Aramaic (Syriac) Grammar: Introduction by J. P. M. van der Ploeg 9781463212131

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iô

!"7 ''H

i

A -

A ' " " /

V

^

/ ' a

- ' V

3- l § f

'

t

t ;

T

%

^ !

Î Il "

x'' _

V

"

1

y ñ

V 4 %

V s M-

^ « « S Ä ,

-

-f

V

- 4 ... V

n f 381 382 387 387 390 390 397 400 408 409 416 423 (1)

B. Rules of Syntax. NOUN. § 189 i) Noun passive as gerundive § 223 i) Extension or period of time in the Accusative ii) The time at which with prep. 0 § 240 i) The Emphatic State normal form of noun. ii) The Absolute St. for indefinite sense. iii) Noun repeated in the Abs. St. iv) A a followed by the Abs. St. v) A a in the Abs. St. as substantive. vij >LiL» Emphatic as substantive. vii) The state of noun with numeral adjectives. Vlll) Abs. St. for elegance. ix) Abs- St. as adverb. x \ Abs. St. in greetings etc. Noun as complement to predicate XV J or as object xviii) Cons. St. for Genitive relations

8 92 92 133 134 134 134 135 135 135 136 137 137 139 140

xiii xix) Cons. St. governs more than one noun 140 xx) Nouns of quality or property as adjectives 141 xxii) The noun-governed preceded by preposition 142 xxiii) Participial noun (derivative) in the Cons. St. 142 § 245 iii) Nouns in the Genitive case to denote "made o f " 157 § 258 i) The object numbered or measured 184 ii) a) Month and date in the Ablative 185 b) When the month precedes the date pronoun 3. m. s. in the Abl. follows 185 c) Date with preposition other than ° » d) Dates with -p ,» e) To express at some time of the day (Abl.) ,, iii) To express "the month o f " 185 vii) To express 'the city o f ' 'town of' etc. 186 § 275 iii) Noun in the genitive (with prep. ?) preceding the governing noun 245 iv) Direct and indirect objects to a verb „ PRONOUN.

§ 240 xxv) -pij* as substantive or adjective

143

§ 245 § 274

157

ii) . .*^OO}MO as "some... others" xvii) Pronouns of different persons in a sentence § 275 i) Relative ? prefixed to particles to form adjectives ii) Relative ? prefixed to for emphasis § 284 i) Pronoun as direct object ii) Pronominal object suffix for emphasis Note. 1. Intervention of words between suffixed verb and object 2. Object preceding suffixed verb Emphasised object with prep. ^ 3. Object suffix referring to more than one object

242 244 245 283 284 284 „ „ 284

XIV

iv) Demonstrative

§ 296

to denote mental idea, phrase etc. i) Object suffix referring to different persons ii) T h e same pronominal suffix object to two verbs

285 339 „

iii) The emphatic o s ]

q as object uninflected 339 § 306 interrogative pronouns to express question 377 § 307 a) Relative ? to introduce indirect Interrogation 378 b) Relative ? put before s j § 227

ADJECTIVE. i) Attributive adjective preceding ii) Intervention of words between substantive and adjective iii) Negative adjectives iv) a) and ».S^tn as adjectives b) i ' l \ o . j x >

§ 240

for emphasis

xi)

as

adjective

378 108 109 „ „ 109

Attributive adj. qualifying a noun in the Absolute S t . 137 xii) Adjectives in Abs. St. used predicatively 138 xiii) Adjectives used predicatively with Joq ,» xiv) Do. Do. with es*2 138 x v ) Adjectives as complement to predicate or as object 139 xvi) Predicative adjective in the E m p h . St. „ xvii) Abs. St. of mas. a d j . and Cons. St. of fem. a d j , as adverb. 139 xxi) a) Attr. adj. qualifying a noun in Cons. St, 141 b) Attr. adj, in Cons. St, to form Compound nouns 141 xxiv) Adjective in Cons St. before adverbs 142

XV

§ 301

iii) a) Noun clause and b) adjectival clause introduced by ?

357

VERB.

$194 *

impersonal verb with subject in r the Dative ii) takes object with or without preposition § 207 i) Past Imperfect ii) Participles and adjectives preceded by ;ooj Pf.

§ 245 § 266 § 272

§ 274

$ 284

i)J

} P l.

l - i x M f c » ) Sactifiable:

, '" "

ifLjiaafico

that wich is

P l.

sanctified

ETTAPh'AL F.

S.

pl. )¿sJjLi^^Av^aoj^ successful

EsvTAPh£AL M.

F.

. / v

"

£ x L a X t i * x J obedient > . •• '• " .;•••'/. > reducedtou s. { M u X M t e pl, « f ^ ^ f o f t ? (subjection s. i - i a J u ^ f i s * » pl.

Note. 1.

(from

Kap soft) means

" a n object comprehensible or comprehended"; j «S^^mr? (from ^ ¿ M t l . Kap hard) means "one who comprehends". 2.

(from

«'surrounded" or

"encompassed";

2nd K a p soft) means j

1

(from

tf^-s^jj

2nd K a p hard) means "rotating, revolving! a vagabond; mendicant".

