Annals of Printing: A Chronological Encyclopaedia 9781487575342

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ANNALS OF PRINTING A CHRONOLOGICAL ENCYCLOPAEDIA FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO 1950

Leo, one of the figures in an astronomical work Poeticon Astronomicon by Caius Julius Hyginus [Quarto. 57 leaves. 31 lines] printed at Venice in 1482 by Erhard Ratdolt or 'Augustensis ratdolt gennanus Erhardus' as he is described in some verses preceding the colophon. About this time Ratdolt embarked upon experiments in which he developed the technique of printing in colour which he used most effectively in this Hyginus. British Museum, C.16.h.9(1). Ratdolt was particularly famed for the robust

elegance of his typography, for his decorative initials and borders and for the skill and taste he showed in the use of printed decoration. He printed mathematical diagrams with great care (he printed the first edition of Euclid's Elements of geometry, 25 May 1482) and experimented with the use of colour. At the request of the Bishop he returned from Venice to Augsburg in 1486 where he printed many fine editions including a series of splendid missals and service books.

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~~~ I ~f ~~ ~~~~A ; ~ nna so ~; ~ PRINTING ; ~~,~~

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A CHRONOLOGICAL ENCYCLOPAEDIA FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO 1950

~~

W. TURNER BERRY

~

H. EDMUND POOLE

~ ~

'V')~

AND

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TORONTO

~

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO PRESS

~~

'V':I~

1966

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Published by Blandford Press Ltd 167 High Holborn London W.C.r First published in Canada by University of Toronto Press 1966 Reprinted in 2018 ISBN 978-1-4875-7254-9 (paper)

The maps were drawn by A. Spark

© W. Turner Berry and H. Edmund Poole, 1966 Blocks made by Mackay Engraving Ltd Printed and bound in Great Britain by W. & J. Mackay & Co Ltd Chatham, Kent

c:For JlaLoJJo and Jf/Jt1Jo'Po tmo patient mives

The dedication is set i 11 Union Pearl, according to Stanley Morison (in 1 he Fleuron No. VI, 1928, p. 110) the first known English decorated letter. The type was shown as Double Pica Union Pearl by Edward Rowe Mores in his Dissertation upon English Typographical Founders ( 1778), page 46, as part of 'the Foundery of the Two Mr. Grovers, circ. 1700'. He has this to say about it [orthography regularized] : 'Union-pearl is a letter of fancy. It is English and of recent date, for nothing exactly correspondent is given us amongst the whims of Yciar of Saragosa the Cocker of the Spaniards in 1550. It receives the name

from the pearls which grow in couples, to which the nodules in the letter were conceived to bear some resemblance..• .' (page 31 in the edition of Harry Carter and Christopher Ricks, Oxford, first published 1961; reprinted, with corrections, 1963). According to A. F. Johnson (Reed, A History of the Old English Letter Foundries, 1952, p. 199) Union Pearl was first used in The Observator of 7 February 1708, where the word 'Scriptographia' is set in the type in a printer's announcement. The matrixes passed to Messrs Stephenson Blake, who sold founts of the type as late as 1965.

. , 4Cofttuctfone 1.lnboiii. fo.i1iittl. «l:~iobtao. ~bepi ffple, be Co lpke tlJat oneopff'ecet~ Ip tie fco tlje otlJer. 1>arUlllo rta couenfant:Yt perlltllfffftattrr ab .itcro. t(,'9;0 biuutgo. •op moie, 1erre pubtpffl)e ~ p,a)'ft or tl)e man 1not ontp1foi biS 1rcnpngt1but fpccpaUp roi bts OPIJ'gtnce 21deor,t ptfmlMdO infltnl t,oinbtftllludem amphfflmcbtlfn'i1ttt/Cl5 ob tmdtU• ncm111tm ob pmtpwom 1ndllftr1ta..

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tf,Cle,;empta pio bifpono. ll)e batb fet ti biftvn,te f l\1011\e into gooblp oit,ieJ ~YOtami natro Otdlnttltlhalit. .floi (Je o,n tl)ts in l)atlA>u~ ~atb p~;oget, f eb}'cpon manp perts full \llpfti)'. llt4' )2anct4trlonf pi,dpft.autt/lmmo lnmartoeannotnon 'rn&Jta4'mttrbfflallt C:~icceptti. ~nfettimpo;to1,onctubo.,c. t[cfcempta.

