Atlas of Hawai'i 9780824841829

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DIRECTOR'S OFFICE University of Hawai'i Press

ATLAS

OF

HAWAI'I

ATLAS OF HAWAI'I THIRD

EDITION

D E P A R T M E N T OF G E O G R A P H Y , U N I V E R S I T Y OF HAWAI'I AT HILO

E D I T E D BY

S O N I A P. J U V I K

CHIEF CARTOGRAPHER

U N I V E R S I T Y

AND

J A M E S O. J U V I K

T H O M A S R. P A R A D I S E

OF

H A W A I ' I

P R E S S ,

H O N O L U L U

Co-editor and Project Director: Sonia P. J u v i k ,

Copyright © 1 9 7 3 , 1 9 8 3 , 1998 University of Hawai'i Press

Professor of Geography, University of Hawai'i at Hilo

All rights reserved Printed in China 02

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Co-editor and Deputy Project Director: J a m e s O . J u v i k , 98

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Professor of Geography, University of Hawai'i at Hilo Chief Cartographer: Thomas R. Paradise, Assistant Professor, Department of Geography, University of Hawai'i at Hilo

Library o f Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

University of Hawai'i at Hilo. Dept. of Geography. Atlas of Hawai'i / Department of Geography, University of Hawai'i,

ATLAS STAFF

at Hilo; edited by Sonia P. J u v i k and J a m e s O . J u v i k ; chief cartographer,

Project Coordinator: Noreen M. Parks

Thomas R. Paradise. — 3d ed.

Cartographer/Geographic Information Systems Specialist: Julsun Pacheco

p.

cm.

Cartographer Assistants: Drew Kapp, MaryAnne Maigret

Includes bibliographical references and index. Contents: Reference m a p s — T h e physical e n v i r o n m e n t — T h e biotic

Research/Technical Assistants: Nancy Elmer, Raynell Uchida, Catherine Tignac

e n v i r o n m e n t — T h e cultural e n v i r o n m e n t — T h e social environment. I S B N 0 - 8 2 4 8 - 1 7 4 5 - 1 . — I S B N 0 - 8 2 4 8 - 2 1 2 5 - 4 (pbk.) 1. H a w a i i — M a p s .

I. J u v i k , Sonia P.

II. J u v i k , J a m e s O .

U N I V E R S I T Y OF HAWAI'I PRESS ATLAS TEAM

III. Paradise, Thomas R . IV. Title.

Director: W i l l i a m H. Hamilton

G1534.20 ,U51998

Computer Specialist: Wanda T . China

912'.969—DC21

97-49817 CIP MAPS

Designer: Kenneth A. Miyamoto Design Assistant: Jennifer R. O . Lum Editor: Keith K. Leber Manufacturing Manager: Paul D. Herr Design and Production Manager: J o A n n M. Tenorio

University of Hawai'i Press books are printed on acid-free paper and meet the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Council on Library Resources. ATLAS A D V I S O R Y

BOARD

Isabella A. Abbott The Cover: T h e 3 - D image depicts the main Hawaiian Islands viewed from above at a point in the southeast. T h e image was constructed by converting the U.S Geological Survey 1 : 2 5 0 , 0 0 0 scale D E M (Digital Elevation Models) database into a greyscale map that was then rendered in K P T Bryce software on a Macintosh computer. T h e final image was edited and enhanced in Adobe Photoshop. T h e vertical exaggeration is 2.5 times the horizontal scale to show prominently the landforms of the islands.

W i l d e r Professor of Botany, University of Hawai'i at Manoa Paul H. Brewbaker Vice President and Chief Economist, Bank of Hawai'i, Honolulu David L. Callies Professor of Law, T h e W i l l i a m S. Richardson School of Law, University of Hawai'i at Manoa J a m e s L. Kelly

Book design by Ken

Miyamoto

Professor of Geography, University of Hawai'i at Hilo Larry L. Kimura Assistant Professor of Hawaiian Studies, University of Hawai'i at Hilo J a m e s E. Maragos Senior Fellow, East-West Center, Program on Environment Matthew McGranaghan Associate Professor of Geography, University of Hawai'i at Manoa Joseph R . Morgan Associate Professor of Geography, University of Hawai'i at Manoa Robert C. S c h m i t t Hawai'i State Statistician (Retired)

CONTRIBUTING

AUTHORS

Isabella A. Abbott Department of Botany, University of Hawai'i at Mänoa George H. Balazs National Marine Fisheries Service, Southwest Fisheries Center, Honolulu Laboratory Glenn Bauer Division of W a t e r Resource Management, Department o f Land and Natural Resources, State o f Hawai'i, Honolulu Andrea Gill Beck Hawai'i Energy Extension Service, Department o f Business, Economic Development and T o u r i s m , State of Hawai'i, H i l o David Bess College of Business Administration, University of Hawai'i at Mânoa Paul H. Brewbaker Bank of Hawai'i, Honolulu Leon Bruno Formerly Lyman House Memorial Museum, Hilo Nina Buchanan Department of Education, University o f Hawai'i at H i l o David L. Callies The William S. Richardson School of Law, University of Hawai'i at Mânoa Ronald Cannarella Department of Land and Natural Resources, State of Hawai'i, Honolulu Hampton L. Carson Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mänoa A. Didrick Castberg Department of Political Science, University of Hawai'i at Mânoa David A. Clague Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California Sheila Conant Department of Zoology, University o f Hawai'i at Mänoa John S. Corbin Aquaculture Program, Department of Land and Natural Resources, State of Hawai'i, Honolulu George Curtis Department of Natural Sciences, University of Hawai'i at H i l o Thorn Curtis Department of Sociology, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, West Hawai'i Kathleen Delate Sustainable Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Iowa State University Cliff Eblen President Emeritus, Hawaii Public Radio Pierre Flament Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai'i at Mänoa

