Arabic Grammar 1423203887, 9781423203889

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WORLD’S #1 ACADEMIC OUTLINE

Arabic Grammar َّ ‫ٱلص ْر ِف َو‬ ‫ٱلن ْح ِو‬ َّ ‫اع ُد ٱللُّ َغ ِة ْٱل َع َر ِب َّي ِة ِفي‬ َ • The Basics of Arabic ِ ‫قو‬

‫ ْالعَالَم ْال َع َر ِب ِّي‬The ArAbic-SpeAking World

Arabic is spoken in the following places as a 1st or 2nd language:

Algeria, Bahrain, Chad, Comoro, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, the United Arab Emirates, Yemen, and Western Sahara/Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic; Arabic is also widely spoken in Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Malta, Nigeria, Senegal, and in Israel

pronunciATion & AlphAbeT ‫اء‬ ِ ‫ ُح ُروف ْال ِه َج‬The Arabic Alphabet

n Like all Semitic languages, Arabic is written and read

from right to left, on a horizontal line

n There are 28 letters; apart from the first letter

‫ا‬, all the

others are consonants, except for ‫ ي‬and ‫ و‬which can be both consonants and vowels (to denote the long vowel ī and ū respectively) n There are no capital letters; the script is cursive: letters of a single word are linked to each other, except for 6, which are linked only to their right, i.e., the letter that precedes them; therefore, there will be a space followed by the next letter: ‫ُوسف‬ ُ ‫“ ي‬Joseph” n Linking to each other, Arabic letters change their form; we must distinguish between an isolated, an initial, a medial, and a final form; the final form of ‫ ي‬is usually written without the 2 dots ‫ى‬. n Most of the letters are embellished in their final form; letters are elongated or shortened so that they occupy the entire space of a line (known as kashida length) n The pronunciation and spelling of some consonants varies from country to country n The letter L, ‫ل‬, and the letter A, ‫ا‬, creates a special character, ‫ال‬, LA, by some considered as the 29th letter of the alphabet

Diphthongs: Aw, Ay

consonants ‫ و‬and ‫ ي‬should also be considered as semi-consonants and/or semi-vowels, as the English “wood” and “yeast” n Classical Arabic has only 2 diphthongs: aw and ay: ‫“ َق ْوم‬population/people”; ‫“ َبيْت‬house” n The

Short Vowels

Arabic has only 3 short vowels: a ‫ــَــ‬, fathah, i ‫ــِـ‬, kasrah, and u ‫ـُـــ‬, dammah n Arabic allows people to read and understand texts without these vowels, since the consonants that form the root give readers the meaning of the word n Only in the Qur’an, textbooks as well as in religious and legal texts, where clarity is essential, short vowels appear above and below the consonants: This method is known as ‫سخ‬ ْ ‫ َن‬naskh style (copperplate), today the most widely used Arabic script; everyday style, instead, is called ‫ ُر ْقعَة‬ruq`a n Classical

ْ Tanwīn/Nunation: Doubling of the ‫َتن ِوين‬ Short Vowels n At

the end of a word we can find the following double sounds: an ‫ــًـ‬, in ‫ــٍــ‬, and un ‫ـٌــ‬ n The ‫َتنوين‬ ِ ْ tanwīn of the ‫ ــَـــ‬fathah is spelled with an ‫ ا‬alif, though it is not pronounced: ‫“ بَابًا‬a door”; ‫َدا ٌر‬ “a house”; ً‫“ ِب ْنتا‬a little girl”; ‫“ َولَ ٍد‬a little boy”; ‫َم ْك ُت ًوبا‬ “a letter”; ‫“ َحلِيبًا‬some milk”

Dialects are divided into 4 groups: n Maghreb

(North Africa, but not Egypt) and the Sudan n Lebanon, Jordan and Syria n Iraq and the Arabian Peninsula n Egypt

[AUTHOR’S NOTE: Arabic is written and read right to left; words followed by ‫ ج‬mean “plural”] Isolated Initial Form Medial Form

‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ح‬ ‫خ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ز‬ ‫س‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ع‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ل‬ ‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ه‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ال‬

‫ا‬ ‫بـ‬ ‫تـ‬ ‫ثـ‬ ‫جـ‬ ‫حـ‬ ‫خـ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ز‬ ‫سـ‬ ‫شـ‬ ‫صـ‬ ‫ضـ‬ ‫طـ‬ ‫ظـ‬ ‫عـ‬ ‫غـ‬ ‫فـ‬ ‫قـ‬ ‫كـ‬ ‫لـ‬ ‫مـ‬ ‫نـ‬ ‫هـ‬ ‫و‬ ‫يـ‬ ‫ال‬

‫ـا‬ ‫ـبـ‬ ‫ـتـ‬ ‫ـثـ‬ ‫ـجـ‬ ‫ـحـ‬ ‫ـخـ‬ ‫ـد‬ ‫ـذ‬ ‫ـر‬ ‫ـز‬ ‫ـسـ‬ ‫شـ‬ ‫صـ‬ ‫ضـ‬ ‫طـ‬ ‫ظـ‬ ‫ـعـ‬ ‫ـغـ‬ ‫ـفـ‬ ‫ـقـ‬ ‫ـكـ‬ ‫ـلـ‬ ‫ـمـ‬ ‫ـنـ‬ ‫ـهـ‬ ‫ـو‬ ‫ـيـ‬ ‫ﻼ‬

‫پ‬ ‫ٿ‬ ‫ﭪ‬ ‫چ‬ ‫ﮊ‬ ‫ﮒ‬

‫پـ‬ ‫ٿـ‬ ‫ﭬ‬ ‫ﭼ‬ ‫ﮊ‬ ‫ﮔ‬

‫ـپـ‬ ‫ــٿـ‬ ‫ـﭭ‬ ‫ـﭽـ‬ ‫ـﮊ‬ ‫ـﮕـ‬

Final Form English Equivalent

Some additional characters not found in Arabic:

‫ـا‬ ‫ـب‬ ‫ـت‬ ‫ـث‬ ‫ـج‬ ‫ـح‬ ‫ـخ‬ ‫ـد‬ ‫ـذ‬ ‫ـر‬ ‫ـز‬ ‫ـس‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ـع‬ ‫ـغ‬ ‫ـف‬ ‫ـق‬ ‫ـك‬ ‫ـل‬ ‫ـم‬ ‫ـن‬ ‫ـه‬ ‫ـو‬ ‫ـي‬ ‫ـﻼ‬

Sound/Phonetic Symbol

A

alif /a/ (father)

B

bah /b/ (boat)

T

tah /t/ (Ontario)

TH

thah /θ/ (thick)

J

jeem /j/ (jam)

H

hah /h/ (hat)

KH

khah /kh/ (chutzpah)

D

dal /d/ (door)

DH

dhal /ð/ (then)

R

rah /r/ (run)

Z

zah /z/ (zoo)

S

seen /s/ (sword)

SH

sheen /š/ (shoe)

S

sahd /ş/ (sit)/(psalm)

D

dahd /D/ (dull)

T

tah /ţ/ (tough)

Z

zah /Z/ (zany)

‘

ahyn /’/ (law officer)

GH’

ghahyn /R/ (Fr.: rue)

F

fah /f/ (flower)

Q

qahf /q/ (calm)

K

kahf /k/ (kilometer)

L

lahm /l/ (labor)

M

meem /m/ (month)

N

noon /n/ (nose)

H

hah /h/ (hole)

W

waw /w/ - /u/ (wet) – (boot)

Y

yah /j/ (yet) — /i/ (meet)

L+A

Lahm Alif /l+a/ (lake)

‫ـپ‬ P Peh /p/ (pie) T Teh /t / (toy) ‫ــٿ‬ V Veh /v/ (victory) ‫ـﭫ‬ ‫ـچ‬ Tch Tcheh /č/ (chore) Dji Jeh /ž/ (measure) ‫ـﮊ‬ G/GH Gaf /g/ (ghost); (goat) ‫ﮓ‬ , , , , , ‫و‬. The 6 consonants that do not link to their left are: ‫ ا د ذ ر ز‬and To this we should add ‫ﮊ‬.

‫ ا‬alif is not written after a ‫ ة‬tā’ marbutah, ‫ ء‬a hamzah that follows or that it is supported by an ‫ ا‬alif (i.e., after ‫ـــاء‬ ًً َ‫“ َجمِيل‬beautiful”; ‫َاء‬ or ‫)أ‬: ‫ة‬ ً ‫“ َسم‬sky” n If the letter that precedes the ‫ ء‬hamzah is one of the letters that n The

link to their left, it is common practice to prolong the line that َ “thing”; ‫“ ِظ ْمـًــأ‬thirst” links such letter to the ‫ ا‬alif: ‫شيــًــا‬ 1

h

Long Vowels

vowels ā, ī, and ū—(when the voice is prolonged) are indicated by a stretched letter placed after the consonant that precedes the corresponding short vowels a ‫ ;ــَــ‬i ‫ ;ــِـ‬and u ‫ـُـــ‬: ā is indicated by adding ‫ ـا‬to ‫ــَــ‬: ‫ ;ــــَـا‬ī is indicated by adding ‫ ي‬to ‫ـِــ‬: ‫ ;ـِي‬and ū is indicated by adding ‫ و‬to ‫ـُـــ‬: ‫ـُو‬

n Long

pronunciATion & AlphAbeT (continued )

