The Annals of Kokonor

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Ho-Chin Yang

The Annals

Kokonor Publkhed 638

INDIANA LTNIVERSITY, B L O O h l I N G T O N hlouton & Co., T h e Hague, T h e Netherlands

INDIANA UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS URALIC AND ALTAIC SERIES Editor: Thomas A. Sebeok Volume 106

Translation and Notes Copyright 0 1969 by Indiana University All rights reserved

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 70-625113

All orders for the United States of America and Canada should be placed with Humanities Press, Inc., 303 Park Avenue South, New York, New York 10010. Orders for all other countries should be sent t o Mouton & Co., Publishers, The Hague, The Netherlands. Printed in the United States of America

ANNALS OF KOKONOR ERRATA Lndex (pages 108-125) Due to revised pagination, the reader must make the following modifications in using the index: Pages 5-1 1 : subtract 1 fiom number in index (except that

Bshad-sgrubghng 5 and Bsam-gtan-gling 5 on page 116 remain the same) Pages 3 1-99: subtract 2 from number in index Other Errata Page 66, line 1 1 : "p. 35" correct to "p. 33"

Page 72, line 23: "p. 43" correct to "p. 41" Page 87, Line 10: "p. 45" correct to "p. 43" Page 1 16, line 4: "-bling" correct to "-gling" Page 121, line 26: "Su-" correct to "Wu-"

CONTENTS

............................... 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 T r a n s c r i p t i o n of Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 T r a n s l a t i o n of Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 5 5 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99 M a p s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

Abbreviations

ABBREVIATIONS

BA

G e o r g e N. R o e r i c h , T h e Blue Annals, Calcutta, 1949, ( P a r t Two, 1953)

FPYL

~ u a n -ch1ao g fan-pu yao-ltieh

-

$d!

bL

j&

%p*

@&

T u r r e l l V. Wylie, T h e Geography -of Tibet According tot h e 'Dzam-glinR - r a y a s -bshad, S. 0. R. , R o m a , 1962

-

HJAS

H a r v a r d J o u r n a l of A s i a t i c Studies, H a r v a r d Yenching Institute

Hoffmann

J. Hoffmann, T h e Religions -of T i b e t , New York, 1961

-

--

Howorth

H e n r y H. Howorth, H i s t o r y of the Mongols, P a r t I, London, 1876

JASB

Journal of the A s i a t i c Society of Bengal

JRAS

Journal of t h e Royal A s i a t i c Society

MBG

Alfonsa F e r r a r i , Mk'yen Guide t o the - B r t s e ' s --Holy P l a c e s of C e n t r a l Tibet, S. 0. R. , Roma, 1958 -2-F d k 2~ Meng -ku yu-mu c h i 24- A a

-

MKYMC

- $$ %

-

Petech

L. P e t e c h , ----China a n d Tibet i n the E a r l y 18th C e n t u r y , L e iden, 19 50

P. Notes

L. P e t e c h , 'Notes on T i b e t a n H i s t o r y of 18th Century', Pao, Vol. LLI, 1966, pp. 26129 2

-

PSJZ

Dpag-bsam ljon-bzang

Annals of Kokonor

W. W. Rockhill, 'The D a l a i L a m a s of L h a s a a n d T h e i r Relations with t h e Manchu E m p e r o r s of China (1644-1908) ', T1oung P a o , Vol. X I , 1910, pp. 1-104

~ATAPITAKA

~ A T A - P I T A K A S e r i e s , founded by Raghu V i r a , published by t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l A c a d e m y of Indian C u l t u r e , New Delhi

SOC

Wangchen Surkhang o r a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n s

T PS

G. T u c c i , T i b e t a n P a i n t e d S c r o l l s , R o m e , 1949

Waddell

L. A. Waddell, T h e B u d d h i s m --of Tibet o r L a m a i s m , London, 19 39

WTTC

Wei-tsang t l u n g - c h i h

ei&,&,$,

INTRODUCTION

-

T h e full t i t l e of the Annals of Kokonor in T i b e t a n is: 'MTSHOSNGON GYI LO -RGYUS SOGS BKOD - P A I I TSHANGS -GLU GSAR SNYAN ZHES-BYA-BA BZHUGS-SO',

-

which m e a n s 'The h a r m o n -

ious, new s a c r e d song containing the a n n a l s of Kokonor, etc. ' It was w r i t t e n by S u m - p a mkhan-po Ye-shes dpal-'byor ( J f i n a 6 ribhiiti i n S a n s k r i t ) , a l e a r n e d a n d prolific a u t h o r , who wrote on a l m o s t a l l the i m p o r t a n t l a m a i s t i c subjects.

The h i s t o r i c a l

work DPAG-BSAM LJON-BZANG i s h i s m o s t famous book.

Sum-

pa, h i s family n a m e , i s connected with the ancient Sum-pa t r i b e , which once inhabited p a r t s of C e n t r a l A s i a and N o r t h e r n Tibet. Mkhan-po (abbot) is t h e t i t l e f o r the h e a d of a m o n a s t e r y o r a l e a r n e d man.

Ye - s h e s dpal-'byor i s h i s p e r s o n a l name given by

the f i r s t L c a n g - s k y a Q u t u i t u Ngag -dbang chos -1dan ( 1642- 17 14) ; he i s b e t t e r known, h o w e v e r , by h i s family name.

The outlines

of h i s life c a n b e found in S. C. Das, 'Life of S u m - p a Khan-pol a l s o s t y l e d Yes'es -Dpal-hbyor, t h e a u t h o r of the Rehumig (Chronological T a b l e ) ' ,

JASB, Vol. LVUI, P a r t I, No. 11-1889, pp. 37-

39; L. M. J . S c h r a m , 'The Monguors of the Kansu-Tibetan b o r -

of the A m e r i c a n d e r , P a r t 11: T h e i r r e l i g i o u s l i f e ' , T r a n s a c t i o n s P h i l o s o p h i c a l Society, New S e r i e s , Vol. 4 7 , P a r t I, Philadelphia, 1957, pp. 3 2 - 3 3 ; DPAG-BSAM LJON-B ZANG, P a r t 111, SATAPITAKA, Vol. 8 , 1959, pp. xiii-xviii; and B. D. Dandaron, OPISANIE TIBETSKIKH RUKOPISEY I KSILOGRAFOV BURYATSKOGO KOMPLEKSNOGO NAUCHNO-ISSLEDOVATEL'SKOGO INSTITUTA, VYPUSK 11,

4

Annals of Kokonor

MOSKVA, 1965 ( ' D e s c r i p t i o n of T i b e t a n M a n u s c r i p t s a n d Xylog r a p h s of the B u r i a t Complex R e s e a r c h Institute of the S i b e r i a n Division of t h e A c a d e m y of S c i e n c e s of t h e USSR, 2nd f a s c i c l e , S t a t e Publishing House of O r i e n t a l L i t e r a t u r e , Moscow, 1 9 6 5 ' ) , pp. 6-8. The following chronological d a t a on S u m - p a m k h a n - p o l s life a r e b a s e d on t h e above-mentioned s o u r c e s . 1704

-

According t o t h e Annals of Kokonor (p. 437) , Sum-pa mkhan-pol a Monguor, w a s b o r n in T h o - l i on t h e bank of t h e R m a - c h u (Yellow R i v e r , o r Huang-ho i n C h i n e s e ) i n the Kokonor region.

But a c c o r d i n g t o S . C. Das,

'Life of Sum-pa Khan-po' (p. 3 7 ) , h e w a s b o r n a t a place in the neighborhood of the Dgon-lung m o n a s t e r y of Amdo.

He w a s known by the t i t l e of S u m - p a Z h a b s -

drung i n h i s youth. He w a s a d m i t t e d a s a novice in the Dgon-lung m o n a s t e r y , w h e r e h e studied u n d e r the guidance of t h e L c a n g skya Q u t u r t u Ngag -dbang chos -1dan a n d the T'u-kuan Qutuftu Ngag-dbang chos -kyi r g y a - m t s h o (1680- 17 35). T h i s w a s the y e a r when Blo-bzang b s t a n - ' d z i n s t a r t e d the r e b e l l i o n i n t h e Kokonor r e g i o n a n d Sum-pa left h i s h o m e country f o r C e n t r a l Tibet.

He w a s a d m i t t e d

t o the g r e a t m o n a s t e r y of ' B r a s - s p u n g s , a c e n t e r of learning n e a r Lhasa. He m a d e a journey t o B k r a - s h i s lhun-pol w h e r e h e pronounced his final vows in the p r e s e n c e of t h e P a n c h e n Rin-po-che Blo-bzang y e - s h e s (1663- 1737). He w a s appointed Mkhan-po (abbot) of Sgo-mang, one of the four c o l l e g e s a t ' B r a s -spungs. He r e t u r n e d t o Amdo a n d found that Dgon-lung a n d

Introduction

o t h e r m o n a s t e r i e e , which had been burned during the 1723 rebellion, w e r e being rebuilt. 17 33

He founded the Bshad-sgrub-gling m o n a s t e r y a t the h e r m i t a g e of Bsam-gtan-gling, Having been summoned by t h e Ch'ien-lung E m p e r o r

17 37

( r e i g n e d 1735- 1796) , he t r a v e l e d t o Peking in the c o m pany of the Lcang-skya Qutugtu R o l - ~ a ' ir d o - r j e (17171786).

He s t a y e d five y e a r s in Peking and revised the

Tibetan books printed in China.

At the end of t h i s p e r -

iod he was g r a n t e d the title of E r d e n i Paptjita. 1743

He went t o the s a c r e d mountain of Wu-t'ai-shan

$

) in Shen-hsi (

a

f$$

(

3

), where he stayed for

three years. 1746

He r e t u r n e d t o Amdo, w h e r e he was appointed abbot of Dgon-lung.

1748

He compiled t h e Dpag-bsam ljon-bzanp;.

1776

T h i s y e a r h a s been cited a s the y e a r of Sum-pa mkhanp o t s death by s o m e s c h o l a r s .

1778

His second l e t t e r t o the t h i r d Panchen Rin-po-che was w r i t t e n when h e was seventy-five y e a r s old.

-

1786

He completed the book Annals of Kokonor.

17 87

He died a t the a g e of eighty-four.

A complete l i s t of Sum-pa mkhan-pots writings i s published i n ~ATAPITAKA, 0

1 8, pp. xk--xi,

and the Annals of Kokonor

i s l i s t e d under Kha (12) ; however, the original Tibetan text of /

the Annals of Kokonor a p p e a r s in SATAPITAKA, Vol. 12 ( 2 ) , pp. 425-458, immediately following the V A I Q ~ R Y A - S E R-PO, P a r t 2 (which i s a n account of the Dge-lugs-pa m o n a s t e r i e s of Tibet, w r i t t e n by Sangs - r g y a s r g y a - m t s h o in 1698).

This vol-

ume was edited by Dr. Lokesh Chandra and published by the I n t e r -

6

Annals of Kokonor

national Academy of Indian C u l t u r e , New Delhi, 1960.

An outline

d e s c r i p t i o n f o r e a c h of S u m - p a ' s w r i t i n g s i s found in B. D. Danda r on.

-

The T i b e t a n text of the Annals of Kokonor, which h a s b e e n /

copied i n the dbu-can s c r i p t published in the SATAPITAKA, Vol. 12 ( 2 ) , i s v e r y c l e a r , except f o r the l e t t e r s 'pa' a n d 'ba' which a r e occasionally interchanged.

Sometimes interlinear passages

in s m a l l e r s c r i p t a p p e a r a s footnotes, m a d e e i t h e r by Sum-pa himself o r by s o m e o t h e r p e r s o n .

These interlinear passages

a r e c a l l e d 'textual footnotes' in t h i s book a n d a r e placed between s q u a r e b r a c k e t s a t the a p p r o p r i a t e place in the t r a n s c r i b e d text. T h e r e a r e obvious e r r o r s in o r t h o g r a p h y in the text; t h e s e m i s t a k e s have b e e n c o r r e c t e d in m y t r a n s c r i p t i o n .

The c o r r e c t e d

orthography i s given i n t h e t r a n s c r i b e d text, a n d the original, i n c o r r e c t f o r m i s e n c l o s e d in b r a c k e t s , following the notation /

'Origo'.

T h e only copy of t h i s w o r k a v a i l a b l e t o m e i s i n SATA-

PITAKA, Vol. 12(2); t h e r e f o r e , it i s not possible t o offer a n edited text b a s e d on c o m p a r i s o n .

Consequently, s o m e s c r i b a l

e r r o r s o r o b s c u r e p a s s a g e s w e r e c o r r e c t e d o r c l a r i f i e d only through the h e l p of P r o f e s s o r T u r r e l l V. Wylie a n d Mr. Wangchen Surkhang, who i s a R e s e a r c h A s s o c i a t e of the I n n e r A s i a P r o j e c t of the University of Washington. Sum-pa mkhan-po divided the Annals of Kokonor into four c h a p t e r s : C h a p t e r one (pp. 427-429): Having pointed out that Kokonor is l o c a t e d in the A - m d o a r e a of G r e a t e r Tibet, Sum-pa quotes a n old legend found among the Kokonor people about the o r i g i n of the Kokonor lake.

He t h e n w r i t e s s o m e of h i s own

opinions t o show h i s d i s a g r e e m e n t with the legend.

C h a p t e r two

(pp. 429 - 4 4 5 ) : T h e h i s t o r y of Kokonor a n d the r e l a t e d h i s t o r i c a l e v e n t s in T i b e t , Mongolia a n d China, e m b r a c i n g a l m o s t two

Introduction

centuries (the seventeenth and eighteenth), a r e stated in this chapter.

Chapter t h r e e (pp. 445-450) : T h i s contains a poetic

description of Kokonor.

Sum-pa eulogizes the unusual riches of

the region and i t s n a t u r a l beauty.

Chapter four (pp. 450-452) :

A n a r r a t i v e about the happiness, the p l e a s u r e s , and the good deeds of t h o s e who live in Kokonor: h e r e i s d e s c r i b e d the b l i s s ful l i f e of the people who live in t h i s e a r t h l y p a r a d i s e , where everybody f r o m beggar t o r i c h man, f r o m young t o old, contemplates the b a s i c p r e c e p t s of Buddhism and where they enjoy happiness. After t h i s t h e r e follows (pp. 452-458) a religious and s e c u l a r h i s t o r y of Dzungaria and China, and a geographical section, in which p a r t i c u l a r attention i s given t o the geography of Tibet. Then the Colophon (p. 458) : Although Sum-pa mentioned r e lated Chinese, Tibetan and Mongolian events, the main p a r t of the work d e a l s with the h i s t o r y of Kokonor.

His compilation of

the Annals of Kokonor was the r e s u l t of the encouragement and r e s p e c t shown h i m by G u - s h r i Khan's descendants.

This book

was completed when he was eighty-three y e a r s old, in the F i r e h o r s e y e a r ( 1786). his m a t e r i a l s .

M a r - m e - m d z a d Ye - s h e s helped h i m select

T h e o r i g i n a l d r a f t of the book was copied by

Bt sun-chung Blo-bzang bstan-Iphel, and the one who inscribed the woodblocks was Dge -t shul Blo -bzang b r t s o n - ' g r u s . Kokonor ('Blue Lake') i s the Mongolian name for that lake called Mtsho-sngon ('Lake Blue') in Tibetan and Ch'ing-hai ('Blue Sea') in Chinese. and 37" N. Lat.

,

It i s located a t about 101° E. Long.

in the northeast c o r n e r of the p r e s e n t Ch'ing

h a i province of China.

-

The T s a i d a m basin i s situated on i t s west

side, and the Yellow R i v e r , flowing e a s t w a r d , l i e s t o its south. F r o m the v e r y beginning of the Chling dynasty (1644-19121, the

8

Annals of Kokonor

Kokonor r e g i o n h a s b e e n known a s t h e g r a z i n g land of G u - s h r i Khan a n d h i s d e s c e n d a n t s who w e r e Qogiit Mongols, d e s c e n d a n t s

fp o&

of H a - p u - t ' u H a - s a - e r h (P&$ younger b r o t h e r .

f;!

Q )

Chinggis Khan's

S u m - p a ' s Annals of Kokonor d e a l s m a i n l y

with the h i s t o r y of G u - s h r i Khan a n d h i s d e s c e n d a n t s f r o m the b i r t h of G u - s h r i Khan (1582) up t o t h e completion of t h i s book in 1786.

Being r e s p e c t e d and v i s i t e d by G u - s h r i ~ h a n ' sd e s c e n d a n t s ,

s u c h as B e - s i Mtsho-skyes r d o - r j e , Sum-pa w r o t e the a n n a l s f o r t h e i r family.

He concealed the s h a m e f u l a s p e c t s of t h e i r h i s t o r y

a s well a s he could: when h e d e s c r i b e d t h e r e b e l l i o n of 1723, he did not e v e n mention t h e n a m e of Blo-bzang b s t a n - ' d z i n , t h e l e a d e r of the rebellion, who fled t o Dzungaria a f t e r being defeated in 17 24.

On the o t h e r hand, Sum-pa did not m a k e e x c u s e s f o r B l o -

bzang b s t a n - ' d z i n b e c a u s e Sum-pa h a d b e e n well r e c e i v e d while he w a s a t the Manchu court.

P e r h a p s h e h a d t o be cautious about

t h e s t r i c t ' l i t e r a r y inquisition (

A3

) of t h e Manchus

a s well; t h e r e f o r e , the book h a d t o be w r i t t e n v e r y c a r e f u l l y by t h i s l e a r n e d Monguor l a m a . In seeking t o p l e a s e h i s p a t r o n s , the Qosiits, S u m - p a a l l but ignored the e x i s t e n c e of the fifth Dalai L a m a , Ngag-dbang blobzang r g y a - m t s h o (1617 -1682) in h i s Annals of Kokonor.

Gu-shri

Khan had conquered T i b e t i n 1642 a n d d e s e r v e d t o be p r a i s e d for h i s v i c t o r y o v e r the Red Hat a n t a g o n i s t s , but it i s a fact that he p r e s e n t e d T i b e t a s a r e l i g i o u s gift t o the fifth Dalai L a m a .

In

o t h e r s o u r c e s , t h e fifth Dalai L a m a i s d e s c r i b e d a s a m a n of g r e a t d e t e r m i n a t i o n a n d f o r c e of c h a r a c t e r , who d r e w a l l power gradually into his own hands, including that of appointing t h e r e gent.

-- S u m - p a ,

T h e T i b e t a n s r e f e r t o h i m a s the G r e a t Fifth.

on the o t h e r hand, did not e v e n mention t h e fifth Dalai L a m a in connection with G u - s h r i Khan's conquest of Tibet.

By c o m p a r i s o n ,

Introduction

the detailed account of the fifth Dalai L a m a ' s enthronement and r i s e t o political power given in T s e p o n W. D. Shakabpa, Tibet:

A - Political H i s t o r y (Yale University P r e s s , 1967) r e p r e s e n t s the traditional T i b e t a n point of view regarding that period of history.

Sum-pa, even though a Yellow Hat l a m a , was b o r n a

Monguor and was r e g a r d e d a s a f o r e i g n e r by the Tibetans.

More

over, the Monguors a r e ethnically c l o s e r t o the QoBiit Mongols than t o t h e Tibetans; the r e f o r e , the obvious prejudice of Sum -pa in favor of G u - s h r i Khan o v e r the fifth Dalai L a m a in writing h i s Annals of Kokonor would s e e m t o be based upon his ethnic affinity for the QoSiits and h i s need t o f l a t t e r t h e m a s his patrons. The Annals of Kokonor i s a n invaluable Tibetan h i s t o r y of the Kokonor region, since it was completed by a l e a r n e d l a m a born and r e a r e d i n that region.

In the second chapter, particularly,

Sum-pa h a s a r r a n g e d the h i s t o r y m a t e r i a l s with a high degree of a c c u r a c y r e g a r d i n g data a n d d a t e s . emphasize religious events.

Moreover, h e did not o v e r -

If t h i s book i s r e a d f r o m the point

of view of l i t e r a t u r e , i t s style i s found t o be c l e a r and w e l l - o r d e r ed.

Sum-pa himself s t a t e d in t h e colophon that he used a n a r r a -

tive style r a t h e r than the traditional Tibetan poetic style of w r i t ing because h e wanted t o l e t people know the h i s t o r y of the Kokonor region; and it s e e m s the n a r r a t i v e style of Tibetan writing would be e a s i e r f o r non-Tibetans.

F o r t h e s e r e a s o n s , I have

of Kokonor a s the t r a n s l a t e d the second c h a p t e r of the Annals b a s i s of t h i s book, a s it may be of some value t o those who a r e i n t e r e s t e d in the h i s t o r y of t h i s region a s well a s t o those i n t e r e s t e d in Tibetan l i t e r a t u r e in g e n e r a l . The Kokonor region i s populated chiefly by Tibetan, Mongolian, and Chinese people.

Since Sum-pa mkhan-po used only the

Tibetan language t o t r a n s c r i b e the n a m e s of the different people,

Annals of Kokonor

10

t r i b e s , and places, it was p e r h a p s impossible f o r h i m not t o have made some e r r o r s .

Consequently, I have checked t h e s e t r a n s c i p -

tions with o t h e r s o u r c e s t o verify t h e i r a c c u r a c y and t o e l i m i n a t e any e r r o r s which Sum-pa made.

Unfortunately, b e c a u s e of dif-

ficulties in obtaining reliable, up-to-date m a t e r i a l s f r o m Communist China, a l l of t h e facts and d e s c r i p t i o n s relating t o the Kokonor region and Tibet in t h i s book a r e b a s e d on what e x i s t e d p r i o r t o the Communist Chinese take - o v e r i n 1950.

