Arabic Simplified - A Practical Grammar of Written Arabic in 200 Lessons
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iio
MICROFORMED
iiV
Pi'lESORVATIDN vis
DATE^0r7.*r
Digitized by the Internet Archive in
2007
with funding from
IVIicrosoft
Corporation
http://www.archive.org/details/arabicsimplifiedOOupsouoft
kk
Arabic Simplified."
CONTENTS. (Full Index will be found at end of Lessen 200).
PART
I.
Introductoru. 12.
4-
The Arabic Verb, Past Singular. Interrogative and Negative,
14.
Hamza, Madda, etc. ^^ Pronominal Affixes.
16.
Non-joining
I.
5.
Triliteralism (3 radicals).
7-
Vowels, Figures,
etc.
8.
Definite Article,
t^
9.
Letters of Prolongation and Diphthongs. ^-^
\^
10.
Solar and Lunar Letters.
II.
Wasla,
etc.
^^
^
11.
Eye, Voice, and Ear Ex.
22.
Type-form J«» Nouns of Agent and of Object. Verb jlT Past Tense. Omision of copula. Personal Pronouns (for forming sentences) Exam, paper.
25.
Singular of ^j\^\
26.
Ta Marbuta &
18.
Verb, past du
19.
Construct-State.
Alif Maqsura.
&
1
Transliteration
Tenses, "Moods,''
21.
24.
17.
20.
Revision of
;
&
31.
E.V.
32.
^3jM
{V
etc.
E. Various.
and Negative by
by J
of Prohibition. Comparative
.Table of j.^;5^i^ 34.
Pronominal
35.
Passive, Past
&
also
Present Future).
^jvdlb i>J^*
affixes.
Present.
Dual and Plural of the same.
36.
27.
28.
Future Particles. Introduction to 3 Moods.
37.
Other Tenses.
38.
39.
Subjunctive ^j^adl'
40.
Conversation Exercise
29.
;
39*
Examination paper.
&
E.
The
^>3
Six Forms.
Selections
Commandments.
from
III
The Noun. 50. 51.
Examination Paper. E. V. & E. God's Attributes.
Gender. Regular Plural, Masc.
52.
Case.
44.
54.
45.
Ditto in Construction, etc.
55.
46.
Regular Plural, Fem.
56.
Ancient Declension. Demonstrative. Relative Pronoun.
47.
Dual.
57.
Agreement of
58.
Assimilated Adjective.
59.
Noun
60.
Examination Paper.
42.
48.
49. 50.
,
Dual
in Construction.
Broken Plural J^i Broken Plural JUI
m
and
Examination Paper.
PART E. V.
41.
^
33.
Verb TO BE
(
i^^
plural.
Examination paper.
PART 23.
letters.
characters, vowels,- signs
all
Adjs.
of Superiority.
^^
PART 61.
E. V,
&
62.
Noun Noun
of
63.
Some Derived Nouns with Broken
IV.
Time and
Place.
of Instrument.
64.
Quadrisyllable Plural JpIa* etc.
65
Broken
E. V.
&
I i
J-,^^^"
Conj.
II.
Conj.
III.
V.
Conj. IV.
J.i
E. V.
&
'""''
} }
>U-
Weak "
Verb.
Doubled Verb.
Hamzated.
106. 107.
95.
VI.
Derived Conj. (Surd). >
1
>
Quadriliteral Verbs.
Reading Exercise. Popular Story.
Exam. Paper.
"Weak'' Verbs. 117.
Conj.
118.
Conjs. VII.
119.
Conj, X.( Hollow).
120.
Examination Paper,
121.
E. V. >
Exam. Paper.
113.
114.
Derived Conjugations.
E. V.
115. 116.
^i,i
Newspaper Exercise.
123.
Derived (Hamzated).
— Proverbs. Simile Verb — Ya. Simile Verb — H'au.
112.
\il
IV. (Hollow).
&
E.
&
VIII.
(Hollow.)
— Salutations.
122.
109.
III.
3*^1
"Ten Commdts."
E.
Conj. X,
Q-
io8.
110.
&
I
96.
99.
104 105-
Conj. IX.
100.
Intro, to "
\
92.
98.
Conj. VI.
102.
103.
E. V.
94.
PART lOI.
90. 91.
93-
'^^
^-
yi\
Conj. VII.
^^-^^ ^'"} Exam. Paper.
t.
"Lord's Prayer."
E.
}
\
Si.
X
Examination Paper.
use.
USE A LEXICON.
Derived Conjugal ions.
^.cU
So.
«^-
70
forms and
its
^Jii
Paradigm of I— IV. Reading Exercise. Exam. Paper.
79.
HOW TO
etc.
77-
78
Masdar;
— Proverbs.
E.
I
74-
75-
68.
69.
g;
72. 73-
Broken Plurals JTU and J^lj* Tri-syllabic Broken Plural.
Reading Exercise. Plural
PART 71.
67.
66.
E. Scripture.
Plurals.
>
&
E.
Hollow
—
Wau and
Defective Verb.
124.
Defective (Subj. and Juss.)
125.
Doubly
126.
Doubly Weak (Hnmza).
Weak
fLafifJ
127.
Derived Conjs. (Defective).
128.
Nun
129.
Verbs of Wonder; Ni^mn and lU'sa. Examination Paper
Ya. 130.
of Corroboration.
PART 31.
E. V.
&
E.
VIL
All Broken Plurals.
More Proverbs.
132 >
136
All the plural forms.
PART V.
&
VIIL
138.
^lU and
139.
Collectives.
140.
Examination Paper.
Irregulars.
Derived Nouns, Particles,
etc.
E. Sfiras.
147.
Numerals.
Nouns
148.
Syntax of Numerals.
141.
E.
142.
All Derived
143.
Diminutive.
144.
Relative Adjective.
146.
Intensive Forms.
149 150
PART — 200.
A
PART
X.
Lessons 151
Exercises
IX.
A
NEW
Preps. Conj. Interjections,
Syntax.
complete Syntax
in
Arab
style.
Reading Book,
1—50 (paged from
A
:}
other end, Arabic style).
ARABIC TEXTBOOK
(Extmcts from a Review by Professor R.S. McClena^han M.A., LL.D., Principal of College of Arts and Sciences, American University, Cairo).
This volume
is
one of the best,
if
not the best, published for
and business men desiring a concise but sufficiently elaborated text, and thoroughly reliable for acquiring a knowledge of usable Arabic.
the use of missionaries,
officials,
"The make-up of the book is such as to please the eye and not to leave with the student the sense of weariness which frequently results from the use of poor paper unsuitable type, or a complicated a rangement. The index is a valuable contribution. ,
ij I
*'The author has been for over 20 years a resident in Cairo.
the
official,
He
Azhar University, and with that the man on the street, and the fellah,' and is
familiar with the Arabic of the
recognized as an authority on the subject".
'
^'ARABIC A Review by
the Kev. Prof.
SIMPLIFIED"
James Robertson,
D.D., LL.D.,
Emeritus Professor of
Semitic Languages in the University of Glasgow.
"Mr. Upson has undertaken a difficult task, as anyone who has attempted to teach Arabic can testify, and he has succeeded. The task is to give the student not only a competent knowledge of the laws of the language, but also tLe power to use the language as a living tongue Avith a literature.
"ARABIC SIMPLIFIED and
claims to be a 'practical'
grammar
makes good the claim. It is practicable, in the sense that it leads the student on by a smooth path, step by step, in a course of 200 lessons, till the Avhole ground is covered. There are exercises at every stage, with well selected vocabularies. The student is stimulated, by the question and ansAver form of the lessons, to solve difficulties, and he is made to feel sure of himself by revision of it
work, test questions, and periodical Examination Papers " The lessons are evidently drawn up by a practical educationist, keenly alive to the difficulties felt by the learner and skilful in overcoming them. They also show an accurate acquaintance Avith the Avhole extensive and somewhat perplexing field of Arabic Grammar. The introduction, from the very first, and constant explanation of the Syntax, and the presentation of the laAVS of the language from the point of vicAV of the native grammarian, are features bej'ond
"And
it
all
may
praise Avith confidence
be said that,
if
the student will
patiently go through this course, following the prescribed conditions, his Avork from time to time for examination by the Teacher, he will be no mean Arabic scholar, and fit to acquit himself successfully in any sphere in Avhicli he may be called to use the language."
and submitting
MICROFORMED
BY
PRESERVATION SERVICES
ARABIC SIMPLIFIED A PRACTICAL
GRAMMAR
WRITTEN ARABIC
of
in
LESSONS
200
With Exercises, Test-Papers and Reading"-Book,
BY
ARTHUR
T.
('Abdul-Fady
UPSON
al-Qahirany)
Literary Superintendent Nile Mission Press,
Author of
"ARABIC AMPLIFIED,"
etc.,
Editor of
"AL-BAREED AL-MISRY,
and Publisher of over 350 Arabic Books and Pamphlets
upon the system of
THE REV.
J.
C
Wilcox,
iM.A.,
——
Author of "Hebrew Simplified."
523168
REVISKD EDITION.
2.
School of Simplified Study, 19-21
Ludg-ate
Hill,
London, E.G.
4.
S
.
S- S(
%
First Edition
1916
Second Impression Third Impression
Second
(of first nine lessons only)
(five lessons only)
Edition,, revised throughout
Printed at The
Nile Mission
-
1919
-
-
1921
Press,
ar Sharia Manakh, Cairo.
1917
-
Foreword to First Edition. During the year
1908, the author
had the good fortune
to
be
enrolled as a student of the Rev. John C. Wilcox's new and then comparatively unknown course of ''Hebrew Simplified," and the
thought passed through the minds of both that possibly sometime system might be found suitable for the teaching of Arabic. Nothing was, however, done at the time. in the future this
Meantime the School of Simplified Study,
had produced
Ltd.,
similar courses in other subjects, e.g., "Greek Simplified," "Logic Simplified," "Latin Simplified," etc. For the
no
In
Hebrew course alone
than a thousand students had been registered.
less
May
and was glad
to
was sent
England on medical advice, occupy himself by writing a number of these
1915 the writer
to
lessons, at the suggestion of the author of the original system. It should be clearly understood that my collaborator, Mr. Wilcox only responsible for the Interrogative Method employed, as I take full responsibility for selecting the matter and writing the book.
is
Friendly critics of this new order of arrangement are invited examine the Table of Contents, also the Index. A certain amount of repetition will be found in the earlier lessons, for to a practical to
educationist, as virtues.
Some
is
the author, recapitulation
students
may
is
the chief of the
turn to the complete table of Alphabet,
Vowels, Figures etc, Lesson 16; others should content themselves with what is given out to them.
There are 200 Lessons in this course, which should cover the ground required by students for both Elementary and Advanced Exams, no other grammar being required. It will be found that after the first few lessons the exercises more interesting and longer, and the subjects more varied while the Reader contains selections from books and newspapers.
are
;
Since this course study being
of our
differing
is
intended to be a practical one, the subject
"Modern Written Arabic,"
colloquials to
those
who have made
we
leave
the
a special study of
spoken dialects, but all words given in the text or in the exercises will be found to be in practical use to-day this is a strong point. Our aim is to teach the Student, whether missionary, military, educational, or commercial, to read, e.g., a daily newspaper. :
for
This course is absolutely "COPYRIGHT," and may not be used any person other th^n the original, duly registered student. 'ABDUL-FADY,
FOREWORD 2nd
to
Owing
to a combination of circumstances (partly political) over
had no control, purpose,
many
I
have
now
entirely re-written Lessons
of the illustrations and examples from
written in 1919-20 (in
^r/:z&/c)
but not yet published.
being similar to that followed in to that work,
A
edition
"A A,"
which should be studied
(in
which
I
have
151-200 using, for the
my "ARABIC AMPLIFIED" The
order of Lessons 151-200
the present will be a capital introduction
"ARABIC SIMPLIFIED"
Arabic) after
good many other improvements have been introduced.
May,
A, T, U.
1921.
ADVICE To The Student (1)
Answer
(2)
Train "Eye, Voice and Ear" simultaneously
all
exercises in writing, even those intended for "self-correction".
aloud in the open if
(3)
possible.
(4)
air.
:
this
can be
done by reading
Get your pronunciation corrected by
Let him give
DICTATION
Imitate, to a certain extent, the Oriental easiest
:
way to master Arabic Syntax
Revise back work, and re-revise
!
is
from the
a native sheikh,
exercises.
custom of memorising aloud.
to learn
many
Most important.
illustrative sentences.
The
Lesson
What
1.
are these signs
They form f
2.
word He-struck, which
is
pronounced
The pronoun
"he"
is
"understood," not written, in the Arabic verb.
How
is
this
word
up ? consonants and
built
different
three
corresponds to the
above It
4.
?
the Arabic
dha-ia-ba ^with the accent on the first syllable.
Of
3.
^
1.
its
letter a.
consonant, which
it
Its
one vowel.
sign
always
is
....."T....
and
/o//o?^;s in
The vowel is
written
pronunciation.
here occurs three times.
What
is the name of this vowel ? Fatha (to be pronounced with a roughly aspirated h, which we have indicated by a dot under it, and which is somewhat It is also somewhat like a deep like hh or doubly strong h. sigh. Be sure you do not run the / and h together, making th: note Fat is the first syllable and ha the second. What is the power of this Fat-ha ? It is like a in bad, and is one of the three short vowels.
In
some countries
it
is
a
little
heavier, like a in father
:
in
India more like u in cut. 5.
How many
consonants are there
Name
6.
What
like the*
It is
we have little
jO
Dad
^
Ra
r
C^
Ba
b
Dad
d in hand and good, only
the
th
in
but
thee,
affects the Fat-ha after
AW or O. 7.
Do
(In India
?
No.
z,
it
and
an aspirated
more strongly
giving to
a hard
stronger,
It is
It is
this o?,
a
pronounced
so hard that
it
almost the sound of
as in "Ramazan").
consonants always preserve the forms here Arabic letters change their form with their
these three
given
it is
1
is
it
d.
by rolling the tongue against the palate. it,
Three.
d
indicated bya dot under the
like
}
power
the approximate sound of the
is
word
in thts
—6— position in a word, because even printed books are, so to speak, in "script" character, and most of the letters joined
and "running on". But
Dad
is
always
^
Ra
„
„
^
Ba
,.
„
e^
\
N.B.— When Ba previous
letter
8.
it
with in aword Medial lettet.
is
it
a
is
end of a word can be joined the
L^-^ The ra
form
final
cannot ever join the
is,
when
i.e.,
;
when it is separated from others; when it is an Isolated letter.
{
takes
it
i.e.,
to the
of
is
which follows
letter
left.
He-struck Da-ra ba
w>^^
Why
first
have we put the
What
v^^
because Arabic, like other Semitic languages
:
read from right to
To show 10.
it
the order of the consonants in
is
Dad, Ra, Ba
9.
when
that
so that letter does not have a special final form.
What
is
/
\
at the
such a shape that it,
when it begins a word; when it is an Initial letter.
?
;
forms are usually elongated ones. ....?.....
over the ta
?
very occasionally written
letter
over which
sign
its initial
....v.....
i.e
,
with
.>
placed has no vowel adjacent letters
occur in Arahic.
i) ?
form
have seen
to
it is
Two sukuvs on
closes that syllahle.
Kaf and
becomes
ha ta
is this
name
Its
to
form.
I would not ordinarily he allowed
What
be
?
and therefore
5.
^
the use of su-kun (pronounced su-koon,
the Italian u It
ha in
and
isolated
What
when
ha
it
it.
the ha been shortened form
why has
But
It is
4.
O
the letter
v'p' how can
is
?
He-struck
The 3.
2.
is
represents our letter K, as in keep.
it j
item 2 above) that the separate form for
(in
Can
as an initial letter.
be shortened to
->"
as an initial
the isolated form for
?
Yes, certainly, and several others act similarly.
{He
wrote
She wrote In fh) 7.
The
we have Ta
Ka-ta-ba Ka-ta-bat
as a Final,
short connecting link
^zS
{a)
^xI-S
{hj
and also
as a Medial.
which unites
a
Medial form
predecessor should be noticed.
We
may
represent
it
thus
:
^J^
X,
2,
^
to its
:
— 8.
But are not medial ta and ba confusing dots over
9.
—
8
Is
it
and ha has one under
?
No
:
two
it.
any English word or name which
there
since ta has
will give us the
pronunciation of Ka-ta-ba?
Yes
;
take the word Canada. syllable, but not
first
not say Ca-nada, 10.
Are other
Yes
:
There
enough
still less
make
to
pronounced
is
liiie
strong consonant
(i)
2b.
—Translate
we
is,
however,
sounded with such a that
is,
write
it
fat-ha
the
and thus
a)
is
^^^
d). :
(2)
to
Arabic (from memory)
She-struck.
(3)
He-wrote.
(4)
She-wrote.
2.
And what
2. 3.
Write the names of these
4.
What combinations
(il N.B.
that
.?
v«^^
'
What What
1.
is
it
(Do not mix d with
like doraba.
He-struck.
Self Test
same way
Ca-na-da; there
;
do
Simply Canada.
— Read aloud from the right, and turn into English
- j and
in
the subject of a sentence, as
wrote a
will a
letter".
Man
is
in the
sentence,
man
noun take the tanwin fatha (over an
as, for
"A man
—The order
\XlS
wrote a book"
is
Read aloud and
Exercise
To
6b.
translate
(5)
(7)
She did not read a book
Self Test 1.
2.
When
is,
in the
;
,^lS
ra-ju-lun (2) first,
verb
kataba (1)
but the
Noun
put in the
is
correct by 6b.
Arabic, afterwards correcting by 6a.
wrote a book.
Has he written a book ? Did a man write a book
(3)
?
alif)
^\>-j
usually that of the Verb
Exercise 6a.
I
Its
example, "a book" in the following
may be placed first, for emphasis. (The Singular when it precedes its subject).
(i)
in the sentence
Nominative Case.
ki-ta-ban (3)
N.B.
is re
?
the Direct Object of the action of a verb, that
is
form
initial
form
the
is
is "^^^-j
Accusative Case,
10.
The
its final
noun take the tanwin cjamma
form therefore 9.
?
-
but pronounced hard
found
it >. is
77
17
(2)
a
book.
(6)
He has A man
(8)
Didst thou not strike a
(4) ?
She wrote
not struck a man.
read a book.
man
6.
How
can the Fat-ha become a long vowel } (6 3). is a Tanwin Fat-ha, and what letter always accompanies it with the Masculine noun (6: 6). In what case is a noun which has a Tanwin Fat-ha } (6 6), :
What
.?
3.
?
:
—
-
i8
Lesson 1.
Let us classify the characters met with, and a few others. Power
Separate
a
Final
Medial
I
)
I
Name
Initial
Alif
I
b
(^
4^
T
^ A
^-
to 12)
I
may be
is
r
1
placed to the
left
qi-ta-lun— battle, or fighting tJ^^
(2)
ki-ta-bun— book ^^[iS hook (accus
r
(3)
a-ka-la— to eat (he-ate) ^^
(4)
uk-lun— food
(5)
qa-ta-la— to
(6)
ra-ju-lun— a
(7)
da-ra-ba
(8)
ka-ta-ba
(9)
ra-ki-ba
of the unit
ma-li-kun— king dll^
A
U
qa-la-mun— pen
^1
kill
'
(he killed) ^jl5 ja-ma-lun— camel *^
man
J>.j
man
a
(accus-.)
>
J*V
^
"^o^j
— to strike (he struck)
:)\i[:>S
>
1.
:
7.
(1)
(10)
easily learnt
1
V
Observe that the "tens" figure figure, as in English! Vocabulary
-
the an sound (Note the alif here).
\
TanwinKasra
19
)
1
a book.
.?
a book.
9.
10.
11. 12.
Jr'j
v> — ^J
?
Thou (f) hast struck a man. Have I not eaten 1 Have you ridden a camel? I
have not ridden a camel.
-S.— Practise writing, transliterate, and then translate:
^V
?
°^^*»
—
jr'j
3^'
:
—
20
—
Lesson
8.
DEFIISITE ARTICLE. Has Arabic an
1.
Yes
Article
?
the Definite Article only,
:
or case in
itself,
prefixed.
It is
because
it is
a particle
which has no number, gender
noun
a part of the
composed of an
which
to
and a lam
alif
it is
Jl
Give an example
2.
ra-ju-lun, a
But
3.
What
The Tanwin Damma
1st.
are they
?
always does,
has disappeared. It cannot exist with the Article prefixed, since the tanwin
it
marks the
indefinite.
The lam has dropped its sound, but '"-. It has introduced a new sign
2nd. 3rd.
written obliquely.
What
is
Tashdid
not
its
form.
like a small
W only
the sign of Tashdid called Shadda-
It is ?
the act of doubling the pronunciation of the letter over
It is
which act of is
man
ar-ra-ju-Iu, the
the Article has introdaced three changes.
for
4
man
this sign is placed,
wheth er in_a verb or_a^ioun
doubling (or intensifying)
is
The
.
called tashdid, but the sign
called a shadda.
How
does this happen
way
In this
:
-
?
the shadda
suktin of the first of the
=
two
a sukun
letters
-J-
a vowel, that
is,
the
and the vowel of the second
coalesce together. In
5>-^
ra,
and
I
I^J 1
1
the Zam of Jl
then, secondly
—
j'
finally the
assimilates
we two
think of r's
itself, first it
of
all,
and pronounce
coalesce and
we
write
it
to the it
as
^>- }^
leaving the lam standing in writing, but marking the pronunciation
6.J
^
Do
by
--T.....
(Be sure to grasp this point).
these S changes always
take place
when
prefixed, viz., 1st.
The dropping The dropping of the sound
of the tanwin
2nd.
of the lam,
3rd.
Writing of the shadda
}
the Article ;
and
is
— No
only the
:
21
—
always takes place, whilst the 2nd and 3rd
1st
only occur before one-half of the Arabic 7^\
How many has
It
What
are the 14,
What
be given
we
Solar letters do
already
is
the Arabic for sun,
new
forms.
gives
reason that the are the
and
Sh,
S, of
name
and
of
full
letters
shams happens
fj>>^ sun
forms are
be of that
to
class.
?
:
Final
Medial
Initial
Name
S
i^^^
(_j-u
A4*
^Vi»
Sin
A
Sh
(^^
A "^
Shin
What
is
A
(_^
the middle letter in this
^^
word sun ?
Recapitulate the various forms of the * (Lesson
M 13.
and three
to the solar letters for the curious
last letters in
which the
A
12.
its
^j*»*-i
Separate
Power
#
^
^
^
7).
Mim
Give examples of words containing the Mim. JJ
?
Their
Ta
and contains two new
first letter
first
letters.
this?
It is
It
called
know ?
Ra
Dad
What new word
What
suiiiin,
later).
sham-sun
11.
al-kitdp, the book.
I
which receive a shadda but no
Lam 10.
other 14 have a
(The remaining 14 are called Lunar
letters.
will
The
Article.
upon the /aw, thus ^llSJ
names
?
so that the doubling shadda will be required over 14
sukiin
Solar
9.
has the Arabic Alphabet
them when prefixing the
of
8.
28,
letters
letters.
Qa-la-mun, a pen. 'i^l^* an
office,
study
Li^ camel.
:
22
14.
Learn the word for ''hea.d"ra'sun
by
make
sukftn but that does not
Also learn the verb "to break"
Read aloud and
Exercise 8a.
o>
i,:4"l
(l)
sun
(2) the sun
ra.
broke.
(r)
(v)
\j
up the English
er*-^ (^) u-*^ '
Uj o^>l
man.
a
Did
(6)
:
(0
SUj
(a)
Cr?
(8)
:
head it
(4)
the head;
the sun
(5)
ffemj strike a head?
Hast thou broken a pen
(7) ?
No
(9)
;
A
an eating, i. e. much) do) Have I broken No; thou hast not broken the pen. (12) The head. (13) Did the man break a pen at (in) the
ate food, (or
the pen?
man
"silenced"
'H^TcSf (u) jy. C
vir^ (^o
(femj struck it
'jS he
{i)o'h
I
is
the vowel long as in
translate, covering
Translate to Arabic
8b.
A
J
The hamza
Y^'i :i.y-ri (\ .) s^i jV: jH (^)
{\
fe
S^• Exercise
U:
(a)
;i.;;.rc V
(o) ^^1
I
t^-:>)
(j- \j
(ll)
struck a
office
?
(14)
No
;
he did not break the pen
(15)
A man
struck
a camel. Self Test (1)
(2)
8.
What is a Shadda ? (8:4). What change invariably accompanies Article to
(3)
How
is
any noun
(8
:
the prefixing of the
3).
the Article prefixed to a
word begining with a Solar
letter? (8: 6-8). (4)
Where
is
the tens figure in Nt In
a similar practice
?
(7
:
what language
4).
N.B.-^Please observe the following rules Cl)
Answer
(2)
Constantly
all
home revise.
exercises in writing.
is
there
—
23
—
Lesson How many How many
9.
letters are there in the
Arabic Alphabet
of them are Consonants (that
is letters
?
28.
which must
be accompanied by a vowel in order to be pronounced All of them
:
?
are sometimes used as
three of them, however,
"Letters of Prolongation". 3.
Which
are the three "Letters of Prolongation" (that
prolong vowels, making a short vowel into a long one The first one and the last two of the Alphabet.
III)
Separate
Medial
Final
is,
which
?
Mama
Initial
Wau Ya 4.
Why and
are these
Because
the
like a large
5.
wau has
Ya, easy ones to
damma
practically
remember
one form only
whilst the ya
;
two
diacritic points written like
below
j
it
is
the only letter with
is
Pronounce the name
it.
ou in house.
Are there only 3 vowels in Arabic ? There are also two diphthongs, one being ay, formed by fat-ha and ya, and the other au, formed by fat-ha and wau.
A
^
I
ay
like ai in
diphthong requires
paid
;
and jl
au, like ou in house.
sukun over the
a
"letter of prolongation."
Give examples of these Diphthongs. A> .*'
f \
>
>)
>>
{S
'»
"
'»
"
Learn
mwrsa^/wTi missionary.
^^y»
U by,
Exercise 9a.
li.
Exercise
words: uy*'j rasu-lun,
these
by me,
(J
bi,
To
English
aisurjuui9b.
i
To Arabic
A man
(4)
J
J
li,
li
to
to)
.—-'.
".'
^
apostle or messenggr,
(joined to the next word)
me.
(1) '^;J)v^') i'.(o) 'j^s*'
-^j' (o
:
(2)
An
apostle rode.
(3)
Did the apostle (messenger)
apostle (messenger) did not ride.
the bool^ with a pen
to,
:
wrote to me.
wrote a book.
homo-
is
it.
only lengthens
I
(i)
=
^>
each prolongs (only) the vowel that
;
geneous (akin) to
->
and
;
these three letters of prolongation lengthen any preceding
vowel
11.
bay
:
?
(6)
A
missionary
ride.?
Didst thou
(5)
(fern.)
The write
-
-
25
Leseon 10. SOLAR & LUNAR LETTERS. 1.
2.
Into
what two equal classes are Arabic
The
Solars and the Lunars.
Why
are they so
Only because solar
In
(
first letter in
the
Qamar-un
what way
is
a Solar letter
The sound
Lam :
ash-sham-su
^-^*
-'^
article
sun
^ •^a
sham-sun
LT*'^
to
first
a
letter
words beginning with a
article
its
moon
-11
^
qa-ma-ru
there any
the
falls
be
to
5).
''*^\\
do we prefix the
The moon Is
sun happens
of the al coalesces into the sound of
Lunar letter? By giving the lam takes a sukun).
5.
^^^
?
of the
>
al
10).
j^9
)
The sun
How
:
the Article prefixed to words beginning with
the solar letter (see 8
4.
(see 8
?
?
8— lo).
:
whilst in the other class
letter
for 7noon
named
divided
letters
(Revise 8
value
full
>>
(i.e.
the
\
qa-ma-run ^
way
reason for this different
Lunar letter ? Lunar letters are of such
of prefixing the
article to the
Yes
:
the
require
lu/v4 a nature, that
is
to
say they
such a shaping of the channel of utterance, that the
enunciation of the
Lam
in the article is helpful in re-adjusting
the organs of utterance in preparation for the lunar letters.
al-qa-ma-ru easy
is
3\-shani-s\i -o„„„.-.. IS never found
But
is 6.
What
is
the
\t^
is
/
-^
a
«|
«
1
>
I J
"-^
|>
^^
. .*^'^
easier to pronounce
other reason for this difference in prefixing the
Article to Solars
The Lam
1
>^
ash-sAam-su
While
'/T *
and Lunars
;
i.e.
what about the (lingual)
Lingual, and therefore
fellow tongue-forme(J letters
;
it
solars?
easily coalesces with
^
t*^ .^A^i
^
'^
dad
and with
§ad
(j^
this
///
is
;
it
On
the sharp th of the it
more
gives a broad sound to
its
like
s»
(t,
etc.,
th)
:
etc.
word "think", or "thousand", which is The sad is a very strong 5 almost like
dM does).
vowel, as
Lam
hand the lingual
the other
sin (j^
{J^
O
ta
JIj
sometimes lisped making ss
shin
Dental (or teeth-formed) letters
its allied
tha (Note that
^
-
26
cannot coalesce with
Lunars, for they consist of Gutturals, Labials and Palatals, and the shaping of the channel of utterance by throat, lips and palate forbids such coalescence. 7.
What It is
8.
is
the
What
the
new
Fa and
9.
In
Fa
like in
like the Qaf,
As
a
when
To form the
the letter (^
(^
bi
= by me
a
Diphthong
What 3rd.
is
li
(J
more curved.
3
Fa
be used
?
its
f
homogeneous
= to me. a
after
heterogeneous
another
way
in
=
a sword
which a Ya
At the end of a word,
if it is
is
used
?
preceded by a fatha,
without dots and, being pronounced exactly like an Alif,
Alifrhaqsura which means ''shortened in
Lesson
17,
vowel
takes a Sukiin saif-un
10.
is
Letter of Prolongation following
vowel kasra ^^ 2nd.
?
?
A
how many ways can
1st.
form
which however,
CJl
CJ
= sword
saif
corresponds to our F.
letter is the
Somewhat
daughter
AliJ
or 'wff"e I'^^'A^
^
name
^
,
^*J
son
two(fem.) jlVin
two
J* J (m.)
jlj^J
N.B. In our vocabularies and in many places (but not in full reading exercises) shall also, as soon as we may drop the grammatical tanwin un.
We
possible, dispense loith transliteration,
II.
Note that
l
father has not a wa§la.
before the pron-affix. U^>
'
A
missing
her father, ^y,
'
j
is
supplied
thy father.
)
— 12.
when accurring
J'}
of
Omar, omits
its
in
Ahmad
genealogies, as
alif,
To English
Exercise 15a.
39
thus
j*.^ u*.
5*1
J
(v)
SiU'^W
(a)
t;;r^oKt
(w)
^ of ^; ^
(r)
Y>C\{i
(0)
>
(^)
Have they
(2)
We
(3)
Have you (f.) a
sister
(4)
Have
?
(5)
She has (To-her
(6)
Have you
(7)
They
(8)
We
(9)
The King's name.
(10)
She
(it)
He
(12) Is
Self Test (1) (2)
a
have a son.
I
a sister
(m.)
have
ate
(m.)
'kl
:
(1)
not
. ^
i^J^J
41. To Arabic
"''^^
(j*.
:
^J^dAi^y,!
Exercise 15b.
son of Zaid, son
son (whether not to them a son (To-us [there
is]
a son).
.?
(To me
[is
there] a sister)
[there is] a father
a
?
?
and mother,
king?
have a king and a prince. an
emperor.
with her mother.
took her with him.
your son with you
(f.) ?
15.
Write out the Singular and Plural Pronominal
What
is
the difference between the
Affixes. (15:4)
first letters
of v' and j\
— Lesson I.
16.
—
40
revision of characters.