Roots

words are divided into families, called roots n Usually a root is made of 3 strong letters (triliteral) that give the idea of something • Words in a dictionary should be looked up according to their root, NOT alphabetically • By adding letters and vowels to the beginning, middle, or end of the root we create new words related to the basic idea: e.g., the root KTB gives the idea of “writing,” hence: ‫ب‬ َ ‫“ َك َت‬he wrote”; ‫“ َكاتِب‬writer”; ‫“ ِك َتابَة‬writing”; n Arabic

‫“ َم ْكتوُب‬letter”; ‫“ ِك َتاب‬book”; ‫“ َم ْك َتبَة‬library”

Weak & Strong Letters n There

are 7 weak letters easily memorized by the mnemonic phrase: ‫ُوسى‬ َ ‫“ ْأن َت م‬You are Moses.” n The weak letters: ‫ أ ن ت م و س ي‬help the roots of all words to change meaning, gender, number, verb tenses; however, these 7 letters can also serve as strong letters, (they can form the root of a word)

‫ ُسكوُن‬Sukūn: Silent Consonant/Absence of a Vowel

n When a consonant is not followed by a vowel, (i.e., when

it closes the syllable, as in “cot”), we must put over it the symbol ‫ ــْــ‬which means truncation, or lack of any vowel n It is not written over the silent consonants, (i.e., those that are not pronounced, as in the case of ‫ ;ـِي ;ــــَـا‬and ‫ ـُو‬when they stand for the prolongation of the vowels a, i, and u respectively) n It is not used in everyday writing; it is used only to clarify the pronunciation of a difficult or unknown word; it is used in the Qur’ān and other religious texts

‫ َت ْش ِد يد‬Tashdīd / Consonants

‫ َش َّدة‬Shaddah: Doubling of the

consonants are NOT written twice, they are rendered by adding ‫ ــّــ‬to the single consonant n Only used to clarify the pronunciation of a difficult or unknown word; found in the Qur’ān and other sacred texts ْ ‫ َت‬tashdīd is put directly over the word that n The ‫ش ِد يد‬ it doubles; if there is a short vowel, this goes over or ْ ‫ َت‬tashdīd: ‫“ َر ّب‬lord/Lord”; ‫“ َج ّدي‬my below the ‫ش ِد يد‬ ِ َ ‫“ َف َّت‬to inspect”; ‫َّال‬ ْ ‫َحم‬ ِّ ‫“ م‬from me”; ‫ش‬ grandfather”; ‫ِني‬ “porter/redcap”; ‫“ ُكبَّايَة‬big glass” n Double

‫ )ء( َه ْم َزة‬Hamzah: (Glottal Stop)

hamzah ‫ ء‬is a sign that shows a pause between 2 sounds within a word; it is usually written over an ‫ ا‬if before or after the hamzah there is the short vowel a, a ‫ و‬if before or after the hamzah there is the short vowel u, and a ‫ ي‬without the dots ‫ ى‬if before or after the hamzah there is the short vowel i • At the beginning of a word it is always written over an ‫ا‬: ‫ٲ‬ • In the middle or at the end of a word it could be written َ over a ‫ و‬or a ‫ ى‬or it could be without a support: ‫ش ْي ٌء‬

n The

“thing”; ‫“ أَ َخذ‬he took”; ‫“ أُ ِخذ‬he was taken”; ‫“ ٳبْن‬son”; َ ُٔ‫“ مِـ‬hundreds,” pl. of ‫ مِا َﺋة‬or ‫“ ِم َﺌة‬one hundred”; ‫ون‬ ‫“ بـ ْﺌـ ِر‬well/tank”; ‫اسة‬ َ ‫ي ِﺌ‬ َ ‫“ ِر َﺋ‬presidency/power”; ‫س‬ “he despaired”; ‫“ ُسﺌل‬he was interrogated”

‫ َو ْصلَة‬Waslah (‫)ٱ‬: Conjunction n In

Classical Arabic no syllable could start with 2 consonants, which introduced a vowel of conjunction not pronounced when the word was used in a sentence, preceded by a vowel n Since the ‫ ء‬hamzah could not be used, a sign was written over the ‫ ا‬alif: ‫ٱ‬. ‫ْت‬ ِ ‫“ بَاب ْٱل َبي‬the door of the ْ house”; ‫“ ُمدِيرٱل َج ِري َدة‬the director of the newspaper” n The ‫صلَة‬ ْ ‫ َو‬waslah is used with: • The article ‫“ أل‬the”: ‫“ أبُو ْٱل َو ِز ِير‬the vizier’s father” • The imperative (command form) of the 1st form of all regular triliteral verbs and those verbs that are َ ‫“ َق‬He said: listen.” ‫ٱرم‬ modeled after it: ‫َع‬ ْ ‫ٱسم‬ ْ ‫ال‬ ِ ْ ‫قال‬ “He said: throw.”

• The perfect (active and passive), the imperative, and

the infinitive (with the adjectives derived by it) of the derived forms that begin with an ‫ ا‬alif, except for the 4th ْ ‫“ ُه َو‬He was defeated.”; ‫ٱج َت ِمعُوا‬ form: ‫ٱن َه َزم‬ ْ ‫“ قال‬He said: (you, pl.) Reunite!”; ‫ِسا ُم‬ َ ‫“ أ ِال ْنق‬The division”

ْ • 8 nouns: ‫“ إبْن‬son”; ‫“ إ ْب َﺌة‬daughter”; ‫ان‬ ِ ‫“ إث َن‬two (m.)”;

‫ْإث َن َتان‬

“two (f.)”;

‫إسم‬ ْ

ٌ ‫إم‬ ‫رأة‬ ْ “woman”; ‫إس ٌت‬ ْ “anus”

n The

“name”;

‫إمر ٌؤ‬ ْ

“man”;

alif waslah is not used:

• In the expression: ِ‫“ بْسم‬in the name of,” when followed by the name of God: ‫هلل‬ ْ ِ ‫ِبسم ا‬

ِ

• ‫“ إبْن‬son of,” when used in genealogical lists, it

becomes: ‫ ِبن‬except when it is written at the beginning of the line, when it is the name of the mother or of another ancestor, if it is the nickname of the father, or if the expression “son of” is the direct object of a given name: ‫“ ُع َم ُر ٱبْن َز ْي ٍد‬Omar (is) the son of Zaid.” • With the article ‫ أل‬after the preposition ‫( ِل‬li) “to,” َ or after the adverb ‫( َل‬la) “certainly”: ‫ِير‬ ِ ‫“ ِللفق‬to the ٰ ْ ُّ َّ poor”; ‫“ إن هذا َلل َحق‬this is surely the truth.” If the noun that follows the article starts with an ‫ ل‬the ‫ ل‬of the article ‫ أل‬is dropped: ‫هلل‬ ِ ِ“to God” • With the article ‫ أل‬or in nouns and verbs when preceded ُ ‫“ أب‬Is he your son?” by the interrogative particle ‫أ‬. ‫ْن َك؟‬

َّ ‫ م‬Maddah (‫)آ‬: Prolongation ‫َدة‬

is a sign written over the ‫ ا‬alif to prolong its sound, as ْ “The if they were 2: ‫“ آب‬August”; ‫“ آمَال‬hopes”; ‫أل ُق ْرآن‬ Qur’an”; ‫“ آمِن‬faithful”

n It

‫بو َطة‬ ُ ‫َر‬ ْ ‫ ت م‬Ta’ Marbuta n When

isolated, or in absolute final position, ‫ ه‬becomes

‫ ة‬and is pronounced as a ‫ت‬.

everyday speech it is usually pronounced ah n It is used to indicate the feminine ending of nouns and n In

َ ‫“ َمد‬my city”; َ ‫“ َمد‬city”; ‫ِينتِي‬ adjectives: ‫“ َو ْر َدة‬rose”; ‫ِينة‬

ِ َ َ ‫“ َمد‬the city of the prince” ‫“ َم ْد َر َستِي‬my school”; ‫ِير‬ ِ ‫ِين ِة األم‬

ْ ‫ ألِف م‬Alif Maqsurah (Short Alif) ‫ى‬ ‫صو َرة‬ ُ ‫َق‬

the end of a word, following the short vowel a, there could be a ‫ ي‬without dots ‫ ى‬and without the ‫ ــْـــ‬sukūn ‫ ى‬which corresponds to a long alif n It is common in words of four or more than four letters, including the alif maqsurah: ‫ُص َط ًفى‬ ْ ‫“ م‬Mustafa, the chosen one” n At

َ ‫ َش ْم ِسيَّة‬Solar & ‫َريَّة‬ ِ ‫ قم‬Lunar Consonants

َ , whereas moon is ‫َقمَر‬ in Arabic is ‫ش ْمس‬ َ • When the article ‫ ال‬is placed in front of the noun َ , the initial ‫ ش‬letter is assimilated to the “sun” ‫ش ْمس‬ ‫ ل‬of the article • The sound of the ‫ ل‬of the article is the same of that of the consonant that it follows: e.g.,

n Sun

َّ /ash shamsu/ ‫ َش ْمس‬+ ‫س >= ال‬ ُ ‫الش ْم‬

• To show that the word is solar, a ‫ ــّـــ‬tashdīd is placed over the consonant that follows the article ‫ال‬

• The letters of the alphabet are divided among solar and lunar

• The consonants that behave like the ‫ش‬, in the word

َ , are called solar; whereas the consonants “sun” ‫ش ْمس‬ that behave like the ‫ ق‬in the word “moon” ‫ َقمَر‬are called lunar Solar Consonants: ‫ت ث د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض‬