TRANSCRIPTION O F TEXT

(P. 429, line 13)

/ / R t s a b a ' i gnyis pa n i l Gna' sngon gang

s u s yul de bdag byas pa'i y i ge bdag gis m a mthong la/ 'on kyang snga dus s u s a stong l t a bu l a s u 'dug g i nges pa m e d dam enyarn/ b a r s k a b s n a s bod dpa' r i s kyis bdag byas t s h e phur t s h a egam pa choe r d o r j e zhes pa'ang byung n a s m t s h o snying ri sogs l a bsdad/

dpa' ris kyi r j e s s u bod a chi'i dpon r t a rnang po yod pa

l a khri r t a d m a r c a n du g r a g s pa 'bangs bcas kyis ljongs (Origo: ljogs) de l a dbang bsgyur dus s u glang d k a r po zhon nas Igro ba'i bla m a glang d k a r c a n zhes pa grub pa thob pa l t a bu zhig m t s h o snying dang m t s h o ' i nub (Origo: zhub) ' g r a m gyi mgon po gdong zhes pa'i b r a g khung dang/

k h r o bo l t a bu dang bskang r d z a s ' d r a

ba rang byung du m a yod pa 'i b r a g b a r s o g s su bsdod patang byung/ yang b a r d e r bod c o n i ' i m i sde zhig &ng/

phyis su l e n

t a n hu thog thu y a r longs n a s l a m du 'das r j e s s u r u sde 'thor b a n i nang g i cha gwar s d e t s h a n zhig kyang r m a chu k h a r bsdad de s a m k h a r bzung n a s zhing btab z e r /

de l t a r na s n g a r rgyal dpon

chen po kho n a s bdag byas p a t i nges pa m e d pa ' d r a /

de nas thu

med ho l o che dpon spun 'bangs bcas yun ring bsdad/

de due

(p. 430) s u rgyal ba gnyis pa r j e blo bzang g r a g s ~ a ' dge i lugs zhwa s e r b a ' i b s t a n pa d r i m a m e d pa bod dang bod chen dang 60g

yul du d a r r g y a s che l a / deli nang nas de l a snying n a s dad pa byang stod kyi sog po o r o d (Origo: rang) t s h o bzhi dang/ b a r du bod chen gyi a mdo dpa' r i s sogs dang/ s m a d kyi sog PO mon gwol phal c h e r yin l a / de la m i dad p a r bod kyi chos lugs gzhan

Annals of K o k o ~

12

l a snying n a s gus pa n i l

stod du gtsang rgyal k a r m a phun tshogs

(Origo: chogs) r n a m rgyal dang deli bu b s t a n skyong dbang po snga phyi ni g t s o bor k a r ' b r u g l a g u s / b a r k h a m s kyi be r i don yod rgyal po ni bon chos l a phu dud byed/

ha1 ha tshog thu rgyal

po ni kha la nang pa sangs r g y a s p a r gus skad l a s don ngo t i l a rgya nag g i bon po do'u s e ' i lugs l a d g a l / s m a d kyi ching g i s rgyal p o ' i brgyud pa rgyal po [che 16 chung 211 s o bdun pa l e n t a n i pa m e d / ni gang l a l a n g dad ~ a ' nges

yangs gangs c a n gyi dbus pa

byings gu r u chos dbang l a s d a r ba'i rnying chos b s t a n p a ' i snying p o r 'dzin l a /

r g y a l dpon snga m a de bzhi s o s o s 'dod pa de l t a r

m i ' d r a y a n g / dge lugs pa l a s h i n tu m i dga' b a r mthun t e /

dper

na s h a ba [ r t s a lo] dang bya chen go bo (Origo: bya chen bya chen go po) [rdo] dang b r a n g ' g r o [rlung] dang d r e d [shing ' b r a s ] s o s o s (Origo: s o s o s m ) rang r a n g g i kha z a s m i ' d r a yang/ kun gyis sha za zhing/ thun mong du d r i bzang s m a n mchog l t e b a n i d r i l a m i dga' b a r mthun pa l t a r r o /

/ d e l t a na yang phyis s u ju

'un gwar gyi gu s h r i r ( s i c ! =gu s h r i ) r g y a l po phyogs ' d i r byon n a s I

og tu s m o s l t a r du zhwa s e r b a ' i b s t a n d g r a kun r m a n g m e d du

bgyis (Origo: bgyas) t e dge ldan p a t i lugs gtsang nyin (Origo: nyid) byed dbang po l t a r g s a l b a r (Origo: p a r ) m d z a d l a / s p y i bshad t s a m yin no/

de ni

/bye b r a g tu r g y a l po de s o s o ' i l o rgyus

cung zad s p r o s bshad kyi zhor l a /

dus skabs d e r rgya bod h o r

g s u m gyi bla chen rgyal dpon byon r i m dang/

l e g s nyes kyi bya

ba gang dang gang byung ba (Origo: pa) phyi r a b s kyi phal mang gis s h e s s l a d du r a g s t s a m s m o s n a /

de yang l o drug cu s k o r

mthun r a b byung bcu p a t i l c a g s r t a l a pan chen blo bzang chos kyi rgyal m t s h a n ' k h r u n g s /

chu byi l a gtsang pa k a r m a phun

tshogs r n a m r g y a l gyis gtsang phyogs dbang du bsdus t s h e gtsang stod rgyal po snga m a zhes g r a g s / m e s b r u l l a bla m a r i n po che sku lnga pa b l t a m s /

s a r t a l o r gtsang r g y a l gyis bod dbus kyang

Transcription

blangs t e /

13

lha ea dang ' b r a e epunge kyi rgyab r i r ekya s e r brgya

phrag mang po l a gnod pa byae t e / mthalang b a g y u r /

dge (p. 431) lugs pa'i grub

s e r ' b r a s kyi dge 'dun 'thor naa etag lung phu

mdo'i b a r du byon dus s u bsnyen bkur byae pas phyie eu lha s m o n l a m gyi mang ja'i ja r o dang ja ' d r e n pa stag lung pa l a byin zer/

d e ' i snga phyir b k r a s h i s lhun po'i 'dab tu k a r rnying gi chos

sde chen po zhig g s a r rgyag clang/

rgyab rir lcags r i ' i apc'u

mthon po b r t s e g s pa l a skye bo b r a 'chal mang poe b k r a shie zil gnon zhes btags pas r t e n ' b r e l m a

lgrig/

bod dbus skyid ehod kyi

s e ri dang k a r rnying gi thub chen gling zhes patang bzung s k a d / skabs d e r dge ldan pa'i btsun pa r n a m s kyia zhwa s n a m d m a r e e r gnyis kyis zhwa phyi nang bgyis pa bzos t e phyi begyur nang begyur byas n a s gyon dgos byung b a s 'gal r u l o t s a ' i zhwa d a l t a r kho rang g i nye du'i nang na yod do/

/ l c a g s b y a r s m a d nae dpon ho l o che'i

s r a s gu r u hung t h e je dang lha btsun blo bzang b s t a n 'dzin rgya m t s h o spun gyis sog dmag khrid longs n a s skyid shod [sde pas kyang dmag g r o g s byas nas ekyid shod] kyi rkyang thang sgang du gtsang dmag gi nang du thog rgyug byas p a s gteang pa pham ste/

s n g a r s h o r l h a s a s o g s t s h u r l a thob cing g r u b mtha' begyur

balang s n g a r babs s u bzhag g o / yang de dus s u sog po m t s h o chen drug t u g r a g s p a ' i gzhung k h r i m s l a dmag 'khrugs kyi skabs lta b u r mtshon phog m i n p a r t s h o sde rang l a nang 'khrugs dang lag zin m i ni lug l t a r gsod sogs kyi s r o l ngan m e d kyang l e n t a n rgyal po dang tshog thu dpon ngan gnyis kyi dus s u de l a r l a / de yang r a b byung bcu gcig p a ' i s a 'brug l o n a s len t a n rgyal pos thing gwas han gyi nang s d e ' i gzhung k h r i m s bzhig nas cha gwar du nang 'khrugs bslangs t e m i mang po bkum nas y a r gyi dge ldan p a r ' t s h e ba r n a m s kyi g r o g s byed p a r 'ongs zhor l a l a m du thu med dang u r tu s u ' i sde lga' zhig bcom nas shing khyir bod kyi s a ' i cha sha r a t h a l a zhes p a r 'byor t s h e chos rgyal r n a m g s u m

Ailnals of Kokonor

deli t s h e cha gwar gyi b r o s m i mang

gyis lnga ~ a ' lia m du btang/

po ha1 h a r song ba dpon r n a m s kyis b r t s o d dus s u /

shing khyi l o r

t shog thu dpon ngan gyis nang 'khrugs bslangs n a s s r o l ngan ngom t s h e ha1 ha mang g i s spyug pa m t s h o sngon du longs t e /

thu m e d

ho l o che 'bangs b c a s blangs n a s d e r 'dug dus s u m t s h o sngon du tshog thu rgyal p o r g r a g s / de l t a r stod kyi gtsang r g y a l gyis (Origo: gyi) (p. 432) dge ldan pa l a nye b a r ' t s h e zhing s m a d kyi be r i r g y a l pos nang p a r dad ~ a ' bla i dpon s o g s mang po bkum zhing k h r i mon du bcug pa dang/ tshog thu han gyis zhwa s e r b a n ibla m a s e r m o ba du m a bkum cing k h r i m s r a r bcug pa dang/ de gnyis kyis dad ldan mang po dbus gtsang du Igro b a ' i g s e r z a m bcad s o g s rkyen gyis r j e tsong kha ~ a ' bi s t a n pa nyam d m a ' b a r Igyur/

deli t s h e bod pa dpon bsod n a m s chos ' ~ h e clang/ l

a mdo'i

dgon lung mgon chen gyi g r w a pa lga1 r u l o tsZ ba s n a che dang s e m nyi kha che c e s pa blo rgod (Origo: rkod) pa gnyis kyang bod du phyin n a s /

de g s u m dge ldan p a r dad kyang dbang m e d du

gtsang rgyal gyi drung 'khor gyi g r a l du yod l a /

deli t s h e de dag

dang skyid shod kyi dga' ldan dgon p a t i sbyin bdag s t a g r t s e rdzong gi sde pa m t s h o skye r d o r j e r n a m s g r o s mthun n a s l a m o chos skyong l a lung zhus byas p a s /

byang phyogs kyi dpon s b r u l gyi

r i m o yod p a ' i s k e r a g c a n gyis d g r a gnon thub zhes p a r b r t e n nas gsang s t e s e m n y i l a m Iga' r u l o tsZ ba jo 'un gwar phyogs s u mngag t s h e (Origo: t s h a ) /

de rang yul du longs nas dpa' r i s kyi

dmag grogs nyung b s h a s k h r i d nas songs t e jo 'un g w a r du s l e b s nas/

rgyal dpon r n a m s l a gtsang (Origo: gtsan) rgyal s o g s kyis

dge ldan pa snub p a r 'dod de da l t a r zhwa s e r ba l a s h i n t u sdang zhing d g r a d a r d r a g p a ' i gnas tshul zhus nas phyir log longs s t e gtsang du phyin/ de nas rgyal dpon r n a m s

1

dus nad dbus gtsang

du s u I g r o b a r g r o s mdzad skabs su gu'u s h r i ( s i c ! =gu s h r i ) han zhes pas bod dbus s u kho bo Igro zhes zhal bzhes m d z a d /

de

Transcription

nyid s n g a r o ' i lod s d e zung bzhi'i nang g i ho shod kyi r u e gwal gwas yin p a s dpon c h e n ha ni'i no yon hong g w a r gyi b t s u n m o chun m a ' i a h a ' i ha thun z h e s pa s r a s dpa' m d z a n g s b r t u l phod pa s t a g z h e s p a ' i s p u n lnga yod p a ' i g s u m pa chu r t a l o b a ' i ming i zer la/ tho r i ~ e ' u hu

de nyid l o bcu g s u m lon d u s s u d m a g b c a s

phyin n a s m g o d k a r h o thon gyi d m a g b z h i k h r i pham p a s dpal b o ' i g r a g s pa r g y a s shing m n g a ' (Origo: m d a ' ) thang d a r / r a n g l o n y e r lnga l o n d u s s u /

yang

o ' i lod dang ha1 ha m a mthun p a r

s d e g z a r c h e n po 'byung la khad k y i d u s s u /

d e nyid theg n a s

m k h a s p a t i g t a m bzang pos ' d u m p a r m d z a d p a s ha1 h a ' i bla r g y a l gyis t a l i gu'u s h r i z h e s cho l o phul p a s de l t a r dpa' zhing m k h a s p a t i s n y a n g r a g s c a n zhig g o / de n a s shing phag l o r tshog t h u s r a n g g i bu a r s a l a n g t h e ' i je k h r i d m a g (p. 4 3 3 ) b c a s dbus g t s a n g g i dge l d a n pati b l a c h e n r n a m s l a ' t s h e ba dang g r w a t s h a n g s g r u b s d e g t o r p h y i r du m n g a g p a ' b r i (Origo: ' b r u ) c h u ' i s t o d du s l e b tshe/ I

ngag s g r o s s h i g t u d e l i t s h e jo ' u n g w a r n a s gu s h r i dpon

khor nyung s h a s dang b c a s pa1ang l h a m j a l t s h u l du s n g a r gyi pho

nya b a ' i g t a m b d e n m i b d e n r t a g s ched du byon pa dang a r s a lang l a ' p h r a d n a s m n y a m du I g r o l a m du gu s h r i s de l a zhwa s e r b s t a n p a r ' t s h e m i r u n g b a ' i r g y u m t s h a n m a n g du b s h a d s e m s l a bzhag n a s bod du phyin/ r a n g yul du byon z e r r o /

as/

des de

gu s h r i phyi l o r s n g a l a m de n a s

/ d e n a s a r s a lang d m a g b c a s gangs c a n

du ' b y o r n a s p h a s ngag bkod l t a r m a b y a s ~ a r /d m a g dbus g. y a s g. yon r u g s u m du b y a s t e y a r dang yul c h e n l g y e d /

' b r o g tu phyin n a s gt s a n g d m a g

s k a b s d e r bod d m a g r g y a che zhes ~ a ' shob i

kyis ' u r zhog g i s s o g d m a g skyid zhod ( s i c ! = s h o d ) du b a b s /

me

byi l o r z l a b a dang p o r a r sa lang s o g s kyis bla m a r i n po che sku lnga p a l a m j a l z h i n g / dge l d a n p a t i dgon s g r u b la gnod pa m e d p a t i s t e n g du dad g u s b g y i s /

de n a s g t s a n g r g y a l gyis b s d u s

p a ' i bod kyi d m a g c h e n byang g i g n a m m t s h o dang nye b a r s l e b s

16

tshe/

Annals of Kokonor

sog dmag kyang byang du 'byor nas 'thab pa'i s h o m r a byas

s h i n g / deli t s h e gtsang pas rnying sngags lugs kyi byad mthu byas pas a r s a lang s m y o s pa dang dmag khrod du thog 'khyug rgyug pas sog dmag gis g. yul Igyed pa bshol n a s bod dmag ' t h o r /

de nas

gtsang rgyal gyi phyogs s u yod p a t i zhwa d m a r r a b 'byams pa sogs kyi b s a m s tshod l a tshog thu dang gtsang pa phyogs gcig bgyis t e / k a r 'brug rnying m a bteg nas kha ba c a n gyi chos lugs gzhan dag btang snyoms s u bzhag s t e dge lugs pa ming m e d du byed 'dod mchis kyang m i s b s a m s s a r r t a m i rgyug ~ a ' di p e r gyur t s h e /

zhwa d m a r

i s o g s kyis r a b 'byams pa dang tshog thu'i dmag l a phyin ~ a ' blon m t s h o sngon du bang chen pa mngag n a s /

a r s a lang gis yab rgyal

po'i gsungs l t a r du m a byas p a r zhwa s e r pa l a gnod ' t s h e m i byed p a t i steng du mchod bkur byas t e gtsang r g y a l dang 'thab pas ' d i ji l t a r byed c e s p a t i l a n du/ tshog thus de thabs kyis sod c e s pa l t a r du de n a m mkha' dwangs (p. 434) p a t i dbus kyi s p r i n gyi dum bu l t a r bgyis t e /

sog dmag kyang phyir log pa ' d r a /

/ l o d e r gu

s h r i s jo 'un g a r pZ t h u r the je dpung b c a s dmag g r o g s l a k h r i d nas phyogs ' d i r byon t e /

l a m gyi yi l e dang t h a r i m dang has tag g i

chu klung dang ' d a m chen po ston dgun m t s h a m s s u Ikhyags steng nas b r g a l t e /

m t s h o sngon gyi s a s n e ' i bu lung g e r du 'byor n a s

m i r t a s ngal g s o s t e r i dwags r n a ba mang po l a b r t e n n a s bsdad ~ a ' ri i l a ming gwan y a m thu zhes ming b t a g s /

m e glang gi l o g s a r

zla ba dang por m t s h o sngon gyi stod du 'byor n a s dmag chig k h r i s / tshog thu'i dmag s u m k h r i dang g. yul chen lgyed d e /

r i sne gnyis

khrag gis d m a r por gyur ba l a deng sang u l a n ho s h o che chung du grags/

s r a s t a yan t h e ' i je s o g s dmag b c a s kyis tshog thu'i dmag

lhag ma h a r gel gyi khyags rorn steng du ded nas p h a m /

dmag 'gal

zhig de'i s h a r ngos lung b a r gtad nas blangs p a r deng sang s h a ha1 z e r / tshog thu dpon ni lphyi khung zhig n a s bzung s t e dge ldan pa'i b s t a n d g r a de p h a m /

deli t s h e r g y a g a r du yin na r g y a l rnga brdungs

Transcription

shing d g r a l a s r g y a l ba'i (Origo: pa'i) rgyal mtshan begrenge 'om p a t i tshod yin no/

/ d e l i r j e s s u s a stag ea yos l o r r i m p a r gu e h r i r

(sic ! = s h r i ) r g y a l po'i jo 'un gwar gyi r u sde t h a m s c a d kyang mteho sngon phyogs s u ' b y o r /

de n a s rgyal pos dmag grogs t h e ' i je la pa

thur hung t h e ' i je'i cho l o dang rgyu r d z a s mtha' yas pa dang rang gi s r a s m o a m i n tZ r a chung m a r gnang n a s rang yul du btang ngo/ / l o d e r bod dbus s u thegs t s h e rgyal dbang lnga pas betan 'dzin chos rgyal zhes pa'i m t s h a n gyis gzeng bstod/

yang s a yos l o ' i mgor pe

r i ( s i c ! =be r i ) dpon gyis gt sang rgyal l a ' p h r i n bskur b a r nged gnyis gnyen 1b r e l byed/ jo bo r i n po che z e r b a ' i zangs eku des dmag s n a ' d r e n p a r 'dug pas de chu l a bskyur s t e / gsum bshig p a ' i shul du mchod r t e n r e b r t s i g s nas/

s e r ' b r a s dge rang r e s ban

bon gang ' 0 s r e b r t e n nas l e g s zhes spring (Origo: s m r i n g ) / de la gzhan gyis b k r a l b a ' i zhing bcu tshang b a r 'dug c e s srnad skad/ skabs d e r gtsang (Origo: btsang) rgyal gyis bod k h r i s k o r bcu gsum gyi dmag bsdus kyang/

de l a ma 'thab p a r phyir log t e s l a r

m t s h o k h a r byon/ d e ' i t s h e s r a s ratna the'i je sogs gyis a mdo'i bod kun dmag dpung g i dpat s t s a l stobs kyis dbang du bsdus t e / dpa' r i ' i dbus kyi g r w a s a chen po dgon lung [byams gling] l a lha sde rgya chen b s t s a l [lab t s h o k h r a mang m a n t e ' i mtsho 'yan]/ de nas (p. 435) s a yos lnga p a r ko'u s h r i ( s i c ! =gu s h r i ) ge gen han de nyid sog dmag dpung chen po 'jigs rung b c a s pa rlung 'tshub d m a r nag bzhin du c h a s t e / bu r a m shing b a ' i b s t a n pa s p y i l a nye b a r ' t s h e b a ' i be r i r g y a l p h r a n gyi phyogs s u byon n a s khams phal c h e r stobs r t s a l gyis blangs /

l c a g s ' b r u g zla [ l l ] t s h e s [25] l a be

r i rgyal p o r g r a g s pa de bzung n a s k h r i mon du bcug/ d e s s n g a r s a dge k a r ' b r u g ' b r i stag gi bla m a m i dpon s e r skya mang po btson r a r b s k o r ba kun bton pas r a b d g a l i snyan s g r a phyogs d e r khyab/

de n a s 'jang s a d a m rgyal po t s h u n chad kyi [khams kyi]

ljongs kun chab 'og tu b s d u s /

l c a g s s b r u l l o r s l a r yang dmag chen

18

Annals of Kokonor

khrid de bod dbus brgyud n a s gtsang du phebs t e /

gtsang rgyal

snga m a ' i bu na gzhon m i b s r u n ~ a ' dpung i chen dang sog dmag ' k h r u g s t e k h r a s byilu b r d a s l t a r dbang m e d du m n a n /

de r j e s

gu'u ( s i c I =gu) s h r i rang l o r e gcig lon dus s u chu r t a ' i z l a [ l ] t s h e s [8] l a stod kyi rdzong bcu g s u m blangs t e /

gtsang rgyal

bzung nas ko t h u m r g y a b / yang dpon bsod n a m s chos 'phel kyis bkrong yang z e r /

de n a s k a r m a pa l a dad kyang dge ldan pa l a

shin t u sdang ba k h a m s bod b a r kyi rkong po'ang m n g a l log t u bcug/ gling bcu g s u m du g r a g s ~ a ' gi r w a tshang r n a m s g s a r 'dzin gyi rmang gzhi btab (Origo: btang)