'lbe be mod)c bounbc to t~rm t~atbioui~t inf ciafte of p;pntpngr.

.--:o fmpoito.

1)1artmam bebtmatf21fce t,trfe,qut lmpdmfdtartem Pilaf fntutere.

€19io tonclubo.

]t conclubetb n1anp tb1ngtd in O)o:tet fpan t~an ~lbiJ'tten l)anDt bottb11 moie o;nattlp O)tlbttl}. multa conftracJloii(paclO tnftrt1i& uuera fcrfpta:naalttuepo"'t•.

€19:o contta facio bdeo. ]t 1Jpn1>1eb not ro modJt ~ rcr,uenms1but pJofetet'>

moctJe moo:e pooie fdJolccSJ.

llon ta11tunablbl10,srap1211 lnfert1ncommodu qaantum csmte (cf2olaftidecom,

Modum.

. • Junctii cu mt te re nos ti bot. lt ts not manp pens agone ret~en it mm fpJffe int0r

~nglanbr.

~ga1t1piettrfluJtrDtan11i poft~ fn t11&11t mrcptiue tttulm? oiato,a• ""' monalkt-,u "l qn, cn,1tcniu.~qn¢alir' t.imi q,ul:bJ focus oi.ichi llatut? cnatoiiii "i,i poreflC["nr, fua ccclia qn, Ot corptt& \'Pl• eln.t'tOqt ffl.t ~ c.itur ini illnt,.fmnlot cni \,,:,a-,.c:'. "-n,1't0qt fi10n,fa qu.i ~pliB tirrpofa1ut i fitir ttq meu.ischo. t111i J,abqr fpmfam fpofus i .(l 1,.i'tOtp mi qt. ,fnch« ,n baprifmo fpiilcs filioa mo pait,flu.i'tO-toict 11po6" d(.-)Ma. Kfcc.T't.1i"cc.1 8a.pT'cc. µoovctcc. TTa.8lt 8µMT'a.1ct a.J\ri~octaµ t1k'.t.l lt\Jik'.a. ~ , tJa."VtS'il,J itoT't.Mµ ).(.t,Tce, ct~J.tce, MCC.fce,µ8t.µ ~k'.itS'T'H\J f.Vfl1" Ta.I tct et18tpa.1Tce,ctec, cpOff.l'T'CC.I a.ttµ CC.rltfc:&,OcS' OV(S' ).(.E,I) t.l ~ti, ctTTcc.).(.Tra.µa.TKf>tcS" 1Tf"1T'Oroµocr rce,pT'OV 'T'O 8t.OV ~it.'T'a.( ETTpoµo1cc..1d iparfaois (enciismorralibus udit doloribus.Cu utro folu, 1

t«m biianapoll corpus nfutniu: facile abims attrra nu~ fenefdt.Aia ~di ')llO ad ainculis corpords ttntc corrupribilts paCfioes fem:iis. morcalibu5 udtt doloribus. Cum ua-o bumana folutionmt udociffima pof1 corruptu corpus mutntrit: omnis t COTA Fae: nu~ fmtfcms. tt mantt in aanu fint PP"'· Primogtnitl umi hoc dluma dupo(uft prudida. Q9id cannia fibil, lina ~tiont iQ ci d«la13nt :cu fore aliquado dtnudant :ut a dto de aiais a, mormis wdicd_fquo;c c,canpla J)Oft infatt11us.FaUa tft igr Dcmocrid tr Epicuri fentmda tr dictarcbi dt anfmi diffoludont.~,Pftclo no audtric dt imim aiaru mago aliquo prrfcnre diR'aat :~ fcircr urtis ,armmibus dcrc ab mfais anfma,: 8' adtfi'e tt prebm re bumanis oculis mdendas: er loqw ~ 61mm pdiurc. Et Ii audmnr:rc ipa tt documtnds pr~ndbus