C. Noun of Action - ^iik^oA I. Noun of Action formed from Active Derivative Verbs. § 186. Noun of Action is formed from Active Derivative verbs by change of vowels and augment of prefixes or suffixes or both. (cfr. § 107).

(5) PA'EL (cfr. § 131. B. 9). 1.

F.

Ex. s.

ifSoJUta^»

pi.

J^tuxadso

Separation; discrimination. 2. 3.

F. W JfiCtAii» Ex. s. M. (3) „

p i.

^¿X&a

Separateness-, distinctness; distinctionEx- s. ijLSaa pi. praise; eulogy. s. pi. supplication ; entreaty.

;

W

AP h 'EL (cfr. § 151. B. 9) 1.

F.

t who raises (the dead.) ijUaue f. chariot. m . serlsible; palpable. ¡¿sx^a f. sensation; perception. )4sa*ax f. equity; equality. ijubXxao m. betrayer; traitor

•

" willingness. m. catechumen; ^ nstructec | f Qne to ,js^Ax , t: vm . ruler; governor; ' ' prince. .•; , Jiaa* grace; gift; legacy. . i i. • )_U£kXao m a giver, , , m br ken; ^ - ° ^ ^ wearied, ; v. wlthout , ,. beginning. jisHsofcx» m. participant; " Dartaker ., ,F , Lboojo 12 . í_LLuoo í-sCiisa - iJuiLàéboô Z^o }a¿U2O í ^ ^ - á ^QAa.rijm'o 70 13 . «yòo^ aoji Á5¿ ^iajásoá ¡^¿4fi-3 tA*¿9 ¡Baloto q^ojiooÄOC» 14 .ÌÀÒXMJS vài J-iàój oóq ¡áscAaó 15 í-**-? í-íáój ÍJjsjüLS v Joq 73a>v>\a 16 . j-xJl'La «^¿oA^ o ó) j »ÁNonA «M ^-so? Ali 17 . ?oojjk j^og'á.ái.m'fli fio

(13) i V» „ i o * ¿.Sao JJ^iyoo

jj^fua»

iJtlJ

18

¿M

J_Lo A-JB ^¿-»J pit» -pojojl l

"

•

i*

*

j;',.r-n JLOXj. ^aab 21

^oojad

oAaaia

»^ooj!^

idiiv

•^»i

T3? ^

¿a*. J a ^ a j x A o JaXso j i i »

¿¿tJ^A»

^fl

^i^A»

19

Spt?

^ojixiCiia

^ f i o t jibii^Aoo ¿ A i

^

20

¿S ^ ¿ o J u S ^

^sia

V ^ f »

TAxsoJB fc^r*»

:

^

24

(Hlex.)

^ a i ^ a o ¿OS : i-jjBiod?

25 (Filex.)

.^-i-»

of—3®

Exercise 38 B. 2. 3. 4. 5. of

1. The day of confinement has approached. But Judas, the traitor, also was standing with them. He was filling their hearts (with) food and pleasure. He opened the door of the faith to the gentiles. We boast in the hope o f the glory of God. 6. Hatred the haters fell upon me. 7. We offer up

to Thee glory and praise. 8- Let us remember Him and^praise Him at this moment of the burial of His servant and at al! feasts. 9. Glory to Thee, the resuscitator of the dead. 10. Thou art the strengthener

(14) of the weak (m. p i . ) ; Thou art the pardoner of the sinners... the strength of the afflicted. 11. He asks of Thee the pardon of his debts. 12. Blessed are ye, the dead, on that day on which there will be (Jooj?) resurrection, because (?) that living body that you have eaten and that propitiatory ( j J u m ^ ) bloed, that you have drunk will raise (m. s. p r e s.) you on the right side. 13. Glory to that resurrection of the buried, and the rising of the dead ( ¡ ¿ » g p l . ) , that solace of the aggrieved (m. pl.), and the consolation of the wearied (m- pl.). 14. Martyrs loved Christ with all the might of their minds and hated the honours of the perishable time. 15. A l l that is visible is seen either ( o j ) partly (?AJbaj) or ( o i ) entirely

.

is unfathomable

16. The sea is large... and its depth ¿M) .

17, And the

ir-

rational creatures X^o i & s i o ) became obedient (m. pl.). 18. With the holy Mar swallit ha let him be in the unspeakable happinesses, (that are) prepared for him. 19. Grant us, Lord, Thy imperishable blessings and the grace (»-¿¿as) of Thy rich and permanent ( J j j t u a f i i i « ^ ) gifts with good supervision. 20. For infallible are for us the marvellous wonders of Thy redemptive economy. 21. But O Lord, let these very things, in which we are participants make us worthy of en joying ( i J u f a a i « * ) with Thee. 22. Stretch out, O Lord, that invisible right hand of Thine and bless this congregation of T h y adorers. 23. Hossana to the immeasurable Sea of benefits which gave the tongue of praise in the mouth of children. 24. And now, Lord God, bless us all, Thy servants, (who are) washers and (who are) to be washed. 25. According to the inscrutable judgements of Thy providence(s) and according to the immeasurable depth of Thy justice by Thy fore knowledge Thou hast made this soul pass from this life (pl.).

(15) LESSON

LXII.

Defective and Impersonal Verbs. 1.