/ de l t a r d g r a bo'i phyogs kun l a s

r n a m p a r r g y a l n a s bod chol gwa ( s i c ! =kha) g s u m du g r a g s pa yongs la stobs kyi 'khor 10s dbang bsgyur t e /

l o d e l i zla [3] t s h e s [15] l a

bod rgyal gyi k h r i Iphang mthon p o r 'khod/

deli t s h e r g y a g a r dang

bal yul dang m n g a l r i s rgyal po ' g a t zhig gis skyes (Origo: skyi) bzang phul l o / I

m d o r na de l t a r mnga' thang s h i n t u d a r cing b s t a n

dzin chos rgyal gu'u s h r i ke ken han ( s i c ! =gu s h r i ge gen han)

zhes p a ' i m t s h a n snyan phyogs kun tu g r a g s s h i n g / deli dmag dpung dpa' r t s a l b r t u l phod pa phon chen po r g y a g a r gyi a kqo h i ni dpung chen dang ' g r a n p a ' i c h a r s p r i n nag po yongs s u 'thib pa rlung nag chen po l t a r Igro b a ' i s g r a ' i glog (Origo: klog) d m a r b a r ' t s h a m s m e d p a r 'khyug bzhin d u /

dad d e s ' j i g s m t s h o n c h a ' i thog

'khyug m i bzad pa r a b tu ' b a r ba phabs

as/

nag po'i l a s kyi ' b r a s bu da dus s m i n n a s /

sngon gyi log s m o n r j e r g y a l ba gnyis p a ' i

zhwa s e r b s t a n pa dang de ' d z i n p a ' i dkye bu d a m pa sbyin bdag b c a s pa l a log p a r 'khu (p. 436) b a ' i d g r a bo'i b r a g r i s e m s r t s u b r t s e rnon gzengs pa m t h a ' dag b c o m s t e l k h r i m s zung r a b ' j a m g r u c h a r 'dod dgur ' j o b a s / bod du gtogs s o cog g i chos s r i d kyi r i thang g i nags t s h a l r t s i shing l o tog m a lus pa dbyar m t s h o ' i mched por s p e l t e /

gnam l a nyi zla zung gis brgyan l t a r du s a

la'ang r i bo dge ldan p a ' i gangs c a n gyi mchod yon zung g i lugs

19

Transcription

gnyis kyi mdzad bzang g i snyan g r a g s rgya bod h o r gsum gi ljongs kun du lha yul gyi rnga bo c h e ' i s g r a chen do z l a r lhang lhang s g r o g s bzhin pa ' d i l o / / d e l t a r dge ldan r n a m p a r rgyal ba'i (Origo: ~ a ' i )b s t a n pa'i r g y a l mtshan lha yul b a r du bsgreng Igran gyur t e /

gangs t e s e nas mdo khams yan chad kyi bod du gtog s o

cog dge lugs p a ' i sbyin bdag tu b s g p r nas bla m a dgon s g r u b lha sde skya s e r kun bde skyid dpal l a sbyor b a r (Origo: p a r ) mdzad do/ de n a s ljongs d e l i mang gis / yin/

rang dbang t h a m s cad bde ba

/ g z h a n dbang t h a m s c a d sdug bsngal yin/

zhes pa l t a r r a m

gang l t a r yang rang dbang gzhan l a ma s h o r n a b s a m s pa gu (Origo: ku) dogs yod kyang/ ring po'i don dgongs t e /

rgyal po nyid kyis phyis kyi rgyang

dge ldan pa l a s l a r sdang ba byung s r i d

na de z i l gyis gnon zhing de 'dzin pa'i d a m pa dang dge 'dun dang sbyin bdag b c a s pa l a dpung gnyen lta bur 'byur ched du/

rang gi

s r a s brgyud b c a s pas bod rgyal mdzad p a ' i s r o l btsugs phyir du gong s m o s l t a r rang nyid thog m a r rgyal k h r i r 'khod do/

skabs

d e r shing s p r e l l o r khams tha pur rgyal po'i sde khrod kyi lu ju zi zhes pa jag rkun (Origo: rgun) d r u g gis chom po'i dmag khrid I

ongs pa z i ling du s l e b s nas p i ' i cing du phyin d e /

rgya rgyal

tha m a khrung ting g i s r i d 'phrog nas zla s h a s [5] l a rgyal s a r s d a d kyang/

d e ' i t s h e khrung ting g i blon po wang [u'u wang d r u m ]

zhig g i s / n o r gwan c h a ' i brgyud pa m a n ju'u jur chid rgyal po l a zhus n a s /

d e l i dmag dang rgya dmag g i s ~ i ' cing i bskor t s h e jag

dmag b r o s n a s k h a m s l a s o n g / m a n ju'u rgyal po thog m a shun

t i chi the tsung r g y a l s a r ' f i o d do/

/ m e phag l o r gtsang dbus

gnyis r a l kha byung/ chu 'brug l o r bla m a r i n po che sku lnga pa rgya yul p e ' i cing du thegs s t e phyi l o r y a r byon/

de nas bzung

s t e rgya bod ' b r e l che zhing m n g a l r i ( s i c ! = r i s ) m a n (p. 437) chad kyi bod rgya rgyal gyi mngal log t u tshud do/

shing r t a l a

gu s h r i ' d a s n a s r i g s s r a s che ba dwa yan r g y a l s a r 'khod de s a

20

Annals of Kokonor

khyir t h a m ka phull r g y a l s a r bzhugs/

chu stag l a m a h z t s i n a r khang zhi bde skyid

m e lug l a m t s h o sngon po'i dmag g i s rgya

m k h a r z i ling b s k o r t s h e r g y a l i dmag chen grong lang b a r du longs yang s l a r mthun p a r g y u r / l c a g s phag l o r bod r g y a l du r a t n a 'khod s o g s log t u Igod l t a r r o /

/ b a r d e r shing s t a g l a sngon gyi rgya nag

r a l pa can gyi u ' u wang gi brgyud pa phid s e ching wang dang rgya r g y a l ma mthun p a ' i dus gzeng byung yang m y u r du z h i / l o r a b a r s a n g s r g y a s rgya m t s h o s d e s r i d b y a s / tshangs dbyangs rgya m t s h o b l t a m s /

s a lug

chu phag l a

shing glang l a t s h a n g s

dbyangs r g y a m t s h o bla m a r i n po c h e ' i k h r i r 'khod/

rab drag

[ l l ] tha m a m e s t a g l a mon pa bla m a r i n po che ' k h r u n g / yang r g y a l chen gu s h r i ' i btsun m o g s u m l a s r a s bcu yod p a ' i nang gi gzhan dang brgyud pa phal c h e r gyis thog m a r m t s h o sngon gyi r m a (Origo: r m u ) chu'i ' g r a m gyi tho l i [kho b o ' i skye s a ] zhes p a r gzhi bzung b a s 5 lod ( s i c ! = o r o d ) kyi pa r o n gwar zhes g r a g s / phyi s u t s h a b che zhes p a r lha khang bzheng/

de n a s r g y a l dbang

lnga pas s g o mang bla z u r h o r ngag dbang ' p h r i n l a s lhun g r u b l a no m i n han gyi cho l o gnang n a s m t s h o sngon gyi s a r m n g a g / de longs n a s 'ju lag g i stod kyi shug s h a pad stong g i chu 'dus m d o ' i ju 'un gwar gyis s n g a r n a s bzung b a ' i s t a g s n a [go'u s i ] dgon yod pa dang nye s a r dpon t h a m s cad bsdus t e s o s o ' i 'dug s a ' i gzhi bgos nas byin l t a r d u /

g. y a s r u g. yon r u byas t e phyis kyi shing

yos kyi dus zing b a r du kun mthun cing m i phyugs 'phel ngang du bde skyid kho n a s dus Ida' b a r (Origo: p a r ) gnas s o /

/ r a b nyi

[12] m e glang l o r gong m a khang zhi rgyal po yul ljongs b s k o r t s h u l du nying sha m k h a r brgyud de shing nga phur thegs t s h e / thu m e d pa phyag na r d o r j e tZ bla m a sogs m t s h o sngon gyi dpon r n a m s 'bod p a r mngag pa dang dus mtshungs s u lcang skya r i n po che gong ma'ang bla m a r i n po che drug pa l a t h a m ka ' j a ' s a 'bul ched du btang b a s kyang m t s h o kha'i dpon r n a m s l a rgyal p o r

Transcription

' t s h a m s zhus l a phyin na l e g s tehul gsungs pa l a yid (p. 438) chee nas shing nga ( 0 r i g o : d e ) phur phyin t s h e /

rgyal poe gu s h r i

rgyal ~ o ' si r a s chung ba b k r a s h i s pa t h u r l a ching wang &ng/ gzhan l a r i m p a r jun wang dang/ pi le &ng/

bi s e &ng gung

dang ja s a g s o g s kyi cho l o t h a m ka dang gnang sbyin rgya chen b s t s a l n a s m t s h o sngon pa dbang du bsdue t e rgya sog ' b r e l bzang g s e r thag g i s

beings/ skabs d e r dpon Iga1 zhig m a song ba t a yan

hung t h e ' i je sags/ r j e s s o r pi cing du phyin/

lha bzang ma Bong

b a r phyi l o r s a s t a g l a b a r o chu 'gag nas bod dbus s u thegs nas s n g a r gyi sog r g y a l r n a m s bzhugs s a r bsdad/

chu r t a l o r tshangs

dbyangs rgya m t s h o s b s t a n pa'i mnga' bdag pa? chen r i n po che blo bzang ye s h e s l a 'dul s d o m phul nas ma bzhes m i dbang g i tshul bzung/ l o d e r s a n g s r g y a m pa z u r pa mdzad de khong (Origo: khod) r a n g g i s r a s che ba s d e s r i d du bzhag/

chu lug

l o r lha bzang r g y a l s a r 'khod kyang sde s r i d dang r t s e mgo r t s o d Igran gyis m a mthun pas /

shing b y a r zla ba dang por rgyal m o

t s h e ring b k r a s h i s s p u s (Origo: spun) m a yin bzhin du sde s r i d s o g s kyis lha bzang l a rdzong b r d a ' byas t e m t s h o sngon du btangs kyang/

nag c h u r s l e b s n a s m t s h o sngon l a m a log b a r dmag tshogs

byas t e zla ba drug p a r y a r log n a s dmag t s h a n g s u m [rgad m o 'phrang n a s r g y a l PO/ r g o l a nas thu gwus je s a n g / stod (Origo: stong) lung n a s t s h e r i n g a m t s h e dbang rgyal m o / ] khrid songs nas r g o l a dang r g a d m o Iphrang dang stod lung g s u m nas phyin t e / bod k h r i s k o r (Origo: s g o r ) 'dod g r a n g s dang khams dang mngal r i s t s h u n gyi dmag t s h a n chen po dang g. yul 'gyed de lha s a blang t s h e / s a n g s r g y a m pa ko (Origo: go) g r u ' i steng nas gong d k a r rdzongs l a b r o s pa rgyal m o ' i dmag gis bzung n a s skyor lung g i I

dab tu sde s r i d r i n po che n i s n g a r longs [rgyal po'i dmag dpon

thu gwus je sang dang/

sde s r i d kyi r d o r j e r a b b r t a n gnyis r g o

l a r 'thab n a s snga m a s phyi m a bkum pa d e r gdon du sky-

pa1i

Annals of Kokonor

22

' d r e t h o bslangs] s a ' i r i n po c h e ' i gling du gdan d r a n g s /

[ b a r cho

kha d a r rgyab ho'u s h o c h e s b k r o n g / ] de ko sngon gyi gnat g t a m l a s bla dpon dbang che rang l a s gong du s k r a g yul m e d cing ngo t s h a k h r e l med p a s lugs zung l a s b r g a l b a ' i chos s r i d kyi k h r i m s ngan ' d m g z e r l t a r ha cang thal l o /

de l t a r jo bo r i n po che dang

nye b a r b s g r u b s l a s kyi (p. 439) ' b r a s bu'i sngun b s u ' i m e tog t s a m zhig phyis su lha bzang r a n g l a byung n g a m s n y a m /

slar

l o de nas bzung s t e l h a bzang r g y a l s r i d bskyangs t e l o bcu gnyis kyi b a r du bzhugs / m e khyi l a t s h a n g s dbyangs rgya m t s h o bla m a r i n po c h e ' i s p r u l sku m i n p a r thag bcad d e / de dang sangs r g y a m gyi s r a s dag rgya r g y a l gyi bkas s m a d du gdan d r a n g s t s h e / t s h a n g s dbyangs rgya m t s h o m t s h o sngon gyi s t o d kyi kun dga' no'ur du 'das nges y i n /

gzhan r n a m s cha gwar gyi s a ' i do

lon no'ur du k h y e r / m e phag l a bla m a l a l a dang chos skyong 'gal zhig gis lung b s t a n l t a r du m o n pa ye s h e s r g y a m t s h o bla m a r i n po c h e ' i k h r i r bkod/

s a byi l a r g y a l dbang b s k a l bzang rgya

m t s h o ba k h a m s l i thang du ' k h r u n g s /

chu s b r u l l a m gang l t a r yang

b a r s k a b s d e r d2 yan hung t h e ' i je dang jo 'un gwar n a s g s a r du r u sde b c a s longs p a ' i t s h e t s h e n t h e ' i je g. yon r u r bsdad t h s e g. yas r u g. yon r u zhes b r t s a d pa na pap chen r i n po c h e s r d o r j e 'dzin pa'i s p r u l sku mngag n a s t s h e t s h e n t h e ' i je g. y a s r u r bzhag nas I g r i g / m e s p r e l l o r m t s h o sngon gyi dpon r n a m s kyis kun gzigs bskal bzang rgya m t s h o ni r j e bla m a ' i 'khrungs yul du chags pa'i grwa s a chen po sku 'bum zhes p a r gdan d r a n g s / yang sngon n a s kyang dbus gtsang g i lha bzang rgyal po dang/ jo 'un gwar gyi r g y a l po hung t h e ' i je t s h e dbang r a b b r t a n phan t s h u n gnyen ' b r e l gyi nang mthun kyang/ b a r skabs s u lha bzang lkog tu rnying chos l a dad pas gshin r j e chos rgyal gyis m a bzhed p a t i k h a r /

jo 'un

gwar l a s k y e s phul b a ' i r t a s g a dang gos l a l a byad yig bcug pa d a n g / byad m a bdun btang pa [ r g y a l po'i bod pa pag s h i s / ] sogs

Transcription

jo 'un gwar p a s s h e s p a ' i rkyen g y i s / m e bya l o r jo 'un gwar m e t s h e ring don g r u b che ba [chos 'phel dang thob chi dang sang8 rgyas dang gdugs d k a r j e ' i sang] sogs dmag dpon lnga dmag b c a s mngag pa d r e s pa nag tshong dang 1Z rgan sogs brgyud de 'dam du 'byor dus s u / lha bzang [dpal bo thu'u gwus je sang gi bu da l a the'i je dang a s h i t a ] g i s kyang bod sog gi dmag dpung chen pos b s u s t s h e pa? chen r i n po che blo bzang ye s h e s sogs chings l a byon (p. 440) kyang ma chings p a r /

jo 'un gwar gyi dmag h a

s a r s h o r n a s lha bzang pham p a r bgyis nas rgyal po l a m i r t a g p a ' i r a n g bzhin b s t a n t e / sde s r i d du b s k o s /

s t a g r t s e ' i sde pa mtsho skye r d o r j e

de nas jo 'un gwar pa lha btsun sgo rnang bla

m a blo bzang phun tshogs kyi ngag bkod l t a r du/

s a shyi dang s a

phag l o r rnying m a ' i bla chen r d o r j e b r a g s p r u l sku sogs bkrong/ dga' ldan pho brang g i sku phyogs grwa tshang r n a m rgyal gling dang b s a m y a s gzhung g i r d o r j e b r a g dgon dang s m i n g r o l gling sogs b z i g /

s e r ' b r a s dge g s u m sogs kyi 'dul k h r i m s byi d o r byas

shing/ m k h a s pa kun lha s a ' i 'khyam r a r bsdus t e / mtshan nyid l a r t s o d pa mdzad bcug n a s mkhas pa che r i m nas mkhan po (Origo: s a ) slob dpon sogs kyi gdan s a r bzhag cing phu dud dpag med b y a s /

b a r s k a b s d e r bla m a r i n po che sku bdun pa khams l i

thang du 'khrungs 'dug c e s ~ a ' gi t a m g r a g s t s h e [ ' j a m bzhad kyang rang yul du byon/] ye s h e s rgya mtsho r e zhig l c a g s po r i r spas/ de n a s gong ma r g y a l p a t i bkas mon pa pad d k a r 'dzin pa khams rgyud n a s s m a d du gdan d r a n g s s t e sog yul gshe her du bzhugs su gsol/

de r j e s kun gzigs b s k a l bzang rgya mtsho dgung 10 bcu g s u m

pa l c a g s byi l a /

s t o b s kyi 'khor 10s ' d z a m gling g i s h a r phyogs l a

dbang bsgyur b a ' i bka' lung l t a r d u / p e ' i cing n a s rgyal s r a s [14 (Origo: 1 7 ) ] zhi s e t s a n g cun ching wang dang a m pa sags dmag b c a s clang/ mdo sngags b s t a n ~ a ' mngaf i bdag dgon lung ba thu'u kwan sku gong m a chos rgya mtsho pa dang/

g s e r khog pa yongs

Annals of Kokonor

24

'dzin tZ bla m a kba' 'gyur ba ' p h r i n l a s dang/ mahZ t s i na'i m i dbang g i blon po a t a ha t a sogs dang/

m t s h o sngon n a s o rong

( s i c ! = o rod) gu s h r i r g y a l po'i brgyud pa blo bzang b s t a n 'dzin ching wang d a n g / dga' ldan e r t e ni ju nang jun wang [te'i ching ho shu che ' a m / ] dang/ thu/

e r t e ni e r khi/

m e r geng t e ' i ching/

e r t e n i dZ l a bo shog

ching hong t h e ' i j e /

dge l e g s jo nang/ t e ' i hung t h e ' i j e /

'jig byed s k y a b s /

dga' ldan b k r a s h i s dang/

a lag s h a n a s e phu ~ e ' lie pa t h u r jo nang clang/

ching g i s r g y a l

rgyud ha1 ha n a s r j e (p. 441) btsun d a m p a ' i s p r u l sku'i yab don g r u b wang dang gung t s h e dbang n o r bu dang t h e ' i ji l h a dbang rgya m t s h o s o g s kyis phyi nang mngon lkog m e d p a r dad 'dun r t s e gcig p a s bod dbus kha ba c a n gyi ljongs s u gdan d r a n g s t e /

rim

gyis m t s h o ' g r a m dang gnyan t s o r dang r m a c h u ' i m g o s o l o m o dang pZ yan ha r a ' b r i (Origo: ' b r u ) chu'i b a r du s l e b n a s zhi s e ching wang s o g s phyir l o g / de n a s y a r l a dung bu r a dang ldang l a d a n g / bog shag l a s l e b s t s h e o r o d jo 'un gwar gyi dmag r a n g yul l a log zhor l a ' p h r a d kyang skyon m a byung/ de n a s m t s h o m o r a dang nag chu dang rwa s g r e n g s t a g lung phu mdo n a s sgyid ( s i c ! =skyid) shod kyi lha s a r ' b y o r (Origo: Igyor) t e /

r i m par

g r u 'dzin gnyis pa gangs c a n gyi po t a l a dang ' b r a s spungs kyi dga' ldan pho b r a n g gi seng k h r i r 'khod n a s 'dod p a ' i yon t a n lngas dga' s t o n rgya chen byas t e /

bod dang bod chen yongs gyi gtsug g i

rgyan dang b s t a n pa'i bdag por mnga' g s o l t e snyan g r a g s kyis dbyig 'dzin khyab p a r gyur t o / Iga' zhig m o l na ' d i s k a d /

/ m t s h a m s ' d i ' i m t s h o kha p a ' i g t a m

po t a l a r u dgyes s t o n chen po'i dus /

/ r g y a dpon che r n a m s dbus g r a l bzhag s t o n g z a b / sngon pa r n a m s gcig tu n a / tsub tshul/

/ r g y a b g r a l bzhag l a z a s ' g r e m t s a b

l g n y i s na stag r t s e s d e p a t i s r o g bslangs k y a n g /

thos r n a m pas zhus don stongs p a r y a l / l i thang nas /

/ r a n g r e mtsho

/ma

/ g s u m na 'u bu cag gis

/bzung s t e da l t a r r g y a l dbang r i n po c h e /

/seng

Transcription

k h r i r 'khod p a r 'bad pas don bsgrubs kyang/ gzhan dus byas bzo d m a n / tshod l a /

/dgos due r e the

/gzhan yang rang cag log 'gyu'i beam

/ s n g a r n a s gu s h r i rgyal brgyud r i m pa bzhin/

kyi r g y a l por 'khod l t a r da dus kyang/

/bod

/ d e bzhin r e yang gteang

shangs (Origo: zhang) khang chen n a s /

/ s d e s r i d go s a r bzhag

sogs skyen du mas/ /nged cag ngo t s h a rngul (Origo: rdul) chue gdong b k r u s shing/ la/