19

ANNALS OF PRINTING

oTi>< oKoe oco♦oc FaHy♦Hpoc, lii quide l,ijs ob:d,~ ct-,,omodo imparor.fjlib:r l,ab:ndus ominonon crir.l)rcclarc cmm ell l,,c"furpatii atoAilTnnis. q·"o>;i cs-o aiicle non "m-cr,fi micl,i apud aliquog asrcllce l,rc l,abidac~ Ota .(u'11!toapudprude✓ti1Tm,o& loquar,qu,b,J i.c inaudita no liir,cur eg-o fnnute mc,li quid in l,ijs fl-ude,s ope poli,~rim,~r~ bidifT11(~id-u ell- isif'ab cruditiffnnis"iriMrili fa< pi cnti.lilvri, clTe ncmine. Cuid_~ cnim lib:rrasef l)oaill-ae"iuedi Ut'11!1is,Chtie igitur'\tiuit Ut'\tnlt. mft qui rclf.l foquit~. qui gaudet off,cio,cui "iuedi "ia :,ftdctata arq,,l)wfa ell-. qui lcgibj quide,non .wrer m~tu p.nct,fj C.38 foquif',u

nl) was grb)m

wn Cbananccn "" w;

a,elff clm langlVii bet

rinm ftaukm leicbnam '""l) bet gtolf't gEtita ffll> rin sroo antlic; 1'nO was gat ftolid, geftalt1-cnr, ee a: gttaufft wm:t, J l>a b~rl)j a: Offegis / t,nl) l>a Ct gewucbs t;ii wll« kuft t,a gcl>acl:,t er imlicl) will fm wanttren \'11 will fragen nacb tm1 gtofittn aacn,ixm will irb l>imm1-cii fragcr ubcral nacb um ~~tm hnentl>a wcift man 111 Ji anem grotrnn kunigita w; ~altig ubr "il lanl> lcutt i!i trmkam et\?nl> gclolttim Je t>ienen genmlichTt1l>a cmpfi!mg in tu !\ung fcbon "ii was (llnec ftml\ fro1wt1 t,a ec: ttlicb ;rit h-'-? im u,;tl>a ttr kung eins malo eJ?Dffl Spit man,z:u fang "m imt 1'Dl) 1'htniveJ,?lm · ~o nant titt fpilman !?C tm teufd ID ttm finsc ~o fegntt ftcb 12e ttr kimtgt\'lnti madtt tin acuc; fut ftcb ,wann a: w; rin criftm; t,a weft criftoffi·rus nicbs "m bJ ;ricbm "" wun~l'l't in fm was cc t,a mit mcJ,?nctt\'ln fpacb ]bea: was mc1?ncfr t,u l>a mit l>as t,u c;it~m ftricb lurbid, t6fttl>as wolt ec: im nit fagm iDa fpacb Criftoffims I bar rag mit ~ottt ic:b ble,ib nit lmngl't beg bttiba fpac:b tu kungtfo will icb batmtwad>at fagen1wmn man

had been responsible for bringing the first printers to Paris, sent to his friend Robert Gaugin, an eminent scholar, a letter in praise of printing and its service to humane letters. The letter, which is printed, is bound in one copy only of the Orthographia of Gasparinus Barzizius, the second book to be printed in Paris, in 1470. This copy now in the Bibliotheque Publique et Universitaire at Basie belonged at one time to Jean Heynlin, Fichet's associate. Deploring the state of learning in Paris in his young days Fichet turns to the restoration of humane studies : 'upon these (so far as I gather by conjecture) great light has been thrown by the breed of new makers of books whom, within our memory Germany (as did once upon a time the Trojan Horse) has sent broadcast into every quarter. For they say that there, not far from the city of Mainz, there appeared a certain John whose surname was Gutenberg, who, first of all men, devised the art of printing, whereby books are made, not by a reed, as did the ancients, nor with a quill pen, as do we, but with metal letters and that swiftly, neatly, beautifully.' (In the translation of W. A. Montgomery published together with a collotype reproduction of the letter

Von fant 15amabas.

""t,

m

A woodcut from the Leben der Heiligen relating to the story of Saint Barnabas. ◄

1472. A column from Jacobus de Voragine's Leben der Heiligen. Sommertheil printed by Gunter Zainer

atAugsburg,completedon 27 April 1472 [Folio. 2II printed leaves, with probably two blanks at the end. 2 columns. 50 lines]. The book has upward of 120 different column woodcuts, a 10-line woodcut initial and a marginal border. British Museum, IC. 5433.

