Arabic Grammar: Inductive Method

Citation preview

ARABIC GR

Elias'

Modern Press Gairo

The American University

Cairo

at

Oriental Studies

THE PHONETICS OF ARABIC. A

Phonetic Inquiry and

Manual

of

Practical

for

Pronunciation

the

Arabic and of one Colloquial (the Egyptian). G-airdner, B.A. Oxon.; C^M.S.

Classical

W.H T.

By

Egypt; Adviser

in

Arabic

Studies at the School of Oriental Studies, Cairo.

EGYPTIAN

COLLOQUIAL

Grammar.

By W.H.T.

ARABIC.

A

Conversation

Adviser in Arabic

Gairdner,

Studies at the School of Oriental Studies, (

Third

Edition,

Nile

Mission

Press,

Cairo.

1944

Cairo.

Revised by E.E. Elder.

EGYPTIAN COLLOQUIAL ARABIC READER. E.E.

Elder, D. D., Ph. D.,

Superintendent

of

Arabic

Edited by

American Mission,' Egypt, Studies

the School of

at

Oriental Studies, Cairo.

ISLAM AND MODERNISM IN EGYPT. A

Study

of the

Modern Reform Movement Inaugurated by Muhammad c Abduh, by Charles G. Adams, B. A., Ph. D., D. D., American Mission, Egypt, Member

of the

Administrative

Faculty of the School of Oriental Studies, Cairo.

The foregoing books are published by

HUMPHREY MILFORD OXFORD "UNIVERSITY PRESS, LONDON.

THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY AT CAIRO ORIENTAL STUDIES

INDUCTIVE METHOD

by

E.

ELDER

E.

American Mission, Egypt. Superintendent of Arabic Studies at

the

School

of

Oriental

Studies

Cairo.

American University

at Cairo

School of Oriental Studies Cairo,

Egypt

1950

H

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION Arabic

Classical

which have a majority

number are

this

of

language

written

the

is

areas

of

most

illiterates,

world

in the

Although the large

population of about 50,000,000.

total

newspapers,

of the

the

books, the schools, the records in the court and government offices, the public speakers, the radio, and to

some extent

the theatres and cinemas,

use the classical Arabic.

However,

Quran

the

Because

preeminent.

realm

in the

is

it

where

exercises

is

it

the Muslim religion

of

sway

holds

the

that

not the colloquial language

except occasionally

among

a very few, the classical Arabic

.

on

connected

in

know

it

that

the

any

hears

or

way with

newspaper

a

public

life

or

read,

services,

in

is

fact

in Arabic-speaking lands, will

spoken as well.

is

with

It is

radio

treated in'

is

addresses, attends religious

listens to public

schools,

in

is

But any one who

most Western grammars only as a written language. tunes

Arabic

North Africa,

of

Syria or Iraq, nor used as the means of conversation

Egypt, Palestine,

inspects

and religious

classical

hesitation

considerable

undertakes

one

that

The

series of lessons introductory to the Arabic language.

field

writing a

Arabic

of

Grammar has already been well covered in English alone by Wright's "A Grammar of the Arabic Language," Sterling's book with the same Socin's

title,

Thatcher's

mention

but

"al-Mufassal"

Grammar,"

"Arabic

translation

a of

few.

into

In

addition

Portions

of

Harder's

to

these

"al-Alfiyya"

material

used

in the

the of

Grammar," Arabic

of great

book are

of

to

texts

have

Ibn Malik

"A Text Book

this book.

of

and

Simplified,"

"Arabic

books

Athanasius has been

Eff.

the

"Arabic

of

and

al-Zamakhshar

been consulted in the preparation Syntax," by Atallah

Upson's

English

Arabic

value also.

taken from such

well-known collections and books as "Majani al-Adab," "Nukhab al-Mulah", "Kalila

wa Dimna" and

each instance

more

to

"al-Fakhri"

mention the

or less adapted

to

explanation that follows.

origin.

show

that

it

has seemed unnecessary in

In most cases the texts have been

the grammatical points considered in the

ff

Method and Use of Book The lessons sizing

the

sentence

is

differ

importance

from those of learning

of

most Arabic grammars

Arabic

from

in

empha-

connected speech. The

cousidered as the basis of the language. After a few lessons

using

the

method

direct

through

and simple

answers

and

questions

dialogues a series of Arabic prose selections have been used as a

means

grammar. These portions cover a wide range from the Bible and the Quran to the daily newspaper. It has not been

for inductive study of Arabic

thought necessary

when

it

to

many

occurs. In

first

each phenomenon

explain

grammar

the

we have

sections

Arabic

anomalies that come from the use genitive, subjunctive, conjugation

their

of

construction

may

instances the Arabic idioms

and used before a complete explanation In

of

tried to get

away from the many

terms like nominative,

of

be learned

peculiarities is given.

accusative,

and declension by employing as far as

possible the Arabic terminology.

The Arabic portions

at the beginning of each lesson should

be read

over with the Arabic teacher four or five times. The plan of the lessons giving the. English translation on the opposite page enables the to

know

of

the Arabic into English appears stilted at times, but

once the meaning of the Arabic. The rather

at

so to help the student "to get the feel"

literal

student

rendering

has been made

it

a language extremely

of

dif-

ferent fi'om his own.