/snying l a t s h e r m a s r e g mtshungs gyur ba

/bkon pas gangs c a n ljongs kyi mchod sdong d r u n g /

l a dus zengs slong mthun b r o bor zhes / 'ongs nas kun l a m o l zhes thos / g. yul '-gyed dang/

/ m t s h o khar (p. 442)

/ ' o n kyang rgya bod gang l a t a n g

/lhag p a r rgya rgyal sde khrod gnas bzhin du/

/ r g y a l a 'khrugs pa ' d r e s h a r nub glud dpe/ stag l o r t s h o g s 'dus s k a b s / shig m a mthun/

lglang l o r phyir log

/sngon gyi mna' dang nang k h r i m s

/chu yos rgya r g y a l yong ling k h r i r 'khod l o r /

/nang 'khrugs phyi 'khrugs ched du dmag 'tshogs p a /

[20] bod dbus I g r o l a m n a s mthong ngo/ m k h a r ' g a r ' k h r u g s kyang/ mo'i tshul/

/rgya

/kho bos

/ d e r j e s nang 'thab rgya

/ d m a g l a s m i s h e s byis pa'i r t s e d

/ d e l i t s h e rgya dpon gnyis kyis dmag dpung c h e /

lphyogs ' d i ' i 'dzin m a r khyab ' g r a n g. yul b s h a m s t e / byi1u'i tshogs 'ded bzhin g t o r t s h e / b r o s dmag gzhan ' t h o r /

/ s o g dmag r t s e mgo byang

/ d e yi shugs kyis mun c a n zla b s g r i b t s h e /

/ s a yang mun pas mog por gyur de bzhin/ dgon s g r u b s d e /

l y o s 'brug l o l a a mdo'i

/ b l a chen dge 'dun du m a r rgya dmag g i s /

tshabs che yang p i t i cing mkhar nang du/ l t a s byung b a ' i k h a r /

/par? chen b a r m a s m i s n a mngag pa clang/

pos dgon s g r u b don zhus t s h e /

/ n a n t a n chen

/chos rgyal yong ting chen po

/ s a bya l o l a mdzod kyis dgon sgrub g s o s /

sde k h r a l m i r bsdus kyang deli 'tshab t u / du phog gtan c h a g s /

Ignod

/ s a m e rlung gis 'jigs

/ l c a n g skya s p r u l p a t i skus kyang dang du blangs/

mnyes bzhin a u /

/glag gis

/Iha

/mdzod l a s l o r e bzhin

lgnang ba'i s r o l bzang 'gyur med legs Par

Annals of Kokonor

26

btsugs/

/ d e nas bzung s t e dgon s g r u b de r n a m s s u 1 a n g / / ' c h a d

nyan l e g s d a r rgyal b s t a n m t s h o l t a r 'phel/ khams kun tu k h r i m s bzang t s h u g s / gyur ' d i r m a d byung/

/ m t s h o sngon mdo

/bde skyid dpal gyis khyab

l y a n g deli r j e s s u kho bo bod dbus s g o

mang g r w a tshang du yod s k a b s s u /

gtsang shangs khang chen

pa sde s r i d l t a du dang/ d e ' i bka' blon bzhi l a s dbus pa r d o r j e rgyal po dang lon ( s i c ! =lum) pa nas dang rnga (p. 443) bod blo bzang dang/ bka' blon chung ba gtsang pa pho l a ( s i c ! =lha) tha'i je yin l a /

de dus lus m e d bdag po'i mda' lnga snying l a phog

p a ' i lon pa n a s k y i s /

s p y i r sdig dgon che ba ' d i g s u m dang khyad

p a r du s g o mang dang rgyud s m a d grwa tshang m e d na bod ' d i r skyid po 'ong zhes yang yang s m r e n g ba nges 'drong t h o s /

de nas

dbus blon g s u m gyi log Igyu1i b s a m tshod zhig yod kyang d e ' i steng du m a song b a s /

pho l a t h e ' i je gtsang pho l a r song r j e s

s u / khang chen pa sde s r i d l a s s p o b a r 'dod d e / gong g i s a byar a m d o ' i dgon s g r u b gsos pa'i snga l o ' i snga l o / jo bo'i lha khang gi mdun steng r a b nyi m e lug l o ' i zhag phung [ 5 / 181 l a b k r o n g / b a r skabs d e r pho l a ba rang rdzong du yod pa bkum dmag btang ba s h e s n a s b r o s pa dmag chen gyis ded kyang s h o r n a s 1Zdag mnga' r i rgyal po l a s dmag g r o g s blangs t e gtsang dmag b c a s pas rgyal (Origo: rgyang) r t s e rdzong [dbus kyi dpa' bo t s h e bdag sogs dang/ gtsang gi nya s h u r dpon yul n i l o gcig l a dbus dmag dang 'thab n a s /

sags/] dang nye b a r

s a s p r e l l o r [5/28] dbus pa

pham t e bka' blon g s u m s o g s [17 (Origo: 15) ] bzung ba dang dus mtshungs s u /

gong m a yong iing chos rgyal gyis kyang m i dpon

dmag b c a s mngag pa ' b y o r n a s nyes c a n r n a m s t s h e phyi m a r s p u r / pho l a t h e ' i je l a gong m a ' i bka' lung g i s jun wang gi cho 10s gzeng (Origo: gzing) bstod de bod r g y a l du bzhag pa n a s bzung s t e / dge ldan pa yongs l a gnod ' t s h e s dben cing 'chad r t s o d r t s o m sogs 'phel ba dang gangs can gyi yul k h a m s mtha' dag bde skyid

Transcription

kyi dpal l a r o l l o /

27

phyis s u r a b 'dod [ 1 3 ] s a 'brug l a pho la wang

gi bu chung ba t a li pa t h u r zhes spyod pa rtsing ba sde s r i d go s a r bsdad kyang/

snying l a bdud kyi lcags kyus zin nas b s t a n

d g r a r gyur na'ang m i ring b a r gong m a ' i bkas bsad pa nas bzung s t e bod p a ' i s d e s r i d kyi rgyun y a l /

'on kyang deli r j e s nas gong

m a yong fing g i s mnga' mdzad pa n a s bod dulang bde 'jag byung ngo/ yang l o d e r pa? chen r i n po che b a r m a ' i s p r u l sku dpal ldan ye s h e s dang/

r a b 'dod s a stag l a bla ma r i n po che sku

brgyad pa ' j a m dpal rgya m t s h o 'khrungs/

s a phag l o r pa? chen

t h a m s cad mkhyen pa dbangs phyogs kyi b s t a n Igro1i don du chibs bsgyur mdzad d e /

l c a g s byi l o r pa? chen r i n po che rgya yul gyi

s a ' i thig (Origo: theg) le pi'i cing du byon n a s /

gong ma khin lung

m i dbang chen po dang b s t a n p a ' i mnga' bdag lcang skya r i n po che sogs kyis mtshon p a ' i rgya bod h o r g s u m mtha' dag gi chos s r i d lugs zung g i s g o n a s yid bzhin n o r bu dbang rgyal dang l g r a n p a r r e 'dod bskong b a r mdzad de /

s l a r dgung (Origo: dgong) l o zhe

gcig b a r zhi b a n i dbyings n a s gangs ljongs su thegs /

lcags (p. 444)

glang l o r s p r u l b a ' i nyin byed dbang po s l a r gtsang phyogs kyi s h a r r i ' i r t s e nas thon p a r thos pas bdag cag ltos b c a s mtha' dag gi yid kyi 'dab brgya c h e s c h e r bzhad do/

/ d e l t a ' i bstan 'dzin chos

rgyal gyi s r a s bcu'i tha chung b k r a s h i s pa t h u r wang dang deli bu blo bzang b s t a n 'dzin dag dang bdag ' j a l phrad byas nas kho bo l a bsnyen bkur mdzad l a / de rgyud bcas kyis yul ljongs gzhan dang ' g r a n zla m a m c h i s p a t i ljongs ' d i gu s h r i ' i (Origo: s h r i s ) brgyud pas bdag g i r mdzad pa r n a m s kyi rgyud r i m zhib pa bdag gi chos 'byung du bkod zin l t a r yin l a / de nas da l t a ' i r a b 'dod [13] m e r t a l o ' d i r m t s h o sngon dang a lag s h a r bzhugs ~ a ' gu i s h r i ' i brgyud pa n i l

r m a chu'i g. yas s u / wang ngag (Origo: dag)

dbang d a r r g y a s / dza s a blo bzang b s t a n 'dzin/ the je chos d p a l /

dza sag klu 'bum/

r m a chu'i g. yon du/ wang bsod nams rdo r j e /

Annals of Kokonor

28

gangs k a r wang/ pi le 'jig m e d ye s h e s / pe s i m t s h o skyes r d o rje/

gung bsod nams stobs r g y a s / gung dge 'dun don lgrub/

gung chos skyong skyabs / dpal ' b y o r /

dza sag phyag r d o r /

dza sag

dza s a g ban d h e / d z a sag nor

dza sag r d o r j e / k h u r lugs pe s i blo bzang t s h e

bu r i n chen/ brtan/

dza s a g kun bzang t s h e r i n g /

dza s a g lha s k y a b s /

dza s a g dge 'dun s k y a b s / t s h a s

d a m gyi dza s a g dga' ldan b s t a n skyong/ dza s a g chos btsun s k y a b s / dza s a g b k r a s h i s chos 'phel l o /

l g z h a n jo 'un gwar pi

l i chos skyong s k y a b s / jo 'un gwar pe s i 'chi m e d zla b a /

ho de

gung r t a m g r i n / t h o r gwod kyi dza s a g dkon m c h o g / dza s a g s g r o l m a s k y a b s / dza s a g u r r g y a n / dza s a g b s a m ' g r u b rgya mtsho/

ha1 ha dza s a g t s h e t h a r r n a m s s t e /

khag s o g s u m dang mda' ' d i 101 yod z e r /

deng sang dpon

a lag s h a r u ho'u shod

ching wang dbang chen dpal ' b a r dang gung s o g s spun b c a s dang/ gzhan yang gung r d o r j e t s h e b r t a n / rdo r j e /

thu s a lag c h i t s h e dbang

' j i g s byed skyabs thu s a lag chi dang/

yang mang ngo/

gzhan t h a ' i je

gong s m o s de l t a r m t s h o sngon gyi l o rgyus r i

bong 'dzin p a ' i dkyil 'khor nya gang ba s h a r b a ' i mod l a /

'ja'

s p r i n r a b m d z e s lang long g. yo b a ' i b a r b a r nas rgya bod h o r g s u m gyi bla m a rgyal blon 'bangs m i l a l a ' i bya spyod s n a tshogs mol b a ' i 'od d k a r s p r o s bzhin du/

yul ' d i ' i khyad chos phun s u m

tshogs pa bshad p a t i b s i l z e r gyis s e m s m i bde b a ' i t s h a gdung b s k r a d pa dang chab gcig tu 'od snang g s a l b a s m i s h e s p a ' i mun pa b s a l t e /

de l t a ' i g t a m snyan l a m o s ~ a ' skyid i t s h a l gyi ku mu

d a ' i t s h o g s c h e s c h e r bzhad p a r bgyis (p. 445)

as/

gzhan nye

ring kun gyi mig l a ngo m t s h a r ltad m o ngoms pa m e d p a r bgyis pa e ma h o / /

TRANSLATION O F TEXT

(P. 429, line 13)

I have not s e e n any records of who the r u l e r s

of [the ~ o k o n o r ]region w e r e in ancient times; moreover, it i s thought t o be uncertain who f o r m e r l y lived in that deserted land.' Then, l a t e r on, when the Tibetan D p a l - r i s z people ruled, one who was called Phur-tsha sgam-pa Chos-rdo-rje3 appeared in that region and lived a t such places a s the [island in Kokonor lake called] Mtsho-snying -ri. came a leader of the

*

Following the Dpa' -ria people, t h e r e

c chi'

Tibetan people who had many h o r s e s

and was known a s K h r i - r t a dmar-can.

At the time when he and

his people w e r e ruling this region, t h e r e a l s o appeared the Bla-ma Glang-dkar-can,

who traveled by riding a white ox and seemed

to be a holy man.

This Bla-ma lived in places such a s the Mtsho-

snying -[ri], the rock-cave which was called ~ ~ o n - ~ o - ~ da to n ~ ' the west bank of the lake, and among rocks, many of which naturally resemble a n g r y deities and ceremonial objects.

At the same time,

the Tibetan CO-ni9 people were t h e r e [in the Kokonor region]. L a t e r on, Len-tan Hu-thog-thu (Lingclan ~ u t u f t u ) ' came up [to this region] and died enroute.

Afterwards, a Cha-gwar (Chahar) l 1

community, which was among the s c a t t e r e d t r i b e s settled on the bank of the Rma-chu (Yellow r i v e r ) , and the forts, cultivated the land.

l2

having occupied the country

So it is said that if this be true,

it s e e m s uncertain that t h e r e was a great r u l e r who acted a s m a s t e r [of this region] before that time.

Then, HO-lo-che13 of the

~ h u - m e d 1 4lived t h e r e with his o f f i c e r s , relatives, and subjects

Annals of Kokonor

f o r a n extended period. At that t i m e , the p u r e t e a c h i n g s of the Yellow Hat Dge-lugspa'5 of the Second Buddha, L o r d Blo-bzang g r a g s - p a , becoming w i d e s p r e a d in T i b e t , G r e a t e r T i b e t ,

l7

l6

were

a n d Mongolia.

In t h e s e c o u n t r i e s t h o s e [people] who s i n c e r e l y believed i n the t e a c h i n g s w e r e : the four 0 - r o d 1 '

Mongol t r i b e s of Byang-stod

(northern uplands); A-mdo D p a l - r i s ,

l9

etc. of G r e a t e r Tibet in

o l ~ i n the the middle [region]; a n d m o s t of the ~ o n - ~ w people lowlands.

A s f o r t h o s e who did not believe i n t h e m (the p u r e

t e a c h i n g s of t h e Dge-lugs -pa) but s i n c e r e l y r e s p e c t e d o t h e r Tibeta n r e l i g i o u s s y s t e m s , they w e r e a s follows: I n t h e uplands, the King of Gtsang, K a r - m a Phun-tshogs rnam-rgya12' a n d h i s s o n B stan-skyong dbang the ~

h a d a l w a y s paid p a r t i c u l a r r e s p e c t t o

a- mra -paz3 a n d ' ~ r -pa" u ~ [sects]; in the middle [region],

Don-yod rgyal-pol

25

King of Be -riz6 in K h a m s ,

"

h o n o r e d the

he p r o Bon religion;28 a s f o r Tshog-thu ~ h a n 'of~ t h e ~ a l - h a p w f e s s e d t o r e v e r e t h e Buddhist religion, but i n fact h e p r e f e r r e d t h e ways of Do'u-se

(= T a o - s h i h )

,

the C h i n e s e

on-po; 3 1

a n d in

t h e lowland, t h e beliefs of Lingdan, t h e t h i r t y - s e v e n t h Khan [sixteen g r e a t e r ones, twenty-one l e s s e r onesI3' of t h e descendants of Ching-gis Khan,

33

w e r e not c l e a r .

F u r t h e r m o r e , the ~ b u s ~ ~

people of T i b e t g e n e r a l l y a c c e p t e d t h e e s s e n t i a l teachings of t h e old religion s p r e a d f r o m G u - r u Chos-dbang.

35

Although t h e four

r u l e r s mentioned above had differing b e l i e f s , they in fact a g r e e d in t h e i r d i s t a s t e for the Dge-lugs-pa.

F o r i n s t a n c e , just a s the

d e e r [ g r a s s a n d leaves], vulture [stone], s n a k e [air], a n d snowb e a r [fruits],

36

e a c h e a t s a different food; t h e y a l l e a t meat; and

they a l l a g r e e in disliking the odor of m u s k which is g e n e r a l l y r e g a r d e d a s f r a g r a n t a n d a s a n excellent medication.

Translation

31

However, l a t e r on a f t e r G u - s h r i ~ h a n ' of ~ ~ u - ' ~ n - ~ w ~ ~ had come t o t h i s region, a s it i s recounted below, a l l e n e m i e s of the Yellow Hat teachings w e r e e x t e r m i n a t e d , and the pure way of ~ ~ e - l d a n - p a "was made t o shine like the mighty sun.

Such

i s the g e n e r a l account of t h i s region. A s f o r p a r t i c u l a r s , in addition t o t h e n a r r a t i o n of s o m e of the h i s t o r y of t h e individual kings, let me give a rough account of the g e n e r a l h i s t o r y of that t i m e f o r the s a k e of informing many l a t e r g e n e r a t i o n s about t h e s u c c e s s i o n of t h e chief l a m a s and the r u l e r s of China, T i b e t a n d H o r I a a s well a s about whatever good o r bad e v e n t s took place. In t h e I r o n - h o r s e y e a r (1570) of t h e tenth cycle of the s i x t y y e a r cycle, 41 P a p - c h e n Blo-bzang chos-kyi rgyal-mtshan4'

was

born. In t h e W a t e r - m o u s e y e a r (16 1 2 ) , Gtsang-pa4'

K a r - m a Phun-

tshogs r n a m - r g y a l brought the Gtsang region under h i s r u l e and b e c a m e known a s the f i r s t king of Upper Gtsang. In the F i r e - s e r p e n t y e a r (16 1 7 ) , t h e fifth Dalai ~ a m was a ~ born. In the E a r t h - h o r s e y e a r ( 1 6 1 8 ) , the King of Gtsang a l s o took o v e r Dbus of T i b e t a n d p e r s e c u t e d many hundreds of monks and l a y m e n on t h e mountains behind ~ h a s aa n~d '~~ r a -s ~ p u n ~ s ; ~ ~ m o r e o v e r , he c a u s e d the teachings of Dge -lugs -pa t o be changed. e r s e d ; and when they The monks of ' B r a s - s p u n g s a n d ~ e - r ad i~s p ~ p r o c e e d e d up t o t h e Stag-lung a n d Phu-mdo, [by the l o c a l people].

4e

they w e r e honored

Thus, it is s a i d that l a t e r on the u s e d t e a

l e a v e s a n d [the honor of] s e r v i n g t e a a t the 'tea f o r the many' [ s e r v i c e during the] P r a y e r [festival]+) in L h a s a w e r e given t o the Stag-lung people.

About the s a m e t i m e , a g r e a t new m o n a s t e r y

Annals of Kokonor

of the K a r - m a - p a a n d ~ s h i s lhun-po.

51

n

~-ma-pa50 i n ~ w a s built alongside B k r a -

When the high t o w e r of the wall w a s being built

on t h e hill behind the new m o n a s t e r y , many s a r c a s t i c people c a l l e d it ' B k r a - s h i s zil-gnon',

which w a s a n ill 'omen.

It is

hub-~hen-~lin~"

of the

s a i d that S e - r i S 3 of skyid-shods4 a n d

K a r - m a - p a a n d Rnying-ma-pa in Dbus of Tibet w e r e a l s o m a i n tained [by the King of Gtsang].

At that t i m e , t h e Dge-ldan-pa

monks m a d e a hat with yellow woolen felt on the inside a n d r e d on t h e outside, which they t u r n e d inside out [in public] o r outside in, depending on t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s .

E v e n now, 'Ga' - r u lo-tsZ' s56

hat [which i s of that type] i s p r e s e r v e d among h i s kinsmen. I n the I r o n - b i r d y e a r (162 1) , t h e s o n s of t h e l e a d e r Ho-lo-che, G u - r u Hung -the -je a n d L h a - b t s u n Blo-bzang b s t a n - ' d z i n r g y a mtsho,

57

c a m e f r o m t h e l o w e r r e g i o n (Kokonor) , leading t h e i r

Mongol t r o o p s , a n d having joined f o r c e s with the Sde-pa ( g o v e r n o r ) 5 8 of Skyid-shod, they r u s h e d l i k e lightning into t h e Gtsang ~ a n ~ ~ ~a n d defeated the a r m i e s a t ~ k ~ a n ~ - t h a n ~ i-n sSkyid-shod Gtsang people.

Consequently, they r e c o v e r e d L h a s a , etc.

,

which

had f o r m e r l y b e e n l o s t a n d they r e s t o r e d the a l t e r e d t e a c h i n g s t o their f o r m e r state.

F u r t h e r m o r e , a t that t i m e , i n a c c o r d a n c e

with t h e ruling code of t h o s e known a s the s i x g r e a t Mongol t r i b e s ,

60

t h e r e w e r e no e v i l p r a c t i c e s , s u c h a s i n t e r n a l conflicts within o n e ' s own t r i b e a n d t h e killing of p r i s o n e r s like sheep;61 and weapons w e r e u s e d only during t i m e s of w a r .

However, in the

t i m e of t h e two e v i l l e a d e r s , Lingdan Khan a n d Tshog-thu, t h e s e c u s t o m s b e c a m e widespread. T h e n , in t h e E a r t h - d r a g o n y e a r (1628) of t h e eleventh cycle, Lingdan Khan, having d e s t r o y e d t h e ruling code of Chinggis ~ h a n ' s own t r i b e , s t a r t e d a civil w a r among the C h a h a r , killed many

33

Translation

people, a n d p r o c e e d e d t o make league with t h o s e who w e r e p e r secuting t h e Dge -1dan-pa of the uplands; while on the way t o Kokonor, he d e f e a t e d s e v e r a l t r i b e s of the T h u - m e d and U r - t u su.

b2

In the Wood-dog y e a r ( 16341, when he a r r i v e d a t Sha - r a -

tha-la63 in T i b e t a n t e r r i t o r y , he w a s sent t o the fifth s t a t e (i. e. put t o death) 64 by Chos - r g y a l rnam-gsurn.