Let us learn the whole Alphabet Translit:
Detached
m order.
Final
It '
b
^
Also vowels, signs,
Medial t^
1 '
^"f-
Hamza
{^^
C.^
^*
^
O
C-v
X
J
Ta
ttj
(J^
^
*
Tha
(or g)
^ ^ ^
"^'
•''"^
(or hh)
7-
rc
^C
>-
Ha
kh
r-
rc
:7C
>-
Kha
d
(>
tX
t>
iX
Dal
^ ^
J J
J
J J
Ra
t
th
J
Ij
u sh
J
AAA
L^ L^ L^ LJ^
Ba
*
Zain
Sin
A
etc.
Name
Initial
^,
^
''^^^
^^^
ohin
1^^'^)
§(orss)
(_jO
(^^
^'
^
d(ordd)
i_>
(^
^
i>
t(ortt)
J?
Ja
la
]?
Taw
z(or2;h)
J?
Ji
li
j?
Zhaw
gaj^
—
—
41
5t
St
P
P
^
X
C*
f
Li
C-i
A
S
Fa
q
l3
^3
A
S
Qof
k
Ci)
td
C
r
Kaf
lJ
(Jl
i
]
Lam
^
^
^
Mim
-^
^
^
*
*
•
g\i (or
ghr)
1
m
M
O O
n
h
w
2.
Give
^/ze
Ain Ghaiii
^""
l^
VA
^
A
^
Ai
^^
^
Wau
^)
^l
^l
^
^?r Alif
Ha
vowels and diphthongs.
Damma
Tanwin Damma
Long
u
Long
a
LQ^g
i
j '
Tanwin Fat-ha
Tanwin Kasra Diphthongs 3.
0^/ier
82(7715.
Madda Wa§la
(one
:
—
Fat-ha
I
..,.1...
'y
""^'""Kasra ai (5
Hamza
;
ao
(full
^
j
powers of consonant)
alif written across)
(for linking
i
*"
I
^
words)
Siiadda (for doubling or strengthening)
-
Sukun
•
(rest or silence) also called
Jasfma
— 4.
The Figures
t
r
1
M
sr
>>
>^r
—
:
V
A
42
\\
>
n u
)
Note the curious fact that numbers run from
left to right as in
Enghsh c.f. 1917, > ^ \ V N ^ Y S. 1921, The mwi erica! order and values of the alphabet :
>v
;
(i.e.
the use of
the Arabic consonants as figures) will be found at the end of
our course.
is
It
withheld from the student at
avoid distracting attention. the
Hebrew names
the
119^^
7-
Which
(S
stage to
But those
of the letters forming the sub-headings of
Psalm (English
characters
this
who wish may compare
^ T
Bible) with
J 3
^ ^
77
this order
^
of
Arabic
^
are the six letters which cannot be joined to the letters
following them.? Medial,
Initial,
Medial,
Initial,
Final.
Separate.
Final.
Separate.
I
I
J To
these
has the
we may add
alif
Vocabulary
Day
the double letter lam-alif, which always
written athwart the lam. 16.
Memorise
iyaum)
carefully.
^^>
(ddr)
religion or,
judgment
Islam
I
(sa-ldm)
Peace Vizier,
abode
51
^^^
i.e.,
Minister
(loazir)
Egypt
(
Misr )
j-AA
letter, epistle
(risnfa)
J
not the t-sound sometimes heard
Yes, when. the word
also •
%
^-^r'' J'^'
J'^J' J*'
p^\ ^'
The
Nom-
by Oblique Case, as shewn by the kasra.
•
SS/ j *
•
OJ^^ J^
I
> ^
-sols.
Suppose the consequent It
a Proper
is
take no article unless
will
Noun
?
be one of those few names
it
e
possessing
already
^ V,
the
^^
3re often nunated as
so
(then
(Lesson 52
^^j} c-jCj
as
article
:
8)
^
w»uS
upon
They broke
The sun I
its
case,
upon
i.e.
its
=
Its
?
J^J J^j"
c/*^
'^^*\\ "C''
May
head
One
?
'
noun be
Certainly
:
struck one of the king's children.
I
wrote to one of the king's children.
the
(at
same
^ >j
4l-.*A)i
of a
man"
time) the
-So.
Noun
1
J>-
'
-^^
1
J
^^.JJ^Jlj
must the student avoid ;
name
^3
^*'J'
That of "thinking English" resulting
of "the
^^^
V->-^ r^^^"^"
here are four examples.
wil,*)!
We went to the house of the tribe's chie^
article to the antecedent of a
'
diUi ^Vjl-i^i
I
error
t**
j ^j^^Js\ Z^^j^a J*
of the king's children.
What common
^
A
J.
?
in the prefixing of the
in Construction.
but of "a man's
^\ x^
'
name"
U-j
Think not
^\
I/.
Note the names of mts
y=
51
— Wales, Pennines,
etc. in
etc.
In
Bettws-y-Coed, Bwlch-y-Deufan, Pen-y-Gant;
Jl c.f.
To English
Exercise 19a.
9m
Welsh etc.
:
CX 1^
^^
jj')V\aCj-^\\ (v
}o^
"i
^ ^
dlufiCj
To Arabic
Exercise 19h.
(s.
:
1.
The-day-of-judgment.
2.
The-abode-of-peace
3.
The Emperor's
4.
The-Sultan-of-Egypt.
5.
The-gold-of-the-Vizier (the Vizier's gold).
6.
The-religion-of-Islam (Mohammedanism).
7.
Hast thou (m) taken the
8.
Hast thou (m) eaten the king's bread
9.
No
;
I
The King's
11.
Did you go
12.
I
jSI.B.
Dar-es-Salam
vizier's
pen
?
1
it.
letter.
to the
to
Dar-es-Salam
.?
Sheikh's mountain (Hermon).
Memorise the examples found to
(E. Africa).
son.
have not eaten
10.
went
;
in this lesson if possible.
Arabic what the pons asinorum (Euclid
1:5) is to
It is
Geometry.
—
-
52
Lesson 20.
EXERCISE IN TRANSLITERATION. A. Arabic to B.
Roman
Roman
(Transliterate Ex. i8. A.)
characters.
characters back to Arabic.
Correct by
EXAMINATION PAPER To
20.
be answered without assistance, and sent up for correction. (Give student's name, address and number.)
Translate to English
A.
?o-'
:
cUll
(v)
ys^p-j^!
(a)
^I^IaIIaij^ju
J
^11
(e)
>i:l
oi-|
'^
:
the prince a city
J
(r)
%
Translate to Arabic
41)
^
jlkl'^
B.
A.
a wasla
?
t
—
-
53
Lesson
EAR EXERCISE.
EYE, VOICE & 1.
How
is
word
the
a)
pronounced
^
ildhun in reading or
It is
21.
il
ah
speaking, and means a god or
in
—
form %\'S^
(v)
fdUiljuliU
(a)
"Ij
— To Arabic
Exercise 22b.
-
57
:
1.
Has
2.
Yes, he has a daughter.
3.
Has he
4.
Did the Prince's daughter open the door
5.
No, but the
6.
Did they open
7.
Did the Sheikh's children
8.
Why
9.
Where
the Prince a daughter
a son
;
he has no son.
woman opened
[is]
kill
it.
the Prince's son
?
?
the prince's daughter [is]
?
it.
Yes; they opened
it ?
did they do that
His daughter
10.
No
?
?
1
with her mother.
SOME Useful Adverbs, Etc.
d
when
i]i>
when
here there
where
?
where
how
^e// 1.
.?
T'^sf
What to
do
(interrog:)
a'
Paper
:
'^
:)
is
then {conj:)
also,
6 r iS.
again
made
of the
radicals of the root
4).
from memoiy ^ni Singular and Plural.
2.
Write
3.
Similarly L>^i? (18:
out,
(conj:)
S*
22.
special use (22
(interr:)
very, (much)
(relative)
(interr
?
l)
(22:3)
\m\
:
:
58
Lesson 23.
NOUNS OF AGENT AND OBJECT. I.
How many
Parts of Speech are there in Arabic
Three.
?
o
2.
What
The Verb
J->ll
al-fil
The Noun
IS
al-ism
The
Particle
can
/*^i
includes
sp
al-harf
(ism) the Arabic Noun, include
?
Substantive, Adjective, Numeral, Personal, Demonstrative and Relative Pronoun, and Participle.
It
3.
How many 1st.
the
Classes of Participles are there
The Noun
pronounced 2n.
The Noun
is-mul-fa*il
Give examples of one-whc-strikes i.e.
ul
^
:
>u
fa-'il
one-who-kills
one-who-writes
:
a writer, clerk
one-who-d wells an inhabitant
\
:
to
j
one-silent silent {Adj.)
J
to kill
ka-tib
tjir
to write
sa-kin
D^i'-
to dwell
come, be present
1
si-kit
to
Noun
that each
of
alif after the fa
be
What do we
Agent
is
silent
observe?
3 s.m.)
and placing a kasra under the
word. Using the form J*>
we say
:
—
(
§ 3
)
in Ism-ul-fa'il
by adding 'ain
The verb forms
(Noun of Agent) upon the form UU. This
Tyord used above
-:
"bonhomme")
a good (pious)
(Words not expressed
is
[am] a murderer
dwelling
[art]
The man
or, I
;
'
difficulty,
form of speech.
the-one-who-is-writing, but
can also be read simply "writing" or
I
?
^-*
C^>
w^^U ^>-J
man
'
\
H^^^ J^J^T
Arabic are put into square brackets; those in round
brackets are explanatory words.) 7.
What The
of the adjective in the last example
rule of Syntax concerning Adjectives is
follows
Substantive
its
case, being defined
tanwin 8.
9
?
if it
and
by
J^
is
No;
(in Arabic) to the
Present only.
Important Rule of Syntax: used
in
a sentence,
it
we
In the past
When any
causes the predicate
The man was honourable
Examples:
The woman was honourable
Thou wast near was
They had bread ( = there was bread is
Subject here, not Predicate.
^.
'-^-•i
to
them)
is
cjamma
^ ^ ^Ul ^y \{j
to the village
one
j^ j ^^
•*
far (off)
N.B. "Bread"
(if
^^i^r* *'^*'' •
jO
use
its
^^^j^
^
?
part of the verb
expressed) to take fat-ha, while the subject retains
I
or receiving
is,
does.
this
is
substantive
its
omission of the Copula apply to the Past Tense
Does
jo
same gender, number and
of the
when
The Adjective
:
^
->.
.
»
JU'O ^
•
^
Z^'^S
Z^S >\
^t
O^ '.
)
-63 ^X^
The word
10.
when
means
literally
it
feminine form of the verb, but when
Word") which as in
Home
Masculine, then
is
Exercise 25
on page
c,
means LOGOS ("THE
it
may
it
"a word," takes a
take the Masculine,
65.
Self Test 24. 1.
Write out (from memory) the Past Tense of
2.
What happens
Vocabulary
to the
9'
j^i
^p-i^
owner, sahib
To English
Exercise 24a.
J^VjT^'^
:
3).
6).
Jikj
The queen
J^
glory,
O men.
thanks, shukr
J^^
^^^^^jA)l
(r)
,'c>:.°!fLX>
(e)
:
(
I
'\
is.)
To Arabic
Exercise 24b.
majd
generous
(a)
>.?A!'kjl
)
(24
:
(v)
c>I
^ ll5^
Jj^j 4S
( I
Arabic?
in
(24
24.
Jesus, Yasuhi
4A)I
copula "is"
o^
[is]
J^^^>
:
good
(
2
)
God
(
3
)
The
lesson
[is]
(4)
The
writer
is
(
5
)
[Is]
(
6
)
Jesus
(
7
)
Where have you
(or, a
good
one).
generous.
[is]
understood.
[well]
known.
The-owner-of'the-book famous the
is
(3)
We were
(9)
Glory
(10)
Thanks
Son
(or,
[be] to
of
?
God.
been,
O men
?
have-been) with God's Apostle (messenger).
God.
to the prince.
I
-
64
-
Lesson 25. personal pronouns. 1.
What
word
the Arabic
is
for a Personal
Dainir which forms
>)>J?
its
plural
Pronoun
Remember
j\c^
Pronouns and Adjectives are treated as Nouns 2.
?
that all
in Arabic.
What
is
They
are generally called "Separate" or ''separable" Pronouns,
the case of the Personal Pronouns
because they stand
alone
?
separate
as
These
words.
are
Nominative Case, being Subject of the sentence. 3.
Give the Separate Pronouns.
\
a' r' Ci
'c/4.
Memorise, reading the
Roman
transliteration
(Ana is pronounced ana, not huwa, hiya Pronouns
right
Singula?'
from
to
left
ana).
— anta, anti — ana.
:
huma, antuma. Dual Pronoutis Plural Pronouns hum, hunna antum, antunna nahnu. How do we express the Accusative and Genitive Cases ? By the use of the Pronominal affix (See Lesson 14 and 18 :
5.
—
—
:
:
6.
Two
Interrogative
^^ and
Pronouns may well be learned here these are :
Each
i^.
is
of suitable number.
Exs:
Who
art
usually followed by a personal pronoun
(Revise here 24
:
7.
is
What
is
What
is
What
is
6)
thou? •
Who
5)
.#
the writer?
thy
name
?
the chief purpose of
man
the origin of the universe
The word
j'^^i
(fem.
-^J^^J)
expression "so-and-so".
is
As an
^.
?
?
used as the equivalent of our Adj.
^^
may be
used.
-
65
-
EXAM. PAPER
25.
(To be sent up for correction).
A. To English
j9.
To ^m6/r. 1.
C.
She
is
a
good
(pious)
was near my
woman.
village.
2.
I
3.
My
4.
You
5.
Did you know the murderer and the victim
6.
Where
village
is
near the town.
are a nice ("hail-fellow-well-met")
is
my
book
(J^J^'^*'* O''^
?
?
Explain the difference between
v^j;^
man.
Why
»*i^*
J*"
J'
O^
and
the difference in the case of ^^
Exercise 25c.
(Correct at home).
Exercise 25d.
Translate to Arabic
St.
John
I
:
I, 2.
-^
-
66 --
Lesson 26, pjlkH 1.
What
two chief divisions of tense-forms
are the
The Past and
the
And
Present-future.
Arabic
in
?
whilst Past tense-
forms can be used for any past action, whether represented in English by Simple Past (Preterite) Tense or by "Perfect" Tense, can be used both for an action
the Future tense-forms to
be performed
in the future
(i.e.,
still
our English Future Tense);
and for an action already in progress and continuing into the future (that
And
is
English Preseiif Tense).
to say our
so the Arabic Future forms
we
will designate as "Present-
Future." As a rule the Arabic "Present- Future" form expresses a Present
Tense, and
employed
prefix will be call this the
for 2.
it is its
we
shall see,
that an additional
later,
to represent a
Future Tense.
But the absolutely sure
Imperfect Tense.
Al-MuMri'u
original Arabic one,
jV^^I
^
Give the Present- Future Forms (Singular) of the Model-form.
He
do
will
She
will
Thou
do
(m.) wilt
do
yaf-*a-lu
0-i
3
m
taf-'a-lu
'y^
3
f.
2 m.
taf-'a-lu ^
Thou
(f.)
will
do
I 3.
f*
Some name
What do we
wilt
do
taf-*a-li-na
notice here
Tense, they come before to
say,
it
is
atives";
atives."
an
affix
I
in
Present-Future forms. finished
is its
the verb root
and p
verb form
:
ist
Past
That
places the
whilst the action
not in the past but in the future (or continuing from
present into future) places form.
follow
in the
which
formative person-mark after that
3^1
f.
}
That whilst the person-forms
is
2
af-'a-lu
the action
^
its
person-mark before the
full
verb
may thus be called "AfformFuture (and Present-Future) may be called "Preform-
Past Tense person-marks
(It
should be noted, however, that
as well as a prefix).
in taf^alina there is
4.
Give the Singular of
We He
67
^Ull
of ^^»
to
hinder or prohibit.
follow the Model-form J.i, J«> precisely. (does or) will prohibit
yam-na- u
3
m.
tam-na- u
3
f.
*:U
2
m.
t^uJLi:
2
f.
She
„
Thou
(m.) dost or wilt prohibit
tam-na-*u
Thou
(f.)
tam-na-'ina
M
»>
»»
»>
>>
\
•
I
5.
Mention a few verbs for conjugating on to gather
;»*k
«>-
to
open
to raise
»* j*
»• j
to
go
r^^
r^
to praise
6.
Why
the past
r
am-na- u
(do) or will prohibit
model.
this exact
to appoint
'jjii
and present-future side by side
J*>.
That
?
plan followed in the dictionary, and the student
is
is
the
from now
henceforth to take a separate page in his vocabulary note-
book for every variation of the type-root as a
new
"form", and every
new
root
J*ii^
J*i that
we
give
must be entered thus
:
$J^^'
Meaning
^"•' to raise
open
to
to ask
What
U is
is
^' "
J
is
his
name
?
\-
1^1"^
and
U (Intern)
?
before a verb. Examples
What
hinders
?
^ ^iU
:
—
68
SOME ADVERBIAL PREPOSITIONS. N.B.
— These are really (Antecedent) Construct Nouns in Accusative Cose. consequent
is,
between., with,
at...
^y
behind...
above...
behind...
beneath..
before...
in front of...
J»>
after...
The
of course, in the Genitive.
Jls-
\Ka
\
But when they are used as Adverbs, not Prepositions, and stand alone, then the final vowel of most of
where
(reL adv.)
them
damma
below
j^*>
To English
Exercise 26a.
is
(adv.)
J^V
,Jy
t^.Jl^i'
(v)
;oji'^y
(r)
jt ;>;*Jir
(a)
y:::.3>t0l
(r)
'di^i'JiC
(t)
cib.,
o>:)Vl 'oi"
To Arabic
Exercise 26b,
(w) :
1.
He opens
2.
The queen
3.
Entrance
[is]
5.
What What
the hindrance
6
The boy
7.
I
8.
Thou
(f.)
9.
Why
do you
10.
(adv.)
:
Of.
4.
above
am
the door (gate) in front of the house. raises the sword.
forbidden.
hinders you? [is]
(youth)
going
Under
(or,
I
[is]
.-'
praised (commended).
go) to
my
house.
goest to thy house. (f.s.)
the earth.
not open the door
?
:
—
09
-
Lesson 27,
DVAL AND PLURAL. Give the
2.
rest of
of J^Aj^
^ jl^ll
Plural
Dual
^
—
Ox"
JaJ Singular
'>i
Give the transliteration of the Dual S.m.
yaf-'a-ldmj
S.f.
:
2.m.
taf-'a-ldny
i:
f.
Note
taf-'a-ldny.
The
the resemblance between 3rd Feminine, and 2nd person.
2nd Dual
(
like 1st Singular
and Plural
)
is
Common
to both
Masc. and Fem. 3.
Transliterate the Plural 2.m. taf-'a-luna
4.
af-'a-lu
6.
taf-'al-na
2.f.
1.
Note
If
:
;
:
I
naf-'a-lu
shall do.
we
:
shall do.
(with two exceptions),
(l)
the third person uses
(2)
the second person uses J throughout,
(3)
the difference between m.
in
Arabic there
verb preceding subject
yaf-'al-na
he will do.
:
the verb precedes
No
S.f.
naf-'a-lu.
Note the similarity of the three following yaf-'a-lu
5.
S.m. yaf-'a-liina
:
is
its
.>
&
its
subject does
is
an important
subject
quite near to
may it)
it
f.
pi.
(both in 3rd
take the plural,
&
2nd).
etc.
}
RULE OF SYNTAX: A
be inflected for gender
(if
the
but takes Singular number only.
Learn these examples by heart
The women went
out
The
pupils study
The
girl-pupils study
-ll^lll
Z^of^
)
-
70
>
The
Do
girls
they
attend (go to) the school
(f)
understand the meaning
of their lessons
?
They do not understand
their (its)
meaning.
Write out ^>-
7.
to collect, in full
:
.-.^
*^^
Ov^-*^ ^
^e
cr' .9e//
Tes^ 27. (1)
Write out the Plural of
(2)
Write some examples
V-J^^
(27
:
7).
of the Rule of
Syntax
{ij
:
6).
Exercise 27a. -
dU^ji r*l:.;
V,, dll
G
bljf '^»Vrl
;
_-^
0^
(^) ( ^
at" Exercise 27h. of
(3).
When they see us, we will go to them. They (f.) write a book and are ignorant Then they (f.) praise their work
(4).
We will
that.
(5).
How
(6).
I
will collect their books, all of them.
(7).
I
know
(8).
We
(9).
Do
(l).
(2).
(Sing.
(10).
its
meaning.
!
prevent them
(f.)
wilt thou prevent
all
my
from [doing]
them
(f.) }
lessons.
will ask thee
(f.)
about thy lessons.
the girls understand their (its) meaning.? Fern, pronoun to represent the Broken Plural of inanimate
The
girls [do]
understand their meaning.
object)
^
— -
-
71
Lesson 28,— future. 1.
How may we To
distinguish Future
Time
Tense
the ordinary Present-Future
one of two prefixes
:
?
either the letter
(
(j*-
al-mudari*
2.
cJ>^**
It
L>j-*
mean
or the separate
;
may
be paraphrased as "soon."
probably abbreviated from the old word ^ c-3^^
5.
is
?
denotes "in the future," and
now denotes 3.
prefix
saufa.
What do (^ and
^
we
with fatha, which
a prefix only and forms a part of the verb
word
)
abrogate (supersede a law)
•
—
72
to
make (manufacture)
to
pardon (forgive)
to
overcome
c^.
cr-
to intercede
be useful to
to
6.
Apply the Forms of Lesson 23 This
quite
is
feasible to the student, but
formed may be
"artificial,"
propose
therefore,
to
common
show how
modern use of
and not heard
indicate
to
expressions in quite
meaning
to these verbs.
it
We
in actual use
most
several
use.
some words thus
useful
:
we
actual
give the etymological
was derived, but also the technical
the word.
Noun Modern meaning
Etymologically
of
A. or Obj.
Verb ^
victorious city "
(the word "the corrupted to CAIRO)
a chapter or verse which super
sedes (a former one) a verse
•',*(;
an-overcomer
a victor
4>T
abrogated (by a
y
the-one-over-
coming
(f)
abrogating A>
later
•
abrogated
c.-'
one)
^^
a maker, manufacturer
manufactured
(artificial)
manufactures
(reg. fern, plu.)
a magician, a sorcerer a person
Z^
bewitched
e
one-making thing-made things-made
Olc^l^>«
C"
a-charmer
>-
one-charmed
"f^
useful, beneficial
benefitting
thing-sown, crop
sown
-^
t/yy
V'
—
—
73
Vocabulary 28. .
A^U-
to hear
— :>C^
coming
an hour P/. of
Juc-
(Look
Exercise 28a. ears," will
in
Lesson
dlJt yJ.>Sj,
SiftU Ju.
U r^,^ J
•5
come
I
li
I
i' VI j/dl;j i
(0)
Exercise 29h. (1)
(2) (3)
Why
do they not ask him? They do not look at me. They (two) do not know [the teacher,
(4) (5)
[prayer.
The pious woman offers Where hast thou (f)been
(6)1 was dwelling (f) in Cairo. 7 ) Is the man pious (good) ? (8 ) Tiie man was good. (9) They (two) hear and do (
nothing (not a thing). ?
(10) They sow and
(but) do not reap.
"
-76Lesson 30. SUBJUNCTIVE. I.
Revise the Introduction
we know when
to the
c-)^^:ll
Moods
in
Lesson
How may
28.
verb as "Man§iib" (Subjunctive)
to write the
?
There are certain particles which affect the verb in this particular manner. A very full list of particles with their governing
The following nine Sub-
actions will be studied later on.
junctive particles are to be memorised now. Meaning
Action
Particle (
Present-Future, takes subjunctive after
ji
to (that)
order to
»»
»>
»»
»>
>»
in
»»
>»
'»»
»»
>»
»>
M
l>
>>
f'
>»
>>
M
>>
>»
t>
Subjunctive but distinctly future negative
not
Subjunctive but with negative force
in
Subjunctive
=
Answers the Subjunctive 2.
it
*^
jl J
particle
d\
'S J v^^
(in future)
b'
i'Si
order not
lest
"
What
if
6i>
in that case
?
^^ = j i^J^?-
until
Give particular examples of their use. (a)
ji
is
the
word which can be paraphrased "that"
has the meaning of desire to do
"to".
It
Learn
this
phrase ^^-^J. u'
may go)L^*il jl to visit (b)
-X;jl "I
you" (= that
^1
means
I
-^^J^
(or,
doing) an action.
(he wishes to go,
wish to go"; ^j^j^
visit you).
or simply
i.e.
J^\j^
that he
"I
wish
Note the paraphrase.
"not," but in the future.
The
present "not"
is
V
which has no influence upon the Present Future. ^•-^>^j'^ w^*-^> >'
^Jj^
=
J'
>
=
He
does
not,
j' 0^^»
i
and he
=
it
will not
will
not
go
in the future".
happen
that...
—
—
77
-
Another example Jt^*^ ^3^- o' ^^® miser ^
:
(c)
J and
and
are both parts of ^^^j
^J
^1
(Palmer gives ^^
yi-l "that
will never
be
liberal.
affect the verb alike.
God may pardon
thee": but this
must be distinguished from lam-ul-amr, the lam of command See Less: 32
Let
:
4— which
God pardon
order to visit you. (d) ^1^ (lest) is
^1 w^r^*-
thee)i3;^jl
When
these particlesare used
compounded
^
of
'
J and
the verb in the Subjunctive, while the (e)
The
six or seven only
first
Conjugate j-S
3,
l>^
or -^J*yj\
'
that he
may
dll
negates
it.
are important (at this stage).
eat (as in
^3
j
L
I
S^^y )
yi-jija-ji .y\^
4.
ir
jl
I^K
^KlTjIjrirjl
irjl
Compare the Indicative in Lesson 26. What do we observe (a) Change of (Jamma case-vowel to fatha, in all the singulars but one, and in the first person plural, (b) The rejection of the .''
U and j
in
2nd Sing. Fem. and
and 3rd Masc. genders (c)
The
etc.
Plural.
are
retention of the
J
be found that
will
It
sufficiently
in all the duals,
and the 2nd numbers,
the
indicated without the nun.
in 3rd
and 2nd Fem.
PI.,
as being
absolutely necessary to distinguish the gender. 5.
For further ^
9 %
practice, he wishes that he
;^o^ol
•^e^
^ ^i y
^2^Uir jl I^Uir jl
of J*A»* jl
^
X-
e^
may do
ot^^o^o^
%ir
of jl
-^X ^o^of
J^J^^o'
^ , 9 ^
^*ir .
t
%
jt J*ir jl ^0 J
• ^
6.
Examples of It
good
is
s-^*->
U
'
78
-
the paraphrase of
for
M
j
^^^ij jl '^1
:
I
you that we go (= Our going
j:^>-
It is
good
for
me
to go.
is
(for
good
me
to
'^j\.^
for you).
go
=
that
e
I
go
= my
going).
This word
(
equivalent for "thank you"
^^>\^ is the
^ j\J>^^jS
"
word used
May [God]
in the
increase
thy good"). 7.
Always use J order to"
(eat), or
Self Test 30. l^^Air
^
(f)
(30
:
^^J
or
as in "Vf
'
G^
Ssj
^i*-
express " in
to
"for the purpose of " (eating).
What
is
the difference between
(See i^:*-^'
2.c.)
jl
and
6, 7).
Exercise 30a.
^^
'J-^^ $;i
^
l/ji=='^_
^;!
-^'
J V/;^_
B.
ro AraUc
30.
V
^^\^]| j^'^*J^
jT>!l
(a)
:
order] that the writer
(1)
[In
(2)
The charmer (magician)
(f)
may
write her name.
will fascinate
(charm) the queen
of Egypt.
wish to know the name of a hook, please.
(3)
I
(4)
The "People
(5)
Do your
(6)
I
(7)
This
(8)
The miser
(9)
They have gone
(10)
wish to
Thou
is
of the Scripture" are in Egypt.
children go to school
(fern, pi.)
visit
you
(sing:) continually.
from the favour of
art
Answer
my
Lord.
will never be liberal. to (in order to) eat.
from Egypt, we are from the tribe of Quraish,
and they are from Al-Hind C.
?
these questions
(India).
^^^-^^
:
(1)
State the rule for formin g the
(2)
Form
botti
Noun
of Object (Pass. Part).
-y
Active and Passive Participles (giving) their
meaning) from the verbs
;«*^
7^->
^»
s
:
—
—
80
Lesson *'Eyc, Voice,
:
31.
Ear"
Exercise.
Memorise one or two sentences at then keep up the whole. Sentences I 4 are the opening ones of the Quran, 5 and 6 the **Creed".
Rules as before (see Lesson a time, day by day
2l).
—
;
4JOI
Exercise Sib. 1.
2.
In the
To Arabic name of God,
J^-J A*^^
:
the Compassionate, the Merciful
Praise [be] to God, the Lord of the Worlds
4.
The Compassionate, the Merciful The Owner (Ruler) of the Day of Judgment.
5.
I
6.
And Mohammed
3.
—A
bear witness that [there [is]
is]
:
no Deity but God.
the Apostle of God.
7.
I
believe (have believed) in
8.
I
believe (have believed) in
God alone. God and His
Apostles, and His
Scriptures. 9.
10.
Hast thou read Chapter "The Opening One" 1 Yes, I have. there found in Chapter "The Cow" an abrogater and an abrogated [verse].? God knows {lit. God is more-knowing).
Is
,
-
8l
—
ADVERBIAL PHRASES. Had
jcT
been
it
Except for (had not)
^
Of thy favour (plr^ase) cUU^ki
^1
Of
S*^
his favour
^^i
For ever (after neg. never)
i
J)
Instead
I
Continually
In spite of
Immediately »v5j
Exactly
/Ja«)
ill
...
For example
Sfc>
Sometimes
Lesson 32. 1.
of...
/•^j^l
Revise the Introduction to Moods in Lesson "
Mood
It is
let
of
that
them
Command "
or Jussive
It
— " Let him go
generally has the particle
the
J
her go
let
!
it.
This lam takes kasra, and the verb
apocopated,
(i.e.
the
in the
!
of the Jussive
prefixed to
nun rejected)
is
?
which expresses the idea go!.''
What
29.
2nd Sing.
is
then
Fern., all the
Duals, and the 2nd and 3rd Masc. Plural. 2.
Why
Plural also
Because 3.
retention
What happens is
off
from the 3rd and 2nd Feminine
.?
its
The vowel
4.
nun not cut
the
is
there
is
no nun, as
in 3rd
masc. sing.
majzum
or
marked by jazma
(29
:
4).
Give the 3rd Person Sing, Dual and Plural of
Mood
of
N.B. they
(f)
I
go
let
!
must go
!
LauJ
.."ifciJ
them go
"let," in this case, (f)
this Jussive or
Command.
{J^AX^ Let them
.'*
then replaced by sukun, or jazma, and the verb
is
said to be
if
necessary to show the gender.
is
let
!
them
(2)
v^JLI
(^Jifci:!
go
let
her go
!
let
him go
I
has almost the meaning of "must",
they must go
!
they
(2)
must go
1
she must go
!
he must go
I
82 5-
This lam, called in Arabic "lam-ul-amr"
mand, usually takes kasra (we But suppose
it is
said)
the lam of
i.e.
com-
and apocopates the verb.
preceded by Li (then or ther efore)
1 ? a ^
It
may then be marked by
sukun, thus
A'oife.— Carefully distinguish
"in order to", 6.
then
in
May
the Jussive take all persons
Yes,
all.
Lesson 30 7 and
2c.
:
?
word "Jussive"
the
X
him go ^^* J-wU
let
from the other lam, meaning
it
which we learned
(We have used
:
accustom the
to
student to this old-fashioned Latinised word in case he should ever be asked to define
When we
Better to call
it.
