-dark decoration. One-third preserved, base, part of body and rim, mended from nine sherds. H. 6.8; base d. 5.3; rim d. 11; th. 0.4. S-profile with globular body, narrow flat base, and straight outcurving rim with elliptical section. Flat base with string marks and omphalos inside. Fine gray clay, 10YR 6/1. Worn black paint throughout, semi-lustrous on exterior, matte on interior. Very faint traces of white paint along the shoulder exterior, no discernible motif. Parallels: Petras Cemetery, Kephala Hill, Tsipopoulou 2012a, 185–186, fig. 10:r–t. EMP 122 (P89/276; Lr IV). Globular collared bowl. Light-on-dark/spatter(?) decoration. Part of rim and body preserved, mended from three sherds. 6.5 x 1.4 x 0.3. Straight, tall rim with elliptical section, pronounced shoulder, and globular profile. Fine pink clay, 7.5YR 7/4. Very thin-walled, wheelmade with evident striations on interior. Dark red/reddish-brown slip throughout, quite lustrous, uneven firing, some mottling effect. White painted decoration on interior and exterior. A downward-pointing triangular motif is painted along the rim on the exterior surface, spatter decoration on interior. EMP 123 (P89/913; Lr IV). Bowl. Rough Burnished ware. Red monochrome, only rim fragment preserved. 2 x 4.5 x 5. Pinkish-red clay, 5YR 4/6, with gray core and very few fine inclusions. Red slip throughout. Roughly smoothed interior with coarse brush marks, smoothed exterior with semi-lustrous appearance. Straight rim with rectangular section. EMP 124 (P89/bag 126/5; Lr IV). Globular bowl. Light-on-dark decoration. Rim and upper body fragment. 3.7 x 3.4 x 0.3. Thin outcurving rim with semi-elliptical section, globular body. Very fine reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 6/8. Brownish-red monochrome on interior, black monochrome on exterior. Faint traces of white decoration on exterior.

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Saucers EMP 125 (P89/215, SM 12533; Lr IV; Fig. 23). Saucer. Complete, mended from two fragments. H. 2.6; base d. 5.3; rim d. 10.2. Raised base, flat underneath, with string marks. Conical body. Wide, outcurving rim. Fine reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 6/8. Self-slipped. Wheelmade. EMP 126 (P90/bag 239/11; Lr IV). Saucer. Rim, mended from two sherds. 2.4 x 5.8 x 0.9. Thick outcurving rim with elliptical section following the profile of the body. Very fine gray clay, 10YR 6/1. Black monochrome throughout, semi-lustrous.

Jars/Jugs EMP 127 (P86/A177, SM 12345; Lr II; Fig. 23; Pl. 25). Jug. Light-on-dark decoration. Rim, neck, and part of shoulder are preserved, mended from three sherds. H. 8.4; max. d. 10.8; th. 0.4. Probable oval body, cylindrical neck, thin rim with a beaked spout. The attachment of handle with circular section is preserved. Coarse pink clay, 7YR 8/4, with gray core. No slip preserved. Traces of black paint; probably initially monochrome on both surfaces and to the lower part of the body. Traces of white decoration on the spout. EMP 128 (P86/542; Lr II). Jug. Neck, rim, and part of a handle are preserved. H. 5.8; rim d. 5; th. 0.7. Oval mouth, straight neck, cylindrical handle with rounded section. Coarse light red clay, 10R 6/6, with phyllite inclusions. Fine red matte slip, very worn. EMP 129-PM 121 (P86/A346, SM 12037; Lr III; Fig. 23). Beaked jug. Almost complete, missing parts of the body and handle. Mended from 21 sherds. H. 22.2; base d. 9.4; th. 0.8. Flat base with fingerprints, without paint. Piriform body. Neck with convex profile, rising to form the beak. Vertical handle with elliptical section from the rim to the body. Very coarse pink clay, 7.5YR 8/4, with pinkish core. Very thick slip of the same color. Black paint. Monochrome on the exterior surface and on the rim and neck interior. Shallow vertical incision on the body. EMP 130 (P86/665; Lr III; Pl. 25). Globular/ semi-globular closed vessel/jug. Body sherd, mended from two sherds. 6.8 x 6.3. Fine pale yellow clay, 2.5Y 8/2. Lustrous red slip on exterior, light buff slip on interior. White painted decoration of large spiral motif on exterior. EMP 131-CW 59-PM 125 (P86/902, SM 11995; Lr III; Fig. 14; Pl. 18). Spouted jar. For description, see Alberti, this vol., Ch. 3. EMP 132 (P86/1137; Lr III). Jar/jug. Part of base and lower body, mended from four sherds. H. 4.5; base d. 10; th. 0.9. Fine to semi-fine pale yellow clay, 2.5Y 8/3. Light buff slip on interior. Monochrome dark exterior with black and red areas from uneven firing, traces of white paint along the base and on the black area.

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EMP 133-PM 134 (P89/411; Lr IV; Pl. 25). Jug. Base, body, and part of neck and rim preserved. Pres. h. 13.7; base d. 8.6; th. 0.9. Flat, wide base with string marks. Globular body. Three horizontal incisions at the junction of the body with the neck. Preserves the lower attachment of a vertical handle with circular section. Fine reddish-yellow clay, 7.5YR 6/8. Orange paint. Uneven firing. Monochrome on the exterior surface, including the lower surface of the base. Potter’s mark on the exterior surface of the body below the handle attachment: two oblique lines. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 954, no. 5. EMP 134-PM 135 (P89/773, SM 12526; Lr IV). Jar/ jug. Handle and body fragment. 6.7 x 3.5 x 0.5. Cylindrical handle with circular section, raised vertically. Very coarse brown clay, 5YR 5/2, with dark rounded inclusions. Black semi-lustrous slip on the exterior only, quite worn. Potter’s mark on the handle: deeply incised vertical line. EMP 135 (P89/794; Lr IV; Pl. 26). Open-spouted jar. About one-quarter preserved, rim with part of the spout, body, and part of base, mended from 10 sherds. H. 29; est. base d. 12; th. 0.9. A horizontal handle attachment is preserved at 0.5 below the rim. Tall, piriform profile with incurving rim with elliptical section, flat base. Very coarse clay with frequent angular inclusions, reddish yellow, 5YR 6/8, with black core. Thick gray slip applied throughout, black paint on interior and exterior, with matte, uneven firing. Traces of a white horizontal band along the rim and spout. EMP 136 (P89/910; Lr IV). Jar/jug. Part of base and body preserved, mended from many sherds. H. 16; base d. 12.2; th. 0.7. Very coarse reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 6/8, with gray core and very frequent angular inclusions. Light buff slip on all surfaces, thick painted red band along the base. Flat base with rough surface, and nail(?) marks. Piriform, oblong body. EMP 137 (P89/bag 126/12; Lr IV). Jar/jug. Base and lower body. 5.3 x 6.5 x 1.2. Coarse brown clay, 5YR 5/3, with gray core and frequent inclusions. Thick buff slip throughout. Black monochrome exterior, plain interior. Flat base with string marks.

Bridge-Spouted Jar EMP 138 (P89/774; Lr IV). Bridge-spouted jar. Part of the rim, body, and handle preserved, mended from 11 sherds. H. 16.5; w. 16.3; th. 0.9. Globular body. Incurving rim with elliptical section, horizontal handle with circular section, raised from the upper body. Coarse, light red clay, 2.5YR 6/6, with frequent granule to pebble-sized inclusions. Thick slip of same color applied to interior and exterior, generally matte, but with evidence of burnishing along the rim. Uneven firing.

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Hole-Mouthed Jar EMP 139 (P89/bag 182/3; Lr IV). Hole-mouthed jar. Rim and body fragment. Pres. h. 6; rim d. 8; th. 0.4. Cylindrical body with curved profile. Carination on the upper body. Rim with semi-elliptical section following the profile of the body. Fine pink clay, 5YR 8/3. Self-slipped.

Large Jars EMP 140 (P89/352; Lr IV; Fig. 24). Pithoid Jar. Around one-third preserved, mended from many fragments. H. 34.3; rim d. 21.7; th. 1. Oval body. Low, wide, cylindrical neck. Thin rim following the profile of the body. Two horizontal, oblique handles with circular section on the shoulder (one is preserved). Medium clay, 5YR. Buff thick slip. Reddish-brown paint, unevenly fired with added white. Monochrome on the exterior surface, to the lower part of the body. In the zone between the handles, a reserved trapezoidal motif with curved sides. White band under the rim, above and below the handles, and another one lower on the body. White contour on the reserved trapezoidal motif and X on its right. White drop on the handle and two groups of three vertical strokes on either end. Fingerprints on the interior surface. EMP 141 (P89/925; Lr IV; Pl. 26). Pithoid jar. Onesixth preserved, in four large pieces. (a) Rim and part of the upper body, mended from four sherds. 25 x 17 x 0.9. Thick flat rim with trapezoidal section. Very coarse, light red clay, 2.5YR 6/8, with frequent red, black, and white inclusions; pinkish gray core. Thick orange slip on all surfaces, fading on the lower part of the body, on the interior. Dark red paint on the exterior, added white paint: large spiral motif in white just under the rim, a set of white vertical and oblique bands on the rim. (b) Rim and part of upper body, mended from five sherds. 16.7 x 13 x 0.9. The slip has faded entirely from the interior, which has a very rough surface with many inclusions visible. No decoration preserved on this piece. (c) 6 x 4.5 x 0.9. (d) 3 x 4.5 x 0.9. Body fragments, clay slip and paint as above. Two white bands on the lower parts of each. EMP 142 (P90/1416; Lr IV). Large open jar. Body sherd. 5.2 x 3.8 x 1.2. Very coarse pink clay, 5YR 7/4, with dark gray core. Light brown thick slip on exterior, pinkish brown on interior. Deep incisions in a crosshatching pattern on the interior. Burn marks on interior and exterior.

Closed Vases EMP 143 (P86/bag 154/3b; Lr III; Pl. 25). Hagios Onouphrios vase. Body fragment. 5.7 x 8.1 x 0.5. Fine pink clay, 7.5YR 8/4, with few inclusions. Self-slipped. Black, initially lustrous paint. Oblique bands. EM I. EMP 144 (P89/bag 195/7; Lr IV; Fig. 23). Closed vase. Base fragment. H 1.9; base d. 12; th. 0.8. Flat base.

Conical body. Fine red clay, 2.5YR 5/6. Thin whitish slip. Black paint. Oblique intersecting bands, some of them continuing under the base. EMP 145 (P89/bag 209/9; Lr IV). Closed vase. Body fragment. Semi-fine red clay, 2.5YR 5/6, with frequent sub-rounded red and black inclusions. 3 x 3.3 x 0.5. Slip of the same color. Brownish-red painted decoration on exterior, two horizontal bands and two semicircles underneath. EM? EMP 146 (P90/bag 193/5; Lr IV). Closed vase. Body fragment. 4.7 x 9.8 x 0.8. Globular body. It preserves the handle attachment. Fine light reddish-brown clay, 5YR 6/4. Yellowish slip. Brown paint. Horizontal band and oblique bands toward the base. EMP 147 (P90/bag 203/4; Lr IV). Closed vase. Base and lower body fragment. 2 x 3.4 x 0.4. Flat base. Convex body profile. Fine light brown clay, 7.5YR 6/4. Thick slip of the same color. Reddish-brown paint. Band under the base and zone of ripple pattern on the lower body. EMP 148 (P90/bag 239/4; Lr IV). Vasiliki Ware closed vase. Neck and part of upper body sherd. Medium, pink clay, 7.5YR 8/3. Thick slip interior, black-red mottled exterior, but not very shiny in appearance. EM IIB (or later due to lack of shine?). EM IIB. EMP 149 (P90/bag 239/13; Lr IV). Closed globular vase. Rim and body sherd. 2.1 x 3.3 x 0.5. Wide rim with elliptical section, outcurving globular body. Very fine pink clay, 2.5YR 8/3. Black monochrome, semilustrous, wide white horizontal band below the rim. EMP 150 (P90/bag 239/14; Lr IV). Hagios Onouphrios closed vase. Body fragment. 3 x 3.2 x 1.2. Medium, pale yellow clay, 5Y 8/4. Red paint. Horizontal bands. EM I.

Amphorae EMP 151 (P86/1136; Lr III). Amphora. Body fragment, mended from eight sherds. 13.5 x 14 x 0.5. Globular body. Medium coarse, reddish-yellow clay, 7.5YR 7/6; same slip. Wide horizontal bands and crosshatched hanging arcs. EMP 152 (P89/459, SM 8840; Lr IV; Fig. 24; Pls. 25, 28). Oval-mouthed amphora. Mended from many fragments. H. 40; base d. 15; max. d. 29.5; th. 0.7. Flat base. Piriform body. Low neck with convex profile. Two vertical handles with circular section from the shoulder to the neck. Medium, light yellowish-brown clay, 10YR 6/4, with inclusions. Black paint. Bands on the base, under the handles, on the neck, and the interior surface of the rim. Circles around the handle attachments and on the handles. Seal impression on the lower attachment of one handle, with hieroglyphic inscription. EMP 153-PM 138 (P89/bag 137/6; Lr IV). Amphora. Handle fragment and attachment. 2.4 x 2.6. Vertical, with elliptical section. Coarse reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 7/8. Self-slipped. Potter’s mark on the upper surface:

EARLY AND MIDDLE MINOAN POTTERY

incised line. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 961, no. 101, fig. 5. EMP 154 (P89/bag 203/7; Lr IV). Amphora. Body fragment. 5.2 x 3.9 x 1.2. Coarse pink clay, 5YR 7/3, with inclusions. Self-slipped. Brown paint and added white. Monochrome with white floral motif.

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x 10.6 x 1.0. Preserving attachments of legs, with elliptical section. Medium, light reddish-brown clay, 2.5YR 7/4, with gray core. Self-slipped. Potter’s mark at the attachment of one leg: deeply incised oblique line. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 962, no. 114, pl. ΡΛΑ:15.

Pithos Basin EMP 155 (P89/bag 32/6; Lr IV; Fig. 23). Basin. Rim, body, and handle fragment. 3.3 x 4.3 x 0.9. Rim with semi-elliptical section. Horizontal, slightly oblique handle with circular section, on the rim. Medium, light reddish-brown clay, 7.5YR 6/4. Self-slipped. Black, very worn paint. Band on the interior surface of the rim. Monochrome on the exterior surface, including the handle.

Teapot EMP 156 (P86/853, SM 12039; Lr III; Fig. 26; Pl. 23). Teapot. Light-on-dark decoration. A large part of the base, body, rim, and handle preserved; mended from many fragments. H. 12.2; base d. 5.4; rim d. 7.2. Non-lustrous slip, very worn. Most of the spout is missing. Convex body. Angular body profile. Thin, rounded rim. Open spout. Vertical handle with elliptical section, raised above the rim. Fine, light brownish-gray clay, 10YR 6/2. Self-slipped. Black, matte paint and added white paint. Monochrome on the exterior surface, including underneath the base and the rim interior. White paint: double S-motifs and converging bands with triangular ends. Band under the rim and three more bands on the handle, two vertical bands on the spout. EM III. Parallels: for Hagia Photia, Ierapetra, see Hawes et al. 1908, 82, pl. A:1; for Petras, Lakkos, see Haggis 2007, 729, fig. 9:a. EM II.

Cooking Pots/Plate EMP 157-CW 101 (P89/919; Lr IV; Fig. 17; Pls. 19, 21). Cooking plate. For description, see Alberti, this vol., Ch. 3. EMP 158 (P89/979; Lr IV). Cooking pot. Part of base and lower body preserved, mended from nine sherds. H. 5.5; base d. 1.7; th. 0.4–0.6. Coarse reddishbrown clay, 2.5YR 5/4, with gray core, outer surface has flaked away. Thick orange slip, smoothed in interior. EMP 159-PM 139 (P89/bag 195/5; Lr IV). Tripod cooking pot. Body fragment. 5.2 x 4.4 x 0.9. Coarse red clay, 2.5YR 5/8, with inclusions and brown core. Traces of fire. Potter’s mark on the interior surface: deeply incised horizontal line. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 959, no. 74, fig. 8:1. EMP 160-PM 137 (P89/bag 107/1; Lr IV; Pl. 31). Tripod closed vase. Base and lower body fragment. 6.2

EMP 161-PM 133 (P89/410, SM 12177; Lr IV; Fig. 34; Pls. 26, 32). Spouted pithos. Base, body, and rim fragment preserving full profile, mended from many sherds; many more non-joining fragments. H. 55; base d. 24; rim d. 31.5; th. 3. Flat base. Conical body of curved profile. Wide rim with elliptical section. Partially preserved horizontal lug on the rim. Medium, pink clay, 5YR 8/3. Uneven firing. Self-slipped. Blackishbrown matte and added white paint. Monochrome on the exterior surface with wide white bands, one under the rim, two on the body, and one more above the base. Wide oblique white line on the rim near the lug. On the interior surface a wide, dark band under the rim. Potter’s mark below the lug: incised rectangle topped by triangle. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 960, no. 95, pl. PKZ:4.

Fruitstand EMP 162 (P86/A213, SM 12164; Lr II). Fruitstand. Rim and body fragment. Pres. h. 8; th. 1.3. Conical body. Outcurving rim with semi-elliptical section. Medium, pink clay, 5YR 7/4, with many inclusions. Wheel marks on the exterior surface. Self-slipped. Red paint, worn. Monochrome on both surfaces.

Miscellanea EMP 163 (P86/989, SM 12353; Lr II; Pl. 25). Tripod incense burner. Small part of the rim, the body, a smaller part of the rim, and the attachment of the leg preserved, mended from three fragments. Two nonjoining fragments. (a) 10.7 x 16.4 x 0.7. Rather flat base and shallow body. Feet with elliptical section with a horn-like edge. Outcurving rim with triangular section. Very coarse reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 7/6, with a light gray core. Thick brown slip. Reddish-brown paint, worn. Incised decoration of eight rows of dotted reverse S-motifs on the lower body interior. (b) Rim and upper body fragment. 6.9 x 9 x 0.7. EMP 164 (P86/A268; Lr III; Fig. 23; Pl. 25). Incense burner. Rim and upper body fragment. 7.1 x 13.9 x 0.6. Conical body with slightly curved profile. On the interior surface rows of impressed circular cavities. Oblique, outcurving rim with elliptical section. Medium, pink clay, 5YR 7/3, with few inclusions and gray core. Selfslipped. Brownish-orange matte paint, unevenly fired, and added white paint. Monochrome on both surfaces. White intersecting pendant semicircles at the rim

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interior and horizontal band exterior. Dark red foliate band on interior with traces of white color on one side. EMP 165 (P89/752, SM 12515; Lr IV). Incense burner. The handle and part of the body preserved, mended from two sherds. 7.3 x 7.6 x 3.5 (handle); 9.9 x 5.4 x 1.8 (body). Coarse reddish-brown clay, 5YR 4/4, with calcareous encrustation all along the handle and interior, gray core. Rough surface, thick slip of same color. Traces of burning. Straight, thin rim with triangular section. Vertical handle with circular section, raised above the rim. Parallels: Palaikastro, Knappett et al. 2007, fig. 23:105. EMP 166 (P89/911; Lr IV). Incense burner (same as EMP 163). Body sherd, with impressed dotted lines on interior. 5.3 x 6.1 x 0.7. Very coarse pale yellow clay, 2.5Y 8/3, with gray core. Light buff slip throughout. Frequent angular red, brown, and black inclusions. Four oblique dotted lines impressed on the interior. EMP 167 (P89/914; Lr IV). Incense burner, mended from three sherds. 3.5 x 5.2 x 0.5. One-handled with conical, wide profile; tripod legs with elliptical section not preserved. Cylindrical handle, raised from the base, only partially preserved. Very coarse reddishbrown clay, 5YR 5/3, with brownish-gray core and frequent inclusions. Red to reddish-brown slip throughout, semi-lustrous, quite worn. Three rows of circular impressions along the base on the interior. Traces of white paint on the impressions. Thin white band along the base on the interior. Burn marks on the interior. EMP 168 (P90/1265, SM 12128; Lr IV; Fig. 23). Tripod incense burner. Leg, base, body, and handle fragment preserved. 4.1 x 5 x 0.5. Flat base. Conical body. Circular cavities on the interior surface. Vertical ribbon handle. Medium, reddish-yellow clay, 7.5YR 7/6, with gray core. Self-slipped. Traces of reddish paint on both surfaces. Initially monochrome on both surfaces. EMP 169 (P89/bag 113/17; Lr IV; Fig. 23). Lamp(?). H. 4.5; max. pres. d. 11.8; th. 0.7. Squat globular bowl. Fine pink clay, 5YR 8/3. Dark monochrome on exterior with added white decoration, two horizontal hanging pendants. EMP 170 (P90/bag 239/5; Lr IV; Fig. 23). Alabastron. Rim and body sherd. 3 x 4.5 x 0.4. Fine light red clay, 2.5YR 6/6. Black paint extremely faded.

Staircase Y Carinated Cup EMP 171 (P89/bag 155/2; Lr II). Proto-carinated cup. Base and body fragment, mended from five sherds. 4.2 x 4.9 x 0.4. Slightly convex base. Fine pale brown clay, 10YR 6/3, with gray core. Black lustrous paint and added white, very worn. Monochrome on both surfaces

and underneath the base. On the exterior surface white band on the upper body and under the carination.

Conical Cups EMP 172 (P89/791; Lr II). Cup with internal handle. Mended from five sherds, one more non-joining sherd. H. 2.9; base d. 4.2; th. 0.5. Conical body, flat base with a handle attachment that would probably end at the rim, interior. Fine, very pale brown clay, 10YR 7/4. Red monochrome throughout, very faded. EMP 173 (P89/bag 129/5; Lr IV). Cup. Base and body fragment. Pres. h. 3.1; base d. 3.7; th. 0.4. Flat base. Conical body. Fine yellowish-brown clay, 7.5YR 5/4. Black paint and added white. Monochrome on both surfaces. White horizontal band and two oblique bands below it, probably a fish. Parallels: Hawes et al. 1908, 56, fig. 40:3; Haggis 2007, figs. 10:h, 28:i; Knappett 2007, figs. 12:e, 15; Knappett et al. 2007, fig. 24:126. EMP 174 (P89/bag 129/7; Lr IV). Cup. Fragment of rim. 3 x 3.4 x 0.3. Very fine pale yellow clay, 2.5Y 7/4. Thin straight rim with semi-elliptical section, black monochrome throughout. EMP 175 (P89/bag 129/8; Lr IV). Cup. Body sherd with light-on-dark decoration. 2.8 x 3 x 0.3. Fine pale yellow clay, 2.5Y 7/4. Black monochrome on exterior, with added white linear decoration.

Basins EMP 176 (P89/bag 129/1; Lr IV). Basin. Rim and upper body. 6.2 x 7.7 x 0.9. Body th. 0.9; rim th. 1.2. Straight profile, flat rim with trapezoidal section. Coarse reddish-yellow clay, 7.5YR 8/8, with dark gray core. Reddish-buff slip throughout. Red paint on rim and exterior, added white oblique bands on rim. EMP 177 (P89/bag 129/6; Lr II). Small basin. Rim and body fragment. Pres. h. 6.5; rim d. ca. 30; th. 1. Oblique, outcurving rim. Slightly conical body profile. Coarse reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 6/6. Self-slipped.

Incense Burner EMP 178 (P89/790; Lr II; Pl. 22). Incense burner. Part of the base, lower body, and foot attachments. H. 4.8; base d. 5.3; max d. 9.2; th. 0.8. Flat base, convex on interior, with foot attachments on the bottom. Feet with elliptical section. Conical body with vertical bands of impressions. Medium, light reddish-brown clay, 5YR 6/4, with brown core, burned. Red monochrome on interior and exterior.

Pithoid Jar EMP 179-PM 144 (P89/776, SM 12075; Lr IV). Pithoid jar. Body sherd. 5.7 x 3 x 0.7. Curved profile.

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Coarse reddish-brown clay, 2.5YR 5/4, with inclusions. Self-slipped. Potter’s mark: two intersecting oblique lines, probably part of a double axe.

West Courtyard Straight-Sided Cups EMP 180 (P89/bag 95/3; Lr II; Lakkos deposit). Onehandled, straight-sided cup. Rim, upper body, and part of flat handle raised above the rim. 2.7 x 3.2 x 0.3. Thin rim with elliptical section. Very fine brown clay, 10YR 5/3. Black monochrome throughout, with added white decoration: oblique band starting from rim on the interior and two white bands on the handle. Handle with rectangular section. EMP 181 (P89/bag 116/7; Lr II; Lakkos deposit). Straight-sided cup. Rim and upper body, mended from two sherds. 4.8 x 4.2 x 0.3. Thin straight rim with triangular section following the orientation of the body. Very fine, very pale brown clay, 10YR 7/3. Orange slip, red monochrome throughout, black paint and added white, quite faded. Spatter decoration on both exterior and interior.

Globular Cups EMP 182 (P89/bag 1/18; Lr II; Lakkos deposit). Globular cup. Base and lower body fragment. Pres. h. 4.3; base d. 5. Flat base. Lower attachment of a vertical handle with circular section preserved. Fine reddishyellow clay, 7.5YR 6/8. Black and added white paint. Monochrome on both surfaces and four white bands. EMP 183 (P89/bag 1/43; Lr II; Lakkos deposit; Fig. 28). Cup. Base and lower body fragment. Pres. h. 2; base d. 3. Flat base. Globular body. Fine pale yellow clay, 5Y 8/4. Brown and added white paint. Monochrome on both surfaces with three white bands on the exterior surface. EMP 184 (P89/bag 1/150; Lr II; Lakkos deposit). Globular cup. Handle and body fragment. 5.7 x 3.3 x 0.8. Vertical loop handle with circular section, raised above the rim. Fine pale yellow clay, 2.5Y 8/3. Self-slipped. EMP 185 (P89/bag 7/18; Lr II; Lakkos deposit; Fig. 28). Globular cup. Body fragment. 6.5 x 5.3 x 0.5. Fine yellow clay, 10YR 8/6. Traces of red paint on both surfaces and added white. Light-on-dark decoration: two horizontal and one arched bands and a dot. EMP 186 (P89/bag 7/19; Lr II; Lakkos deposit; Fig. 28). Globular cup. Rim and body fragment. 6.7 x 4.1 x 0.5. Fine red clay, 2.5YR 4/6, with few inclusions and a dark core. Orange slip. Brown paint. Decoration of dark dotted wavy lines resembling seaweed pods, capsules d’algues motif, on the exterior surface. Parallels: for Malia, see Poursat 1993; Stürmer 1993, 151, fig.

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9:97, 105–108; for Palaikastro, see Knappett et al. 2007, fig. 20, top row, far right. EMP 187 (P89/bag 7/24; Lr II; Lakkos deposit; Fig. 28). Globular cup. Rim and body fragment. 4.6 x 4.6 x 0.2. Thin rim following the profile of the body. Fine red clay, 2.5YR 5/8. Orange paint, unevenly fired and added white paint. Monochrome on both surfaces. White splash decoration on the interior surface and narrow band on the rim and three more arched bands. EMP 188 (P89/bag 7/36; Lr II; Lakkos deposit; Fig. 28). Globular cup. Base and lower body fragment. Pres. h. 2.1; base d. 3.6; th. 0.3. Flat base. Carinated body profile. The lower part of a vertical handle with elliptical section is preserved. Weak red clay, 5YR 5/2, with a gray core. Black lustrous paint and added white. Monochrome on the exterior surface with white bands and an oblique band under the handle. EMP 189 (P89/bag 7/41; Lr II; Lakkos deposit; Fig. 28). Globular cup. Rim and upper body fragment. 5.6 x 4.6 x 0.4. Rim following the profile of the body. Body with curved profile. Fine reddish-brown clay, 5YR 4/4. Self-slipped. Blackish-brown paint. Bands on the exterior surface of the rim. Traces of paint on the interior surface, probably initially monochrome.

Conical Cups EMP 190 (P89/930; Lakkos deposit; Pl. 27). Conical cup. About three-quarters preserved, mended from two sherds. H. 4.7; base d. 3.5; th. 0.3. Fine to semifine pale yellow clay, 5Y 8/2. Slip of same color, spatter decoration with black paint. Thin, straight, conical body with elliptical section, flat base with string marks. Spatter decoration on exterior (including base) and interior only on the bottom. EMP 191 (P89/bag 1/2; Lakkos deposit). Cup. Base and lower body fragment. Pres. h. 1.5; base d. 5; max. d. 6.2; th. 0.3. Conical raised base, flat underneath. The preserved part of the body is conical. Rather fine brown clay, 7.5YR 4/3. Black and added white paints. Monochrome on both surfaces. White band on the base. EM III. EMP 192-PM 181 (P89/787; Lr II; Pl. 27). Handleless conical cup. All of base and half of body preserved, mended from 12 sherds. H. 5.4; base d. 3.4; rim d. 8.2. Flat base with string marks. Conical body with curved profile. Slightly outcurving rim with semi-elliptical section. Fine pale yellow clay, 5Y 8/3. Wheel marks on the interior surface. Self-slipped. Potter’s mark underneath the base, careless spiral. EMP 193 (P89/828; Lr II; Lakkos deposit; Pl. 27). One-handled conical cup. Small part of the base, body, rim, and one handle preserved, mended from three sherds. 6.5 x 7.1 x 0.4. Flat base. Conical body with slightly convex profile. Thin rim following the profile

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of the body. Vertical ribbon handle, raised above the rim. Fine reddish-yellow clay, 7.5YR 6/8. Reddish paint, worn, and added white. Monochrome on both surfaces and under the base. On interior pendant semicircles from the rim and narrow bands on the handles. Parallels: for Vasiliki House A, Zakros group, see Andreou 1978, fig. 14.4; for Palaikastro, see Knappett et al. 2007, fig. 22. EMP 194 (P89/bag 1/27; Lr II; Lakkos deposit). Handleless conical cup. Base and lower body fragment. Pres. h. 4; base d. 6. Flat base. Rather fine pale yellow clay, 5Y 8/3, with a gray core. Self-slipped. Brown paint. Spatter decoration on both surfaces. EMP 195-PM 149 (P89/bag 1/158; Lakkos deposit). Handleless conical cup. Base and lower body fragment. 3.2 x 2.4 x 0.6. Slightly raised base. Conical body of curved profile. Medium reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 6/6. Self-slipped. Potter’s mark on the lower surface of the base: two deeply incised lines, one straight and one arched. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 968, no. 201. EMP 196 (P89/bag 33/1; Lr II; Lakkos deposit; Fig. 28; Pl. 27). Cup. Rim and upper body fragment. 5 x 4.5 x 0.4. Rounded rim following the profile of the body. Conical body. Fine yellow clay, 5Y 8/6. Black paint and thick added white. Monochrome on both surfaces. On the exterior surface fragmentary animal with horns and below it an arched band. EMP 197 (P89/bag 66/5; Lr II; Fig. 28). Conical cup. Base and body with dribble decoration. Pres. h. 1.9; base d. 5.8; th. 0.5. Fine yellowish-red clay, 5YR 5/6. EMP 198 (P89/bag 66/12; Lr II; Fig. 28). Cup. Rim and body sherd. Pres. h. 3.5; rim d. 9.7; th. 0.4. Fine pink clay, 5YR 7/4. Red monochrome on exterior upper body, plain lower body. Wide red band on the interior along the rim. Two pairs of thin, oblique white bands on exterior. EMP 199 (P89/bag 66/13; Lr II). Cup. Body sherd. 2.2 x 3.1 x 0.3. Very fine light reddish-brown clay, 5YR 6/4. Reddish-brown monochrome throughout, added white decoration on exterior: a set of oblique vertical and horizontal bands intersecting in a Y-pattern. EMP 200 (P89/bag 95/12; Lr II). One-handled cup. Rim and handle fragment. 3.1 x 3.4 x 0.2. Rim with triangular section. Vertical handle with elliptical section. Fine reddish-yellow clay, 7.5YR 6/8. Brown paint. Red monochrome on both surfaces. EMP 201 (P89/bag 95/13; Lr II). Conical cup. Rim fragment. 3.2 x 3.1 x 0.3. Thin, straight rim following the orientation of the body, conical profile. Very fine reddish-yellow clay, 7.5YR 6/8. Red monochrome throughout. Black paint and added white on exterior, wide bands arranged in an inverted triangle motif. EMP 202 (P89/bag 112/1; Lr II). One-handled cup. Handle, rim, and body fragment. 5.6 x 4.5 x 0.6. Cylindrical vertical handle with elliptical section raised above the rim. Straight, outcurving rim with triangular section. Coarse pink clay, 7.5YR 7/4, with calcareous

inclusions and gray core, semi-coarse reddish-orange slip throughout. EMP 203 (P90/bag 116/7; Lr II; Lakkos deposit). Cup. Rim. 2.1 x 3 x 0.2. Very fine reddish-gray clay, 2.5YR 5/1, with orange core. Black monochrome throughout. Thin, out- curving rim. EMP 204 (P89/bag 116/11; Lr II; Lakkos deposit). Cup. Rim. 3.4 x 3 x 0.3. Thin, straight rim with elliptical section. Fine reddish-brown clay, 5YR 5/4. Red monochrome throughout, with added white on interior, a set of three oblique bands starting from the rim. EMP 205 (P89/bag 116/12; Lr II) Cup. Body sherd. 2.9 x 2.3 x 0.3. Yellowish-brown clay, 10YR 5/4. Black monochrome throughout, added decoration in white: two horizontal bands and a cross-hatched pattern underneath, on exterior surface. EMP 206-PM 201 (P89/bag 190/15; found at the ramp). Handleless conical cup. Base and lower body fragment. 1.8 x 3.4 x 0.5. Slightly raised base. Body of slightly curved profile. Fine reddish-yellow clay, 7.5YR 6/8, with inclusions. Self-slipped. Potter’s mark on the lower surface of the base: nail impression.

Tumblers EMP 207 (P89/9; Lr II; Lakkos deposit; Fig. 28). Tumbler. Base, body, and rim fragment. H. 6.5; base d. 2.4; rim d. 4. Wide base, flat underneath. Cylindrical conical body. Rim following the profile of the body. Fine reddish-yellow clay, 7.5YR 6/8. Brownish-black paint and added white and red. Monochrome on the exterior surface. White and red bands on the rim and body. In the middle of the body linear motif made of intersecting white and red lines. On the interior surface wide black band on the rim. Parallels: Palaikastro, Knappett et al. 2007, 216, figs. 22, 18:88. EMP 208 (P89/204; Lr II; Lakkos deposit). Tumbler. The base and part of the lower body preserved, slightly raised base. H. 6.1; base d. 3.7; max d. 4.1. Convex profile. Fine pink clay, 7.5YR 7/3, with gray walls. Thin slip same color as the clay on interior. Brown/ black paint, monochrome exterior and underneath the base. Lustrous finish. Decoration of added white paint: two oblique lines starting from the base. EMP 209 (P89/bag 95/4; Lr II; Lakkos deposit). Tumbler. Part of lower body and half of base. 2.4 x 2.5 x 0.3. Flat base. Pink clay, 7.5YR 7/4. Black monochrome throughout. EMP 210 (P89/bag 112/2; Lr II; Lakkos deposit). Tumbler. Rim and body fragment, mended from three sherds. 4.9 x 4 x 0.5. Conical body, slightly outcurving, straight rim following the orientation of the body, with semi-elliptical section. Fine pale yellow clay, 2.5Y 8/3. Black monochrome throughout with added white decoration: five white horizontal bands on exterior and one band on interior of the rim.

EARLY AND MIDDLE MINOAN POTTERY

EMP 211 (P89/bag 116/8; Lr II; Lakkos deposit). Tumbler. Rim and upper body. 3.4 x 4 x 0.4. Conical body, straight rim with elliptical section. Fine yellow clay, 2.5Y 8/6. Black monochrome throughout, decoration of added white horizontal bands on exterior. EMP 212 (P89/bag 116/9; Lr II; Lakkos deposit). Tumbler. Rim and upper body. 3 x 3.5 x 0.3. Straight thin rim with semi-elliptical section. Very fine pale yellow clay, 2.5Y 8/6. Black monochrome throughout, added white decoration: two wide horizontal bands on the interior, starting from the rim, and a set of concentric semicircles on exterior, just below the rim. Wheel marks are visible on interior. EMP 213-PM 200 (P89/bag 190/1; found at the ramp). Tumbler. Base and lower body fragment. 8 x 2.3 x 0.3. Flat base. Fine olive (Petras) clay, 5Y 5/4, with inclusions. Self-slipped. Potter’s mark in the middle of the lower surface of the base: deeply incised horizontal line.

Carinated Cups EMP 214 (P89/bag 1/20; Lakkos deposit). Carinated cup. Body fragment. 6 x 4.7 x 0.5. Carinated profile. Fine reddish-brown clay, 2.5YR 5/4. Black and added red and white paint. Monochrome black on both surfaces. On the exterior surface white zone of foliate band, two bands, and red wide band. EMP 215 (P89/bag 1/152; Lakkos deposit; Fig. 28). Carinated cup. Body fragment. 6.2 x 5.8 x 0.3. Carinated profile. Fine, dark reddish-gray clay, 5YR 4/2. Brownish-black lustrous paint, unevenly fired. Monochrome on both surfaces. EMP 216 (P89/bag 66/14; Lr II; Fig. 28). Carinated cup. Body sherd. Pres. h. 4; max. pres. d. 13.7; th. 0.5. Pink clay, 7.5YR 7/4. Black monochrome outside, plain slip on interior. Decoration of a net pattern in white paint, red band on the carination. EMP 217 (P90/bag 116/4; Lr II). Carinated cup. Body fragment. 2.4 x 4.5 x 0.4. Very fine pale yellow clay, 5Y 8/3. Black monochrome throughout with added white decoration on exterior: white horizontal band on the carination and wide circular band above.

Bowls EMP 218 (P89/717; Lakkos deposit). Open globular bowl. Rim. 4.3 x 5.7 x 1.5. Very coarse reddish-brown clay, 5YR 4/4, with frequent inclusions. Rim with rectangular section, globular profile. EMP 219-PM 158 (P89/bag 7/31; Lakkos deposit). Spouted bowl. Rim and body fragment. 5.2 x 7 x 0.6. Outcurving rim. Conical body. Medium reddish-yellow clay, 7.5YR 7/6. Self-slipped. Red lustrous paint. Monochrome on the exterior surface. Potter’s mark below the spout: two parallel oblique lines. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 967, no. 190.

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EMP 220 (P89/79, SM 12518; Lr II; Lakkos deposit; Fig. 29). Globular bowl. Light-on-dark decoration. About one-third preserved, rim and body, mended from four sherds. 8.5 x 6.5. Outcurving rim with elliptical section, globular body, narrowing toward the base. Fine, very pale brown clay, 10YR 8/2, with very few inclusions. Thick black slip throughout, better preserved on interior; more lustrous in interior, duller and worn on exterior. Traces of white paint on exterior surface, no discernible motifs. Fingerprint mark on area where white paint is preserved.

Kalathos EMP 221-PM 145 (P89/943; Lakkos deposit; Pl. 27). Kalathos. Rim and upper body fragment, mended from two sherds. 5.9 x 1.2 x 0.7. Open, wide profile, rim with rectangular section following the orientation of the body. Semi-coarse, very pale brown clay, 10YR 8/2, with frequent reddish-black inclusions. Slip of light buff color throughout, black painted spatter decoration on exterior mainly, but also some marks on interior. Potter’s mark on the interior surface, below the rim: two incised oblique diverging lines. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 968, no. 203, fig. 8:2.

Saucers EMP 222 (P89/946; Lakkos deposit; Fig. 29). Saucer. Small part of base, body, and rim. H. 4.0; est. base d. 8; th. 0.5. Wide, open, outcurving profile, flat base. Semicoarse pink clay, 7.5YR 7/4, with thick whitish buff slip throughout. Black spatter decoration on all surfaces. EMP 223 (P89/bag 116/6; Lr II; Lakkos deposit). Shallow bowl/saucer. Rim and upper body. 4.8 x 7.4 x 0.5. Outcurving rim with elliptical section. Yellowishred clay, 5YR 5/6. Bright orange slip, and reddish-black paint throughout. Wheel marks on interior.

Jars EMP 224 (P89/885; Lr II; Lakkos deposit; Pl. 27). Jar. Dark-on-light decoration. Part of base and body sherds, 11 non-joining sherds of various sizes. L. 2–10; th. 0.5–0.8. Conical body and flat base. Coarse to semicoarse reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 6/6, with frequent mica inclusions and thick pinkish-gray core. Thick brown-buff slip throughout. Black painted decoration of wide horizontal bands and a foliate motif. EMP 225-MV 13 (P89/909; Lr II; Lakkos deposit; Fig. 31; Pl. 29). Miniature squat globular juglet. For description, see Simandiraki-Grimshaw, this vol., Ch. 6.

Globular Jars EMP 226 (P89/bag 116/4; Lr II; Lakkos deposit). Globular jar. Rim and upper body, mended from two

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sherds. 4 x 6.3 x 1. Coarse red clay, 10R 5/8. Orangishbrown slip throughout. Reddish-brown paint on exterior, monochrome surface with brush marks on exterior. Straight incurving rim with elliptical section. EMP 227 (P89/bag 116/5; Lr II; Lakkos deposit). Globular jar. Body and neck fragment. H. 6.7; w. 1.6; th. 0.7–1. Straight neck, globular body. Semi-fine yellowish-brown clay, 10YR 5/4. Thick reddish-orange slip throughout.

Jugs EMP 228 (P89/bag 1/8a–d; Lr II; Lakkos deposit). Jug. Four non-joining fragments from a handmade jug. (a) 8.5 x 7.8 x 0.5, mended from two sherds; (b) 8.7 x 4.8 x 0.6; (c) 6.8 x 2.2 x 0.6; (d) 3.5 x 3.3 x 0.5. Fine, dark grayish-brown clay, 10YR 4/2, with few inclusions and gray core. Black, red, and white paint. Monochrome on the exterior surface. Oblique red and white bands and white spirals. EMP 229 (P89/bag 32/4; Lr II; Lakkos deposit; Pl. 27). Spout fragment from an Hagios Onouphrios Ware jug. 4.2 x 4.4 x 0.5. Fine pale yellow clay, 5Y 8/3. Selfslipped. Brown paint. EM I/IIA. EMP 230 (P89/bag 66/16; Lr II; Lakkos deposit). Jug. Neck and shoulder. 4.5 x 7.1 x 0.5. Semi-fine pale yellow clay, 5Y 7/3, with gray core, light buff slip, and black paint with added white decoration on exterior. Two white horizontal bands along the join of the neck and shoulder.

Closed Vases EMP 231-PM 155 (P89/bag 7/28; Lakkos deposit; Pl. 31). Closed vase. Rim and vertical handle fragment. 5.8 x 3.5 x 2.5 (handle th.). Vertical rim. Handle with circular section. Medium, reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 6/6. Self-slipped. Potter’s mark on the shoulder of the handle: vertical, deeply incised line. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 967, no. 187, fig. 5. EMP 232-PM 160 (P89/bag 7/33; Lr II). Semi-closed vase. Base and lower body fragment. Raised base. Body of curved profile. 3.7 x 6.9 x 0.5. Medium, reddishyellow clay, 5YR 6/6. Self-slipped. Matte red paint. Spatter decoration. Potter’s mark above the base on the exterior surface: deeply incised V. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 967, no. 192. EMP 233-PM 161 (P89/bag 7/34; Lr II; Lakkos deposit). Closed vase. Body fragment. 4 x 2.81 x 0.9. Medium, reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 6/6. Thick slip of the same color. Potter’s mark: oblique, shallow incised line. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 968, no. 193, fig. 8. EMP 234 (P89/bag 66/2; Lr II; Lakkos deposit). Body sherd of semi-closed vase. 4.3 x 5.4 x 0.7. Pale yellow clay, 5Y 7/3, with a gray core and few inclusions. Self-slipped. Decoration of three oblique bands in brownish-black paint on light background. EM.

Hole-Mouthed Jar EMP 235 (P89/bag 95/7; Lr II; Lakkos deposit). Hole-mouthed jar. Rim and upper body fragment. 5.8 x 5.9 x 0.7. Rim following the profile of the body. Globular body. Medium, reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 6/6. Selfslipped. Discoid knob below the rim.

Pithoid Jars EMP 236-PM 156 (P89/bag 7/29; Lakkos deposit). Pithoid jar. Horizontal handle fragment with circular section. 4.7 x 2.1 x 2.2. Medium, reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 6/8. Thick slip of the same color. Potter’s mark near the attachment: deeply incised line. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 967, no. 188, fig. 5. EMP 237-PM 157 (P89/bag 7/30; Lakkos deposit; Pl. 32). Pithoid jar. Horizontal handle fragment with circular section. 4.6 x 4.4. Medium, strong brown clay, 7.5YR 5/6. Self-slipped. Potter’s mark on the upper surface: deeply incised V. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 967, no. 189, fig. 7, pl. PKΘ:9. EMP 238-PM 147 (P89/bag 1/85; Lr II; Lakkos deposit). Pithoid jar. Body and horizontal handle fragment. 7 x 8.4 x 0.9. Body of curved profile. Horizontal handle with circular section. Medium, reddish-brown clay, 5YR 4/4. Self-slipped. Potter’s mark on the upper surface of the handle: horizontal incised line. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 968, no. 202, fig. 5:1. EMP 239-PM 148 (P89/bag 1/110; Lr II; Lakkos deposit). Pithoid jar. Handle fragment. 6.5 x 3 x 2. Horizontal handle with circular section. Medium, reddish-brown clay, 5YR 4/4. Self-slipped. Potter’s mark on the upper surface: three parallel incised lines. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 968, no. 204, fig. 8:12, pl. PΛ:12. EMP 240-PM 151 (P89/bag 1/166; Lr II; Lakkos deposit; Fig. 34). Pithoid jar. Body and horizontal handle fragment. 3.4 x 2.8 x 2. Body with curved profile. Horizontal handle with circular section. Medium, dark reddish-brown clay, 2.5YR 3/4. Self-slipped. Potter’s mark on the upper surface of the handle: incised T. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 968, no. 197, pl. PMA:38.

Cooking Pots/Cooking Dishes EMP 241 (P89/932; Lakkos deposit). Cooking dish. 7.5 x 5 x 2.3. Thick rim with rectangular section, slightly incurving. Very coarse brown clay, 7.5YR 5/4, with dark brown core and frequent voids. Flat base with rough surface, interior surface smoothed. EMP 242 (P89/937; Lakkos deposit). Cooking dish. 3.7 x 4 x 1.3 (rim)–1.1 (base). Flat base, with rough surface. Straight profile, rim following the orientation of the body, with rounded rectangular section, low smooth carination along the base. Coarse red clay, 2.5YR 4/8, with slip of same color.

EARLY AND MIDDLE MINOAN POTTERY

EMP 243 (P89/948; Lakkos deposit). Tripod cooking dish. Part of rim, base, and one leg preserved. 7.3 x 3.5 x 1.6 (rim)–1.8 (base)–1.1 (foot). Straight rim with rounded rectangular section. Large tripod leg with elliptical section. Very coarse, dusky red clay, 2.5YR 3/2, with brownish-gray core and very frequent pebble-sized inclusions. Thick slip of grayish-brown color on interior. Traces of burning underneath the base and on the leg. EMP 244 (P89/949; Lakkos deposit). Cooking pot. Rim and upper body fragment, mended from two sherds. H. 7.5; rim d. 10; th. 0.5. S-profile, outcurving rim, globular body. Rim with elliptical section. Coarse, weak red clay, 2.5YR 4/2, with dark gray core. Slip of light brown color throughout. Traces of burning on interior and exterior. EMP 245 (P89/950; Lakkos deposit). Cooking dish fragment. H. 7; L. 9; w. 6; th. 1.6 (body)–2.7 (rim). Flat base, rim with rounded rectangular section. Very coarse reddish-brown clay, 2.5YR 4/4, with dark brown core and very frequent voids, probably as a result of organic temper. Traces of burning on interior.

Basins EMP 246 (P89/933; Lakkos deposit). Basin. Rim and upper body fragment, mended from two sherds (one more non-joining). 11 x 17.5 x 1.8. Part of a handle with circular section is preserved at 4.5 cm below the rim. Thick rim with trapezoidal section, straight body. Very coarse pale yellow clay, 5Y 8/2, with brown core. Thick whitish-buff slip on exterior with traces of burning along the rim. Deep incisions on the interior: one horizontal line and two oblique vertical lines on either side. EMP 247 (P89/934; Lakkos deposit). Basin. Body sherd. 4.3 x 7.2 x 1. Very coarse pale yellow clay, 5Y 8/4, with gray core. Slip of same color. Incised pattern of two horizontal and one vertical line on the interior (similar to EMP 246). EMP 248 (P89/bag 1/54; Lr II; Lakkos deposit; Fig. 29). Small basin. Base and body fragment. Pres. h. 5; base d. 5. Three horizontal ridges. Flat base. Body with curved profile. Fine reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 6/8. Self-slipped. EMP 249 (P89/bag 116/3; Lr II; Lakkos deposit). Basin. Rim and body fragment. 7 x 9.1 x 2.2. Straight body, flat rim with trapezoidal section. Very coarse yellowish-red clay, 5YR 4/8, with frequent quartz and phyllite inclusions. Thick slip of same color throughout.

Fruitstands EMP 250 (P89/935; Lakkos deposit). Fruitstand. Rim and part of the upper body preserved. 5 x 11 x 0.9. Articulated overhanging rim with triangular section,

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wide conical body. Coarse reddish-brown clay, 5YR 5/4, with frequent inclusions and gray-brown core. Thick slip of brown color on interior and rim, exterior surface left rough. EMP 251 (P89/940; Lakkos deposit). Fruitstand. Rim and small part of the upper body preserved. 3.6 x 10.5 x 0.8. Pronounced overhanging rim with heartshaped section. Coarse, weak red clay, 10R 5/4, with grayish-brown core. Reddish-brown slip on interior, light brown wash on exterior. EMP 252 (P89/952; Lr II; Lakkos deposit). Fruitstand. Part of the rim and upper body preserved. 8 x 12.7 x 1.2. Overhanging rim with trapezoidal section, wide, conical body. Coarse light reddish-brown clay, 2.5YR 6/4, with dark red core. Reddish-brown slip on interior and rim, exterior surface left rough. EMP 253 (P89/bag 1/48; Lr II; Lakkos deposit). Fruitstand. Base, body, and leg attachment. Pres. h. 1.8; base d. 8. The preserved part of the body is conical. Base hollow underneath. Medium, red clay, 10R 4/6. Black and added red and white paint. Black monochrome on both surfaces. Red band on the interior surface. Two narrow white bands. EMP 254-PM 159 (P89/bag 7/32; Lakkos deposit). Fruitstand. Rim and upper body fragment. 7.3 x 4.8 x 0.9. Large outcurving rim. Conical body. Medium, reddish-yellow clay, 7.5YR 6/6. Thick slip, lighter in color than the clay. Matte red paint. Spatter decoration on both surfaces. Potter’s mark on the interior surface: deeply incised oblique line. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 967, no. 191.

Trays EMP 255 (P89/938; Lakkos deposit). Tray. Base, body, and rim fragment. 6.7 x 9 x 1. Rounded rim with rectangular section. Very coarse light yellowish-brown clay, 10YR 6/4, with frequent pebble-sized inclusions. Rough surface on base. Red paint on interior, very worn, but quite lustrous where it survives. EMP 256-CW 166 (P90/1311, SM 12383; Lakkos deposit; Fig. 21; Pl. 27). Tray. For description, see Alberti, this vol., Ch. 3. EMP 257 (P90/1312, SM 12316; Lr II; Lakkos deposit; Fig. 29). Tray. One-quarter preserved. 5.5 x 7.4 x 1.5. Flat base, rough underneath. Shallow conical body. Outcurving rim with elliptical section. Coarse yellowish-red clay, 5YR 4/6, with many inclusions, especially limestone. Self-slipped. EMP 258-PM 146 (P89/bag 1/1; Lr II; Lakkos deposit). Tripod tray. Leg fragment. 12.8 x 6.3 x 2. Potter’s mark: incised vertical line. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 968, no. 205, fig. 9.1, pl. PM-35.

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Miscellanea EMP 259 (P89/931; Lakkos deposit). Lamp(?). Part of rim, spout, and base preserved. 3.5 x 1.9 x 0.9 (base)– 1.2 (rim). Very large and shallow shape. Incurving rim with elliptical section. Flat base with rough surface, smoothed on interior, shallow wide spout. Soft carination on the base. Very coarse brown clay, 7.5YR 4/2, with dark core. Red slip on interior. Heavily burned on exterior and interior on the base. EMP 260 (P89/bag 1/173; Lakkos deposit; Fig. 29). Open vase. Body fragment. 3.9 x 5.4 x 0.3. Fine reddishyellow clay, 7.5YR 6/8. Black lustrous paint and added white. Monochrome on the interior surface. Light-ondark decoration on the exterior: arcs and oblique thin bands. EMP 261 (P89/bag 1/40; Lr II; Lakkos deposit; Fig. 29). Lamp. Base, body, and rim fragment. H. 4.5; base d. 4.5. Conical raised base, flat underneath. Globular depressed body. Incurving rim with elliptical section. Fine dark yellowish-brown clay, 10YR 4/4. Brown paint. Monochrome on both surfaces. EMP 262-PM 150 (P89/bag 1/162; Lr II; Lakkos deposit). Stand. Base and lower body fragment. 5.2 x 5.6 x 0.7. Raised base. Conical body. Medium, reddish-yellow clay, 7.5YR 6/6. Self-slipped. Potter’s mark on the lower surface of the base: shallow incised X. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 968, no. 198. EMP 263-PM 152 (P89/bag 1/167; Lr II; Lakkos deposit). Scuttle. Handle fragment with circular section. 7 x 4.3 x 0.5. Medium, reddish-brown clay, 5YR 4/4. Thin brown slip. Traces of burning on both surfaces. Potter’s mark on the shoulder: deeply incised vertical line. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 965, nos. 167, 199, fig. 5, pl. PM:34. EMP 264-PM 153 (P89/bag 7/26; Lr II; Lakkos deposit). Open vase. Horizontal handle fragment. 5.9 x 3.5 x 0.8. Circular section. Medium, reddish-yellow clay, 7.5YR 6/6, with inclusions. Reddish slip. Potter’s mark on the shoulder: deeply incised X. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 968, no. 194. EMP 265-PM 154 (P89/bag 7/27; Lr II; Lakkos deposit). Oval-mouthed amphora. Rim and vertical handle fragment. 10.2 x 3.8. Outcurving rim with oval section. Handle with circular section. Medium, olive (Petras) clay, 5Y 4/6. Self-slipped. Reddish-brown paint. Vertical band on the shoulder of the handle. Potter’s mark on the shoulder of the handle: deeply incised vertical line. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 967, no. 186, pl. PΛΣT:25. EMP 266-PM 162 (P89/bag 7/47; Lr II; Lakkos deposit). Cylindrical pithos. Rim and neck fragment. 0.9 x 0.8 x 1.4. Horizontal rim with trapezoidal section. Coarse reddish-yellow clay, 7.5YR 6/8. Self-slipped. Potter’s mark on the upper surface of the rim: X. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 968, no. 195.

Area O Carinated Cup EMP 267 (P86/A329, SM 12190; Lr I). Carinated cup. Rim, body, and handle fragment, mended from 10 fragments. Pres. h. 4.5; th. 0.2. Slightly outcurving thin rim with triangular section. Body of S-profile. Vertical wide handle with elliptical section. Fine pink clay, 5YR 8/3, with few inclusions, including limestone and mica. Self-slipped. Brown lustrous paint, worn, and added white. Monochrome brown; white band on the exterior surface.

Teapot EMP 268 (P86/A332, SM 12193; Lr I). Teapot. Body and handle fragment, mended from three sherds. H. 6.4; w. 13.1; handle d. 1.2; th. 0.3. Globular, convex body. Horizontal handle with elliptical section. Medium, pink clay, 5YR 7/3, with few inclusions. Self-slipped. Black monochrome with added white paint, quite faded. The body and the handle are black monochrome, with at least two white bands on the body, possibly another white band on the handle. MM IA.

North-Northwest of House I.1 (Area Σ) Jugs/Closed Vases EMP 269 (P90/1381, SM 12524; Lr I). Jug. Handle. D. 1.7. Circular section. Coarse reddish-brown clay, 2.5YR 4/4, with many inclusions. Yellowish slip. Black paint. Two bands by the handle attachment. EM. EMP 270 (P90/bag 77/2; Lr II). Hagios Onouphrios Ware vase. Body fragment. 2.5 x 2.7 x 0.8. Fine clay, 2.5YR 8/6. Reddish paint. Parallel bands. EMP 271 (P90/1363, SM 12507; Lr III). Jug. Body fragment. 6.3 x 6.4 x 0.6. Only small part of the body is preserved, mended from two sherds. Convex walls. Semi-coarse pink clay, 5YR 7/3, with few inclusions. Light buff slip on exterior. Black painted decoration in spatter motifs on the exterior. EMP 272 (P90/1389; Lr III; Pl. 27). Closed(?) vase. Fragmentary. Pres. h. 4.5; w. 5.4; th. 0.6. Curved body profile. The attachment of a handle with circular section preserved. Fine, light brown-reddish clay, 5YR 6/4, with few inclusions. Thick slip of the same color. Incised decoration made of oblique lines. EM I/IIA. EMP 273 (P90/1396; Lr III; Pl. 27). Jug. One-third of base preserved, mended from three sherds. H. 2.8; base d. 7; th. 0.4. Flat base, convex body profile. Fine,

EARLY AND MIDDLE MINOAN POTTERY

light brown clay, 7.5YR 6/3. Slip only on the exterior. Black paint in spatter decoration interior and exterior. EM. EMP 274 (P90/1400; Lr III). Jug. Body fragment. 4.5 x 8.9 x 0.9. Coarse light brown clay, 7.5YR 6/4. Slip in the same color as the clay only on exterior. Black paint in spatter motifs only on exterior. MM IB–IIA. EMP 275 (P90/1401; Lr III; Pl. 27). Jug. Rim and neck fragment, mended from two sherds. 6.6 x 12 x 0.6. Cylindrical neck. Vertical rim with semi-elliptical section. The attachment of a handle with circular section is preserved. Coarse pink clay, 5YR 8/4. Self-slipped. Black and added white paint. Horizontal band on both surfaces of the rim. Another band on the junction of the neck and rim, and an oblique band starting from it. EMP 276 (P90/bag 102/1; Lr III). Jug/jar. Lower body and base, mended from two sherds. H. 4.4; base d. 5.4; th. 0.4. Flat base with string marks, conical body. Fine to semi-fine, pinkish-gray clay, 7.5YR 6/2. Light brown slip. Black monochrome on exterior with decoration of white horizontal band along the base.

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Carinated Cup EMP 279 (P86/1311, SM 12383; Lr I). Carinated cup. Body fragment. 2.2 x 3.1 x 0.3. Fine reddish-yellow clay, 7.5YR 7/6. Black paint, worn. Probably initially monochrome. Barbotine decoration.

Cups EMP 280 (P90/bag 153/6; Lr I). Spouted cup. Body and spout fragment. 2.2 x 3.1 x 0.3. Fine reddish-yellow clay, 7.5YR 8/6. Black paint, very worn. Monochrome on the exterior surface and barbotine decoration. EMP 281 (P90/bag 102/8; Lr III). Cup. Part of rim and upper body. 4.2 x 4 x 0.2. Straight rim with triangular section. Very thin-walled, very fine pinkish-gray clay, 7.5YR 7/2. Black monochrome throughout with traces of a thin white band on the rim. EMP 282 (P90/bag 154/4; Lr III). Vasiliki Ware conical cup. Body fragment. 3.1 x 5.2 x 0.4. Medium, pink clay, 7.5YR 7/3, with gray core. EM IIB.

Basin EMP 277 (P90/1162; Lr III). Basin. Rim and body fragment. 7.7 x 8.2 x 1.3. Preserves part of the handle attachment. Rim with rectangular section. Conical body of slightly curved profile. Vertical flat handle with elliptical section. Medium, light brown clay, 7.5YR 6/3, with many inclusions, especially schist and mica. Self-slipped.

Burnished Vase EMP 278 (P90/1390, SM 12504; Lr III). Burnished vase. Fragment of an open spout. 4.7 x 3.1 x 0.7. Fine dark reddish clay, 5YR 3/6, with few inclusions and gray core, unevenly fired. Black burnishing on both surfaces (Dark Burnished ware). EM.

House I.2 EMP 283 (P86/bag 111/3; Lr I). Conical cup. Rim and body fragment. 4 x 2.4 x 0.4. Fine, very pale brown clay, 10YR 7/4. Traces of brown paint on both surfaces. EMP 284 (P86/bag 165/1; Lr II). Beaked jug. Rim and neck fragment. Pres. h. 8.5; max. pres. d. 7.1; th. 0.4. Preserves the upper handle attachment. Thin rim. Almost conical neck with curved profile. Vertical handle with circular section, starting under the rim. Medium, strong brown clay, 7.5YR 5/6. Handmade. Reddish paint, worn. Monochrome on the exterior surface. EM II.

5

Seal Impression on Amphora EMP 152 by Olga Krzyszkowska

The oval-mouthed amphora EMP 152 from Area Φ in House I.1 at Petras constitutes an exceptionally good example of a rare practice, namely the stamping of a pot with a seal prior to firing (Fig. 24; Pls. 25, 28). The Petras pot stamp—an oval seal impression aligned vertically—occurs at the very base of the handle, just at the point where it is attached to the body of the amphora (Pl. 28:a). The surface of the impression, largely covered by the horizontal band of black paint that runs around the pot’s shoulder, is not especially well preserved, but the motif fortunately is still legible (Pl. 28:b, c). The impression was made by a seal with a flat, elongated oval face, 1.6 x 0.8 cm, almost certainly a three-sided prism. The nature of the engraving, rather crudely executed with handheld tools, points to a prism of steatite, a type of seal that was widely distributed throughout eastern Crete during MM II. The design comprises two elements, set one above the other, or side by side, if the “correct” orientation of the seal face is horizontal. The lower element is undoubtedly the “throne” sign 036 in Cretan Hieroglyphic, here seen upside down. The upper element

is somewhat harder to understand, but it can only be the hieroglyphic “pronged instrument,” sign 092, oriented correctly. Together the two elements comprise the known sign group 036-092. The preliminary publication of the Petras stamp in the Corpus der minoischen und mykenischen Siegel (CMS V, Suppl. 1B, no. 329) unfortunately came too late for its inclusion in the corpus of hieroglyphic inscriptions (cf. CHIC, 5). Karnava’s unpublished doctoral thesis on the Cretan Hieroglyphic script does, however, include the pot stamp, and also provides the reading 036-092 (Karnava 2000, 22, pl. 14:b). On seals, hieroglyphic signs are frequently oriented “incorrectly”—that is, upside down, set on their sides or at an angle, and placed in no particular order. There is also considerable variation in how signs were executed. On the Petras seal, the “throne” sign 036 conforms closely to other known instances while the “pronged instrument” sign 092 does not (CHIC, 399, 420). Unusual here are the two cuts, forming a V, which run from the central stem to the tip of the prongs. A carnelian three-sided prism now in Berlin (CMS XI, no. 12b; CHIC #258β) offers a

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good parallel in hard stone, where embellishments to the basic forms of signs are much more common than on seals of soft stone. The Berlin prism also provides a useful parallel for the orientation of 036 vis-à-vis 092, accompanied by the “trident” 031. In the extant hieroglyphic corpus, the sign group 036-092 is confined to eight seals or impressions, including that from Petras. Most of the seals, either three- or four-sided prisms, were made of hard semi-precious stones (CMS II.2, no. 230; VI, no. 94; VII, nos. 36, 40; XII, no. 10D), as was the round-faced seal, probably a Petschaft, which impressed a nodulus from Malia (CMS II.6, no. 179). Aside from the Petras example, the only steatite seal bearing this sign group is a carefully engraved four-sided prism from Malia, no. HM 2184 (CHIC #288δ). A further nine seals—all prisms made of hard stone—bear the sign group 036-092-031, and this might also be the reading of an incomplete two-sided lame from Malia (CHIC #109b), preserving only 036-092. However, no clay documents bear the shorter sign group 036-092. Three-sided prisms of steatite constitute one of the largest style groups in Aegean glyptic, with about 575 examples attested to date (Krzyszkowska 2005, 92–95; Anastasiadou 2011, 63–115). Produced during MM II, steatite prisms are widely attested throughout eastern Crete; many of these prisms can be attributed stylistically to the Atelier de sceaux in Quartier Mu at Malia, where more than 100 examples were recovered, most damaged during manufacture or otherwise unfinished (Poursat 1996, 7–22, 103–110). Pictorial and ornamental motifs decorate the overwhelming majority of steatite prisms; fewer than 40 examples, ca. 7%, are inscribed with hieroglyphic signs. These are usually inscribed on one face only, with other faces bearing typical pictorial and/or ornamental motifs. Very few bear inscriptions on two or three faces. Simple sign groups—especially 044-049, the “trowel” and “arrow”—predominate. Notwithstanding their frequency in MM II, steatite prisms represent no more than 20% of hieroglyphic seals; the majority were made from hard semi-precious stones, or occasionally from metal. Especially interesting is the MM IIA date for the context of the oval-mouthed amphora EMP 152, thus providing a terminus post quem non for the manufacture of the seal and its use. Aside from examples found in the so-called Atelier de sceaux and

elsewhere in Quartier Mu, destroyed toward the end of MM II (Poursat 1980; 1996, 110), only a tiny number of steatite prisms come from reliably datable contexts (Anastasiadou 2011, 114–115). The same applies to the few impressions made by them, with Quartier Mu and Phaistos again offering a terminus post quem non of MM IIB (see also below). If we discount seals bearing the “Archanes Formula,” datable stylistically to MM IA, hieroglyphic seals (or impressions thereof) from firmly dated contexts are equally rare (Krzyszkowska 2005, 70– 79; 2012, 155–156, with n. 40). Quartier Mu and the Hieroglyphic Archive at Petras (Tsipopoulou and Hallager 2010) are securely placed at the end of MM IIB, and the same probably also applies to Myrtos Pyrgos, the final report for which is still pending. Thus, the MM IIA date for the manufacture of a three-sided steatite prism with an inscription in Cretan Hieroglyphic is highly significant, and helps to pinpoint both the inception of the script and this type of seal. Exceedingly rare are impressions made by threesided prisms of soft stone. Of these, three examples from Malia bear non-hieroglyphic motifs typical of steatite prisms (CMS II.6, nos. 192 [two spiders], 194 [goat’s head], 214 [water bird]). The supports are an unusual reel-shaped “weight” with five decorative(?) impressions, a nodulus, and a handle, respectively; the first two were found in Quartier Mu, while the handle comes from the northeast borders of the palace. Another possible impression of a steatite prism, decorated with a S-spiral, occurs on a two-hole nodule(?) at Miletus (CMS V, Suppl. 3, no. 482). A crescent from the Hieroglyphic “Deposit” at Knossos also bears the impression of a flat oval seal (CHIC #006), conceivably a prism, though the motif does not seem typical of the steatite group (CMS II.8, no. 59). Another crescent from the “Deposit” (CHIC #025) clearly contains the impression of a soft stone prism, presumably steatite, inscribed with hieroglyphs (CMS II.8, no. 81; CHIC #143). A direct object sealing from Phaistos also bears the impression of a hieroglyphic prism made of soft stone (CMS II.5, no. 239; CHIC #151). Finally, two noduli from Malia Quartier Mu have imprints of the same three-sided prism (CMS II.6, no. 187; CHIC #148) bearing the otherwise unknown sign group 011-038-016. Anastasiadou provides further discussion of possible seal impressions from steatite prisms (Anastasiadou 2011, 109–111).

SEAL IMPRESSION ON AMPHORA EMP 152

Set against a repertoire of some 575 extant threesided steatite prisms, the scarcity of impressions on clay (fewer than 10 examples) is hard to explain. At one time it was believed that the steatite prisms served as little more than amulets and, like the later MM III–LM I “talismanic” seals, they were never used sphragistically (Krzyszkowska 2005, 93, 133, with references). New discoveries, especially from Malia, reveal that the prisms were indeed—very occasionally—used to make impressions, and, significantly, these impressions occur on virtually the full range of clay supports deployed during MM II: crescents, noduli, object sealings, “weights,” and vases (Krzyszkowska 2005, 99–103). Why they were not used more often remains obscure, but it may somehow reflect the role(s) played by the social group(s) to whom the prisms belonged. The impressing of pottery with seals, whether stamps or cylinders, has a long history in the Near East and the Aegean (Aruz 2008, 23–25). Most examples from the Greek mainland and islands of Early Bronze Age date seem to be decorative in nature, though a few individual impressions on the shoulders and handles of vessels have been found (Krzyszkowska 2005, 52–56). These include handles from Lerna, Lepreon, and Poliochni with single stamps (CMS V, no. 52; CMS V, Suppl. 1B, no. 145; CMS V, Suppl. 3, no. 212) and two more from Hagia Eirene on Keos, where the same seal is stamped twice on a handle (CMS V, nos. 458, 475). Another vase from Hagia Eirene bears two impressions of the same seal: one on the neck and one on the handle (CMS V, no. 467; Krzyszkowska 2005, 52, pl. 87). Occasionally, the rims of pithoi and large vessels also bear seal impressions, though when only fragments are preserved, one cannot be sure that they did not form part of a repeated decorative pattern, as occurs on the rims of fixed hearths. On Crete, the practice of stamping pottery with seals may begin as early as EM III–MM IA and persist until LM I, but its floruit belongs firmly in the MM II period. That said, one can hardly describe the practice as common: in toto, no more than 35 examples are documented. Of these about seven are found on the rims or bases of vases; the remainder occur on handles. With the exception of a MM I– II tripod cooking pot from Gavdos that bears seven adjacent seal impressions (CMS V, Suppl. 3, no. 330), none of the Cretan pot stamps seems to serve

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a decorative purpose. A few examples are attested in Central and West Crete (e.g., at Archanes, Poros, Sambas Pediada, Chamalevri, and Chania), but East Cretan sites have yielded the overwhelming majority: Malia, Myrtos Pyrgos, Palaikastro, and now Petras. Samothrace—where the use of Minoan seals and administrative devices, such as roundels and noduli, is well known—has now yielded a stamped handle from a level contemporary with Troy VI (CMS V, Suppl. 3, no. 343). Most examples have been published in CMS II.6 or CMS V, Suppl. 3, and have been discussed by Müller (1999; 2004, 59–60). To these should be added a stamped handle fragment from Palaikastro Block M (Evely 2012, 261, 281, no. 5244, pl. 30). Especially interesting are a two-handled open-mouthed jar and a bridgespouted jar from Quartier Mu at Malia, each bearing the stamp of the same seal (CMS II.6, no. 215). On the bridge-spouted jar, the seal impression is in a similar position to the Petras pot stamp—that is, it is located at the point where the handle is attached to the body of the vase. Müller remarks that most other instances occur on the horizontal handles of medium-sized jars (Müller 1999, 390). Otherwise, there seems to be no particular pattern or “rule” governing the practice of stamping. The seals encountered also show considerable variety—a few appear to be antiques, considerably older than the vases in question, while others are contemporary products in both hard and soft stone. An imported Cypro-Phoenician seal was even used to impress one of the handles from Palaikastro (CMS II.6, no. 249). Apart from the Petras amphora, five other vases were stamped with hieroglyphic seals (CMS II.6, no. 189, and CHIC #132 from Malia; and CMS II.6, nos. 229–231, from Myrtos Pyrgos). The infrequency of the practice, the absence of any clear patterns as to the type of vase or placement of the stamp, and the lack of consistency in the seals used all make it hard to offer convincing explanations for this phenomenon, found largely but not exclusively in eastern Crete. In these respects, they may be compared to the various kinds of stamped “weights,” which are also rare and have a similar distribution (Müller 1999, 380– 389). The distribution patterns of stamped pottery and “weights” also correlate quite closely to those of steatite prisms and to the use of Cretan Hieroglyphic. But sadly, these comparisons alone fail to provide any useful clues as to the purpose of pot

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stamps. The infrequency of the practice, however, makes it hard to posit an administrative function or even to see them as marks of ownership in communal settings. Moreover, since the pots were stamped prior to firing, the seal impression could hardly identify the contents of the vase or guarantee the quality of produce. A more plausible explanation would be that seal impressions were occasionally substituted for “potter’s marks,” perhaps serving to identify a producer or a particular batch in the kiln (Müller 1999, 390). The substantial number of potter’s marks from Quartier Mu at Malia, which display varying degrees of complexity from simple incised strokes and impressed marks to signs known from the hieroglyphic script, have been

thoroughly documented, but their role is not well understood (Poursat, Godart, and Olivier 1978, 33–37, 121–204, nos. 85–315; Olivier 1996, 157– 170, 176–193, nos. 332–395; Poursat and Knappett 2005, 183–185). Progress may come if future discoveries are accorded an equally systematic treatment at both the site and regional level. Whether this, in turn, will ever yield insights into the decidedly less-common phenomenon of stamping pottery with seals is hard to predict. Nevertheless, the Petras pot stamp, which provides valuable evidence for so many aspects of MM II glyptic, represents a significant addition to the repertoire and should help to draw further attention to this enigmatic practice.

6

Miniature Vessels by Anna Simandiraki-Grimshaw

The miniature vessels from Petras Sector I form a subcategory of the miniature vessels from both the palace and city of Petras, as well as the more general class of miniature vessels from Bronze Age Crete (Fig. 30). In this chapter, these vessels are presented and analyzed against the background of recent scholarship (e.g., Girella 2002, 2003; Botsi 2004; Hammond 2009; Tournavitou 2009; Kanta and Kontopodi 2011; Simandiraki 2011; Knappett 2012; Simandiraki-Grimshaw 2012), which has begun to take a closer look at the typology, significance, and uses of miniature vessels in their various contexts. It is argued here that the material from Petras Sector I, though not extensive, presents a highly interesting case of domestic spatial distribution for this class of vessels. This, when combined with the rest of the houses’ finds, may illuminate different uses within the same dwelling, as well as highlight wider processes of miniaturization (cf. SimandirakiGrimshaw, this vol., Ch. 8, on figurines).

Typology Of the miniature vessels, 23 examples are illustrated and cataloged in detail here, which are characteristic of the assemblage and represent the majority of excavated pieces (Fig. 31; Pl. 29). All but two were found in House I.1: vessel MV 23-PM 264 was found in the Narrow Passage between Houses I.1 and I.2, and MV 22 was found in House I.2. In terms of typology, most of the miniature vessels are open shapes: dishes, tumblers, handleless conical cups, and semi-globular cups/bowls. Dishes can be distinguished into two types: (a) handmade depressed circular pellets of clay and (b) wheelmade shallow receptacles. Of the latter type, MV 21 is of particular interest in that it is intended to resemble a very shallow carinated dish (lopadion, λοπὰδιον) on an exceedingly small scale. All dishes are undecorated except for MV 21, which is covered in black, flaking paint both on the interior

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and exterior. Dish type members include MV 2, MV 16, and MV 21. The tumblers in this assemblage are generally relatively tall vessels with thick inner walls, a feature often due to the fact that they were formed from a solid core that was not “developed” or raised fully during turning. Hence, pieces previously named “spools,” such as MV 20 (see also Simandiraki-Grimshaw 2012, fig. 1:g, middle), are also included here. All examples are wheelmade; as a result, wet fingerprints and wheel striations are particularly obvious (see below). The first sample of this type, MV 10, is made of clay that is redder (e.g., 5YR 7/6–6/6) than that of the other examples (e.g., the 7.5YR 7/4–7/6 clay of MV 20). This may be due, however, to the firing process rather than importation. All tumblers are undecorated. Tumbler type members include MV 8, MV 10, MV 17, MV 18, and MV 20. The miniature cups are all conical and can be further subdivided into relatively deep and shallow examples. All are wheelmade and formed from Petras clay (a yellowish-buff clay, Munsell colors ca. 7.5YR 7/4–7/6). Two of them, MV 4-EMP 2 and MV 22, are decorated with red paint on the interior and exterior. Cup MV 4-EMP 2 appears to have been painted with a splatter or trickle technique, particularly visible on the interior. Furthermore, this piece has an inwardly pushed lip, which may have served as part of a now lost decoration, or may even have rendered the vessel as a miniature lamp. Conical cup type members include MV 1, MV 3, MV 4, MV 15, MV 22, and MV 23-PM 264. The assemblage contained two examples of semiglobular cups/bowls, MV 11 and MV 12. Both are wheelmade and made of Petras clay. Vessel MV 12 is an early piece, probably dating to the early phase of the house. It is covered in black paint on the interi­or and exterior, on which added-white decoration, comprising hanging semicircles on the exterior and diagonal bands on the interior, is still visible. Vessel MV 11 preserves remnants of a lug and bears slight traces of paint on its outer surface. Closed shapes are only represented by juglets (MV 6, MV 7, MV 9, MV 13-EMP 225) and an amphora (MV 19). The juglets can be subdivided into three further shapes: (a) juglets with pronounced profiles, MV 6 and MV 9; (b) juglets with curving (but not pronounced) walls, MV 7; and (c) squat juglets, MV 13-EMP 225. All juglets are

made of Petras clay. Juglets MV 6 and MV 7 bear paint on their outer surfaces, black in the former case, red in the latter. The banding visible in the paint of MV 6 is probably the result of preservation or flaking, and the vessel was likely originally covered in black paint. The same cannot be said for MV 7. In this case, the vessel surface is divided into three nearly equal horizontal zones, of which the upper and lower contain bright red paint, while the middle one is covered in a slip of the same creamy color as the clay. The amphora, MV 19, can be seen as a variation of a juglet with a pronounced profile. Made of the same clay, its outer surface retains traces of reddish-orange paint. The lower attachments of both its original handles survive. Finally, there are two pieces that deserve special reference here: a fragment of what appears to be a miniature piriform rhyton (MV 14-PM 182) and a fragment of what may be considered a kernos (MV 5). Piriform rhyton MV 14-PM 182 seems to have had a rather wide aperture on the top, while distinctive vertical finger striations on the inside of its base point to the hole once created there. The walls are thick in the middle of the vessel, with discernible finger grooves on the interior. The rhyton is made of Petras clay and bears no surviving decoration. Kernos MV 5 may also be seen as a straightsided cup or even a tumbler. Here it is considered to be a kernos because, while it is not a miniature in itself, it contains miniature vessels. More specifically, MV 5 is the surviving part of a base of a larger—“normal-sized”—vessel, that contains two lines of three (six in total) miniature receptacles. Originally tentatively recognized as “relief bread loaves,” the excavator and the author of this chapter now agree that these are separately made versions of minute conical cups that are attached to and depressed against the inner surface of the “normal” vessel. Vessel MV 5 is made of Petras clay and is otherwise undecorated. It is both wheelmade and handmade. Other miniature vessel fragments also occur. They are not cataloged separately here, but they fall within the categories described above: tumblers: sherd of a cup with a raised foot, Room 1, Lr II, P89/bag 67/2; conical cups: sherd of a cup, West Courtyard, Lr I, P88/bag 61/18; sherd of a cup, Corridor

MINIATURE VESSELS

B-Δ, Lr I, P85/bag 3/3; sherd of a cup, Area P, Lr II, P86/A272; juglets: Corridor B-Δ, Lr II, P85/bag 91/2. Finally, none of the vessels from Petras Sector I bear holes, as with similar examples from elsewhere in Petras (Simandiraki-Grimshaw 2012, figs. 1:h, 3:c) and beyond, such as from the Eileithyia Cave in Tsoutsouros (Kanta and Kontopodi 2011, 49–52, nos. 4, 5, 8, 9, 11).

Fabric The fabric of most miniature vessels from Petras Houses I.1 and I.2 is fine or very fine, as one would perhaps expect of vessels of these sizes. There are few and very small inclusions, occasionally of quartz or purple schist. Air bubbles may indicate that organic inclusions were originally used. A yellowish-buff clay, local to Petras, predominates, with Munsell colors of ca. 7.5YR 7/4–7/6. Odd occurrences of reddish clay (e.g., tumbler MV 10) may be due to a different firing technique or temperature, and not necessarily due to importation.

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that most of them were slightly depressed when attached to the inner walls and therefore show signs of “squashing.” A view of the inner surface of tumbler MV 10 illustrates the aforementioned point about miniature tumblers having been made from an inadequately raised lump of clay. In this case, the gap visible on the inside probably occurred during the firing of the vessel, when its solid part, not yet dry enough, burst open. The base of conical cup MV 3, apart from string striation marks from the wheel that indicate the vessel’s counter-clockwise movement, also preserves a subsequent fingernail impression, which is perhaps accidental or may be a potter’s mark (regarding the latter possibility and other examples from House I.1, see Tsipopoulou 1995; this vol., Ch. 7). The inside of the same vessel also shows wet fingerprints, indicating no subsequent attempt at finishing the vessel further (Pl. 30). In addition, as mentioned above, rhyton MV 14-PM 182 preserves inner vertical striations toward its flow hole, indicating the creation of a deliberate opening there. Finally, Plate 30 also provides a visual illustration of the scale of artifacthuman engagement involved when handling some of these pieces, in this case, dish MV 21 (Fig. 31; Pl. 29). As explored elsewhere (SimandirakiGrimshaw 2012; this vol., Ch. 8), while miniature vessels may have had several uses (see below), they nevertheless may have had very specific effects on their users, including the alteration of perception, symbolic action, and practical challenge.

Manufacture Most miniature vessels from Petras Sector I are wheelmade; as noted above, only three examples were handmade. Although the two handmade examples, MV 2 and MV 16, which were formed to resemble hollowed-out pebbles, do not retain traces of manufacturing movement, other vessels offer a wealth of information. This is mainly due to the small scale of manufacture, which did not allow for meticulous finishing. Thus, most pieces exhibit striations, especially on their inner surfaces, depressions, and other deliberate or accidental actions that sketch out the direction and size of the potter’s movements. Some examples are illustrated in Plate 30. A close-up of partially handmade kernos MV 5 reveals not only that its miniature vessels were made separately, each with its own cavity, but also

Parallels There are similarities between miniatures found in Sector I and elsewhere at Petras, especially as far as the tumblers and conical cups are concerned (Simandiraki-Grimshaw 2012). As can be seen in the catalog below, there are few published parallels with the miniature material from Sector I outside of Petras. Although they are not necessarily of the same periods, it can be said that examples from Malia, Knossos, Archanes, Phaistos, Symi Viannou, Zakros, and Tsoutsouros represent a tradition whereby specific shapes are miniaturized, and primarily connected—symbolically or

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practically—to food and drink (e.g., cups), storage (e.g., amphorae), and cult (e.g., kernoi). The kernos deserves special attention here. Several pieces may be considered parallels, in terms of the idea behind the piece rather than its date or execution. One of the closest parallels is perhaps a similar (Kamares?) kernos/spouted cup excavated by Bosanquet at Petras itself (Bosanquet 1901–1902, 285, fig. 5). Other parallels are a MM II Kamares tumbler from Knossos, which is now in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (inv. no. AE.946, h. 6 cm; see also Evans 1921–1935, I, 180) and another similar vessel from Archanes (Sakellarakis and Sapouna-Sakellaraki 1997, II, fig. 546, bottom right). Other early examples include items from places such as Petsophas (Evans 1921–1935, I, 180 and fig. 111) and Symi Viannou (e.g., Girella 2002, figs. 3, 4). Additional contemporaneous published miniature vessels from Zakros, Palaikastro, and Petsophas do not seem to closely resemble these Petras examples. This in itself may be interesting, as it may suggest uses tailored to this domestic environment.

Stratigraphy, Distribution, and Use The miniature vessels from Petras Sector I present a highly interesting case of stratigraphy and distribution in a short-lived, domestic environment, especially because of the careful excavation and documentation of the rest of the houses’ material (for detailed preliminary presentations, see Tsipopoulou 2006; Tsipopoulou and Dierckx 2006). As can be seen in Figure 30, miniature vessels and sherds were found in most areas of the house. This perhaps suggests a relatively widespread, but not necessarily homogeneous, use. There are three parameters to consider in this section: (1) Are all miniatures contemporaneous? (2) Had miniatures fallen from the upper floor? If so, can we discern any patterns? (3) Do the miniatures reflect or aid particular practices in the rooms/areas where they were found?

Let us address the first question. Most miniatures cataloged here are contemporaneous, dating to MM III–LM I, with some echoing earlier examples (e.g., the kernos) and a few falling outside the main chronology of the houses (e.g., the MM II–III MV 12 [Fig. 31; Pl. 29]). It is also possible that MV 20 and MV 21, from the predominantly LM III Layer I in Area Σ, may belong to a reoccupation phase. In addressing the second question, the seemingly straightforward stratigraphy of the miniatures is deceptive. Most miniature vessels were not found in situ, but had “travelled” from elsewhere in the houses. A closer look reveals that in the majority of trenches/rooms/areas, most examples were found in Lr I and Lr II, typically surface (e.g., Room Θ, Lr I; Room A, Lr I) and destruction or collapsed layers (e.g., Room Λ, Lr II)—in other words, most were found at a relatively shallow depth. The few exceptions in deeper layers (e.g., Corridor B-Δ, floor deposit Lr III) tend to belong to assemblages with joins across strata, or they may have served different functions (see below). If taken as parts of their wider strata, it can be argued that most of the miniature vessels may have fallen from the upper floor structure of the houses. This hypothesis is given weight not only by the mixed nature of most assemblages which yielded miniatures (in terms of overall shapes and functions represented) but also by the fact that miniature vessels are by nature smaller and lighter than other vessels and can perhaps “travel” farther during the collapse of an upper floor. If this hypothesis is followed, then several patterns begin to emerge. For example, there is perhaps a connection between cup MV 23-PM 264, from Lr II of the Narrow Passage between Houses I.1 and I.2, cup MV 22, from House I.2, Lr II, and cup MV 8 and other sherds from Room 1, Lr II: they may have belonged to a set. Juglet MV 9 from Corridor B-Δ, Lr II, and juglet MV 6 from Room Λ, Lr II, may also have belonged to a set. Similarly, tumbler MV 10, which came from Lr III (floor) of Corridor B-Δ, a room that had a roof but no upper floor, may have been related to tumbler MV 18 from Lr II in what was essentially a massive ceramic assemblage in uncovered Pit Θ. Both vessels may have fallen from the upper floor when its hypothetical

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porch above Corridor B-Δ collapsed. This would also explain the several miniature vessel sherds found in Rooms Z, Π, and A. Rhyton MV 14-PM 182 and kernos MV 5 also seem to have been in context on an upper floor. The kernos comes from the surface layer of Room M and belongs to a context that yielded at least one additional kernos, but of different manufacture. The rhyton was found in Lr II of the adjacent West Courtyard, along with kernoi, and close to contexts that included models of horns of consecration (surface layer; see Simandiraki-Grimshaw, this vol., Ch. 8), other miniatures such as MV 11, and sherds. Thus, certain patterns suggest clustering of vessels on the upper floor. Although we cannot pinpoint the exact practices for which these miniatures were used, especially because of their depositional admixture, we can perhaps discern three notional strands: (1) practicality, (2) industry, and (3) symbolism/cult. Even though some of these vessels may not have been used in the same manner as “normal-sized,” conventional vessels (i.e., to hold the same amounts of contents), most such vessels from Sector I seem to have retained their functionality despite their miniaturization, something that cannot be said for many Minoan miniature vessels. Thus, tumblers and conical cups can still be used for drinking or holding small portions of food, and the rhyton, amphorae, and juglets can still be used to decant. So, why would there have been smaller scale usage of recognizable vessel shapes in Houses I.1 and I.2, especially when so-called normal-sized vessels were found in the same assemblages? A typical explanation would be symbolism, which may indeed be the case here—meaning that a miniature conical cup would create a token drinking action (Hammond 2009). Another explanation may be that some of these items, such as MV 2 from Room A, Lr II, may have been intended as toys or didactic devices (cf. the infant burial in the East Courtyard; McGeorge 2012). One may further hypothesize that a child or children may have accompanied their mothers while the latter were weaving on the upper floor, whence these miniatures may have come (for an estimation of loom practices, see Cutler, this vol., Ch. 9; see also Tsipopoulou

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2006; Tsipopoulou and Dierckx 2006; for Petras House II, see Burke 2006). Yet another explanation may be that some of the vessels (e.g., conical cup MV 3 from the deeper part of Lr II in Room A or tumbler MV 10 from the floor Lr III of Corridor B-Δ) may have been employed for practical, even industrial, uses: bearing in mind the wine installation in Room A, these vessels may have been used as wine tasters or flavoring measures. In addition, the collocation of rhyton MV 14-PM 182 with a kernos and a model of horns of consecration (F 7) in the West Courtyard perhaps allude to a cultic context for some assemblages of the upper floor. It is this author’s opinion that there is no single explanation because most of these uses could have been true at different stages in the biographies of the miniature vessels. What is certain is that the miniaturization most evident in this vessel material is perhaps better understood if combined with other diminutions such as anthropomorphic, zoomorphic, and tectomorphic figuration from Houses I.1 and I.2 (see Simandiraki-Grimshaw, this vol., Ch. 8). For example, the spatial distribution of clusters of miniaturized material across vessels and figurines reveals possible patterns of use and significance of scaled representation, perhaps tailored to particular spaces (e.g., the upper floor of House I.1) and agendas (e.g., cult).

Conclusion From the present analysis of the data from Sector I, it becomes apparent that miniature vessels were, relatively speaking, as numerous as they probably were useful. While most represent open shapes, perhaps largely associated with actual or symbolic eating and drinking practices, they may also have served industrial, didactic, or cult purposes. The fact remains that, despite the challenging depositional circumstances of the houses and the small miniature sample, it has been possible, through careful excavation and documentation, to map the extent, and perhaps thematic clustering, of miniature vessels in a domestic environment.

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Catalog Room A MV 1 (P86/513; Lr I; Fig. 31; Pl. 29). Miniature handleless conical cup. Incomplete. H. 3; base d. 3; bottom th. 0.5; wall th. 0.4. Clay very pale brown (10YR 7/4) to yellow (10YR 7/6). Fast wheelmade. MV 2 (P85/A205, SM 5295; Lr II; Fig. 31; Pl. 29). Miniature dish. 95% complete. H. 1.5; base d. 3.5; rim d. 4.2; rim th. 0.6; wall th. 0.6. Very pale brown clay, between 10YR 8/3 and 10YR 7/3. Handmade by rounding and depressing lump of clay. Some movement evident on outer rim. Parallels: cf. examples from Malia Quartier Mu, compartiment IV4; Poursat 1994, fig. 4. MV 3 (P85/A265b; Lr II; Fig. 31; Pls. 29, 30). Miniature handleless conical cup. 90% complete, with preserved profile. H. 2.7; base d. 2.5; rim d. 3.4; rim th. 0.3; wall th. 0.6; bottom th. 1. Yellowish-red clay, 5YR 5/6. Fast wheelmade. Counter-clockwise movement; deep mark on base (nail impression?/potter’s mark?). MV 4-EMP 2 (P86/A289, SM 12407; Lr IV; Fig. 31; Pl. 29). Miniature handleless conical cup. Incomplete, but preserving profile. H. 2.2; base d. 3; rim d. 6; rim th. 0.3; wall th. 0.5; bottom th. 0.6. Clay pink (7.5YR 7/4) to reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6). Fast wheelmade. Traces of paint interior and exterior, red (2.5YR 5/6), splatter/upside down trickle(?). Big fingerprint and trail on either side of the rim.

Room M MV 5 (P86/911, SM 12080; Lr I; surface; Fig. 31; Pls. 29, 30). Miniature straight-sided cup or tumbler/ kernos. Incomplete. H. 2.4; base d. 3.5; wall th. 0.4; bottom th. 0.3; mini cup h. 1. Clay pink (7.5YR 7/4) to reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6). Fast wheelmade and handmade. Six surviving plastic additions interior that are supposed to represent miniature cups. Individually made “pockets”/cups, squashed against the inner walls, but still bearing upper openings/holes; nail impressions on base from when the pot was held to attach the miniature cups. Parallels: from Petras itself, Knossos, Archanes, Petsophas, and Symi Viannou, see above, pp. 131–132.

Room Λ MV 6 (P86/A25; Lr II; Fig. 31; Pl. 29). Miniature juglet. Incomplete. H. 4.3; base d. 2; wall th. 0.5; bottom th. 0.4. Light brown clay, 7.5YR 6/4. Fast wheelmade.