Prom time tical

to

time word

and further examples

lists

of the

gramma-

and

constructions can be written in under the space given to Notes

For Arabic

English-Arabic Dictionaries.

by the Catholic Press,

Beirut,

English,

to

that of

recommended,

is

Dictionary of Elias, published by the Modern Press, Cairo to Arabic,

The

Modern Dictionary

the

student

the

should

the use of Arabic-English

begin, under the guidance of the teacher,

lished

XX.

After the completion of Lesson

Vocabulary.

of Elias,

or ;

and

Hava pubModern

the

and

for English

by the same press.

work on each Arabic portion given should be a re-transThe sentences

final

lation into Arabic either oral or written of the English text. for

Memory

they

can

by glancing

at the English

normal speech.

The Memory

are supposed to be learned so that

be

recited

up

to the

speed

of

These The regular and then the

take the place of verb paradigms.

sentences dealing with verbs

can also be used as a basis for Class Conversation complete

order has been to give the past or

tense

Drill. first

three cases of the incomplete verb. Sometimes these sentences bear

little

relation to the Arabic text which introduces the lesson; but the student will realize

that

themselves to

.

it

has been more than

brief sentences

difficult to

find verbs that lend

such as are necessary for giving

all

the

forms needed. The sections marked "Towards Composition" are most of

them somewhat in composition

literal translations

and translation

attempted after the book

is

of

of

an Arabic

pieces

mastered.

of

original.

Thorough work

English prose can only be

The student and

words words,

from the very

should,

by

letter

to reading

letter,

reason the grammatical terms

some

and

vowels

begin

to

recognize whole

words and whole phrases. For

words

in the

have occurred a number

this

more than a few times

are not vowelled

and

the particles

of

after they

first,

laborious process of spelling out

from the

advance quickly

given without

text are

of times.

Owing to the limitations of the press which has printed the book, marks to distinguish the Arabic sounds through phonetic signs, have been attempted only in the case of a few technical terms. The

diacritical

sign

(

has sometimes been used for expressing the long vowel.

)

:

wish

I

express

to

my

preparing those lessons by colleagues and

I

of

am

in

appreciation

different people, but especially

of the

fellow-teachers at the School of

American University proficient

deep

many

at

Shaikh

Cairo.

adapting the

Sayy.id

Oriental Studies of the

Nawwar

needed

clarifying,

D. D., Ph. D.,

which was help

D., for

reviewed the

which

has given

I

am

assistance

in the proof-reading.

Cairo, June,

has been very

who has revised many Numerous suggestions and much

material which he has supplied have been incorporated Ph.

in

my

Athanasius

greatly indebted to Atallah Eff.

Jeffery,

by

Arabic portions which introduce each lesson.

these and corrected the translations.

A. J.

me

help given

1937.

in the

book.

Prof.

manuscript and noted points that

deeply in

grateful. Prof.

many ways

not

C.

C.

the

Adams. least of

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION Grammar

In preparing a second edition of this Arabic

School

of the

were

of

consulted as

been

well as others

little

who had used

was unnecessary

nor for

students

who

Arabic-English and Euglish-Arabic dictionaries

A

a complete vocabulary. to

There has

the book.

working Arabic Grammar an elaborate glossary

terms used

added

the teachers

students and former students

its

change in the lessons due to the general consensus of opinion

that for a

using

Studies and

Oriental

enable

treatment of

the

student

any subject

index

brief

may

to

find

the

be found.

page

There

words and

there

is

grammatical

of

of

are accustomed to

need for

terms has been'

where

the

has been

principal

objection

to

Where material on a subject which needs to be treated as a whole is detailed it has seemed best, as in Lesson XVI for example, not to make arbitrary divisions into short the length of

some

of

the lessons.

lessons to be taken daily.

My

thanks are due to the

many former students and made suggestions.

pointed out needed corrections and

indebted

School of

to

Prof.

Harrell

Beck

and

Dr.

Kermit

Cairo, Christmas

am

who have especially

Schoonover

Oriental Studies for assistance in correcting

the latter for preparing the

others I

of

Index.

1950.

the

the proof and to

E. E. Elder

—

Lesson

—

Page

_

L

aAk&W

Nominal and Verbal Sentences

"Lc^'l

j

.j

t

i

j

Nominal sentence.

©jdlJlj

Definite and Indefinite

jfjdl

The Masculine "Ism."

^ijll

The Feminine "/sm"

II.

©jl-^N^

4lU

^^J!

.

4lU-

1

Subject and Predicate of a

'

jAi-ljj

II.

IX

r

"/ims,"

6

^1

The Demonstrative Pronoun.

aIW

The Three Cases

in

"Isms."

8

>i 11

IV

•

ST ^3f~

-

n 4^-^

^"lii

^uX^J)^

„. .

.

ojl-i^l

VI.

Xcj

.

/

1

VII.

VII

£-27

.

u--

x

1

J

Jj

^4

^3 £

l^l/lj jl^

.

Prepositions and Words US ed as Prepositions.