J^O.
epigrammatic wisdom
for
we
"Knock, and-it-shall-be-opened to-you"
write this form.
passive), 'j-^^
which Arabic proverbs are famous)
many
Lesson Give
;
193.
but they will receive detailed attention in
A
common
really
Txliij^
J
every-day one
^^'j^
SYNTAX,
J (not)
is
(he did not open
.
9b^A\
a*-^- ^
• I
—
ev 9.
Surely
But
it
is
shall find.
particles causing the verb to be
the persons of
all
J^j^J (second verb
^*j»>
J>^J
'^r^^ seek, ye
Are there any other Yes,
8.
f
use a conditional sentence, (especially in condensed
takes three words in Arabic
7.
it
it
cannot mean "he did not open"
does mean that
!
Learn
s
}
this curious rule
:
The
particle
J not only negates the action of the verb but also converts the present to past time.
(In
Hebrew
they did not go
c.f.
=
'
r (J
«l
^•**»>"
J ye did not ask
vav conversive). J***^
^*
>•%-
me
^
ci^**' ^^
^^
(c./
34
:
6).
-
83
-
e
10.
Give
all
the persons of
Tj^'
"let
him go out" ^
»
>•.
•
^^j ^^:
u'^j^^ ^j^y-
^
^\"
t>v II.
Can
the Imperative be formed from the 2nd Person Jussive
Certainly, that
how
is
derived.
it is
also the preformative
Remove any
and supply
1
an
?
and
particle
vowelled
alif
as
needed (but with a wa§la when preceded by other words in a sentence).
We
then get the Imperative thus
:
^
"
.• ^
«
c-^ ^.,, 12.
Why
the
damma
over the
Because verbs having a for the alif of
Exercise 32
alif in
damma
the Imperative.
?-j> in
P-
i
^.
?
;l^Jl
damma
take a
All others take kasra.
a.
oCufjI 5/io 'jp\ ^'>_
-^
>
0^
liQ
s
^
I
N.B.
A.
I
;LVi
For the sequence of tenses
J
%^ XC jl 3^.V
in (2) see
next page.
I
^$ ' ^i
I
^
-
-
84
Exercise 32h. 1.
Why
2.
Because
3
him that the Sultan v^as wishing it (that). Did he not ask them? No: he did not ask them anything because he did not know that the Sultan was there
4.
What
5.
him ? did not come He said "Seek me and you
did the vizier (minister) not go out to visit the Saltan
(see Lesson 34, page 89)
?
they did not inform
(present).
did the Sultan say
when he found
that his minister
to visit
'I
6.
am
always
me"
find
his
meaning was
here'.
Did the two princes understand never understood
(or,
it.
meaning? No; they
his
they did not understand
at
it
all).
A SIMPLE 8T0EY Exercise 32c.
jl
Translate to English, then back to Arabic.
by
^1313 ^^^'^ A^J^
^'**"''
0^*"*
^^l ^-^*\ i^} ^r^ Cr* ^}6 ^
jT U3 J\{^ j>.3
J C 3u S^".
(I)
y
he wished
(3) for laisa see
Sequence of Tenses.
He
did not
One
know
1;
I
[>0 :j^YcJ\
3 15
(2) who. Lesson 36).
oVi
^"-*
'>;•
V
I
V
(a)
4)J
V
(v)
'Sl^ 'Ji
V
(a)
sS'j
ill
VI
j^
a,
A^I3
*
-
^
I
- ^
V(i)
Exercise 33b. 1.
Let them ^w^ go
2.
Let not go except one only
to the city. !
==
Let only one go
4.
Do Do
5.
They do
not
6.
There
is
no power and no strength except
7.
There
is
no deity but God.
8.
No harm
3.
not knock on the door
not open the door,
to
know
you
(
!
O my
mother!
everything.
=
Cheer up
).
in
God.
-
-
87
Lesson 34. 1.
Revise the Pronominal Affixes already studied (Lessons
2.
To what are these Pronoun-marks
14-15).
?
(1)
To
(2)
To'rSSsf then they are genitive (construct) "of him"^.e.
(3)
To
prepositions
then they are "governed by the Prep."
;
verbs; then they are in the direct Accusative case,
the object to the verb, as 3.
affixed
Show how S
o >
^
^
some
of) is united to
r:
from them (m.)
(f.)
(or,
Pronoun forms.
>
from them
i.e.
he struck her.
^« from
the preposition
these affixed
y»^^
his.
>
from them two >
•
from him
from her e
o
^
•
O^-t' from thee
from thee (m.)
(f.)
from you two
from thee (f.) from thee(m.)
from me
from us
What
noticeable here
is
The
preposition
and
the
^1
first
requires, like the verb, a
^J^
me
^5-^.
resented by the shadda, 5.
Is this true
Yes
;
or before, 6.
Does
This nun, which in this case
•
is
j
and
^ft
as for
;
damma: 7.
2nd
per.
(away from,
pi.
or, off
from).
efix the preposition Plural
V
,
^\
%
wau and
homogeneous
ye struck me). to the affixed
Dual
7}
i^
on becoming
?
past adds a
thus (J^*.I)^^
rep-
in the presence of,
j-^l
either of the verb-forms alter its vowelling
the
is
}
example
united to an annexed pronoun
Yes
it
called the "nun of precaution.'*
of any other prepositions
they end in
if
nun between
person sing, affixed pronoun, thus, he struck me,
and, from
j-'a
?
pronoun s. Singular
r*
/»
Us;,
—
-r
>•
J.
— —
r
\
—
88 8.
In
which person
is
made
a change
?
In the third person; for a prefixed kasra or ya causes the hu,
hum 9.
we
take a kasra, so
etc. to
kum
not change the
get bihi, bihim,
etc.,
but
Prefix (J (in or within) in the
—r
dl.i-r
\^
the affixed pronoun.
o
Verily he, thou
J.
V^UU
^:^lf (^)
^'^i'tilj^'^U (r)
(y)
^
"5CI.. iJfcill.
r 1
J^>j|i
J
^>i j^^l«JL>i li
15"
(r)
g
(t)
:;5l>r'^i;n;^, (o) Exercise 34b. I.
My
2.
Have you
3.
As though
4.
Why
5.
Because you did not see
6.
They did not come
7.
They
8.
I
9.
They took her from me.
10.
sins were
took
heavy upon me.
got nothing I
it
(lit.
Is-there-not with thee a thing.)
were (am) about to go with you
did you prevent
(f.)
?
to
me from
my
hands.
me.
went-away from me. from them (m.)
Truly she
is
a pious
woman.
entering
?
;
-
90
-
Lesson 35. the passive. 1.
What
verbs use the Passive
?
The Passive can only be formed from can only form the Passive
—
sitive 2.
:
wO
if
we
,
e.g., I4A.I5
He
are sure that U*
she was killed.
How is the Passive formed from the usual Triliteral Verb ? For the Passive of the Past Tense (or Preterite) give to the radical a
damma
of the four radicals takes
damma
radical before the last a kasra, and to the
instead of fatha 3.
tran-
is
^
JiXli
killed her,
We
Transitive verbs,
How
;
was
thus JlJ he
from the Quadriliteral Verb
The same way.
The
first
first
killed.
?
instead of fat-ha, and the penultimate takes kasra. Thus^^^-j-
he translated if
the earth
verbs,
the
it.
is
j^j
distinction
reader can generally
of (In
tell
much used
not so
is
was
translated".
^j)l\ ^^'Jj
^'^[
and quadriliteral
In both the tnTiteral
shaken.
the vowelling only.
in
!
"it
the Passive from
Active
the
unvowelled newspapers,
etc.,
lies
the
by the context. The Passive, however,
as in English, for
it
more usual
is
employ one of the derived covjugdtions (Lesson
72)
to
with a
passive signification). 4.
Give the Sing, Dual and Plural of J^> ^
-s
/
^19
l:JL-5
>
^il5 1
O
Q: Form
We
CJ^9
9
the Passive of the Present-Future.
give to the Servile letter
(
•>,
St
the penultimate radical a fat-ha, thus .0
}
etc.
)
J*ji»>
a
damma and
to
he will be killed;
>
».^*^
it
will
be
(
or, is
)
written.
(
Of course many verbs
already have a fat-ha over the penultimate radical, then no
change.
In
apy c^se, the distinguishing feature
is
the
damm^
-
91
over the
Native printers, when printing an unvowelled
ya.
book, can sometimes insert just this
6.
sentence
is really
Give the
full
initial
damma
if
the
ambiguous.
Pres-Future Passive. ^ ^•Z
.4)
1:
7.
Can
formed
a Passive Jussive be
Yes;
let
J*y
Also with
him be
we say
J
killed
J*>
had gone
Could we say "He was in the habit of going " 1 Yes this is one of the meanings covered by (d) above. In the Moslem Ahadith (Table-talk of Mohammed) there is a large section of the traditions devoted to "What the Apostle of
God used
to
do".
J^i
^
he used to say
96
J«aj^
jO
he used
to do.
Let us learn the last-mentioned, conjugating the Past Tense of the auxiliary kana, but the Mufjari^ of the Principal Verb.
They used
to
do
He
They used
to
do
She used
You
used to do
You used
to
do
We used to do 5-
used to do
to
do
Thou
usedst to do
Thou
usedst to do
I
used to do
Write out *'He will have gone". "He will have gone" (before you get there, e.g.,) is expressed by the Present-Future tense of kana (see Lesson 36 5) with the past tense of the required verb and the particle qad. :
y
-
Ther
have
will
|^>S
^;/s 1,^/sC,
gone will
gone
You
(f) will
have' " \l\Z •. • (J^»j:K)
have
;^.
gone
We It
will
6.
As, J^^i^O^^
7.
Before Jii^
to
He
will
^ *X)
=^3;^^;
jj^J
She
will
Thou Thou
I
mean "he was going
forms
'I
>
.'- ^
have
"
^^^^j; ^^ ^^J sZ^^^
have gone
in this w^ay
:
"He
-X>
jjp
1
will be
so
J^Ji;^**
keep,
its
is
nowadays
(about) to do".
preserve) also
The verb
J^
^^^
(b),
means
j^>-
note that the verb to
memorise,
i.e.,
to attend, or arrive at
verbal noun jjja^- attendance (arrival).
Self -Test 37. 1.
y
have
(f) wilt
out Exercise 37 (a) and
preserve in mind. a place,
>^
>
>
y> Uj^J,
C^**3 Sb J^J^i
have gone
wilt
shall
means "he was doing,"
(to
s«-»*.5
having gone."
v^rriting
)a.k>-
have gone
gone
be construed and explained
in the state of
used
;»/^
have gone U-.*.>
may
0^^.
a
They (f) will have
You (m)
IaJ
Write out the Compound Tense "He had eaten". "He will have eaten". (37 5).
2.
Similarly
3.
What do you
(37
:
3).
:
observe
is
common
to both.
?
{c.f.
3
and
5).
Vocabulary
97
-
37.
USEFUL ADVERBIAL PHRASES. yesterday
ij^*^
or (j^
^\
^^Ji ^>»
from to-day
since the beginning ^Jull
from the
'
morning
in the
evening
JLL^
Ci>
by daylight
Jj*^i ^>»
first
in the
by night
•mi -f"
fore-noon
j|ia)l
after- noon
Jj,Iall
tomorrow
J** Jui
after
tomorrow
Exercise 37a.
Oj^ l-Jj^ cJai^ A5
to
be easy >
to be difficult
What will
>^ ^
^
to
be generous
to
be rough
>
^^-^j
kinds of verbs take Fat-ha Fat-ha
Turn back It
J^
J^.
to lesson 26
:
5
-
?
and analyse those examples given.
be seen that the second or third radical
guttural or ha ^
is,
in
each case, a
In other words, such a throaty consonant
almost always takes fat-ha. learn the past
O^^
Enter up
all
your examples and
and the present with the English meaning.
^
100
6.
Note on
d[
and
with the Past to
mean
of doubt),
is
is
b'^
The
'i[
particle
{in not an)
6'
is
if in the Present-Future (but with a
used
shade
used similarly but implies probability, and so
often best translated by "when."
Continue revision
Recapitulation.
Lesson
42,
of
with more grammar
From
previous lessons.
rules, the
student will feel the
need of constant revision of vocabularies. Self -Test 38. 1.
What vowel
expressing qualities 2.
What
(Muddri)
the Imperfect
in
(38
?
verbs take fat-ha
?
:
is
taken by verbs
4).
(26
:
5
and 38
:
5).
Exercise 38a.
\j^ Ji^\
'yi\ ij^dJiAp i;.Ui
'^l '^, (1)
V^O^'JiVf jli
(v)
ly>'H S-}V-:>\
(a)
^yjjr^:^^i;^"ii:^^^^
^
jjJI
'i.) 'Ai::i'
(r)
•Vi J J (1) i
Exercise 38. matter
difficult for
you (hard on you)
1.
Is this
2.
The matter
3.
[It is]
4.
And
5.
The student did not succeed
6.
The
is
to attend before the lesson.
to gather [up] his
price of
books
after the lesson.
yesterday.
books has been (was) raised
8.
Man was created weak (Qui'an). When the earth is shaken (Qur^an)
9.
God
7.
10.
We
is
?
easy for him (upon him).
on the pupil
i.e.
not an oppressor (Qur'an).
will gather our disciples
bv night.
a
(n)
good
deal.
by earthquake-
—
lOl
—
Lesson 39. THE SIX CLASSES (Contd). I.
What
verbs take J«i>3**
Verbs
like
?
^^*> ^^»
partly of (a) transitive verbs such as
and
aid (with victory), Examples of
(b)
"verbs of motion" Examples of
(a) Transitive
o^ip-
to create
•^i--
j-i.P
to kill
^*^i
to write
w^-.-j
^> 0^ ^^
to serve (as a slave)
2.
Give
examples
present).
-**•»
to enter,
-^^
run
to
bow down worship)
to sit
down (fatha in past, kasra in
These are not quite so easily
classified,
student can learn them as he comes across them. to serve (as a servant)
to
sit,
or
sit
down
3
iA^. ^^
to strike
a^
in §2, learn
shew mercy
to
understand
know
know
y-^.'J-
^ J*i ^j^
-• verbs (fat-ha
.'
'
-
in the present).
the past and present-future together,
to
:
to take captive
Examples to
;
hear
to bear witness, testify
to
Examples
to bear, carry
to
but the
7
have ascertained both. to
Ir^'
f^Oj (w) 0>^
Give examples of
As
^A
enter.
J^-^ j^'^
in
to
(in
to succour, or
(b) Verbs of Motion
go out
verbs
of
go
consist
\^\^^:>\o
to
.
j«^^ j«'
to see
They
are a very large class.
^A*i. j-^*
to
keep
when you
—
•— 102
4.
Are there Only a few. ';:
verbs
::"
The
?
mentioned
first
>
To
sound verbs.
The student
examples
•
r
''
w»**^ ^^^>-
consider, or estimate
will gather
example from
the only
is
of this
form when he studies
"Assimilated Verbs" (Lesson II3) the wau of which disappears in the present tense. 5.
To
inherit
thou wilt serve (worship)
'
• .
>-
thou wilt enter
zf
thou wilt go out
1
J^"^* > >
get out
!
Are there any Prepositional Verbs Yes,
them "to to
certain
Arabic verbs
worship
:
but
J
'
''
thus^^
he went out from
...
he listened to him.
-^?«**'
take special
prepositions
Thus,
bow down
-^s*-*
to "
after
means
anyone,
i.e., ^
He worshipped God.
^>^**'
i.e.,
If;
" to
'.
(Tj^
?
to represent certain significations.
bow down"
is
he
^
'
left.
Similarly j^
J*
> \\\ l'" ."He arrested) the thieves ) l/'-?'^*'' l>
U^
Vocabulary
39.
by
a
may
preposition
preposition.
^^^ decided upon
rZ/^^*
were arrested
Clrt
L/*.**
SOME PREPOSITIONAL VERBS. J
worship
to prohibit a thing
^>«-^
'c>
^
to listen to
Ji'c:-
to grant to
>^
to trust in
to decide
transitive
She was brought
'
'T;
j
decided
upon a matter
to
-
means of the sd^mt" retained''
(//7. )
her)
103
upon
>'r5=
to bring (a thing) to bring
(^.e.,
.3"4jil
I
jiuV
I
(
V
;>L)I
)
V^t:^
*y.
(t)
l^»
40*4
•/ (r)
j-JflAJljl
(0)
Exercise 39b. 1.
We testify
2.
Who
3.
He
4.
is
?
did not listen to their speech.
"The world knew him Serve
God
8.
"God
is
9.
to.
The camel was brought
6.
7.
10.
to
alone
him.
Get out
God
at
and they-
Him...."
once
!
preserve you
(salutation).
not".
!
a spirit,
who worship
Their speech was not listened
5.
to you.
the sorceress
;
.
—
104
Lesson 40. Follow these rules with the following short literal meanings of words and phrases, with the helps given, reading from right to left. (2) Gradually learn by heart the Conversation
(^)
Exercise.
colloquial dialogue.
Study the
I.
idiomatic meaning of single phrases, rather than single words and then, as soon as possible, drop the use of transliteration and also of the literal word-by-word
rendering (which
The
is
really neither English nor Arabic).
(3)
Read
aloud.
(4)
N.B, Sounding the final
proper idiomatic English.
last line gives the
case-vowels, this becomes a written exercise; dropping them, a colloquial one. r
••
-Jju^ Aa«u^ -^jV*
ya shaikh, sa'id, Naharuk sheikh, happy {be\ Thy -day Good morning Sheikh
mubarak, sa'id, Naharuk happy [be]. Thy -day
O
blessed,
Good morning, 4JO
thy
abadan
al-haqq
'alaik
You
with safety
Goodbye
cow
thy
Lie
C
alaina
ma
boy.
?
tabi'a
li
me, that thou
wish to
'1-an 'alaiya
The
an turid Hal
sell,
sell
Dost thou wish
me
your cow
Al-Haqq me
Sahih
time
True,
right's against
now I'm wrong
Never mind
!
to
Do you
Nothing against us
!
ya
bni
0- my -son
[is]
are you
baqaratak
la
No, never.
C as-salima ma*
Bow
V
No, never
are wrong.
state ?
How
Well, thank God.
against thee. The right
J^i
•
haluk? Kaifa
al-hamdu-lillah. Taiyib, praise -be -to- God. Well
Jbl
•
r
'
ail
JUJ-I
this
True,
Revision of the Six Classes, Lessons 38, 39. Passive Pres.
Passive Past
.^»
>
&
>
>
"
J
^J-^l
v> '•
— ^»
—
•
r
>i
^>«i "
y
r
V/^^.
V^-'
.
X
-^
,
^^ •"
^^
J^l
J^
•
'
r
"
•>
^^^ (^
^
f'
•:;
»
^
>
%'. 1
s^*^^
^
•
^
"Ul •
•
.r*'
>
^0
r.
/ , .'
-^
1
V^-*-*; «^ •^
>
>~*
*
^
.
''
a
>
^
"-^
^^.
^^.1
V'
.>
.
.
> >
1
y^
&
c^-
• > .
"
.
\
>
•
^'^'-i
>
.
Perfect
o>.
-
&'
cr
-'
Imperfect
^0 •
•>
.
^
>
Imperative
•
^
^w>^ ^ •
}
105
EXAMINATION PAPER
(B).
N.B.
I.
—
number your answers, write clearly, and send up for cori^eclion, with full name and address.
Copy
the questions,
Give examples of
What
is
J.
verbs.
::.
the Imperative Masc. Sing, of "to
come
in"
Give
?
other examples of similar vowelling.
Write three or four lines either (a) ta II.
marbuta or
what you know about
(b) alif maqsilra.
Translate to Arabic:
Why
did you not prevent them from entering
They
will
Why
wast thou
have
The Apostle In the
name
of
left (f)
I
am wrong
There
is
?
before the teacher comes. not present yesterday
God used
to say
~
.?
"Praise be to GOD."
of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful.
Good morning, sheikh
III
tellingj
;
good morning, boy (my
son).
this time (now).
nothing
in
my
Translate to English
hands.
:
^) c
^
(r)
4A)
'jjrLf'jr(i)fj;:Vj ,0/'
(v)
^
iU.U N.B.
(^)
(a)
Please space out your lesson hours to as to allow for Revision of earlier lessons.
—
io6
Lesson *'Eyc, Voice
^
f
— 41.
and Ear."
^
"i
i
*
words ending in
word;
a
The most
Masculine)
are "Feminine
words said
of about thirty
list
vowel
a picture;
A*^
a (female) sheikh.
titles,
Talha ^^^>' successor,
a
j>-
oi
i.e.,
men happen
to
Khalif (Caliph).
must, in that case, be masculine.
Those ending in a
s ervile
*^i
as
^^
j*>-
red;
^\j^
^
grandeur; (c)
Exs.
-ii^'*^
desert;
Those ending in (^*"^
Salma;
*ij-X^ a virgin
;
^^^\
(adj.) white.
(J' ^^^-^-J*-
remembrance; ^^> fever;
most (J J
I
(female); {Sj^?
beautiful (adj.) first
;
c^^A^ greater
(f).
— 8.
What It
the feminine of ^>-^
is
needs no feminine, as J^?-l
of
J>^_5 (one, adj.)
(in
-X>
feminine of
stands, for
it
is ci-^^^^
1
19
of... (c.f.
:
15) takes the place
thus:
of the girls OllJi ^^J?-^
One
of
J'->^>'
»
(About Damascus
One One z**.^''
of the ladies,
them
of
^^
0^-^-**»»i
iS-^^^
(fern.) (^*'-^'^],
)
u>Cil^jV>,l
(
J, 'J\) ii(L
^1^1)1
The
in construction.
o
One
them (masc.)
a vague expression
it is
which cannot be used
>
Exercise 42a.
(some one).
Construction) one
but
—
log
Lf L Coy/, V.II
G. j^ °J iV
'(.111
I
jyj)
'oV dj'i
!
3^
(V)
Ci/
(a)
'^'-^i^''
dlli
Si's-
(r)
,
Exercise 42b. 1.
My
2.
Where
3.
Is
4-
It is
little
daughter wishes
has seen
it
is
like Cairo
?
It is in
Syria
(lit.
Country of Syria).
?
a garden in the desert.
5.
But the sun Is
7.
The Khalifa
8.
picture.
Damascus
6.
in
its
Damascus, because she
to visit
intense there.
is
the desert red or white
}
The
desert
(Prince of Believers)
is
yellow.
was dwelling
there,
i.e.
Damascus.
How
was
that
?
That [was] because Damascus was
his city,
''
—
—
no
Lesson 43. 1.
Given the Masculine, how do we form a Feminine from
The commonest way remember our
to
is
^
we
get
So from
^^-^^
2.
Can
this rule
Certainly as
S^JT
able 3.
Is
a
:
it is
the smallest
4.
A-11^
sick
(f.)
^
^^^*i
So y»J)l\
(f.)
(f.)
;
Adjectives
is
common that
Firstly,
the
to the
are
(Comparison of Adjectives, Lesson radical
is
preceded by
once be recognized. the form
^l-**
,
that
alif,
all
59)
Is there
not another
greater and
(m.)
honour-
(S
makes iSj^*^^
makes (Jj
(f.)
in §3
the
j'
See Lesson
59.
?
upon the form that
J^^^
is
j«i
to say, the first
may all
not at
upon
that the first radical takes (Jamma,
is,
J«i
?
or,
Secondly, the Feminines are
a
x.-l:>
s
the greatest?
even though the form
and, after the final radical, alif maq§ura 5.
^S\
the smallest, (m)
Masculines
(or, col-
A^^li*
noble,
^f*
sionary, or "one-sent") gives Oji^^
Similarly
is
•
(^.yrf*
it
is,
but the colloquial uses the Ac-
and drops the fat-ha of the nun, so we *
0>^** J*
*
Uiv-"^^^
•
uy*^^
— 5.
But
I
thought there were three cases
There are three cases
two special forms
6.
for those "Imperfectly Declined"
Plural
What
r-
this sign
is
?
is
an example of the
we
"Plural"; just as in English
by PL, so plural to
In
Arabic we use
in
a
single-?-
to the
accusative
is
when
(see 52
latter.
word "Plural"
(Note that when the
quoted;
quite easy
is
it
the sentence requires
Arabic dictionaries the word following the
all
word preceding
7).
:
which here means
represent the
given, only the nominative
is
change
plural of the 7.
^^
abbreviation of the word
an
is
!
Declined Nouns", but only
in ''Fully
The Regular Masc.
It
—
113
-r
is
it).
the
it.
Enter these additional examples in the Note Book.
Use two
or
three pages for "Regular Masculine Plural", and give the three
columns. Meaning
An
A
aviator
Plural
ojjLU i
oy-C)
peddlar
^
J
">
y
A pickpocket A
tlL^i
'^'
teacher
An
A
Singular
inspector
'J^-
>r»
worker
j^JU
Absent
^
•'('
^^^ >^\.
Entering \
>
r.
\
>
v.-
Leaving
h^
Defeated Useful
A
winner
'C>
^;ju
—
.
-- 114
—
Exercise 44a.
>
'
'*•".>.-'
'
pUjVl
—
^
Jlk from
Moslem;
^believers;
^'
^
-
'
it.
(J^*'J^ ^sinners.
Fourth Conjugation, to come
in
Lesson
76'
—
-
116
Relative Adjectives ending in {S (this will be explained
(c)
in detail in L: 144, sufficient to
say here that from
we form ^^^/ Misriy an Egyptian, by adding shadda, which ya
j'.:h:f
The
last
preceded by a kasra).
is
Egypt
j^a.A
a ya and a
Other examples
:
Syrians
A
Syrian
Chinese
A
Chinese
Japanese
A
Jap
Christians
A
Christian
tr-r
directly derived from 7x**-.J'
the Messiah. In
word
is
%S'S'.
Writing the Accusative Case of the above four examples note that 3 ya's are pronounced,
and two
Some Comparatives and
(d)
with one shadda.
written,
Superlatives
:
>
i;^^
.
ending in iS ^^^t*^
maqsOra
Fem.
:
Language
The
takes
2
O^j^-^ ry^^
Quran)
Some words
.?
0^»*i«* r-
.
a!?-
^
(b)
is
the other
fem: by adding
Garden (Paradise) (of
it
7).
will take the Reg.
Other examples from Fem. Nouns
Verse
for
but
by construction) of
(Revise 42
its
fem
'^^ J^^-"^
Believers
CS\ dtin
article or
o
in
i->lU.«>«
Many
a vowel,
»
C»uJi
:
a masculine, forming
Teachers
dt for the
Regular Feminine Plural
words ending
the Reg, Masc. PL, then
Ol
and the Oblique.
course lose the tanwin. C^LJ' 2.
?
plural
Nominative Case and
a^w7i for the
two
Feminine Plural formed
feminine
regular
fem. pl.
OU
r-
Ail
OUl
7^
4il
^ u^^
fever.
written as a ya, forming yat-un.
of
Zeinab
Fatima
women
(if
real Arabic) c.->Uajj t-
w^-^J^j
^ J
4
"-;
OLi>li
*-
i^UU
7-
A few foreign Masculine words! (This appears strange, but the Reg. Fem. Pl. is available for miscellaneous words)
(d)
gentleman; Mr.
pasha (Turkish) stable
»
:
t \
two nations
two eyes
two languages
two masters
two mistresses (teachers)
two days
two nights
(jULI
two months
two years
olli^
jll*l«>i
— 6.
122
any similarity between the Dual of the Noun and Verb ? compare the Past with the separate and affixed Pronouns
Is there
Yes
:
and Al-Mudari*^ with Affixed Pronoun
Nominative
the
(see
Lesson
Separate Pronoun
29).
Verb
(Al-Madi)
1-'-'
'-^' .
C::lr^
Nom
Al-Mudari' of Verb.
A
good deal of similarity
verb
especially in the second person.
throughout,
alif
and also
of
Noun
of Agent.
be found between the dual
will
and the dual separable
(Past)
:
pronoun
(Personal)
Notice the special use of
that the
between
difference
Dual and the Plural Masc. Prons. consists
the
in the extra alif
possessed by the former: this interesting point applies equally
pronouns and
to the separate
to the
pronominal
Revise
affixes.
Lessons giving the Dual of the Pronoun and Verb. 7.
What This
the use of the particle
is
is
^
in our exeicise
.''
and sometimes cannot be
a conjunctive particle
trans-
ay
**^x.U means "then,
lated.
frequently preceded by
matter
"As
:
'
is
the
in the
titles.
(^>»V1>
literally
OUi
(j^l/J
'
:
-"^'^^^
him
to a
^
4).
^
is
^
noun in construction
means "Presence"; but
it is
}
always
East as a polite prefix to people's names and
Thus we say (abruptly) 0*;.,,
we say
politely
gentleman Z^ to
(See 32
which means "as for" or "in the
word S^ii> prefixed
word which
a
used
of
him hear"
for the sick child, [well] he died yesterday".
Whaf It is
Example
of..."
\a
let
'
/^-.-i^'
^^
but
"h--^^-^ o
pronunciation of
it)
we wish
speak
^
render
to a
presence. In translation "
Hadratak by "thou" or "you". better
to
o^^>- Similarly we never say
thou, but dX^^a.>- thy
English we had
if
"
(colloquial
6.
Why
is
-
123
shaikh in the Oblique Case
Because such Arabic while the
name
titles
?
as o^a>- are vowelled as antecedents
consequent of the Construct
(or ofifice) is the
His Greatness the Sultan of Egypt
State.
greatness-of the-Sultan-of
Egypt ^^4
is
rendered— The*'
jlk\.^i^laP. The-Majesty-
of-the-King d\ij\ i)^^ means, His Majesty the King. 10.
A more
formal style of address
CiiJi L.>-^^
r
Exercise 47a.
^^\''\
I
:s\»\
(j^v_:l^ i:*
oLlk§
:
oljr_^ii
uUL^
formed by placing s,^>\^
and releasing
in construction with 43M>- etc.
'^. oCkL
is
A-Is^ I'^t. '
r
''
l'^:.
-rj^
Ui
Ijis-
jli,
'a1
^
""•
'h.):\
".^K
L^(^
'•'
^JS ^Jj
'J
4^.
as:
ali%
.^rJT
^
'jllj
write to
^
your parents. 2.
What are the two alifs in the first example ? The first one is all that is left of the mark removing the
while the second one
nuriy
marking the
after
^'
This needs careful pronunciation:
definite.
The
walida-1-walad.
Dual
part of the
of the
is
accusative
be :—
would
oblique
or
walidai-1-walad. 3.
Give an example of the Dual Feminine Construct
"The governess went
out of the
Har^m (women's
H. H. the Sultan's two daughters." (Caution of "Sultan"
part of the normal
is
quarter) with
— the nun at the end
word and not
to
be confused
with the dual) 3a.
Why
Because before wa§la the sukun has (here kasra) to 4.
make pronunciation
But suppose the singular noun has a
and similar cases
In that
Thus:—Two
What alif
The
is
virgins
Two
(j'^jljip5.
done
original
^'
Similarly writes writes
(Revise 12:
possible.
is
changed
into wau.
^^y j9t,^
case of alif maqsura, or in the case of long 1
be restored
OLv>-
stick, or
two
I2J.
like -iIj^a
in
forming the dual
a youth, restores the ya, and forms
o^^Jl^
?
ending
difficult
u'^'j***^ and
radical must
l^c a
sentence
(nom.) J^j^ji^ and (Ace. or Oblique)
deserts
in the
in this
be replaced by a vowel
to
hamza
the
which was originally wau
thus
^\
there a kasra at the end of
is
stafi",
staffs.
two fevers
(c.f.
restores
^>-
its
its
dual
0^^*i
original wau,
a fever, restores
its
and
ya and
the Reg. Fem. Plural 46:2b.)
-
125
6.
t:
^
What happens
to
^
These two words are actually wau,
a final
Two
^>
(jVJt
u^^^j
brothers, Is
^
>.
fathers
used like
7.