Charles H . Fletcher III Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics, School o f Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mânoa J a m e s H . Furstenberg Formerly Honolulu Academy o f Arts Robert Gavenda Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Kealakekua, Hawai'i. T h o m a s W. Giambelluca Department of Geography, University o f Hawai'i at Mänoa William G. Gilmartin Hawai'i W i l d l i f e Fund, Lä'ie, Hawai'i Samuel M . Gon III T h e Nature Conservancy o f Hawai'i, Honolulu J o n Goss Department o f Geography, University o f Hawai'i at Mänoa Michael G . Hadfield Kewalo Marine Laboratory, Pacific Biomedical Research Center, University o f Hawai'i at Mänoa Donald N . B. Hall Institute for Astronomy, University o f Hawai'i at Mänoa Christina Heliker Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, U.S. Geological Survey Don J . Hibbard Historic Preservation Office, Department of Land and Natural Resources, State o f Hawai'i, Honolulu Shelia Hollowell Department o f Sociology, University o f Hawai'i at H i l o , W e s t Hawai'i Sara Hotchkiss Department o f Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota Francis G . Howarth Bishop Museum, Honolulu James O. Juvik Department of Geography, University of Hawai'i at Hilo Sonia P. J u v i k Department of Geography, University of Hawai'i at Hilo Lilikalä Kame'eleihiwa Center for Hawaiian Studies, University of Hawai'i at Mänoa Edward Kanahele Department o f History, Hawai'i C o m m u n i t y College Pualani Kanehele Department o f Hawaiian Studies, Hawai'i C o m m u n i t y College Eric M . Kapono Department of Hawaiian Studies, University of Hawai'i at H i l o Drew Kapp Department of Geography, University of Hawai'i at Mänoa

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Contributing Authors

James L. Kelly D e p a r t m e n t of Geography, University of Hawai'i at H i l o

Dennis N u l l e t D e p a r t m e n t of Geography, University of Hawai'i at Hilo

Sean Kennan D e p a r t m e n t of Oceanography, University of Hawai'i at Mänoa

Michael O g d e n

Larry L. K i m u r a D e p a r t m e n t of Hawaiian Studies, University of Hawai'i at H i l o

Paul O k u b o Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, U.S. Geological Survey

Patrick V. Kirch D e p a r t m e n t of Anthropology, University of California at Berkeley.

T h o m a s R. Paradise D e p a r t m e n t of Geography, University of Hawai'i at H i l o

Mary Lou Kobayashi Office of Planning, D e p a r t m e n t of Business, Economic D e v e l o p m e n t ,

Noreen M. Parks Monterey Bay A q u a r i u m Research Institute, Moss Landing, California

and Tourism, State of Hawai'i, H o n o l u l u

G o r d o n Pi'ianaia

Lydia Kualapai University of Nebraska, Lincoln Ramdas Lamb D e p a r t m e n t of Religion, University of Hawai'i at Mänoa Charles M. Langlas D e p a r t m e n t of Anthropology, University of Hawai'i at H i l o Charles H . Lamoureux Lyon A r b o r e t u m , H o n o l u l u Lloyd L. Loope USGS, Biological Resources Division, Haleakalä National Park, Maui Claude L u m p k i n D e p a r t m e n t of Oceanography, University of Hawai'i at Mänoa Barrie Macdonald D e p a r t m e n t of History, Massey University, N e w Zealand J a m e s E. Maragos Program on E n v i r o n m e n t , East-West Center, H o n o l u l u Henry Marcus Massachusetts I n s t i t u t e of Technology Matthew McGranaghan D e p a r t m e n t of Geography, University of Hawai'i at Mänoa Loyal A. Mehrhoff U.S. Fish and W i l d l i f e Service, Portland, Oregon Mark Merlin Biology Program, University of Hawai'i at Mänoa

D e p a r t m e n t of C o m m u n i c a t i o n , University of Hawai'i at Mänoa

Hawaiian Studies, K a m e h a m e h a Schools, H o n o l u l u Samuel G. Pooley National Marine Fisheries Service, H o n o l u l u Linda W. Pratt USGS, Biological Resources Division, Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center, Hawai'i Volcanoes N a t i o n a l Park Marcia Sakai D e p a r t m e n t of Economics, University of Hawai'i at H i l o Michael Sawyer D e p a r t m e n t of Oceanography, University of Hawai'i at Mänoa Robert C. Schmitt Hawai'i State Statistician (Retired) Russell Schnell Mauna Loa Observatory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Hilo T h o m a s A. Schroeder D e p a r t m e n t of Meteorology, University of Hawai'i at Mänoa Albert J . Schütz D e p a r t m e n t of Linguistics, University of Hawai'i at Mänoa Christopher S m i t h N a t u r a l Resources Conservation Service, U.S. D e p a r t m e n t of Agriculture, Honolulu Edward D. Stroup D e p a r t m e n t of Oceanography, University of Hawai'i at Mänoa

Sara Millman D e p a r t m e n t of Sociology, University of Hawai'i at H i l o

Ron Terry Geometrician Associates, Kea'au, Hawai'i

J o h n Mink M i n k & Yuen, Inc., H o n o l u l u

Donald M . T h o m a s Hawai'i I n s t i t u t e of Geophysics, University of Hawai'i at Mänoa

Darryl Mleynek Small Business Development Center, University of Hawai'i at H i l o

Nicole Vollrath N a t u r a l Resources Conservation Service, U.S. D e p a r t m e n t of Agriculture, W a s h i n g t o n , D.C.

Steven L. M o n t g o m e r y Biological Consultant, W a i p a h u , Hawai'i Joseph R. Morgan D e p a r t m e n t of Geography, University of Hawai'i at Mänoa W i l l i a m P. Mull Associate, Bishop M u s e u m , H o n o l u l u J u n k o Ida Nowaki Librarian, University of Hawai'i at H i l o

James C. F. W a n g D e p a r t m e n t of Political Science, University of Hawai'i at H i l o F. R. Warshauer USGS, Biological Resources Division, Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park Everett A. W i n g e r t D e p a r t m e n t of Geography, University of Hawai'i at Mänoa

CONTENTS

ix xi xiii

Preface Acknowledgments Introduction

REFERENCE MAPS Kaua'i and Ni'ihau O'ahu Moloka'i and Lana'i Maui Hawai'i Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Place N a m e s Mapping and Geodesy THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT Geology Geothermal Resources Climate Hawai'i and Atmospheric Change Paleoclimate and Geography Natural Hazards Earthquakes Volcanic Hazards on the Island of Hawai'i Hurricanes Tsunamis Coastal Hazards The Ocean Water Soils Astronomy THE BIOTIC

3 7

Alien Species and Threats to Native Ecology Endangered and Threatened Species Protected Areas

146 150 154

THE CULTURAL Archaeology History

161 169

ENVIRONMENT

11 14 17 23 26 29

Population Languages Religion Architecture Museums and Libraries Culture and the Arts