25

ANNALS OF PRINTING in D. C. McMurtrie's The Fichet letter, the earliest document ascribing to Gutenberg the invention of printing, New York, Press of Ars Typographica, 1927).

The first book to be printed in Milan is an unsigned copy of Sextus Pompeius Festus De verborum significatione, dated 3 August 1471 [Quarto. 80 leaves, the last leaf blank. 31 lines]. From the terms of a contract, first published in 1915, this can be proved to be the work of a press owned by Pamfilo Castaldi, who printed two other books in Milan in 1471 and 1472. Castaldi was a physician whose home was at Venice and the press at Milan was operated by the brothers Antonius and Fortunatus de Zarotis of Parma, a further example of pioneer activities in printing by native Italians. Antonius was to continue printing in Milan up to the end of the century.

147.2 Conrad Fyner, the first printer at Esslingen, published his first work, a book Summae theologicae secundae partis pars secunda of Thomas Aquinas [Folio. 291 leaves. 2 columns. 58 lines]. He is known to have been in Esslingen in 1474,

1475 and 1477 and at Urach in 1481, but after 1481 his name does not appear in any book. Although the first press in Mantua was set up in 1471 by Petrus Adam de Michaelibus, its first production is dated 1472, Angelus de Aretio, Tractatus maleficiorum [Folio. 264 leaves, the first leaf blank. 41 lines] . De Michaelibus, who ceased printing within a year of this production, employed as workmen two German printers, Georgius and Paulus de Butzbach. It was they who were responsible later in 1472 for the independent printing of the Mantua Divina commedia, which has claims to being the editio princeps. (See 1470; Foligno, Johann Neumeister.) On 23 September Andreas Portilia, the first printer in Parma, signed his first book, an edition of Plutarch, De liberis educandis [Quarto. 40 leaves. 26 lines] . Soon after finishing this book, and an edition of Petrarch's Trionfi, Andreas moved to Bologna, but he returned to Parma in 1478 and continued to print there until 1482. In 1484 he printed an edition of Albericus de Rosate, Super prima parte Digesti Veteris, a folio of 500 leaves, in double column, 74 lines, with the imprint Reggio Emilia.

Antonius Mathiae, who figures in the complications which surround the introduction of printing at Genoa, was also the earliest printer at Mondovi. It seems that his Genoese press was bought by Baltasar Corderius in 1472 and, owing to an outbreak of plague at Genoa, the shop was transferred to Mondovi, where an edition of Antoninus, Summa confessionum, was signed and dated 24 October 1472 [Quarto. 128 leaves. 27 lines]. Antonius printed a few other books at Mondovi before March 1473, but he then quarrelled with Corderius and was imprisoned. This may have taken away his taste for the craft, for on his release in the spring of 1474 he sold his material to Michael Scopus of Ulm, after which he is heard of no more. The first book printed at Fivizzano was a Publius Vergilius Maro, Opera [Folio. 171 leaves, the first blank. 41 lines] . It is dated 1472 and signed by Jacobus (de Fivizano), who acknowledges help from a priest, Baptista, and a friend, Alexander. Jacobus worked mostly in Venice and issued only a few books in Fivizzano between 1472 and 1474.

1472, One of the engines of war from the De re militari of Robertus Valturius printed by Johannes ex Verona at Verona in 1472. British Museum, C.5.d.3.

26

Johann Koelhoff, the third Cologne printer, was the first printer to place printed signatures on the quires of a book so as to show the order in which they were to be arranged. The first book in which printed signatures appeared was Praeceptorium divinae legis, by Johannes Nider [Folio. 308 leaves, the twenty-ninth blank. 2 columns. 39 lines].

1471-1473 Hitherto the quires had been marked by hand. Koelhoff's innovation was adopted widely and spread rapidly over Europe.

The Etymologiarum was the first book to contain a printed map or diagram of the whole world.