َّ “the crown”; َّ “the house”; ‫“ الَّليْل‬the night”; ‫التاج‬ ‫الدا ُر‬ ‫الص ْقر‬ َّ “the falcon”; ‫“ الّ ُّت َفاحة‬the apple” Lunar Consonants: ‫ب ج ح خ ع غ ف ق ك م ه و ى‬ ‫“ ْال َجمَل‬the camel”; ‫“ ْال َم ْد َر َسة‬the school”; ‫َاب‬ ُ ‫“ ْالب‬the ْ َ door”; ‫اب‬ ُ ‫“ ال ِكت‬the book” 2

nounS, AdjecTiVeS & pronounS n In

Classical Arabic the endings of nouns and adjectives change according to their function in the sentence (case declension): Nominative: ‫( َدا ٌر‬a house, as a subject: “A house is near the river”) Accusative: ‫( َدا ًرا‬a house, as a direct object: “We bought a house”) Genitive: ‫ار‬ ٍ ‫( َد‬a house, as an indirect object: “The cat walked into a house”) َّ (the house, as a subject: “The Nominative: ‫ألدا ُر‬ house is big”) َّ (the house, as a direct object: “Keith Accusative: ‫ألد َر‬ painted the house”) Genitive: ‫( أل ّد ٍر‬the house, as an indirect object: “The owners of the house”) n Some words have only 2 cases: nominative (ending in u), and accusative/genitive (ending in a): َ “other” (nominative); ‫آخ َر‬ َ “other” (accusative/ ‫آخ ُر‬ genitive); ‫اء‬ ُ ‫“ ُر َف َق‬companions” (nominative); “companions” (accusative/genitive)

‫اء‬ َ ‫ُر َف َق‬

‫ ال‬Definite Article “The” n There

is no indefinite article, such as: “a book,” since the word by itself is already indefinite: ‫اب‬ ٌ ‫ ِك َت‬.; just like all particles that consist of only 1 consonant, the definite article is attached to the word that it determines; it has only 1 form: singular/plural/ masculine/feminine ‫“ ْأل َولَ ُد‬the boy”; ‫أس‬ ُ ‫“ ْال ِك َت‬the ُ ‫“ ال ّر‬the head” (f.s.); ‫اب‬ ْ ْ ُ book”; ‫“ الِ ِبنت‬the girl”

Adjectives

always follow the noun and must agree with it in gender, number, and case n Adjectives also function as nouns: ‫ َكبير‬means ِِ “big” (adjective) as well as “old man” (noun) n The feminine form of the adjective is frequently used as an abstract noun or to denote a community: n Adjectives

‫ْإن َسانِيَّة‬

“humanity”; “Christianity”

‫ُح ِّريَّة‬

“freedom”;

َّ ‫الن ْص َرانِيَّة‬

ٌ ‫“ ت ِْلم‬An obedient student.” ‫ُطي ٌع‬ ِ ‫ِيذ م‬ َ ‫ِل‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ل‬ َ ‫“ م‬With a prudent man.” ٍ ٍ ‫َع َر ُج‬ ُ ‫ِين ُة ْالعَجيب‬ َ ‫“ ْأل َمد‬The beautiful city.” ‫َة‬ ِ ‫السري َع ِة‬ َّ ‫السيَا َر ِة‬ َّ ‫“ في‬In the fast car.” َ ‫ِبي ًرا‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ط‬ ‫أى‬ ْ ً ِ َ ‫“ ُه َو َر‬He saw a big bird.” Nouns/Adjectives: Gender & Number (Singular, Plural, Dual)

noun has 2 genders: masculine and feminine, which will affect other words in a sentence, such as adjectives and verbs n There are 2 forms of plural: regular and irregular n Most nouns and adjectives have an irregular plural form, called “broken,” i.e., the plural is an independent word formation, not directly related to the singular (it is the result of an internal transposition of letters and vowels + the addition of some other letters and vowels that modify the singular): ‫ِيق‬ َ ِ ‫صد‬ n The

َ ُ ‫اج‬ ‫ِقاء‬ ُ ‫أصد‬ ْ “friends”; ‫“ ف ِْن َجان‬cup”; َ‫ين‬ ِ ‫ف َن‬ ُ ‫ص َناد‬ “cups”; ‫دوق‬ ُ “case”; ‫ِيق‬ َ “cases” ُ ‫ص ْن‬ “friend”;

n There

are over 30 forms of broken plurals; in dictionaries, the broken plural is introduced by the letter ‫ج‬, short for ‫ َج ْمع‬plural: “friends”

‫ ِر َفاق‬or ‫اء‬ ُ ‫“ َرفِيق ج ُر َف َق‬friend”; ‫اج ُد‬ َ ‫َس ِجد ج م‬ ْ ‫“ م‬mosque” ِ ‫َس‬

“mosques”

• If the broken plural is missing, then the word has a regular plural form masculine forms have 2 declensions: َ ُ‫ـــ‬, and accusative/genitive ‫ِـين‬ َ ‫ــ‬ nominative ‫ـون‬

n Regular

• The final ‫ ن‬in the regular plural is dropped when the noun

‫“ ُمعَلُّمو ْٱل َم ْد‬The teachers of the school” (nominative); ‫س ِة‬ َ ‫“ ُمعَلِّمي ْٱل َم ْد َر‬The teachers of the school” (accusative/genitive); ‫“ ُمَف ّتش‬inspector”; َ ‫“ م‬inspectors” (nominative); ‫ين‬ َ ‫“ م‬inspectors” َ ‫ُف ُّت‬ َ ‫ُف ِّت ِش‬ ‫شون‬ is in the annexed state: ‫س ِة‬ َ ‫َر‬

(accusative/genitive) n Feminine words are those that refer to females, those that end with ‫( ة‬pronounced as ah), as well as words that refer to parts of the body and the natural world n Regular masculine nouns and adjectives forms form the

ٌ ‫ ــ‬to the feminine by dropping the final vowel and adding ‫ــة‬ َ َ َ masculine form: ‫“ َملِك‬king”; ‫“ َملِكة‬queen;” ‫“ ك ِبير‬big” (m.); ‫“ َك ِب ِي َرة‬big” (f.) • If the noun ends with ‫ ـَــة‬in the singular, it has to be deleted before adding the plural ending: ‫“ ُمعَلّمَة‬teacher” (f.); ‫“ ُمعَلّمَات‬teachers” (f.)

feminine plurals are formed by deleting the ‫ ة‬from ٌ ‫ ــــَا‬for the nominative and ‫ٍت‬ the singular and adding ‫ت‬

n Regular

ٌ ‫ُمعَلّم‬ for the accusative/genitive: ‫“ ُمعَلّمَة‬teacher”; ‫َات‬ ّ “teachers” (nominative); ‫َات‬ ٍ ‫“ ُمعَلم‬teachers” (accusative/ genitive) n The nominative dual for the masculine is ‫ ــَـا ن‬and َ the accusative/genitive dual masculine is ‫ـَــْين‬: ‫ان‬ ِ ‫مُف َت َش‬ ‫ــَـا‬

َْ ‫“ م‬two inspectors” “two inspectors” (nominative); ‫ين‬ ِ ‫ُفتش‬ (accusative/genitive) n The nominative dual for the feminine is ‫ َتان‬and the ِ َِ ‫ َتي‬: ‫“ ُمعَلّ َم َتان‬two accusative/genitive dual feminine is ‫ْن‬ teachers” (f.) (nominative); ‫“ ُمعَلّ َم َتيْن‬two teachers” (f.) (accusative/genitive) n The adjective that refers to a regular feminine plural goes

ُ ‫“ ْأل َخا ِدم‬The obedient ‫َات ْالمُطيعَة‬ ٌ ْ َ maids”; ‫ُطيعَة‬ ِ ‫“ الخا ِدمَات م‬The maids are obedient”

in the feminine singular:

n The same rule applies to the broken plurals, masculine

and feminine

n As

for the masculine broken plurals that indicate people,

ّ ‫ِيق‬ ُ ‫ألص َناد‬ the plural form can also be used: ‫الثقِيلَ ُة‬ ّ “The َ ‫ِيق‬ َ ُ heavy suitcases”; ‫قيلَة‬ ‫ث‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ألص‬ “The suitcases are ّ ِ

heavy”; ‫الجمِيلَة‬ َ ‫“ ْألمَدن‬The beautiful cities”; “The cities are beautiful”

ُ ‫ْأل َمد‬ ‫ِن َجمِيلَة‬

Dual

n Used

to talk about 2 people or things, usually characterized by a long ‫ـَا‬ n To form the dual of nouns, drop the final vowel of the masculine singular form and add the ending ‫ ـــَـان‬for the nominative and ‫ ــَــْين‬for the accusative/genitive n The final ‫ ن‬of the dual is dropped when the noun is in annexed state: ‫“ َولَدا َز ْي ٍد‬The two sons of Zeid”; ‫ي َْزي ٍد‬ ْ ‫َولَ َد‬ “To/Of the two sons of Zeid.”

The Annexed State n A noun

is in the annexed state when it is being specified by a noun in the genitive case (indirect object); it corresponds to the English forms with the apostrophe (’s) or with prefixed “of,” as in “God’s glory,” or “The glory of God” n Nothing can be inserted between the noun and the noun in the annexed state • An adjective that qualifies an annexed noun must be َّ ‫ْت‬ ُ ‫“ َبي‬the placed after the annexed noun: ‫س ُن‬ َ ‫اجر ْٱل َح‬ ِ ‫ٱلت‬ nice house of the merchant” => “house of the merchant the nice” َّ ‫ْت‬ ُ ‫َبي‬ • The noun does not take the article ‫“ أل‬the”: ‫اج ِر‬ ِ ‫الت‬ “The merchant’s house/The house of the merchant” => “House of the merchant.” • If many nouns are found in annexed state, only the last َّ ‫ْت‬ noun will have the article: ‫ٱلت ِج ِر‬ ُ ‫“ ب‬the door of the ِ ‫َاب َبي‬ house of the merchant/the door of the merchant’s house”

Personal Pronouns | I you (m.) you (f.) he/it she/it we you (m.pl.) you (f.pl.) they (m.) they (f.)