Defective Verbs or Verbs of Conjugation.

incomplete

§ 190. Verbs, which do not have regular forms of moods and tenses. or verbs, which do not have all the different verbal forms, such as PA'EL, E T h PA'AL, AP h 'EL etc., may be called defective verbs or verbs of of incomplete conjugation. But generally, this term is limited to those verbs, which are used in P " A L and which do not have a complete conjugation in that form. The following are the most common of such verbs:— 1. waojj. _ to give (cfr. § 8 3 - 4 ) , has no Imperfect and Infinitive in P ec AL. It has a complete conjugation in ET h P e t EL (§ 123). 2.

SLi-

to give (cfr. § 8 3 - 4 ) , has only Imper-

fect and Infinitive in P"AL. These two verbs- aojj. & - together make a complete conjugation in the P e 'AL form. 3.

- has only the Present participle in P«AL, • as- s. m. wnji f. pi. m. ^-tosjf. ^ a ? ) - to be due; it behoves, it is obligatory. a) When it means "to be due1" is inflected in all the forms of the Present participle as given above. Ex. ^Joo') ^ q - These books are due to me» b) When it means "it behoves, it is obligatory" it is used impersonally in m. s. ( ^ j ) only with a noun i

i

i

i

,

or pronoun in the dative case. (cfr. § 191) Ex. it behaves us: it is obligatory for us.

^»f

(16) c) The Past participlc of ubsj is used adjectively or substantively a s : leua?

m

. s

d) - has complete and ET h PA'AL.

Jalajj pi. holy: just. conjugation in P A ' E L

4. — is the only verbal root beginning with Waw. (i) It has only the Present participle in P e t AL. a) In the sense of "it is befitting", "it is necessary" ^ o is inflected in all the forms of the Present participle, as, sing. m. ¿ ^ o f. pi. m. ^¡So f. Ex.

Things fit for food (eating)

^JSo or d?30j U ^ o - It is right that, or It is fitting that. b) In the sense of , : it should be", " i t ought to b e " , "it becomes", it is used impersonally in m. s. only with a noun or pronoun in the dative case. Ex. «.A I should, I ought to ; They must; it becomes them. (Vide. § 191). c) ¿So has a complete conjugation in ET h PA«AL as

to be fitting, to beseem.

5. The root has only the Present participle in P^AL, as, sing. m . ¡2i ( 2 ) f. ^ p i . m . ^jJL f meaning-fair, comely, meet; becoming, seemly, suitable, virtuous, noble, honourable. This participle is inflected with pronominal enclitics, as Aii Jii 0 r Thou art fair; N oftIl - y o u a r e fair etc. 0r (1) ^ o -

to gather together in a rendezvous, z i o

to

blossom

S 0 S 0 to sob, ^ ¿ S e A J to expand, are verbs beginning with W a w , but they are derived from other words (Ming. § 145). (2) W. S. also U

.

(17)

It is used impersonally with a noun or pronoun in the dative case in the sense of "it becomes, beseems, befits, is due", a n d then it agrees, with the noun to which it refers, in gender and n u m b e r ; Ex. i^jost praise befits thee; (¿wo-iiiS. f i i i Praise (Glory) befits thee. (cfr. § 191). 6. ¡¿a { 'to be able, allowed; to have the power" ts used only in the Perfect participle in the Simple (PC.cofwc2? I am not able to keep silence. a) It is often used impersonally in the sense of " I t m a y " or "it can 1 ' be- In such usage the feminine singular is preferred with a noun or pronoun in the dative case or Infinitive construct. Ex. jig» _ I am not able ; Joojaoi ^ - it cannot be; it is impossible (to happen). b) i^so has complete conjugation in E T l l P " E L »gg&J and A P h ' E L - -gasi - to be able. 7.

Jin -

«to be

the Prefect participle, m.

? 4 f ~ canine tooth or t u s k ;

- a joint,

the elbow; ¿^¡£¿00 - the ankle, ankle-bone; the wrist. l

-

nostrils, are masculine.

B. According to the termination:— 1. Substantives, which are indeclinable with pronominal suffixes, a n d terminating in Yod preceded b y Pthaha -f- on the penultimate. Ex. « ^ ¿ ^ _ spider; • v< (1)

7

v

7

-

aloe;

•

y -v (uojl) -

condition j

the land of Galaad; f.xiao the land of Manesses;

the land of Ephrame. etc., are masculine, being derived from the names of males.

(33) v^òltt - q u a i l s ; heron; owl.

uJuàaà

J l

error;

(J

7 .

*

a

kind

* . *

(uj^ScO-

|)J!) -

of

» .

T

uiJQ^)

^

^

^

~

- concealment.

2. All the nouns terminating in the servile J* (i e . not belonging to the root). sight;

(rt, f i ) -

Ex.

plunder, r

- glory;

( *

(rt. i v - 0 -

booty; "

love

(rt.

-

etc.

Exceptions:— A few nouns are masculine though they terminate in the servile Ex. m- firewood; m - A c q u a i n t a n c e ; an acquaintance; a learned man ; » ¿ c o i w » m. Note.

a kinsman.

1. If the ¿S of the final

belongs to the root

(of the verb or the original noun form) the noun culine. m

m

Ex.