Balthasar Azoguidus, a partner in a printing syndicate which set up the first press in Bologna (see 1471), printed at Bologna an Antonius, Confessionale volgare [Octavo. 134 leaves, 1, 114, and 134 blank. 26 lines] and an Antonius, Confessionale Curam illius habe (Medicina dell'anima) [Quarto. 96 leaves, the first blank. Table in 2 columns. 34 lines]. Both these works contain vertical catchwords on the inner margin of the last page of each quire (except f and 1 in the first book and d, e, h, k in the second). These are the first dated books in which printed catchwords (i.e. the repetition of the first word or syllable of a page at the foot of the previous page) appeared. Two undated books of Vindelinus de Spira, printed at the first press in Venice, also contained catchwords. They were a Franciscus Philelphus, Epistolae [Folio. 246 leaves, 1 and 184 blank. 37 lines and catchword], and a Publius Cornelius Tacitus, Opera [Folio. 178 leaves, 1, 162, and 178 blank. 36 lines and catchword]. Both books show catchwords on every leaf.

The first work to be printed in Verona was De re militari by Robertus Valturius [Folio. 261 leaves, 5 and 6 blank. 37 lines]. No more is known of the printer than what he reveals in the colophon: that he was Veronese by birth, named Johannes and son of Nicolaus who was a surgeon. De re militari contains the earliest subject illustrations in an Italian printed book, upwards of a hundred woodcuts illustrating contemporary engines of war by land and sea, some of remarkable elaboration. The designs, 'evidently done by an artist of considerable talent though their quality may in many cases have been blunted by careless cutting' (Hind), are attributed to Matteo de' Pasti who died in 1468 but there is no documentary evidence to support this tradition. It is even less likely that he cut the blocks, which are in outline. The illustrations are not placed regularly on the page which 'shows that they were struck off, or perhaps hand-stamped after the letterpress' (B.M.C. VII. p. 948).

On 19 November 1472 Gunter Zainer completed at Augsburg Etymologiarum sive Originum libri xx [Folio. 264 leaves. 2 columns in the table. 38 lines] by Isidore of Seville (c. 560-636), St Isidore, also known as Isidorus Hispalensis who became Archbishop of Seville in the Visigothic Kingdom in 599 and stayed there until his death. His Etymologiarum was a digest of universal knowledge: more than a thousand manuscripts of the whole work or part have survived (a measure of its contemporary popularity) and its early appearance in print is a tribute to its enduring value as a source book, preserving as it did factual information about the ancient world and demonstrating the modes of thought of classical times. Although there is no standard text a summary of the work would run as follows. Its twenty books are concerned with the liberal arts (books 1-3); medicine (4); jurisprudence, time, and a brief world chronicle (5); the Bible (6); the Heavenly hierarchy (7); the Church and heresies (8); people, language, statecraft (9); an etymological dictionary, alphabetically arranged ( 1o); man ( 11); zoology ( 12); Heaven, the atmosphere, seas and oceans (13); geography (14); cities and towns, building (15); geology, weights and measures ( 16); agriculture and horticulture (17); warfare, public games (18); ships, houses, costume (19); food, tools, furniture (20). Many subsequent encyclopaedias were based upon the Etymologiarum and as a result Isidore's belief that secular learning should be the true basis of christian education permeated European thought and exerted enormous influence.

1472-3 The paper used to print a Missale speciale Constantiense or Constance missal is thought to have been manufactured about this time. A folio, containing the service of the Mass in shortene_µ form, the Missale is printed in a type almost identical with one of the two used by Fust and Schoeffer for the text of their Psalter of 1457. The book is not dated or signed, it is erroneously associated with Constance and its significance has long been one of the most active subjects of controversy among incunabulists. One school claims that the rather indifferent presswork, and the typographical variations in certain characters common to the Missale and Psalter suggests that the book is a substantial trial run of the Psalter 1457 type before it was perfected (and before the 42-line Bible had been completed). As such it would be the first known piece of printing in Europe. Another school believes that the book was printed in the 1470s by an unknown printer of limited skill and resources using the Psalter type acquired from Fust and Schoeffer after they had finished with it. The subject is treated fully by Sir I. Masson in his book The Mainz Psalters and Canon Missae, 1457-1459 (London, 1954, a splendidly produced folio worthy of its subject). Dr Allan Stevenson has made a special study of the paper of the Missale speciale and his discussion of the evidence and his conclusions are expected in a book The Paper in the Missale speciale announced by the Bibliographical Society, London, for 1966. 27

ANNALS OF PRINTING

J+73

1473. The first page of the Regimen wider die Pestilenz by Henricus Steinhowel, printed by Johann Zainer at Ulm, completed on II January 1473 [Quarto. 40 leaves. 24 and 25 lines]. British Museum, IA. 9103.