‫َأنا‬ ‫ْأن َت‬ ‫ْأن ِت‬ ‫ُه َو‬ ‫ِه َي‬ ‫َن ْح ُن‬ ‫ْان ُت ْم‬ َّ‫ْان ُتن‬ ‫ُهم‬ َّ‫ُهن‬

| | | | |

Dual

ْ you two (m./f.pl.) ‫أن ُتمَا‬ those two (m./f.pl.) ‫ُهمَا‬

this (f.) those/those ones (m./f.)

| |

that (f.)

| |

ٰ ‫ذان‬ ِ ‫ه‬ َ ‫ٰهذيْن‬ ‫ٰهتان‬ ‫ٰه َتيْن‬ َ ‫ٰذان‬ ‫ِك‬ َ ‫َذ ْين‬ ‫ِك‬ َ ‫َتان‬ ‫ِك‬ َ ‫َت ْين‬ ‫ِك‬

‫ٰهذا‬ ‫ٰه ْؤ ِال ِء‬ ‫ٰه ِذ ِه‬ َ ‫ٰذل‬ ‫ِك‬

َ ‫أو ِال‬ ‫ﺋك‬ ‫ت ِْل َك‬

Dual

|

n There

are no possessive pronouns or adjectives in Arabic n Personal pronouns are attached to words, verbs, and prepositions n Like in English, the agreement is with the object possessed not the owner: ‫“ َولَ ُد َها‬her son” => “the ْ “his daughter” => “the daughter son of her”; ‫ِبن ُت ُه‬ of him” ‫ــِي‬ me (attached to nouns & prepositions)

‫نِي‬

(attached to verbs & some particles)

him/it her/it us you (m.pl.) you (f.pl.) them (m.pl) them (f.pl.)

these/these ones (m./f.) that/that one (m.)

Attached Personal Pronouns (Direct & Indirect Pronouns)

you (m.s.) you (f.s.)

this/this one (m.)

َ ‫ـك‬ ‫ـك‬ ِ ُ‫ـه‬ َ ‫ـهـا‬ ‫ـَنا‬ ‫ـُكم‬ ّ ُ‫ـ‬ ‫كن‬ ‫ـُ ْهم‬ ّ ُ‫ـ‬ ‫هن‬

these two (m. nominative) these two (m. accusative/genitive) these two (f. nominative) these two (f. accusative/genitive) those two (m. nominative) those two (m. accusative/genitive) those two (f. nominative) those two (f. accusative/genitive)

n The demonstrative adjective always precedes the noun to

which it refers (the noun has to have the definite article: َ ‫في ت ِْل َك ْال َمد‬ “this book” => “this the book” ‫اب‬ ُ ‫ِين ِة ; ٰهذا ا ِْلك َت‬

َ ‫ْال ُمعَلِّم‬ “in that city”; ‫ِين‬

َ ‫َع‬ ‫الء‬ َ ‫“ م‬with those teachers”; ِ ‫هؤ‬ ٰ “these two men” ‫ﻼن‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ذان‬ ‫ه‬ ُ ّ ِ ِ

n The

demonstrative pronoun is always followed by an undetermined noun (“a house”, “a man”, “a woman”): َ ‫“ ن‬That is a ‫“ ٰهذا َق ْص ٌر‬This is a castle.”; ‫ِلك َسيَّا َرة ج ِد ي َدة‬ new car.” n If the noun that follows the demonstrative pronoun is determined by the article ‫“ ال‬the,” use the corresponding object pronoun in order to avoid confusion:

ُ ‫ِلك ِه َي الَبل ِدي‬ َ ‫ت‬ ‫ّة‬

“That is the city hall.” (Without the pronoun it would mean “that city hall”) n As with the adjectives, the demonstratives are kept in the feminine singular form when they refer to masculine

Dual you (you two, m./f.pl.) them (those two, m./f.pl.)

ُ ‫الص َناد‬ and feminine broken plurals: ‫ِيق َثقِيلَ ٌة‬ ّ ‫“ ٰه ِذ ِه‬These suitcases are heavy.” n The demonstrative pronouns and adjectives have the same forms, but a demonstrative adjective must be ْ ‫“ ٰهذا‬This boy studies,” linked to a noun: ُ‫ال َول ُد َي ْد ُرس‬

‫ُكمَا‬ ‫ُهمَا‬

n The

noun to which the pronoun is attached is in the annexed state, and so it does not take the َ ‫“ ِك َتاب‬her book” => “the book of her” article: ‫ُها‬ n The 1st person singular is the only one with 2 forms: ‫“ َو َج َد ِني‬he found me”; ‫“ لَ ْي َتنِي‬perhaps I”; ‫ابي‬ ِ ‫“ ِك َت‬my book” => “book of me;” me/near me”

‫“ ِع ْندِي‬by

Demonstrative Adjectives & Pronouns n There

are 2 demonstratives: 1 for objects that are near the speaker (‫“ ٰهذا‬this”) and 1 for objects near the listener or that are far away from both speaker

ٰ

َ ‫“ ذل‬that one”) and listener (‫ِك‬ ٰ َ ‫ ٰذل‬are pronounced n The HA ‫ هـ‬and the DHA of ‫ِك‬ long, as if it were ‫ ها‬hā and dhā ‫ذا‬ n Masculine singular ‫“ ٰهذا‬this” is indeclinable and corresponds to “this one” when used as a pronoun: ‫س‬ ُ ‫“ ٰهذا َي ْد ُر‬This one studies.” ٰ n Feminine singular is also indeclinable: ‫ج ّدتِي‬ ِ َ ‫ه ِذ ِه‬ “This is my grandmother.” n The plural “these” is indeclinable and has only 1 َ ‫الء ي َْل َعب‬ َ ‫الء َي ْد ُر ُس‬ form: ‫ْن‬ ِ ‫ون َو ٰه ُؤ‬ ِ ‫“ ٰه ُؤ‬These ones (m.) study and these ones (f.) play.” n The dual (“these two”; “those two”) has 2 separate forms for the masculine and the feminine, both following the dual declension: ٰ َ ‫ٰهذان َي ْد ُر َسان م‬ ‫ْن‬ ِ ‫َع ه َتي‬ ِ ِ these two (f.).”

3

“These two study with

ٰ

َ‫ذ ل‬ (literally: “This the boy studies.”); ‫ض‬ ّ ‫ب َي ُع‬ ُ ‫ِك ْال َك ْل‬ “That dog bites.” n It is a pronoun when it is used in place of a noun: ‫س‬ ُ ‫ٰهذا َي ْد ُر‬

“This one studies.”; ‫ب‬ ُ ‫“ ٰهذا ْال َقلَ ُم َي ْك ُت‬This pen writes.” n If the noun is accompanied by an adjective, the adjective

ُ ‫ٰهذا ْال َقلَ ُم ْال َجم‬ also has to have the article “the”: ‫ِيل ال َي ْك ُتب‬ “This nice pen does not write” => “This the pen the nice does not write.” n When a demonstrative is used as a pronoun it is followed by a verb; the noun and the adjective usually do not have the article; if they do, it is generally reinforced by the ٰ ٌ ‫َر ِي‬ corresponding personal pronoun: ‫ض‬ ِ ‫“ هذا َول ٌد م‬This ْ ُ ‫َر‬ is the sick boy.”; ‫يض‬ ِ ‫الم‬

‫“ ٰهذا ُه َو‬This is the sick one!”;

َ ‫الء ُه ّن ال ّتلم‬ ُ ‫ِيذ‬ ‫ات‬ ِ ‫“ ٰه ُؤ‬These are the female students!” Interrogative Pronouns

are 3 interrogative pronouns in Arabic: ‫ مَن؟‬who?/ whose?/which?; ‫ مَا؟‬what?/which?; and ‫أي؟‬ ُّ which?/ َ ‫َن َد َر ْس‬ ْ ‫َع م‬ who?: ‫ت؟‬ َ ‫“ م‬With whom have you studied?”; ُ ‫“ مَاذا َت ْفع‬What are you doing?”; ‫َن ْأن َت؟‬ ْ ‫“ م‬Who are ‫َل؟‬ ْ ‫َن‬ you?”; ‫الَ َقلَ ُم؟‬ ‫م‬ ‫ل‬ “Whose pen is this?”; ‫ذا؟‬ ‫“ مَا ٰه‬What ِ ِ

n There

َ ‫اسم‬ ‫ُك؟‬ ْ ‫“ مَا‬What is your (m.s.) name?”; ْ ‫أي َر ُجل َد َخ َل في ال َحديقةِ؟‬ ُّ “Which man entered the

is this?”; garden?”

n Questions

are formed with a rising intonation or with the particles ‫ َه ْل‬or ‫ أ‬put in front of a sentence, and the question mark ‫؟‬: ‫ ٰهذا ِك َتاب؟‬or ‫“ َه ْل ٰهذا ِك َتاب؟‬Is this a book?”