(
c.f.
46
:
\
to
and
a father,
1
*)
r-
to be restored,
"
mean
3 for plural of "sister".
Pronoun
.?
and "you two"
is
UZ»
At
>
Lesson 25:3 and revise the table
8.
What
"They two"
point turn back to
this
in full:
Note that the dual pronouns are
— Singular,
Common
are the affixed dual pronoun-terminations
C*
These are
and
l^^
both
Common
'-^^
^'•'
>iV ^'^i J j;r*
3.
^
u^Si-^Vi
c.:^ li /saJf Cr
Exercise 48b. 1.
?
u^-^:y O^Sj^
;>_;;^i^'>^ljtjUC;rjUi
2.
Gender.
^
'^ W'^j'
Dual,
Gender.
Exercise 48a.
J».iii
two
two parents"), and jij*-^
Certainly; since pronouns arejiouns in Arabic.
Plural.
54:2).
(c.f.
abawani (which can be sometimes be
there a Dual Personal
is Uifc
?
having originally had
defective,
which has
a brother
\
\
(r)
l^
i
(r)
if,
I
(t)
aVj^^K C^'^J^iL}
You two [are] good men. The two women are very As for the two princesses,
sick; their disease
— one of them
is
— one
of
is
(v)
fever.
virtuous,
and
the other wicked. 4.
About
two sons of the queen, and the other ignorant.
the
ligent
know everything about
that,
because
5.
I
6.
two ministers. Has His Highness the Sultan a son The two sons of the Sultan are big.
7.
}
I
them
is
intel-
sat with the king's
He
has two sons.
—
broken plural.
Lesson 49. Nouns not taking
I.
a
Regular Masc. or Regular Fern. Plural are
said to have a "Broken Plural '
!
A
"Broken Plural" means a
by "breaking into
2.^What
They
"
Why
".
plural
this
name
are servile letters
?
formed out of the singular
and inserting one or more
it"
servile letters.
?
by forming derived words
are those that serve a root
and are collected together
—
—
126
one Arabic word
in
you asked me for her' ; ^jS,
l^Jj^xlU
being the 2nd Person Plur.
Past with the nihi of precaution and the ya showing the object
Not
me.
will be
all
these letters will be used in Broken Plurals, others
used to form Derived Nouns (Lessons
Derived Conjugations (Lessons 3.
How many Over
thirty,
for this 4.
we
but
a
More
double lesson.
May any
do
and also
72-95).
Broken Plural are there
different forms of shall
62, 63)
few
will
Singular take any Plural
Two
at a time.
come
in
?
will suffice
Lessons 64
— 67.
?
No; most forms of singular are restricted to one or two plurals and note that it often happens that the existence of a second
;
plural 5.
form indicates an additional meaning.
Note the forms
:
*yV
> .« * .^
?
Ui;r^
'j^iU Vj
^'•^w^i
I;
jlVi'i
^V iJ/jr ^Hy
^
(rA=*''^'
/;Yr:*^
jl'^lVl
^^-^u^i
j*
.(i)
^^
(o)
Exercise 50. 1.
Do
2.
They
royal children study in their houses, or do they go to
their teachers
3.
?
live (dwell) in castles (palaces), not in houses.
And
the castles [have] gardens in
their
two banks
(sides) are
many
which are
trees
;
rivers,
their leaves
and on (i.e.
the
leaves of which) and their blossoms are of pretty forms. 4.
Are kings' children's thoughts actions like our actions
?
They
like
our thoughts and their
are just (exactly) like our
children. 5.
Who
are their friends
the nobles.
?
Their friends are
all
from [among]
—
130
—
EXAMINATION PAPER
50.
Carefully copy the questions, answer fully, allowing sufficient time, but without external help, write clearly ; then send up with name and address. I.
(l)
Give the Plurals of aviator, more excellent, a month, a language, a pupil, darkness, " this one," "that one", a burden, a thought, work, a star. plate, a year, a
Give the third Commandment. Write out the Alphabet in its regular order. (3) To English (2)
II.
:
dj^^i x>\
J
I
j^a{\ irl^J oLi-s
t)
Oi»^ ^A53
.Lrjl l:l^S r*
^
went
to the
mosques
The doctors-of-the-mosques The doctors
are intelligent >^^ac
of Cairo mosques are intelligent
We
saw the lame man
We
passed by the lame
man
K^n^
la.fi
»>•
';
I
!>.
\^ }^
"-r'
(Gen.)
" ^\ A\ UJ^S
I^JlI
•>•
j(H\
(Ace.)
**
J>.lirjl
^G^e /I
iTj^*^' J*" J^'
\ [Ji.^
\
C^lfc-
l.»jla>
^'
Jj*
o
in the
I
synagogues of the Jews.
did not go to their schools
Exercise 53,
.5^^
^.^-^;'j^>«
Translate above sentences from memory.
memorise them.
J
J
I
I
If
/*>•
li-
wi^i
j "
I
I
possible,
—
-
135
Lesson 54. ANCIENT DELE NSW N. 1.
What was
supposed
It is I
2.
the ancient
method of declension
to
date). ^ and (^ (Vowel-points are of more recent
Do any nouns Yes; 'f'\
five
do
still
so,
this ancient
form
etc.
first
48
(c.f.
^
four of these.
:
We
6).
Nom. Ace.
t
a^'
%
f
A;l
iJU
(-
i-
%
• x
With
t
J.'
in the
and
^
I
article. Indefinite.
vi ^»
\
L>S\
^
fjl (
^}
>,.\
^Ni
.^1
^
Ace.
-
^
^
?^>
^(^1 %
Gen.
.&-
How
is
ji declined
?
a word complete in
The meaning is
are all
.r>.
^\
fully decline
Let
.
Nom.
It is
and
which re-appears
ol
:^.3(JJ
0^
^1 father;
Ch\
:^5 ^
,-»i3lil
Oen_
now
will
^
\
With pronouns.
In construct.
0^
^
These are
"in construction'.
defective, the missing letter is wau,
Dual
?
father-in-law, ji possessor; ^i mouth.
^j»^
brother;
keep
when
us deal with the
3.
?
have been expressed by the three long vowels
is
present, not missinj?.
is
"the possessor-of, or owner-of," and therefore
onhj used in construction. J,
wau
the
itself,
>
Nom. JUji Wealthy man.
Its
plural •
!
^
is
j^> and
(C_)^
-
J-^i jjS doers of favours.
4.
What If
J
about the word
which
it
is
and Gen. J
;
is
also
>^
^
But
is
But, as a matter
etc.
pronouns
etc., to
employ
With
With a noun
'4
^i
in § 2. Indef.
article
?' iM
'ii^
?'
y
}'
may
cilj be confused with "in me, in thee"
not (J
i
r
Gen.
5-
Nom.
an older form, and this follows the ancient rule
:
Ace.
?
nothing to remark, for ^
Li
of fact,
mouth
i
is
r-
Ace.
Thus
used, there
is
*
136
Yes; but the student can distinguish by the context.
?
Arabic
has a few cases of identity of spelling with distinction of
meaning, but English has many more! 6.
Give further concrete illustrations of Lessons 53 and
They
sat with the
Another
polite
poor people
man came
(j'UI
^ ^3*^>'
to the castle of the Sultan of Egypt.
The "owners
of
Some people
studied in schools
work"
s^iyill
54.
(i.e.
business-men) studied in ;j*j^^^ ci °
.
offices.
'j**^-)^ c/''^-'' >
Some people
studied in the schools (j*j' J^J^(JJ^**'j:>^L!l
Some people
studied in the schools of rhe missionaries.
I
do not
strike
my
father or
my
brother because
wish that anyone strike his father or his brother.
(j^*i
^
>
-'
^-j
God does
not
:
Exercise 43a.
to
-
137
Arabic
2.
The people of this city are very poor. The whole of the people of this poor city
3.
She dwelt
1.
in a
white house with a lame
are intelligent.
girl,
and they had
a black slave. 4. 5.
6.
Istruck
AbuZaid on his mouth. (AbuZaid was a famous scamp.
Abu Zaid was not a virtuous man. One of them came to the palace (castle) the fellaheen" (a playful
7.
The Chancellor
8.
I
was
visiting
of
title
of the late Sultan of Egypt).
Al-Azhar Mosque
His Reverence
of the " Father of
(lit.
is
named Abul-Fadl.
Virtue) Prof.
Mohammed
Abul-Fadl, Chancellor of the sacred Al-Azhar. 9.
10.
What I hear from my father I say (tell) to my brother. He has shewn me a favour (lit. He is an owner of favour, merit, against me),
Exercise 54b.
|
j^
4I' ii 4:,
aj| ^j^^ U|
^^* *
^
^ \.^
*****
***
-»
^^
g^ jl'i!f U
lc;: l\i}{\ iiSi^\
^_^
•
^
^^
^
c^u j^ji o2"
or
-
138
-
Lesson 55. Apply
What The
real
2.
or
Demonstr: Pronoun
is 1^
Dual
j/i
are right
By adding
;
first,
and
"that",
is
OU
y'i
i^))4^
'i
Nom. Case.
oi"
Cj}
(4)c5^
'^
Other Cases.
the
word
Mas.
Fern.
^S
"and
this
given above
is
(i.e.,
1
IJ^
,JIA»
»-;
Other Cases.
for " that
one" (intermediately
and you get
iJlS
The
.
cases seem to be as with dAJS in
Now,
J
the
word
for " that
in the singular
one"
and the
'd;ir
some
13
the one near).
OV'*
5.
or
Nom. Case. ^
-
o
and dllS
l-\*
e.g.,
that"?
hardly used alone.*
jl> ^
Now the word Add U to ii
thus:--
Mas.
the declension of "this"
H^,
4.
declined
demonstrative particle, such as
a
)
Fern.
very useful words are formed, Give,
^
Singular
But one thought there were two words,
You
3.
Demonstrative and Relative.
to the
the Demonstrative Pronoun (djLi >l
is
Plural
H\
"Case"
the rules of
alif
?
other numbers and
(5).
(distant)
?
Add
i!
but interpose
then becomes defective
aii
Nom. iJL-
airVji
distant)
alif.
Case.
'dii.
Other Cases. 6.
What
A
is
a Demonstrative Adjective
?
Demonstrative Pronoun used adjectivally
must he followed hy the Definite Article; as >^l;^l
book" and
o^I'»*^Ji
vil^Vjl
(without the article) Oy-* * It
is,
y
means "those ^^5" Vj
I
in
;
I
'
every case
J* means
believers";
"Those
it
"this
whereas
[are] believers."
however, the foundation pf the Egyptian Coll: Denionstratives,
da, de^
7.
How
can we
Partly
(a)
tell
139
—
the Demonstrative Pronouns
by observing the absence
and the presence of the tanwin; thus a
[is]
book"
dil'Vji "
vl-.j
Those
?
the definite article
of
Ua
'i->'J3
"this (thing)
women ".
[are]
we may need to say "Those [are] the people" ^_^UI^M}*; and as this sentence may read (simply) "These Since
(b)
people " in Arabic,
we may (and do
usually) insert a suitable
detached personal pronoun, which makes the meaning clear.
Thus we lit.,
[are]
V
^-i*
"This,
N B.
it [is]
the
book"
But which detached pronoun do we use
One which
the honourable visitor
Exercise 5oa. 2.
I.
These-two
3.
He
'J^li
i.e.
people (indef.)
I
"this is the book."
[are] the
4. 5.
That lady
6.
This
l^/b
An ^'1
is
'
'-.'.
o yi*jl
,
:
* ©J*
(chapters).
two chapters mentioned
gentleman)
jl^^^^l ^jU*
«' ^^
V.
(f).
These two suras
(or, this
These
in the book.
the famous writer.
[are] nice people.
[is]
is
merciful and generous.
the noble lady.
That youth (boy) does not obey his parents do not love* him.
* his
7.
JC-Si j, I
JCn^ ^'J' 8
father
jl)'j_,JI j^'^*
(0
C
(t)
J>-V^/.ll 3
f
'''^^
j/^£ji i^)l-l
and mother, so \
Exercise oab.
^U»l
(^ *Nj*
?
jli^jjl '
is
u^^J^
agrees in number and gender.
These two persons are the guests This
—
the people,
These ones, they are the people.
0C:_5CJI 8.
These
say,
are Conj. IV. Verbs.
(Lesson
oUr* *
4,"^i'p.
76).
(r)
—
—
140
Lesson 56. I.
How
We
the Relative
is
Pronoun formed
have already (Lesson
Demonstrative Pronoun
shown
55)
is
,c':>
(uj-^j^^
?
that the feminine of the
Now,
.
)
to
form Masc
of the
:
Relative Pronoun we take that Demonstrative Pronoun, prefix
J
to
and then add
it
means "who"
alladhi which
Mas.
Fern.
Thus we get
also.
and
or "which,"
Dual
Plural Fern.
the article
fjj\
thus declined
is
I
:
Singular
Mas.
Fern.
as.
Nom.
ii>" c-
ill
:i!l
Other Cases.
What (a)
is to
The
be noted here
?
fact that three of the
but the other
above have a lam with shadda,
including the four dual forms,
five,
Sound
written lams beside the shadda.
Egyptian Colloquial Arabic
for in to (b)
lU
illy,
shadda
the
carefully,
these forms are reduced
all
(who, or which, Masc., Fern., Sing., PL,
That, except in the Dual, there
have two
is
etc.).
no difference marked
between the Nominative and the other cases. If (_^JJI
means who
By saying "who,
=
or which,
Similarly,
Thus, "the
his."
man who,
"the
how do we
man whose
—
his-horse etc.
"the lady who, her-horse"
in the history of
write whose
horse
'\$i^>-
is
lost"
J^JI
(JJ\\
(Those interested
etc.
may compare,
languages
?
old-fashioned
in
English, the usage "John his book " for "John's book."
"The gentleman whose
Write:
Transpose write
Note (^j-^
" with
thus
it
whose son 4l>l
:
.
account of
(J*-^'
)
to
V- A^O-U*'
this long example, .
"
in
son "
I
hid
J
ij^-o
/C-ii^
which "who...
my
school with.'»
at
who, with^his son
3re widely separated.
all thei?' sin, I
was
then
JuJl
their
"And
",
wickedness
those who, on
face from this city." (Jer.33:5).
)
q
"
Whom
I
Whom = who,
serve."
A/»i>-l ^j!i
serve him."
"The lady whom "Behold, he 6.
How
-
141
whom
I
Thus we
him.
get " who,
^
know"
f^* J^
thou lovest
do you explain I^I^Uj
is
^^il
'
sick"
SjlJl
'
J-^
{Ja-\^»
^*< ^^^
But you have Written her, not them
Yes;
not only so,
RULE
Recapitulate the rational 8.
is
is
Feminine Singular
The broken
:
means who,
the
meaning
1
learnt.
!
treated as Feminine Singular,
Do you remember ^^»
^11
but
'^j*
'
j^^j-^^
"The lessons which, them I learqt"=The lessons which /.
I
or whosoever, while
i.e.
and
of /^*
=
U
of
plural
also.
a non-
Neuter. C.f.
/;
J:^
whom you
saw.
(s.)
writers.
thou bast-been gracious."
^^^^'^\ ^^^\ j'-T ^J',
U
o^iUi
(r)
j^^
^f JJji
ji y^'ji jCjCsui
I;
>^^
;;:•
(
^
"^"^
(v)
'Jus
C"^)
01 j,^/
di:>j
^^
^
u* :})J}\
o'j*
(V)
—
142
— Read aloud and
Exercise 56c. f^
study.
ST
V^\ ^ ^.
.-^
-W P
J3(i.'
y^^'
d
til
/^ir^i iiaiis
=?
oj.'iv^ii A^f '
Ui
'-'
Translation.
56d.
my father, mother, and brothers say to me and I obey them. If my father says 'Give me [some] bread,' I give him If my brother says to me 'Give me (i.e. pass to him) bread at once. All my brothers obey my father and water,' I give him at once. My brothers and I love obedience, and (so) we obey mother. I
hear what
We
Father and Mother.
from them^t>. any wish of
we hear
(listen to) their
Parents
never disobey theirs).
They
(lit.
contravene) any word
love us very
words and act upon them.
love children
who obey
but the one
them,
disobeys the wish (wishes) of his parents
is
only
my
father
is
doing).
So
far as
and mother but also
my
who
beloved by no-one.
People much dislike the boy whose parents do not actions are (what he
much because
know what
concerns myself, teachers.
t
his
obey not
-
143
-
Lesson 57.
RULES for AGREEMENT RULE A
ADJECTIVES.
The Adjective agrees with
:
attached, in
RULE B
of
Noun
a
Noun
is
defined in any way,
Adjective must be defined by the
article.
A*^
of the great king
(^j^-^'
its
y
"
>
^xj
{il J-^^*^
^
is
^-aV
i^.n
i^'^^'n •
In this 6th sentence " hard "
But
>
••''"'
of the poor \ a hard one (f.) J
a predicate.
^
j\*$^lidJVjl
The condition (
**
^^i^^^y^^zS
of Mo?es
Servants of their gracious Lord
[is]
T*^J
j^.*^" cilLli Z^C> ~^
The mighty Book
people
^^
^^
great house of the king
The house
it is
attached
its
Her great house
The
which
to
Number, Gender and Case.
When
:
ihe
y
not an attached adjective but
gender agrees with that of the
subject).
Suppose the antecedent of a construct noun has an ordinary adjective attached to
RULE C
it,
as in the second sentence
above
The Antecedent and Consequent nouns
:
struct state
must not be separated by any adjective;
desired
qualify
to
the
antecedent
by an
adjective must be placed after the consequent
?
con-
in if
it
that
adjective,
:
is
can generally
it
be distinguished by the vowelling.
The
)"
child's noble
The noble He
countenance
cJb^lll jl^H ^'U^
child's
vJd
dwelt in the peasant's small house
N.B.
^; J
I
T-^Hil
-ill SS
1
J^Ju
J
J *^^
This particular sentence might also be construed " in the
house of the small peasant 3.
I
countenance
",
but the sense
is
against that.
Supposing there are two antecedents connected by "and'' In that case,
mark
this
?
Supplementary Rule for old-fashioned
''good" Arabic (often disregarded nowadays) ;—
— RULE D
Place the
:
antecedent in construction in the
first
ordinary way, and the second
"if or "her", The mercy and
etc.,
—
144
construction with the pronoun
in
as consequent.
blessing of God.
(The mercy of God and His
The power and
the
wisdom
of God.
1
books and pens.
pupil's
(The books of the pupils and
By
the child's
their pens).
book and pen.
Suppose
That
be in apposition Its
Noun;
any
in
May one Yes
no
is
difficulty.
Ex.
What
is
the use of the
meant
"evil".
the-best-of "
-^S*
Muslim." is
Jv-c-
state,
is
^c
'iJy V.
similarly placed its
"un"
its
l'
I
to
place.
'^^
Ja
'
jf
•
T
^*
"i^
-^
«.^^^'a^11' *! -^
?
owner of
Oy^^
to
Ex.:
stores
^*"^ ^.
is
he-who leaves
his brother
^1. V; from
^rv->- ?
as the antecedent of the construct
etymological meaning its
'
> 0^.
is
to be distinguished
"and others") and prefix
adjudged
now very much used
in construction,
"The worst Muslim
'(.v'J.il 'o'Xi
but
is
meaning
are
" the-worst-of."
J^ " The-best-of-speech
il^ljl
How
and
They
'"
and %t
^a.>-
similarly
antecedents of nouns
7.
words
originally a substantive,
\y^^
the
^^j*-\^
^>. was
**
I
7^
•\'
He
:
and houses. 6.
is
^^
(v)
—
—
146
READING EXERCISE. Ex.
57c.
**
*
tf
-^
^
**
*
^
*
"
^
-^
^^
s—
-*
A
verif literal translation : There was with Halim (He had) a nice faithful dog [whicV] (I) the son-ofAnd he used-to-send him his-brother (his nephew) had given to him. constantly to the market to buy (2) bread so the dog goes (3) and comesThen in one of the days (One day) with (brings) the bread in a basket. Halim wrote a paper to the baker and put it in the basket. So the dog took that basket in his mouth and went to the baker, who took the basket from his mouth and put the new bread in it. And while the dog was returning (4) to the house of his master, another dog saw (5) him and walked with him. Then that dog smelt the bread, so he took from the basket one loaf. So the first dog sprang upon him, and all the dogs that were in the street
^a;. 5?f/.
;
heard him, and attacked him, and ate
When
the dog
saw
(6)
that,
all
the bread that [was] in that basket.
he took his empty basket and returned to the
house of his angry master.
Grammatical Notes (I)
N.B.
The
:
Relative of an INDEFINITE noun
alladhi contains the article .^.
continuous action.
see"
is
a weak verb,
vowels frpm
this
'
!
c
f.
Ex. 56b,
(3).
is
not written,
(2) Suhjiinct:
(4) Pres. partic. predicate of
(I
^«///7.
probably because (3) (5)
In the Present,
and
(6)
"To
have purposely omitted a few of the unimportant
School Reader
" Story).
—
147
Lesson 58. 1.
a^.1[\ 'kA^)\
What
/Adjective Assimilated to the Participle. It
means
that,
does this
and
is,
therefore,
quite rightly called the Active,
rather than "Present," Participle; but
verb
is
"to-be so
and
so,"
it
is
a
other form
if
little
meaning of the
the
far-fetched to use the
We
Active Participle for ''one-doing". for the adjective
it
?
is
Jc U represents
quite logical to say that the Active Participle
ont-doing,
mean
so long as the verb is a transitive one,
therefore, use
from such verbs,
but the
some Arab
Grammarians feel that there is some similarity between One-who-is and One-who-does, hence "Assimilated" Adj. 2.
Give some examples from the Intransitive Verb Meaning.
to
f/
be generous
mighty, great
to
be mighty
to
be beautiful
to
be brave
to
be firm
0-^
hard
What do we
notice in the above examples
That from the Intransitive Verb-form very often moulded upon the form other forms,
e.g.
L«i
?
J*j
an
adjective
the last three shewn.
Adjectives on the torm
IS
but maij take certain
Give examples from the verb-form J*J (a)
>
^ > ^
brave one, brave
firm,
Yf
o>
to be noble
a
4.
Verb.
one-noble
beautiful, well
3.
Meaning.
Adjective.
one-generous, generous
U^
ui
glad
to
be glad
cheerful
to
be cheeful
annoyed, depressed
to
be annoyed
"
—
148
>
and
for its Feminine,
(b) Jiii taking:
^'^•i
entirely used for
words representing colour or
Plural,
JǤ
is
defect.
lame
dumb one-eyed
E
cross-eyed
c ^
deaf
r
blind
(c)
Taking
form
j^l*!
tfiV
hungry
&^
11-
J^
Z
Jy'r
much time upon
not spend
Feminine takes
Its
.
j^i
and not very important now.
feminine with
I
—
A;^\«f
(
as
The
0^*i with tanwin damma, and,
5.
3>1
c
thirsty
Do
r^>
But
fact
t)Cik't
is
rather intricate,
is,
it
is
sometimes
in that case (only), takes
m co//;
Are there any miscellaneous examples Yes; any adjective, from a
it
Jiiti
iJ^.i
is
a
usual).
.''
triliteral verb,
which happens
to
take a form other than that of the regular Active or Passive Participle (but with similar meaning)
elderly
U-
V^^
good dead
( tl:^>»
or)
is
classified here.
to
grow old
to
be good
to die
c^'S\>
ou
wounded
to
wound
c>
victim
to
murder
3^'
-
—
149
^0 ^
6,
It is
not possible to form a
Yes and ;
J^^JL
J^
^aI
^
from C»u for example
^s>^\
?
means "dying," but C*** and ^;^ mean "dead".
means "pressing closely" but
Similarly ^jH*^
^J*J?
"narrow".
In other words, the participle (N. of Agent) describes temporary action, but the assimilated adjective denotes
permanent
state.
Exercise 58a.
When we road,
went out of our house, we saw two blind men
and they immediately followed
'Have mercy on us
for "
We
told
(
said to them
(
The merciful them
)
that
57:8) the whole of the blind, deaf,
great city, which
is
(starving) and the
tliirsty,
them
(i. e.
full
them
is
(in their
shewn mercy."
is
'
impossible to assist
lame and others
[why] there
as
for the
no number
(
in
this
hungry 33:4
to
)
But the matter was great
eyes) and they said, "
neither generous nor noble:
generous' "
shall be
it
in the
shouting and saying,
of them; while
they are innumerable).
(grievous) to
us,
ah well
(in
any
Sir,
case),
you are 'God
is
*
Exercise 58b.
« iii5
.
'S-'j*
'^^
,^A^
jV
lu'^jl
jV^i 3jl>-^°A^
\^ J^^SttI^'S ">o^I3 J^*'» 'r-^^ CuLi
*
The usual phrase
to dismiss a beggar.
^-^^j
'
w*
^*t**
jl j^s^M ^j^c'V] u«!
150
Lesson 59. NOUN OF SUPERIORITY. How
1.
The a
the Comparative denoted
is
adjective being a noun,
noun;
it
is
Does the Noun
2.
"Noun
called the
For the Superlative see
its
8— li
?
comparative iform
is
of Superiority"
naturally
U^k'*:!
^A
i
below.
of Superiority take any special form
?
formed upon J** from adjectives which have been derived from triliteral verbs, that is to say, before the first
Yes;
it is
I
radical, prefix
\
and vowel the
letters of prolongation,
are alike they coalesce,
the fatha
is
If
etc.
rest as above, discarding
the second
and
third radicals
and we use a shadda;
thrown back on
any
in that
case
to the first radical.
)U
learned
more learned >
great
greater
miglitier, greater
mighty, great
iiV
r
more
virtuous, distinguished
(better)
more
\
distinguished, virtuous
^S
good, beautiful
beautiful t
ugly
uglier
more
glorious
glorious
more
intense
intense
sweeter
(
1
In the last
1
sweet
li
example the wau undergoes a
reverting to (j which can carry no vowel
Can we
\*
"
permutation/'
itself.
say, in Arabic, "sweeter ^/lan" "•
Yes; we translate "than" by sweeter than honey.
The
^^^
and say
[^c-
a^ ^A>
'J-
1
preposition min governs the following
noun
4.
with tanwin kasra
in the oblique case,
or a bingle kasra
How
-
151
J-^ has
if
J-»Ji has the definite article.
if
"
would you say "redder, or whiter, than
we have
Since
learned a form J*i
physical defect,
it
of colour or
as a form
i
?
clear that adjectives denoting these
is
qualities are already on the
form
Take some such word
and form
comparative
SZ.
so
\»\\
ferent plan. its
tanwin,
we must adopt
a dif-
as Ji)^J^ strong, or intense
more intense
and then say
\
two
in - the - matter - of- redness. 5.
how can we condense that long phrase ? Into one word. The ma§dar (verbal noun, or noun But
is
[6.
used with tanwin fatha
(i.e.
adverbially) to express this.
redder
=
stronger as-to-redness
whiter
=
more as-to-whiteness
deafer
=
intenser as-to-deafness
Can
the comparative be formed from Derived
Theoretically, no
We
useful."
from
For example
learn
word
this
!
is
of action L:68)
^Ki
\
is
Verbs
?
the 4th Conj.
=
" to
Lesson ^^ that the V.N. of Conj
in
Then
olJl
the phrase
or)
"
He
is
be
IV
more useful
than she*,"-becomes
t^JL*
( 5 JL^li
As
this
rule is completely disregarded in
a
matter of
fact,
o:>Ul
f.S
modern Arabic, and one of the commonest phrases This
Also
"
is
more useful than
Then they
in-hardness."
S .-.J
(the hearts) !x.i
I
j
1
*
It is
t §6
^J
interesting to note that in English
" than
her,''
is less
because her
is
[are]
SjUi-
To-day, people would say
diJS
that
\S
1
.
*•/•
is
j^b\
lj;i»
like stones, or stronger .aJ
(AI-Qur*an 2
similarly to
we
jf>
^
^a-
1
].
:
69).
t
say "than she [is}" but, in Arabic
Obh'que case governed by the preposition min.
in^portant, and n^ay be passed over for thQ present, if desired,
'
~ 7.
the form J*i
Is
Yes; wiien say
\Jp[i
Uj
*.,*
How, otherwise
A
1
"aind
jj/b
Thus even
mav be made by
as the antecedent to a ^'Construct
'
I
J^^
J^i "Mohammed
I
than Fatima.'*
placing the form
Noun"
[is]
the-best-of-men " ^ *
according
gender,
to
thus,
ti^'x.^
'-»
and
is
women." But we may a/so say
the best of
way
this
prettiest of
more usual now. fj^^\ J*^
is
my
0>^^
wives.
I
J
I
^*u>* -"
9.
A
curious variation
the use of
is
-^
greatest of
"The Prime " 10.
He
Minister attended"
But, in general, In a
word,
it is
what
the best, or most distinguished
Can
this
(a)
It
forms
is
j^ljaiNI u^>-J^ :
(see
Ex
I
Ex.
(Qur'dn). y^"*"
S^^ 1
j^
(c.f.
it
(Revise 45:3d);
Ji Vi^l JlV^H The \
^^y-ap^
French);
e.g.
we
Ex: J^iM'
:
33).
?
(jj':!i^'J'.:/-'^j'-^^s::i'jl J^ L;ui j^U*j^ 1
B.
1.
When
2.
Who
3.
*'He
4.
5.
6.
7. 8.
9.
C.
(A)
( s
Translate to Arabic. will there
10.
be peace after
the Caliph
is
Believers,")
.
j^ ^^'i
(V)
whom
now
this
(Khalifa)
war ? "The Prince
(or
?
thou lovest
is
sick."
The two princesses, whose abode (mansion) we saw, have come home. Salma is my first and most beautiful wife.
We have been to many mosques. The girl went back to ask her brother. Her brother was. with Abu Zaid. Fatima
is
Yes, she
prettier than
is
Mary.
the prettiest of
all
the girls.
Questions. 1.
2.
of the
What words are Feminine What is the Rule for Agreement .''
of Adjectives
-
155 -^
Lesson EYE, VOICE
81.
AND EAR.
Memorise the following Scripture verses, one on, Arabic proverbs and other useful sentences
Later
at a time.
be
will
set.
'cuV^iSLSlldlOC
\j%^
^Ac V^3 ^^1
dl^.:;: 3
(r)
^i^
(o)
db'^ij di.i:l? (v) Literal Translation
And
1.
(To be compared with the references given).
:
as ye wish that the
with them thus If
2.
ye remain
my
(c.f.
(or,
Luke 6:31).
abide,
— U3e Past Tense after jj^) in Me, and
speech (word) abide
wish and
is
it
yours
people do with you, do ye also
(c.f.
John 15:7).
3.
The Lord
4.
The Lord shine *with His unto-thee
peace
As
6.
lift
for
24).
face upon thee and be-merciful-
up His face upon
me and my house :
and grant thee
thee,
— we
will
serve
15).
As thy days, thy
A
:
(26),
(Joshua 24 7.
you and guard you (Numb. 6
(v.25).
The Lord
5.
*
bless
ye shall (may) ask what ye
in you,
rest [shall be].
"hollow" verb having middle radical
>v/.
(Deut. 33 (L. 115).
:
25).
the
LORD
-
-
155
Lesson 62. PRIMITIVE AND DERIVED NOUNS. i.
What One
is
a Primitive
that
in
verbal root.
triliteral
number, the commonest examples are
^^5 heart What is a Derived Noun One which is derived from the '^'^ sword
ji[ camel ^j-^ neck.
(j^j^ horse
.'*
(j^ 3.
?
derived from the usual
is 7iot
These are but few
2.
Noun
j^ to study, we get
How many
.o^^
.
o.-'lt
c-^jO
(
Li5 ^^kr j
J
V'^
>
1
^"^
^^ ^
J
j^ir
1
V
-^'
1
1
*"
( s
/
\
u.w>-
(t)
S'il Uifr CJ jC 1:--U 'S^'JJ l^wi?-
(a)
-
-
159
Lesson 63.