-

dress

-

(^-=0 justice,

. ornament; decoration.

m

remains house

-

^Xos-

anger;

_ clay;

foam; ì ^ à o X -

'

truth.

2. T h e following feminine nouns terminating in are generally taken for exceptions to the general rule, presumption that their final ^ is not servile:— $¿30—. -

mas-

(servile) with the

- deceit;

cart;

sediment; JM? _ wine;

rust.

But a closer study of the roots will make it clear that the T a w ¿S of the final of these nouns is servile, and hence, they are n o exceptions to the general

\Lx , from

from »

from footnote).

'

¡ l à1

rule.

For, from

,

(?£*») *

or 7 a - 0 and

is derived

from Att ,

•«

> from

from a i .

from

^ M

,

(cfr. Ming.

359

(34) § 198. T h e r e are a n u m b e r of feminine nouns whose gender cannot be determined by the above rules. A few of t h e m are given below. J-iiLJ j a r .

Jiäoäi

Jjfei.2 lotus. j.iinai

plank; b o a r d .

exile.

¿Aao salt,

rib.

X - a n t .

ship.

nail.

j l i i ä i i i liturgy; oblation. .. • r , 1 1 > £32 face (pi. only) . . . «»Ml o r ( 3 Indigestion; nausea; L i i earth. (» ^ 9 y P « ^ » ) hel1palate. o

masculine, as,

m. Pole,

logian,

as A » M O i V ?

m. Astronomer,

Pomp,

uaasoia m. Chyme; humour.

are

m. Theo¿oc&ooJ* m. But there are a

few exceptions as, uaiSfc-3 f. porus; >»¿.»¿3 f labour. ii. The Greek nous terminating in 1) ^ (W. S. 2)

u

(W. S. j J ) ,

( W . s . -wxaT), ? 7 nine. Ex. 1) j-iLs ; v-

3)

i7

(W. s.

(W.s.

2 ) ^ ^ 0 2 f. essence. 3)

Z)

s^O»

But there are a few

«^oaJ^ifc f. theatre! show.

2. Neuter nouns in Latin are generally masculine in Syriac: ex. ; - > U V » l m. stable (stabulum), (1)

m. sandal (telarium).

T h e West Syrians have changed the Greek

into . . .

(40) m

-

le

H ac V ; b«5qu«t (lcgatum); f H i a a cloth (sudarium);

^Z-XX^ka m. whip (flagcllum). But

veil (velum) is e . g . ;

~ p a l a c e ( P a l a t i u m ) 5 and ^ ¿ ¿ ^ k d _ governor's residence (prsetorium) are feminine i n Syriac while they are neuter in Latin. The nouns j J l . 3 m. bank (of a river), aoa c. g. candle, are feminine in Latin. 3. The Greek nouns ending in i f i o . «_£DO have the changed into j i ( J ^

W. S.) in the vocative case. (1) Ex.

Arsenius. Voc. jiu^i . )2Llcd;( 7 .

ktto^doZ^ _ or

changed into

Theophilus, Voc.

Voc.

iiiaoir.

^oltsoiAA^

voc. W. S.

For the Vocative

_ Thimothy-

In nouns terminating in droped for the vocative. Ex.

;

of

the final ODO is

both in East and West Syriac, as O ! Thimothy.

Aquila - Voc.

f

w> s

or

f

(«_co{) °nly the final «.J» is J o j ^ L + a i _ (luB>jjI^o|T)

jlIoojiao2

m

Arithmatic.

. ocean.

J i a j f. a herd; a drove (of kine or swine collect); m. an ox or bull, m. outward; profane; secular. » » .

*

f-

Geometry.

m. flock; sheep-fold

?is.oiM.*j? f. sacrifice; sacrificing. f. ink. da*aojjkio f. disposition of mind, f. field (open)

m* a roe; deer; ram. i-LiaL £ right hand. f. the palm or hollow of hand, handful; a sheaf, bundle, m. hut; hermit's dwelling. jSoa m. furnace. Jaaaso m. desert. I

X &

f. music, m. disadvantageous; losing. tS&oo m. good; virtuous. adv. rather. w^ojo.1 : V\,»Ó3

JLSs ts. 4

vl,i.AV^i

-pji ^-¿-.¿9

l-i*

j

1

3 •

ciiaj*.^ V®0^""®

9

¿¿si J-^Li? ióoJt-sa «J^ ocjo 5 ? oj-^

7 -ii-aAr

¿¡p

8 • (3 days)

8 • (to approach me) v-JuiyoA.? i-i 2?

JjLa^

faiJia

Jg* ¿ à o f i ^

9 ? J-Lb

xSxéso J_a23 10

ÀJ2o 7s^ i ^ i

X-à iXtXn? i-i*?? i ? ® ^

oj^S J—j2 J^op 0w JC

4 ?,

i-é" 1 ^ 0

11 • (will eat him) w.qoAa2i ooj (the eldest of us) i-iairS ìà)ÌÌ tìu»oój

Vs?

Ja-a.»? -pip x^? $ —»is

iiiao^ (snatched it)

i*ix3

:

iso2 12

cg^

.JjLs^o

j i i s 13 .