َ‫ مَع‬or, though rarely, ْ‫مَع‬, indicates company, with,

PREPOSITIONS prepositions take the genitive case (indirect object) n Prepositions can be isolated (separable) or inseparable (attached to the noun that follows them)

simultaneity, and ownership: “They left with us.” ‫سافرُوا َمع ََنا‬ َ ‫“ ; ّإنهُ ْم‬I got up with the

n All

Inseparable

‫ ِب‬





with, by way of: “he left by train”

َ َ ‫ار‬ ِ ‫ّإن ُه َساف َر ِبالقِط‬

َ ‫ِ ِبال َمد‬ in: “they are in the city” ‫ِين ِة‬

‫ّإنهُ م‬

َ ِ on: “on my honor” ‫بشرَفي‬ because of: “because of your letter, this ٰ َ ِ ‫ِب َم ْك ُتو‬ happened” ‫بك وَ قعَ ذ ل َِك‬ here that, lo and behold (that) (when preceded by ‫ إذا‬when, if, here that: “Lo and behold, a man appeared in front of the tent!” َ ‫إذا ِبرَجُ ٍل َظهَ َر أمَا َم‬ ِ‫الخ ْي َمة‬ When it is used with verbs of motion it gives the meaning of to bring; to carry: “He brought a

letter.” ‫سالَ ٍة‬ َ ‫بر‬ ِ ِ َ‫ّإن ُه جَ اء‬ ‫ ت‬and ‫و‬: by or in when used with oaths that include the name of God: “By God!/In the name of God!” ‫“ ; تٱلل ِه‬In the name of God the

ْ ‫والل ِه‬ Almighty!” ‫العَظِ يم‬ ‫ ِل‬It is the equivalent of the verb to have: “I have a book.” => “to me a book” ٌ‫لِي ِك َتاب‬ ‫ َك‬Translates the idea of as in a comparison: “He became (as thin) as a pin.” ‫الل‬ ْ ‫ّإن ُه‬ ٍ ِ‫أصبَحُ َكخ‬ َ‫ مِثل‬Translates the idea of as, like, when attached to

pronouns: “like us” ‫“ م ِْثلَهُ م ;م ِْثلَ َنا‬like them” ْ Translates the idea of as if and can be linked to ‫كأن‬ ّ the pronouns: “As if I could see.” ‫كأني َنظرْ ت‬

Separable

‫ م ِْن‬of,

from; translates the idea of motion from a place: “The servant is coming from the mosque.” ّ ; “A piece of bread.” ‫آت م ِْن ْالجَ ام ِِع‬ ٍ ‫إن ْال َخا ِد َم‬

ْ ِ ‫ق ِْطع ٌَة‬ ‫من ُخب ٍْز‬

‫ إلى‬to,

toward; translates the idea of motion to a place or time: “They (m.pl.) went toward the

‫ص ُدوا إلى‬ َ ‫“ ; ّإنهُ م َق‬From one day ْ‫م‬ to the other.” ‫ِن َنهَ اٍر إلى اآلخِ ر‬ ْ village.” ِ‫الَ َقرْ َية‬

‫لى‬ َ َ‫ ع‬on, on top of, above, against, at:



“The muezzin goes up to the minaret.”

ّ ; “They came (out) ‫لى ْالم ََنا َر ِة‬ ْ ‫إن ْالم َُؤ ِّد َن ي‬ َ َ‫َص َع ُد ع‬ َ َ ّ ; “You are mad at َ against us.” ‫إنهُ م خرَجُ وا عَ ليْنا‬ َ َ َ ّ َ me.” ‫ِي‬ ّ ‫إنك غضب َْت عَ ل‬

It is also used in the common salutation: “May َ ‫ألسال ُم عَ لَي‬ peace be with you!” ‫ْك‬ َّ and in the َ َ‫ع‬ following expressions: ‫لى‬ ِ “according to/ ‫بن‬ ً‫اء‬ َ ْ ‫لى‬ َ‫ع‬ “provided that”; following,” “based on”; ‫أن‬ َ ُ َ‫ع‬ َ‫ع‬ ‫لى َق ْد ِر اإلمْ كان‬ “according to”; ‫م‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ه‬ ‫الل‬ ‫“ ِب‬I ْ ِ َ beg you in the name of God.”

‫ في‬in, at; translates the idea of being in a place: َِّ “The doctor is at home.” ‫يب فِي ال َّداِر‬ ُ ‫ألط ِب‬ ‫ عَ ْن‬from, on, about; translates the idea of motion from a place: “The camel-driver came out of the ْ ‫“ ; َخرَجَ الجَ مَّال َِعن‬Which man are tent.” ‫ال َخ ْي َم ِة‬

you talking about?” ‫أي رَجُ ٍل َت َت َكلَّ ُم؟‬ ُّ ‫“ ;عَ ْن‬The journalist wrote an article on the evolution of

‫م ُْن ُذ‬

ًَ َ َ ْ ََ Islam.” ‫اإلسالم‬ ِ ْ ‫كت َب ال ُمكات ُِب مَقالة عَ ْن َتطوُّ ِر‬ ْ or ‫ مُذ‬translates the idea of since; it is always associated with the idea of time: “We have not seen them since last month.” ّ ‫اه ْم م ُْن ُذ‬ ُ ‫ّإنا مَا ر َْأي َْن‬ ‫َاضي‬ ِ ‫الشهْ ر ْالم‬

ُ ُ ‫لوُ ع‬ ِ ‫“ ; ِّإني قمْ ُت مَعَ ط‬She has a ُ َ ‫َمعَهَ ا َساعَ ة ثم‬ precious watch.” ‫ِينة‬ َّ sunrise.” ‫س‬ ِ ْ‫الشم‬

It is also used in the following expressions: apart from; notwithstanding; despite; in spite of:



‫“ مَعَ ٰذال َِك جَ ع ََل َي َت َكلَّ ُم‬Apart from this, he began to



speak.” It is the equivalent of the verb “to have.” ‫“ َمعِي ِك َتاب‬I have a book” => “With me a book.” ‫ حَ َّتى‬until, to, down to; or so that/in order that + ْ ‫ّإن ُه و ّك ُد َشها َد َت ُه حَ َّتى‬ subjunctive: ‫ال َكلِ َم ِة اآلخِ َر ِة‬ ِ “He has confirmed his deposition until his very last word.”; “We wrote that article so that the political view of the management be known.”

َ ‫ّإنا َك َتبْنا ت ِْل َك ْالمَقالَ َة حَ َّتى ُي ْعر‬ ‫الس َيا ُِّسي‬ ّ ‫َف رَأيُ اإل َدا َر ِة‬ ْ ‫ حَ َّتى‬means “until”: The expression ‫أن‬ ّ ‫“ ّإني َتم‬I walked ُ ْ ‫َشي ُْت حَ ّتى‬ ‫إلى َخ ْيمَة‬ ‫لت‬ ‫ص‬ َ َ‫أن و‬ َ until I arrived to a tent.”

‫ُب‬ َّ ‫ ر‬maybe, perhaps; usually found as ‫ ُر َّبمَا‬, meaning “however,” “nevertheless.”; ‫ُر َّبمَا مُحَ مّد َذ َهب‬

“Maybe Muhammad has gone away.”; “maybe/ ّ ‫لع‬, attached to the perhaps” is also translated as ‫َل‬ suffix pronouns: ‫“ لَعَلّ ُه عَ ر ََفهُ م‬Perhaps he knows them.” َ َ‫ح‬, ‫إال‬, ‫سِ وً ى‬, and ‫ َغ ْي ٌر‬all mean except; ‫عَ َدا‬, ‫ َخال‬, ‫اشا‬ The first 4 usually require the accusative (direct object), whereas the last 2 require the genitive َ َ‫“ ح‬They (indirect object): ‫ِب‬ َ ‫ض َر ْالجَ مِيعُ َخال ْال َكات‬ were all present, except for the secretary.”; ‫“ َقا َم ْالجَ مِيعُ َغ ْي ُر رَجُ ٍل‬They all got up except for a man.” َ can also be reinforced by the ‫عَ َدا‬, ‫خال‬, and ‫حاشا‬ َ ‫م‬, prefix ‫ مَا‬in the repetitive forms: ‫ َماعَ َدا‬, ‫َاخال‬ َ and ‫مَاحَ اشا‬.

Inna & Her Sisters‫أَ َخوَ ا ُتهَ ا‬ n The

‫إِنﱠ و‬

following 7 particles, usually nicknamed “Inna and her sisters,” require that the subject that follows be in the accusative: ‫“ إِنﱠ‬surely”; ‫“ أنﱠ‬that”;

ْ “if; even if”; ‫“ كأن‬as if”; ‫“ لَك ِّن‬but; however”— ‫أن‬ ّ ‫“ و لَك‬and however” and ‫ولَكِن‬ and its 2 variants: ‫ِن‬ ّ َ ‫“ ل ِْي‬May God “and however”—‫“ لَعَل‬maybe”; ‫ت‬ grant that”; and ‫ألن‬ ِ ّ “because”

n If

the subject is a personal pronoun, it is added to the particle as a suffix n The 1st person singular possessive pronoun ‫ ــ ِي‬in the 5 “sisters” that ends with a double ‫ ّن‬becomes ‫ نِي‬when attached to verbs: ‫إِنﱠ ٰهذا الرَّجُ ل م َِريض‬

ِ

ٌ ‫“ إِ َّن ُه م َِر‬Surely he “Surely this man is sick.”; ‫يض‬ is sick.” n The predicate remains in the nominative: ُ ‫أعر‬ ّ ‫ف‬ ‫أن ُكم طيّبوُ ن‬ ِ ِْ “I know that you (m.pl.) are good.” ‫“ ُهوَ َي َت َكلَّ ُم َك ّأن ُه م َِريض‬He speaks as if he were sick.” ً‫“ لَك ِّن ُه َكان َسل ِِيما‬But he was well.”