NOUN OF INSTRUMENT
V^\ r'
This denotes the instrumenS or
I.
action
is
c>5nL»^
,
done.
Now
the most
by means of which the
tool,
common word
which takes the plural c>S L5w
but that word
When
primitive noun, not a derived noun.
for knife
it
is
is
is
a
desired to
derive a noun of instrument from a verb, that can only be done
upon certain forms, which are 2.
Give
a
l«^ jL*A4 and
few examples upon the form
,l^AA *iA.*A
l«i^
^ a
file
a milk-pail
a hand-press
iX.
to
file
tjk
to
milk
'u^.
scissors
3.
Give a
a
iTu -
-^
to cut, trim
few examples upon the form
key
a plough
JUu
c^^
to
open
^'>.
to
plough
to
weigh
to
blow
to
saw
to
sweep
a balance
6-
bellows a
to squeeze
'^'y.
saw
^ dj3
^i
^-^0 .
Also upon a
^^
^^ly.
the
first
l^V
^i''/'
of these
which
*^
is
odd words
?
commonly used
for
mim.
servile
^t'e
consonants?
four (see 3 above) quince
r-
y^-r J^j^--
your Vocabulary Book several pages for the plural
in
Put the form
head of the page.
the
at
the (attested) examples you
come
across.
Enter up
Take
3rd page for the odd words (para. 8 above) and label
Example
of a heading in Note-Book
an a 13.
plural,
Directions as to Note-Book.
Take
12.
65.
thumb
show the vowelling
Suppose the word contains
Drop IJ.
^jl^* and
!
ear of corn
words not having the 10.
:
>
ilil^
'y.^-
\\
the
their plural
Give examples of odd words which take the four-syllable because they contain four consonants
9.
Of
?
Example
>
I--
— J^^*^ k::
office
file
of another heading
Form
:
-*
:
*
jewel
* * «'"*''
^/"^f^
all
(say) the it.
-
163
Exercise G4a. 1.
If I
had (Had
schools of the world
all the 2. 3.
had) much money
I
would
visit
(have visited)
;
And see all the mosques and lawcourts and libraries. Do you not wish to visit the printing-presses also ?
4.
Yes,
5.
[Will]
I
wish to
visit the largest presses also.
you not
visit the
Alexandria lighthouse and stay
the chief dwellings of that city
in
.?
will look into the matter [the day]-after-tomorrow.
6.
I
7.
Is
more useful than the
the scissors
useful than the scissors 8.
I
It is
knife, or the knife
more
.?
said that one of the hotel guests (dwellers in hotels)
some years ago
throw some jewels and
(since years) used to
and they have now been found under the arches of the old temples. [for the children to dive for];
coins in the Nile
Exercise 64b.
ij^J
jVj^l
1
^^ UiJ
Vocabulary
^O
^—jlJa'Jl
cnSClJ
I
1
cnSCU
i
jjjl jl ij^jl
^
Monday
WiJ
Saturday
^
1
Sunday
64.
Thursday Friday
I
^5^
;:
J^i
,
>
^
I
C^x.^'
>
a
Tuesday
»j
Wednesday
-Us ^^^,^ I
I
"i;
(t)
U>
( V)
ji.V r^-
—
—
l64
Lesson 65. QUADEISYLLABIC PLURAL. Form
What happens
1.
to the
u^Vaa
form j^^^
word Cj\j^
the Sing., as in the
See our Rule of Permut: (63 tion to a 2.
•
How As
do we show the form except that
in 64,
5).
if
a
there
is
plough
Change
which
is
a long vowel in
?-
the letter of prolonga-
kasra
;
thus
Z^ jl^
}
we now add
a ya to lengthen ihe 3rd
Thus ^^^'^
syllable.
3.
:
to suit the vowel,
(_$
etc.
But u'Ja-* has a kasra with
mini,
its
and our plural form has
a fatha; what happens.?
See our Rule again has
to
!
Here fatha
be written, thus
*
has no longer any "raison for
wau
part of the form, so fatha
is
We
.
then observe that the ya
d'etre", since
it
was only substituted
which has now disappeared; we,
to suit the kasra,
therefore, return to the original wau, which also takes fatha here.
The
changed
^ain to
ya
has a kasra in the type-form, therefore the to
becomes mawazin 4.
be homogeneous to (j
yy
it,
alif is
and the plural of mizan
balances.
Give examples of tabulation of
Form
this
form
in the
Note-Book.
LpCi>« Singular
Plural
a key a
plough
a balance 5.
Can other words beside
Certainly,
the
such as contain
have a weak
Noun
of Instrument take a plural in
four (or more)
letter after the third
consonant.
consonants and
Examples
:
165
'cM^
o^isC"
sultan
cn^Cu^
knife
^ ^ ^
>
CnrC
devil
poor(wretched)
>
commentary
box
•
teaching doctrine
trunk (elephant)
W^^
'f^'-
j
^
week
',_,(-!
)
1
praise (hymn)
V^^"'
^
'yS(J.^ sparrow 6.
Can
a spring, source
Noun of Object cV^' ^-^^
1
^'^'
cn^llrll b)
(t)
-
i67
-
Lesson 66. Plural
|}^*y and
Forma
J^U*
^
1.
-^
Are there any nouns of the form J^U (Active take Quadrisyllabic Plural
Yes, and they act upon letter of a
?
the Rule: it
to
occurs as the second
if alif
wau and form
the four-syllable
(Not geneially used for rational beings).
plural. 2.
word, change
Participle) that
Some examples jtf-ly
of
J^'y
y?
a rule
r,ru
a prize
'fy'^
a table
a factor
a ring, seal a
stamp .c-^,''^
a benefit
a
mosque
'i-'^ ^w.''
3.
Can
thunderbolt
'aIcX.^
accident incident
''i:f.
)
i
there be a form
>1>
or
From
l,;u
a thought
>u
J^^'y
Certainly, on condition that there ^ain
a side
middle radical, as well
is
as
a
weak
after the
letter after the first
radical.
the nature of the case this cannot apply to the Passive
Participle,
which commences with a
cr^
y
servile .>
a
dictionary
law (natural) a spy
»
^1
^>-
shop, beershop
cri^'y lantern >
a law (civil)
mim >
^^y\^
(65
:
6).
~ 4.
->i»-i
How
does the plural form J>^*^ originate
RULE (weak the 5.
Feminine Nouns having
:
after
letter)
weak
a
•'.'>
in the singular a
immediately after the
letter
get
j!^l>^
a virtue
an island
3;'i-.
a vice
a church a sacrifice ^
^z-
few (fem.) a letter
6.
we
for
a fact, truth
newspaper
good
hamza
•
a miracle
;rt>
long vowel
J^^^*^
poem
epistle
thus
alif;
a tribe
i^:.
?
the second radical, substitute
Give some examples of
ii>
-
i68
^^»
jTU^
c^
1
It
A>-
city
newspaper
4.
the
Uz^
book
'i'. ^ ^
after
case also.
in this
^>J^
path
w
J«3
^-l-^*
thus 'cj\^^
it
giving
it
to
show
takes a different plural.
^^iJ^ (fem. form)
^n^L
is
may
that
when
Further,
take a plural upon
— Is
170
—
tkere a plural form ending in alif with
hamza
?
Yes, there are two, but both of them end in the long
hamza
written after
The
L. 13:4).
it.
first
Note that the three radicals take no weak but
add a long
alif aftei' the three.
/^5
^li^
-iCiClV ^
i^
.r.
(finan.)
Ally(by treaty
What
i^
is
-^ >t
ignorant, stupid
1 vr^
>x:x^
D.D., "Savant."
'&
^17*^
poet
>u
the other pkiral form ending in long alif with
Af^ila'u
1
active Qualities),
intelligent
stranger
6.
between them
wise
weak
^UU
fu^ala,u.
old
merciful
poor
letter
(with
^
.
noble
-ii^ai
-^^A-i
is
(Used for
alif
which prefixes an alif-hamza
hamza
?
before the fir st radical.
%
oi.
intimate! near j
prophet (.
^al
rich
^^i^i-
physician
»
strong i.
a
^1^1
wretch 1
a rascal
^
^
J
precious,
)
dear
j
-',.
^liil
intense
pure
a friend -
7.
What
is
important'about
and
-^vU*
t
-^Ia**
'
?
That both these Plural Forms, while undefined, are diptotes, or two-case words. Note the absence of tanwin. But when defined, either
by the
article, or
can be marked. (Compare 64 8.
What
is
^^Ui
1
used for
:
5
by construction,
and 65
:
all
the cases
7)
.?
Principally for words from "defective" roots,
(i.e.,
ya) also for words with 2nd and 3rd radicals alike.
ending
in
To English
Exercise 67a.
171
:
^
I
I
> ^
t}^
0' r*
\J^
(JL->I) Ol'^^^ljl^'^Jr^^^^J^I 0^^»
J^J
^fc' jCJ^
I
-r
(^ja^>^
-
—
172
Lesson 68. THE MASDAR jJ.^1 I.
What, strike"
The
Arabic, corresponds to the English Infinitive "To
in ?
indexes
dictionary
person
the third
singular
in
the
past and present tenses, and shows, in English, the words
"To
strike." Strictly speaking,
however, the English
not of the past or present tenses, but of a third word
tion
which
always given next, and the meaning of which
is
To
The-act-of-doing (Verbal Noun).
Now But
word V^r^ takes the tanwin
the
why have yow
That
always quoted
is
Arabic
very like
is
Lord"; Arabic placed
"I
What
verbal noun called
is this
Have we
the
Almost so up
the
same
is
(l) is
"To
(c.f.
is,
in
•
Accusative.
II
:g
U.-laC'
b^
l^sUci
Cognate Object).
?
verb,
it is
looked
and as most Arabic mouns
the "source'' of everything.
is
A
Grammar
?
called the "Gerundial Infinitive"
"gerund" partakes of the nature
parsed like a noun, and the Gerundial Infinitive
in infinitive form.
king"^To
erring
.
waited patiently for the
:cf. "I
origin or source, for
English
in Meiklejohn).
gerund
wrong.
in
it is
we have what
;
of a verb but a
and
as a noun,
lexicons in the
a great fear",
are derived from verbs,
is
is ^
b^^ V^^^i V^^
Accusative ^{j-^
Also Luke
Accusative.
in the
it
in the
Hebrew here
upon as the "source" of the
(look
'-
"ihe-act-of-striking."
the
in
jXa^ Ma§dar, which means
4.
-
.
waited a waiting",— the word "waiting" being
"Then they feared 3.
given^r^
>
.
the "absolute," or the adverbial form, and the verbal
is
noun
means
verbal noun and
fact, a
strike
-
^
#= >
I.
a transla-
is
strike the king err is
human,
Exs. is
in
"It is
wrong
to strike
wrong^Striking the king
to forgive divine"
human, the-act-of-forgiving
Ma§dar would be used
(l)
is
divine.
each of these cases»
= The
is
act-of-
In Arabic, the
-
173
5-
But
is
the form of the
Ma§dar always J*^
No, there are over thirty forms,
most important. 6.
What ma§dar I.
is
Some
we
like
v^^ ^
learn a few of the
will
of the others are quite rare.
used for transitive verbs
J«i and this happens to be the most
?
common
of
all
ma§dars.
to strike
'U
to kill ^
to
understand
to eat ^0
i.
to take -
7.
to
make
to
say
Other important
ma jdars— ILJ«^
'X
to disbelieve
to
be beautiful
to
know
CLi
'i^.
^0
to
'?-
>•
mention
to preserve
IV.
J** For Intra nsitiv
to
be sick
u>
>.
like-
rj' LT'j'
i?4
V. J^«* Verbs denoting
-
movement
or
the lack of
it.
> >9
to fall
to enter -
to
go out
to
ascend
to
descend
to
be tranquil
to
be silent
r>.1 "
>
>
^j^
^0
-
**»
to sit
to set (sun)
VI.
*^)^**
to
\3f'
comes from J*^ which denotes
qualities.
be rough
%»
>
ytr
to be easy ^.r
to
be
»
difficult >
to be
to
be cool,
VII. ^il*^
^^
sweet (water)
damp
nr
\
y
LU' J_
usually denoting qualities. ^9
to
be safe o ^
to
be charming
to
be eloquent
to intercede
-
175
often used for office, trade, etc.
VIII. ^f«?
>^^:S'
ji
^a
^^j^^^
being-beaten
at Zeid's
^^ ^
ful
j^
/^^I
:
being-eaten is not lawexcept to the priests
''Its
^j
^^ j*\
^w^U-wlj
^ I
to place
i.e.,
used actively).
{i.e. it is
That he would not order them
(b) In a
C^Ai
Ij
\^A
^
L-A^t^j
I
y
^
^"^ ^a)
^
y
To Arabic
;
!xa3
:>l-^*i
'^^i::^>»
cn^^j
slJo
jlLl^
j
^n-:^
^
.y
^j^lk^j ^^j'-^ aG
(The above are *'known" words
Exercise 68c.
J^^l Oj-*
cj-^-
^» J Jj^i^
..^
lo
I
}/
1
cAb
revise them),
^
j^^
-^^^i
^»^
J^^^l-J
^J
^.
^^
:
and most cultured of kings {lit. greatest in scientific and ordinary knowledge). Also his city, Baghdad, was the handsomest of the cities of the East at that time. Al-Rashid himself, who is the one so often referred to in "Arabian Nights" (^z^. lOOl Nights) had a great share of eloquence and of knowledge of philology; probably he was the best sultan the Moslems had, for he prohibited vice and inculcated virtue.
Haiun al-Rashid was one
Now
it is
of the greatest
related of this "Prince of Believers'* that he took from poor, and upon great and small
the rich to give to the
that
great blessings
alike.
he bestowed
many
Although there were no schools, presses or daily papers those days, as at the present time, yet poets and
had no difficulty in committing memory, without writing it down.
(professors)
learned
their
in
men
poetry to
«
-
178
Lesson 89. USE OF LEXICON. I.
Which
are the servile letters
?
^oi
The whole which
What
2.
"Ye asked me
is
for
it",
used
are
letters) of a root to
U
meaning of
the
servile.
weak)
combination
in
\^^^-*.2
ma> be
the use of the servile (or
is
They
word
of the letters in the
letters
with
?
(strong
radicals
the
form derived verbs, which we shall study
from Lesson 72 onwards, and also nouns derived from verbs. 3.
How
cjn the derived verb be reduced
Take
the
word ^••y
^
(he honoured me), (a)
pronoun, with the linking nun.
affixed
preliminary alif-hamza, which
Conjugation 4.
IV.,
left
is
—
^
do we find the meaning of the derived verb
Take
the Dictionary
and look up the root
below
it
it,
and we ultimately
the
trace find
the
away
the
mark of
the distinguishing
is
and what we have
and having found
Remove
take
(b)
How
tJ
5.
to its original radicals?
IV
and
II
^y
^
J
(•
•
?
under Chapter
III
to
•
-^
Conjugations
show honour.
Give further examples. (a) j^-^^-^'-^^
remove the root left
(b)
alif
(c)
Oy
is
Take
^
from the
to
.^aI^*)
from which
and the original
understand,
Here jj comes centre,
off,
leaving
-^
"It-was-rolled-away"
away, leaving "to roll
and get
servile letters --1 (see §1 above)
J^--*^,
zj^-^
off the plural una,
z j^^ which
away", upon the form
is
then
\
and
finally the
long
j ^ Here only the
a quadriliteral
J.^*i (to
be studied
J
root
in
comes
meaning
96
97)-
•
'
*>
Removing
>j^^)^r
(d)
keeping the
disciples" (from 6.
May
the pronoun
for this also
ta,
which we
-UL**
left
t;9-
example, the word
O
which see
a strong
is
^^y Uj
^^^
iS
we have "to
make
pupil, or disciple).
a servile letter act at other times as a radical
removing the 3
7.
mean
to
Yes, and then of course (for the time being) for
sign, but
a quadriliteral verb,
is
from the lexicon
find
-^^J a
and the plural
first
tri-literal
Take
strong.
is
it
?
they-are-asking-me.
we have
(^
left
Ju*
Here, to ask,
For another example,
verb.
5 (d).
What
The
(a)
words
the order of the
is
in the lexicon
placed
triliteral root is
first,
?
and, in good
lexicons
such as Hava's or Wortabet's, either of which we recommend, it
marked by an
is
To
asterisk on the right side.
its left is
always shown the vowelling of the Mudari*^ and, farther on, the
(Hava uses two
ma§dar. to a
word being
may be
but different vowelling
Then
the
(d) After
II
the
one of which refers
specially Syrian).
(b) Possibly there
(c)
sorts of asterisks,
:
another verb with the same radicals
that
would be shown
Conjugation J«^ lOth Conjugation
participles, or rather,
Noun
of
any); the
(if
(
if
any
next.
III,
IV
'
etc., if
look out
)
Agent and Noun
used.
for
the
of Object
if
they form specially useful words or phrases. (e)
Lower down,
the Derived
c^lSs^ at the foot of 8.
A
fairly
student
from
full
is
the
Nouns may be shown,
for
^-^I-S
dictionary
recommended
for the
fuller
elementary
Wortabet's Arabic-English, which can be piocured
American Mission
Press,
Syria,
Beirut,
American, C.M.S., or Nile Mission Press Book-shops
A
example
and more excellent one
Press, Beirut.
is
or
the
at Cairo.
Hava's (SJ.) of Catholic
Most scholars use the
latter.
It
has not been
—
—
i8o
New
obtainable (except secondhand) for some years.
£
••
I
5
••
now obtainable
edition,
of Nile Mission Press, Cairo.
Please note that the student has no expensive grammars to
9.
buy, for the present course, bound up, comprises a complete
Arabic Grammar, including
a
new and
original Syntax,
in
addition to Reader, Exercises, and Examination Papers. 10.
Lane's eight-volume lexicon, (Williams and Norgate),
is
formerly
or
five
guineas
six
useful for very old Arabic, such as
the Qur'an and Traditions, but quite unnecessary for practical
work. Arabic.
Some
will,
The
Jesuit
plus carriage)
For English
11.
(_5^r^«'
is
It ip,
a
one
need an
;^j^j-J
summary
'
Arabic Dictionary
V j^
'
(3 vols,
£
2
10
••
in ••
of all others,
— Arabic Dictionaries,
the best
is
"The Modern'*
by Elias Anton, 80 piastre?, and the next best Ab-
Get an Arabic Gospel from Bible Society.
carius (Beirut). 12
later on,
from now, assumed that the student can search his own
dictionary for
new words.
Exercise 60. The
diclionaiy
may
be consulted for help in reading the following exercise,
which may then be re-translated
^JJ
I>.|
I
JaV Ij J5^ J
o\
I
^li^
Ji5S
-
«Judi
J-^^^
to Arabic,
"yj^
3'-^-U
J^ J I
VI
4il
Air
C-'jJ ^:^.>
I
y^
S;
Li^f
^i
I
—
u
1
JL3-I
\
:
-^-^*'
''
r
S
° I
,>ij i'/J
-
r
U^*>. /,^
l?-j»^ ojl-lj )
ilrj:;^!:^'\5;ui
Vj sjjti^i
Encjlisli 1.
Tramlaiion
Patience
3.
The The
4.
Patience
5.
The
6.
One
2.
7. 8.
9.
is
Li^
I
^-o-
Lrl ^
to be good, beautiful to
to
make
Trans: or In trans
Intensive, or Cans:
better
keep peace with
to
cause
to
become
to sit
Prepositional.
J:
Reflexive of
'o^
Passive of
be cut off
to
consider good
to
be very red
to last
rough
long
VI VII VIII
I.
IX
Asking, or Considering
X
^0
-.
tJui^
J^'^l '
to be very
vu
etc.
Colour ^
V
I.
Reflexive of
be red
III
1,
11.
Reciprocal.
to separate onself
to
j;u
3-' IV
Causative.
o-^Vi
better
II
-a
to be reconciled together
to
I
:
»
A
•
1
J^rJ^l
yA rX
XI XII XIII
^0 ^0 to have
a liump in front
XIV ^e
to lie
on a couch
Jd'J
XV
iS5
Reckoning the ordinary simple J*-* as jugations talie consecutive numbers.
study those up to X, but the QXote 3.
-AW
What
A
is
-
becomes
in II
Write ^^Lll of ".0
.-^
radical, in
may be
left).
II. }
emphasising place
of
to
break
—This
to
it
Exs. ^r-^
one.
bits
and reaUy
^
'V:
to
cut,
shadda must be carefully
were written y^*^
it
l^
the
omitted.
-?^ r--J
Note
to cut to pieces.
enunciated as though 4.
shall systematically
the distinguishing feature of Class
making two consonants
4a?
We
our tables are read Arabic fashion— riglit to
shadda over the middle
to break,
last five
the Derived Con-
I,
and J^y^
.
.
b'.ir
^/j:^
'IT
&jr
Cf
\fS 5
What difference is ^"i^ and II yi^?
observable between the Past Tenses of
Comparing with Lesson ference 6.
is
18, it will
I
be noticed that the only dif-
the presence of the carefully enunciated shadda.
Give (Al-Mudari^).
Here again the shadda makes the only difference, except that the kaf takes a fatha, and the servile letter a (Jamma. 7.
Write the Jussive
(^jj^i)
and from that deduce the Imperative.
isi .Ul ^
do we form
from Conj.
II. ?
original formula for the Ismiil-Fa*il Trom the triliteral verb
cannot apply here
RULE:
(for
where should we place the
alif
?).
any derived conjugation, take the 3rd.
In the case of
Masc. Sing, of al-Mudari^( Active) and exchange the pronomi. nal
tan win, ^it* a dual
since
Is
Jpli)
noun. Thus, from
is a
a teacher
fem.
(
*UA.*^
J.«)^
).
get
This takes
OlJ.**
and
U^-^i.*^
we
^^aa one-bringing-forward, or presenting.
^
formed
Lesson 35
First revise
quadriliteral since -is
=
replace the end vowel by
and the regular plurals
(jC^^**
the passive of
which
.-*i
I
one-who-teaches
Similarly 2
damma, and
prefix for mini with
written
it
:
like the triliteral
Remember
2,3.
equals J*«^
*
^«5
that really
Then
Pronounce
it
J*5
the passive -
>
?
J*i
like
is
is
l*«3
>
^**^
oUi'
IJ
.>-/ 0-^' u.
3.
The Passive
of the Imperfect >^l
Pronounce
the fatha).
this
Tense o
P-jUaii
(
c.
/.
35
:
5
noting,
1
U*i>
0>
Uil
IjiaJ
o ^o
4.
«
formed from How is J^*«J RULE" The Noun of Object I
is
^**l^
Conj.
II
of any
?
derived
conjugation
formed from the 3rd Masc. Sing, of the Present Passive by
— i88replacing the
from
that
is
^
we
wedonotalwayswsetheN.
we have
partly because
^J^
get of O.,
its
Noun
^«^
'
i*>«
distinguish the
to
tQ-acher'\iuhen unvowelled.
N.B. For the Plural of such participles, see 45 5.
Is
Ma§dar (Noun
the
of Action) of the
different from that of the simple
The Masdar
Quite different. with
the
to
faih:i
first
II.
verb
masdar of
.
i.^
is
?
a
ation before the final radical, which gives us i^
3 (b).
formed by prefixing
is
and inserting
radical
:
derived conjugations
triliteral
of
(one-taught),
formed from Conj. V.
a N. A.
of agent
put-forward, or
e.g.,
^LjO (=one learning, or taught) and also N. of O. from
fa
ya of prolongU*jw
.
Thus
the
«-
^a*j
the
act-of-teaching, or (as
r-
r
Thus
and the case-vowel by tanwin.
he-is-put-forward,
/-^\
ahea^J. If
by
-j,
con-
it is
0.
ventionally used) teaching or doctrine. Similarly
fSAi
the
is
act-of-putting-forward, or presentation.
There
is
in
having
to
clarify
A^A^)
second form in
a
^^^
-
As can be
or,
clearing,
conventionally, to clear up, liquidate or liquidation.
^^
From
differs
it
^^
Thus from
instead of ya of prolongation. (
seen,
to
)
we
get
name,
verb
may
^
..'
the
of
act
naming.
Occasionally
take the second form as in it is
much more
What (a) An
is
generally used for
act of praising
Intensive
meaning
is
action); (c)
Denominative,
II
lie',
**to
i.e.
speak
to''
to
deny
;
in
ya.
?
often given to the primitive verb
i.e.
the verb
is
0-^
to
"to declare to
to believe (a statement).
73-
;
be
^
hardly comes under either of the above-
Study the following table before working Exercise
;
do the
formed from a noun
Declarative, or Estimative, eg.
sb y-^
^_^
CD
"ID
o
•S 'S
O
A«—
l/i
(U
V
•g
G
•4-*
ii
.5
o
o
^ 4->
'O
O
^1.^
''V VO
O •4-)
I
> 4^
a
TJ
2
o
')^'
l4i
O
O
•4-1
O •4-1
o
t**.
-;^,
':;!j
2
:A'
(fl
4>
c«
a b/)
M-)
o
?^ 0)
"c^
QJ
4-I
a
bfi
o
o
en
0)
tM i
/r^^ I'^rir'
Al-Mudari* of the same .•,J*L>o
/;*-.)*
l>o
:
/jLol^o
,/jlJ*l5>J
,^l>o
,^^ l>vj
cXJlsCr
>^\
>
^
;»
-b^ ' >
\
Give the passive of
'Uil 3.
From
the above, form the
As with
II
so here
:
Noun
replace
the Noun. This N.O.
of Object
by
-j^
/»
c^^
and add the tanwin of
not used much, for VI
is
^\
is
reflexive to
III.
and the same end can be served by using the noun agent of VI. Ex. of the N.O. s^J^\i>^\ 4.
The a
=
The person addressed.
significations of Conj.
table,
which
are best expressed by
Ill
show,
will
at
the
s?me
means
how
time,
of
the
far
derived verb differs from the primary verb, and also which of the
two masdars
ulary
is
used by any individual verb.
has been carefully selected, and
the
The vocab-
derived
verbs
should, therefore, not only be ledgered up, but adttaUy learnt 5
The grammarians give (a)
three chief significations:—
Attempt or Effort— "Wq attempt to perform the primary ac-
upon someone;
tion
this often involves reciprocity.
(b) P?-e/)oszY/o?ia/— converting
indirect
ahsorhinrj the preposition, so to speak. (c)
direct
See exs.
See exs.
(a).
object,
by
(b).
Qualitative— s.hoviiug the quality in acting towards some-
one.
(This
use
of
III
only occurs
denotes a quality. See exs. 6.
to
when
In the following table carefully learn the
verb, as
it is
the primary
verb
(c).
more important than
meaning
of the derived
that of the primary verb-
—
194
^A o ^
5 o
tt)
;:;:j
:t-
\^ ;>
o
N-^
O
O
;^V>
s
^•
:v> \"S
C
•
^
o
o
•J
M^
n
O
O
_3N
V
;-.^)
o
mA r'-s
i-^
c o
o
J3
.s
c
o
b£
o
4-1
1^ .*->
C bc
O
o
.3
:j
4^"
\'^
.O
o o
O
o
0?.
^^
o
h£
cd
ro
^
bX)
c
u o
o
53
t:
c o r-^
>,
—a oa (/)
D
03 (/i
QJ
bC
CD (D
b£
^
;::
o
t/J
.
4-»
4-1
C3
^ O
x: "5
^
0-)
^
C D
O
^
o
C
"co
a;
'o
!
o
Jaft
^
o
f-l
c u
s^
>^ bX)
3 o ;m
OJ
o
J
An
interesting case
is
-
195
i! jl^ to bless,
^ j,
from
to
kneel (camel)
Exercise 75 A. 1.
Every contravention
2.
They fought
3.
The
4.
I
5.
Disputing
6.
They watched
will be punished.
a great fight
(Holy War).
was seen coming from the house.
thief
wish to discuss with you the subject of the present war. is
the source of quarrelling (fighting).
the
army
O mother!
intensely
Assist me,
O
(
an intense watching),
7.
Bless me,
8.
The student was punished on-account-of
father!
simple contra-
a
vention.
9 10.
Then he went This tribe
is
to his father'§
house
ask assistance.
to
(amount) of
notorious for the quantity
ences and contention (litigation) between
its
differ-
followers.
Exercise 75 B,
i;.uLiU
V
(s)
(S^\A^\/1»(>.
(y)
^11
(r)
jljJI^
Aj
Aiiu^L
jl^i
Lrl
I
^S^A
^f^^z.
l>cj
I
(0)
y
;a,_j-i
(J.
'
^L
^
>
\J^
C>\jL.^i^ ^ -I
—
-p Al-Amr:
UWhat
is
The Rule
noticeable about the vowelling for
prefix takes
IV Present-Future
damma
is
:
"The
.?
servile
while the ^Ain of the root
pronominal
(in
this
takes
a
case,
lam) takes kasra".
Rule for IV Imperative
:
"The prefixed
alif
hamza-
fatha (which must be actually written) and the middle radical
has kasra, as
in
the Present-Future.
)
— 7.
8.
"to believe",
^J^\
learnt now.
How
the
As
is
before,
Noun of Agent of IV formed ? we mould it upon the 3rd Person,
replacing -i a
Muslim
;
—
be studied in Lesson lo8 but
will
may be
197
by
/•
^>-
^y>^^^A possible
and of course writing
,
an informant, reporter
^^-^
;
^a/i^^-m
a
to
Study Lesson 77 before working Exercise English
ixX.
V
I
sJii
\
^J.
^-^"-^
jVl ji
'
!>*
^^VJ-*'
'\'^
dC tA
1.
Evil
2.
Lead
3.
I
to 45
A. and
:
r- )
3 (b).
B.
-\ ?
etc.)
which
in
the Preterite
begin with a supplied hamza form their Noun of Action by inserting a long alif before the last radical. 6.
What must It
a hamzat-qafa,
is
write
7.
But
be remembered about the hamza of IV.
if
'Jl**^-'
;»-^->^
I
NOT a
wa§la.
but always
l>lw.>-i
}
Therefore we can never
*1^
the verb already has an alif as in
1
aU
'
''he
raised up"?
:
— add
In that case, i*li[ raising
,
s
—
199
as "compensation" for the second alif -JExs
dwelling:
giving of rest:
^5-'j[
(This will be studied under the
What This
are the chief significations of this form
is,
in
Lesson
II/).
?
"par excellence", the factitive or causative conjugation
iV^oi^/is
but those under (b) are
causing-to-be, etc.)
(making-to-do,
from
Hollow Verb
^iU[ killing.
and have various significations: the
commonly used
to
mean
"to
last
Copy
become".
and
two are learn,
leaving plenty of room for fresh examples. Meaning
of
IV
Meaning
IV.
diUI
destroy
to
I.
to bring in
to cause to
Jyi ^
8
God)
^
V "
reform
bring forward
(b)
From
Isiouns
sin
to face towards
Yemen
to be in the morning (to become)
be sound
to
know
:>
"
?,
0-=^
to
be present
t -A^-
%.
'".
^)
to t.
^3 to
handsome
- >^
inform
commit
J>
i.
^0
•>-
•-•
1
to be good,
sound,
7-
1.
^0
to
go out
to alight
do good make
>^
to share
.
-'
to
to enter
t
to associate (partners)
(with
to be corrupt
a.J
to
go out
send down
to
-
-'/
^Ji\
(a person)
to corrupt
iiu
to perish
t
--.
to
I.
Factitive:
(a)
to
of
>0^
"^
\
sin,
fault (noun)
'j^)
Yemen
cV>
mornir.g
(S.