__» ?-i2 wX*XB3 r^oojib uA*? ÌAWOOÙOO 2isjooà 14

. (and ate him)

ojAaio (both of you)

o k \uo 093 LiUaÒJCa .-{¿vmoaXA» a

II

*

"

/

I

3J02

l|

\

•

¿¿io jl-óx 1

I

•

.

.

I

I

»

«

(43) Uaaxi

o^» 15 . (J. Ser.) j i a i ?

( J . S.)

960)

Joq

¿¿s*»

^OJJO a J ^

ojAa alio : ¡ ¿ ¿ S l L *

(windows) ¡«¿a*3 J-*»*

4 A*? 17 ' (Aphr.)

16 ^

o^aoa

}iaOX ^H?^ 0

Jjfio I S (Act. Mar.) . o ^ o p o ^ is.3g j S jo&o ^¿JC^^aob .

^ » 2 ^ o ^ i a Ai* ojjsa odj j_sb

J» ¿A. oJJ&alo aJv^siA ¿¿*Xao 19 . (Act. I. 1)

(lead me) u j ^ a J a

.¿dl ¡J+o

fo^i

¿xi2 J l a ^o kcoaA. Jijjaai: PfA a.»2 SA

taoix jiifflii

i»2 a^

• >XJ2

i

jsoAXO '

'

*

ft-vyow i\ov\ iso2 ^qoji^a&oA

2 1 (ibid.)

OJhflUOiM JO^SO 0JtiUV>M-

/

"

•liioaj

'

'

i

J^?? «yftflxisX Vy uti^^ca odj fo^A vo^iJft*

2x»io 22 (ibid.) . 23 (ibid.)

«^0*12 |ia-3: ^ a «s^oJ^aa o^Ls t f l u a ^ V * ? ^ ! ? i ^ ' M ?

{a&fiuoa Jisxi*. tndajja ^ ¿ 0

.i-idj

ojA

¿in

^sojco 20 (Bar- Heb.)

u.qa *

*

^^.qo

¿2

^ ¿ a a w.ojoaL2 aa u&o^icoi j&aoe

f

J-iaooaoxV^o

^4s\»aia

^aJ^yoj^

JiCaaaj u.df 27 (ibid.) .

w q ¿¿xc **

28

j l & a i . «.ojoaLj

»•

•

1»

Jjia t

¿JSo fcaaa £sa,so\ 2 ^ o a

• «^ooA^a ojJ^ c A i s

1

I

C>

jajotxXfl

?3^bCD J t f S , 0 0 0 1 0

|

H >

T

,

•

'

•

JaJC^o

^

03.013 ^

ioxi

Exercise 40 B. 1. As a receptive (j^j^Laeao) shield. 2- Come in peace bride, virgin and unmarried. 3- Peace to ( y ^ - ) thee(f.) the haven and the resting placc ( i ^ a i ) of the whole world. 4. Let the wicked (m. pi.) return to the hell. 5. Heavens declare the glory of God. 6. Thine (m.) are the heavens and Thine is the earth. 7. Thou hast fashioned the universe with its fulness. 8. Thou hast created the North and the South. 9. Tabor and Hermon praise Thy (m ) name. 10. Thine (m.) is the arm and thine is the valiance. 11. T h y (m ) hand will be strengthened and thy right hand exalted. 12. Fire will consume before him. 13- The earth saw and trembled. 14. He saved them (m.) several times. 15. The right hand of the Lord has wrought ( a ^ ) wonder. 16. My eyes have seen my retribution. 17. Their (m.) sheep bring forth and they (f.) are brought up in their (m.) streets. IB. And thou (f.) Bethlehm o f J u d a , art not (ff-) the least among the kings of Juda. 19. Let not thy (m.) right hand know what thy left hand does. 20. T h e sun walks without legs and the moon moves by change cumscribed the seas

.

21. He has cir-

with the ocean.

22«

(45) Their (m.) field grew fat with its wheat (pi.). 23. Her sheafwent up (; AP h }ooi o f t o » ; SAPh J o q

etc.

(47) II

M. F.

. ¡ L ?If i aJ j ( t h o u )

I

c. du,ooi

$

tsa I had written.

I

written

*

We had written.

D. Future- Perfect. (§ 67 H. 5)

III

M. F.

II

I

M.

i * • ii You (thou) ... F. wj.AU.ooi » \ • ' • 1» C.

Ill

M. F.

II

M. F.

I

joo] iso&ai He will, &ooj JO She will, "

C.

You (thou)

C

£ V >

•s^eiboi :eóai «^o.iAoi They will, Va ^JLkOOi : ¿ocr, il They will, £o

You will, x:

Xi

xt so

i-i o

' E. I shall, Future Anterior. Jisa • i joou1 He would a ÀÌÀ» jooiA V She would ti loaja. 1 » ; *i •tJ pj You (thou) ... -fl

: a a You (thou)... xi '
cs

(

??o]2

I would F. Desiderative.

\

I

.

*

"

* II

You will,

•a

s o

(§ 67 H. 6) We shall,

They would They would You would

S 3 V Ih £ T5 tì

«J > You would R S X! : Joofj* We would (§ 67 H- 7).

I . Formed from the Present Participle. «.¿ooj»") Let M. > s ( s i Ì o o l ì Let him write. III ... ' \ them F. Let her ) write. wri

(48) n

M. F.

r

«oojjnII ¡¿Aa^ooi&j

M. F.

L e t

^ ¿ i

y o u

Noooi^]I L e t

(thou)...