‫“ و َلك ِْن ُهوَ في َْال َبي ِْت‬But he is at home.” ‫س‬ ُ ُ ‫“ لي َْت ال ِِب ْن َت َت ْد ر‬May God grant that the girl study.” ‫“ لَع َّل ْالوَ لَ َد في ْال َبي ِْت‬Maybe the boy is at home.” ّ ِ ‫س‬ ‫ألن ُه مُجْ َت ِهد‬ ُ ‫َي ْد ُر‬

“He studies because he is

diligent.”

‫“ َّإننِي م َِر ِيض‬Surely, I am sick!” ‫َس ُت‬ ْ ‫ر‬ course I have studied!” 4

‫“ ّإنني َد‬Of

VERBS َ ‫ َك‬The Verb “To Be” ‫ان‬

َ ‫ َك‬conveys the idea of existence (“to be” or “to live”) ‫ان‬ or state of being n When translated, it is not followed by a predicate: َ ‫“ َك‬Once upon a time there was (it ‫ان َمر ًَّة رَجُ ٌل‬ existed, it lived) a man.” n When translated as physically being in a place, ‫ان‬ َ ‫َك‬ needs to be followed by a predicate: “The king was َ ‫َك‬ in the castle.” ‫ص ِر‬ ْ ‫ان ْٱل َمل ُِك ِفي ْٱل َق‬ n ‫ان‬ َ ‫ َك‬is only used in the past, future, or in the imperative (command form); it is omitted in the َ ‫“ َك‬The man was with present: ‫صدِي ِق ِه‬ َ َ‫ان ٱلرَّجُ ُل مَع‬

َّ ُ ‫“ َي ُك‬He will be at the his friend;” ‫ب‬ ِ ‫ون عِ ْن َد ٱط ِب ِي‬ doctor’s;” “You are my father” => “You my father” ‫“ ; ْأن َت ِأبي‬Who is he?” => “Who he?” ‫م َْن ُهوَ ؟‬ n Often the personal pronoun that corresponds to the subject is used to denote the present tense of the verb “to be”: ‫ص ُر ُهوَ َبعِي ٌد‬ ْ ‫“ ْأل َق‬The castle (it) far away.” => “The castle is far away.” Perfect Tense

are divided into triliteral and quadriliteral, (i.e., if they are formed by 3 (most common) or 4

n Verbs

letters: ‫س‬ َ َ‫“ جَ ل‬to sit”; ‫“ َترْ جَ َم‬to translate” roots are considered strong if the first and third letter have the vowel ‫ ـَـــ‬a (the second root could be either ‫ ــِــ‬i or ‫ ـُـــ‬u): ‫“ مَلَ َك‬to own”; ‫رب‬ َ ‫َِش‬ َ “to drink”; ‫“ ك ُر َم‬to be generous” n The verb is divided into 2 main divisions: perfect and imperfect tense n The perfect encompasses actions completed in the past (“I wrote”; “I have written”); whereas the imperfect includes all actions that are/were still in progress or that will happen (“I write”; “I am/was writing”; “I will write”) n The perfect has only the indicative; whereas the imperfect has the indicative, the subjunctive, the conditional jussive, the energetic I and the energetic II n Besides its form, the imperative (command form) has also the 2 energetics n In Arabic there is no infinitive by which we can indicate the verb, as in “to write” n In its place there are 2 verbal adjectives, one active and one passive n The 2nd and 3rd person of all verbs have a masculine and a feminine form n There are 3 numbers: singular, plural, and dual • The 1st person does not have the dual n The 3rd person masculine, singular of the perfect, because it contains the root of the verb, is the simplest way of denoting the verb n From the basic form of the strong verb, called 1st form of the verb, are created other forms known as derived forms or classes which are formed by doubling a consonant, giving long or short vowels, adding weak letters to the roots, or by a combination of these changes n There are also regular and irregular verbs n Triliteral

َ ‫“ َفع‬to do/make,” the as a paradigm the verb ‫َل‬ conjugation of all the strong triliteral verbs would then be: َ “he did/made/has done” ‫ فع ََل‬ ْ ‫“ َفع‬she did/made/has done” ‫َلت‬ ‫“ َفع َْل َت‬you, m.s., did/made/have done” ‫“ َفع َْل ِت‬you, f.s., did/made/have done” ُ ‫“ َفع‬I did/made/have done” ‫َلت‬ ‫“ َفعَلُوا‬they, m.pl., did/made/have done” ‫“ َفع َْل َن‬they, f.pl., did/made/have done” ‫“ َفع َْل ُت ْم‬you, m.pl., did/made/have done” ‫“ َفع َْل ُت َّن‬you, f.pl., did/made/have done”

n Using

VERBS (continued )

‫ َفع َْل َنا‬ َ ‫ َفع‬ ‫َال‬ ‫ َفعَلَ َتا‬ ‫ َفع َْل ُتمَا‬

“we did/made/have done” “they two, m., did/made/have done” “they two, f., did/made/have done” “you two, did/made/have done”

َ َ ‫ فع‬ ‫َال‬ َ َ ‫ فعَل َتا‬ َ ْ ُ ‫ فعَلتمَا‬

“they two, m., did/made” “they two, f., did/made” “you two, m./f. pl., did/made”

Dual

n Verbs

can precede or follow the noun

n Verbs that precede the noun are always in the singular;

in the masculine singular when the subject is a singular or dual masculine noun or when the subject is a masculine plural designating human beings: “The man entered.” ‫ٱلرَّجُ ُل‬

‫“ ; َد َخ َل‬The two men entered.” َ ‫َد َخ َل ْٱل ُمعَلّم‬ ِ‫“ ;َد َخ َل ٱلرَّجُ الن‬The teachers entered.” ‫ُون‬

n A verb

must be in the feminine form if: • The subject designates a feminine being by nature • The subject immediately follows the verb • It can be in the singular, dual, or plural

‫“ َد َخلَ ُت مَرْ َي ُم‬Mary entered.”; ‫“ َد َخلَ ُت ْٱلمَرْ آ َتان‬Two ُ ‫“ َد َخلَ ُت ْٱل ُمعَلّم‬The teachers women came in.”; ‫َات‬

came in.” the verb is put after the noun, the rules of the agreement with the adjective and the noun apply; to negate an action in the perfect the adverb ‫ مَا‬is used:

n When

‫“ مَا َد َخ َل‬He did not enter.”

n When

the suffixes of the personal pronouns are added to the perfect, the following changes occur: • The ‫ أ‬alif of the 3rd person masculine plural is َ “They hit him.” deleted: ‫ض َربُو ُه‬

• The suffix ‫ ُت ْم‬of the 2nd person masculine plural

َ “You (m.pl.) have hit him.” becomes ُ‫ ُتمو‬:‫ض َر ْب ُتمُو ُه‬

Imperfect Tense

by adding prefixes the vowels ‫ ــَــ‬a, ‫ ـــِـــ‬i, and ‫ ــُـــ‬u to the root n Using as a model the root ‫فعل‬, the imperfect is: n Formed

ْ “he does/will do/was doing” َ‫يفع َُل‬ ُ‫“ َت ْفعَل‬she does/will do/was doing” ‫“ َت ْفع َُل‬you (m.s.) do/will do/were doing” ‫“ َت ْف َعل ِِي َن‬you (f.s.) do/will do/were doing” ‫“ ْأفع َُل‬I do/will do/was doing” ْ َ “they (m.pl.) do/will do/were doing” َ‫يفعَلوُ ن‬ ْ ْ ‫“ يَفعَل َن‬they (f.pl.) do/will do/were doing” ‫“ َت ْفعَلوُ َن‬you (m.pl.) do/will do/were doing” ‫“ َت َْفع َْل َن‬you (f.pl.) do/will do/were doing” ‫“ َن َْفع َُل‬we do/will do/were doing” Dual

ْ ‫َالن‬ ِ ‫“ يَفع‬they two (m.) do/will do/were doing” ْ ‫َالن‬ ِ ‫“ َتفع‬they two (f.) do/will/were doing” ْ ‫َالن‬ ِ ‫“ َتفع‬you two, do/will do/were doing”

the last letter of the root is a ‫ن‬, in the feminine plural it is contracted with the ‫ ن‬of the verb endings: ‫ َتحْ َز َّن‬instead of ‫“ َنحْ َز ْن َن‬you (f.pl.) are/will be sad,” from the root: ‫حَ ِز َن‬ n The imperfect is negated by the adverb ‫ال‬, except when it indicates the right moment in the present, in which case ‫ مَا‬is used n When

The Subjunctive n Expresses

desire, supposition, necessity, and possibility; all subjunctives must follow a verb or an impersonal phrase that: • Specifically express a wish, a desire, a suggestion, or a request

• Express personal emotions like doubt, fear, joy,

hope, sorrow • They are always introduced by a conjunction • They are also used in adjectival or relative clauses when the antecedent of the main clause is not defined or is unreal/nonexistent or unlikely to happen n There is only one subjunctive tense, placed immediately after the conjunction* (only the negation ‫ ال‬could go between them) n It is formed by substituting the ‫ ــُـــ‬u of the last consonant of the root in the imperfect with an ‫ـــَــ‬ a only in the 3rd person singular masculine and feminine, the 2nd person masculine, and the 1st person singular and plural n The final ‫ ن‬of all the other endings, except for those of the feminine plural, are also dropped n The final ‫ ا‬alif of the 3rd and 2nd person masculine plural is not pronounced and it disappears when the suffix of the personal pronoun is attached to the verb:

‫ ي َْفع ََل‬ ‫ َت ْفع ََل‬ ‫ َت ْفع ََل‬ َْ ‫َلي‬ ِ ‫ تفع‬ َ‫ ْأفعَل‬ ‫ ي َْفعَلُوا‬ ‫ ي َْفع َْل َن‬ ‫ َت ْفعَلُوا‬ ‫ َت َْفع َْل َن‬ ‫ َن ْفع ََل‬ Dual

‫ ي َْفعَال‬ ‫ َت ْفعَال‬ ‫ َت ْفعَال‬

‫ ي َْفعَال‬ ‫ َت ْفعَال‬ ‫ َت ْفعَال‬

“may they two (m.) do” “may they two (f.) do” “may you two, do”

Imperative n It

is only used in the 2nd persons. initial ‫ َتـ‬of the conditional jussive of the 2nd forms is dropped and an ‫ ا‬alif with the same vowel of the vowel of the 2nd consonant is added: the alif will have a ‫ ــُـــ‬dammah if the 2nd vowel is a ُ‫ ــ‬dammah; a ‫ ــِـــ‬kasrah if the 2nd vowel is a ‫ـــِــ‬ kasrah or a ‫ ـــَــ‬fathah. َ‫ أ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ِ‫ ا‬

n The

“you (m.s.) do!” “you (f.s.) do!” “you (m.pl.) do!”

“that he may/might do”

“you (f.pl.) do!”

“that she may/might do”

“you two, do!”

“that you (m.s.) may/might do” “that you (f.s.) may/might do” “that I may/might do” “that they (m.pl.) may/might do” “that they (f.pl.) may/might do” “that you (m.pl.) may/might do” “that you (f.pl.) may/might do” “that we may/might do” “that they two (m.) may/might do” “that they two (f.) may/might do”

“that you two, may/might do” * conjunctions that trigger the subjunctive: ‫ِل‬, ‫ َك ْي‬, ‫حَ َّتى‬,

َّ ‫أن‬, ْ and ‫أن‬ َّ that: ‫ َف‬in order that, so that, for; ‫إن‬, ُ َ َ‫ُس ف َت ْنجَ ح‬ ْ ‫“ أ ْد ر‬Study so that you can succeed.” َّ ‫س‬ ُ “He fasts until the sun sets.” َ ‫ص ْم حَ َّتى َت‬ ُ ْ‫غيب ٱلشم‬ ْ ‫“ ي َِج ُب عَ لي َْك‬It is mandatory that you leave.” َ‫أن َت ْخرُج‬ ْ ‫“ أمَرْ ُت‬I have ordered that you leave.” َ‫أن َت ْخرُج‬ Conditional/Imperfect Jussive n Expresses

the idea of command or exhortation;

ْ or ‫ َف ْل‬: ‫ِس‬ almost always introduced by either ‫وَل‬ ْ ‫َْف ْل َنجْ ل‬ “Let’s sit (and now let’s sit/after that, let’s sit).” • The negation is: ‫ال‬: ‫“ ال َت ُْق َت ْل‬Do not kill!” • If preceded by the negations: ‫( لَ ْم‬not) or ‫( لَمَّا‬not yet), it is the equivalent of the perfect: ‫لَ ْم َي ْد ُخ ْل‬

“He did not enter.” is formed from the subjunctive by substituting the ‫ ــَـــ‬of the last root with ‫ ـــْــ‬in the 3rd person singular, the 2nd person singular masculine, the 1st person singular and plural n The other forms of the conditional/imperfect jussive are the same as the subjunctive: n It

‫ ي َْفع َْل‬ ‫ َت ْفع َْل‬ ‫ َت ْفع َْل‬ َْ ‫َلي‬ ِ ‫ تفع‬ ‫ ْأفع َْل‬ ‫ ي َْفعَلُوا‬ ‫ ي َْفع َْل َن‬ ‫ َت ْفعَلُوا‬ ‫ َت َْفع َْل َن‬ ‫ َن ْفع َْل‬

Dual

‫ أُ ْفع ُْل‬ ‫ أُ ْف ُعلِي‬ ‫ أُ ْفعُلُوا‬ ‫ أُ ْفع ُْل َن‬ ‫ أُ ْفعُال‬

‫ اِ ْفع ِْل‬ ‫ اِ ْفعِلي‬ ‫ اِ ْفعِلُوا‬ ‫ اِ ْفع ِْل َن‬ ‫ اِ ْفعِال‬

‫أُ ْفع َْل‬ ‫أُ ْف َعلِي‬ ‫ْأفعَلُوا‬ ُ ُ‫أ‬ ‫فعلن‬ ‫أُ ْفعَال‬

Participles n The

active participle of the 1st form of the triliteral

‫ ; َفاعِ ٌل‬the ٌ ‫م َْفع‬. participle is modeled after the form ‫ُول‬ verb is modeled after the form

past

n The

active participle expresses an action or a state in the same time as the rest of the sentence: ٌ‫َكاتِب‬ writer means: “he who writes, wrote, who was writing, and who will write” • It also functions as a noun or adjective: ٌ‫َكاتِب‬ “notary, scribe, writer”

Infinitive Forms n Arabic

‫َص َد ر‬ ْ ‫م‬

infinitives are essentially nouns; like participles, they derive from the verb n The infinitive does not hold any indication of a given time and it can function as active or passive; ٌ‫“ َف ْتح‬to conquer” (now or in the future), “having conquered,” “being conquered” (now or in the future), or “having been conquered” n The infinitive of the triliteral verb of the 1st form has many forms, most commonly ten, which correspond to different meanings of the verb:

َ ‫ فع ٌْل‬ ‫ ِفع ٌْل‬ ُ ٌ ‫ فع‬ ‫ْل‬ َ ٌ ‫ فع‬ ‫َل‬ َ ‫ ِفع‬ ‫َال ٌة‬ ُ ٌ ‫ فع‬ ‫ُول‬

‫ َف ْت ٌَح‬ ‫ ِفع ٌْل‬ ُ ٌ‫ شرْ ب‬ َ ٌ‫ فرَح‬

“to open, to conquer” “to make/do; to act” “to drink” “to rejoice”

‫“ كِتاب ٌَة‬to write” ‫“ بُلوُ ٌغ‬to arrive” َ ُ‫ سه‬ ‫ول ٌة ُفعُولَ ُة‬ ُ “to be easy” ٌَ‫يل فعِيل‬ ٌ ِ‫“ رَح‬to leave; to move/relocate” ٌُ ‫َاخ فع‬ ٌ ‫ صر‬ ‫َال‬ ُ “to yell” ُ ٌ‫“ َمعْر َفة م َْفعِلَة‬to know” ِ Derived Forms of Regular Triliteral Verbs

“may he do”

n From

“may she do” “may you (m.s.) do” “may you (f.s.) do” “may I do” “may they (m.pl.) do” “may they (f.pl.) do” “may you (m.pl.) do” “may you (f.pl.) do” “let’s do/may we do” 5

the verb of the 1st form all the other verb forms are created n By adding consonants and vowels to the 1st forms, new meanings are given to the basic verb: ‫َد َخ َل‬ َ ‫“ م َِر‬to be “to enter”; ‫“ أ ْد َخ َل‬to let someone in”; ‫ض‬ َ َ َ sick”; ‫“ تمَارَض‬to fake a disease”; َ‫سر‬ َ ‫“ ك‬to break”; ‫“ َك َّس َر‬to shatter” n There are more than 20 derived forms of the triliteral verb, though only 9 or 10 are typically used, generally represented by the root of ‫“ فعل‬to do/make”:

VerbS (continued )

َ ‫ َفع‬the main meaning of the root: ‫“ َك َت َب‬to write” ‫َل‬ َ‫ َفعّل‬intensifies the meaning of the 1 form: “to have something/someone do/be”; َ “to hit”; ‫ض َّر َب‬ َ “to hit with force/for a long time/often/many objects” ‫ض َر َب‬ َ‫اعل‬ َ ‫ َف‬community or opposition of an action; to compete against; ‫س‬ َ َ‫“ َجل‬to َ sit”; ‫س‬ َ ‫“ َجال‬to sit with/in the company of; to be with” َ ‫ ْأفع‬like the 2 form, it expresses the idea of letting someone do/be; ‫َل‬ ْ beginning of something at a certain time; a condition; ‫“ َعلِ َم‬to know”; ‫أعلَ َم‬

1st form: 2 form: nd

st

3rd form: 4th form:

nd

“to let someone know; to inform”

َ َthe reflexive of the 2 form; passive meaning of the verb; false pretense; َ ‫تفع‬ ‫َّل‬ ‫ص َر‬ َّ ‫“ َت َن‬to become a Christian (under false pretense)”; ‫“ َك َّث َر‬to multiply”; ‫َت َك َّث َر‬ “to multiply oneself”; ‫“ ُق ِط َع‬to be cut”; ‫“ َت َق َّط َع‬finding itself cut”