183 198 201 205 208 211

37 47 49 60 64 67 69 72 74 76 79 82 87 92 97

THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT Government and Politics Land Use and Tenure Urban Centers Economy Agriculture Fisheries The Military Tourism Energy Transportation Communications Education Health and Wellness Crime Recreation

219 225 233 238 246 252 255 258 264 268 273 278 282 287 289

Environmental Quality Government Services

294 298

ENVIRONMENT

Biogeography Evolution

103 107

Marine Ecosystems Terrestrial Ecosystems Birds Native Plants Insects and Their Kin Hawaiian Tree Snails

111

Statistical T a b l e s

303

121

References

311

130

Sources

317

135

Gazetteer

323

APPENDICES

140 144

vii

PREFACE

One of our first tasks when we began work on the third edition of the Atlas of Hawai'i in late 1994 was to solicit suggestions from users of earlier editions of the Atlas and from prospective users. Over seven hundred survey forms were sent to teachers, librarians, consultants, governmental agency personnel, and others. Suggestions from the respondents about what to include are reflected in the contents of the Atlas. This version of the Atlas of Hawai'i is entirely new. The content, design, style, and technology are substantially different from previous editions. W h i l e the prior editions served as models, most of the text and all the graphics were replaced, and several new topics were added. The table of contents of the Atlas presents an exciting array of topics grouped into five sections. The introduction to the state and to each of the main islands is followed by four sections on the major themes of the Hawai'i environment: physical, biotic, cultural, and social. Fifty-four separate chapters, plus sidebar features, provide a comprehensive description of the geography of Hawai'i. The volume also offers a list of references for further reading, a list of sources for the graphics, a set of statistical tables, and a gazetteer. The list of contributors boasts some of Hawai'i's most distinguished scholars. For the most part they were selected because of their previous contributions to knowledge in their fields. The photographs were chosen to illustrate essential features of the natural, cultural, and social milieux. The reader should note that statistical information in various sections of the Atlas may not always agree because different assumptions or time periods are involved. Likewise, racial designations in some sections of the Atlas differ from those used in the U.S. census.

The technology used to produce this edition is much different from that used in previous editions. The production of maps and other graphics epitomizes the transformation of cartography by computer technology. A variety of computer software and mapmaking methods were employed. Likewise, the rich colors that enhance the Atlas are an example of the possiblities available with an electronic (computerized) palette. The use of computer technology enabled the cartographers to mix a four-color palette in an endless selection of recipes. An additional advantage of modern cartographic technology is that the digital files for the contents will be archived for future retrieval and updating. This will greatly reduce the cost and time required to update the contents for future editions. Another departure from the first two editions is the shape of the book. This change was made to avoid the difficulties of shelving an oversized volume. Although the new shape necessitated a change in page layout of the Island chain, a significant benefit is that each island is presented at a slightly larger size than before, providing better resolution of the patterns displayed. Hawaiian words and place names in the Atlas conform mostly to spellings in the Hawaiian Dictionary by Mary Kawena Pukui and Samuel H. Elbert and Place Names of Hawaii by Mary Kawena Pukui, Samuel H. Elbert, and Esther T. Mookini. As a rule Hawaiian words are italicized, while Hawaiian place names are not. The Atlas of Hawai'i is a rich source of information offered in a style that should satisfy a variety of interests. It can be used as a textbook, a general reference, or for pleasure reading. We hope it will reveal the features that make Hawai'i a special place.

ix

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Over eighty individuals from the university community, government agencies, and the private sector contributed text and data for the maps, diagrams, and tables that appear in this edition of the Atlas. Through all of our dealings with t h e m — from soliciting their participation to discussing the d a t a — what stood out as remarkable was their enthusiasm for the project and their spirit of cooperation and understanding even when page limitations meant we had to eliminate text over which they had labored. Similarly, we were not denied a single request to a federal, state, or county agency for data or verification of data. Many of the graphics in the Atlas could not have been prepared without the statistical tables compiled by the Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism. The support of the Office of State Planning, likewise, has been indispensable. They provided numerous land use digital files, maps, and generous amounts of consultation time. For the outstanding help and support of these and numerous other agencies of the state, county, and federal government, we are appreciative. Dozens of individuals and private firms also helped us in major ways. For land ownership data we gratefully acknowledge the Hawai'i Board of Realtors. The generosity of professional artists and photographers whose work enlivens our presentation is also celebrated. Each of their contributions is acknowledged throughout the Atlas. The administrators, faculty, and staff of the University of Hawai'i at Hilo rightly share in our accomplishments. This project could not have been undertaken or completed without their unfaltering support and constant encouragement. Our colleague Professor J a m e s Kelly worked full time with us in the final months, assisting with editing, research, and generally serving as a source of calm. W e gratefully acknowledge former chancellor Edward Kormondy for the trust he showed in our ability to complete the task. Special recognition is due former University of Hawai'i at Hilo chancellor Kenneth Perrin, who assured us institutional support and constantly gave his moral support. Our colleagues on the faculty have been supportive as well. The list is long of those who have helped us reach the finish. W e honor them for their many forms of outreach. Noreen Parks served from A u g u s t 1994 to J u n e 1996 as Atlas project coordinator, enthusiastically and expertly performing a range of tasks, from soliciting and editing manuscripts to general administration.

J u l s u n Pacheco, project cartographer and geographic information systems specialist, suspended graduate studies in geography at University of Hawai'i at Mânoa to work on the Atlas from J u l y 1995 to J u n e 1996. W e thank the Mânoa Geography Department for its cooperation and for allowing us access to its cartography lab. Significant contributions to planning for suitable cartographic procedures were made by MaryAnne Maigret, who was employed by the project briefly before g i v i n g birth to twins. Drew Kapp and Nancy Elmer were volunteer staff who joined us toward the end of the project, bringing new energy and diligence to executing demanding tasks. Drew also spent weeks laboriously checking place names and other information on the reference maps. Lee Motteler's knowledge of geography, cartography, and Hawaiiana proved invaluable to his careful and thorough reading and checking of the proofs. Professor Craig Severance assisted with advice on fisheries, and soil conservationist Steve Skipper helped w i t h a model of a sustainable agriculture farm. Catherine Tignac volunteered many hours as research assistant; Raynell Uchida, a fine arts major, impressed us w i t h her cheerfulness and accuracy. Her knowledge of the Hawaiian language spared us hours of turning to the Hawaiian dictionary. John Schinnerer was a good friend of the project whose computer expertise was often needed and w i l l i n g l y given. Special recognition is also due Nicole Anakalea for developing enough competency in her introductory cartography course to volunteer her d i g i t i z i n g skills. W e acknowledge the huge commitment that the director of University of Hawai'i Press, W i l l i a m H. Hamilton, has made to this Atlas, and we have strived to live up to the trust he placed in us. W e extend a sincere mahalo to him and to other members of the University of Hawai'i Press Atlas team, whose diverse talents were indispensable in taking this project to completion. Finally, the entire project benefited from the virtuosity of Iris Wiley, former University of Hawai'i Press executive editor, whose guidance in logistical matters and whose mastery of editing were invaluable. It was she who encouraged us to undertake the project and we thank her for the opportunity. For the contributions of these and dozens of individuals who have not been mentioned by name, we are deeply grateful.