Paint exterior, reddish black (2.5YR 2.5/1), one thick horizontal band on base and lower walls, one on upper walls toward shoulder. Possible pattern in between, but most likely due to preservation. Monochrome lower surface of the base. Parallels: similar profile to a juglet from the Eileithyia cave in Tsoutsouros (Kanta and Kontopodi 2011, 56, no. 21). MV 7 (P86/1238, SM 12469; Lr II; upper story; Fig. 31; Pl. 29). Miniature juglet. Incomplete. H. 4.3; base d. 2.8; wall th. 0.3; bottom th. 0.2; Clay light reddish brown (5YR 6/4) to reddish yellow (5YR 6/6). Fast wheelmade. Paint exterior, red (2.5YR 5/6), base/lower region in red band, another horizontal band starts in middle of belly toward shoulder (possibly part of pattern, not completely horizontal). Wet fingerprints on lower outer wall. LM III.

Room 1 MV 8 (P89/724; Lr II; Fig. 31; Pl. 29). Miniature tumbler. Incomplete. H. 1.7; base d. 2.5; wall th. 0.7; bottom th. 0.7. Reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 6/6. Slow wheelmade.

Corridor B-Δ MV 9 (P85/A115; Lr II; Fig. 31; Pl. 29). Juglet. 90% complete. H. 4.4; base d. 3.4; wall th. 0.7; bottom th. 0.4. Clay pink (7.5YR 7/4) to reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6). Fast wheelmade. Parallels: from Knossos, see MacGillivray 1998, pl. 129, group K, no. 850. MV 10 (P85/A269, SM 5297; Lr III; floor; Fig. 31; Pls. 29, 30). Miniature tumbler. 90% complete, with preserved profile. H. 3.2; base d. 2.4; rim d. 5; rim th. 0.4; wall th. 0.7; bottom th. 1.7. Reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 6/6–7/6. Fast wheelmade. Gap in bottom due to small scale of manufacture, big wet fingerprint on exterior. Parallels: similar to vessel from Malia Quartier Mu; see Poursat and Knappett 2005, 233, no. 1053, pl. 30.

West Courtyard MV 11 (P88/730; Lr I; surface; Fig. 31; Pl. 29). Miniature semi-globular cup/bowl. Incomplete. H. 3.6; wall th. 0.3. Very pale brown clay, 10YR 7/4. Fast wheelmade. Slight traces of brownish-yellow paint on exterior, 10YR 6/6. Parallels: from the “Zakros pits,” see Platon 2010, fig. 24.17, bottom row, far left.

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MV 12 (P89/818; Lr II; Fig. 31; Pl. 29). Semiglobular cup/bowl. Incomplete. H. 2.6; rim d. 4; rim th. 0.2; wall th. 0.4. Clay pink (7.5YR 7/4) to reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6). Fast wheelmade. Decoration: (a) black, 10YR 2/1; (b) white, Gley 1 8/N, covered in black paint on interior and exterior. Double hanging semicircles in white on exterior, and diagonal stripes in white on interior. MV 13-EMP 225 (P89/909; Lr II; Fig. 31; Pl. 29). Miniature squat jug. 70% complete. H. 4.6; base d. 4.2; wall th. 0.3; bottom th. 0.4; max. d. 6.6. Clay light brown (7.5YR 6/4) to reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6). Fast wheelmade. MV 14-PM 182 (P89/987, SM 12140; Lr II; Fig. 31; Pls. 29, 30). Miniature piriform rhyton. Incomplete. H. 6; wall th. 0.6; max. d. 5. Clay brown (7.5YR 5/4) to strong brown (7.5YR 5/6). Fast wheelmade. Body fragment. It is uncertain whether the rim is preserved as the surface is very worn. Fine olive (5Y 5/4) to pale yellow (5Y 7/4) clay. Three oblique shallow incisions. Wet wiping on inside: horizontal on interior of shoulder, vertical near flow hole.

South-Southeast Courtyard MV 15 (P85/A457; Lr I; Fig. 31; Pl. 29). Miniature handleless conical cup. Incomplete but preserving profile. H. 2.2; base d. 2.8; rim d. 5; rim th. 0.8; wall th. 0.8; bottom th. 1.2. Pink clay, 7.5YR 7/4. Fast wheelmade.

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wheel was turning counterclockwise. Very large wet debris from potter’s finger on outer walls, possibly wiped there after being scooped from inside. Bibliography: Simandiraki-Grimshaw 2012, fig. 1:f.

Area O MV 19 (P86/A36, SM 6433; Lr I; Fig. 31; Pl. 29). Miniature juglet. Incomplete. H. 4.7; base d. 2.5; handle w. 1.2; wall th. 0.6; bottom th. 0.5; max d. 4.4. Clay pink (7.5YR 7/4) to reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6). Fast wheelmade. Paint exterior, only a few traces survive, dark red (10R 3/6).

North-Northwest of House I.1 (Area Σ) MV 20 (P86/1303; Lr I; Fig. 31; Pl. 29). Miniature tumbler/“spool.” 90% complete, preserving profile. H. 3.6; base d. 2.9; rim d. 3.3; rim th. 0.1; wall th. 0.8; bottom th. 1.4. Clay pink (7.5YR 7/4) to reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6). Fast wheelmade. Wet fingerprints and striations on interior. Bibliography: SimandirakiGrimshaw 2012, fig. 1:g. Parallels: Phaistos, see Levi 1976, pl. 181:e. MV 21 (P90/1358; Lr I; Fig. 31; Pls. 29, 30). Miniature dish. Incomplete, but preserving profile. H. 1.1; base d. 1.7; rim d. 4; rim th. 0.2; wall th. 0.4; bottom th. 0.6. Clay pinkish white (2.5YR 8/2) to pale red (2.5YR 7/2). Fast wheelmade. Paint interior and exterior, very dark bluish gray (Gley 2 3/5PB).

Pit Θ MV 16 (P85/A16, SM 5293; Lr I; Fig. 31; Pl. 29). Miniature dish. Complete. H. 1.5; base d. 4.5; rim d. 5.4; rim th. 1; wall th. 1; bottom th. 0.5. Light brown clay, 7.5YR 6/4. Handmade by rounding and depressing lump of clay. Similar to examples from Malia Quartier Mu, Compartiment IV4; see Poursat 1994, fig. 4. MV 17 (P85/A365; Lr I; Fig. 31; Pl. 29). Miniature tumbler. Incomplete but preserving profile. H. 3.1; base d. 3.1; rim d. 4; rim th. 0.5; wall th. 0.7; bottom th. 1.3. Clay pink (7.5YR 7/4) to yellowish red (7.5YR 7/6). Fast wheelmade. Wet fingerprints around base. MV 18 (P85/A138, SM 5294; Lr II; Fig. 31; Pl. 29). Miniature tumbler. Complete. H. 4.4; base d. 2.8; rim d. 5.6; rim th. 0.3; wall th. 0.6. Clay pink (5YR 7/4) to reddish yellow (5YR 7/6). Fast wheelmade. Very thick base. Potter used lump for normal conical cup and then developed the vessel as it is now. Very obvious wheel marks on exterior combined with wet smudges, indicating change of mind halfway through potting. The

House I.2 MV 22 (P86/A285, SM 12297; Lr II; Fig. 31; Pl. 29). Miniature handleless conical cup. Incomplete. H. 2.8; wall th. 0.4. Very pale brown clay, 10YR 7/4. Fast wheelmade. Painted interior and exterior, but variable shades of black/red, 5YR 4/6.

Narrow Passage between Houses I.1 and I.2 MV 23-PM 264 (P86/A305; Lr II; Fig. 31; Pl. 29). Miniature handleless conical cup. Incomplete. H. 1.4; base d. 2.8; wall th. 0.4; bottom th. 0.3. Very pale clay, light brown (7.5YR 6/4) to reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6). Fast wheelmade. Many wet fingerprints near base; possible nail impression on base.

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Acknowledgments I would like to thank, first of all, Metaxia Tsipopoulou for her kind permission to study the miniature vessels from Petras, for her illuminating discussions, and for allowing me access to the rest of the excavation data. My sincere thanks also go to Garifalia Kostopoulou and Maria Psallida, who provided valuable support, background information, and access to the material. Furthermore, I would like to thank Zacharoula Dermitzaki and the rest of the staff at the Archaeological Museum of Siteia for their help and patience, and the staff of

the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, for information on tumbler AE.946. I am grateful to INSTAP for funding part of this research in 2009 and 2011. Finally, I thank Trevor Grimshaw for reviewing this chapter and offering valuable suggestions. The study of this material represented a larger project on miniature vessels in Minoan Crete, which has been expanded upon elsewhere (Simandiraki 2011; Simandiraki-Grimshaw 2012). Photographs are by the author. Drawings are by the author, M. Tsipopoulou, and G. Kostopoulou. All omissions and errors remain my own.

7

Potter’s Marks by Metaxia Tsipopoulou

Introduction My interest in potter’s marks goes back to 1976, when, as a young archaeologist working in the Ephoreia of the Cyclades, I was appointed supervisor (epoptria, επόπτρια) at the American excavations at Hagia Eirene, on the island of Keos. There, I was lucky to meet Aliki Halepa-Bikaki, who was studying for publication the potter’s marks of Hagia Eirene; she introduced me to the topic and the related problems. It was an interesting and happy coincidence that 10 years later, at my own excavation at Petras, many potter’s marks came to light, and they continue to be found in every area of both the Protopalatial and the Neopalatial settlement, the palace, and, in recent years, also the cemetery (Figs. 32–35; Pls. 31, 32). At Petras, as was the case at Malia (Poursat, Godart, and Olivier 1978; Olivier 1996) and in some other of the Cycladic Bronze Age sites (for Melos, see Edgar 1904; Evans 1904; for Keos, Bikaki 1984) from the MM IB/IIA period onward and during the whole of the Neopalatial period, a

system of potter’s marks was developed. Potter’s marks are also known from other areas of the Aegean, as well as from Cyprus, as early as the Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age (Vermeule 1966, 1976; Vitelli 1971; Crouwel 1973; Frankel 1975; Tzavella-Evjen 1980; MacGillivray 1981; Sacconi 1988; Caskey 1990; Bennett 1994, 1996; Karnava 2001; Giokaridaki-Skandali 2008). The real meaning of the practice of using marks on vessels—and sometimes on other clay objects, such as loomweights—still eludes us. Yet, it seems certain that the societies in those periods, or at least some aspects of them, felt the need to communicate particular and precise messages by means of a more or less systematic code that was apparently fully understood by both parties—that is, the potter/s who inscribed them and the user/s of the vases. Whether this system was in any way connected with any particular script or reflects the degree of literacy within a settlement cannot be ascertained. This issue has been a subject of debate among various scholars (Bikaki 1984, 1; Giokaridaki-Skandali 2008, 15). In this context, it is noted that Petras

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was literate already in the Protopalatial period, as the hieroglyphic archive showed (Tsipopoulou and Hallager 2010). To date, the Cretan site that has produced potter’s marks in a quantity comparable to that of Petras is Malia, which was also a palatial site, and located in the same broad area. Godart and Olivier published this category of finds from Quartier Mu, consisting of 273 marked clay objects, in detail (Poursat, Godart, and Olivier 1978, 34–37). Before their study, only 47 potter’s marks had been published from the site (Chevalier 1975, esp. 135–137). More recently, Giokaridaki-Skandali (2008) presented a detailed study of the 47 sherds with potter’s marks from the peak sanctuary of Vrysinas, in the Rethymnon area. These mostly dated to MM II–III, and to a lesser degree LM IA, with a few dating to LM III. The total number of sherds/vases at the site was estimated at 100,000, with the marked examples thus amounting to 0.047% (Giokaridaki-Skandali 2008, 29). Even if one discounts the hypothesis of a possible direct relationship of the potter’s marks with Minoan scripts, this does not mean that potter’s marks did not constitute a system by themselves, understood by both interested parties, especially when hieroglyphic or Linear A signs were used. It seems certain that the potters may not have been completely literate, but at least they could recognize and reproduce some of the signs to mark their products. It is not possible to understand the meaning(s) of the marks, and they could well be connected to a particular workshop/potter, the function or the content of the vessel, the user in general (i.e., a certain social group or the palace), or particular terms (i.e., a person with a precise role in the society). One can assume quite safely that the marks are not connected to the shape of the vase as, at Petras and elsewhere, different marks were used on the same type of vase. The same seems true as far as the content is concerned because of the great variety of the marks. Godart and Olivier suggest that given the small percentage of the marked vases, the marks could be used to identify a group of pots fired at the same time in the same kiln (Poursat, Godart, and Olivier 1978, 99). In any case, the many types of marks, different shapes, chronological periods, functions of vases, and findspots suggest that the use, and consequently the meaning of this encoded system, was probably complex and also multifaceted.

It is always hoped that careful excavation, documentation, study, and statistical analysis of a large corpus of material, preferably from various sites, could shed some light on the issue of the presence—or absence—of potter’s marks, and potentially even on the more complex matters of the production and trade of pottery in various prehistoric societies. On two past occasions I presented, in a preliminary form, groups of potter’s marks from various areas of the settlement of Petras, more specifically from Houses I.1 and II.1 and from the magazines of the palace (Tsipopoulou 1990b, 1995). I also tried to investigate the relationship of the marks to the shapes of the vases, the types of the marks, and the chronological attribution, and I have made suggestions about their possible use. The final publication of House I.1 offers a good opportunity for a comprehensive examination and presentation of the potter’s marks from this important—mainly Neopalatial—building, which also had some interesting Protopalatial deposits, as well as various functions, within the framework of the palatial economy and society. It should be stressed in this context that no potter’s marks belonging to the Early Minoan period were found at Petras, not only within the few sherds of this date found in the stratigraphical trench in Room A of House I.1, but also in the more substantial EM deposits excavated in the stratigraphical trenches below the palace or the deposits of the same period from the cemetery. Also, at Hagia Eirene, Bikaki identified very few sherds with potter’s marks of Early Bronze Age date even though other Cycladic sites, such as Phylakopi and Delos (Edgar 1904; Evans 1904), produced Early Bronze Age groups of potter’s marks (see also Bikaki 1984, 3). A useful overview of potter’s marks in the Aegean and Cyprus from the Final Neolithic period onward has been offered by GiokaridakiSkandali (2008, 21–23). The large corpus of potter’s marks from Petras allows for some observations: it is probable that the purpose served by the potter’s marks is not the same in all cases. One can easily accept that the lower surfaces of the bases of handleless conical cups were marked with nail impressions, lines, or combinations of the two, in order to allow two or three different potters working together in the same workshop to distinguish their products when they were put in the kiln to be fired. A similar function

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could be established for the straight or oblique lines on the handles of amphorae, jugs, or pithoid jars, or on the legs of tripod cooking pots and trays. It cannot be excluded, however, that nail impressions or shallow lines, especially on the lower surface of the bases, were also present at other sites and ignored by scholars who dealt only with more complex or linear potter’s marks. In the past, linear or complex marks, along with mason’s marks, were considered to have had a magic or apotropaic value, to have constituted the “signature” of the various potters, or even to have been connected with writing systems. In any case, even though multiple societies, with different degrees of complexity, different organization of the pottery production, and in different eras, marked some (always a small portion) of their ceramics, it does not necessarily mean that the meaning or the purpose of those marks was always the same.

The Potter’s Marks from Sector I In all, 267 complete or fragmentary vases or sherds from Sector I (i.e., from the total area of House I.1, as well as from the small part of House I.2 that was excavated) bear potter’s marks (Fig. 32). This group includes 38 different shapes, both closed and open, of various functions and uses, fine and coarse, decorated as well as plain, and ranging from pithoi to miniature handleless conical cups. In all cases, the incision of the marks was made before the firing of the vessels, and, in the case of decorated examples, before the application of the decoration. This is shown by the fact that when paint is present, it is always found in the incised mark. Consequently, one is dealing with marks made by the potters and not by the users of the vases, as was the case in other areas (e.g., from Phylakopi; see Evans 1904 183, fig. 155) or in later periods (e.g., when the user incised a graffito on a vase, or even on examples from fifth-century Athens, when sherds were written upon and used as ballots for ostracisms). The incisions are either shallow or deep, and it appears that in the earlier period(s), potter’s marks were deep and more carefully incised than in the Neopalatial period.

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Very few of the Petras potter’s marks are impressed rather than incised. This technique was much more common in other areas of the Aegean, in the Cyclades in particular (Edgar 1904; Bikaki 1984), but also at Malia (Poursat, Godart, and Olivier 1978, 99–204) and Vrysinas (GiokaridakiSkandali 2008).

Shapes and Functions of the Marked Vases An examination of the shapes and the related functions of the marked vases/sherds identified the following groups: (1) Vases used for long-term storage: pithoi of various types, including five spouted examples. (2) Vases used for short-term storage: 27 pithoid jars of various types, 10 amphorae, 2 lids of pithoid jars. (3) Vases used for food preparation: 2 cooking pots, 11 tripod cooking pots, 1 tripod cooking tray, 2 cooking plates, 2 basins. (4) Vases used for serving food and drink: 8 kalathoi; 59 bowls; 10 jugs; 1 wide-mouthed jug; 1 bridge-spouted jar; 1 fruitstand; 78 cups of various types and shapes, both decorated and undecorated (4 globular cups, 4 straight-sided cups, 1 conical cup, 1 carinated cup, 1 carinated cup with crinkled rim, 1 tripod cup, 1 tumbler, 61 handleless conical cups, 1 handleless globular cup, and 3 other cups). (5) Vases of specialized shapes: 5 lamps, 2 of them bowls used as lamps and another 2 were once handleless conical cups; 1 incense burner; 7 scuttles; 1 strainer; 1 stand. (6) Potter’s marks are also found on 13 closed vases, one of them tripod, and 3 open vases and 1 semi-closed vase that were too fragmentary to allow for the identification of their shapes. (7) A small number of miniature vases: a rhyton and a handleless conical cup.

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Furthermore, potter’s marks are found on 13 loomweights (seven of the cuboid type, two discoid with one hole, and four more discoid with two holes). In many of the studies of potter’s marks mentioned above, marked loomweights are not included in the discussion. Yet, I believe that since they are produced by professional potters, as the fabrics and techniques of marking show, as well as the fact that most of the signs are the same as those found on vases, loomweights should be included in the discussion of potter’s marks even if the purpose behind marking a loomweight differed from that of marking pottery.

Types of Potter’s Marks

examples of two nail impressions and an oblique line. (b) Oblique line: 36 examples and one additional example bearing two oblique converging lines, possibly initially part of a double axe, identifiable with the Linear A sign A 318 (cf. Godart and Olivier 1978, 124–125, nos. 93– 96). Two oblique parallel lines are present 14 times, while three parallel oblique lines are found on seven examples (cf. GiokaridakiSkandali 2008, 34, 56, 67). The oblique line in combination with an arched line is found once; furthermore, there are four oblique lines on one example. (c) The vertical line is found on 32 examples, two vertical lines are found five times, and three vertical lines once (cf. GiokaridakiSkandali 2008, 104–110). There also is an example of a horizontal and a vertical line.

The variety of the potter’s marks found in House I.1 and its immediate area is impressive. Fortyseven different types are encountered; some of them occur only once, but the majority has many examples, which are here described in three groups. Group I. The most common types of marks, with a very large number of examples, is probably also the most obvious way of marking the wet clay of a vase before its firing—nail impressions and incised lines. There can be one or more nail impressions, as well as horizontal, vertical, or arched incised lines on a vessel. The incisions are usually made with a very thin point, perhaps made of wood or bone. At Malia, nail impressions are not found, though vertical, horizontal, and oblique lines, either single or in combinations, are common (cf. Godart and Olivier 1978, 178–199). The same is true for Vrysinas (Giokaridaki-Skandali 2008, 32–35). At Hagia Eirene, on the other hand, Bikaki identified a large number of nail impressions (Bikaki 1984, 8). There are also many variations or combinations of the above types, including:

(e) The horizontal line is found on 21 examples in the group of potter’s marks from Sector I (cf. Giokaridaki-Skandali 2008, 64). There is one example with four horizontal lines (one example) and one example with five horizontal lines.

(a) Simple nail impression: 44 examples. A further 14 examples have a double nail impression, three examples have a triple nail impression, and in two cases there are multiple nail impressions. Also there is an example of a nail impression with an arched line, a further nail impression with two arched lines, a nail impression and a dot, a nail impression and a vertical line, as well as five

Group II. A second group of marks comprises more complex examples, often angular in shape, or marks identifiable to Hieroglyphic or Linear A signs. They are much less common than the marks of the previous category. As already pointed out above, the use of these marks does not necessarily mean that the potters who incised them were literate; they probably were not. These examples include:

(d) The arched line is found 22 times. Variations of the same mark consist of two arched lines, three examples, arched line in combination with an oblique line once (see above), with two oblique lines once, and arched line in combination with a C, once.

(f) Two converging lines are found on three examples. Two further examples have a combination of one arched and one vertical converging lines, and another one has two converging lines and a dot. (g) Six intersecting lines are present on one example.

POTTER’S MARKS

(a) Angle (AB 37): two examples; and also an angle and a dot, one example; two concentric angles (A 737). Cf. Godart and Olivier 1978, 165–178, nos. 207–240; GiokaridakiSkandali 2008, 40. (b) Arrow (A 304): two examples. Cf. Godart and Olivier 1978, 122–123, nos. 87–90. (c) “Branch” (H 032): one example. Cf. Godart and Olivier 1978, 139–140, nos. 133–135; Giokaridaki-Skandali 2008, 50. (d) The pictogram for cloth (H 041): two and a possible third example (see below, i [triangle]). Cf. Godart and Olivier 1978, 112, no. 74. (e) Cross (AB 2): two examples. Cf. Godart and Olivier 1978, 159–160, nos. 188–191. (f) Rectangle topped by a triangle: four examples. Cf. Poursat, Godart, and Olivier 1978, 202, 310. This mark is related to the Hieroglyphic sign H *157 and also to the Linear A (and B) sign AB 123. (g) “Pseudo-inscription”—a composition of many intersecting lines, in different directions, which can represent the failed attempt of an illiterate person to copy a Linear A inscription: one example. (h) Spiral: one example. (i) Triangle (H 072): one example, and one more example of a triangle combined with a straight line (A 308). (j) T (A 708): one example, and, in combination with three oblique lines, a further example. (k) V: two examples. Cf. Godart and Olivier 1978, 175–177, nos. 233–238; GiokaridakiSkandali 2008, 40. (l) X (AB 46): four examples, and another four probable examples. Cf. Godart and Olivier 1978, 161–164, nos. 194–201. (m) Z (H 061): one example in combination with a nail impression. Cf. Godart and Olivier 1978, 102, no. 52. (n) Γ (H 060): two examples. Cf. Godart and Olivier 1978, 174–175, nos. 231–232. (o) Double axe (H 042): one certain and three probable examples.

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Group III. Finger impressions are also present, though they very seldom occur: two on two examples.

The Position of the Marks on the Vases The different positions of the potter’s marks on the vases show that in some cases, the marks were meant to be seen at the time of the use of the vessel, such as when they are found on handles, rims, bodies, and legs. In other cases, visibility was apparently not relevant, as shown by the many examples where marks are located on the lower surfaces of the bases. The most common placement, by far, for potter’s marks, especially on open vases and small vessels, is the lower surface of the base, with 117 examples. The second location in frequency is on handles, especially of closed vases, pithoi, and pithoid jars, with 53 examples. Marks on the body are found again mostly on closed shapes (61 instances). There are also four examples at the edge of the base, seven on legs of tripod cooking pots, one on the neck of an amphora, four on rims of various types of vases, a further example on the interior surface of the rim, two examples on the shoulder of two vessels, and an additional two on the interior surface of the base on open shapes. A tripod closed vase is marked on the leg. The detailed examination of the shapes offers the following data: on amphorae (PM 2-P 141, PM 29-P 142, PM 82-P 562, PM 138-EMP 153, PM 154-EMP 265, PM 217-P 897, PM 244-P 1305, PM 250-P 1373, PM 265-P 1475), marks are found only on the handles, while a “palatial type” amphora (PM 111-P 655) bears a mark on the neck. The basins (PM 81-P 559, PM 188-P 818) are marked on the body and the interior of the rim. On bowls, there are 47 cases of marks on the lower surface of the base (PM 10-P 96, PM 12-P 99, PM 33-P 251, PM 43-P 471, PM 46-P 526, PM 53-P 527, PM 58-P 530, PM 60-P 532, PM 62-P 533, PM 63-P 534, PM 64-P 535, PM 65-P 536, PM 66-P 537, PM 70-P 538, PM 71-P 539, PM 72-P 540, PM 74-P 541, PM 76-P 581, PM 86-P 590, PM 87-P 591, PM 89-P 593, PM 94-P 603, PM 95-P 604, PM 97-P 606, PM 102-P 643, PM 104-P 665, PM

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107-P 666, PM 108-P 667, PM 110-P 668, PM 112P 669, PM 123-P 728, PM 124-P 729, PM 142-P 760, PM 143-P 761, PM 171-P 814, PM 188-P 818, PM 204-P 835, PM 211-P 876, PM 220-P 1148, PM 221-P 1157, PM 222-P 1161, PM 224-P 1165, PM 226-P 1177, PM 237-P 1231, PM 243-P 1243, PM 255-P 1428, PM 261-P 1416), 11 cases on the body (PM 9-P 95, PM 27-P 232, PM 77-P 582, PM 79-P 585, PM 80-P 586, PM 85-P 588, PM 96-P 605, PM 100-P 607, PM 188-P 818, PM 196, PM 229-P 1186), two respective additional marks on the interior and exterior surface of the rim (PM 185, PM 230-P 1188, respectively), and one instance on a handle; two bowls used as lamps contain a mark on the lower surface of the base (PM 32-P 295, PM 225-P 1247). On a spouted bowl (PM 158EMP 219), the mark is below the spout. The bridgespouted jar is marked on the handle (PM 206-P 837). One-handled cups of various types are marked in most cases on the lower surface of the base (PM 45, PM 83-P 569, PM 114-P 658, PM 127-EMP 47, PM 132), in one case on the handle (PM 167), or in four cases on the body (PM 179, PM 207-P 838, PM 208, PM 254-P 1388). A tumbler is also marked on the lower surface of the base (PM 200-EMP 213). A tripod cup (PM 195) is marked on the body. A fruitstand (PM 159-EMP 254) has a mark on the interior surface of the body. Globular cups are marked in two cases on the handle (PM 1-P 7, PM 5-P 45) and in three more examples on the lower surface of the base (PM 3-P 8, PM 52-P 524, PM 56-P 499). On jugs, there is a mark on the lower surface of the base in two cases (PM 194-P 789, PM 209-P 856), in four cases on the handle (PM 39-P 394, PM 126P 700, PM 129-P 701, PM 135-EMP 134), and in five more examples on the body (PM 41-P 400, PM 121-EMP 129, PM 134-EMP 133, PM 164-P 785, PM 192). A wide-mouthed jug (PM 13-P 79) is marked on the body. Four kalathoi are marked on the body (PM 24-P 136, PM 98-P 601, PM 176P 779, PM 184-P 781), another three on the interior surface of the body (PM 122, PM 145-EMP 221, PM 197-P 782), and one on the lower surface of the base (PM 40-P 375). A lamp (PM 120-P 733) is marked on the lower surface of the base. Two handleless conical cups used as lamps (PM 48-P 545, PM 50-P 547) are also marked on the lower surface of the base. Seven scuttles (PM 15-P 317, PM 152-EMP 263, PM 165-P 824, PM 172-P 825, PM

178-P 826, PM 263-P 1471, PM 266-P 1485) are marked on the handles. A miniature rhyton (PM 182-MV 14) is marked on the body. The vast majority (54 examples) of the handleless conical cups bearing potter’s marks are marked on the lower surface of the base (PM 2-P 16, PM 7-P 87, PM 30-P 206, PM 31-P 207, PM 47-P 508, PM 48-P 545, PM 49-P 511, PM 50-P 547, PM 54-P 512, PM 55-P 513, PM 57-P 515, PM 59-P 518, PM 61-P 519, PM 67-P 520, PM 68-P 521, PM 69-P 522, PM 91-P 575, PM 92-P 576, PM 93-P 577, PM 109-P 662, PM 113-P 663, PM 115-P 664, PM 130-EMP 51, PM 131-EMP 52, PM 140, PM 149-EMP 195, PM 181-EMP 192, PM 187-P 809, PM 189-P 810, PM 198-P 811, PM 201-EMP 206, PM 210-P 868, PM 212-P 869, PM 213-P 870, PM 214-P 871, PM 219P 967, PM 223-P 1008, PM 227-P 1032, PM 228-P 1040, PM 231-P 1069, PM 232-P 1084, PM 233-P 1088, PM 234-P 1092, PM 236-P 1101, PM 239-P 1107, PM 246-P 1326, PM 248-P 1329, PM 251-P 1410, PM 252-P 1411, PM 256-P 1412, PM 258-P 1413, PM 259-P 1414, PM 260-P 1415, PM 264MV 23), and three more are marked on the edge of the base (PM 88-P 592, PM 235-P 1095, PM 242-P 1117); three are marked on the body (PM 26-P 205, PM 42-P 454, PM 106-P 661) and one more on the interior of the body (PM 238-P 1105). One stand (PM 150-EMP 262) is marked on the base. The strainer (PM 36-P 359) is marked on the handle. Of the 12 marked tripod cooking pots, five have potter’s marks on the leg(s) (PM 14, PM 35, PM 103CW 47, PM 205, PM 253), five on the body (PM 105-CW 41, PM 136-CW 29, PM 139-EMP 159, PM 173, PM 174), and two more on the lower base (PM 28, PM 216-CW 58). Two cooking pots (PM 17-CW 57, PM 34) have marks on the body. A tripod tray is marked on the leg (PM 146-EMP 258). Two cooking plates are marked on the interior surface of the base (PM 215-CW 76) and on the upper surface of the body (PM 240-CW 67), respectively.

Relation between Shape and Mark It has not been possible to establish a relationship between the shape of the vases and the type of potter’s mark. No single mark was connected

POTTER’S MARKS

to a specific shape. Nevertheless, it has been observed that nail impressions are more common on the lower surface of the base of handleless conical cups and bowls, while vertical lines are more often encountered on the handles of amphorae and other closed shapes, as well as on the legs of tripod cooking pots. More precisely: (1) The five marked pithoi contain two intersecting lines (one example), four oblique lines (one example), a rectangle topped by a triangle (two examples), and an V (one example). (2) The 27 marked pithoid jars present an interesting variety of potter’s marks: an arched line in combination with an angle (one example), a horizontal line (five examples), a rectangle topped by a triangle (one example), two intersecting lines (one example, probably a double axe), a double axe (one example), single oblique lines (seven examples), double oblique lines (one example), triple oblique lines (one example), vertical lines (five examples), a S (one example), a S in combination with three oblique lines (one example), a branch (one example), and a V (one example). (3) The two basins have an oblique line and a horizontal line, respectively. (4) The 12 tripod cooking pots are marked with a vertical line (six examples), an oblique line (two examples), a horizontal line (one example), four horizontal lines (one example), as well as with a combination of an oblique line and two nail impressions (one example) and the cloth pictogram (one example). (5) Multiple nail impressions are found on the body of two cooking pots, which are probably tripod shaped but are not preserving the legs. (6) The two cooking plates have an oblique line and two converging lines. (7) The tripod cooking tray has a vertical line. (8) Kalathoi are marked with an angle (one example), an arched line (one example), as well as with oblique lines—single (one example), double (two examples), and triple (one example)—and with two converging lines (a probable double axe, one example).

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There is also a single example of a rectangle topped by a triangle. (9) On amphorae, the marks are: vertical line (five examples), arrow (one example), oblique line (two examples), and “pseudoinscription” (one example). (10) The “palatial type” amphora has an oblique line. (11) Jugs are marked with an arched line (1 example) and double (three examples) or triple oblique lines (one example), as well as with one vertical line (three examples). On juglets, there is a nail impression on one example and an oblique line on another. (12) Closed vases that are too fragmentary to be identified with particular shapes have vertical and oblique lines, either single or in various combinations. In particular: a single oblique line is present (two examples), double oblique lines (three examples), and triple oblique lines (one example). A vertical line is found on three examples; a horizontal line on one example. On two vessels there are two intersecting lines, one of them probably a double axe. There is also a combination of horizontal and vertical lines. (13) On the bridge-spouted jar there is also a vertical line. (14) A wide-mouthed jug has an arched line. (15) A semi-closed vase is marked with a V. (16) A fruitstand has an oblique line. (17) Four globular cups are marked with vertical, horizontal, or oblique lines and a nail impression, respectively. (18) Four straight-sided cups have two nail impressions, an oblique line, a vertical line and two parallel lines, respectively. (19) A one-handled conical cup is marked with a nail impression. (20) A carinated cup is marked with five horizontal lines. (21) A footed cup with crinkled rim has a vertical line. (22) A tumbler has a horizontal line.

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(23) A tripod cup has an oblique line. (24) Cups that are too fragmentary to be attributed to a particular type are marked with two nail impressions (one example), three oblique lines (one example), and a vertical line (one example). (25) On the 61 marked handleless conical cups, the most common marks are nail impressions (19 examples); furthermore, there are five examples with double nail impressions and one with a triple nail impression. The second most common mark is the arched line (single line, 10 examples; double lines, two examples). Furthermore there are six examples of a single oblique line, another example of two oblique lines, and a further example with three lines. A single line and double vertical lines are encountered once, respectively. There is also one example of a horizontal line. On four cases there are two converging lines. Two concentric angles are found on one cup. Two intersecting lines are present twice, one case probably an V. Two shallow depressions are used once. On one case there is a careless spiral. A leftfacing C looking left is found once. There are also combinations of marks, such as: a nail impression and a dot (one example); a nail impression and an arched line (one example); and a F and a nail impression (one example). (26) A handleless globular cup has a deep incised C. (27) On bowls, there are 20 single nail impressions, six double nail impressions, two triple nail impressions, six single oblique lines, two double oblique lines, eight arched lines, five horizontal lines, and one case of two depressions. Also the following combinations are encountered: two nail impressions and an oblique line four times, a nail impression and a vertical line once, a nail impression and two arched lines once, one arched and two oblique parallel lines once, and two coverging arched lines once. On the bowl/lamps, there are an arched line and a nail impression, respectively, and on the spouted bowl two oblique lines.

(28) Open vases too fragmentary to be identified with particular shapes are marked with a horizontal line (one case), an V (one case), and two vertical lines (one case). (29) On a lamp, there is one example of six intersecting lines. On two handleless conical cups used as lamps there are two nail impressions and two oblique lines, respectively. (30) The two lids are marked respectively with a nail impression and a vertical line. (31) One miniature rhyton is marked with three o­­blique lines. (32) Two scuttles have a single vertical line; the other five scuttles are respectively marked with three vertical lines, single and triple oblique lines, a horizontal line, as well as with an V. (33) An incense burner has two arched lines. (34) A stand is marked with an V. (35) A strainer has a vertical line.

Loomweights As already pointed out above, although it is possible that the purpose(s) for marking loomweights was/were different than those for marking vases, the two categories are examined together in the present study, as was the case also in the earlier publications of the Petras material. The fact that both categories are made of the same material (clay fabrics), and probably also by the same artisans, is considered even more relevant. It is important to note that (1) no nail impressions are found on loomweights and (2) the only mark found exclusively on cuboid examples and never on discoid weights is the pictogram for cloth. Thirteen marked loomweights were found in Sector I at Petras. The number seems significant as it represents 16% of the total loomweights recovered. Seven are cuboid and the rest discoid with either one (two weights) or two holes (four weights). This seems a rather large number compared to the 15 published marked loomweights of different types from the whole of Quartier Mu at Malia (Poursat, Godart, and Olivier 1978, 99–204;

POTTER’S MARKS

Olivier 1996). An interesting detail is that on at least one of the Malia loomweights, the sign V was incised before the hole was pierced (Olivier 1996, pl. 69:331). The marks represented are: the pictograms for cloth and the cross, and the vertical line (on two examples each); the triangle, two horizontal lines, an oblique line, angle, angle and dot, and arrow (one example each); and partially preserved double axes (one example). None of these signs is encountered on the Malia marked loomweights, some of which were marked after firing, and all of which belong to the Protopalatial period (Godart and Olivier 1978, 100–105). The presence of the pictogram for cloth on loomweights is interesting and significant. It should be noted that it is also encountered on loomweights from other areas of the settlement, and also on a cup and a kalathos from House II.1, where the wool industry was probably an important function (Tsipopoulou 1995). At Malia the cloth pictogram is found on the lower surface of a lamp (Godart and Olivier 1978, 112, no. 74). Simple signs such as nail impressions or single lines are absent on loomweights; on the contrary, more marks identifiable as Linear A or hieroglyphic signs are represented. Whether this indicates a connection with the palace or a special function for the loom, the weaver, or the textiles produced cannot be ascertained, but it should not be excluded.

Distribution of the Potter’s Marks Twenty-four areas in Sector I produced potter’s marks (Fig. 32). More specifically, the locations include: Room A (four); Room M (one); Room E (eight); Room Λ (24); Room Ξ (eight); Room Π (29); Area Σ (13); Room 1 (19); Room 2 (seven); Corridor B-Δ (two); Area Z (14); Area Φ (24); Staircase Y (four); the West Courtyard, including the Lakkos deposit (57); Area 3 (four); the Paved Road (two); the South-Southeast Courtyard (seven); Pit Θ (29); Area P (five); and Area O (one). The excavated part of House I.2 produced only one potter’s mark, while the Narrow Passage between Houses I.1 and I.2 had four examples. As this distribution

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shows, areas that contained more handleless conical cups had relatively more potter’s marks. The frequency of the marks according to the layers shows the following: from the surface layer, Lr I, there were 48 potter’s marks; Lr II, representing mainly the upper floor deposits, produced 129 marks, while Lr III, the floor deposit of the ground floor, yielded 56 examples. There were 14 marks in Lr IV, which dates to MM II, and a further 18 of roughly the same period found in the Lakkos deposit in the West Courtyard. Two more potter’s marks were found on the ramp to the west of Room M, and another one came from the surface layer to the North of Area O.

Chronology The Neopalatial deposits contained 237 potter’s marks, while the Late Prepalatial/Early Protopalatial 30 marks. No potter’s marks were found on LM III vases. Given that the early excavated deposits in the area of House I.1 were rather limited (i.e., Lr IV of Area Φ, Corridor B-Δ, and the Lakkos deposit of the West Courtyard), this number probably represents a relatively large percentage. At Hagia Eirene, Bikaki (1984) observed that the potter’s marks were more numerous in the Middle Bronze Age (MBA). It is significant that the use of potter’s marks started at Petras in the Final Prepalatial period (MM IB/IIA), a time when many radical changes occurred in society, as well as in the economy and administration, that led to the construction of the palace. The potter’s marks from Malia found in Quartier Mu are dated to the Protopalatial destruction, though at least one marked sherd is attributed to the MM IB period (Olivier 1996, 158). At Vrysinas, it seems that most potter’s marks date from the MM II and III periods, with a lesser percentage dated to LM I and LM III. Furthermore, the type and nature of each deposit is relevant to the number of potter’s marks; Layer IV in Area Φ seems to have been a purely domestic deposit, while the contents of the Lakkos represent the refuse from elite symposia, which probably makes the presence of potter’s marks more likely. As for the ratio of shape to date, it is

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observed that various shapes belong only to the Neopalatial period and are represented by only one example, such as a “palatial type” amphora, basin, spouted pithoid jar, strainer, conical cup, one-handled conical cup, cooking pot, handleless globular cup, table, tray, miniature handleless cup, bridge-spouted jar, miniature rhyton, tripod cooking cup, lid, and lamp. To the same Neopalatial period belong three straight-sided cups, four globular one-handled cups, two incense burners, four cups of an undefined type, a bowl used as a lamp, a scuttle, and two juglets. Shapes that are represented in both chronological phases include: amphorae (six Neopalatial, two late Prepalatial/early Protopalatial), pithoid jars (19 Neopalatial, seven late Prepalatial/early Protopalatial), handleless conical cups (96 Neopalatial, four late Prepalatial/ early Protopalatial), kalathoi (six Neopalatial, one late Prepalatial/early Protopalatial), open vases of unspecified shape (three Neopalatial, one late Prepalatial/early Protopalatial), closed vases of unspecified type (10 Neopalatial, two late Prepalatial/early Protopalatial), tripod cooking pots (11 Neopalatial, four late Prepalatial/early Protopalatial), one tripod cooking tray for each period, and three Neopalatial scuttles and one late Prepalatial/ early Protopalatial. There are also a few shapes that are found only in the earlier period, such as a stand, fruitstand, carinated cup, spouted pithos, spouted bowl, and tumbler.

There are certain fabrics, however, that are easily identifiable macroscopically, and this method was applied to the material studied. The so-called Petras fabric (a yellowish or greenish clay with dark phyllite inclusions) was first identified by Day (1995), and it was used for the production of amphorae, jugs, and various types of cups, including handleless conical cups, in the Neopalatial period. Among the Sector I material with potter’s marks examined for the present study, 33 examples are made of this fabric, which is typical of the area. Another locally produced fabric, used mostly for pithoid jars and cooking wares, is a red to reddishbrown, medium coarse phyllite fabric with calcareous matrix and fossils that likely comes from the wider area of Petras, namely the Achladia Valley; 42 marked examples of mostly medium and coarse vases are made of this typical clay. Also very distinctive macroscopically is the socalled Palaikastro fabric, a fine, light red (2.5YR 6/6) quartz-rich clay used mostly for cups and other open vases. This is quite common among the group examined and includes 37 fine examples and 65 medium coarse examples. As this fabric was common at Petras, especially in the Neopalatial and Postpalatial periods, it cannot be excluded that the raw clay was imported to the site to be used by the Petras potters, rather than the finished products.

Catalog Clay Fabrics The vases/sherds with potter’s marks from House I.1 and the surrounding area were not included in the sampling and the petrographic study by Eleni Nodarou. Yet, since the early 1990s, the area of the Siteia Bay has been the subject of various studies, first by Peter Day and subsequently by Nodarou herself (Day 1995, 1997; Nodarou 2007, 2012). It would be interesting to establish whether potter’s marks occur on imported examples or are all of local manufacture, but this was not possible in the framework of the present publication. The chapter on the petrographic analysis of the pottery from Sector I will be included in the second volume of the final publication, which deals with the Neopalatial and LM III pottery not included in the present volume.

Room A PM 1-P 7 (P86/512; Lr I; Fig. 34). Globular cup. Handle fragment and attachment. 4 x 1. Vertical handle with circular section. Medium, pale yellow Petras clay, 5Y 7/4, with inclusions. Self-slipped. Traces of brown paint. PM at the attachment: vertical line. PM 2-P 16 (P86/A35, SM 12085; Lr II). Handleless conical cup. Mended from two sherds. H. 4.6; base d. 4; rim d. 8.2. Chipping on the rim. Flat base, rough underneath. Body with curved profile. Thin rim with triangular section. Medium, yellow clay, 10YR 7/8. Thin buff slip. PM on the lower surface of the base: arched line. PM 3-P 8 (P86/798, SM 12409; Lr II). Globular cup. Base and lower body fragment. 2 x 4.3 x 0.9. Raised base, flat underneath. Body with curved profile. Fine,

POTTER’S MARKS

very pale brown clay, 10YR 8/2, with inclusions. Black paint. Monochrome on both surfaces. PM on the lower surface of the base: oblique line. PM 4-EMP 10 (P86/708, SM 12409; Lr IV; Pl. 32). Pithoid jar. For description, see Ch. 4. PM: partially preserved double axe on the upper body.

Room M PM 5-P 45 (P86/511; Lr III). Globular cup. Handle and body fragment. 1 x 5. Vertical handle with circular section. Medium, pale yellow Petras clay, 5Y 7/4. Selfslipped. Traces of brown paint. PM on the upper surface of the handle: horizontal line.

Room E PM 6-LW 5 (P85/13, SM 5142; Lr I; Fig. 33). Loomweight. For description, see Ch. 9. PM in the middle: arrow. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1990b, 102, no. 21, fig. 4, pl. II. PM 7-P 87 (P85/A467; Lr I; Pl. 31). Handleless conical cup. Base and lower body fragment. 2.8 x 4 x 0.7. Flat base. Conical body. Fine yellow clay, 10YR 8/8, with inclusions. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: two nail impressions. PM 8-LW 8 (P85/58, SM 5167; Lr II; Fig. 33). Loomweight. For description, see Ch. 9. PM in the middle: deeply incised angle and dot. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1990b, 102, no. 20, fig. 4. PM 9-P 95 (P85/A559, SM 12569; Lr II). Bowl. Base and lower body fragment. 2 x 4.9 x 0.3. Raised base, slightly convex underneath. Conical body. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the body: arched line. PM 10-P 96 (P85/A560, SM 12575; Lr II). Bowl. Base and lower body fragment. 1.5 x 4.5 x 0.7. Raised base. Conical body. Fine pale yellow clay, 5Y 8/3. Selfslipped. Trace of burning on the interior surface. PM on the lower surface of the base: arched line. PM 11-LW 10 (P85/561; Lr II; Pl. 32). Loomweight. For description, see Ch. 9. PM: two converging lines. PM 12-P 99 (P86/828; Lr II). Bowl. Base and body fragment. 5 x 2.7 x 0.5. Raised base, flat underneath. Body with S-shaped profile. Fine yellow clay, 10YR 7/6, with inclusions. Thick slip of the same color. PM on the lower surface of the base: nail impression. PM 13-P 79 (P86/1163; Lr III; Fig. 35). Widemouthed jug. Three-quarters preserved. H. 11.2; base d. 4.5; th. 0.4. Mended from 12 sherds. Raised base, flat underneath with string marks and a knob on the interior surface. Piriform body. Thin rim with triangular section and a plastic knob on the exterior surface. Fine

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pale yellow clay, 5Y 8/4, with several inclusions. Thin yellowish-buff slip. PM on the body: arched line.

Room Λ PM 14 (P86/950; Lr I; Pl. 31). Tripod cooking pot. Lower body and leg fragment. 4.9 x 5.3 x 0.8. Conical body. Leg with circular section. Medium, red clay, 10R 4/6, with inclusions. Self-slipped. PM on the leg: deep vertical line. PM 15-P 317 (P86/A172, SM 12492; Lr II; Pl. 31). Scuttle. Handle fragment. 6.2 x 5.2 x 2.2. Medium, pale yellow clay, 5Y 8/3. Yellowish thick slip. Traces of reddish-brown paint on the back. PM near the handle attachment: deeply incised horizontal line. PM 16-P 121 (P86/A279, SM 12471; Lr II; Pl. 31). Pithoid jar. Horizontal handle fragment with elliptical section. 6.5 x 2 x 0.7. Medium, dark yellowish-brown clay, 10YR 4/4, with many inclusions. Self-slipped. Brownish-black paint. Band on the upper surface of the handle and around the attachment. PM on the upper surface of the handle: deeply incised horizontal line. PM 17-CW 57 (P86/A344a, SM 12419; Lr II; Pl. 31). Cooking pot. For description, see Ch. 3. PM on the exterior surface: multiple irregular nail impressions. Joined with PM 34. PM 18-LW 15 (P86/69, SM 6351; Lr II; Fig. 33). Loomweight. For description, see Ch. 9. PM in the middle: deeply incised angle. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1990b, 99, no. 23, fig. 4. PM 19-P 323 (P86/A344b; initially P86/bag 150/3; Lr II). Incense burner. Body fragment. 6.4 x 5.6 x 0.1. Conical body. Medium, light brown clay, 7.5YR 6/4. Traces of reddish paint on both surfaces. PM: two arched lines. PM 20-P 122 (P86/327, SM 6799; Lr II; Fig. 34). Pithoid jar. Body and handle fragment. 4.6 x 4.7 x 0.8. Coarse, dark yellowish-brown clay, 10YR 4/6, with inclusions. Self-slipped. PM on the handle attachment: branch. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1990b, 96, no. 3, fig. 1, pl. 1. PM 21-LW 21 (P86/343, SM 6427; Lr II; Fig. 33). Loomweight. For description, see Ch. 9. PM on one large face: triangle. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1990b, 100, no. 14, fig. 3. PM 22-LW 23 (P86/348, SM 6459; Lr II; Fig. 33). Loomweight. For description, see Ch. 9. PM on one small face: X inscribed into a square (ideogram for cloth). Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1990b, 100, no. 15, fig. 3, pl. II. PM 23-LW 24 (P86/374a, SM 6426; Lr II; Fig. 33). Loomweight. For description, see Ch. 9. PM on one face: vertical line. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1990b, 100, no. 13, fig. 3.

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METAXIA TSIPOPOULOU

PM 24-P 136 (P86/535; Lr II; Pl. 32). Kalathos. Rim and upper body fragment; mended from two sherds. 6 x 9.5 x 1. Rim with semi-elliptical section. Conical body. Medium, dark yellowish-brown clay, 10YR 4/6. Thick slip of the same color. PM on the exterior surface: two converging lines, probably part of a double axe. PM 25-P 141 (P86/699, SM 12456; Lr II; Fig. 34; Pl. 32). Amphora. Handle, rim, and neck fragment. 5.9 x 2.7 x 1.5. Vertical handle with elliptical section. Fine reddish-yellow clay, 7.5YR 7/6, with gray core and inclusions. Self-slipped. Traces of burning on the interior surface. PM on the upper surface: arrow. PM 26-P 205 (P86/706; Lr II). Handleless conical cup. Rim and body fragment. 2.9 x 1.4 x 0.2. Fine yellowish-red clay, 5YR 4/6. Wheel marks on both surfaces. Thin brown slip. PM on the body: two deeply incised vertical lines. PM 27-P 232 (P86/744; Lr II). Bowl. One-quarter preserved. H. 4; th. 0.3. Flat base. Conical body with a ridge on the middle. Thin rim with elliptical section following the profile of the body. Fine pale yellow clay, 5Y 8/3, with few inclusions. PM on the exterior surface: nail impression. PM 28 (P86/792; Lr II; Pl. 31). Tripod cooking pot. Base, body, and leg fragment. 5 x 9.2. Preserves the attachment of a second leg. Flat base. Body with curved profile. Leg with elliptical section. Medium, pink clay, 5YR 8/3, with traces of burning. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: oblique line and two nail impressions. PM 29-P 142 (P86/795, SM 12486; Lr II; Fig. 34). Amphora. Neck, rim, and handle fragment. Pres. h. 10.1; th. 0.9. Probably globular body. Low cylindrical neck. Vertical rim with circular section. Arched ribbon handle, starting at the rim. Medium, pink clay, 5YR 7/4, with many inclusions. Uneven firing. Yellowish thick slip. Traces of red paint on the handle. PM on the lower attachment of the handle: oblique line. PM 30-P 206 (P86/847; Lr II; Pl. 31). Handleless conical cup. Base and lower body fragment. 2.9 x 4.7 x 0.6. Slightly raised base, flat underneath. Conical body. Fine light red clay, 2.5YR 6/8, with inclusions. Wheel marks on the interior surface. Thick slip of the same color. PM on the lower surface of the base: arched line. PM 31-P 207 (P86/912; Lr II). Handleless conical cup. Half preserved. H. 5.4; base d. 5.6; w. 9. Mended from five sherds. Raised base, flat underneath. Body with S-shaped profile. Rim with trapezoidal section. Fine pale yellow clay, 5Y 8/4, with few inclusions. Thick slip of the same color. PM on the lower surface of the base: arched line. PM 32-P 295 (P86/1201; Lr II). Bowl/lamp. H. 3.7; base d. 4.7. Less than half preserved, including the whole of the base. Raised base, flat underneath. Body with S-shaped profile. Rim with semi-elliptical section following the profile of the body. Fine pale yellow clay,

5Y 8/4, with few inclusions. Wheel marks on the interior surface. Traces of burning on the rim. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: arched line. PM 33-P 251 (P86/1217; Lr II). Bowl. One-third preserved. H. 3; w. 7.2; th. 0.4. Flat base, rough underneath. Conical body. Thin rim with triangular section. Fine pale yellow clay, 5Y 8/4, with few inclusions. Wheel marks on the interior surface. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: nail impression. PM 34 (P86/1260; Lr II). Cooking pot. Body fragment. 4.6 x 5.8 x 0.5. Medium, reddish-yellow clay, 7.5YR 6/6, with inclusions. Self-slipped. PM on the exterior surface: multiple nail impressions. Joined with PM 17-CW 57 (5.8 x 9.2). PM 35 (P86/499; Lr III). Tripod cooking pot. Leg and body fragment. 8.8 x 7.9 x 0.5. Leg with elliptical section. Medium, dark yellowish-brown clay, 10YR 4/6. Self-slipped. PM on the leg: deeply incised vertical line. PM 36-P 359 (P86/600; Lr III). Strainer. Horizontal handle fragment with circular section. W. 5.8; th. 1.7. Medium, dark yellowish-brown clay, 10YR 4/6. Selfslipped. PM on the upper surface: deeply incised vertical line. PM 37-P 119 (P86/993; Lr III; Pl. 32). Pithos. Rim fragment with trapezoidal section. 4.8 x 10.4 x 2.2. Coarse, pale olive Petras clay, 5Y 6/4, with darker core. Self-slipped. Brownish-black paint. Monochrome. PM on the upper surface: deeply incised intersecting lines.

Room Ξ PM 38-LW 31 (P86/24, SM 6359; Lr II; Fig. 33). Loomweight. For description, see Ch. 9. PM in the middle: oblique line. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1990b, 99, no. 22, fig. 4. PM 39-P 394 (P86/A41, SM 12067; Lr III; Fig. 34). Jug. H. 28.2; base d. 15; rim d. 11.3; th. 0.8. Large body, base, rim, and handle fragment; flat base with a knob on the interior. Piriform body. High cylindrical neck with slightly convex profile. Outcurving rim with elliptical section. Vertical handle with circular section, from the rim to the shoulder. Medium, light brown clay, 7.5YR 6/4, with many inclusions. Wheel marks on both surfaces. Thin yellowish slip. Traces of brown paint. PM on the handle: three oblique shallow lines. PM 40-P 375 (P86/A112, SM 12027; Lr III). Kalathos. More than half preserved, mended from 11 sherds; a second, non-joining rim and body fragment, mended from two sherds. H. 8.5; rim d. 21.5; w. 12.5; th. 0.7. Flat base. Conical, asymmetrical body with curved profile. Outcurving rim with semi-elliptical section. Medium, reddish-yellow clay, 7.5YR 6/6, with schist inclusions. Wheel marks on both surfaces. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: three oblique lines.

POTTER’S MARKS

PM 41-P 400 (P86/A265; Lr III). Jug. Base and lower body fragment. Pres. h. 5.9; w. 5.3. Raised base, flat underneath. Body with curved profile. Medium, pink clay, 5YR 8/3, with many schist and calcite inclusions. Self-slipped. PM on the body: two deeply incised oblique lines. PM 42-P 454 (P86/697, SM 12095; Lr III; Pl. 32). Handleless conical cup. Body fragment. 3.7 x 2.5 x 0.3. Worn surface. Body with curved profile. Fine pink clay, 7.5YR 8/4, with few inclusions, especially limestone. Self-slipped. Red worn paint. Monochrome on both surfaces. PM on the exterior surface: two intersecting lines, probably part of an X. PM 43-P 471 (P86/764; Lr III). Bowl. Base and lower body fragment. Pres. h. 1.7; base d. 3.7. Raised base, flat underneath, with a knob on the interior surface. Body with curved profile. Fine pale yellow clay, 5Y 8/3. Self-slipped. Reddish-black paint. Monochrome on the exterior surface. PM on the lower surface of the base: nail impression. PM 44-P 369 (P86/1050; Lr III; Pl. 32). Pithoid jar. Body fragment. 3.7 x 3.1 x 0.9. Medium, red clay, 10R 4/6, with inclusions. Self-slipped. PM on the exterior surface: rectangle topped by a triangle. PM 45 (P86/884; Lr III). Cup. Base and lower body fragment. 2.5 x 4.3 x 0.4. Concave base. Conical body. Fine reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 6/8. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: two nail impressions.

Room Π PM 46-P 526 (P85/A8; Lr II). Bowl. Mended from two sherds. H. 3.6; base d. 3.8; rim d. 8.1; th. 0.3 m. Chipped at the rim. Slightly raised base, flat underneath. Conical body. Thin rim following the profile of the body. Fine pale yellow clay, 5Y 8/3, with inclusions. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: two nail impressions. PM 47-P 508 (P89/494; Lr III; Fig. 35). Handleless conical cup. Intact. H. 3.6; base d. 3.6; rim d. 7.8. Raised base, flat underneath. Body with S-shaped profile. Rounded, slightly outcurving rim. Fine reddishyellow clay, 5YR 6/8, with inclusions. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: nail impression. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 956, no. 40. PM 48-P 545 (P89/497; Lr III; Fig. 35). Handleless conical cup/lamp. Base, body, and rim fragment. 4 x 7 x 4.1. Raised base. Body with S-shaped profile. Thin rim following the profile of the body. Fine pale yellow clay, 5Y 8/3. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: two nail impressions. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 956, no. 41. PM 49-P 511 (P89/503; Lr III). Handleless conical cup. Intact. H. 4.1; base d. 3.5; rim d. 8. Slightly raised

149

base, flat underneath. Body with curved profile. Thin, slightly incurving rim. Fine pale yellow clay, 5Y 8/3, with inclusions. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: deeply incised oblique line. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 956, no. 42. PM 50-P 547 (P89/504; Lr III). Handleless conical cup/lamp. Intact. H. 3.8; base d. 3.5; rim d. 7.3. Chipped on the rim. Slightly raised base, flat underneath. Conical asymmetrical body. Thin rim following the profile of the body. Intense burning on the rim. Medium, reddishgray, burned clay, 2.5YR 6/1. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: two oblique lines at the edge. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 956, no. 43. PM 51 (P89/505b; Lr III, in gourna GS 106). Closed vase. Body and handle fragment. 4.4 x 5.2 x 1.1. Handle with elliptical section. Medium, light brown clay, 7.5YR 6/4, with dark core. PM on the upper part of the handle: horizontal and vertical deeply incised lines. PM 52-P 524 (P89/507; Lr III; Fig. 35). Handleless globular cup. Rim, body, and base fragment. H. 6.0; base d. 3.3; rim d. 8.1; th. 0.4. Mended from various fragments. Thin, slightly outcurving rim. Body with curved profile. Slightly raised base. Fine pale yellow Petras clay, 5Y 7/4. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: deeply incised C. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 957, no. 44, fig. 6. PM 53-P 527 (P89/641; Lr III; Fig. 35). Handleless globular cup. H. 3.3; body d. 3.9; rim d. 6.9; th. 0.6. Intact. Small chipping on the rim. Medium, reddishyellow clay, 7.5YR 8/6. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: nail impression. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 957, no. 49, fig. 11.17. PM 54-P 512 (P89/642; Lr III; Fig. 35). Handleless conical cup. Intact, but chipped on the rim. 3.9 x 4.1 x 0.7. Slightly raised base, flat underneath. Body with S-shaped profile. Thin, outcurving rim. Fine reddishyellow clay, 5YR 6/8. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: deeply incised horizontal line. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 957, no. 50. PM 55-P 513 (P89/650; Lr III). Handleless conical cup. Missing parts of the upper body and rim. H. 3.9–5.0; base d. 4.3; th. 0.6. Mended from eight sherds. Slightly raised base, flat underneath. Conical, asymmetrical body. Thin, incurving rim. Medium, brown clay, 7.5YR 4/4. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: two shallow depressions. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 957, no. 51. PM 56-P 499 (P89/652; Lr III). Globular cup. Base and lower body fragment. 3.9 x 3.6 x 0.9. Mended from two sherds. Slightly raised base. Globular body. Fine reddish-gray, burned clay, 2.5YR 6/1. Yellowish slip. Black lustrous paint. Band on the lower body and on the lower surface of the base. On the body band of oblique strokes (and spirals?). PM on the lower surface of the body: nail impressions. PM 57-P 515 (P89/663; Lr III; Fig. 35). Handleless conical cup. Base, body, and rim fragment. 4 x 4.6 x 0.4.

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METAXIA TSIPOPOULOU

Slightly raised base. Conical body. Thin rim following the profile of the body. Medium, red clay, 10R 4/6. Selfslipped. Wheel marks on the interior surface. PM on the lower surface of the base: three deep triangular impressions. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 957, no. 52. PM 58-P 530 (P89/665; Lr III; Fig. 35). Bowl. Base, body, and rim fragment. 3.5 x 4.2 x 0.8. Raised base. Body with S-shaped profile. Thin slightly incurving rim. Fine, very pale brown clay, 10YR 7/4, with few inclusions. Self-slipped. Wheel marks on both surfaces. PM on the lower surface of the base: two converging deep nail impressions. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 957, no. 53. PM 59-P 518 (P89/bag 208/1; Lr III; Fig. 35). Handleless conical cup. Base and body fragment. 4 x 3 x 0.7. Medium, reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 6/6, with inclusions. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: nail impression and arched line. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 958, no. 72, fig. 10. PM 60-P 532 (P89/bag 208/2; Lr III; Fig. 35). Bowl. Base and lower body fragment. 1.5 x 3.6. Flat base. Conical body. Fine reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 6/8, with inclusions. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: nail impression. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 959, no. 73, fig. 10. PM 61-P 519 (P89/bag 289/7; Lr III; Pl. 31). Handleless conical cup. Base and lower body fragment. Pres. h. 2.9; base d. 4; th. 0.5. Flat base. Body with curved profile. Medium, reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 6/6. Selfslipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: two converging lines, one arched, one vertical. PM 62-P 533 (P89/bag 302/2; Lr III; Fig. 35). Bowl. Base and lower body fragment. Pres. h. 2.4; w. 4.2; th. 0.9. Slightly raised base. Body with curved profile. Medium, pale olive Petras clay, 5Y 6/4. Wheel marks on both surfaces. Self-slipped. Black paint. Spatter decoration. PM on the lower surface of the base: oblique line and two nail impressions. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 955, no. 24. PM 63-P 534 (P89/bag 305/1; Lr III; Fig. 35). Bowl. Rim, body, and base fragment. H. 3; base d. 3.9; th. 0.6. Flat base, Conical body. Thin rim following the profile of the body. Medium, pale olive Petras clay, 5Y 6/4. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: deeply incised arched line. PM 64-P 535 (P89/bag 305/2; Lr III; Fig. 35). Bowl. Base, body, and rim fragment. 1.7 x 4.4 x 0.7. Fine yellow clay, 10YR 8/6, with few inclusions. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: three nail impressions. Bib­liography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 955, no. 26, fig. 7:4. PM 65-P 536 (P89/bag 305/3; Lr III; Fig. 35). Bowl. Base and lower body fragment. Pres. h. 2.1; w. 7.3; th. 0.6. Flat base. Body with curved profile. Medium, pale yellow clay, 5Y 8/4. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: horizontal line.

PM 66-P 537 (P89/bag 305/5; Lr III; Fig. 35). Bowl. Base and lower body fragment. Pres. h. 1.8; base d. 3.9; th. 0.6. Flat base. Conical body. Medium, brownishyellow clay, 5YR 6/6. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: two nail impressions. PM 67-P 520 (P89/bag 305/6; Lr III). Handleless conical cup. Base and lower body fragment. Pres. h. 3; w. 4; th. 0.7. Medium, brownish-yellow clay, 5YR 6/6. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: nail impression. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 957, no. 60, fig. 10:12. PM 68-P 521 (P89/bag 305/8; Lr III; Fig. 35). Handleless conical cup. Base and lower body fragment. Pres. h. 2.1; w. 4.3; th. 0.6. Slightly raised base, flat underneath. Conical body. Medium, pinkish-white clay, 5YR 8/2. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: two deeply incised converging lines. PM 69-P 522 (P89/bag 305/28; Lr III; Fig. 35). Handleless conical cup. Base and lower body fragment. Pres. h. 3; w. 4.4; base d. 3.9; th. 0.6. Slightly raised base, flat underneath. Conical body. Medium, reddishyellow clay, 5YR 6/6. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: deeply incised arched line, starting at the edge. PM 70-P 538 (P89/bag 305/29; Lr III). Bowl. Base and lower body fragment. Pres. h. 1.3; w. 4.2; th. 0.5. Flat base. Conical body. Medium, reddish-brown clay, 5YR 5/4. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the body: two nail impressions. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 958, no. 59, fig. 10. PM 71-P 539 (P89/bag 305/30; Lr III). Bowl. Base and lower body fragment. Pres. h. 2.7; base d. 5.2; th. 0.5. Flat base. Conical body. Fine pink clay, 2.5YR 8/3, with inclusions. Thick slip of the same color. Blackishbrown paint. Uneven firing. Monochrome interior surface. On the exterior surface two bands. PM at the edge of the base: deeply incised oblique line. PM 72-P 540 (P89/bag 305/45; Lr III). Bowl. Base and lower body fragment. Pres. h. 1.7; w. 4.4; th. 0.7. Slightly raised base, flat underneath. Conical body. Medium, pale olive Petras clay, 5Y 6/4. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: deeply incised horizontal line. PM 73-P 491 (P89/bag 305/47; Lr III). Pithoid jar. Handle fragment. 4.7 x 2.4 x 2.3. Horizontal with circular section. Medium, dark yellowish-brown clay, 10YR 3/4. Self-slipped. PM on the upper surface of the handle: vertical line. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 958, no. 58. PM 74-P 541 (P89/bag 305/49; Lr III; Fig. 35). Bowl. Base and lower body fragment. 1.3 x 0.5. Flat base. Conical body. Medium, reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 6/6. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: shallow arched line.

POTTER’S MARKS

Room 1 PM 75-LW 34 (P89/21; Lr II; Fig. 33; Pl. 32). Loomweight. For description, see Ch. 9. PM: two horizontal, parallel, deeply incised lines. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 969, no. 206. PM 76-P 581 (P89/82; Lr II). Bowl. Missing part of the rim and body. 3.9 x 3.9 x 0.8. Slightly raised base, flat underneath. Slightly curved body. Rounded rim following the profile of the body. Fine reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 6/8, with inclusions. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: nail impression. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 955, no. 14. PM 77-P 582 (P89/332; Lr II). Bowl. Base, body, and rim fragment; more than 2/3 preserved. Mended from two sherds. 4 x 4 x 0.4. Slightly raised base, flat underneath. Conical body. Rounded rim following the profile of the body. Fine reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 6/8. Self-slipped. PM on the lower part of the body: nail impression. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 956, no. 27, fig. 12. PM 78-P 553 (P89/833 [initially P89/bag 85/6]; Lr II; Pl. 31). Pithoid jar. Body and handle fragment. 5.3 x 7. Vertical handle with circular section. Medium, reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 7/6. Self-slipped. PM on the body near the handle attachment: deeply incised vertical line. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 963, no. 138, fig. 5:11. PM 79-P 585 (P89/bag 2/9; Lr II). Bowl. Base and lower body fragment. Pres. h. 2; base d. 3.6; th. 0.4. Slightly raised base, flat underneath. Conical body. Medium, reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 7/6. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the body: two depressions. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 968, no. 196. PM 80-P 586 (P89/bag 11/4; Lr II). Bowl. Base and lower body fragment. 2.3 x 3.1 x 0.5. Slightly raised base. Conical body. Medium, pinkish-white clay, 5YR 8/2. Self-slipped. PM on the exterior surface, at the lowest part of the body: deep nail impression. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 967, no. 182, fig. 11. PM 81-P 559 (P89/bag 11/6; Lr II). Basin. Upper body fragment. 4 x 3.5 x 0.7. Conical body. Medium, dark yellowish-brown clay, 10YR 3/4, with dark brown core. Self-slipped. PM on the exterior surface: incised horizontal line. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 967, no. 183, fig. 8. PM 82-P 562 (P89/bag 29/1; Lr II). Amphora. Handle fragment with elliptical section. 7.8 x 2.9 x 1.8. Medium, Petras clay, 5Y 6/4. Self-slipped. Brown paint. Three oblique bands. PM on the upper surface: oblique line. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 956, no. 163. PM 83-P 569 (P89/bag 29/2; Lr II). Straight-sided cup. Base and lower body fragment. 3.2 x 6.2 x 0.4.

151

Base with angular profile. Cylindrical body. Medium, Petras clay, 5Y 6/4. Self-slipped. Traces of brown paint. PM on the lower surface of the base: two nail impressions. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 966, no. 164. PM 84-P 555 (P89/bag 29/9; Lr II). Pithoid jar. Horizontal handle with circular section, preserving the attachment to the body. 5.2 x 5.1 x 2.5. Medium, reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 7/6. Self-slipped. Traces of brown paint, probably initially monochrome. PM on the handle attachment: deeply incised horizontal line. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, p. 966, no. 165, fig. 8. PM 85-P 588 (P89/bag 29/16; Lr II; Pl. 31). Bowl. Base and lower body fragment. 3.7 x 2.6 x 0.5. Fine pink clay, 2.5YR 8/3, with inclusions. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the body: converging arched lines. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 966, no. 166. PM 86-P 590 (P89/bag 71/15; Lr II). Bowl. Rim, base, and body fragment. H. 3.5; base d. 3.9; th. 0.4. Medium, reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 7/6. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base, near the edge: three nail impressions. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 965, no. 153. PM 87-P 591 (P89/bag 85/17; Lr II; Fig. 35). Bowl. Base and lower body fragment. 2.7 x 3.0 x 0.6. Slightly raised base. Conical body. Fine reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 6/8, with inclusions. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: two deeply incised oblique lines. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 963, no. 137. PM 88-P 592 (P89/bag 85/18; Lr II). Handleless conical cup. Base and lower body fragment. 3.5 x 1.9 x 0.4. Slightly raised base. Conical body. Fine reddishyellow clay, 5YR 6/8. Self-slipped. PM at the edge of the base: deep nail impression. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 963, no. 136. PM 89-P 593 (P89/bag 85/22; Lr II; Fig. 35). Bowl. Base, body, and rim fragment. H. 3.3; body d. 3.6; rim d. 6.9; th. 0.5. Slightly raised base. Conical body. Medium, reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 7/6. Self-slipped. PM at the edge of the base: deep nail impression. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 963, no. 135, fig. 10. PM 90-P 557 (P89/bag 142/10; Lr II). Pithoid jar. Body and handle fragment. 5.3 x 5.7 x 3.7. Horizontal handle with circular section. Coarse, weak red clay, 2.5YR 4/2. Self-slipped. PM on the upper surface of the handle: vertical line. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 961, no. 100, fig. 5. PM 91-P 575 (P89/bag 71/10; Lr III; Fig. 35). Handleless conical cup. Base and lower body fragment. 1.5 x 4 x 0.5. Slightly raised base, flat underneath. Conical body. Medium, reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 7/6. Selfslipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: nail impression. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 964, no. 150, fig. 10.

152

METAXIA TSIPOPOULOU

PM 92-P 576 (P89/bag 71/11; Lr III). Handleless conical cup. Base and lower body fragment. 1.5 x 4 x 0.5. Slightly raised base, flat underneath. Conical body. Medium, reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 7/6. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: nail impression. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 965, no. 151, fig. 11. PM 93-P 577 (P89/bag 71/12; Lr III; Fig. 35). Handleless conical cup. Base and lower body fragment. 1.7 x 3.7 x 0.4. Slightly raised base, flat underneath. Conical body. Medium, reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 7/6. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: nail impression and dot. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 965, no. 152.

Room 2 PM 94-P 603 (P89/bag 143/1; Lr II; Fig. 35). Bowl. Pres. h. 1.3; base d. 5.2; th. 0.8. Base and lower body fragment. Flat base. Conical body. Fine pink clay, 2.5YR 8/3, with some inclusions. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: deep nail impression and vertical line. PM 95-P 604 (P89/bag 158/1; Lr II). Bowl. Base and lower body fragment. 3.2 x 2.4 x 0.6. Medium, reddishyellow clay, 5YR 7/6. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: deep nail impression. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 960, no. 94, fig. 12. PM 96-P 605 (P89/bag 261/4; Lr II; Pl. 31). Bowl. Body fragment. 5.9 x 3.3 x 1. Medium, light reddishbrown clay, 2.5YR 7/3. Self-slipped. Black paint. Large band. PM: two deeply incised oblique lines. PM 97-P 606 (P89/bag 261/5; Lr II; Fig. 35). Bowl. Base and lower body fragment. Pres. h. 1.5; base d. 4.2; th. 0.7. Slightly raised base, flat underneath. Conical body. Medium, reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 7/6. Selfslipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: two deep, intersecting nail impressions, forming a right angle. PM 98-P 601 (P89/bag 261/10; Lr II). Kalathos. Rim and upper body fragment. Pres. h. 4.7; w. 5.6; th. 0.9. Conical body. Rim following the profile of the body. Medium, weak red clay, 2.5YR 4/2, with inclusions. Self-slipped. PM on the exterior surface of the body, below the rim: angle. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 958, no. 66, fig. 12. PM 99 (P89/bag 261/12; Lr II). Open vase. Body fragment. 3 x 2.4 x 0.5. Medium, weak red clay, 2.5YR 4/2. Self-slipped. PM deeply incised horizontal line. PM 100-P 607 (P89/bag 279/4; Lr II; Fig. 35). Bowl. Base and lower body fragment. Pres. h. 2.1; w. 6.9; base d. 4.5; th. 0.5. Raised base, flat underneath. Body with curved profile. Medium, pale yellow Petras clay, 5Y 7/4. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the body: two deeply incised nail impressions, starting at the edge.

Corridor B-Δ PM 101-P 608 (P85/A471; Lr I; Pl. 31). Pithoid jar. 3.6 x 6.0 x 0.9. Base and lower body fragment. Torus base, flat underneath. Conical body. Medium, weak red clay, 2.5YR 4/2, with many inclusions. Thick slip of the same color. PM above the base: Two deeply incised oblique lines. PM 102-P 643 (P89/bag 246/1; Lr II). Bowl. Base and lower body fragment. 5.9 x 3.8 x 0.6. Slightly raised base. Conical body. Fine pink clay, 2.5YR 8/3, with inclusions. PM on the lower surface of the base: nail impression.

Area Z PM 103-CW 47 (P85/A562; Lr I). Tripod cooking pot. Leg fragment. For description, see Ch. 3. PM: deeply incised vertical line. PM 104-P 665 (P85/A563; Lr I). Bowl. Base and lower body fragment. 2.1 x 4.2 x 0.5. Flat base, rough underneath. Conical body. Fine pink clay, 2.5YR 8/3, with few inclusions. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: arched line. PM 105-CW 41 (P85/A564; Lr I). Tripod cooking pot. For description, see Ch. 3. PM on the lower part of the body, near the leg attachment: oblique line. PM 106-P 661 (P85/A565; Lr II). Handleless conical cup. Preserves part of base, body, and rim. H. 3.6; w. 6; th. 0.4. Convex base. Body with S-shaped profile. Rim following the profile of the body, with semielliptical section. Medium, very pale brown clay, 10YR 7/4, with many inclusions and pebbles. Self-slipped. PM on the upper body: short vertical line. PM 107-P 666 (P85/bag 43/4; Lr II; Fig. 35). Bowl. Base and lower body fragment. 2 x 3.3 x 0.4. Raised base, flat underneath. Conical body. Medium, reddishyellow clay, 5YR 7/6. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: deeply incised oblique line, starting at the edge. PM 108-P 667 (P89/bag 230/8; Lr II). Bowl. Base and body fragment. 1.1 x 4.3 x 0.5. Slightly raised base. Conical body. Medium, reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 7/6. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: oblique line. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 958, no. 71, fig. 10. PM 109-P 662 (P89/bag 230/9; Lr II; Pl. 31). Handleless conical cup. Base and lower body fragment. 2 x 3.5 x 0.5. Slightly raised base. Conical body. Medium, reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 7/6. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: two intersecting lines.

POTTER’S MARKS

PM 110-P 668 (P89/bag 230/10; Lr II). Bowl. Base and lower body fragment. 2.9 x 3.4 x 0.5. Slightly raised base. Conical body. Medium, reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 7/6. Buff slip. PM on the lower surface of the base: nail impression. PM 111-P 655 (P89/bag 231/2; Lr II). Palatial style amphora. Neck and shoulder fragment. 7 x 7 x 0.1. Neck with convex profile; plastic ring on the junction to the shoulder. Medium, dark grayish-brown clay, 10YR 4/2, with gray core. Self-slipped. Traces of matte orange paint. Probably initially monochrome. PM on the neck: oblique line. PM 112-P 669 (P89/bag 231/3; Lr II; Fig. 35). Bowl. Base and lower body fragment. 2.1 x 3.4 x 0.4. Slightly raised base. Conical body. Fine yellow clay, 10YR 7/8, with inclusions. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: horizontal line. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 958, no. 70, fig. 11. PM 113-P 663 (P89/bag 303/2; Lr III; Fig. 35). Handleless conical cup. Base, body, and rim fragment. H. 4.4; base d. 3.7. Raised base, flat underneath. Body with S-shaped profile. Rim following the profile of the body. Fine yellow clay, 10YR 7/8. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: oblique line. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 955, no. 25. PM 114-P 658 (P89/bag 270/3; Lr IV; Fig. 35). Straight-sided cup. Base fragment. Pres. h. 1.8; base d. 5.4; th. 0.7. Fine orange clay with inclusions. Selfslipped. Traces of reddish matte paint. Uneven firing. PM: deeply incised vertical line. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 958, no. 65, fig. 11. PM 115-P 664 (P89/bag 270/4; Lr IV). Handleless conical cup. Base and lower body fragment. Flat base. Conical body. Medium, reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 7/6. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: vertical, deeply incised line, starting at the edge. PM 116-P 670 (P90/661; Lr IV; Pl. 31). Lid. Base, body, and rim fragment. H. 3.6. Flat base. Body with slightly curved profile. Rim with triangular section following the profile of the body. Medium, reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 7/6. Self-slipped. Orange matte, worn and added white paint. Bands on the upper surface. PM on the interior surface: deep nail impression. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 969, no. 213.

Area Φ PM 117-LW 42 (P86/252b, SM 6448; Lr I; Fig. 33). Loomweight. For description, see Ch. 9. PM on one small face: cross. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1990b, 100, no. 16, fig. 3. PM 118-P 684 (P86/bag 71/1; Lr I). Basin. Rim and body fragment. Pres. h. 5; rim d. 4; th. 1.3. Vertical rim

153

with elliptical section. Coarse, strong brown clay, 7.5YR 5/8, with many inclusions and gray core. Self-slipped. Under the rim horizontal plastic band. PM on the interior surface of the rim: deeply incised oblique line. PM 119-P 678 (P86/876, SM 12151; Lr II). Pithoid jar. Rim and body fragment. 3.9 x 5.2 x 0.9. Body with curved profile. Rounded rim following the profile of the body. Medium, strong brown clay, 7.5YR 5/8. Thick slip of the same color. PM on the exterior surface: two deeply incised lines, one arched and one angular. PM 120-P 733 (P86/A133, SM 7004; Lr III; Fig. 34; Pl. 32). Lamp. Missing small parts of the body and spout H. 4.3; base d. 5. Burned and worn surface. Flat base. Semi-globular depressed body. Incurving rim. Coarse yellowish-red clay, 5YR 4/8, with inclusions. Brown slip. Traces of brownish-orange paint. PM on the lower surface of the base: eight straight lines in different directions forming a composite sign. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1990b, 94, no. 1, fig. 1, pl. 1. PM 121-EMP 129 (P86/A346, SM 12037; Lr III). Beaked jug. Almost complete. For description, see Ch. 4. PM on the body: shallow vertical line. PM 122 (P86/310, SM 6795; Lr III; Fig. 34; Pl. 32). Kalathos. Rim and body fragment. 7.2 x 7.9 x 0.7. Conical body. Thin rim. Burned surface. Medium, very pale brown clay, 10YR 8/4, with inclusions and yellowish surfaces. Self-slipped. PM on the interior surface of the body: deeply incised rectangle topped by a triangle. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1990b, 95, no. 2, fig. 1, pl. 1. PM 123-P 728 (P86/547; Lr III). Bowl. Base and body fragment. 2 x 4.3 x 0.4. Flat base. Body with Sshaped profile. Fine pink clay, 7.5YR 8/3. PM on the lower surface of the base: two nail impressions. PM 124-P 729 (P86/698; Lr III; Pl. 31). Bowl. Base and lower body fragment. 1.8 x 3 x 0.6. Raised base, flat underneath. Conical body. Fine pale yellow clay, 5Y 8/3. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: almost circular nail impression. PM 125-CW 59-EMP 131 (P86/902, SM 11995; Lr III). Large-mouthed spouted jar. For description, see Ch. 3. PM 126-P 700 (P86/907, SM 12033; Lr III). Jug. Joined with sherds from P86/bag 140, P86/bag 154, P86/bag 163, and P86/667. Missing handle, neck, and rim; it preserves the handle attachment on the shoulder; mended from 17 sherds. H. 23.8; base d. 9; w. 19.6; th. 0.5. Flat base, rough underneath with string marks. Piriform body. Medium, pink clay, 5YR 7/4, with gray core and silvery phyllite inclusions. Brown, worn thin slip. PM near the handle attachment: two oblique lines. PM 127-EMP 47 (P86/940; Lr III). Conical cup. For description, see Ch. 4. PM on the lower surface of the base: nail impression. PM 128-P 680 (P86/948, SM 12152; Lr III). Pithoid jar. Body and handle fragment. 4.8 x 5 x 0.6. Horizontal

154

METAXIA TSIPOPOULOU

oblique handle, with circular section. Medium, light reddish-brown clay, 2.5YR 7/3. Thick slip of the same color. PM near the handle attachment: shallow oblique line. PM 129-P 701 (P86/1072, SM 12457; Lr III). Jug. Rim, neck, and handle fragment. 3.8 x 3.5 x 0.6. Handle with circular section. Medium, strong brown clay, 7.5YR 5/8. Self-slipped. PM on the upper surface of the handle: deeply incised vertical line. PM 130-EMP 51 (P89/238; Lr IV; Fig. 35). Handleless conical cup. For description, see Ch. 4. PM on the lower surface of the base: two arched lines. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 955, no. 21, fig. 11. PM 131-EMP 52 (P89/277; Lr IV). Handleless conical cup. For description, see Ch. 4. PM on the lower surface of the base: deep nail impression. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 955, no. 23. PM 132 (P89/399; Lr IV). Carinated cup. More than one-third preserved; mended from many fragments; missing parts of the body, rim, and handle. H. 5; base d. 4; rim d. 12. Flat base. Body with pronounced convex profile. Horizontal grooves on the upper part. Thin, outcurving rim. Fine pinkish-white clay, 2.5YR 8/2. Black lustrous paint. Monochrome on both surfaces. PM on the lower surface of the base: five horizontal lines. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 954, no. 10. PM 133-EMP 161 (P89/410, SM 12177; Lr IV; Fig. 34; Pls. 26, 32). Spouted pithos. For description, see Ch. 4. PM below the lug: incised rectangle topped by a triangle. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 960, no. 95, pl. PKZ:4. PM 134-EMP 133 (P89/411; Lr IV). Jug. Full profile preserved. For description, see Ch. 4. PM on the exterior surface of the body, below the handle attachment: two oblique lines. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 954, no. 5. PM 135-EMP 134 (P89/773, SM 12526; Lr IV). Jar/ jug. For description, see Ch. 4. PM on the handle: deeply incised vertical line. PM 136-CW 29 (P89/778, SM 12012; Lr IV). Tripod cooking pot. Full profile preserved. For description, see Ch. 3. PM under the handle: four deeply incised horizontal lines. PM 137-EMP 160 (P89/bag 107/1; Lr IV; Pl. 31). Tripod closed vase. For description, see Ch. 4. PM at the attachment of one leg: deeply incised oblique line. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 962, no. 114, pl. ΡΛΑ:15. PM 138-EMP 153 (P89/bag 137/6; Lr IV). Amphora. Handle fragment. For description, see Ch. 4. PM on the upper surface: vertical line. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 961, no. 101, fig. 5. PM 139-EMP 159 (P89/bag 195/5; Lr IV). Tripod cooking pot. Body fragment. For description, see Ch. 4. PM on the interior surface: deeply incised horizontal line. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 959, no. 74, fig. 8:1.

PM 140 (P90/697; Lr IV). Handleless conical cup. Base and lower body fragment. Pres. h. 3.2; base d. 3.3; max. pres. d. 6. Raised base, rough underneath. Body with S-shaped profile. Fine pinkish-white clay, 2.5YR 8/2, with few inclusions. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: arched nail impression.

Staircase Y PM 141 (P86/824, SM 12083; Lr I). Closed vase. Body fragment. 7.2 x 6 x 0.9. Wheel marks on the interior surface. Medium, reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 7/6, with gray core. Self-slipped. PM on the exterior surface: three oblique parallel lines. PM 142-P 760 (P86/487, SM 12103; Lr II; Fig. 35). Bowl. Base, body, and rim fragment. H. 3.9; base d. 4.5. Raised base, flat underneath. Conical body. Rim following the profile of the body. Medium, reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 6/6, with many inclusions. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: horizontal line. PM 143-P 761 (P86/946; Lr II). Ledge-rimmed bowl. Base and lower body fragment. 2.5 x 6.9 x 0.3. Raised base, flat underneath. Conical body. Fine pinkish-white clay, 2.5YR 8/2, with few inclusions. Worn brown paint. Monochrome on both surfaces and underneath the base. PM on the lower surface of the base: nail impression. PM 144-EMP 179 (P89/776, SM 12075; Lr IV). Pithoid jar. For description, see Ch. 4. PM: two intersecting oblique lines, probably part of a double axe.

West Courtyard PM 145-EMP 221 (P89/943; Lakkos deposit; Pl. 27). Kalathos. Rim and upper body fragment. PM on the interior surface, below the rim: two incised oblique diverging lines. Bibliography: For description, see Ch. 4. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 968, no. 203, fig. 8:2. PM 146-EMP 258 (P89/bag 1/1; Lakkos deposit). Tripod tray. Leg fragment. For description, see Ch. 4. PM: incised vertical line. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 968, no. 205, fig. 9:1, pl. ΡΜ:35. PM 147-EMP 238 (P89/bag 1/85; Lakkos deposit). Pithoid jar. For description, see Ch. 4. PM on the upper surface of the handle: horizontal incised line. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 968, no. 202, fig. 5:1. PM 148-EMP 239 (P89/bag 1/110; Lakkos deposit). Pithoid jar. Handle fragment. For description, see Ch. 4. PM on the upper surface: three parallel oblique lines. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 968, no. 204, fig. 8:12, pl. PΛ:12. PM 149-EMP 195 (P89/bag 1/158; Lakkos deposit). Handleless conical cup. For description, see Ch. 4.

POTTER’S MARKS

PM on the lower surface of the base: two deeply incised lines, one straight and one arched. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 968, no. 201. PM 150-EMP 262 (P89/bag 1/162; Lakkos deposit). Stand. For description, see Ch. 4. PM on the lower surface of the base: shallow X. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 968, no. 198. PM 151-EMP 240 (P89/bag 1/166; Lakkos deposit; Fig. 34). Pithoid jar. For description, see Ch. 4. PM on the upper surface of the handle: T. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 968, no. 197, pl. PMA:38. PM 152-EMP 263 (P89/bag 1/167; Lakkos deposit). Scuttle. For description, see Ch. 4. PM on the upper surface: deeply incised vertical line. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 965, no. 199, fig. 5, pl. PM:34. PM 153-EMP 264 (P89/bag 7/26; Lakkos deposit; Pl. 32). Open vase. For description, see Ch. 4. PM on the shoulder: deeply incised X. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 968, no. 194. PM 154-EMP 265 (P89/bag 7/27; Lakkos deposit; Pl. 31). Oval-mouthed amphora. For description, see Ch. 4. PM on the upper surface of the handle: deeply incised vertical line. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 967, no. 186, pl. PΛΣT:25. PM 155-EMP 231 (P89/bag 7/28; Lakkos deposit; Pl. 31). Closed vase. For description, see Ch. 4. PM on the upper surface of the handle: vertical deeply incised line. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 967, no. 187, fig. 5. PM 156-EMP 236 (P89/bag 7/29; Lakkos deposit). Pithoid jar. For description, see Ch. 4. PM near the attachment: deeply incised oblique line. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 967, no. 188, fig. 5. PM 157-EMP 237 (P89/bag 7/30; Lakkos deposit; Pl. 32). Pithoid jar. For description, see Ch. 4. PM on the upper surface: deeply incised V. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 967, no. 189, fig. 7, pl. PKΘ:9. PM 158-EMP 219 (P89/bag 7/31; Lakkos deposit). Spouted bowl. For description, see Ch. 4. PM below the spout: two oblique lines. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 967, no. 190. PM 159-EMP 254 (P89/bag 7/32; Lakkos deposit; Pl. 31). Fruitstand. Rim and upper body fragment. For description, see Ch. 4. PM on the interior surface: deeply incised oblique line. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 967, no. 191. PM 160-EMP 232 (P89/bag 7/33; Lakkos deposit). Semi-closed vase. For description, see Ch. 4. PM above the base, on the exterior surface: deeply incised V. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 967, no. 192. PM 161-EMP 233 (P89/bag 7/34; Lakkos deposit). Closed vase. Body fragment. For description, see Ch. 4. PM: shallow, oblique line. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 968, no. 193, fig. 8.

155

PM 162-EMP 266 (P89/bag 7/47; Lakkos deposit). Cylindrical pithos. For description, see Ch. 4. PM on the upper surface of the rim: X. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 968, no. 195. PM 163-P 765 (P88/546a; Lr I). Pithoid jar. Rim, body, and handle fragment. 9.8 x 9.4 x 0.8. Globular body. Horizontal, oblique handle with circular section. Medium, reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 7/6. Self-slipped. PM at the attachment of the handle: oblique line. PM 164-P 785 (P88/546b; Lr I). Juglet. Base and body fragment. 4 x 4.1 x 0.6. Flat, slightly uneven base. Body with S-shaped profile. Fine light reddish-brown clay, 5YR 6/4. Thick reddish slip. PM on the lower part of the body: deeply incised oblique line. PM 165-P 824 (P88/571; Lr I). Scuttle. Handle fragment with circular section. 1.7 x 6.2. Medium, pink clay, 5YR 8/4. Self-slipped. PM on the upper surface of the handle: oblique line. PM 166 (P88/572; Lr I; Pl. 31). Open vase. Body and handle fragment. 2.1 x 5 x 0.6. Horizontal handle with circular section. Medium, reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 7/6, with gray core. Thick pink slip. PM on the upper surface of the handle: two vertical lines. PM 167 (P88/578; Lr I; Pl. 31). Carinated cup with crinkled rim. Body and handle fragment. 6.1 x 3. Thin rim following the profile of the body. Ribbon handle with rounded edges. Fine pink clay, 5YR 8/4, with few inclusions. Reddish paint. Monochrome. PM on the upper surface of the handle, near the upper attachment: deeply incised vertical line. PM 168 (P88/585; Lr I). Closed vase. Vertical handle fragment with elliptical section, preserving the attachment to the body. 1.7 x 4.7 x 0.6. Medium, pink clay, 5YR 8/4, with inclusions. Thick slip of the same color. PM on the upper surface: horizontal line. PM 169-P 766 (P88/586; Lr I). Pithoid jar. Horizontal handle fragment with circular section. 5.7 x 1.7. Medium, reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 7/6, with many inclusions. Thick slip of the same color. PM on the upper surface, near the attachment to the body: deeply incised slightly oblique line. PM 170 (P88/590; Lr I). Closed vase. Vertical handle fragment with circular section, preserving the attachment to the body. 3.6 x 2.6 x 1.5. Medium brown clay, 7.5YR 4/4, with many inclusions. Thick slip of the same color. PM on the upper surface: deeply incised vertical line. PM 171-P 814 (P88/592; Lr I). Bowl. Base and lower body fragment. 4.5 x 5 x 0.8. Flat base. Body with curved profile. Fine pink clay, 5YR 8/4, with many inclusions. Red paint. Monochrome interior surface. PM on the lower surface of the base: deeply incised oblique line. PM 172-P 825 (P88/630; Lr I; Pl. 32). Scuttle. Handle fragment with circular section. 1.8 x 6.4 x 2.6. Coarse light reddish-brown clay, 5YR 6/4, with inclusions.