65

,

T h e two sons of

his two wivesb6 a n d t h e p r e c i o u s white jade sealb7 having been sent t o the g r e a t Manchu E m p e r o r T ' a i - t ~ u n ~the , ~t r~i b e s u r renclered. At that t i m e , many r e f u g e e s of Chahar went t o Hal-ha.

In

the Wood-dog y e a r (1634) when the o f f i c e r s w e r e contending, the evil l e a d e r Tshog-thu s t a r t e d a civil war.

At this t i m e when h e

w a s gratifying h i s e v i l p r o p e n s i t i e s , he w a s banished by many Hal-ha people, a n d went t o the Kokonor region.

Having t a k e n

o v e r Ho-lo-che of t h e T h u - m e d t o g e t h e r with h i s people, he s t a y e d i n that region.

At that t i m e , he was known a s Tshog-thu

Khan i n the Kokonor region. Accordingly, while t h e upland King of Gtsang was s e v e r e l y p e r s e c u t i n g the Dge-ldan-pa, the lowland King of B e - r i killed many monks, o f f i c e r s , and o t h e r s who believed in Buddhism, and [many] w e r e put into prison.

[ ~ l s o many ] Yellow Hat l a m a s

and monks w e r e killed o r w e r e put into p r i s o n by Tshog-thu Khan. B e c a u s e of d e e d s done by t h e s e two [kings], such a s t h e cutting of the golden b r i d g e o v e r which many faithful t r a v e l e d t o Dbus and Gtsang, L o r d ~ s o n ~ - k h a - ~teachings a ' s ~ ~ went into decline. At that t i m e , a T i b e t a n official, Bsod-nams chos - ' ~ h e l , ~ and two l e a r n e d m e n c a l l e d ' G a l - r u loltsE-ba sna-che7' a n d S e m nyi k h a - c h e ,

72

went t o Tibet.

monks of Dgon-lung mgon-chen73 in A-mdo, a l s o Although t h e s e t h r e e believed in the Dge-ldan-pa,

Annals of Kokonor

34

they w e r e p o w e r l e s s a n d they had t o be in t h e r a n k s of t h e King of G t s a n g l s retinue.

At that t i m e , t h e y a n d a p a t r o n of Dgal -ldan74

m o n a s t e r y in Skyid-shod, t h e -Sde -pa ( g o v e r n o r ) of Stag - r t s e rdzong,

75

Mtsho-skye r d o - r j e ,

76

w e r e in a g r e e m e n t , a n d they

r e q u e s t e d a n o r a c l e f r o m L a - m o Chos -skyong.

77

Since [the

o r a c l e ] s a i d 'a n o r t h e r n l e a d e r , one with a s a s h having s n a k e d e s i g n s , will be a b l e t o conquer the enemy', they kept it s e c r e t , a n d s e n t e i t h e r S e m - n y i o r ' G a t - r u lo-tsa-ba t o the Dzungaria region.

78

Having c o m e t o h i s own c o u n t r y (A -mdo)

, h e took

c o m m a n d of a s m a l l , f r i e n d l y t r o o p of Dpa' - r i s [ s o l d i e r s ] a n d t h e n p r o c e e d e d t o Dzungaria.

He r e p o r t e d t o t h e king a n d officials

that the King of Gtsang a n d o t h e r s wanted t o annihilate t h e Dge

-

ldan-pa a n d now hated t h e Yellow H a t s intensely; a n d [he a l s o explained] t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s of the e n e m y ' s a l a r m i n g i n c r e a s e . T h e n he r e t u r n e d t o Gtsang again. At the t i m e when t h e king a n d officials a s s e m b l e d t o decide who should go t o Dbus a n d Gtsang, t h e one c a l l e d G u - s h r i ~ h a n ~ ~ m a d e a p r o m i s e saying, 'I will go t o Dbus of Tibet. ' He belonged t o t h e ~ w a l - ~ w afamily s ~ of t h e Ho-shod (= Qogiit) , which w a s f o r m e r l y one of t h e four 0 - r o d t r i b e s .

The great leader, Ha-ni'i

no-yon Hong-gwar, a n d h i s junior queen, A - h a ' i ha-thun, h a d five s o n s who w e r e known a s the 'five t a l e n t e d , b r a v e h e r o i c tigers'.

T h e t h i r d one of the 'five t i g e r b r o t h e r s ' , n a m e d T h o -

r i pe'ui-hu,

82

w a s b o r n in the W a t e r - h o r s e y e a r ( 15 8 2 ) .

When

h e w a s t h i r t e e n y e a r s old, having m a r c h e d with the a r m y , he defeated 40, 000 s o l d i e r s of Mgo-dkar HO-thon;"

consequently,

h i s reputation a s a h e r o s p r e a d a n d h i s power extended.

Further-

m o r e , when he w a s twenty-five y e a r s old, the 0 - r o d a n d the H a l ha being i n d e s a g r e e m e n t , a g r e a t civil w a r developed; a n d a t

35

Translation

that v e r y t i m e , he a r r i v e d and brought about peace through h i s skillful a n d s u p e r b mediation.

T h e r e f o r e , the g r e a t Khan of

the Hal-ha g r a n t e d h i m a s e a l with a t i t l e of T a ' i - g u ' u - s h r i , and t h e r e a f t e r h e b e c a m e f a m o u s f o r h i s h e r o i s m and sagacity. Then, in t h e Wood-hog y e a r ( 1635) , T shog-thu sent his own son, A r - s a - l a n g ~ h e - j e ' with ~ lo, 000 s o l d i e r s t o Tibet in o r d e r to p e r s e c u t e the high l a m a s of the Dge-ldan-pa in Dbus a n d Gtsang a n d t o d e s t r o y m o n a s t e r i e s , religious schools, a n d p l a c e s of meditation.

When [ A r - s a - l a n g ] a r r i v e d a t the upper p a r t of

the ' ~ r i - c h u e 6[river]-according

t o a n o r a l tradition-Gu-shri

Khan a n d s o m e of h i s o f f i c e r s , proceeding f r o m Dzungaria a s i f on p i l g r i m a g e , had a l s o c o m e t o d e t e r m i n e whether o r not the r e p o r t by a n e a r l i e r m e s s e n g e r w a s t r u e .

A f t e r meeting A r - s a -

lang, [ G U - s h r i Khan a n d h i s o f f i c e r s ] t r a v e l e d with him a s Gus h r i Khan explained m a n y r e a s o n s t o h i m why it was i m p r o p e r t o do h a r m t o the Yellow Hat teachings.

Having had t h e s e [ r e a s o n s ]

planted in mind, [ ~ r - s a - l a n g ]p r o c e e d e d t o Tibet.

In the follow-

ing y e a r , G u - s h r i went back t o h i s own country by the s a m e route, o r s o it is said. T h e n A r - s a - l a n g a r r i v e d in Tibet, but, disobeying his f a t h e r ' s i n s t r u c t i o n s , he divided the a r m y into t h r e e wings: c e n t e r , right, and left.

He m a r c h e d t o ~ a r - ' b r o g ma n d fought a big battle with

the a r m y of Gtsang.

At that t i m e , due t o the rumbling r u m o r of

a g r e a t T i b e t a n a r m y , the Mongol a r m y moved t o Skyid-shod. In t h e f i r s t month of the F i r e -mouse y e a r ( 1 6 3 6 ) ~A r -sa-lang and o t h e r s m e t with the fifth Dalai Lama.

He did no h a r m t o the

m o n a s t e r i e s a n d t h e p l a c e s of meditation of the Dge -1dan-pa; instead h e v e n e r a t e d t h e m faithfully.

Then when the l a r g e Tibetan

a r m y , which had b e e n a s s e m b l e d by the King of Gtsang, approached

Annals of Kokonor

[Lake] Gnam-mtshoee in the north, the Mongol a r m y a l s o r e a c h e d the north and p r e p a r e d t o fight.

At that t i m e , b e c a u s e the Gtsang

people made u s e of the magic power of the old Ta'ntric s y s t e m (Itnying- s n g a g s -lugs) , A r - s a -1ang b e c a m e c r a z e d , and r a n amuck among his troops.

Consequently, t h e Mongol a r m y delayed fight-

ing the battle, and the Tibetan a r m y d i s p e r s e d . Then, it was the opinion of t h e Red Hat Rab-'byams-pae) and o t h e r s who w e r e on the s i d e of the King of Gtsang that Tshog-thu and the Gtsang people had the s a m e goal; f o r a f t e r supporting the Kar -ma-pa,

1

Brug -pa, and Rnying - m a - p a and t r e a t i n g t h e other

religious s e c t s equally, they d e s i r e d t o wipe out t h e name of the Dge-lugs-pa.

However, it was like t h e proverb: 'The h o r s e does

not run t o the place w h e r e the m a n wants it t o go. ' Subsequently, the Red Hat R a b - ' b y a m s - p a and the m i n i s t e r s who c a m e t o Tshogt h u ' s a r m y sent a c o u r i e r t o Kokonor, saying, 'Ar-sa-lang,

dis-

obeying the instructions of his f a t h e r , t h e King, did no h a r m t o t h e Yellow Hats; instead h e v e n e r a t e d t h e m and fought with the King of Gtsang.

Thus did he do. ' Tshog-thu replied, 'Kill h i m

by [all] means. ' Accordingly, [ ~ r - s a - l a n g ]vanished like a s m a l l piece of cloud in the c e n t e r of the c l e a r sky.

Apparently, the

Mongol t r o o p s t h e n r e t u r n e d [to ~ o k o n o r ] . In that y e a r (1636) , G u - s h r i Khan, leading a n a r m y a l l i e d with P=-thur ~ h e - j e ~of' the Dzungars, c a m e t o t h i s region. They p a s s e d through ~ i - l e 9 'and ha-rim, 9 2 [and t r a v e r s e d ] the r i v e r of

as -tag9

and the Big -Swamp

ice between autumn and winter.

am-~hen-~o)~~

o v e r the

After arriving at ~ u - l u n ~ - ~ e r ~ '

on the b o r d e r of the Kokonor, the s o l d i e r s and t h e i r h o r s e s took a r e s t there.

Having s u b s i s t e d on many wild antelopes (Ri-dwags

r n a - b a ) , they gave the mountain w h e r e they s t a y e d the name of Gwan -yam -thu. 9 6

Translation

37

On New Y e a r ' s day of t h e f i r s t month of the F i r e - o x y e a r (1637) , having a r r i v e d in the upper p a r t of the Kokonor, [ G U s h r i ' s ] 10, 000 s o l d i e r s fought a g r e a t battle with Tshog-thu'e 30,000 s o l d i e r s .

B e c a u s e two mountain s p u r s b e c a m e reddened

by blood, they a r e now known a s t h e g r e a t and e m a l l U-lan Ho~ h o . ~ ' H i s s o n ~ a - ~ ~a hne - j e , ~a'n d o t h e r s with t r o o p s , c h a s e d

the r e m a i n d e r of Tshog-thu's a r m y a c r o s s the ice of the ~ a r - ~ e l ~ ~ and defeated them.

Some s o l d i e r s went toward a valley on the

e a s t s i d e of the H a r - g e l a n d occupied it; s o nowadays it i s called

ha-hal.BO

A s f o r the l e a d e r , T shog-thu, he w a s captured in a

m a r m o t hole, a n d that e n e m y of the Dge-ldan-pa'e teachings w a s defeated.

At that t i m e , if it h a d b e e n in India, i t would have been

c o n s i d e r e d p r o p e r t o b e a t the d r u m of t r i u m p h a n d r a i s e the bann e r of v i c t o r y o v e r the enemy. T h e n in the E a r t h - t i g e r y e a r (1638) and in the E a r t h - h a r e y e a r (1639) s u c c e s s i v e l y , a l l [the people] of G u - s h r i Khan's t r i b e i n Dzungaria a l s o c a m e t o t h e Kokonor region.'''

After-

PZ-thur w a r d s , G u - s h r i Khan gave his a l l y T h e - j e the t i t l e of Hung-the-&, A-min-ta-ra,

la

a g r e a t many p r e s e n t s and h i s own daughter, t o be h i s wife, a n d t h e n sent h i m back t o h i s own

country (Dzungaria!.

In that y e a r , when [ ~ u n - s h r ~ i h a n a] r r i v e d

in Dbus of T i b e t , t p e fifth Dalai L a m a honored h i m with the name B s t a n - ' d z i n chos - r g y a l (Religious -King-Who-Maintains -the-Teachings)

.

M o r e o v e r , a t the beginning of the E a r t h - h a r e y e a r (16391, the King of B e - r i s e n t t h e King of Gtsang a m e s s a g e , saying 'Let u s join i n friendship. che'"

Since t h e copper image of J o - b o Rin-po-

w a s t h e c a u s e of t h e w a r , l e t u s t h r o w it into water.

wodld b e b e t t e r t o build a Mchod-rten

It

(stupa)lol on the r u i n s of

Annals of Kokonor

38

t h e t h r e e m o n a s t e r i e s , Se - r a ,

1

B r a s -spungs, a n d Dgal -Idan,

which should be d e s t r o y e d ; a n d t h e n l e t e a c h one of u s a d h e r e t o whichever i s suitable -Buddhism

o r Bon. ' S o m e people d e r i d e d

[the King of ~ e - r i f] o r being c o m p l e t e l y c o r r u p t .

las

T h e reupon,

t h e King of Gtsang a s s e m b l e d t h e a r m y of the T h i r t e e n M y r i a r c h i e s (-~ h r i - s k o r ) l aof Tibet.

[ G U - s h r i ~ h a n did ] not fight with

h i m , but r e t u r n e d t o the Kokonor r e g i o n again. [ ~ a ~ ~a hna n ' s ]son, Ratna T h e - j e ,

'07

At that t i m e ,

a n d o t h e r s g a t h e r e d a l l of

t h e T i b e t a n s of A - m d o u n d e r t h e i r c o n t r o l t h r o u g h t h e s t r e n g t h a n d h e r o i c s k i l l of t h e i r s o l d i e r s .

A great monastic estate [from

L a b - t s h o k h r a - m a n g downwards a s f a r a s T e ~ a k e ] 'w~a s g r a n t e d t o Dgon-lung b y a m s -gling,

log

a g r e a t m o n a s t e r y i n the c e n t e r of

Dpal - r i s . T h e n in t h e fifth month of the E a r t h - h a r e y e a r (1639) , Gus h r i Gegen ~ h a n " ' p e r s o n a l l y s e t out with a g r e a t t e r r i f y i n g Mongol a r m y which w a s l i k e a r e d d i s h - b l a c k whirlwind.

Having

r e a c h e d the t e r r i t o r y of t h e petty King of B e - r i , who a l m o s t d e s t r o y e d t h e u n i v e r s a l d o c t r i n e of B u - r a m shing-pa (= Buddha Shakya t h u b - p a ) ,

"'

[the ~ h a n ] ,by dint of s t r e n g t h a n d s k i l l ,

took o v e r m o s t of the Khams. On the twenty-fifth of the eleventh month of the I r o n - d r a g o n y e a r ( 1 6 4 0 ) , the King of Be - r i w a s c a p t u r e d a n d imprisoned. Many l a m a s , o f f i c e r s , m o n k s , a n d l a y m e n of the ~ a - s k ~ a - ~ a f ' ~ Dge -lugs -pa, K a r - m a - p a , ' B r u g - ~ a , ' ~ r i - k h u n ~ - p 'I3 a , and Stag-lung-pa, 'I4

who had e a r l i e r b e e n i m p r i s o n e d by the

i in^

of

~ e - r i ] ,w e r e r e l e a s e d ; t h e r e f o r e , that r e g i o n w a s filled with joyful, p l e a s a n t sounds.

Then, a l l the t e r r i t o r i e s of K h a m s up-

w a r d f r o m that of the King of S a - d a m , in u n d e r h i s dominion.

an^,

"=

w e r e brought

39

Translation

In the I r o n - s e r p e n t y e a r (16411, he again l e d a g r e a t a r m y by way of Dbus of T i b e t a n d a r r i v e d in Gtsang.

The g r e a t a r m y

under the r a s h young s o n W a r - m a Bstan-skyong dbang-po) of the f i r s t King of Gtsang fought with the Mongol a r m y ; but, p o w e r l e s s a s a l i t t l e b i r d p u r s u e d by a hawk, they w e r e subdued. T h e n when G u - s h r i r e a c h e d the a g e of sixty-one, on the eighth of t h e f i r s t month of the W a t e r - h o r s e y e a r ( 1 6 4 2 ) , he ob~ (the upper p a r t of Gtsang) . tained t h e t h i r t e e n ~ d z o n ~ sof" Stod The King of Gtsang w a s c a p t u r e d a n d sewed up in leather.

It i s

a l s o s a i d t h a t h e w a s killed by the official Bsod-nams chos-Iphel.

117

Then, Rkong-po (Kong-po) , 'la a region between Khams and Tibet, where t h e r e w a s faith i n the K a r - m a - p a a n d much h a t r e d for the Dge-ldan-pa, w a s brought u n d e r [ G u - s h r i ~ h a n ' s ]power a s well. [ G U - s h r i ~ h a n provided ] the monastic schools of the t h i r t e e n well-known m o n a s t e r i e s (Gling) 'I9

with a new foundation.

lZ0

In s o

doing, having completely t r i u m p h e d o v e r a l l enemy t e r r i t o r i e s , he r u l e d by the wheel of power o v e r a l l that which was known a s the t h r e e p r o v i n c e s of Tibet. month of that y e a r of king of Tibet. ~ n ~-risl" a '

"'

On the fifteenth of t h e t h i r d

( 1 6 4 2 ) , h e w a s e s t a b l i s h e d in the high position

At that t i m e , t h e kings of India, Nepal, and

p r e s e n t e d h i m with gifts.

In s h o r t , h e extended h i s dominion in that m a n n e r , and the name of B s t a n - ' d z i n c h o s - r g y a l G u - s h r i Gegen Khan b e c a m e famous e v e r y w h e r e .

H i s n u m e r o u s , powerful, skillful, and

h e r o i c t r o o p s w e r e like a n a l l - o b s c u r i n g black r a i n cloud, c o m p a r a b l e t o the g r e a t A-kgo-hi-ni a r m y of India.

lZ3

They moved

like a whirlwind a n d d a r t e d unceasingly like noisy, r e d lightning. The F a i t h s e n t down a thunder-bolt of frightening weapons which w e r e blazing a n d i r r e s i s t i b l e , and the fruit of t h e deeds of f o r m e r

Annals of Kokonor

evil, h e r e t i c a l d e s i r e s w a s t h e n ripe; consequently, the various e n e m i e s of high, pointed, r o c k - m o u n t a i n - r a g g e d m i n d s , who r e belled a g a i n s t t h e Yellow Hat t e a c h i n g s of t h e Second Buddha ( T s o n g - k h a - p a ) a n d the holy m e n who followed h i m , a n d t h e i r p a t r o n s w e r e defeated.

B e c a u s e t h e gentle r a i n of the pliant dual

law w a t e r s a l l d e s i r e s , t h e f o r e s t s , f r u i t t r e e s , a n d h a r v e s t s on the h i l l s a n d plains of the r e l i g i o u s dominion of Tibet all i n c r e a s e d like a lake in s u m m e r .

In a l l t h e r e g i o n s of China, T i b e t , a n d

Mongolia, the renowned good d e e d s r e s u l t i n g f r o m t h e p r i e s t p a t r o n r e l a t i o n s h i p of the Snow -capped, v i r t u o u s mountain on the e a r t h (i. e.

,

the Yellow Hat s e c t ) , a r e c o m p a r a b l e t o the sun and

moon d e c o r a t i n g t h e sky.

It i s like t h e c l e a r - r i n g i n g sound of a

l a r g e d r u m i n the r e a l m of the gods ( s k y ) .

Thus, the victory

b a n n e r of t h e all-conquering Dge -1dan-pa teachings w a s r a i s e d up, a n d it competed f o r l o f t i n e s s with the r e a l m of t h e gods.

Every-

w h e r e i n Tibet, f r o m the tangs - t e - s e l Z 4 down t o Mdo-Khams,

'*'

the people b e c a m e p a t r o n s of the Dge-lugs-pa; a n d t h e l a m a s , m o n a s t e r i e s , c l a s s e s of gods, the laity a n d the c l e r g y w e r e a l l given t o u t m o s t happiness. Then, many of the [ ~ i b e t a n people ] said: 'All who a r e independent a r e happy; a l l who depend on o t h e r s a r e m i s e r a b l e ' ; o r , no m a t t e r what, one is n a r r o w - m i n d e d i f he d o e s not give f r e e d o m t o others.

N e v e r t h e l e s s , the Khan h i m s e l f s t i l l thought about

l o n g - r a n g e benefits; s o in o r d e r t o vanquish h a t r e d t o w a r d the Dge-ldan-pa i f it should r i s e again, t o be a m i l i t a r y a i d e t o the holy people, monks, a n d p a t r o n s who believed i n [the ~~e -1dan-pa], and t o e s t a b l i s h the c u s t o m of making h i s own d e s c e n d a n t s kings of T i b e t , a s s t a t e d above, [the ~ h a n f]i r s t r a i s e d h i m s e l f t o the throne.