12

Unattached Personal Pronouns.

The Broken

14

piural;

Demonstrative Pronoun Plurals.

Words

to

Express "Have."

18

Words t

to Express "Have" with he Negative and in the Past.

"Kan" and

Its

Sisters.

20 22

*

^

Ai

j

i

-

I

IX.

(AJl

«iU

The Mc!f tul " Wllich Shows Time or Place.

cJl.klljvJl^U)

JUsl

The Verbs

3!

JUi\

The Verbs

Vl?*"^

XXXV.

XXXVI.

Blame

Praise and

of

Wonder.

of

The "Nun"

of

"Kan" and

its

Emphasis.

180

Sisters.

jUli JU»I

Verbs

of

Desire or Beginning.

t_jjU)\

JU$I

Verbs

of

a Mental Process.

Jlj>*$\

J Us

Verbs

A>

I

172

Quadriliteral Verb.

ji\

oy XXXIV.

The

jj J. 3 ^f"^

i

I

,u

y

Changing.

of

Nasbating and Jazrnating Particles;

"Isms"

XXXTII.

186

Time, Place and

of

192

200

Instrument.

The Diminutive. The "Ism"

of Individuality.

The Adjective Resembling

the

Agent.

The Form XXXVIII.

XXXIX.

of

The Feminine "Ism".

206

The Sound Masculine

Plural.

212

The Sound Feminine

Plural.

The Broken

XL.

The

XLI.

u

hm"

The Case

XLIL

Excess.

of Relationship.

228

"aZ-ito/V

234

of

The Subject and Object Nominal Sentence.

>UM XLIII.

XLIV.

J*W|

220

Plural.

of a

The Subject of a Verb. The Subject of a Passive Verb. The Case

of

*al-Raf

e

"

"Inna" and

its

The Case

"al-Nasb."

of

242

Sisters.

250

—

XII

— Page

Lesson

The Case

XLV.

The a

*

Different Kinds of

U

of

al-Nasb"

of

"al-Nasb."

"Al-Hal" and The Case

XLVIII.

262-

Al-htithna" and "al-Tamyiz.'"

The Case

XLvn.

254

al-MaPuV\

The Case

XLVI.

"al-Nasb"

of

B

aZ

268

Munada."

of "al-Jarr."

274

Prepositions and Annexation.

Review

XLIX.

of the

The Kinds

L.

of

Cases

"Isms." 283

"Harfs."

The Sequents. The

LI.

of

Attribute.

284 290

The Sequents. The Conjunction. 296

LII.

The Sequents. Emphasis and LIIL

Substitution.

302

'

Cardinal Numbers.

LIV.

308

Ordinal Numbers. 316 Numeral Adjectives and Adverbs.

LV. ft

Days

of the

Week and

Months.

The Comparative and LVI,

322

Superlative.

Relative Sentences.

326

LVIII.

Conditional Sentences.

332

LIX.

Idiomatic Expressions.

340

LVII.

Index

of

Technical Terms

348

INTRODUCTION The

which

language

Arabic

They are

alphabet of twenty-eight characters. of

them

(

I

„

3

(_$ )

„

are

also

written

is

used

The For

speech.

initial

sound

correct

of

list

each name

pronunciation

sity

W.

Uncon-

Name

nected alif

1

has an

left

show long tJjjs*- )

according

to their

names

H. T. Gairdner, Oxford Univerat Cairo,

Oriental Studies.

i

Final

Medial

Initial

I

»

ta:

e

V

a*

«i.

}

Cj

)

ji:m

ha:'

*>

kha:'

JIS

da:

Jl'i

dha:l

P°-

C t h>

ra:'

J

za:i

J

shim

£ t

>-

St

5»»

a.

I

si:n

°

J

which assimilate the I

A^SW

Cj

uijji-^

is

)

J

is

pronounced

°

of

c/'

°

U"

*

the defl-

pronounced "ad-daftar."

which

are the

remainder

alphabet and do not assimilate the

jJ?Ji

J

•

"al-jabal."

J

of

the

of the ar-

There are three vowel sigus

2.

(

Cj&~~ jp-

Although not exactly

consonants.

is

Jl(

fat ha )

alif or

sometimes

in

case

this

by iS as "i"

in "pat",

i 11

pronounced

)

and prolonged by

a word by

of

j j^ajuJI t*jWl Ex.

&

kasrci

o

end

below

or

:

pronounced "a" as at the

above

written

corresponding English vowels

like

the approximate values are as follows

(1)

)

which

j

called

is

ka.-taba.

as

"i"

in

and

"bit"

prolonged

"machine" but without a diphthong. Ex.

(Js

siddi:q.

—

(3)

j

.

^»

as do also, the

•

.

45

w^u

kita-.biya l-kabi:ru.

2"" . V'f ,

and words ending in

and jt "or".

•

i-r-rajulu

personal pronouns attached to words. Ex.