156

METAXIA TSIPOPOULOU

Self-slipped. PM on the upper surface of the handle: three vertical lines. PM 173 (P88/631; Lr I). Tripod cooking pot. Body fragment. 6.3 x 5 x 0.7. Medium brown clay, 7.5YR 4/4, with inclusions. Thick slip of the same color. PM: deeply incised vertical line. PM 174 (P88/632; Lr I). Tripod cooking pot. Body and horizontal handle attachment fragment. 5.6 x 4 x 0.5. Medium, reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 6/6. PM: deeply incised oblique line. PM 175-P 767 (P88/634; Lr I). Pithoid jar. Horizontal handle fragment with circular section. 8.8 x 4.2 x 2.2. Coarse reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 6/4, with many inclusions. Thick slip of the same color. PM on the upper surface: deeply incised oblique line. PM 176-P 779 (P88/664, SM 12207; Lr I). Kalathos. Body fragment with curved profile. 6.1 x 5.1 x 0.8. Medium pinkish clay with gray core. Thick slip of the same color. Reddish-black paint. Drops of paint on both surfaces. PM: two shallow oblique lines. PM 177 (P88/690, SM 12210; Lr I). Closed vase. Body fragment. 5.9 x 4.4 x 0.7. Medium, reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 6/6. Thick slip, lighter in color than the clay. PM on the exterior surface: two intersecting lines. PM 178-P 826 (P88/728, SM 12217; Lr I; Pl. 32). Scuttle. Handle fragment, with circular section, preserving the attachment to the body. 2.5 x 5.2 x 1.3. Medium, dark yellowish-brown clay, 10YR 4/4. Self-slipped. PM on the upper surface: three parallel oblique short lines. PM 179 (P88/740, SM 12209; Lr I). Cup. Two nonjoining, vertical, ribbon handle fragments. (a) 4.4 x 2.2 x 0.8; (b) 3 x 2.2 x 0.8. Fine dark yellowish-brown clay, 10YR 4/4. Thick slip of the same color. PM on the upper surface: deeply incised vertical line. PM 180-P 771 (P89/461, SM 8839; Lr II; Fig. 34). Pithoid jar. Burial pithos containing the bones of a fetus. H. 32.3; base d. 13.3; rim d. 2.6; max. d. 30.5. Complete. Mended from many fragments. Flat base. Piriform body. Outcurving rim with triangular section. Uneven upper surface with a palm print. Two horizontal oblique handles under the rim. Medium, dark yellowish-brown clay, 10YR 4/4, with impurities. Handmade. Self-slipped. Black matte paint. Stroke and small dribble on the rim, handle, upper part of the body, and on the potter’s marks. PM: a T-shaped mark on the back of the handle and 3 oblique deep and wide incisions below the attachment of the same handle. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 954, no. 6, pl. PKH:6, 7; McGeorge 2012. PM 181-EMP 192 (P89/787; Lr II; Pl. 27). Handleless conical cup. For description, see Ch. 4. PM on the lower surface of the base: careless spiral. PM 182-MV 14 (P89/987, SM 12140; Lr II; Fig. 31; Pls. 29, 30). Miniature rhyton. For description, see Ch. 6. PM: three oblique shallow lines. PM 183-P 773 (P89/bag 8/19; Lr II). Pithoid jar. Body and handle fragment. Medium yellowish-red clay,

5YR 4/8. Self-slipped. PM on the upper surface of the handle: oblique line. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 967, no. 185, fig. 5, pl. PΛZ:28. PM 184-P 781 (P89/bag 10/1; Lr II). Kalathos. Rim and upper body fragment. Conical body. Rounded rim following the profile of the body. Medium, light reddishbrown clay, 5YR 6/4. Self-slipped. PM on the exterior surface of the body, below the rim: arched line. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 967, no. 184. PM 185 (P89/bag 14/4; Lr II). Bowl. Rim and upper body fragment. 3.5 x 3.5 x 0.4. Thin rim following the profile of the body. Conical-cylindrical body. Fine reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 6/6. Black, red, and white paint. Monochrome with horizontal and oblique red and white lines. PM on the interior surface, below the rim: oblique line. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 966, no. 177. PM 186 (P89/bag 14/24; Lr II). Closed vase. Horizontal handle fragment with circular section. 8.3 x 3.1 x 2.8. Coarse reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 6/6. Selfslipped. PM on the upper part: deeply incised vertical line. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 966, no. 176, fig. 5, pl. PΛΣT:24. PM 187-P 809 (P89/bag 49/1; Lr II; Pl. 31). Handleless conical cup. Base and lower body fragment. 4.1 x 2 x 0.6. Slightly raised base. Conical body. Fine reddishyellow clay, 5YR 6/6. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: deeply incised C, looking left. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 965, no. 169, pl. PΛΓ:18. PM 188-P 818 (P89/bag 49/11; Lr II). Bowl. Base and lower body fragment. 3.2 x 4.2 x 0.3. Slightly raised base, flat underneath. Conical body. Fine reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 6/6. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the body (two nail impressions) and on the lower surface of the base: (two arched lines and a nail impression). Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 965, no. 158. PM 189-P 810 (P89/bag 49/3; Lr II). Handleless conical cup. Base and lower body fragment. 3.5 x 2.5 x 0.5. Flat base. Conical body. Fine reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 6/6, with inclusions. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: two nail impressions. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 965, no. 159, fig. 10. PM 190 (P89/bag 87/7; Lr II). Closed vase. Body fragment. 3.2 x 4 x 0.1. Medium, reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 76. Self-slipped. PM on the exterior surface: two oblique converging lines. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 963, no. 134. PM 191 (P89/bag 87/8; Lr II). Closed vase. Body fragment. 5.2 x 4.3 x 0.5. Fine reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 6/8. Brownish-orange lustrous paint with added white paint. Monochrome with large white band. PM: two shallow oblique lines. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 963, no. 132. PM 192 (P89/bag 87/9; Lr II). Jug. Vertical handle fragment. 4.5 x 2. Fine reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 6/6. Self-slipped. PM on the upper surface: deeply incised

POTTER’S MARKS

vertical line. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 963, no. 131, pl. PKΘ:11. PM 193 (P89/bag 90/2; Lr II). Lid fragment. 7.2 x 7.8 x 1.2. Discoid. Medium, weak red clay, 2.5YR 4/2, with gray core. Burned interior surface. Self-slipped. PM: vertical line. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 963, no. 133. PM 194-P 789 (P89/bag 95/1; Lr II). Juglet. Base and lower body fragment. Pres. h. 3.4; w. 5.1; th. 0.7. Flat base. Body with curved profile. Coarse pale yellow clay, 5Y 8/3. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: nail impression. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 962, no. 120, fig. 11. PM 195 (P89/bag 95/2; Lr II). Tripod cup. Base and lower body fragment. 2.9 x 7 x 1.4. Convex base, preserving attachments of legs. Medium, reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 6/8. Self-slipped. PM on the exterior surface, at the lower part of the body: oblique line. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 962, no. 119. PM 196 (P89/bag 116/1a; Lr II). Bowl. One-quarter preserved. Mended from three sherds; another two non-joining sherds. H. 8.1. Flat base. Conical body. Round rim following the profile of the body. Coarse gray clay, 5Y 5/1. Burned surfaces. Gray paint. Monochrome on both surfaces. PM on the exterior surface: deeply incised oblique line. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 954, no. 1. PM 197-P 782 (P89/bag 116/1b; Lr II). Kalathos. Base and body fragment. 6 x 7.4 x 1. Flat base. Conical body. Medium, pale yellow clay, 5Y 8/4. Self-slipped. PM on the interior surface of the body: oblique line. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 962, no. 113, fig. 8. PM 198-P 811 (P89/bag 116/1c; Lr II; Fig. 35). Handleless conical cup. Base and body fragment. 2.4 x 3.6 x 0.4. Slightly raised base. Fine, very pale brown clay, 10YR 8/2, with gray core. Self-slipped. Traces of black paint on both surfaces. Initially monochrome externally and drops of paint internally. PM on the lower surface of the base: three oblique parallel lines. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 961, no. 112, fig. 8, pl. PΛΣT:27. PM 199-LW 66 (P89/35; Lr III; Fig. 33). Loomweight. For description, see Ch. 9. PM: vertical line. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 969, no. 207, fig. 4. PM 200-EMP 213 (P89/bag 190/1; Ramp). Tumbler. For description, see Ch. 4. PM in the middle of the lower surface of the base: deeply incised horizontal line. PM 201-EMP 206 (P89/bag 190/15; Ramp). Handleless conical cup. For description, see Ch. 4. PM on the lower surface of the base: nail impression.

Area 3 PM 202-P 832 (P89/785; Lr II). Pithoid jar. Horizontal handle fragment with circular section. 4.9 x 2.7. Coarse, dark yellowish-brown clay, 10YR 4/6.

157

Self-slipped. PM on the upper surface: deeply incised horizontal line. PM 203 (P89/bag 17/3; Lr II). Closed vase. Base fragment. Medium, pale yellow clay, 5Y 8/3. Selfslipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: two intersecting lines, probably part of a double axe. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 962, no. 171, pl. PKH:5. PM 204-P 835 (P89/bag 20/2; Lr II; Pl. 31). Bowl. Base and lower body fragment. 3.3 x 3.4 x 0.7. Slightly raised base. Conical body. Medium Petras clay, 5Y 6/4, with inclusions and dark brown core. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base, near the edge: arched line. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 966, no. 170, fig. 7, pl. PΛE:16. PM 205 (P89/bag 25/1; Lr II). Tripod cooking pot. Leg fragment. Medium, reddish-brown clay, 5YR 4/4. Self-slipped. PM: vertical line. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 966, no. 169.

Paved Road PM 206-P 837 (P89/bag 130/7; Lr II). Bridgespouted jar. Rim and handle fragment. 2 x 1.7. Vertical handle with elliptical section. Fine, dark yellowishbrown clay, 10YR 4/4. Self-slipped. Traces of black paint. PM on the upper surface of the handle: deeply incised vertical line. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 961, no. 110. PM 207-P 838 (P89/bag 169/1; Lr II). Straight-sided cup. Base and lower body fragment. 11 x 5 x 0.8. Flat base with string marks, in angular junction to the body. Medium Petras clay, 5Y 6/4. Matte brown paint. Monochrome on both surfaces and underneath the base. PM on the lower surface of the body: deeply incised oblique line. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 960, no. 87.

South-Southeast Courtyard PM 208 (P90/1328, SM 12141; Lr I; Fig. 34). Cup. Vertical handle fragment with circular section and rim attachment. 1.9 x 3.4 x 0.8. Fine, dark yellowish-brown clay, 10YR 4/4. Traces of burning. Self-slipped. PM on the upper surface: three oblique lines. PM 209-P 856 (P89/922, SM 12215; east of Area Z and Room P; Lr I). Jug. Base, body, and handle fragment. Pres. h. 16; base d. 7.8. Raised base, flat underneath. The preserved part of the body is conical. Ver­ti­cal, slightly oblique, double handle with circular section. Fine, very pale brown clay, 10YR 8/2, with various inclusions. Wheel marks on the interior surface. Selfslipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: deeply incised arched line.

158

METAXIA TSIPOPOULOU

PM 210-P 868 (P89/bag 295/4; east of Pit I and Staircase H; Lr I; Fig. 35). Handleless conical cup. Base and lower body fragment. Pres. h. 1.8; base d. 4; th. 0.8. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: two nail impressions. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 958, no. 61. PM 211-P 876 (P90/bag 85/18; east of Pit I and Staircase H; Lr I; Fig. 35). Bowl. Base, body, and rim fragment. H. 3.9; base d. 4.5; rim d. 8.7; th. 0.5. Medium, reddish-yellow clay, 7.5YR 8/3. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: deep nail impression. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 969, no. 210, fig. 7.7. PM 212-P 869 (P90/1119; east of Pit I and Staircase H; Lr I). Handleless conical cup. Base and lower body fragment. 1.5 x 3.6 x 0.5. Flat base. Conical body. Medium, reddish-yellow clay, 7.5YR 7/6. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: nail impression. PM 213-P 870 (P90/1121; east of Pit I and Staircase H; Lr I). Handleless conical cup. Base and lower body fragment. 1.5 x 3.2 x 0.4. Medium, reddish-yellow clay, 7.5YR 7/6. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: two nail impressions. PM 214-P 871 (P90/1277; east of Pit I and Staircase H; Lr I). Handleless conical cup. Base and lower body fragment. 1.3 x 3.7 x 0.3. Flat base with string marks. Fine pinkish-white clay, 2.5YR 8/2. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: arched line.

Pit Θ PM 215-CW 76 (P85/A369; Lr I). Large plate. For description, see Ch. 3. PM on the interior surface of the base: two shallow converging lines. PM 216-CW 58 (P85/A479, SM 12546; Lr I; Pl. 32). Tripod cooking pot. Base fragment. For description, see Ch. 3. PM: two incisions, one triangular, one straight, possibly partially preserved cloth pictogram. PM 217-P 897 (P85/A524; Lr I). Amphora. Body and handle fragment. 6.7 x 4.8 x 0.4. Vertical handle with elliptical section. Body with curved profile. Fine pink clay, 7.5YR 7/4, with pink core and inclusions. Yellowish thick worn slip. PM near the attachment: long, deeply incised vertical line. PM 218-LW 81 (P85/50, SM 5161; Lr I; Fig. 33). Loomweight. For description, see Ch. 9. PM on one face: incised rectangle with oblique line, pictogram for cloth. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1990b, 99, no. 11, fig. 3. PM 219-P 967 (P85/A20; Lr II). Handleless conical cup. H. 4; base d. 4.2. One-third preserved. Slightly raised base. Body with S-shaped profile. Thin, slightly incurving rim. Medium Petras clay, 5Y 6/4. Wheel marks on both surfaces. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: Z and nail impression.

PM 220-P 1148 (P85/A56; Lr II). Bowl. More than half preserved. H. 3.4; base d. 4; rim d. 7.9; th. 0.3. Raised base with string marks. Body with S-shaped profile. Thin, slightly incurving rim. Fine pale yellow clay, 5Y 8/2, with several inclusions. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: arched line. PM 221-P 1157 (P85/A79; Lr II). Bowl. Missing parts of the rim and upper body. H. 3.8; base d. 4.3; rim d. 8.1; th. 0.5. Flat base. Body with curved profile. Slightly outcurving rim with triangular section. Fine pale yellow clay, 5Y 8/2, with several inclusions, Wheel marks on both surfaces. Self-slipped. Vertical cracks starting at the rim. Fingerprint. PM on the lower surface of the base: nail impression. PM 222-P 1161 (P85/A97; Lr II). Bowl. One-fifth preserved; mended from two sherds. H. 3.8; base d. 3.6; th. 0.5. Flat base with string marks. Conical body. Rim with elliptical section following the profile of the body. Medium pink clay, 5YR 8/4. PM on the lower surface of the base: two nail impressions. PM 223-P 1008 (P85/A100, SM 12453; Lr II). Handleless conical cup. One-half preserved. H. 4.2; base d. 4; th. 0.3. Flat base. Conical body with slightly Sshaped profile. Thin rim with triangular section following the profile of the body. Fine reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 7/6, with few inclusions. Self-slipped. Sponge marks on the exterior surface. PM on the lower surface of the base: nail impression. PM 224-P 1165 (P85/A104; Lr II). Bowl. One-third preserved, including half of base. H. 3.7; base d. 4; th. 0.5. Flat base, rough underneath, with a knob internally. Body with S-shaped profile. Thin, slightly outcurving rim with semi-elliptical section. Fine reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 7/6, with several inclusions. Thick yellowish slip. PM on the lower surface of the base: nail impression. PM 225-P 1247 (P85/A134; Lr II). Bowl/lamp. More than half preserved, including the base. H. 3.4; base d. 4.4; th. 0.4. Raised base, flat underneath. Body with slightly curved profile. Thin rim following the profile of the body. Fine, pale olive clay, 5Y 8/2, with few inclusions. Self-slipped. Traces of burning on the rim and body. PM on the lower surface of the base: arched nail impression. PM 226-P 1177 (P85/A149; Lr II). Bowl. Less than half preserved, mended from three sherds. H. 3.7; base d. 4; th. 0.5. Flat base. Body with S-shaped profile. Rim with elliptical section following the profile of the body. Medium, pinkish-white clay, 5YR 8/2, with inclusions and small pebbles. Buff worn slip. Traces of burning. PM on the lower surface of the base: two nail impressions. PM 227-P 1032 (P85/A151; Lr II). Handleless conical cup. Less than half preserved, including the base. H. 3.7; base d. 3.6; w. 7.3; th. 0.4. Slightly raised base, rough underneath. Body with S-shaped profile. Rim

POTTER’S MARKS

with triangular section following the profile of the body. Fine pinkish-white clay, 5YR 8/2, with few inclusions. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: two concentric angles. PM 228-P 1040 (P85/A163; Lr II). Handleless conical cup. One-third preserved. H. 3.8; w. 5.3; th. 0.3. Flat base with string marks. Conical body. Rounded rim following the profile of the body. Fine reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 6/6, with few inclusions. Unevenly fired. Selfslipped, very worn. PM on the lower surface of the base: arched nail impression. PM 229-P 1186 (P85/A182; Lr II). Bowl. One-third missing. H. 3.6; base d. 4; th. 0.3. Flat base, rough underneath. Shallow, conical, asymmetrical body. Rim with triangular section following the profile of the body. Fine reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 6/6, with many inclusions and small pebbles. Thick slip of the same color. PM on the body: arched nail impression. PM 230-P 1188 (P85/A193; Lr II). Bowl. One-half preserved, including the base. H. 3.4; base d. 3.7; rim d. 8.3; th. 0.4. Slightly raised base, rough underneath. Body with curved profile. Rim with triangular section following the profile of the body. Fine pinkish-white clay, 2.5YR 8/2, with few inclusions. Self-slipped. PM under the rim: arched nail impression. PM 231-P 1069 (P85/A230; Lr II). Handleless conical cup. One-third preserved. H. 4.2. base d. 4. Slightly raised base with string marks. Conical body. Thin, incurving rim. Medium reddish-yellow clay, 7.5YR 7/6. Wheel marks on both surfaces. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: two arched nail impressions. PM 232-P 1084 (P85/A284; Lr II). Handleless conical cup. One-quarter preserved. H. 3.6; base d. 3.2; th. 0.3. Slightly raised base, rough underneath. Conical body. Rim with elliptical section following the profile of the body. Fine reddish-yellow clay, 7.5YR 7/6, with many inclusions. Wheel marks on the interior surface. Brown thick slip. PM on the lower surface of the base: two arched incisions. PM 233-P 1088 (P85/A302; Lr II). Handleless conical cup. Base and lower body fragment; mended from two sherds. Pres. h. 3.2; base d. 3.5. Flat base, uneven underneath. Conical body. Fine pale yellow clay, 5Y 8/2, with few inclusions. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: deeply incised oblique line. PM 234-P 1092 (P85/A312; Lr II). Handleless conical cup. Base and body fragment. One-quarter preserved. H. 2.8; w. 3.9; th. 0.4. Slightly raised base, flat underneath. Conical body. Fine pink clay, 5YR 8/4, with inclusions. Thick slip of the same color. PM on the lower surface of the base: two shallow oblique parallel lines. PM 235-P 1095 (P85/A325; Lr II). Handleless conical cup. One-eighth preserved. H. 4.3; base d. 3; rim

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d. 7. Raised base, flat underneath, with string marks. Body with S-shaped profile. Rim with triangular section. Fine pale yellow clay, 5Y 8/2. Thick slip of the same color. PM at the junction of the body with the base: shallow incised oblique line. PM 236-P 1101 (P85/A346; Lr II). Handleless conical cup. Three rim, body, and base fragments, one mended from three sherds. Max. dims. 3 x 2.7 x 0.5. Worn surfaces. Flat base. Body with curved profile. Coarse, pale yellow clay, 5Y 8/4, with schist inclusions. Self-slipped. PM: arched incisions underneath. PM 237-P 1231 (P85/A376; Lr II). Bowl. Base and body fragment. H. 2.6; base d. 8.4. Slightly raised base, rough underneath. Body with S-shaped profile. Fine brown clay, 7.5YR 4/4. Wheel marks on both surfaces. Reddish-brown paint. Monochrome on both surfaces. PM on the lower surface of the base: nail impression. PM 238-P 1105 (P85/A389; Lr II). Handleless conical cup. Base and body fragment. Pres. h. 2.8; base d. 4. Raised base, rough underneath. Conical body. Fine pink clay, 5YR 8/4. Self-slipped. PM: nail impression on the interior surface of the body. PM 239-P 1107 (P85/A395; Lr II). Handleless conical cup. Base and lower body fragment. Pres. h. 2.9; w. 7.4; th. 0.5. Raised base, rough underneath. Fine yellow clay, 5Y 8/6. Wheel marks on both surfaces. Thick slip of the same color. PM on the lower surface of the base: nail impression. PM 240-CW 67 (P85/A539, SM 12403; Lr II). Plate. For description, see Ch. 3. PM on the upper surface of the body: shallow oblique line. PM 241-P 1114 (P85/A546, SM 12002; Lr II; Fig. 35). Deep handleless cup. Mended from many fragments. H. 11.2; base d. 5.6; rim d. 14.6. Raised base, flat underneath with string marks. Bell-shaped body. Thin rounded rim with a small spout. Medium, pale yellow clay, 5Y 8/3. Wheel marks on both surfaces. Selfslipped. Brown paint, unevenly fired. Band on both surfaces of the rim and dribble on the spout externally. PM on the lower surface of the base: arched nail impression. PM 242-P 1117 (P85/bag 92/14; Lr II; Fig. 35). Handleless conical cup. Base and lower body fragment. Pres. h. 2.3; w. 4.6; th. 0.7. Slightly raised base. Medium, yellowish-red clay, 7.5YR 6/6. Self-slipped. PM at the edge of the base: deeply incised oblique line. PM 243-P 1243 (P85/A268; Lr IV). Bowl. Half is preserved, including the base. H. 4.2; base d. 4.3; rim d. 8.4; th. 0.4. Raised base, rough underneath. Conical body. Thin rim following the profile of the body. Fine reddish-yellow clay, 7.5YR 6/8. Wheel marks. Selfslipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: arched incision.

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Area P PM 244-P 1305 (P89/419; Lr I). Amphora. Vertical handle fragment. 3 x 2.3 x 1. Medium, pale yellow Petras clay, 5Y 7/4, with few inclusions. Self-slipped. PM on the upper surface of the handle: pseudo-inscription. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 957, no. 55, fig. 6. PM 245-P 1301 (P86/A266; Lr II). Pithoid jar. Five body fragments: (a) mended from six sherds; (b) mended from two sherds. Pres. h. 18.8; th. 1.2. Body with curved profile. Coarse yellowish-red clay, 5YR 4/8, with many schist inclusions. Self-slipped. Traces of burning on the exterior surface. PM: thin, long oblique line. PM 246-P 1326 (P86/A300, SM 12337; Lr II). Handleless conical cup. Slightly more than one-third preserved; mended from two fragments. H. 4.4; base d. 3.6; rim d. 8; th. 0.4. Slightly raised base, rough underneath. Body with S-shaped profile. Incurving rim with triangular section. Medium, reddish-yellow clay, 7.5YR 6/6, with many inclusions. Wheel marks on the exterior surface. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: nail impression. PM 247-P 1302 (P86/644; Lr II). Pithoid jar. Horizontal handle. 5.6 x 4.9 x 1. Circular section. Coarse red clay, 2.5YR 4/8 with inclusions. Thick orange slip. PM on the upper surface: deeply incised horizontal line. PM 248-P 1329 (P86/778; Lr II). Handleless conical cup. Base and lower body fragment; mended from four sherds. Pres. h. 1.7; base d. 3.9. Flat base. Body with curved profile. Medium, pink clay, 5YR 8/4, with inclusions. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: oblique line.

Area O PM 249-LW 93 (P86/176, SM 6444; Lr I; Fig. 33; Pl. 32). Loomweight. For description, see Ch. 9. PM on one face: deeply incised cross. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1990b, 100, no. 12, fig. 3, pl. II.

North-Northwest of House I.1 (Area Σ) PM 250-P 1373 (P90/11; Lr I). Amphora. Vertical handle fragment with elliptical section, preserving the body attachment. 9.7 x 5.3 x 1.7. Medium, pale yellow Petras clay, 5Y 7/4, with inclusions. Self-slipped. PM on the upper surface: deeply incised vertical line. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 970, no. 227. PM 251-P 1410 (P90/bag 58/2; Lr I). Handleless conical cup. Base and body fragment. 2.4 x 5 x 1. Flat base. Conical body. PM on the lower surface of the base: arched line. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 970, no. 229.

PM 252-P 1411 (P90/bag 58/5; Lr I). Handleless conical cup. Base and body fragment. Pres. h. 3; d. base 5; th. 0.6. Flat base. Conical body. PM on the lower surface of the base: arched line. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 970, no. 230. PM 253 (P90/bag 59/7; Lr I). Tripod cooking pot. Leg fragment. Elliptical section. 4.9 x 4.1 x 2.8. Coarse reddish-yellow clay, 7.5YR 6/8. Self-slipped. PM: vertical line. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 970, no. 231, fig. 9.2. PM 254-P 1388 (P90/1125; Lr II). Straight-sided cup. Vertical ribbon handle fragment. 5.1 x 2 x 0.4. Medium, reddish-yellow clay, 7.5YR 6/6. Self-slipped. PM on the upper surface: two parallel lines. PM 255-P 1428 (P90/bag 84/2; Lr II). Bowl. Base and body fragment. 3 x 5.8 x 0.9. Flat base. Conical body. PM on the lower surface of the base: horizontal line. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 970, no. 232. PM 256-P 1412 (P90/bag 84/4; Lr II). Handleless conical cup. Base and body fragment. 3.5 x 6 x 1. Flat base. Conical body. PM on the lower surface of the base: nail impression. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 970, no. 233. PM 257-P 1362 (P90/619; Lr III). Pithoid jar. Rim and upper body fragment. 11.9 x 10.4 x 0.6. Outcurving rim with elliptical section. Conical body. Coarse red clay, 10R 4/6. Self-slipped. PM below the rim: rectangle topped by a triangle. PM 258-P 1413 (P90/649; Lr III). Handleless conical cup. Base and body fragment. 4 x 3 x 0.6. Flat base. Conical body. Medium, pale olive Petras clay, 5Y 6/4. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: nail impression. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 969, no. 212. PM 259-P 1414 (P90/bag 116/5; Lr III). Handleless conical cup. Base and lower body fragment. 2 x 4 x 0.6. Flat base. Body with curved profile. Medium, reddishyellow clay, 7.5YR 6/6. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: arched line. PM 260-P 1415 (P90/bag 117/1; Lr III; Fig. 35). Handleless conical cup. Base and lower body fragment. Pres. h. 2.6; base d. 4.7; th. 1. Medium, pale olive Petras clay, 5Y 6/4. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: two nail impressions. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1995, 970, no. 235, fig. 7.5. PM 261-P 1416 (P86/502; north of Area O; Lr I; Fig. 35). Bowl. Base and lower body fragment. Pres. h. 1.8; d. 5.3; th. 0.6. Flat base. Conical body. Fine reddishyellow clay, 5YR 6/8, with inclusions. Self-slipped. PM on the lower surface of the base: one arched and two parallel oblique lines. PM 262 (P90/1116; north of Area O; Lr I). Closed vase. Body fragment. 4 x 4 x 0.5. Fine reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 6/8. Self-slipped. Black paint. Monochrome on the exterior surface. PM on the lower surface of the base: two parallel oblique lines.

POTTER’S MARKS

House I.2 PM 263-P 1471 (P86/604; Lr I). Scuttle. Handle fragment with circular section. 3.2 x 6.3 x 1.8. Medium, reddish-brown clay, 5YR 5/3. Self-slipped. PM at the rim attachment: vertical deeply incised line.

Narrow Passage between Houses I.1 and I.2 PM 264-MV 23 (P86/A305; Lr I; Fig. 31; Pl. 29). Miniature handleless conical cup. For description, see Ch. 6. PM on the lower surface of the base: nail impression. PM 265-P 1475 (P86/882, SM 12249; Lr II). Amphora. Vertical handle with circular section. 1.5 x 3.5 x 2.1. Medium, pink clay, 5YR 7/4. Self-slipped. PM on the upper surface: shallow, vertical line. PM 266-P 1485 (P86/955, SM 12253; Lr II; Pl. 32). Scuttle. Handle fragment. 2 x 3 x 1.6. Medium, red clay, 10R 5/8. Brown slip. PM on the upper surface: X.

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PM 267-P 1474 (P86/1284, SM 12296; Lr II). Pithos. Rim and shoulder fragment. 9 x 1.3 x 1.3. Outcurving rim with trapezoidal section. Conical shoulder. Medium, reddish-yellow clay, 5YR 6/6. Whitish thick slip. Brown/black paint. Uneven firing. On the interior surface, wide band. On the upper surface of the rim and on the exterior surface, two bands and two zones of ripple pattern. Plastic ring under the rim. PM on the interior surface of the shoulder: four deeply incised oblique lines.

Acknowledgments The photographs of the potter’s marks that appear in the plates are by Chronis Papanikolopoulos and the author. Drawings are by Michael Wedde, Nektaria Mavroudi, Mary-Jane Schumacher, and the author.

8

Figurines by Anna Simandiraki-Grimshaw

Middle Minoan and early Late Minoan figurines from domestic contexts are a relatively elusive and very interesting phenomenon (cf. Zeimbekis 1998, 200; Tzonou-Herbst 2010, 215–216). The figurines from Petras, Sector I, in close consideration with their stratigraphic context, present a rare opportunity to discuss domestic figurine deposition (Figs. 36, 37; Pl. 33). Because of the nature of the material, this chapter is divided into two interrelated sections: one for House I.1, and one for House I.2. After the presentation of the material, a discussion pertaining to both houses is offered.

House I.1 Typology All 13 figurine fragments from House I.1 seem to belong exclusively to bovine shapes (cf. Tsipopoulou 1990a, 317) and are made of clay (Fig. 37; Pl. 33).

Four basic type categories may be distinguished, based on the surviving data: bovine horns, bovine legs, bovine bodies, and horns of consecration. Bovine Horns These pieces most often represent the tapering, sometimes curved end of a bovine horn. The surviving length of these items is usually 2.8–5.5 cm. Three examples—F 1, F 3, and F 4—bear traces of red or orange paint on their surfaces. This may indicate an attempt to simply color the animal as closely as possible to its natural brown hues, or it may have had a more complex meaning (see discussion below on use and significance). This type is represented by six pieces: F 1, F 3 (Pl. 33), F 4, F 9, F 12, and F 13. Bovine Legs These examples are of round or elliptical section, tapering, and fragmentary at both ends. Piece F 5 is here considered a leg, though it is uncertain, as it may belong with F 4; because of its widening

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shape, it may indicate a leg connecting to a body. Most “legs” can be hypothesized as having been snapped or evenly broken. Three type members were identified: F 2 (Fig. 37; Pl. 33), F 5, and F 11. Bovine Bodies Examples of this type consist of fragments of predominantly hollow, decorated animal figurines, possibly of a relatively large size, since the longest example (F 8) measures ca. 14 cm in length. This fragment may also perhaps be identified as part of the back of the animal, with a potential shoulder blade and the beginning of the neck. Examples F 6 (Pl. 33) and F 8 (Fig. 37; Pl. 33) retain brownish or black flaking paint on their outer surface, as well as traces of white paint, with no discernible pattern. The fugitive white paint is most obvious on F 8, where some spots can be observed. These may imitate the animal’s actual spots, or they may have had some other significance (see the discussion below on parallels). Type members include: F 6 (Pl. 33), F 8 (Fig. 37; Pl. 33), and F 10. Horns of Consecration This figure type is represented by one example, F 7 (Pl. 33; see Tsipopoulou 1986, 348 nn. 10, 11, 349 n. 22, drawing 15, pl. 86:β; Tsipopoulou and Papacostopoulou 1997, 209; the stone version presented in Tsipopoulou 1986, 348 n. 12, 349, drawing 15, pl. 86:γ was later re-evaluated as a natural concretion, and it is not included here). Figurine F 7 seems to depict not a pair of horns as such, but rather a scaled-down imitation of architectural horns of consecration, which are known from elsewhere in Crete on both a similar as well as a larger scale (see discussion below on parallels). At first glance, this type of model seems to be a self-contained piece, and it may indeed be one. It is possible, however, that the clay version may have belonged, as an attachment, to a larger clay object—perhaps a now lost model of a structure, that is, a tectomorphic representation (for the use of this term, see e.g., Bailey 1996, 291) or a vessel. These possibilities were already suggested by the excavator upon discovery of this object in 1988 (Tsipopoulou 1986, 348 and n. 10; cf. an example from the MM II Sanctuary, Room 3, at Malia, Gesell 1985, 188, no. 76, pl. 73) because the item’s lower surface resembles a “wedge” that could have

been inserted into a wider structure when both surfaces—that of this model and the hypothetical structure—were wet (cf. Tsipopoulou 1986, 349 n. 22). If this hypothesis is correct, it may be that the seam was not closed well enough and the attachment came off (or was snapped off) at some point after firing. An intriguing aspect of this particular item is its dark red/brown decoration, which survives in blotches. The paint may have originally covered the entire surface of the piece. But, if the blotches were intended by the maker, they would certainly follow a pattern that is evident in the other types of horns (see discussion below on use and significance).

Fabric The clay fabric for the majority of figurines is orangish-brown in color (7.5YR and 5YR), usually medium, with some coarse and some fine examples. Occasionally, horns and legs display gray cores due to their thickness not having been penetrated well enough during firing. Figurine F 8, a bovine body (Fig. 37; Pl. 33), and F 7, the model horns of consecration (Pl. 33), are of a fine pinkish-yellow/fair clay variety. It is tempting to suggest here that these fabric differences may reflect not just different functional needs, but also provenance (e.g., yellow for Petras and reddish for Palaikastro; cf. Tsipopoulou and Dierckx 2006, 303, also referring to the work of P. Day). The analysis needed to support such a theory, however, is beyond the scope of this chapter.

Manufacture All pieces can be considered handmade. As would be expected, striations on the clay, prior to any decoration, can reveal the direction of the maker’s movements. It can be assessed, for example, that F 2 bears striations along its length, indicative of the drawing motion of the maker, which rendered the piece as tapering (Fig. 37; Pl. 33). Similarly, F 8 reveals a multitude of striations under the paint, most of which were made by wiping/modelling fingers, others perhaps with

FIGURINES

a paintbrush or wet cloth/sponge (Fig. 37; Pl. 33). These striations are, in the author’s opinion, indicative of the maker’s attempt to model the body of the bovine in a non-canonical way—that is, by not using a motorized motion, such as wheelthrowing, but perhaps by free-styling or working with a mold (cf. the Pseira askoid rhyton parallel, which has been made using a mold and whose shoulder blade and back bear close similarities to the modelling of F 2; Betancourt and Banou 1999, 136, no. BQ 6, fig. 15, pl. 21B). The wet fingerprints evident under the paint on F 6 also testify to this (Pl. 33). The clay model horns of consecration also preserve striations that indicate a horizontal elliptical wiping of the area in the middle. In other words, the maker used an initial lump of clay, which was then pressed in the middle and subsequently wiped in a sweeping fashion, as if making a “saddle.”

Parallels Given the fragmentary nature of the material and the commonality of MM and LM bovine representations, it is relatively difficult to draw meaningful parallels that go beyond the generic rendition of horns or legs for example. Some pieces, however, provide enough information to draw comparisons. One such example is F 3, a bovine horn (Pl. 33). A close parallel, replicating the longterm tradition of rendering bovine horns as slightly curved, tapering additions, can perhaps be seen at Petsophas (Myres 1902–1903, 376, pl. XIII:81). Another close parallel to the Petras material in terms of hollow bovine bodies can perhaps be seen in bull rhyta from settlement contexts at Pseira (LM IB; see Gesell 1985, 134, no. 120, pl. 93; Betancourt and Banou 1999, 136, no. BQ 6, fig. 15, pl. 21B) and Phaistos (MM II–III; see Gesell 1985, 124 no. 103a, 130 no. 112, pls. 91, 92; DimopoulouRethemiotaki 2005, 103, top left), which are roughly contemporary with the Petras examples (e.g., F 6 and F 8). The potential time difference between the Pseira example (LM IB) and the Petras example (most likely MM III–LM IA) can perhaps be explained as either the result of both belonging to a local tradition of fashioning bovine bodies, or as F 8 being an addition to (refuse) Pit Θ at the phase

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of abandonment of Petras House I.1. Finally, the clay model horns of consecration (F 7) are perhaps the most helpful in terms of making connections. “Normal-sized” horns of consecration of a shape similar to the Petras model have been found at a number of sites, such as Malia (Protopalatial[?]; see Gesell 1985, 107, no. 77, pl. 74) and Phaistos (Neopalatial; Gesell 1985, 128–129, no. 108, pl. 76). Three-dimensional depictions of a similar size and date to the Petras House I.1 example predominantly form parts of architectural models, such as those from the Loom Weight Basement of the Palace of Knossos (MM IIB?; Evans 1902– 1903, 30; 1921–1935, I, 221, 253, fig. 166, top left; Gesell 1985, 92, no. 40, pl. 72; Rutkowski 1991, 20, 21, fig. 5; Dimopoulou-Rethemiotaki 2005, 101, bottom), Monastiraki Amariou (MM IIB; Kanta, Godart, and Tzigounaki 2000), the sanctuary of Piskokephalo (MM II–III; Platon 1952a, 635–636, fig. 16; Rutkowski 1991, 20, 21, fig. 5; Moss 2005, 148, 149, fig. 5.4), the peak sanctuary of Gournos Krousonas (MM IIIA; Rethemiotakis 2009, 195– 198, figs. 16.13–16.15), Building 6 of the palatial town of Galatas (MM IIIA; Rethemiotakis 2012, 313, fig. 6), and the tomb of Kamilari (MM III; Gesell 1985, pl. 117; Rethemiotakis 2001, 112, fig. 126; Dimopoulou-Rethemiotaki 2005, 183, top). The Petras model horns of consecration may also belong to more conceptual devices, such as the model from Petsophas (MM III–LM I; Davaras 1980; Moss 2005, 106, 107, fig. 3.4) or the examples from Block β, Room 42, at Palaikastro (Neopalatial?; Bosanquet 1902–1903, 280, fig. 2; Gesell 1985, 118, no. 94).

Chronology Most figurines which are datable, both stratigraphically and stylistically, can be considered MM III–LM I, with two main exceptions. These are bovine bodies F 6 (Pl. 33) and F 8 (Fig. 37; Pl. 33). Based on their decoration, stratigraphic contexts, and parallels, they may be dated to MM II. These thus may have belonged to the older, MM II version of the house (cf. Tsipopoulou 1990a, 317; 2012b, 48; Tsipopoulou and Dierckx 2006, 300; see also Tsipopoulou, this vol., Ch. 1; Relaki, this vol., Ch. 4). Consequently, F 4 (bovine horn) and

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F 5 (bovine leg?), which belong to the same horizon as F 6, may also be Protopalatial. The dating of F 11 and F 12, both from the disturbed and mixed Lr I of Area Σ, must also remain tentative. According to their stratigraphic context, they could date as late as LM III (the time of partial reoccupation of this area), but not necessarily so.

Stratigraphy, Distribution, and Use The figurines from Petras House I.1, though frag­mentary in nature, are of great interest if plotted according to their distribution, stratigraphy, and correlation with other artifacts, such as miniature vessels (Table 7; Fig. 36; for the miniature vessels, see also Simandiraki-Grimshaw, this vol., Ch. 6; see Tsipopoulou and Dierckx 2006, 299, for a systematic analysis of the stratigraphy and finds distribution of House I.1; cf. Marcus 1996 on the importance of context in the interpretation of figurines). As can be seen in Table 7 and Figure 36, bovine representation fragments were found in several areas of the house. Bearing in mind that they may represent a deceptive number of figurines (i.e., several pieces may belong to the same figurine), there may, nevertheless, exist patterns that may be discerned by taking a closer look. More specifically, we may ask: (1) Are all figurine fragments contemporaneous? (2) Had some/all fallen from the upper floor? If so, can we discern any patterns? (3) Are there meaningful clusters of figurine fragments? (4) Are there meaningful clusters between figurine fragments and other items in their contexts, especially miniature vessels? Let us address the first two questions. As seen in the previous section, bovine body figurines F 6 and F 8 (Fig. 37; Pl. 33), and possibly bovine horn F 4 and bovine leg(?) F 5, are early in date. These pieces originated from contexts in Area Φ and Pit Θ, each with its own history (Table 7): Lr III of Area Φ, a Neopalatial floor, was probably contaminated by contact with the adjacent Protopalatial

floor, Lr IV, in horizontal stratigraphy, while Pit Θ was a heavily laden and partially mixed dump (Tsipopoulou and Dierckx 2006, 302). Similarly, F 11 and F 12 may be late in date, coming as they do from the LM III–biased Lr I of Area Σ. Some pieces may have come from ground floors/basements (e.g., Lr III in Room Λ and perhaps Lr III in Area Σ), while two examples (F 9, F 10) came from the cleaning of a wall in Area P. All other pieces probably came from collapsed upper floor contexts: Lr II in Room E, Lr II in Room Λ, and Lr I in the West Courtyard. In other words, the items from Lr III in Room Λ and perhaps Lr III in Area Σ are the best candidates for primary deposition, while the general pattern seems to be that of secondary deposition. Turning to the third question: what about meaningful clusters between figurine fragments? There does not seem to be a particular correlation between which parts were originally on the ground floor and which were on the first floor. This is probably not the case even in Room Λ, because horns and legs were found in different layers in that area (though admixture may be possible). Perhaps Area Φ is the most meaningful in this respect, because all three bovine figurine parts occur there in the same level, Lr III. This may signify that they belonged to the same (Protopalatial?) figurine of light orangish-brown fabric. Let us now turn our attention to the final question, the possibility of meaningful correlations between figurine fragments and other items in their contexts. Firstly, bovine figurine fragments and miniatures co-exist in several rooms/areas and contexts (cf. Hammond 2009; see also, for a reportedly MM I parallel from a ritual context, Etiani Kephala, which incorporates both a clay model of horns of consecration and a miniature vessel, see Boulotis 1981, 251): Pit Θ, Lr II; Room Λ, Lr II; North-Northwest of House I.1 (Area Σ), Lr I; and West Courtyard, Lr I. The, probably not significant, cluster in Pit Θ is not surprising due to the mixed nature of that particular deposit (see above). However, the clusters in the other deposits, possibly fallen and/or dispersed (e.g., in the case of Area Σ) from the upper floor, may be significant as both bovine figurine parts and miniature vessels may have belonged to the same contexts. Secondly, the ubiquitous presence of animal bones in

FIGURINES

all but one of the contexts where figurine pieces were recovered, along with a multitude of eating, drinking, and cooking vessels, as well as obsidian blades and debitage, may not indicate just food consumption or craft production, but also symbolic, scaled processes. Alberti reminds us that most food-related vessels come from Pit Θ, Room Λ, Room Ξ, Area Φ, and Room E (2012, 241–242, 250). In other words, these vessels are from areas, apart from (ironically) Room Ξ, where the most figurine fragments were also found. The presence of food-related vessels, in combination with items such as rhyta and kernoi, may point to a symbiosis of the ritualistic and the profane on the upper floor. The later (LM IB) bull-shaped askoid rhyton from Pseira was also part of an assemblage that included other rhyta (five conical and piriform, and one basket-shaped; see Betancourt and Banou 1999, 134–135). In other words, while it is possible that these bovine representations may have belonged to figurines, or even rhyta, used (and taken apart) in some sort of domestic religious activities, it is also possible that they might have been used in more complex ways, for example, as in connection to food preparation, as teaching devices, or as prestige ornaments of display. It may be significant that several pieces are covered in red or white paint/blotches. These marks may be indicative of a number of things. One explanation would be that they demarcated areas of the animal butchering or sacrifice (e.g., in the case of the red blotches). Another reason might be that they emphasized parts of the animal invested with symbolic significance for one reason or another. Yet another explanation may be that these blotches highlighted important anatomical parts or instructed one on how to hunt/capture the animal by targeting these areas. It is possible, for example, that the fugitive white lines of F 6 (Pl. 3.3) represent a net (cf. the Pseira askoid rhyton, see Gesell 1985, 134, no. 120, pl. 93; Betancourt and Banou 1999, 136, no. BQ 6, fig. 15, pl. 21B; see also Gesell 2000). The model horns of consecration deserve special reference here. Firstly, we need look no further than Petras House II.1 for a parallel cluster of “bull statuettes and horns of consecration” in a (LM IB) domestic context (Mavroudi 2012, 228; also see Tsipopoulou and Papacostopoulou 1997,

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209). Secondly, if the hypothesis that the House I.1 pair belonged to an architectural model is correct, then this type of miniature horns, apart from any symbolic or miniaturized use (see discussion below) belongs to a tradition or trend often reported from MM II–III and LM I contexts. Architectural models with horns of consecration are not uncommon in settlement spaces and, indeed, environs with palatial affinities (e.g., Knossos, Galatas, Monastiraki). Taking this hypothesis further, it may also be that items unavoidably recognized as drains from adjacent contexts in House I.1, as well as the anthropomorphic torso from House I.2 (see below), may have belonged to a cluster, creating a scene similar to the “inhabited” architectural model from Galatas (Rethemiotakis 2012, 313, fig. 6). In addition, the possible connection of such items to “fuller” finds from peak/rural sanctuaries (e.g., Piskokephalo, Petsophas, Gournos Krousonas), especially those of relative proximity, need not surprise us. After all, peak sanctuary finds, including miniaturized renditions of vessels, people, and buildings, were made by local communities, probably in settlements such as Petras. As such, they probably carried—both physically and conceptually—contemporaneous ideas and beliefs.

Catalog for House I.1 Room E F 1 (P85/621; initially P85/bag 75; Lr II). Part of the horn of an animal figurine, perhaps a bovine. H. 5; cross section 2.2 x 1.5. Medium reddish-yellow clay, 7.5YR 8/6. Elliptical cross section, curving length. Handmade. Slip on entire outer surface, clay colored; traces of original orange buff paint on outer surface, flaking.

Room Λ F 2 (P86/1244; Lr II, upper story; Fig. 37; Pl. 33). Possible leg of a bovine figurine. Incomplete. H. 4.9; d. 2.4. Medium reddish-yellow clay, 7.5YR 8/6, with quite a few inclusions of purple schist. Part of a larger/longer piece. Circular cross section, tapering. The narrower break (which appears to have been snapped) shows traces of the connection with the missing part of the artifact. Handmade. Brownish-red paint exterior (all over).

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F 3 (P86/424, SM 6882; Lr III; basement; Pl. 33). Horn of a bovine figurine. Horn is complete, figurine incomplete. H. 5.4; d. 1.4. Medium reddish-yellow clay, 7.5YR 7/6. Circular cross section, tapering. Handmade. Red paint all over. Parallels: Myres 1902–1903, 376, pl. XIII:81 (Petsophas).

Area Φ F 4 (P86/439, SM 6959; Lr III; floor). Horn of a bovine figurine. Horn complete, figurine incomplete. H. 3.7; d. 1.6. Fine pink clay, 7.5YR 7/4. Circular cross section, tapering. May belong with F 5. Handmade. Orange paint all over. F 5 (P86/508; Lr III; floor). Horn or leg of a bovine figurine. Incomplete. H. 1.9; d. 1.3. Fine pale brown clay, 10YR 6/3, with clay core. May belong with F 4. Circular cross section. Tends to widen at the bottom. Handmade. Broken evenly, forms a cavity at the break. F 6 (P86/522, SM 13251; Lr III; floor; Pl. 33). Fragment of the body of an animal figurine? Incomplete. H. 7.0; d. 7.5. Very pale brown clay, 10YR 8/2, with light gray core. Pronounced curvature. Handmade. Black flaking paint all over on the exterior. Added white, but no discernible pattern. Parallels: Gesell 1985, 134, no. 120, pl. 93; Betancourt and Banou 1999, 136, no. BQ 6, fig. 15, pl. 21B (Pseira); Gesell 1985, 124, no. 103a, 130, no. 112, pls. 91, 92; Dimopoulou-Rethemiotaki 2005, 103, top left (Phaistos).

West Courtyard F 7 (P88/332; Lr I; surface; Pl. 33). Model of horns of consecration. Complete. H. 1.6; w. 2.3. Yellow clay, 10YR 8/8. They present the classic curved shape of similar two-dimensional and three-dimensional depictions. Handmade. The curve seems to have been made by polishing/wiping the upper surface. The lower surface preserves traces of attachment to a flatter surface; its lower surface slightly resembles a “wedge.” Traces of dark red/brown paint on surface, only blotches survive, but the paint may have covered the entire surface. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1986, 348 nn. 10, 11, 349 n. 22, drawing 15, pl. 86:β; Tsipopoulou and Papacostopoulou 1997, 209. Parallels: Evans 1902–1903, 30; 1921–1935, I, 221, 253, fig. 166, top left; Gesell 1985, 92, no. 40, pl. 72; Rutkowski 1991, 20, 21, fig. 5; Dimopoulou-Rethemiotaki 2005, 101, bottom (Knossos); Kanta, Godart, and Tzigounaki 2000 (Monastiraki Amariou); Platon 1952a, 635–636, fig. 16; Rutkowski 1991, 20, 21, fig. 5; Moss 2005, 148, 149, fig. 5.4 (Piskokephalo); Rethemiotakis 2009, 195–198, figs. 16.13– 16.15 (Gournos Krousonas); Rethemiotakis 2012, 313, fig. 6 (Galatas); Gesell 1985, 49–50, pl. 117; Rethemiotakis 2001, 112, fig. 126; Dimopoulou-Rethemiotaki 2005, 183, top (Kamilari).

Pit Θ F 8 (P85/127; Lr II; Fig. 37; Pl. 33). Animal figurine, possibly the body of a bovine. Fragmentary. L. 14.3; w. 7.1; cross section 1. Fine pink clay, 7.5YR 8/4. Handmade. Thin slip; brown to buff black paint exterior (all over), flaking; traces of white, very faint or “fugitive white” paint, some forming spots. Hollow construction. Shoulder blade and beginning of neck. Wiping of the surface with thick brush or straw before the application of paint. Parallels: Gesell 1985, 134, no. 120, pl. 93; Betancourt and Banou 1999, 136, no. BQ 6, fig. 15, pl. 21B (Pseira); Gesell 1985, 124, no. 103a, 130, no. 112, pls. 91, 92; Dimopoulou-Rethemiotaki 2005, 103, top left (Phaistos).

Area P F 9 (P86/486; Lr I; surface). Clay horn. Incomplete. Handmade. Not found in the Siteia Museum. F 10 (P86/954 [originally P86/105a/1, bag 105]; Lr I; surface). Part of a figurine. Incomplete. Originally P86/105a/1, bag 105. Handmade. Not found in the Siteia Museum.

North-Northwest of House I.1 (Area Σ) F 11 (P86/500; north of Area O; Lr I). Figurine fragment, bovine leg(?). Incomplete. Coarse red clay, 2.5YR 4/6, with many quartz inclusions. Elliptical cross section, slightly tapering, slightly curving. Handmade. LM III? F 12 (P90/316; Lr I). Horn fragment of a bovine figurine. Incomplete. Elliptical cross section, tapering. Slightly curved. Handmade. Not found in the Siteia Museum. F 13 (P90/1113; Lr III). Animal horn, perhaps bovine. Incomplete. H. 2.8; w. 1.1. Medium, pink clay, 5YR 7/4. Circular cross section, tapering. Handmade. Slip on outer surface, same as clay. Flaking paint all over outer surface.

House I.2 Typology There is only one figurine from House I.2, the anthropomorphic torso F 14 (Fig. 37; Pl. 33; Tsipopoulou 1986, 348 and n. 11; 1990a, 317; Tsipopoulou and Papacostopoulou 1997, 209), which

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survives at a height of ca. 6 cm. It is roughly triangular in shape, tapering toward the waist. The back is flat. The front bears small but pronounced breasts. The arms, head, and body below the waist do not survive, but close inspection suggests that the non-surviving arms seem to have been out away from the torso, perhaps extended or in some distance in front of the body. Parallels and the direction of the surviving shoulders suggest that the position of the two arms could have varied, perhaps echoing gestures of (earlier) figurines from Chamaizi (cf. Xanthoudides 1906, 136, fig. 3, 140, fig. 5; Dimopoulou-Rethemiotaki 2005, 93, top right; Lenuzza 2011, 64) or Piskokephalo (cf. Platon 1952a, 632, fig. 13, top row, third from left and bottom row, far right). The torso bears “clean” fragmentation patterns at the neck, arms (just below the shoulders), and waist. It can be argued that these are perhaps the most vulnerable points in terms of the figurine’s structure, but their deliberate fragmentation cannot be excluded, especially in light of the absence of the rest of the figurine in the excavated vicinity of House I.2. The fragmentation patterns are consistent with snapping, whether accidental or deliberate. These definitely occurred after the figurine was fired, but before deposition. The excavator initially considered this a male torso (Tsipopoulou and Papacostopoulou 1997, 209). I suggest that the gender of this figurine is ambiguous in its current state, despite my temptation to assign it a gendered identity. This is because the deliberately rendered breasts may belong to either a male or a female, as observed on examples from elsewhere in Crete, such as the aforementioned figurines from Chamaizi (cf. Xanthoudides 1906, 136, fig. 3, 140, fig. 5; Rutkowski 1986, 145; Dimopoulou-Rethemiotaki 2005, 93, top right; Lenuzza 2011, 64; cf. a bronze figurine reportedly from Juktas, Verlinden 1984, pl. 2:11). Furthermore, it is not clear whether this figurine was intended to be perceived as clothed or not. There are no traces of paint or non-anatomical protrusions on its surface, which would have depicted clothing. It is perhaps meant to be nude, at least from the waist up. Better-preserved parallels are clothed, at least from the waist down (e.g., from Chamaizi, see Xanthoudides 1906, 138, fig. 4; cf. discussion on the possible significance of half-clad

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female figures in Minoan art in Barber 2005). There is also the possibility (not archaeologically verifiable, however) that the figurine may have been clothed in material that has since perished.

Fabric The clay of F 14 is fine and very pale brown in color, 10YR 7/4, few inclusions. It belongs to local stock.

Manufacture It seems that the surviving part of the torso of figurine F 14 was made of one piece of clay. This was rolled, then flattened, and its edges rounded. This would account for the flat back—the torso may have been rested against a surface while being modelled or dried. The arms seem either to have been made from the same lump of clay (as far as one can tell from the shoulders) or to have been amalgamated with the body well enough to form a coherent whole. The breasts and slight protrusion of the stomach were modelled from the same lump, not added separately, as vertical striations in between the breasts testify. When intact, based on the proportions of comparable items (e.g., Xanthoudides 1906, 138, fig. 4), this figurine’s height would have measured approximately 19 cm.

Parallels Several parallels may be drawn between this Petras figurine (F 14) and the rest of Crete. Not surprisingly, the best parallels come from geographically close sites. Room 2 of the Oval House in Chamaizi has provided three good, if earlier, examples from a domestic context (MM I, or even MM II; Xanthoudides 1906, 135–141, figs. 3–5; Davaras 1973, 51; see also Davaras 1972; Gesell 1985, 83, no. 32, pl. 61; Rutkowski 1972, 145; Rethemiotakis 2001, 2, fig. 2, 90, fig. 108:a; Dimopoulou-Rethemiotaki 2005, 93, top half, far right and far left; Lenuzza 2011, 64, fig. 6.6). The function of the room in

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which they were found is unclear. Xanthoudides hypothesized (perhaps plausibly) that they came from the adjacent Room 4, a room of potential ritual connotations. Whatever the case, these examples present stylistic affinities with the Petras House I.2 figurine, mainly in the shape of the torso, the rendition of the breasts, the direction of the arms (as discerned from the surviving shoulders), as well as the similar fragmentation patterns. The sanctuaries of Petsophas (MM I–III; Myres 1902– 1903, pl. XI, nos. 15, 21; Rutkowski 1991, nos. 2.1.5, 3.1.21, col. pl. B.3; pls. XXIX.1–3, XLIV.5; see also Tzonou-Herbst 2010, 215, fig. 16.1:10) and Piskokephalo (Platon 1952a, 632, fig. 13, top row, first and third from left, last two on the right, and bottom row, far right) offer further parallels, again in terms of torso and breast rendition, as well as fragmentation. Parallels can also be found at Prinias (Tsipopoulou 2002, 135 and n. 11 observes that “many of the finds from this peak sanctuary . . . are made of the local Petras clay”; Warren 2012, 357). A parallel, in terms of torso shape and fragmentation, can also be seen at Juktas (MM IA–III; Karetsou 1974, 235, pl. 176:στ′). Again, it should not surprise us that most of these sites (Petsophas, Piskokephalo, Prinias, and Juktas) are peak sanctuaries (disputed in the case of Piskokephalo). As mentioned above, peak sanctuary finds, including miniaturized renditions of vessels, people, and buildings, were made by local communities with common and seemingly enduring interests, probably in domestic environments, as at Chamaizi and Petras. As Zeimbekis puts it, “widespread figuration is endogenously conceived” (1998, 200). Furthermore, Petras was a hub: Chamaizi, Piskokephalo, Prinias, and Petsophas are within achievable walking distances, while Pseira lies within a short navigable distance. Chamaizi, in fact, has “a commanding view over the bay [of Mirabello] to the east and the Piskokephalo Valley to the west” (Lenuzza 2011, 59, also 69–70; Tsipopoulou 1997, esp. fig. 1; for useful discussions on the physical and ideological relationship of Petras and adjacent sites, e.g., at Piskokephalo, see Tsipopoulou 1997, esp. 265 and 266, fig. 1, 273; 2002; 2012b, fig. 2; Tsipopoulou and Papacostopoulou 1997, especially the comparison of House I.1 with nearby “villas”; Christakis 2012, esp. 209–210; for a view which incorporates both Prinias and Petras Sector I, see Tsipopoulou 2012b, 57, fig. 10:a).

The passage that most vividly describes the physical connection of several of the places that have yielded parallels to this Petras figurine is found in Pendlebury’s 1939 account of timed walking in the area: “The northernmost [route] starts at Palaikastro [ . . . ] and after crossing a high limestone plateau descends in rather less than 4 hours to Petras and Siteia. Thence it passes the Middle and Late Minoan settlement of Piskokephali and ascends through wild country to Khamaizi, Mouliana and Tourloti” (Pendlebury 1939, 9).

Chronology Stratigraphically, figurine F 14 could belong to a late Protopalatial or early Neopalatial horizon. Stylistically, as discussed immediately above, the figurine retains some regional characteristics, such as the shape of the torso and the rendition of the beasts, which are more at home in MM contexts, but can be seen in later, more lavish examples such as the (male) Palaikastro Kouros. It may be that: (a) there is no discernible break in the regional rendition of the human body between MM Chamaizi, Piskokephalo, and Petsophas examples, which presumably originated from settlements, and the rare LM I settlement examples; (b) the parallels from peak sanctuaries, notoriously difficult to date because of the nature of their depositional context, may be slightly later than hitherto thought; or (c) this figurine is a Protopalatial heirloom. The author is inclined to classify it as (late?) Protopalatial (MM II) or early Neopalatial (LM IA).

Stratigraphy and Use The torso from Petras House I.2 is a relatively rare, intriguing example of domestic anthropomorphic representation. Its position and fragmentary nature further complicate, but also invite, stratigraphic interpretation (Table 7; cf. Marcus 1996 on the importance of context in the interpretation of figurines). Although it was not possible to fully excavate House I.2, careful documentation enables us to associate F 14 with other, perhaps meaningful, items such as (cf. Bailey 1996): the rhyta, kernos, and miniature handleless conical cup (MV

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22; see also Simandiraki-Grimshaw, this vol., Ch. 6) from the contexts in the same area (House I.2, Lr I and Lr II); the handleless miniature conical cup (MV 23-PM 264) found in the Narrow Passage between Houses I.1 and I.2; and the miniature juglets (MV 6 and MV 7, if not LM III) and possible bovine leg (F 2) from Room Λ, Lr II. These finds may indicate a more general pattern of scaled cultic behavior, possibly from the collapsed upper story of House I.1. In addition, the in-situ infant burial in what was essentially the interface of the East Courtyard of House I.1 to the Paved Road, in close proximity to House I.2 and hence the find spot of the figurine (McGeorge 2012), may add a different dimension to the figurine’s deposition. Furthermore, as mentioned above, a substantial portion of figurine F 14 is absent. This may, of course, be due to the incomplete excavation of the house or the possibility of it being a surface find. But it may also be deliberate, as is the case with other parallels of such fragmentation, whose missing parts are purposefully—and perhaps meaningfully—absent (cf. Brück 2006, 300; Tzachili 2012; Simandiraki-Grimshaw and Stevens 2013). In addition, there is the possibility that the figurine was deliberately ambiguous in its current state (we cannot speculate about its identity when complete, although it could have been ambiguous then too). If so, a number of reasons can be given, including a shifting gender and social identity throughout the figurine’s biography, so that it can be conceived as a template, a tabula rasa to be used in multiple contexts. Note that gender/social paraphernalia are absent here (such as those identified by, e.g., Pilali-Papasteriou 1989; Rethemiotakis 2001; Morris 2009). To follow Tzachili’s thoughts (2012, 237), this figurine simply exists and does nothing in its current state (see also the methodological discussion on gendering in ritual contexts advanced by Zeimbeki 2009, esp. 160). After all, this body, as well as the physical body/ bodies with which it interacted, can be conceived as “not a ‘thing,’ but a becoming, a series of movements, processes, intensities and flows [ . . . ] a mobile assemblage of connections” (Fraser and Greco [2005] 2007, 45). In its current state, therefore, F 14 elicits multiple interpretations, all of which will remain hypotheses. It may be a stray surface find. It may have been an heirloom, fallen from the upper story of

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House I.2 or adjacent House I.1. It may have been a toy or teaching device. It may have been a votive offering intended for use (and destruction) at a peak sanctuary, but was instead used in similar contexts (including food, drink, fire, and miniaturization) in a domestic environment. Alternatively, it may have been a memento brought back after an action of fragmentation at a peak sanctuary (cf. Brück 2006, 301).

Catalog for House I.2 F 14 (P86/288, SM 6784; House I.2; Lr I; Fig. 37; Pl. 33). Torso of anthropomorphic figurine of ambiguous gender. Incomplete. H. 7.6; w. 7.4; cross section 2.3. Fine, very pale brown clay, 10YR 7/4. Triangular torso, tapering toward the waist. It bears small but pronounced breasts. The arms, which do not survive, seem to have been away from the torso, perhaps extended to their sides or some distance in front of the body. The back is flat. Handmade. Part of the process of making the figurine must have involved resting it against a flat surface, which would account for the shape of its back, and then wiping that part of it. Furthermore, the breaks at the neck, arms, and waist are almost straight. This, apart from the physical dynamics of the figurine as an artifact, may be the result of intentional snapping off. Bibliography: Tsipopoulou 1986, 348 and n. 11; 1990a, 317; Tsipopoulou and Papacostopoulou 1997, 209. Parallels: Xanthoudides 1906, 135–141, figs. 3–5; Davaras 1973, 51; see also Davaras 1972; Gesell 1985, 83, no. 32, pl. 61; Rutkowski 1972, 145; Rethemiotakis 2001, 2, fig. 2, 90, fig. 108:a; Dimopoulou-Rethemiotaki 2005, 93, top half, far right and far left; Lenuzza 2011, 64, fig. 6.6 (Chaimazi); Myres 1902–1903, pl. XI, nos. 15, 21; Rutkowski 1991, nos. 2.1.5, 3.1.21, col. pl. B.3; pls. XXIX.1–3, XLIV.5; see also Tzonou-Herbst 2010, 215, fig. 16.1:10 (Petsophas); Platon 1952a, 632, fig. 13, top row, first and third from left, last two on the right, and bottom row, far right (Piskokephalo); Warren 2012, 357 (Prinias); Karetsou 1974, 235, pl. 176:στ′ (Juktas).

Discussion Hypotheses regarding the possible uses of bovine and anthropomorphic representations from Houses I.1 and I.2 were advanced earlier in this chapter. They must remain tentative, as, due to the manner in which they were deposited, we will never be able to verify the exact circumstances of the

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items’ utilization. Some patterns do, nevertheless, emerge and invite further discussion. First, the fact that only bovine figurine parts were found in House I.1 and only an anthropomorphic figurine in House I.2 may be significant. It may indicate a difference regarding the attitude toward the employment of representation between the two spaces, if these find spots are not the result of taphonomic contingency. In fact, it seems that these items represent three ideas: (1) the idea of a bovine; (2) the idea of a human; and (3) the idea of a building, if we accept that the horns of consecration belong to an original, now lost, architectural model. If this is the case, representation is perhaps used in this domestic environment as an indexical device for the real-life environs and presence of its inhabitants (= human presence + domesticated animal + ritualized building; cf. Bailey 2008; see also Brück 2006). Secondly, all figurines are fragmentary. As suggested above, this may be because these particular figurine parts are susceptible to breaks. But it may also be due to deliberate actions of fragmentation and the removal of pieces, (dis)empowerment, and ultimately enchainment (Chapman 2000; Brück 2006; Chapman and Gaydarska 2007; Simandiraki-Grimshaw and Stevens 2013). As Tzachili puts it, “absence stands in a dialectical relationship with presence: the one emphasizes the other” (Tzachili 2012, 237; see also Triantaphyllou 2012, 163, for evidence of disarticulation of physical bodies in the earlier, EM I–MM IIA, material from Kephala Petras). This reading may be strengthened by taking into consideration other finds in the same or adjacent contexts, which indicate, for example, ritual activity (e.g., rhyta, kernoi, incense burners), commensality (e.g., cooking, eating, and drinking vessels, animal bones), and craft production (e.g., obsidian knapping, weaving, grinding)—all communal actions of social bonding. In fact, the contextual associations in Petras Houses I.1 and I.2 are not dissimilar to those of the earlier figurines from Chamaizi, where equipment for ritual, food processing, weaving, and drainage was recovered, as were miniature vessels; it is also likely at that site that the figurines may have fallen from an upper story of the elliptical house outside it (Xanthoudides 1906; Davaras 1972; Lenuzza 2011, esp. 60, 62, 67 fig. 6.3; cf. Brück 2006, esp. 303, for a discussion of possible meaningful and socially

significant links between figurine fragmentation and craft production). Finally, it is worth briefly considering scale (see also Hammond 2009, esp. 142). All figurine parts examined here represent different scales of their “originals.” The zoomorphic figurines, which may have had an original length of ca. 20 cm and seem to belong to a consistent scale, were a reduction to ca. one-tenth of a contemporaneous bovine body; the anthropomorphic figurine, presumably of ca. 19 cm in height when intact, was a reduction to ca. one-eighth of a contemporaneous human body (cf. Triantaphyllou 2012, 165, on the mean stature of the EM Kephala Petras population being 162.5 cm; interestingly, Alberti [2012, 243], when discussing vessel measurements and capacity scales from the same house, refers to 8 as a potential multiplier). The horns of consecration, if we consider them as part of a tectomorphic figurine, and drawing upon “life-size” architectural parallels, were a reduction to ca. 1/33rd of a contemporaneous example (e.g., the horns of consecration from the Villa at Nirou Chani, which, when intact, would have measured 76 cm in width; see Gesell 1985, 116– 118, no. 90, pl. 75). The associations with miniature vessels, previously highlighted, become significant here. This is because both figurines and miniature vessels, which are most often associated with each other in peak sanctuaries, rather than domestic, contexts, represent scaled performances of the ritual, the didactic, and the conceptual (cf. Stewart 1993; Bailey 1996; 2005, esp. 26–44; Hammond 2009; Simandiraki-Grimshaw 2012). Life-size bovines, made of flesh, coexisted with their representations. Similarly, physical humans interacted with at least one clay diminution of themselves or an ideal/“divine”’ body (cf. Bailey 1996, 292; Hoskins 2006, 76; also see Zeimbekis 1998, 237, while discussing MM I–II figuration, makes the important interpretative distinction between figurines as effigies or substitutes). Vessels were used alongside their miniature versions. Thus, the buildings and their associated animals and humans were the loci of at least two or three surviving, interconnected, ritual and profane “scapes” of scale and matter (cf. Simandiraki-Grimshaw 2012). These perhaps complemented each other through the enmeshing of their biographies (cf. Hoskins 2006, esp. 78) and enabled their users to make sense of themselves and their environs at multiple planes of reference

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(cf. Brück 2006, 310–311). As Bailey puts it, “in producing their visible, tangible, durable version of a new reality, figurines allow alternative nonreal (or counterfeit) versions of reality to be suggested and accepted. . . . in the reduction in size of the composition, they simplify and miniaturize their message. In this way they narrate. They are institutions and instruments for knowing (and for displaying) knowledge about the real and the artificial” (Bailey 1996, 293). Hammond separates (Mycenaean) miniaturized human, animal, and vessel find spots into realms of the dead, the domestic, and the divine (Hammond 2009, 144 and n. 50). It can perhaps be argued, however, that the (Minoan) Petras House I.1 and House I.2, which hosted the figurines presented here, were all three.

Acknowledgments A number of people helped me in different ways to complete this chapter. First of all, Metaxia Tsipopoulou kindly gave me permission to study the figurines, as well as access to the rest of the excavation data. Her discussions were illuminating. Secondly, Garifalia Kostopoulou and Nektarios

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Karadimas provided much support and clarifications on the material. Very fruitful discussions with Fay Stevens, especially on fragmentation, during our collaborative work on human body representation from the Knossos Temple Repositories (e.g., Simandiraki-Grimshaw and Stevens 2013, with bibliography therein) have afforded me much benefit and inspiration. Cyprian Broodbank directed my attention to Minoan miniaturization across human representations and vessels during my Mycenaean Seminar in 2009, and Iris Tzachili kindly provided me with a copy of her paper (Tzachili 2012). Finally, Trevor Grimshaw gave of his valuable time to proofread the chapter draft and make useful suggestions. I am grateful to all. While the study of the anthropomorphic figurine from House I.2 forms part of the publication of anthropomorphic figurines and vessels from the area of Petras. It also falls within the remit of the author’s research project entitled “The Minoan Human Body,” which endeavors to look at the human body across Minoan Crete in a more holistic way than hitherto attempted (SimandirakiGrimshaw 2010). All photographs referenced in this chapter were taken by Chronis Papanikolopoulos and M. Tsipopoulou, and drawings were made by Nektaria Mavroudi, Mary-Jane Schumacher, and the author. All errors remain my own.

9

Producing Textiles: The Evidence from the Textile Tools by Joanne Cutler

The Warp-Weighted Loom Ninety-five loomweights and one spindle whorl (LW 1–LW 93-PM 249), all made of fired clay, have been recovered from House I.1 (Figs. 33, 38– 41; Pls. 32, 34). Five additional weights were recovered from the partially excavated House I.2 (LW 94–LW 98). The presence of these loomweights is indicative of the use of the warp-weighted loom. This type of loom is an upright loom, which is usually supported by leaning it against a wall or a roof rafter. Weights are used to apply tension to the warp threads, which are attached to the upper beam of the loom. On Crete, the use of the warpweighted loom dates back to the Neolithic period (Barber 1991, 100; Carington Smith 1992, 675). In order to weave a textile on a warp-weighted loom, the warp threads are divided into a number of layers, depending on the type of fabric to be woven. In the simplest type of weave, a tabby or plain weave, in which the horizontal weft thread passes over and under alternate warp threads, the warp is divided into two layers by placing alternate warp

threads in front of or behind a horizontal bar (the shed bar) on the lower part of the loom. The warp threads in each layer are then attached in groups to loomweights; these threads are usually fastened to a loop tied through the loomweight’s perforation, rather than being attached directly to the loomweight. Two rows of loomweights are generally used; it is possible to attach both layers of warp threads to a single row of loomweights, but this practice does not appear to have been common. Since the loom is placed at an angle, a natural shed is created between the two layers of threads, through which the weft thread can be passed. A second, or counter, shed is created by attaching the warp threads in the back layer to a rod (a heddle rod). When the rod is pulled toward the weaver, the back layer of threads is brought to the front and the weft thread can be passed back in the opposite direction. Weaving starts at the top, with the weft being beaten upward, and the weaver stands in front of the loom during the weaving process (see, e.g., Hoffmann 1964; Broudy 1979, 23–37; Barber 1991, 91–113).

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To produce more complex twill weaves requires three or more layers of warp threads; two or more heddle bars and three or more rows of loomweights are also needed, depending on the type of twill to be woven. For example, to weave a 2/2 twill, in which the weft thread runs alternately over two warp threads and under two warp threads, three heddle bars and four rows of loomweights are used. The few preserved Aegean Bronze Age textile fragments are all tabby weaves (Spantidaki and Moulhérat 2012), but since the sample is so small, the use of other weaving techniques cannot be ruled out. In a balanced fabric, there are approximately the same number and type of warp and weft threads per square centimeter. In contrast, a weft-faced fabric has a higher number of and/or thicker weft threads than warp threads per square centimeter, while a warp-faced fabric has a higher number of and/or thicker warp threads than weft threads per square centimeter. The number of warp threads and/or the number of weft threads per square centimeter in a textile may vary, but the narrower the variation, the more even the fabric will be.

From Loomweights to Textiles Although very few fragments of Bronze Age cloth have been recovered to date from the Aegean, the functional analysis of loomweights now makes it possible to determine the types of textile that a specific weight would be suitable to produce. Through experimental work, it has been established that both the weight and the thickness of a loomweight affects the types of fabric that could be made with it (Mårtensson, Nosch, and Andersson Strand 2009; Andersson Strand 2010, 18; 2012, 211; Andersson Strand and Nosch, eds., 2015). In a loom setup, different types of thread require different amounts of tension. In general, a thicker thread needs more tension than a thinner thread because it contains more fibers (Mårtensson, Nosch, and Andersson Strand 2009, 378; Andersson Strand 2012, 210–211; 2015, 142; Andersson Strand, Nosch, and Cutler 2015, 193). The weight of a loomweight governs the number of threads

requiring a given tension that is optimal to fasten to it. For example, in the case of a loomweight weighing 300 g, it would be possible to attach 30 warp threads needing 10 g of tension, but only 10 warp threads needing 30 g; in the case of a loomweight weighing 150 g, it would be possible to attach 15 warp threads needing 10 g of tension, but only five warp threads needing 30 g of tension. However, fastening less than 10 or more than 30 warp threads to an individual loomweight is not in general considered practical by weavers; this therefore limits the range of thread types that a particular loomweight could optimally be used with (Andersson Strand 2012, 211; 2015, 142). In order to produce a textile of an even width, and to facilitate the weaving process, the loomweights in a loom setup should hang close together, on the same level, with the total width of the row of loomweights being approximately the same as the total width of the fabric to be woven (Mårtensson, Nosch, and Andersson Strand 2009; Andersson Strand 2010, 18; 2012, 211; 2015, 142– 143; Olofsson, Andersson Strand, and Nosch 2015, 91–92). The thickness of a loomweight, in association with the number of warp threads fastened to it and the number of rows of loomweights used in the loom setup, determines the warp thread count per centimeter in the finished fabric: maximum number of warp threads per cm = the number of warp threads per loomweight x the number of rows the thickness of the loomweight in cm

Different types of loomweights are therefore optimal for use in the production of different types of textiles. For example, to weave a dense fabric made with fine thread, it would be optimal to use light, thin loomweights, whereas to produce a more open textile with thicker thread, heavy, thick loomweights would be the most suitable type of weight to use (Mårtensson, Nosch, and Andersson Strand 2009, 390; Andersson Strand 2015, 143; Olofsson, Andersson Strand, and Nosch 2015, 95). The number of loomweights required in a loom setup will vary according to the thickness of the weights used and the width of the fabric to be woven.

PRODUCING TEXTILES: THE EVIDENCE FROM THE TEXTILE TOOLS

The Loomweights from House I.1 More than one type of loomweight was found in House I.1. The majority of the weights are discoid (44 examples; LW 1–LW 3, LW 5-PM 6, LW 7, LW 8-PM 8, LW 9, LW10–PM 11, LW 11– LW 13, LW 15-PM 18, LW 16, LW 17, LW 19, LW 26, LW 29, LW 31-PM 38, LW 33, LW 34PM 75, LW 36–LW 39, LW 47, LW 48, LW 51, LW 52, LW 58, LW 65, LW 69–LW 73, LW 75, LW 79, LW 83–LW 89) or cuboid (45 examples; LW 4, LW 6, LW 14, LW 20, LW 21-PM 21, LW 22, LW 23-PM 22, LW 24-PM 23, LW 25, LW 27, LW 28, LW 30, LW 32, LW 35, LW 40, LW 41, LW 42-PM 117, LW 43–LW 46, LW 49, LW 50, LW 54–LW 57, LW 59–LW 63, LW 66-PM 199, LW 67, LW 68, LW 74, LW 76–LW 78, LW 81-PM 218, LW 82, LW 90–LW 92, LW 93-PM 249) in shape, but two cylindrical weights (LW 18, LW 80) and one pyramidal weight (LW 53) were also recovered from the building (these 92 loomweights include 21 loomweights that were not located in the Siteia Museum). An additional eight loomweights are recorded from the excavations, but were not located in the Siteia Museum and are of unknown type; they are therefore not included in the catalog. Fifty-eight of the studied loomweights have a complete or estimable weight and a fully preserved thickness; they weigh anywhere from 67 g to 396 g, with thicknesses varying between 1.6 cm and 6.2 cm (Fig. 38). The discoid and cuboid weights fall within the same weight range. The majority of both types of weights would be optimal for use with very thin to thin thread requiring ca. 10–15 g of tension. Lower numbers of the weights would work well with even thinner tension thread (ca. 5 g) or thin to medium thread (ca. 20–30 g), but only a few would be suitable for use with thick thread requiring ca. 35–40 g of tension (Fig. 39). Although the discoid and cuboid weights would be suitable for use with the same range of thread tensions, the thinner discoid weights and the thicker cuboid weights, with very few exceptions, form two distinct groups (Fig. 38). The discoid loomweights, with one or two perforations through the short axis near the top, are the most characteristic Bronze Age

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Cretan loomweight type (Fig. 40; Pl. 34). It is likely that the discoid loomweights would have hung side by side, at right angles to the shed bar. If they were oriented face on, the warp threads in the resulting fabric would be extremely widely spaced. The thickness measurement on this form of loomweight is therefore the maximum width of the loomweight in profile. Some of the discoid loomweights from House I.1 have a grooved and/or flattened top. It has been suggested that these features were designed to facilitate the fastening of the weights to a crossrod, in order to prevent them moving around and/or to reduce the noise level during weaving (see, e.g., Tzachili 1990; Carington Smith 1992, 690; Burke 2010, 47). The likely orientation of the loomweights at right angles to the shed bar would argue against this, however, so the purpose of the top groove, which is seen widely across the southern Aegean, remains unclear. The discoid loomweights would be suitable for use in the production of relatively dense textiles, with quite a high number of warp threads per centimeter; they would therefore be optimal for weaving balanced textiles, with approximately the same number and type of warp threads and weft threads per square centimeter. The cuboid Bronze Age loomweight type has not been recovered from sites farther west than Malia (Carington Smith 1975, 296; Burke 2010, 59; Cutler 2011, 210). The cuboid weights have a perforation near each corner (Fig. 40; Pl. 34). It would be possible to attach two groups of warp threads to this type of weight, each attached to a separate loop of thread threaded through two of the holes; it would therefore theoretically be possible to attach a group of warp threads from two different warp layers to a single weight. A number of the cuboid weights are rectangular in shape rather than truly cuboid (with the holes pierced through the longitudinal axis), and thus, they have two possible “thicknesses,” potentially making them a very versatile type of weight (LW 21-PM 21, LW 27, LW 32, LW 35, LW 41, LW 43, LW 54, LW 78, LW 82). In a given weave, used with thread needing the same amount of tension, the thicker cuboid weights would be suitable for producing textiles with fewer threads per centimeter than the thinner discoid loomweights.

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Although other possible uses for the cuboid weights have been suggested, such as tags for sacks (Weingarten 2000) or net weights (e.g., Davaras 1977, 493), their co-occurrence with other loomweight forms at Petras and at other sites such as Palaikastro (Evely 2012) supports their identification as loomweights. Some of the cuboid weights from Petras and elsewhere are incised with signs (see Tsipopoulou, this vol., Ch. 7), which are also found on recognized loomweight shapes (a few of the cuboid weights from various locations at Petras, including LW 23-PM 22 and LW 81-PM 218 from House I.1, are inscribed with probable textile pictograms), and some bear seal impressions, as also found on known loomweight types (Eccles 1939–1940, 47–49; Burke 2006, 285, 288; 2010, 59). From a functional perspective, there is no reason why the cuboid weights could not work well in a loom setup, though their use as loomweights has not to date been tested experimentally. Some of the rectangular-shaped weights (LW 21-PM 21, LW 42-PM 117, LW 45, LW 46, LW 78) are slightly narrower at one end; this, together with the regular shape of many examples, suggests that a number of them are likely to have been made in a mold. This would allow for greater standardization of the loomweights manufactured. The pyramidal loomweight, LW 53, lies within the weight/thickness range of the cuboid weights, and like the cuboid weights, it would be suitable for weaving textiles with more widely spaced warp threads than would be optimal for the discoid weights. The two cylindrical weights (LW 18, LW 80), both with a height/thickness that is less than the diameter, are intermediate between the majority of the discoid and cuboid weights. Low numbers of loomweights were recovered from various locations throughout House I.1. Higher numbers of weights derive from Room Λ (LW 15-PM 18, LW 16–LW 20, LW 21-PM 21, LW 22, LW 23-PM 22, LW 24-PM 23, LW 25–LW 29) and Room E (LW 4, LW 5-PM 6, LW 6, LW 7, LW 8-PM 8, LW 9, LW 10-PM 11, LW 11–LW 14), and also from Area Φ (LW 41, LW 42-PM 117, LW 43–LW 53), Pit Θ (LW 78–LW 80, LW 81-PM 218, LW 82–LW 88), and the West Courtyard (LW 56–LW 65, LW 66-PM 199, LW 67– LW 75; see Table 8). The 21 loomweights (eight discoid, 11 cuboid, and two of unknown type; LW 56–LW 63, LW 65, LW 66-PM 199, LW 67–LW 75) from the

West Courtyard cannot clearly be associated with textile production activities in Neopalatial House I.1 since the associated deposits included significant amounts of EM and MM material, which probably derive from the Lakkos deposit in Sector III (with the surface level also including some LM III material). Fourteen loomweights (four discoid, eight cuboid, one pyramidal, and one of unknown type) were recovered from Area Φ (LW 41–LW 53), a small open courtyard during the Neopalatial period that had been part of the Protopalatial structure that preceded House I.1. Of these, six weights (two discoid, two cuboid, the pyramidal weight, and a weight of unknown type) derive from the MM II floor deposit. The cooccurrence of cuboid and discoid weights in this deposit indicates that both types of weight were also in use in the earlier structure, together with the additional pyramidal form. The remaining loomweights from Area Φ were recovered from levels containing both MM II and Neopalatial material, together with some LM III material, and thus they are not closely dateable. Like the loomweights from the West Courtyard, they therefore cannot be clearly associated with activities in the Neopalatial building. Five discoid loomweights and a cuboid weight from Pit Θ were among the material dumped in this constructed refuse pit, and therefore they were not in use at the time of the building’s destruction. A further discoid weight was recovered from beneath the foundations of the walls. The remaining weights (one discoid; two cuboid, one [LW 81PM 218] with a probable cloth pictogram incised on one surface; and one cylindrical) are from Lr I, the contents of which do not clearly belong to the material originally discarded in the pit and may therefore represent a separate deposition. With the exception of two discoid weights recovered from the respective floor deposits of Rooms M and A, the remaining scattered weights are similarly from mixed deposits that cannot be clearly associated with the LM IA occupation of the building. The loomweights recovered from Rooms Λ and E provide the best evidence for textile production activities in House I.1. Twenty-four of the 30 loomweights from these rooms (12 discoid, seven cuboid, one cylindrical, and four of unknown type) derive from the LM IA destruction deposit associated with the collapse of the upper floor. Six of these have incised signs, with one of the cuboid weights

PRODUCING TEXTILES: THE EVIDENCE FROM THE TEXTILE TOOLS

bearing a probable textile pictogram (see Tsipopoulou, this vol., Ch. 7 on potter’s marks). Three additional weights (one discoid and two cuboid) were recovered from the Room Λ floor deposit; this deposit also contained objects originating from the floor above, so it is likely that these weights had also fallen from the upper story. A cuboid weight was also recovered from the Room E floor deposit, while a cuboid weight and a discoid weight with an incised sign were found in the surface layer of this room. A further cuboid weight from Corridor B-Δ also derives from the collapse of the upper floor above Rooms Λ and E, and a discoid weight was recovered from the overlying Lr I. Thirteen of the loomweights likely to have originated from the upper floor had a complete/estimable weight and a fully preserved thickness (eight discoid and five cuboid, with preserved thicknesses of 5.3 cm; See also Fig. 41). The discoid loomweights and the cylindrical weight that have a complete/estimable weight and a fully preserved thickness would all be suitable for use with very thin to thin thread needing ca. 10– 15 g of tension (Table 9). If used together in the same loom setup, with ca. 10 g tension thread the weights could produce a tabby fabric with ca. 12–19 warp threads per centimeter; with ca. 15 g tension thread, the thread count range would be a narrower ca. 8–13 warp threads per centimeter. It should be noted that the amount of tension required by different groups of warp threads within the same loom setup can also vary slightly, since a spun thread can vary in thickness, and different spinners will spin slightly different thread even if using a whorl of the same weight and dimensions (see Andersson Strand 2015, 139–141; Andersson Strand, Nosch, and Cutler 2015, 193). With thread needing a tension of ca. 10–12.5 g or ca. 12.5–15 g, the thread count range would be much narrower (ca. 12–15 warp threads per cm and ca. 10–13 warp threads per cm, respectively). The discoid weights and the cylindrical weight could therefore work very well together in the same loom setup. The fabrics produced would be quite dense, and so could be relatively balanced, with approximately the same number and type of warp and weft threads per square centimeter. The five cuboid loomweights with a complete/ estimable weight and a fully preserved thickness would all be suitable for use with ca. 10 g tension thread and could produce a textile with ca. 5–11

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warp threads per centimeter (based on one group of warp threads per loomweight, and using the smaller thickness measurement in cases where there are two possible thicknesses; Table 10). With thread needing a tension of ca. 10–12.5 g, the warp thread count would be ca. 5–9 threads per centimeter. Thus, both the discoid and the cuboid weights could be used with ca. 10–12.5 g tension thread, but a fabric woven with the cuboid weights would have fewer warp threads per centimeter. Whereas the discoid weights could be used to make quite balanced textiles, the textiles produced with the cuboid weights would be open fabrics in a balanced weave, and they therefore are likely to have been weft-faced, with more and/or thicker weft threads than warp threads per square centimeter. It is not possible to determine whether the discoid/cylindrical and cuboid weights from the upper floor collapse represent loomweights used together in the same loom setup, or whether they were weights in storage that would have been used in different loom setups. All of the weights, regardless of type, would work well with thread needing ca. 10–12.5 g tension, and it is possible that the different types of weight were used together in a single loom configuration in order to produce a pattern weave of some kind. However, since potential loom setups using the two types of weight together have not to date been tested via weaving experiments, the pattern weave can only be considered as a theoretical possibility. Based on the average thickness of the discoid and cuboid weights, if the two types of weight were used together in the same loom setup, there would be enough weights to weave a fabric ca. 0.5 m wide (using two rows of loomweights). If the discoid and cuboid weights were used separately, the number of weights recovered would only be sufficient to weave fabrics ca. 21 cm (discoid weights) or ca. 28 cm (cuboid weights) wide. These estimated fabric widths would be slightly wider, allowing for the four loomweights of unknown type. Although it is not clear whether the loomweights from the upper floor collapse constitute a group of weights that were used together on a loom, it is likely that, as in other Bronze Age Aegean buildings of more than one story, weaving took place on the upper level (see, e.g., Burke 2006, 288, for Petras House II.1; Cutler, Andersson Strand, and Nosch 2013, for Malia Quartier Mu; Tzachili 2007, for

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Akrotiri, Thera). The ground-floor Rooms Λ and E, which appear to have been used for storage, were only accessible from above and would have received little or no natural light. The living quarters were located on the upper floor; in contrast to the ground floor area, a window and two door apertures have been identified on the upper story level (Tsipopoulou and Dierckx 2006, 307), so it would have been possible to take advantage of the natural light when working at the loom.

The Loomweights from House I.2 The five loomweights (two discoid, two cuboid, and one pyramidal) from the partially excavated Neopalatial House I.2 were recovered from Lr I (LW 94–LW 98). This layer includes a quantity of earlier material, which is likely to originate from the Sector III Lakkos deposit, so the loomweights cannot clearly be associated with the practice of weaving in this building. In addition, it is possible that some or all of the weights may derive from the collapse of the upper floor of House I.1.

Conclusions The loomweights recovered from House I.1 provide valuable insight into the nature of textile production in this Neopalatial building. With the exception of a cylindrical weight that would function well with the discoid weights from the same location, all of the loomweights from secure Neopalatial deposits are cuboid or discoid in shape (it should be noted, however, that there are an additional four weights of unknown type). Although the cuboid and discoid weights with a complete or estimable weight and a fully preserved thickness lie within the same weight range and would therefore work well with the same types of thread, they would be optimal for making different types of fabrics. Whereas the discoid weights would be optimal for weaving relatively dense, balanced textiles, the cuboid weights would be best suited for use in the production of weft-faced fabrics. It is possible that the cuboid and discoid weights from the collapse of

the upper story above Rooms Λ and E were stored together but used in the manufacture of two different types of cloth. Alternatively, it is possible that they were used in a single loom setup, in order to produce a pattern weave. In either case, both types of weight, and the loomweights from the building as a whole, would be optimal for use with thread requiring ca. 10–15 g of tension. Good quality, well-prepared raw material would be required in order to spin such thin thread (see, e.g., Olafsson, Andersson Strand, and Nosch, 2015, 80, 82). To produce just 1 m2 of a balanced tabby with ca. 10 g tension thread and with ca. 15 threads per centimeter in the warp and the weft (the average warp thread count of the fabric that could be woven with this tension thread using the discoid loomweights from Rooms Λ and E) would require ca. 3,000 m of thread, which would take approximately 86 hours to spin. The amount of warp thread needed is equal to the number of warp threads per centimeter x the width of the fabric in centimeters x the length of the fabric in meters. The amount of weft thread is equal to the number of weft threads per centimeter x the length of the fabric in centimeters x the width of the fabric in meters. The time needed to spin the total amount of thread is based on experimental tests conducted at the Danish National Research Foundation’s Centre for Textile Research, Copenhagen University (see Olofsson, Andersson Strand, and Nosch 2015, 98–99). In contrast to the significant number of loomweights present, only one spindle whorl (LW 64) was found in the building. This derives from the mixed EM–LM I/LM III material recovered from the West Courtyard, and therefore the period of its use is not certain. Moreover, it is likely that more than a single whorl would have been needed to spin the estimated amount thread required. A negligible number of whorls have been recovered from either Neopalatial or Protopalatial contexts at other Cretan sites. It is possible that, during the Palatial periods, whorls were made out of wood or some other perishable material, or that a different spinning technique, not requiring a whorl, was used. Alternatively, spinning may have been carried out beyond the main settlements. In the latter case, it would indicate the existence of occupational specialization in the manufacture of cloth in both the Protopalatial and the Neopalatial periods (see also Tzachili 1997, 125–129; Burke 2010, 50).

PRODUCING TEXTILES: THE EVIDENCE FROM THE TEXTILE TOOLS

Moreover, it would suggest that such occupational specialization was being practiced at the community level, with some settlements acquiring spun thread from external sources. At Petras, loomweights have also been recovered from Neopalatial House II.1, which, unlike House I.1, was reoccupied in the LM IB period. While the weights from House II.1 have not to date been the subject of a functional analysis, both discoid and cuboid loomweights were present in that building (Burke 2006, 287–288; 2010, 60); this suggests that similar types of textiles to those being woven in House I.1 in LM IA may have continued to be produced in House II.1 in LM IB. In contrast, different ranges of loomweight types have been recovered from other Neopalatial sites on Crete. As noted earlier, the cuboid loomweight form is not found at sites to the west of Malia. At Neopalatial Knossos, with the exception of only one or two discoid weights, the loomweights used were all spherical in shape and would be suitable for producing textiles with quite widely spaced warp threads that are likely to have been weft-faced fabrics (Cutler 2011, 2012). The spherical weights include a number that weigh over 500 g, and those would therefore be suitable for use with a wider range of thread types than the Petras loomweights (Cutler 2011). At Neopalatial Malia, on the other hand, a range of loomweight shapes, including discoid, spherical, pyramidal, and cylindrical types, were present (see, e.g., Deshayes and Dessene 1959, 73), indicating that a wider range of textiles were being woven at that site (Cutler 2011). In contrast, only the discoid form of weight was in use at the Neopalatial settlements of Kommos (Dabney 1996; Shaw 2006) and Pseira (for the largest assemblages of weights, see Betancourt 1998, 2009), suggesting the production of quite dense and probably relatively balanced textiles; their weight ranges indicate a concentration on the production of fabrics using very thin thread types (Cutler 2011). The variation in the loomweight types present at different sites suggests that different settlements were pursuing different textile production strategies, with varying ranges of textile types being woven on the warp-weighted loom within different communities. At Petras, whether the discoid and cuboid loomweights from the Neopalatial Houses I.1 and II.1 were used separately to make two distinct types of fabric, or together in order to produce a pattern weave, the evidence from House I.1

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suggests that there was a focus, in this building at least, on the manufacture of textiles made with very thin to thin thread.