Translation

41

In the Wood-ape y e a r (16441, one of the s i x r o b b e r s , L u - j u zi ( L i TZU-ch'eng) , "6 who belonged t o the community of the king of Tha-pur on t h e f r o n t i e r , Iz7 l e d a bandit a r m y past Zi-ling (Hsi-ning) a n d a r r i v e d a t Peking.

lZ8

Having usurped the kingdom

of the l a s t Chinese E m p e r o r Khrung -f ing (Chtung-cheng, reigned 1628-1644) ,IE9he ( L i T z u - c h t e n g ) occupied the capital f o r a few months.la

At that t i m e , t h e high officer of Chtung-cheng, Wang

U'u-wang-drum (Wu San-kuei)

, "'

p e r o r of Manchu J u r - c h i d ,

who was the descendant of Nor-

gwan-cha.

l 3

13'

a s k e d for help f r o m the E m -

When the Manchu's t r o o p s and the Chinese a r m y

surrounded Peking, t h e bandit t r o o p s e s c a p e d and fled t o the f r o n t i e r . I W T h e f i r s t Manchu Shun-chih E m p e r o r , Chling Shiht s u ( r e i g n e d 1644-1661),

135

a s c e n d e d t o the throne.

In the F i r e -hog y e a r ( 1647), a rift developed between Gtsang and Dbus. In the W a t e r - d r a g o n y e a r (1652), the fifth Dalai L a m a went to Peking, China, a n d r e t u r n e d t o T i b e t in the next y e a r (1653). Since t h e n China a n d Tibet have b e e n c l o s e l y allied, and Tibet f r o m M n g a l - r i s e a s t w a r d p a s s e d u n d e r t h e r u l e of the E m p e r o r of China. In t h e Wood-horse y e a r ( 1654), G u - s h r i Khan died.

His

oldest s o n Dayan Khan a s c e n d e d t o the throne, and a s e a l was p r e s e n t e d t o h i m i n the E a r t h - d o g y e a r (1658). In the W a t e r - t i g e r y e a r (1662), Khang-zhi Bde -skyid (= the K t a n g - h s i E m p e r o r , r e i g n e d 1662- 1722) s a t on the throne of

---

G r e a t China (Maha -t s i - n a )

.

137

In the F i r e - s h e e p y e a r ( 1 6 6 7 ) , the Kokonor [ ~ o n ~ oalr ]m y s u r r o u n d e d t h e Chinese city of Hsi-ning, but when a l a r g e Chinese a r m y c a m e u p t o Grong-lang,

they a g a i n b e c a m e peaceful.

Annals of Kokonor

In the Iron-hog y e a r (167 1) , ~ a t n a b' e~c a m e king of Tibet, a n d o t h e r [events took p l a c e ]

- s u c h things

will be mentioned

below. In t h e Wood-tiger y e a r ( 1 6 7 4 ) ) P h i d - s e ching-wang, descendant of the f o r m e r C h i n e s e R a l - p a - c a n , San-kuei)

"'

a

140

U'u-wang

(Wu

, r e b e l l e d a g a i n s t the E m p e r o r of China, but t h i s s i t u a -

tion w a s r e s o l v e d quickly. In t h e E a r t h - s h e e p y e a r ( 1 6 7 9 ) , A - b a r S a n g s - r g y a s r g y a mtsho'"

b e c a m e the Regent (Sde - s rid).

143

In t h e W a t e r -hog y e a r (1683) , T s h a n g s -dbyangs r g y a - m t s h o l M was born. In the Wood-ox y e a r (1685) , T s h a n g s - d b y a n g s r g y a - m t s h o a s c e n d e d t h e t h r o n e of the Dalai L a m a .

14'

In the F i r e - t i g e r y e a r ( 1 6 8 6 ) , the l a s t y e a r of t h e eleventh c y c l e , Mon-pa B l a - m a

in-po-chela

w a s born.

Furthermore,

T h o - l i , which i s m y b i r t h p l a c e on t h e banks of the R m a - c h u i n the Kokonor region,

147

w a s f i r s t occupied by m o s t of the d e s c e n -

dants and o t h e r s of the t e n s o n s of the g r e a t king G u - s h r i a n d h i s t h r e e queens; consequently, [ t h e s e d e s c e n d a n t s ] w e r e known a s the P a - r o n - g w a r (= BarEn g a r , 'right b a n n e r ' ) of the 0 - r o d . L a t e r on a t e m p l e w a s founded in T s h a b - c h e .

14'

T h e n , having been i n v e s t e d with the t i t l e of NO-min-hanl*) by the fifth Dalai L a m a (1617-1682), a p r i v a t e l a m a ( B l a - z u r ) of Sgo-mang, H o r Ngag-dbang ' p h r i n - l a s ~ h u n - ~ r u b , ' ~w' a s sent t o t h e Kokonor region.

A r r i v i n g t h e r e , he g a t h e r e d t o g e t h e r a l l

of the l e a d e r s in the vicinity of the m o n a s t e r y S t a g - s n a go'u-si,

15 1

which w a s f o r m e r l y h e l d by the D z u n g a r s , a t the confluence of t h e Shug-sha pad-stong15z [ r i v e r ] , in t h e upland of 'Ju-lag.

15 3

Then, h e divided the land a n d gave e a c h of t h e m a p l a c e t o dwell. According [to t h i s division], they e s t a b l i s h e d t h e right b a n n e r

Translation

and the left banner.

They lived passing the t i m e in complete

happiness, people a n d c a t t l e inc r e a s e d , a n d a l l was i n harmony, until t h e t r o u b l e d t i m e of the next Wood-hare y e a r (1675).

'"

In the F i r e - o x y e a r (1697) of t h e twelfth cycle, when the K1ang-hsi E m p e r o r , who was taking a n i m p e r i a l t o u r , p a s s e d through the c i t y of Nying-sha (Ning-hsia) nga -phu (Hsi-an-fu)

, lS6 T hu-med-pa

lS5

a n d a r r i v e d a t Shing-

Phyag -na r d o - r j e ~ ~ - b l a - m a ' ~ '

and o t h e r s w e r e s e n t t o invite the l e a d e r s of the Kokonor region. '~~ also At the s a m e t i m e , the f i r s t Lcang-skya ~ i n - ~ o - c h ewas despatched f o r the p u r p o s e of offering a n edict and a s e a l t o the sixth Dalai L a m a ; consequently, h e told the l e a d e r s of the Kokon o r region: 'If you go a n d pay your r e s p e c t s t o the E m p e r o r , it would be t h e p r o p e r behavior. ' T h e y believed what he s a i d a n d went t o Hsi-an-fu.

At that t i m e , the E m p e r o r c o n f e r r e d the s e a l

and t i t l e of c h i n g -wanq'59 on B k r a - s h i s pa -thur, the youngest s o n of G u - s h r i Khan, a n d i n s u c c e s s i o n [ c o n f e r r e d ] such t i t l e s a s

--

Jun-wang, P i - l e , B i - s e , Gung, a n d ~ a - s a ~ ' @ oo tnh e r s , along with a l a r g e n u m b e r of gifts.

Thus, h e brought the people of

Kokonor u n d e r h i s power a n d bound the good relationship between the Chinese a n d Mongols with a golden cord.

On that occasion,

s o m e l e a d e r s , s u c h a s T a - y a n Hung-the-je, who did not go [to ~ s i - a n - f u ] , a f t e r w a r d s went t o Peking.

Lha-bzang,

not go [to ~ e k i n ~ a] r,r i v e d t h e next y e a r

- the

(1698) , in Dbus of T i b e t f r o m B a - r o chu-'gag,

16'

who did

Earth-tiger year

16'

a n d stayed a t

the place w h e r e t h e previous Mongol Khans h a d lived.

16'

In the W a t e r - h o r s e y e a r ( 1702), having renounced the Vinaya vows t o t h e L o r d of Religion, Panchen Rin-po-che Blo-bzang y e shes,

'64

T s h a n g s -dbyangs r g y a - m t s h o took a woman and became

a lay king.

16'

In that y e a r , Sangs - r g y a m - p a ( = Sangs - r g y a s

r g y a - m t s h o ) r e t i r e d a n d appointed h i s e l d e s t s o n t o be regent.

166

Annals of Kokonor

In the W a t e r - s h e e p y e a r ( 1 7 0 3 ) , although Lha-bzang was e s

-

tablished in t h e position of king, he and the Regent w e r e in conflict due t o t h e i r competition f o r s u p r e m a c y . In the f i r s t month of the Wood-bird y e a r ( 1 7 0 5 ) , because the Queen (Rgyal-mo) , T s h e - r i n g b k r a - s h i s , was no o r d i n a r y person, the Regent and o t h e r s made a g e s t u r e of e s c o r t i n g [ h e r ] t o L h a bzang Khan, and t h e n o r d e r e d [ h e r and h e r husband] t o the Kokonor;167 n e v e r t h e l e s s , they did not r e t u r n t o the Kokonor.

After

a r r i v i n g in ~ a ~ - c h u ' he ~ ' g a t h e r e d s o m e t r o o p s , and in the sixth month he t u r n e d back.

He l e d t h r e e divisions of t r o o p s , which

m a r c h e d f r o m t h e t h r e e places of R ~ -la,'69 O ~~ad-rno-'~hran~,'* and ~tod-lung171[the Khan himself f r o m Rgad-mo -'phrang, T h u gwus je-sang f r o m Rgo-la, and T s h e - r i n g o r Tshe-dbang Rgyalm o f r o m ~ t o d - l u n g ] .17'

They fought a battle with t h e l a r g e [com-

bined] f o r c e s of the T h i r t e e n M y r i a r c h i e s ( K h r i - s k o r ) of Tibet, Khams, and M n g a l - r i s and c a p t u r e d Lhasa. rgyam-pa e s c a p e d t o boat.

he

on^ -dkar -

At that t i m e Sangs-

r d ~ o n ~ sby' ~m~e a n s of a hide

-

Khan's g e n e r a l , Thu-gwus je-sang, fought with the

Regent's c o m m a n d e r , R d o - r j e r a b - b r t a n , in Rgo-la; the f o r m e r killed t h e l a t t e r , and a demon s t o n e - c a i r n was e r e c t e d because R d o - r j e r a b - b r t a n w a s r e b o r n t h e r e a s a n evil s p i r i t .

]I7'

After

being c a p t u r e d by the a r m y of the Queen, and [ a r r i v i n g ] n e a r Skyor-lung,

175

the P r e c i o u s Regent was ' e s c o r t e d t o t h e p r e c i o u s

world f r o m which he previously had come' [that i s t o say: he was killed by Bar-cho-kha D a r - r g y a b HO'U-sho-che]. 176 A s for t h i s [ ~ h a n ] ,according t o old t r a d i t i o n s it is s a i d that no one was m o r e t o be f e a r e d t h a n he.

Being s h a m e l e s s , he e s -

tablished a n evil religious and s e c u l a r law which t r a n s g r e s s e d t h e dual c u s t o m (i. e . , yon-mchod c u s t o m ) 177 and t h e r e b y c o m mitted e x c e s s e s .

In view of t h i s , one could imagine that l a t e r

45

Translation

on Lha-bzang Khan received s o m e predestination flowere of the f r u i t s which would come of deeds done n e a r the J o - b o Rin-po-che. T h e r e a f t e r , s t a r t i n g f r o m that y e a r (17051, Lha-bzang Khan ruled the kingdom f o r twelve y e a r s . In the F i r e -dog y e a r (17061, it was decided that Tshangs

-

dbyangs r g y a - m t s h o was not the emanation of the Dalai Lama. When he and the s o n s of Sangs - r g y a s rgya-mtsho w e r e e s c o r t e d t o the lowlands (China) by o r d e r of the E m p e r o r of China, it wae l c e r t a i n that Tshangs -dbyangs rgya-mtsho died a t ~ u n - d g a-no'urm in the u p p e r p a r t of the Kokonor.

T h e o t h e r s w e r e brought t o Do-

lon-no'~r'~ in the t e r r i t o r y of Chahar. In the F i r e - h o g y e a r (1707), according t o the prophecies made by s o m e l a m a s and o r a c l e s , Mon-pa Ye-shes rgya-mtsho was ins t a l l e d on the t h r o n e of the Dalai Lama.

h the E a r t h - m o u s e y e a r (1708), the Dalai L a m a , Bskal-bzang rgya-mtsho,

'I

was b o r n in ~ i - t h a n ~ ' "of Kharns.

At one t i m e , about the Water -serpent y e a r (17 13) when T a yan ~ u n ~ - t h e - j e "and ~ T s h e -tshen The -je, who had recently a r rived f r o m Dzungaria with h i s t r i b e and taken up residence in the left banner, w e r e disputing o v e r 'the right banner' and 'the left banner', Panchen Rin-po-che despatched do-rje'i 'dzin-pa'i Sprul-sku [to mediate], and [the dispute] was settled by assigning T s h e - t s h e n T h e - j e t o the right banner. In the F i r e - a p e y e a r (17 16) the l e a d e r s of Kokonor invited the z iBskal-bzang ~ s ) rgya-mtsho, t o the All-Seeing-One ( K ~ n ~ - ~ , g r e a t m o n a s t e r y of ~ k u - ~ b u r nwhich '~ had been built at the birth place of the Rje-bla-ma

(= Tsong-kha-pa).

Although Lha-bzang Khan of Dbus -Gtsang and the King of Dzungaria, Hung -the -je T s h e -dbang r a b - b r t a n ,

le5

were at f i r s t

in mutual a g r e e m e n t , l a t e r on Lha-bzang s e c r e t l y cultivated faith

Annals of Kokonor

46

i n the old religion.

Before he was summoned by G s h i n - r j e chos-

rgyal (i. e . , t h e L o r d of d e a t h ) ,

h e put w r i t t e n c u r s e s in some

saddles and clothes which w e r e sent t o Dzungaria a s p r e s e n t s . The Dzungarian people c a m e t o know about the conveyor [a Tibetan, ~ the s e v e n c u r s e d a r t i c l e s the P a g - s h i of the ~ h a n ] ' of

and

other things; consequently, in the F i r e - b i r d y e a r (17 17) , five , ' ~ -'phel, m i l i t a r y o f f i c e r s , the e l d e r T s h e -ring d ~ n - ~ r u b Chos Thob-chi, Sangs - r g y a s , and Gdugs -dkar je'i-sang,

a s well a s

t h e i r t r o o p s w e r e despatched f r o m Dzungaria via such p l a c e s a s " ~ a r r i v e d in 'Dam. D r e s - p a nag-tshong and ~ ' a - r ~ a n , and

At that

t i m e when Lha-bzang [and the h e r o Thu-gwus j e - s a n g ' s son Dal a The -je and ~ - s h i - t a ] l ~went l t o m e e t [the e n e m y ] with a l a r g e Tibetan and Mongol a r m y , the P a n c h e n Rin-po-che Blo-bzang ye - s h e s and o t h e r s c a m e t o make peace, but they failed.

Pour

-

ing into L h a s a , t h e Dzungarian t r o o p s defeated Lha-bzang and showed t h e Khan (Lha-bzang) the i m p e r m a n e n t n a t u r e of life (i. e.

, they

rdo-rje,'*

killed h i m ) , a n d the Sde-pa of S t a g - r t s e , Mtsho-skye was appointed regent.

In a c c o r d a n c e with the o r a l

o r d e r s of the Dzungarian Lha-btsun, tshogs of Sgo-mang,

B l a - m a Blo-bzang phun-

the high l a m a of the Rnying-ma-pa, Rdo-

r j e - b r a g S p r u l - s k u , and o t h e r s w e r e killed in the Earth-dog y e a r (17 18) and Earth-hog y e a r (17 19).

A m o n a s t i c college, R n a m -

r g y a l - g l i n g m n e a r D g a t - l d a n pho-brang,

do-rje-bragm

and Smin-grol-gling,

lge

% '

and t h e m o n a s t e r i e s ,

and o t h e r s under the con-

t r o l of ~ s a m - ~ a [sm' o~n a~s t e r y ] w e r e destroyed.200 The monastic r u l e s a t Se - r a , ' B r a s -spungs, and Dgat -ldan, etc.

,

were en-

forced; and a l l the l e a r n e d ones w e r e g a t h e r e d in the 'Khyam-ra of L h a s a ,

w h e r e they e n t e r e d into debate on Buddhist logic.

T h e l e a r n e d ones we r e ranked according t o t h e i r [intellectual]

47

Translation

s t a t u r e a n d appointed t o the positions of Mkhan-po (abbot), z 0 2 Slob-dpon ( t e a c h e r ) ,'03

etc.

,

in which they w e r e highly respected.

During t h a t t i m e , i t b e c a m e known that the seventh Dalai L a m a h a d b e e n b o r n i n Li-thang of Khams; s o

am-bzhad

(= ' ~ a r n -

dbyangs b ~ h a d - ~ a ) went ~ " back t o h i s own country] and Ye-shes rgya-mtshoZo5 was taken temporarily t o Lcags-po-ri.

Then,

'06

by the E m p e r o r ' s o r d e r , Mon-pa P a d - d k a r ' d ~ i n - ~(the a title of Ye-shes r g y a - m t s h o ) w a s e s c o r t e d t o the lowlands (China) , p a s sing through Khams.

He w a s o r d e r e d t o s t a y in

she-horzo7

in

Mongolia. T h e n i n t h e I r o n - m o u s e y e a r ( 1 7 2 0 ) , when the All-seeing Bskal-bzang r g y a - m t s h o (the seventh Dalai L a m a ) was t h i r t e e n y e a r s old, a c c o r d i n g t o the o r d e r of the one who r u l e d by the wheel of power o v e r t h e e a s t e r n r e g i o n of the w o r l d (i. e . , the K'ang-hsi E m p e r o r ) , z l l of [the following] who w e r e unquestionably of a single faith e s c o r t e d [the seventh Dalai ~ a m a t]o Dbus in Tibet, t h e c o u n t r y of snow: f r o m Peking, the [fourteenth] prince Z h i - s e T s a n g -cun c h i n g -wangZo8 a n d a m b a n s , '09 together with t h e i r t r o o p s , [and] t h e M a s t e r of the Teachings of the S u t r a s and T a n t r a s , Dgon-lung -ba, the f i r s t Thu'u-kwan, Chos -rgya rntsho-pa ( = Ngag-dbang chos-kyi rgya-rntsho) khog-pa Yongs -'dzin TZ-bla-ma,

,'I0

-

[and] G s e r 211

Bka' -Igyur-pa ' p h r i n - l a s ,

and the M i n i s t e r of t h e R u l e r of G r e a t China, A-ta-ha-ta,

and

'I2

others; f r o m t h e Kokonor, the descendants of 0 - r o d G u - s h r i Khan, Blo-bzang b s t a n - ' d z i n Ching-wang,

'I3

[and] Dgal-ldan

E r -te -ni J u - n a n g Jun-wang [ o r T e ' i - c h i n g HO-shu-che], 'I4 E r - t e - n i E r -khi,

[and]

[and] E r -te -ni DZ-la Bo-shog-thu, [and]

Mer-geng t e ' i - c h i n g , [and] Ching-hong T h e -je, [and] ' ~ i g - b y e d skyabs, [and] Dge -legs ju-nang, Dga' -1dan b k r a - s h i s ;

[and] ~ e ' i - h u n gT h e -je,

f r o m t h e A-lag - s h a ,

'Ie

"6

E-phu P i - l e

and

48

Annals of Kokonor

P a - t h u r ju-nang;

f r o m Chinggis Khan's r o y a l lineage, t h e Hal-

ha, Don-grub Wang, f a t h e r of the Rje-btsun dam-pa2a0 i n c a r n a tion, [and] Gung T s h e -dbang nor-bu, rgya-mtsho,

"' and o t h e r s .

and T h e -je Lha-dbang

[ p a s s i n g ] in s u c c e s s i o n by the bank

of the lake (Kokonor) and by Gnyan-tsor, h e a d of Rma-chu, a n d F a - y a n - h a - r a ,

225

223

So-lo-mo,

'"the

they a r r i v e d a t the ' ~ r i -

chu, whereupon the Z h i - s e Ching-wang and o t h e r s r e t u r n e d [to t h e i r own regions]. Ldang-la,

'" and ~

T h e n when they a r r i v e d a t Dung-bu-ra,

226

o ~ - s h ain ~the ~ upper ' regions, they unex-

pectedly encountered t h e 0 - r o d Dzungarian t r o o p s who w e r e r e turning t o t h e i r own country; but nothing happened.

T h e n they

a r r i v e d in L h a s a of Skyid-shod f r o m ~ t s h o - m o - r a , " Nag-chu, ~ w a - s ~ r e n ~ Stag , ' ~ -lung and Phu-mdo.

They s u c c e s s i v e l y i n -

] the G r u - ' d z i n gnyis-pa, the s t a l l e d [the seventh Dalai ~ a r n a in PO-ta -laz3' of Tibet, a n d on the Lion T h r o n e of Dga' -1dan phob r a n g of ' B r a s - s p u n g s , and then held a g r e a t f e s t i v a l with the five s e n s o r y delights.

'" He was c a l l e d the crown o r n a m e n t of a l l

Tibet and G r e a t e r T i b e t , and the L o r d of Religion; and his fame filled t h e world. Some s t o r i e s about the people of the lake (Kokonor) a r e a during t h i s p e r i o d s a y that: 'During the t i m e of the g r e a t festival in the P o - t a - l a , the high o f f i c e r s f r o m China w e r e placed in the c e n t e r row and w e r e elegantly s e r v e d .

