Biology 12 [12]

Citation preview

‫وزارت ﻣعارف‬

‫بﻴﻮلﻮژى‪ -‬صﻨف دوازدﻫم‬

‫بﻴﻮلﻮژى‬

‫‪Biology‬‬

‫صﻨف دوازدﻫم‬

‫‪.‬سال چاپ‪ ١٣٩٨ :‬هـ ‪ .‬ش‬

‫سرود ملی‬ ‫دا وطن افغانســـتـــان دى‬

‫دا عــــزت د هـــر افـغـان دى‬

‫کﻮر د سﻮل‪ ３‬کﻮر د تﻮرې‬

‫هر بچی ﻳ‪ ３‬قهرمـــــان دى‬

‫دا وطن د ！ﻮلـــﻮ کـﻮر دى‬

‫د بـــــلـﻮ＇ـــــــﻮ د ازبـکــــــــﻮ‬

‫د پ‪＋‬ـــتــﻮن او هـــــزاره وو‬

‫د تـــرکـمنـــــــﻮ د تـــاجـکــــــﻮ‬

‫ورســـره عرب‪ ،‬گﻮجــر دي‬

‫پــامﻴــرﻳـــان‪ ،‬نـﻮرســـتانﻴــــان‬

‫براهﻮي دي‪ ،‬قزلباش دي‬

‫هـــم اﻳمـــاق‪ ،‬هم پشـه ‪４‬ان‬

‫دا هﻴــــــﻮاد به تل ‪＄‬لﻴ‪８‬ي‬

‫لـکـه لـمــر پـر شـــنـه آســـمـان‬

‫په ســـﻴنــه ک‪ ３‬د آســـﻴـــا به‬

‫لـکــــه زړه وي جـــاوﻳــــــدان‬

‫نﻮم د حق مـــﻮ دى رهبـــر‬

‫واﻳـــﻮ اهلل اکبر واﻳﻮ اهلل اکبر‬

B i o l o g y

curriculum@moe gov af

DNA

)Genetic(

Anaxagoras

Johann Gregor Mendel

Pisum sativum

Homozygous ‫؛‬ ‫؛‬

،

Hugo De Vries Erich Correns

Erich Von Tschermak

:)Monohybrid Cross( Monohybrid

Parental Generation, P First Filial Generation F1

F1 F2 Second Felial Generation ¾

F2 ¼

F2

F1 3:1

Law of Unite Characters

F2 Dominant Recessive Principle Dominance and Recessive

Dominant Recessive

Second Filial F1

F2 Generation F1 A a Aa

aa AA Homozygous Heterozygous

Law of Segregation

Law of independent assortment

)Alleles(

)Genotyps and Phenotyps(

)The Punnett Square( Punnett

1TT: 2Tt: 1tt

Tt

t

a

b T

a TT

Tt

F f FF

Ff ff

c aa

AA "AA"

"aa"

F1 Aa

Aa aa AA 2Aa

F1 F2

A

a

Aa

AA aa

AA

Aa

aa

y

r

Y F1

R Rr Yy

RY Ry rY ry

F2

Y X

X

‫از‬

:)Heterozygous(

)Homozygous( Homozygous

)Heterozygous(

body

soma

Chromatide Centromere

2n

chromo Chromosome

Diploid

Homologous chromosomes 1n

haploid Rh- Factor Rh

Carl Correns F1 Incomplete dominance F1 2 4

1 4

Intermediate F2

1 4

F2

F1

F2

F2

F1

)Sex Determination( Autosomes Sex Chromosomes gonosomes Y X XY

XX

xy

xx Y

X

x

x xy

X X

x

y xx

X

:)Color Blindness( X

،

X

X X

X X

)Gene Linkage(

Gene Linkage )Polygenic Inheritance(

:)Lethal Genes(

b a

Continuous

b

a

F1 F2

"

"

" "

‫؛‬

:)Mutation(

:)Gene Mutation( Sickle Cell Anemia Sickle Cell Anemia )Chromosom Mutation(

a

b

Crossing Over

a

:)Deletion(

:)Duplication( b :)Inversion( c :)Translocation(

d

a:

b:

c:

d:

)Genommutaion( Aneuploidy n

n Trisomy Polyploidy n

)Sickle Cell Anemia(

)Cystic Fibrosis(

Down Syndrome )

Trisomy(

:)XO-Monosomy( Turner's Syndrome X

)XXY( Klinifelter's Syndrome XXXY X

XXXXY

DNA

Prenatal Testing

Amniocentesis Amnion

Chorion

Gen Test

" "