Catalog House I.1 Room A LW 1 (P86/830; Lr III). Loomweight. Discoid. Not found in the Siteia Museum. LW 2 (P86/223; Lr IV; Pl. 34). Loomweight. Discoid; chipped, otherwise complete. H. 7.9; d. 6.8; th. 2.4; wt. 138 g. Top flattened. Two holes: hole d. 0.9.

Room M LW 3 (P86/309; Lr III; Pl. 34). Loomweight. Discoid; ca. 75% preserved. H. 10.1; d. 8.9; th. 2.9; pres. wt. 281 g; wt. whole (est.) 375 g. Top flattened. One hole; hole d. 1.9.

Room E LW 4 (P85/12, SM 5145; Lr I). Loomweight. Cuboid. Not found in the Siteia Museum. LW 5-PM 6 (P85/13, SM 5142; Lr I; Fig. 33). Loomweight. Discoid; complete (not found in the Siteia Museum). D. 7.8; th. 2.1. Two holes. Top flattened. PM: arrow. LW 6 (P85/27, SM 5148; Lr II). Loomweight. Cuboid; chipped, otherwise complete. 5.4 x 4.8 x 3.4. Not found in the Siteia Museum. LW 7 (P85/57, SM 5166; Lr II). Loomweight. Discoid; ca. 55% preserved. Pres. h. 5.3; d. 8.8; th. 1.7; pres. wt. 90 g; wt. whole (est.) 164 g. Top flattened. One hole; hole d. 1.3. LW 8-PM 8 (P85/58, SM 5167; Lr II; Fig. 33). Loomweight. Discoid; complete. H. 7.8; d. 8.1; th. 3.3; wt. 203 g. Top grooved. Two holes; hole d. 0.6. PM: two converging lines (one shorter than the other) and dot. LW 9 (P85/66a; Lr II). Loomweight. Discoid. Not found in the Siteia Museum. LW 10-PM 11 (P85/561; Lr II; Pl. 32). Loomweight. Discoid; fragment. 5.2 x 7.6 x 0.6. Two holes. PM: two converging lines at broken edge. Not found in the Siteia Museum. LW 11 (P85/79; Lr II). Loomweight. Discoid; ca. 95% complete. H. 8.3; d. 8.5; th. 2.8; pres. wt. 172 g; wt. whole (est.) 181 g. Top flattened. One hole; hole d. 1.3.

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LW 12 (P85/428; Lr II). Loomweight. Discoid; fragment. Pres. h. 7.4; th. not fully preserved; pres. wt. 30 g. Part of one hole (probably two) preserved. LW 13 (P86/121; Lr II). Loomweight. Discoid; chipped, but otherwise complete. H. 8.3; d. 8.8; th. 3.0; wt. 214 g. Top flattened. Two holes; hole d. 0.6. LW 14 (P86/192; Lr III). Loomweight. Cuboid. Not found in the Siteia Museum.

Room Λ LW 15-PM 18 (P86/69, SM 6351; Lr II; Fig. 33). Loomweight. Discoid; fragment. Part of top and upper body preserved. Pres. h. 4.4; pres. d. 4.2; th. not fully preserved; pres. wt. 21 g. One hole; hole d. 1.6. PM: two converging lines at lower broken edge. LW 16 (P86/86, SM 6394; Lr II). Loomweight. Discoid; ca. 50% preserved. H. 8.5; pres. d. 5.1; th. 1.9; pres. wt. 78 g; wt. whole (est.) 156 g. One hole; hole d. not fully preserved. LW 17 (P86/158, SM 7015; Lr II). Loomweight. Discoid; chipped at base, otherwise complete. H. 9.5; d. 10.1; th. 3.1; wt. 301 g. Top smoothed. One hole; hole d. 1.8. LW 18 (P86/174, SM 6386; Lr II). Loomweight. Cylindrical, short; complete. H. 3.4; d. 8.1; th. 3.4; wt. 253 g. One hole; hole d. 0.8. LW 19 (P86/249; Lr II). Loomweight. Discoid; complete. H. 9.0; d. 9.3; th. 2.4; wt. 224 g. Top flattened. One hole; hole d. 1.8. LW 20 (P86/255a, SM 7129; Lr II). Loomweight. Cuboid; a few small chips at corners, otherwise complete. H. 4.4; d. 4.4; th. 4.0; wt. 103 g. Four holes; hole d. 0.3. LW 21-PM 21 (P86/343, SM 6427; Lr II; Fig. 33). Loomweight. Cuboid; complete, surface abraded. H. 5.9; d. 4.7; th. 4.4; wt. 136 g. Four holes; hole d. 0.4. Slightly narrower at one end. PM: triangle. LW 22 (P86/344, SM 6473; Lr II). Loomweight. Cuboid; ca. 95% preserved. H. 6.2; d. 5.9; th. 5.3; pres. wt. 255 g; wt. whole (est.) 268 g. Four holes; hole d. 0.7. Traces of brown slip on surface. LW 23-PM 22 (P86/348, SM 6459; Lr II; Fig. 33). Loomweight. Cuboid. 4.5 x 5.9 x 4.6. Four holes. PM: X inscribed into a square (probable cloth pictogram). Not found in the Siteia Museum. LW 24-PM 23 (P86/374a, SM 6426; Lr II; Fig. 33). Loomweight. Cuboid; broken diagonally. 4.4 x 4 x 4.2. Four holes irregularly placed. PM: vertical line. Not found in the Siteia Museum. LW 25 (P86/378, SM 6430; Lr II). Loomweight. Cuboid; ca. 90% preserved. H. 6.0; d. 5.3; th. 5.0; pres. wt. 252 g; wt. whole (est.) 280 g. Four holes; hole d. 0.4. LW 26 (P86/762; Lr II). Loomweight. Discoid; fragment. Pres. h. 6.5; d. 7.4; th. 2.0; pres. wt. 88 g. One hole; hole d. 1.0.

LW 27 (P86/400, SM 6428; Lr III). Loomweight. Cuboid; ca. 95% preserved. H. 5.7; d. 4.5; th. 4.3; pres. wt. 142 g; wt. whole (est.) 149 g. Four holes; hole d. 0.5. LW 28 (P86/418; Lr III). Loomweight. Cuboid. Not found in the Siteia Museum. LW 29 (P86/420, SM 6926; Lr III). Loomweight. Discoid; ca. 50% preserved. H. 7.3; th. 2.6; pres. wt. 79 g; wt. whole (est.) 158 g. Top flattened. One hole; hole d. 1.6.

Room Ξ LW 30 (P86/23, SM 6360; Lr I). Loomweight. Cuboid; ca. 85% preserved. H. 4.9; d. 4.7; th. 3.7; pres. wt. 117 g; wt. whole (est.) 138 g. Four holes; hole d. 0.4. LW 31-PM 38 (P86/24, SM 6359; Lr II; Fig. 33). Loomweight. Discoid; complete. H. 8.7; d. 9.3; th. 2.5; wt. 183 g. Top smoothed. One hole; hole d. 1.7. PM: diagonal line. LW 32 (P86/247, SM 6449; Lr III). Loomweight. Cuboid; chipped at edges, otherwise complete. H. 7.5; d. 7.6; th. 4.2; wt. 382 g. Four holes; hole d. 0.4–0.5. Narrower at one end. LW 33 (P86/1040; Lr III). Loomweight. Discoid; fragment. Pres. h. 6.9; pres. d. 5.4; th. 2.8; pres. wt. 71 g. One hole; hole d. 1.8.

Room 1 LW 34-PM 75 (P89/21; Lr II; Fig. 33; Pl. 32). Loomweight. Discoid; ca. 95% preserved. Max. pres. d. 7; th. 2.7; pres. wt. 147 g; wt. whole (est.) 155 g. Top smoothed. Two holes; hole d. 0.6. PM: two parallel diagonal lines. LW 35 (P89/130; Lr II; Fig. 40). Loomweight. Cuboid; complete. H. 6.1; d. 5.4; th. 3.7; wt. 156 g. Four holes; hole d. 0.6. LW 36 (P89/195; Lr II). Loomweight. Discoid; fragment. Part of top preserved. Pres. h. 3.9; pres. d. 6.3; th. not fully preserved; pres. wt. 41 g. Part of one hole preserved. LW 37 (P89/141; Lr III). Loomweight. Discoid; ca. 80% preserved. H. 9.8; d. 10.1; th. 3.0; pres. wt. 243 g; wt. whole (est.) 304 g. One hole; hole d. not fully preserved.

Room 2 LW 38 (P89/346; Lr II). Loomweight. Discoid; chipped at top and at base, otherwise complete. H. 7.2; d. 7.9; th. 1.8; wt. 84 g. Top flattened. One hole; hole d. 1.1.

Corridor B-Δ LW 39 (P85/3; Lr I). Loomweight. Discoid. Not found in the Siteia Museum.

PRODUCING TEXTILES: THE EVIDENCE FROM THE TEXTILE TOOLS

LW 40 (P85/455; Lr II; Fig. 40; Pl. 34). Loomweight. Cuboid; fragment. Pres. h. 4.3; th. 4.3; pres. wt. 34 g. Two holes (of four) preserved; hole d. 0.6.

Area Φ LW 41 (P86/213; Lr I). Loomweight. Cuboid; fragment. Pres. h. 4.6; pres. d. 7.7; th. 6.3; pres. wt. 243 g. Four holes; hole d. 0.9. LW 42-PM 117 (P86/252b, SM 6448; Lr I; Fig. 33). Loomweight. Cuboid; complete. H. 6.0; d. 5.5; th. 5.3; wt. 261 g. Four holes; hole d. 0.5. Slightly narrower at one end. PM: cross. LW 43 (P86/253b, SM 6450; Lr I). Loomweight. Cuboid; fragment. Pres. h. 4.7; pres. d. 6.9 x 3.2; pres. wt. 122 g. No holes preserved. LW 44 (P86/262; Lr I). Loomweight. Cuboid; fragment. 3.9 x 3.8 x 3.6. Four holes. Not found in the Siteia Museum. LW 45 (P86/276; Lr III; Pl. 34). Loomweight. Cuboid; complete. H. 6.7; d. 6.2; th. 6.2; wt. 318 g. Four holes; hole d. 0.7. Narrower at one end. Traces of gray slip. LW 46 (P86/355, SM 6429; Lr III). Loomweight. Cuboid; complete. H. 5.4; d. 4.2; th. 4.0; wt. 110 g. Four holes; hole d. 0.5. Slightly narrower at one end. LW 47 (P86/711; Lr III; Fig. 40). Loomweight. Discoid; ca. 50% preserved. Pres. h. 7.4; th. 1.9; pres. wt. 77 g; wt. whole (est.) 154 g. One hole; hole d. 1.5. LW 48 (P86/850; Lr III). Loomweight. Discoid; fragment. Part of top preserved. Pres. h. 4.3; th. 1.7; pres. wt. 12 g. One hole; hole d. 1.3. LW 49 (P89/199; Lr IV). Loomweight. Cuboid; chipped at one end, otherwise complete. H. 6.2; d. 5.5; th. 5.5; wt. 266 g. Four holes; hole d. 0.5. LW 50 (P89/200; Lr IV). Loomweight. Cuboid; ca. 85% preserved. H. 5.7; pres. d. 4.6; th. 4.9; pres. wt. 149 g; wt. whole (est.) 175 g. Four holes; hole d. 0.6. LW 51 (P89/278; Lr IV). Loomweight. Discoid; ca. 75% preserved. H. 8.3; pres. d. 8.2; th. 1.7; pres. wt. 96 g; wt. whole (est.) 128 g. Top flattened. One hole; hole d. 1.0. LW 52 (P89/398; Lr IV; Pl. 34). Loomweight. Discoid; chipped at one edge, otherwise complete. H. 8.8; d. 8.7; th. 3.0; wt. 264 g. Two holes; hole d. 0.6. LW 53 (P89/426; Lr IV; Pl. 34). Loomweight. Pyramidal; complete. H. 6.6; d. 4.3; th. 3.8; wt. 120 g. One hole; hole d. 0.6.

Staircase Y LW 54 (P86/270; Lr I; Pl. 34). Loomweight. Cuboid; complete. H. 6.6; d. 6.0; th. 3.6; wt. 221 g. Four holes; hole d. 0.5. Holes irregularly placed. LW 55 (P86/275; Lr I; Pl. 34). Loomweight. Cuboid; complete. H. 3.5; d. 3.3; th. 3.3; wt. 67 g. Four holes;

183

hole d. 0.3. Holes irregularly placed at one end. Traces of brown slip.

West Courtyard LW 56 (P88/292; Lr I). Loomweight. Cuboid. Not found in the Siteia Museum. LW 57 (P88/338; Lr I). Loomweight. Cuboid. Not found in the Siteia Museum. LW 58 (P88/361; Lr I). Loomweight. Discoid. Not found in the Siteia Museum. LW 59 (P88/362; Lr I). Loomweight. Cuboid. Not found in the Siteia Museum. LW 60 (P88/391; Lr I). Loomweight. Cuboid; complete. H. 3.9; d. 3.8; th. 3.8; wt. 70 g. Four holes; hole d. 0.4. Holes irregularly placed at one end. LW 61 (P88/425; Lr I). Loomweight. Cuboid; ca. 50% preserved. Pres. h. 3.0; th. 5.0; pres. wt. 83 g; wt. whole (est.) 166 g. Four holes; hole d. 0.4. LW 62 (P88/600; Lr I). Loomweight. Cuboid; ca. 50% preserved. Pres. h. 3.5; pres. d. 3.3; pres. wt. 45 g; wt. whole (est.) 90 g. Three holes (of four) preserved; hole d. 0.4. LW 63 (P88/716; Lr I; Pl. 34). Loomweight. Cuboid; chipped, otherwise complete. H. 5.2; d. 4.9; th. 3.9; wt. 140 g. Four holes; hole d. 0.5. Holes irregularly placed. LW 64 (P88/424; Lr I; Pl. 34). Spindle whorl. Biconical; chipped, otherwise complete. H. 2.5; d. 3.6; wt. 25 g. Hole d. 0.8. LW 65 (P89/8; Lr II). Loomweight. Discoid; ca. 90% complete. Pres. h. 6.1; d. 6.4; th. 1.6; pres. wt. 65 g; wt. whole (est.) 72 g. One hole; hole d. not fully preserved. LW 66-PM 199 (P89/35; Lr II; Fig. 33). Loomweight. Cuboid; complete. H. 5.2; d. 5.0; th. 5.0; wt. 215 g. Four holes; hole d. 0.5. PM: slightly curving vertical line. LW 67 (P89/72; Lr II). Loomweight. Cuboid; two fragments. Pres. h. 5.0; pres. d. 4.2; pres. wt. 60 g. One (of four) holes preserved; hole d. 0.4. LW 68 (P89/78; Lr II). Loomweight. Cuboid; fragment. Pres. h. 4.1; pres. d. 4.7 x 3.0; pres. wt. 56 g. Two (of four) holes preserved; hole d. 0.5. LW 69 (P89/90; Lr II; Pl. 34). Loomweight. Discoid; fragment. Part of top preserved. Pres. h. 8.5; pres. d. 5.2; th. not fully preserved; pres. wt. 42 g. Top flattened and grooved. One hole; hole d. not fully preserved. LW 70 (P89/234; Lr II). Loomweight. Discoid. Not found in the Siteia Museum. LW 71 (P89/263; Lr II; Fig. 40). Loomweight. Discoid; chipped at top, otherwise complete. H. 7.7; d. 8.3; th. 2.5; wt. 131 g. Top flattened. One hole; hole d. 1.0.

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LW 72 (P89/290; Lr II; Pl. 34). Loomweight. Discoid; complete. H. 5.5; d. 6.8; th. 2.1; wt. 78 g. Top flattened and grooved. One hole; hole d. 1.0. LW 73 (P89/291; Lr II). Loomweight. Discoid; complete. H. 5.9; d. 6.6; th. 2.1; wt. 86 g. Top flattened. Two holes; hole d. 0.6. LW 74 (P89/312; Lr II). Loomweight. Cuboid; complete. H. 4.7; d. 4.8; th. 4.6; wt. 163 g. Four holes; hole d. 0.5. LW 75 (P89/438; Lr II). Loomweight. Discoid; ca. 50% complete. Pres. h. 3.9; pres. d. 6.8; th. 2.5; pres. wt. 63 g; wt. whole (est.) 126 g. Hole not preserved.

LW 86 (P85/124a, SM 5205; Lr II). Loomweight. Discoid; chipped, otherwise complete. D. 9.8; th. 2.7. One hole. Not found in the Siteia Museum. LW 87 (P85/158, SM 5226; Lr II). Loomweight. Discoid; chipped at edge, otherwise complete. D. 8.3; th. 2.3. One hole. Not found in the Siteia Museum. LW 88 (P85/208, SM 5259; Lr IV). Loomweight. Dis­coid; ca. 95% preserved. H. 7.6; d. 7.5; th. 1.7; pres. wt. 105 g; wt. whole (est.) 111 g. Top flattened. Two holes; hole d. 1.5.

Area 3 LW 76 (P89/10; Lr II). Loomweight. Cuboid. Not found in the Siteia Museum. LW 77 (P89/65; Lr II). Loomweight. Cuboid; chipped at one end, otherwise complete. H. 4.3; d. 4.6; th. 3.4; wt. 103 g. Four holes; hole d. 0.4–0.6.

LW 89 (P90/523; Lr IV). Loomweight. Discoid; chipped at top, otherwise complete. H. 6.2; d. 6.0; th. 3.3; wt. 109 g. Top flattened and grooved. Two holes; hole d. 0.8, opening larger on both sides. LW 90 (P90/536; Lr IV). Loomweight. Cuboid; chipped at one end, otherwise complete. H. 3.8; d. 3.8; th. 3.5; wt. 87 g. Four holes; hole d. 0.4.

Pit Θ

Area O

LW 78 (P85/40, SM 5155; Lr I). Loomweight. Cuboid; complete, surface lightly abraded. H. 5.7; d. 4.4; th. 3.3; wt. 131 g. Four holes; hole d. 0.3–0.5. Holes irregularly placed at one end; slightly narrower at one end. LW 79 (P85/41, SM 5156; Lr I). Loomweight. Discoid; chipped at one edge, but otherwise complete. H. 11.5; d. 11.5; th. 3.0; wt. 396 g. Top smoothed. One hole; hole d. 1.4, opening larger on one side. LW 80 (P85/44, SM 5159; Lr I). Loomweight. Cylindrical, short; chipped at one end, but otherwise complete. H. 4.6; d. 8.3; th. 4.6; wt. 347 g. One hole; hole d. 0.5. LW 81-PM 218 (P85/50, SM 5161; Lr I; Fig. 33). Loomweight. Cuboid; complete. H. 8.4; d. 8.2; th. 5.4; wt. 261 g. Four holes; hole d. 0.8. PM: rectangle with diagonal line across it (probable cloth pictogram). LW 82 (P85/93, SM 5185; Lr II). Loomweight. Cuboid; chipped, otherwise complete. H. 7.8; d. 6.5; th. 3.8. Four holes, slightly irregularly placed. Not found in the Siteia Museum. LW 83 (P85/112, SM 5197; Lr II). Loomweight. Discoid; chipped at edges, otherwise complete. H. 7.7; d. 8.0; th. 2.0; wt. 107 g. Top flattened and grooved. Two holes; hole d. 0.7. LW 84 (P85/118, SM 5199; Lr II). Loomweight. Discoid; ca. 60% preserved. H. 9.8; pres. d. 7.0; th. 2.0; pres. wt. 133 g; wt. whole (est.) 222 g. Top smoothed. One hole; hole d. not fully preserved. LW 85 (P85/122, SM 5203; Lr II). Loomweight. Discoid; complete. H. 6.9; d. 7.3; th. 1.9; wt. 91 g. Top smoothed. Two holes; hole d. 0.9.

LW 91 (P86/11b, SM 6323; Lr I). Loomweight. Cuboid; ca. 90% preserved. H. 3.6; d. 4.0; th. 3.9; pres. wt. 85 g; wt. whole (est.) 94 g. Four holes; hole d. 0.4. LW 92 (P86/170, SM 6395; Lr I). Loomweight. Cuboid; complete. H. 4.7; d. 4.6; th. 4.5; wt. 156 g. Four holes; hole d. 0.5. Holes irregularly placed at one end. LW 93-PM 249 (P86/176, SM 6444; Lr I; Fig. 33; Pl. 32). Loomweight. Cuboid; chipped on one side, otherwise complete. H. 6.3; d. 6.2; th. 5.8; wt. 335 g. Four holes; hole d. 0.6. Holes irregularly placed at one end. PM: cross.

Pit I

House I.2 LW 94 (P86/274; Lr I; Pl. 34). Loomweight. Pyramidal; complete, mended from two pieces, abraded surface. H. 8.2; d. 5.1; th. 5.1; wt. 257 g. One hole; hole d. 0.6. LW 95 (P86/285; Lr I). Loomweight. Discoid; chipped, otherwise complete. H. 6.8; d. 5.7; th. 2.1; wt. 75 g. One hole; hole d. 1.0. LW 96 (P86/294, SM 7009; Lr I). Loomweight. Discoid; 95% preserved. H. 9.0; d. 10.0; th. 3.3; pres. wt. 251 g; wt. whole (est.) 264 g. One hole; hole d. 1.9. LW 97 (P89/602; Lr I; Fig. 40). Loomweight. Cuboid; complete. H. 5.5; d. 5.6; th. 5.6; wt. 304 g. Four holes; hole d. 0.5. LW 98 (P89/603; Lr I). Loomweight. Cuboid; complete. H. 7.0; d. 6.5; th. 4.9. Four holes. Not found in the Siteia Museum.

10

Stone Vases by Metaxia Tsipopoulou

In Sector I at Petras, 52 fragments of stone vases came to light, but no example was complete (Figs. 42–45; Pls. 35, 36). Of these fragments, 15 were not found in the Siteia Museum in 2012, when the drawings and photographs for this publication were done. However, the excavation catalogs/notebooks provide information about the shapes of six of them (SV 6 is an open vase fragment, SV 14 is a lid, SV 22 a pyxis lid, SV 42 and SV 46 are handles, and SV 51 is a lid). Only one stone vase fragment (SV 5) preserves a full profile, though the profile is restorable on a second example (SV 18). The material is serpentine in most cases, with three exceptions: two fragments (SV 30, SV 52) are made of alabaster and one (SV 31) is made of breccia. As for the distribution (Fig. 42), one fragment came from Room A, one from Room E, 10 from Room Λ, one from Room 1, three from Corridor B-Δ, one from Area Z, seven from Area Φ, two from Staircase Y, six from the West Courtyard, two from the Paved Road, seven from the SouthSoutheast Courtyard, one from Pit I, one from Area P, two from Area O, five from Area Σ, and

one from Area T. In Area Φ, a grinder (SV 20) was found among the stone vases; made of serpentine, it was used as a wedge to keep the drill straight inside the vase. This grinder, together with another, similar object (GS 181; see Dierckx, this vol., Ch. 11), suggest the possible production of stone vases in House I.2. One additional fragment came from the partially excavated House I.2, and a another was found in the Narrow Passage between Houses I.1 and I.2. Ten examples were surface finds: two in Room Λ, two in Area Φ, one in the surface levels of Areas Z, P, O, Σ, and T, and one in Staircase Y. From the upper floor deposit (Lr II) of the rooms with a second story, stone vase fragments came from Rooms A and E (one example each) and Λ (six examples). The three fragments from Corridor B-Δ probably fell from the upper floor above Rooms E and Λ. It is interesting that Lr IV of Area Φ, a MM IIA deposit, produced four fragments of stone vases. As for the chronological attribution, 18 of the stone vase fragments recovered in House I.1 were dated to the LM I period—that is, they belong to

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METAXIA TSIPOPOULOU

the same phase as the principal occupation of the House (SV 1–SV 5, SV 7, SV 10–SV 12, SV 27– SV 29, SV 32, SV 33–SV 35, SV 37, SV 39). To the MM II period belong six examples (SV 15, SV 18, SV 40, SV 41, SV 43, SV 44), and three further fragments are probably also MM II in date (SV 13, SV 17, SV 53). The fragments from Sector I include a rather limited variety of shapes: five examples belong to large basins with a rim diameter exceeding 30 cm (SV 4, SV 15, SV 27, SV 33, SV 34). Seven fragments belong to cylindrical jars (SV 1, SV 5, SV 7, SV 10, SV 12, SV 21, SV 35), the first of which is a large bucket jar. Most of these jars have a base diameter between 6 and 9 cm, and their rim diameter varies between 9 and 11 cm; jar SV 35 belongs to a larger vessel, with a base diameter of 12 cm. The four discoid lids (SV 11, SV 13, SV 51, SV 53) probably belong to similar vases; of them SV 13 preserves its pawn-shaped handle. Eight fragments belong to bowls, either with a curved or angular profile (SV 2, SV 18, SV 30, SV 40, SV 41, SV 43–SV 45). Bowl SV 18, the most complete of all of the examples, preserves a full profile and two crescent-shaped lugs on the rim. Base fragment SV 43 was probably of the same shape. One of the carinated bowls, SV 2, preserves part of a horizontal lug. Finally, there is an upper body fragment from an alabastron, SV 3, decorated with horizontal grooves. It should be noted that Sector I produced more stone vase fragments than other areas of the settlement, including the palace. Unfortunately, the very fragmentary preservation does not allow further discussion about their use. The Pre- and ProtoPalatial cemetery of Petras, currently under excavation, has already produced a significant number and variety of complete examples, made of different stones, suggesting that there probably was local production at Petras, at least in the earlier periods.

Catalog Room A SV 1 (P86/138, SM 7112; Lr II; Fig. 44). Cylindrical jar. Rim and upper body fragment. H. 5.6; w. 3.5; th.

2.6. Serpentine. Chipped exterior surface. LM I. Probably a bucket jar. Cf. Warren 1969, type 14, 34–35, 250, D 115, P 191–P 194.

Room E SV 2 (P85/86; Lr II; Fig. 43; Pl. 35). Bowl with carinated profile. Body and lug fragment. H. 5; w. 7; th. 1. Serpentine. Horizontal lug with elliptical section. LM I. Cf. Warren 1969, type 7, 20–21, 243, D 39, P 86.

Room Λ SV 3 (P86/54, SM 6364; Lr I; Fig. 44; Pl. 36). Alabastron. Upper body fragment. H. 3.5; w. 4; th. 1. Serpentine. Preserves vertical traces of the drill on the interior surface. Two horizontal plastic rings and two incisions. LM I. Cf. Warren 1969, type 1, 4–6, 241, D 3, P 6. SV 4 (P86/68; Lr I; Fig. 45; Pl. 36). Basin. Rim and body fragment, mended from many sherds with additional non-joining sherds. H. 14.2; rim d. ca. 23.4; w. 33.2; th. 1.73. Serpentine. Cracked surface. Flat, incurving rim of trapezoidal section. Two horizontal incisions on the middle of the body exterior. LM I. Cf. Warren 1969, type 2, 6–7. SV 5 (P86/359; Lr II; Fig. 44; Pl. 36). Cylindrical jar. Two non-joining fragments: (a) base and body; (b) rim and body. (a) H. 4.9; base d. 9; w. 6.8; th. 1. (b). H. 4.5; rim d. 11; w. 6.7; th. 0.8. Serpentine. LM I. Cf. Warren 1969, type 18, 41–42, 254, P 238. SV 6 (P86/379; Lr II). Open vase. Rim fragment. Not found in the Siteia Museum. SV 7 (P86/381; Lr II; Fig. 44; Pl. 36). Cylindrical jar. Base and lower body fragment. H. 5.4; base d. 9.1; w. 9.2; th. 0.96. Serpentine. Drill marks on the interior surface. LM I. Cf. Warren 1969, type 18, 41–42, 254, D 149, P 238. SV 8 (P86/496; Lr II). Stone vase. Fragment. Not found in the Siteia Museum. SV 9 (P86/630; Lr II). Stone vase. Fragment. Not found in the Siteia Museum. SV 10 (P86/650; Lr II; Fig. 44). Cylindrical jar. Rim and upper body fragment. H. 2.5; w. 11.2; th. 0.6. Serpentine. LM I. Cf. Warren 1969, type 18, 41–42, D 149, P 245. SV 11 (P86/401a, SM 6432; Lr III). Lid. Fragment. 13 x 7.5 x 1.9. Serpentine. It preserves the edge of the rim with a beveled surface, 1.6 cm thick, with traces of the drill. It probably belongs with SV 17. LM I. Cf. Warren 1969, type 27, 68–71, D 191, P 350.

STONE VASES

SV 12 (P86/434, SM 6445; Lr III; Fig. 44; Pl. 36). Cylindrical jar. Base and lower body fragment. H. 5.3; base d. ca. 6; w. 7.6; th. 0.69. Serpentine. Vertically broken. LM I. Cf. Warren 1969, type 18, 41–42, 254, D 149, P 245.

Room 1 SV 13 (P89/68; Lr II; Fig. 44; Pl. 36). Pyxis lid. Fragment, preserving the edge. H. 0.93; d. ca. 5; th. 0.95. Serpentine. Discoid with an incut. MM II? Cf. Warren 1969, type 27, 68–71, 259, probably D 186.

Corridor B-Δ SV 14 (P85/90a; Lr II). Lid. Not found in the Siteia Museum. SV 15 (P85/147, SM 6037; Lr II; Fig. 45). Basin. Two body fragments. H. 2.5; w. 2.7; th. 1.5. Serpentine. MM II? Cf. Warren 1969, type 32, 78–80, 264, D 245. SV 16 (P85/227; Lr II). Bowl. Two body fragments. 3 x 2.4 x 1. Serpentine.

Area Z SV 17 (P85/32, SM 5638; Lr I). Lid. Fragment preserving a horizontal basket handle of circular section. 5.5 x 4.7 x 1. Serpentine. Possibly belongs with SV 11. MM II? Cf. Warren 1969, type 27, 68–71, 259, D 191, P 350.

Area Φ SV 18 (P86/250b, SM 6446; Lr I; Fig. 43; Pl. 35). Bowl. Rim, body, and base fragment. H. 5.6; rim d. ca. 12; base d. 5.8; w. 11.2; th. 0.62. Serpentine. Mended from two fragments. Preserves one lug and part of a second. Horizontal, crescent-shaped lugs on the rim (originally four). MM II. Cf. Warren 1969, type 10, 27– 31, 248, D 102, P 151. SV 19 (P86/256; Lr I). Stone vase. Fragment. Not found in the Siteia Museum. SV 20 (P89/460; Lr IV). Grinder used as a wedge to keep the drill straight inside the vase. Fragment. 4 x 8.1 x 5.7. Serpentine. Conoid shape with various smooth surfaces. Almost triangular in section. Cf. Warren 1969, 159, fig. 5.

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SV 21 (P90/662; Lr IV; Fig. 44). Cylindrical jar. Two body fragments. H. 6.2; w. 5; th. 0.6. Serpentine. SV 22 (P90/791; Lr IV). Pyxis lid. Fragment. Not found in the Siteia Museum. SV 23 (P90/1139; Lr IV). Stone vase. Fragment. Not found in the Siteia Museum. SV 24 (P90/1356; Lr IV). Stone vase. Fragment. Not found in the Siteia Museum.

Staircase Y SV 25 (P86/3, SM 6330; Lr I). Bird’s-nest bowl. Body fragment. 2 x 2 x 1. Serpentine. Curved profile. SV 26 (P89/434; Lr IV; Fig. 44; Pl. 36). Pyxis lid. Fragment from the center, including the handle. H. 2.6; w. 5.7; th. 0.7. Serpentine. MM II. Cf. Warren 1969, 259, D 185, P 262.

West Courtyard SV 27 (P88/599; Lr I; Fig. 45; Pl. 36). Basin. Small rim and upper body fragment. Pres. h. 4.4; rim d. ca. 22.5; w. 8.23; th. 0.7. Serpentine. Two shallow horizontal incisions under the rim on the exterior surface. LM I. Cf. Warren 1969, type 32, 78–80, 263, D 242, P 443. SV 28 (P88/635; Lr I). Stone vase. Fragment. Not found in the Siteia Museum. SV 29 (P89/13; Lr I; Fig. 43). Bird’s-nest bowl. Body fragment. H. 4.9; w. 3.5; th. 1.2. Serpentine. Slightly curved profile. LM I. Possibly cf. Warren 1969, type 3, 7–11, 241, D 11, P 28. SV 30 (P89/34; Lr I; Fig. 43; Pl. 35). Bowl. Lower body fragment. H. 3.3; w. 4.3; th. 1.7. Alabaster. LM I. Cf. Warren 1969, type 32, 78–80, 263, D 243, P 443. SV 31 (P89/280; Lr II; Fig. 43; Pl. 35). Bowl. Body fragment. H. 3.3; w. 2.4; th. 0.98. Breccia. Cf. Warren 1969, type 31, 76–78, P 428. SV 32 (P89/1097; ramp; Fig. 43). Cup/bowl. Body fragment. H. 3; w. 2.4; th. 0.5. Serpentine. Slightly curved profile. LM I? Cf. Warren 1969, type 31, 76–78, D 236.

Paved Road SV 33 (P89/402; Lr II; Fig. 45). Basin. Rim and upper body fragment. H. 9.7; rim d. ca. 28; w. 8.3; th. 1.9. Serpentine. Body with curved profile. Rim with

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elliptical section. LM I. Cf. Warren 1969, type 32, 78– 80, 264, D 245, P 443. SV 34 (P90/772; Lr II). Basin. Base and lower body fragment. Pres. h. 3.6; base d. 16.5; th. 1.3. Serpentine. Flat base. Vertical body. LM I. Cf. SV 33.

South-Southeast Courtyard SV 35 (P89/638; Lr I; Fig. 44). Cylindrical jar. Base and lower body fragment. H. 4.6; base d. 12; w. 5.2; th. 0.93. Serpentine. LM I. Cf. Warren 1969, type 20, 44– 45, 255, D 154. SV 36 (P90/5; Lr I). Bird’s-nest bowl. Body fragment of curved profile. 2.3 x 1 x 0.2. Chlorite. SV 37 (P90/35; Lr I; Fig. 44). Pyxis. Upper body fragment. H. 3.9; w. 3.3; th. 1.2. Serpentine. Horizontal drill marks. LM I. Cf. Warren 1969, type 8, 21–25, 245, D 74. SV 38 (P90/36; Lr I). Small open vase. Rim fragment. 1.8 x 3.1 x 0.9. Serpentine. Incurving rim of round section. It preserves the start of a spout or a lug/ handle. LM I? SV 39 (P90/292; Lr I; Fig. 45). Basin. Rim and upper body fragment. H. 3.6; w. 4.2; th. 1.3. Serpentine. Body with curved profile. Flat rim of trapezoidal section. LM I. Cf. Warren 1969, type 32, 78–80, 264, D 245, P 449. SV 40 (P90/303; Lr I; Fig. 43; Pl. 35). Bowl with everted rim. Rim and upper body fragment. H. 2.5; w. 4.2; th. 0.98. MM II. Cf. Warren 1969, type 8, 21–25, D 70. SV 41 (P90/418; Lr I; Fig. 43). Bird’s-nest bowl. Base and body fragment. H. 3.2; w. 3.2; th. 1.73. Serpentine. Curved body profile. MM II. Cf. Warren 1969, type 3, 241, D 5.

Area O SV 44 (P86/523; Lr I). Bowl. Base and body fragment. H. 3.1; base d. 5.8; max. d. 7.8. Serpentine. Torus base. Semiglobular body. MM II. Cf. SV 43. SV 45 (P86/242, SM 7126; Lr II; Fig. 43). Bowl with carinated profile. Two joining body fragments and a third non-joining fragment. Max. pres. h. 5.9; w. 8.1; th. 1.2. Sepentine. Almost cylindrical body forming a carination at the upper part. MM II. Cf. Warren 1969, type 8, 19, P 73, P 77.

North-Northwest of House I.1 (Area Σ) SV 46 (P90/7; Lr I). Handle. Not found in the Siteia Museum. SV 47 (P90/413; Lr III). Stone vase. Fragment. Not found in the Siteia Museum. SV 48 (P90/588; Lr III). Stone vase. Fragment. Not found in the Siteia Museum. SV 49 (P90/1227; Lr III). Cylindrical jar. Body fragment. 1.5 x 1.5 x 1. Serpentine. Cylindrical body. Drill marks on one surface. Cf. SV 5. SV 50 (P90/1319; Lr III). Stone vase. Fragment. Not found in the Siteia Museum.

North-Northwest of House I.1 (Area T) SV 51 (P86/963; Lr I). Lid. Not found in the Siteia Museum.

House I.2 Pit I SV 42 (P85/201; Lr II). Handle. Not found in the Siteia Museum.

Area P SV 43 (P88/427; Surface cleaning; Fig. 43; Pl. 35). Bowl. Most of the base and small part of the body. H. 2.3; base d. 7.3; w. 8; th. 0.9. Serpentine. Raised base. The preserved part of the body is conical. MM II. Cf. SV 18; also Warren 1969, type 10, 27–31, 248, D 102, P 151.

SV 52 (P86/321, SM 6782; Lr II). Bowl. Rim and body fragment. 3.8 x 2.9 x 1.1. Alabaster. Thin vertical rim. Globular body. Possibly belongs with SV 30. Cf. SV 18.

Narrow Passage between House I.1 and I.2 SV 53 (P86/825; Lr II; Fig. 44). Pyxis lid. One-third preserved, including the edge. H. 1.2; rim d. ca. 11; w. 10.5; th. 1.1. Serpentine. Flat, discoid body. Rim with an incut to fit the mouth of the vase. Drill marks on the interior surface. MM II? Cf. Warren 1969, type 27, 68– 71, 259, probably D 186.

11

Ground Stone Implements by Heidi M.C. Dierckx

Introduction and Methodology The ground stone implements from House I.1 at Petras provide a valuable and significant assemblage from a domestic building (Figs. 46–51; Pls. 37–47). With the exception of pottery, they constitute the highest percentage of the total material remains found. An examination of their distribution within and around the house sheds additional light as to the function of certain spaces and rooms in the building. The stone implements from this multi-roomed structure consist of 382 tools, which were distributed throughout four superimposed contexts: a surface, a destruction and Neopalatial floor level, as well as subfloor deposits, Protopalatial in date. Many of the terms used here in describing the ground stone implements (e.g., size, preservation, physical characteristics, or manufacturing techniques) have been adopted from Blitzer’s catalog of ground stone implements from Kommos (see Blitzer 1995, 416–417, 422–425, for terms and definitions). The ground stone implements in the

following catalog are organized by building and context, and they are described as follows: Catalog number (excavation no.; context; figure and/or plate nos.). Interpretation. Size, shape, preservation. Dimensions (in cm); weight (in g). Raw material, color. Wear marks. Type. Blitzer type.

Typology of the Ground Stone Implements The typology of the ground stone implements is largely based, with a few exceptions, on Blitzer’s Kom­ mos ground stone typology (Blitzer 1995, 403–487). The two central attributes underlying the typology of the ground stone implements from Petras are, most importantly, the wear marks (e.g., pecking, abrading, flaking, grooves) and/or the shape and size of the tools; these factors may aid in determining a possible functional interpretation of the tool. Raw material may form a secondary

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variable, creating subdivisions within the main types. The following list of the primary ground stone tool types from Petras includes the interpretative functions of the tools (listed either as the identification or in brackets), as well as the equivalent tool types found at Kommos (Blitzer 1995, 425–487). Kommos provides the best up-to-date, complete account for ground stone implements, hence this site is used as the primary reference for parallels to the Petras material. The typology of the ground stone implements is based on the one created from the settlement of Vronda (Day, Klein, and Turner 2009, 9–10; Dierckx 2016; note the absence from the list of Type 13, which is not found at Petras). In the catalog, for the most part, the parallels from Kommos cited for the Petras ground stone tools are clear and follow the list below. In some cases however, such as Petras Type 12, there are no exact parallels at Kommos, because the type consists of any combination of Blitzer types 2, 7, 9, and 10, and therefore a Kommos parallel has been omitted. In two rare instances (GS 307, GS 328) while I added the tool to a Petras type, the Kommos parallel is different from the common parallels listed. Other relevant bibliographic references to ground stone tools come from the Unexplored Mansion at Knossos, Pseira, and Mochlos (Evely 1984 [Knossos]; Dierckx 1992, 2005 [Pseira]; Carter 2004 [Mochlos]). Type 1 Implements with pecked or battered ends/circumference, “pounders” or “hammer stones” (Fig. 46; Blitzer type 1; Dierckx 2016, type 1) Type 2

Implements with pecked-ground marks, occasionally with abraded or polished faces, “pounder/pestle (abrader/ polisher)” (Fig. 46; Blitzer type 9; Dierckx 2016, type 2)

Type 3 Implements with pecked ends/ circumference and abraded faces, “pounder-abraders” (Fig. 46; Blitzer types 2, 7; Dierckx 2016, type 3) Type 4

Implements with flaked end, “choppers or hammers” (Fig. 46; Blitzer type 10; Dierckx 2016, type 4)

Type 5 Implements with pecked and abraded facets, “faceted” (Fig. 49; Blitzer type 6; Dierckx 2016, type 5)

Type 6

Implements with abraded faces, “grinders” (Fig. 47; Blitzer types 2, 7; Dierckx 2016, type 6)

Type 7 Implements with one or two abraded faces, “whetstones” (Fig. 47; Blitzer type 5; Dierckx 2016, type 7) Type 8 Implements from pumice stone, “abrader/polishers” (Blitzer 1995, 509– 510; Dierckx 2016, type 8) Type 9

Implements with polished faces, “polishers” (Fig. 48; Blitzer types 2, 16A– C; Dierckx 2016, type 9)

Type 10 Pestles (Fig. 48; Blitzer type 16B; Dierckx 2016, type 10) Type 11 Balance weights (Fig. 49; Blitzer type 4; Dierckx 2016, type 11) Type 12 Composite implements (Blitzer types 2, 7, 9, 10; Dierckx 2016, type 12) Type 14 Weights (Fig. 49; Blitzer type 12; Dierckx 2016, type 14) Type 15 Querns (Blitzer type 17; Dierckx 2016, type 15) Type 16 Mortars (Fig. 48; Blitzer type 18; Dierckx 2016, type 16)

Description of the Ground Stone Implements Most of the ground stone implements were multi-functional, the largest number being pounders, pounder-abraders, and abraders/grinders (Types 1, 3, and 6 [Figs. 46, 47], each representing an average of 15% of the total assemblage). These could be used for various purposes, both domestic as well as manufacturing activities. There are also more specialized tools, identified by shape, size, raw material, and specific wear marks. Excluding the stationary implements (i.e., querns, gournes and/or mortars, and the wine press), the hand tools consist of a variety of types. These include: (a) faceted pounders and hammers— pounders with heavy pecking/battered ends and/ or flaked ends (Types 4 and 5; Figs. 46, 49); (b)

GROUND STONE IMPLEMENTS

whetstones, primarily comprised of quartzite cobbles of oblong and rectangular shape with a flat section and one or two abraded smooth faces (Type 7; Fig. 47); (c) pounder/pestles (Types 2 and 10; Figs. 46, 48), which occur in a range of shapes and are distinguished from the other types by peckedground ends—as if the pecking action was combined with an abrading motion; (d) polishers with one or more polished faces, sometimes with striations visible from use (Type 9; Fig. 48); (e) drill wedges, which are faceted tools with an additional drill or gouge mark or “drag” across one surface (Blitzer 1995, 448), indicating a combined function of hand tool and wedging stone or drill holder (Type 5; Fig. 49). Other specialized tools consist of weights (Type 14; Fig. 49), pumice-abraders (Type 8), possible balance weights (Type 11 [Fig. 49]; see discussion below), combination tools (Type 12), and some unique sharp-edged tools that have been identified as two chisels (GS 83, GS 315) and a knife (GS 111). Thirteen objects made from stone pebbles have been identified as possible balance weights, and they represent a little studied category of stone tools. This tool type is distinguished by its sub-cuboid and sub-spherical shape. The entire surface of the tool is pecked or pecked-ground, causing its regular appearance. These objects are spherical in shape with flattened faces (though not well defined in most cases), giving the tools a regular and faceted appearance, and sometimes even a sub-cuboid form. Their size varies between 6.8 to 4.8 cm in maximum dimension. It seems as if these tools were deliberately shaped for a specific purpose, possibly as “balance weights.” Of the 13 tools, the weights and values of nine complete examples are given in Table 11. All are closely divisible by the claimed Minoan units of either 60/61 g or 65.5 g for the value of X and they are within the variations suggested by Alberti, or 36.6 g, for the values of f, the latter considered a weight measure for textiles (Parise 1987; Michailidou 1990a; Petruso 1992; Alberti 1999). Alberti states that “there may have been a strong and weak variant to the Minoan system between 67–70 g and 58–62 g,” but her basis of measurement is 65.2 g (Alberti 1995, 19–20; 1999, 342). The existence of stone weights of discoid, cuboid, or sphenoid shape reinforces the suggestion of the use of regular-shaped stones, such as those

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belonging to this tool type, as balance weights. Michailidou also suggested that some of the more regular stone implements were used as weights. She further states (Michailidou 1990a, 412–413, 417) that in Crete “the use of stone is more available than lead,” and Hafford notes that “stone weights occur in the Aegean but are not often recognized or reported” (Hafford 2001, 138; see also Blitzer 1995, 440). In a more recent article, Michailidou identifies specific stone shapes that she considered weights based on shape and context; however, she cautions against identifying spherical stones, disks without marks, or cones as balance weights unless a context with associated secure weights can be demonstrated (Michailidou 2006). Further study is needed to examine fully the possible identification of these worked stones as balance weights. For the present, it seems plausible to regard the examples from Petras House I.1 as possible “balance weights.” It must be noted that five complete examples were found in one context associated with weaving activities, Rooms E and Λ. Three of these (GS 33, GS 51, GS 54) had increment values of f ( f = 9, 7, 6, respectively), which could constitute a set as weights for textiles. One of these (GS 33) had four grooves and two dots on the surface; if these marks are to be interpreted as 24, the unit is 13.75, which is an Egyptian one (M. Alberti, pers. comm.). More convincing are the series X (X = 3, 4, 5, 6) and P (P = 10, 12, 13?), the latter a Mycenaean value. Of significance also is a small cobble with one groove on the surface (GS 142) from Area Φ, which has a value of 2y, claimed as a measurement for wool (Alberti 1999). Of the stationary implements, the most noteworthy are the gournes (Type 16), which are made in a variety of shapes. At Petras, in addition to small circular mortars (GS 198, GS 376), four larger shapes are represented: tall and circular with a deep conical abraded depression (GS 347); two circular medium-sized vats with conical abraded interior (GS 27, GS 194); a flat rectangular shape with a very shallow depression (GS 201); and two square vats with fairly deep abraded depressions (GS 106, GS 200). The differences in shape might suggest different uses for the gournes. The tall gourna could have been used as a mortar for pounding grains, probably with a long wooden pestle, while the shallow rectangular variety could

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have been used for pounding other ingredients. The deeper square and circular varieties could have held liquid or other provisions. Considering that weaving took place in House I, it is possible that these gournes were used to grind dyes, or as vats to dye cloth, and/or serve as troughs for animals. Except for two examples (in Room E, GS 27, and Room Π, GS 106), the other gournes and mortars came from open sheltered and outdoor areas (Area Σ, Area T, West Courtyard, and Area 3) where activities such as those mentioned above would undoubtedly have taken place. Triangular Area 3, in particular, contained two gournes and a small mortar (GS 198, GS 200, GS 201), and was perhaps used as a storage shed for such items. The most impressive and largest of the stationary implements was a wine press found in Room A (GS 9). Made of sandy limestone, it consists of a deep circular lekane or vat with a spout at its base. Two pithoi were sunk in front of it to collect the liquid (Tsipopoulou 1990a, 316). The wine press was chiseled to shape and displayed peck marks on the interior surface. It is hard to know whether the pecked surface in the interior is a result of shaping the interior after having been chiseled or, although unlikely, if it represents wear formed as a result of the grape crushing action. Only one other stone example exists and comes from Knossos (Kopaka and Platon 1993, 44), whereas several clay lekanes of similar shape have been excavated throughout Crete (for a list, see Kopaka and Platon 1993; Hamilakis 1996, table 3). While these clay tubs have been variously interpreted, either as oil separators or wine presses, Hamilakis believes that their role as wine presses is most likely (Hamilakis 1996, 14–19).

Distribution of the Ground Stone Tools within House I.1 Petras House I.1 can be divided into these separate broad areas of function. The main central roofed area of the house consists of Rooms A, E, Λ, M, Π, Ξ, 1, and 2, and includes two pits, Pit Θ and Pit I. Open, sheltered areas include Corridor B-Δ, Staircase H, Area Z, Staircase Y, Area P, and Area 3, while outdoor areas comprise the

South-Southeast Courtyard, West Courtyard, and Areas O, Φ, Σ, and T. The majority of the ground stone tools were found in the outdoor areas to the north and northwest of the house (Area Σ, Area T, Area Φ, and the West Courtyard). Of the rooms/ areas belonging to the main section of the house, Room A, Room M, Corridor B-Δ, Room E, Room Λ, Pit Θ, Pit I, and Room Ξ are of significance due to their association with one another, and they have been identified as having a specific function according to the various artifacts found within (see Tsipopoulou, Ch. 1, this volume). A description of the ground stone implements from each of these rooms/areas follows (Table 12). A wine press (GS 9) was found in Room A, which suggests the existence of a wine-press installation associated with Room M. This activity appears to have been restricted to the two spaces accessible from outside. The ground stone tools from both rooms have therefore been added together because of the rooms’ association. A total of 24 tools (17 from Room A [GS 1–GS 17] and seven from Room M [GS 18–GS 24]) were recovered. One example, GS 18, came from the surface level (Lr I). Pounders and pounder-abraders, together with a limited number of pestles, appear to dominate. The assemblage also included one hammer (GS 15), one quern fragment (GS 5), one abrader (GS 12, identified as a grinder), one stone disk (GS 4), two whetstones (GS 17, GS 19), two polishers (GS 16, GS 24), and a possible balance weight (GS 7). It is difficult to determine the use of the tools in the context of wine production since they are of multi-functional types. The presence of a quern and various pounders and pestles perhaps suggest the crushing of the last dredges of grapes for use as a coloring agent in cloth dyeing. The stone tools from Corridor B-Δ (GS 120– GS 125) and Room E (GS 25–GS 41) belong to a destruction level interpreted as coming from the upper floor context above the rooms. With the exception of the four tools from the surface layer (GS 25–GS 27, GS 120), including a half-preserved gourna (GS 27), the remaining 19 tools (GS 28– GS 41, GS 121–GS 125) consist of four weights (GS 34, GS 35, GS 41, GS 122), three possible balance weights (GS 31, GS 33, GS 40), five abraders (GS 28, GS 30, GS 36–GS 38, GS 124), including one from pumice stone, three pounders,

GROUND STONE IMPLEMENTS

two pounder-abraders, and two possible tools. Of interest are the abrading tools, weights, and possible balance weights, all of which could be connected with the weaving activities that occurred on the upper floor. Therefore, these tools should be examined in connection with the tools from the upper story of Rooms Λ and E and discussed as a whole. Room Λ, specifically from the upper story, provided, in addition to a large concentration of loomweights, a large quantity of tools (a total of 44 pieces [GS 42–GS 85], eight of which came from the surface). A variety of tools is represented in this assemblage. The tools are of similar types as those found in Corridor B-Δ and Room E, with which they are associated, and they consist mostly of pounders, pestles, abraders (including a pumice stone), pounder-abraders, polishers, possible balance weights, and one weight. Of significance are seven possible balance weights (over half of the total from the house), which are quite regular in shape, size, and weight. Their presence in a weaving workplace is not unexpected, especially if their weights are indicative of textile weights (see below). As for the other tools, including the gourna (GS 27), as mentioned above, their use in connection with weaving activities is interesting and sheds some light on the functions of stone tools other than for food preparation activities. The tools from Pit Θ and Pit I are also of interest. Forty-two tools were found in Pit Θ (GS 224–GS 265) and five tools in Pit I (GS 266–GS 270), of which three came from the surface layer. The tools were of various types; pounders and pounder-abraders were the most common, but they also included pestles, abraders, whetstones, a few weights and balance weights, two flakes, as well as one each of the following: a quern, mortar, drill wedge, and polisher. Less than half were fragmentary or half-extant, the rest were completely preserved, including the mortar and the quern. In such a context, one would expect the majority of the tools to be broken and hence no longer usable. However, this does not appear to be the case, and the presence of over half of the tools, which were complete but used, as well as several complete possible tools without any visible use wear, would suggest a deliberate deposition of the material. This may also account for the fragmentary state of the pottery found in the same context.

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Except for quantity (Pit Θ contains 89% of the total assemblage), there is no significant difference in the types of tools represented in both contexts. This may suggest that Pit Θ was filled up first followed by the filling of Pit I. Another space with a relatively large amount of tools is Room Ξ, the kitchen, with a total of 19 implements (GS 86–GS 104). One would expect to find a good amount of tools in such a context, especially all-purpose tools like pounders and pounderabraders, which in fact formed the majority of the implements from this room. Several pounderabraders, as well as a quern and pumice-abrader, were found in the floor level. The tools are consistent with those found in kitchen areas in general at other sites (pers. obs. from other unpublished sites). Room Π, Room 1, and Room 2 may have been used as storage areas based on their location near the open areas. In addition to a few common tool types, a unique tool identified as a knife, GS 111, was found in Room 1. The majority of the tools, a total of 175 pieces, however, came from the open, sometimes sheltered, areas to the northwest and north of the house, in the South-Southeast Courtyard, West Courtyard, as well as Area Σ, Area T, and Area Φ; these are considered to have been outdoor working areas, spaces where one would expect most of the industrial and domestic activities to have taken place. This is confirmed by the relatively large amounts of querns, gournes and/or mortars, as well as specialized tools found alongside the usual types such as pounders and pounder-abraders. Specialized tools consisted of hammers (Type 4; Fig. 46), pestles (Types 2 and 10; Figs. 46, 48), faceted pounders, including two drill wedges (Type 5; Fig. 49), and composite tools (Type 12: whetstone-pestle; hammer-whetstone; pounder/ pestle-abrader; pounder/pestle-whetstone). There were also a large number of abraders, including some with plaster remains still on the surface (plastering tools: GS 288, GS 307, GS 377), as well as whetstones (Type 7; Fig. 47) and polishers (Type 9; Fig. 48). Unique is an implement that has been identified as a chisel-like tool (GS 315), which displays sharp edges. Based on the assemblage of tools, the openair and sheltered open spaces indicate more taskspecific or active working areas. Household activities such as food preparation, the sharpening

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of tools, obsidian knapping (based on debitage products; see D’Annibale, this vol., Ch. 12), as well as activities related to construction and repair (hammers, plastering tools), the limited manufacture of stone vases (based on the presence of stone vase frag­ments and drill wedges, see Tsipopoulou, this vol., Ch. 10), and cloth dying (based on the occurrence of loomweights and gournes, see Cutler, this vol., Ch. 9) took place. It is apparent that the specialized and domestic activities associated with House I.1 were carried out mostly in the exterior areas of the house or, less often, within the central rooms that were easily accessible from the outside. Based on the relatively low quantity of debitage products associated with obsidian blade production and stone vase manufacturing, it is clear that several areas were used for more than one activity and that any products obtained from those activities were for use by the household only.

Geology and Raw Materials Crete has a rather complicated geology, since five tectonic nappes (i.e., the Tripali Unit, PhylliteQuartzite Series, Tripolitza Zone, Pindos Zone, and Arvi Ophiolite Unit) have been superimposed on the basement consisting of the Talea OriPlattenkalk Unit (e.g., Seidel et al. 1981; Seidel, Kreuzer, and Harre 1982; Fassoulas, Kilias, and Mountrakis 1994). The geological structure of eastern Crete in the area of the Siteia Bay is dominated primarily by rock formations belonging to the Phyllite/Quartzite Series, which consists of various phyllites, mainly of purple hue, alternating with intercalations of quartzite, marble or crystallized limestones, schist, and meta-volcanic rocks, such as meta-andesite and meta-basalt, as well as minor limestone, gypsum, and volcanic rocks (andesite; C. Fassoulas, pers. comm.; see also Papastamatiou 1959; Seidel, Kreuzer, and Harre 1982; Theye, Seidel, and Vidal 1992; Zulauf et al. 2002). Andesite can be found in a large outcrop within the Phyllite-Quartzite Series near Siteia, in the vicinity of the newly excavated Minoan site of Papadiokampos, and smaller outcrops are recorded near Petras (Seidel, Kreuzer, and Harre 1982; pers. obs.). Therefore, due to

erosion and stream transportation, it is not unusual to find quartzite, marble, conglomerates, and volcanic, especially andesite, cobbles/boulders along the beaches in this region (pers. obs.). These materials would have been readily available to the people inhabiting Petras, and they quickly realized the functional qualities of these rocks as stone implements. Farther to the east and south, the Tripolitza nappe dominates the area, and it consists of limestones and dolomites. Marine formations of Miocene sandstones and conglomerates are exposed as a result of erosion along the eastern coastal areas. Of significance is the occurrence of quarries of calcareous sandstone, also known as ammoudhopetra. Two quarries of note located near the site of Petras are Ta Skaria, near Palaikastro, and Pelekita, near Kato Zakros (Papastamatiou 1959; Soles 1983). This sedimentary rock was used by the Minoans as a building material as well as for large implements. Basalt and diabase, from which a few implements were made at Petras, comprise typical members of an ophiolite suite. The Arvi Unit comprises the Uppermost nappe, which contains dismembered ophiolitic rocks, along with an ophiolitic mélange and relics of subophiolitic metamorphic sole. The ophiolite comprises oceanic pillow basalts, gabbros, peridotites, deepwater limestones, and cherts, thrusted on the Miamou formation. The Miamou formation comprises a multicolored, tectonized, chaotic sequence and includes fragments of basalts in varying sizes and shapes (frequently pillow lavas), diabases, serpentinites, amphibolites, limestones, and cherts (mostly radiolarites) surrounded by an intensively tectonized, clayey to pelitic material (Seidel et al. 1976; Bonneau 1984; Thomson, Stoeckhert, and Brix 1998). The most extensive ophiolite outcrops are present in Central Crete, about 45–50 km west of the Mirabello Bay region and the area west of Ierapetra and Chryssi Island (Papastamatiou 1959; Seidel et al. 1981; Koepke, Kreuzer, and Seidel 1985; F. McCoy, pers. comm.). However, another ophiolite outcrop may once have been present in close proximity to the Mirabello Bay area, resulting in the abundance of these rocks, along with various schists, quartzites, and limestones, in the Miocene conglomerate and on beaches or in dry riverbeds located not far from Pseira (Dierckx and Tsikouras 2007). There are several types of raw materials used in the production of stone implements at Petras

GROUND STONE IMPLEMENTS

(Table 13). These consist predominantly of crystalline limestone and quartzite (83.3%); others include calcareous sandstone and andesite (5% and 4.7%, respectively), and a few pieces of diabase, basalt, schist, conglomerate, and pumice (a total of 7%). Limestone is a sedimentary rock largely of calcite formed by inorganic processes (it must be clarified that the term “limestone” is used here in order to avoid confusion; geologists refer to recrystallized limestone as “marble,” and in archaeological literature, the term “marble” has not been used in reference to ground stone implements, only stone vases). The tools of limestone from Petras are made from metamorphosed or recrystallized limestone, gray in color. Quartzite (few of the implements could be classified as being quartz sandstones subjected to low-grade metamorphism) is a hard metamorphic rock (hardness at around 7 in the Mohs scale) most often formed from quartz sandstone and subjected to low- to medium-grade metamorphism. It is non-foliated. The quartzite from Petras varies in color from gray, greenish gray to olive gray, grayish brown to brownish gray, weak red, and white. Limestone and quartzite cobbles were used for most hand tools, though limestone was preferred exclusively for weights. Although it was used for many types of tools, quartzite, because of its hardness, graininess, and abrasive qualities, was exclusively used for querns (Type 15) and pounder/pestles (Type 2; Fig. 46) and also for most whetstones (Type 7; Fig. 47). The variety of sandstone, a sedimentary rock formed by the diagenesis (compaction and cementation) of individual grains of sand (1/16–2 mm), ranging from very fine to medium grained and dense in texture, represented at Petras is calcareous sandstone (also known as ammoudhopetra), which sometimes contains shell inclusions. The color of sandstone is very pale brown to yellow. It was used for gournes, large basins and/or mortars, distinguished by their size. This sandstone was rather soft and could easily be carved into a desirable shape without much labor. This rock was also commonly used to make ashlar blocks for palatial residences, and it was quarried near the palaces (Soles 1983). In fact, some of the gournes bear evidence of being made from such rectangular ashlar blocks (either intended to be used or else used and later discarded). On the exterior of some of the

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gournes, the straight and chiseled side of a block is still visible. Gournes typically were pecked and flaked to the desired shape; the creation of a more rounded form and a regular, smoother surface was not really necessary, considering their function. One exception is the wine press found in Room A, a more specialized implement that was entirely chiseled to shape. Almost 7% of the raw materials used for stone implements at Petras were made of igneous pebbles and cobbles. Andesite was most commonly used, probably because of its availability near the site. Although basalt and diabase are more commonly found and used on Bronze Age sites west of Siteia, the scarcity of their use as tools likely suggests a local provenience rather than somewhere as far west and south as the Mirabello Bay or west of Ierapetra. The tools from these igneous pebbles and cobbles are limited to pounder/pestles (Types 2 and 10; Figs. 46, 48), faceted tools and/or drill wedges (Type 5; Fig. 49), polishers (Type 9; Fig. 48), and possible balance weights (Type 11; Fig. 49), with two rare examples as pounder-abraders (Type 3; Fig. 46).

Catalog Room A GS 1 (P85/170, SM 5235; Lr II). Pounder. Cobble, rounded, complete. L. 10.3; w. 9.4; th. 4.7; wt. 600 g. Crystalline limestone, white, with weak red patches. Pecked-battered-flaked, bifacial circumference. Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 2 (P85/186, SM 5247; Lr II). Pounder. Cobble, rounded, incomplete. Pres. L. 7.1; pres. w. 4.1; pres. th. 5; pres. wt. 250 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked circumference, especially ends and center of one face; other face encrusted. Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 3 (P85/612; Lr II). Pounder-abrader. Cobble, rectangular with rounded edges, fragment. Pres. L. 15.2; pres. w. 12; pres. th. 2.7; pres. wt. 950 g. Quartzite, grayish brown. Pecked on two ends, one broken; one face abraded. Type 3. Blitzer type 7. GS 4 (P86/139, SM 6354; Lr II; Pl. 37). Stone disk. Cobble, round-flat, incomplete. Pres. L. 16.5; pres. w. 10; pres. th. 4; pres. wt. 1,250 g. Quartzite, brownish gray. Abraded edge to shape; pecked upper surface. Blitzer type 15.

196

HEIDI M.C. DIERCKX

GS 5 (P86/146, SM 6392; Lr II; Pl. 37). Quern. Boulder, ovoid, incomplete. pres. L. 19; pres. w. 14.5; pres. th. 4; pres. wt. 2,000 g. Quartzite, dark gray. Peckedabraded surface, concave. Type 15. Blitzer type 17. GS 6 (P86/166, SM 6389; Lr II; Pl. 37). Pounder. Cobble, triangular-rounded, complete. L. 11; w. 9.9; th. 7.0; wt. 1,120 g. Quartzite, light gray. Ends pecked heavily. Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 7 (P86/169, SM 6388; Lr II; Fig. 49; Pl. 37). Balance weight? Pebble, squarish, complete. L. 5.6; w. 4.9; th. 4.3; wt. 185 g. Andesite, greenish gray. Pecked circumference; abraded on two faces. Type 11. Blitzer type 4? GS 8 (P86/173, SM 6385; Lr II; Pl. 37). Pounderabrader. Cobble, oblong, intact. Pres. L. 14.0; pres. w. 7.9; pres. th. 6.6; pres. wt. 1,010 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Ends pecked, one end broken; center of margins and one face pecked; one face abraded (same). Type 3. Blitzer type 7. GS 9 (P85/582, SM 12068; Lr III; Fig. 51; Pl. 47). Wine press. Complete. Circular slab with rectangular spout and flat rim. D. 70.0; h. 48; depression d. 58; depth 28; rim w. 7; spout 24 x 25 x 28; rim w. 6.5. Sandy limestone, very pale brown. Pecked interior base; shaped by chisel on interior and exterior. GS 10 (P85/601; Lr III; Pl. 37). Pounder. Cobble, oblong, complete. L. 9; w. 7.7; th. 6.2; wt. 650 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked ends. Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 11 (P86/182, SM 7154; Lr III; Pl. 37). Pestlepounder. Cobble, oblong, incomplete. Pres. L. 9.1; pres. w. 9.5; pres. th. 6.4; wt. 760 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked-abraded-chipped one end; broken one end; pecked center of preserved margin. Type 10. GS 12 (P86/183, SM 7153; Lr III). Abrader-grinder, fragment. Slab. Pres. L. 7.3; pres. w. 8.6; pres. th. 7.5; wt. 580 g. Conglomerate, sub-rounded, well sorted. Two faces abraded. Type 6. GS 13 (P86/184, SM 6475; Lr III; Pl. 37). Possible hand tool. Cobble, trapezoidal with rectangular section, complete. L. 9.8; w. 8.5; th. 6.4; wt. 1,015 g. Quartzite, light greenish gray. Possibly one face abraded, flat, under encrustation. GS 14 (P86/228; Lr III; Pl. 37). Pestle. Cobble, triangular-rounded/humped, incomplete. Pres. L. 13.1; pres. w. 12.2; pres. th. 6.8; pres. wt. 1,170 g. Quartzite, gray. One face/base abraded smooth; one end peckedbroken (from use). Type 10. Blitzer type 16B. GS 15 (P86/229, SM 6466; Lr III; Pl. 37). Hammer. Cobble, ovoid, fragment. Pres. L. 10.7; pres. w. 7.5; pres. th. 3.8; pres. wt. 440 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Flaked one end; broken from use. Type 4. Blitzer type 10. GS 16 (P86/230, SM 6936; Lr III; Pl. 37). Polisher. Small cobble, ovoid-flat, complete. L. 7.5; w. 6.3; th. 3.3; wt. 220 g. Crystalline limestone, dark gray. Pecked ends; one margin pecked-chipped; one face abraded smooth (polished). Type 9. Blitzer type 16C.

GS 17 (P86/648; Lr IV). Whetstone. Cobble, oblongflat, fragment. Pres. L. 4.4; pres. w. 6; pres. th. 0.8; pres. wt. 60 g. Quartzite, brownish gray. Abraded faces. Type 7. Blitzer type 5.

Room M GS 18 (P86/2, SM 6319; Lr I; Pl. 37). Pestle-abrader. Cobble, oblong-conical, complete. L. 14.4; w. 8.9; th. 7.4; wt. 1,500 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Small end pecked flat; center of faces pecked; large end peckedbattered; one face abraded smooth. Type 3. Blitzer type 7. GS 19 (P86/124, SM 6387; Lr II; Pl. 37). Whetstone. Cobble, oblong-flat, intact. Pres. L. 10.2; pres. w. 8.7; pres. th. 4.5; pres. wt. 590 g. Quartzite, greenish gray. One face abraded. Type 7. Blitzer type 5. GS 20 (P86/264, SM 6483; Lr II; Pl. 37). Abrader. Cobble, oblong-irregular, complete. L. 18; w. 9.2; th. 7.3; wt. 1,670 g. Andesite, greenish gray. One face abraded smooth. Type 6. Blitzer type 7. GS 21 (P86/268, SM 6476; Lr II; Pl. 37). Pounderabrader. Cobble, oblong, complete. L. 13.3; w. 8.1; th. 5.2; wt. 905 g. Conglomerate, gray-white. Ends pecked; abraded faces. Type 3. Blitzer type 7. GS 22 (P86/282, SM 6452; Lr II; Pl. 37). Pounder/ pestle-abrader. Cobble, rectangular with rounded edges, complete. L. 11.6; w. 9.1; th. 4.5; wt. 860 g. Quartzite, grayish brown. Pecked-ground ends/rounded; pecked-ground center margins and center one face; two faces abraded smooth. Type 2. Blitzer type 9. GS 23 (P86/283, SM 6487; Lr II; Pl. 37). Pounderabrader. Cobble, oblong, intact. Pres. L. 16.5; pres. w. 9.2; pres. th. 8.9; pres. wt. 2,050 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. One end pecked; pecked around base of large end; one face abraded with abrasions. Type 3. Blitzer type 7. GS 24 (P86/301; Lr III). Polisher. Differentially weathered pebble, complete. Pebble, knucklebone shape. L. 2.9; w. 4; th. 2.3; wt. 30 g. Crystalline limestone, with white quartz veins, gray. Polished base. Type 9. Blitzer type 16A/B.

Room E GS 25 (P85/9b, SM 5141; Lr I; Pl. 38). Abradergrinder. Cobble, rectangular with rounded edges, incomplete. L. 14; w. 6.5; th. 5.2; wt. 840 g. Quartzite, grayish brown. Pecked preserved circumference; one face abraded. Type 6. Blitzer type 2. GS 26 (P85/615; Lr I; Pl. 38). Pounder-abrader. Cobble, oblong, fragment. Pres. L. 6.5; pres. w. 5.3; pres. th. 2.1; pres. wt. 110 g. Calcareous schist, greenish

GROUND STONE IMPLEMENTS

gray. Pecked preserved end and along margin; one face abraded. Type 3. Blitzer type 7. GS 27 (P86/20, SM 7160; Lr I; Pl. 47). Gourna. Fragment. Polygonal/ovoid-rounded slab. Max. d. 42; h. 29; inside d. ca. 38; depth of depression 24; rim w. 8. Calcareous sandstone, very pale brown. Abraded depression; flat rim; flaked at top; saw and chisel marks on outside giving it a polygonal appearance; pecked base. Type 16. Blitzer type 18. GS 28 (P85/20, SM 5147; Lr II; Fig. 46; Pl. 38). Pounder-abrader. Cobble, oblong, complete. L. 12.1; w. 6.6; th. 5.6; wt. 800 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked ends; one face abraded (striation marks visible); center of two margins pecked. Type 3. Blitzer type 7. GS 29 (P85/28, SM 5149; Lr II; Pl. 38). Pounder. Cobble, oblong, intact. Pres. L. 17.5; pres. w. 11.1; pres. th. 6.7; pres. wt. 2,250 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked on center of margin and faces heavily; pecked ends, (one end broken). Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 30 (P85/81, SM 5180; Lr II; Fig. 47; Pl. 38). Abrader (whetstone). Cobble, oblong, incomplete. Pres. L. 8.9; pres. w. 4.6; pres. th. 4.4; pres. wt. 400 g. Crystalline limestone, dark gray. Two faces abraded smooth. Type 6. Blitzer type 5. GS 31 (P85/92, SM 5184; Lr II; Fig. 49; Pl. 38). Balance weight(?). Pebble, spherical, complete. D. 4.8; th. 4.8; wt. 200 g. Andesite (volcanic conglomerate), green. Surface pecked. Type 11. Blitzer type 4. GS 32 (P85/104, SM 5191; Lr II). Pounder. Cobble, fragment. Pres. L. 5.8; pres. w. 7.6; pres. th. 5.2; pres. wt. 300 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked one end. Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 33 (P85/113; Lr II; Fig. 49). Balance weight(?). Cobble, spherical, complete. L. 6.7; w. 6.7; th. 6; wt. 330 g. Quartzite, weak red. Four grooves and two dots on one face. Type 11. Blitzer type 4. GS 34 (P85/602; Lr II; Fig. 49; Pl. 38). Weight. Complete. Irregular pebble with drilled hole (d. 1.2). L. 5.2; w. 5.1; th. 3.8; wt. 100 g. Limestone, white. Type 14. Blitzer type 12B. GS 35 (P86/112; Lr II; Fig. 49; Pl. 38). Weight. Complete. Ovoid cobble with natural hole in upper section; hole enlarged by pecking. L. 10.8; w. 9; th. 2.7; wt. 360 g. Conglomerate, very pale brown. Type 14. Blitzer type 12A. GS 36 (P86/114, SM 6353; Lr II; Pl. 38). Abrader. Cobble, oblong, incomplete. Pres. L. 8.6; pres. w. 7.5; pres. th. 6.5; pres. wt. 420 g. Quartzite, grayish brown. One face abraded smooth. Type 6. Blitzer type 7. GS 37 (P86/150, SM 6352; Lr II). Abrader. Cobble, ovoid(?), fragment. Pres. L. 12.0; pres. w. 7.0; pres. th. 7.7; pres. wt. 700 g. Quartzite, greenish gray. Preserved face abraded smooth. Type 6. Blitzer type 7 (no. 368). GS 38 (P86/151, SM 6471; Lr II; Pl. 38). Abrader. Cobble, rounded, incomplete. Pres. L. 11.4; pres. w. 10.3;

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pres. th. 4.7; pres. wt. 760 g. Quartzite, brownish gray. Two faces abraded smooth. Type 6. Blitzer type 2. GS 39 (P86/154, SM 6456; Lr II; Pl. 38). Hand tool. Cobble, ovoid-flat, complete. L. 8.4; w. 6.2; th. 3.6; wt. 50 g. Pumice, grayish brown. One face abraded (concave). Type 8. Blitzer 1995, 509–510. GS 40 (P86/155; Lr II). Balance weight(?). Pebble, rounded, complete. L. 6.0; w. 5.8; th. 4; wt. 200 g. Andesite (volcanic conglomerate), green with black spots. Pecked-ground edge/beveled; two faces polished. Type 11. Blitzer type 4. GS 41 (P86/196; Lr III). Weight. Complete. Ovoid pebble with natural hole in center. L. 4.4; w. 3.6; th. 2.7; wt. 50 g. Conglomerate, granular-pebble, sub-rounded inclusions, gray. Type 14. Blitzer type 12A.

Room Λ GS 42 (P86/1, SM 6317; Lr I). Pounder/pestle-abrader. Cobble, oblong, incomplete. Pres. L. 10.5; pres. w. 5.7; pres. th. 4.9; pres. wt. 340 g. Andesite (volcanic conglomerate), greenish gray. Preserved end peckedground; one face abraded smooth; pecked area on other face. Type 2. Blitzer type 9. GS 43 (P86/4, SM 6313; Lr I; Pl. 38). Abrader. Cobble, triangular-rounded, complete. L. 10.1; w. 8.8; th. 7.0; wt. 2020 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. One face abraded smooth. Type 6. Blitzer type 2(?). GS 44 (P86/5, SM 6314; Lr I; Pl. 38). Abradergrinder. Cobble, oblong-triangular section, intact. Pres. L. 14.3; pres. w. 9.1; pres. th. 6.7; pres. wt. 1,190 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked ends; pecked center of margins; one face abraded smooth. Type 6. Blitzer type 7. GS 45 (P86/7, SM 6321; Lr I). Possible tool. Complete. Triangular-rounded cobble. L. 8.8; w. 7.7; th. 5.8; wt. 550 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. GS 46 (P86/8, SM 6315; Lr I; Pl. 38). Pounder. Cobble, irregular, complete. L. 13.7; w. 9.5; th. 5.6; th. 1,100 g. Quartzite, greenish gray. Pecked large end; pecked center of one face and part of margin. Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 47 (P86/9, SM 6320; Lr I; Pl. 38). Abradergrinder. Cobble, triangular-rounded-flat, complete. L. 12.6; w. 10.4; th. 4.5; wt. 930 g. Quartzite, light gray. Circumference pecked; one face abraded. Type 6. Blitzer type 2. GS 48 (P86/13, SM 6316; Lr I; Pl. 38). Polisher/ balance weight? Pebble, spherical, incomplete. Pres. L. 6.2; pres. w. 6.0; pres. th. 2.8; pres. wt. 180 g. Quartzite, dark brownish gray. Pecked surface; three faces polished. Type 11. Blitzer type 4.

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HEIDI M.C. DIERCKX

GS 49 (P86/14, SM 6329; Lr I; Pl. 38). Weight. Complete. Irregular pebble with natural hole in upper part. L. 3.7; w. 2.9; th. 1.4; wt. 15 g. Limestone, white. Type 14. Blitzer type 12A. GS 50 (P85/73, SM 5173; Lr II). Pounder-hammer. Cobble, rectangular with rounded edges, incomplete. Pres. L. 15.9; pres. w. 11.7; pres. th. 6.2; pres. wt. 1,500 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Preserved end and circumference pecked heavily, broken; flaked to use; sharp margins. Type 1. GS 51 (P86/16, SM 6325; Lr II; Fig. 49; Pl. 38). Balance weight? Pebble, rounded, complete. L. 5.9; w. 5.7; th. 4.5; wt. 260 g. Andesite, greenish gray. Pecked surface; pecked-abraded area on one face (natural?). Type 11. Blitzer type 4. GS 52 (P86/17, SM 6327; Lr II; Fig. 49; Pl. 38). Balance weight? Pebble, spherical, complete. L. 5.5; w. 5.5; th. 5.0; wt. 240 g. Andesite, greenish gray. Pecked surface. Type 11. Blitzer type 4. GS 53 (P86/27, SM 6324; Lr II; Fig. 47; Pl. 38). Abrader. Pebble, triangular-rounded, complete. L. 6.4; w. 6.4; th. 6.4; wt. 440 g. Quartzite, grayish brown. Two faces abraded smooth. Type 6. Blitzer type 2? GS 54 (P86/28, SM 6326; Lr II; Pl. 38). Abrader/ balance weight? Pebble, rounded, complete. L. 6.0; w. 5.8; th. 4.1; wt. 220 g. Quartzite, grayish brown. Abraded two faces; pecked-ground edge, beveled. Type 11. Blitzer type 2. GS 55 (P86/29, SM 6458; Lr II; Pl. 38). Mortar. Complete. Small irregular slab with pecked depression on upper surface; depression 4.3 x 3.7; depth 1.3; L. 9.6; w. 8.0; th. 3.9; wt. 280 g. Calcareous sandstone, white to very pale brown. Type 16. Mortar (or door socket?). Blitzer type 18. GS 56 (P86/33, SM 6331; Lr II; Pl. 38). Pestle/ whetstone. Cobble, oblong, complete. L. 17.5; w. 6.4; th. 5.0; wt. 670 g. Quartzite, greenish gray. Peckedground one end, pecked-chipped other end; pecked margins; one face, abraded. Type 12. GS 57 (P86/41, SM 6367; Lr II). Unfinished quern or building stone. Oblong boulder. L. 32.5; w. 18.5; th. 6.0; wt. 3,000+ g. Black schist, dark gray. Type 15(?). Unfinished quern? GS 58 (P86/42, SM 6335; Lr II; Pl. 38). Faceted tool. Cobble, triangular-rounded(?), incomplete. Pres. L. 9.1; pres. w. 11.3; pres. th. 5.7; pres. wt. 900 g. Limestone, white. Surface pecked; one face abraded. Type 5. Blitzer type 6. GS 59 (P86/47, SM 6347; Lr II; Pl. 38). Faceted tool. Cobble, irregular, complete. L. 8.1; w. 6.6; th. 6.6; wt. 500 g. Diabase, dark gray. Pecked areas. Type 5. Blitzer type 6. GS 60 (P86/57, SM 6341; Lr II; Fig. 47). Abrader. Cobble, oblong, complete. L. 10.6; w. 5.5; th. 4.8; Quartzite, brownish gray. One face abraded smooth. Type 6. Blitzer type 7.

GS 61 (P86/58, SM 6338; Lr II). Polisher. Pebble, irregular, complete. L. 6.2; w. 5.7; th. 3.9; wt. 210 g. Andesite, green. One face polished. Type 9. Blitzer type 16C. GS 62 (P86/63a, SM 6349; Lr II). Pounder. Cobble, oblong, complete. L. 9.4; w. 5.7; th. 5.9; wt. 470 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked ends. Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 63 (P86/64, SM 6340; Lr II). Pounder. Cobble, fragment. Pres. L. 7.7; pres. w. 5.3; pres. th. 3.0; pres. wt. 140 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked preserved end. Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 64 (P86/67, SM 6337; Lr II). Faceted tool. Cobble, spherical, complete. L. 6.8; w. 6.4; th. 6.0; wt. 420 g. Diabase, dark bluish gray. Pecked and abraded areas. Type 5. Blitzer type 6. GS 65 (P86/92, SM 6369; Lr II; Fig. 48). Polisher. Cobble, irregular-triangular section, complete. L. 8; w. 6.2; th. 4.5; wt. 260 g. Andesite (volcanic conglomerate), greenish gray. Three faces polished. Type 9. Blitzer type 16C. GS 66 (P86/94, SM 6381; Lr II). Pounder-abrader. Cobble, rectangular with rounded edges, intact. Pres. L. 11.5; pres. w. 9.4; pres. th. 6.2; pres. wt. 1,100 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Ends pecked and broken; one margin pecked; one face abraded (under encrustation). Type 3. Blitzer type 7. GS 67 (P86/95, SM 6399; Lr II). Abrader-grinder. Cobble, oblong, complete. L. 8.5; w. 5.8; th. 4.4; wt. 320 g. Quartzite, gray. One face abraded. Type 6. Blitzer type 7. GS 68 (P86/96, SM 6382; Lr II). Pounder. Cobble, ovoid-triangular section, complete. L. 8.8; w. 7.1; th. 6.3; wt. 550 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked center of one face. Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 69 (P86/97, SM 6361; Lr II). Pounder-abrader. Cobble, rounded, complete. L. 8.3; w. 7.3; th. 6.3; wt. 500 g. Quartzite, greenish gray. Two faces abraded; ends pecked. Type 3. Blitzer type 2. GS 70 (P86/102, SM 6384; Lr II). Pestle. Cobble, knucklebone shape, complete. L. 7.3; w. 4.2; th. 3.5; wt. 120 g. Quartzite, gray. Possibly one end pecked (under encrustation). Type 10. Blitzer type 16A. GS 71 (P86/149, SM 6373; Lr II). Polisher. Cobble, oblong, fragment. Pres. L. 6.5; pres. w. 6.4; pres. th. 6; pres. wt. 450 g. Quartzite, grayish brown. One area abraded smooth with some reddish-orange substance (clay?) on face. Type 9. Blitzer type 16C. GS 72 (P86/203, SM 6467; Lr II; Fig. 46). Pounderabrader. Cobble, rectangular with rounded edges, complete. L. 9.7; w. 7.8; th. 3.6; wt. 495 g. Quartzite, very light gray with peach tone. Pecked-ground circumference; pecked center one face; other face abraded. Type 3. Blitzer type 7. GS 73 (P86/340, SM 6477; Lr II). Abrader. Cobble, triangular-rounded, complete. L. 11.4; w. 9.5; th. 6.3;

GROUND STONE IMPLEMENTS

wt. 920 g. Crystalline limestone, reddish gray. Pecked on part of one end; one face abraded; plaster(?) on surface. Type 6. Blitzer type 7/8(?). GS 74 (P86/368, SM 6463; Lr II). Pestle. Cobble, oblong, intact. Pres. L. 11.5; pres. w. 6.0; pres. th. 4.6; pres. wt. 500 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Ends pecked-ground; center of margins and area on one face pecked; possible one face abraded smooth (under encrustation). Type 10. Blitzer type 16B. GS 75 (P86/371, SM 6462; Lr II). Pebble. Differentially weathered, knucklebone shape, complete. L. 4; w. 4.2; th. 1.9; wt. 50 g. Quartzite, gray. Blitzer type 16A. GS 76 (P86/372, SM 6470; Lr II). Pestle. Cobble, triangular-rounded, complete. L. 7.8; w. 10.1; th. 9.2; wt. 960 g. Quartzite, brownish gray. Pecked-ground one end and around base; base abraded (under encrustation). Type 10. Blitzer type 16B. GS 77 (P86/373, SM 6469; Lr II). Pounder. Cobble, ovoid, complete. L. 10.4; w. 8.5; th. 7.1; wt. 910 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked ends slightly. Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 78 (P86/376, SM 6482; Lr II). Pestle. Natural shape. Cobble, oblong, intact. Pres. L. 13.4; pres. w. 7.7; pres. th. 6.7; pres. wt. 780 g. Quartzite, with white vein, brownish gray. Pecked one end; battered other big end. Type 10. Blitzer type 16B. GS 79 (P86/382, SM 6479; Lr II). Hammer/ whetstone. Cobble, oblong, incomplete. Pres. L. 12.8; pres. w. 8.4; pres. th. 5.2; pres. wt. 800 g. Quartzite, dark gray. Pecked-flaked one end; pecked-ground margins; one face abraded. Type 12. GS 80 (P86/383, SM 6420; Lr II). Possible tool. Cobble, triangular-rounded, intact. Pres. L. 9.2; pres. w. 9; pres. th. 6.2; pres. wt. 710 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Possible one face abraded (under encrustation). GS 81 (P86/497; Lr II). Whetstone. Cobble, oblong, fragment. Pres. L. 5.5; pres. w. 4.1; pres. th. 2.6; pres. wt. 90 g. Quartzite, grayish brown. One face abraded; worn-abraded other face. Type 7. Blitzer type 5. GS 82 (P86/686; Lr II). Polisher. Pebble, ovoid-flat, complete. L. 7; w. 5.4; th. 1.7; wt. 100 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Polished faces. Type 9. Blitzer type 16C. GS 83 (P86/702; Lr II; Fig. 48). Chisel. Pebble, oblong, incomplete. Pres. L. 3.5; pres. w. 1.6; pres. th. 0.3; pres. wt. 5 g. Schist, dark gray. One end shaped by abrasion to chisel-like tool; chipped edge. GS 84 (P86/390, SM 6419; Lr III). Whetstone. Slab, oblong-flat, complete. L. 17.5; w. 9.3; th. 2.1; wt. 580 g. Schist, black. Two faces abraded smooth. Type 7. Blitzer type 5. GS 85 (P86/414, SM 6457; Lr III). Pumice. Piece. Small cobble, triangular, complete. L. 6.6; w. 6.0; th. 4.9; wt. 40 g. Pumice, light grayish brown.

199

Room Ξ GS 86 (P86/15, SM 6318; Lr I; Pl. 39). Pounderpolisher. Cobble, oblong, intact. Pres. L. 9.3; pres. w. 5; pres. th. 4.4; pres. wt. 305 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. One end pecked; other end broken; polished one margin. Type 3. Blitzer type 7. GS 87 (P86/25, SM 6322; Lr II; Pl. 39). Pounder/ pestle. Cobble, oblong, complete. L. 16.8; w. 9.6; th. 7.5; wt. 1,910 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Ends pecked flat; center of margins and area on one face pecked. Type 10. Blitzer type 16B. GS 88 (P86/109, SM 6391; Lr II; Pl. 39). Pounderpolisher. Cobble, oblong, intact. Pres. L. 12.5; pres. w. 7; pres. th. 5.9; pres. wt. 780 g. Quartzite, gray. Chipped ends, pecked-beveled edges; center of one margin and one face pecked; two faces abraded smooth (polished). Type 3. Blitzer type 7. GS 89 (P86/116, SM 6376; Lr II; Pl. 39). Pounder. Cobble, oblong, incomplete. Pres. L. 17.0; pres. w. 9.0; pres. th. 8.0; pres. wt. 1,750 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. One end pecked-flaked; broken end pecked; center of one face pecked; broken along one margin. Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 90 (P86/117, SM 7157; Lr II; Pl. 39). Pounder. Cobble, oblong, intact. Pres. L. 10.2; pres. w. 5.2; pres. th. 3.2; pres. wt. 225 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked circumference; other end pecked-broken from use. Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 91 (P86/118, SM 6397; Lr II; Pl. 39). Pounderabrader. Cobble, fragment. Pres. L. 7.6; pres. w. 7.0; pres. th. 2.7; pres. wt. 170 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Preserved end pecked; one face abraded. Type 3. Blitzer type 7. GS 92 (P86/119, SM 6390; Lr II; Pl. 39). Pounder/ pestle. Cobble small, rounded, complete. L. 7.2; w. 6.2; th. 5; wt. 300 g. Quartzite, brownish gray. Peckedground one end/beveled edge; possibly abraded one face (under encrustation). Type 10. Blitzer type 16B. GS 93 (P86/161, SM 6383; Lr II; Pl. 39). Polisher. Cobble, rounded, complete. L. 9.5; w. 9.4; th. 4.6; wt. 600 g. Quartzite, reddish gray. Circumference peckedground-beveled edge; faces abraded smooth (polished). Type 9. Blitzer type 2. GS 94 (P86/682; Lr II). Abrader. Cobble, roundedflat, intact. Pres. L. 6.9; pres. w. 5.8; pres. th. 2; pres. wt. 100 g. Crystalline limestone, light reddish gray. One face abraded smooth; abraded edge. Type 6. Blitzer type 2. GS 95 (P86/683; Lr II). Abrader. Pebble, roundedflat, complete. L. 5.4; w. 5.1; th. 0.7; wt. 25 g. Quartzite, brownish gray. Abraded faces. Type 6. Blitzer type 2. GS 96 (P86/178, SM 6484; Lr III; Pl. 39). Pounder. Cobble, rounded, complete. L. 11.5; w. 11.3; th.

200

HEIDI M.C. DIERCKX

7.9; wt. 1,590 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. One end pecked-battered; pecked circumference; center one face pecked. Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 97 (P86/187, SM 6486; Lr III; Pl. 39). Pounderabrader. Cobble, rectangular with rounded edges, complete. L. 13.8; w. 8.7; th. 8.3; wt. 1,800 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Ends pecked; center of one face pecked; three (or four?—under encrustation) faces abraded smooth. Type 3. Blitzer type 7. GS 98 (P86/188, SM 6474; Lr III; Pl. 39). Pounderabrader. Cobble, oblong-triangular section, complete. L. 13.5; w. 8.7; th. 8.5; wt. 1,480 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Ends pecked; one face abraded smooth with striations. Type 3. Blitzer type 7. GS 99 (P86/198, SM 6472; Lr III, Fig. 46; Pl. 39). Pounder/pestle-polisher. Cobble, oblong, complete. L. 20; w. 8.3; th. 7.1; wt. 1,890 g. Quartzite, greenish gray. Ends and lower margins pecked-ground flat; one face polished. Type 2. Blitzer type 9. GS 100 (P86/199, SM 6948; Lr III; Pl. 39). Hand tool. Cobble, triangular, incomplete. Pres. L. 11.5; pres. w. 8.1; pres. th. 7.2; pres. wt. 140 g. Pumice, light brownish gray to pale brown. One face abraded. Type 8. Blitzer 1995, 509–510. GS 101 (P86/200, SM 6488; Lr III; Pl. 39). Pounder-­abrader. Cobble, oblong, intact. Pres. L. 12.0; pres. w. 8.5; th. 8.5; pres. wt. 2,150 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. One end pecked-chipped; broken other end from use; center of one face pecked, one face (other) abraded. Type 3. Blitzer type 7. GS 102 (P86/211, SM 7127; Lr III; Pl. 39). Weathered cobble. Differentially. Cobble, oblong, complete. L. 9.0; w. 4.1; th. 2.5; wt. 110 g. Crystalline limestone, light gray. Blitzer type 16A. GS 103 (P86/306, SM 6944; Lr III; Pl. 39). Pounder. Cobble, ovoid, complete. L. 11.8; w. 10.5; th. 9.2; wt. 2,120 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Ends pecked; center of margins pecked. Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 104 (P86/317, SM 6490; Lr III; Pl. 46). Quern. Cobble, triangular-rounded, complete. L. 26.0; w. 18.5; th. 5.0; wt. 3,925 g. Quartzite (course), light olive gray. Abraded surface (concave); pecked edge. Type 15. Blitzer type 17.

Room Π GS 105 (P85/216, SM 5263; Lr III). Pounder. Pebble, rounded, complete. L. 6.2; w. 5.7; th. 5.2; wt. 300 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked two ends and one area. Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 106 (P89/505; Lr III; Fig. 50; Pl. 47). Gourna. Slab, square, complete. Dims. 41 x 42; h. 27; depression 26 x 28; depth 17; rim w. 6. Calcareous sandstone with

shells, very pale brown. Abraded square depression; flattish rim; flaked to shape. Type 16. Blitzer type 18. GS 107 (P89/506; Lr III). Pounder. Cobble, rectangular with rounded edges, incomplete. L. 10.5; pres. w. 6.5; pres. th. 5.1; pres. wt. 575 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked-battered one end; pecked-ground other end; broken along face. Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 108 (P89/648; Lr III). Pestle. Pebble, triangularrounded, complete. L. 5.0; w. 3.7; th. 3.6; wt. 105 g. Crystalline limestone, very pale brown. Abraded concave base. Type 10. Blitzer type 16B.