1473

About this year there were printed two editions of Aristotle which (with the possible exception of the group of books generally presumed to have been printed at Segovia c. 1472-3) may be the earliest books printed in Spain. The books are Aristotle Ethica, Politica and tlnt!1ur taltt.inmliphffiflJ rtg-tM'll: q;cn11ilw1rn,afpiti~,rucr~9fibibttentt11fMnftirt '6f1cen,rt in ab~ ~!fuc4 ~ g{6nOil,.a. l't~ mis lilttelll'ibt i,ffu,toi.l-dbocuit~·:-ob·.-nWi 1at 1110,ratie ei1?tfh\a1tan-l>i!ani nwgu Mb'\tl't\ti flltlttl)iu,tt•t ho110,ibf t,rtuwrti"ttmt,Jfam:mi ~bl~'tt't bibt1eft'ti.i·; ~,r,te11'0n1catiT e,;7;011tli~flaift'f''itfl ~rerpi11 ain l>.~ t 1,1ma~·111apni.ntiaio·:.. tbacion e ab orco molotrcni rrge rap tam ltt l>iu qut"ta voliitt multis l,inc fabulio occafaonem pbttttestf111t ptnea n cerrs alrra apub rleulim 11rtice rc.-giottis ciuirari, eifbe mentis ptnu ru·os cta,aHui triptl,olc,niti ob(cqofom fuilTe vohit qSleo w'Pttuflas tr,itattttl,oao~ eqae .4.

Pages from De claris mulierbus by Giov~nni Boccaccio printed in Latin at Ulm by Johann Zamer, or lohanem czeiner as he signs himself [Folio. I 18 leaves. 33 and 34 lines]. This is the editio princeps of the work. The illustrations show two pages, the first decorated with a lively border incorporating an initial S and the second a representation of Ceres. British Museum, G.1449.

◄ 1473.

1483 and printed a number of popular books in French, many of them illustrated. His name is last found in the colophon of Maneken, Epistolae (1 July 1488), though he was still alive in 1493. A priest, Petrus Villa, sponsored the first book to appear at Brescia, a Publius Vergilius Maro, Opera [Folio. 173 leaves. 38 lines] . This is dated 21 April 1473 and, on the evidence of the type used, its printing has been ascribed to Georgius de Butzbach, previously met with at Mantua. While this book was being produced work was also proceeding on the Statuta communis Brixiae, printed by Thomas Ferrandus, the second part of which carried the date 21 May 1473. Ferrandus should also be mentioned as the first printer ever to produce a continuous Greek text: an edition of the Batrachomyomachia (probably also 1473 or 1474). On 4 October 1473 Federicus de Comitibus,

-on l)ittfin l>urcl, Iler wRlcl;'tnbe -onml'l»rbeij er l,1nbe

mlln.ber ftlben rci,.,elhrn,etlmglicl, erllecl)m: bocl,, "l'trlie§ ir itl>ff ainen fun b~ fpnan .,ib ! l>o li.e aber alro•in witwtn !hit ~efe~et 110url>en ! gemlt,elr f1et, arcf,o vo erft-, ainm;FA,ften ieres -oolkc• po?ribi !-on, gebar -oon im -oil li\n .J\bff rf)eofrna, cit ,iool lie vo ""Oil m.tcl}tigtn f,.en,n ,bettlicl, angefh:enge~ warl>i~e1.,itlr ftt b11nocl,t lffl!f'J/lnit ftarkem gem4t,uren -oo,r wen IHt!aber.ale 1ncl,01111it rol> ab gieng1ba wa,b liemitlP,l)m/gen !>er frlben iertt fd,\IHlttr kinbtn 1-on?> for~ l)abm,•i lie itt vnl>er 1>en,gew11lt ainer 11nbern lieifmutn kemen ! ol>er niir minl>nm flt!§, von l>tm "l'atter n,ogtn -oow1>en:10nl> l>Rr -om,~ l>ie fdb,n,111~ ir aig11e kill!> gel)alten wlrbe~: nam lie be~.retb~n ,ozril>a111 iU elicf)em m11n ! wan l)te r,~ben ~~ Mlll •gel'1ui bt\rwil>ei wae. Vab Ftmg an bit ~e 31tcf)m 1 jn glec!,er 1111~0, ala ob lit :-oon ierem let, geborm . w.t,rn!fo Fl~r§licf>, ~ man -col erkennm mocl,t, 'S lie bca rc:lben man111ier bra k1abea.3e bienll iJ~~ ~

1473. A page from De claris mulie~bus by Giova~i Bocaccio in the German translation of H. Stemhowel printed by Johannes Zainer at Ulm, completed not before 15 August. British Museum, IB. 9113.