xi

INTRODUCTION

Eo e ku'u lei mokupuni o na kai 'ewalu I call to you, acknowledge 0 my lei islands of the eight seas Located between 19 and 22 degrees north latitude, Hawai'i is the southernmost state in the United States and has the same general latitude as Hong Kong and Mexico City. It is situated almost in the center of the Pacific Ocean and is one of the most isolated yet populous places on Earth. The west coast of North America, for example, is 2,400 miles (3,900 kilometers) from Honolulu, and Japan is 3,800 miles (6,100 kilometers) away. Six time zones separate Hawai'i from the eastern United States. This means that 9:00 A.M. (eastern standard time) in

Washington, D.C. and New York City is 6:00 A.M. in Los Angeles and 4:00 A.M. in Hawai'i. Hawai'i is one of the smallest states in the United States—it ranks forty-seventh in size—larger in land area only than Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Delaware. The 6,425 square miles (16,640 square kilometers) of land consist of 8

Hawai'i, the fiftieth state. The map emphasizes the isolation of the islands near the center of the Pacific Ocean. Small and remote though it may be, Hawai'i is one of the best-known places on the globe.

Bombay 80S0 n-itBS tìocmà®

xiii

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Introduction

large islands and 124 small islands, reefs, and shoals. The 8 large islands—Hawai'i, Maui, Lana'i, Moloka'i, O'ahu, Kaho'olawe, Kaua'i, and Ni'ihau—are recognized in the Hawai'i state flag by 8 horizontal stripes, alternately white, red, and blue. The British Union Jack in the upper left corner of the flag represents the years that the Islands were under British protection. Each of the major islands has its unique features and its own official color and emblem. Hawai'i is divided into four counties: Hawai'i, Maui (which includes the islands of Maui, Moloka'i, Lana'i, and Kaho'olawe), O'ahu, and Kaua'i (Kaua'i and Ni'ihau). The county is the lowest civil subdivision in the state. As a result, counties in Hawai'i provide some services, such as fire and police protection and street maintenance, that in other states

The State Bird of Hawai'i: the nene, or Hawaiian goose, Branta sis. [R. J. Shallenberger]

sandvicen-

are performed by cities or towns. Counties also elect a mayor and a council. Likewise, the state government often takes on functions usually performed by counties or cities on the U.S. mainland. Hawai'i is the only state, for example, with a single, unified public school system. Because Hawai'i is an archipelago, transportation within the state has always been expensive. Land transportation is limited to intraisland travel, and, because of the mountainous nature of the islands, road networks have been sparse and, in some places, limited to a single highway near the coast. Interisland cargo moves by ship and by air. Interisland passenger travel is entirely by air. Air flights are frequent and convenient, but comparatively expensive. Three of the ten most expensive airfares per mile in the United States are the connections between Honolulu and Maui, Honolulu and Kona, and Honolulu and Kaua'i. Hawai'i has no rapid transit facilities. The plantation railroads of the past are gone, and no railroads exist in the Islands today, except for short lines serving tourists. The Hawaiian Islands were formed by volcanic eruptions, and these eruptions continue today on Hawai'i Island. Related to this volcanic activity are earthquakes, which are not infrequent. Hawai'i generally has a tropical climate, although changes in elevation generate variations. Because of the effect of mountains on wind patterns, most islands have distinct windward and leeward systems of rainfall. In addition, coastal areas are generally drier than the interior uplands. Fortunately, the warm tropical temperatures are usually ameliorated by persistent trade winds. Moreover, the surrounding ocean keeps temperatures from becoming extremely warm. Sweltering summer temperatures typical of many parts of the South and Midwest of the United States are unknown in Hawai'i. The

State o f H a w a i ' i

Settled by Polynesians: Statehood: Nickname: Capital: State flower: State fish: State bird: State tree: Land area of archipelago: Resident population (1996): Defacto population (1996): Median age (1993): Life expectancy (1990): Visitors (estimated total arrivals 1997): Economic mainstays: Energy resources (1993): Motor vehicle registration (1993): Per capita personal income (1996): Median price of single-family house (1995): Gross State Product (1996):

а.D. 3 0 0 - 7 0 0 1959, 50th State The Aloha State Honolulu pua ma'o hau hele, yellow hibiscus, Hibiscus brackenridgei humuhumunukunukuapua' a, triggerfish, Rhinecanthus aculeatus rierie, Hawaiian goose, Branta sandvicensis kukui, candlenut, Aleurites moluccana б,423.4 square miles (16,636.5 square kilometers) 1,183,700 (includes 103,300 military and their dependents) 1,342,600 residents and average daily visitors 33.7 75.90 years (males), 80.06 years (females) 6,877,500 Tourism, federal defense spending, and agriculture 90 percent imported petroleum 880,152 $25,159 $281,000 $33.5 billion