^i:>
Arabia) ^0/
(nomO
f.
to be in the evening (to
.become)
evening (noun)
^\^A
—
—
200
EXERCISE
every day,
was
I
77,
my
Said one of the
sending
in the habit of
(used to send)
servant,
polite-ones,
^-j^o
'^\
Aim
And on one
he brought
with him,
to the native stores
days
of the
which are
in the market. --
t:
had reformed some
that one of the
of the sinners,
beneficent,
And
two another person. informed me the
> if *
'^
^lQ'y3
6-
They-said:
And
"Possible".
is
the reform of
sinners
possible
They
of
> o
I
o
^
said,
from
their friends.
Where they
them.
'How
rf
will
that'7.
Which corrupted them.
putting
them
into
And
\
their lovers,
-o
if
"May God
is
the "Reformatory"
be
^
r
>
destroy them
And by
will
said,
>
>
And by sending-them- And which far
r
\
said to
I
?
a'^ By taking them out the evil company.
^J,
y
^
•
>
-'
bless the benefactor",
I
said
under observation.
—
—
20t
Lesson 78. TABLE OF CONJS I- IK I.
There
amount
a certain
is
and IV marking these notice, later, that V.
off as a class
by themselves.
II., III.,
We
shall
and VI. form another class having many
features of similarity, and VII., VIII.,
We
between Conjs.
of similarity
and X. form another.
Forms
give the table (or Paradigm) of
—IV.
I.
To be
copied and studied.
PAKnCIPLES Masdar
PAST Passive Act.
No.
W^
\'i
etc.
Present-Fut. Passive Active.
Imper. Passive Active
I.
Waj
V«AJ
II.
III.
^
t
IV. >•
2.
Here are examples worked ^^
To be memorised.
out.
^
'j^'^J-
-
1A>
o
»
--^ijlrc^Jk
^*
Li ^ o
^
^ V\
o
.
0^
I
^
0'^
I
\
o-fc
r'
3.
These
details are
numbers are
all
easily
that are needed; the other persons
formed
in
and
accordance with the usual rules
(already learnt).
This table
is
Exercise 78
ry B.
I
one
:
Tj^*
To Arabic:
to
be really well learnt, not merely "noted".
A. Translate ^ j^
t^-^
to
English
^y
:
'(J^^
^ir^-^
AjU-j
(•^?^**^
One-honouring; wriring; praise; separate!;
he-was-honoured
;
one-praising; honour!; honoured; honour.
— ^202 — Lesson 79.
READING EXERCISE (from
"Magani-1-Adab"
Vol.
II.)
-p
>j-UlJ^
uk^'^'l^W-^' o" of-the-iich^of-Isfjahan
i
came-to-the-door-of-a-man
It is said that a
^
>
liJo^ 1) lli
4i
and said to
And-asked some-thing for God.'
And-the-man-heard-him
his servant
^-
^
beggar
'
^ •
say to Ruby,
^
and Jewel,
to say to Jewel
tell
Amber, oi
>
.
--
.
"God open upon
his
^ -
^
and Diamond
and Turquoise,
So he raised
>
tell
and Coral say to
thee.'
two hands
to
and Ruby say
Turquoise,
heaven
••
O Mubarak
this beggar,
to
tell
Diamond,
Coral,
And heard him
the asker,
aisCj And MikaU
'^\^^^ 'y^k^^^^^'^M^^'^'A'^A And
Kikail
"
this miser,
Say
he says
to Mikail
•
Dirdail say to Kikail
say to Dirdail
I
visit,
and the beggar went
And
Israfil tell 'Israil,
The merchant was ashamed,
THE BEGGAR AND THE
MISER.
Translation of Lesson 79. J.
It is
rich
came
said that a beggar
men
of Isfahan,
and asked something, "For God's sake."
The man heard him, and
Amber
tell
Turquoise to
tell
Ruby
Diamond
to tell
Coral to say to this beggar:
tell
"O Mubarak,
said to his servant,
Jewel to
to tell
door of a man, one of the
to the
to tell
"May God bestow
(goods) upon thee."
But the beggar heard him, so he raised his hands to heaven
and said "O Lord, Kikail to
tell
Gabriel to
tell
:
tell
Mikail to
tell
Dirdail to
Israfil to tell 'Izrail to visit this miser".
tell
merchant was thus put
The
shame and the beggar went on
to
his way. 2.
NOTES. (1)
jJ
After
is
d[ not j
used the particle
these particles causes the subject to be (2) "Isfahan'' is a
diptote (Lesson 52
(3)
The phrase
(4)
"Mubarak" has no tanwin
(5)
The
miser, of course,
servants.
may (6)
"for God's sake"
not,
;
is
:
either
of
^j^^a
6-8),
common
it is
but
'
in the East.
defined because "vccalive"
made up
names
the
of imaginary
These useful names of precious stones may, or be learnt just now.
"Turquoise"
a carruption of the
is
word
faiiuz,
possibly
through the Turkish. (7)
"May God bestow upon
(8)
^j
(9)
(10)
is
a
thee," means, "I myself cannot".
Quranic abbreviation of ^{j
Gabriel, Mikail
etc.,
The beggar quoted
my
Lord.
are diptotes.
the two intermediate
names
to
rhyme
with "miser", but the last two are the actual names of the
Moslem "Angels 3.
N
B.
All
of Death".
Reading Exercises
The
??? 2/6-^
curse
was thus a bad one.
be pronounced
tnemorise short (complete) exercises
if
a/o?/f/.
possible.
Also,
—
—
:204
EXAMINATION PAPER A.
To English
80.
:
-^
(
B.
To Arabic
;>:^ Vi)l
)
djjCii
-
J.:J.^
(r
CJic- Ijji. lyU-
(i
'/^^'j'
'ill
iJ'jC
Lead me not
2.
We can
3.
"I
4.
(Write out) the Third
5.
Ask, from the carpenter, the keys of the trunks.
6.
I
7.
The
8.
I
9.
"And
teach them to observe
10.
"And
those
do
do good
into temptation.
this deed, but with difficulty. to
thousands of them that love me."
Commandment
in full.
put the commentary-books in one of
my
boxes.
very strong now.
allies are
wish to see some dictionaries.
who
C. Discuss ten of these
J^
(v
:
1.
^^
^
1-11
^r
^^
«^.
^
^rc \ \
J
I
^
tf.
—
Lesson
81.
AND EAR" EXERCISE.
"EYE, VOICE,
"The Lord's Prayer".
^V
l^^J
^i;;
rX. byi
jAPij
l-J
•
y_/-^
l-ja^l
'
llilijT
NOTES (1)
v^
^
from is
Accusative*^' ^
^^^^J
(3)
OQ
Radical (4)
/jSs^J
(5)
c-^U-j
^ ...
not cJl J
2).
'
—
-X-^b This will ...
not used elsewhere.
c^I^ ij
jl
(Lesson
Imp. of ^j^ Conj.
(7)
:
construction, the accent
is
placed in the
come
in Less.
180.
'*to
come" (Weak Final
124).
Jussive of
is
}p
54
the Jussive of the verb
is
(6)
is
alif (see
in
it
the Jussive of Conj. V. (Lesson 82).
is
is
when
only when in construction,
vocative,
(2)
(Heavenly) Father," to distinguish
(without madda) but
'
thrown upon the
The
"
used, alone, for
is
dilj
1
11.
116).
See Diet.
Lesson 12/
:
3.
For case of these nouns, see page
89.
—
:2o6
—
Lesson 82 V
Conjugation 1.
(^^^
of
^^>*
"to talk, to speak".
ll^S^^J
2.
P-jUll
i^-:j "he talks".
Of
r'^lj-i ,
4.
What
is
specially noticeable in 2 and 3
Previously
we have found
course, the case-vowel,
Form J^Ull
As
(c.f.
'^ain
j^\^^.
^-•A,^v._i
?
of the verb maksur, or
vowel
fatha except, of
is
Conjugation VI.
in
Lesson
84).
Sy^
from
^^1^
usual, take the 3rd Sing, of the Mudari*^ tense and'substitute
^^We thus get^iSCl*
What The
is
noticeable here
fact that the
radical
a speaker; /-Xil^ one-advancing (leader)
^^ O a
a learner;
jt-^*I^
6.
the
kasra, but here each
marked by
5.
(^^S^O
vll^.«15^0
j
'^i
•
3.
l-».A.S-^-j
:
2).
Exercise S.2B.
-
-
-
'
^
^
,
- ^
.
_^2^
Jiiii
(i)
Exercise 82 A. {\)
"Then,
when thou
causedst-me-to-die,
watcher against them". (2)
"And, whosoever
whosoever is
is
is
just,
sanctified let
thou
wast
(Quran "Table Chapter").
filthy, let
him be
let
him be
him
sanctified
^
defile himself still,
justified still".
still,
the
and
and whosoever
(Rev. 22
:
II).
(3)
"The Lord Jehovah (GOD) hath given me the tongue of
(4)
"The favour
the learners" (Isaiah 50
= (5)
"the
Whoso
first
is
to the
:
4).
one who precedes" (Arabic Proverb
one gets the
credit").
learns while-small advances when-big. (Lesson 194
will explain
that
^
apocopating two verbs).
may
act
as
a
jazmating particle,
—
—
-
208
Lesson 83. What
remarkable about Conjugation V.
is
The
fact that the
fixed
ta.
This
type-form
and
Also,
11.
There
many
cases, V. acts
servile ta of
Conjugations
French "se"
to the in
is
(
"to
Meiklejohn and others point out that
Thus from and from self" 2.
=
I
11.
II.
me" we
defiled
"it
=
remembered. this
Meaning of V. to sanctify oneself to defile oneself
remember
to learn
(V.
is
this idea
"opened
even
itself".
"I defiled myself";
get V.
said to be ^
reminded my-
"I
jU^
to
II.)
:
Meaning of
Conj. V.
Ij^JZ
np
II.
Conj.
II.
to sanctify
'u¥
to defile
to
remind
to
teach
T'
> 51
to
be cut
is
oneself ") and
it
we have
"he reminded me", comes Y.
Give examples of
to
do
we say "The door opened"
in English, for
in ^'se lavei" to
Greek a "Middle Voice" which
by the Reflexive
translated
usually
— this
but with a pre-
II.
primarily, the sign of theJReflexive,
VIII., is itself
and may be compared wash one -self.
like that of
very important, for in
is
as the Reflexive of v., VI.,
is
?
''
to cut in pieces
in pieces V
to
be smashed to bits
to
come forward
j^^y^i
to
break
to put
to bits
forward
to train, chastise
to be polished, polite
to
to suffer
'f-^
cause
to suffer
O'il
7' 1
\
i
to delay oneself
>lr --
to
become
to
be courageous
justified
5?
i
ir'
to delay, put
back
^ i
^ «
to justify
to
encourage
t:
>' ,'
— 209 — A
few examples of Denominative
to
embrace Christianity j-^*-
to
be Arabicized
3-
A>
Flesh,
become incarnate How is the Ma§dar
)
body
1
J**:*-
j ?
from the Singular Past, but in this case we simply substitute damma for the fatha of the middle radical.
5
we
get
„
„
o""-^
,.
„
„
aJc/)
„
^Ssii
„
,.
? j^"^^
"
P^r^^
Exercise 83
act of learning
Ji«r
sanctification
c^-^^
advancement rashness
(For missionaries).
a.
1.
A man came
2.
been converted viz, become a Christian. His conversion took place after the coming of the English to Egypt.
3.
4.
(forward) to
And after that he made He says that his wife
me and informed me
that he
had
great progress in religion. is
now
suffering from the effect of
sickness. 5
God
\
willing
we
and she
will visit her
shall learn to write, in
one of the schools. Exercise 83
h.
j^^i^
i^
JaJ.5s..J^1
UIxaT
(j^j*
^*
Ir
*^^
j^-
-y^^
^^
j V U^ U* 1
-Xjw
©^aIj" (ju
"/•J^^r
dU i
at 1^.
o|_
(t)
J
(r)
JjL
(t)
-X*)
—
210
Lesson 84. Conjugation VI. I.
What do we
notice on comparing VI. with
That the Past Tense
III
?
declined very similarly, the only dif-
is
erence being the prefixed
\i^y
ta.
V"^
^^
.
PuH
a garment,
(backwards and forwards). -"
.
••
,
^C/
iU" 'iU"
2.
Is
there any distinction between
Present and Imperative
Yes
;
and
III.
VI< observable in the
?
exactly like that between
under the middle radical
in
111.
and V.
II.
becomes
viz.,
that the kasra
a fatha in VI.
Give Al-Mudari^
^ rtJ 1.^1)*
7^
/Jl^^ar
I-^sIj
Al-Amr.
QU 5.
Toioww Ism -id- faSL the
7??77?i
with
They two
damma
Compare
TaUaT
ii:
L>-
lessons 74 and 82, then add
to the 3rd Sing, past as usual.
(jWUil* \^
are being reconciled. >>
6.
The
Passive,
(a)
The Past Passive
rule for the Quadriliteral passive
becomes necessarily changed
to
followed (35
The Present Passive for
_)
is
:
3)
J^jiJ
The
but the alif
i^^
etc.
etc.
by substituting-)
on the form
wau. tj
L/.?:^^
(/>)
is
is
etc.
changed from the Present Active
thus fromJJlAl)
we
get
ITUjj: j^ArUl)
.
(c)
From
Let us continue the table of Lesson ity
between
IL,
and
III.
IV.
Observe the similar-
78.
Prksent-Fut.
PAST
Passive Active
Passive Active
No.
;?'-
,"'-'''
^
^ > >
?--->
^^}
^
^.>
^
3?-"-
'ur
5^.>^
thus
(conversation).
Imper. Passive Active
^i^'>
:
and now between V. and VI.
;
PARTICIPLES
Masdar
^1
gives us J^nill
pulled from side to side, reciprocal
«w>^Utl4 7.
\
this the substitution of
'ur v^
^»/
-^^
^
>>
>U: .yKc^
V.
^^
VI.
>>'
Examples
^ ,3:^->
?'
A>- ^^>
3^
8.
How
is
w
^
5;
^
^'>
-
\
Examine
'
ji
^*I ^^*i -^-L
(j*
-^
literally translated,
take one (some)." of the
first
It is
"one
then
^jkio
'
"That we
"That some (one) of us not
upon
depends
their
respective
But always translate "one
^%i
another" by
They helped one another
When
*^
specially to be observed that the case
we helped one another
(a)
not incorpo-
the other) instead of God."
reads.
and second ^Ja^
place in the sentence. other," or,
it
when
VI.
?
take not one another (one of us
Very
'irU
D-V "
of the verb
the sentence ^i
^ ^--
>>
^-^
"ITUT
meaning
V.
r^«-
-
\
the phrase "one another" written,
rated into the
^ —
7.-
?" .
>>
the reciprocal
=
L.^»>
l^*)
Uja*) O-Xc-L*
Jic-U
^^^'Om^
meaning
^«;
is
need not be repeated, thus
(
or ^c-U
the
Thus, )
Note two things
\
:
expressed by Conj\ VI. :
"They lorgot one another" U^^»> l-^Ur (b) Also, after prepositions, the
word ^
"The men went together"
^.^^Vj
^a IV^»>-
""Ha^S^}^ LJfc i
Lesson 85. 1.
Give some examples, showing the growth of Conj. VI. from
(We
give the vocabulary in 3rd Sing., but
the subject of the verb
Meaning of VI.
Reciprocal
(a)
must be Dual,
the action
III.
to fight with
in;
to dispute with
be mutual rivals
;3)C.j
to dispute together
J'Ai"
to dispute with
to discuss together
cT-C
to discuss
to vie with
converse tog
correspond tog:
[JlsCr
to
agree together
jsiy
to
be
reconciled together
'^Ur
(b)
to be blessed,
'ty/^
(God)
sick-
consecu-
yij
tively
be consecutive
(a) III.
are the uses of
Just
as V.
and only
(Revise
is
j'A-
to
••
...
'^i
...
ViL»
converse wnth...
...
make peace with
to bless
J'l^ ...
(anyone)
to elevate
...
iX 'JiV^
...
agree with
d%
'iJ.\;
Jl-
1
7>'y
(tradition)
What
to
?^
0^j^«
ness
to
...
with
to write to
J^-
to be exalted (God)
(d) to fall
to
C^iid
:
to
to feign
••
to collide with
to collide together
(c)
III,
...
V^lki
to
mutual,
:
to dispute together
to
is
Plu., or Collective).
Meaning of
VI.
to fight together
2.
if
III.
3^^^"
*'*
the Reflexive of
differs
my remarks
from in 83
it
:
(in i).
II.
so VI.
is
the Reflexive of
form) by means of a prefixed
ta.
speaking
(b) In
153 :4(c) thus" (c)
May God
There
How
^''^-* ^^^
'
damma
Past),
c.f.
83
:
sentence Ex. 77.
of pretending the
idea
J*Lf^ to pretend ignorance.
is
"the leaves
of sequence;
fell
one
days following (successive). ?
middle radical (Singular
for fatha of the
4 closely.
Thus from ^li^r we A .^Ua;
,,
C.f. last
the
do we form the ma§dar of VI
Substitute
^"Y J
get j^llir demonstrating (or pretending).
A ^V^}
„
~
y
4.
one
also the idea
is
form for the OPTATIVE,
this
be exalted"!
A still more common
after the other". 3.
God, we use
The example given conveys
action. id)
of
-
213
-^
J"f3
yy
„
^j\X^
„
„
^^^
„
-
a mutual collision
sequence
in
chain of authority (tradition).
Cj^*^ mutual deceit( Title of Sura 64).
J^^^ mutual understanding.
Give examples of the use of VI. I
kept him
off,
so he kept himself aloof
At the coming of the thief, the watchman pretended to be blind.
They feigned ignorance
The two mutually
>
'^
ij'1
-"
is
has opened stores
"-
J"^^^
-v^
^T*^-^"
i
^.^^^'^
^y
'jl^l^
'
jy JU"
^\S.S
the result of misunderstanding
The Co-operative Society
^J
U^!a^
forgot their difference
'
\^3
\.
/^ *^
Seven successive days This
^7
of the matter
God, Most High, sent down His book
>'^'
f n
-
r"-
^
7
Aj-Xc-U
-Vc-U-ts
^j-^
-(
^
(*^i
'
4!
1
*^*r^
'^^^^ ^-^
\^
\
\^^, /
—
214 -*
Exercise 85 B. -:
}
ssX^ J^j^i I
L^a^J ji-x^^U:J
J.c^
cnJ^Wllqj,
fi>Vk:i
UC£ o^^lfl
\
\j^
1.
(
to
English
The two contracting contract
2.
Arabic
[lit.
^^k>-
(n)
^>.
(r)
jlVjLs
1
(r)
oOV ::^WU
(t)
°J
JaSLir ^Lll
Exercise 85 A.
I
pV'j
i
(v)
iirst).
parties
came
(attended)
to sign the
conditions of the contract).
Some mutual misunderstanding
occurred between the two
sides (parties). 3.
The two
4.
The
5.
"That
6.
''Be
7.
"And
8
"Then
sides did not understand one another.
leaves of the tree is
one
after another.
the day of mutual deceit" (Qur'an Chap. 64).
ye reconciled with
God"
the stars of heaven shall fall (successively)". Peter
sequence" 9.
fell
{i.e,,
began relating in order.)
The consecutiveness
(
them
in
information
is
explaining
)
to
(Acts 11:4).
(authority) of this
respected (accepted) by the narrators [of traditions].
;
-
-
215
Lesson 86. I.
What (a)
remarkable about Conjugation
is
That
formed from
it is
by which
to
(b)
That
the form
it is
^^ prefixing a nun, also an
3*^
pronounce
alif
it
which
commonly used
is
(This
the passive, especially in Colloquial.
Write out Al-Madi
2.
Also
^
4.
l--^-!j (Conj.
is
VII, of
^0
^--J
)
>?
Suppose the
first letter
In that case the radical
and
a
found
shaddahe
with
of the primary verb
nun and the
written,
(
^^J
is
servile
I)
thus
sufifix
thus;
U5v^ and
jj_
nun'^
is
nun would coalesce, example, but not
a possible
in the classics), just as the ta
with the pronominal
O
of
^SC- and
with
t'
thus
J^^-^ the
\^[
Conjugate
^^xi
-
o
coalesces of
^^^
Verily we.
''
^ ^0 5
instead of
important).
of the Type-form.
^^0
3.
J^^Ji^
Vll.
I
to
^0
be cut
(off), in
Al-Mudari^
-
(jUkiir £
>l 6.
Can
...
''^Ui
there be any Imperative to this form
Yes, because in
some of
?
the verbs the passive
meaning shades
—
—
2l6
" to
Thus from J^j^^
off into the active.
spend) we get ''.5:j'i
to
be broken
to
be cut (cut
to
be divided
;li;j
off)
to
of
I.
I.
I.
'/^
break
'^
to cut
to divide
'c^;to
be opened
to
to
be defeated
to defeat (a foe)
to be collected ) to join i
to collect ipolif: to annex)
open
1
C"
j
^
to be split
to split -'
be put to rout
to
to let oneself
to put to rout
^u;
be led
-j:
to
be put out
to
be locked (bolted)
to
go away
to
depart
-
^-0
toextinguise
(fire)
jUl
1,
IV.
to lock, or bolt IV.
jlk;!
note about
to
JL
send off
to give vent to (water)
likJ
>».
i
and the next one mentioned seem
it
^C;
lead (trans.)
to dismiss
What do we That
to
"
.
to burst forth ( water) 1 to explode (powder) /
2..
1
'r'3*
to
be derived from
IV. Conj. verbs. 3
Is
there any
Yes,
(a)
usually (b)
for
As
way
to assist the search for the radicals of
Verbs with
initial radicals
take VII. but rather
VIII.,
j J j
I
to
3
'do
I
not
or else V.
there are but few verbs having ta as
VlJ
iS
j«aJ
take heed, as VUl. form of
first
O
radical,
not Vll. of
look
Lii\ Ij^-il
tl;^^C3l^
^^SCli
OjSC:^*^ cJ^^:i
—
O^l'il 4.
c-jUaJI
tense of
J.»--i'l
C>^5Clil
he works.
jSU:i
j^l;^:-'^
jSuif^ ^
—
^;':^;
w
5.
using
^^^J«?
'J^j 6.
As
with
letter 7.
Can
;»-^J
II., III.
and
etc.
prefix
%
to abstain.
^l
'Ai^-'
WUl'L'^l from
Form
.0
'e'
VIII.
take the Imperfect Tense, remove the servile
^ thus j>^-Iaa j,»i:i^ ^ll^>»
there be a Passive to VIII
Yes, to some verbs, not
all.
?
W^
it is
borne,
it
is
possible,
'
'
— 8.
Can
—
^20
a preposition be used with VIII. as with
Sometimes a preposition materially aids of
tion
wich
Passive, just as
its
I. ?
VIII. in the
39:6 on
(Revise here
I,
forma-
Prepositional Verbs, also learn Vocabulary 39; then see
Top
of page 103, and revise the note on the Passive of Prepositional
Thus
Verb). ^
^11a
4;.c
«U^
Z^».1.1a
"It
\
was abstained from" ^
Tiie use of
9
it
is
(will be)
How
is
J^*aJ
then
I
formed
shewn
Passive
the
" ^^
^
it) ®
^
Similarly [^^ ji^-^i
'-^-^l.
?
in
^^Jt
The One worshipped (bowed-to) ^
woman
The 10.
trusted
Form jJ^li Turn back and X.
in
of
to
in
forming
its
:
4
-
How
is
the
\X^
ma§dar by inserting an
final radical"
:
Noun
sounded by
formed from
of Place
measure as
J^^ili
^1
and
J^^Ai'
|ir*-^
(63
Self -Test 88. (a)
Form
(b)
Write
:
7,
f-jUll
of ^5^-3
1
^
footnote.)
^
from j5s-3
(88:4).
Derived
alif-kasra.
;**I^i
^
Jc-UII ^**1
prolonga-
to those
this applies is
alif of
^ 0>
^^^ Same
S^ln.*
"IV. agrees with VII, VIII, IX.
Conjugations whose Past Tense 11.
Relied on
Jj^ ^*ll
U-^i
Lesson 77
tion before the
l^^
:>^>^^^\
— Exercise
A
88.
at
-
'
-
:
->
.
-'»>
^
^
^li^Vl
0-
,
oUU*
^
^'c. iy*::j:"
Exercise 1.
I
88.
B
^
1
'A;
(^)
Curjo'^i oi^_/j
(v)
^e
}
} »
have abstained from intoxicating drink (wine) and smoke,
"We
"
two years.
Smoking
=
jli--y!
^^- or
Cni-^:!!
were [in the habit of] working with trouble and
travail night 3.
(o)
:
a period of 2.
((.C.U)
\
^
Q
^U Ji:± J ,
j
"If tb.ere
and day."
be anyone
who does
not wish to work, then let
him
also not eat." 4.
''Abstain from every likeness (appearance) of evil."
5.
"That they abstain from the defilements of
6.
"The sleep of
7.
"...
8
"Then
the worker
and commanding let
all
this also to
Verily notice).
we
sweet."
that foods-be-abstained-from."
the perfect ones of us think this,
thought (think) a thing
9.
is
ipJ.)
idols."
to the contrary
then
God
and
if
ye
shall reveal
you." are God's
and unto Him do we return (Obituary
))
)
—
2it
—
Lesson 89. 1.
What
are the chief significations of verbs in VIII.
}
of I { = "to do it for one's self." (b) Sometimes the meaning is Reciprocal like VI. ( = to do it (a) VIII. is really the Reflexive
one another.") (c) Occasionally the Reflexive meaning passes into the Passive, especially with verbs that do not take Conj. VII. to
2.
These significations are (a) to
write one's
(j>.fj.
name
subscription
(
intrans
oP]
(individually)
3^J
to look for, await, expect
one another
to be reconciled
from
>-l
>^'
to bear, suffer
(b) to fight
3>
:
to twist (a thing)
to
occupy one
w o.a.
o. a.
'Si
J^ 'P
to look at, see
to carry (a load)
to fight
'C-il
(in)
to think
to think
to differ
)
to prohibit
(Jl)oii!
to turn one's self
work
:
cr^
to abstain (personally)
to
to separate (trans
to gather (trans
:
:
:;r
to write
list)
to separate one's self
to gather
classified in the following table
one another
3y\h
'4i%i
to be reconciled w. o, a.
'qIU
LiliiiJ
to differ
from
'jui
o. a.
''& (c) to
be raised (to
to raise
rise)
to benefit (trans
to be benefitted
:
—
\
to be aided, victorious
-^\
to
to be filled
to be extended
to aid, give victory
il\
fill
to stretch out (trans.)
j^ %: jT.
-
-- 223
Changes 3.
^J^
Explain the form of If
the
first
is
i?
This
.
.1?
:>
may to
'
unite with the
be driven
occasionally happens with
4.
and
fja
:>
or
the
first
This
.
:>
or
j^':>\^
first
the servile
Self Test 89.
i or
I.
^r^'jjl
radical be
O
Look Its
off.
i
is
j the
Meaning
O
with the
O
157 ii.1
to
O
clear
to recline to take (VIII).
'
^
The same coalescence
it
"Ul^l
first
is
radical
:
4).
>'^ J»-J
C^''l
.^
LsC-1,
''si.\
changed if
to
that be
and forms C) or C^ 2.
:>
^^\
Explain fJiLL? (89 \
ilts
:
3).
The word
Meaning
to connect with.] to be coramuni- \
to agree tog to coincide
to trust (rely)
to
^J
as
Find.
The word Look under
ail
of
or C^
Difficult to
be spacious
become
Jo
of
of the verb, and
cated (news). J
'^j
t
or
I?
^Ja
?
be stored up.
to
Explain ^j^%\ (89
to be united to
the Zj
distinct, as >JiL^I to collide.
unites with
Words
•^'i
where
as in c^jJUl
may unite (coalesce)
as
under
:
throng together (mtn).
to
radical be ^
Suppose the
Then
^
may remain
I?
Explain "^"^3^ If
5.
the
to be agitated
very broad consonants), the thin
all
written, Ex.
Or
'
of VIII.
radical of the original verb be ^»^
(which are
becomes
O
the
in
\
,
>-i
\
upon
be kindled
to fear
>"J
God
>3
:j
degrade; >3
means "man,"
its
fem.
ol^JI
and
indef.
.
^^»i
-
fem.
-^^J ..
I"'
l\^
'
—
225
—
EXAMINATION PAPER A
Translate to Arabic
90.
:
your stores that are liable to explode
1.
Have you any goods
2.
"Let not your hearts be agitated, ye believe in God, then
in
?
believe in me,"
was wishing
to
be present with you to-day.
3.
I
4.
The enemy's army was defeated
5.
Be patient and wait
6.
It is
7.
I
do not think we have any inflammable goods
8.
I
do not know what were the subjects of his sermons
said that this
Sunday 9.
in the
What was
:
yesterday.
for patience
is
a virtue (handsome).
has become a Mohammedan.
woman
at present.
last
Coptic Church.
Khutba
the subject of Friday's
in the
mosque
?
B. Translate to English
KySJ\ '^y'ii jCiy'i
jjjii ^juT
ju/i Ji
C-
Answer these questions
!:Jj
I
V
ill
3^"J
(r)
y uT *jl5C"
(0)
J^ jisCjj"! i;
(v)
jb
:
1.
Which
is
2.
Which
chiefly expresses the Passive
3.
Which
for Reciprocity
the chief Derived
?
Form
Give
for expressing Intensity }
illustrations.
?
—
—
226
Lesson
91.
EYE, VOICE, & EAR. Having,
is
Lesson 41, learned selections from the Commandments, the student now given the whole section, Exodus 20 I-17 as an optional memory exercise, in
:
j^J.
4l
^a;.-
dAAl
^j___,^
«-
dlol J oil
r-i ju«i_5
jl Ui (j"^ ^^*A..r V_j ^^i. Jbc
^jlji^c^llill
^U \^\ jW; U "il
j jV d[i\y\ ^^
^
z'
*:^r
J:^b
i^i
u
V
cSJll
J.Xl
J
A:;Vl
J
j
"^
.
^^jVi c.^'
»L"^l cjj^i Ai:Jl
^. ^^^, V ^}\ jV S^WL dlil
i
^
ji
diii^ ej^U OA.-- a;) violet
by adding
thus;
(^
u-
^>
coffee-colour.
Exercise 92 A. 1.
When
she heard this news her colour faded (she turned pale)
for fear of their striking her. 2.
As
observed her paleness but they did not
for them, they
know
the reason for
your sins be as
3.
If
4.
Her
face
[snow.
it.
scarlet,
they will become white like the
was reddening for-shame during-the-time-of her
standing (while she stood) before the judge. Exercise 92B.
^:?Ui
1
^Xa
\
l^}y J ^.i J %:J>' ^jIa
f/^j
J^^
(
Lesson 93. Conjugfation X. 1.
The form
of Conjugation X.
Uil*^
is
prefixing three servile letters to the 2.
The Past Tense
of ^^^1^
\
first
which
>0
of the radicals.
inquire"
*'to
0-0
•
0x0
^0
>0
r
formed by
is
"to ask to understand'*,
^^ 0-0
/.
1
•
'
-
oL
0-0
ii^^A
3.
^*^*»\ "to seek knowledge, to ask information".
Imperfect of
00^ -
-
00 0-
-
-
^
> lO" —
4.
Imperative of Ji*l*^
"to ask forgiveness"
I
0-0
^ 5.
yl*-*.*^
1
The Noun With
.A«-wwtf
1
1
Agent
of
as in IV., Vlf., VIII.,
/•
y-"-;
(ij' ?
and with a kasra before
final.
0-0
Thus
:
jA«I^.«
temporary husband
j>6l*«.« 6.
one-asking-pardon
The Ma§dar 00
there be a Passive
many
divorced wife.
*>0 1
act of asking forgiveness; jl«.>:j;>»
00
A^a-^-J inquiry; aU^cI^J employing,
approval;
Can
to legalise return to
-00
1
Yes,
one-who-approves
?
JUaI^ examples jliil^ 00 7.
^j^*«=^I*««
;
utilisation.
?
verbs of Conj. X. have a transitive signification.