" " Down Syndrome Deletion Inversion

– – –

DNA )DNA( )DNA(

)DNA(

)DNA( )DNA(

)DNA( )DNA(

)DNA(

DNA

Miescher Boveri

Nucleic Acid Sutton

Avery

DNA

Dnase

DNA )DNA( )DNA(

)DNA(

F.C.Crick

J.D.Watson )DNA(

RNA DNA RNA )DNA( Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid Nucleic Acid Ribo Nuclic Acid Nucleotides Phosphate Adenine Uracil

Pentose

Cytosine

U

Thymine

T

C

C

N G

A

Nucleoside Guanine

Adenine A Thymine T )DNA(

Cytosine C

)DNA( Guanine G RNA

RNA

)DNA(

DNA

)Double helix(

)DNA( )DNA( )DNA( Erwin Chargaff

C G A T

)DNA(

DNA

T,C

)G C

A,G

)A T

RNA DNA DNA Ribose

)RNA

RNA

)DNA

Deoxyribose )DNA

O

O

CH2-OH

OH

CH2-OH

OH

H C

H OH

H C

H

H

H

OH

OH

DNA )RNA

H

RNA

)DNA )DNA

)RNA

(DNA

(RNA RNA

)RNA Messenger )mRNA DNA

Ribosomal rRNA

(RNA

Transfer

Uracil RNA

)Transfer

)DNA Replication( )DNA( )DNA

(DNA) Replication

)DNA Replication )DNA(

y

)DNA( Replication Replication Replication Helicase

)DNA(

)DNA(

:)Transcription( )mRNA(

)DNA( )mRNA(

mRNA( ))DNA

:)Translation( )DNA( DNA

Transcription

RNA

Translation

)Genetic Engineering(

RNA E.Coli

)DNA(

)DNA(

RNA Transgene )DNA(

rRNA

)Restrictions enzyme )DNA )DNA( )DNA(

)mRNA( Plasmid

)DNA( )DNA( E.Coli

USA USA USA USA USA USA

HB

)DNA(

)DNA(

)DNA(

)DNA( )DNA( X

)DNA(

)DNA( Elektrophorese

)DNA(

aa

X

)DNA( )DNA(

)DNA(

)DNA( )RNA

)DNA( )DNA( )RNA )RNA

)RNA( )DNA( RNA

)DNA( )DNA( )DNA( C G T A )RNA(

)DNA(

Myosin

Actine

Muscles

:

)

)

Actine Myosin

Z

Radius

Biceps

Biceps

)

(

) Myosine

Actine

Actine

Na Ca

Myosin

Actine

Adenosine

ATP Ca

ATP ATP ADP Adenosine Di

ATP

‫؛‬

)Cell Body(

Dendrons

)Dendrite(

:)Axon(

)Axon

:)Sensory neuron(

:)Motor neuron(

:)Associative neurons(

)Synapse(

Synaptic

Synapse

)