¿ ¡ ¡ ^ j

j Let m e

write.

r - * ^

l ^ A a ??oj2j write.

Let

^ ^

y o u

us

joojuk j w r i t e .

II. Formed from the Perfect Participle.

III

M. ^fca • F.

t

M.

t t t

II

Let him be ^ ^ ) Let written. • ^ them be L e t h e r ... ^ j u ^ a ^-iooji | w r i t t e n .

•

' F.

l

M.

^

F.

f e t you " J.(thou) be • ) written, r ? * ^

< , ¿ ^ 1 Let you y be written.

??o|flLe£eme

r - A A a j o s ^ l L e t us b e

Jooj2 j w r i t t e n .

iffij

written

-

G. Emphatic and Obligatory, f (§ 67. H. 8.) HI

M. F.

II

M. F. M. F.

|ooj iJ^a

He

. should ^ write. She „ „

* • &»OOJ Y o u f j & i «.¿-.¿oj ( t h o u ) „ t

^ . o o j l j should i-aAa A.»ooi| w r i t e -

^

(vo2«bc7j) o b q ;

( ^ ¿ o o j ) ¿loaj

They should write-

T* J & a »^0^*00] Y o u ^ J , ^ ^ t L o o ] should write. t-!-5^ x-*

We should write.

1. S o m e t i m e s a l o n g w i t h ;ooj § 204. N o t e . auxiliary, P r o n o m i n a l enclitics are also a d d e d to the | Likewise formed from the present Participles of other forms of verbs also; rarely from the Prefect participle of P e 'AL verbs as, ¿Loaf fare well. JjLx*. Let her be esteemed, etc.

(49) participles, ex, oq

¿^i?

•noooj£, ¿ ^ o

_ And don't think that it is not your business (Ephr. Joseph. Bedj: p. 274) J d o ^ fpojA.. Be lliou blessed, J u d a (ibid. p. 288). 2. Simple Perfect is often used instead of Pluperfect in the sense of had or had been. So, j&a = tool j ^ a m e a n s - he wrote; he has written; he had written; or also, he was writing; he has been writing; he had been writing. :*>. The compound tenses of "future perfect", "future anterior", "desiderative" and ''emphatic or obligatory" are not of frequent occurrence; they are often represented by simple Imperfect. So, = Jooi , «.sisa ?oqu. ??®J* , ?ooj etc., may mean, he, will write, will have written, would have written; let him write, he should write, etc. II.

Diminutives§ 205. Diminutives express a sense of smallness, or feeling of endearment or contempt. They are formed by the addition of terminations :— 96 •. s4> A ' , A 1 ?_a»0 (J-CDO) ; ?-io (LJO) / t o t h e

•. . 11 i-.jo.ao 1•

(PQJ3JO)

• :

.

.

MOAO

asCuIine C nm°uns.

(JJQJO)J

f9 x4 1 ( i J S ^ J o ) / to the feminine . 9i 4- C nonns. •

The

.

;

•

terminations of the forms ii (A & B) above .ire generally used for familiar expressions and for denoting still smaller objects or contempt. 4

(50)

Ex.. A i

lamb. I "

^-¿¿isoi lambling.

son.

i - i o x a little son.

10^2 God. J-ixa ii

book.

dog.

B i

l-ioo^i minor god or deity. J j ó j / s a a little book. (0

Iiòj&òjAA or ¡.ioioj&a

very little dog. ÌÌ2 brother. J j a t t o - J or i-Uio—i a v e r y little brother. J-»-?* f- ear. ¿¿LiòiaJ a small ear. JisLaoo f. town.

ii

a

a small town.

¡¿».a daughter, jaUóAaó&ii a very little or "' " • dear daughter. woman. Note.

a

J^ioMo^^ii

vei T woman.

The mrsculine diminutives ending in

}-£>0

their feminine by assuming the feminine termination J_óÒàjo2

in. {¿sf&oa^ojj f.

M ^ i

a little boy (2)

jJ-f

f. eye. f. garden.

J^aà f. court-yard.

^¿.a.i

Ex-

vide ^ 2 ^ ! ' L

their

or ifi^ió^a a little bride. or

^ < « 4

a small eye.

a little garden. J ^ o o i i a small court-yard.

(1) Some think that ^ ¿ ¿ t « is a secondary form of (2)

.

lambling.

§ 206. A N O M A L Y - 1. Some nouns have diminutives formed irregularly : Ex.

f- b " d e .

form

a small sparrow. found only in the diminutive form: also (2) p. 51.

(51) j^S

f cup; bowl.

ItsuaXS a small cup or bowl.

ja&ajs f. pitcher; jug.

¿a a small pitcher.

2. Some nouns form their diminutives by repeating one or more of their letters: Ex. _ _ collection: in-gathering. ji^o^pcA or

- a little collection or in-gathering

bell. a

a small-bell.

jaw-bone.

[ (of fruits),

jSoA? -

: Jiio^a

or

a small j a w - b o n e . .

f.

leather-bottle.