[ w h e r e a s ] we Kokonor

people w e r e placed in the back row and s e r v e d food hastily. Secondly, although [we wanted t o ] s a v e the life of the Sde-pa S t a g - r t s e - p a , none would l i s t e n [to us], and [our] petition c a m e t o naught.

Thirdly, we brought the Dalai L a m a f r o m Li-thang

and have now through diligence a c c o m p l i s h e d o u r goal in placing [him] on the Lion T h r o n e

-a

t a s k f o r which we w e r e needed and

f o r which [they r e g a r d e d ] u s highly

- yet,

[our] achievements

49

Translation

were belittled a t o t h e r t i m e s .

M o r e o v e r , in our private opinions,

the royal d e s c e n d a n t s of G u - s h r i Khan w e r e s u c c e s s i v e l y e n t h r o n ed a s king of T i b e t s i n c e e a r l y t i m e s and it should be that way even now.

Neve r t h e l e e S , ~ h a - n ~ h~e n - n a s ' ~of~ shangsZ3* in

Gtsang w a s appointed t o t h e position of regent.

235

Due t o many

such c a u s e s o u r f a c e s w e r e washed with the sweat of s h a m e and our h e a r t s w e r e p i e r c e d a s by a thorn; so, h a r b o r i n g r e s e n t m e n t , we took a n oath b e f o r e [the image of] the Buddha in Tibet a g r e e ing t o r i s e i n revolt a g a i n s t China. ' I have h e a r d that, having r e t u r n e d t o the Kokonor region, they told [this decision] t o all t h e people.

N e v e r t h e l e s s , t o fight

with e i t h e r China o r T i b e t , a n d p a r t i c u l a r l y t o fight with China, since t h e y l i v e d in the r e a l m of the E m p e r o r of China, was b u s t like] the p r o v e r b , ' D r e - s h a r nub-glud

(i. e.

They r e t u r n e d i n the Ox y e a r (1721).

,

it i s pointless).

2%

When they a s s e m b l e d

in the T i g e r y e a r ( 1 7 2 2 ) , they could not a g r e e whether t o r e s c i n d the f o r m e r oath a n d the i n t e r n a l law.

In the W a t e r - h a r e y e a r

(1723) when t h e E m p e r o r of China, Yung-cheng ( r e i g n e d 17231735), a s c e n d e d t h e t h r o n e , the [ ~ o n ~ ot rl o]o p s a s s e m b l e d f o r w a r , [be it] i n t e r n a l o r external.

I (at t h e age of twenty) s a w

t h i s on m y way t o Dbus of Tibet.

Then, though s t i l l fighting among

t h e m s e l v e s , t h e y a t t a c h e d s o m e Chinese forts.

Not knowing m i l -

i t a r y techniques, they w e r e like c h i l d r e n playing games.

At that

t i m e two C h i n e s e g e n e r a l s Z n p r e p a r e d a g r e a t a r m y t o fight f o r control of t h i s region.

S c a t t e r e d like little b i r d s being c h a s e d by

a n e a g l e , t h e l e a d e r s of t h e Mongol a r m y e s c a p e d t o the north a n d the o t h e r s o l d i e r s d i s p e r s e d . When t h e moon i s e c l i p s e d by the shadow of the [ ~ h i n e s e ] forck, t h e e a r t h a l s o b e c o m e s darkened.

In the H a r e y e a r (1723)

and the Dragon y e a r (1724), Chinese s o l d i e r s s e v e r e l y damaged

Annals of Kokonor

50

many of the m o n a s t e r i e s , p l a c e s of meditation, [and h a r m e d ] high l a m a s a n d monks in A-mdo. the f e a r f u l o m e n s of e a r t h (i. e. appeared.

,

A l s o , inside the city of Peking, e a r t h q u a k e ) , f i r e , a n d wind

T h e n the s e c o n d ~ a n c h e n ' s~e~n t a delegate [to Peking],

s in a g r e e m e n t with [him]. a n d even the L c a n g - s k y a ~ ~ r u l - s k uw 'a~ When they a s k e d with g r e a t e a r n e s t n e s s f o r a i d t o t h e m o n a s t e r i e s a n d p l a c e s of meditation, t h e Religious - E m p e r o r , Yung -cheng, w a s v e r y pleased.

T h e r e i n t h e E a r t h - b i r d y e a r (1729) t h e mon-

a s t e r i e s a n d p l a c e s of meditation w e r e r e s t o r e d with [funds f r o m h i s ] t r e a s u r y a n d h e s e t a s i d e a n annual payment f r o m t h e t r e a s u r y t o pay the t a x , which [used t o b e ] c o l l e c t e d f r o m the m o n a s t i c communities.

T h i s u n a l t e r a b l e , benevolent c u s t o m of granting

[funds] w a s well established.

Since then, i n t h e m o n a s t e r i e s and

p l a c e s of meditation, l i s t e n i n g t o t h e explanation [of s c r i p t u r e s ] w a s a l s o w e l l propagated, a n d Buddha's t e a c h i n g s extended like a n ocean.

[ ~ e c a u s e t]h i s benevolent law w a s e s t a b l i s h e d a l l o v e r

Kokonor a n d M d o - K h a n s , wondrous joy g l o r i f i e d t h i s region. A f t e r w a r d s when I was a t the Sgo-mang G r w a - t s h a n g , in Dbus of T i b e t , Khang-chen-nas of Shangs of Gtsang w a s like a regent; a n d h i s four m i n i s t e r s ( ~ k a-blon) ' were Rdo-rje rgyalpo, L o n - p a - n a s , Rnga-bod blo-bzang, who w e r e f r o m Dbus, and a junior m i n i s t e r , P h o - l a T h e -je f r o m Gtsang.

At that t i m e ,

L u m - p a - n a s , whose h e a r t w a s s t a b b e d by the five a r r o w s of L u s rned bdag -PO, 241 kept saying, ' G e n e r a l l y speaking, if t h e s e t h r e e g r e a t evil m o n a s t e r i e s , e s p e c i a l l y the Sgo-mang a n d R g y u d - s m a d G r w a -tshang,

24'

did not e x i s t , h a p p i n e s s would c o m e h e r e t o

Tibet. ' I a c t u a l l y h e a r d t h i s . T h e n , although the t h r e e m i n i s t e r s of Dbus had a s e c r e t plan, t h e y could not a t t a i n t h e i r goal.

Therefore, after Pho-lha

Gtsang, they plotted t o r e m o v e T h e - j e went t o ~ h o - l h a ~of* ~

51

Translation

hang -chen-nas f r o m the [position of] regent, and [ t h e r e a f t e r ]

[ ~ h a n ~ - c h e n - n aw s ]a s killed in f r o n t of the temple of Jo-bo on the eighteenth day of the fifth monthzu in the F i r e - s h e e p y e a r (1727) of the twelfth cycle.

That w a s two y e a r s before the mon-

a s t e r i e s a n d p l a c e s of meditation of A - m d o w e r e r e s t o r e d in the above mentioned E a r t h - b i r d y e a r ( 1729)

.

Meanwhile, Pho-lha

The-je, in h i s own rdzong, l e a r n e d that a m u r d e r o u s a r m y had been sent [to k i l l h i m ] a n d h e r a n away.

Although he was chased

by a l a r g e a r m y , h e e s c a p e d and obtained a n a l l i e d a r m y f r o m the King of LZ-dag Mnga' - r i s .

T o g e t h e r with the a r m y of

U5

Gtsang, they fought with the a r m y of Dbus f o r one y e a r n e a r Rgyalr t s e -rdzong.

246

[T she-bdag,

w e r e on the s i d e of Dbus.

247

the h e r o of Dbus, a n d o t h e r s

Yul-ni,

248

the officer of ~ ~ a - s h u r " ~

of Gtsang, a n d o t h e r s w e r e on the s i d e of Gtsang. ] On the twentyeighth day of the fifth month i n the E a r t h - a p e y e a r (1728), the people of Dbus w e r e defeated, a n d the t h r e e m i n i s t e r s and o t h e r s (seventeen of them)'='

w e r e captured.

At the s a m e t i m e , the

officers a n d t r o o p s , who w e r e despatched by t h e R e l i g i o u s - E m p e r o r , Yung-cheng, a r r i v e d a n d m a d e t h o s e evil ones fly t o t h e i r next life. Pho-lha T h e - j e w a s given the t i t l e of Jun-wang (Chiin-wang) by the E m p e r o r ' s o r d e r a n d was appointed the King of Tibet. F r o m that t i m e p e r s e c u t i o n of the Dge -1dan-pa f o r the m o s t p a r t c e a s e d a n d t h e r e w a s a n i n c r e a s e in preaching, debating, and writing, etc.

T h e v a r i o u s regions of Tibet enjoyed a wealth of

happine s s. A f t e r w a r d s i n the E a r t h - d r a g o n y e a r ( 1748), TZ-li pa-thur, the r u d e - m a n n e r e d younger son of Pho-lha Wang, occupied the position of regent;='

however, h i s h e a r t was s e i z e d by MZra's

iron-hook a n d h e even b e c a m e a n e n e m y of [ ~ u d d h a ' s ]teachings.

Annals of Kokonor

52

B e f o r e long he w a s killed by the E m p e r o r ' s o r d e r ( i n 1750), and t h e n t h e s u c c e s s i o n of T i b e t a n r e g e n t s vanished.253

Nevertheless,

a f t e r t h a t , the Ch'ien-lung ~ m ~ e r o reigned, r ' ~ ~ and prosperity c a m e e v e n t o Tibet.

F u r t h e r m o r e , in that y e a r (i. e . , the above

E a r t h - d r a g o n y e a r , 1748) the e m a n a t i o n of the s e c o n d Panchen Rin-po-che, Dpal-ldan ye - s h e s , [was born].

255

In t h e E a r t h -

t i g e r y e a r (1758) of t h e t h i r t e e n t h c y c l e t h e eighth Dalai L a m a , I

J a m - d p a l r g y a - m t s h o , w a s born. I n t h e E a r t h - h o g y e a r (1779) , P a n c h e n , t h e All-knowning one,

e m b a r k e d on a journey f o r t h e p u r p o s e of s p r e a d i n g the Buddha's t e a c h i n g s i n the east.

In the I r o n - m o u s e y e a r (1780) t h e Panchen

Rin-po-che a r r i v e d a t Peking, t h e c a p i t a l of China.

By m e a n s

of t h e dual r e l i g i o u s - s e c u l a r law of t h e t h r e e [countries], China, T i b e t a n d Mongolia, which w e r e r e p r e s e n t e d by s u c h [ p e r s o n s ] a s the Ch'ien-lung E m p e r o r , the g r e a t r u l e r , a n d t h e Lcang-skya Rin-po -che, the Mightly M a s t e r of [ ~ u d d h a ' s ]T e a c h i n g s , hopes a n d d e s i r e s w e r e fulfilled [in a m a n n e r ] vying with the mighty 'Wish-Granting-Jewel'.

At the a g e of forty-one h e a g a i n went

[back] t o T i b e t f r o m t h e r e a l m of death (i. e. b o r n in T i b e t ) .

, he was again r e -

In the I r o n - o x y e a r (178 1) when we h e a r d that

t h e e m a n a t i o n a g a i n [had b e e n r e b o r n ] in t h e Gtsang region,

256

[just a s ] t h e mighty s u n h a d c o m e out o v e r t h e e a s t e r n mountain peak, a l l o u r minds w e r e like t h e lotus in full b l o s s o m . B k r a - s h i s p'a-thur Wang, t h e youngest one of sta an-'dzin chos - r g y a l 1 s t e n s o n s , and h i s s o n Blo-bzang b s t a n - ' d z i n , m e t with m e with m e a n d paid t h e i r

respects.

257

B e c a u s e of the l i n e -

a g e of t h i s family, o t h e r regions a r e not c o m p a r a b l e t o t h i s one [of t h e ~ o k o n o r ] . A d e t a i l e d lineage of G u - s h r i Khan's d e s c e n d a n t s who dominated t h i s r e g i o n i s given i n m y Religious H i s t o r y (Chos -'byung).

25 8

53

Translation

At p r e s e n t , the F i r e - h o r s e y e a r (1786) of the thirteenth cycle, the descendants of G u - s h r i Khan who a r e living i n the Kokonor a n d A - l a g - s h a a r e as follows: On the right s i d e of t h e Rma-chu: Wang Ngag-dbang d a r rgyas, D z a - s a g Blo-bzang bstan-'dzin, Dza-sag Klu-'bum, and The -je Chos -dpal. On the left s i d e of t h e Rrna-chu: Wang Bsod-name r d o - r j e , Gangs - k a r Wang, P i - l e ' J i g - m e d y e - s h e s , Be -si Mtsho-rkyes r d o - r j e , Gung B s o d - n a m s s t o b s - r g y a s , Gung Dge -'dun d ~ n - ' ~ r u b , Gung Chos-skyong-skyabs, D z a - s a g Kun-bzang t s h e - r i n g , Dzasag Dpal-'byor, D z a - s a g P h y a g - r d o r , D z a - s a g Ban-dhe, Dzasag Nor-bu r i n - c h e n , D z a - s a g R d o - r j e , Khur-lugs B e - s i Blobzang t s h e - b r t a n , D z a - s a g L h a - s k y a b s , Dza-sag Dge-'dun-skyabs,

T s h a s - d a m D z a - s a g Dgal -1dan bstan-skyong, Dza-sag Chos -btsunskyabs, a n d D z a - s a g B k r a - s h i s chos -'phel. T h e o t h e r s [are]: Dzungar P i - l e Chos -skyong -skyabs, Dzungar B e - s i ' C h i - m e d z l a - b a , Ho-de Gung Rta-mgrin; Thor-gwod Dzasag Dkon-mchog, D z a - s a g S g r o l - m a - s k y a b s , D z a - s a g Ur-rgyan, Dza - s a g B s a m - l g r u b rgya -mtsho; Hal -ha Dza-sag T she -thar. It i s s a i d that nowadays t h e r e a r e t h i r t y - t h r e e P r i n c i p a l i t i e s (Dpon-khag) a n d 10 1 Divisions (Mda') .% ' In the A -lag - s h a banner: Ho -shih Ch'in-wang Dbang -chen d p a l - ' b a r , a n d h i s b r o t h e r s who a r e Gung, a n d o t h e r [ s o r t s of dignitaries]. M o r e o v e r , [ t h e r e a r e ] Gung R d o - r j e t s h e - b r t a n , T h u - s a l a g chi T she-dbang r d o - r j e ,

I

J i g s -byed-skyabs T h u - s a lag-chi, and

many o t h e r T h e - j e . May t h i s Annals of Kokonor, a s r e l a t e d above, be like the full moon just a s it r i s e s , a n d m a y a l l of the deeds of s o m e l a m a s , kings, m i n i s t e r s , a n d the common people of the t h r e e [countries],

Annals of Kokonor

54

China, T i b e t , a n d Mongolia, be l i k e t h e white lights that s p r e a d through openings i n the m o s t beautiful rainbow clouds moving slowly [in the sky].

May t h e explanation of t h e wholly pleasing

f e a t u r e s of t h i s r e g i o n be like cool r a y s which b a n i s h the f e v e r pains of w e a r y i n g minds; a n d a t the s a m e t i m e , m a y t h e i g n o r a n t gloom a l s o be c l e a r e d away by the b r i g h t light.

Being pleased

with t h i s joyful s t o r y , the w a t e r l i l i e s in t h e g a r d e n s p r i n g into full bloom.

-

May [the Annals of ~ o k o n o r b ] e a wonderful spectacle

that will n e v e r w e a r y t h e e y e s of o t h e r people, w h e t h e r n e a r o r far.

NOTES

I n t h i s t r a n s l a t i o n , the f i r s t - p e r s o n singular pronouns

1.

(I, my, a n d m e ) r e f e r t o the o r i g i n a l a u t h o r , Sum-pa mkhan-po. Dpaf -ris ( o r D p a l - r i ) r e f e r s t o the a r e a a l s o called A -

2.

mdo Dpal -ris ( o r A - m d o Dpa' - r i )

.

It i s the a r e a corresponding

roughly t o the c o u r s e of the T a - t f u n g Ho ( m o d e r n m a p s (GT, p.

197, note 77 1 ) .

& 3q

) of

T h e people who lived in

this a r e a w e r e Tibetans. 3.

P h u r - t s h a s g a m - p a Chos - r d o - r j e : unidentified.

4.

M t s h o - s n y i n g - r i (Hai-hsin-shan

1 ~ '(LI

) , the

name meaning 'Lake - h e a r t -mountain', i s a s m a l l island in Lake It i s a l s o c a l l e d Mtsho-snying ~ a h z d e z(GT, p. 202,

Kokonor. note 827).

5.

A-chi: unidentified.

6.

K h r i - r t a d m a r - c a n , l i t e r a l l y 'One With 10,000 Red Horses'.

7.

C l a n g - d k a r -can, l i t e r a l l y 'One With a White Ox'.

8.

Mgon-po-gdong, l i t e r a l l y ' L o r d ' s Face'.

This Mgon-po-

gdong i s not t o be confused with the Mgon-po-gdong of Mon-mkhar mentioned by Sum-pa mkhan-po in the W a t e r - m o u s e y e a r (1252) of the R e l u - m i g (PSJZ,

9.

SATAPITAKA,

C c - n i o r Co-ne, called Cho-ni (

8, p. 26) which was i n Tibet.

$

fu

) in Chinese,

i s the l a r g e T i b e t a n t r i b e n e a r the Chinese d i s t r i c t of ~ ' a o - c h o u (

1

- )

.

The National 1928.

S e e J. F. Rock, 'Life Among the L a m a s of Choni', Geographic Magazine, Washington, D. C.

, November,

Annals of Kokonor

L e n - t a n Hu-thog-thu w a s the l a s t G r e a t Khan of Chinggis

10.

Khan's i m p e r i a l descendants.

About h i s b i r t h y e a r : Walther

H e i s s i g s a y s , 'Ligdan w a s s e v e n t e e n y e a r s old when h e b e c a m e G r e a t Khan in 1604' (A - -L o s t Civilization c o v e r e d , p. 120).

- Th e Mongols

Redis-

H e n r y H. Howorth s a y s , 'He w a s b o r n in

1592, s u c c e e d e d h i s g r a n d f a t h e r in 1604, u n d e r the t i t l e of Khutuktu Khan, a n a m e h e owed t o h i s z e a l i n promoting the s p r e a d of L a m a i s m ' (Howorth, p. 378).

Howorth's dating is

m o r e r e l i a b l e , b e c a u s e h e h a s adopted the m a t e r i a l s of the h i s t o r y

r

of Mongols as given by Sa a n g - s e E e n (= H s i a o C h ' e - c h ' e n Sa-nang

A

& , rk

F& 4 )*

x%-& 55,gt, , & & -3 & $k- 57

yiian-liu

(,$A

chiian 6, ff.

w o r t h (pp. 369-38 1) Han (

A c c o r d i n g t o Ch'in-tina Meng-ku

the lineage of Lingdan Khan f r o m T a - y e n

)

?a

10a-14b) a n d Ho-

downwards i s a s follows:

-yen Han (

Dayan Khan died in 1543

when he w a s eighty y e a r s old. [ F o r a d i s c u s s i o n on t h e u n c e r t a i n t y of Dayan ~ h a n ' sd a t e s , s e e R o b e r t J a m e s M i l l e r , M o n a s t e r i e s and Culture baden, p.

--

Change in I n n e r Mongolia, O t t o H a r r a s s o w i t z - W i e s

11)

- T'u-lu

Po-lo-t'e (

bolod d i e d in h i s f a t h e r ' s l i f e t i m e )

& F q +&

7

K'u-teng Han ( 1520- 1557.

Bodi-alar

a 14fij&

A - l a - k ' e Han (

Khan, 1504- 1547)

7% 3 & & g3jq-3 ,a

[ ~ h ' i n - t i n gMenp-ku yilan-liu, chllan 6, pp.

a n d died in t h e y e a r of H s i n - s z u

s a - k ' e -t'u Han (

C h ' e - c h ' e n Han (

s e r e n Khan, 1555- 1603)

t h i s should be

en^-chlen/% ,f$
.

(1708-1757). 182.

g>

Li-thang i s c a l l e d L i - t ' a n g ( @

4%

) i n Chinese.

The seventh D a l a i L a m a ' s b i r t h p l a c e was the hamlet of T s ' a - m a chung (

4% 1%

)

n e a r L i - t l a n g i n the p r e s e n t Hsi-klang

province (WTTC, chiian 15, p. 410). 183.

DZ-yan Hung-the -je ( s p e l l e d

'Ta- an Hung-the-je'

on

p. 45), Lha-bzang Khan's cousin, was the l e a d e r of the right banner in t h e Kokonor r e g i o n (MKYMC, chtian 12, pp. 14a- 15b;

P. Notes, p. 284, note 8 ) . 184.

T h e full n a m e of t h i s m o n a s t e r y is Sku-'bum Dga' -1dan

Byarns -pa-gling; i n Chinese it i s called T ' a - e r h - s z u

-3 -t (3% ~ ).

It i s l o c a t e d southwest of Hsi-ning (GT, pp. 193- 194, note 745). 185.

T s h e -dbang r a b - b r t a n w a s the r u l e r of Dzungaria f r o m

1697 t o 1727 ( P e t e c h , p. 25). 186.

G s h i n - r j e chos - r g y a l is usually a d d r e s s e d in Tibetan a s

G s h i n - r j e , o r a s G s h i n - r j e chos-kyi rgyal-po (Nebesky-Wojkowitz,

-

--

O r a c l e s a n d Demons of T i b e t , p. 8 2 ) . 187.