•

•:

sound

when

inserted

The pronoun endings

(2)

Q

preceding Jl the particle

and {J

mina

is

kasra

o^-Ji

Muhammadun

Ex. jJ^-J) (1)

o)-^ does not end in a vowel the fin-

usually given

sound

a buttock

(

'

j

_

take

'

I

,

see Lesson X,, as

with certain

exceptions

:

word preceding the hamza ends with

I

.

j or

^ which

length-

> %

en vowels these vowels are pronounced short as

abu

1-binti

^

J"*

change

no

although

baiti,

made

is

in

*»

\

the writing.

drops out of writing as well as pronunciation in expres-

5

8..

fll-

wI^uJI (J Jl/Xdl

ions such as (1)

4uV^-i

(2)

£j\ in

for

4Sjl

&

^Ai ^^9- (between

appear on the same (3)

Madda

9.

for

J?-^!

(lengthening).

son and father

of

^

If

for

hamza

a

with

fatha

becomes

O'

hamza 10.

this

1

is

Qur'a:n.

of syllables

followed by an

and

qa:la

:

,

madda

J.* ( o

I

.

before

used

is

as -iljsw? sahrar'u

v^io

kataba,

the closed which ends in a consonant with

(2)

^ sukivn or

is

)

Ex.

the open, which ends in a vow-

(1)

:

1

which may be either short or long as in

qa-.la

-

the vowel letter

If

given the sign

often

There are two kinds el,

is

an alif written horizontally and pronounced a:

is

both

'^t^

alif these become one alif with the vowel sign

which

if

line.)

aud

J>0^

name

the

•

-v

qultum and

followed by nimation as in

darbun.

No

syllable

with two consonants, so in writing foreign

can begin

words which have such a combination either a fore the first consonant, or j& ^jjl Jl

I

(

t )

Gram mar l

.

Arabic words are of three kinds

which includes the noun, pronoun, adjective, participles

(I)

and certain adverbs, as

(2)

(3)

-

— sJ~l j

sitions,

t^jlljT".

•

1*Aj&

which covers the verbal forms, as

|

,

'which includes various particles such as certain prepo-

conjunctions, etc.,

as

*

.

.

^

•

3

—

Lesson

I.

Nominal and Verbal Sentences. Subject and Predicate of a Nominal Sentence.

and

Definite

"Isms"

Indefinite

The Masculine "Ism"

2

1.

What

2.

Look

3.

.What

4.

Look

5.

And

6.

Is this

is

This

this ?

is

This

this?

what

a closed window

**

(2)

it

a big book.

is

open.

small or big ?

This thing

is it ?

of

is

a copy-book.

is

at the copy-book, is

this thing,

It

This big book

at this big book.

There are two kinds

?

No, this

sentences

is

It

small.

a pencil. The pencil

is

is

long.

an open window.

:

(nominal sentence) which begins with an.

ajJUd'^_s|- (verbal sentence) which begins with

t

is

'..".>'

the

is

\

There

•

In the sentence

Jj

jcl^ and

J1

an

to

the

first

IX); indefiniteness by ruination, is

When

article.

(j* "

5.

from

«Jo

is

J1

/cz7a

1

"The pencil

or information

is

:

^

4$

(definite),

The

^^

another

to

tne

011

(See Lesson

J

final syllable.

prefixed to an

J

,

this automatically

in

removes

t^uS^JI '

as an attribute follows and agrees with the

adjective

gender and in being definite or

Interrogative

which

sentences

Words These words are

do not

^ 1 ^r4S

a house a garden

begin with an

interrogative

What

is

Look

at this door,

Jo j^.

clean'

old

wide

new

short

3.

This

window And what is

is

Arabic

into

done orally and then

This

this ?

•

good

For Translation

1.

it

other suitable sentences.

^.Jh

2.

noun

Exx.

indefinite.

for Substitution.

make

a door

First to be

.

s

be used in place of nouns and adjectives in the

to

sentences of the lesson to

(

Thus

.jj is in reality the indefinite

frun. This

pronoun or adjective often begin with the particle

4.

and the

denoted by prefixing the definite

leaving only the vowel such as

it,

jaJ

^

qualifies in

6.

pronounced

V

the

is

is

by annexation

or

^

no copula for the present tense in Arabic.

is

jL^jiiJI

J

^

\,

second gjCl? (indefinite). Definiteness article

U

"information." In the sentence

aJ]

about the 4.

4

is

is it

closed.

this? This

an old house.

to

Is

it

new

or

)

The old house is small. The door is open. old ? This window is new.

open or closed?

is

be written.

a large garden.

—

5

—

Notes and Vocabulary

1

—

»'"- >

3

./

—

3

•

•

ti

•

JUU.1I

aU^T'

r*i"

•

ti

'

UU

ZjLJ\

6

'

J^AJ

.

\

/

aJ»U

*\

(

)

Grain mar *

»>

1.

Most feminine not

being

2.

is

A

^

J^J

pronounced

"Picture").

noun

(

-f

The

'

nouns and adjectives end in

)

in

pause

adjective

also feminine. Exx.

Masculine

Demonstratives.

(

surat

not

qualifying

% X; f

or

.i^

jj^fc

that

cLMS

predicate

/

surah to

"aUi"-

Feminine

J

^

I

this

or sura,

a feminine

CJLJI ,jj

ft

„

j

a

dttT

Distinguish the difference between

u_5

'^"slsXjo

4.

is

the

verb follows

usual it.