Introduction

Urban Honolulu. [ J . J u v i k ]

xv

The State Flower, Hibiscus brackenridgei, a native yellow hibiscus known as ma'o ban hele. [R. Hobdy] State Flag of Hawai'i. [State Archives]

highest temperature recorded in the Islands, for example, was 100°F in 1931. One of the major attributes of the State of Hawai'i is its natural environment, which provides pleasant living conditions for residents and attracts tourists to the Islands. How to maintain an economy that provides jobs and income for the state's residents while at the same time protecting this natural environment remains a constant problem. Many indigenous plants and animals are already extinct or endangered, mostly because of habitat destruction and the introduction of plant and animal species from outside Hawai'i. One of the major characteristics of population distribution in Hawai'i is the high concentration of people in or near Honolulu. An overwhelming 75 percent of the resident population lives on O'ahu, concentrated in the Honolulu metropolitan area. A highly centralized government and economy on O'ahu, and the high cost of transporting goods to the neighbor islands, seems to have impeded the spread of Honolulu's urban and industrial activities. Plantations dominated the state's economy for more than a hundred years. However, beginning with World W a r II and

continuing during the Cold W a r and the wars in Korea and V i e t n a m , m i l i t a r y expenditures, concentrated on O'ahu, increased. At one time the military employed more people than any other industry in Hawai'i. W i t h the proliferation of jet travel beginning in the late 1950s the number of visitors to Hawai'i expanded tremendously, along with the number of hotels and tourism-related jobs. Today tourism is the state's leading industry. The m i l i t a r y is still of major importance, but plantation agriculture continues to decline. Increasingly important to the economy and society of Hawai'i are the agencies of the state, county, and federal governments. Business and the manufacturing industry have been curtailed by several factors often acting collectively. Fossil fuels and major mineral resources are absent, prices of usable land remain high, the long distance to large markets increases transportation costs, and labor costs are much higher than in many newly industrialized countries of Asia. Per capita income in Hawai'i is above the national average, but the cost of living is much greater than in most other states. Hawai'i's per capita tax burden is also one of the highest in the United States. In spite of these disadvantages Hawai'i's image as a Pacific paradise remains mostly intact, and the state continues to be attractive as a place to live or visit. More than 6 million visitors a year vacation in the state. Most people who live in Hawai'i continue to prefer it over all other places. W i t h the state's prolonged economic slowdown in the mid-1990s, for the first time the number of people who leave Hawai'i to live elsewhere in a given year exceeded the number of new arrivals.

All place names on the reference maps are listed alphabetically in the Gazetteer at the end of the Atlas.

K A U A I A N D NI'IHAU

KAUAI Maika'i Kaua'i, hemolele i ka malie, Kaua'i o Manokalanipd So fine is Kaua'i, tranquil in the calm, Kaua'i of the chief Manokalanipo Riding northwestward on the Pacific lithospheric plate, Kaua'i long ago vacated the volcanic "hotspot" over which the island of Hawai'i is now positioned. The 5 million year old volcanic shield that formed the island of Kaua'i has therefore had ample time to be sculpted by the action of wind, rain, and waves. The plateau of Kaua'i reaches elevations of 5,148 feet (1,569 m) at Wai'ale'ale and 5,243 feet (1,598 m) at Kawaikini and is directly exposed to trade winds ascending abruptly over precipitous pali (cliffs). As a consequence, the mountain summit of Kaua'i is one of the wettest spots on Earth. Average annual rainfall at Wai'ale'ale is 444 inches (11,278 mm). The interior mountains of Kaua'i have been eroded by running water to produce the spectacular topography of Waimea Canyon and Na Pali Coast. The transported alluvium formed broad coastal plains with deep soil and extensive beaches. This landscape is the foundation for Kaua'i's economy: agriculture and tourism. Kaua'i has been severely impacted by hurricanes three times in the past 40 years. The greatest destruction was caused

N a Pali Coast, Kaua'i. [ B . G a g n é ]

by Hurricane Iniki in September 1992. With 145 mph winds, it was the most devastating hurricane in the recorded history of Hawai'i. Property damage totaled more than $3 billion and much of the economy was left in ruin. As a result, the number of hotel and condominium units on Kaua'i decreased by 40 percent the first year after the hurricane. As of 1997, visitor totals for Kaua'i (992,780) had not yet recovered to pre-Iniki levels of 1.27 million visitors annually. In the first half of the 1990s sugar plantation acreage declined on the northern and eastern coasts of Kaua'i because of the closing of Kllauea and McBryde plantations. The plantations on the southern and western coastal plains, extending from Koloa to Mana, however, contain some of the highest yielding sugarcane acreage in the state. Total acreage in sugarcane on Kaua'i in 1994 was 34,500 acres (14,000 ha), down by 34 percent from 52,300 acres (21,000 ha) in 1969. Declining revenues from sugar production have been partially offset by the planting of more than 2,000 acres (800 ha) of coffee in the area between 'Oma'o and 'Ele'ele. Nickname: Color and emblem:

The Garden Isle purple; pua mokihana, the fruit of Pelea anisata Land area: 552.3 square miles (1,430.5 square kilometers) Largest perennial stream: Hanalei River, 140 million gallons (530,000 cubic meters) per day Resident population (1996): 56,435 Visitors (estimated total arrivals 1997): 992,780 Per capita personal income $19,887 (1993): Median price of singlefamily house (1995): $250,000

4

Ni'ihau

16030'

NNHAU/KA'ULA Kaua

St. Catherine's School

Póhàki'iki'i

Konohiki

160°32'30"

KA'ULA

Kapa'a Beach Park

/

Post Office

Waipouli Park

Waiânuenue

Waipouli

Nounou Mountain (Sleeping Giant) 1241

Wajpouli < Town Centéf

Wailua Homesteads

Koiwlälele

22'15'

Waipouli Beach Park

Fallt

Post Office

Alakukui

Pt

Wailua

loloholokù Heiau

160" 15'

REFERENCE MAPS scale 0

10 m i l e s 10 kilometers

NI'IHAU

/

KAUA'I

m

Reference Maps INDEX

MOLOKA'I Kahauna Pt.

MAUI

Naupaka Pt » , tfaunuakala „ . 699 xeo°

Lehua Island

LÀMArJ^

+

>V,

„ . L • « « k Keapahe'ehe'e . ^ ; ^ ' Ka aku u Bay (Lehua Landing) ' y -

KAHO'OLAWE 4 f t

Kaunuokaha Pt. " Kura Atoll Midway Atol!

Palikoa'e Pt.-

NORTHWESTERN HAWAIIAN ISLANDS

Reaw,

Maro Reef

Roads

U r b a n i z e d area

Divided, c o n t r o l l e d access

Population (?)