Room 1 GS 109 (P89/30; Lr II). Possible tool. Cobble, ovoid fragment. Pres. L. 11.0; w. 6.4; th. 3.0; pres. wt. 275 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. GS 110 (P89/31; Lr II). Pounder. Cobble, oblong(?), fragment. Pres. L. 8.0; pres. w. 6.0; pres. th. 5.4; pres. wt. 360 g. Quartzite, greenish gray. Pecked-battered preserved end. Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 111 (P89/80; Lr II; Fig. 48; Pl. 40). Knife. Cobble, triangular, intact. L. 14.0; w. 8.5; th. 2.2; wt. 430 g. Quartzite, gray. Abraded edge-worn from use; pecked edge to shape. GS 112 (P89/81; Lr II). Abrader/whetstone(?). Cobble, oblong, incomplete. Pres. L. 19.5; w. 4.0; th. 4.0; pres. wt. 600 g. Quartzite, greenish gray. One face abraded. Type 6. Blitzer type 7. GS 113 (P89/129; Lr II; Fig. 46; Pl. 40). Pounderabrader. Cobble, oblong, incomplete. Pres. L. 15.0; w. 8.5; th. 7.5; pres. wt. 1,350 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked-chipped flat ends; one face abraded smooth with striations; pecked lower one margin. Type 3. Blitzer type 7. GS 114 (P89/151; Lr III). Hammer. Cobble, oblong, complete. L. 15.5; w. 10.5; th. 3.9; wt. 840 g. Quartzite, white. Flaked small end, bifacial. Type 4. Blitzer type 10. GS 115 (P89/152; Lr III). Whetstone. Cobble, rectangular or square, fragment. Pres. L. 10.2; pres. w. 8.6; th. 3.5; pres. wt. 550 g. Quartzite, reddish brown. One face abraded, concave. Type 7. Blitzer type 5. GS 116 (P89/154; Lr III). Small mortar. Slab, square(?), intact. Pres. L. 9.0; w. 5.6; th. 6.2; pres. wt. 300 g. Calcareous sandstone, pale brown. Pecked depression in center; depth 2.1; 5.1 x 3.8. Type 16. Blitzer type 18. GS 117 (P89/233; Lr IV). Quern. Boulder, fragment. Pres. L. 11; w. 19.5; th. 5.5; pres. wt. 1670 g. Quartzite, olive-gray. Abraded surface. Type 15. Blitzer type 17. GS 118 (P89/240; Lr IV). Pounder-abrader. Cobble, ovoid, complete. L. 12.7; w. 7.5; th. 6.1; wt. 860 g.

GROUND STONE IMPLEMENTS

Crystalline limestone, gray. Abraded smooth one face (under encrustation); pecked one end. Type 3. Blitzer type 7.

201

GS 127 (P85/19, SM 5144; Lr I). Pounder. Cobble, fragment. Pres. L. 8.5; pres. w. 6.0; pres. th. 3.0; pres. wt. 250 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked one end and margin (possibly other end which is encrusted). Type 1. Blitzer type 1.

Room 2 GS 119 (P89/384; Lr II). Whetstone. Pebble, oblong, fragment. Pres. L. 4.3; pres. w. 4.3; th. 0.5; pres. wt. 20 g. Quartzite, weak red. One face abraded with striations; remains of two holes. Type 7. Blitzer type 5.

Corridor B-Δ GS 120 (P85/5, SM 5140; Lr I). Hammer/whetstone. Cobble, oblong, complete. L. 17.5; w. 6.7; th. 4.4; wt. 950 g. Quartzite, olive gray. One end pecked-flaked (unifacial); part of one margin pecked; one face abraded. Type 12. Blitzer type 10. GS 121 (P85/159, SM 5227; Lr II; Fig. 46; Pl. 40). Pounder. Cobble, rectangular with rounded edges (ovoid section), complete. L. 12.4; w. 8.5; th. 6.9; wt. 1,250 g. Quartzite, brownish gray. Pecked two ends (heavily). Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 122 (P85/182, SM 5244; Lr II; Fig. 49; Pl. 40). Weight. Incomplete. Rounded cobble with natural hole in center. Pres. L. 11.0; pres. w. 8.8; pres. th. 7.0; d. 11.0; pres. wt. 950 g. Conglomerate (beach rock), light reddish matrix, sub-rounded white inclusions. Type 14. Blitzer type 12A. GS 123 (P85/194, SM 5253; Lr II). Possible tool. Complete. Ovoid cobble. L. 9.2; w. 7.4; th. 5.1; wt. 500 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. No wear marks. GS 124 (P85/616; Lr II). Pounder-abrader. Cobble, ovoid, complete. L. 11.3; w. 9.9; th. 6.1; wt. 1,100 g. Quartzite, grayish brown. Pecked ends; one face abraded smooth. Type 3. Blitzer type 7. GS 125 (P85/617; Lr II). Possible tool. Complete. Cobble, oblong (triangular section). L. 15.5; w. 7.8; th. 6.9; wt. 1,450 g. Crystalline limestone, light gray. Surface weathered; possibly one face abraded.

Area Z GS 126 (P85/17, SM 5143; Lr I; Pl. 40). Pounder/ balance weight(?). Cobble, rounded, intact. Pres. L. 6.7; pres. w. 6.5; pres. th. 4.5; pres. wt. 250 g. Diabase, dark gray. Pecked surface, especially one end. Type 11. Blitzer type 4.

Area Φ GS 128 (P86/210, SM 7128; Lr I; Pl. 40). Pounder-­ abrader. Cobble, oblong, complete. L. 9.0; w. 8.1; th. 5.0; wt. 545 g. Quartzite, grayish brown. Severed end pecked; preserved end and one margin pecked; one face abraded (under encrustation). Type 3. Blitzer type 7. GS 129 (P86/214, SM 7124; Lr I; Pl. 40). Abrader. Cobble, triangular-rounded, intact. L. 7.5; w. 8.1; th. 5.8; wt. 490 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Area on one face pecked; center of margins pecked; one face abraded smooth. Type 6. Blitzer type 2. GS 130 (P86/258, SM 6489; Lr I; Pl. 46). Quern. Boulder, triangular-rounded, complete. L. 28.0; w. 18.0; th. 6.0; wt. 4,520 g. Quartzite (course-grained), gray. Abraded surface (concave); pecked-flaked edge. Type 15. Blitzer type 17. GS 131 (P86/345, SM 6478; Lr III; Fig. 49; Pl. 40). Weight. Cobble, round, intact. D. 9.7; th. 4.0; pres. wt. 520 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Drilled biconical hole in center. Type 14. Blitzer type 12B. GS 132 (P86/403, SM 6422; Lr III). Stone disk(?). Piece, round-flat, intact. Pres. d. 7.8; pres. th. 0.7; pres. wt. 70 g. Quartzite, brownish gray. GS 133 (P86/404, SM 6424; Lr III; Pl. 40). Abrader. Cobble, triangular-rounded, complete. L. 8.9; w. 7.8; th. 5.3; wt. 530 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. One face abraded. Type 6. Blitzer type 2. GS 134 (P86/440, SM 6464; Lr III; Pl. 40). Polisher. Cobble, ovoid, complete. L. 7.4; w. 6.4; th. 5.0; wt. 240 g. Crystalline limestone, red. Pecked-ground circumference; two faces polished with striations. Type 9. Blitzer type 2. GS 135 (P89/45; Lr IV; Pl. 40). Pounder-abrader. Cobble, square, complete. L. 7.8; w. 6.9; th. 5.8; wt. 510 g. Crystalline limestone, light brownish gray. Two faces abraded; pecked one end; pecked base of other end. Type 3. Blitzer type 7. GS 136 (P89/50; Lr IV). Pounder-abrader. Pebble, square-rounded, complete. L. 6.1; w. 5.7; th. 5.6; wt. 300 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked flat one end; pecked center one margin; two faces abraded smooth. Type 3. Blitzer type 2. GS 137 (P89/193; Lr IV). Pounder/balance weight? Cobble, ovoid, intact. Pres. L. 7.3; w. 7.2; th. 5.5; wt.

202

HEIDI M.C. DIERCKX

470 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked surface, especially preserved end and margin; broken one end from use. Type 11. Blitzer type 4. GS 138 (P89/197; Lr IV). Pounder. Cobble small, ovoid, intact. Pres. L. 7.2; w. 5.6; th. 5.3, wt. 300 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked ends slightly; broken one end from use. Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 139 (P89/201; Lr IV; Fig. 47; Pl. 40). Whetstone. Boulder, oblong, complete. L. 31.0; w. 9.7; th. 5.0; wt. 2,960 g. Quartzite, dark gray. Flaked one end; pecked other end to shape; one face abraded smooth. Type 7. Blitzer type 5. GS 140 (P89/243; Lr IV). Faceted tool. Cobble, irregular, complete. L. 7.2; w. 6.8; th. 6.6; wt. 480 g. Quartzite, greenish gray. Abraded areas; three grooves on surface. Type 5. Blitzer type 6. GS 141 (P89/341; Lr IV). Pounder. Cobble, triangular-­rounded, complete. L. 12.8; w. 8.9; th. 9.2; wt. 1,450 g. Crystalline limestone, orange-brown. Pecked-battered ends and face; burnt. Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 142 (P89/450; Lr IV; Fig. 49). Balance weight? Cobble, rounded, complete. L. 6.8; w. 6.6; th. 5.9; wt. 390 g. Quartzite, weak red. Pecked surface with beveled edges; groove on one face. Type 11. Blitzer type 4. GS 143 (P89/451; Lr IV; Fig. 46; Pl. 40). Pounderabrader. Cobble, rectangular with rounded edges, complete. L. 14.0; w. 10.4; th. 5.3; wt. 1,380 g. Quartzite, brownish gray. Pecked-flaked one end; pecked center margins; two faces abraded smooth. Type 3. Blitzer type 7. GS 144 (P89/452; Lr IV). Quern/anvil. Slab, fragment. Pres. L. 9.7; pres. w. 7.5; pres. th. 5.5; pres. wt. 590 g. Quartzite, reddish brown. Pecked-abraded surface. Type 15. Blitzer type 17.

Staircase Y GS 145 (P86/221, SM 7161; Lr I; Pl. 46). Saddle quern. Boulder, oblong, complete. L. 39.0; w. 21.0; th. 9.5; wt. 11,500 g. Quartzite, gray. Abraded surface (concave); saddle ridges preserved; flaked edge. Type 15. Blitzer type 17. GS 146 (P86/237, SM 7125; Lr I; Pl. 40). Weight. Cobble, rounded, incomplete. Pres. L. 10.2; pres. w. 5.5; pres. th. 3.9; pres. wt. 300 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked slightly circumference; biconical hole in center. Type 14. Blitzer type 12C. GS 147 (P86/238, SM 7155; Lr I; Fig. 48; Pl. 40). Pestle. Cobble, oblong, intact. Pres. L. 12.4; w. 9.5; th. 7.4; pres. wt. 975 g. Quartzite, brownish gray. Abraded small end flat; pecked-broken other end flat and flaked around its edge; pecked-abraded to shape. Type 10. Blitzer type 16B.

GS 148 (P86/271, SM 6461; Lr I; Pl. 40). Pounder-polisher. Cobble, ovoid, intact. Pres. L. 9.0; w. 6.0; th. 3.7; pres. wt. 300 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked-chipped both ends; ground center margins; polished one face. Type 3. Blitzer type 7. GS 149 (P86/46, SM 6332; Lr II; Pl. 40). Abrader. Cobble, triangular-rounded, complete. L. 13.0; w. 6.4; th. 5.8; wt. 700 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. One face abraded smooth. Type 6. Blitzer type 2. GS 150 (P86/142, SM 6952; Lr II; Pl. 40). Faceted tool. Cobble, spherical, complete. L. 7.4; w. 7.1; th. 6.7; wt. 500 g. Quartzite, brownish gray. Three-quarters of waist pecked-ground; two faces abraded. Type 5. Blitzer type 6. GS 151 (P86/144, SM 6377; Lr II; Pl. 40). Quern. Boulder, fragment. Pres. L. 13.6; pres. w. 10.0; pres. th. 6.0; pres. wt. 1,300 g. Quartzite, brownish gray. Upper surface pecked-abraded. Type 15. Blitzer type 17. GS 152 (P86/488; Lr II). Pestle. Differentially weathered pebble, humped, complete. L. 2.8; w. 3.0; th. 2.2; wt. 10 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Worn base from use. Type 10. Blitzer type 16A/B.

West Courtyard GS 153 (P88/290; Lr I; Pl. 41). Pounder. Cobble, oblong, complete. L. 10.0; w. 5.6; th. 4.9; wt. 380 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. One end pecked heavily flat. Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 154 (P88/298; Lr I; Pl. 41). Pounder-abrader. Cobble, oblong, incomplete. Pres. L. 15.5; w. 9.1; th. 7.7; pres. wt. 1,560 g. Quartzite, brownish gray. Pecked-broken one end; one face abraded; pecked center one margin; pecked-abraded area center other margin. Type 3. Blitzer type 7. GS 155 (P88/299; Lr I; Pl. 41). Whetstone/pestle. Cobble, oblong-flat, complete. L. 13.0; w. 5.7; th. 3.8; wt. 440 g. Quartzite, brownish gray. Pecked ends and one margin and slightly center of other margin; one (possibly two) abraded face(s) (under encrustation). Type 12. GS 156 (P88/337; Lr I). Faceted tool. Pebble, rounded, complete. L. 6.5; w. 5.6; th. 5.7; wt. 380 g. Quartzite, light brownish gray. Pecked surface; abraded two faces. Type 5. Blitzer type 6. GS 157 (P88/339; Lr I). Pounder. Cobble, ovoid, intact. Pres. L. 12.4; w. 7.8; th. 4.3; pres. wt. 610 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked small end; peckedchipped other end; broken along one margin. Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 158 (P88/379; Lr I; Pl. 41). Quern. Boulder, oblong, intact. Pres. L. 20.0; w. 15.0; th. 6.8; pres. wt. 2,980 g. Quartzite, dark gray. Abraded surface,

GROUND STONE IMPLEMENTS

concave; pecked-flaked edges for shape. Type 15. Blitzer type 17. GS 159 (P88/388; Lr I; Pl. 41). Pounder-abrader. Cobble, triangular-rounded, complete. L. 10.0; w. 7.2; th. 6.0; wt. 570 g. Quartzite, light reddish orange. Pecked heavily ends; one face abraded. Type 3. Blitzer type 2. GS 160 (P88/390; Lr I). Whetstone. Cobble, oblongflat, complete. L. 12.3; w. 7.5; th. 2.6; wt. 380 g. Limestone, very pale brown to white. One face abraded with grooves; weathered surface. Type 7. Blitzer type 5. GS 161 (P88/413; Lr I). Pounder-abrader. Cobble, oblong, incomplete. Pres. L. 15.5; w. 8.3; th. 5.0; pres. wt. 1,090 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked preserved ends and center of one face; one face abraded. Type 3. Blitzer type 7. GS 162 (P88/414; Lr I; Pl. 41). Pounder/hammer. Cobble, oblong, complete. L. 13.7; w. 6.5; th. 5.4; wt. 660 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked one end; other end flaked to a point. Type 4. Blitzer type 10. GS 163 (P88/415; Lr I; Fig. 47; Pl. 41). Whetstone. Cobble, irregular-flat, complete. L. 15.0; w. 10.0; th. 2.9; wt. 700 g. Quartzite, brownish gray. One face abraded/slightly concave with groove. Type 7. Blitzer type 5. GS 164 (P88/417; Lr I; Pl. 41). Abrader. Cobble, oblong, incomplete. Pres. L. 7.5; w. 6.8; th. 4.5; pres. wt. 370 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked one margin; one face abraded smooth with striations. Type 6. Blitzer type 7. GS 165 (P88/418; Lr I). Quern. Slab, fragment. Pres. L. 9.1; pres. w. 6.7; pres. th. 6.7; pres. wt. 660 g. Quartzite, reddish brown. Pecked-abraded surface. Type 15. Blitzer type 17. GS 166 (P88/419; Lr I; Pl. 41). Pounder-abrader. Cobble, rectangular with rounded edges, intact. Pres. L. 13.2; w. 10.6; th. 5.8; pres. wt. 1,030 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked-chipped one end; broken other end; pecked center one margin; other margin encrusted; one face abraded smooth with striations. Type 3. Blitzer type 7. GS 167 (P88/422; Lr I). Whetstone. Cobble, oblong, intact. Pres. L. 14.8; w. 6.2; th. 4.5; pres. wt. 540 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. One face abraded. Type 7. Blitzer type 5. GS 168 (P88/804; Lr I; Pl. 41). Polisher/burnisher. Cobble, ovoid-flat, complete. L. 10.9; w. 8.8; th. 3.8; wt. 560 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked circumference; chipped ends; pecked center one face; same face abraded very smooth with striations. Type 9. Blitzer type 2. GS 169 (P88/805; Lr I; Pl. 41). Handtool. Cobble, triangular-rounded/flat, complete. L. 10.5; w. 10.0; th. 4.0; wt. 630 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked surface; pecked flat on one face; pecked depression on other face.

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GS 170 (P88/806; Lr I; Pl. 41). Hammer. Cobble, oblong, intact. L. 15.7; w. 7.0; th. 6.6; wt. 1,180 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked-flaked both ends. Type 4. Blitzer type 10. GS 171 (P88/807; Lr I). Whetstone. Cobble, oblong, incomplete. Pres. L. 8.3; w. 4.8; th. 2.3; pres. wt. 165 g. Quartzite, dark gray. Flaked one end flat for shape; one face abraded. Type 7. Blitzer type 5. GS 172 (P88/808; Lr I). Whetstone. Slab, rectangularflat, intact. Pres. L. 17.0; w. 12.6; th. 3.7; pres. wt. 2,000 g. Crystalline limestone, very pale brown. Flat abraded surface with several grooves. Type 7. Blitzer type 5. GS 173 (P89/2; Lr II; Fig. 49; Pl. 41). Faceted tool. Pebble, rounded, complete. L. 5.4; w. 5.0; th. 3.2; wt. 125 g. Andesite, greenish gray. Pecked surface; one face abraded after being severed. Type 5/11. Blitzer type 6. GS 174 (P89/10; Lr II). Quern. Cobble fragment. Pres. L. 15.6; pres. w. 5.5; pres. th. 4.6; pres. wt. 425 g. Quartzite, reddish gray. Abraded surface; peckedflaked edge. Type 15. Blitzer type 17. GS 175 (P89/23; Lr II). Pounder-abrader. Cobble, fragment. Pres. L. 10.0; pres. w. 4.2; pres. th. 2.2; pres. wt. 140 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked preserved end; smooth preserved face with striations. Type 3. Blitzer type 7. GS 176 (P89/33; Lr II). Faceted tool. Cobble, rounded, incomplete. Pres. L. 7.7; pres. w. 7.7; pres. th. 5.3; pres. wt. 500 g. Quartzite, gray. Abraded and pecked areas. Type 5. Blitzer type 6. GS 177 (P89/48; Lr II; Fig. 49; Pl. 41). Weight. Pebble, round incomplete. Pres. L. 6.3; pres. w. 3.5; th. 1.8; pres. wt. 60 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked biconical hole in center. Type 14. Blitzer type 12C. GS 178 (P89/288; Lr II). Saddle quern. Boulder, oblong, incomplete. Pres. L. 23.0; w. 20.0; th. 6.9; pres. wt. 3.5 kg. Quartzite, reddish brown. Abraded surface, concave; one saddle preserved; flaked edge. Type 15. Blitzer type 17. GS 179 (P89/289; Lr II). Faceted tool. Cobble, round(?), fragment. Pres. L. 8.4; pres. w. 7.8; pres. th. 3.2; pres. wt. 300 g. Quartzite, light brownish gray. Pecked surface. Type 5. Blitzer type 6. GS 180 (P89/423; Lr II). Pounder-abrader. Pebble, ovoid, complete. L. 6.1; w. 5.3; th. 4.7; wt. 215 g. Sandy limestone, pale brown. Pecked two ends; one face abraded. Type 3. Blitzer type 7. GS 181 (P89/428; Lr II; Fig. 49; Pl. 41). Drill holder. Cobble, irregular, complete. L. 6.4; w. 5.9; th. 5.1; wt. 290 g. Diabase, dark bluish gray. Four pecked areas; drill mark on surface: 3.1 x 1.7 cm. Type 5. Blitzer type 6. GS 182 (P89/436; Lr II; Fig. 48; Pl. 41). Pestle. Cobble, round, complete. L. 8.8; w. 9.6; th. 9.6; wt. 1,240 g. Quartzite, light greenish gray. Pecked small end;

204

HEIDI M.C. DIERCKX

abraded part of base; pecked surface to shape. Type 10. Blitzer type 16B. GS 183 (P89/437; Lr II; Pl. 41). Pestle. Cobble, oblong/­triangular section, complete. L. 6.7; w. 5.3; th. 5.0; wt. 265 g. Crystalline limestone, with white vein, gray. The end with vein worn from use, pecked-abraded. Type 10. Blitzer type 16B (no. 628). GS 184 (P89/449; Lr II; Pl. 41). Pounder. Cobble, ovoid, intact. Pres. L. 13.8; w. 10.0; th. 5.4; pres. wt. 1,225 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked-chipped ends; grooves around edge from use(?) or natural(?) weathering. Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 185 (P89/1095; Lr II). Quern. Slab, oblong, complete. L. 26.5; w. 13; th. 6.9; wt. 3,370 g. Conglomeratesandstone, very course/granular. Abraded surface, slightly concave. Type 15. Blitzer type 17. GS 186 (P89/1096; Lr II). Faceted tool. Cobble, irregular, complete. L. 7.7; w. 7.1; th. 5.1; wt. 400 g. Andesite, greenish gray. Pecked and battered surface. Type 5. Blitzer type 6. GS 187 (P89/1; Lr II; Lakkos deposit; Fig. 48; Pl. 41). Pounder-polisher. Cobble, round, complete. L. 9.1; w. 9.0; th. 5.2; wt. 675 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked heavy circumference; one (two?) face abraded smooth (polished) with striations. Type 9. Blitzer type 2. GS 188 (P89/14; Lr II; Lakkos deposit; Pl. 41). Pounder. Cobble, triangular-rounded, complete. L. 9.3; w. 8.8; th. 5.9; wt. 690 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked three corners. Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 189 (P89/15; Lr II; Lakkos deposit). Abrader. Cobble, rounded(?), fragment. Pres. L. 8.7; pres. w. 3.5; pres. th. 3.1; pres. wt. 100 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked circumference; one face abraded smooth. Type 3. Blitzer type 2. GS 190 (P89/16; Lr II; Lakkos deposit; Pl. 41). Abrader. Cobble, rectangular, incomplete. Pres. L. 10.8; w. 7.3; th. 4.0; pres. wt. 470 g. Quartzite, greenish gray with reddish gray. One face abraded. Type 6. Blitzer type 7. GS 191 (P89/17; Lr II; Lakkos deposit). Hammer. Cobble, rectangular with rounded edges, fragment. Pres. L. 8.2; w. 6.4; th. 4.1; pres. wt. 270 g. Quartzite, dark gray. Pecked-flaked one end, bifacial. Type 4. Blitzer type 10. GS 192 (P89/18; Lr II; Lakkos deposit; Fig. 49; Pl. 41). Weight. Cobble, irregular-oblong, intact. L. 11.8; w. 6.0; th. 5.3; pres. wt. 470 g. Sandy limestone, very pale brown. Natural hole. Type 14. Blitzer type 12A. GS 193 (P89/19; Lr II; Lakkos deposit; Fig. 46; Pl. 41). Pounder-hammer. Cobble, ovoid, complete. L. 7.6; w. 5.7; th. 4.3; wt. 275 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked one end; flaked other end, bifacial. Type 4. Blitzer type 10. GS 194 (P89/396; Lr II; built in staircase in a secondary use; Fig. 50; Pl. 47). Gourna/mortar. Slab,

circular, fragment. D. 45; h. 27; depression d. 27; depth 25; rim w. 7–8; base 36. Sandy limestone, very pale brown. Circular abrader depression; worn bottom; chiseled surface (smoother surface than flaking). Used as building material. Type 16. Blitzer type 18.

Area 3 GS 195 (P89/49; Lr II). Possible tool. Cobble, rounded incomplete. Pres. L. 7.8; pres. w. 4.6; th. 4.7; pres. wt. 250 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Broken. GS 196 (P89/104; Lr III; Pl. 42). Pounder. Cobble, triangular-rounded, intact. L. 7.3; w. 5.2; th. 2.5; wt. 150 g. Quartzite, greenish gray. Weathered; pecked ends. Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 197 (P89/105; Lr III). Possible tool. Cobble fragment. L. 8.3; pres. w. 2.8; pres. th. 4.2; pres. wt. 120 g. Quartzite, brownish gray. Weathered; possibly abraded one face. GS 198 (P89/144; Lr III; Fig. 50; Pl. 47). Gourna/ mortar. Slab, ovoid, complete. Dims. 30 x 34; h. 23; depression d. 17; depth 18. Shelly limestone, pale brown. Circular depression tapering down; very weathered; pecked/flaked to shape. Type 16. Blitzer type 18. GS 199 (P89/156; Lr III). Quern/anvil. Boulder, oblong, intact. Pres. L. 32.0; w. 18.5; th. 6.8; Pres. wt. >5 kg. Quartzite, gray. Pecked-abraded surface, concave. Type 15. Blitzer type 17. GS 200 (P89/167; Lr III; Fig. 50; Pl. 47). Gourna/ mortar. Slab, squarish with two extensions, complete. 35 x 33; max. dim. 48; h. 23; rim w. 4–6; depression: 25 x 27; depth 12. Calcareous sandstone, pale brown. Squarish abraded depression; pecked/flakes irregular surface except one face; chiseled face flat, reused from ancient architectural block. Type 16. Blitzer type 18. GS 201 (P89/168; Lr III; Fig. 50; Pl. 47). Gourna/ mortar. Slab. Rectangular, complete. L. 45; w. 33; h. 35; rim width 5–9; depression 38 x 13; depth 5; depression on chiseled side 4 x 4. Calcareous sandstone, pale brown. Rectangular abraded depression; pecked/ flaked irregular surface except one face; chiseled face flat with depression, reused from ancient architectural block. GS 202 (P89/182; Lr III). Faceted tool. Cobble, rounded, complete. L. 10.2; w. 9.0; th. 7.8; wt. 960 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked-battered ends, one margin and one face. Type 5. Blitzer type 6. GS 203 (P89/1094; Lr III). Weight. Cobble, round, incomplete. Pres. L. 10.8; w. 6.7; th. 4.0; pres. wt. 330 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Biconical hole in center. Type 14. Blitzer type 12C.

GROUND STONE IMPLEMENTS

Paved Road GS 204 (P89/310; Lr I). Polisher. Cobble, triangularrounded, complete. L. 9.7; w. 7.2; th. 5.8; wt. 560 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Two margins abraded smooth (polished). Type 9. Blitzer type 16C. GS 205 (P89/311; Lr I; Pl. 42). Abrader. Cobble, oblong/triangular section, complete. L. 13.5; w. 8.5; th. 8.6; wt. 1,390 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. One face abraded. Type 6. Blitzer type 7. GS 206 (P89/313; cleaning of W 58). Pounder. Cobble, oblong, intact. Pres. L. 9.9; w. 5.3; th. 3.3; pres. wt. 280 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked ends; one end broken; pecked center one margin. Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 207 (P89/314; cleaning of W 58; Pl. 42). Whetstone. Cobble, oblong, complete. L. 16; w. 6; th. 4.9; wt. 810 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked slightly one end; pecked center one face; three faces abraded. Type 7. Blitzer type 5. GS 208 (P89/315; cleaning of W 58). Pestle-abrader. Cobble, triangular (axe shaped), complete. L. 9.2; w. 7.9; th. 6.2; wt. 500 g. Quartzite, greenish gray. Peckedground small end; pecked and abraded large end; two faces abraded smooth. Type 2. Blitzer type 9. GS 209 (P89/317; cleaning of W 58; Pl. 42). Pounder-­ abrader. Cobble, triangular-rounded, complete. L. 12.7; w. 10.0; th. 7.7; wt. 1,700 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked heavily ends flat; pecked center one face and margins; other face abraded smooth. Type 3. Blitzer type 3?

Area K GS 210 (P86/351, SM 6454; Lr I; Pl. 42). Cobble. Differentially weathered cobble, oblong-knucklebone, complete. L. 11.9; w. 6.0; th. 3.3; wt. 300 g. Crystalline limestone with white veins, gray. GS 211 (P90/329; Lr I; Pl. 46). Quern. Boulder, oblong, fragment. Pres. L. 13.9; w. 7.2; th. 4.6; pres. wt. 1,315 g. Quartzite, grayish brown. Abraded surface with one saddle preserved. Type 15. Blitzer type 17. GS 212 (P90/330; Lr I; Pl. 42). Possible tool. Pebble, rectangular with rounded/flat edges, complete. L. 6.4; w. 4.6; th. 2.0; wt. 100 g. Crystalline limestone, gray.

South-Southeast Courtyard, East of Pit I and Staircase H GS 213 (P85/30, SM 5150; Lr I). Pounder. Cobble, ovoid, complete. L. 10; w. 8.3; th. 6.4; wt. 850 g.

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Crystalline limestone, gray. Center of one margin and one end slightly pecked. Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 214 (P89/604; Lr I). Abrader. Cobble, oblong, intact. Pres. L. 9.7; pres. w. 6; pres. th. 4.9; pres. wt. 470 g. Crystalline limestone, dark gray. Pecked one margin and center one face; one face abraded. Type 6. Blitzer type 7. GS 215 (P89/605; Lr I). Whetstone (by shape). Cobble, oblong, intact. Pres. L. 10.4; pres. w. 7.5; pres. th. 4.0; pres. wt. 500 g. Quartzite, brownish gray. Pecked one end; possibly abraded two faces. Type 7. Blitzer type 5. GS 216 (P90/307; Lr I; Pl. 42). Abrader. Cobble, rounded, incomplete. Pres. L. 6.7; w. 4.1; th. 2.9; pres. wt. 125 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. One face abraded smooth with striations visible. Type 6. Blitzer type 2. GS 217 (P90/315; Lr I; Pl. 42). Quern. Boulder, oblong and narrow, complete. L. 29; w. 10.5; th. 7; wt. 3,450 g. Sandstone, course and poorly sorted, gray. Abraded surface, concave. Type 15. Blitzer type 17. GS 218 (P85/217, SM 5264; Lr II). Pounder-abrader. Cobble, triangular-rounded, complete. L. 9.2; w. 8.5; th. 5.7; wt. 350 g. Sandstone, fine-dense, well sorted, dark gray. Pecked edge; abraded face; burned surface. Type 3. Blitzer type 2. GS 219 (P85/221, SM 5266; Lr II; Pl. 42). Abrader. Cobble, ovoid, complete. L. 11.2; w. 8.3; th. 5.9; wt. 780 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Two faces abraded smooth. Type 6. Blitzer type 7. GS 220 (P90/419; Lr II; Pl. 42). Pounder-abrader. Cobble, oblong, incomplete. Pres. L. 10.9; w. 6.2; th. 4.2; pres. wt. 370. Quartzite, brownish gray. Peckedbroken ends; one face abraded. Type 3. Blitzer type 7. GS 221 (P90/433; Lr II). Pounder. Cobble, ovoid(?), fragment. L. 11.1; w. 8.6; pres. th. 4.5; pres. wt. 485 g. Crys­ talline limestone, gray. Pecked center preserved face; broken from use. Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 222 (P85/620; Lr II; Pl. 42). Weight. Complete. Cobble, irregular. L. 10.0; w. 8.3; th. 7.7; wt. 950 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Natural hole at the top near the edge. Type 14. Blitzer type 12A. GS 223 (P89/636; Lr II; Fig. 50; Pl. 46). Saddle quern. Slab, oblong, complete. L. 40.0; w. 20.0; th. 8.0. Quartzite, brownish gray. Pecked-flaked to shape. Abraded surface with two saddle ridges preserved. Type 15. Blitzer type 17.

Pit Θ GS 224 (P85/36, SM 5153; Lr I; Pl. 42). Whetstone. Cobble, oblong, complete. L. 14.3; w. 6.2; th. 4.3; wt. 520 g. Quartzite, brownish gray. One face abraded flat (under encrustation). Type 7. Blitzer type 5.

206

HEIDI M.C. DIERCKX

GS 225 (P85/43, SM 5158; Lr I; Pl. 42). Whetstone. Cobble, oblong with rectangular section, fragment. Pres. L. 14.0; pres. w. 6.2; pres. th. 2.4; pres. wt. 100 g. Purple schist, weak red. Rough faces (from use). Type 7. Blitzer type 5. GS 226 (P85/97, SM 5187; Lr II). Pounder. Cobble, oblong, complete. L. 19; w. 7.8; th. 5.9; wt. 1,380 g. Quartzite, greenish gray. One end slightly pecked. Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 227 (P85/99a, SM 5188; Lr II). Pounder. Cobble, oblong, incomplete. Pres. L. 12.0; pres. w. 8.3; pres. th. 6.5; pres. wt. 950 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked-battered one end; pecked one margin (other margin encrusted probably pecked); pecked center of one face. Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 228 (P85/106, SM 5192; Lr II). Pounder. Cobble, oblong, incomplete. Pres. L. 11.5; pres. w. 5.8; pres. th. 6.4; pres. wt. 800 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Preserved margin pecked-battered. Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 229 (P85/107, SM 5193; Lr II; Fig. 49; Pl. 42). Drill holder. Cobble, sphere, incomplete. Pres. L. 7.5; pres. w. 7.0; pres. th. 3.7; pres. wt. 375 g. Basalt, dark greenish gray. One area polished; remains of drill hole (small); one area pecked. Type 5. Blitzer type 6. GS 230 (P85/108, SM 5195; Lr II). Abrader. Cobble, rectangular, intact. Pres. L. 12.5; pres. w. 6.5; pres. th. 5.5; pres. wt. 750 g. Crystalline limestone, white. Abraded three faces and one end; one end broken. Type 6. Blitzer type 7. GS 231 (P85/111, SM 5268; Lr II). Possible tool. Complete. Cobble, triangular-rounded. L. 6.8; w. 6.4; th. 4.7; wt. 350 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. GS 232 (P85/121, SM 5202; Lr II; Pl. 42). Pounderabrader. Cobble, ovoid-oblong, complete. L. 14.7; w. 9.3; th. 4.4; wt. 1,000 g. Quartzite, greenish gray. Pecked one end and part of other end; one face abraded. Type 3. Blitzer type 7. GS 233 (P85/125, SM 5207; Lr II). Possible tool. Complete. Cobble, ovoid. L. 8.5; w. 7.0; th. 6.3; wt. 550 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. GS 234 (P85/126, SM 5208; Lr II). Pounder. Cobble, oblong-flat, complete. L. 9.9; w. 6.4; th. 3.1; wt. 450 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. One end slightly pecked; possibly pecked other end (under encrustation). Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 235 (P85/130, SM 5210; Lr II). Pounder/balance weight? Cobble, rounded, incomplete. Pres. L. 7.2; pres. w. 6.7; pres. th. 3.6; pres. wt. 250 g. Quartzite, weak red. Surface pecked. Type 11. Blitzer type 4. GS 236 (P85/131, SM 5211; Lr II; Pl. 42). Polisher. Cobble, ovoid, complete. L. 11.6; w. 7.8; th. 7.5; wt. 1,200 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Polished one face; pecked ends slightly. Type 9. Blitzer type 16C. GS 237 (P85/134, SM 5213; Lr II). Faceted tool. Cobble, rounded, incomplete. Pres. L. 7.0; pres. w. 7.0;

pres. th. 2.9; pres. wt. 220 g. Limestone, gray. Pecked areas; one battered area. Type 5. Blitzer type 4. GS 238 (P85/138, SM 5214; Lr II; Fig. 46; Pl. 42). Pounder. Cobble, oblong, complete. L. 14.5; w. 5.1; th. 4.4; wt. 600 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked two ends; one end chipped (from use). Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 239 (P85/153, SM 5222; Lr II). Pounder. Cobble, oblong, fragment. Pres. L. 10; pres. w. 9; pres. th. 3.7; pres. wt. 550 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Preserved end heavily pecked and chipped; center of preserved face and preserved margin pecked. Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 240 (P85/155, SM 5223; Lr II). Pounder. Cobble, ovoid, complete. L. 8.8; w. 6.0; th. 4.6; wt. 300 g. Crystalline limestone, white. Pecked one end. Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 241 (P85/156, SM 5224; Lr II; Fig. 49; Pl. 42). Pounder/weight. Cobble, oblong, incomplete. Pres. L. 7.4; pres. w. 7.5; pres. th. 6.0; pres. wt. 605 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked preserved end; pecked groove along center of faces. Type 14. Blitzer type 13. GS 242 (P85/162, SM 5228; Lr II). Flake off tool/ cobble. Max. dim. 8.1; pres. wt. 150 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. GS 243 (P85/163, SM 5229; Lr II). Flake off tool/ cobble. Pres. L. 9.2; pres. w. 9.3; pres. th. 3.8; pres. wt. 550 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked area on face. GS 244 (P85/167, SM 5233; Lr II). Possible tool. Complete. Cobble, square-rounded. L. 7.0; w. 7.0; th. 5.4; wt. 500 g. Crystalline limestone, light gray. Weathered. GS 245 (P85/171, SM 5236; Lr II; Pl. 42). Pounder. Cobble, oblong with ovoid section, incomplete. Pres. L. 6.8; pres. w. 8.1; pres. th. 5.2; pres. wt. 500 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. One end pecked (heavily). Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 246 (P85/173, SM 5237; Lr II). Pounder. Cobble, triangular-rounded-flat, incomplete. Pres. L. 7.2; pres. w. 7.5; pres. th. 3.1; pres. wt. 200 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked one face; pecked-flaked (broken) along edge (from use). Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 247 (P85/174, SM 5238; Lr II). Pestle. Cobble, humped, complete. L. 8.3; w. 6.2; th. 6.1; wt. 550 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. One end/base abraded; other end/base pecked. Type 10. Blitzer type 16B. GS 248 (P85/175, SM 5239; Lr II). Pestle/pounder. Pebble, ovoid, complete. L. 5; w. 4.3; th. 3.8; wt. 150 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. One end pecked-abraded flat. Type 10. Blitzer type 16B. GS 249 (P85/176, SM 5240; Lr II). Possible tool. Incomplete. Cobble, ovoid. Pres. L. 6.3; pres. w. 9.2; pres. th. 4.9; pres. wt. 500 g. Quartzite, light gray. GS 250 (P85/183, SM 5245; Lr II; Fig. 46; Pl. 42). Pounder. Cobble, ovoid, complete. L. 9.2; w. 8; th. 6.2;

GROUND STONE IMPLEMENTS

wt. 700 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked ends and one margin; center of one margin pecked. Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 251 (P85/190, SM 5249; Lr II; Fig. 48; Pl. 43). Mortar. Complete. Rounded slab. L. 14.9; w. 14.4; th. 7.5; wt. 480 g. Calcareous sandstone, white to very pale brown. Pecked round depression in center: d. 10.5; depth 4.1; flat base; pecked to shape. Type 16. Blitzer type 18. GS 252 (P85/191, SM 5250; Lr II). Weight. Incomplete cobble. Pres. L. 8.0; pres. w. 8.7; pres. th. 5.1; pres. wt. 470 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked groove. Type 14. Blitzer type 13. GS 253 (P85/192, SM 5251; Lr II). Pounder-polisher. Cobble, triangular-rounded, intact. Pres. L. 10.8; pres. w. 8.5; pres. th. 5.2; pres. wt. 700 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Polished one face; one end pecked-broken. Type 3. Blitzer type 7. GS 254 (P85/193, SM 5252; Lr II; Fig. 47). Abrader. Large cobble, oblong (triangular section), complete. L. 17; w. 10.3; th. 7.7; wt. 2,400 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Abraded one face; ends slightly pecked. Type 6. Blitzer type 7. GS 255 (P85/199, SM 5256; Lr II; Pl. 42). Pounder. Cobble, ovoid, complete. L. 9.3; w. 6.4; th. 6.4; wt. 700 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked ends; two pecked marks in center of one face. Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 256 (P85/202, SM 5257; Lr II; Pl. 42). Abrader. Cobble, ovoid, complete. L. 9.3; w. 7.0; th. 5.5; wt. 600 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked ends; center of margins and faces pecked; one face abraded smooth. Type 6. Blitzer type 7. GS 257 (P85/603; Lr II). Pounder-abrader. Hand tool. Cobble, rounded, complete. L. 13.0; w. 11.8; th. 6.8; wt. 1,700 g. Quartzite, grayish brown. One face abraded (two areas); one end heavily pecked; other end and center margins slightly pecked. Type 3. Blitzer type 2. GS 258 (P85/604; Lr II). Abrader. Cobble, round, fragment. Pres. L. 3.9; pres. w. 8.8; pres. th. 2.9; pres. wt. 200 g. Quartzite, grayish brown. One face abraded smooth. Type 6. Blitzer type 2 GS 259 (P85/605; Lr II). Abrader-grinder. Cobble, ovoid, incomplete. Pres. L. 14.2; pres. w. 8.4; pres. th. 4.4; pres. wt. 900 g. Quartzite, dark gray. Abraded one face; two ends and preserved margin pecked; broken along one margin. Type 6. Blitzer type 7. GS 260 (P85/606; Lr II). Pounder. Cobble, oblong, fragment. Pres. L. 10; pres. w. 7; pres. th. 4.1; pres. wt. 380 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked preserved end; center of one margin pecked. Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 261 (P85/607; Lr II). Pounder. Cobble, triangular-­rounded, complete. L. 12.3; w. 9.7; th. 4.6; wt. 1 kg. Quart­ zite, light brownish gray. Surface

207

weathered; pecked two ends and center of one face and one margin. Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 262 (P85/608; Lr II). Whetstone. Cobble, oblong, incomplete. Pres. L. 9.0; pres. w. 6.6; pres. th. 4.0; pres. wt. 450 g. Quartzite, grayish brown. Abraded two faces. Type 7. Blitzer type 5. GS 263 (P85/609; Lr II). Pounder-abrader. Cobble, triangular-rounded, complete. L. 11.5; w. 10; th. 4.7; wt. 900 g. Quartzite, light gray. Pecked circumference; large end flaked-pecked (unifacial); one face abraded. Type 3. Blitzer type 2. GS 264 (P85/610; Lr II). Pounder-abrader. Cobble, round, complete. L. 9.2; pres. w. 8.4; pres. th. 4.7; pres. wt. 550 g. Quartzite, light brownish gray. One face abraded; half of circumference pecked. Type 3. Blitzer type 2. GS 265 (P85/611; Lr II; Pl. 42). Whetstone. Cobble, oblong (flat section), fragment. L. 16.2; w. 9.8; pres. th. 3.5; pres. wt. 500 g. Quartzite, grayish brown. Pecked one end slightly; two faces abraded. Type 7. Blitzer type 5.

Pit I GS 266 (P85/67, SM 5170; Lr I; Fig. 47; Pl. 43). Abrader-grinder. Cobble, ovoid, complete. L. 10.7; w. 7.7; th. 6.5; wt. 750 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. One end pecked; one face abraded; striation marks visible. Type 6. Blitzer type 7. GS 267 (P85/178, SM 5241; Lr II). Possible tool. Cobble, ovoid, complete. L. 12.8; w. 9.3; th. 6.8; wt. 1,160 g. Quartzite, brownish gray. GS 268 (P85/185, SM 5246; Lr II; Pl. 43). Faceted tool/balance weight(?). Cobble, irregular, complete. L. 6.7; w. 6.6; th. 6.0; wt. 340 g. Limestone, dark gray. Pecked surface. Type 11. Blitzer type 4. GS 269 (P85/613; Lr II). Pounder-abrader. Cobble, ovoid, complete. L. 11.3; w. 8.4; th. 4.5; wt. 850 g. Quartzite, light gray. One face abraded; small end pecked; large end pecked-battered. Type 3. Blitzer type 7. GS 270 (P85/614; Lr II). Quern. Intact. Boulder, triangular-rounded. Pres. L. 26.0; pres. w. 20.0; pres. th. 7.3; pres. wt. >5 kg. Quartzite, grayish brown. Upper surface abraded (concave). Type 15. Blitzer type 17.

Area P GS 271 (P86/730; Lr I; Pl. 43). Polisher. Pebble, ovoid, complete. L. 4; w. 3; th. 1.8. Diabase, dark bluish gray. One end polished. Type 9. Blitzer type 16C.

208

HEIDI M.C. DIERCKX

GS 272 (P86/227; Lr II; Pl. 43). Pounder-abrader. Cobble, oblong, incomplete. Pres. L. 9.5; w. 7.4; th. 5.1. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked preserved end; one face abraded smooth. Type 3. Blitzer type 7. GS 273 (P86/259, SM 6468; Lr II; Pl. 43). Pestle. Cobble, trapezoidal, complete. L. 8.8; w. 7.4; th. 6.9; wt. 620 g. Quartzite, gray. One end abraded. Type 10. Blitzer type 16B.

North-Northwest of House I.1 (Area Σ) GS 274 (P86/37, SM 6366; Lr I; Pl. 43). Hammer. Cobble, (rectangular-)rounded(?), intact. Pres. L. 8.8; w. 10.5; th. 6.8; pres. wt. 1,020 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. One end flaked, bifacial; other end broken from use; center of one (two?) face(s) and one margin pecked. Type 4. Blitzer type 10. GS 275 (P86/44, SM 6380; Lr I; Pl. 43). Hammer. Cobble, oblong, incomplete. Pres. L. 11.3; pres. w. 5.8; pres. th. 6.3; pres. wt. 500 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. One end flaked-bifacial; pecked one face. Type 4. Blitzer type 10. GS 276 (P86/55, SM 6336; Lr I; Pl. 43). Whetstone. Cobble, oblong, complete. L. 15.1; w. 4.7; th. 3.7; wt. 430 g. Quartzite, gray. One face abraded. Type 7. Blitzer type 5. GS 277 (P86/70, SM 6348; Lr I; Pl. 43). Hammer. Cobble, irregular, intact. Pres. L. 10.8; w. 9.2; th. 5.4; pres. wt. 750 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Peckedchipped one end; pecked-flaked end (unifacial) and one margin (bifacial). Type 4. Blitzer type 10. GS 278 (P86/82, SM 6379; Lr I; Pl. 43). Abradergrinder. Cobble, triangular-rounded, complete. L. 14.2; w. 11.5; th. 8.1; wt. 1,810 g. Quartzite, light grayish white. Pecked center bottom of one margin; possibly abraded one face (under encrustation). Type 6. Blitzer type 7. GS 279 (P86/88, SM 6375; Lr I; Pl. 43). Pounder-­ abrader. Cobble, oblong, complete. L. 14.5; w. 9.1; th. 6.8; wt. 1,450 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Ends pecked flat; center one margin pecked; one face abraded smooth. Type 3. Blitzer type 7. GS 280 (P90/57; Lr I; Pl. 43). Pounder-abrader. Cobble, triangular-rounded, intact. L. 10.5; pres. w. 7.9; th. 4.4; pres. wt. 485 g. Andesite, green with black inclusions. Pecked-broken along edge from use; one face abraded. Type 3. Blitzer type 2. GS 281 (P90/58; Lr I; Pl. 43). Pounder. Cobble, oblong, intact. Pres. L. 8.7; w. 5.1; th. 4.1; pres. wt. 300 g. Calcite, white. Battered-worn preserved end; broken other end. Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 282 (P90/59; Lr I; Pl. 43). Faceted tool/ drill-holder. Pebble, rounded, fragment. Pres. L. 6.1; pres. w. 5.4; pres. wt. 120 g. Diabase/basalt, dark blue

gray. Drill-mark preserved; pecked one area; polished three areas. Type 5. Blitzer type 6. GS 283 (P90/138; Lr I; Pl. 43). Whetstone. Cobble, oblong-flat, incomplete. Pres. L. 11.5; w. 6.9; th. 3.1; pres. wt. 255 g. Quartzite, weak red. One (two?) face(s) abraded. Type 7. Blitzer type 5. GS 284 (P90/146; Lr I; Pl. 43). Pounder/pestle. Pebble, rectangular with rounded edges, complete. L. 6; w. 4.7; th. 4.2; wt. 200g. Limestone, dark gray. Peckedground ends/rounded and one margin. Type 10. Blitzer type 16B. GS 285 (P90/154; Lr I; Pl. 43). Pounder/ pestle-whetstone. Cobble, oblong, complete. L. 9.2; w. 6; th. 3.6; wt. 515 g. Quartzite, dark gray. Peckedground ends and lower margins; one face abraded smooth with one groove in center. Type 12. GS 286 (P90/156; Lr I). Possible tool. Cobble, fragment. Pres. L. 9.6; pres. w. 8.9; pres. th. 2.3; pres. wt. 250 g. Limestone, gray. GS 287 (P90/176; Lr I; Pl. 43). Abrader-grinder. Cobble, triangular-rounded, complete. L. 18.3; w. 13.1; th. 7; wt. 2,485 g. Limestone, gray. Pecked circumference; one face abraded smooth. Type 6. Blitzer type 2. GS 288 (P90/177; Lr I; Pl. 43). Abrader/plastering tool. Cobble, triangular-rounded/flat, complete. L. 10.3; w. 8.2; th. 1.5; wt. 220 g. Quartzite, dark gray. One face abraded smooth; traces of white plaster on face. Type 6. Blitzer type 8. GS 289 (P90/178; Lr I; Pl. 43). Pounder/ pestle-polisher. Pebble, oblong, complete. L. 6; w. 3.7, th. 2.2; wt. 495 g. Andesite, green with black inclusions. Pecked-ground two corners; polished one face with striations. Type 2. Blitzer type 9. GS 290 (P90/182; Lr I; Pl. 43). Pounder-abrader. Cobble, ovoid, complete. L. 7.5; w. 5.4; th. 3.2; wt. 200 g. Limestone, light gray. Pecked ends and one margin; one face abraded smooth. Type 3. Blitzer type 7. GS 291 (P90/186; Lr I; Pl. 43). Whetstone. Cobble, flat, fragment. Pres. L. 9.5; pres. w. 5; pres. th. 1; pres. wt. 75 g. Quartzite, dark brownish gray. Abraded smooth preserved surface. Type 7. Blitzer type 5. GS 292 (P90/193; Lr I). Pounder-abrader. Cobble, triangular-rounded, complete. L. 14.1; w. 12.2; th. 6.3; wt. 1,700 g. Limestone, gray. Pecked ends and center/ part of margins; one face abraded smooth. Type 3. Blitzer type 2. GS 293 (P90/195; Lr I). Pounder. Pebble, irregular, complete. L. 5.6; w. 4.6; th. 3.7; wt. 120 g. Limestone, light gray. Pecked one corner. Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 294 (P90/196; Lr I). Mortar. Slab, oblong/ rectangular, fragment. Pres. L. 18; pres. w. 24; pres. th. 10.0; pres. wt. 8.5 kg. Calcareous sandstone, very pale brown. Abraded depression in center; flaked at end to shape. Type 16. Blitzer type 18.

GROUND STONE IMPLEMENTS

GS 295 (P90/201; Lr I). Pestle. Cobble, oblong, complete. L. 8.2; w. 4.9; th. 4.3; wt. 280 g. Quartzite, greenish gray. Pecked-ground one end flat. Type 10. Blitzer type 16B. GS 296 (P90/202; Lr I). Pounder/pestle. Cobble, irregular/flat, complete. L. 8.3; w. 7.2; th. 3.0; wt. 270 g. Andesite, green with black inclusions. Worn margin from use. Type 10. Blitzer type 16B. GS 297 (P90/205; Lr I). Pounder-abrader. Cobble, incomplete. Pres. L. 10.7; w. 7; th. 5.7; pres. wt. 580 g. Limestone, gray. Pecked one end; one face abraded flat; broken in half. Type 3. Blitzer type 7. GS 298 (P90/212; Lr I). Pounder-abrader. Cobble, square-rounded, complete. L. 11.3; w. 10.5; th. 7.0; wt. 1,225 g. Quartzite, light brownish gray. Pecked one end flat; one face abraded, concave. Type 3. Blitzer type 2. GS 299 (P90/216; Lr I). Whetstone/grinder? Cobble, triangular, incomplete. Pres. L. 18.3; w. 9.4; th. 5.2; pres. wt. 1,250 g. Quartzite, greenish gray. Flat abraded surface. Type 6. Blitzer type 7. GS 300 (P90/217; Lr I). Abrader. Cobble, rectangular with rounded/flat edges, complete. L. 12.5; w. 10.9; th. 3.9; wt. 890 g. Limestone, gray. Pecked part of margin; one face abraded smooth. Type 6. Blitzer type 7. GS 301 (P90/221; Lr I). Polisher. Pebble, oblong, complete. L. 5.8; w. 2.3; th. 1.6; wt. 40 g. Quartzite, dark grayish brown. Two faces abraded smooth. Type 9. Blitzer type 16C. GS 302 (P90/239; Lr I). Mortar. Slab, round, fragment. Pres. L. 12.8; pres. w. 11.0; pres. th. 9.6; pres. wt. 750 g. Calcareous sandstone, pale brown. Round depression in center. Type 16. Blitzer type 18. GS 303 (P90/240; Lr I). Pounder/pestle-polisher. Cobble, triangular, complete. L. 8.5; w. 5.8; th. 2.8; wt. 215 g. Andesite, green with black inclusions. Peckedground slightly one corner; polished one face with striations; weathered. Type 2. Blitzer type 9. GS 304 (P90/241; Lr I). Possible tool. Pebble, irregular, intact. Pres. L. 7.1; w. 5.6; th. 2.8; pres. wt. 150 g. Basalt, dark reddish gray. Broken one end. GS 305 (P90/254; Lr I). Possible tool. Cobble, oblong, complete. L. 13.7; w. 6.3; th. 5.7; wt. 670 g. Limestone, gray. Possibly abraded face (under encrustation). GS 306 (P90/256; Lr I). Abrader. Cobble, triangular-­rounded/flat, complete. L. 9.3; w. 7.3; th. 3.2; wt. 325 g. Limestone, gray. Pecked slightly circumference; one face abraded. Blitzer type 6. Blitzer type 2. GS 307 (P90/258; Lr I). Abrader/plastering tool. Cobble, square-rounded, incomplete. Pres. L. 7.7; pres. w. 6.7; pres. th. 4.0; pres. wt. 315 g. Igneous rock, dark gray with black inclusions. Abraded margins; one face pecked; white substance-plaster on face. Type 6. Blitzer type 8. GS 308 (P90/260; Lr I). Abrader. Cobble, oblong, incomplete. Pres. L. 8.6; pres. w. 6.3; th. 2.0; pres. wt.

209

175 g. Quartzite, greenish gray. One (two?) face(s) abraded. Type 6. Blitzer type 7. GS 309 (P90/262; Lr I). Pounder-abrader. Cobble, rectangular with rounded edges, complete. L. 9.5; w. 6.7; th. 3.6; wt. 380 g. Limestone, weak red. Pecked ends and center margins; one (two?) face(s) abraded smooth. Type 3. Blitzer type 7. GS 310 (P90/386; Lr I). Quern. Boulder, oblongnarrow, incomplete. Pres. L. 14.2; w. 12.9; th. 8.8; pres. wt. 2,555 g. Quartzite. Pecked-abraded surface; pecked-flaked edge to shape. Type 15. Blitzer type 17. GS 311 (P90/387; Lr I). Pounder/pestle-abrader. Cobble, triangular-rounded, intact. Pres. L. 7.8; pres. w. 6.6; th. 5.0; pres. wt. 330 g. Limestone, gray. Peckedabraded base; pecked one end and one margin; one face abraded smooth. Type 12. GS 312 (P90/395; Lr I). Whetstone. Cobble, oblong, complete. L. 17.3; w. 8.3; th. 5.9; wt. 1,100 g. Quartzite, grayish brown. Faces abraded with grooves. Type 7. Blitzer type 5. GS 313 (P90/397; Lr I). Weight, unfinished. Pebble, round, incomplete. Pres. L. 6.1; pres. w. 3.5; pres. th. 1.3; pres. wt. 60 g. Limestone, gray. Pecked circumference; pecked depression on faces. Type 14. Blitzer type 12. GS 314 (P90/411; Lr I). Whetstone. Cobble, triangular, complete. L. 11.9; w. 5.0; th. 1.7; wt. 155 g. Quartzite, light brownish gray. Two faces abraded. Type 7. Blitzer type 5. GS 315 (P90/580; Lr I; Fig. 48). Chisel. Cobble, oblong, complete. L. 9.5; w. 3.2; th. 0.9. Calcareous schist, greenish gray. One end pecked and pointed. GS 316 (P90/581; Lr I). Abrader. Cobble, oblong, intact. Pres. L. 9.5; w. 6.8; th. 3.5; pres. wt. 370 g. Quartzite, greenish gray. Pecked slightly preserved end and center one margin; two faces abraded. Type 6. Blitzer type 7. GS 317 (P90/680; Lr I). Pounder. Cobble, ovoid, incomplete. Pres. L. 9.6; pres. w. 7.2; pres. th. 6.8; pres. wt. 700 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked circumference; pecked flat part of margin; broken along margin. Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 318 (P90/716; Lr I). Abrader. Cobble, triangularrounded, complete. L. 11.9; w. 10.4; th. 6.8; wt. 1,200 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked two (three?) corners; worn-abraded one margin; one face abraded. Type 6. Blitzer type 2. GS 319 (P90/717; Lr I). Pounder. Cobble, triangularrounded, incomplete. Pres. L. 14.6; pres. w. 11.5; pres. th. 8.3; pres. wt. 1,875 g. Crystalline limestone, gray with weak red. Pecked edge and part of the edge of base; broken edge from use. Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 320 (P90/718; Lr I). Pounder. Cobble, ovoid(?), fragment. Pres. L. 12; pres. w. 3.5; pres. th. 6.3; pres. wt. 320 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked-broken

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one end; pecked center preserved margin. Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 321 (P90/721; Lr I; Pl. 44). Abrader. Cobble, triangular-rounded, complete. L. 12.9; w. 8.7; th. 3.1; wt. 475 g. Quartzite, grayish brown. Pecked slightly circumference; one face abraded. Type 6. Blitzer type 2. GS 322 (P90/746; Lr I; Pl. 44). Pounder-abrader. Cobble, oblong/triangular section, complete. L. 14.2; w. 9; th. 8.8; wt. 1,775 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked ends and center margins and faces; one face abraded with striations. Type 3. Blitzer type 7. GS 323 (P90/774; Lr I; Pl. 44). Hammer/whetstone. Cobble, oblong-flat, complete. L. 16.5; w. 8.4; th. 3.6; wt. 700 g. Quartzite, brownish gray. One end flaked, unifacial mainly; one face abraded with groove in center. Type 12. GS 324 (P90/775; Lr I; Pl. 44). Pounder-abrader. Cobble, square-rounded, complete. L. 10.9; w. 9.0; th. 6.5; wt. 1,170 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked ends-rounded; pecked center face and margins; abraded other face. Type 3. Blitzer type 2. GS 325 (P90/777; Lr I; Pl. 44). Quern. Boulder, fragment. Pres. L. 16.4; pres. w. 14.4; pres. th. 4.6; pres. wt. 1,275 g. Quartzite, greenish gray. Abraded surface; pecked rim. Type 15. Blitzer type 17. GS 326 (P90/995; Lr I; Pl. 44). Abrader. Cobble, triangular-rounded/triangular section, complete. L. 7.5; w. 7.2; th. 3.6; wt. 280 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. One face abraded smooth. Type 6. Blitzer type 2. GS 327 (P90/996; Lr I; Pl. 44). Possible abrader/ polisher. Pebble, rounded/flat, complete. L. 6.2; w. 6.2; th. 3.2; wt. 170 g. Crystalline limestone, light gray. Possibly abraded one face (under encrustation). GS 328 (P90/999, Lr I). Pounder-pestle. Cobble, oblong, complete. L. 16; w. 8.8; th. 8.6; wt. 2,155 g. Quartzite, dark gray with quartz. One end peckedbattered. Type 10. Blitzer type 1. GS 329 (P90/1000; Lr I; Pl. 44). Abrader. Cobble, ovoid/flat, complete. L. 10.4; w. 8.3; th. 4; wt. 490 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked slightly circumference; one face abraded smooth with striations; possibly other face abraded (under encrustation). Type 6. Blitzer type 7. GS 330 (P90/1002; Lr I; Pl. 44). Abrader. Cobble, ovoid/flat, incomplete. Pres. L. 5; pres. w. 6.4; pres. th. 2.6; wt. 50 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked center one face; other face abraded smooth with yellow substance (ochre?). Type 6. Blitzer type 7. GS 331 (P90/1010; Lr I; Pl. 44). Faceted tool. Cobble, rounded, intact. Pres. L. 8.1; pres. w. 7.7; pres. th. 5.2; pres. wt. 450 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked one margin; abraded three areas; broken one end. Type 5. Blitzer type 6. GS 332 (P90/1011; Lr I; Pl. 44). Abrader. Cobble, triangular-rounded, complete. L. 10.5; w. 8.0; th. 3; wt. 715 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked part of

margin; possibly abraded one face (under encrustation). Type 6. Blitzer type 2. GS 333 (P90/1049; Lr I). Abrader-grinder. Cobble, oblong, complete. L. 17.5; w. 7.7; th. 4.7; wt. 860 g. Quartzite, light gray. Abraded one face; pecked-flaked edge to shape. Type 6. Blitzer type 7. GS 334 (P90/1056; Lr I). Whetstone. Cobble, oblong, incomplete. Pres. L. 9.4; pres. w. 6.5; th. 2.4; pres. wt. 245 g. Quartzite, light gray (greenish tint). One face abraded. Type 7. Blitzer type 5. GS 335 (P90/1057; Lr I; Pl. 44). Pounder-abrader. Cobble, ovoid, intact. Pres. L. 16.2; w. 12.2; th. 9.5; pres. wt. 2,230 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked heavily ends; one end broken; pecked margins and center one face; other face abraded smooth with striations. Type 3. Blitzer type 7. GS 336 (P90/1058; Lr I). Pounder-abrader. Cobble, ovoid, complete. L. 17.4; w. 11.6; th. 9.0; wt. 2,680 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked ends; possibly abraded on face (under encrustation). Type 3. Blitzer type 7. GS 337 (P90/1062; Lr I; Pl. 44). Pounder. Cobble, ovoid, intact. Pres. L. 11.3; w. 9.2; th. 5.2; wt. 810 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked circumference, especially ends, and one margin; pecked center one face. Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 338 (P90/1611; Lr I; Pl. 44). Abrader. Cobble, oblong-flat, complete. L. 11.7; w. 4.8; th. 1.8; wt. 150 g. Quartzite, greenish gray. One (two?) face(s) abraded. Type 6. Blitzer type 7. GS 339 (P90/1612; Lr I; Pl. 44). Pounder. Cobble, ovoid, complete. L. 10.9; w. 7.4; th. 6.7; wt. 800 g. Crystalline limestone, light gray. Pecked ends. Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 340 (P90/1613; Lr I; Pl. 44). Pounder. Cobble, oblong, incomplete. Pres. L. 13.8; pres. w. 9.7; pres. th. 8.1; pres. wt. 925 g. Crystalline limestone, light gray. Pecked-battered ends; pecked center preserved margin. Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 341 (P90/1614; Lr I; Pl. 44). Possible tool. Cobble, oblong, complete. L. 18.1; w. 10.8; th. 8.5; wt. 2,090 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. GS 342 (P90/1615; Lr I). Pounder-abrader. Cobble, rectangular with rounded edges, complete. L. 9.3; w. 7.1; th. 6.7; wt. 745 g. Limestone, gray. Pecked ends; pecked indentations in center of faces and margins; one face abraded. Type 3. Blitzer type 7. GS 343 (P90/1616; Lr I). Mortar/door socket(?). Slab, round with flat base, complete. L. 5.1; w. 4.1; th. 2.1; wt. 60 g. Calcareous sandstone ammoudhopetra, very pale brown. Pecked shallow depression in center 3.5 x 2.9; depth 0.6 cm. GS 344 (P90/299; Lr II). Whetstone. Cobble, oblong-flat, complete. L. 9.1; w. 5.4; th. 2.5; wt. 170. Quartzite, brownish gray. Abraded smooth faces. Type 7. Blitzer type 5.

GROUND STONE IMPLEMENTS

GS 345 (P90/301; Lr II). Pounder/pestle. Cobble, irregular, intact. L. 7; w. 6; th. 6; pres. wt. 375 g. Andesite, green with black spots. Pecked-ground three corners and one margin. Type 2. Blitzer type 9. GS 346 (P90/302; Lr II). Pounder. Cobble, ovoid, complete. L. 14.5; w. 10.4; th. 9.2; wt. 1,950 g. Quartzite, grayish brown. Pecked ends/large end flat. Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 347 (P90/313; Lr II; Pl. 47). Gourna. Slab, tall and circular, complete. H. 60; d. 43 (upper), 25 (lower); rim w. 7–9. Calcareous sandstone, very pale brown. Abraded rounded-conical depression; flattish rim with three grooves; chiseled surface. Type 16. Blitzer type 18. GS 348 (P90/318; Lr III). Pestle? Cobble, oblong, fragment. Pres. L. 7.9; pres. w. 10.6; pres. th. 6.5; pres. wt. 855 g. Limestone, gray. Pecked one end; base abraded smooth/flat. Type 10. Blitzer type 16B. GS 349 (P90/319; Lr III). Polisher. Pebble, triangularrounded, complete. L. 6.7; w. 4.4; th. 3.9; wt. 135 g. Limestone, gray. One face abraded smooth (polished). Type 9. Blitzer type 16C. GS 350 (P90/320; Lr III). Pounder. Cobble, ovoid, complete. L. 10; w. 8; th. 6.7; wt. 750 g. Limestone, gray. Pecked slightly ends. Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 351 (P90/321; Lr III). Abrader. Cobble, squarerounded, intact. Pres. L. 8.1; w. 8.1; th. 4.4; pres. wt. 380 g. Quartzite, greenish gray. One face abraded smooth. Type 6. Blitzer type 2. GS 352 (P90/336; Lr III). Pounder. Cobble, ovoid, complete. L. 11.9; w. 10.2; th. 6.2; wt. 1,070 g. Pebble conglomerate. Pecked-battered one end. Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 353 (P90/345; Lr III). Polisher. Cobble, triangular, complete. L. 7.8; w. 5.8; th. 3.7; wt. 175 g. Quartzite, light gray. Polished one face flat. Type 9. Blitzer type 16C. GS 354 (P90/390; Lr III). Abrader. Cobble, ovoidflat, intact. Pres. L. 10.3; pres. w. 8.0; th. 3.3; pres. wt. 380 g. Quartzite, greenish gray. One (two?) face(s) abraded. Type 6. Blitzer type 7. GS 355 (P90/391; Lr III). Pounder-abrader. Cobble, ovoid, intact. Pres. L. 10.9; w. 7.8; th. 5.8; pres. wt. 750 g. Limestone, gray. Pecked-chipped one end; one face abraded smooth/slightly concave; yellow stain on used end and face. Type 3. Blitzer type 7. GS 356 (P90/398; Lr III). Polisher. Pebble, squarerounded, incomplete. Pres. L. 5.3; pres. w. 4.9; pres. th. 2.6; pres. wt. 100 g. Quartzite, white with orange hue. One end abraded smooth (polished); pecked center other face. Type 9. Blitzer type 16C. GS 357 (P90/462; Lr III). Abrader. Cobble, triangular-­rounded, complete. L. 17.1; w. 11.3; th. 5.1; wt. 1,530 g. Quartzite, brownish gray. Abraded surface, concave. Type 6. Blitzer type 2.

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GS 358 (P90/487; Lr III). Quern. Cobble, oblong, intact. Pres. L. 23; w. 12.5; th. 6.6; pres. wt. 3,015 g. Quartzite, dark gray. Flaked ends/pecked base; abraded surface, slightly concave. Type 15. Blitzer type 17. GS 359 (P90/517; Lr III). Pounder. Pebble, ovoid, complete. L. 5.5; w. 4.6; th. 3.8; wt. 150 g. Limestone, gray. Pecked slightly one end. Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 360 (P90/521; Lr III). Quern, small. Cobble, oblong, incomplete. Pres. L. 24.3; w. 11.7; th. 5.8; pres. wt. 2,130 g. Quartzite, light greenish gray. Abraded preserved upper surface, slightly concave. Type 15. Blitzer type 17. GS 361 (P90/546; Lr III). Pounder. Cobble, ovoid, complete. L. 7.1; w. 5.6; th. 3.8; wt. 215 g. Limestone, gray. Pecked slightly one end. Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 362 (P90/547; Lr III). Weight. Cobble, irregular, complete. L. 17; w. 13.5; th. 8; wt. 2,275 g. Sandstone, fine, dense, well sorted, greenish gray. Natural hole in upper part; pecked one end; worn groove probably from rope. Type 14. Blitzer type 12A. GS 363 (P90/559; Lr III). Pounder. Cobble, oblong, complete. L. 13.8; w. 8.8; th. 7.6; wt. 1,700 g. Limestone, gray. Pecked-battered ends; pecked center one face. Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 364 (P90/578; Lr III). Pounder-abrader. Cobble, ovoid, incomplete. Pres. L. 8.7; w. 10.2; th. 6.4; pres. wt. 850 g. Limestone, light gray. Pecked one end and margin; broken other end (use); possibly abraded one face (under encrustation). Type 3. Blitzer type 7. GS 365 (P90/638; Lr III). Quern. Slab, oblong, complete. L. 35; w. 18; th. 5; wt. 5,550 g. Quartzite, light olive-gray. Surface abraded (concave); flaked edge. Type 15. Blitzer type 17. GS 366 (P90/1617; Lr III). Abrader. Cobble, rectangular, intact. Pres. L. 11.1; w. 7.4; th. 5.0; pres. wt. 570 g. Quartzite, brownish gray. Broken one corner; one face abraded. Type 6. Blitzer type 7.

North-Northwest of House I.1 (Area T) GS 367 (P86/51, SM 6346; Lr I; Fig. 47; Pl. 45). Whetstone. Cobble, oblong, intact. L. 13.5; w. 7.7; th. 3.5; pres. wt. 660 g. Quartzite, grayish brown. Two faces abraded; two U-grooves on one face; margins abraded to shape. Type 7. Blitzer type 5. GS 368 (P86/52, SM 6350; Lr I; Pl. 45). Pounderabrader. Cobble, oblong, complete. L. 13.2; w. 7.4; th. 5.8; wt. 780 g. Andesite (volcanic conglomerate), greenish gray. One end pecked; pecked area on one face; two faces abraded. Type 3. Blitzer type 7. GS 369 (P86/75, SM 6343; Lr I; Pl. 45). Pestle. Cobble, oblong, intact. L. 11; w. 9.1; th. 5.8; wt. 770 g.

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Quartzite, greenish gray. One end pecked; other end abraded; pecked to shape. Type 10. Blitzer type 16B. GS 370 (P86/76, SM 6371; Lr I; Pl. 45). Pounder. Cobble, rectangular with rounded edges(?), fragment. Pres. L. 4.7; pres. w. 10.2; pres. th. 8.3; pres. wt. 660 g. Limestone, dark gray. Preseved end pecked and battered. Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 371 (P86/77, SM 6374; Lr I; Pl. 45). Faceted tool. Cobble, irregular, intact. L. 16.5; w. 9.7; th. 8.4; pres. wt. 1,850 g. Andesite, green with black specks. Two faces abraded. Type 5. Blitzer type 6. GS 372 (P86/78, SM 6345; Lr I). Possible tool. Cobble, oblong, complete. L. 12.4; w. 7.5; th. 5.9; wt. 780 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. GS 373 (P86/79, SM 6342; Lr I; Fig. 47; Pl. 45). Whetstone. Cobble, oblong-rectangular section, complete. L. 15.8; w. 4.6; th. 3.8; wt. 510 g. Conglomerate, brownish gray. Ends pecked; abraded faces. Type 7. Blitzer type 5. GS 374 (P86/80, SM 6365; Lr I; Pl. 45). Mortar/ bowl. Slab, irregular, fragment. Pres. L. 14.5; pres. w. 14; pres. th. 5.4; pres. wt. 1,100 g. Calcareous sandstone, white to very pale brown. Abraded shallow depression; pecked-flaked to shape. Type 16. Blitzer type 18. GS 375 (P86/81, SM 6378; Lr I; Pl. 45). Whetstone. Cobble, ovoid, intact. L. 11.1; w. 6.6; th. 4.0; pres. wt. 220 g. Quartzite, brownish gray. Part of one face abraded. Type 7. Blitzer type 5. GS 376 (P86/93, SM 7159; Lr I; Pl. 47). Gourna/ mortar. Slab, ovoid, intact. Dims. 38 x 40 x 15; depth of depression 7; rim w. 9. Sandy limestone, very pale brown. Ovoid depression; rough surface; shaped by flaking. Type 16. Blitzer type 18. GS 377 (P86/108, SM 6400; Lr I; Pl. 45). Abrader/ plastering tool. Cobble, spherical, complete. L. 7.4; w. 7.2; th. 7.1; wt. 500 g. Limestone, gray. Abraded surface smooth; small remains of plaster. Type 6. Blitzer type 8. GS 378 (P86/1341; Lr I). Polisher. Cobble, triangular, complete. L. 10.8; w. 5.7; th. 4.6; wt. 400 g. Crystalline limestone, light gray. One face highly polished; orange-red powder on surface. Type 9. Blitzer type 16C.

House I.2 GS 379 (P89/512; Lr II; Pl. 45). Abrader. Cobble, ovoid, complete. L. 11; w. 7.6; th. 6.3; wt. 760 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Two faces abraded. Type 6. Blitzer type 7. GS 380 (P89/513; Lr II). Pounder-abrader. Cobble, triangular-rounded, intact. Pres. L. 9.8; w. 6.3; th. 5.2; pres. wt. 440 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked ends; one end broken; one face abraded with grooves. Type 3. Blitzer type 7.

Narrow Passage between Houses I.1 and I.2 GS 381 (P89/560; Lr II). Pounder. Cobble, ovoid, complete. L. 7.4; w. 4.5; th. 4.1; wt. 200 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked ends and center margins. Type 1. Blitzer type 1. GS 382 (P89/561; Lr II). Pounder-abrader. Cobble, oblong, intact. Pres. L. 13.0; w. 7.3; th. 4.7; wt. 700 g. Crystalline limestone, gray. Pecked one end; one face abraded smooth with striations. Type 3. Blitzer type 7.

Acknowledgments Foremost, I would like to thank Metaxia Tsipo­ poulou for allowing me to study the stone implements from this site and for supplying me with additional information such as the provenience and stratigraphy of the site. I am greatly indebted to Charalampos Fassoulas and Vasilis Tsikouras for their invaluable help and patience in describing and explaining the geological region of the bay of Siteia, and to V. Tsikouras for reading and suggesting changes in the “Geology and Raw Materials” section. My thanks also extend to Maria Emanuela Alberti for help with the Type 11 “balance weights.”

12

Obsidian by Cesare D’Annibale

Petras Obsidian The quantity of obsidian recovered from various locations of the Petras complex of sites provides the basis for a general outline of the major changes in production and modes of consumption for obsidian occurring in the Siteia Bay area from the Final Neolithic to the Late Minoan period (Tables 14– 18; D’Annibale 2006, 2008, 2010). The continuing evaluation of a number of these components is contributing to the elucidation of the history of obsidian utilization in the area (for the EM I–MM IB/ II cemetery at Petras, see Dierckx 2012). The domestic context represented by the assemblage from Sector I at Petras is yet another key aspect that can now be included as an element for tracking the modes of obsidian utilization across the area. Late Minoan obsidian assemblages from domestic contexts in eastern Crete are generally charac­ ter­ ized by their low frequencies, a feature also encountered in Sector I at Petras (for Pseira, see Dierckx 1995; 1999; for Mochlos, see Carter 2004). The assemblage from Sector I is presented in Table

14. From a general technological perspective, the obsidian industry is linked to a pressure flaking technique geared specifically toward the manufacture of blades. A peculiar aspect of the obsidian trends from the site of Petras is the higher proportion of blades versus detritus in discrete Proto- and Neopalatial assemblages. The mechanisms responsible for the apparent lack of waste material can be explained in part by the technological aspects of the obsidian industry during this time whereby cores were likely arriving on site as prepared products need­ing little modification or by a hitherto undiscovered locus of production at Petras. The circulation of obsidian in the Aegean ema­ nates primarily from Melos; nevertheless, some obsidian material originating from remote provenances, such as Anatolian sources, does occur in Cretan assemblages (Carter and Kilikoglou 2007). Visual identification of the House I.1 obsidians based on generally accepted characteristics revealed that virtually all of the obsidian derives from the two main sources on Melos. This is a

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pattern that is consistent with the general modes of obsidian acquisition for sites around the Siteia Bay area. The gray/black variety associated with the Sta Nychia source is by far the most common found at House I.1, and it accounts for 79% of the obsidian (Table 17). The predominant visual characteristic of this variety consists of an opaque pearl gray/black color. The Sta Nychia source would appear to be the dominant obsidian choice for all Minoan communities throughout the Bronze Age. It is possible that some pieces in the black lustrous category of obsidian generally associated with the Dhemenegaki source could originate from different sources. The Dhemenegaki variety is visually distinguished by its translucency and black color, at times tinged with a brownish tone and marked by banding lines. Variation within the Dhemenegaki source can be deceiving as petrological studies have shown (Carter and Kilikoglou 2007). Nevertheless until further obsidian characterization study on the material is carried out, the possibility exists that some may be nonMelian. This variety appears consistently in Siteia Bay sites as a secondary source component of obsidian assemblages throughout the Final Neolithic through to the Late Minoan period, and it is an indication of a constant procurement strategy even if low in frequency. The sole exception to this procurement strategy from the Sector I assemblage is a flake of white spotted obsidian distinctly identified with the Giali source. Throughout the history of the site of Petras and the Siteia Bay area, Giali obsidian has always been an outlier in terms of procurement for blade production. This obsidian variety instead figured prominently as a raw material in the production of stone vases (Betancourt 1997; for Petras, see D’Annibale 2006, 335).

Obsidian Detritus The 40 pieces of detritus recovered from Sector I (31 are cataloged; see Table 15) offer several insights into the technological processes and economic characteristics associated with the Minoan obsidian industry. The presence of original

cortical surfaces on all types of detritus (n=20) and blades (n=4) would suggest the arrival of obsidian cores at Petras in a roughed-out or semifinished form. The recovery of cortical flakes, essentially primary and secondary flakes (n=15), from the final shaping of blade cores is a clear indication that much of the obsidian was arriving in the form of simple roughed-out nodules or morphologically expedient core forms. Although the initial selection process entailed some roughing out of cores on Melos, the presence of original cortical surfaces would suggest that this process was minimal. The indiscriminate selection of possible core nodules from the primary source quarries is a somewhat inefficient form of long distance transport, therefore some type of pre-shipment preparation was required prior to their distribution. In conjunction with the above conditions, the initial shaping of cores necessitates few wellplaced primary and secondary flake removals. The final shaping to render the core ready for blade production entails a slightly longer reduction sequence resulting in a somewhat higher number of smaller tertiary flakes (n=14). In general, the frequency of detritus associated with the blade core preparation process is minimal compared to the number of blade products (for comparative estimates on experimentation of this process, see D’Annibale and Long 2003). A secondary reduction method employed on obsidian material consists of the bipolar or anvil technique. This aspect of the industry is responsible for nearly 28% of the obsidian detritus. The technique is an indicator of the final exploitation of blade cores, as three of the four core fragments from House I.1 display classic signs of bipolar reduction. Upon reaching the verge of exhaustion, these become too small and unmanageable to produce blades. Nevertheless, by splintering core remnants, thin blade-like flakes can still be produced that are viable for use. Six such flakes are found in the bipolar assemblage, two of which display signs of utilization. This technique is an obvious indicator of the value of obsidian as a commodity that necessitates its full exploitation. Whether this is a result of economic prudence or an indication of stress in obsidian supply is a matter for reflection.

OBSIDIAN

Detritus Consumption A low percentage (15%) of the detritus material was chosen for tool use. Only six pieces of detritus were utilized including a core fragment, two bipolar flakes, two secondary flakes, and a tertiary flake. Simple cutting/shaving functions can be attributed to a secondary and tertiary flake. One bipolar flake and a splintered core fragment (O 16 and O 17) display excessive crushing on both ends, which suggests their use as wedges or splintering tools. Further modification was applied to a secondary flake and a bipolar flake in the form of steep retouch on their distal tip, indicating use as boring or perforating tools. This component of the obsidian industry was relatively ignored as a tool source. With few exceptions, detritus was utilized to meet some sporadic or unconventional ad hoc need; it was used once and then discarded.

Blade Products The 58 blades, of which 35 are cataloged (Table 14), account for over half of the obsidian total. The blade assemblage presents all the recognizable types produced during the blade core reduction process. These include cortical, crested, initial series, trapezoidal, triangular, and multi-faceted varieties (Table 18). With the possible exception of crested blades, all of the rest could serve as potential tools. Nevertheless, the desired end product of the obsidian industry was the prismatic trapezoidal blade. With 34 specimens, trapezoidal blades overwhelmingly dominate the blade assemblage (19 cataloged: OB 1, OB 4–OB 10, OB 12, OB 15, OB 16, OB 18, OB 19, OB 24, OB 26, OB 28–OB 30, OB 34). Morphologically, the blades recovered from Sector I can be classified as bladelets. They are typically under 60 mm in length and rarely exceed 15 mm in width. Only one blade (OB 32) was preserved near to its original length, an initial series blade that measured 53 mm. Two methods to initiate blade production on cores can be identified from Sector I. The presence of a cortical blade (OB 13), along with three initial series blades with remnants of the cortical surface,

215

indicate the use of natural crest on a core to guide the first strike to begin blade removals. The second method entails a more elaborate method of preparation that requires the creation of a crest by which to initiate the first blade removal. Some of the smaller flakes present in the detritus assemblage could be a result of this process. The occurrence of two crested blades is the resulting indicator of such a technique (OB 22, OB 25).

Blade Consumption The pristine lateral edges of blades make for ideal cutting tools. Simple utilization of blades as cutting or shaving implements would appear to be the most obvious choice. Although most blades were potential tools, the use of blades for cutting soft materials may not have left obvious visible signs. For the purposes of this study, utilization was assigned only if micro-chipping or edge modification, wear, or damage was apparent in a consistent manner. Using these criteria, simple blade consumption is plainly evident on 22 examples from Sector I. For the most part blade usage is bilateral on the dorsal surface. If there appears to be some preferential usage, it is directed to the left lateral edge with four examples limited only to this side. Perhaps this is an indication of the possible dexterity of the user or hafting of the right lateral edge. Ventral surface utilization of both edges is less common, visible only on five blades. Only two blades display unilateral usage on the ventral surface. Modification of blades by truncation or snapping is a common method employed to create small segments useful as implements in composite tools. By snapping off or truncating the proximal end and the hooked distal end, the straightest portion of the blade could be put to use without the impediment caused by these segments. Nevertheless, some of the 26 medial blade segments from House I.1, of which 16 were cataloged (Table 14), could be a result of unintentional snapping resulting from snagging the blade while in use. Intentional modification of blade edges by retouch is less common as only 11 items were identified as having been subject to further reduction. By

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far trapezoidal blades (n=7) were chosen to create more complex tools or tools with a more functionally restrictive use. Bilateral dorsal edge retouch on a blade segment (OB 26) would suggest use as a scraping/shaving tool. Several blade specimens display multiple functions. Retouch along the ventral left lateral edge with a burin function can be attributed to a medial segment (OB 7), perhaps an engraving tool. Other multi-functional blades include the distal end of a blade (OB 29) with the tip retouched that would indicate use as a drill along with denticulate lateral edges. Three initial blades were also subjected to further modification. The proximal section of another initial blade (OB 35) was retouched with steep retouch along the dorsal left lateral edge to blunt the edge so that pressure could be applied without risk of damaging the user’s finger. Two more medial segments (OB 23, OB 27), aside from use as cutting/shaving tools, incorporate a notch implying a secondary use as spokeshaving tools. A single multi-faceted blade medial segment displays retouch on both ends. The concave form on the proximal end would suggest use as a spoke shave (OB 20). However, this piece may be the precursor to a microlith as the concave retouched area could be utilized as the placement/ hold for the tool to split the piece lengthwise. Furthermore, two medial blade sections were actually modified to create microlithic tools. These were perhaps the most complex of tool forms associated with blade technology. The presence of microliths in the technological repertoire of the obsidian industry appears consistently throughout Neolithic to Late Minoan period domestic contexts in Crete (for the Siteia Bay area, see D’Annibale 2006, 338; for FN IV/EM I Petras Kephala, see D’Annibale 2008, 195; EM II and MM I Hagia Photia Kouphota is presently under study by C. D’Annibale; for Mochlos, see Carter 2004; for Myrtos-Phournou Koriphi, see Jarman 1972). The two microliths, specifically trapezes, from House I.1 are produced from trapezoidal (OB 12) and cortical blade forms (OB 13). The employment of such a refined process is somewhat uncommon on cortical blades as these are invariably manufactured on trapezoidal blades. The segments could have been purposefully produced by a transverse truncation or snapping a blade or by recycling the segments of broken blades. Each microlith is characterized by steep minute retouch on the distal and

proximal ends. Retouch also occurs on the dorsal left lateral of both microliths as backing for insertion onto a shaft of some type. The most plausible employment for these tools is either as singleheaded or compositely barbed shafts for use as drill or engraving points in association with other lapidary industries and for the working of bone and ivory. Similar assumptions can be made in regards to the employment of obsidian, particularly micro­liths, as stone vase manufacturing and incising tools (Younger 1989, 53–54; Evely 1993, 190). Although microliths have also been recovered from the Petras cemetery, they are interpreted, in this context, as having been used as arrowheads (Dierckx 2012). The recovery of both microlithic tools in House I.1 in association with stone vase manufacturing certainly serves as corroborating evidence for such employment.

Obsidian Distribution within House I.1 Looking at the overall distribution of obsidian with­in the house area, flakes and blades are found in nearly every room, sheltered space, and open area. Their frequency, however, is extremely low with only a few rooms displaying higher concentrations. The expected pattern of finding obsidian associated with domestic activities is apparent from the higher densities recovered from Room Λ, a room with food preparation evidence. The 12 pieces found here represent the highest frequency of obsidian in any room within the house. Here five blades were found, one of which was utilized. This room also produced the greatest concentration of obsidian detritus (n=7) than any other room. The characteristics of the waste material indicate that core preparation and maintenance occurred but not in a consistent manner. It would seem likely then that subsequent blade manufacture was also being practiced in this room. Industrial activities taking place within the house also produced conspicuous frequencies of obsidian. The vat-pithos system located in Room A yielded 10 pieces of obsidian: five blades: and five flakes. Three blades and a flake were found in association with storage pithoi in Room E. The

OBSIDIAN

long rectangular covered area Corridor B-Δ produced three blades (OB 10–OB 12), including a microlithic tool. It is interesting to note here the association of a microlith, a bipolar flake of Giali obsidian, and the presence of stone vases. This combination of artifacts strongly suggests the use of obsidian as an industrial tool directly connected to the stone vase industry. The presence of the only Giali obsidian specimen from House I.1 in this context would imply its use as a stone vase raw material. Clearly prominent as the center for obsidian activity is the extramural area, here referred to as the West Courtyard. This courtyard yielded the largest concentration of obsidian (n=37), consisting of 21 blades, three exhausted cores, and 13 flakes. These artifacts provide evidence for core preparation as one of the main activities connected to obsidian. Maintenance of blade cores during blade production is likely also responsible for some of the waste flakes found. In addition, three of the four cores found from House I.1 derive from this courtyard. This discrete concentration of obsidian not witnessed anywhere else supports a blade production locus. Perhaps it was here that most of the blades found within the various rooms of the house were produced. Conspicuous in this small assemblage is the high proportion of utilized items, 14 in all. Among these is a microlithic tool. This area also coincides with a stone vase manufacturing area. Perhaps the presence of two specimens in this grouping relates to this activity as well. It is also possible, however, that this locus of obsidian reduction was connected to the infant jar burial episode found at the southeast corner of the open area (McGeorge 2012). The recovery of obsidian items in the immediate vicinity of a burial context is highly suggestive and indicative of the role that obsidian played in mortuary rites (Carter 2007).

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Discussion The obsidian recovered from House I.1 indicates that the occupants were supplying their own blade products both in the Neopalatial period and in the earlier MM phase. The remnants of three cores from this process is certainly indicative of in-house production. These represent an absolute minimum number of nodules that the occupants had in their possession. However, given the varieties of obsidian types within the assemblage, such as Giali and various visually distinctive black translucent flakes and blades, a greater number must be postulated. Nevertheless, the number of cores used over the lifetime of the house would not exceed the actual core remnants by much. It is possible that some of these infrequent specimens may also derive from contemporaneous neighboring complexes at the site of Petras itself or beyond. It should also be assumed that some blades may have arrived to the house as single finished products or as part of a tool kit. The preparation of blade cores distinguished by primary and secondary flakes and the presence of cortical and crested blades is yet another aspect indicating that this process was also carried out at the house. From the low frequencies of obsidian from disparate rooms of the house, it would appear that blade core preparation was not a primary function in any specific room within the house. This process may have occurred sporadically, but the detritus finds would be best interpreted as the result of core maintenance. It is therefore likely that single event blade production and some core maintenance was all that was being practiced within the rooms. In contrast, the evidence from the West Courtyard would point to a manufacturing locus where the complete chaîne opératoire of obsidian reduction was in operation.

13

Mammalian Faunal Remains by Valasia Isaakidou

Selection of Material and Methods of Analysis The modest faunal assemblage recovered by hand during the excavation of House I.1 in the 1985–1986, 1989–1990, and 2011 seasons was studied in the summer of 2011. It comprised a few hundred complete and fragmentary bones and teeth of cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, dogs, and deer, from contexts dating from EM II to LM III (Table 19). For the selection of specimens (number of identified specimens [NISP] = 350, maximum anatomical units [MaxAU] = 409, minimum anatomical units [MinAU] = 398), which could be reliably identified to taxon (e.g., including sheep/goat as well as sheep, goat) and body part (Table 20), a range of variables was recorded. These included contextual information, taxon, body part, side of body, and, where ap­propriate, taphonomic markers (e.g., gnawing, burning), fragmentation, tool marks (e.g., type of mark and location), pathologies, sex and age (state of fusion for limb bones and eruption and wear for mandibular cheek teeth), and measurements.

Relevant protocols were followed for taxonomic identification (for all taxa, see Halstead and Collins, unpublished manuscript; Schmid 1972; for sheep vs. goat postcranial elements, see Boessneck 1969; Boessneck, Müller, and Teichert 1964; Halstead notes; Kratochwil 1969; Prummel and Frisch 1986; for sheep vs. goat mandibles and permanent mandibular teeth, see Halstead, Collins, and Isaakidou 2002; for sheep vs. goad deciduous teeth, see Payne 1985; for red vs. fallow deer, see Lister 1996). Similarly, protocols were used for ageing postcranial elements and mandibles/mandibular teeth (for cattle, see Silver 1969; Prummel 1987a, 1987b, 1988, 1989 [postcranial elements]; Grant 1982; Grigson 1982; Halstead 1985 [mandibles/ mandibular teeth]; for pigs, see Silver 1969; Bull and Payne 1982; Prummel 1987a, 1987b, 1988, 1989 [postcranial elements]; Bull and Payne 1982; Grant 1982; Halstead 1992 [mandibles/ mandibular teeth]; for sheep and goats, see Silver 1969; Prummel 1987a, 1987b, 1988, 1989 [postcranial elements]; Payne 1973; Deniz and Payne 1982 [mandibles/mandibular teeth]. The quantification

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method follows Halstead (Halstead 2011, 749–750) and is an adaptation of Watson’s method of diagnostic anatomical zones (Watson 1979). The analysis presented here follows the approach detailed by Isaakidou, whereby markers of postdepositional processes are first considered, in order to assess the degree to which non-human agents, primarily scavengers, played a role in modifying the assemblage after its discard by humans (Isaakidou 2005). This is achieved primarily by analyzing the frequencies of: (a) gnawing marks; (b) long bones in the shape of cylinders (i.e., bones from which articular ends have potentially been removed by dog gnawing; following Binford 1981); and (c) survivorship of robust and fragile anatomical zones of the skeleton of sheep and goats (following Brain 1981). Subsequently, carcass dressing and cooking methods are explored through the analysis of observable butchery marks and patterns of fragmentation (following Binford 1981), as well as localized burning. Finally, insights into management are sought from demographic data (age at death and adult sex ratios) following various sources (see sources listed above for ageing postcranial elements and mandibles/­ mandibular teeth) and from evidence for pathological conditions, which may be associated with the tasks performed by domesticates, such as traction (e.g., see Bartosiewicz, Van Neer, and Lentacker 1997; Isaakidou 2006).