The Passive Past follows the rule of "Penultimate radical taking a kasra", but, as in IV., VIII., etc. the alif takes a damma and in this case, the ta does also. It (he) was approved ;
>o
)0
> It
was drawn
out, extracted >
8.
The Passive
of al-Mudari*:
'-
-
>
^/—
>
^^>^^l Notice
the fatha.
The Passive
g.
Compare
d£>
J-^aI^J
A
Exercise 93a.
Participle
= that which is to
I
on the form
Uil^^*
be met, hence, the "future'
recapitulatory Exercise.
%
Oil.
^
^^>tl*w«
is
--
sli
.
Ui\
dLii'.i
'S'
^
--
(
y
ilir,
^
Exercise 9Sb.
"And will
give thee the request of thy heart.
the Lord, and trust upon
To English
Exercise 93c.
oUii
i
isij_j (DjSfl
Him, and He
Deliver thy
said
approve 3.
it
:
"If
^3\1
\
l^;i W^^.
^V C^"^
''i-^
that
there
They is
^-'
to receive
to do, ^
j'-'-
to forgive
make
t-o
(J^ ll^
1
to give leave
oOl
-0
to ask one's presence
to attend at ^
(c) to
extract
to be
worthy
N. 3.
B.— Make
^-
^0
to a^
1
(of)
go out
to be
incumbent
J^
quite sure of sections (a) and (b) as being of great importance.
Form ^-^^1 from ji
I:*.
I
to ask permission.
-
—
232
Write the hamza over the kursy
you get 4.
then act as in 93
(.t.)
jUlL-^l asking-permission,
From aUi^
-'
Compare
and
1
7-I
^a-^
asking-to-be-excused.
or,
^
^
Lessons 77
'jalil
and 117
7,
:
not being feasible, compensation uprightness, straightforwardness,
To English
Erercise 94 a.
6 and
:
is
An
13.
:
made by
'k>-\
additional alif
thus
o
'
Jl^-^^"
—
•
t
I
-"l
-^"^
-•
-^
^ ij^c-
Jl^
.5/^1)
I
""
0-
j\j:1>cm>
"
To
h,
{y)
^
^^un
^
i
!xJ
J^
(
t
)
(0)
Arabic.
1.
The Sultan gave them
2.
The labourer
3.
Inasmuch as
;
Hit.
received them) a great reception.
surely deserves his hire (wage.) I
(Since
person referred
attendance
(Y)
^o-»t:--
i>
>*-^ JH^H*---^
Exercise 94
*
(n)
it
to,
was
I
I)
was surprised
at the
presence of the
have inquired about the reason of his
said to
me
(I
was
told)
that he did not
ask permission to attend. 4.
The judge has commanded
the attendance of the witnesses
to-morrow. 5.
We
6.
Don't
are ready for every (any) service.
make much
trouble.
of this matter,
for
it
is
not worth your
-
233
-
Lesson 95. The Paradigm (Table)
I.
Derived
of
Conjugations
VII.
— X.,
with Examples.
MUDARI«
PAliriCIPLES
jjUI
PAST
No
Imper. Passive Active
Passive
Active.
Passive
Act.
-
'Ul
^i;
^
VI I.
-
^0 }
t!rc»i
Forms
°J^}
VIII.
^.^
5^'
^00
C
IX.
.CO
0;0 ^
^0
X. e
--
.
lil^l
.
Exs:
1
Vil •l:::°;i ^i^ ^
VIII.
> --0
-
>0
•j^'2,1
2.
Study
^
^ 1
i ^.>
I)
Then
'''-''
> ^ -».^-^ ^ "
-'
^^-0 j/*.x^*
X.
^Ui^ji ^4.*^->
your lexicon.
1
'>.
-0
-0
=^^..-'
^
^*j UG; ^^y
correct by
page
of 235.
--0-0O.J
-^
1
the aid
^ij
j^«-x^:.^J
I
liV^I
1.
..
> ao
-O --
>
--
'^\^
K
0-
^
,
•
-^
^O 1®
, "^
'' I
;t^
r
r
—
234
-
Lesson 98. QUADRILITEEAL VERB. 1.
We now
The same form
used, but the lam
is
the ordinary Quadriliteral verb 2.
3.
How
How
take up the Qiiadriliteral verb.
do we get Quadiiliteral Verbs
(a)
By
(b)
By repeating
(c)
From nouns
(d)
By expressing
a bi-literal
?
of
sound (Onomatopoeia);
more than three ''he
letters
;
uttered the formula
learn the examples
"(Rare),
:
.>
vy^
away
to
shake (the foundations)
to
cause to quake (earthquake)
to
whisper sedition
^>
>
to wail (usually, for the
dead) }
make
to gird
say that
J.lj«i
>
to
.?
inserting an extra letter in a triliteral root;
Copy and to roll
expressed
We
doubled.
is
on the form
is
is it
a disciple
(
(someone)
( /
to prove,
-X-.^LJ'
i2aJL.i
.
r
»
9^>
)
) \
-^
>
->
\d^^ Jj
demonstrate
^
to translate, interpret
(
^'^ J
"
9
^
)
• "To -
to
pronounce the words
...
(
^\
intelligent
comparison of V.
fatha over the ha, not kasra. Ex:
he v^ears a girdle.
formed with kasra jUil* ^M.!^
is
Ma§dar formed
The Masdar
by
w^^^^
sparkles. J^W:^)^
But, as in V. Jc-Uil 5.
i^^-^^
1
of Quadriliteral
11.
would be
J«^*^"
Examples
> 9^^
Four frequently-used-verbs on the form
Vl«ii (/e.
Quad
:
III):
:
N. Agent
Masdar
Impel
^11
-
Present
:
Past
Meaning. r to come to nought, j cease to exist, V fade away
^
to shudder,
to be tranquil
o^^J ^.'°^
'
,x
'^\^o
--0
^
^
to shrink (with aversion).
.-.1
c
s^:^i
7.
What
be specially noted about this table
is to
(a)
Three things
(b)
Two
tive
shiver
things to be
which
"Doubled
Exercise 97
(or Surd)
f^:>(f^>^
Exercise 97
1
In
Verbs
o C/'^^l y
The
b.
;
?*
;
pupil
jUai'
;
J^^i!'
after
^'
.
the Impera-
:
Lesson 103 on
and the two ways of forming the
the case of
To English
^^
^^^^
only (not memorised)
?20^6f/
and jllljpl mean a.
:
be better understood
will
Verbal Noun.
oJ Up
be learned
to
?
j
^^^^
to
tranquility, or,
be tranquil, both
peace of mind.
:
'
-^^j
^
^'^
"^
"'^^^3
y
^r*'^^ ^^j^^A ^
^
^^
y
began
to wail bitterly as
though he was
not wishing to prove his diligence by completing his lessons.
Our
friend
{lit.
(shining) girdle,
(probably) (teacher)
with
it
it
the one mentioned)
had been given
Mohammad.
the other
and boxing.
was wearing
a polished
so he began to sparkle brightly, as though to
him as
a gift
He commenced
(boy) and
at last
to
from his professor rival
^
and out-do
the matter ended in fighting
MEADI^G EXERCISE 1
Removed-his-clotlies,
'a1
"UaJ
9
*
98,
"
A
on-a-day-of-snow,
black-one once,
i,-'
>
Andit-wasand-rubbing-with-it-his-body,
said-to-him,
and began-taking-the-snow,
In-the-hope
become-white,
Why-do-you-iub-your
He-said,
that-I,
body-with-the-snow,
'a!
)^ J
d
^^
Then-a-wise-man-came-and-
O this-onc,
Don't-trouble-yourself,
Jlij'^^.iC^'
said-to-him,
that-thy-body-blacken-
increases-not-except-in-
and
it
blackness,
that-the-wicked,
is-able-to-coriupt,
the good,
for-it-is-possible
the-snow,
This (story) Themeaning-of-it-is.
0^ ^ ^
Over-the reforma-
(he cannot,)
and-as-for-the-man
tion-of-the-wicked,
he-has-not-power,
thegood-one,
THE ENGLISH. A
black
began
man once removed
to take the
said to him.
'That
I
snow and rub
"Why
may become
and said
to
his clothes
his
on a snowy day and
body with
it.
Someone
do you rub your body with the snOw
Then
white," he said.
a wise
?
man came
him, "So-and-so, don't fatigue yourself, for though
thy body blacken the snow yet
it
only increases in blackness
itself."
The meaning but the
is
:
The
evil
man can
good man cannot reform the
corrupt the good
evil one.
one,
— -
239
-
Lesson 99. POPULAR STORY FOR READING EXERCISE.
^i)1
;jSiiii
ji^u
Jii
>_,*ii »^/i
.
''j_J^^H.
J;li 3^:2.1 j1
This popular story, found
in all
(-'j-i
jSri^ Ji>"
L- v j^V JC 1
Egyptian collections,
carefully studied with the lexicon.
^
^
'"
\
A certain
^jl
is
j1
to be
number of vowels
(only) have been supplied, to gradually accustom the student to
reading the newspaper, which
grammatical notes
unpointed.
To be
give a fexo
studied in 122, 123.
/i/era%, "Hearing and obeying". (Very frequent). :
7).
silver
twenty years.
coin=one
dollar.
(Explained in Lesson 148
the Imperative of -^1 (Lesson 104:4).
^->-\
We
:
Jaci ^^ji These are Conj. IV.
\I^z ';:J\
V j 'V
^:;- Ir
ui;
1
U J dlj i '^
aIj
CJ
'^j^^r
^'^ J
I
4ji
i
j
1
y;:^
^
^0 -
o
C>
^.--^
••,.
l
(v)
(r)
^
"^ 2r* 'j1-*-*
(e)
:-/^ioiy,r.i,^j;-ir'Sl (V) />'.
To Arabic 1.
The
2.
And
stars
I
am
were shining
his disciples
eating, 3.
:
in the
sky (heaven).
were plucking the ears
and they were rubbing them with
the
Lord thy God who
(of corn)
and
their hands.
brouo.ht thee out of the land of
Egypt, and out of the house of slavery (bondage) thou shalt ,
have no other gods before Me. 4.
Hallowed be thy Name
Forgive us our
sins, as
we
for-
give those-that-sin against us. that thy days
may be long
5.
Honour thy
6.
But for a misunderstanding between the two parties the
on the
father
and mother,
earth.
conditions of peace would have been agreed upon before. 7.
8.
9-
The book was translated by one of the best of the translators. You cannot prove that statement. He went to the carpenter and said 'Bring (to) me the bedstead'.
C.
Give the Arabic Singular, Dual and Plural of
:
— week— month — year— father— mother— brother^— sister — newspaper — library — book — church — house — dog — cow — dav
piule.
*
Plural of this
word not yet studied
(but used once in Ex. 56
c).
—
Lesson
101.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO WEAK 1.
how many
Into
The two main
classes are Aiabic verbs divided
^^ J*?
Jl*-
B.
^.Consists of verbs (whether are devoid of
have
own
their
j^^ (Not-Sound)
J^i^
(a)
?^-t^
Not -Sound.
triliteral
sub-divided into
is
(a)
Correct or Regular: which allows
shall study
j^^^-*
Muda^af (doubled)
c-AcUa>«
wau and
ya.
Under
we
(b)
JL^» Mitlidl (Assimilated >
le.
:
hamzas as
wau
or
ija.
Mahmuz (hamzated
verb)
I
with 2nd and 3rd radicals alike.
shall
wau
have
•
or ya as 1st radical.
Ajwaf (Hollow)— ^m;/
or ya or alif in the middle.
^j^li Ndqi^ (T>QiQQ{\ve)—wau or ya or alif at the end,
2.
and
.-o
^y^ \
it
radicals,
{Mn^fall^'Neak) consists of verbs containing the weak
ll*«
(b)
we
Letters,
special rules.
also doubled-letters, but does not contain
Under
or quadriliteral) that
Hamza, Doubled Radicals, and Weak
for all of these B.
?
Jl*- J«3 Sound (or "strong") te.
classes are A.
from defect; and
free
VERB.
often "drops
off'*,
The above complete and
to
and
learn, straight off, all
learn
in that sense, is defective,
list is to
be turned back
whence
be used as a general introduction
to for reference.
the
It
is
not essential to
Arabic technical terms; you will
them, with their meanings, in the course of Lessons
102—127.
But the divisions and sub-divisions must be fully
grasped (under the English names, for the present). 3.
Why
not call the
"Irregular"?
Sound Verb "Regular", and
— Because
the
"Non-Sound"
regular laws, though suffering 4.
Non-Sound
verb also follows
some changes of
Let us show these classes more graphically.
the
form.
243
-
J
V
4irf
vm
< §
Q »5
'TS
i
a a
»
«4>7
g
PJ
C3
(4
j:3
o
rt
i^
T3
>y ki
•S"
3
J5
rt
T3
^
4) CS
-3
ei
N
P3
V .M
§
.^
;.4
,
T3
u
^ N £
-
"O
oj 1
'
^
R]
JTJ
N E
(U
2
>,
^ ^
J
T3
05
N
s
s
3"
C«
X c rC
13 'O 01
2
Xi
-a
c
> T3 j
2 u
(/)
c
0)
-s
«
*5>
H-]
J-7
^
•r!i
u^-^i
,Ui
•)Ulir
\\r'A
:-^Uir
^ ,^
^
io flee, rui
I
away.
--
dij^^
u'j^ }i
^^j^^i
--
U'j>
-
244 ^JaP to
bite.
OjUi*
^-^4A«0
jl^»)^
jl^-o
^«J
J^'
u^'
u^6.
What
difference
made
is
in the
Imperative
?
>
Instead of
^^
and
the
formal
:>X*
1
jy
1
and ^J^s-j we write
:
^U
of '^
is
jU
instead of
?
opinion, thought
commonest form
;
uj^lk jjjli jj'^C*
^^(a Similarly
taken
11^
J«i as
:
JCj
flight.
Perhaps
Exercise 103 1.
a.
What
is
To Arabic your
^
245
:
Lord of the worlds
about the
thought
?
(Sad Chapter). 2.
And
3.
And
ye thought an evil thought (see 6 below). they think about
God
other than the truth (untrue
thoughts) ("Family of Imran"). 4.
Then
5.
And
I
fled
from you when
verily (assuredly)
I
I
feared *you (Poets Chapter).
consider
him
*
to
be one of the liars
("Stories" Chapter). 6.
And
that he punish the hypocrites (m)
and polytheists (m) and polytheists
and hypocrites
the thinkers of
(f)
(f)
GOD
thoughts of evil ("Victory" Chapter). 7.
Say
*:
''Flight will not profit you,
if
ye have fled from death
("Confederates" Chapter). *
These are Hollow verbs (Lesson
t
This verb has the particle of asseveration
verily or assuredly,
Exercise
lO.J b.
and
To English
is
115).
used after j^
J which means
(see 128
:
10).
(from Al-Quran). cnJl*^
V^-^k Li
(n)
»VJ jU '^iiUj
(y)
t/j,
\
I
jj:
l^i« 4i
jyJi.^
(r)
i5Si
correspondents
examples of
6,
Memorise
now
this in *^Uj *u.J
this
vocabulary
Ju
to stretch
pour
to
lower
Taking
fat ha
There
^ij
Jl
For example
several
:
in the Imperfect.
to
knock
3^-^
to
count
L'>
to sprinkle
'5
to smell (a)
j^
Lpj
to cease
to
C-i-S^
draw, drag
to exert oneself
j>-
-^>-
:
^
to love, like
are
^^^ ^i^-
damma
Doubled Verbs taking
to
write
J
A
r
to
touch
^j^*
Taking kasra to smell (b)
to err
to kneel
>
to
cease
-"a to tighten
^Ji>-
to
be sound
-^ ?t^
— To Arabic
Exercise 103a. 1.
2. 3.
:
"And on him I bestowed vast riches". "And when (if) the earth was spread out". "And he took hold of the head of his brother dragging him
4.
—
248
"He
to him". said,
We
will
strengthen
thy
with thy
fore-arm
brother". 5.
"What
6.
"And He withheld men's hands from
7.
"Revile not those
think ye of Christ?''
without) God,
enemy) Exercise 103b.
whom
lest
you".
they call on beside (apart from,
they revile
God
despitefuUy (as an
in their ignorance".
To English h/j^i^^^A
cX^>-^3
(n)
Oa.:>',Vllir,
(r)
^j^Vj J^V_^
(r)
'y^^^iiLjlJ
(t)
>
4
^^
J ©^
dUl
.\
^^"J
1
J
.
jyliJ liC
(0)
ACTIVE Voice and Passive Voice. 1.
"Active Voice"is called by some ^^^I^^'Jl^U A^.llJ«ill = the verb whose agent (subject)
2.
"Passive Voice"
= the verb whose 3.
is
is
known. By others ajXhJJ ^J.1
similarly called J^>ii'
agent(subject)is unknown.
"Subject" of a Passive Verb J^li^*'l^
The above
will
= *U.C'U
=
beunderstood after Lesson
Jj^>ci! J*iil
Or J^^>^U ^J*'
"Deputy 169, etc,
Agent".
on Syntax.
!
-
-
249
Lesson 104.
HAMZATED VERB. 1.
In It
2.
how many ways may
may have
a
hamza
as
In verbs with hamza- fa
RULE: A
/^>»jl ''I believe,'^
}> IT'
is
Examples
vowel.
?
radical) what
(p. 242).
the general rule?
is
(ie.
with sukun)
when preceded by
changed
to the letter
homogeneous
becomes j^l
^j*^^
belief for jUri^
and ^^
is
'
'
to the
written
we
Similarly,
a
write
^ > ^ t^
Ieat,iox
note that since
\5'
'
is
The advanced
11. net
alif of
1
the alif of prolongation and
3.
be hamzated
second, or third radical
{i.e. first
and jUj^
^ 1
first,
hamza
silent
vowelled hamza
a verb
student may, however,
prolongation, to change
then to write madda
conventional custom.
Similarly, ya of the Imperative.
Conjugate
fo take captive.
^^*>
Ij
j
I3-
>^.^\
-a
^-
'^r-*
^
is
it
to
but a
u»
^^ ^
^^
^
l;'^i f^>Jli
j^^L
;j^b
1'^ G
J'
^jUj
J" u
vr
u^i;
i>9
.l;°
-c
l;*
r
i;°.
^•^1
-V/lj
'-JvriJ
—
t5^
v-i.
;'
4-
any exception
there
-
250
above
to the
rule
?
In the Imperative of three verbs the
altogether: 5.
Form
ij->>- -X?-
take
!
'j^ j* command!
one eating
\
weak
with the Passive of the Mudari^?
RULE of PERMUTATION (63
to our
harmonise with the vowel
to
letter
Thus
the distinctive feature required".
Examples
r
;
hoped-for;
J>*
(a)
to order j>
1
;
to eat
;
Cp VU
^o
placed across the other, forming
alif is
-^Waking; JS
the
rejected
is
Ji^U»l ^J\
The one
6.
radical
first
"^J
English:
;'^ u VjS^ \
'{-r
u ill
die".
:^
(Gen ^-^^
2
;
it
;
for in the
15-17).
^^ IjlSCi (\)
»_-.v °-,^x\i viT ^ivi L'\\
I
-
5SI
-
Lesson 105. I.
We
come now
may
take
it
Fatha as
Damma
The
What vowels
haniza as middle radical.
?
J
in
l*j
^-j
,,
7
Kasra 2.
to the
^
„
J
C» to inquire
^^)
Lo
to
be brave
"
^"^ -
to despair
^^)
Mudari'^ of "to despair'' jl**; l-J
(JV.*-
U) ^0^
V-:
> |Ia*»
U) >
3.
The Imperative 0^0
J
of 'Yo
«.sA:"
>^a
Uj
There
1^1
.t:o
LI
however, another form of
is,
times met with, in which the al-Mudari^ and al-Amr.
^^
ask!
its
hamza
in
hamza
Example
(We may
J^
drops
n^i
S/Li tliis
simply dropped out of
is
of the latter
:
briefly note here that ^^Ij
al-Mudari^ and makes ,^ j ^^j
beggar; jlj
^b
however forms
which,
The Passive
6.
What becomes Revise our a/t/
difficulty
one-despairing
5.
The
no
gives
is
J
L.]»
he
is
its
;
RULE
becomes
of
asked, or responsible.
-^*-i
asked (about
Noun
PERMUTATION
ivau to suit the
125).
the
in
same way)
it).
of object
?
once more (104
(Notice the kursy =
form of writing the word).
etc. It will
damma. Thus Jj ^^^
without dots, on which the hamza
see,
(from jij not
roaring
IcUil
of the alif-hamza in
to
^\^ one-asking, or a
thus
"j^'^
some-
particular verb
be studied under the "weak-ending verb" 122—
WUii
U
11
may
sit,
stoo),
:
6).
or JjL^a i.e.
a
?/a
as in the second
7.
What form It
many
J ^^
request
;
and J'^** a question]
Exercise 105
"Ask
To Arabic
b.
and
of me,
despair
"And Saul
(Ps. 2
;
jii 1^1 oi;;jj tijui (v)
:
shall give thee the heathen for thine
(l
:
me and
Sam. 27
:
not search for
:
"For everyone who asketh taketh."
5.
"Ask thy
father,
elders,
6.
"Ask him, he
7.
"Then
it
to the
then they will
will
(Luke
II
10).
:
then {so that, Subj.) he will inform thee, tell
thee" (Deut
speak for himself" (John 9
said to the
woman, 'Has God
eat of all the trees *of the garden'
(Haqqan -
yet
26).
4.
and thy
me
l).
the speech of the desperate (despairing) [goes]
wind" (Job 6
for thy
8).
despair of
will
(any more)."
And
I
S/ lii
and the uttermost parts of the earth
possession."
*
^b
;
Important.
at this stage.
3r J. 9r^ \;
^C:
inheritance,
3.
*^) villainij
depression (or "dumps").
i:!:!
2.
—
of i\Ia§dar:
Revise Lesson 13
1.
of the verb (But there are
verbs mahmuzatul'^ain (having the ^ain hamzated).
Examples
8.
?
depends largely upon the vowel
not
\
Ma§dar take
will the
?
"
This collective will be explained
in
Lesson 139
:
7,
:
32
:
:
3
:
7).
2l).
truly said,
(Gen
Verily, or truly).
:
l).
Do
not
-
-
25^
Lesson 106. I.
Give exs
of
:
hamza
Meaning
as third radical (marking important verbs)
Masdar
rass:?res:
Imper
Passive
*
K^
v.
to create ^
*
to read
*
to
fill
r;
'-^1
';.! K o>
*-
Past
Present
4
^ o^
t
-
1-
l'^\j
!>.
cSj»
'a'
1>.
ij
^X'
5t
':>''
^;i
fc
^U' > ^
to
l.k
be slow
to
make
4^0 a
^
__,
mistake *
I.
to
'U^^ .-0>
%
begin
What do you observe
That there are fatha-fatha, kasra-fatha, and other verbs.
(b)
That the kursy of the hamza
(d)
The Pass Pres
over
Do
writes
it
of
it
(lit.
Form WUll
much time now over
again in
tiie
to miss) is ,,^1
Con j
f,-om
dots; then there
6.
It
over a kursy.
because of the preceding
the table, as
t
J^«iil
^1
no
is
will be noticed
practice, kept
up
of the verb in
IV.
:
;
its
full,
'J^^
Tiie
Ik:^
meet
verb for
usual
\
homogeneous ya kursy (with no
difficulty, ^i^5 7-
^^C*
here that for a
shall
i
from ^J and
maqruun, read
we
Derived Conjugations of hamzated
Note that the kasra requires
^?y>*
alif,
hamza
Learn the four verbs marked*.
"to sin"
Form
its
ha.
not spend
verb.
:
to the pre.
writes
:
homogeneous
6).
:
The Passive Past always
some
5.
is
(c)
fat
4.
?
(a)
ceding vowel (105
3.
above table
in the
^(^j 15 a reader.
^U ywam/w'^^M, filled.
we
are
now discontinuing
the
hundred lessons, of conjugating parts
giving sing, dual, plural, mas
,
fern., etc.
'
-254 Such special assistance was deliberately given
We
things". 7.
What happens *
able to save our space somewhat.
hamza
to the final
word "prophet"
of the
and
U'
from
derived
is
e-^ - ,^
now be
will
"simplify
to
is
on the form
L«^
?
but the
^
hamza has coalesced with
the ya; so instead of writing ^^-^
an-NahVii we write ^^^' an-Nabiyu. The plural of ^^ has been learnt in 8.
Lesson 67
6 with words derived from final ya.
:
Give examples of words not losing
^i^*^i
Qur^an ^j^j
evil (written in
1^
anything, something
(Its
plural
is
a diptote)
.
^^^^-^
with enjoyment ("to your health") 5.
What happens The
is
"^»»\
(Lesson
get
'^J
'
Compare
the verb
To English
Exercise 106a.
jX3\i (r)
132).
To :
to
As is
the
Arabic
in the
two radicals are
groan
;
^ groan.
Cf^^
';
dv^^iir^j (o ucj
of thy
Lord who
2.
Eat and drink with enjoyment.
3.
He
I
?
°A
'a' (^)
^.iii diu':^
:
name
said, "Verily
^^
r
thrown forward, and
iV* ^JCr^J '>^(^) j^'-c^ii" '4
Exercise 106b.
Read
'
'
(From al-Qur'dn).
:
jAi (0) iS^^ ;^r 3sCj
1.
j
I
prayer -leader
/•U'^
alike (from ^1 to walk ahead) the kasra
we
^j^
r-
'^^i-**-*
with the plural of
plural form
hamzi.
their original
am
created.
appointing you as-a-leader to the
people". 4.
And
5.
Then,
likewise if
revealed
we appointed
thou to
art
tliee,
in
ask
Scripture before thee.
to every
doubt those
prophet an enemy.
concerning what we have wlio
[were]
reading
tlie
-
-
255
Lesson 107. 1.
Returning
"Surd'' (doubled) Verb, can all the usual
to the
Derived Conjugations be obtained frjm
Yes is
it ?
but IX will seldom be found, (because the third radical
;
already doubled
if
:
second and 3rd were alike
The cognate
trebled).
just as in
radicals are separated
The Ma§dars
I.
of Conjs.
III.,
IV,
The
would be
before sukun
and X.
VII., VIII.,
separate the two, in order to insert the necessary 2.
it
alif.
table of Conjuf^ations with useful examples.
ja-.ll
Jj-ill^-l
>Uli.J
^^ Ull
^^'1
^' Ui
f^J
Jje-^
^il
i!^
ST'
Ju
iS; 5=
I
,
^
t.
;ii
'&^.
:^c
:-^
'^c
b-^'
-'
l;.
5;
J^^
2
L'l-
3
i-'i
4
>
1.!
5
'i^'
tCj
:Af
^C-,'
L'U 3^-'
6 7
^'% -U^^
8
''L\ ••
J
->
The English supply
;
4,/
What Take
;
V. to be verified
be unloosed 3.
To extend
I.
:
is to
out
;
VIII. to
4.
are
;
be done with so
II.
II
verify
;
contact with
III.
;
;
IV. to
;
Vil. to
?
and V. and memorise them, because they are II.
10
X. to request supplies.
many forms
and V- Note the
and V. so regular
like
rest.
?
doubling one of the two original "Surd"
Because the
effect of
radicals
to separate those
is
111
VI. to be in mutual contact
extend
the ordinary strong Conjs.
Why
II.
>
two
in
all
parts of the verb, in
other words, to regularise this forni. Refer to 72 and 83.
— 5
Why
are the N. of A.
VII, and Vlll.
Because their
?
a.
'4U H ^rjil ;»iu.*j
y^^J^
Exercise 107
We hear ing)
b.
(/vY
:
•
means of
this
iptl**.^
3i.V.
^'J^
di
c^'
There arrived
U^*!J O'jl-i^
to us) that tlic
transport,
Command-
a quantity (portion)
War
Office,
they
he asked of soldiers and equipments (accessories such
and other things
(j»\
and so on).
the present there have joined the i^imy of Occupation in
many
reinforcements, arriving from other countries, until (so that)
for any thing.
after their arrival by a {lit,
(prepared)
an intensifying non-expected) and a great battle took place, only
attack.
The army has
great praise.
ready
camp
few days, the war became unexpectedly more
preserving ^taking upon ourselves)
firing),
is
Tliey have also prepared for tliem a great
we were quick
'
(up to)
country
Then
/•^?t^^
:
G.O.C. (General Officer
number of men and
'^i^^j
;"jc>=U3
After investigating the request at the all
iWj
sv/ V;^
has been said that the army extends from sea to sea and
intense
VI.,
vowels cannot be
distinctive
;U.Vjl '^;l ^3'^"'
sent to ask to be supplied with a
As-far-as
it
jSli^Vl
% Or
reinforced him with as
III.,
the radicals.
RE -TRANSLATE TO ARABIC
of munitions. i
in Conjs.
^^^l\ J^
>3ML
Ol'^lil
-
and N. of Object alike
shown without separating Exercise 107
256
As
the policy of defence not that of
several armoured trains and
for the
"Maxim guns" (cannon
Ministry of Communications,
-
-
it
has deserved
-
257
-
Lesson 108.
DERIVED CONJS: 1.
Let us speak
2.
What
And 3.
is Coiij.
Conj.
How
first Ill
IV
HAMZATED VERB
of
of the verb mahmuz-ul-fd.
of
of the
j^
?-It
is
j^ from
same ?— It
is
j-"
are these to be distinguislied
By examining Example:
J^lill ^m\^
from }
> '
'
^
?
j-\^ilj c-j^^ll
-X>-1
to
reproach
J
to
cause pain
1
^
y
;
J y^
;
;
J>'i^-*
'J
^ ^^
c-X>-i j-«
-^'^J,J
/»1a|,
;
^^Ui >U)I^^J
JA^II J^.ill^.l
^^'
^^\
1.
J..il
r>n
J..!^i
fy.ll
1
°J
tji-rc-
f?
1
1
1
La'/)
2,
-'-'','.>
iJ
'J
v
^>->
^
^
u.
iuri
:;.U
in
'-{: '>- i>
-^
S>tlA
.x^:a
>:rt. >-
^
i>>
5.
Lh^ >
:«^
J>cL
6.
^
s?-
>
^-0
?-
>
'-V
8.
""
^0 -••1
8.
i-0
jiUJ.
ji
10
li**.!^
Ji
To
place in trust (^^I>i to be sociable^^ to write a book ~* * < ^ ^ ^> , Learn J^^» callsr - to- prayer (^^^^ sufferer ; ^ ^* painful. '^*
5.
"'
1^}
Jbil
-\>tjj
'
ii;:,!
4.
4.
'o-^
t.-
Ua
i^n.
3.
»
i
.
',
Learn also
j^'>
y
a conference, which
on the same form as J^*ii' ^^ (See Self-Test 108. Translate these N's of a believer; asking to be
excused
63:
7,
Agent ;
a
is
Noun
footnote, :
of Place being
and c/ ^I^).
an author; delayed
a suffering
woman.
;
—
258
—
Lesson 109. I.
Mahmuz-UL-*AIN verbs use some derived forms f
J^aU ^J >uti
jJlwall
only.
jUl
.sill
^^•» Jjj^f^l
aU>
%
V^^i
"(%
•.'ci
r>
•^^
Jj.^^
c^*!'
r^-li
fi
^
>t
LI f
Ju cji ^**»r
Li
a.u :uj:
;>'i-
3v;-
IIa^^
JUli
;D-.CJo
j»
2.
llX^
In
aie Conjugations
there
II.
,w.
>^ll)^
r^.'
Where
is
!
6,
1^0
^0
a possible
^
ui
1
II.,
VIL, X.?
example J
U
to
ask nuirh, but
is
it
not
important. Examples from VII, and X. are not in ordinary use. 3.
Why
are there not
more
.^
Because of the awkwardness
in
pronunciation of the inter-
mediate hamza, and the fewness of Conj. 4.