J - a small leatherbottle; flask. or - a little mount; ¿Ses - f* mount. [hillock. bubble. - f. a bubble. 3. Feminine forms of some nouns have a diminutive sense. Ex. - a pit. ?aCaa\f. - a small pit. - board. ; ai - sea.

~

a

small board.

»¿off. - lake; bay.

iiojai - twig. i^D reason5 opinion. ^ ¿ ^ m charioteer; driver; cherub, j L j spritual weapon

igio

Ethpa. to be dispersed. f. search; request; debate; disputation , ... . h |Jaaa>a..5: rpr. n. Barsamia. • • f. fleece; wool.

m. reward; remuneration. ¿JLi m. vinegar ¿-XJO».

2. Also Jooj Past Imperfect may be omitted in dependent clauses when the Principal clause is in the Past (ie. Pf. or Past Impf.) tense. Ex. J&faa^

¡¿¿t*»?

Jbo>

I >csirable was the voice of the sinner-woman when she sang to the perfume-seller. (Vide § 75 I).

156)

m. adj. sad; dole( ^ 4 ) J^® to assail; assault; fill; sorrowful. t o f a l l s u ddenlly on; m in want of; lacking; to attempt. incomplete. Et h p.- to be busy; PA- to cover, veil, ' t o converse with. hide ->.... m. loin; back. J - ^ o ^ J A visiting pncst; visitor; the 0 V ? * » * [bishop's re¿ A ^ m- dew. j presentative. l-i^V burden (pain) (AiL) to fall upon; f. priesthood. to attack suddenly. pi. JoCa f. window> . • , hln e lattice. S '> the threshold or lower f. shoulder. stone of a door. pr. n. Licenis. m. ear- ring. ¿loa^a excuse; 7^-0 to stand; to rule. apology; preface. to stone. JaLa»»» £ chariot. «• Jaaso m. gall: bitterness.

irwoi

m.

distance; afar.

from afar; ni. libation; drink; )sm03 long ago. offering, t. m. fiery; seraph. Jjo'S m. a row; clamour; tumult. J-***1 m. brass. m. change. J-*?* m. aim; ensample. m. sevenm. end; limit. j i A x m. apostle; one who on one side; apart. is sent.

(57)

Exercise 41 A. T

•^o&i.oq 2

$óq

4

A_*oq

qje2 «o^o ^Óú»J.¡0 íÓOJ

. . . ^ i L z ioojia ^

9

A-Í2 1 3

.

íu.001 73^0 J_i;2

1

\¿ol

17 18

.0»^*

&*2.ij:S2

1

• .»H? Joój.

(

^ - L - ó o, 0,2 •'

^-áá»» ? 2 0

?_I (§ 184) form their plural by taking Pthaha (-*-) "ii the penultimate : -

5

(66) a)

J-iV*

m

- fool- pL

r-V

(l)

But some nouns of this form have a second plural ending in Jtfvo^ Ex. jiiM L o r d -

pi.

i

i-ixa Shepherd-

pi.

\-LoZ Physician-

pi.

i - i a i cup-bearer, pi. b)

jisLsb :J

~ thought.

pi,

^

i

11

"

V^

5

?

1

or or

-

j iiL t * . « - t h r o a t , 1

1

-

service,

,

^«/tiion;-

^ ¿ i u

S T..TB . #

jAicxis. - office;

^ d o a f i - head;

v

rags.

- f . ,*„', \ • j li,

^ o a ^ - one of the prophets.

added to the

numeral

adjectives its

and the T a w is rendered hard; this collective

form is used even when individuals are to be designated partitive expressions: Ex.

by

f.- a eompany or group of

twelve; ^ S A X . a company oftenHis twelve (apostles) [§ 251. note 2].

^ e XM - one of

§ 221. Some nouns have a different meaning in the plural:- Ex. U ^ m. hiding (place), jLjbdL m. people; Israelites, foi^ii m. womb. pi.

t e m ples of dols; idols.

pi. pi. ¿JUOJL - mercy.

gentiles,

&c- &c.

Foreign Nouns - Greek Nouns. § 222. With regard to the formation of plural foreign - nouns in Syriac may be grouped into two classes:-

(89) A. Nouns, which have Syriac form, ie., the Syriac ending ¿ i . B. Nouns, which retain the original form, ie. t the original ending. Nouns belonging to group A. form their plural as Syriac nouns. Ex. f- stole, ¡^¿iaadi

pi.

;.S\a»jj.

?iRA

C &

9 pi. n Y i , m .

CLCO.

or Exception:

U&OJUBO2

- anchor,

pi.

).V>

x

M»^oX

JBLJBO2

,

*

CLCD

CLCD)

or «¿»iLaol.

2. Nouns terminating in J»* mostly undergo no change except the addition of Sya me". Ex. jb^&so; f. Heresy. (rarely

Mia'jaf

W

.

pi. woui&aoj S.

. ral,.m?ot).

ja*ia£lod2 f. dicision; permission.

(90) pl. •a.iftVs

t.

ufcjaâàâi

(W

dictionary.

(rarely Exception:

pl.

^mimai -

M

S.) Ex.

.

^aum-ffcS y >m*w>^).

w . S.

f. a c t ; n a r r a t i o n .

3. N o u n s t e r m i n a t i n g in admit

. s.

pl.