Analysis of the Assemblage The majority of recorded specimens (MinAU = 303, MaxAU = 317; see Table 21) were recovered from contexts dating to the Neopalatial period (Table 19), the main period of the use of the houses. Present discussion focuses on this assemblage because of its larger size and potential relevance to understanding the use of space and activities associated with the building. The dataset analyzed here comprises specimens from relatively pure LM I contexts, as well as from smaller groups from contexts that yielded mixed EM–LM I and MM– LM I ceramic assemblages, but in which Neopalatial pottery predominated. Inclusion of these smaller groups was deemed necessary to increase the available sample. It should be noted that bones

from deposits containing a mixture of Neopalatial and EM pottery represent only a tiny fraction of the assemblage (MaxAU = 10) and are thus unlikely to skew the results. Nevertheless, even this dataset is very modest (i.e., it is below the statistically reliable sample of ca. 400 cases advised by van der Veen and Fieller 1982, table 4) for a detailed analysis of species representation and taphonomy and even less so for butchery, cooking, and management practices, since variables relevant to understanding carcass processing and management are recordable only from a subset of specimens. Accordingly, conclusions drawn here should be used with caution.

Preservation Carnivore Attrition The frequency of gnawed specimens is very low, with only 5.8% of the total MaxAU exhibiting carnivore gnawing marks (Table 22). Comparison of the survivorship of sheep and goat anatomical zones in House I.1 with an actual dataset of heavily dog-gnawed goat bones (Brain 1981) also suggests that carnivores were not the main agent of bone modification at House I.1: some of the most fragile anatomical zones (e.g., proximal humerus and tibia) are as well represented as some of the more robust ones (e.g., distal humerus and tibia; see Fig. 52). Cylinders are very frequent (Tables 23, 24), but many have broken edges exhibiting characteristics of the fragmentation of dry bone (i.e., bone depleted of organic components). This means that they were fractured after discard, probably resulting from pressure due to trampling and/or the weight of overlying deposits rather than from the destruction of articular ends by gnawing, as Binford describes (Binford 1981, 173, fig. 4.57). Finally, unfused post-cranial elements of sheep and goats are well represented, and they even include early (up to ca. 1 year old) fusing elements, the most vulnerable category. Burning In terms of the destruction of bones by fire, the rarity of burned specimens suggests that a negligible portion of the assemblage was discarded in a

MAMMALIAN FAUNAL REMAINS

fire as rubbish or fuel (Table 25). Indeed, all of the burning observed is localized and is more likely to have resulted from the partial exposure of bone to fire during the process of roasting meat joints or roasting cleaned bones to facilitate the consumption of marrow (see below). Summary The analysis of preservation indices suggests that post-depositional processes by non-human agents did not play an important role in the modification of the assemblage after its consumption by humans. Therefore, it is safe to infer that the relative frequencies of species, age groups, and fragile anatomical units, as well as the observed fragmentation patterns, primarily reflect human behavior.

Discard Practices Expanding on the conclusions reached in the previous section, we now explore patterns of discard in and around House I.1. Statistically significant similarities or differences in the distribution of bones and teeth between the various spaces of House I.1 are not possible to discern due to the small size of the assemblage. There seemingly is, however, a greater concentration of bones in external or peripheral areas (Room 1, the West Courtyard, the Lakkos deposit at the West Courtyard, Pit Θ, and Corridor B-Δ; Table 21) on the basis of the total area excavated in square meters. As expected, the larger the sample in a room/area, the wider the range of species and body parts that are represented (Table 26). Due to the small size of individual room/area sub-assemblages, no statistically significant pattern can be detected for the preferential discard of a particular species or parts of the skeleton in individual spaces. The small size of the assemblage also precludes the identification of statistically valid spatial patterns in bone preservation or the spatial organization of carcass processing. Thus, the analysis mainly explores patterns for the assemblage as a whole. The observed patterns of body part, species, and age group representation can have implications in terms of processing, consumption, and management. Loose mandibular teeth outnumber those remaining within fragments of mandibles

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(Table 27), which is a pattern common in materials subject to high levels of attrition (because teeth are more durable than bone). On the other hand, unfused postcranial articulations (which are particularly vulnerable to attrition) are quite well represented, and the youngest age groups are better, or even solely, represented by postcranial elements than by mandibles and mandibular teeth. These characteristics, combined with the preponderance of small-sized specimens, the frequency of long bone shaft fragments, and the complete absence of complete long bones (Table 24), are compatible with the selective removal from House I.1 of larger specimens, probably in the process of regular cleaning, but also with the heavier fragmentation of older, rather than younger mandibles (see below). This conclusion affects how we may interpret the data in terms of pre-discard human behavior.

Carcass Processing and Meat Cooking Practices All major parts of the carcasses (head, trunk, limbs, and feet) of sheep, goats, pigs, and cattle are present (Table 27), suggesting that animals were slaughtered and their carcasses processed and consumed on site. At least in the case of pigs, sheep, and goats, from which most of our specimens derive, animals are likely to have been slaughtered, processed, and consumed both in and around House I.1 (Figs. 53–55). Excluding horncores and proportionally attributing undifferentiated sheep/ goat anatomical units to sheep and goat, sheep are the most common (43%), followed by goats (20%) and pigs (23%), while cattle remains are very rare (4%; total n=296). Dogs and deer are represented by single specimens, making it impossible to evaluate their status as food animals or otherwise. The deer specimen is compatible in size with red deer (Cervus elaphus) or fallow deer (Dama dama) rather than roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), but it does not preserve enough morphological characteristics for identification at the species level. Based on evidence from other sites, however, it is likely that it belongs to a fallow deer (e.g., Wilkens 1996; Isaakidou 2007).

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The exploration of carcass processing and meat cooking practices draws on results from the analysis of fragmentation patterns, butchery marks, and localized burning. Bones of all domesticates, regardless of size, are heavily fragmented: complete long bones are absent, and there is a large number of end-and-shaft and shaft fragments (following Binford 1981; Tables 23, 24). End-and-shaft fragments are typical of human processing aimed at accessing nutrients within the bone (Binford 1981, 153–156), and the low frequency of gnawing (discussed above) suggests that the fragmentation of shafts may result from intensive human processing. Some specimens also bear tool marks, which can be safely attributed to the butchery of carcasses for consumption, based on their anatomical distribution. Thus, both fragmentation and butchery imply that the bones derive from human processing for consumption. All domesticates display comparable patterns of long bone fragmentation (Table 24) and butchery (Tables 28, 29), suggesting similar methods of processing, although in the case of fragmentation, given other indications, we cannot exclude the possibility that fragile bones of smaller animals (i.e., sheep and goats) are very fragmented as a result of trampling. Few butchery marks were visible overall, perhaps in part reflecting the heavy fragmentation of the assemblage, and this limits our ability to glean details of carcass reduction practices. The morphology of these marks indicates that most result from the use of knives, but one was inflicted by a heavy instrument such as a cleaver (Table 28). The anatomical placement of the marks may shed light on the particular stage of butchery that they represent. No marks were observed that can be associated with slaughter and skinning (the initial stages of carcass processing), and dismembering marks, the type usually most common in bone assemblages, were also rarely observed. The majority of cuts were apparently inflicted in the process of removing meat from the bone (i.e., filleting; Table 29). Among these filleting cuts, there were two examples of an unusual type, also observed at Knossos (Isaakidou 2007, 19): namely, multiple, more or less equidistant marks, inflicted transversely across the shaft of long bones. Evidence compatible with processing for marrow extraction was also observed; localized burning marks, situated

on the mid-shaft of a sheep metacarpal and two sheep or goat tibias, are reminiscent of ethnographic examples resulting from “toasting” bones over an open fire in order to cook/liquefy marrow so that it can be more easily extracted and consumed (Binford 1978). Similar frequencies of body parts from meat bearing joints (i.e., scapula/humerus/radius and pelvis/femur/tibia) and non-meat bearing joints (extremities such as mandibles and metapodials/ phalanges) imply the small scale non-specialized processing of carcasses (Table 30). The same is perhaps suggested by the scarcity of evidence for the use of tools like cleavers, which are often associated with large scale processing of carcasses by specialists (e.g., Maltby 1989; Luff 1994). The almost total absence of dismembering marks (if not the result of the small sample size), coupled with traces of burning probably inflicted during cooking, hint that more or less complete carcasses may have been roasted, probably on an open fire (as can be seen in Crete today) or on a spit, rather than in an oven. Meat roasted in this fashion tends to be under- rather than over-cooked, so the predominant filleting marks may result from the carving of roasted meat rather than the filleting of raw meat prior to cooking. It may be tentatively suggested, therefore, that carcasses were consumed in the context of hospitality events involving cooked meat, rather than by distributing uncooked joints among neighbors in the expectation of reciprocation when they next slaughtered an animal. Consistent with this suggestion is the presence of the distinctive form of “filleting” mark involving multiple transverse cuts. Similar traces were observed in palatial assemblages from Knossos, where they were interpreted as evidence for the development of elite cuisine (Isaakidou 2007).

Animal Management Due to the small size of the House I.1 assemblage, dem­ographic (sex and age) data are very scanty. Management practices are best explored through the analysis of tooth wear and eruption, which, inter alia, provide better resolution, especially for the crucial younger age groups (0–12

MAMMALIAN FAUNAL REMAINS

months) and animals older than four years old, than postcranial fusion. Tooth-wear and eruption enable us to interpret data, following ethnographic models based on management practices observed among Turkish herders (Payne 1973). The discrepancy observed between age groups represented by cranial and postcranial elements in House I.1 (Tables 31, 32), discussed above, suggests that young mandibles (0–12 months old) are missing because of discard practices, not management choices. It is hoped that the analysis of the totality of the Petras assemblage will enable us to explore management practices in future publications thanks to a larger dental dataset. Based on fusion evidence, one cattle specimen be­longed to an individual slaughtered when younger than 12–18 months (Table 31); based on tooth wear analysis, the assemblage also included a specimen of an individual older than 18 months at slaughter (Halstead’s stage D-E, based on the wear of a loose M2 [Halstead 1985]) that is an adult animal (Table 32). No sexable body parts of cattle were identified and no pathological conditions were observed. It is impossible to infer from these two examples what the goals of cattle management were—that is, whether the emphasis was on meat production, the exploitation of secondary products like dairy, or the cattle were raised for traction. Only three ageable pig mandible specimens were recovered: one belonging to an animal slaughtered between 6–12 months, one older than two years, and one older than one year. Neither of the latter two was of an advanced age (Table 31). Few sexable specimens were recovered. Most were male mandibular canines or mandibles preserving the canine socket, at a ratio of 5 males to 1 female (Table 33). Loose female canines are smaller than male, however, and are thus subject to retrieval bias. The incompatibility of the high ratio of males to females with normal breeding practices (1:10; Halstead and Isaakidou 2011, 165), as well as the high number of male canines found relative to other mandibular fragments (Table 27), suggest that these might have been selectively curated for display, as talismans or as mementos of particular consumption events, and they are thus not representative of pig breeding practices at the site. A larger dataset of loose mandibular teeth and mandible fragments of goats and sheep was recovered (Table 32). In the case of goats, animals

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appear to have been predominantly slaughtered at ages that would prioritize the maximum yield of meat. There are no mandibles or loose teeth of animals younger than 6–12 months or older than 6–8 years at the time of slaughter. Usually the maximization of milk production requires the more or less immediate slaughter of (mainly male) animals so as to preserve milk for human use, while wool or hair production requires keeping adult males to an older age than practiced for milk and meat flocks. Both of these groups of animals (very young and very old) are absent from our tooth dataset. The presence of two fetal goat bones suggests the breeding of goats within the settlement, perhaps within House I.1 itself. Traditionally, goats were often backyard animals, with one or two females kept for milk (the milk would be collected for consumption by the very young and the very old members of the household, as well as for modest cheese production for consumption within the household). In the case of sheep, again we are missing jaws and mandibular teeth of animals slaughtered younger than 6–12 months, but there are more animals slaughtered at an older age than is the case with goats: approximately one in two sheep was slaughtered when older than 3–4 years, compared to one in three goats. Moreover, while there are no goat teeth or mandibles from animals definitely older than 4–6 years at the time of slaughter, there are two examples of sheep slaughtered when older than 6–8 years; examples of even older animals are a possiblility. This might suggest that sheep breeding placed an emphasis on wool production. Unfortunately, our sample of sexable specimens of sheep and goats is very small (n=6; Table 33). Interestingly, all specimens belong to females, or possible females—a fact that is compatible with the suggestion that goat remains represent household animals—but there is no certain evidence from the slaughter profile for the intensive breeding of sheep for wool.

Conclusions The assemblage available for study from House I.1 is of modest size and quite heavily fragmented, but nonetheless, it enables several important

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(if tentative) conclusions. The remains are overwhelmingly from domesticates (sheep, goats, pigs, cattle, and dog, in descending order of frequency), with game represented only by one specimen from a fallow (or possibly red) deer. Bone was recovered from built interior spaces but especially from open yards. Dogs apparently had access to both interiors and yards, but they had little impact on bone survival. The abundance of loose teeth may reflect the effects of trampling on discarded bone, though fragile, young limb bones are also represented, suggesting rather variable depositional pathways that perhaps involved the periodic clearing of the larger fragments. In addition to the apparent discard, trampling, gnawing, and possible clearing of bone refuse, the abundance of loose canine teeth from male pigs (which contrasts with the rarity of other pig teeth) raises the possibility that these were retained and perhaps displayed as trophies or mementos of feasts. These animals were apparently slaughtered onsite and possibly at a household level. Their carcasses were evidently exploited systematically for marrow, as well as meat, and there are hints that they were roasted more or less intact, probably on open fires, with meat subsequently carved off for distribution. Meat may have been consumed, therefore, in the context of formal hospitality—a possibility tentatively reinforced by a distinctive form of butchery observed in palatial contexts at Knossos. The domesticates consumed are of a range of ages, with the largest part of the sample of ageable specimens consisting of sheep and goats. Analysis is complicated not only by the small sample size, but also by the apparent discrepancy between

postcranial and mandibular data—most obviously in the case of sheep and goats, but also perhaps in the case of pigs. First-year deaths are much better represented among postcranial than mandibular remains, even though attrition would probably favor the opposite outcome. This implies that different parts of animals of different ages were subject to spatially differentiated discard (or perhaps differential fragmentation followed by selective removal in clearing up of refuse). Mandibular evidence implies that goats were slaughtered primarily as older juveniles and younger adults—an age favoring the availability of meat rather than the production of milk, hair, or offspring—while sheep were slaughtered as older juveniles, young adults, and old adults, possibly reflecting an emphasis on wool as well as meat. Postcranial evidence for the slaughter of first-year animals strengthens the case for the prioritization of meat, while the predominance of females among adult sheep does not support the specialized production of wool (cf. Killen 1964; Isaakidou 2006).

Acknowledgments I would like to thank the director, Tom Brogan, and staff at the INSTAP Study Center for East Crete for providing study space and assistance with all aspects of our fieldwork. Fieldwork and analysis were generously funded by INSTAP. Paul Halstead kindly helped with recording in the field and discussed the results of the faunal analysis; he also commented on the final draft of this chapter.

14

Marine Faunal Remains by Tatiana Theodoropoulou

The lengthy excavations conducted at Minoan Petras have produced a fair number of marine faunal remains. More than 3,000 remains have been recovered from Hill I, including the three sectors of the settlement and the palace (Fig. 56). The retrieved samples seem to confirm a long-standing relationship of the Minoan inhabitants of the Siteia Bay area with the sea, as also seems to have been the case with their Neolithic predecessors (Theodoropoulou 2012). This chapter focuses on the analysis of marine remains recovered from House I.1 in order to shed light on the exploitation of marine resources within this architectural complex.

Sampling and Methodology House I.1 produced 193 shell remains from 23 architectural units. Three more shells were found in House I.2. Sampling, species identification, quantification, and the recording of primary data

are the first steps toward the analysis of the assemblage and its interpretation. The methods of recovery employed are reflected in the composition of the faunal material. The visible faunal material was collected by hand during the 1985–1986, 1989–1990, and 2011 excavation seasons. Limited dry and wet sieving was employed at the time, and this fact should be taken into account when analysis of the species composition and related statistics are conducted, especially in relation to the absence of fishbones. Although hand-collecting may recover larger fish species or more robust anatomical units, smaller species and more fragile remains will most likely be underrepresented or completely absent from the record (Clason and Prummel 1977). As a result of the biases related to sampling, only part of the relationship between Minoan Petras and the sea can thus be reconstructed. However, fishing at Petras can be directly suggested by the presence of scanty fishbones (Rose 1994, 344; Mylona 2010; Theodoropoulou 2012), as well as indirectly by the

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presence of two barbless copper alloy fish hooks, which were found in House Tomb 2 (Room 3) at Petras (Ferrence, Muhly, and Betancourt 2012). The shell assemblage was studied at the INSTAP Study Center for East Crete in the summers of 2010 and 2011. Primary analysis followed standard zooarchaeological methods, including species identification, counting, and the identification of pre- and post-depositional markers. Shell remains have been identified with the help of general manuals for the Mediterranean and the Aegean Sea (D’Angelo and Gargiullo 1978; Fischer, Bauchot, and Schneider, eds., 1987; Poppe and Goto 1991; nomenclature follows the Check List of European Marine Mollusca [CLEMAM] online taxonomic database, http://www.somali.asso.fr/clemam/). Identification was, in most cases, extended to the family, genus, and species level. Counts are given in numbers of identified specimens (NISP) and in minimum number of individuals (MNI). Pre- and post-depositional alterations (signs of fire, opening with a tool, perforations or other working, weathering) have also been recorded and counted. The stratigraphical information provided by the excavators was useful in analyzing the shell remains grouped by architectural units and phases of House I.1.

Preservation of the Material Although the tissue of shells is hard, it still undergoes alterations due to human activity and taphonomic processes. Identification of these alterations may offer important information on the history of the shells prior to and after their burial. The material from Petras is preserved in fairly good condition. Most mollusks were collected alive, with the exception of a few specimens (eight shells) with water-eroded surfaces and signs of bioerosion that occurred prior to burial. Those specimens were probably found dead on the beach and were not collected for food (Pl. 48A:a). The shells from House I.1 generally have not undergone burning; the few burned specimens should be considered accidental, the result of post-consumption discardment directly into a low-temperature fire (Pl. 48A:b). Another issue is fragmentation. The completeness of the shells and the fragmentation ratio of the assemblage may provide information on human

practices and formation processes. At Petras House I.1, whole specimens are common. Smaller gastropods (whelks, top shells, horns, cowries) are usually found intact. Limpets are also found intact, and fragmentation at the pallial line is probably due to natural processes that affect the structurally weak points of the shell (e.g., the apex suture and aperture; see Claassen 1998). Fragmentation seems to affect larger gastropods, namely Hexaplex trunculus (commonly known as banded dye-murex), helmet shells, and tritons. Their size and shape may be responsible for the higher fragmentation, though their robust shell does not easily explain fragility. With respect to murex shells, heavy fragmentation affecting all parts of the shell, including the robust spire, is observed (Pl. 48A:c). The study of fragmentation patterns reveals an intentional breakage rather than fracturing attributed to natural processes. The reasons for this pattern will be discussed within the human processes related to the exploitation of mollusks. Other alterations to the shell surface found in the assemblage include marks produced by human actions (e.g., tool marks, cut edges, and holes); these features will also be discussed in their human context. As a whole, post-depositional agents generally did not affect the shell material. Predepositional alterations can be distinguished in the following patterns: (a) alterations that occurred before collection by humans (water-abrasion, bioerosion), (b) marks produced by humans during collection or shell modification (tool marks, holes), and (c) burning that probably occurred after consumption of the flesh due to direct contact with fire (burned tests).

Main Species, Habitats Exploited, and Procurement Methods The shell assemblage is quite varied despite its limited size. Invertebrate remains belong to 12 families (eight families of gastropods, three families of bivalves, and one echinid; Tables 34, 35). Among invertebrates, murex shells account for 61% of the material (54% MNI). Limpets are also quite common (21% NISP, 23% MNI). Whelks (7% NISP, 9% MNI) and triton shells (5% NISP,

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4% MNI) are represented with one to five specimens each. All other species only occur roughly once or twice in the house. The species proportions observed in House I.1, namely the prevalence of murex shells, followed by limpets, whelks, and tritons, fit the general pattern of exploitation of various marine resources at Minoan Petras during this period (Theodoropoulou 2012). The environmental identity of the encountered species defines marine zones of ancient human gath­ering. Presence/absence and abundance of individuals in each species may be a combination of environmental availability and human selection of natural resources. However, for an environmental reconstruction to be statistically significant, the numbers of identified specimens need to be considerably higher than the ones available from House I.1. In the following section, some comments are expressed with respect to the environmental identity of present species and the toolkit used for their collection. The collection of murex shells, limpets and top shells, whelks, horn shells, tritons, sea urchins, and other mollusks took place almost exclusively in the upper and deeper levels of rocky or mixed shores (Fig. 57:a, b). Invertebrates that inhabit these type of shores are usually found, fixed or mobile, on the surface of the hard substrate, and they commonly occur in colonies. Some, like limpets, are easier to locate and collect with simple methods and tools, either by hand or with a sharp instrument (e.g., a knife or a stick picked up on the beach) to help detach the animal from the dry surface. Other epifaunal carnivores inhabiting deeper waters, like murex, may require more elaborate methods of collection (Ruscillo 2005). There is also some evidence for collection in sandy-muddy areas (cockles, helmet shells), which would have required other types of tools suited for burrowing into the soft substrate. The described pattern of exploitation, although based on limited quantities, falls within the general trend observed in other sectors of Minoan Petras, and it is characterized by collection in rocky or mixed substrates from the intertidal zone to deeper waters (Theodoropoulou 2012). The same recurrent species, namely limpets, murex, and top shells, though in different frequencies, are also collected in other LM settlements in the Mirabello Bay area and those farther to the east (Reese

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1987a, 1999, 2011a, 2011b, forthcoming). This points to an overall preference for these species, which could be viewed as more than just an expression of local availability.

Spatial and Chronological Analysis Contextual data combined with taxonomic information were examined for possible interrelationships between spaces of use and shell distribution. Due to the limited size of the shell assemblage and sampling methods, spatial distribution could not be properly evaluated. Ideally, the frequency of shells also needs to be correlated to the volume of excavated sediment and the size of each space. The low assemblage size, however, does not allow for a statistical approach of this kind. Nevertheless, spatial analysis could bring forward some spatial trends that may be valid. With respect to chronological reconstructions, most of the contexts were dated to the Neopalatial period, though several contexts yielded mixed EM to LM I pottery. Layers of use are not distributed evenly throughout the house. For these reasons, a separate description per layer in every architectural unit of the house is preferred over a general chronological overview of trends. Although some general comments on the basic phases will be drawn from these descriptions, they should not be considered final. The following presents the shell data from various spaces of House I.1 (Tables 36, 37; Fig. 56). Room A No marine remains were recovered from this room. Room M Room M produced five limpet fragments from the surface fill and eight more shells from the destruction deposit of the walls and roof (seven murex shells, one limpet). Most murex fragments from this layer were burned black, possibly a result of the destruction of the room. It is interesting to note the presence of marine remains in this space, which also forms part of the wine installation.

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Room E Shell remains were only retrieved from the destruction deposit (Lr II), supposedly from the upper story. They consisted of 11 murex shells, one limpet, and one whelk. Room Λ All shells came from the destruction deposit (Lr II) of the upper story. Although this room is one of the richest in terms of finds, shell numbers were not impressive, especially if we consider both the size of the room and the thickness of the deposit (0.45 to 0.75 m). The assemblage comprised six murex shells, one water-worn triton shell, and one top shell. Room Ξ This room produced one murex shell from the destruction deposit and two more Hexaplex shells from the floor deposit. Room Π Two Hexaplex trunculus fragments were recovered from the destruction fill of this room. Although this room contained a high number of pots, it is highly unlikely that any of them was used for the storage of mollusks. Room 1 Fourteen shells were recovered from this room, five from Lr II and nine more from an amphora found in Lr III. The amphora contained several smashed murex shells, one smashed Buccinulum corneum, and one sea urchin spine. The picture from the overlying destruction layer did not differ much in the shell composition: four smashed murex shells and one Spondylus gaederopus shell were retrieved. The finds are relatively abundant for the size of the space (ca. 3.2 m2), and they are most likely related to the domestic use of the room. Room 2 This room contained mostly murex shells (seven), one of which was burned black, as well as one Buccinulum corneum; all were retrieved from the destruction layer, Lr II.

Corridor B-Δ The shell assemblage from this area is one of the most abundant from House I.1, though the actual numbers are not that important considering the size of the space (11.5 m2) and the thickness of the deposit (more than 1 m). Although more shells came from the upper layer, Lr I (12), the destruction, floor, and subfloor layers also produced a number of shells (eight, three, and seven, respectively). All layers mostly contained murex shells, as well as limpets and whelks. Among those, three specimens were collected dead on the beach (murex, whelk, limpet). Shell remains from this open/light-roofed space were probably dumped in from the surrounding rooms. Area Z Two shells (one limpet, one murex) came from the surface layer, and one murex shell from the construction level of the bench in this area. Staircase H The staircase was very poor in shell finds. One whelk from the surface layer and two murex fragments from the destruction layer were recovered. One triton fragment was found in the surface layer between Areas H and Z. Area Φ This area produced 13 shells. Most of them were recovered from the thick MM IIA deposit of subarea Φ2 (0.90 m), and they included five crushed murex, two limpets, two whelks, and one cockle. Two more shells (limpet, murex) were found near the north face of W 24, while only one limpet with a tool mark was found in the floor deposit in the western part of this area. Staircase Y This small closed area produced a small shell assemblage. The surface layer contained a mix of two murex, two limpets, and one top shell. Three more limpets were retrieved from the floor deposit, and one top shell from the MM II walls in the western part of the staircase.

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West Courtyard The West Courtyard was the richest space in terms of shell finds, though this accumulation must be evaluated with regard to the extensive surface of this area (43.2 m2). Shells are particularly present in Layers II and III. The floor deposit, Lr II, contained 12 murex fragments and one Charonia fragment. The cavity excavated under the floor of the courtyard also produced 14 shells, mostly murex fragments (11), one incomplete Phalium, one limpet, and one top shell. Two more shells (one murex, one thorny oyster) were found in the surface layer of this area. Four additional fragments of juvenile murex shells were found inside the pithoid jar that contained the baby inhumation. Area 3 This small open area, destined for industrial activities, produced a fair number of shells. Layer II contained one incomplete whelk and one whole cowrie shell. The floor deposit produced two limpets and two murex fragments, one of which is burned black. Paved Road Two triton shell fragments and one murex fragment were found in the floor deposit of the road. Area K This open area was very poor in shell finds. Two murex fragments were found in the surface layer and one whelk in the floor deposit. South-Southeast Courtyard One murex fragment was found in this area. Pit Θ One incomplete triton was found in the pit fill, and one more water-worn Glycymeris fragment came from the surface layer. Pit I The surface layer of the pit produced two limpets and one whelk.

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Area P Three murex fragments came from the floor deposit of this area. Area O Two murex fragments and one Charonia fragment were retrieved from the surface layer of this area. Area Σ Most of the samples from this area are from disturbed layers. The surface layer produced eight shell fragments (three murex, three limpets, one horn, one cockle), and the floor deposit had only one helmet shell; on the other hand, 11 shells came from the disturbed Lr III (seven limpets, one of which was water worn; two murex fragments; and two triton shell fragments collected dead on the beach). Area T This area did not produce any marine fauna. House I.2 Shells from this space are rather scarce. One whelk, one limpet fragment, and one incomplete cowrie shell are attributed to this area. Narrow Passage between Houses I.1 and I.2 No shells were recovered from this area.

Summary The distribution of shells across various spaces of House I.1 is uneven. Shells are mostly accumulated in peripheral unroofed spaces, namely the West Courtyard, Corridor B-Δ, and Area Σ. However, the deposition rate among these spaces does not seem to be uniform, and it therefore does not indicate an overall deposition event during a specific time of use/destruction (Table 38; Fig. 57:c). Rather, remains from the West Courtyard coincide with both the floor and destruction layers, while finds from Corridor B-Δ are associated with the

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destruction fill, as well as with an earlier structure in this area. The shell material from both of these spaces may be considered as post-use waste dumped from the original areas of consumption. Shells from Area Σ, on the other hand, can be better assigned to the two phases of use and reuse of this space, which are possibly associated with the hearth and the domestic function suggested for the area north of Areas Φ and O. Indeed, shells are relatively abundant in the central part of the building, namely in Rooms E, M, Λ, 1, and 2. Some examples are thought to come from the debris of the upper story over Rooms E and Λ. The presence of crushed murex shells in the upper part of these spaces is particularly interesting, and they may be connected to storage or consumption. Also of interest are the murex shells found in Room M, a room considered to be associated with wine production, as is neighboring Room A. In another area associated with industrial activities, Area 3, the presence of both edible shells and small gastropods (whelks, cowries) is noteworthy. The presence of mollusks in small Room 1 and Room 2, on the other hand, can be more directly associated with the domestic use of these spaces. The remaining areas of House I.1 do not seem to be related to the exploitation of mollusks, and the presence of remains may be accidental. In order to decode the presence of shells in House I.1, the distribution of different species in various spaces of the house needs to be studied closely with the possible uses of marine fauna and the function of the associated contexts.

The Use of Marine Faunas in the Diet and Economy of House I.1 Shells are present in almost every space in House I.1 of Minoan Petras, though their numbers are not overwhelming. Setting aside possible biases inherent in post-depositional processes and sampling, the general picture that emerges from the analysis of the shell material is that mollusks probably did not form a major component of the activities that took place in Sector I. Nevertheless, their presence within specific spaces of the house(s) may reveal part of their history and use.

The following paragraphs explore the role of different faunas identified at Petras through a contextual and functional approach (Pl. 48B). Murex Shells The gastropod Hexaplex trunculus is the most common shell found in House I.1. This thick, fusiform mollusk can reach 60–80 mm in length and is generally found in groups, on rocks and muddy bottoms of the littoral zone. It has been found in most spaces across the architectural complex, including: the debris of the two-story Room E and Room Λ; also Room Ξ and Room Π; other domestic contexts, such as Room 1, Room 2, and Area Σ; spaces associated with domestic or other activities (Area 3) and wine production (Room M); open spaces (Area K and Area O); semi-open areas (Area Z, Area P, Corridor B-Δ, and Staircases H and Y); and open courtyards (West Courtyard, Area Φ, South-Southeast Courtyard, and the Paved Road). Murex shells are edible gastropods that were consumed throughout Aegean prehistory; they continue to be appreciated by Mediterranean populations, although their flesh is rather tough (Thompson 1947, 210–211; Becker 2001; Davidson 2002, 192). However, murex shells are more commonly known for their use in purple dye production, and the purple dye industry is known to have thrived on Minoan Crete (Ruscillo 2005; Brogan, Betancourt, and Apostolakou 2012). This activity usually involves significant quantities of mollusks being fished and kept alive in saltwater until processed in tanks, usually after crushing the shell in order to extract the hypobranchial gland that produces that color (Ruscillo 2005; for an overview of MBA–Late Bronze Age [LBA] murex shell heaps from the Aegean and references, see Vykukal 2011, 11–12, 26–43, table 2.1; Veropoulidou 2012, 71–77; for examples of murex heaps in association with installations, see Ruscillo 2006, 808; Carannante 2011; Vykukal 2011, 12; Apostolakou, Brogan, and Betancourt 2012; Betancourt, Apostolakou, and Brogan 2012). The murex finds from House I.1 do not seem to fit this scenario. Fragmentation per se does not speak in favor of such an activity. Although most of the shells are crushed, gastropod species may also be crushed randomly prior to consumption. Crushed specimens do

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not follow a recurrent pattern of fracturation (cf. experiments on extracting the gland by crushing the shell in Ruscillo 2005 and Veropoulidou 2012, table 2.7), and they are never found in concentrations high enough to suggest the production of dye (usually a NISP greater than 11, except in the West Courtyard; see Table 37). Moreover, architectural evidence from House I.1 does not support the presence of installations, such as basins, related to the fermentation of the raw material. A smallscale purple dye production that would not necessitate specific installations or significant quantities of mollusks cannot as yet be ruled out (e.g., 1 g of wool can be dyed with only seven Hexaplex trunculus, and less than a hundred mollusks are sufficient to dye a garment; see Barber 1991, 231; Becker 2001; Veropoulidou 2012, 75). However, in light of the above requirements— most of which are not fulfilled by the studied material—it is more plausible to suggest a food use for this mollusk at House I.1. The mixed character of the deposits, including several species within each sample, reinforce the latter idea (cf. similar mixed deposits such as that at Malia [currently under study by T. Theodoropoulou] and Sissi [under study by R. Veropoulidou], as opposed to clear purple dye waste). The rate of fragmentation (3% whole and another 4% sub-whole specimens versus 34% spire-whorl fragments and 23% random fragments) suggests that murex mollusks could have been crushed prior to consumption (Pl. 48B:a; ethnographic parallels usually offer examples of cooking of whole gastropods as crushing could leave small pieces of shell on the flesh) in order to extract the animal from its fusiform shell—an activity that could also have taken place in the upper story of some rooms—and eaten raw (in modern Mediterranean cuisine, murex are also boiled or cooked; see Davidson 2002, 192). The occasional presence of burned-black specimens is not related to food preparation as these were probably directly discarded into a fire. Murex food debris was discarded in open spaces such as the West Courtyard and Corridor B-Δ. Limpets Limpets (Patella caerulea, Patella ulyssiponensis, and Patella rustica) are relatively abundant in House I.1 (Pl. 48B:b). These cone-shaped mollusks

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are widespread on the rocky shores of Crete and are easily located in the splash zone or the upper levels of the infralittoral zone. Patella caerulea seems to have been preferred over the other species, possibly due to its abundance in the nearby shores (Theodoropoulou 2012, 90, table 1). Their easy-tolocate habitat and facility in detaching them from the substrate has made them popular among early populations across the Aegean and Crete (Reese 1987b, 1995, 2004, 2009, 2011a, forthcoming; Theodoropoulou 2007; Brogan, Betancourt, and Apostolakou 2012), and they were also a preferred foodstuff for the Neolithic inhabitants of Kephala Petras (Theodoropoulou 2012, 90, table 1), though their rather tough flesh was not always appreciated (Thompson 1947, 147–148). Limpets have been found in several areas of House I.1, including roofed rooms (Room E), semiopen rooms (Area Z), other domestic spaces (Area Σ), and other areas (Room M, Area 3, Corridor B-Δ, the West Courtyard, and Area Φ), as well as Staircase Y and Pit I. They represent either food debris consumed in situ or food waste from the cleaning of the consumption areas. Limpets could have been eaten raw or prepared in some fashion, with minimal effort needed to detach the animal from its cone. Whelks The Mediterranean whelks (Buccinulum corneum) are small- to medium-sized mollusks with fusiform decorated shells that can reach 70 mm in length (Pl. 48B:c). They are found in shallow or deeper waters among stones or rocks. Whelks were found in a variety of contexts in House I.1: close domestic spaces (Rooms E, 1, 2), domestic/industrial areas (Area 3), open areas (K and Φ), as well as in Pit I, Corridor B-Δ, and Staircase H. They are never found in large quantities, with the exception of Corridor B-Δ, where they had accumulated in all strata. Whelks are edible mollusks, though they can also be used as baits or ornaments. Most whelks from House I.1 were intact, with the exception of one specimen missing the last whorl, and one more bearing a large irregular hole on the last whorl. These are probably marks produced during the effort to extract the animal from its shell. The remaining specimens had either not yet been

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consumed or had been cooked or boiled, thus facilitating the extraction of the animal without crushing the shell.

Thorny Oysters Two small-sized thorny oysters (Spondylus gaederopus) were recovered from Room 1 and the West Courtyard. The robust valves of this brightly colored mollusk have been used from prehistoric times as a precious raw material (Ifantidis and Nikolaidou, eds., 2011). The thorny oyster provides a succulent meat that would have been appreciated by the inhabitants (see, e.g., Veropoulidou 2011). The two small specimens from Petras do not offer a secure conclusion regarding their use. As they were collected fresh and have been found either in domestic contexts or among other food-waste assemblages, their use as food may be suggested.

Triton Shells and Helmet Shells Triton (Charonia sp.) and helmet shells (Phalium granulatum) have been found in House I.1 (Pl. 48B:d, e). Both mollusks have large, impressive fusiform shells that have been widely used in the eastern Mediterranean during the Bronze Age, including on Minoan Crete (Reese 1989; Åström and Reese 1990; for those found at Chryssi, see Apostolakou, Brogan, and Betancourt 2012). Their original shape and transformation into objects, tools, and musical instruments has been noted with their discovery in a variety of domestic, ritual, and mortuary contexts. It should be noted, however, that both mollusks are edible, thus rendering both their juicy flesh and well-sized shell valuable to humans. Most triton shells from House I.1 are incomplete or fragmented. Although post-depositional fragmentation is responsible for this in most cases, at least one incomplete triton (P85/100) seems to have been modified into a vessel through the removal of the front whorl and lip (Pls. 13F, 48B:e). Its association with Pit Θ may suggest a use as scoop. Two helmet shells were retrieved from House I.1. One of them (Pl. 48B:d), found under the floor of the West Courtyard, was modified by the removal of its aperture (the lip is present) and the opening of a hole on the body whorl. It may have been used as an ornament suspended from a string put through the hole.

Other Gastropods Occasional remains of top shells (Monodonta turbinata) and horn shells (Cerithium vulgatum) come from either domestic spaces (Room Λ and Area Σ), the West Courtyard, or Staircase Y. Both are medium-sized gastropods, commonly found in the upper levels of rocky shores and deeper areas. They are edible and are also used as bait. The sole horn shell found in House I.1 bears signs of the violent extraction of the animal and subsequent fracturing of the lip. Top shells, on the other hand, are generally found intact. Intact and fractured remains indicate that different preparation methods may have been involved in the consumption of these gastropods—the boiling of smaller top shells in order to loosen the abductor muscle of the animal for its removal from the shell, or the extraction of the animal in order to eat it raw.

Cowries One complete cowrie shell (Luria lurida) has been retrieved from Area 3 (Pl. 48B:f). Although this space is related to industrial activities, the presence of this small gastropod is interesting. Usually associated with female fertility and protective power (Germain 1924; Fischer 1949; Claassen 1998, 204), these beautifully colored globular gastropods were frequently used as amulets, either pierced and suspended from a string or attached to a cloth.

Other Bivalvia Scanty remains of cockles (Cerastoderma glaucum; Areas Σ, Φ2) and bittersweets (Glycymeris sp.; Pit Θ) were found in House I.1. Although both taxa are edible, only the cockles seem to represent food refuse. The fragment of bittersweet found in the surface layer of the pit is water worn and bears use-wear, possibly afflicted during abrasion on a smooth surface (Pl. 48B:g). It may have been used as a tool, such as a polisher for pottery or leather processing.

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Sea Urchins Due to the absence of detailed sampling methods, fragile marine remains such as sea urchins may be unseen during excavation. However, one urchin spine found in Room 1 echoes the exploitation of this resource prized by modern Cretans (Vickery 1936, 74).

Summary Most shells found in House I.1 seem to be food debris either consumed within the roofed rooms in the central part of the house, prepared in peripheral domestic areas, or discarded in open spaces and courtyards. The limited numbers of mollusks recovered do not speak in favor of a sea-based diet. Mollusks do not provide the same amount of meat input as equal numbers of other animals (i.e., mammals), and significant quantities of shells are required to provide a full meal. Nevertheless, mollusks were probably chosen to vary the meat-based diet of the inhabitants of House I.1 (see Isaakidou, this vol., Ch. 13). Specific species such as murex, limpets, and whelks were preferred, occasionally combined with other collected species. The exploitation of the shells of mollusks as raw material, as dyeing substance, or as ready-to-use objects is also suggested, yet these uses do not seem to have been the focus of the inhabitants from House I.1. As a whole, the shells from House I.1 at Petras provide some evidence for the exploitation of marine resources within the house, probably as part of the domestic everyday activities mainly related

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to food consumption. This exploitation, however, was far from organized and was likely restricted to isolated events of consumption, as the limited numbers of marine animal remains suggest. This is in contrast to the sea-oriented profile that emerges from the analysis of marine fauna from other sectors of Minoan Petras, where the dietary evidence from those sectors shows a larger and more consistent preference for seafood consumption than that of House I.1 (Theodoropoulou 2012, 95–99) and other LM settlements in the Mirabello Bay and areas farther to the east (Reese 1987a, 1999, 2011a, 2011b, forthcoming), as well as the more sea-oriented diet chosen by the preceding Neolithic communities in the Siteia Bay region (Theodoropoulou 2012).

Acknowledgments I would like to thank Metaxia Tsipopoulou for entrusting me with the study of the marine remains from Petras. Her vision for this publication and her patience in all steps of the preparation of the manuscript are much appreciated. My gratitude extends to Nektarios Karadimas, Garifalia Kostopoulou, and Maria Psallida for helping with the stratigraphy and providing detailed descriptions of the excavation and finds. The study was funded by the Institute for Aegean Prehistory. My thanks also go to the director and staff of the INSTAP Study Center for East Crete for their accommodation.

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Concordance A

Field and Siteia Museum Numbers and Findspots for Cataloged Objects

Field Number

Catalog Number

P11/10 P85/A5 P85/A8 P85/A16 P85/A20 P85/A39 P85/A56 P85/A79 P85/A97 P85/A100 P85/A104 P85/A115 P85/A134 P85/A138 P85/A149 P85/A151 P85/A163 P85/A182

EMP 26 CW 1 PM 46-P 526 MV 16 PM 219-P 967 PM 239-P 1107 PM 220-P 1148 PM 221-P 1157 PM 222-P 1161 PM 223-P 1008 PM 224-P 1165 MV 9 PM 225-P 1247 MV 18 PM 226-P 1177 PM 227-P 1032 PM 228-P 1040 PM 229-P 1186

Siteia Museum Number 12015 5293

12453

5294

Area/Room

Layer

Corridor B-Δ Room Π Room Π Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Corridor B-Δ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ

IV II II I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

252

PETRAS, SITEIA I: A MINOAN PALATIAL SETTLEMENT IN EASTERN CRETE

Field Number

Catalog Number

P85/A193 P85/A205 P85/A230 P85/A265b P85/A268 P85/A269 P85/A282 P85/A284 P85/A285 P85/A302 P85/A312 P85/A325 P85/A346 P85/A348 P85/A364 P85/A365 P85/A369 P85/A369 P85/A376 P85/A389 P85/A410 P85/A412 P85/A414 P85/A417 P85/A431 P85/A436 P85/A437 P85/A450 P85/A457 P85/A459 P85/A467 P85/A471 P85/A472 P85/A474 P85/A479 P85/A479 P85/A484 P85/A488 P85/A493 P85/A501 P85/A505 P85/A507 P85/A512 P85/A522 P85/A524

PM 230-P 1188 MV 2 PM 231-P 1069 MV 3 PM 243-P 1243 MV 10 CW 130 PM 232-P 1084 CW 141 PM 233-P 1088 PM 234-P 1092 PM 235-P 1095 PM 236-P 1101 CW 110 CW 195 MV 17 CW 76-PM 215 PM 215-CW 76 PM 237-P 1231 PM 238-P 1105 CW 73 CW 107 CW 81 CW 162 CW 143 CW 105 CW 140 CW 66 MV 15 CW 82 PM 7-P 87 PM 101-P 608 CW 160 CW 80 CW 58-PM 216 PM 216-CW 58 CW 201 CW 185 CW 68 CW 20 CW 132 CW 178 CW 202 CW 151 PM 217-P 897

Siteia Museum Number 5295

5297 12309 12432

12542 12047

12454 12574 12443 12436

12580

12447 12546 12546 12555 12544 12541

12561 12225

Area/Room

Layer

Pit Θ Room A Pit Θ Room A Pit Θ Corridor B-Δ Corridor B-Δ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Area K Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Room E Room E Room E Room E Room E Corridor B-Δ Corridor B-Δ Corridor B-Δ S-SE Courtyard Room E Room E Corridor B-Δ Room E Corridor B-Δ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit I Pit I Pit I Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ

II II II II IV III I II II II II II II I I I I I II II I II I I II II II I I II I I II II I I I II II II II II I I I

253

CONCORDANCE A

Field Number

Catalog Number

Siteia Museum Number

Area/Room

P85/A526 P85/A528 P85/A529 P85/A530 P85/A537 P85/A538 P85/A539 P85/A539 P85/A546 P85/A559 P85/A560 P85/A562 P85/A562 P85/A563 P85/A564 P85/A564 P85/A565 P85/A567 P85/A573 P85/A577 P85/bag 9/1+2 P85/bag 22/6 P85/bag 43/4 P85/bag 47/7 P85/bag 63/28 P85/bag 71/1a P85/bag 71/1b P85/bag 71/2 P85/bag 73/7 P85/bag 75/1a P85/bag 75/1b P85/bag 75/3a P85/bag 79+87/1 P85/bag 91/10 P85/bag 92/14 P85/bag 94/4 P85/3 P85/5 P85/9b P85/12 P85/13 P85/13 P85/17 P85/19 P85/20

CW 72 CW 5 CW 62 CW 60 CW 155 CW 164 CW 67-PM 240 PM 240-CW 67 PM 241-P 1114 PM 9-P 95 PM 10-P 96 CW 47-PM 103 PM 103-CW 47 PM 104-P 665 CW 41-PM 105 PM 105-CW 41 PM 106-P 661 EMP 24 CW 152 CW 203 CW 2 CW 142 PM 107-P 666 CW 194 CW 14 CW 53 CW 54 CW 102 CW 99 CW 44 CW 108 CW 45 CW 55 CW 18 PM 242-P 1117 CW 179 LW 39 GS 120 GS 25 LW 4 LW 5-PM 6 PM 6-LW 5 GS 126 GS 127 GS 28

12557 12010 11987 12497

Pit Θ Pit Φ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Room E Room E Area Z Area Z Area Z Area Z Area Z Area Z Corridor B-Δ Pit Θ Pit Θ Corridor B-Δ Room E Area Z Pit Θ Pit I Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Corridor B-Δ Room E Room E Room E Pit Θ Corridor B-Δ Pit Θ Pit I Corridor B-Δ Corridor B-Δ Room E Room E Room E Room E Area Z Area Z Room E

12403 12403 12002 12569 12575

12563

5140 5141 5145 5142 5142 5143 5144 5147

Layer I II II II II II II II II II II I I I I I II IV II II I I II I I II II II II II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I II

254

PETRAS, SITEIA I: A MINOAN PALATIAL SETTLEMENT IN EASTERN CRETE

Field Number

Catalog Number

Siteia Museum Number

Area/Room

P85/27 P85/28 P85/30 P85/32 P85/36 P85/37 P85/40 P85/41 P85/43 P85/44 P85/49 P85/50 P85/50 P85/53 P85/54 P85/55 P85/56 P85/57 P85/58 P85/58 P85/60 P85/66a P85/67 P85/70 P85/73 P85/78 P85/79 P85/80 P85/81 P85/84 P85/86 P85/89a P85/89b P85/90a P85/92 P85/93 P85/94 P85/97 P85/99a P85/102 P85/104 P85/106 P85/107 P85/108 P85/111

LW 6 GS 29 GS 213 SV 17 GS 224 A 55 LW 78 LW 79 GS 225 LW 80 A8 LW 81-PM 218 PM 218-LW 81 A 48 A9 A 49 A 10 LW 7 LW 8-PM 8 PM 8-LW 8 A 50 LW 9 GS 266 A 26 GS 50 A 27 LW 11 A 11 GS 30 A 28 SV 2 OB 10 OB 11 SV 14 GS 31 LW 82 A 58 GS 226 GS 227 A 59 GS 32 GS 228 GS 229 GS 230 GS 231

5148 5149 5150 5638 5153 5154 5155 5156 5158 5159 5160 5161 5161 5162 5163 5164 5165 5166 5167 5167 5167

Room E Room E S-SE Courtyard Area Z Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Room E Pit Θ Pit Θ S-SE Courtyard Room E S-SE Courtyard Room E Room E Room E Room E S-SE Courtyard Room E Pit I Corridor B-Δ Room Λ Corridor B-Δ Room E Room E Room E Corridor B-Δ Room E Corridor B-Δ Corridor B-Δ Corridor B-Δ Room E Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Room E Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ

5170 6299 5173 5178 5179 5180 5181 6035 6035 5184 5185 5186 5187 5188 5189 5191 5192 5193 5195 5268

Layer II II I I I I I I I I II I I I II I II II II II I II I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

CONCORDANCE A

255

Field Number

Catalog Number

Siteia Museum Number

Area/Room

Layer

P85/112 P85/113 P85/115 P85/118 P85/119 P85/121 P85/122 P85/123 P85/124a P85/125 P85/126 P85/127 P85/128 P85/130 P85/131 P85/132 P85/132A P85/134 P85/138 P85/141 P85/144 P85/147 P85/148 P85/149 P85/150 P85/153 P85/155 P85/156 P85/158 P85/159 P85/162 P85/163 P85/167 P85/168 P85/170 P85/171 P85/173 P85/174 P85/175 P85/176 P85/178 P85/181 P85/182 P85/183 P85/185

LW 83 GS 33 O3 LW 84 A 29 GS 232 LW 85 A 30 LW 86 GS 233 GS 234 F8 A 31 GS 235 GS 236 OB 28 O 27 GS 237 GS 238 OB 13 A 32 SV 15 A 60 A 62 C3 GS 239 GS 240 GS 241 LW 87 GS 121 GS 242 GS 243 GS 244 A 56 GS 1 GS 245 GS 246 GS 247 GS 248 GS 249 GS 267 A 33 GS 122 GS 250 GS 268

5197

Pit Θ Room E Room E Pit Θ Corridor B-Δ Pit Θ Pit Θ Corridor B-Δ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Corridor B-Δ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit I Pit I Pit Θ Pit Θ Corridor B-Δ Corridor B-Δ Corridor B-Δ Pit Θ Pit I Pit I Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Corridor B-Δ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Room A Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit I Corridor B-Δ Corridor B-Δ Pit Θ Pit I

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II II II II II II II II II II

6031 5199 5200 5202 5203 5204 5205 5207 5208 5209 5210 5211 6027 6027 5213 5214 5216 6037 6303 6025 5222 5223 5224 5226 5227 5228 5229 5233 5234 5235 5236 5237 5238 5239 5240 5241 5243 5244 5245 5246

256

PETRAS, SITEIA I: A MINOAN PALATIAL SETTLEMENT IN EASTERN CRETE

Field Number

Catalog Number

Siteia Museum Number

Area/Room

Layer

P85/186 P85/187 P85/190 P85/191 P85/192 P85/193 P85/194 P85/199 P85/201 P85/202 P85/208 P85/216 P85/217 P85/221 P85/227 P85/239 P85/428 P85/439 P85/455 P85/466 P85/532 P85/561 P85/561 P85/566 P85/582 P85/601 P85/602 P85/603 P85/604 P85/605 P85/606 P85/607 P85/608 P85/609 P85/610 P85/611 P85/612 P85/613 P85/614 P85/615 P85/616 P85/617 P85/620 P85/621 P86/A25

GS 2 A5 GS 251 GS 252 GS 253 GS 254 GS 123 GS 255 SV 42 GS 256 LW 88 GS 105 GS 218 GS 219 SV 16 CW 196 LW 12 A 34 LW 40 A 12 A 61 LW 10-PM 11 PM 11-LW 10 A 52 GS 9 GS 10 GS 34 GS 257 GS 258 GS 259 GS 260 GS 261 GS 262 GS 263 GS 264 GS 265 GS 3 GS 269 GS 270 GS 26 GS 124 GS 125 GS 222 F1 MV 6

5247 5248 5249 5250 5251 5252 5253 5256

Room A Room A Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Corridor B-Δ Pit Θ Pit I Pit Θ Pit Θ Room Π S-SE Courtyard S-SE Courtyard Corridor B-Δ Pit Θ Room E Corridor B-Δ Corridor B-Δ Room E Pit Θ Room E Room E S-SE Courtyard Room A Room A Room E Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Room A Pit I Pit I Room E Corridor B-Δ Corridor B-Δ S-SE Courtyard Room E Room Λ

II II II II II II II II II II IV III II II II II II II II II II II II I III III II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II II II II

5257 5259 5263 5264 5266 12365

12433 12559

12560 12068

CONCORDANCE A

257

Field Number

Catalog Number

Siteia Museum Number

Area/Room

P86/A35 P86/A36 P86/A41 P86/A92 P86/A93 P86/A112 P86/A127 P86/A133 P86/A144 P86/A145 P86/A153 P86/A157 P86/A172 P86/A173 P86/A177 P86/A211 P86/A213 P86/A217 P86/A218 P86/A220 P86/A221 P86/A222 P86/A223 P86/A255 P86/A260 P86/A265 P86/A266 P86/A267 P86/A268 P86/A278 P86/A279 P86/A282 P86/A283 P86/A285 P86/A288 P86/A289 P86/A289 P86/A290 P86/A293 P86/A296 P86/A297 P86/A300 P86/A305 P86/A305 P86/A329

PM 2-P 16 MV 19 PM 39-P 394 EMP 18 EMP 1 PM 40-P 375 EMP 45 PM 120-P 733 CW 22 CW 23 CW 24 CW 19 PM 15-P 317 CW 104 EMP 127 CW 7 EMP 162 CW 11 EMP 4 EMP 14 EMP 15 EMP 5 EMP 7 CW 106 CW 154 PM 41-P 400 PM 245-P 1301 CW 127 EMP 164 CW 92 PM 16-P 121 CW 180 CW 16 MV 22 EMP 19 EMP 2-MV 4 MV 4-EMP 2 CW 139 CW 122 CW 168 EMP 21 PM 246-P 1326 MV 23-PM 264 PM 264-MV 23 EMP 267

12085 6433 12067 11989

Room A Area O Room Ξ Room A Room A Room Ξ Area Φ Area Φ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Area K Room Λ Room Λ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Room A Room A Room A Room A Room A Area P Room Ξ Room Ξ Area P Area Φ Area Φ Room Λ Room Λ House I.2 Room A House I.2 Room A Room A Room A Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Ξ Area P Narrow Passage Narrow Passage Area O

12027 12162 7004 11998 12017 6947 11992 12492 12345 12164 13256

12186 12102

12166

12471 12293 12411 12297 12407 12407 12237

12337

12190

Layer II I III IV IV III III III II II II II II III II II II III IV IV IV IV IV I III III II III III II II II IV II IV IV IV II II II III II II I I

258

PETRAS, SITEIA I: A MINOAN PALATIAL SETTLEMENT IN EASTERN CRETE

Field Number

Catalog Number

Siteia Museum Number

Area/Room

Layer

P86/A332 P86/A340 P86/A342 P86/A344a P86/A344a P86/A344b P86/A346 P86/A346 P86/bag 21/1 P86/bag 58/6 P86/bag 60/3 P86/bag 71/1 P86/bag 77/1 P86/bag 77/2 P86/bag 77/6 P86/bag 82/1 P86/bag 82/2 P86/bag 82/7 P86/bag 82/8 P86/bag 95/4 P86/bag 106/3 P86/bag 110/3 P86/bag 111/3 P86/bag 128/4 P86/bag 147/1 P86/bag 150/6 P86/bag 154/3b P86/bag 164/1a P86/bag 165/1 P86/bag 171/3 P86/bag 187/2 P86/bag 187/7 P86/bag 192/4 P86/bag 192/8 P86/1 P86/2 P86/3 P86/4 P86/5 P86/7 P86/8 P86/9 P86/11b P86/13 P86/14

EMP 268 CW 35 CW 93 CW 57-PM 17 PM 17-CW 57 PM 19-P 323 EMP 129-PM 121 PM 121-EMP 129 CW 17 CW 43 CW 171 PM 118-P 684 EMP 16 EMP 8 EMP 3 EMP 6 EMP 11 EMP 12 EMP 17 EMP 13 CW 10 CW 170 EMP 283 CW 177 CW 42 CW 39 EMP 143 CW 46 EMP 284 CW 188 CW 51 CW 52 CW 193 EMP 48 GS 42 GS 18 SV 25 GS 43 GS 44 GS 45 GS 46 GS 47 LW 91 GS 48 GS 49

12193 12035

Area O Area P Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Area Φ Area Φ Room Λ Area P Area O Area Φ Room A Room A Room A Room A Room A Room A Room A Room A Room M Staircase Y House I.2 Room Ξ Area Φ Room Λ Area Φ Room Λ House I.2 Room Λ Area K Area K Area Φ Area Φ Room Λ Room M Staircase Y Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Area O Room Λ Room Λ

I II II II II II III III II I I I IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV II I I III III II III II II II II II III III I I I I I I I I I I I

12419 12419 12037 12037

6317 6319 6330 6313 6314 6321 6315 6320 6323 6316 6329

CONCORDANCE A

259

Field Number

Catalog Number

Siteia Museum Number

Area/Room

Layer

P86/15 P86/16 P86/17 P86/20 P86/23 P86/24 P86/24 P86/25 P86/27 P86/28 P86/29 P86/29 P86/32 P86/33 P86/37 P86/41 P86/42 P86/43 P86/44 P86/46 P86/47 P86/50 P86/51 P86/52 P86/54 P86/55 P86/57 P86/58 P86/63a P86/64 P86/67 P86/68 P86/69 P86/69 P86/70 P86/72 P86/75 P86/76 P86/77 P86/78 P86/79 P86/80 P86/81 P86/82 P86/84

GS 86 GS 51 GS 52 GS 27 LW 30 LW 31-PM 38 PM 38-LW 31 GS 87 GS 53 GS 54 A 18 GS 55 A2 GS 56 GS 274 GS 57 GS 58 A1 GS 275 GS 149 GS 59 A 64 GS 367 GS 368 SV 3 GS 276 GS 60 GS 61 GS 62 GS 63 GS 64 SV 4 LW 15-PM 18 PM 18-LW 15 GS 277 OB 31 GS 369 GS 370 GS 371 GS 372 GS 373 GS 374 GS 375 GS 278 OB 1

6318 6325 6327 7160 6360 6359 6359 6322 6324 6326 6458 6458 7011 6331 6366 6367 6335

Room Ξ Room Λ Room Λ Room E Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room A Room Λ Area Σ Room Λ Room Λ Room A Area Σ Staircase Y Room Λ Area Σ Area T Area T Room Λ Area Σ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Area Σ Area T Area T Area T Area T Area T Area T Area T Area T Area Σ Room Λ

I II II I I II II II II II II II I II I II II I I II II I I I I I II II II II II I II II I I I I I I I I I I II

6380 6332 6347 6363 6346 6350 6364 6336 6341 6338 6349 6340 6337 6351 6351 6348 6933 6343 6371 6374 6345 6342 6365 6378 6379

260

PETRAS, SITEIA I: A MINOAN PALATIAL SETTLEMENT IN EASTERN CRETE

Field Number

Catalog Number

Siteia Museum Number

Area/Room

P86/86 P86/88 P86/89 P86/92 P86/93 P86/94 P86/95 P86/96 P86/97 P86/98 P86/99 P86/101 P86/102 P86/108 P86/109 P86/112 P86/114 P86/116 P86/117 P86/118 P86/119 P86/121 P86/124 P86/138 P86/139 P86/142 P86/144 P86/146 P86/149 P86/150 P86/151 P86/154 P86/155 P86/158 P86/161 P86/166 P86/169 P86/170 P86/173 P86/174 P86/176 P86/176 P86/178 P86/179 P86/180

LW 16 GS 279 O4 GS 65 GS 376 GS 66 GS 67 GS 68 GS 69 O5 O6 O7 GS 70 GS 377 GS 88 GS 35 GS 36 GS 89 GS 90 GS 91 GS 92 LW 13 GS 19 SV 1 GS 4 GS 150 GS 151 GS 5 GS 71 GS 37 GS 38 GS 39 GS 40 LW 17 GS 93 GS 6 GS 7 LW 92 GS 8 LW 18 LW 93-PM 249 PM 249-LW 93 GS 96 OB 6 A 19

6394 6375 6885 6369 7159 6381 6399 6382 6361 6886 6931 6929 6384 6400 6391

Room Λ Area Σ Room Λ Room Λ Area T Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Area T Room Ξ Room E Room E Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room E Room M Room A Room A Staircase Y Staircase Y Room A Room Λ Room E Room E Room E Room E Room Λ Room Ξ Room A Room A Area O Room A Room Λ Area O Area O Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ

6353 6376 7157 6397 6390 6387 7112 6354 6952 6377 6392 6373 6352 6471 6456 7015 6383 6389 6388 6395 6385 6386 6444 6444 6484 6888

Layer II I II II I II II II II II II II II I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II I I III III III

CONCORDANCE A

261

Field Number

Catalog Number

Siteia Museum Number

Area/Room

Layer

P86/181 P86/182 P86/183 P86/184 P86/186 P86/187 P86/188 P86/191 P86/192 P86/196 P86/198 P86/199 P86/200 P86/201 P86/202 P86/203 P86/210 P86/211 P86/213 P86/214 P86/221 P86/223 P86/227 P86/228 P86/229 P86/230 P86/235 P86/237 P86/238 P86/239 P86/242 P86/247 P86/249 P86/250b P86/252b P86/252b P86/253b P86/255a P86/256 P86/257 P86/258 P86/259 P86/262 P86/263 P86/264

A 20 GS 11 GS 12 GS 13 OB 29 GS 97 GS 98 A4 LW 14 GS 41 GS 99 GS 100 GS 101 O1 A3 GS 72 GS 128 GS 102 LW 41 GS 129 GS 145 LW 2 GS 272 GS 14 GS 15 GS 16 O 28 GS 146 GS 147 O 29 SV 45 LW 32 LW 19 SV 18 LW 42-PM 117 PM 117-LW 42 LW 43 LW 20 SV 19 OB 21 GS 130 GS 273 LW 44 A6 GS 20

7007 7154 7153 6475 6887 6486 6474

Room Ξ Room A Room A Room A Area O Room Ξ Room Ξ Room A Room E Room E Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room A Room A Room Λ Area Φ Room Ξ Area Φ Area Φ Staircase Y Room A Area P Room A Room A Room A Area P Staircase Y Staircase Y Area P Area O Room Ξ Room Λ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Room Λ Area Φ Staircase Y Area Φ Area P Area Φ Room M Room M

III III III III I III III IV III III III III III IV IV II I III I I I IV II III III III I I I I II III II I I I I II I I I II I II II

6472 6948 6488 6884 6467 7128 7127 7124 7161

6466 6936 6788 7125 7155 6791 7126 6449 6446 6448 6448 6450 7129 6787 6489 6468

6483

262

PETRAS, SITEIA I: A MINOAN PALATIAL SETTLEMENT IN EASTERN CRETE

Field Number

Catalog Number

Siteia Museum Number

Area/Room

P86/268 P86/270 P86/271 P86/274 P86/275 P86/276 P86/282 P86/283 P86/285 P86/288 P86/291 P86/294 P86/301 P86/303 P86/306 P86/308 P86/309 P86/310 P86/312 P86/314 P86/317 P86/321 P86/325 P86/327 P86/330 P86/331 P86/340 P86/343 P86/343 P86/344 P86/345 P86/348 P86/348 P86/351 P86/355 P86/356 P86/359 P86/365 P86/368 P86/371 P86/372 P86/373 P86/374a P86/374a P86/376

GS 21 LW 54 GS 148 LW 94 LW 55 LW 45 GS 22 GS 23 LW 95 F 14 O2 LW 96 GS 24 OB 22 GS 103 A 47 LW 3 PM 122 O 13 A7 GS 104 SV 52 C1 PM 20-P 122 OB 32 A 66 GS 73 LW 21-PM 21 PM 21-LW 21 LW 22 GS 131 LW 23-PM 22 PM 22-LW 23 GS 210 LW 46 OB 33 SV 5 OB 2 GS 74 GS 75 GS 76 GS 77 LW 24-PM 23 PM 23-LW 24 GS 78

6476

Room M Staircase Y Staircase Y House I.2 Staircase Y Area Φ Room M Room M House I.2 House I.2 Room M House I.2 Room M Staircase Y Room Ξ Area K Room M Area Φ Area Φ Room M Room Ξ House I.2 Room M Room Λ House I.2 House I.2 Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Area Φ Room Λ Room Λ Area K Area Φ House I.2 Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ

6461

6452 6487 6784 6785 7009 6790 6944 12144 6795 6783 6490 6782 6779 6799 6780 6950 6477 6427 6427 6473 6478 6459 6459 6454 6429 6777

6463 6462 6470 6469 6426 6426 6482

Layer II I I I I III II II I I III I III II III I III III III III III II III II I I II II II II III II II I III I II II II II II II II II II

CONCORDANCE A

263

Catalog Number

Siteia Museum Number

Area/Room

Layer

P86/378 P86/379 P86/380 P86/381 P86/382 P86/383 P86/384a P86/384b P86/390 P86/400 P86/401a P86/402 P86/403 P86/404 P86/405 P86/408 P86/411 P86/413 P86/414 P86/417 P86/418 P86/420 P86/423 P86/424 P86/434 P86/439 P86/440 P86/442 P86/446 P86/486 P86/487 P86/488 P86/496 P86/497 P86/499 P86/500

LW 25 SV 6 O8 SV 7 GS 79 GS 80 OB 3 OB 4 GS 84 LW 27 SV 11 O 14 GS 132 GS 133 OB 35 O9 A 13 O 30 GS 85 OB 27 LW 28 LW 29 OB 5 F3 SV 12 F4 GS 134 A 14 O 10 F9 PM 142-P 760 GS 152 SV 8 GS 81 PM 35 F 11

6430

II II II II II II II II III III III III III III I III II I III II III III III III III III III III III I II II II II III I

P86/502

PM 261-P 1416

P86/508 P86/511 P86/512 P86/513 P86/518 P86/522 P86/523

F5 PM 5-P 45 PM 1-P 7 MV 1 A 65 F6 SV 44

Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Narrow Passage Room Λ Room Λ Area P Room Λ Area K Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Area Φ Area Φ Room Λ Room Λ Area P Staircase Y Staircase Y Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Area Σ Area Σ, N of Area O Area Φ Room M Room A Room A House I.2 Area Φ Area O

Field Number

6789 6479 6420 6781 6781 6419 6428 6432 6932 6422 6424 6955

6796 6457 6956 6926 6957 6882 6445 6959 6464 6930 12103

13251

I III III I I II III I

264

PETRAS, SITEIA I: A MINOAN PALATIAL SETTLEMENT IN EASTERN CRETE

Field Number

Catalog Number

P86/535 P86/540 P86/542 P86/547 P86/600 P86/604 P86/616 P86/620 P86/630 P86/631 P86/632 P86/633 P86/634 P86/637 P86/638 P86/644 P86/646 P86/648 P86/650 P86/651 P86/657 P86/662 P86/664 P86/665 P86/666 P86/682 P86/683 P86/686 P86/696 P86/697 P86/698 P86/699 P86/702 P86/706 P86/707 P86/708 P86/708 P86/710 P86/711 P86/730 P86/731 P86/744 P86/751 P86/752 P86/754

PM 24-P 136 CW 28 EMP 128 PM 123-P 728 PM 36-P 359 PM 263-P 1471 CW 207 CW 15 SV 9 EMP 97 EMP 98 EMP 99 EMP 119 EMP 33 EMP 27 PM 247-P 1302 CW 144 GS 17 SV 10 CW 109 CW 84 CW 87 A 37 EMP 130 EMP 46 GS 94 GS 95 GS 82 A 63 PM 42-P 454 PM 124-P 729 PM 25-P 141 GS 83 PM 26-P 205 EMP 9 EMP 10-PM 4 PM 4-EMP 10 EMP 20 LW 47 GS 271 CW 134 PM 27-P 232 CW 126 A 21 A 22

Siteia Museum Number 12000

12413

12354

12356

12343 12095 12456

12406 12409 12409

12062 12116

Area/Room Room Λ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Room Λ House I.2 Area Φ Room A Room Λ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area P Room Λ Room A Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Λ Area P Room Ξ Area Φ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room A Room A Room A Room A Area Φ Area P Room Π Room Λ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ

Layer II II II III III I II III II II II II II II II II II IV II II II II III III III II II II II III III II II II IV IV IV IV III I I II III III III

CONCORDANCE A

Field Number

Catalog Number

P86/762 P86/764 P86/767 P86/778 P86/785 P86/790 P86/792 P86/795 P86/798 P86/803 P86/804 P86/805 P86/807 P86/824 P86/825 P86/828 P86/830 P86/843 P86/847 P86/850 P86/853 P86/855 P86/873 P86/875 P86/876 P86/877 P86/880 P86/882 P86/884 P86/889 P86/896 P86/899

LW 26 PM 43-P 471 CW 123 PM 248-P 1329 CW 131 CW 65 PM 28 PM 29-P 142 PM 3-P 8 CW 83 CW 90 CW 91 CW 169 PM 141 SV 53 PM 12-P 99 LW 1 CW 25 PM 30-P 206 LW 48 EMP 156 EMP 34 CW 100 CW 161 PM 119-P 678 CW 8 CW 98 PM 265-P 1475 PM 45 CW 198 CW 3 CW 9 CW 59-EMP 131PM 125

P86/902 P86/902 P86/902 P86/904 P86/907 P86/911 P86/912 P86/920 P86/940

EMP 131-CW59-PM 125 PM 125-CW 59EMP 131 CW 4 PM 126-P 700 MV 5 PM 31-P 207 A 68 EMP 47-PM 127

265

Area/Room

Layer

Room Λ Room Ξ Room Λ Area P Room M Room Ξ Room Λ Room Λ Room A Room E Room E Room E Room E Staircase Y Narrow Passage Room E Room A Room Ξ Room Λ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Room Ξ Narrow Passage Room Ξ Room Λ Area Φ Area Φ

II III II II II I II II II II II II II I II II III III II III III III III II II II III II III II III III

11995

Area Φ

III

11995

Area Φ

III

11995

Area Φ

III

12352 12033 12080

Area Φ Area Φ Room M Room Λ Narrow Passage Area Φ

III III I II II III

Siteia Museum Number

12579 12115 12486 12576

12083

12314

12039 12348 12170 12167 12151 11994 12114 12249

12268

266

PETRAS, SITEIA I: A MINOAN PALATIAL SETTLEMENT IN EASTERN CRETE

Field Number

Catalog Number

P86/940 P86/941 P86/946 P86/947 P86/948 P86/950 P86/951 P86/953 P86/954 P86/955 P86/956 P86/963 P86/966 P86/971 P86/972 P86/973 P86/974 P86/977 P86/988 P86/989 P86/991 P86/992 P86/993 P86/994 P86/1003 P86/1004 P86/1018 P86/1028 P86/1040 P86/1050 P86/1056 P86/1068 P86/1072 P86/1074 P86/1107 P86/1121 P86/1136 P86/1137 P86/1149 P86/1153 P86/1163 P86/1167 P86/1171 P86/1177 P86/1195

PM 127-EMP 47 CW 12 PM 143-P 761 CW 61 PM 128-P 680 PM 14 CW 74 CW 111 F 10 PM 266-P 1485 CW 153 SV 51 CW 137 CW 63 CW 206 CW 85 CW 94 CW 78 EMP 44 EMP 163 CW 36 CW 32 PM 37-P 119 CW 116 CW 112 CW 95 CW 30 CW 26 LW 33 PM 44-P 369 EMP 22 EMP 28 PM 129-P 701 EMP 78 CW 40 EMP 77 EMP 151 EMP 132 CW 31 EMP 35 PM 13-P 79 CW 156 CW 96 CW 86 CW 88

Siteia Museum Number 11997 12245 12152

12087 12253 12150 12142 12056

12353 12011 12040

12401

12350 12457 12172 12316

12053 12347

Area/Room Area Φ Area Φ Staircase Y Area Φ Area Φ Room Λ Room Λ Area P Area P Narrow Passage Narrow Passage Area T Area T Room Ξ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Area Φ Area Φ Room Ξ Area Φ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Room Ξ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Room Ξ Area Φ Room E Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ

Layer III III II III III I I I I II II I I III I II II II II II III III III II II II III III III III II III III III III II III III III III III II II I III

CONCORDANCE A

Field Number

Catalog Number

P86/1201 P86/1210 P86/1213 P86/1216 P86/1217 P86/1220 P86/1226 P86/1228 P86/1231 P86/1238 P86/1240 P86/1244 P86/1250 P86/1251 P86/1256 P86/1260 P86/1268 P86/1284 P86/1286 P86/1293 P86/1294 P86/1296 P86/1303 P86/1311 P86/1312 P86/1313b P86/1319 P86/1320 P86/1321 P86/1323 P86/1341 P86/1342 P86/1343 P88/bag 61/2 P88/290 P88/292 P88/298 P88/299 P88/332 P88/337 P88/338 P88/339 P88/361 P88/362 P88/379

PM 32-P 295 CW 97 CW 75 CW 176 PM 33-P 251 CW 103 CW 69 CW 70 CW 113 MV 7 A 15 F2 CW 79 A 16 CW 149 PM 34 CW 38 PM 267-P 1474 CW 138 A 67 CW 133 CW 6 MV 20 EMP 279 CW 77 CW 136 CW 114 A 17 CW 117 CW 71 GS 378 CW 49 CW 50 CW 174 GS 153 LW 56 GS 154 GS 155 F7 GS 156 LW 57 GS 157 LW 58 LW 59 GS 158

Siteia Museum Number

12484

12469

12476

12296 12259 12256

12383 12389

267

Area/Room

Layer

Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Narrow Passage House I.2 House I.2 House I.2 Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Area T Area Φ Area Φ W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard

II II II II II II II II II II I II II I II II II II II I II I I I I I II III II II I III III I I I I I I I I I I I I

268

PETRAS, SITEIA I: A MINOAN PALATIAL SETTLEMENT IN EASTERN CRETE

Field Number

Catalog Number

P88/388 P88/390 P88/391 P88/413 P88/414 P88/415 P88/417 P88/418 P88/419 P88/422 P88/424 P88/425 P88/427 P88/546a P88/546b P88/560 P88/561 P88/562 P88/563 P88/569 P88/570 P88/571 P88/572 P88/578 P88/583 P88/585 P88/586 P88/590 P88/592 P88/593 P88/599 P88/600 P88/630 P88/631 P88/632 P88/634 P88/635 P88/656 P88/657 P88/662 P88/664 P88/678 P88/690 P88/713 P88/716

GS 159 GS 160 LW 60 GS 161 GS 162 GS 163 GS 164 GS 165 GS 166 GS 167 LW 64 LW 61 SV 43 PM 163-P 765 PM 164-P 782 CW 128 A 43 A 44 CW 163 CW 135 CW 118 PM 165-P 824 PM 166 PM 167 CW 119 PM 168 PM 169-P 766 PM 170 PM 171-P 814 CW 157 SV 27 LW 62 PM 172-P 825 PM 173 PM 174 PM 175-P 767 SV 28 CW 120 CW 124 CW 145 PM 176-P 779 A 38 PM 177 CW 89 LW 63

Siteia Museum Number

12211

12227 12207 12210

Area/Room W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard Area P W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard

Layer I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

CONCORDANCE A

269

Field Number

Catalog Number

Siteia Museum Number

Area/Room

Layer

P88/727 P88/728 P88/730 P88/739 P88/740 P88/753 P88/804 P88/805 P88/806 P88/807 P88/808 P89/bag 1/1 P89/bag 1/1 P89/bag 1/2 P89/bag 1/8a–d P89/bag 1/18 P89/bag 1/20 P89/bag 1/27 P89/bag 1/27 P89/bag 1/40 P89/bag 1/43 P89/bag 1/48 P89/bag 1/54 P89/bag 1/85 P89/bag 1/85 P89/bag 1/110 P89/bag 1/110 P89/bag 1/150 P89/bag 1/152 P89/bag 1/158 P89/bag 1/158 P89/bag 1/162 P89/bag 1/162 P89/bag 1/166 P89/bag 1/166 P89/bag 1/167 P89/bag 1/167 P89/bag 1/173 P89/bag 2/9 P89/bag 7/18 P89/bag 7/19 P89/bag 7/24 P89/bag 7/26 P89/bag 7/26 P89/bag 7/27

CW 148 PM 178-P 826 MV 11 CW 115 PM 179 CW 165 GS 168 GS 169 GS 170 GS 171 GS 172 EMP 258-PM 146 PM 146-EMP 258 EMP 191 EMP 228 EMP 182 EMP 214 EMP 194 EMP 194 EMP 261 EMP 183 EMP 253 EMP 248 EMP 238-PM 147 PM 147-EMP 238 EMP 239-PM 148 PM 148-EMP 239 EMP 184 EMP 215 EMP 195-PM 149 PM 149-EMP 195 EMP 262-PM 150 PM 150-EMP 262 EMP 240-PM 151 PM 151-EMP 240 EMP 263-PM 152 PM 152-EMP 263 EMP 260 PM 79-P 585 EMP 185 EMP 186 EMP 187 EMP 264-PM 153 PM 153-EMP 264 EMP 265-PM 154

12208 12217

W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard Room 1 W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard

I I I I I I I I I I I II Lakkos Lakkos II II Lakkos II II II II II II II Lakkos II Lakkos II Lakkos II Lakkos II Lakkos II Lakkos II Lakkos Lakkos II II II II II Lakkos II

12209 12213

270

PETRAS, SITEIA I: A MINOAN PALATIAL SETTLEMENT IN EASTERN CRETE

Field Number

Catalog Number

P89/bag 7/27 P89/bag 7/28 P89/bag 7/28 P89/bag 7/29 P89/bag 7/29 P89/bag 7/30 P89/bag 7/30 P89/bag 7/31 P89/bag 7/31 P89/bag 7/32 P89/bag 7/32 P89/bag 7/33 P89/bag 7/33 P89/bag 7/34 P89/bag 7/34 P89/bag 7/36 P89/bag 7/41 P89/bag 7/47 P89/bag 7/47 P89/bag 8/19 P89/bag 10/1 P89/bag 11/4 P89/bag 11/6 P89/bag 14/4 P89/bag 14/24 P89/bag 17/3 P89/bag 20/2 P89/bag 25/1 P89/bag 29/1 P89/bag 29/2 P89/bag 29/9 P89/bag 29/16 P89/bag 32/3 P89/bag 32/4 P89/bag 32/5 P89/bag 32/6 P89/bag 32/7 P89/bag 33/1 P89/bag 49/1 P89/bag 49/3 P89/bag 49/11 P89/bag 65/2 P89/bag 65/3 P89/bag 66/2 P89/bag 66/5

PM 154-EMP 265 EMP 231-PM 155 PM 155-EMP 231 EMP 236-PM 156 PM 156-EMP 236 EMP 237-PM 157 PM 157-EMP 237 EMP 218 PM 158-EMP 219 EMP 254-PM 159 PM 159-EMP 254 EMP 232-PM 160 PM 160-EMP 232 EMP 233-PM 161 PM 161-EMP 233 EMP 188 EMP 189 EMP 266-PM 162 PM 162-EMP 266 PM 183-P 773 PM 184-P 781 PM 80-P 586 PM 81-P 559 PM 185 PM 186 PM 203 PM 204-P 835 PM 205 PM 82-P 562 PM 83-P 569 PM 84-P 555 PM 85-P 588 EMP 59 EMP 229 EMP 107 EMP 155 EMP 60 EMP 196 PM 187-P 809 PM 189-P 810 PM 188-P 818 EMP 86 EMP 61 EMP 234 EMP 197

Siteia Museum Number

Area/Room W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard Room 1 Room 1 W. Courtyard W. Courtyard Area 3 Area 3 Area 3 Room 1 Room 1 Room 1 Room 1 Area Φ W. Courtyard Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard Area Φ Area Φ W. Courtyard W. Courtyard

Layer Lakkos Lakkos Lakkos Lakkos Lakkos Lakkos Lakkos Lakkos Lakkos II Lakkos II Lakkos II Lakkos II II II Lakkos II II II II II II II II II II II II II IV II IV IV IV II II II II IV IV II II

CONCORDANCE A

Field Number

Catalog Number

P89/bag 66/12 P89/bag 66/13 P89/bag 66/14 P89/bag 66/16 P89/bag 71/10 P89/bag 71/11 P89/bag 71/12 P89/bag 71/15 P89/bag 85/17 P89/bag 85/18 P89/bag 85/22 P89/bag 87/7 P89/bag 87/8 P89/bag 87/9 P89/bag 90/2 P89/bag 95/1 P89/bag 95/2 P89/bag 95/3 P89/bag 95/4 P89/bag 95/7 P89/bag 95/12 P89/bag 95/13 P89/bag 107/1 P89/bag 107/1 P89/bag 107/3 P89/bag 112/1 P89/bag 112/2 P89/bag 113/2 P89/bag 113/3 P89/bag 113/4 P89/bag 113/5 P89/bag 113/6 P89/bag 113/9 P89/bag 113/11 P89/bag 113/14 P89/bag 113/15 P89/bag 113/16 P89/bag 113/17 P89/bag 116/1a P89/bag 116/1b P89/bag 116/1c P89/bag 116/3 P89/bag 116/4 P89/bag 116/5 P89/bag 116/6

EMP 198 EMP 199 EMP 216 EMP 230 PM 91-P 575 PM 92-P 576 PM 93-P 577 PM 86-P 590 PM 87-P 591 PM 88-P 592 PM 89-P 593 PM 190 PM 191 PM 192 PM 193 PM 194-P 789 PM 195 EMP 180 EMP 209 EMP 235 EMP 200 EMP 201 EMP 160-PM 137 PM 137-EMP 160 EMP 87 EMP 202 EMP 210 EMP 88 EMP 89 EMP 90 EMP 108 EMP 62 EMP 63 EMP 64 EMP 65 EMP 38 EMP 66 EMP 169 PM 196 PM 197-P 785 PM 198-P 811 EMP 249 EMP 226 EMP 227 EMP 223

Siteia Museum Number

271

Area/Room

Layer

W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard Room 1 Room 1 Room 1 Room 1 Room 1 Room 1 Room 1 W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ W. Courtyard W. Courtyard Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard

II II II II III III III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II IV IV IV II II IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV II II II II II II II

272

PETRAS, SITEIA I: A MINOAN PALATIAL SETTLEMENT IN EASTERN CRETE

Field Number

Catalog Number

P89/bag 116/7 P89/bag 116/8 P89/bag 116/9 P89/bag 116/11 P89/bag 116/12 P89/bag 126/2 P89/bag 126/3 P89/bag 126/4 P89/bag 126/5 P89/bag 126/6 P89/bag 126/9 P89/bag 126/12 P89/bag 126/13 P89/bag 126/14 P89/bag 126/15 P89/bag 129/1 P89/bag 129/5 P89/bag 129/6 P89/bag 129/7 P89/bag 129/8 P89/bag 130/7 P89/bag 137/6 P89/bag 137/6 P89/bag 142/10 P89/bag 143/1 P89/bag 155/2 P89/bag 158/1 P89/bag 169/1 P89/bag 171/4 P89/bag 182/3 P89/bag 182/4 P89/bag 182/13 P89/bag 182/14 P89/bag 182/15 P89/bag 182/16 P89/bag 182/20 P89/bag 190/1 P89/bag 190/1 P89/bag 190/15 P89/bag 190/15 P89/bag 195/5 P89/bag 195/5 P89/bag 195/7 P89/bag 195/15 P89/bag 195/16

EMP 181 EMP 211 EMP 212 EMP 204 EMP 205 EMP 91 EMP 92 EMP 32 EMP 124 EMP 67 EMP 68 EMP 137 EMP 39 EMP 109 EMP 110 EMP 176 EMP 173 EMP 177 EMP 174 EMP 175 PM 206-P 837 EMP 153-PM 138 PM 138-EMP 153 PM 90-P 557 PM 94-P 603 EMP 171 PM 95-P 604 PM 207-P 838 EMP 111 EMP 139 EMP 69 EMP 112 EMP 40 EMP 41 EMP 113 EMP 93 EMP 213-PM 200 PM 200-EMP 213 EMP 206-PM 201 PM 201-EMP 206 EMP 159-PM 139 PM 139-EMP 159 EMP 144 EMP 114 EMP 115

Siteia Museum Number

Area/Room

Layer

W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Staircase Y Staircase Y Staircase Y Staircase Y Staircase Y Paved road Area Φ Area Φ Room 1 Room 2 Staircase Y Room 2 Paved road Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ

II II II II II IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV II IV IV II IV IV II II II II II IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV Ramp Ramp Ramp Ramp IV IV IV IV IV

CONCORDANCE A

Field Number

Catalog Number

P89/bag 203/7 P89/bag 208/1 P89/bag 208/2 P89/bag 209/9 P89/bag 209/11 P89/bag 209/13 P89/bag 209/15 P89/bag 209/15 P89/bag 209/16 P89/bag 209/17 P89/bag 209/21 P89/bag 209/22 P89/bag 209/25 P89/bag 230/8 P89/bag 230/9 P89/bag 230/10 P89/bag 231/2 P89/bag 231/3 P89/bag 233/1 P89/bag 233/2 P89/bag 233/3 P89/bag 234/1 P89/bag 234/5 P89/bag 246/1 P89/bag 260/3 P89/bag 261/4 P89/bag 261/5 P89/bag 261/10 P89/bag 261/12 P89/bag 266/6 P89/bag 270/3 P89/bag 270/4 P89/bag 279/4 P89/bag 289/7 P89/bag 295/4 P89/bag 302/2 P89/bag 303/2 P89/bag 304/2 P89/bag 304/10 P89/bag 305/1 P89/bag 305/2 P89/bag 305/3 P89/bag 305/5 P89/bag 305/6 P89/bag 305/8

EMP 154 PM 59-P 518 PM 60-P 532 EMP 145 EMP 94 EMP 95 EMP 42 EMP 70 EMP 71 EMP 120 EMP 72 EMP 96 EMP 43 PM 108-P 667 PM 109-P 662 PM 110-P 668 PM 111-P 655 PM 112-P 669 EMP 73 EMP 74 EMP 75 CW 56 CW 172 PM 102-P 643 CW 189 PM 96-P 605 PM 97-P 606 PM 98-P 601 PM 99 CW 48 PM 114-P 658 PM 115-P 664 PM 100-P 607 PM 61-P 519 PM 210-P 868 PM 62-P 533 PM 113-P 663 CW 204 CW 184 PM 63-P 534 PM 64-P 535 PM 65-P 536 PM 66-P 537 PM 67-P 520 PM 68-P 521

Siteia Museum Number

273

Area/Room Area Φ Room Π Room Π Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Z Area Z Area Z Area Z Area Z Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ House I.2 House I.2 Corridor B-Δ Corridor B-Δ Room 2 Room 2 Room 2 Room 2 Area Z Area Z Area Z Room 2 Room Π S-SE Courtyard Room Π Area Z S-SE Courtyard S-SE Courtyard Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π

Layer IV III III IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV II II II II II IV IV IV I I II III II II II II III IV IV II III I III III I I III III III III III III

274

PETRAS, SITEIA I: A MINOAN PALATIAL SETTLEMENT IN EASTERN CRETE

Field Number

Catalog Number

P89/bag 305/28 P89/bag 305/29 P89/bag 305/30 P89/bag 305/45 P89/bag 305/47 P89/bag 305/49 P89/1 P89/2 P89/8 P89/9 P89/10 P89/10 P89/13 P89/14 P89/15 P89/16 P89/17 P89/18 P89/19 P89/21 P89/21 P89/23 P89/30 P89/31 P89/33 P89/34 P89/35 P89/35 P89/45 P89/48 P89/49 P89/50 P89/64 P89/65 P89/66a P89/66b P89/66c P89/66d P89/68 P89/69a P89/69b P89/69c P89/69d P89/72 P89/78

PM 69-P 522 PM 70-P 538 PM 71-P 539 PM 72-P 540 PM 73-P 491 PM 74-P 541 GS 187 GS 173 LW 65 EMP 207 GS 174 LW 76 SV 29 GS 188 GS 189 GS 190 GS 191 GS 192 GS 193 LW 34-PM 75 PM 75-LW 34 GS 175 GS 109 GS 110 GS 176 SV 30 LW 66-PM 199 PM 199-LW 66 GS 135 GS 177 GS 195 GS 136 A 46 LW 77 O 23 O 24 O 25 O 26 SV 13 O 15 O 16 OB 23 OB 24 LW 67 LW 68

Siteia Museum Number

Area/Room Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard Area 3 W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard Room 1 Room 1 W. Courtyard Room 1 Room 1 W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard Area Φ W. Courtyard Area 3 Area Φ Area 3 Area 3 Area 3 Area 3 Area 3 Area 3 Room 1 Area Φ Area Φ W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard

Layer III III III III III III Lakkos II II Lakkos II II I Lakkos Lakkos Lakkos Lakkos Lakkos Lakkos II II II II II II I II III IV II II IV II II II II II II II IV IV II II II II

CONCORDANCE A

275

Field Number

Catalog Number

Siteia Museum Number

Area/Room

Layer

P89/79 P89/80 P89/81 P89/82 P89/85 P89/90 P89/104 P89/105 P89/108 P89/119 P89/129 P89/130 P89/141 P89/142 P89/144 P89/151 P89/152 P89/153 P89/154 P89/156 P89/167 P89/168 P89/170a P89/170b P89/172 P89/182 P89/192 P89/193 P89/195 P89/197 P89/199 P89/200 P89/201 P89/202 P89/203 P89/204 P89/205 P89/213 P89/214 P89/215 P89/231 P89/233 P89/234 P89/238 P89/238

EMP 220 GS 111 GS 112 PM 76-P 581 A 39 LW 69 GS 196 GS 197 A 40 O 21 GS 113 LW 35 LW 37 A 57 GS 198 GS 114 GS 115 A 24 GS 116 GS 199 GS 200 GS 201 OB 14 OB 15 A 41 GS 202 A 35 GS 137 LW 36 GS 138 LW 49 LW 50 GS 139 EMP 49 EMP 121 EMP 208 O 22 EMP 50 EMP 79 EMP 125 OB 7 GS 117 LW 70 EMP 51-PM 130 PM 130-EMP 51

12518

W. Courtyard Room 1 Room 1 Room 1 W. Courtyard W. Courtyard Area 3 Area 3 W. Courtyard W. Courtyard Room 1 Room 1 Room 1 Pit Θ Area 3 Room 1 Room 1 Room 1 Room 1 Area 3 Area 3 Area 3 Area Φ Area Φ W. Courtyard Area 3 Area Φ Area Φ Room 1 Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ W. Courtyard W. Courtyard Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Room 1 Room 1 W. Courtyard Area Φ Area Φ

II II II II II II III III II II II II III I III III III III III III III III IV IV II III IV IV II IV IV IV IV IV IV II II IV IV IV IV IV II IV IV

12021

12517 12153 12533

276

PETRAS, SITEIA I: A MINOAN PALATIAL SETTLEMENT IN EASTERN CRETE

Field Number

Catalog Number

P89/239a P89/239b P89/240 P89/243 P89/263 P89/274 P89/276 P89/277 P89/277 P89/278 P89/279 P89/280 P89/288 P89/289 P89/290 P89/291 P89/295 P89/310 P89/311 P89/312 P89/313 P89/314 P89/315 P89/317 P89/320 P89/332 P89/333a P89/333b P89/335 P89/335a P89/335b P89/341 P89/342 P89/346 P89/352 P89/383 P89/384 P89/385 P89/386 P89/387

O 17 OB 16 GS 118 GS 140 LW 71 EMP 80 EMP 122 EMP 52-PM 131 PM 131-EMP 52 LW 51 OB 17 SV 31 GS 178 GS 179 LW 72 LW 73 A 42 GS 204 GS 205 LW 74 GS 206 GS 207 GS 208 GS 209 O 20 PM 77-P 582 OB 8 OB 9 O 18 OB 18 OB 19 GS 141 A 36 LW 38 EMP 140 O 19 GS 119 EMP 100 EMP 81 EMP 82

P89/396

GS 194

P89/398 P89/399 P89/399

LW 52 EMP 83 PM 132

Siteia Museum Number

12326 12327 12065

Area/Room

Layer

Area Φ Area Φ Room 1 Area Φ W. Courtyard Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard Paved road Paved road W. Courtyard Paved road Paved road Paved road Paved road Staircase Y Room 1 Room 2 Room 2 Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Room 2 Area Φ Area Φ Room 2 Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ W. CourtyardStaircase

IV IV IV IV II IV IV IV IV IV IV II II II II II II I I II W 58 W 58 W 58 W 58 IV II II II IV IV IV IV IV II IV IV II IV IV IV

Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ

IV IV IV

II

CONCORDANCE A

Field Number

Catalog Number

P89/402 P89/410 P89/410 P89/411 P89/411 P89/419 P89/423 P89/426 P89/427 P89/428 P89/430 P89/431 P89/434 P89/435 P89/436 P89/437 P89/438 P89/449 P89/450 P89/451 P89/452 P89/455 P89/459 P89/460 P89/461 P89/464 P89/465 P89/494 P89/497 P89/503 P89/504 P89/505 P89/505b P89/506 P89/507 P89/512 P89/513 P89/529 P89/560 P89/561 P89/579 P89/602 P89/603 P89/604 P89/605

SV 33 EMP 161-PM 133 PM 133-EMP 161 EMP 133-PM 134 PM 134-EMP 133 PM 244-P 1305 GS 180 LW 53 EMP 101 GS 181 OB 25 C2 SV 26 OB 26 GS 182 GS 183 LW 75 GS 184 GS 142 GS 143 GS 144 EMP 53 EMP 152 SV 20 PM 180-P 771 OB 20 OB 34 PM 47-P 508 PM 48-P 545 PM 49-P 511 PM 50-P 547 GS 106 PM 51 GS 107 PM 52-P 524 GS 379 GS 380 OB 12 GS 381 GS 382 O 12 LW 97 LW 98 GS 214 GS 215

Siteia Museum Number 12177 12177

12327

8840 8839

277

Area/Room

Layer

Paved road Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area P W. Courtyard Area Φ Area Φ W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard Staircase Y W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ W. Courtyard Area Φ House I.2 Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π House I.2 House I.2 Corridor B-Δ Narrow Passage Narrow Passage Area Z House I.2 House I.2 S-SE Courtyard S-SE Courtyard

II IV IV IV IV I II IV IV II II II IV II II II II II IV IV IV IV IV IV II IV I III III III III III III III III II II II II II IV I I I I

278

PETRAS, SITEIA I: A MINOAN PALATIAL SETTLEMENT IN EASTERN CRETE

Field Number

Catalog Number

P89/616 P89/636 P89/638 P89/641 P89/642 P89/645 P89/648 P89/649 P89/650 P89/652 P89/658 P89/663 P89/665 P89/697 P89/713 P89/724 P89/740 P89/750 P89/751 P89/752 P89/756 P89/772 P89/773 P89/773 P89/774 P89/776 P89/776 P89/778 P89/778 P89/779 P89/780 P89/782 P89/783 P89/784 P89/785 P89/787 P89/787 P89/789 P89/790 P89/791 P89/794 P89/818 P89/828 P89/833 P89/834

CW 37 GS 223 SV 35 PM 53-P 527 PM 54-P 512 CW 64 GS 108 A 53 PM 55-P 513 PM 56-P 499 O 11 PM 57-P 515 PM 58-P 530 EMP 102 EMP 23 MV 8 A 23 EMP 54 EMP 29 EMP 165 A 45 EMP 55 EMP 134-PM 135 PM 135-EMP 134 EMP 138 EMP 179-PM 144 PM 144-EMP 179 CW 29-PM 136 PM 136-CW 29 EMP 84 EMP 85 EMP 103 CW 33 CW 146 PM 202-P 832 EMP 192-PM 181 PM 181-EMP 192 CW 125 EMP 178 EMP 172 EMP 135 MV 12 EMP 193 PM 78-P 553 CW 150

Siteia Museum Number

12528 12515 12521 12526 12526 12075 12075 12012 12012

12328 12242 12195

12198

12412

Area/Room Room Π S-SE Courtyard S-SE Courtyard Room Π Room Π Area Z Room Π S-SE Courtyard Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Area Φ Room 1 Room 1 Room 1 Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ W. Courtyard Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Staircase Y Staircase Y Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ W. Courtyard Area 3 W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard Staircase Y Staircase Y Area Φ W. Courtyard W. Courtyard Room 1 Room 1

Layer II II I III III III III I III III III III III IV II II I IV IV IV II IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV II II II II II II II IV II II II II

CONCORDANCE A

Field Number

Catalog Number

P89/842 P89/885 P89/909 P89/909 P89/910 P89/911 P89/912 P89/913 P89/914 P89/919 P89/919 P89/922 P89/925 P89/930 P89/931 P89/932 P89/933 P89/934 P89/935 P89/937 P89/938 P89/940 P89/943 P89/943 P89/946 P89/948 P89/949 P89/950 P89/952 P89/979 P89/983 P89/987 P89/987 P89/1094 P89/1095 P89/1096 P89/1097 P89/7/3 P90/bag 58/2 P90/bag 58/5 P90/bag 59/2 P90/bag 59/7 P90/bag 75/2 P90/bag 77/2 P90/bag 84/2

A 25 EMP 224 EMP 225-MV 13 MV 13-EMP 225 EMP 136 EMP 166 EMP 104 EMP 123 EMP 167 CW 101-EMP 157 EMP 157-CW 101 PM 209-P 856 EMP 141 EMP 190 EMP 259 EMP 241 EMP 246 EMP 247 EMP 250 EMP 242 EMP 255 EMP 251 EMP 221-PM 145 PM 145-EMP 221 EMP 222 EMP 243 EMP 244 EMP 245 EMP 252 EMP 158 CW 27 MV 14-PM 182 PM 182-MV 14 GS 203 GS 185 GS 186 SV 32 EMP 219-PM 158 PM 251-P 1410 PM 252-P 1411 CW 199 PM 253 CW 147 EMP 270 PM 255-P 1428

Siteia Museum Number

12325

12215

12140 12140

279

Area/Room

Layer

Room 1 W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ S-SE Courtyard Area Φ W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard Area Φ Room 2 W. Courtyard W. Courtyard Area 3 W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ

II II II II IV IV IV IV IV IV IV I IV Lakkos Lakkos Lakkos Lakkos Lakkos Lakkos Lakkos Lakkos Lakkos Lakkos Lakkos Lakkos Lakkos Lakkos Lakkos II IV II II II III II II Ramp Lakkos I I I I I II II

280

PETRAS, SITEIA I: A MINOAN PALATIAL SETTLEMENT IN EASTERN CRETE

Field Number

Catalog Number

P90/bag 84/4 P90/bag 85/18 P90/bag 102/1 P90/bag 102/8 P90/bag 111/2 P90/bag 116/4 P90/bag 116/5 P90/bag 116/7 P90/bag 117/1 P90/bag 151/3 P90/bag 151/3 P90/bag 153/6 P90/bag 154/4 P90/bag 187/4 P90/bag 187/5 P90/bag 192/6 P90/bag 193/5 P90/bag 203/4 P90/bag 239/3 P90/bag 239/4 P90/bag 239/5 P90/bag 239/6 P90/bag 239/11 P90/bag 239/12 P90/bag 239/13 P90/bag 239/14 P90/bag 240/3 P90/bag 287/1 P90/5 P90/7 P90/11 P90/35 P90/36 P90/57 P90/58 P90/59 P90/138 P90/146 P90/154 P90/156 P90/176 P90/177 P90/178 P90/182 P90/186

PM 256-P 1412 PM 211-P 876 EMP 276 EMP 281 CW 200 EMP 217 PM 259-P 1414 EMP 203 PM 260-P 1415 CW 186-EMP 25 EMP 25-CW 186 EMP 280 EMP 282 EMP 76 CW 183 CW 187 EMP 146 EMP 147 EMP 116 EMP 148 EMP 170 EMP 117 EMP 126 EMP 118 EMP 149 EMP 150 CW 192 CW 159 SV 36 SV 46 PM 250-P 1373 SV 37 SV 38 GS 280 GS 281 GS 282 GS 283 GS 284 GS 285 GS 286 GS 287 GS 288 GS 289 GS 290 GS 291

Siteia Museum Number

Area/Room Area Σ S-SE Courtyard Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ W. Courtyard Area Σ W. Courtyard Area Σ Corridor B-Δ Corridor B-Δ Area Σ Area Σ Area Φ Area Φ Area Σ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Σ S-SE Courtyard Area Σ Area Σ S-SE Courtyard S-SE Courtyard Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ

Layer II I III I I II III II III IV IV III III IV IV I IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

CONCORDANCE A

Field Number

Catalog Number

P90/193 P90/195 P90/196 P90/201 P90/202 P90/205 P90/212 P90/216 P90/217 P90/221 P90/239 P90/240 P90/241 P90/254 P90/256 P90/258 P90/260 P90/262 P90/292 P90/299 P90/301 P90/302 P90/303 P90/307 P90/313 P90/315 P90/316 P90/318 P90/319 P90/320 P90/321 P90/329 P90/330 P90/336 P90/345 P90/386 P90/387 P90/390 P90/391 P90/395 P90/397 P90/398 P90/411 P90/413 P90/418

GS 292 GS 293 GS 294 GS 295 GS 296 GS 297 GS 298 GS 299 GS 300 GS 301 GS 302 GS 303 GS 304 GS 305 GS 306 GS 307 GS 308 GS 309 SV 39 GS 344 GS 345 GS 346 SV 40 GS 216 GS 347 GS 217 F 12 GS 348 GS 349 GS 350 GS 351 GS 211 GS 212 GS 352 GS 353 GS 310 GS 311 GS 354 GS 355 GS 312 GS 313 GS 356 GS 314 SV 47 SV 41

Siteia Museum Number

281

Area/Room

Layer

Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ S-SE Courtyard Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ S-SE Courtyard S-SE Courtyard Area Σ S-SE Courtyard Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Λ Area Λ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ S-SE Courtyard

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II II I I II I I III III III III I I III III I I III III I I III I III I

282

PETRAS, SITEIA I: A MINOAN PALATIAL SETTLEMENT IN EASTERN CRETE

Field Number

Catalog Number

P90/419 P90/433 P90/462 P90/487 P90/517 P90/521 P90/523 P90/536 P90/546 P90/547 P90/559 P90/578 P90/580 P90/581 P90/588 P90/608 P90/619 P90/632 P90/638 P90/649 P90/661 P90/662 P90/679 P90/680 P90/691 P90/695 P90/697 P90/697 P90/716 P90/717 P90/718 P90/721 P90/746 P90/772 P90/774 P90/775 P90/777 P90/791 P90/794 P90/796 P90/995 P90/996 P90/999 P90/1000 P90/1002

GS 220 GS 221 GS 357 GS 358 GS 359 GS 360 LW 89 LW 90 GS 361 GS 362 GS 363 GS 364 GS 315 GS 316 SV 48 O 31 PM 257-P 1362 OB 30 GS 365 PM 258-P 1413 PM 116-P 670 SV 21 EMP 30 GS 317 EMP 36 EMP 37 EMP 56 PM 140 GS 318 GS 319 GS 320 GS 321 GS 322 SV 34 GS 323 GS 324 GS 325 SV 22 EMP 105 EMP 31 GS 326 GS 327 GS 328 GS 329 GS 330

Siteia Museum Number

11636

11637

Area/Room S-SE Courtyard S-SE Courtyard Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Pit I Pit I Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Z Area Φ Area Φ Area Σ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Paved road Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ

Layer II II III III III III IV IV III III III III I I III III III III III III IV IV IV I IV IV IV IV I I I I I II I I I IV IV IV I I I I I

CONCORDANCE A

Field Number

Catalog Number

P90/1010 P90/1011 P90/1049 P90/1056 P90/1057 P90/1058 P90/1062 P90/1113

GS 331 GS 332 GS 333 GS 334 GS 335 GS 336 GS 337 F 13

P90/1116

PM 262

P90/1119 P90/1120 P90/1121 P90/1125 P90/1139 P90/1162 P90/1187 P90/1227 P90/1265 P90/1277 P90/1311 P90/1311 P90/1312 P90/1312 P90/1319 P90/1328 P90/1333 P90/1334 P90/1356 P90/1358 P90/1360 P90/1363 P90/1381 P90/1389 P90/1390 P90/1396 P90/1400 P90/1401 P90/1409 P90/1416 P90/1416b P90/1417 P90/1419 P90/1425 P90/1430

PM 212-P 869 A 51 PM 213-P 870 PM 254-P 1388 SV 23 EMP 277 CW 121 SV 49 EMP 168 PM 214-P 871 CW 166-EMP 256 EMP 256-CW 166 CW 129 EMP 257 SV 50 PM 208 CW 34 A 54 SV 24 MV 21 CW 21 EMP 271 EMP 269 EMP 272 EMP 278 EMP 273 EMP 274 EMP 275 EMP 57 EMP 142 CW 175 CW 13 EMP 58 EMP 106 CW 158

Siteia Museum Number

12377 12128 12383 12383 12136 12316 12141

12508 12507 12524 12504

12145 12384

283

Area/Room

Layer

Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ, N of Area O S-SE Courtyard S-SE Courtyard S-SE Courtyard Area Σ Area Φ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Φ S-SE Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard Area Σ S-SE Courtyard S-SE Courtyard S-SE Courtyard Area Φ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Σ

I I I I I I I III I I I I II IV III I III IV I Lakkos Lakkos Lakkos II III I I I IV I III III I III III III III III IV IV IV IV IV IV I

284

PETRAS, SITEIA I: A MINOAN PALATIAL SETTLEMENT IN EASTERN CRETE

Field Number

Catalog Number

Siteia Museum Number

Area/Room

P90/1436 P90/1456 P90/1457 P90/1458 P90/1459 P90/1460 P90/1461 P90/1462 P90/1611 P90/1612 P90/1613 P90/1614 P90/1615 P90/1616 P90/1617

CW 205 CW 197 CW 181 CW 190 CW 173 CW 182 CW 191 CW 167 GS 338 GS 339 GS 340 GS 341 GS 342 GS 343 GS 366

12392

Area Σ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ

Layer I IV IV IV IV IV IV IV I I I I I I III

Concordance B

Pottery Catalog Numbers with Field and Siteia Museum Numbers and Their Findspots

All P catalog entries will appear in the subsequent volume. Catalog Number

Field Number

P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P 7-PM 1 P 8-PM 3 P9 P 10 P 11 P 12 P 13 P 14 P 15 P 16-PM 2 P 17 P 18

P86/bag 6/5 P86/A91 P86/A92 P85/bag 5/3 P85/bag 5/1 P85/bag 4/3a P86/512 P86/798 P86/bag 51/2 P86/bag 57/1 P86/bag 62/1 P85/bag 4/3b P85/bag 12/1 P86/bag 6/3a P85/A246 P86/A35 P85/A280 P85/A281

Siteia Museum Number 7679 11989

12409

12085 12074 12408

Area/Room

Layer

Room A Room A Room A Room A Room A Room A Room A Room A Room A Room A Room A Room A Room A Room A Room A Room A Room A Room A

I III III I I I I II II II III I II I II II III III

286

PETRAS, SITEIA I: A MINOAN PALATIAL SETTLEMENT IN EASTERN CRETE

Catalog Number

Field Number

P 19 P 20 P 21 P 22 P 23 P 24 P 25 P 26 P 27 P 28 P 29 P 30 P 31 P 32 P 33 P 34 P 35 P 36 P 37 P 38 P 39 P 40 P 41 P 42 P 43 P 44 P 45-PM 5 P 46 P 47 P 48 P 49 P 50 P 51 P 52 P 53 P 54 P 55 P 56 P 57 P 58 P 59 P 60 P 61 P 62 P 63

P86/623 P86/624 P86/625 P86/626 P86/622 P86/627 P86/628 P85/bag 4/1 P86/bag 43/7 P85/576 P85/bag 4/7 P86/619 P85/bag 4/4 P86/776 P86/799 P86/bag 106/2 P86/bag106/4 P86/1329 P86/1143 P86/1147 P86/bag 106/2b P86/1142 P86/1144 P86/bag 36/4 P86/bag 42/3 P86/A234 P86/511 P86/A108 P86/787 P86/1145 P86/A228 P86/1140 P86/A191 P86/786 P86/1274 P86/bag 42/5 P86/A229b P86/519 P86/849 P86/728 P86/839 P86/840 P86/1164 P85/bag 19/2 P85/bag 22/2

Siteia Museum Number

12014

12148 12076

12070

12573 7156

12081

12230 12077 12086 12078 12577

Area/ Room

Layer

Room A Room A Room A Room A Room A Room A Room A Room A Room A Room A Room A Room A Room A Room A Room A Room M Room M Room M Room M Room M Room M Room M Room M Room M Room M Room M Room M Room M Room M Room M Room M Room M Room M Room M Room M Room M Room M Room M Room M Room M Room M Room M Room M Room E Room E

III III III III III III III I II III I III I II II II II III II II II III II II II III III II II II III III II II II II III I I III III II III I I

CONCORDANCE B

Catalog Number

Field Number

P 64 P 65 P 66 P 67 P 68 P 69 P 70 P 71 P 72 P 73 P 74 P 75 P 76 P 77 P 78 P 79-PM 13 P 80 P 81 P 82 P 83 P 84 P 85 P 86 P 87-PM 7 P 88 P 89 P 90 P 91 P 92 P 93 P 94 P 95-PM 9 P 96-PM 10 P 97 P 98 P 99-PM 12 P 100 P 101 P 102 P 103 P 104 P 105 P 106 P 107 P 108

P85/bag 22/10 P85/bag 22/13 P85/bag 56/3 P85/bag 56/6a P85/bag 56/6b P85/bag 56/6+7 P85/bag 75/4 P85/bag 75/13 P85/bag 22/9 P85/bag 22/19 P85/bag 19/6 P85/bag 40/2 P85/bag 75/3b P85/bag 19/8 P85/bag 75/9 P86/1163 P85/A418 P85/bag 56/8 P85/bag 56/1 P86/A55 P86/A56 P86/808 P85/bag 75/10 P85/A467 P85/A36 P86/506 P85/A415 P85/A413 P85/bag 22/22 P85/A419 P85/A422 P85/A559 P85/A560 P85/bag 56/9 P85/bag 75/1b P86/828 P86/1168 P86/1242 P86/bag 40/1 P85/A441 P85/bag 40/7 P85/A416 P85/A434 P85/bag 18/3 P85/bag 30/2

Siteia Museum Number

12571

12570 12569 12575

12308

287

Area/ Room

Layer

Room E Room E Room E Room E Room E Room E Room E Room E Room E Room E Room E Room E Room E Room E Room E Room E Room E Room E Room E Room E Room E Room E Room E Room E Room E Room E Room E Room E Room E Room E Room E Room E Room E Room E Room E Room E Room E Room E Room E Room E Room E Room E Room E Room E Room E

I I II II II II II II I I I II II I II III II II II III III II II I II II II I I II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I I

288

PETRAS, SITEIA I: A MINOAN PALATIAL SETTLEMENT IN EASTERN CRETE

Catalog Number

Field Number

Siteia Museum Number

Area/ Room

Layer

P 109 P 110 P 111 P 112 P 113 P 114 P 115 P 116 P 117 P 118 P 119-PM 37 P 120 P 121-PM 16 P 122-PM 20 P 123 P 124 P 125 P 126 P 127 P 128 P 129 P 130 P 131 P 132 P 133 P 134 P 135 P 136-PM 24 P 137 P 138 P 139 P 140 P 141-PM 25 P 142-PM 29 P 143 P 144 P 145 P 146 P 147 P 148 P 149 P 150 P 151 P 152 P 153

P85/A423 P85/bag 75/7 P86/809 P85/bag 77/3 P85/A420 P85/A421 P86/645 P86/1188 P86/1254 P86/1318 P86/993 P86/bag 185/1 P86/A279 P86/327 P86/bag 54/3 P86/bag 79/2 P86/bag 108/2a P86/bag 134/1a P86/bag 134/3 P86/bag 150/2a P86/bag 164/1 P86/bag 30/1 P86/bag 30/6b P86/bag 30/10b P86/bag 30/11 P86/bag 79/1d P86/bag 79/3 P86/535 P86/1005 P86/1181 P86/1221 P86/A138 P86/699 P86/795 P86/1161 P86/1162 P86/1170 P86/1247 P86/1248 P86/1252 P86/1262 P86/1263 P86/bag 25/2 P86/bag 150/4 P86/bag 164/2

12568

Room E Room E Room E Room E Room E Room E Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ

II II II II II II II II II II III III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

12567 12578 12444 12246 12489 12071

12471 6799

12479 11984 12456 12486

12214 11990 12494 12493

CONCORDANCE B

289

Catalog Number

Field Number

Siteia Museum Number

Area/ Room

Layer

P 154 P 155 P 156 P 157 P 158 P 159 P 160 P 161 P 162 P 163 P 164 P 165 P 166 P 167 P 168 P 169 P 170 P 171 P 172 P 173 P 174 P 175 P 176 P 177 P 178 P 179 P 180 P 181 P 182 P 183 P 184 P 185 P 186 P 187 P 188 P 189 P 190 P 191 P 192 P 193 P 194 P 196 P 195 P 197 P 198

P86/A136 P86/1185 P86/1208 P86/1214 P86/1236 P86/1246 P86/bag 117/3a, b P86/A171 P86/861 P86/A9 P86/bag 164/6 P86/1235 P86/180/1 P86/30/12 P86/1265 P86/A161 P86/517 P86/782 P86/796 P86/1024 P86/1165 P86/1184 P86/1243 P86/1273 P86/bag 30/6a P86/bag 54/5 P86/bag 73/5 P86/bag 79/1c P86/bag 168/2 P86/bag 171/3b P86/A64 P86/A170 P86/A243 P86/618 P86/772 P86/793 P86/816 P86/1007 P86/1261 P86/bag 134/2 P86/bag 150/2b P86/bag 171/1 P86/bag 167/5 P86/1202 P86/961

6945

Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ

II II II II II II II III III II II III III II II III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II III

12496

12236 12420 12018

12001

12490 12421 12491

12488 12487

12379

12480

290

PETRAS, SITEIA I: A MINOAN PALATIAL SETTLEMENT IN EASTERN CRETE

Catalog Number

Field Number

P 199 P 200 P 201 P 202 P 203 P 204 P 205-PM 26 P 206-PM 30 P 207-PM 31 P 208 P 209 P 210 P 211 P 212 P 213 P 214 P 215 P 216 P 217 P 218 P 219 P 220 P 221 P 222 P 223 P 224 P 225 P 226 P 227 P 228 P 229 P 230 P 231 P 232-PM 27 P 233 P 234 P 235 P 236 P 237 P 238 P 239 P 240 P 241 P 242 P 243

P86/bag 198/2 P86/bag 150/1 P86/1196 P86/A11 P86/A24 P86/484 P86/706 P86/847 P86/912 P86/1222 P86/1230 P86/A158 P86/A321 P86/A23 P86/A142 P86/A28 P86/A141 P86/A143 P86/A190 P86/A197 P86/A209 P86/A210 P86/A214 P86/A226 P86/A242 P86/A245 P86/A318 P86/326 P86/476 P86/482 P86/660 P86/672 P86/743 P86/744 P86/814 P86/815 P86/817 P86/910 P86/913 P86/933 P86/943 P86/998 P86/999 P86/1001 P86/1172

Siteia Museum Number

12416 7005 7001

6935 7002

6939

6797

Area/ Room

Layer

Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ

III II II II II II II II II II II III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

CONCORDANCE B

Catalog Number

Field Number

P 244 P 245 P 246 P 247 P 248 P 249 P 250 P 251-PM 33 P 252 P 253 P 254 P 255 P 256 P 257 P 258 P 259 P 260 P 261 P 262 P 263 P 264 P 265 P 266 P 267 P 268 P 269 P 270 P 271 P 272 P 273 P 274 P 275 P 276 P 277 P 278 P 279 P 280 P 281 P 282 P 283 P 284 P 285 P 286 P 287 P 288

P86/1179 P86/1183 P86/1189 P86/1191 P86/1200 P86/1203 P86/1209 P86/1217 P86/1218 P86/1224 P86/1237 P86/1239 P86/1255 P86/1259 P86bag /30/14 P86/bag 73/3 P86/bag 79/4 P86/bag 117/2 P86/bag 117/5 P86/bag 150/2c P86/bag 134/5 P86/bag 164/4 P86/bag 171/3c P86/bag 181/3 P86/A150 P86/A151 P86/A152 P86/A154 P86/A160 P86/1194 P86/bag 198/3k P86/bag 167/2 P86/1175 P86/A26a P86/A63 P86/A129 P86/A130 P86/A139 P86/A270 P86/A320 P86/515 P86/516 P86/528 P86/529 P86/681

Siteia Museum Number

12415 6889 6943 6934 6453 12473

12010 11987

291

Area/ Room

Layer

Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II III III III III III III III II I II II II II II II II II II II II II

292

PETRAS, SITEIA I: A MINOAN PALATIAL SETTLEMENT IN EASTERN CRETE

Catalog Number

Field Number

P 289 P 290 P 291 P 292 P 293 P 294 P 295-PM 32 P 296 P 297 P 298 P 299 P 300 P 301 P 302 P 303 P 304 P 305 P 306 P 307 P 308 P 309 P 310 P 311 P 312 P 313 P 314 P 315 P 316 P 317-PM 15 P 318 P 319 P 320 P 321 P 322 P 323-PM 19 P 324 P 325 P 326 P 327 P 328 P 329 P 330 P 331 P 332 P 333

P86/736 P86/794 P86/848 P86/888 P86/981 P86/1000 P86/1201 P86/1227 P86/1253 P86/1258 P86/bag 89/1 P86/687 P86/959 P86/1269 P86/475 P86/652 P86/942 P86/975 P86/978 P86/1225 P86/bag 54/7 P86/A246 P86/1174 P86/1207 P86/1232 P86/1233 P86/601 P86/A26b P86/A172 P86/1219 P86/bag 25/3 P86/bag 30/9 P86/bag 79/1a P86/688 P86/A344b P86/A196 P86/A295 P86/658 P86/661 P86/675 P86/712 P86/741 P86/779 P86/818 P86/819

Siteia Museum Number 12092 12134 12481

12418 12495

12474

12492

12475

Area/ Room

Layer

Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ

II II II II II II II II II II II III III III II II II II II II II II II II II II III II II II II II II III II II II II II II II II II II II

CONCORDANCE B

Catalog Number

Field Number

P 334 P 335 P 336 P 337 P 338 P 339 P 340 P 341 P 342 P 343 P 344 P 345 P 346 P 347 P 348 P 349 P 350 P 351 P 352 P 353 P 354 P 355 P 356 P 357 P 358 P 359-PM 36 P 360 P 361 P 362 P 363 P 364 P 365 P 366 P 367 P 368 P 369-PM 44 P 370 P 371 P 372 P 373 P 374 P 375-PM 40 P 376 P 377 P 378

P86/929 P86/930 P86/983 P86/997 P86/1002 P86/1156 P86/1157 P86/1158 P86/1159 P86/1160 P86/1275 P86/1276 P86/1277 P86/1278 P86/1279 P86/1280 P86/1281 P86/1282 P86/1283 P86/A307 P86/857 P86/1270 P86/bag 79/1b P86/1176 P86/40 P86/600 P86/705 P86/739 P86/928 P86/1212 P86/A315 P86/bag 128/3 P86/A347 P86/A57 P86/A314 P86/1050 P86/bag 64/13 P86/bag 115/3 P86/bag 115/4 P86/883 P86/64/3 P86/A112 P86/A113 P86/722 P86/1090

Siteia Museum Number 12482

6435

12341

12238

12105 12027 12049 12099

293

Area/ Room

Layer

Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Λ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II III III III II I II III II II II II III III II III III III III III III III III III III III III

294

PETRAS, SITEIA I: A MINOAN PALATIAL SETTLEMENT IN EASTERN CRETE

Catalog Number

Field Number

Siteia Museum Number

Area/ Room

Layer

P 379 P 380 P 381 P 382 P 383 P 384 P 385 P 386 P 387 P 388 P 389 P 390 P 391 P 392 P 393 P 394-PM 39 P 395 P 396 P 397 P 398 P 399 P 400-PM 41 P 401 P 402 P 403 P 404 P 405 P 406 P 407 P 408 P 409 P 410 P 411 P 412 P 413 P 414 P 415 P 416 P 417 P 418 P 419 P 420 P 421 P 422 P 423

P86/A6 P86/A7 P86/A50 P86/A97 P86/A312 P86/A322 P86/A324 P86/A354 P86/A359 P86/1031 P86/1032 P86/1330 P86/A8 P86/A34 P86/A39 P86/A41 P86/A48 P86/A52 P86/A168 P86/A198 P86/A199 P86/A265 P86/A323 P86/A349 P86/721 P86/723 P86/887 P86/1053 P86/1089 P86/1327 P86/1331 P86/bag 144/1a P86/bag 144/2a P86/A5 P86/A45 P86/1049 P86/A348 P86/bag 144/1c P86/A60 P86/A117 P86/A258 P86/A263 P86/1010 P86/64/9 P86/64/16

12307

Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ

II II III III III III III III III III III III II II III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III I III III III III III III III III III III III

11988 11985 12009 11996 12124 11986 12028 12097 12123 12109 12119 12007 12004 12067 12216 12022 12023 12032 12176 12034

12003 12054 12399 12055

12106 12006 12120

12222 12393 12396

CONCORDANCE B

Catalog Number

Field Number

P 424 P 425 P 426 P 427 P 428 P 429 P 430 P 431 P 432 P 433 P 434 P 435 P 436 P 437 P 438 P 439 P 440 P 441 P 442 P 443 P 444 P 445 P 446 P 447 P 448 P 449 P 450 P 451 P 452 P 453 P 454-PM 42 P 455 P 456 P 457 P 458 P 459 P 460 P 461 P 462 P 463 P 464 P 465 P 466 P 467 P 468

P86/127/1 P86/A13 P86/A104a P86/A116 P86/A118 P86/A238 P86/A356 P86/489 P86/490 P86/491 P86/691 P86/727 P86/753 P86/765 P86/862 P86/863 P86/bag 127/1b P86/bag 144/1b P86/bag 144/2b P86/A53 P86/A40 P86/A236 P86/A335 P86/724 P86/A292 P86/709 P86/A14 P86/A62b P86/A261 P86/A286 P86/697 P86/1030 P86/1039 P86/A62a P86/492 P86/1055 P86/A49 P86/A95 P86/A99 P86/A237 P86/A239 P86/A334 P86/A336 P86/A357 P86/A358

Siteia Museum Number

12019 12395 12394 12117 12315 12100 12125 12050 12398

12318 12090 12110 12400 6358 6942 12098 12397 12095

12046

12121 12319 12313 12122

12317

295

Area/ Room

Layer

Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ

III II III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III I I II III III III III III III III III II III III III III III III III III III

296

PETRAS, SITEIA I: A MINOAN PALATIAL SETTLEMENT IN EASTERN CRETE

Catalog Number

Field Number

Siteia Museum Number

Area/ Room

Layer

P 469 P 470 P 471-PM 43 P 472 P 473 P 474 P 475 P 476 P 477 P 478 P 479 P 480 P 481 P 482 P 483 P 484 P 485 P 486 P 487 P 488 P 489 P 490 P 491-PM 73 P 492 P 493 P 494 P 495 P 496 P 497 P 498 P 499-PM 56 P 500 P 501 P 502 P 503 P 504 P 505 P 506 P 507 P 508-PM 47 P 509 P 510 P 511-PM 49 P 512-PM 54 P 513-PM 55

P86/725 P86/749 P86/764 P86/774 P86/881 P86/1038 P86/bag 64/2a P86/bag 107/1 P86/A58 P86/A43 P86/763 P86/1023 P86/1041 P86/1057 P86/A257 P86/1014 P86/750 P86/1019 P86/1022 P86/717 P86/1020 P89/bag 208/4 P89/bag 305/47 P85/bag 26/3 P89/793 P89/498 P89/639 P85/A4 P89/bag 302/1 P89/bag 302/21 P89/652 P89/908 P89/923 P89/bag 221/4 P89/493 P89/bag 302/13 P89/bag 305/3 P85/bag 26/2 P85/A278 P89/494 P89/495 P89/500 P89/503 P89/642 P89/650

12126

Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Ξ Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π

III III III III III III III III III III III III III II III II III III III III III III III II III III III I III III III III III III III III III II III III III III III III III

12091 12088

6941 12107 12093

12310 12104 12113 12096 12094

12305 12240 12306 12066

12303

CONCORDANCE B

Catalog Number

Field Number

P 514 P 515-PM 57 P 516 P 517 P 518-PM 59 P 519-PM 61 P 520-PM 67 P 521-PM 68 P 522-PM 69 P 523 P 524-PM 52 P 525 P 526-PM 46 P 527-PM 53 P 528 P 529 P 530-PM 58 P 531 P 532-PM 60 P 533-PM 62 P 534-PM 63 P 535-PM 64 P 536-PM 65 P 537-PM 66 P 538-PM 70 P 539-PM 71 P 540-PM 72 P 541-PM 74 P 542 P 543 P 544 P 545-PM 48 P 546 P 547-PM 50 P 548 P 549 P 550 P 551 P 552 P 553-PM 78 P 554 P 555-PM 84 P 556 P 557-PM 90 P 558

P89/659 P89/663 P89/822 P89/898 P89/bag 208/1 P89/bag 289/7 P89/bag 305/6 P89/bag 305/8 P89/bag 305/28 P89/492 P89/507 P89/820 P85/A8 P89/641 P89/643 P89/662 P89/665 P89/823 P89/bag 208/2 P89/bag 302/2 P89/bag 305/1 P89/bag 305/2 P89/bag 305/3 P89/bag 305/5 P89/bag 305/29 P89/bag 305/30 P89/bag 305/45 P89/bag 305/49 P85/A6 P85/A7 P85/A267 P89/497 P89/502 P89/504 P89/664 P89/899 P89/901 P89/921 P89/bag 85/2 P89/833 P89/bag 11/3 P89/bag 29/9 P89/bag 67/4 P89/bag 142/10 P89/881

Siteia Museum Number

12057

12149 11993

12239

12135

297

Area/ Room

Layer

Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room Π Room 1 Room 1 Room 1 Room 1 Room 1 Room 1 Room 1

III III III III III III III III III III III III II III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III II II III III III III III III III III II II II II II II II

298

PETRAS, SITEIA I: A MINOAN PALATIAL SETTLEMENT IN EASTERN CRETE

Catalog Number

Field Number

P 559-PM 81 P 560 P 561 P 562-PM 82 P 563 P 564 P 565 P 566 P 567 P 568 P 569-PM 83 P 570 P 571 P 572 P 573 P 574 P 575-PM 91 P 576-PM 92 P 577-PM 93 P 578 P 579 P 580 P 581-PM 76 P 582-PM 77 P 583 P 584 P 585-PM 79 P 586-PM 80 P 587 P 588-PM 85 P 589 P 590-PM 86 P 591-PM 87 P 592-PM 88 P 593-PM 89 P 594 P 595 P 596 P 597 P 598 P 599 P 600 P 601-PM 98 P 602 P 603-PM 94

P89/bag 11/6 P89/1098 P89/bag 71/17 P89/bag 29/1 P89/198 P89/bag 29/17 P89/bag 89/2 P89/bag 2/1 P89/bag 67/7 P89/859 P89/bag 29/2 P89/bag 71/13 P89/795 P89/851 P89/846 P89/982 P89/bag 71/10 P89/bag 71/11 P89/bag 71/12 P89/845 P89/847 P89/853 P89/82 P89/332 P89/763 P89/858 P89/bag 2/9 P89/bag 11/4 P89/bag 29/8 P89/bag 29/16 P89/bag 67/3 P89/bag 71/15 P89/bag 85/17 P89/bag 85/18 P89/bag 85/22 P89/852 P89/861 P89/985 P89/848 P89/832 P89/836 P89/690 P89/bag 261/10 P89/735 P89/bag 143/1

Siteia Museum Number

8841

12359

12139 12134 12131 12133

Area/ Room

Layer

Room 1 Room 1 Room 1 Room 1 Room 1 Room 1 Room 1 Room 1 Room 1 Room 1 Room 1 Room 1 Room 1 Room 1 Room 1 Room 1 Room 1 Room 1 Room 1 Room 1 Room 1 Room 1 Room 1 Room 1 Room 1 Room 1 Room 1 Room 1 Room 1 Room 1 Room 1 Room 1 Room 1 Room 1 Room 1 Room 1 Room 1 Room 1 Room 1 Room 1 Room 1 Room 1 Room 2 Room 2 Room 2

II III III II III II II II II IV II III II II III III III III III IV IV IV II II II II II II II II II II II II II III III II IV II II II II II II

CONCORDANCE B

Catalog Number

Field Number

P 604-PM 95 P 605-PM 96 P 606-PM 97 P 607-PM 100 P 608-PM 101 P 609 P 610 P 611 P 612 P 613 P 614 P 615 P 616 P 617 P 618 P 619 P 620 P 621 P 622 P 623 P 624 P 625 P 626 P 627 P 628 P 629 P 630 P 631 P 632 P 633 P 634 P 635 P 636 P 637 P 638 P 639 P 640 P 641 P 642 P 643-PM 102 P 644 P 645 P 646 P 647 P 648

P89/bag 158/1 P89/bag 261/4 P89/bag 261/5 P89/bag 279/4 P85/A471 P85/bag 6/3 P85/bag 101/5 P85/bag 17/3c P85/bag 21/2 P85/bag 90/4 P85/bag 84/1 P85/bag 91/3 P85/bag 17/3b P85/bag 44/3 P89/bag 260/4 P85/bag 90/1 P85/bag 16/4 P85/bag 67/6 P85/bag 74/1 P89/bag 247/11 P85/bag 81/5 P85/A570 P85/A90 P85/A178 P85/A184 P85/A185 P85/A232 P85/A234 P85/A243 P85/A244 P85/A245 P85/A266 P85/A452 P85/A468 P85/A2 P85/A17 P85/bag 17/2 P85/bag 84/2 P85/bag 84/3 P89/bag 246/1 P89/bag 247/4 P85/A426 P85/bag 11/1 P85/A449 P85/bag 15/3

Siteia Museum Number

12423

12535

5270

12437

299

Area/ Room

Layer

Room 2 Room 2 Room 2 Room 2 Corridor B-Δ Corridor B-Δ Corridor B-Δ Corridor B-Δ Corridor B-Δ Corridor B-Δ Corridor B-Δ Corridor B-Δ Corridor B-Δ Corridor B-Δ Corridor B-Δ Corridor B-Δ Corridor B-Δ Corridor B-Δ Corridor B-Δ Corridor B-Δ Corridor B-Δ Corridor B-Δ Corridor B-Δ Corridor B-Δ Corridor B-Δ Corridor B-Δ Corridor B-Δ Corridor B-Δ Corridor B-Δ Corridor B-Δ Corridor B-Δ Corridor B-Δ Corridor B-Δ Corridor B-Δ Corridor B-Δ Corridor B-Δ Corridor B-Δ Corridor B-Δ Corridor B-Δ Corridor B-Δ Corridor B-Δ Corridor B-Δ Corridor B-Δ Corridor B-Δ Corridor B-Δ

II II II II I I III I I II II II I I III II I I II II II I II II II II II II II II II III III III I I I II II II II I I II I

300

PETRAS, SITEIA I: A MINOAN PALATIAL SETTLEMENT IN EASTERN CRETE

Catalog Number

Field Number

P 649 P 650 P 651 P 652 P 653 P 654 P 655-PM 111 P 656 P 657 P 658-PM 114 P 659 P 660 P 661-PM 106 P 662-PM 109 P 663-PM 113 P 664-PM 115 P 665-PM 104 P 666-PM 107 P 667-PM 108 P 668-PM 110 P 669-PM 112 P 670-PM 116 P 671 P 672 P 673 P 674 P 675 P 676 P 677 P 678-PM 119 P 679 P 680-PM 128 P 681 P 682 P 683 P 684-PM 118 P 685 P 686 P 687 P 688 P 689 P 690 P 691 P 692 P 693

P85/A446 P85/A438 P89/bag 303/1 P89/bag 303/6 P89/bag 303/20 P89/bag 270/1 P89/bag 231/2 P89/bag 306/2 P89/767 P89/bag 270/3 P89/bag 266/3 P85/bag 41/1 P85/A565 P89/bag 230/9 P89/bag 303/2 P89/bag 270/4 P85/A563 P85/bag 43/4 P89/bag 230/8 P89/bag 230/10 P89/bag 231/3 P90/661 P85/54/2 P86/bag 154/5 P86/bag 199/1 P86/bag 199/2a P86/bag 71/4 P86/bag 75/1 P86/bag 102/1 P86/876 P86/bag 125/1 P86/948 P86/bag 162/1 P86/bag 192/3 P86/bag 199/5 P86/bag 71/1 P86/bag 102/4 P86/1123 P86/bag 140/2 P86/1088 P86/1110 P86/1122 P86/831 P86/898 P86/bag 130/6

Siteia Museum Number

12189

12151 12152

12130 12349 12171 12157

Area/ Room

Layer

Corridor B-Δ Corridor B-Δ Area Z Area Z Area Z Area Z Area Z Area Z Area Z Area Z Area Z Area Z Area Z Area Z Area Z Area Z Area Z Area Z Area Z Area Z Area Z Area Z Staircase H Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ

II II III III III IV II III IV IV III II II II III IV I II II II II IV II III III III I I I II II III III III III I I III III III III III III III III

CONCORDANCE B

Catalog Number

Field Number

P 694 P 695 P 696 P 697 P 698 P 699 P 700-PM 126 P 701-PM 129 P 702 P 703 P 704 P 705 P 706 P 707 P 708 P 709 P 710 P 711 P 712 P 713 P 714 P 715 P 716 P 717 P 718 P 719 P 720 P 721 P 722 P 723 P 724 P 725 P 726 P 727 P 728-PM 123 P 729-PM 124 P 730 P 731 P 732 P 733-PM 120 P 734 P 735 P 736 P 737 P 738

P86/bag 153/4b P86/bag 199/2b P86/bag 199/3 P86/729 P86/1061 P86/A350 P86/907 P86/1072 P86/1085 P86/142/1 P86/bag 153/4a P86/bag 192/1a P86/A212 P86/192/5 P86/1091 P86/A351 P86/906 P86/852 P86/bag 192/1b P86/922 P86/1011 P86/bag 199/10 P86/539 P86/987 P86/bag 162/5 P90/1420 P86/988 P86/949 P86/1063 P86/1067 P86/866 P86/1127 P86/A224 P86/A253 P86/547 P86/698 P86/1066 P86/1071 P86/102/3 P86/A133 P86/1079 P86/bag 162/3 P86/bag 192/9 P86/bag 192/10 P86/1059

Siteia Museum Number

12043 12033 12457

12036

12030 12005 12168

12357 12355 13255 12344

12156

12160

7004 12204

12201

301

Area/ Room

Layer

Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ

III III III II II III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III II II III III II III III III II II III III III III III III I III III III III III II

302

PETRAS, SITEIA I: A MINOAN PALATIAL SETTLEMENT IN EASTERN CRETE

Catalog Number

Field Number

Siteia Museum Number

Area/ Room

Layer

P 739 P 740 P 741 P 742 P 743 P 744 P 745 P 746 P 747 P 748 P 749 P 750 P 751 P 752 P 753 P 754 P 755 P 756 P 757 P 758 P 759 P 760-PM 142 P 761-PM 143 P 762 P 763 P 764 P 765-PM 163 P 766-PM 169 P 767-PM 175 P 768 P 769 P 770 P 771-PM 180 P 772 P 773-PM 183 P 774 P 775 P 776 P 777 P 778 P 779-PM 176 P 780 P 781-PM 184 P 782-PM 197 P 783

P86/1065 P86/A122 P86/783 P86/bag 153/1 P86/869 P86/900 P86/bag 199/11 P86/1062 P86/695 P86/784 P86/903 P86/1064 P86/bag 90/1 P86/bag 113/5 P86/bag 44/1 P86/bag 76/4 P86/bag 90/7 P86/bag 132/7 P86/bag 44/3 P86/bag 132/2 P86/937 P86/487 P86/946 P86/A109 P86/1048 P88/bag 130/7 P88/546a P88/586 P88/634 P88/bag 61/1 P88/bag 61/6a P88/bag 156/4 P89/461 P89/817 P89/bag 8/19 P89/bag 22/2 P88/bag 61/2d P88/bag 61/4 P88/bag 61/8 P88/bag 142/4a P88/664 P88/715 P89/bag 10/1 P89/bag 116/1b P88/bag 61/9

12202 12161

Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Area Φ Staircase Y Staircase Y Staircase Y Staircase Y Staircase Y Staircase Y Staircase Y Staircase Y Staircase Y Staircase Y Staircase Y Staircase Y Staircase Y W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard

II III III III II III III II III III III III I I II I I II II II I II II I II I I I I I I I II II II II I I I I I I II II I

12155 12244

12224 12048 12203

12079 12103 12159

8839 12199

12207

CONCORDANCE B

Catalog Number

Field Number

P 784 P 785-PM 164 P 786 P 787 P 788 P 789-PM 194 P 790 P 791 P 792 P 793 P 794 P 795 P 796 P 797 P 798 P 799 P 800 P 801 P 802 P 803 P 804 P 805 P 806 P 807 P 808 P 809-PM 187 P 810-PM 189 P 811-PM 198 P 812 P 813 P 814-PM 171 P 815 P 816 P 817 P 818-PM 188 P 819 P 820 P 821 P 822 P 823 P 824-PM 165 P 825-PM 172 P 826-PM 178 P 827 P 828

P88/bag 61/4b P88/546b P88/61/5 P88/bag 142/2 P89/bag 47/1b P89/bag 95/1 P89/bag 125/4 P89/bag 22/10 P89/bag 183/2 P88/bag 61/20 P88/bag 142/7 P89/bag 49/21 P89/bag 87/5a P88/bag 142/3b P88/544 P89/bag 10/3 P89/bag 49/26 P89/bag 87/5b P89/bag 87/30 P89/bag 95/12 P88/bag 142/4b P88/691 P88/533 P88/750 P88/751 P89/bag 49/1 P89/bag 49/3 P89/bag 116/1c P88/557 P88/565 P88/592 P88/bag 61/3 P89/98 P89/bag 22/11 P89/bag 49/11 P89/bag 87/10 P89/bag 199/1b P89/bag 199/4 P88/587 P88/bag 117/8 P88/571 P88/630 P88/728 P88/725 P88/bag 130/3

Siteia Museum Number

12206

12229

12217 12226

303

Area/ Room

Layer

W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard

I I I I II II II II II I I II II I I II II II II II I I I I I II II II I I I I II II II II II II I I I I I I I

304

PETRAS, SITEIA I: A MINOAN PALATIAL SETTLEMENT IN EASTERN CRETE

Catalog Number

Field Number

P 829 P 830 P 831 P 832-PM 202 P 833 P 834 P 835-PM 204 P 836 P 837-PM 206 P 838-PM 207 P 839 P 840 P 841 P 842 P 843 P 844 P 845 P 846 P 847 P 848 P 849 P 850 P 851 P 852 P 853 P 854 P 855 P 856-PM 209 P 857 P 858 P 859 P 860 P 861 P 862 P 863 P 864 P 865 P 866 P 867 P 868-PM 210 P 869-PM 212 P 870-PM 213 P 871-PM 214 P 872 P 873

P88/bag 156/6 P88/689 P89/6 P89/785 P89/1031 P89/63 P89/bag 20/2 P89/801 P89/bag 130/7 P89/bag 169/1 P89/981 P86/A192 P85/bag 72/2 P85/A350 P85/A476 P85/A351 P86/155/1 P85/A349 P85/235 P89/bag 294/10 P89/bag 295/1 P89/bag 294/6 P89/bag 294/8 P90/bag 111/6 P90/bag 180/1 P85/A458 P85/bag 42/1 P89/922 P90/bag 85/5 P89/924 P89/bag 304/13 P90/bag 11/5 P90/bag 11/6 P85/bag 104/2 P89/971 P90/1330 P90/bag 85/2 P89/bag 280/11 P89/906 P89/bag 295/4 P90/1119 P90/1121 P90/1277 P90/1332 P89/bag 280/16

Siteia Museum Number 12219

12324 12519 12529

12251 12554 12547

12431

12215

12300

12302

Area/ Room

Layer

W. Courtyard W. Courtyard W. Courtyard Area 3 Area 3 Area 3 Area 3 Area 3 Paved Road Paved Road Paved Road Area K Area K Area K Area K Area K Area K Area K Area K S-SE Courtyard S.SE. Courtyard S-SE Courtyard S-SE Courtyard S-SE Courtyard S-SE Courtyard S-SE Courtyard S-SE Courtyard S-SE Courtyard S-SE Courtyard S-SE Courtyard S-SE Courtyard S-SE Courtyard S-SE Courtyard S-SE Courtyard S-SE Courtyard S-SE Courtyard S.-SE Courtyard S-SE Courtyard S-SE Courtyard S-SE Courtyard S-SE Courtyard S-SE Courtyard S-SE Courtyard S-SE Courtyard S-SE Courtyard

I I II II II II II III II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

CONCORDANCE B

Catalog Number

Field Number

P 874 P 875 P 876-PM 211 P 877 P 878 P 879 P 880 P 881 P 882 P 883 P 884 P 885 P 886 P 887 P 888 P 889 P 890 P 891 P 892 P 893 P 894 P 895 P 896 P 897-PM 217 P 898 P 899 P 900 P 901 P 902 P 903 P 904 P 905 P 906 P 907 P 908 P 909 P 910 P 911 P 912 P 913 P 914 P 915 P 916 P 917 P 918

P90/1331 P90/1336 P90/bag 85/18 P90/bag 86/3 P89/bag 280/15 P90/bag 86/5 P85/A219 P85/bag 79/4 P85/bag 79+87/7 P85/bag 79+87/15 P85/bag 92/2 P85/bag 92/7 P85/bag 92/8 P85/A328 P85/bag 76/1a P85/bag 79/12 P85/bag 92/1 P85/bag 92/5 P85/bag 92/18 P85/A536 P85/bag 87/3 P85/A352 P85/92/21 P85/A524 P85/A388 P85/A533 P85/A543 P85/bag 76/3 P85/bag 79/1 P85/bag 79+87/10 P85/bag 87/14a P85/bag 87/21 P85/bag 92/13 P85/bag 92/14 P85/A210 P85/A409 P85/A506 P85/A557 P85/A572 P85/bag 76/1b P85/bag 76/2 P85/bag 87/16 P85/A347 P85/A503 P85/bag 71/2

Siteia Museum Number

12498 11991

12404 12566

12558

12499 12360

305

Area/ Room

Layer

S-SE Courtyard S-SE Courtyard S-SE Courtyard S-SE Courtyard S-SE Courtyard S-SE Courtyard Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ

I I I I I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II IV II I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

306

PETRAS, SITEIA I: A MINOAN PALATIAL SETTLEMENT IN EASTERN CRETE

Catalog Number

Field Number

P 919 P 920 P 921 P 922 P 923 P 924 P 925 P 926 P 927 P 928 P 929 P 930 P 931 P 932 P 933 P 934 P 935 P 936 P 937 P 938 P 939 P 940 P 941 P 942 P 943 P 944 P 945 P 946 P 947 P 948 P 949 P 950 P 951 P 952 P 953 P 954 P 955 P 956 P 957 P 958 P 959 P 960 P 961 P 962 P 963

P85/bag 71/7 P85/bag 71/9 P85bag /79/14 P85/bag 87/4 P85/bag 92/2b P85/bag 71/3 P85/bag 71/7 P85/A393 P85/A289 P85/bag 87/7a P85/A128b P85/A229 P85/A291 P85/A330 P85/A504 P85/A548 P85/A580 P85/238 P85/bag 71/1c P85/bag 71/8 P85/bag 92/1b P85/A27b P85/A93 P85/A333 P85/A334 P85/A551 P85/A575 P85/bag 71/1 P85/A77 P85/A259 P85/A396 P85/A397 P85/A549 P85/A550 P85/A556 P85/A581 P85/A186 P85/A10 P85/A14 P85/A15 P85/A354 P85/A355 P85/A356 P85/A363 P85/A370

Siteia Museum Number

12402 12041

12029

12016 12361 12425 12044

11663

5269

Area/ Room

Layer

Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I

CONCORDANCE B

Catalog Number

Field Number

P 964 P 965 P 966 P 967-PM 219 P 968 P 969 P 970 P 971 P 972 P 973 P 974 P 975 P 976 P 977 P 978 P 979 P 980 P 981 P 982 P 983 P 984 P 985 P 986 P 987 P 988 P 989 P 990 P 991 P 992 P 993 P 994 P 995 P 996 P 997 P 998 P 999 P 1000 P 1001 P 1002 P 1003 P 1004 P 1005 P 1006 P 1007 P 1008-PM 223

P85/A371 P85/A372 P85/A19 P85/A20 P85/A23a P85/A24 P85/A25 P85/A26 P85/A28 P85/A33 P85/A35 P85/A37 P85/A38 P85/A39 P85/A41 P85/A42 P85/A44 P85/A45 P85/A47 P85/A50 P85/A52 P85/A55 P85/A59 P85/A60 P85/A61a P85/A62 P85/A63 P85/A64 P85/A66 P85/A68 P85/A69 P85/A70 P85/A73 P85/A76 P85/A78 P85/A80 P85/A81 P85/A82 P85/A84 P85/A85 P85/A91 P85/A92 P85/A94 P85/A98 P85/A100

Siteia Museum Number

5271

5272

5273 5274

5276

5277

12453

307

Area/ Room

Layer

Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ

I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

308

PETRAS, SITEIA I: A MINOAN PALATIAL SETTLEMENT IN EASTERN CRETE

Catalog Number

Field Number

P 1009 P 1010 P 1011 P 1012 P 1013 P 1014 P 1015 P 1016 P 1017 P 1018 P 1019 P 1020 P 1021 P 1022 P 1023 P 1024 P 1025 P 1026 P 1027 P 1028 P 1029 P 1030 P 1031 P 1032-PM 227 P 1033 P 1034 P 1035 P 1036 P 1037 P 1038 P 1039 P 1040-PM 228 P 1041 P 1042 P 1043 P 1044 P 1045 P 1046 P 1047 P 1048 P 1049 P 1050 P 1051 P 1052 P 1053

P85/A102 P85/A106 P85/A107 P85/A108 P85/A114 P85/A119 P85/A120 P85/A122 P85/A124 P85/A125 P85/A126 P85/A127 P85/A128a P85/A129 P85/A133 P85/A137 P85/A139 P85/A142 P85/A144 P85/A145 P85/A146 P85/A147 P85/A150 P85/A151 P85/A154 P85/A157 P85/A158 P85/A159 P85/A160 P85/A161 P85/A162 P85/A163 P85/A168 P85/A169 P85/A170 P85/A171 P85/A175 P85/A176 P85/A177 P85/A179 P85/A180 P85/A181 P85/A183 P85/A187 P85/A191

Siteia Museum Number

5279

12362 5281

12368

5282

5283

Area/ Room

Layer

Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

CONCORDANCE B

Catalog Number

Field Number

P 1054 P 1055 P 1056 P 1057 P 1058 P 1059 P 1060 P 1061 P 1062 P 1063 P 1064 P 1065 P 1066 P 1067 P 1068 P 1069-PM 231 P 1070 P 1071 P 1072 P 1073 P 1074 P 1075 P 1076 P 1077 P 1078 P 1079 P 1080 P 1081 P 1082 P 1083 P 1084-PM 232 P 1085 P 1086 P 1087 P 1088-PM 233 P 1089 P 1090 P 1091 P 1092-PM 234 P 1093 P 1094 P 1095-PM 235 P 1096 P 1097 P 1098

P85/A194 P85/A196 P85/A198 P85/A199 P85/A201 P85/A202 P85/A204 P85/A206 P85/A207 P85/A213 P85/A216 P85/A217 P85/A220 P85/A222 P85/A227a P85/A230 P85/A235 P85/A236 P85/A237 P85/A240 P85/A242a P85/A249 P85/A250 P85/A252 P85/A253 P85/A254 P85/A255 P85/A256 P85/A260 P85/A262 P85/A284 P85/A290 P85/A295 P85/A301 P85/A302 P85/A303 P85/A310 P85/A311 P85/A312 P85/A318 P85/A320 P85/A325 P85/A327 P85/A332 P85/A340

Siteia Museum Number

12442 5285 5287

5288 12428 12430 5289 5291 12445

12439

12372 12364

309

Area/ Room

Layer

Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

310

PETRAS, SITEIA I: A MINOAN PALATIAL SETTLEMENT IN EASTERN CRETE

Catalog Number

Field Number

Siteia Museum Number

Area/ Room

Layer

P 1099 P 1100 P 1101-PM 236 P 1102 P 1103 P 1104 P 1105-PM 238 P 1106 P 1107-PM 239 P 1108 P 1109 P 1110 P 1111 P 1112 P 1113 P 1114-PM 241 P 1115 P 1116 P 1117-PM 242 P 1118 P 1119 P 1120 P 1121 P 1122 P 1123 P 1124 P 1125 P 1126 P 1127 P 1128 P 1129 P 1130 P 1131 P 1132 P 1133 P 1134 P 1135 P 1136 P 1137 P 1138 P 1139 P 1140 P 1141 P 1142 P 1143

P85/A343 P85/A345 P85/A346 P85/A382 P85/A383 P85/A386 P85/A389 P85/A390 P85/A395 P85/A399 P85/A400 P85/A401 P85/A402 P85/A403 P85/A406 P85/A546 P85/A547 P85/A554 P85/bag 92/14 P85/A264 P85/A270 P85/A271 P85/A148 P85/A208 P85/A387 P85/A552 P85/A292 P85/A351 P85/A358 P85/A360 P85/A361 P85/A373 P85/A374 P85/bag 47/6 P85/A18 P85/A21 P85/A23b P85/A27a P85/A27c P85/A29 P85/A31 P85/A32 P85/A34 P85/A40 P85/A43

12363

Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II IV IV IV II II II II I I I I I I I I II II II II II II II II II II II

12002

5292 12440

12424 12547

CONCORDANCE B

Catalog Number

Field Number

P 1144 P 1145 P 1146 P 1147 P 1148-PM 220 P 1149 P 1150 P 1151 P 1152 P 1153 P 1154 P 1155 P 1156 P 1157-PM 221 P 1158 P 1159 P 1160 P 1161-PM 222 P 1162 P 1163 P 1164 P 1165-PM 224 P 1166 P 1167 P 1168 P 1169 P 1170 P 1171 P 1172 P 1173 P 1174 P 1175 P 1176 P 1177-PM 226 P 1178 P 1179 P 1180 P 1181 P 1182 P 1183 P 1184 P 1185 P 1186-PM 229 P 1187 P 1188-PM 230

P85/A49 P85/A51 P85/A53 P85/A54 P85/A56 P85/A57 P85/A58 P85/A61b P85/A65 P85/A67 P85/A71 P85/A72 P85/A74 P85/A79 P85/A89 P85/A95 P85/A96 P85/A97 P85/A99 P85/A101 P85/A103 P85/A104 P85/A105 P85/A110 P85/A111 P85/A116 P85/A117 P85/A121 P85/A130 P85/A135 P85/A140 P85/A141 P85/A143 P85/A149 P85/A152 P85/A153 P85/A155 P85/A156 P85/A164 P85/A165 P85/A167 P85/A174 P85/A182 P85/A192 P85/A193

Siteia Museum Number

12370

5275

12438

5278

311

Area/ Room

Layer

Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

312

PETRAS, SITEIA I: A MINOAN PALATIAL SETTLEMENT IN EASTERN CRETE

Catalog Number

Field Number

Siteia Museum Number

Area/ Room

Layer

P 1189 P 1190 P 1191 P 1192 P 1193 P 1194 P 1195 P 1196 P 1197 P 1198 P 1199 P 1200 P 1201 P 1202 P 1203 P 1204 P 1205 P 1206 P 1207 P 1208 P 1209 P 1210 P 1211 P 1212 P 1213 P 1214 P 1215 P 1216 P 1217 P 1218 P 1219 P 1220 P 1221 P 1222 P 1223 P 1224 P 1225 P 1226 P 1227 P 1228 P 1229 P 1230 P 1231-PM 237 P 1232 P 1233

P85/A195 P85/A200 P85/A209 P85/A214 P85/A215 P85/A221 P85/A223 P85/A226 P85/A227b P85/A228 P85/A238 P85/A239 P85/A242b P85/A247 P85/A248 P85/A251 P85/A261 P85/A304 P85/A305 P85/A306 P85/A307 P85/A308 P85/A313 P85/A314 P85/A315 P85/A316 P85/A317 P85/A319 P85/A321 P85/A322 P85/A323 P85/A324 P85/A326 P85/A331 P85/A336 P85/A337 P85/A338 P85/A339 P85/A341 P85/A342 P85/A353 P85/A375 P85/A376 P85/A377 P85/A378

12371

Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

12450 5286 12449 12451

12427 5290 12441 12446

12369 12367

CONCORDANCE B

Catalog Number

Field Number

P 1234 P 1235 P 1236 P 1237 P 1238 P 1239 P 1240 P 1241 P 1242 P 1243-PM 243 P 1244 P 1245 P 1246 P 1247-PM 225 P 1248 P 1249 P 1250 P 1251 P 1252 P 1253 P 1254 P 1255 P 1256 P 1257 P 1258 P 1259 P 1260 P 1261 P 1262 P 1263 P 1264 P 1265 P 1266 P 1267 P 1268 P 1269 P 1270 P 1271 P 1272 P 1273 P 1274 P 1275 P 1276 P 1277 P 1278

P85/A380 P85/A381 P85/A384 P85/A394 P85/A404 P85/A405 P85/A545 P85/A553 P85/A555 P85/A268 P85/A30 P85/A109 P85/A113 P85/A134 P85/A173 P85/bag 87/7b P85/bag 87/14b P85/A429 P85/A286 P85/A473 P85/A477 P85/A523 P85/A288 P85/A569 P85/bag 71/4 P85/A568 P85/A379 P85/A541 P85/bag 76/4 P85/A579 P85/A500 P85/bag 63/8 P85/bag 63/21 P85/bag 94/5 P85/bag 63/31 P85/bag 94/1 P85/bag 63/7 P85/bag 63/10 P85/bag 63/16 P85/bag 63/19 P85/bag 63/23 P85/bag 63/26 P85/A131 P85/A132 P85/A160

Siteia Museum Number

12565

12435

12552

12448 12452

12422 12540

12550 12539

313

Area/ Room

Layer

Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit Θ Pit I Pit I Pit I Pit I Pit I Pit I Pit I Pit I Pit I Pit I Pit I Pit I Pit I Pit I Pit I

II II II II II II II II II IV II II II II II II II I II I I I II II II II II II II II II I I II I II I I I I I I I I I

314

PETRAS, SITEIA I: A MINOAN PALATIAL SETTLEMENT IN EASTERN CRETE

Catalog Number

Field Number

P 1279 P 1280 P 1281 P 1282 P 1283 P 1284 P 1285 P 1286 P 1287 P 1288 P 1289 P 1290 P 1291 P 1292 P 1293 P 1294 P 1295 P 1296 P 1297 P 1298 P 1299 P 1300 P 1301-PM 245 P 1302-PM 247 P 1303 P 1304 P 1305-PM 244 P 1306 P 1307 P 1308 P 1309 P 1310 P 1311 P 1312 P 1313 P 1314 P 1315 P 1316 P 1317 P 1318 P 1319 P 1320 P 1321 P 1322 P 1323

P85/A485 P85/A224 P85/A490 P85/A495 P85/A299 P85/A300 P85/A491 P85/A498 P85/bag 94/3 P85/bag 63/12 P85/bag 63/24 P85/bag 63/25 P85/bag 63/27 P85/bag 63/29 P85/A225 P85/A297 P85/A218 P85/A489 P85/A494 P86/bag 58/1 P86/bag 58/4 P86/bag 58/5 P86/A266 P86/644 P86/A273 P86/A339 P89/419 P86/A345 P86/bag 93/2 P86/bag 98/2 P86/A83 P86/A338 P86/A37 P86/A38 P86/A85 P86/A179 P86/A180 P86/A183 P86/A185 P86/A186 P86/A187 P86/A188 P86/A189 P86/A249 P86/A252

Siteia Museum Number 12545

12366 12534 12537

12551 12538

12336

12188 12339

6937

12061

Area/ Room

Layer

Pit I Pit I Pit I Pit I Pit I Pit I Pit I Pit I Pit I Pit I Pit I Pit I Pit I Pit I Pit I Pit I Pit I Pit I Pit I Area P Area P Area P Area P Area P Area P Area P Area P Area P Area P Area P Area P Area P Area P Area P Area P Area P Area P Area P Area P Area P Area P Area P Area P Area P Area P

I II II II I I II II II I I I I I II I II II II I I I II II II II I II I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

CONCORDANCE B

315

Catalog Number

Field Number

Siteia Museum Number

Area/ Room

Layer

P 1324 P 1325 P 1326-PM 246 P 1327 P 1328 P 1329-PM 248 P 1330 P 1331 P 1332 P 1333 P 1334 P 1335 P 1336 P 1337 P 1338 P 1339 P 1340 P 1341 P 1342 P 1343 P 1344 P 1345 P 1346 P 1347 P 1348 P 1349 P 1350 P 1351 P 1352 P 1353 P 1354 P 1355 P 1356 P 1357 P 1358 P 1359 P 1360 P 1361 P 1362-PM 257 P 1363 P 1364 P 1365 P 1366 P 1367 P 1368

P86/A298 P86/A299 P86/A300 P86/A301 P86/A337 P86/778 P86/970 P86/1097 P86/1098 P86/1099 P86/1100 P86/1101 P86/1102 P86/bag 93/1 P86/A303 P86/A275 P86/A302 P86/A65 P86/A66 P86/A182 P86/A184 P86/467 P86/470 P86/471 P86/643 P86/A250 P86/773 P86/732 P86/bag 65/10 P86/bag 70/1 P86/bag 13/1 P86/A331 P86/859 P86/A309 P86/A330 P86/bag 60/2 P90/bag 201/1 P90/bag 201/9 P90/619 P86/1308 P90/1392 P90/bag 195/2 P90/1377 P90/1406 P90/bag 137/1

12060 12058 12337 12338

Area P Area P Area P Area P Area P Area P Area P Area P Area P Area P Area P Area P Area P Area P Area P Area P Area P Area P Area P Area P Area P Area P Area P Area P Area P Area P Area P Area P Area O Area O Area O Area O Area O Area O Area O Area O Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ

II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I III I I I II I III

12185 12342 12340 7016 7008

12063 12059

12192

12191

12500 12531 12511

316

PETRAS, SITEIA I: A MINOAN PALATIAL SETTLEMENT IN EASTERN CRETE

Catalog Number

Field Number

P 1369 P 1370 P 1371 P 1372 P 1373 P 1374 P 1375 P 1376 P 1377 P 1378 P 1379 P 1380 P 1381 P 1382 P 1383 P 1384 P 1385 P 1386 P 1387 P 1388-PM 254 P 1389 P 1390 P 1391 P 1392 P 1393 P 1394 P 1395 P 1396 P 1397 P 1398 P 1399 P 1400 P 1401 P 1402 P 1403 P 1404 P 1405 P 1406 P 1407 P 1408 P 1409 P 1410-PM 251 P 1411-PM 252 P 1412-PM 256 P 1413-PM 258

P86/A18b P90/548 P90/1440 P90/bag 161/8 P90/11 P90/bag 128/1 P86/613 P86/1326 P90/745b P90/bag 170/4 P90/1359 P90/1380 P90/745a P90/223/7 P90/1371 P90/1410 P90/bag 178/6 P90/bag 278/3 P90/bag 230/3 P90/1125 P90/bag 195/1 P90/bag 77/9 P90/bag 193/7 P90/1288 P90/1351 P90/1352 P90/1353 P90/1354 P90/1357 P90/1373 P90/1374 P90/1375 P90/1437 P90/bag 170/1 P90/bag 230/8 P90/bag 230/9 P90/1420 P90/bag 223/1 P90/611 P90/1259 P86/A19 P90/bag 58/2 P90/bag 58/5 P90/bag 84/4 P90/649

Siteia Museum Number

12373

12509 12527 11635 12502

12323 12322 12385

12331 12335

13255 12920 12509

Area/ Room

Layer

Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ

I I I III I III I I I I III III I I III III III I I II I II III I I I I I I I I I I I I I III I II III I I I II III

CONCORDANCE B

Catalog Number

Field Number

P 1414-PM 259 P 1415-PM 260

P90/bag 116/5 P90/bag 117/1

P 1416-PM 261

P86/502

P 1417 P 1418 P 1419 P 1420 P 1421 P 1422 P 1423 P 1424 P 1425 P 1426 P 1427 P 1428-PM 255 P 1429 P 1430 P 1431 P 1432 P 1433 P 1434 P 1435 P 1436 P 1437 P 1438 P 1439 P 1440 P 1441 P 1442 P 1443 P 1444 P 1445 P 1446 P 1447 P 1448 P 1449 P 1450 P 1451 P 1452 P 1453 P 1454 P 1455 P 1456 P 1457

P86/612 P90/723 P90/776 P90/1061 P90/1204 P90/1284 P90/1378 P90/1432 P90/1447 P90/bag 101/2 P90/bag 217/6 P90/bag 84/2 P90/1269 P90/1361 P90/bag 136/2 P86/A18a P86/A310 P86/1313 P90/16 P90/1267 P90/1285 P90/1286 P90/1295 P90/1296 P90/1445 P90/1179 P90/1278 P90/1318 P90/1345 P86/501 P90/516 P90/1397 P86/1299 P86/1297 P86/1307 P90/1365 P90/1438 P86/968 P86/bag 23/8 P86/967 P86/A169

Siteia Museum Number

12374

12522 12181 12378 12381

12179 12510

12180 12388 12387 12183 12184 12505 12503 12520 12501

12380 12332 12391 12376 12143 12147

317

Area/ Room

Layer

Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ, N of Area O Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area Σ Area T Area T Area T Area T

III III I I I I I I I I I I I I II III III III I I I I I I I I I I III III III III I III III I I I III I I I I I

318

PETRAS, SITEIA I: A MINOAN PALATIAL SETTLEMENT IN EASTERN CRETE

Catalog Number

Field Number

P 1458 P 1459 P 1460 P 1461 P 1462 P 1463 P 1464 P 1465 P 1466 P 1467 P 1468 P 1469 P 1470 P 1471-PM 263 P 1472 P 1473 P 1474-PM 267 P 1475-PM 265 P 1476 P 1477 P 1478 P 1479 P 1480 P 1481 P 1482 P 1483 P 1484 P 1485-PM 266

P86/148/3 P86/bag 122/5 P86/1316 P86/A281 P86/bag 111/2a P86/bag 111/2c P86/bag 111/2b P86/1292 P86/A284 P86/A306 P86/A149 P86/bag 122/6 P86/985 P86/604 P86/A146 P86/A140 P86/1284 P86/882 P86/1285 P86/676 P86/679 P85/A350 P86/827 P86/919 P86/1291 P86/bag 182/8 P86/1287 P86/955

Siteia Museum Number

12294 12267 12264 12248 12271 12051 12008 12296 12249 12255 12252 12554 12260 12254 12269 12253

Area/ Room

Layer

House I.2 House I.2 House I.2 House I.2 House I.2 House I.2 House I.2 House I.2 House I.2 House I.2 House I.2 House I.2 House I.2 House I.2 House I.2 House I.2 Narrow Passage Narrow Passage Narrow Passage Narrow Passage Narrow Passage Narrow Passage Narrow Passage Narrow Passage Narrow Passage Narrow Passage Narrow Passage Narrow Passage

II I I II I I I I II II II I I I II II II II II II II I II II II II II II

Index

abrader, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 23, 24, 26, 28, 29, 32, 34, 36, 42– 45, 192, 193, 196, 197, 198, 199, 201–207, 209–212 abrader/grinder, 3, 7, 9, 36, 38, 42, 190, 196–198, 207, 208, 210 abrader/plastering tool, 42, 44, 208, 209, 212 abrader/whetstone, 17, 200 Achladia, 48, 146 Akrotiri, 53, 54, 180 alabastron, 3, 5, 6, 9, 11, 15, 17, 19, 24, 25, 29, 33–37, 39, 40, 42, 46, 116, 186 Alternating Floral Style, 96, 99, 101, 102 amphora, 3, 4, 6–17, 19–25, 27–40, 42–46, 53, 55, 64, 95, 102, 114, 115, 122, 124, 126, 127, 130, 132, 133, 139, 141, 143, 146, 148, 151, 153, 154, 155, 158, 160, 161, 228 oval mouthed, 17, 29, 114, 122, 125, 126, 155 Apodoulou, 66 Archanes, 126, 127, 131, 132, 134 Ashmolean Museum, 132, 136

balance weight, 3, 7, 9, 21, 25, 36, 38, 190–193, 195– 198, 201, 202, 206, 207, 212 barbotine, 13, 42, 94, 97, 98, 105, 123

basin, 3, 4, 6–11, 13–17, 19–40, 42–46, 56, 75, 94, 95, 99, 100, 102, 105, 115, 116, 121, 123, 139, 141, 143, 146, 151, 153, 186–188, 195, 231 bead, 9, 36 beehive, 9–10, 13, 24, 28, 30, 33, 39, 43 bench, 15, 20, 21, 26, 27, 30, 38, 39, 50, 53, 56, 228 bone, 2–5, 7, 9–13, 15, 17–19, 21–26, 28, 29, 31–36, 38– 40, 42, 44, 45, 60, 65, 140, 156, 166, 172, 196, 198, 199, 205, 216, 219–225 bowl, 3–40, 42–46, 94–96, 98, 99, 103, 104, 112, 119, 139, 141–144, 146–160, 186–188, 212 deep, 25, 35, 42, 43 globular, 29, 101, 112, 116, 119, 129, 130, 134, 135, spouted, 29, 119, 142, 144, 146, 155 burnished vase, 43, 123

carbon, 4–5, 7–8, 17, 19, 23–25, 38, 41, 44, 46 Chalara, 66, 67, 74, 91 Chalasmenos, 56 Chamaizi, 169, 170, 172 Chamalevri, 127 Chania, 53, 54, 61, 66, 67, 73, 86, 91, 127 chert, 2, 38, 194

320

PETRAS, SITEIA I: A MINOAN PALATIAL SETTLEMENT IN EASTERN CRETE

chisel, 10, 21, 191–193, 195–197, 199, 204, 209, 211 Chrysolakkos, 101 Chryssi, 62, 194, 232 cobble, 13, 33, 36, 191, 194–212 cooking vessel dish, 3, 4, 6–11, 13–17, 19–27, 29–30, 33–43, 45, 46, 61–65, 86–89, 94, 100, 103, 106, 120, 121, 129–131, 134, 135, jar, 13, 61, 66, 90, 91 jug (brikki), 70 pan (tripod), 13, 15, 24, 25, 34, 39, 62, 71, 72, 90, 91 plate/trapeza, 115, 139, 142, 143 portable hearth/oven, 28, 61, 62, 64, 65, 75, 79, 85, 86 pot (tripod), 3–11, 13–46, 56, 61, 62, 64–70, 72, 73, 75, 87, 89–91, 94, 95, 98, 100, 103, 105, 106, 115, 120, 121, 127, 139, 141–143, 146–148, 152, 154, 156–158, 160 tray, 35, 37, 61, 62, 79, 80, 82, 85, 139, 143, 146 cup, 3–40, 42–47, 53, 94–112, 116–119, 122, 123, 129– 135, 138, 139, 142–161, 170, 171, 187 bell, 3, 4, 7, 9–11, 13, 14, 19, 28, 30, 33, 34, 36, 37, 39, 43 carinated, 3, 4, 6–9, 11, 14, 16, 17, 20, 21, 23–33, 35, 37–40, 43–46, 94–102, 105, 109–111, 116, 119, 122, 123, 139, 143, 146, 154, 155 conical, 3–17, 19–40, 42–46, 53, 94–100, 104, 107–109, 116–118, 123, 129–131, 133–135, 138, 139, 142–154, 156–161, 170, 171 footed, 3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 11, 14–15, 19, 28, 30, 34, 37– 39, 43, 143 globular, 3–11, 13–17, 19–40, 42–46, 95, 96, 98, 101, 102, 104, 106, 107, 117, 129, 130, 134, 135, 139, 142–144, 146, 147, 149 handleless bell, 7, 9, 10, 13, 19, 34, 39 handleless conical, 3–17, 19–25, 27–40, 42–47, 94, 104, 105, 107, 108, 117, 118, 129, 134, 135, 138, 139, 142–154, 156–161, 170 handleless globular, 3, 9, 15, 36–39, 107, 139, 144, 146, 149 round, 107 spouted, 14, 30, 42, 123, 132 S-profile, 23, 24, 95, 98, 101, 112, 122 straight-sided, 3, 4, 6–14, 16, 17, 19–27, 29–33, 35, 37–40, 42–46, 95, 98–101, 106, 117, 134, 139, 143, 146, 151, 153, 157, 160 Cyclades, 53, 137, 139 Cyprus, 137, 138

dark-on-light, 31, 42, 94–96, 98, 99, 104, 119 Dhemenegaki, 214 dish. See plate

door socket, 2, 10, 18, 21, 42, 55, 58, 198, 210 drain, 7, 9, 16, 17, 24, 25, 28, 29, 36, 39, 46, 50, 51, 53, 54, 58–60, 75, 167, 172 drill holder, 29, 36, 42, 191, 203, 206, 208,

Early Minoan, 2, 42, 93, 94, 98, 103, 138 Eileithyia Cave, 131, 134 Etiani Kephala, 166

facetted tool, 9, 25, 26, 28, 29, 31, 36, 38, 42, 44 feeding bottle, 42 figurine, 2, 9, 11, 17, 24, 36, 39, 44, 45, 54, 129, 133, 166–177 firebox, 29 firestand, 6, 8, 9, 24, 27, 34–37, 61, 63, 64, 75, 80, 89, 90 flake off tool/cobble, 206 fossil, 24, 25, 42, 101, 146 fruitstand, 4–11, 13, 14, 19, 21, 23–26, 29, 30, 35–38, 40, 43–45, 95, 96, 99, 100, 102, 115, 121, 139, 142, 143, 146, 155

Galatas, 66, 67, 165, 167, 168 Gavdos, 127 Giali, 214, 217 gourna/mortar, 7, 9, 14, 15, 17, 28, 30, 31, 36, 39, 41, 42, 44, 50, 149, 190–193, 195, 197, 198, 200, 204, 207–212 Gournia, 48, 49, 51, 99, 102 Gournos Krousonas, 165, 167, 168

Hagia Eirene, 127, 137, 138, 140, 145 Hagia Photia, 102, 115 Hagia Photia Kouphota, 216 Hagia Photini, 91 Hagia Triada, 67, 74, 91 Hagios Georgios, 48 Hagios Nikolaos, 92 Hagios Onouphrios, 4, 24, 25, 29, 42, 94, 98, 104, 114, 120, 122 hammer, 9, 10, 17, 19, 28, 29, 190, 192–194, 196, 198– 201, 203, 204, 208, 210 hammer/whetstone, 10, 19, 199, 201, 210 hand tool, 3, 7, 13, 28, 190, 191, 195, 196, 197, 200, 207 hearth, 12, 16, 28, 41, 42, 50, 56, 62, 64, 65, 75, 85–87, 127, 230 hieroglyphic, 25, 99, 114, 125–128, 138, 140, 141, 145 horns of consecration, 28, 133, 163–168, 172 House I.1, 1, 2, 9, 12, 14, 20, 22, 23, 24, 27, 31–35, 37, 40, 41, 43, 44, 47, 48–57, 60–65, 67, 69, 70, 76, 79,

INDEX

81, 83–86, 88–104, 122, 125, 129, 131, 133, 135, 138– 140, 145, 146, 160, 163, 165–168, 170–173, 175, 177, 178, 180, 181, 185, 188, 189, 191, 192, 194, 208, 211, 213–217, 219–223, 225–233 Area Φ, 1, 11, 12, 23, 24, 26, 40, 41, 42, 49, 50, 53– 55, 59, 65, 67, 68, 70–74, 78, 82, 85, 87–90, 93–100, 102, 103, 106, 125, 145, 153, 166–168, 178, 183, 185, 187, 191–193, 201, 228, 230, 231 Area K, 1, 32, 33, 45, 59, 69, 73, 79, 205, 229, 230 Area O, 1, 11, 40–43, 51, 60, 87, 93, 94, 97, 98, 122, 135, 145, 160, 168, 184, 185, 188, 229, 230 Area P, 1, 11, 12, 20, 33, 38–40, 50, 60, 72, 78, 79, 131, 145, 160, 166, 168, 185, 188, 192, 207, 229, 230 Area Σ (North-Northwest of House I.1), 1, 40, 43, 56, 60, 67, 69, 76, 81, 83–85, 88–90, 93, 97, 98, 122, 132, 135, 145, 160, 166, 168, 185, 188, 192, 193, 208, 229–232 Area T (North-Northwest of House I.1), 1, 43, 44 83, 185, 188, 192, 193, 211, 229 Area Z, 1, 18, 20, 22, 33, 34, 50, 52, 56, 72–74, 88, 149, 152, 157, 185, 187, 192, 201, 228, 230, 231 Area 3, 1, 17, 18, 30, 31, 48, 49, 53, 59, 145, 157, 184, 192, 204, 229–232 Corridor B-Δ, 1, 2, 14, 18, 20–22, 33, 37, 49, 50, 52, 54, 58, 67, 69, 75, 76, 78, 82, 83, 88, 93, 94, 106, 131–134, 145, 152, 179, 182, 185, 187, 192, 193, 201, 217, 221, 228–231 Paved Road, 1, 27, 31, 32, 45, 49, 50–52, 56, 145, 157, 171, 185, 187, 205, 229, 230 Pit Θ, 1, 32, 33, 35–37, 45, 46, 49, 53, 54, 57, 60, 65, 67, 73–76, 78, 82–85, 87, 89, 90, 93, 132, 135, 145, 158, 165–168, 178, 184, 192, 193, 205, 221, 229, 232 Pit I, 1, 22, 32–35, 37, 49, 53, 57, 59, 60, 68, 69, 71, 75, 87, 88, 93, 158, 184, 185, 188, 192, 193, 205, 207, 229, 231 Room A, 1–5, 14, 18, 20, 26, 48, 49, 52, 54, 55, 57, 69, 93, 94, 98, 104, 132–134, 138, 145, 146, 181, 185, 186, 192, 195, 216, 227, 230 Room E, 1, 6, 8, 16–19, 48, 50, 52, 54–57, 72, 76, 77, 79, 83, 85, 87, 145, 147, 166, 167, 178, 179, 181, 185, 186, 192, 193, 196, 216, 228, 230, 231 Room Ξ, 1, 11, 12, 20, 23, 24, 26, 38–40, 48, 50, 53– 56, 58, 65, 70–72, 74, 75, 78, 81, 84, 87, 93, 94, 97, 105, 145, 148, 167, 182, 192, 193, 199, 228, 230 Room Λ, 1, 8, 9, 16–19, 45, 48–50, 52, 54, 55, 58, 65, 69, 70, 72, 73, 75–81, 83, 84, 87–90, 132, 134, 145, 147, 166, 167, 171, 178, 179, 182, 185, 186, 192, 193, 197, 216, 228, 230, 232

321

Room M, 1, 2, 4, 5, 16, 20, 26, 28, 48, 49, 52, 54, 55, 57, 68, 82, 133, 134, 145, 147, 181, 192, 196, 227, 230, 231 Room Π, 1, 14, 20, 33, 34, 38, 50, 55, 67, 72, 83, 88, 145, 149, 192, 193, 200, 228, 230 Room 1, 1, 16–18, 27, 28, 30, 53, 54, 58, 84, 93, 94, 102, 105, 130, 132, 134, 145, 151, 182, 185, 187, 193, 200, 221, 228, 230, 232, 233 Room 2, 1, 17, 18, 27, 30, 45, 53, 54, 70, 145, 152, 169, 182, 193, 201, 228, 230 South-Southeast Courtyard, 1, 20, 32, 33, 50, 51, 59, 71, 88, 90, 135, 145, 157, 185, 188, 192, 193, 205, 229, 230 Staircase H, 1, 20, 22, 34, 37, 50, 53, 59, 71, 158, 192, 205, 228, 231 Staircase Y, 1, 11, 12, 23, 26–28, 30, 49, 53, 54, 87, 93–96, 99, 116, 145, 154, 183, 185, 187, 192, 202, 228, 231, 232 West Courtyard, 1, 16–18, 26, 27, 30–32, 45, 48– 56, 59, 65, 77, 80–87, 93–97, 99100, 102, 103, 117, 130, 133, 134, 145, 154, 166, 168, 178, 180, 183, 185, 187, 192, 193, 202, 217, 221, 229–232 House I.2, 1, 31, 32, 44, 46, 47, 50, 51, 60, 73, 82, 83, 87, 88, 123, 129, 132, 135, 139, 145, 161, 163, 167–173, 175, 180, 184, 185, 188, 212, 225, 229

incense burner, 3, 7, 10, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23–26, 30, 61, 95, 115, 116, 139, 144, 146, 147, 172

jar, 3–17, 19–40, 42–46, 55, 61, 62, 64–66, 73, 74, 90, 91, 94, 95, 97, 99, 100, 102, 104, 105, 113, 114, 116, 119, 120, 123, 127, 139, 141–143, 146, 147, 149–157, 160, 186–188, 216, 217, 229 bridge-spouted, 3–9, 11, 12, 14–17, 20–22, 24, 25, 27, 30, 32, 34, 36–40, 42–46, 94, 104, 113, 127, 139, 143, 146 globular, 29, 119, 120 hole mouthed, 4, 7, 22, 29, 90, 91, 95, 105, 114, 120 large mouthed, 73, 74, 91, 153 pithoid, 3–17, 19–40, 42–46, 55, 91, 95, 99, 100, 104, 105, 114, 116, 120, 139, 141, 143, 146, 147, 149–157, 160, 229 spouted, 24, 25, 104, 113 stirrup, 6, 8, 11, 20, 30, 33, 35, 37, 42, 43 jug, 4, 5, 7, 10–13, 17, 18, 21, 22, 24, 26, 29, 34, 36, 38, 42–45, 70, 94, 102, 104, 113, 120, 122, 123, 135, 139, 142, 143, 147–149, 153, 154, 156, 157 beaked, 13, 21, 24, 26, 45, 113, 123, 153 wide mouthed, 7, 10, 13, 24, 139, 142, 143 Juktas, 169–171

322

PETRAS, SITEIA I: A MINOAN PALATIAL SETTLEMENT IN EASTERN CRETE

kalathos, 6, 7, 13, 15, 16, 18, 24, 29, 33, 36–38, 40, 42– 43, 46, 96, 119, 145, 148, 152–154, 156, 157 Kamares, 24, 37, 99–101, 111, 132 Kamilari, 67, 85, 91, 165, 168 Kastelli 54, 61, 66, 86 Kavousi-Vronda, 56 Keos, 127, 137 Kernos, 5, 130–134, 170 Klimataria, 48 knife, 17, 191, 193, 200, 227 Knossos, 47, 61, 66–69, 73, 86, 90, 91, 101–103, 107, 126, 131, 132, 134, 165, 167, 168, 173, 181, 190, 192, 222, 224 Kommos, 61, 63, 66–69, 71, 85, 86, 91, 181, 189, 190 krater, 28, 43 kylix, 6, 10, 11, 16, 17, 21, 24, 25, 28, 31–34, 39, 42, 43

Lakkos deposit, 27, 28, 31, 49, 82, 86, 95–97, 102, 117– 122, 145, 154, 155, 178, 180, 204, 221 lamp, 3–11, 13–15, 17, 19–21, 23–31, 33–40, 42, 43, 45, 46, 61, 94, 95, 98, 105, 116, 122, 130, 139, 142, 144– 146, 148, 149, 153, 158, 212 Late Minoan I, 8, 11, 14–18, 22, 25, 27, 28, 30–34, 37– 39, 43, 46, 67–69, 86, 91, 127, 132, 145, 165, 167, 170, 180, 185–188, 220, 227 Late Minoan IA, 4, 6, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20–22, 24, 25, 27, 33, 34, 37, 38, 40, 45, 50, 51, 61, 62, 65–69, 74, 85, 90, 91, 138, 165, 170, 178, 181 Late Minoan IB, 50, 52, 61, 62, 66–69, 71, 73–75, 85, 86, 89–91, 165, 167, 181 Late Minoan II, 65, 74, 86 Late Minoan III, 4, 6, 9–11, 15, 17, 18, 21, 23–26, 28, 30–32, 34, 39, 41–43, 45–47, 50, 56, 61, 66, 87, 94, 132, 134, 138, 145, 146, 166, 168, 171, 178, 180, 219 lead, 3 Lepreon, 127 Lerna, 127 lid, 3–4, 6–12, 14, 15, 17, 19–21, 23–27, 29–31, 33–39, 42–46, 68, 75, 79, 139, 144, 146, 153, 157, 185–188 light-on-dark, 13, 16, 24, 26, 29, 31, 38, 42, 74, 94–99, 101, 102, 108, 109, 111–113, 115–117, 119, 122 Linear A, 52, 138, 140, 141, 145 loomweight, 2–5, 7, 9–13, 17–19, 23–26, 28, 29, 31, 35, 36, 38, 40, 44, 54, 65, 137, 140, 144, 145, 147, 148, 151, 153, 157, 158, 160, 175–184, 193, 194

Makrygialos, 67, 74 Malia, 61, 62, 66–69, 74, 85, 86, 89–92, 101, 102, 117, 126–128, 131, 134, 135, 137–140, 144, 145, 164, 165, 177, 179, 181, 231

Malia, Quartier Mu 90, 101, 103, 126–128, 134, 135, 138, 144, 145, 179 Melos, 137, 213, 214 Mesara, 90, 91 Middle Minoan I, 2, 4, 6, 8, 11, 14, 17, 18, 22, 25, 27, 30, 31, 40, 43, 45, 46, 93–95, 98–103, 122, 123, 126, 127, 137, 145, 166, 169, 170, 172, 213, 216 Middle Minoan II, 2–4, 6, 8, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17–22, 24– 27, 29–35, 37–40, 42–47, 49, 51, 61, 66, 74, 94, 95, 99–101, 103, 104, 125–128, 132, 137, 138, 145, 164, 165, 167, 169, 170, 172, 178, 185–188, 228 Middle Minoan III, 4, 6, 8, 11, 14, 17, 18, 25, 27, 29, 30– 33, 37, 38, 40, 43–46, 49, 61, 66–69, 71, 73, 74, 85, 90, 91, 127, 132, 138, 165, 167, 170 Miletus, 126 miniature vessel, 46, 129–133, 135, 136, 166, 172 Mirabello, 63, 170, 194, 195, 227, 233 Mochlos, 51, 52, 61, 63, 65–69, 79, 85, 86, 90, 91, 190, 213, 216 Monastiraki, 66, 165, 167, 168 Monochrome ware, 99 mudbrick, 2, 3, 5, 7–26, 28, 29, 31–36, 38, 40–44, 46, 53, 56–60, 94 murex shell, 226–230 Myrtos, 126, 127, 216 Myrtos Phournou Koriphi, 63, 216

Narrow Passage, 44, 45, 51, 54, 60, 84, 129, 132, 135, 145, 161, 171, 185, 188, 212, 229 Neolithic, 17, 29, 42, 48, 94, 137, 138, 175, 213, 214, 216, 225, 231, 233 Neopalatial, 1, 2, 12, 18, 20, 23, 26, 31, 35, 37 , 40, 44, 47–52, 55–57, 61, 62, 66, 73, 80, 85, 90, 91, 93, 94, 100, 137–139, 145, 146, 165, 166, 170, 178, 180, 181, 189, 213, 217, 220, 227 Nirou Chani, 172

obsidian, 2–5, 7, 9–13, 15, 17–19, 21, 23–26, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 38–40, 42–45, 51, 57, 167, 172, 194, 213–217

Palaikastro, 51, 52, 56, 61, 66, 67, 71, 74, 75, 85, 86, 89– 91, 99–102, 109, 111, 112, 116–118, 127, 132, 146, 164, 165, 170, 178, 194 Papadiokampos, 54, 61, 68, 69, 87, 91, 194 pebble, 6, 10, 12, 25, 41, 55–60, 69, 81, 108, 113, 121, 131, 152, 158, 159, 191, 195–203, 205–211 Pelekita, 194

INDEX

pestle, 3, 5, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 26, 28, 29, 32, 36, 39, 42– 44, 190–193, 195–200, 202–206, 208–211 pestle-abrader, 5, 9, 32, 42, 193, 196, 197, 205, 209 pestle-pounder, 3, 9, 12, 13, 36, 42, 44, 190, 192, 193, 195–197, 199, 200, 206, 208–211 pestle/whetstone, 9, 28, 42, 193, 198, 202, 208 Petsophas, 132, 134, 165, 167, 168, 170, 171 Phaistos, 61, 63, 66, 67, 71, 74, 85, 86, 89, 91, 103, 126, 131, 135, 165, 168 Phylakopi, 138, 139 pin, 7 Piskokephalo, 165, 167–171 pithos, 3–9, 11, 13–30, 32–40, 42–46, 46, 48, 52, 54, 75, 94, 98, 100, 102, 105, 106, 115, 122, 127, 139, 141, 143, 146, 148, 154–156, 161, 192, 216 Pitsidia, 67–69, 74 plaster, 3–5, 8, 10–13, 19, 24–26, 28, 29, 31, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44–46, 48, 50, 52–60, 78, 193, 194, 199, 208, 209, 212 plate, 3, 4, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 19, 23–25, 27, 28, 33–39, 42, 48, 61–65, 74–80, 83, 86, 89, 90, 115, 131, 139, 142, 143, 158, 159 Poliochni, 127 polisher, 5, 9, 10, 12, 13, 24, 26, 28, 29, 32, 36, 39, 42– 44, 190–193, 195–212, 232 polychrome, 95, 96, 98–100, 102, 111, 112 Poros, 68, 69, 74, 85, 127 Postpalatial, 2, 23, 49, 50, 146 potter’s mark, 2–5, 7, 9–13, 15–19, 21, 23–26, 28–36, 39, 40, 42–46, 104, 106–108, 113–115, 117–122, 128, 131, 134, 135, 137–143, 145, 146, 156, 161, 179 pounder, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29, 31, 32, 34, 36, 38, 39, 42–46, 190–193, 195–212 pounder-abraders, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 13, 17, 19, 23, 25, 28, 29, 32, 34, 36, 38, 39, 42–46, 190, 192, 193, 195–203, 205–212 pounder-hammer, 9, 28, 29, 190, 198, 203, 204 pounder/pestle, 9, 12, 13, 36, 42, 190–193, 195– 197, 199, 200, 206, 208–211 abrader, 9, 42, 190, 193, 196, 197, 209 polisher, 13, 42, 190, 199, 200, 208, 209 pounder/polisher, 12, 26, 29, 36, 202, 204, 207 pounder/weight, 21, 25, 26, 36, 201, 206 Prepalatial, 94, 98, 145, 146 Prinias, 170, 171 Protopalatial, 1, 23, 24, 26, 27, 40, 49, 93–95, 97, 98, 100, 101, 103, 104, 147, 138, 145, 146, 165, 166, 170, 178, 180, 189 Pseira, 49, 51, 63, 66, 67, 85, 102, 165, 167, 168, 170, 181, 190, 194, 213 pumice, 11, 13, 45, 190–193, 195, 197, 199, 200

323

Pyrgos, 17, 18, 30, 126, 127 Pyrgos chalice, 4, 94, 104 pyxis, 4, 6–11, 14, 17, 20, 23–26, 28, 30, 34, 36, 37, 40, 44, 45, 185, 187, 188

quern, 3, 9, 13, 17, 23, 26, 28, 29, 33, 34, 38, 42, 43, 190, 192, 193, 195, 196, 198, 200–203, 205, 207, 209 –211 quern/anvil, 25, 31, 202, 204

rhyton, 3, 5, 7–11, 13, 15–17, 20, 21, 24, 25, 29, 30, 31, 33, 35–37, 39, 43, 44, 130, 131, 133, 135, 139, 142, 144, 146, 156, 165, 167, 170, 172 Rough Burnished ware, 100, 112

Sambas Pediada, 127 Samothrace, 127 saucer, 24, 25, 29, 95, 96, 99, 113, 119 scuttle, 4, 6–11, 14, 17, 24, 25, 28–30, 36, 40, 42, 44–46, 61, 122, 139, 142, 144, 146, 147, 155, 156, 161 seal, 25, 99, 103, 114, 125, 126, 127, 128, 178 seashell. See shell Seli-Kamilari, 67, 85, 91 shell, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 22, 24–26, 28, 29, 31–36, 38–40, 42, 56, 58, 60, 65, 195, 200, 204, 225–233 Siteia, 2, 40, 47, 48, 63, 92, 136, 146, 168, 170, 177, 181– 188, 194, 195, 212–214, 216, 225, 233 slab, 2–4, 6, 7, 12–14, 17, 19, 21, 22, 33, 34, 36, 39, 41, 42, 44, 45, 48, 52, 55, 56, 58–60, 196–200, 202–205, 207–212 spatter, 10, 24, 29, 36, 43, 95–97, 99, 101, 102, 107, 109, 110, 112, 117–123, 150 spindle whorl, 28, 175, 180, 183 Sta Nychia, 215 stalagmite, 25 stand, 4–13, 19, 24, 26, 28, 29, 34, 38–40, 42, 43, 85, 122, 139, 142, 144, 146, 155 stone disk, 3, 24, 192, 195, 201 stone vase, 2, 3, 10, 19, 23, 25, 28, 29, 38–40, 42, 43, 45, 51–53, 185–188, 194, 195, 214, 216, 217 strainer pyxis, 9, 11, 36, 37 Symi Viannou, 131, 132, 134

Ta Skaria, 194 teapot, 24, 25, 30, 40, 45, 97, 98, 102, 115, 122 triton shell, 2, 36, 226, 228, 229, 232 Troy, 127 Tsoutsouros, 131, 134

324

PETRAS, SITEIA I: A MINOAN PALATIAL SETTLEMENT IN EASTERN CRETE

tumbler, 4, 6, 8, 11, 14, 16, 17, 19–21, 23–25, 27–30, 32, 33, 35–40, 42–46, 95–102, 111, 112, 118, 119, 129– 136, 139, 142, 143, 146, 157

whetstone, 4, 5, 7, 9–11, 17–19, 25, 28, 32, 34–36, 42, 44, 190–193, 195–203, 205–212 wine press, 2, 3, 5, 48, 50, 52, 54, 94, 190, 192, 195, 196

Vasiliki, site, 97, 98, 101, 102, 118 Vasiliki Ware, 25, 38, 43, 114, 123

Zakros, 71, 86, 101, 118, 131, 132, 134, 194 Zou, 48, 68

weathered cobble, 13, 33, 200, 205 weight, 2–4, 6–9, 11, 14, 15, 17–22, 24–27, 29–34, 36– 40, 42–46, 126, 132, 176–181, 189, 191–193, 196– 198, 201–207, 209, 211, 220

Tables

TABLES 1–3

Burned Traces Outside

Burned Traces Inside

Burned Traces Variable or None

Use on a fire/bed of charcoal

Containing charcoal or fire

Multi-functional?