-m>

and

o

and

I

form

for

the

aIaUI oJL_* interrogative

"what"

"

a

when a

—

—

7

Lesson

II.

The Feminine "Ism".

The Demonstrative Pronoun. 1.

What

this

is

(f

J

This

?

is

a

picture. 2.

What do we

see in this picture ? see in this picture a dining-

We

table. 3.

And what

4.

And It

5.

6.

we

see on the diiiiug-

a spoon and a fork.

that thing,

is

is

what

it?

is

a serviette.

Is this It

do

We see

table?

spoon big or small

?

small

Fatima

is

a beautiful

The

girl.

with a spoon in her hand

For Translation

This thing is a small fork.

2.

The small fork

3.

Zaiuab

is

a

little

on the girl.

is

sitting at the table ).

(Oral and Written).

Arabic

into

1.

is

beautiful girl

and in her hand a spoon

(

dining-table.

She

is

sitting

at the dining-table with a big

book in her hand. big book closed ?

4.

Is the

5.

What do we see

in the

No,

it

is

picture ?

open.

We

see a long

clean serviette, a big fork and a small spoon.

dining-table,

a

iJlV

JSjJI

_

—

^JLall!

>6^>j

)

(

,

ills-

£*J\

juJ J

v lrOl

jS jj

dJ

I

y

(

\

)

Grammar 1.

^

The Arabic r

(1)

The sign

has three cases

l>-

:

S=

of

^3 J' 4JU-

in

most singulars and broken plurals >

(

(a)

See Lessons V. and XL.

in

^Jl

an d are said

In a verbal sentence such as

jj

J

\

J*iJI (2)

on the

is

In the simple nominal sentence such as

and ^^_are (b)

).

.

It is

J*

J^li hence

The sign •

^

\

of

because

to

final consonant.

^Jj^b^iJI be

"

\J\

are called^'lL,

and

or inflexion

immutable, uninflected.) In

^

^1

^JUjJI

Words which have

a>

Exx.

change

to

noted that the particle

^UU..

verb,"

because

and words used as prepo-

X,\

and are called

^j^^a

most singulars and broken plurals

in

such words, the Arabs say

(2)

said to be

by the action

affected

is

is

Arabic words are not susceptible

(^l^^ Lesson

^JU- and

v^^ajJI

Words following

sitious are in

(1)

put

spoon on the diniug-table.

girl left the

^uSv-JI

(3)

mau

the

the book in the house.

left

it is

Then

man.

of the

piastre.

For 1.

found in the way a poor

house and

the

The poor man asked an alms

beggar. in his

from

out

"Isms"

in

|

•

uninflected.

Of

as they do not

^U.

In

*

that

means

as explained above..

— 10 — There are word?, however, which are

(3)

but in their relation-

Thus the words

ship to other words have a place in syntax.

t&

& are always written with an immutable faiha has immutable kasra

the last syllable, and

on the

~s

The ending

said to be of the

s

If

J^liJI

A

verb

111

a

'$J\

ycJz

4.JL2^-

shows

which

—

.

to

its

7

.

syntactical position;

usually feminine, as

is

tense as those given below, forms the

Substitution

for

he closed -r

'J^J'

*i

he struck

l\

into

^]\

the

woman

'

2.

The man struck the boy.

3.

The

pencil

The woman opened the

(Oral and Written).

Arabic

the book, from

The man closed

mau

.-/

'

girl left the

tne

'

he took

I

The boy took

5.

^

J ^Xjl

feminine, the verb

he opened

1.

.

^ ' *

'

.

For Translation

4.

is

past

* * •

written

>

.

Words

v->

"Jk

word gives no hint as

"

(v)

Grammar 1.

.

J

.Jj

.

J

.

c->( iu

»

b y» with)

J

^plu. of

•

"j»Cl

^ji^^^a^

are followed by

.

.

(above) 4°^ (after) are really

*CJ

^JU- (Lesson XLV.). Like prepositions tliey

X-\ -^JU-.

— 13 — Lesson IV. Words used

Prepositions and

1.

2.

Where

The pencil

the pencil?

And where is

3.

is

is

on the book.

is

The book

the book ?

as Prepositions.

is

on the table and the table

in the middle of the room.

And what

this

is

between the

book and the ruler

This

?

is

the

inkstand. 4.

5.

And what

is

And where

this in

is

the

the inkstand?

is

ink.

The big book

book?

big

This

is

under the small

copybook.

6.

Look (m.

f.

plu.) at the

Where

window.

is

it?

The window

is

between the high door and the low door.

7.

Is the chair in front of the

8.

Where

is

the key ?

Here

For Translation Look

at the pencil.

the key.

The large book

inkstand.

The

door ?

is

No,

it

is

a key for the door.

into Arabic (Oral

It is is

small book

behind the table.

on a large

book

and Written.) between the ruler and

on the table between the copy-book and the

is

under

the chair;

the chair

is

in front of

the high window.

For further composition,

room and

the student should place objects about the

describe their relative positions.

14.

—

"

%

'

Grammar The Unattached Personal Pronouns

(

sing.