.

fJ. or J-f ( w . s . j ^ o r ).!

a t t h e e n d ( t h e final A l a p is d r o p p e d i n \-JJ»OI f. pl.

KOJJÙO2 E s s e n c e i7

( W . S.

t4

j. .Uftfyd f. p h a n t a s y .

f.

pi.

street.

( W . S.

ï7» »-xo^»mot).

, pi.

pi.

x y y ( W . S. ) . m ¿ . u a .

Exception:

E

pl.

, y..x 7 t^co)

•

^dûl^iLà

pl. l l . o — ¿ X » ) . 9 . b 4. N o u n s t e r m i n a t i n g in ^ o - ^ p r e p l a c e y y ^ t or h -

(W. S.

v

•^¿AXçiôz

o

k ^ A

b y I— o r p . ) .

or

•

Ex.

m. Gospel. pi.

or

{-¿¿¿^.^¿¿2

_ y Q' v- *^ ^T>o V) ( W . S. i . o..7. l *o r p, No ^ ^ Ai.. o i 7,-») m.

chapter,

pl.

».à

m. organ1 pl.

«^¿uJyuoja

rn. h u n t i n g , m.

Exception:

treasure. m.

or 2-1^002. pi.

.

pi.

metal.

. pi.

.«a\'\y

(91) ( W . S. 5-

c-fioil^ao

¿¿¿»aai ^¿io?

m. m.

¡¿¿j\aua J-Aoao]

into

( W . S. J ^ L I ) or r a r e l y

axiom,

pi.

Dogma.

pi.

m . system.

pi.

m
or ¿jt is put before the first and the second words, ex» g-ieaafiAo *>3aj(&o - (those) who do not know both Thy truth and Thy salvation. »

••

*

f

Vocabulary. ¿¿.ii m. cock. t-li**2 m. relative. m. pillar.

m. hail; heavy rain. f. creation (act of) Jaoo&j f. virgin.

(93) f. pi. prosperities, f, a sock; scab, spot. •PIS^ PA, to cut, batter, ?_iiaoM m. a confessor; to dash into pieces. one who confesses Christ. 1 m. open, manifest, public, m. frost; ice; crystal Orthodox teachers or doctors. jkojoa «voA. (heavenly) J-iiaxx» m. one who adds, abode of light^ i s o Marga, a town in jiboa m. trouble; Mesopotamia confusion; contention. 2_iau.o m. monk; monastic. 0 _ wdiwo to purify, cleanse, polish. Aph. to arrive at, to v find; to follow closely; « a a i s aph. to alienate, estrange, remove, to seize. m a - (crawling) locust m- injuriousm. tares (usually in pi.) ly X^S-o %oAa f. divided lips, ie, lies; deceitful m. f. words. companion, i i ^ o t t m. a shackle; fetter m an oppressor; tyrant, unjust one; who ^-.¿^.i Pr. n. Na'man. ;o*a.ia adj. m. vain. does wrong. J.XGSO ..fcSoajLa in the days PA. to tear, TUT off. of Moses, i_i&fiua:iS m. gardener, f. race; birth, park-keeper, being begotten. ¿¿a?.* Phirus-sapor, : f- wailing. a town in Iraq, jaiwl m. briar; thicket. f. parable. f. substance-, that which is formed; creation-, formation.

,

oj.a m. opulent, rich, a b u n d a n t , prosperous-

i

Sa'an or Tanis, a town in Egypt.

(94) neck;

,»

nape

of

the

neck; ra.

^ ¿ ¿ . o

back.

¿ a

m.

master

of

shepherds. , . . spread out; to

to

make ^¿-jca ning;

m.

stripe,

power;

autho-

rule,

ruler-,

prince*

tolSo* m. end of

¡.Lix

the

rest;

firm.

pi.

ppii- . )I

Theorem* m.

limit-,

precept;

,

branch;

time.

remnantl( lni oU

first-fruits.

r o d ; staff;

m.

J_Lsj

f. b e g i n -

''

£ a k

rity,

locust.

, i o - ^ j d i

"

i^Nojc

¡ L a *

m.

boundary definition.

strong;

mighty,

scourge.

Exercise 42 A. . - J i

\

;oqis

'

J

M

*

kft^iSo^g

\

i - f ^ * ?

• •

,

3

1

•

^

.Of-X-S-*?

.iliixa

0

^i-x'i

i r

2

1 1 12

o :

.AA:ax>

jisooA^o

?£\OJ=*ic> J x i l i . 2 I B i i ^ A i a o ^ q a x i x

•

^ L i i J^aici.3 ¿9

fc^i-S

q i - a ^ aif

^-so

1 4

(95)

r

J o o ^ÒOJ^XO^X

»*X}*> oój Á í i ?

ì-xLaio

^¿aaÌA-io

A-á-ai^ Í-Í30.13

«

CjJS.S.3

=á^x2

20

pài?

j¿cí|

|¿03 17

19

=5

A i

insoavi

25

.

|30jx.3 ¡aojáo AiL

•

wXÔJu

:«^¿q^äfj í : vö.i.aX 3

aio;?

27

J—r'^s^ * t t' ¿fvà J o a i i 2 8

È-î'»*»??

(113) OS-^

Ls :aoo)f

«.¡eoija ^'.¿¿¿ao «JOtii.3