Veronensis, the first printer at Iesi, signed his first work, a book, Constitutiones Marchiae Anconitanae [Folio. 144 leaves, I and 102 blank. 2 columns. 33 lines]. Federicus printed a number of books previous to this, probably at Venice, one of them being the early edition of Dante dated 18 July 1472.

On 26 January 1472-3 Dionysius Paravisinus and Stephanus de Merlinis, the first printers at Cremona, signed their first work a book, Angelus de Ubaldis, Lectura super I Parte digesti novi [Folio]. It is known that on 9 May 1471 a contract was signed between Andreas de Merlinis and his son Stephanus, Dionysius Paravisinus and a lawyer Franciscus de Granelis arranging for the establishment of a printing office in Cremona for printing books of law, medicine, rhetoric and any other kind. It may well be, therefore, that other books, now lost, were printed before the Angelus. 31

ANNALS OF PRINTING

The first book printed at Ulm was dated II January 1473. It was the Regimen wider die Pestilenz by Henricus Steinhowel. Its printer was Johann Zainer who, like his kinsman Gunter Zainer the Augsburg printer, had learnt his craft at Strasbourg. Steinhowel was medical officer to the town of Ulm and the author of several medical books. He was also one of the most distinguished humanists of the day, had travelled widely in Italy and other parts of Europe and 'did much to introduce foreign literature to general readers in Germany by his translations'. (Hind.) He was the translator of Spiegel des menschlichen Lebens. (See 1475-6.) Zainer's first book contains woodcut decoration in the form of a half border and capitals-U with the martyrdom of St Sebastian on the first page; the rest in plain outline without picture. His first fully illustrated book was Boccaccio's De Claris Mulieribus issued in two Latin editions in 1473 'with some 80 cuts', and in two undated editions 'with about four cuts less' in a German translation by Steinhowel. At the request of Abbot Melchior of the local monastery of SS. Ulrich and Afra in Augsburg, Gunter Zainer co-operated with the monks in the in• nolf• tonfo1m•e10 •D qumq; ,1ch,loa fol / fa / mi/r,/ 111 : ~uis quie •Dunlfrt Dihgtnlfr oolurrit imurmrt 'l' oie mroirano f•lubris tam Diuinarum q, bum.m•Jil fcirne1•ri1 rront1 polfn •D quinq1 orrb• quoJil q11aluo, prim• tiri1 rrfpici11111 fc, m•snificrncia; munifuraa. mi ftrico11>ia /iullici•Jll\uinti1 rn bommi fprn•lr oitirh,1 mifma f)mnr fiq11io c.mrtcia fpi•• 'I co,oi• babr1 fo1mari fcom •llfrum qumqJ orr: boJil fru Duoli) fru lrlu r,u omnii, limul prrDidoJilporfrnr r.rr omre ro11>ie rt fpiritu• •ffrdionr• aD niim tir1>ut1 qumarci, qur funl gau1>ii1 Ip,•/ copaflio/timo, il!oloi I• 1Phium ~pre fopaffio t;imo, :toloi ~i m•$ficrci.l ( muifiric1a : !'lilc!iia / ;uni,i• 1ni'a mifrria ~olumue •i•t ut r,in,mrt .;liquio gan,a pne millicoJil oim