LaA-U

j\*-^> l^ u ^L-^aJL*

"

are

: '

slie

3d Person

he )

0'

they (two)

they (two)

_^

they .Le-

>

they

^^

? )

Lesson V. Unattached Personal Pronouns.

The Broken

Plural.

Demonstrative Pronoun Plurals.

The Teacher Ibrahim

:

Who I

:

are you, and

am

Musa

That

I

is

and they

right.

And Zainab

Zaiuab

is

two

(

a pupil

am a clever pupil we know the lessons

:

is

this

girl ?

Zainab,

this girl is

And you

I

:

The Teacher

and

Ibrahim,

Musa.

who

;

)

and

this

boy

is

are of the noble children.

are a pupil at school, and

1 also.

too.

all

of

us are

clever

children and

well.

Yes, you are clever, and you,

Munira,

are kind

and

they are kind. teacher:

j^jl

These pupils are cleaner than those big students.

you (thou)

1st

\

Person

\

you

(thou)

— 16 — Almost are

Arabic words have as

all

called

more

the servile

of

lfJj*lJ three

By

radicals.

d"You

bare

me

asked

formed

are

radicals,

for her") to the

the

all

one

suffixing

or

or

mnemonic

those contained in the

e.

( i.

which

root three consonants

infixing

prefixing,

letters

(plu.)

tlieir

primary form

of the

the

derivatives

( i.

an internal

change

e.

conjugations, declensions, etc. *•

\-"°

Many

Arabic

form

^U^l

the structure of the word. This

called the broken plural

is

There are certain general rules of

broken plurals, but

it

plural by

their

(

see Lesson XL.

)

j^jdlJI

^

for the formation

learn the

necessary from the outset to

is

in

word along with its singular form. Sometimes the noun more than one of the broken plural forms. The following are

plural of a

takes

examples Singular J

^JCjjf

of

.

Plural

Singular

1.

^-jj

2.

jjj

»•

a lesson

10.

a child

11.

man

12.

a book

13.

a

> >-

^

7.

"V"

t_JlL

a copy-book

clever

skilful

-TV

large

14.

a pupil 6.

Plural

at*

small

15.

a student

clean

.

e

^

16.

a lad

noble

17.

a scribe

kind s

9.

3.

U The plural

of

Iju*

the plural of 4.

Feminine

-

dll'S -

proper

vr

18.

a pen

it

nouns

with

is

s-Vs*

is

dliljl. very

masculine proper nouns do not have

Words

like

j^g.

.

^

.

generous

and

few

^jXT.

exceptions

Exx.

and j

do have, because they

culine proper nouns of" Arabic origin.

.

foreign

j\ are mas-

— 17 — For Translation am

the teacher.

1.

I

3.

Zainab

5.

We

7.

They

is

a big girl.

are big students. (fern.) are

into Arabic

(

Oral and Written

)

2.

Yon

are clever and generous lads.

4.

She

is

6.

You

beautiful

(plu.

)

and

nice.

are clever too.

more clever than those students.

Notes and Vocabulary

(2)

— 18 — — jU-J*

cr*>^'

4^

J j a

j

is>

J

ts

jv f

.

*p

Uj

?

W

jl

(

J>-'j

r

Grammar 1.

The words other

like

ujlc and

J

although they are followed by

prepositions and words used as prepositions are used in

place of the verh "to have"

general and

and

J

.

kinds of possessions.

all

about the person.

J

is

A^^yU "The

j\£

^

are used for property in

however

used

used especially for objects

is

parts

for

Sentences such as

noun sentences is

in

is

fixed to an 4«

^

of

and

,|t

'

^jthe1

the

which

^

attached to a

a house

C-**>

of

has a large head."

lion

* "2.

X-

*

the definite article

is

elided.

two

J

'

s

is

J

pre-

is

so great that '

— 19 — Lesson VI Words

Express "Have"

to

man

1.

Who

2.

Does the man have a large house?

this

is

man?

This

is

the merchant,

Yes,

house and he has many books in the

3.

4.

Does the man have children also?

the

Khalil.

man has

a

large

library.

Yes, he has three children.

Does Khalil have a handkerchief, a pencil and a watch (on his person)? Yes, the

man

has a handkercief, a pencil, and a'watch.

Words

for Substitution

a donkey

j\js~

a

\p2>

Jt,

...

tail

2t.A>

an old man, a shaikh

For Translation man

into

^l*L>

Arabic

(

wealth

cash,

food

Oral and Written

1.

The

2.

The donkey has a long

3.

The small house has a door and a window, one only

4.

But the old

old

money

has a small house and a donkey.

man

has

tail.

money

in his pocket

house. 5.

The noble men have kind generous children

6.

They are clever

7.

The

pupils also.

pupils have books and pens.

.

^ JaSi )

and wealth

in his

— 20 —

j«J J

ale ^J^^i jlS^ j!

airy

,

^IIll

I

^

0^

)

J j

^ li

j S^li^ O U

J

~

ale

I) 1

(

\

)

s^ii^ol^UT ^lil ul/j^'VI

(

t

)

I'

I

.