M o r e t h a n 300,000

Principal t h r o u g h

(•)

20,000-40,000

Secondary through

•

12,000-20,000

Other (paved, gravel, g r a d e d dirt)

•

7,000-12,000

Primitive (4-wheel)

•

3,000-7,000

Foot trail

•

1,000-3,000

o

less t h a n 1,000

x

l o c a l i t y o r site

®

State c a p i t a l

tit

C o u n t y seat

•7"-7 H2

Military land

intermittent)

D a m and reservoir

Makahü'ena Keolea Pt. *

Kalaeloa Ridgr Kawn'ewa'eTSO

Po'ooneone

Kiloi'a Bi7y X kanialino Aliaib l.nfe P o i n t e l e v a t i o n in f e e t M o u n t a i n pass

Tunnel

p

¿i?

, 'Alala

fi Kaunu o Pou Pt. f Nànâiko'olau Ridge r Ka'alipua'a Póleho

Kapaka Valley' Kaununui Pt. V * " ^ Kauwaha •uwaha Riv ' ^ ï ' a n i ' a u 1281 (highest elev. on Ni'ihau) K Ralanaei anaei ^ " " » i i ' l |/ a |, ' ' v Kea m Ko'olaukani Valley Kalehu Pt. X ffuhi.yfl ,228 Pakilchua Gulch Kaluahonu Pt. "'"'"ivtionu Vat 1 .Kamaluki'i Gulch ' ' » • ^ J Kealahula Valley OPu'uwai j , . . „ V a , +K»'«» t . í Kamahakahaka 1018 Kiiakamoku Reef Î A CT Pu u Lua KiVki e ^pana^ * 3 1130 Pueo Point Kàwà Point X Malawela Kanahá Pt. *«',,„ "'K Nonopapa^ WAIMEA Paia (cliff) '/> Ulj

Waterfall

Pahau Pt. Ke'elinswi Pt.

'Ò'iamoi Point

NI'IHAU

Kôwahi Point Kolea

178 ¿KealeaBay

Freeway High school/college

4 s Kaunuakalà 548 Kawaihoa Point

Point of interest

• f

District b o u n d a r y !j

S t r e a m (perenial or

k

jhSsJS

Airfields

2T45'

Gazetteer location grid

Scheduled airlines 4-

Military

6

Kaua'i

5

7 159"30' Hanamä'ulu

159"15'

Bay

K i n g Kaumuali' E lem. School J

.BéMelìif RenfjToir

irkf^Mi UI

¡Wilcox Elem. •School

Kaua'i Community Collego

KAUA'I

Kukui G r o v e ' Shopping

B NÄWILIW

/ ULU

ttgh School/

KÖ

Niumalu

Kalt Kalapaki Beach

Nnwiliwill Bin/

Näwiliwili H Ulf'111 Siili I Wiliilife Rejuge

Mininî

Pt.

Harbor Niumalu Park C a r t e r Pt. 2

J? o 159'45'

C a v e S

P

5

vm-,. -

PtfSrl Citv /..'•..•/.-. . \ Pen. IPipiloa) Ford Island ." .1 fÇfiitu o Pi. o ^ ' Mo ku'U me'-tr* w \ f Lauiaunui

Pu'u Makakilo, 972 + i Makakilo City •

PEARL

Fernandez-Village J !

# E * a Villages 'Lwa Gentry

Barbers Pointi,

•

Hous.ng Iroqiiois Point ^

K Ä N E ' O H E

Pu'u Keahiala 2820

Mokuli

'

Wailea Pt. Bellows Air Force Station

Aliamanu Cœter f

"Jantakis (Pu'u 'Oh 2013 j .

Saltt

Hickam.

One'ula Beach Barbers Point (Kalaeloa)

'Ul°al

Mókolea lislet)

H5>

l/akfllapa

HARBOR ( P u

v f l l a H .

Mokapu Pt. ? Ulupa'u Crater MÖKAPU PENINSULA kapu

Ma'eli'eli ' , Kealohi P t . ^ Coconut I. _ (Moku o Lo'

T P W N

Pu'u Manawahua 2401

Kahe Pt7

Mokumar ;;

Acres

+Palikea

Lualualei Kalaniana'ole Beach

Kapapa I.

Pu'u Kiolea

Beach

Rabbit I. (Mariana)

AFB -f- Honolulu International Airport

K a o h i k a i p u I. Makapu'u Beach Makapu'u Point M Makapu'u Head

Punchbowl Sand I. (Kamoku'âki

Nimitz Beach (Kualaka'i)

HONOLULU Waikiki

Diamond Head (Le'ahi)

Paiko Pen, JCahiila

B l a c k Pt. ( K u p i k i p i k i ' ò Pt.)

158

15'

158

157*45'

6

a'*10

ri ivii'i K awai i

Queens Beach (Kaloko) Sandy Beach (Wawamalu Crater . Halona Blowhole . 0\ Hàlona Pt. Palea Pt.

J-

O'ahu

9

6 157 4 5 ' E

Southeast O'ahu

Bellows Air Force Station

Waimanalo

Bay

Beach Rabbit ( M á n a n a t I.

2T30'00"N

21 3 0 ' 0 0 " N K â o h i k a i p u I. K O ' O L A U Makapu'u Beach Makapu'u Point K a p a p a I.

Mokumanu P y r a m i d Rock (Ku'au)

K e k e p a I.

Ka Leina a Kahekili Mókapu Pt Ulupa'u Crater

[arine Corps íse Hawai'i

MÒKAPU PENINSULA

Kealohi Pt.

Maunalua Bay

C o c o n u t I. ( M o k u o Lo'e)

M ò k ò l e a (islet)

KOKO HEAD Koko Head Kapoho Pt. Kail

un

ANE'OHE

Pu'u Kaiwipo'o 2414 íW'wáfr StaU: liospihèl

KOKOKAHl F l a t I. ( P o p o i ' a )

Trans-Ko'olau Tunnel

PEARL CITY 'AIEA 7UMALU

Alala Point

Pu'u Keahiakahoe 2820

Oneawa Hills

+

Mokulua KAWAINUL

I ANIKAI

™-i.ÁKLTL'

2V22'30"N Ford Island IMcrtw^ine'iin

Pali T u n n e l s Tripler Army Medical Center

'Áliamanu Xrater

yea rl Harl'ur .

'

Fort Shafter

¿

ixiwsirrr HIGHLANDS

A F B

Hickam Harbor

Bellows Air Force Station '

Olomana 1643

Waimanalo

Konahuanul 3150

Waimanalo.