r.intico~ i>alrrr ,Ptii,9 rlficaalPr or c.itrt co1 'I rpi,e p alfrdi1 lit 'I rffrd:1 nci fu nit buit arti tir f, :.,gnitr fanlimr fupa1>1>irue pftrr,m in n1111ica frnfil ali lie 'I in pC.ltrno ~ cptb•r~-lic in cbo10 oocali lie in c01oie" 01g•• no ~•D nee oporlft nrc r1prt>it fol• pnni, !.nt•h• f,gurali of.iri oiu ,iua g, 1>uc.ntur aD in1rlligrncir puribtT f.tnraf111a1rtx> orl tr•r.frrnfie t intrrim qu•11ti1 fas r1111rr11 ii.rrhd1• nr( ii,,o rut..,,oa rll piis are in ut1lisorl filpuocna orl foli, fanufaahe ijn, pus rn qo animalr ('3i.Jl'-'l,. .l'.!'!.o!f1:f c>~nis nonr• cogincio intrllrdi!'~ fum,r • frn~tia p1·i(1p,i1 qur1uuat11r 1>11 orom•t• hl>1 fantofm•I• pnt•tnr 'I fob coprn1>i0 bot oni, fi!lentrr pc,lll(rmur q, pois ·~rs ta111q, n, olfro naturr fon,ata cui null•rn lingua b•rl>•r• orl ignota br•dot.-1:ilia mt 0111nibue rt prr on,nte fanr 01rcrrctonr i~om.atum qui ccrt• ~ttncone inatac-o-?\uDi s• 10b eloq111a mta•G• •so f. Iii •-r, mttnllt>• ,cut ftgmftc,t lingula i>ba re cii ponoc . 1>1duru li1b:>it•tc oms f,nonee meos auftulu • qi nicbil i; .,,, l>tdurus•!t ne 10b qu,reret quatt pus locue• no fuenr fubbit Ecce ap, YW.!~ meu1!'•q1•~•})1&!i cLI ~.scu.i os nt!ii ~~uftrAnt •r· ruerenci.i.(errio.1; ,nu, q• 1pt llrftaur ncnuo tOIJlt me lo~ -.n btat 1/oquaE lingua mu m fauab,u; ~• .q.;:,.. l_Aon ~quar i>ba aholl, fl dl)•io• pceptus en11nn.1ro-et qtt1J 10b ~pctlll!111,t,, contra a,,ucos (uoo 0t;eerat q, eu i,b,e affligrbit'f i,funt-otatte --. n• ttt!lfai: 1; inbu;eifTe. qi pu~oiaii aflme inttni,,ns iob -ne contra intloqn ettm rii!ltm r~oit x,1 p> tr!! rnme 1/1 qu.mcii-( ••b •• que co,tr• tt b,c;; Ee abuerf11e faae me I con ftfre •l· tu e:i, ii n,e obteias f, qtttl> bi;eeroquol> ttbi non pl•«t er ne 10b II< l>1gn~rei: cu ro 1>1fpuca,e jj, fu•J famofa; fapiaJ,.i(l,9111u,11tuti-•o i; r,"clu i:li!nou fitbC-it . Ecce,. mer,,,. .. ftc,t !IOIIS·'f "t •x ptt fadollS "(ttatia pt bre·e;e ptt aiic n,arrne \>£qr ,biaccc ip.bt: fflfntu "" ruboit Ee lo, toi:lo!n, lu10 •s• quoI ii (av1er,m fen; fuflicee bifput•rt•illfoquar, inruens B miraculofe fe afTecu111111 fuboit Vrrii,ii mir. culun1 meU non tr trtat•'l't r-riit¥re nO~uoaaE mir.1culo(e .a~ eptuG fcienci,l teeloquec,a mea nolic tibi grauis -.er -•;e ea obffupefcas IJ?ij; g• pnitfTio quar, .Plrmialic-fubtiigic •• m qt,, rpliillfre ittnoit"ii ftioic· :Z:,,xillis g• m auribus mtie •q·l>-,;eculare tt p)ttS ft oi;eeris-tt -.oce3 i,b:,~ ••l>ittt r-e lot licitut>ini acffnc:Ois \)mo a\lt in ~bin Job not,uiatq, fe imuni e.ittY.it .i pc(o ..,;; fli;,ir o:>iiouo f\l (,ab imubicija carnis-tt abfqi b:lii!o .,. pcfo omifTi oina-imacularue:l •grauit,, pccio q Itic ii !lfii-pura 9l>ola1na t iquo bmoi•ec ii iilqcas ime "' 1,imfft ,p%ios teolm-~• no< i i>b1ea9 g,.io iiqcati moicjj 1mp)nit 1niqt-1s •iit tttoicii fol/t.t ooiowoicib& ,ptrl>e,. qultii ao boc i,me mo1•t 10b 01.rtfTt qr Q.•