T

"a_-JT

- llil aJLp)

it

-

j>-

pocket.

same sentences may be shown

was" and ^jCl^ "it

- Cas J^jil

in.

will

be" respectively. Exx.

The man had a bouse.

....... .

5

lil JUL& jjCl* Tbe merchant will have merchandise

4^ 1^5

to-morrow.

Lesson VII Words

Express "Have" with the Negative

to

and

1

Will

2.

willing,

3.

Khalil

?

every sort a year ago, hut not now.

of

merchant

the

have many things in the shop

merchant

Doesn't the

.

had merchandise

Past

in the

have many

not

next year?

things

God

Khalil will have every thing next year.

.\j

jGj

y> J>

.

U-Mi

Vj

IjfU*

JJU^

s

Lie.

j*?

^

( \ )

I

^ Jr^" J* w (

La*L»

.

Grammar When ^5 and

1.

and

J Ex.

its

sisters/

jL»i

etc.

*.aJ

V

are placed before a

sentence, the JjCL*^ becomes

I

The j^. becomes^ of

31

is

changed

'

Such expressions as

j/, occurs.

also

ol^u* in

^Jlll^jU-

to

^L^^JJ^.. bL^'^JJU. j^. **

2.

|

and remains

of (jfc

and

*

(I)

U

show the time They are

jUJ

i»

in

.

|ju

.

UL^ ,?L-« aua

or place iu

^

'

which the action

v^^jjl 4JU. and are called -l: and j>A£JI are

J|

(that

(

(

a merchant's house

).

the merchant's house).

is

said to be ^jX^z*

aj\ ^JUs* "that

to

whom

or

— 25 — Lesson IX

ANNEXATION

house

Is this the

1.

of

a merchant

(

Muhammad,

of

who

is

girl

is

the teacher? .No, this

and

called Khalil,

)

is

the house

wife of the

this is the

merchant.

And

2. v

small

this

No, she

is

The door

3.

the daughter of the teacher.

house

of the

4.

And

open.

this

man whom you

the porter, that

is

And

this

boy

is

he the son

see (him)

the porter of

is

Notice in sentence No. 2 above,

1

* tf

^UJI

how

^

* „°*

^Aj

' * (jf

She

if

daughter

"One

of the

whereas

of

^>-ll)l

of the

can only

Caj

a daughter daugnters

is

or

mean "In house."

the son

^Jj^

qualifying the

^Jl^*

.

(

one

)

of the

merchant.

j^UiJ i

mean

"the daughter of the merchant." of the

the door of the big

The fJzX^L* and

:

must not

cAl> c^>-\

the qualifying adjectives might be ambiguous.

of the

is

merchant,"

The words are sometimes thrown out

might

boy

indefinite.

o{ the

the merchant",

daughters

is

it

This idea can also be expressed as follows

"a

this

the object possessed

construction, "

„

Yes

of the porter ?

merchant's house.

be placed in the

3.

he

is,

the house.

of the porter of the

2,

is

house

at the door of the '

she one of the daughters of the merchant?

\

construction,

when

Thus^,^J| OjujI

J^xS?.

1

outlined

as

after

be explained

y

.

and

j|

Lesson VIII.

in

for

^rjb

ftxx.

are

etc.,

of

the particle with its sentence can

of action,

C^J

becomes

the opposite of

is just

used at the beginning of

is

.

sentence, the

put in .^ajjl

is

j*^

sisters,

its

^

and

placed before a

»"

„

and

|

the

in

-.

Memory may be

sentences

for

verbs

objects

attached to nouns for possession, to *•

as

and

The forms

particles.

of the

"baZ-»

j\^>

aua though not changed syntactically they are sometimes

are

"

modified for euphony.

if

to

e

.

^

preceded by the "i" sounds as

but

.

U^.c

but

are changed to o ,\»

.

.

,

.

^ and ^

4]

.

^

buWj\

.

^

.

*+L*

.

These pronouns when suffixed being ^V^.*

_

ill

.

Compare

to

WJI

a noun are in X-j^jU-, the noun

"the house of the man", and aZm

***

"his house". In both cases JLoj (

or

e

(

4J^«jUaii

)

follow

)

*s

ma-& e

by

definite

j

\

.

These pronouns being

when they

oUaU

a

t.\s?

\

preposition.

(

plu.

of

^^

and ana

)

^S

^U-

are in

ueuuiue become

.

^

.

^

Y

•

when

"my"

^ 4)

followed by a

01

'

Exx.

to the

Thus "my house"

j3j^ j;i>

This

y>

^

\

^e

The attached pronoun

^

not

*

*

>

>

.

noun and the vowel denoting

its

^

or

^

is

^

,

is

my

whether

is

it

m m^

r

*s

house.

h° llse

*

when used with

for first person singular

^> ^J, "He

Ex.

house.

You saw my

j

(J

is

]

•

Jpu

a verb

'

lyf" as j^aJI 5LJ

-

added directly

is

U~ disappears.

ej^aJL*

word beginning with J^Tj

struck me".