Plates

Trays

Tripod cooking pots and pans Jars in cooking fabric Cooking dishes

Table 1. Types of burning marks on different types of cooking vessels. Fabrics Shape F Cooking pots B

5

Cooking pots AB

1

Cooking pots A

1

Cooking jugs

8

Cooking pans

5

Other cookpot fragments

5

Jars cooking fabric

4

Plates

38

Thick trays

8

Thin trays

18

Portable hearths

1

Cooking dishes

12

Firestands

4

P

FM

1

1

T

Ca

R

Ch

1

1

1

1

3

1

3

1

1 5

1

2 1

1

2 1

Table 2. Fabric differentiation among shapes. F = phyllite based, P = pink iridescent phyllite, FM = phyllite and silver mica, T = transparent white, Ca = calcareous, R = dark reddish-purple stone, Ch = chamotte/grog. Volumes (Liters)

Volumes Normalized (Liters)

Unit 0.5 (Liters)

Unit 1.5 (Liters)

Notes

0.25

0.25

1/2

1/6

Small “standard” cup (0.30 L). Cooking jugs (0.25; 0.4/0.6; 1.5/1.7 L). Kalathos in cooking fabric (1.6 L).

0.4/0.6

0.5

1

1/3

1.5/1.7; 1.6

1.5

3

1

2

2

4

3.3

3

6

3.8–4

4

8

4.2–4.5; 4.6

4.5

9

4.8–5

5

10

7

7

14

Small cooking pot 2

Pans (3.3; 4.2; 4.5 L). 1 cooking pot A (3.8–4 L). 1 cooking jug (4.6 L).

3 Cooking pots B (4.8–5; 7 L) 4? 5?

Table 3. Capacity measurements of House I.1 restored vessels. Narrow-based amphorae: 9 and 12 L, or 3/4 and 1 “hemikadion.” Large-based amphorae: 10.5 and 13.5/13.8, i.e., 3/4 and 1 “heavy hemikadion.”

TABLES 3–5

Volumes (Liters)

Volumes Normalized (Liters)

Unit 0.5 (Liters)

Unit 1.5 (Liters)

Notes

8.5–9

8.5 or 9

17 or 18

5? or 6

Amphora, narrow-based (9 L)

9.5

9.5

19

10

10

20

6? 7?

Cooking pot A (to be intended as 9.6 L(?)

10.5

10.5

21

7

Ovoid jar; amphora

12

12

24

8

Cooking fabric jars (12; 12 L); cooking pot A (10; 12 L). Amphora, narrow-based

13.5/13.8

13.5

27

9

Amphora, large-based

Amphora, large-based, restored, perhaps 10.5 L(?)

Table 3, cont. Capacity measurements of House I.1 restored vessels.

Jars

Cooking Pots Large-mouthed, cylindrical (type B)

Large-mouthed

Large-mouthed, with incurving rim (type C)

No parallels

Medium-mouthed (type AB)

Narrow-mouthed/hole-mouthed

Narrow-mouthed, globular (type A)

Necked

Narrow-mouthed, necked, with pronounced shoulder (type D)

Piriform

No parallels

Table 4. Parallel typology of jars and cooking pots.

Catalog No.

Description

Context

Date

EMP 3

Kalyx fragment of Pyrgos chalice

Room A

EM I

EMP 4

Body fragment of Hagios Onouphrios jug

Room A

EM I/IIA

EMP 5

Fragment of black burnished closed vase

Room A

EM I/IIA

EMP 6

Body fragment of red burnished closed vase

Room A

EM I/IIA

EMP 7

Fragment of red/brown burnished bowl

Room A

EM I/IIA

EMP 14

Dark gray burnished tripod leg

Room A

EM I/IIA

EMP 15

Basin fragment, dark-on-light decoration?

Room A

EM

EMP 16

Basin fragment, dark-on-light decoration?

Room A

EM I

EMP 143

Fragment of dark-on-light closed vase

Area U

EM?

EMP 148

Fragment of Vasiliki closed vase

Area U

EM IIB

EMP 150

Body sherd of Hagios Onouphrios closed vase

Area U

EM I

EMP 156

Light-on-dark teapot

Area U

EM III

EMP 191

Light-on-dark cup fragment

Area U

EM III

EMP 229

Hagios Onouphrios jug spout

Area U

EM I/IIA

Table 5. Distribution of Prepalatial ceramics across House I.1.

TABLES 5 AND 6

Catalog No.

Description

Context

Date

EMP 268

Fragment of a light-on-dark teapot

Area O

MM IA

EMP 269

Handle of a dark-on-light EM jug

Area R

EM

EMP 272

Body fragment of an Hagios Onouphrios closed vase

Area R

EM I/IIA

EMP 273

Fragment of a jug with incised decoration

Area R

EM

EMP 278

Spout of a burnished vase

Area R

EM

EMP 282

Body fragment of a Vasiliki conical cup

Area R (north of area O)

EM IIB

EMP 284

Rim and neck of a beaked jug

House I.2

EM II

Table 5, cont. Distribution of Prepalatial ceramics across House I.1.

Surface Finish Shape

Conical/onehandled cup

Plain/ Slipped

Monochrome

Light-onDark

Spatter/ Trickle/ Blob

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Carinated cup Globular cup

X

Polychrome

X

S-profile cup

X

Straight-sided cup

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Bowl

X

X

X

Saucer

X

X

Jug/closed vase

X

X

X

Jar

X

X

X

Bridge-spouted jar

X

X

Fruitstand

X

X

Basin

X

X

Cooking pot/ dish/tray

X

Amphora

X

Lamp

X

Pithos

X

Incense burner

X

Barbotine

X

X

X

Rounded cup

Tumbler

Dark-onLight

Relief

X

X X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X X

X

X

X X

X

X

Table 6. Distribution of shapes and wares in the Protopalatial assemblage of House I.1.

X

TABLE 7

Area/ Room

Bovine Horns

Bovine Legs

Bovine Bodies

Horns of Anthropomorphic Consecration Figurine

Stratigraphy

Miniature Vessels

Other Selected Finds

House I.1 Room E

Layer II

Rhyton, eating, drinking, and cooking vessels, animal bones, obsidian

Destruction deposit of upper floor

X

Pit H Layer I

Surface

Layer II

X

Fill?

1 dish, 1 tumbler

Bones

1 tumbler

Drinking and serving vessels, cooking vessels, animal bones, obsidian

2 juglets

Drinking and serving vessels, cooking vessels, animal bones, obsidian blades

Room K

Layer II

Layer III

X

Upper story

X

Basement

Drinking vessels

X

Surface, from cleaning of walls

Drinking and cooking vessels, rhyton, bones, animal teeth

Area P Layer I

X

Area R Layer I

Layer III

X

Surface, mostly LM III

X

X

1 tumbler/ spool, 1 dish

Drinking and serving vessels, animal bones, obsidian blades

Mixed, EM–LM III

Kernoi, drinking and serving vessels, cooking vessels, animal bones, obsidian blades

Floor, Neopalatial

Eating and drinking vessels, cooking and serving vessels, bones, obsidian blades

Area U

Layer III

X

X

X

Table 7. Distribution of figurines from Petras Houses I.1 and I.2, in correlation with the distribution of miniature vessels and a selection of other finds from corresponding contexts. The table is figurine-driven. In other words, it displays all known findspots of the figurines presented here, but only notes miniature vessel findspots where they coincide with or are adjacent to figurine findspots (i.e., it does not list miniature vessel findspots potentially unrelated to figurines).

TABLES 7 AND 8

Area/ Room

Bovine Horns

Bovine Legs

Bovine Bodies

Horns of Anthropomorphic Consecration Figurine

Stratigraphy

Miniature Vessels

Other Selected Finds

Surface

1 semiglobular cup, 1 sherd of cup

Eating, drinking, and cooking vessels, a kernos, animal bones

Floor

1 semiglobular cup, 1 juglet, 1 piriform rhyton

Animal bones, obsidian fragments

House I.1, cont. West Courtyard Layer I

X

Layer II

House I.2 Trench N Layer I

X

Floor

Layer II

?

Rhyton, kernos 1 handleless conical cup

Rhyton, bones

Table 7, cont. Distribution of figurines from Petras Houses I.1 and I.2, in correlation with the distribution of miniature vessels and a selection of other finds from corresponding contexts.

Area/Room

Discoid

Cuboid

Cylindrical

Room K

6

8

1

Room E

8

3

Pit H

7

3

Pit I

1

1

Room 1

3

1

Room 2

1

Area 3

Unknown

Total

3

18

1

12

1

11 2 1

1

Corridor B-D

1

Room A

2

Staircase Y

2 1

1

2 2

2

Area U

4

8

Room N

2

2

West Courtyard

8

11

Area O

2 1

1

45

14 4

2

3 44

5 1

2

Room M

Total

Pyramidal

21 3

2

Table 8. Loomweights from House I.1, by location and type.

1

8

100

TABLES 9 AND 10

Thread/cm

5g (n=0)

10 g (n=9)

12.5 g (n=9)

15 g (n=9)

20 g (n=5)

25 g (n=2)

30 g (n=1)

35 g (n=0)

4 thr

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

5 thr

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

6 thr

 

 

 

 

1

1

1

 

7 thr

 

 

 

 

1

 

 

 

8 thr

 

 

 

2

1

1

 

 

9 thr

 

 

 

2

1

 

 

 

10 thr

 

 

3

1

1

 

 

 

1

11 thr

 

 

1

12 thr

 

2

1

13 thr

 

1

1

3

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

14 thr

 

1

 

 

 

 

 

15 thr

 

1

3

 

 

 

 

16 thr

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

17 thr

 

1

 

 

 

 

 

 

18 thr

 

1

 

 

 

 

 

 

19 thr

 

2

 

 

 

 

 

 

20 thr

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 9. Discoid (and one cylindrical) loomweights originating from the upper floor above Rooms Λ and E; warp thread count range per cm in a tabby weave, for thread needing different tensions. Gray shading indicates that all nine of the loomweights would work with thread tensions of ca. 10 g, 12.5 g, and 15 g.

Thread/cm

5g (n=3)

10 g (n=5)

12.5 g (n=4)

15 g (n=3)

20 g (n=2)

4 thr

25 g (n=2)

30 g (n=0)

35 g (n=0)

2

5 thr

1

1

6 thr

1

1

7 thr

1

8 thr

1 1

1 1

9 thr

1

1

1

10 thr

1

11 thr

1

12 thr

1

1

13 thr 14 thr

1

15 thr 16 thr 17 thr 18 thr 19 thr 20 thr

Table 10. Cuboid loomweights originating from the upper floor above Rooms Λ and E; warp thread count range per cm in a tabby weave, for thread needing different tensions. Gray shading indicates that all five of the loomweights would work with ca. 10 g thread tension.

TABLES 11 AND 12

Catalog No.

Area/Room

Weight (g)

GS 7

Room A

185 g

GS 31

Room E

200 g

Value X (65.5 g/60 g)

Marks

3 (61.66 g)

Room E

330 g

GS 40

Room E

200 g

3 (66.6 g)

GS 268

Pit I

340 g

5 (68 g)

GS 54

Area K

220 g

Area K

240 g

GS 51

Area K

260 g

GS 142

Area U

390 g

10 (20 g)

5 (66 g)

9 (36.6 g) 10 (20 g) 9 (37.77 g) 10 (22 g)

4 (60 g)

One stroke

Value f (f = 36.6 g) 5 (37 g)

3 (66.6 g) 4 grooves and 2 dots

GS 33

GS 52

Other Values (P = 20 g)

6 (36.6 g)

12 (20 g)

4 (65 g)

13 (20 g)

6 (65 g)

2y (195 g)

7 (37.1 g)

Table 11. Weights and possible values of Type 11 objects, possible “balance weights.” Types

Area/ Room

1

Room A

4

Room M Room E

2

1 2

3

4

2

1

6

7

1

1

3

1

1

2

5

Room K

6

1

3

Room N

4

2

6

Room P

2

Room 1

1

5

3

7

8

9

10

11

1

2

1

14

1

1

16

1

Other

Wine press

Possible

Total

1

1

1

17 7

2 1

3 4

4

1

1

4

3 2

1

1

17

1

4

1

1

1 2

Room 2

2

1

1

1

1

Area Z

1

Area U

2

4 2

1

4

Area 3

1

Paved road

1

1

2

1

Staircase Y West Courtyard

1

1

2

1

1

1

6

2

7

4

1

1 2

5

2

2

1

1

1

1

1

2

1

2

2

5

1

1

1

3

1

8

Pit H

13

2 5

Pit I

2

1

Room P

3

1

5

4

1 1

3

14

Area T

1

1

Other

1

2

2

1

3

2 1

1

42 2

1

1

21

7

4

5

1

3

1

1

1

1

2

2

1

1 14

1

9 6

1 2

17

1

Area K S-SE Courtyard

6 2

2

1 1

10 1

1

4

44 19

1

Corridor B-D

Area R

15

1 1

2

12

3 11

1

2

1

4

42

1

5

5

93

1

12

3 3

2

5

4

1

2

1

4

Total

60

8

58

9

17

55

28

2

18

21

13

7

15

23

13

14

1

20

382

%

15.7

2.1

15.2

2.4

4.5

14.4

7.3

0.5

4.7

5.5

3.4

1.8

3.9

6.0

3.4

3.7

0.3

5.2

100.0

Table 12. Petras House I.1: Distribution of ground stone implements.

TABLES 13 AND 14 Tool Type

Raw Material

1

Limestone

50

Quartzite

8

2

9

10

11

12

14

4

10

10

2

1

11

21

5

10

4

6

3

2

1

Diabase

4

1

Basalt

1

Andesite

3

4

5

6

7

37

7

4

28

4

16

2

5

25

4

2

Schist 1

Sandstone

16

Other

Possible

5 4

Wine Press

Total

%

15

184

48.2

4

134

35.1

6

18

4.7

1

6

1.6

2

0.5

6

1.6

8

2.1

19

5.0

5

1.3 100

20

2

1

15

1

1

Conglomerate

8

1

1

1

1 1

3

1

1

1

2

15

2

1

Other

1

1

Total

60

8

58

9

17

55

28

2

18

21

13

7

15

23

15

12

20

1

382

%

15.7

2.1

15.2

2.4

4.5

14.4

7.3

0.5

4.7

5.5

3.4

1.8

3.9

6.0

3.9

3.1

5.2

0.3

100

11

3

6

3

OB 2

P86/365

Room K

Lr II

Trian.

Prox.

16

12

3

5

3

OB 3

P86/384a (SM 6781)

Room K

Lr II

Initial

Prox.

13

14

5

6

OB 4

P86/384b (SM 6781)

Room K

Lr II

Trap.

Prox.

10

10

3

OB 5

P86/423 (SM 6957)

Room K

Lr III

Trap.

Dist.

14

6

OB 6

P86/179 (SM 6888)

Room N

Lr III

Trap.

Dist.

25

OB 7

P89/231

Room 1

Lr IV

Trap.

Med.

OB 8

P89/333a

Room 2

Lr II

Trap.

OB 9

P89/333b

Room 2

Lr II

OB 10

P85/89a (SM 6035)

Corridor B-D

OB 11

P85/89b (SM 6035)

Corridor B-D

Cort

Date

r

m /Roo Area

t

24

men

Widt

Prox.

0

LM I

0

LM I

4

0

LM I

6

2

0

LM I

2

0

0

0

LM I

8

3

0

0

DLs

0

LM I

14

12

3

0

0

VLL

0

MM II

Med.

15

10

3

0

0

DLs

0

LM I

Trap.

Med.

16

6

2

0

0

0

LM I

Lr II

Trap.

Prox.

9

6

3

3

2

DLs

0

LM I

Lr II

MF

Med.

23

8

3

0

0

DLs + VLs

0

LM I

DLs + VRL

Ret. burin

Com

Leng

Trap.

ex %

ditio Con

Lr II

Utili z Type ation

e Ty Blad

Room K

th (c

Laye

P86/84

n

Exca Num vation ber

OB 1

pe

Cata l Num og ber

m) h (cm ) Thic knes s( Platf orm cm) L. (c Platf m) orm W. (c m) Loca of U tion tiliza tion

Table 13. Correlation of tool type and raw material.

Transparent banded gray

6 scars

Table 14. Selective catalog of obsidian blades (measurements are in mm). Cort. = cortical; D = dorsal; DD = dorsal distal; dist. = distal; DP = dorsal proximal; DLL = dorsal left lateral; DLs = dorsal laterals; DRL = dorsal right lateral; med. = medial; MF = multi-faceted; prox. = proximal; Ret. = retouch; trans. = translucent; trap. = trapezodial; trian. = triangular; VD = ventral distal; VLL = ventral left lateral; VLs = ventral laterals, VP = ventral proximal; VRL = ventral right lateral.

Le ng

Widt

Utili z Type ation

Cort

Date

Trap.

Med.

10

6

2

0

0

DLs + DD + DP

Microlith

0

LM I

OB 13

P89/46

Corridor B-D

Lr IV

Cort.

Med.

13

8

3

0

0

DP + DD + DLL

Microlith

50

MM II

OB 14

P89/170a

Area U

Lr IV

MF

Med.

12

11

2

0

0

DRL + DP

0

MM II

OB 15

P89/170b

Area U

Lr IV

Trap.

Prox.

16

9

3

6

2

DLs

0

MM II

OB 16

P89/239b

Area U

Lr IV

Trap.

Med.

15

5

2

0

0

DLs

0

MM II

OB 17

P89/279

Area U

Lr IV

Initial

Prox.

15

10

3

5

2

0

MM II

OB 18

P89/335a

Area U

Lr IV

Trap.

Prox.

15

7

2

5

2

0

MM II

OB 19

P89/335b

Area U

Lr IV

Trap.

Prox.

13

8

2

4

2

DLs

0

MM II

OB 20

P89/464

Area U

Lr IV

Initial

Med.

19

11

4

0

0

DLs + DP

0

MM II

OB 21

P86/257 (SM 6787)

Staircase Y

Lr I

Trian.

Prox.

14

12

3

7

2

DLL

0

LM I

OB 22

P86/303 (SM 6790)

Staircase Y

Lr II

Crested

Med.

17

10

5

0

0

DLL + VLL

0

LM I

OB 23

P89/69c

West Courtyard

Lr II

Initial

Med.

12

10

3

0

0

DLs + DP

0

LM I

OB 24

P89/69d

West Courtyard

Lr II

Trap.

Prox.

14

12

4

4

2

0

LM I

Black lustrous

OB 25

P89/430

West Courtyard

Lr II

Crested

Med.

14

12

4

0

0

DLL

0

LM I

6 scars

OB 26

P89/435

West Courtyard

Lr II

Trap.

Med.

17

11

3

0

0

DLs + VLs + VP

0

LM I

OB 27

P86/417 (SM 6956)

Area K

Lr II

Initial

Med.

25

9

3

0

0

DLs

0

LM I

OB 28

P85/132 (SM 6027)

Pit I

Lr I

Trap.

Med.

9

6

2

0

0

0

LM I

OB 29

P86/186 (SM 6887)

Area O

Lr I

Trap.

Dist.

32

12

4

0

0

DLS + VRL

0

LM I

OB 30

P90/632

Area R

Lr III

Trap.

Med.

18

10

2

0

0

DLs

0

LM I

OB 31

P86/72 (SM 6933)

Area T

Lr I

Trian.

Prox.

9

10

3

9

4

0

LM I

OB 32

P86/330 (SM 6780)

House I.2

Lr I

Initial

Prox.

53

15

5

6

2

5

LM I

OB 33

P86/356 (SM 6777)

House I.2

Lr I

Trian.

Prox.

9

9

4

7

4

0

LM I

OB 34

P89/465

House I.2

Lr I

Trap.

Prox.

17

7

3

5

2

DLs

0

LM I

OB 35

P86/405 (SM 6955)

Narrow Passage

Lr I

Initial

Prox.

30

10

5

8

2

DLL

10

LM I

Retouch

Retouch

Notch snap

Retouch

Ret. dent. drill

DLs + VLs

men Com

ditio

e Ty

r

m /Roo Are a

Table 14, cont. Selective catalog of obsidian blades (measurements are in mm).

Retouch: steep

t

Con

Lr II

ex %

Bla d

Corridor B-D

th (c

La y e

P89/529

n

Exca Num vation be r

OB 12

pe

Cata Num log be r

m) h (cm ) Thic k ne s s Platf ( orm c m ) L. (c Platf m)) orm W. (c m) Loc a of U tion tiliza tion

TABLE 14

Draw

Transparent lustrous brown

5 scars

4 scars

Black lustrous;8 scars

Black lines lust.; burned; 9 scars

9

1

0

0

O2

P86/291 (SM 6785)

Room M

Lr III

Secondary

15

15

6

6

3

O3

P85/115 (SM 6031)

Room E

Lr II

Primary

23

31

14

0

O4

P86/89 (SM 6885)

Room K

Lr II

Primary

16

19

6

O5

P86/98 (SM 6886)

Room K

Lr II

Bipolar

22

12

O6

P86/99 (SM 6931)

Room K

Lr II

Tertiary

15

O7

P86/101 (SM 6929)

Room K

Lr II

Tertiary

O8

P86/380 (SM 6789)

Room K

Lr II

O9

P86/408

Room K

O 10

P86/446 (SM 6930)

O 11

t

a rs

rm

men

11

Cort

Fla k

Fla k

Com

Tertiary

Date

Lr IV

e Sc

Widt

Room A

e Fo

Le ng

P86/201 (SM 6884)

ex %

m) h (cm ) Thic k ne s s (cm ) Platf orm L . (cm) Platf orm W. (c m) Loc a of U tion tiliza tion Utili z Type ation

Artif Ty pe a c t

O1

r La y e

th (c

m /Roo Are a

Exca Num vation be r

Cata Num log be r

TABLE 15

0

Blade distal

4

MM II

15

Blade

5

LM IA

0

75

Expanding

0

LM IA

12

4

85

Rect.

3

LM IA

6

0

0

0

Blade

3

LM IA

13

2

7

2

0

Blade

4

LM IA

8

6

1

5

1

0

Blade

4

LM IA

Tertiary

16

10

5

7

3

0

Blade

4

LM IA

Lr III

Plat. Prep.

12

9

2

4

2

0

Blade

6

LM IA

Room K

Lr III

Tertiary

9

7

3

4

2

0

Blade, proximal

4

LM IA

P89/658

Room P

Lr III

Secondary

22

16

5

14

4

15

Blade

7

LM IA

O 12

P89/579

Area Z

Lr IV

Bipolar

15

9

4

5

2

DD + VD

35

Blade

3

LM IA

O 13

P86/312 (SM 6783)

Area U

Lr III

Bipolar

11

21

4

0

0

D

0

Expanding

4

LM IA

O 14

P86/402 (SM 6932)

Area U

Lr III

Tertiary

17

9

2

4

2

0

Blade

4

LM IA

O 15

P89/69a

Area U

Lr IV

Primary

22

14

8

8

4

0

Crested

11

MM II

O 16

P89/69b

Area U

Lr IV

Core

28

20

6

0

0

0

Bipolar

12

MM II

Draw

O 17

P89/239a

Area U

Lr IV

Core

20

15

9

8

3

0

15

MM II

Exhausted

O 18

P89/335

Area U

Lr IV

Tertiary

15

10

3

0

0

0

Blade

3

MM II

Fragment

O 19

P89/383

Area U

Lr IV

Secondary

15

11

3

6

3

15

Blade

5

MM II

Black lustrous lines

O 20

P89/320

Staircase Y

Lr IV

Secondary

13

14

4

10

3

40

Expanding

3

MM II

Fragment

O 21

P89/119

West Courtyard

Lr II

Secondary

7

9

2

0

0

45

Expanding

2

LM IA

Fragment Failed blade or blade from exhausted core

Truncated

DLs

Borer tip

Wedge

O 22

P89/205

West Courtyard

Lr II

Tertiary

21

7

2

6

2

0

Blade

4

LM IA

O 23

P89/66a

Area 3

Lr II

Primary

17

12

3

5

2

90

Blade

3

LM IA

Black lustrous

Black

Lustrous

Black

Black

Table 15. Selective catalog of obsidian (measurements are in mm). D = dorsal; DD = dorsal distal; DLs = dorsal laterals; rect. = rectangular; VD = ventral distal; VLL = ventral left lateral.

Fla k

Fla k

Lr II

Plat. Prep.

9

4

2

3

1

0

Blade

3

LM IA

O 25

P89/66c

Area 3

Lr II

Tertiary

7

6

2

0

0

0

Fragment

0

LM IA

O 26

P89/66d

Area 3

Lr II

Secondary

10

10

2

5

2

20

Expanding

2

LM IA

O 27

P85/132A (SM 6027)

Pit I

Lr I

Bipolar

10

12

2

0

0

0

Blade

0

LM IA

O 28

P86/235 (SM 6788)

Area P

Lr I

Bipolar

12

5

2

2

2

0

Blade

5

LM IA

O 29

P86/239 (SM 6791)

Area P

Lr I

Secondary

20

17

3

0

0

15

Blade, distal

3

LM IA

Black lustrous

O 30

P86/413 (SM 6796)

Area P

Lr I

Core

16

15

12

0

0

25

Fragment

11

LM IA

Black lustrous; reduced by small flake removals

O 31

P90/608

Area R

Lr III

Plat. Prep.

14

18

3

0

0

0

Expanding

9

LM IA

VLL

h

Le ng

Com

Cort

Area 3

Date

Platf

men

t

a rs e Sc

rm

Thic

e Fo

ex %

s orm L. Platf orm W. Loc a t i o n of U tiliza tion Utili z Type ation

Widt

P89/66b

th

Artif Ty pe a c t

O 24

r La y e

k ne s

m /Roo Are a

Exca Num vation be r

Cata Num log be r

TABLES 15–17

Black lustrous

Room M

Lr III

Shatter

12

8

5

0

0

0

C2

P89/431

West Courtyard

Lr II

Bipolar

40

20

8

0

0

100

C3

P85/150 (SM 6025)

Pit I

Lr II

Pebble core

24

14

8

0

0

0

Flak Bipolar

men

t

ars e Sc

Com

P86/325 (SM 6779)

Date

C1

0

LM IA

Chert, transparent black brownish; water worn

3

LM IA

Chert, yellow

0

LM IA

Chert, transparent gray

Flak

rm e Fo

ex % Cort

knes s Platf orm L. Platf orm W. Loca of U tion tiliza tion Utili z Type ation

Thic

h Widt

th Leng

Artif Typeact

Laye

r

m /Roo Area

Exca Num vation ber

Cata Num log ber

Table 15, cont. Selective catalog of obsidian (measurements are in mm).

Table 16. Selective catalog of chert.

Obsidian Type

Blade

Core

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

Bipolar

Total

Gray/Black

49

3

2

5

11

7

77

Black Lustrous

9

1

2

5

3

—

20

Giali

—

—

—

—

—

1

1

Total

58

4

4

10

14

8

98

Table 17. Obsidian distribution by type and morphology.

TABLES 18 AND 19

Blade Type

Proximal

Medial

Distal

Total

Trapezoidal

15

15

4

34

Triangular

5

—

1

6

Initial

4

2

1

7

Multi-faceted

1

5

—

6

Cortical

—

1

—

1

Crested

1

3

—

4

Total

26

26

6

58

Table 18. Obsidian blades by type and segment.

Area/Room

Neopalatial

LM III

MM IIA

EM–LM III

Total

Room A

4

0

0

0

4

Room E

5

0

0

0

5

Room K

13

0

0

0

13

Room M

0

0

0

1

1

Room P

1

0

0

0

1

Room 1

22

0

0

1

23

Room 2

2

0

0

0

2

Corridor B-D

39

0

2

0

41

Staircase H

1

0

0

0

1

Staircase Y

0

0

1

0

1

Pit H

96

0

6

0

102

Pit I

11

0

0

0

11

Area Z

8

0

0

1

9

Area K

2

0

0

0

2

Area O

0

0

0

3

3

Area P

5

0

0

1

6

Area U

2

0

14

2

18

Area 3

2

0

0

0

2

Narrow Passage

2

0

0

0

2

West Courtyard

35

0

0

0

35

Lakkos deposit at West Courtyard

21

0

0

0

21

N-NW of House I.1 (Area R)

0

5

0

42

47

Total

271

5

23

51

350

% of total NISP

77.4%

1.4%

6.6%

14.6%

100%

Table 19. Spatial distribution of recorded bone specimens by period.

TABLES 20 AND 21 Cranial

Postcranial

Horncore/antler tips and bases

Scapula (articulation and “neck”) Humerus Radius Ulna (proximal only) Metacarpals (only 3 and 4 for pigs)

Mandibles and loose mandibular teeth (d3/P3—M3; canine-M3 for pigs; loose d4, P4, M1–3, and pig canines)

Pelvis (acetabulum and immediately adjacent parts of ilium, ischium, and pubis) Femur Tibia Calcaneum Astragalus Metatarsals (only 3 and 4 for pigs) Phalanx 1–3 (excluding pig lateral phalanges)

Table 20. List of body parts selected for detailed analysis.

Area/Room

Neopalatial MinAU

MaxAU

Room A

4

4

Room E

7

7

Room H

1

1

Room K

14

14

Room P

1

1

Room 1

27

28

Room 2

2

4

Corridor B-D

44

44

Pit H

102

110

Pit I

11

12

Area Z

8

8

Area K

3

3

Area P

7

7

Area U

2

2

Area 3

2

2

Narrow Passage

2

2

West Courtyard

40

42

Lakkos deposit at West Courtyard

26

26

Total

303

317

Table 21. Total MinAU and MaxAU counts by area/room.

TABLES 22 AND 23

Area/Room

Ungnawed

Gnawed

Total

Room A

4

0

4

Room E

7

0

7

Room K

13

1

14

Room P

1

0

1

Room 1

18

0

18

Room 2

4

0

4

Corridor B-D

39

0

39

Staircase H

1

0

1

Area Z

7

0

7

Area K

3

0

3

Area P

3

0

3

Area U

1

0

1

Area Z

1

0

1

Area 3

2

0

2

Pit H

91

9

100

Pit I

9

1

10

Narrow Passage

2

0

2

West Courtyard

39

0

39

Lakkos deposit at West Courtyard

17

5

22

Total

262

16

278

%

94.2%

5.8%

100%

Table 22. MaxAU of gnawed vs. ungnawed specimens (excluding loose teeth and eroded specimens), by area/room.

Part

Cattle

Pig

Sheep/Goat

Total

%

Whole

0

0

0

0

0%

End + shaft

3

4

34

41

24.8%

Cylinder

0

9

37

46

27.9%

Shaft splinter

3

23

52

78

47.3%

Total

6

36

123

165

100%

Table 23. Whole long bones, cylinders, end + shaft fragments (the latter combines complete end + shaft and shaft + end splinters). MaxAU counts.

TABLES 24 AND 25

Part

Cattle

Pig

Sheep/Goat

Total

Whole

0

0

0

0

Some shaft missing

0

0

0

0

End + shaft

0

1

20

21

End splinter

0

2

1

3

Shaft splinter

3

23

52

78

Cylinder

0

9

37

46

End only

0

0

0

0

Shaft + end splinter

3

1

13

17

New break

2

12

34

48

Total

8

48

157

213

Table 24. Detailed long bone fragmentation. MaxAU counts.

Area/Room

Unburned

Burned

Total

Room A

4

0

4

Room E

7

0

7

Room K

14

0

14

Room P

1

0

1

Room 1

26

2

28

Room 2

4

0

4

Corridor B-D

43

1

44

Staircase H

1

0

1

Area Z

7

1

8

Area K

1

2

3

Area P

7

0

7

Area U

2

0

2

Area 3

2

0

2

Pit H

105

5

110

Pit I

12

0

12

Narrow Passage

1

1

2

West Courtyard

41

1

42

Lakkos deposit at West Courtyard

26

0

26

Total

304

13

317

%

95.9%

4.1%

100%

Table 25. MaxAU counts of burned vs. unburned specimens by area/room.

TABLE 26

Area/Room

Cattle

Pig

Sheep/ Goat

Sheep

Goat

Deer

Dog

Total

Room A

0

0

4

0

0

0

0

4

Room E

0

4

0

3

0

0

0

7

Room K

3

2

5

4

0

0

0

14

Room P

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

Room 1

0

6

12

5

3

0

1

27

Room 2

0

0

2

0

0

0

0

2

Staircase H

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

Corridor B-D

0

9

23

4

8

0

0

44

Area Z

0

1

4

2

1

0

0

8

Area K

0

0

0

0

3

0

0

3

Area P

4

0

2

1

0

0

0

7

Area U

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

2

Area 3

0

0

2

0

0

0

0

2

Pit H

2

13

37

32

17

1

0

102

Pit I

2

3

3

1

2

0

0

11

Narrow Passage

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

2

West Courtyard

2

19

7

5

7

0

0

40

Lakkos deposit at West Courtyard

0

9

8

4

5

0

0

26

Total

14

67

110

63

47

1

1

303

%

4.6%

22.1%

36.3%

20.8%

15.5%

0.3%

0.3%

100%

Table 26. MinAU counts by both area/room and by species.

TABLE 27

Part

Cattle

Pig

Sheep/ Goat

Sheep

Goat

Deer

Dog

Total

H/A

1

0

0

0

4

0

0

5

MD

1 (1)

10 (8)

7 (7)

20 (11)

9 (9)

0

0

47

SC

0

1

1

2

2

1

0

7

Hp

0

5

9

2

4

0

0

20

Hd

1

7

11

5

6

0

0

30

Rp

0

6

15

3

0

0

0

24

U

0

2

0

0

0

0

0

2

Rd

1

4

9

1

1

0

0

16

MCp

1

2

3

6

1

0

0

13

MCd

1

1

3

5

1

0

0

11

PE

0

3

3

0

2

0

0

8

Fp

0

4

9

1

0

0

0

14

Fd

1

9

8

0

0

0

0

18

Tp

0

4

14

0

1

0

1

20

Td

0

4

12

1

2

0

0

19

A

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

2

C

1

1

0

4

2

0

0

8

MTp

2

1

7

7

2

0

0

19

MTd

1

1

6

3

3

0

0

14

PH1

2

2

2

2

7

0

0

15

PH2

0

0

0

0

2

0

0

2

PH3

0

0

1

2

0

0

0

3

Total

13

68

120

65

49

1

1

317

Table 27. Anatomical unit representation by species (MaxAU counts; MD counts: numbers in parenthesis represent loose mandibular teeth; in the case of pigs, seven are male canines). H/A = horncore or antler; MD = mandibles and loose mandibular teeth; SC = scapula; p = proximal; d = distal; H = humerus; R = radius; U = ulna; MC = metacarpal; PE = pelvis; F = femur; T = tibia; A = astragalus; C = calcaneum; MT = metapodial; PH = phalanx.

TABLES 28–30

Butchery Mark

Cattle

Pig

Sheep and Goat (Combined)

Total

None

12

57

196

265

Chopped

0

0

1

1

Cut

0

3

7

10

Total

12

60

204

276

Table 28. MaxAU counts for butchery marks (by knife, cleaver, or saw).

Butchery Mark

Cattle

Pig

Sheep and Goat (Combined)

Total

None

12

57

196

265

Dismembering

0

1

1

2

Filleting

0

2

6

8

Total

12

60

203

275

Table 29. MaxAU counts for types of butchery marks inflicted by knives. Part

Cattle

Pig

Sh/Gt

Sheep

Goat

Deer

Dog

Total

H/A

1

0

0

0

4

0

0

5

MD

1

10

6

18

9

0

0

44

SC

0

1

1

2

2

1

0

7

Hp

0

5

9

2

4

0

0

20

Hd

1

7

10

5

5

0

0

28

Rp

0

6

13

3

0

0

0

22

U

0

2

0

0

0

0

0

2

Rd

1

4

8

1

1

0

0

15

MCp

1

2

3

6

1

0

0

13

MCd

1

1

3

5

1

0

0

11

PE

0

3

3

0

1

0

0

7

Fp

0

4

8

1

0

0

0

13

Fd

1

9

7

0

0

0

0

17

Tp

0

4

14

0

1

0

1

20

Td

0

4

11

1

2

0

0

18

A

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

2

C

1

1

0

4

2

0

0

8

MTp

2

1

6

7

2

0

0

18

MTd

1

1

5

3

3

0

0

13

PH1

2

2

2

2

7

0

0

15

PH2

0

0

0

0

2

0

0

2

PH3

0

0

1

2

0

0

0

3

Total

13

68

110

63

47

1

1

303

Table 30. MinAU counts for anatomical unit representation by species. H/A = horncore or antler; MD = mandibles and loose mandibular teeth; SC = scapula; p = proximal; d = distal; H = humerus; R = radius; U = ulna; MC = metacarpal; PE = pelvis; F = femur; T = tibia; A = astragalus; C = calcaneum; MT = metapodial; PH = phalanx.

TABLE 31

Sheep and Goat (Combined) Stage 1 (6–10 months)

Stage 2 (13–16 months)

Stage 3 (18–28 months)

Stage 4 (30–42 months)

Total

Fused

12

10

7

6

35

Unfused

8

2

13

14

37

Indeterminate

24

1

23

40

88

Cattle Stage 1 (7–10 months)

Stage 2 (12–18 months)

Stage 3 (24–36 months)

Stage 4 (36–48 months)

Total

Fused

0

0

0

0

0

Unfused

0

1

0

0

1

Indeterminate

0

2

2

3

7

Pig Stage 1 (ca. 12 months)

Stage 2 (24–30 months)

Stage 3 (36–42 months)

Total

Fused

1

1

1

3

Unfused

6

3

10

19

Indeterminate

10

5

17

32

Table 31. Long bone fusion by group (MinAU counts, following Silver 1969).

TABLES 32 AND 33 Specimen

Stage

Suggested Age

Cattle

D-E

18–60 months

B+

>2 months

Pig

E-F

24–30+ months

F

>30 months

C-D

6–24 months

C-E

6–36 months

D

12–24 months

Sheep

Goat

D-E

12–36 months

D-G

12–72 months

D-G

12–72 months

D+

12–24+ months

E

24–36 months

E-F

24–48 months

F

36–48 months

F

36–48 months

F

36–48 months

G

48–72 months

G

48–72 months

G+

48–72+ months

G-H

48–96 months

G-H

48–96 months

H

72–96 months

H

72–96 months

C

6–12 months

C-E?

6–36 months

C-E

6–36 months

D-G

12–24+ months

E

24–36 months

F

36–48 months

G-H

48–96 months

G-H

48–96 months

G-H

48–96 months

Table 32. Mandibular tooth (loose and part of fragmentary mandibles) listing tooth wear and eruption stages and approximate true age.

Metapodials

Sex Female

Pelvis

Lower Canines or Mandibles with Canine Socket Preserved

Sheep

Goat

Goat

Pig

1

0

0

1

Male

0

0

0

5

Possible Female

2

2

1

0

Possible Male

0

0

0

0

Table 33. Sexable specimens (MinAU counts).

TABLES 34 AND 35

Class

Family

Taxon

Common Name

NISP

% NISP

MNI

% MNI

Hexaplex trunculus

Banded dyemurex

117

60.62%

79

54%

Bolinus brandaris

Comb purple

1

0.52%

1

0.7%

Patella caerulea

Rayed limpet

25

12.95%

20

14%

Patella ulyssiponensis

Rough limpet

8

4.15%

8

5%

Patella rustica

Rustic limpet

5

2.6%

5

3%

Patella sp.

Limpet

1

0.52%

1

0.7%

Buccinidae

Buccinulum corneum

Horn whelk

13

6.75%

13

9%

Cymatiidae

Charonia tritonis

Triton’s trumpet

9

4.66%

6

4%

Monodonta turbinata

Top shell

3

1.55%

3

2%

Monodonta sp.

Top shell

1

0.52%

1

0.7%

Cassidae

Phalium granulatum

Helmet shell

2

1.04%

2

1.4%

Cerithiidae

Cerithium vulgatum

Horn shell

1

0.52%

1

0.7%

Cypraeidae

Luria lurida

Cowrie

1

0.52%

1

0.7%

Cardiidae

Acanthocardia tuberculata

Rough cockle

2

1.04%

2

1.4%

Spondylidae

Spondylus gaederopus

Thorny oyster

2

1.04%

2

1.4%

Glycymeridae

Glycymeris sp.

Bittersweet

1

0.52%

1

0.7%

Sea urchin

1

0.52%

1

0.7%

193

100%

147

100%

Muricidae

Patellidae

Gasteropoda

Trochidae

Bivalvia

Echinoidea Total marine remains

Table 34. Marine species represented in House I.1.

Class

Gasteropoda

Family

Species

Common Name

NISP

MNI

Buccinidae

Buccinulum corneum

Horn whelk

1

1

Patellidae

Patella caerulea

Rayed limpet

1

1

Cypraeidae

Luria lurida

Cowrie

1

1

3

3

Total marine remains

Table 35. Marine species represented in House I.2.

TABLE 36

Area/Room

Species Identification

Layer I

Hexaplex trunculus Room M

Layer II

Patella caerulea

4

Prustica

1

1 1

Hexaplex trunculus

11

Patella rustica

1

Charonia tritonis

1

Hexaplex trunculus

6

Monodonta turbinata

1

Room N

Hexaplex trunculus

1

Room P

Hexaplex trunculus

2

Room K

Buccinulum corneum Room 1

Corridor B-D

Area Z

Staircase H Between H-Z

Area U

Hexaplex trunculus

4

Spondylus gaederopus

1

7

1

Buccinulum corneum

1

Hexaplex trunculus

1

6

Buccinulum corneum

2

1

Hexaplex trunculus

6

5

2

5

Bolinus brandaris

1

Patella caerulea

2

2

1

1

Patella rustica

1

Hexaplex trunculus

1

Patella ulyssiponensis

1

Buccinulum corneum

1

Hexaplex trunculus Charonia tritonis

1

1

2 1

Hexaplex trunculus

1

Patella caerulea

1

Patella ulyssiponensis

Sub-area U2

2

1

Echinoidea Room 2

Layer IV

7

Buccinulum corneum Room E

Layer III

1

Acanthocardia tuberculata

1

Buccinulum corneum

2

Hexaplex trunculus

5

Patella caerulea

2

Table 36. Marine species distribution in various spaces and layers of House I.1.

TABLE 36

Area/Room

Staircase Y

Sub-space Y2

Species Identification

Layer I

Hexaplex trunculus

2

Monodonta turbinata

1

Patella caerulea

1

Patella rustica

1

Patella ulyssiponensis

2 1 1

12

1

Phalium granulatum

1 1

Trochidae

1

Buccinulum corneum

1

Hexaplex trunculus

2

Luria lurida

1

Patella caerulea Paved road

Area K S-SE Courtyard Pit H

Pit I Area P Area O

2

Charonia tritonis

2

Hexaplex trunculus

1

Buccinulum corneum

1

Hexaplex trunculus

2

Hexaplex trunculus

1

Charonia tritonis

1

Glycymeris sp.

1

Buccinulum corneum

1

Patella caerulea

2

Hexaplex trunculus

3

Charonia tritonis

1

Hexaplex trunculus

2

Cardiidae

1

Cerithium vulgatum

1

Charonia tritonis Area R

11

Patella sp.

Spondylus gaederopus

2

Hexaplex trunculus

3

2

Patella caerulea

3

3

Patella ulyssiponensis Phalium granulatum

Layer IV

1

1

Hexaplex trunculus

Area 3

Layer III

Patella caerulea

Charonia tritonis

West Courtyard

Layer II

4 1

Table 36, cont. Marine species distribution in various spaces and layers of House I.1.

TABLE 37

Area/ Room

Hexaplex trunculus

Limpets

Whelks

Triton Shells

Top Shells

Cockles

Helmet Shells

Thorny Oysters

Horn Shells

Cowries

Bittersweets

Sea Urchins

Room M

7

6

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Room E

11

1

1

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Room K

6

—

—

1

1

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Room N

3

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Room P

2

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

w

11

—

1

—

—

—

—

1

—

—

—

1

Room 2

7

—

1

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Corridor B-D

19

7

4

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Area Z

2

1

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Staircase H

2

—

1

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Between H-Z

—

—

—

1

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Area U

1

2

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Sub-area U2

5

2

2

—

—

1

—

—

—

—

—

—

Staircase T

2

2

—

—

1

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Subspace T

—

3

—

—

1

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

West Courtyard

24

1

—

1

1

—

1

1

—

—

—

—

Area 3

2

2

1

—

—

—

—

—

—

1

—

—

Paved Road

1

—

—

2

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Area K

2

—

1

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

S-SE Courtyard

1

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Pit H

—

—

—

1

—

—

—

—

—

—

1

—

Pit I

—

2

1

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Area P

3

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Area O

2

—

—

1

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Area R

5

10

—

2

—

1

1

—

1

—

—

—

Total NISP

118

39

13

9

4

2

2

2

1

1

1

1

Table 37. Distribution of marine species from all layers in House I.1.

TABLE 38

Area/Room

I (Surface)

II (Destruction, unless Noted)

III (Floor)

IV (Sub-floor or Specific)

Total

Room M

5

8

—

—

13

Room E

—

13

—

—

13

Room K

—

8

—

—

8

Room N

—

1

2

—

3

Room P

—

2

—

—

2

Room 1

—

5

9

—

14

Room 2

1

7

—

—

8

Corridor B-D

12

8

3

7

30

Area Z

2

—

—

1

3

Staircase H

1

2

—

—

3

Between H-Z

1

—

—

—

1

Area U

—

2

1

—

3

Sub-area U2

—

—

—

10

10

Staircase Y

5

—

—

1

6

Sub-space Y2

—

—

3

—

3

West Courtyard

2

13 (floor)

14 (pithoid jar)

—

29

Area 3

—

2

4

—

6

Paved road

—

3 (floor)

—

—

3

Area K

2

1

—

—

3

S-SE Courtyard

1

—

—

—

1

Pit H

1

1

—

—

2

Pit I

3

—

—

—

3

Area P

—

3 (floor)

—

—

3

Area O

3

—

—

—

3

Area R

8

1 (floor)

11

—

20

Total NISP

47

80

47

19

193

Table 38. Distribution of marine animal remains in various spaces and layers of House I.1.

Figures

FIGURE 1

Sector II Sector III

Protopalatial wall

House I.1

25

Sector I

House I.2

Palace

40 N 0

Figure 1. The Petras excavations on Hill I.

25

50 m

FIGURE 2

N

T

R hearth

A' hearth

O

B' hearth

N

U

bench

P

Y1

B

P Y2

?

?

bench

Z

3 M

A

W. Courtyard

Sector III

E Lakkos deposit

bench

B-D

H

1

S-SE Courtyard 2

bench

K

K

House I.2 MM II First Neopalatial phase Second Neopalatial phase LM III Paved Road Flagstone floor Lakkos deposit

Paved Road

I

H

Narrow Passage

A

0

Figure 2. Plan of Sector I, Houses I.1 and I.2, with elevations and wall numbers.

5m

Lump of clay

Floor

W1

Staircase Y2

Room N

Pottery concentration

Lr IV

End of excavation

Bedrock

Lr III

P 147

Floor slabs

W3

P 116

Room K

Lr II

Lr I

W2

Narrow Passage

Figure 3. Sector I: Section A–A'.

A

House 1.2

P 386

P 117

W7

CW 36

W 21

0

1m

P 79

Room E

Area O

W6

W 47

P2

Room A

GS 9 W1

A'

FIGURE 3

Lr I Lr II Lr III Lr IV Floor End of excavation

Figure 4. House I.1: Section B'–B.

B'

Area P

Threshold Pottery concentration

W 20

Room N

P 394

EMP 30

Area 

23.66

EMP 182

W 28

0

1m

W 56

West Courtyard

B

FIGURE 4

FIGURES 5 AND 6

N GS 9

P 36

M

P2

A

0

MM II walls First Neopalatial phase Flagstone floor Doorway Door socket Pottery

2m

Figure 5. Rooms A and M: wine-press installation.

N

GS 99



N P 381

0

2m

Figure 6. Room Ξ and Area Φ: kitchen and yard.

MM II walls MM II deposit First Neopalatial phase Second Neopalatial phase Flagstone floor Doorway Pottery Hearth

bench

FIGURE 7

N

Y1

Y2

0

2m

H

Room 1

MM II First Neopalatial phase Second Neopalatial phase

Figure 7. Staircase Y (top), Staircase H (bottom, left), and staircase (bottom, right) at West Courtyard.

FIGURE 8

N

First Neopalatial phase Paved Road

modern irrigation pipe

a 0

2m

I MM II First Neopalatial phase Second Neopalatial phase

H

b Figure 8. Paved Road (a); Pit Θ and Pit I (b).

FIGURE 9

P

N

 Y1

O

P Y2

N

P

N



Z

3 Y1

A

W. Courtyard

Y2

1

M

West Courtyard

B-D

E

Z

A

3

M

P

E

K

2

B-D

H

Narrow Passage

H

1 K

2

H

Narrow Passage

0

House I.2

I Paved Road

N

5m 0

a

b

T

O



5m

N

P

N Y1

P R

Y2 3

M

West Courtyard

hearth

Z

A

N

hearth O

B-D E

H S-SE Courtyard

1 2

P

N Y1

K H

0



5m

c

P Y2

I West Courtyard

d

0

5m

Figure 9. Sector I construction phases: (a) MM II remains; (b) first Neopalatial phase; (c) additions in the second Neopalatial phase; (d) LM III constructions to the north-northwest of House I.1 (Areas Σ and T).

FIGURE 10

O P bench

U

N

P

Y1

Y2 bench

A

Z

M

bench

W. Courtyard

B-D

E ? ?

H

1

S-SE Courtyard

K 2 Narrow Passage

H

I K

House I.2 Paved Road

First Neopalatial phase Second Neopalatial phase Paved Road Flagstone Floor Staircase

Y2 A

0

5m

M

a

B-D E veranda

1 veranda

K

2

0

Figure 10. Sector I, House I.1 circulation patterns: (a) ground floor; (b) upper floor.

b

5m

FIGURE 11

CW 1

CW 5

CW 6

CW 8

CW 12

CW 13

Figure 11. Tripod cooking pots: large-mouthed, cylindrical type B with horizontal handles (CW 1, CW 5, CW 6) and with vertical handles (CW 8); medium mouthed type AB (CW 12, CW 13). Scale 1:5.

FIGURE 12

CW 17

CW 15

CW 22

CW 26

CW 23

CW 28

CW 29-PM 136

Figure 12. Tripod cooking pots: narrow-mouthed, globular type A (CW 15, CW 17). Tripod cooking jugs, brikki (CW 22, CW 23, CW 26, CW 28, CW 29-PM 136). Scale 1:4.

FIGURE 13

CW 30

CW 32

CW 36

CW 35

CW 37

CW 45

CW 55

Figure 13. Tripod cooking pans: rounded body (CW 30, CW 32, CW 35); flaring body (CW 36, CW 37). Tripod cooking pots/pans, fragmentary legs (CW 45, CW 55). Scale 1:4.

FIGURE 14

CW 59-EMP 131-PM 125

CW 60

CW 61

CW 62

Figure 14. Jars in cooking fabric (jars/cooking pots): large-mouthed (CW 59-EMP 131-PM 125, CW 60–CW 62). Scale 1:4.

FIGURES 15 AND 16

47 40 34

34

19

7

Pots

Firestands

Thin trays

Cooking dishes

Thick trays

Plates

Figure 15. Shapes and quantities of vessels in cooking fabric from House I.1.

10 9 8

8

7 6 4

Type A

Type AB

Type B

Other fragments

Figure 16. Types and quantities of cooking pots from House I.1.

Pans

Tripod jugs

Jars

FIGURE 17

CW 68

CW 69

CW 72

CW 73

CW 75

CW 77 (1:5)

CW 82

CW 78

CW 84 (1:5)

CW 85

CW 90

CW 87 (1:5)

CW 91 (1:5)

CW 92

CW 101-EMP 157

Figure 17. Plates: Group 1 (CW 68); Group 2 (CW 69, CW 72); Group 3 (CW 73, CW 75, CW 77, CW 78); Group 4 (CW 82, CW 84, CW 85, CW 87); Group 5 (CW 90–CW 92, CW 101-EMP 157). Scale 1:4 unless otherwise indicated.

FIGURE 18

CW 103

CW 106

CW 107

CW 110

CW 114

CW 115

CW 116

CW 117

CW 118

CW 119

Figure 18. Plates: Group 6 (CW 103, CW 106); Group 7 (CW 107, CW 110). Thick trays: Group 1 (CW 114); Group 2 (CW 115); Group 3 (CW 116–CW 119). Scale 1:4.

FIGURE 19

CW 122

CW 123

CW 124

CW 125

CW 128

CW 129

CW 131

CW 132

CW 133

CW 138

Figure 19. Thick trays: Group 4 (CW 122–CW 125); Group 5 (CW 128, CW 129). Thin trays: Group 1 (CW 131, CW 132); Group 2 (CW 133, CW 138). Scale 1:4.

FIGURE 20

CW 139

CW 140

CW 141

CW 144

CW 148

CW 149

CW 150

CW 152

CW 157

CW 158

CW 159

Figure 20. Thin trays: Group 3 (CW 139–CW 141, CW 144); Group 4 (CW 148–CW 150, CW 152); Group 5 (CW 157); Group 6 (CW 158, CW 159). Scale 1:4.

FIGURE 21

CW 160

CW 161

CW 163

CW 164

CW 165

CW 166-EMP 256

CW 203

CW 201

CW 207

Figure 21. Thin trays: Group 7 (CW 160, CW 161); Group 8 (CW 163, CW 164). Portable hearths/ovens (CW 165, CW 166-EMP 256). Firestands: type A (CW 201, CW 203); type C (CW 207). Scale 1:4.

FIGURE 22

CW 167

CW 168

CW 169

CW 171

CW 174

CW 180

CW 181

CW 182

CW 175 (1:3)

CW 186-EMP 25

CW 193

CW 189

CW 187

CW 194

CW 190

CW 197

CW 192

CW 199

CW 200 CW 195 (1:10)

Figure 22. Cooking dishes: Group 1 (CW 167); Group 3 (CW 168); Group 5 (CW 169, CW 171, CW 174); Group 6 (CW 175, CW 180–CW 182); Group 8 (CW 186-EMP 25, CW 187, CW 189, CW 190, CW 192); Group 9 (CW 193, CW 194); Group 10 (CW 195); Group 11 (CW 197). Thick cooking dishes (CW 199, CW 200). Scale 1:4 unless otherwise indicated.

FIGURE 23

EMP 19 EMP 1

EMP 23 EMP 125 EMP 170

EMP 164

EMP 127

EMP 168

EMP 155

EMP 169

EMP 144

EMP 129-PM 121

Figure 23. Room A: cup (EMP 1); conical cup/lamp (EMP 19). Room 1: carinated cup (EMP 23). Room Φ: alabastron (EMP 170); saucer (EMP 125); incense burners (EMP 164, EMP 168); basin (EMP 155); lamp (EMP 169); jugs (EMP 127, EMP 129-PM 121, EMP 144). Scale 1:2.

FIGURE 24

EMP 26

EMP 140 (1:7)

EMP 140 EMP 152

Figure 24. Corridor B-Δ: pithos (EMP 26). Area Φ: pithoid jar (EMP 140); amphora with seal impression (EMP 152). Scale 1:5 unless other indicated.

FIGURE 25

EMP 49

EMP 62

EMP 65

EMP 98

EMP 103

EMP 63

EMP 66

EMP 100

EMP 72

EMP 101

EMP 104

EMP 114

EMP 64

EMP 105

EMP 102

EMP 106

EMP 115

Figure 25. Area Φ: conical cups (EMP 49, EMP 62–EMP 66, EMP 72); tumblers (EMP 98, EMP 100–EMP 106, EMP 114, EMP 115). Scale 1:2.

FIGURE 26

EMP 28

EMP 30

EMP 35

EMP 31

EMP 156

Figure 26. Area Φ: straight-sided cups (EMP 28, EMP 30, EMP 31); globular cup (EMP 35); teapot (EMP 156). Scale 1:2.

FIGURE 27

EMP 79

EMP 80

EMP 81

EMP 82

EMP 85

EMP 88

EMP 89

EMP 90

Figure 27. Area Φ: carinated cups (EMP 79–EMP 82, EMP 85, EMP 88–EMP 90). Scale 1:2.

FIGURE 28

EMP 183

EMP 185

EMP 186

EMP 188

EMP 187

EMP 189

EMP 197 EMP 196

EMP 198

EMP 207

EMP 215

EMP 216

Figure 28. West Courtyard: cups (EMP 183, EMP 185–EMP 189, EMP 196–EMP 198, EMP 215, EMP 216); tumbler (EMP 207). Scale 1:2.

FIGURE 29

EMP 220

EMP 222

EMP 248

EMP 257 (1:3)

EMP 260

EMP 261

Figure 29. West Courtyard: bowl (EMP 220); saucer (EMP 222); small basin (EMP 248); tray (EMP 257); open vase (EMP 260); lamp (EMP 261). Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated.

FIGURE 30

N

T

R MV 20, 21

hearth

hearth

O MV 19

+ 1 amphora sherd

P

hearth



bench

P

Y1

2 sherds

Y2

bench

A

3

M

bench

B-D

MV 11–14

E

+ 2 sherds

1

MV 15 MV 9, 10

K

MV 8

+ sherds

H S-SE Courtyard

MV 6, 7

2 bench

1 sherd

+ 3 sherds

MV 5

W. Courtyard

Z

MV 1–4

+ 2 sherds

H

I

MV 16, 17, 18

Narrow PassageMV 23 + 1 cup sherd

K

MV 22

House I.2 Paved Road

MM II First Neopalatial phase Second Neopalatial phase LM III Paved Road Flagstone floor 0

Figure 30. Sector I, Houses I.1 and I.2: distribution of miniature vessels.

5m

FIGURE 31

MV 2

MV 16

MV 8

MV 1

MV 10

MV 17

MV 3

MV 4-EMP 2

MV 11

MV 6

MV 21

MV 7

MV 15

MV 22

MV 20

MV 23-PM 264

MV 12

MV 9

MV 5

MV 18

MV 13-EMP 225

MV 19

MV 14-PM 182

Figure 31. Typology of miniature vessels: dishes (MV 2, MV16, MV 21); tumblers (MV 8, MV 10, MV 17, MV 18, MV 20); cups (MV 1, MV 3, MV 4-EMP 2, MV 15, MV 22, MV 23-PM 264); semiglobular cups (MV 11, MV 12); juglets (MV 6, MV 7, MV 9, MV 13-EMP 225, MV 19); kernos (MV 5); piriform rhyton (MV 14PM 182). Scale 1:2.

FIGURE 32

N

T

R hearth

hearth

O

P 

bench

hearth

N Y1

P Y2 bench

3

Z

M

A

W. Courtyard

bench

B-D E

1

S-SE Courtyard K 2 H

bench

I

Narrow Passage

K

House I.2 Paved Road

MM II First Neopalatial phase Second Neopalatial phase LM III Paved Road Flagstone floor

0

Figure 32. Sector I, Houses I.1 and I.2: distribution of potter’s marks.

5m

FIGURE 33

PM 8-LW 8

PM 6-LW 5

PM 21-LW 21

PM 22-LW 23

PM 75-LW 34

PM 18-LW 15

PM 23-LW 24

PM 117-LW 42

PM 38-LW 31

PM 199-LW 66

PM 218-LW 81

Figure 33. Loomweights with potter’s marks. Scale 1:2.

PM 249-LW 93

FIGURE 34

PM 1-P 7 PM 29-P 142 PM 25-P 141 PM 20-P 122

PM 120-P 733

PM 122

PM 39-P 394

PM 151-EMP 240

PM 133-EMP 161 (1:8)

PM 208

PM 180-P 771

Figure 34. Open vases with potter’s marks. Scale 1:4 unless otherwise indicated.

FIGURE 35

PM 47-P 508

PM 53-P 527

PM 48-P 545 PM 52-P 524

PM 13-P 79

PM 54-P 512

PM 63-P 534

PM 57-P 515

PM 65-P 536

PM 64-P 535

PM 74-P 541

PM 97-P 606

PM 58-P 530

PM 87-P 591

PM 100-P 607

PM 59-P 518

PM 60-P 532

PM 66-P 537

PM 68-P 521

PM 91-P 575

PM 93-P 577

PM 62-P 533

PM 69-P 522

PM 94-P 603

PM 89-P 593

PM 107-P 666

PM 112-P 669

PM 114-P 658 PM 113-P 663

PM 198-P 811 PM 130-EMP 51

PM 211-P 876

PM 142-P 760

PM 210-P 868

PM 241-P 1114

PM 242-P 1117

PM 260-P 1415

PM 261-P 1416

Figure 35. Conical and globular handleless cups, bowls, and a straight-sided cup with potter’s marks. Scale 1:3.

FIGURE 36

N

T

R hearth

F 11 F 12 F 13

hearth

O



P

hearth

F4 F5 F6

N

F 19 F 10

bench

P

Y1 Y2

bench

Z

M

3

A

W. Courtyard

bench

B-D F1

E

F7

S-SE Courtyard

1 F2 F3

2 bench

K

Narrow Passage F 14

Paved Road

H

K

House I.2

MM II First Neopalatial phase Second Neopalatial phase LM III Paved Road Flagstone floor 0

Figure 36. Sector I, Houses I.1 and I.2: distribution of figurines.

I

F8

5m

FIGURE 37

F2 (1:2)

F8 (1:2)

F 14 (1:1)

Figure 37. Figurines from Houses I.1 and I.2: bovine leg (F 2); bovine body (F 8); anthropomorphic figurine (F 14). Scale as indicated.

thickness thickness (cm) (cm)

FIGURES 38 AND 39

11.0 11.0 10.5 10.5 10.0 10.0 9.5 9.0 8.5 8.0 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0

50

0

discoid, n=28

cylindrical, n=2

cuboid, n=27

pyramidal, n=1

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 050 100 150 200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

weight weight (g)

Figure 38. Loomweights from House I.1: type and weight/thickness. Overall n=58: discoid, n=28; cuboid, n=27; cylindrical, n=2; pyramidal, n=1.

50 45 40 35 cuboid, n=27 cuboid, n=27

number

30

discoid, n=28 discoid, n=28

25 20 15 10 5 0 5

10

15

20

25

30 tension (g)

35

40

45

50

Figure 39. Discoid and cuboid loomweights from House I.1: suitability for use with different thread tensions. Overall n=55: discoid, n=28; cuboid, n=27.

FIGURES 40 AND 41

LW 35

LW 40

LW 47 LW 71 LW 97

Figure 40. Loomweights from House I.1 (LW 35, LW 40, LW 47, LW 71) and House I.2 (LW 97). Scale 1:3.

11.0 10.5 10.0 9.5 9.0 8.5 8.0 7.5

thickness (cm)

7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

discoid, n=8

2.0 1.5

cuboid, n=5

1.0

cylindrical, n=1

0.5 0.0

0

50

10

0

15

0

20

0

25

0

30

0

35

0

40

0

45

0

50

0

55

0

60

0

65

0

70

0

75

0

80

0

85

0

90

0

95

0

1,0

00

1,0

50

1,1

00

1,1

50

1,2

00

weight (g)

Figure 41. Loomweights originating from House I.1, the upper floor above Rooms Λ and E: type and weight/ thickness. Overall n=13: discoid, n=8; cuboid, n=5; cylindrical, n=1.

FIGURE 42

T

N 1

R

hearth

5 2

hearth

O 1

P

hearth

N

7



bench

P

Y1 2

Y2 bench

Z

1

3

M

3

W. Courtyard 1

E

6

1

A

bench

B-D 7

1

S-SE Courtyard

1

K 2 1

bench

2

10

Narrow Passage 1

H

K

House I.2

Paved Road

MM II First Neopalatial phase Second Neopalatial phase LM III Paved Road Flagstone floor 0

Figure 42. Sector I, Houses I.1 and I.2: distribution of stone vases.

I 1

5m

FIGURE 43

SV 18

SV 2

SV 29

SV 30

SV 32

SV 31

SV 40

SV 43

Figure 43. Stone vases: bowls. Scale 1:2.

SV 41

SV 45

FIGURE 44

SV 5

SV 35

SV 10

SV 1

SV 21

SV 3

SV 12

SV 7

SV 26

SV 53

Figure 44. Stone vases. Scale 1:2.

SV 13

SV 37

FIGURE 45

SV 4

SV 27

SV 15

SV 33

SV 39

Figure 45. Stone vases: basins. Scale 1:2.

FIGURE 46

GS 72 GS 28

GS 113

GS 99

GS 143 GS 121

GS 250

GS 193

GS 238

Figure 46. Ground stone tools: Type 1 (GS 121, GS 238, GS 250); Type 2 (GS 99); Type 3 (GS 28, GS 72, GS 113, GS 143); Type 4 (GS 193). Scale 1:3.

FIGURE 47

GS 30

GS 53

GS 254

GS 60

GS 266

GS 163

GS 367

GS 139

GS 373

Figure 47. Ground stone tools: Type 6 (GS 30, GS 53, GS 60, GS 254, GS 266); Type 7 (GS 139, GS 163, GS 367, GS 373). Scale 1:3.

FIGURE 48

GS 65

GS 187

GS 147

GS 182

GS 251

GS 83

GS 315

GS 111

Figure 48. Ground stone tools: Type 9 (GS 65, GS 187); Type 10 (GS 147, GS 182); Type 16 (GS 251). Chisels (GS 83, GS 315); knife (GS 111). Scale 1:3.

FIGURE 49

GS 229

GS 181

GS 7

GS 33

GS 31

GS 51

GS 34

GS 54

GS 52

GS 142

GS 173

GS 122

GS 35

GS 131

GS 177

GS 241

GS 192

Figure 49. Ground stone tools: Type 5 (GS 181, GS 229); Type 11 (GS 7, GS 31, GS 33, GS 51, GS 52, GS 54, GS 142, GS 173); Type 14 (GS 34, GS 35, GS 122, GS 131, GS 177, GS 192, GS 241). Scale 1:3.

FIGURE 50

GS 106

GS 194

GS 200

GS 201

0

10

GS 198

GS 223

20 cm

Figure 50. Gournes (GS 106, GS 194, GS 198, GS 200, GS 201); quern (GS 223).

FIGURE 51

GS 9 0

Figure 51. Stone wine press GS 9.

10

20 cm

FIGURES 52 AND 53 MinAU (raw counts) 0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

MD Hd Td Rp

MTp SC PE MCp MCd Rd MTd Fp A

C Tp Fd PH1

Hp

Figure 52. Combined sheep and goat anatomical unit survivorship following Brain’s rank order (combines speciated sheep and goat specimens and undifferentiated sheep/goat; MinAU counts; see Brain 1981). H/A = horncore or antler; MD = mandibles and loose mandibular teeth; SC = scapula; p = proximal; d = distal; H = humerus; R = radius; U = ulna; MC = metacarpal; PE = pelvis; F = femur; T = tibia; A = astragalus; C = calcaneum; MT = metapodial; PH = phalanx. MinAU 0

1

2

3

4

5

H/A MD SC Hp Hd Rp U

Rd MCp MCd PE Fp Fd Tp Td A C MTp MTd PH1 PH2 PH3

Figure 53. Cattle anatomical unit survivorship (MinAU counts). H/A = horncore or antler; MD = mandibles and loose mandibular teeth; SC = scapula; p = proximal; d = distal; H = humerus; R = radius; U = ulna; MC = metacarpal; PE = pelvis; F = femur; T = tibia; A = astragalus; C = calcaneum; MT = metapodial; PH = phalanx.

FIGURES 54 AND 55 Sheep and Goat (Combined) 0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

H/A MD SC Hp Hd Rp U Rd MCp MCd PE Fp Fd Tp Td A C MTp MTd

PH1 PH2 PH3

Figure 54. Sheep and goat anatomical unit survivorship (MinAU counts; combines speciated sheep and goat specimens and undifferentiated sheep/goat). H/A = horncore or antler; MD = mandibles and loose mandibular teeth; SC = scapula; p = proximal; d = distal; H = humerus; R = radius; U = ulna; MC = metacarpal; PE = pelvis; F = femur; T = tibia; A = astragalus; C = calcaneum; MT = metapodial; PH = phalanx. Pig 0

2

4

6

8

10

12

MD SC Hp Hd Rp

U Rd MCp

MCd PE Fp Fd Tp Td A C MTp MTd PH1 PH2 PH3

Figure 55. Pig anatomical unit survivorship (MinAU counts). H/A = horncore or antler; MD = mandibles and loose mandibular teeth; SC = scapula; p = proximal; d = distal; H = humerus; R = radius; U = ulna; MC = metacarpal; PE = pelvis; F = femur; T = tibia; A = astragalus; C = calcaneum; MT = metapodial; PH = phalanx.

FIGURE 56

N

T

R

hearth

20

hearth

O 3

P

hearth



N

13

6

3

bench

Y1

3

3

P 2

Y2

bench

3

Z

M

6

A

13

bench

W. Courtyard 29 murex limpet whelk triton other

13

E 14

2

3

B-D 3

H 1 14

8

30

K 2

bench

1

S-SE Courtyard

Narrow Passage

H

3

I

3

House I.2 Paved Road

K

MM II First Neopalatial phase Second Neopalatial phase LM III Paved Road Flagstone floor 0

Figure 56. Sector I, Houses I.1 and I.2: spatial distribution of main species of mollusks.

5m

FIGURE 57 sea level 0 m asl

Mediolittoral

Medio-Infralittoral

Infralittoral

Infralittoral-Circalittoral -30/40 m asl

Circalittoral 0

20

40

a

60

80

100 MNI

b 100%

Murex shells (118)

NISP

80%

Limpets (39)

60%

Whelks (13)

40%

Triton shells (9)

20%

Top shells (4)

0%

I

II

III

IV

Other (>2, 10)

c Figure 57. Marine faunal remains: (a, b) environmental habitats (marine depths and substrates) of collected mollusks found at Petras House I.1; (c) deposition of main shell species per phase of use/destruction at Petras House I.1.

Plates

PLATE 1

Palace

Sector I

Sector II

Sector III

Plate 1. Aerial photo of Petras showing the palace and Sectors I–III from the northeast. Photo M. Bridges.

PLATE 2

Plate 2A. Aerial photo of Sector I from the northwest. Photo M. Bridges.

Plate 2B. House I.1 from the west.

PLATE 3

Plate 3A. Sector I from the north.

Plate 3B. House I.1 from the east.

PLATE 4

Plate 4A. Room A, Lr III: wine press GS 9, from the northeast.

Plate 4B. Room A, Lr IV: pithos P 2 and pithoid jar P 3, from the south.

Plate 4C. Room A: flagstone floor, from the east.

Plate 4D. Room A: door socket, from the east.

Plate 4E. Room M, Lr III: detail of pithos P 36 in situ, from the west.

Plate 4F. Rooms M and A: pithos P 36 in situ, from the west.

PLATE 5

Plate 5A. Rooms A and M from the southeast.

Plate 5B. Rooms E and Λ from the east.

Plate 5C. Room Λ, Lr II: jug P 154 in situ, from the east.

Plate 5D. Room Λ, Lr II: amphora P 140 in situ, from the east.

Plate 5E. Room Λ, Lr II: tripod cooking jug CW 23 in situ, from the east.

Plate 5F. Room Ξ, Lr III: southwest corner of the room, vases P 381 and P 393 in situ, from the west.

PLATE 6

Plate 6A. Room Ξ, Lr III: central part of the room, jug P 397 in situ, from the southeast.

Plate 6B. Room Ξ, Lr III: floor slabs, from the north.

Plate 6C. Room Ξ, Area Φ and Staircase Y, from the southeast.

Plate 6D. Room Π, Lr I: bridge-spouted jar P 496 in situ, from the east.

Plate 6E. Room Π, Lr II: tripod cooking pot CW 1 in situ, from the east.

Plate 6F. Room Π, Lr III: lamp P 544 in situ, from the east.

PLATE 7

Plate 7A. Room Π, floor: gourna GS 106 in situ, from the north.

Plate 7B. Room 1, Lr III, from the north.

Plate 7C. Room 1, Lr III: amphora P 563 in situ, from the west.

Plate 7D. Room 1, floor, from the south.

Plate 7E. Corridor B-Δ, Lr I: loomweight LW 39 and handleless bell cup P 638 in situ, from the north.

PLATE 8

Plate 8A. Corridor B-Δ, Lr III: MM II W 45, from the north.

Plate 8B. Corridor B-Δ, Lr IV: pithos EMP 26 in situ, from the north.

Plate 8C. Corridor B-Δ, Lr IV: pithos EMP 26 in situ, from the west.

Plate 8D. Corridor B-Δ, Lr IV: pithos EMP 26 and W 10, from the west.

Plate 8E. Corridor B-Δ: MM II floor after removal of pithos EMP 26, from the northeast.

Plate 8F. Area Z from the east.

PLATE 9

Plate 9A. Area Z, bench, and W 15, from the north.

Plate 9B. Staircase H, detail, from the north.

Plate 9C. Staircase H from the north.

Plate 9D. Area Φ, Lr II: vases in situ, from the east.

Plate 9E. Area Φ, Lr II: vases in situ, from the north.

Plate 9F. Area Φ, Lr IV, detail of floor deposit, from the east.

PLATE 10

Plate 10A. Area Φ, Lr IV, from the east.

Plate 10B. Staircases Y1 and Y2 from the east.

Plate 10C. Staircase Y1 from the east.

PLATE 11

Plate 11A. Area 3: gournes GS 198, GS 200, and GS 201 in situ, from the west.

Plate 11B. Area 3: gournes GS 198, GS 200, and GS 201 in situ, from the south.

West Courtyard

Plate 11C. Sector I from the northwest.

PLATE 12

Plate 12A. West Courtyard, ramp and staircase, from the north.

Plate 12B. West Courtyard, staircase to the ramp, from the northeast.

Plate 12C. West Courtyard, Lr II: pithoid jar P 771 with infant burial in situ, from the north.

Plate 12D. West Courtyard, north part: LM III W 29 and gourna GS 194, from the south.

Plate 12E. South-Southeast Courtyard and Room Π from the east.

Plate 12F. Area K, Lr II: tripod cooking pot CW 19 in situ, from the east.

PLATE 13

Plate 13B. Pits I and Θ from the southeast.

Plate 13A. Paved Road from the north.

Plate 13C. Pit I and MM II W 46 from the south.

Plate 13E. Pit Θ, Lr II: vases in situ, from the south.

Plate 13D. Pit Θ from the east.

Plate 13F. Pit Θ, Lr II: triton shell P85/100, from the north.

PLATE 14

Plate 14A. Area P, Lr II, from the north.

Plate 14B. North-northwest of House I.1 (Areas Σ and T) with LM III walls and hearths, from the east.

Plate 14C. House I.2 and Narrow Passage from the east.

Plate 14D. Houses I.2 and I.1 from the southeast.

PLATE 15

A 15

A 16

A 37

A 22

A 44

A 60

Plate 15. Drain fragments. Scale 1:2.

A 45

A 68

PLATE 16

A 13

A 14

P 686 (1:2) A 42

A 65

P86/284

Plate 16. Wall plaster fragments (A 13, A 14, A 42, A 65); plaster table fragments (P86/284). Basin fragment P 686 with plaster on the interior surface. Scale 1:1 unless otherwise indicated.

PLATE 17

A 21

A 18

A 34

A 25

A 57

Plate 17. Slabs (A 21, A 25, and A 34); mudbrick (A 57); door socket (A 18). Scale 1:2.

PLATE 18

CW 1

CW 5

CW 8

CW 22

CW 12

CW 19

CW 23 CW 32

CW 28

CW 62

CW 59-EMP 131-PM 125

CW 29-PM 136

Plate 18. Tripod cooking pots: type A (CW 19); type B (CW 1, CW 5, CW 8); type AB (CW 12). Tripod cooking jugs (brikki) (CW 22, CW 23, CW 28, CW 29-PM 136); jars in cooking fabric CW 59-EMP 131-PM 125, CW 62. Tripod cooking pan: CW 32. Scale 1:6.

PLATE 19

CW 35

CW 66

CW 36

CW 77

CW 37

CW 78

CW 85

CW 86

CW 92

CW 90

CW 91

CW 104

CW 119

CW 152

CW 155

CW 101-EMP 157

CW 130

CW 158

Plate 19. Tripod cooking pans (CW 35–CW 37). Plates: Group 1 (CW 66); Group 3 (CW 77, CW 78); Group 4 (CW 85, CW 86); Group 5 (CW 90–CW 92, CW 101-EMP 157); Group 6 (CW 104). Thin cooking trays (CW 152, CW 155, CW 158); thick cooking trays (CW 119, CW 130). Scale 1:6.

PLATE 20

CW 195 (1:5)

CW 206

CW 207

Plate 20. Cooking dish (CW 195); firestands (CW 206, CW 207). Scale 1:3 unless otherwise indicated.

PLATE 21

CW 84

CW 101-EMP 157

CW 121

CW 131

CW 122

CW 132

CW 143

Plate 21. Examples of fabrics: cF (CW 84, CW 131); vcT (CW 101-EMP 157, CW 122, CW 132); cP (CW 121, CW 143). Scale 1:2.

PLATE 22

EMP 1

EMP 4

EMP 20 (1:5)

EMP 22

EMP 23

EMP 178

EMP 26 (1:5)

Plate 22. Early Minoan (EMP 4) and Middle Minoan pottery from Rooms A, Ξ, and 1, Corridor B-Δ, and Staircase Y. Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated.

PLATE 23

EMP 35

EMP 77

EMP 80

EMP 79

EMP 81

EMP 82

EMP 83

EMP 85

EMP 84 (2:1)

EMP 121

EMP 156

Plate 23. Area Φ: teapot (EMP 156); carinated cups (EMP 77, EMP 79–EMP 85); one-handled globular cup (EMP 35); S-profile cup (EMP 121). Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated.

PLATE 24

EMP 30

EMP 31

EMP 43

EMP 44

EMP 100

EMP 101

EMP 104

EMP 49

EMP 102

EMP 103

EMP 105

Plate 24. Area Φ: straight-sided cups (EMP 30, EMP 31); tumblers (EMP 100–EMP 105); conical cups (EMP 43, EMP 44, EMP 49). Scale 1:2.

PLATE 25

EMP 127

EMP 130

EMP 133-PM 134

EMP 143 (1:1)

EMP 163

EMP 164 EMP 152

Plate 25. Area Φ: closed vases (EMP 127, EMP 130, EMP 133-PM 134, EMP 143, EMP 152 [with seal impression]); incense burners (EMP 163, EMP 164). Scale 1:3 unless otherwise indicated.

PLATE 26

EMP 141

EMP 135 (1:3)

EMP 161-PM 133

Plate 26. Area Φ: pithos with potter’s mark (EMP 161-PM 133); pithoid jars (EMP 135, EMP 141). Scale 1:6 unless otherwise indicated.

PLATE 27

EMP 190

EMP 192-PM 181

EMP 193

EMP 196

EMP 221-PM 145

EMP 229

EMP 224 (1:5)

EMP 272

EMP 273

EMP 256-CW 166

EMP 275

Plate 27. Area Σ: closed vases (EMP 272, EMP 273, EMP 275). West Courtyard: cups (EMP 190, EMP 192PM 181, EMP 193, EMP 196); kalathos (EMP 221-PM 145); jar (EMP 224); jug (EMP 229); tray (EMP 256CW 166). Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated.

PLATE 28

(not to scale) a

b

c

Plate 28. Oval-mouthed amphora EMP 152 (a) with arrow marking the position of seal impression; (b) detail of seal impression (CMS V, Suppl. 1B, no. 329; photo W. Müller [CMS Archive]); (c) drawing of seal impression (CMS V, Suppl. 1B, no. 329; photo S. Lieberknecht [CMS Archive]). Scale 4:1 unless otherwise indicated.

PLATE 29

MV 2

MV 8

MV 16

MV 10

MV 17

MV 1

MV 18

MV 3

MV 15

MV 7

MV 23-PM 264

MV 12

MV 9

MV 5

MV 20

MV 4-EMP 2

MV 22

MV 11

MV 6

MV 21

MV 13-EMP 225

MV 19

MV 14-PM 182

Plate 29. Typology of miniature vessels: dishes (MV 2, MV 16, MV 21); tumblers (MV 8, MV 10, MV 17, MV 18, MV 20); cups (MV 1, MV 3, MV 4-EMP 2, MV 15, MV 22, MV 23); semiglobular cups (MV 11, MV 12); juglets (MV 6, MV 7, MV 9, MV 13-EMP 225, MV 19); kernos (MV 5); piriform rhyton (MV 14-PM 182). Scale 1:2.

PLATE 30

fingernail impression

wet fingerprints inside

MV 3

gap from inadequate raising and firing hole

depression from attachment to vessel wall

MV 5

MV 10

vertical striations to create rhyton flow hole

MV 14-PM 182

MV 21

Plate 30. Technical details and artifact-human engagement of miniature vessels from House I.1. (MV 3, MV 5, MV 10, MV 14-PM 182, MV 21). Scale 1:1.

PLATE 31

PM 7-P 87

PM 30-P 206

PM 61-P 519

PM 109-P 662 PM 85-P 588

PM 204-P 835

PM 124-P 729 PM 187-P 809

PM 137-EMP 160

PM 101-P 608

PM 28

PM 17-CW 57

PM 116-P 670

PM 167 PM 96-P 605

PM 159-EMP 254

PM 15-P 317 PM 154-EMP 265

PM 166 PM 16-P 121

PM 14

Plate 31. Potter’s marks. Scale 1:2.

PM 78-P 553

PM 155-EMP 231

PLATE 32

PM 249-LW 93 PM 75-LW 34

PM 133-EMP 161

PM 11-LW 10

PM 44-P 369

PM 122

PM 120-P 733 PM 157-EMP 237

PM 153-EMP 264 PM 25-P 141

PM 266-P 1485 PM 42-P 454

PM 37-P 119

PM 172-P 825

PM 216-CW 58

PM 178-P 826

Plate 32. Loomweights and vases with potter’s marks. Scale 1:2.

PM 4-EMP 10

PM 24-P 136

PLATE 33

F3 (1:1)

F2 (1:1)

F6 (1:2)

F7 (1:1)

F8 (1:2)

F 14 (1:2)

Plate 33. Figurines from Petras Houses I.1 (F 2, F 3, F 6–F 8) and I.2 (F 14). Scale as indicated.

PLATE 34

LW 40

LW 2 LW 3 LW 54

LW 55

LW 52 LW 63

LW 64

LW 45

LW 53

LW 69 LW 72

LW 94

Plate 34. Loomweights and a spindle whorl (LW 64) from House I.1, and a loomweight from House I.2 (LW 94). Scale 1:2.

PLATE 35

SV 30

SV 2

SV 31

SV 40

SV 18

SV 43

Plate 35. Stone bowl fragments. Scale 1:1.

PLATE 36

SV 3

SV 4 (1:4)

SV 7

SV 5

SV 13

SV 12

SV 27 SV 26

Plate 36. Stone vase fragments. Scale 1:1 unless otherwise indicated.

PLATE 37

GS 7 GS 6

GS 4 GS 5

GS 10

GS 11

GS 13

GS 8

GS 16 GS 15

GS 14

GS 18 GS 19

GS 23

GS 20 0

GS 21

GS 22

Plate 37. Ground stone tools from Room A and Room M.

10 cm

PLATE 38

GS 26

GS 28

GS 30

GS 25 GS 29

GS 31

GS 34

GS 39

GS 43

GS 47 GS 44

GS 48

GS 56

GS 38

GS 36

GS 35

GS 54

GS 49

GS 55

GS 46

GS 51

GS 52

GS 53

GS 58

GS 59 0

Plate 38. Ground stone tools from Room E and Room Λ.

10 cm

PLATE 39

GS 86

GS 90

GS 87

GS 88

GS 91

GS 96

GS 97

GS 89

GS 92

GS 93

GS 98

GS 99

GS 100

GS 101

GS 103

GS 102 0

Plate 39. Ground stone tools from Room Ξ.

10 cm

PLATE 40

GS 111

GS 121

GS 113

GS 122

GS 126 GS 128

GS 133

GS 134

GS 129

GS 131

GS 135

GS 143

GS 139

GS 150

GS 149

GS 146

GS 147

GS 151

GS 148 0

10 cm

Plate 40. Ground stone tools from Room Π, Rooms 1 and 2, Corridor B-Δ, Areas Z and Φ, and Staircase Y.

PLATE 41

GS 153 GS 155 GS 158

GS 154

GS 159

GS 162

GS 164

GS 169

GS 168

GS 173

GS 163

GS 166

GS 177

GS 181

GS 170

GS 183 GS 187

GS 182

GS 192

GS 184

0

GS 188

GS 190

Plate 41. Ground stone tools from the West Courtyard.

GS 193

10 cm

PLATE 42

GS 196

GS 205

GS 209 GS 207

GS 210

GS 212

GS 216 GS 219 GS 217

GS 222

GS 224 GS 229

GS 220

GS 241

GS 225

GS 236

GS 238

GS 245

GS 232

GS 265

0

GS 250

GS 255

10 cm

GS 256

Plate 42. Ground stone tools from Area 3, the Paved Road, Area K, the South-Southeast Courtyard, and Pit Θ.

PLATE 43

GS 268

GS 272

GS 266 GS 251 GS 271

GS 274

GS 275

GS 280

GS 276

GS 281

GS 273

GS 277

GS 278

GS 282 GS 283

GS 279

GS 284

GS 285 GS 288

0

GS 290

GS 291

GS 287

Plate 43. Ground stone tools from Pit Θ, Pit I, Area P, and Area Σ.

GS 289

10 cm

PLATE 44

GS 322

GS 321

GS 325

GS 331

GS 338

GS 323

GS 327

GS 326

GS 329

GS 341

GS 340 0

Plate 44. Ground stone tools from Area Σ.

GS 330

GS 337

GS 335

GS 332

GS 339

GS 324

10 cm

PLATE 45

GS 367

GS 368

GS 371

GS 375

GS 369

GS 370

GS 373

GS 377

GS 374

GS 379 0

Plate 45. Ground stone tools from Area T and House I.2 (GS 379).

10 cm

PLATE 46

GS 104

GS 130

GS 211

GS 145

0

GS 223

Plate 46. Querns.

10 cm

PLATE 47

GS 9

GS 27

GS 194

GS 106

GS 198

GS 200

GS 201

GS 376

GS 347

Plate 47. Wine press (GS 9); gournes (GS 27, GS 106, GS 194, GS 198, GS 200, GS 201, GS 347, GS 376).

PLATE 48

1 cm

0

1 cm

0

a

1 cm

0

c

b

Plate 48A. Typical alterations of shell surface found at Petras House I.1.

c

b

a

d

e f

0

5 cm

g

Plate 48B. Main shell species found at Petras House I.1: (a) murex shells; (b) limpet; (c) whelk; (d) helmet shell; (e) triton shell; (f) cowrie; (g) bittersweet.