5 form: th

nd

َ ‫َر‬ َ ‫ َت‬the reflexive/reciprocal of the 3 form; false pretense; ‫ض‬ ‫فاع َل‬ ِ ‫“ م‬to be sick”; َ َ ‫ تمَا َرض‬faking an illness َ ‫ ْإن َفع‬translates the English passive; ‫“ َك َس َر‬to break”; ‫“ ْإن َك َس َر‬to be broken” 7 form: ‫َل‬ َ ‫ ْإف َتع‬the reflexive of the 1 form; to do something for one’s own benefit; ‫“ َف َر َق‬to separate”; 8 form: ‫َل‬ ‫“ ْإف َت َر َق‬to separate oneself”; ‫“ َك َس َب‬to earn”; ‫“ إ ْك َت َس َب‬to earn one’s money/living” َّ ‫ ْإفع‬designates high qualities or defects, like colors or physical shortcomings; 9 form: ‫َل‬ ْ “to become crocked” ‫إص َف َّر‬ ْ “to become yellow”; ‫إع َو َّج‬ َ ‫إس َت ْفع‬ 10 form: ‫َل‬ ْ “to hand ْ the reflexive of the 4 form; a plea; declaration/approval; ‫أسلم‬ َ َ َ in”; ‫سل َم‬ ْ “to become hard as a stone”; ْ ‫إست‬ ْ “to surrender”; ‫“ َح َج ٌر‬stone” => ‫إست ْح َج َر‬ ‫“ َغ َف َر‬to forgive”; ‫إس َت ْغ َف َر‬ ْ “to ask for forgiveness”; ‫“ َح ُس َن‬to be beautiful”; ‫إس َت ْح َس َن‬ ْ 6th form:

rd

th

th

st

th

th

th

“to find beautiful/to approve”

(cardinal numbers) are written from left to right: e.g., 2005: ٢٠٠٥ with the highest digit on the left and the unit digit on the right: ٤,٠٥٩ (4,059); ١,٩٦٣ (1,963)

n Numerals

numberS

Masculine

Feminine

28 ‫ص ْف ٌر‬ ِ (only one form) 1 ١ 29 ‫ٲحد‬ ‫ٳحد ى‬ َ (‫اح ٌد‬ ْ (‫اح َدة‬ َ َ ِ ‫)و‬ ِ ‫)و‬ َ 2* ٢ 30** َ ‫ٳثنان‬ ‫ٳثنتان‬ 3 ٣ 40** ‫ثﻼثة‬ ‫ثﻼث‬ 4 ٤ 45 ‫ٲربَعة‬ ‫َع‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ٲر‬ ْ ْ 5 ٥ 50** ‫َخ ْمس‬ ‫َخ ْم َسة‬ 6 ٦ 60** ّ ّ ‫ِستة‬ ‫ِست‬ 7 ٧ ‫َسبْع‬ 70** ‫َس ْبعَة‬ ‫ثمان‬ 8 ٨ 80** ‫ثمَانية‬ ٍ 9 ٩ ‫ِس ٌع‬ 90** ْ‫ت‬ ‫ِسعَة‬ ْ‫ت‬ َ ْ 10 ١٠ 100 ‫َعش َرة‬ ‫َعش ٌر‬ 11 ١١ َ‫ٲح َد َع َشر‬ 200 ‫ٳحد ى َع ْش َرة‬ َ ْ ْ َ ْ َ ْ 12 ١٢ 300 َ ‫ٳثنا َعشر‬ ‫اِثنتا َعش َرة‬ َ ‫َث‬ 13 ١٣ 400 ‫ﻼثة َع َشر‬ ‫ثﻼث َع ْش َرة‬ ْ َ َ 14 ١٤ 500 َ ‫ة‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ع‬ ‫َع‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ٲر‬ َ َ ْ ‫ٲر َبعَة َعشر‬ ْ َ 15 ١٥ 600 ‫َخ ْم َسة َع َشر‬ ‫س َع ْش َرة‬ َ ‫َخ ْم‬ 16 ١٦ 700 ‫ِس ّتة َع َشر‬ ‫ِس ّت َع ْش َرة‬ َ ْ 17 ١٧ 800 ‫َس ْبعَة َعشر‬ ‫َسبْع َعش َرة‬ 18 ١٨ 900 ‫َثما ِنيَة َع َشر‬ ‫ثمَانِي َع ْش َرة‬ َ ْ 19 ١٩ 1000 ‫ِسعَة َعشر‬ ‫ِسع َعش َرة‬ ْ‫ت‬ ْ‫ت‬ 20** ٢٠ 2000 ‫ِع ْش ُرون‬ 21*** ٢١ 5000 ‫احد و ِع ْش ُرون‬ ‫اح َدة و ِع ْش ُرون‬ ِ ‫َو‬ ِ ‫َو‬ ْ 22 ٢٢ 10,000 ‫وع ْش ُرون‬ ‫ٳثنان‬ ‫ون‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ع‬ ‫و‬ ‫ٳثنان‬ ِ ُ ِ َ ْ ْ 23 ٢٣ 50,000 ‫ثﻼثة و ِعش ُرون‬ ‫ثﻼث و ِعش ُرون‬ ْ 24 ٢٤ 100,000 ‫ون‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ع‬ ‫و‬ ‫َع‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ٲر‬ ِ ‫ٲر َبعَة و ِع ْش ُرون‬ ُ ْ ْ ْ ْ َ َ 25 ٢٥ 1,000,000 ‫خ ْمس و ِعش ُرون‬ ‫خ ْم َسة و ِعش ُرون‬ 26 ٢٦ ‫ِس ّتة و ِع ْش ُرون‬ 2,000,000 ‫ِس ّت و ِع ْش ُرون‬ ْ ْ 27 ٢٧ ‫َسبْع و ِعش ُرون‬ 1,000,000,000 ‫َس ْبعَة و ِعش ُرون‬ n When “one” means “only one,” or “one of,” ‫د‬ ٌ ‫اح‬ ِ ‫ َو‬and ‫اح َدة‬ ِ ‫ َو‬are used and they follow the noun as an َ ‫أحد م‬ adjective: ‫ألر َجال‬ َ “one of the men” َّ ‫ِن‬ 0

٠

the noun indicating the counted objects is masculine, the numbers from 3 to 10 take the feminine َ ‫“ ب‬three girls” *‫ ْٳث َنان‬and ‫ ْٳث َن َتان‬follow the dual ending in: ‫“ أألوالدٱلثﻼثة‬the three boys”; ‫َنات ثﻼث‬

٢٨ ٢٩ ٣٠ ٤٠ ٤٥ ٥٠ ٦٠ ٧٠ ٨٠ ٩٠ ١٠٠ ٢٠٠ ٣٠٠ ٤٠٠ ٥٠٠ ٦٠٠ ٧٠٠ ٨٠٠ ٩٠٠ ١٠٠٠ ٢٠٠٠ ٥٠٠٠ ١٠٠٠٠ ٥٠٠٠٠ ١٠٠٠٠٠ ١٠٠٠٠٠٠ ٢٠٠٠٠٠ ١٠٠٠٠٠٠٠٠٠ **

n When

ْ ‫“ ِب َيدِي‬with my very two hands” declension; it is only used for emphasis: ‫“ رجﻼن‬two men”; ‫ٱالث َن َتيْن‬ ِ

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adjectives, numerals (ordinal numbers) are masculine and feminine

n As

***

Masculine

Feminine

‫ثما ِنيَة و ِع ْش ُرون‬ ‫ِسعَة و ِع ْش ُرون‬ ْ‫ت‬ ُ ‫ثﻼ ث ُون‬ ‫أربعون‬ ‫أر َبعُون‬ ْ ‫َخ ْم َسة و‬ ‫َخ ْم ُسون‬ ‫ِس ّتون‬

‫ثمان و ِع ْش ُرون‬ ‫ِسع و ِع ْش ُرون‬ ْ‫ت‬

‫َس ْبعُون‬ ُ ‫َثم‬ ‫َانون‬ ‫ِسعُون‬ ْ‫ت‬ ‫( مِـﺌة‬pl.: ‫ ِم َﺌات‬hundreds) ‫( مِـﺌ َتان‬dual) ‫ثﻼث ِم َﺌة‬ ‫أربع ِم َﺌة‬ ْ ‫َخ ْمس ِم َﺌة‬ ‫ِس ّت ِم َﺌة‬ ‫ْع مِﺌة‬ ُ ‫َسب‬ ‫َثمانِي ِم َﺌة‬ ‫ِسع ِم َﺌة‬ ْ‫ت‬ ٌ (pl.: ‫آالف‬ ٌ and ‫ف‬ ٌ ‫)ٲلُ ُو‬ ‫ٲلف‬ ‫ٲلفان‬ ‫آالف‬ ٍ ‫َخ ْم َسة‬ ‫آالف‬ ٍ ‫َع َش َر ُة‬ ً‫ون ٲلفا‬ َ ‫َخ ْم ُس‬ ‫مِـﺋة ْآل ٍف‬ ‫ ٲلفٲلف‬or َ ‫ْمليون‬ ْ ‫ٲلفاٲلف‬ or َ ‫ُونان‬ ٍ ِ ‫ملي‬ ‫( مِليَار‬pl.: ‫)مِليا َرات‬

Numbers 20 to 99 have 2 forms, masculine and feminine, and the noun that follows must be masculine accusative singular; tens 20 to 90 are used only in masculine plural form Starting with 21, all the numbers ending in 1 use ‫اح ٌد‬ ِ ‫ ; َو‬whereas 11 and numbers with 11 use ‫ٲحد‬ َ

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NOTE TO STUDENT: This QuickStudy® Guide is intended as an outline only, and as such, cannot include every aspect of this subject. It is intended for use as a supplement for course work and textbooks, not as a replacement for them. Some entries may vary due to differences in regional dialects. BarCharts, Inc., its writers and editors are not responsible or liable for the use or misuse of the information contained in this booklet. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission Made In the USA 1115 from the publisher. ©2007 Barcharts Inc. Boca Raton, FL 0107 6