Substitution Exercises (For oral and written work)

The

different attached

may be

pronouns

substituted for o

Instead of

.

saying "2nd person plural feminine", for example, the teacher

may

indi-

*

\

•

t

cate the pronoun desired by the corresponding unattached pronoun (j%J

i

and so

for all

pronouns, as in the Exercise for Memory.

They heard

He had

that he

rnaiiy

his shop.

}

was

in his library.

things in

>

He wounded him and

•

left

him on the ground near

•

^J\j£-

'

>

^s ^

^jVI Ac- -

b/^'

"kJX

f^il

Ms -

-

Lesson XI The Dual

Muhammed

:

The Sound- Masculine

Plural

The Sound Feminine

Plural

Mahmud,

undertakings

Mahmoud

:

Muhammed

:

Mahmud

:

government Egyptian all

some

we have

its

new-

know

all

?

the officials sincere ? Are not

Of course, but are of the inspectors in

do not

in

?

Isn't the present

I

government useful

the present

is

some

of the administrations avaricious

?

the employees in all the ministries, but

in the Control of

Government Accounts inspectors

capable in controlling income and expense.

For Memory The servant was pleased with the good (man). The two servants were pleased with the two good

(

men ).

The servants were pleased with the good (men).

The maid-servant was pleased with the good (woman).

The two maid-servants were pleased with the two good The maid-servants were pleased with the good

(

women

(

women

).

(3)

•)*.,„

.

.

— 34 — Grammar 1.

The Sound Plural

^JCJI

(

the sound plural

and

^*J|

is

^

formed hy adding

for^^ajJI^JU- and

^

o into

cJ

"

.

nouns and adjectives

of

cJ

or by adding

to the singular for

qj

."^i-l

The sound femiuine plural changing

masculine nouns and adjectives

I 11

)

I

there

if

is

plural resembles the masculine plural in that

It

_1

or

_1

gj

and

\

„

or

with

use

J

I

of

and

The dual

y

t

.

the

4]

is

)

U

and "^L

the dual takes

:

in

'43

both

V'

of the school.

nouns not only

their

-"''\\

school.

Adjectives

adjective.

agree

usually

gender hut in case and number;

in

with

however,

sound feminine plurals and broken plurals usually take the feminine

when persons

singular

of the

of plural

nouns and their adjectives follow

The Egyptian The good

The

adjective

:

^

ministries.

Our clean copy-books.

3.

When

of

ZL^^lJI

j

jjJ^i^Jl

it

/U^JI

is

is

used as

added directly

t_*Ua*

Your two first

to the

of

because

My

noun

>

sound

after the dropping

9

f

V'

1

'

-

person singular pronoun always becomes

L

_^jJI

of

4jl>.

|

.

j

.

or

^

.

It

for all three

is

'

f^'

after

nouns

nouns

in the

masculine

plural

with

euphony.

teachers came.

To

two teachers came.

teachers.

used

cases of the

my

teachers.

.JjtJ .

My

li

jVi;

jlkijl

after a dual or

JL

^a^_w>j ^^ j|'

^

Towards Composition Are

the

employees sincere.

ministries

of

of the ministries

Sometimes the

because the inspector

(

an

of that

the

present government

useful ?

Yes, the-

are Egyptian and most (^.Ls^J of them are.

)

administration

administration

good and sometimes bad,

is is

good or bad. Do you

think,

the future of Egypt is in the hands of the inspectors, or. in the hands

the

teachers

of

the schools, or in the hands of the peasants ?

o.fc

Really,,

the future is in the hands of the industrious boy-students and girl-students-

Notes and Vocabulary

— 40 —

1

4*L,\'j\

— 41 — Lesson XIII The Five Nouns

The Complete

and

Khalil to Zainab this

Ebrahim

:

:

:

Was

Where were you my

:

a friend

of

(

two

)

children

yours with you on the mountain?

called of

her

friends called Munira.

And

friend

this

of the

Ibrahim

Ibrahim

morning?

"Kan"

No, father, I was on a boat with one of my friends Mahmud, and Zainab was in the garden with one girl

Khalil

or Past Tense of

of

yours,

well-known teacher

Yes, and

brother

his

is

is

his

father

the father-in-law

Muhammad ?

Umar,

he

is

an employee in the

Government.

.Khalil

:

Did

Mahmud

They were

tell ill

you

of the health of his father

a week ago.

and brother

?

And Zainab and Munira, were

they playing while you were on the boat?

.Zainab

:

We

were

last

year.

talking

with

some

who were

in our class

work when you were on holiday

Khalil

:

Were

Ibrahim

:

No, they were on holiday too.

the students at

girls

?

— 42 —

s^

* > *

(

jl>- ) cJ^**

^

)

—

j^-

*

jl^-

(

)

iJ^jlJv^

l>-jl>-

Grammar ijl^is

a weak verb.

Its peculiarities

are explained in Lessons ^

>

.

XXVI. The pronoun endings

Lj. U

When

j

the

of

^jl^receives

are

five

nouns

^|

of

t

"a

in

the syllable

*

There

which show person,

etc.,

^

gender and number are reckoned as the stance.

XXV. and

-

^

father,"

"a

each

in-

becomes brother,"

.

^ '

,«
y>

&i

^

Jaj

Exceptions are Exc