Which
^^ is
of the above should be
to suit, is
used of food
memorised
^yJ' J^Ur
;
^^^^
annual gathering
augur good, ^Az.\
to
bode
ill,
(of
to
person;
and ^V^\
wound healing (edges coming
r^T^
to
?
(or climate) suiting a
used of everybody asking everyone else
times used of a
verbs of this class.
I.
is
Ji-l*-i
some-
together) while
a
society).
Also
be pessimistic.
Note the spelling of these words; the hamza
written alone
is
after the long alif in Al-Madi, also in VI. 5.
Vocab: '
J'
'
— to congrat.
to
prophesy
L-^^r
U* to
to acquit
^
j^ to reward
commence
'-^->'
(Add
Uo
to cure
these top. 259).
»
5-
-
Verbs Mahmuz-ul-Latm are frequently met with. to take refuge
to hide
to
be
one
self
Ur,J
warmth
\^
to hide (a thing)
VIII.
filled
to seek 6.
259
X.
lo
accuse of error
to
inform
Pa.V special attention to Conjs IL, IV.
iki
n \i^\
miss aim
to sin,
and
VIII. in this table.
^ii
t^ui jJU-il
11
p 3
^Vi
J^.ill^^J j-^iiy-i
^>II
Jjil
J..
u,
2.
sUuV.
\^
3ir
!ibC/
J^.
ui.
1
\"
-0
11:. •
—
-
i..", J/--1
%'j1J.
1
8.
10
Exercise 109a. 1.
To Arabic ;— bility
;
being-filled
;
taking-refuge; pessimism
assembling; beginning
;
congratulation
;
;
suita-
acquittal;
he-was-rewarded. 2,
Also :— suitable filled; a
Exercise 109b.
;
congratulator
;
one-requited
beginner; hiding oneself
;
;
optimistic.
refugee
;
one
— —
260
—
EXAMINATION PAPER A. Translate to English
1
10.
:
»>
o
'iS^c^'>vL\ c>j:
:
.
?
verbs on this form reject the wan
t/;aw
shewn
in the
promise
following table > ^ Aft}
J.C'
\«d
UjJj
^
p jl^ll and
in
:
-
-Xc-j
to give birth >
to find
to be
to connect, arrive
to describe >
to arrive,
5.
What That
^
its
we say about
Uij "**i to
in
(^^5
Lesson 39
be found
and that the wau always disappears
to be in
in
in
good
- "
_5
:
4
^_JKiJ
^^3 J
?
Assimilated Verb,
pjUaii
to inherit
condition
-
(».ji^ v»j!^) iwjiv^
to stand, stop
few examples are
to swell
.
incumbent
^ ^ ^
come
did
j-»^'
to trust, confide
6.
Does
Verbs on
th5s
wau
also reject the
l«i^ "1*3
form are
-
265
?
niostiy regular; e.g,
fear
'^^V^j ";i^
exceptions in 7.
The following
pain.
in
^^i^ the wmi
(In
7.
§
be
to
J
eight verbs in
they take fatha in Mudari^
J^^l J?'^^^
replaced by
is
two
mention
shall
Ud and
U^j
etc.,
J^l^
We
;
although
l*i
Ui.-
ya).
yet drop the initial wau.
e '
pi
P
to be spacious
upon
to trample
^
r»i
C-
y". ^
>".
U4 ^>'.
It
place
to put,
^ «
ji
to let alone
to fall
ir-'
h^
i-
,
j^j>
j-^i
to give, grant
• *
to restrain
8.
to
why have you marked
But
let,
alone
let
L^^ off the
two verbs
*
?
These may be omitted, as not much used. 9.
Why
the Past of p.5j
is
Because the verb
10.
is
put in brackets
only used
Let
What
outstanding facts will simplify this lesson
me
•••!
^>-
c./.
;
found
^^ .
^:'
.
trusted-in Is
No
there it
;
mon
;
^ij
finding (i.e.
3).
present)
e. r/.
;
trusting
^y^*^^ given, granted
;
:
Ai
also
ij/*y
inherited.
any special form
may
;^nj
(J^ij standing
?
>^^
c^jj^>«
,
;
be
(Turn back to
weak.
and revise and re-learn sentence
E.
(6) all
;
Are the Participles (Nouns of Agent and Object) regular Quite
12.
Present and Imperative,
^c^
expected since only the
11.
in
?
for the
Masdar
}
take various forms including
UU j
'
^
^j
ecclesiastical
standing: f-yj falling, happening
;
l*j
but J^«i
endowment;
.o^Vj giving
com-
is
^yj
birth.
)
— 13,
But a great it
many
by adding
o
and compensate
of the verbs drop the ^
thus
:
—
266
confidence
k'sa
a gift
"k^f^
;
;
3"^'-^
are regular, except the necess-
4-
What
up,
^
5.
becomes .1
%^i
- to
in
IV.
?
w^^jl
to necessitate
-^jj-j
>
These undergo
a
in 63
to
Past,
Coiij.
f'-^j'
^Jt
f'
:
^^^
5).
in
ia?^^
but
permu-
wake C'jUall
difficulty.
^^5^-
y^J-'^)
y
^^^^i
Conjugation VM?.
Any
Arabic we have-^
ko be hon^,J^> y
I
to
be found
verbs on form J«IdJ curiously change the j or ^^ to
O and then coalesce
with the servile: thus
(Turn back to the special
Conjugation
The
j'
difficulty in VIII.?
Yes, JL:^
8.
verbs
explain
have easy circumstances j^y^ ^-1'
depend (upon)
In Colloquial 7.
i/a
'
clear,
^^'-^J
cause to exist
to
'
^f,
J^ J
^jl^l (See Rule
JilJ
-^^1
^^^^
Conjugation V. and VI.?— No to hesitate,
6.
^
of Conjugation IV.
tation of the ya in
make
e.rs.— to
:
to leave, deposit
Vl.^jl
cause to despair
-^J
special remark.
— PTaw verbs
to cause to arrive
there any difficulty.
is
-^'^^i
ary permutation in the ma§dar ^^"•^il
II.?
^^
J^^^i
aI^^Ij;*
1
114.
X —What
on page
happens
usual permutation of
to deposit (in care),
list
wau
223,
to the
7c»kr
1
and memorise
wau
in
1
yl^i
it).
al-Ma§dar?
after kasra.
UU^l**.
"VaA
{^"A
^:>^1^\
-
268
ask to stop
to
\^
U-^X**
I
^uA
4^«.) e-A5 A*-*
I
to seek to procure (import)
awaken
to
9.
J^Ui ^\ get
-k23^^
^
—
The only change
VIII, Jx:>i
10.
agreeing
words
whence we
;
:
and
in
^^>
J^->«
trusting
;
J-^:>»
Other
connecting.
^f\^l» humble; ^-^^^« midwife.
J^^aII ^*-I
Like ^'^l^'
|t-*^l
^y deposited 11.
IV. of(j verb,
arousing, ^^^>» necessitating; ^^^>» wealthy -^
useful
is in
Is
jos.-ll
Yes c- :>
;
that
^*-i
is
but changing, of course, the kasra to fatha,— ;
aAc-JaI^ agreed upon (c\ry/'Sound" Tradition).
on the same form as
Ja^Jili ^*^i
so with Derived Conjugations
63
(c. /.
:
7
fjUi .
:
5),
f^^M a public depository.
Table of Conjugations of Assimilated Verb
II )X^.\
and 108
Jj.il^J jeUll^J^
(
j
)
^.Ll,
p
^•^1
-
1
feared.
UU
A>-
,A>.
r Lii 4.
But
I
do not see any difference between classes
See ^l^i'
(a) is
Cj\
ib)
j^^i but
(c)
is
[h)
^Ul^
and
(c)
;
5.
What
is
the fundamental
That a weak
RULE deduced
from
3 (a) (b)
and
(c)
?
always drops out when followed by a
letter
jazmated consonant (one bearing sukun). 6.
What happens
?— The
with the Passive
the original radicals (see also f'O
passive
would have
been
J
letters
to sell, similar to
J**
;*—
but
>
being
j^^
)
the
permutation
a
takes place, and the kasra and ya are written
J
j
— J-d
also
;*^>
0}
^fui and sZ^^ ^zXS ~ ^
was betrayed.
I
(Some allow c^l^
«••
7.
Any change Yes
;
the
Jc-Ui
in
weak
^-^i
letter is
replaced by hamza
;
JJ^i a speaker%*^l5
saying (adverbial expression to introduce
^.
A>.S,1,
becoming
;
j-
V***
The feminine 8.
Any change (a)
we
A>».|
(^b sleeping
From v^*
What form
^^
but
f'^-^-^
is
^^ S^^
(/.e.
03/^
;
chaste);
possible
j^-^
^ .• death;
>
A
he fears,
one of these only
Inflect
^''
J^A3^
the hypothetical form
actually
is
for the
this
il
why do you say
but
Imper-
letter of their
the sukun of the fa replaced
is
but that becomes jya
2.
Hollow Verbs range themselves
said in the last lesson that
in three classes
118.
(he sells)
:
•
0"
;t—.X)
J;V
(^*-Jo
jl*-a.r
^^*rl^
.Jo
;•
^Jo
;t--Jo
4.
Why
has the middle
Revise our
RULE
:
letter
disappeared from the Fem. Plural
"When
then the long vowel before
the third radical receives a
it
is
changed
?
sukun
into a corresponding
short one because a shut syllable cannot admit a long vowel" (
ie,,
two sukuns mav not occur together
Turn back us for the
to 115
:
3
and very carefully
!
).
revise.
This prepares
most important section of the Hollow Verb, ^^'j^^
(jazmated, or jussive). 93 (Lesson 36
:
really grasped,
6).
One example was worked
There
is
no
out on page
difficulty at all if this
and many examples be analysed,
RULE
be
!
272 5
"He did not say":
Inflect
'JA/
'lA^i^
%k^
'^^f
,M
NOTE on
lam
yaJnai,
same form
Some
as above.
— shorten lam yaliun
in eight instances only
of the
rj>^
poets— and Al-Qur'an still
J
further,
and write
f >
Jy
'v;^ 7.
"He
Jussive of (c)
did not ^
--
J
fear.' *»
e
.Jli
8.
^^^^ Imperative —
"Fear!"
-
uu
^iU 9.
Jussive of (b)
"He
did not
^\^
sell." °
r,«-.-Lj
^
^•^ 10.
Imperative
0^ II.
:
i
J r "Sell." I'
Jussive of Passive
:.
:
"He
(it)
was not
UCr i
t^X)
J
'
/
UD
sold."
ca?. ^'-/
C-^ i.Q-
L^-
(^,
cr-r
erf
)
— 12.
Give a short
list
—
273
Hollow Verbs
of
in frequent use > -
>U) aU
to sleep
to venerate v-jI^
e^l*
JLo Ju
to obtain
to adorn
lT
J-
to live
to be fitting
O'J
to guard
i^U
to die
^Jl) iS^
to
j^-tAi jl-»^
-^'J
.
in
Prove that statement by examples upon the other forms
We
3.
-f*
i
>
in
e.,
from the strong
differ
Now .1?
IX.
i_j„)
jjU:^
J
J
^jv^i
give one example of Conj. IV. ^*i
I
he raised up, trans.
:
(or,
I
i
cjj^
i
(Compare 76
he stayed, intrans.
IL,
cyi :
(i
3).
)
r'
Gi;1
11.1;
15
i
I'^i /
What
is
observable here
The occurence
..
t
of our fundamental Rule (115
:
5)
"Weak
drops out when followed by consonant with sukun."
letter
J
7-
What
0/0
^^
comes from >
-
^ y^i
?
^^^^ (76
c.f.
>
.
^
>
.
o^-A -0
—
275
does ^jWl come from
>
.\o
;
.
JU-A)
:
4 and II6
>
2).
:
>
^
(J
("';
('I
L
r: 8.
pjii of the same.
^ * "..0
.i-
r
^r^
^^» 11. ;
10.
the effect of the sukun
1^^; J
I
9.
Watch
The Passive
:
(a)
Ui
I
Indicative (he will be raised). /^U UT
O
1
.•^U IL
—
r ^
>
....
)U uT
05»A liT ')
,«ju
(J
U\A
aU'»
f'^
was not
(b) Jussive (he
J
0^
i_j'^.
>^lS"
P'lLi^
(J
|,\
formed fromp-jUai' thus
^A^l is
removing J^iil
\\
(J
J
restful ^^ j'
12,
>i"
o
r-*>
J^Ull
J
•
U
|»l3
from the
I
the two silent alifs one
adding
o
—
^'^
act-of-raising; or staying;
:
*^^l
5iUl insult
obedience
making permaneni;
^j^
Is
;
o:>lil
Ul
/•
to
avoid
—
killing;
'^^l
removing
"^^ j>\
benefit (to others)
management,
repetition; 6:>'^[ will; o^-^i 14.
and
get vl5[
,j
«
^iJjl comfort; ;
.^lllC'l
custom,
-
279
—
Lesson 119. CONJUGATION X. (HOLLOW). I.
^\\ ^lliof ^V^J to
^^^
be upright.
--0
-^-«
U^I**» 2.
^1
J^.^*J
//
^.
I
of jbL.1 to consult.
^;,lil
;
>:
>
.
f y^-
•
i
.^
-v^X
^
of
^' fjUii
Jj***^
^
to derive benefit.
jUi.-!
-
..
>
.
,^Ui*«l
to
^0 ^
^0
^0
^0 ^
answer (prayer, request,
etc.)
^ '^
^^
-
I"
^
^..
c^
5-
^^
cjj^l
o
jl^".«, 'o^q
(A)
:'^UI j'^Ce-Vl
dll'jl
(N)
I
:
0^
B.
>
5t^.
^-
282
-
;J-.^,0-.
To Arabic 1.
She did not
2.
Despair not of the mercy of God, because He
3.
You cannot
find in her father's
find
house more than eight coins. very merciful.
is
any person exactly as he
is
described
by
others.
4.
We
blamed thee because thou
5
It is
said that the house was sold at a small price.
6.
The
children of Israel were punished because they did not
obey God but opposed 7.
"Awake thou
didst
(
masc
:
)
not visit us.
his prophets.
that sleepest,
and
arise
from the dead, and
Christ shall give thee light." 8.
We hear that the the but,
Q.
We
10. Is
C.
Army
G.O.C. (General Officer Commanding) of
of Occupation sent to ask for re-inforcements,
in spite of all that,
will
weigh
it
he was badly defeated.
in the balance.
not the plough more useful than the sword
Give the Imperative Plural, Masc
meanings
of these verbs
:
:
and Fem
:
}
and the English
)
Lesson EYB:, Reply
(Coll
:
(jC-.:^
)
.j
o*-' ^
ci-. [:,.j
-
^—
>
-
285
of (i-J j/u» to run (Note
(c)
•
(J^ »
>
K^^
VJ^
»***»
1
^
—there are very few on this form).
^x
.
r-
^0
i::c. ^0 ^
X-
^^ to be hidden.
(d) of ^3i2
g'i .'.
L^
r.
u::^;.
ui^ 6.
What
is
specially observable about the above tables
That when the weak
(i)
sukiln) alif
on adding the pronominal
maq§iira of both (b) and
wau^
viz, (a) to (ii)
is
radical
(third)
(b)
and
radical
is
damma
in (d) a
;
thus C^o:> C^* j sZ^*^
being formed direct from the fern sing, 7.
What form Always
will the
weak
(See Lesson 127) but long 8.
Is
(a) its
the
weak
place
:
In the
alif
Nom
shown by tonM;m
thus (c)
:
:
and Obi
A^asra
The missing
Jii-^i^^in^j^i
The
Jbeminine
is
weak
the fern,
dual
(c)
where
past,
:
;
:
cases,
Noun it
^U-
thus letter
:
UU-
radical
,cljji
o
c.
/.
also.
it
of
?
is
©I
^j ,>-
Agent
(_^.5UI1
;
the
thus
i
?
omitted and
^l-*
f\
^
f^^^
LpL-^ L«I j Lc>l y
:>
y
restored in the definite
is
fully-declined
is
y
y
Deiined
the
and
before an affixed pronoun
But the Accusative retains the weak (b)
supplied,
dropped there
radical dropped in forming the
Indefinite
radical
radical take in the Derived Conjs.
except in the 3rd. sing
(j
is
it
:
is
also,
;
weak
this
third fern. sing, of (a) (b)
dropped
and the
(c) to ya.
dropped out altogether, but in the
with
(
return to the original leUer,
That before the wan of the masc. plural
(m) That
jazmated
is
the alif of (a)
affix,
(c) all
?
;
Redeemer.
}^^^
^^^'-^ \^^- ^
-
-
286
Lesson 1.
What The
noteworthy about the passive of the past Of ^j^LII
is
fact that the
wau replaced by it is
2.
123.
weak
radical ya
The reason
ya.
preceded by a kasra (63
restored,
for the latter
and the weak obvious, for
is
5).
:
U^ and
Give the passive of
is
^j u^.
cnc^ ,c-:>
>
>
>
r^^p :>
r
c;-t
.^c^:>
^
1^^
il/, >
r-t^^ l-L*.>«
3.
How (a)
From
verbs
coalesces with
we
j^c^J^^
'^
^'si%M 3'
(b)
4.
formed
whose
>
>
AS
?
radical
final
wau,
is
long wau of the form,
the
get ^c^J.4
invited,
called.
this
From
verbs with final
pjl^U
of
3^
a the long
with the final ya, and the
^*^ thrown-down
get
y^^
ll:v to
;
^^-.^ built
kneel (like
and instead of
Also ^>- j*
wau
hoped
permutated
is
damma
to kasra
jr;i;.
is
'
to be noted here
There
is /io alif
A'
?
aiter the final
lt;a^^
thus etc).
;i=
't
;^-
;
ya
).
'o
ii-_,V
What
radical
pardoned.
to coalesce
we
>
J
J^»iil ^J\
is
^
>
^:^
of the masc. sing.
287 In
Ui)
2nd
fern, sing,
}'
'^y
(m) In 3rd and 2nd masc. result that the niasc. 6.
c-
J
^
*
of ^5C->^
I
and
becomes pi.
one wau
is
omitted, with the
those two cases.
fern, are alike in
to wcH^p (like
(J^j
(X
^» ^.. ^' j )
iCi
What do you notice here What the weak radical
7.
•
?
ya
is
dropped from the 3rd and 2nd
masc. plu, but retained in the feminine. 8.
of
f'j\^\
^^ J.. ^^ ) ,
L^^
to ba
^a^..
pleased (like
(^a:^-
)
^
^J-
J*"
J-"
o^-^j,
What
9.
(
/
(
a
)
)
is
obser\ed here
t
That the fatha of
and the
(iii)
There
{iv)
[n the
diphthong
is
alif
changes
Ui)
That the ya of 2nd fem.
fatha,
(
^^
sing,
maqsura drops
forms
a
diphthong with the
out.
an exactly similar one in 3rd and 2nd fem. plu.
3rd and 2nd masc. plural the
wau forms
a wau-
(au).
v) The student should
now spend some
contrasting the three types presented 10.
^
^^ to
Give the passive (the same for
(i.e.
time comparing and
in
...1
and
.
and
three classes).
all
>
jl'-^Li:-
jLi^_ - 9 >
.0
K
.;_._).
288 11.
What do you
We
observe
observe that the passive
fatha verbs,
The
reasofi
Is
is
?
very similar to the active of
is
for the similarity of the permutations
maq§ura
No, various forms are taken
.
that the
;
Ma§dar
^U j
?
hope
;
^\^':>
call, petition;
good pleasure.
L^ J
;
is
J
each case.
in
there any special form for the
jA^ pardon
the reason
(§ 8 above), but distinguished by the servile
final letter is alif 12.
What
?
Vocabulary 123, (a)
kneel
to
-
>
(b)
to
hope
to
grow
L^
^J^
^^j>.
to give to drink ^^'J
^^
to flow, run
u^«" l/^
to
be pleased
to
be ashamed ^'iii
Exercise 12B 1.
3.
4.
6.
c!^_>"
J^l
'>
3>.
y
to
approach
to
pardon
Ui lit
to pluck, gather
^^^
^^?*
to build
^-.j^
^)
to
weep
L^-Vi
to fear
L^^-
to perish
to
c^-'H.
remain
L>^i
L>
•
(.5^-^
l5-*
(JH
a,
The mind grows like the plant. As for her, she knelt on her knees, and prayed
to
God.
Let both of them (113 9) grow together until the harvest. And when he found one pearl, great of price, he went and :
sold 5.
f^j
^Jp j
to meet, find
2.
r
to raid
-
A^-ij
to suffice
(c)
l^-
j^V
all
he had and bought
The
gazelle said
that
which
It is
clear to
Creator
is
I
:
hoped {lit.
it.
'That which for
I
despised saved me, and
(requested) destroyed me.'
not hidden from) owners-of-minds that the
Almighty.
Correct by Eaercite 123
b.
(on page 291.)
'
—
—
289
Lesson 124.
I
in the Subjunctive.
Give examples of each of these three types »:^
y-^ >9 -
:^^ }0 ^
cnSs^o
u^^-^
l^^-t'
U^^
^-^ 1-
0.
.
U^^j
L^'i (^) ".
-
",
»
'•
^"^ J
^J 2.
L^->
By comparing
(O
the three types together
that the vcau of ( fatha,
or
I
and the
)
other distinguishing
without any difficulty {ii) that in the
the dual),
the
nun
(Hi) the retention of the
Why
is
Because
mark
)
both take
of the subjunctive,
apocopated, as always happens
is
;
nun
agrees with 30
in fem. plu.
the vowel of the subjunctive not observable in ( alif
maq§ura
after
is,
:
all,
a
form of
6 with 52
Give the Jussive of the same three verbs >0 X
>• -
>^.
'^^.
)9 ^
}% -
y'f
^^
'^
the
;
carry any vowel (compare 1/ 4.
of ('*
>• ^
-:
^^
^'^^
"^
>'.^
—
alif,
:
4
(c).
?- ) ?
and cannot
4).
:
:
^ >
}
'.
^
j.^
-
>
• ^
C.^
i^'
:^i
:
,
—
—
290
dl:
dl.
en.
\^z
cn>
ic:
LsC:}
dij fr
dij *»
,
-
''0
U^^7 ,• '.
r-.*. ^:^j»
'-
0)f J
5.
Wliat
is
the great distinguishing feature of the Jussive
;u' 6,
i>7
ij^
=
the deletion of the
Give the Imperative of the same
tliree
>o
weak
?
letter.
verbs
:
>
:::>i(a) >
^lli
J^.
^
c;.> =
;
study the classes of verbs containing
in the Jussive as a
o
of
jc-^ui
as
to ya
— having wau and ya apart)
;
ya defective, but
its final
Class (b) loses
:
(Sj\ (Sj^
be adjacent, to follow closely
Lesson
in
thus
ijj^^ (Sj^
hamza and one weak letter. What, in brief, is the method Class
4.
up
^)jAa IJ&A] (Lafif-Separated
(b)
having wau adjacent
i.e.,
be strong
to
3.
rjl of ^^^^
^)o C_,kr
01 >w
>1
0'
^
e ^
;»',
I',
Mj
A
-
C .kr ^
>1
.k;
fJ>II
of
c$y
(^y.
0^ X
^ ^
U
l/^iT
^/J
0^
e ^
J ^iu
8.
^Vl
Ol>j
l',ll
^M
C/JI
L$yj
O
iVyl
CJJ 9
Let us
now
^
to Class (b) which are Assimilated and Give the Past, comparing with 122.
turn
also Defective. •^
e
'y.
l3j
IJj
Ji
S5''*-..
»-'
^ e -^
0^3
-;'.'
0J3 0^:*J
U'^
l:J :'->
LJ'j
r^-
U 10.
For the pjUall one example of ^3'j>^
will
suffice.
Because the lexicon shows that they are formed u2r i.ir
Why
alike.
1*1)
L.
3'
?
II.
When
the servile letter
is
deleted to form the Imperative will
there be only one letter in the verb
That
so
is
;
but a ha
sometimes
is
u^ 12.
Learn both ways
affixed.
Li
What happens It is
?
inflected exactly as
of the present tense the
^"J^
two
(
-^^'i^
^.iJ
^-
v'lj
^
dr
^^
--
n
^ >
,
»
u
U
*u.
added
(see
below)
^.Ul
f^^ll
J^ll
^M
^p.
v-
a'-
-
*c^
iSJ.
i^
.Li
*U) ^
J
.
^,
>
K\t.s
^ *l^
_^
^
*L^„
t^V.
,
Their chief
alif.
tM\
^-i
^--
i
f
e ^
-
I
1
JI"
weak verbs with hamzated lam
These are of three sub-divisions i:U-
C^\
is
'
similarly treated.
is
^
Agent are
of
(j^^^J j^*^)-
to refuse
115).
-^^
"to turn, or return,"
I
hamzated
a
^^=rO'
j^-f-'J
the second
present being ^—>j^|, the jussive
The Nouns
J^l
which have
are of
they accordingly follow the laws
;
to
Lesson >
J
They
or ya.
are-the principal parts of t^ :^-yi
(.)
>
ens-
-7
This imperative 5.
Is
the passive
Yes
;
as
it
is
^,
is ?io^ wsec?,
1.^
JUT
(87
5)
being substituted for ^\
in actual use, similarly to
a preposition, the
Thus :— She was brought
i^
:
^
1
it.
?
a Prepositional Passive, only understandable
when read with used.
U.
t
mas':, sing,
l^
Hell was brought (Qur'an)
i^^>.
they
^^,
^^>-
is
invariably
were brought
:
;
:
— See the passive of fainted or 6.
X.^ls-
;
we may use any
there
Is
Yes, one
:
I'^l.'i^.'^c.l
really Irregular
cover,"
is
as
:
(
lit,
:
Jp-
aJ.^
^ti
he
"was covered over her")
dLi
(c./.
Verb
with
Well done
ilj^j
).
!
?
much used
as
any
in the language.
ought, by the rules, to form pjUaii thus ^^1^ but,
as a matter of fact,
ing f^j
-
she fainted
and that one
to see,
(^\)
"to
^^Js-
^JlI
297
is
rejects that alif-hamza altogether, form-
The
instead,
The Imperative
it
Preterite
not used
;
^\j
is
^j
similar to
J^\ being used
instead.
(Indicative) "
^
jj^^
0^^.
jl^.J''*
Jy
ovy
^J
—
C^V
c^'.l
and Passive)
(Buhj. ^
^
•
J^>ci' ^y,aj!S\ ^ >
>
'
ky. -
>
.>
—
iSJ
>
^i
iVy
cy.y
^^
{Jussive)
=
f3>il - •
'v;.
'Vy
k'J
^
k'y.
Kj
^^
J ''
"^^
J
,>
{Imp, not use d): '
^
O'P
1
jl
^
^
Ijj k'->
•/J
(••;>
— 7,
What It is
It
^
is
J/**
used with I
used 1
U
a.
mean
"I
wonder,"
To Arabic
you wish
Then she
When
another,
:
2) to
happen
will
saw
her,
reached the king, and he said
and look
at
her
;
if
see her,
you do not bring
servant
the
or, Is
possible
it
I
thus,
:
wonder
?
e.
_
l; -jj:«-
% o ^,
.
U«GI U'fr U'i^j
Ce
^^^
ol^ ^
L- "(J 'o\
^ .
\
- • ^
^^0
•
(n)
®
°vjui (r)
1.
> ^
LuJii Uli^l IJIJ (Y)
—
—
299
Lesson 127. DERIVED FORMS OF 'DEFECTIVE: jjU\
^u.
t^ui
>Uyj
J^.Ail^l
9 3
^H\ Jji' 5-
^r
sh
J^*
,3^
c^'jtfi..
r
c5jlH
UjyT
M
^3 J O^J ^
o
.5^-1
."%
.%
^v ^
0-
I.
ci-^V
e
•
>
J
6.
0^
>
^ e
'>^-
->o
>
(^^. ;>.^i
observe in the above table
(a)
That the past
(b)
This
(c)
The noun
alif
copated
of all the Derived
^I>i
8.
JvLi
10.
^0
j>j
What do you
?
forms ends
in
maq^iira becomes ya in the present,
f^
and
apo-
is
and imperative, leaving kasra
in the jussive
7.
cr^''
c^'^'
-o
;
of agent ends in tanwin-kasra, as a substitute
which should have borne tanwin-
for the apocopated ya
(Jamma; (d)
The noun which
(e)
is
indeclinable
The ma§dar (See 73
:
Ma§dars
having fatha, takes
of object,
of
5). III.
II.
;
substitutes alif for the
IV., VII., VIIL,
The Ma§darof V. and
(f
)
Some
I
maq§ura,
(Defective) always takes the form
weak
^
;
letter
(c./.
X. are similar to one another
the servile alif the weak letter becomes
substituting
alif
hamza
VI. apocopates the
c.f.
JLiT
74 :
:
7).
after
(revise 77:4,5)
ya of .\-^ [S^ J
Jl_^ and /J'^J^
of the pseudo-passives are not usable
(e.
g. VII).
— 2.
300
Useful examples of jliCil^-.!
^J"^*
a prayer-place
— (c./ 63
Vocabulary,
to eat
noon-meal
to take supper
cj"^^
ij^
(^-^^-^
(^-^
Six-"-
iy^
come consecu-
n"
u"
^
^
to curve
^
lS-^^I end
to be decided,
pray
to
to clarify
(^^•*^
c^*^
to
comfort
to
pay attention
(5
>. c^>
»
-^0
-
^0
—
L>^y
J> J^^
tively
:
—
^
^\ j\.) ^\ j
to mutually agree
to
^^
(to)
i^S) (Jl^^
Ju
; to cry
^ -0
-
:—
to deliver, save
iS^*"^ lS^'^ ^
are
etc.)
including words in the table
to be transfigured
ll)
:
a school chapel).
ie. g.
^>t-I> a curve, or bend (railway,
3-
:7foot,and88
^izij) ^^^-^^
aloud
(S
"^^"^
iS '^^
'
7-
to imitate
to
be disclosed
1>cIj
,
1^
^O ^
to be guided (by God)
^^-r„
to be content (with)
^I>sj ^i-'^
^
go far (research)
-
to seek to
^
.
.
'' ..
v
~;(s
"
••
..
to execute '
1
to fulfil (a
}.^
«^***5^
is
'
to
show
^.«.J lilc
I
I
j-^
J
Ji^S-
Dli
^^
I
^j V>*V„ ^^j ^ W^ ^"-^
/yl*-3
.
.^^U jr\5
^^^^
1-17).
\
>..
iX
:
-
301
.
]a^->- «w/*;3I^«)
I
J
05
'Cjy^ /JSC"
^::c ^^J
I
l;^
U-ua-..w»
.
'rr^
/T^*-^
j"^
\
A^.
'Ji v.
.
I
:>y'.j>
^^^l
Al^'-
j JU^«-^'
ji V'l. 'ci^""^'! J jca'ii Jt,li
A^-
y
^^
u^*^^^**^i
^ 3^ ^^
OUi'jJ
J
^;*^i-^
l«>
c^ ^j
j^^'
il^-J
^ji^ ^itj\ -
>o
^b;^.
•
oy/j ^^-j^i
^
"^"t^
;.i'y
—
302
—
Lesson 128. NUN OF CORROBORATION. 1.
Having now completed our study (o^*)
of the accidence or inflection
sound and non-sound verbs,
of both
stud)^-— before completing
Syntax
—
(j^)
Broken Plurals and of Derived Nouns. there remain two lessons, the
first
we have
all
But, before
which
of
to
the remainder of
is
doing
this,
will be occupied
with the "Nun of Corroboration,'* and the second with "Verbs of Praise and Blame." 2.
What It is
is
this
Nun
of Corroboration (^>3l) oi^Ul
a letter affixed to the verb to render
it
thus can often be translated by "verily,"
should then be prefixed to the verb
translate
it,
"never," or "not at
all "