(

)Feedback Mechanism(

)TSH )TSH TSH TSH

Beta

9 0m g / 100m L

D

D

PTH

1 0m g / 100m L

D PTH

PTH

)Pituitary Gland(

Axons

Oxytocin

GH )Growth Hormone(

:)Prolactin(

:TSH

)Thyroid Stimulating Hormone(

)T4 )T3

T4 T3

T3

T4 T3 T4

T4 T3

T4 T3

)Adriano Cortico Tropic Hormone( ACTH

)Follicle Stimulating Hormone( FSH :LH

)Luteinizing Hormone(

Oxytocin

) Anti

)ACTH(

)FSH(

)GH(

)TSH( )ADH( Oxytocin

)Hypothalamus(

Tendon

Bicepe

)ATP )ATP )ADP )ATP

Oxitocin

Anti

ADH

I

II

LH Oxytocin

GH

ACTH ADH

TSH

III

C O2

Urethra

Ureters :)Kidney( Hilus

Urinary

Ureters Urethra

Bladder

)Medulla

)Cortex Pelvis Nephron

Pelvis

Medulla Cortex

Pelvis

Ureter

Bowman’s Collecting )Pelvis

Capsule Tube

Glomerulus

Proximal Tubule U Loop of Henle

Distal Tubule

Osmo- regulation

Anti Diuretic Hormone ADH

ADH

De Amination N H2

N H3

C O2 1 2

O2

N H3

H

C H3 |

C

| COOH

N H2

2 N H 3 C O2

1 O2 2

C H3 |

C

| COOH

O |

O N H3

N H 2 C N H 2 H 2O

C O2

PH Homeostasis

Test tube

)Immunity

Histamine

37 C

Neutrophils Macrophages

Natural Killer Cells

Complement System

)Lymphatic system(

Macrophages

BT Cells T lymphocytes

Bone marrow B Cells Lymphocytes Thymus )T )B

T Cytotoxic T- cell

)Humoral Immunity(

)B )B

B )B

)B

)Cell Immunity(

Cytotoxic T- Cells T )B( Helper T-Cells( T

)T(

)B( )B( )T( )T(

)B(

)T )T(

Active Immunity

Passive Immunity

B

T

:)Memory Cells(

)B :)Allergy(

T

Allergen

Histamine

Astma Anti Histamine

:)

(

AIDS

Urethra

Medulla

Cortex

ADH

)PH

Macrophage

B

T

T

Pelvis Cortex

Gonads Ovum

Ovaries

Progesterone

Estrogen

Androgen Testosterones Gametogenesis Spermatozoa Spermatogenesis Oogenesis

Epididymis Bulbourethral Gland

Epithelial Vasdeferens

)Urethra

)Urethra

Fallopian Tube

)Sperm Production( )Scrotum 3C 3 7C

Seminferous Meiosis 2n n

Luteinizing Hormone LH Follicle Stimulating Hormone FSH

Epididymis Vasdeference Urethra

:)Semen( Exocrine Seminal vesicle

:)Delivery of sperm(

Vasdeference

Fallopian Tube(

:)The Ovaries( )or Oviduct :)Production of Eggs(

(n(

Ovum )Ovum Ovum Ovum

)ovum(

Cervix

)Menstruation Cycle(

Menstruation

Follicle stage Ovulation stage Luteal stage Menstruation :)Fertilization(

Oviduct

Fertilization Membrane Fallopian Tube

Embryo

Fallopian Tube

Embryo

Placenta

Embryo

Amnion Umblical Cord Umbilical Amnion

Cord Placenta

Placenta

:)Birth( Labor Umbilical Cord

Placenta Placenta

)Ovum

Gametogenesis Spermatogenesis Oogenesis Follicle stage Ovulation stage Luteal stage Menstrual stage

" "

" " Oogenesis

Umbilical Cord

Synthesis

)Root System(

Root System

Shoot System

Shoot System

Epidermis

Tip

Top Roots

Fibrous Roots

)Glandular Roots

:)Root Pressure(

Stomata

Transpiration

)Guard Cells & Transpiration(

)Stem(

Pollination

)Leaves(

Cuticle

Stomata

Palisade

a

b

c

CO2

Glandular

Fibrous Root

Top Root

Roots

C O2

Shoot system

" "

H 2O

Root system

" "

Stimulus

Auxin

Auxin Cytokinins

Gibberellins

Auxin

Abscisic Acid

Dormancy

C H2

C H2

H 2O

C O2

:)Nastic Movment( Mimosa

:)Tropism( Tropism

:)Phototropism(

:)Geotropism or Gravitytropism(

:)Chemotropism( :)Hydrotropism( :)Thigmotropism(

Stomata Abscisic Acid Stomata

" "

" "

Thalamus

Pedicel

Sepals Calyx Petals

Corolla Androecium Stamens Anther Pullen grain Gymnoecium

Stalk

Pistil Style

Ovary Stigma

Anther

Stamens Filament

3n

2n

2n

3n

Self Pollination

Style

3n

" "

" "

The Greenhouses effect

CO2

CO2

CO2

Acid Rain

CO1 SO2 H2CO3

NO

H2SO4 HNO3

‫؛‬

PH

PH

PH PH

Stratosphere

Cataracts

carbons CFCs CFCs CFCs

CFCs CFCs CFCs CFCs O3

CFCs

Radiation

Biodegradable

Nonederadable Nonederadable Nonederadable

Water Pollution

Biodegrable

Eschiricchiacoli

Thermal

Primary Treatment

Air Pollution

Smag

( H 2 S O4 )

PH (H 2S )

CO

O3

Photo Chemical Reactions

Recycle

:)Habitat(

)Recycling(

)Reuse(

)Protecting Species(

PH O3

SO2

NO CO2 SO2 H2CO3 HNO3

CFCs NO

H2CO4

CFCs

Biodegrable

Habitat :)Recycling

" " " "

CFCs

CO

CO2

H2CO3

H2SO4

O2 CH4

Recycling Species

America.

A.M.

1992. 12