Mt. O l y m p u s (Awaawaloa) 2486

Tantalus

\\:iiiniHiiillfì Bay

Beach, F

1'0'UNUI

H i c k a m

. Fort Katf>ehameha Mil. Res.

til) J

Maunawili

N u ' u a n u Pali 1186 +

kantoh.imt'ha Schools /

jüHan lAKÉ

Wilson Tunnel

McGrew Point (Kalauao)

\

¥> i ' A C i H C

KAMHIAMtHA HTb.

™HJS-

^

Honolulu International

Suqartoaf Hi » - - Í Ü . (Pi?u Kakea) M A N p A

Ka'au Crater

WOODLAWN Kc'ehi Ijlgtton

% r.

\ ^

Mokuoeo (¡Slet)

{ Yv[I

^owi.mrd

M o k a u e a I.

S a n d

Roundtop iPu'u Ualalra'fil

PunotibowVCtfier IPuowaina)

MA NO A

I.

(Kamoku'akulikulii

Marnala

Ä s t

Bai/

i f ST. L O U I S HLIC.HTS. AINAKOA

Ala Moana Beach

HONOLULU

y

v ^

AJNAIIAINA VA / WAI Al Ah

'Aina Moana '"Mf (Magic Island) Ft. DeRussy Mil. Res. Waikìki Beach

W A l ' A i ,A l ì IK1

KAÍ.V1UK1

Prince Kuhio Beach

Wajlupe Pèn. KÂH/M A Wai'alae Beach

Kapi'olani Beach Diamond Head (Lè'ahi) 760 ^ Kuilei Cliffs

Diamond Head Beach

Mainialua

Bay

Kahala Beach Koko Head

10

O'ahu

Nickname: Color and emblem:

The Gathering Place yellow; pita 'ilinia. the flower of

Sida fallax Land area:

5 9 7 . 1 square miles ( 1 , 5 4 6 . 5 square kilometers) Largest perennial stream: Waikele Stream, 27 million gallons ( 1 0 2 , 0 0 0 cubicmeters) per day Resident population ( 1 9 9 6 ) : 8 7 1 , 8 0 0 Visitors (estimated total arrivals 1997): 5,002,530 Per capita personal income (1993): Median price of singlefamily house (1995):

$24,929 $349,000

Magic Island, O ' a h u . [Hawai'i Visitors Bureau]

committed to urban development of the 'Ewa Plain, centered on a "second city" hub at Kapolei. In addition, after several decades of planning and construction, the opening of the H - 3 Freeway in 1997 (America's most expensive highway on a cost per mile basis) can be expected to facilitate additional urbanization on the windward side of the island. The limited potential for additional freshwater resources on O'ahu, however, and tensions over the allocation of existing water resources may, more than land scarcity, slow the rapid pace of future urban expansion.

Artificial lagoons at K o O l i n a R e s o r t and B a r b e r s P o i n t deep draft harbor, leeward coast, O ' a h u . [ J .

Juvik]

MOLOKA'I AND LAN A'I

MOLOKA'I '0 Moloka'i mri a Hitut, Id ana 1 ke kukui Great M o l o k a ' i of the g o d d e s s H i n a , a d o r n e d w i t h the lei of k u k u i Fifth in size of the H a w a i i a n Islands, M o l o k a ' i has r e m a i n e d isolated from the d r a m a t i c c h a n g e s t h a t have t r a n s f o r m e d the a r c h i p e l a g o over recent d e c a d e s . T h e p o p u l a t i o n ( 6 , 7 1 7 in 1 9 9 0 ) is p r e d o m i n a n t l y rural and of N a t i v e H a w a i i a n ancestry. T h e island retains a local l i f e s t y l e and a m b i a n c e t h a t , w i t h the exception of i n a c c e s s i b l e N i ' i h a u , is d i s a p p e a r i n g e l s e w h e r e in the state. M o l o k a ' i w a s f o r m e d from the coalescence of t h r e e separate volcanoes. L i k e the o t h e r h i g h , r u g g e d i s l a n d s of H a w a i ' i , c o n s i d e r a b l e e n v i r o n m e n t a l d i v e r s i t y is c o m p r e s s e d w i t h i n its s m a l l land area. T h e eroded m o u n t a i n s of East M o l o k a ' i ( 1 . 8 m i l l i o n years o l d ) are d o m i n a t e d on the north coast by p r e c i p itous sea cliffs that rise to m o r e t h a n 3 , 0 0 0 feet ( 9 0 0 m). A l s o o p e n i n g to the w i n d w a r d coast are the s p e c t a c u l a r a m p h i t h e a t e r - l i k e v a l l e y s of P e l e k u n u , W a i l a u , and H a l a w a . T h e r i d g e s of these v a l l e y s c o n v e r g e on the i s l a n d ' s s u m m i t at K a m a k o u ( 1 , 9 7 0 feet, 1 , 5 1 4 m ) . T h e g u l c h - s c o r e d l e e w a r d slopes of East

M o l o k a ' i d e s c e n d to a narrow coastal p l a i n f r o n t i n g the ' A u ' a u a n d P a i l o l o C h a n n e l s t h a t face Lana'i a n d M a u i . A l t h o u g h H a w a i i a n s c o n s t r u c t e d i n t r i c a t e l y terraced, i r r i g a t e d taro f i e l d s in the w i n d w a r d v a l l e y s of all islands, the m o s t e x t e n s i v e a n d e l a b o r a t e a q u a c u l t u r e c o m p l e x e s to be f o u n d a n y w h e r e in O c e a n i a w e r e d e v e l o p e d on the protected south coast of M o l o k a ' i . R o c k - l i n e d p o n d s w e r e c o n s t r u c t e d on s h a l l o w offshore reef flats a l o n g m u c h of the south coast. In recent d e c a d e s , soil erosion a n d the invasion of alien m a n g r o v e trees a l o n g the s h o r e l i n e have g r e a t l y a l t e r e d the ecology of t h i s coastal zone. T h e terrain of W e s t M o l o k a ' i differs m a r k e d l y from that in t h e east. H e r e a s l i g h t l y o l d e r ( 1 . 9 m i l l i o n years) b u t lower v o l c a n i c d o m e rises to 1 , 3 8 1 feet ( 4 2 1 m ) at P u ' u N a n a . T h i s e l e v a t i o n is i n s u f f i c i e n t to check the b l u s t e r y trade w i n d s or i n d u c e s i g n i f i c a n t o r o g r a p h i c r a i n f a l l . As a r e s u l t , dry and w i n d y c o n d i t i o n s p r e v a i l a n d e x t e n s i v e coastal and i n l a n d sand d u n e s o c c u p y the area k n o w n as M o ' o m o m i . T h e D e p a r t m e n t of H a w a i i a n H o m e l a n d s , as w e l l as the i s l a n d ' s m a j o r p r i v a t e l a n d o w n e r , M o l o k a ' i R a n c h , have l a r g e l a n d h o l d i n g s in central and W e s t M o l o k a ' i . T h e t h i r d d i s t i n c t i v e v o l c a n i c c o m p o n e n t of M o l o k a ' i is t h e s m a l l K a l a u p a p a P e n i n s u l a on the n o r t h - c e n t r a l coast.

11

12

Moloka'i and Lana'i

1 5 7 OO'E

156 45'E

+ Ka'eo 584

sand

Mo'omomi

Pu'u ka Pele 460 ' Ö ' ö k a l a O O K u k u i Village • N a h l w a Pt \

'Umikoa

O

L a u p à h o e h o e Pt

o Laupáhuehoe Ânulua Bay

H o l u o k a w a i .-2 5053 .-S Apakuie O D 5854

laiaakea Pt. ^ H a ' i k ù Pt. V N

Kcanakolu X

Pu u Klhe 7821 Pu'u Kea 8544 Pu'u Lehn 10,344 _

+

+

W a i l ea "V* L e h u a w e h i Pt.

£?lePa 7671

/ IS^

Pu'u K a n a k a l e o n u l Maukaloax

Pu'u Mâkanaka 12,414

, SJrcö"1 KokkükStram. f Pu'u K a i w i ' i w i 9096 + Pu'u > Kahinahina

Pu'u Kaupakuhale

'A"ahuwela

Pu'u K e o n e h e h e ' e

Víoi" Kawainui Sircam Hmunot Stream W '

OUTt

Mill

Kaiwiki

'>'•'< m Wainaku Rainbow (nils 'Waiùnucnue) tW

Wailttk,

e

°

Kawainui Lae o Puni (pt.) Onomea Bay H ö k e o Pt. Kukui Pt. He'eka Pt. K ô ' i l i Pt. W a i p a h i Pt. K e k i w i Pt. M a u m a u Pt. Pauka'a Pauka'a Pt. Honolt i (coi'e) L a u h u e Pt.

Kèôkea Puhi Pt. » Bay

Wdhiloa

" Pu'u 'O ö o Ranch Wa

Lo'alo'a 7656 i Huikau 7330 + Kala'i'eha 7023

Loea Pt. AliaPt. o Pepe'ekeo Pt.

442 Andrade Camp i> Ka'uku Pepe'i 1964

xPua'âkala

Pu'u Kole 8819 Pu'

+

K o h o l à Pt.

Honomü

+ Pu'u Hoiei

Red Hill +11,863

r

W a i e h u Pt. V N ä h a k u Pt. ^sHonohina N, .Peleuli Pt.

'lolehaehae X Camp

. Ka'ali'ali 9030

+

-

n ü l e

\

Me»

Leleiwi Pt. A n a Puka (cave)

Keaukaha Waiákea

Hito I n t e r n a t i o n a l Airport ( L y m a n Field)

:

Paukùpahu

^ K i n g s L a n d i n g (Pâpa'i) Saddle Road.

Kaüman: :~'lM

Papua n Bay

Pana'ewa

'Àinahou

W a h i n e m a k a n u i Islet Mâ'ena

Kgauhou Bay KaIoli Point Elevenmile Homestead

Waipâhoehoe Kurtistoi

'Auwae

Waiâkea Camp

Hawaiian Paradise Park

Kukui

Pu'u M a k a ' a l a + 3707

Pu'u K u l u a 9014 M a u n a Loa Strip | - | Scenic Road

HAWAI'I VOLCANOES NATIONAL^ PARK 1

Mountain View (Mauna Hu'ihu'i)

Hawaiian

Solomon s Waterliolc

Maku'?

'0pihi

Rock

Orchid Land Estates Acres

Kings Pillars Cape Kumukahi IHswai'l eastern ir

+Kulani u 5518 'Äinaloa

Forest Kipuka Kékake

Glenwood "'ty (Kapu'euhi)

Fern Forest Vacation Estates

PUNA

Pahoa

Kapoho

G 8 S Î Ijjte'fw.j:.) Pelf) > K a p o h o Point Wrti'ajWfipwtiöj

154 A

7

i

20

Hawaii Kalihi Pt. Wawaloli Beach

+ Kïleo

Honokóhau nu p, P .""o p,

Kealakio Kahukupoko Pali Hâ'uke'uke (- Ka Lae 3 (South Point)

155'30'E

7

Hawai'i f "^Lo'alo'a í 7656 •+ Huikau ! 7330 i + Kala'i'eha 7023

Hilo International Airport

Viiiluku

21 7

Paukupahu

154 4 5 ' E

X King's Landing (Pâpa'i)

Pupil,l a Bau Pana'ewa

Wahinemakanui islet

Ainahou

OUT) HILO

Kaloli Point Elevenmile Homestead

Waipâhoehoe Kurtistoi

Waiäkea Camp

Mountain View (Mauna Hu'ihu'i)

Pu'u Maka'ala + 3707

Kulani Prison

Pu'u Kulua 9014 Waterhale

HAWAI I ' VOLCANOES qNATIONAL PARK

.Kipu Pt.

'Äinaloa

Pähoa

Estates

KTlauea Military Camp

Kahauale'a Natural Area Preserve

Kilauea \ Caldera 4093^

+C^a

Ka'ü Desert

"',

Mauna Mauna Iki Koa'e + 3032 3250

.»], ft

157' •V. A

True North

\ »

A A. 'A • A • *

« *

"a

if*

Magnetic Declination 11 "15' East

156'30'

Moloka'i " Base

no annual change •21'

Maui Base

156' Hana Base

Lahaina Base

156"

_ • Wailuku Base

. V-

155"30'

20'30' Hawai' Base 20'

Geodetic Horizontal Control

155"

and Compass Variation

Hilo Base

•

First-order triangulation

station

Second-order triangulation

station

^ ' 3 0 Hawai' West Base

Third-order triangulation

Measured base line

Kahuku Base

True North

19'

Magnetic Declination 11 "00' East no annual change

station

Mapping and Geodesy

Jk \