T e x t u a l footnote.

(= P a k s i )

Concerning t h i s Tibetan P a g - s h i

, s e e P. Notes, p. 279.

i s the Mongolian w o r d B a v (

19- -&

Pag-shi (or Pak-shi or Pa-shi)

d e r i v e d f r o m the Chinese Po-shih

), which m e a n s ' t e a c h e r , i n s t r u c t o r , p r o f e s s o r , l e a r n -

e d l a m a ; m a s t e r ; m i s t e r ' ( L e s s i n g , Mongolian-English Diction-

3, p. 70;

s e e a l s o Nieh c h 1 u n g - c h ' i , p. 107, note 6 ) .

Accord-

ing t o Das, the t e r m P a g - s h i i s applied t o 'a T i b e t a n l a m a of the K a r m a p a s e c t who v i s i t e d China t o p r e a c h Buddhism' Tibetan-English Dictionary, p. 777)

.

(Das,

Annals of Kokonor

88

188.

Except f o r the s a d d l e s a n d clothes mentioned above,

Sum-pa did not identify t h e c u r s e d a r t i c l e s . 189.

The e l d e r T s h e - r i n g don-grub w a s a c o u s i n of t h e King,

Tshe-dbang r a b - b r t a n , a n d the second m a n i n t h e r e a l m of Dzungaria (P. Notes, p. 276).

Concerning the younger T s h e

-

r i n g don-grub, s e e MKYMC, chflan 13, f. 6 b ) . 190.

T h e s e p l a c e s a r e unidentified.

Some d e t a i l s about t h e

above four Dzungarian o f f i c e r s who s e r v e d under t h e e l d e r T s h e r i n g don-grub a r e found in P. Notes, pp. 276-277. 19 1.

T e x t u a l footnote.

Da-la T h e -je i s c a l l e d Dpa' - r t u l - c a n

D u r a i T a i j i i n P. Notes, p. 279. 192.

A - s h i - t a : unidentified.

At t h i s t i m e the Sde-pa of S t a g - r t s e w a s S t a g - r t s e - p a

L h a - r g y a l r a b - b r t a n who r e c e i v e d the t i t l e of Sa-skyonq ( ' P r o t e c t o r of the R e a l m ' ) i n 1717, a n d w a s appointed Regent by the Dzungarian l e a d e r T s h e - r i n g don-grub ( P e t e c h , pp. 43-44). He w a s k i l l e d i n the eleventh month of 1720 ( P e t e c h , pp. 63-64). Mtsho-ekye r d o - r j e w a s the n a m e of h i s f a t h e r ( s e e note 76 a n d

P. Notes, p. 264, note 4 ) . 193.

L h a - b t s u n i s a t i t l e meaning 'The R e v e r e n d God'.

Only

t h o s e high l a m a s who w e r e f r o m the r o y a l family h e l d t h i s title. 194.

T h i s Sgo-mang w a s one of t h e four c o l l e g e s ( G r w a - t s h a n q )

i n ' ~ r a -spungs s m o n a s t e r y (MBG, p. 9 7 ) . 195.

R n a m - r g y a l - g l i n g , i n which T song -kha -pa took h i s final

vows, w a s c a l l e d Dga' -1dan R n a m - r g y a l -gling o r R n a m - r g y a l Lha-khang.

'It i s a s m a l l yellow-washed building, south of

Rtse-tshogs-pa' 196.

(MBG, p.

124, note 228; p. 125, note 242).

Dga'-ldan pho-brang i s the n a m e of the p a l a c e a t ' B r a s -

spungs in which the Abbot of ' B r a s - s p u n g s lived.

It i s s a i d t o

have b e e n built by the second Dalai L a m a (GT, p. 152, note 350).

89

Notes

197.

Rdo-rje -brag, between Bsam-yas and Lhasa, is a very

important c e n t e r of t h e Rnying - m a -pa i n C e n t r a l T i b e t (MBG, p. 118, note 1 7 5 ) . A c c o r d i n g t o P. Notes, p. 290, t h e abovementioned R d o - r j e - b r a g S p r u l - s k u w a s the i n c a r n a t e abbot of the Rdo-rje-brag monastery. 198.

S m i n - g r o l - g l i n g , a g r e a t Rnying-ma-pa m o n a s t e r y , l i e s

south a c r o s s t h e G t s a n g - p o R i v e r f r o m B s a m - y a s in the valley of t h e S m i n - g r o l - g l i n g R i v e r (Waddell, p. 277). 199.

B s a m - y a s w a s t h e f i r s t m o n a s t e r y founded in Tibet.

It

is s i t u a t e d about t h i r t y m i l e s s o u t h e a s t of L h a s a , n e a r the north bank of t h e G t s a n g - p o R i v e r .

T h e m a j o r i t y of its m e m b e r s u s e d

t o be R n y i n g - m a - p a , but s i n c e t h e t h i r t e e n t h c e n t u r y it h a s been S a - s k y a - p a (cf. Waddell, pp. 266-268). 200.

A l l of t h e s e d e s t r o y e d m o n a s t e r i e s o r m o n a s t i c colleges

were Rnying-ma-pa centers.

The Dzungars p e r s e c u t e d the Red

Hats b e c a u s e t h e y w e r e p a t r o n s of t h e Yellow Hat s e c t ( P e t e c h , p. 4 4 ) . 201.

' K h y a m - r a , s p e l l e d K h y a m s - r a in D a s ' s Dictionary

(p. 1 5 9 ) , m e a n s 'a c o u r t y a r d o r a n open s p a c e before a house o r on t h e roof of a h o u s e u s e d f o r a i r i n g , walking, o r sitting; a l s o playground'.

T h e ' K h y a m - r a of L h a s a i s t h e c o u r t y a r d of

the Gtsug -lag -khang (

yfi3 ) i n t h e c e n t e r of L h a s a (MBG,

p. 85, note 3 8 ) . 202. PO, t h a t -

T h e o r i g i n a l spelling w a s Mkhan-sa, a n e r r o r for Mkhani s t o s a y , a n abbot of a m o n a s t i c institution (Waddell,

pp. 172-173). 203.

F o r t h e function of a Slob-dpon, s e e Waddell, p. 188.

204.

T h i s w a s the f i r s t ' J a m - d b y a n g s bzhad-pa (1648-1721).

He w a s b o r n in A - m d o , a n d a r r i v e d a t L h a s a i n 1668.

The f i r s t

t i m e h e r e t u r n e d t o h i s home country was in 1708 when the

Annals of Kokonor

90

Rock, T h e Amnye Ma-chhen

seventh Dalai L a m a w a s b o r n (J.

-

Range a n d Adjacent Regions, pp. 39 - 4 1 ) . 205.

S e e note 146.

206.

L c a g s -PO-ri('Iron H i l l ' ) i s t o t h e southwest of the Potola A f a m o u s t e m p l e , a t t a c h e d t o a m e d i c a l school, is a t

in L h a s a .

i t s s u m m i t (MBG, p. 91, note 6 0 ) . 207.

Gshe-hor,

n o r t h of Peking, w a s t h e s u m m e r r e t r e a t of

the Manchu e m p e r o r s ; i t i s c a l l e d J e - h o ( J e h o l , in Chinese.

It i s a l s o c a l l e d Ch1eng-te (

Ak 3.. 93

,

)

1

which i s

the c a p i t a l of the p r e s e n t J e -ho province. 208.

T h i s w a s the K 1 a n g - h s i E m p e r o r ' s f o u r t e e n t h s o n (not

the s e v e n t e e n t h ) , Fu-yiian Ta-chiang-chiin,

< G . ,CI$f? 4 ;($-L;-

1688-1755).

Yiin-tli (

3% -.\& (I I

S e e P e t e c h , p. 57; a n d Sheng-

wu-chi, f. 10a. 209.

A m b a n is a Manchu t i t l e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o the Chinese

~a-ch'=

1, 210.

(A

),

Ta-kuan

(k$

), o r T a - j e n (

which m e a n s 'High Official' (Nieh C h t u n g - c h ' i , p. 9 9 ) . He was the f i r s t of the s e r i e s of the T ' u - k u a n

Q u t u i t u of Peking (1680-1736).

--

&

i$...d~

)

H i s s h o r t biography i s found in

-

M a t e r i a l s f o r a H i s t o r y of T i b e t a n L i t e r a t u r e , P a r t I, pp. 54-55; a n d a l s o in P e t e c h , p. 60. 21 1.

He i s c a l l e d Bka' - ' g y u r T a - b l a - m a Blo-bzang t s h u l - k h r i m s

i n P e t e c h , p. 60. 212.

A - t a -ha-ta: unidentified.

213.

Blo-bzang b s t a n - ' d z i n w a s t h e s o n of G u - s h r i Khan's tenth

s o n B k r a - s h i s P a - t h u r (MKYMC, chiian 12, f. 9b; P e t e c h , p. 8 2 ) . /

214. & -#

7

\

He w a s c a l l e d ~ a i - c h 1 i n h go - e h i h - c h ' i (

) in Chinese.

A'&

$2

$o He w a s t h e g r a n d s o n of G u - s h r i Khan's fifth

s o n (MKYMC, chilan 12, f.

12a; P. Notes, pp. 282-283).

91

Notes

He w a s the g r a n d s o n of G u - s h r i Khan'e t h i r d eon (MKYMC,

215.

chtian 12, f.

14a; P. Notes, p. 286, note 1 ) .

216.

Theme n a m e s a r e unidentified.

217.

He w a s t h e g r a n d s o n of G u - s h r i Khan's e l d e s t son

(MKYMC, chiian 12, f. 218.

.

The A - l a g - s h a w e r e Mongols of A-la-shan

) (

18a)

r"

-

who w e r e s e t t l e d in the region north of Ning-hsia

) a n d along the W e s t e r n Bend (

- , chUan

River (Ibid. 219.

.

of the Yellow

-

,&# p3

C a l l e d E - f u A-pao (

Ep

& .&$ )

11, ff. 2a 1 0 a ) .

was the s o n of H o - l o - l i ( *G 3b)

(fq&&$

,

-

u is E f u (

,@ 3%

) in Chinese, he

) (Ibid. - , chiian 11, ff. 3a-

) in Chinese; it is the Manchu

-

title 'Husband of a n I m p e r i a l P r i n c e s s ' ( M a y e r s , T h e Chinese Government, p. 2, note 15; P. Notes, pp. 288-289). 220.

R j e - b t s u n d a m - p a w a s the Mongolian h i e r a r c h r e g a r d e d

a s a n i n c a r n a t i o n of the c e l e b r a t e d l a m a , TXranZtha (Waddell, pp. 70, 240-241).

When the twenty-first Rje -btsun dam-pa died

in 1924, the lineage of incarnations c a m e t o a n end (Hu m i - a n , p. 127, note 61).

Don-grub Wang was t h e father of the t h i r d R j e -

btsun d a m - p a (1725-1771) 221.

H e w a s a Mongol p r i n c e , c a l l e d T s ' e -wang no-erh-pu

2 -

(

(P. Notes, pp. 287-288).

2%

) in Chinese (FPYL,chUan 4, ff. 20a-

24b) ; in P. Notes (p. 287) h e i s c a l l e d Gewang Norbu. 222.

T h e - j e Lha-dbang rgya-mtsho: unidentified.

223.

Gnyan-tsor: unidentified.

224.

'So-lo-mo',

o r 'Soloma' on the m a p s , is the Mongolian

name f o r the Rma-chu.

It r e f e r s t o the r i v e r w e s t of T s a r i n g

Nor. 225.

T h i s is t h e mountain r a n g e called Bayan K a r a Ula on the

m a p s , between t h e R m a - c h u and the 'Bri-chu.

Annals of Kokonor

92

226.

Dung-bu-ra, southwest of t h e ' B r i - c h u , i s c a l l e d Dom-

burtu P a s s 227.

o om-bur -du-la)

on t h e m a p s .

Ldang-la, which i s on the south of the Tanglha Range,

i s c a l l e d Tang P a s s (Dwangs-la) o n the maps.

(

228.

Bog-shag: unidentified.

229.

' M t s h o - m o - r a ' i s w r i t t e n in C h i n e s e as ' ~ h ' o - m a - l a '

f$$45

$4

); t h i s is w h e r e T s h e - r i n g don-grub w a s defeated

by G e n e r a l Yansin ( i n Chinese, Yen-hsin

i' 1% & Ia

) (FPYL,

chilan 10, f. 41b; P e t e c h , p. 57). 230.

R w a - s g r e n g o r R a - s g r e n g , the Reting on the m a p s , i s a

m o n a s t e r y n o r t h e a s t of L h a s a (MBG, p. 77, note 3 ) . 231.

T h e P o - t a - l a i s the r e s i d e n c e of t h e D a l a i L a m a a t Lhasa.

'Gru-'dzin gnyis -pa', l i t e r a l l y 'the s e c o n d h a r b o r ' , i s a n o t h e r n a m e of t h e Potala.

F o r the h i s t o r y of t h e P o t a l a a n d the build-

ing i t s e l f , s e e MBG, pp. 88-89, note 47; a n d G T , p. 152, note 358. 232.

T h e five s e n s o r y delights ('dod- on-lnga) a r e d e r i v e d

f r o m 'gzugs (form: s i g h t ) , s g r a (sound: h e a r i n g ) , d r i ( s m e l l ) , r o ( t a s t e ) , r e g -bya ( f e e l ) ' ( D g e - b s h e s chos - g r a g s Dictionary, Das e x p l a i n s the delights a s follows: '(1) that of sight,

p. 438).

d e s i r e f o r beauty, etc. ; (2) that of h e a r i n g , i. e . , m u s i c ; ( 3 ) that of s m e l l i n g , i. e.

,

d e s i r e for

d e s i r e for sweet scents;

(4) that of touch; (5) that of t a s t e , i. e. , d e s i r e f o r s w e e t a n d delicious food. ' (Das, T i b e t a n - E n g l i s h Dictionary, p. 690). 233.

Khang - c h e n - n a s , who w a s a l s o c a l l e d B s o d - n a m s r g y a l -

PO, w a s the chief m i n i s t e r of Lha-bzang Khan; a t the s a m e t i m e h e w a s a l s o the g o v e r n o r of M n g a l - r i s .

Then he was the chair-

m a n of the Council of M i n i s t e r s f r o m 1721 t o 1727 ( P e t e c h , pp. 28, 268).

93

Notes

234.

Shangs, which i s s p e l l e d 'zhang' in the text, is the valley

of the Shangs-chu R i v e r which e n t e r 8 the G t ~ a n ~ juet - ~ oe a s t of

Shigatse f r o m t h e n o r t h (GT, p. 235.

140, note 236).

S u m - ?a w a s wrong in giving the t i t l e of S d e - s r i d ('Re-

gent') t o Khang-chen-nas.

He w a s the c h a i r m a n of the Council

and h i s t i t l e w a s B k a t - b l o n ( P e t e c h , pp. 66-67). 236. su g n a s -

--

T h i s p r o v e r b i s condensed f r o m 'Dre s h a r sgo'i phyogs ~ _ ala/ & d

nub s g o r -

---

gtong ba don r e ~ h u n g / which means:

'It i s p o i n t l e s s t o s e n d r a n s o m t o the west door while the demon s t a y s a t t h e e a s t door. ' 237.

T h e two C h i n e s e g e n e r a l s w e r e the M a r s h a l l for the

P a c i f i c a t i o n of Distant L a n d s , Nien Keng-yao (

q-\$. 22 RrrJ

) a n d the P r o v i n c i a l C o m m a n d e r -in-Chief of Szu-chluan,

YUeh c h u n g - c h ' i ( W I I ]

&

1686-1754)

(FPYL,

A\

chilan 11, ff. 6a-7b; P e t e c h , pp. 82-84). 238.

T h e s e c o n d P a n c h e n L a m a was called Blo-bzang y e - s h e s

dpal-bzang -po (See note 164). 239.

T h i s i s the Second Incarnation of the Lcang-skya Quturtu

-

Rol-pa'i r d o - r j e ( a l i a s Ye - s h e s b s t a n - ~ a ' is g r o n - m e , 17 17 1786). for a HisHe was brought t o Peking a t the a g e of nine ( M a t e r i a l s ---

tory of T i b e t a n L i t e r a t u r e , P a r t I, p. 38). 240.

T h e c o r r e c t n a m e s of the four m i n i s t e r s a r e a s follows:

Nga -phod-pa R d o - r j e rgyal-po, Lum-pa -nas B k r a - s h i s rgyal-PO, Sbyar - r a - b a B l o - g r o s rgyal-po, who w e r e f r o m Dbus, and P h o lha - n a s B s o d - n a m s s t o b s - r g y a s f r o m Gtsang ( P e t e c h , p. 268). 241.

' L u s - m e d bdag-po' i s a n epithet of a lustful god, a l s o

called M d a ' - l n g a - p a , who i s the holder of five a r r o w s : 1) Smyobyed-kyi-mda' (the a r r o w of c r a z i n e s s ) , 2)

red-byed-kyi-mda'

(the a r r o w of d e s i r e ) , 3) Kun-tu rmongs-byed-kyi-mda' (the a r r o w of a l l -stupefying fascination) , 4) ~ k e m - b y e d - k y i - m d a '

Annals of Kokonor

94

(the a r r o w of d r o u g h t ) , 5) death)

(the a r r o w of

(Dge-bshes chos - g r a g s Dictionary, pp. 425, 864; D a s ' s

Dictionary, p. 67 3) 242.

'Chi-byed-kyi-mda'

.

T h e s e a r e r e l i g i o u s colleges.

Sgo-mang G r w a - t s h a n g i s

at ' B r a s - s p u n g s , a n d Rgyud-med G r w a - t s h a n g i s n e a r t h e M o - r u m o n a s t e r y in t h e n o r t h e a s t c o r n e r of L h a s a (MBG, pp. 42, 46, notes 46, 95) 243.

.

'The valley a n d village of Pho-lha should be l o c a t e d w e s t

of Wangden Dzong a n d south-southeast of T h o - m a n ' note 255).

It is i n t h e 'Don-byung-rdzong, between Shigatse and

Gyangt s e (SOC) 244.

(GT, p. 143,

.

According t o P e t e c h , p.

101, Khang-chen-nas w a s killed

on t h e eighteenth of t h e sixth month, i. e . , August 6, 1727.

For

a d i s c u s s i o n of t h e above d a t e s , s e e T i e h - T s e n g L i , p. 240, note 70.

S e e a l s o P S J Z , ~ A T A P I T A K A , 8, p. xiv.

245.

L a - d a g , usually w r i t t e n a s 'La-dwags' in T i b e t a n , a n d

'Ladakh' in English, is the a r e a a r o u n d the valley of the Indus b e tween Mngal-ris and Kashmir. f o r m e r l y belonged t o Tibet.

It i s inhabited by T i b e t a n s and

T h e c a p i t a l of Ladakh i s c a l l e d S l e s -

m k h a r in T i b e t a n o r L e h i n E n g l i s h (GT, pp. 60-6 1)

.

But 'the

King of L a - d a g M n g a l - r i s ' w a s a c t u a l l y t h e g o v e r n o r of M n g a 1 r i s , Dga' -bzhi-ba T s h e - b r t a n r a b - ' b y a m s , t h e e l d e r b r o t h e r of Khang-chen-nas ( P e t e c h , pp. 104- 1 0 5 ) . 246.

Rgyal - r t s e -rdzong ( ' R g ~ a n g- r t s e -rdzong' in the t e x t ) i s

the Gyantse (Chiang-tzu

> -$k

i n C h i n e s e ) on the m a p s .

It i s on the e a s t bank of t h e Nyang-chu t o the s o u t h e a s t of Shigatse. 247.

T s h e -bdag: unidentified.

248.

Yul -ni: unidentified.

249.

N y a - s h u r i s l o c a t e d between Ralung a n d Sgo-bzhi t o the

e a s t of Gyantse.

Notes

250.

T h e o r i g i n a l i n t e r l i n e a r note gave the number a s fifteen,

but it should b e s e v e n t e e n . to death a f t e r w a r d s . Petech, pp. 251.

T h e s e seventeen m e n w e r e sentenced

F o r m o r e d e t a i l s about t h i s event, s e e

1 33 - 134.

He r e c e i v e d the t i t l e of Chiin-wang

(

;$f 5 )

'Prince

of the Second O r d e r ' , on the day of I-yu of the twelfth month of the fourth y e a r of Ch'ien-lung ( uary 11, 1740) ( P e t e c h , p. 1899, 'Ch'ien-lung 10 252.

$L @ \df-

163; Tuna-hua-lu

$h ~g t '

f. 6 5 a ) .

--

TZ -1i P a - t h u r (Dalai BZtur) was the Mongol t i t l e of 'Gyur

med r n a m - r g y a l , P h o - l h a - n a s ' s younger son.

He actually suc

-

-

ceeded t o the position of A d m i n i s t r a t o r o r King of Tibet ( P e t e c h , pp. 163, 2 2 2 ) , o r Regent ( a s Sum-pa s a y s ) immediately a f t e r the death of h i s f a t h e r , P h o - l h a - n a s , on M a r c h 12, 1747 ( P e t e c h , pp. 177, 181). 253.

A f t e r t h e death of ' G y u r - m e d r n a m - r g y a l , the Dalai L a m a

was o r d e r e d t o g o v e r n Tibet with the help of a council of four m i n i s t e r s by t h e Ch'ien-lung E m p e r o r . Regent w e r e t h e n abolished.

T h e office and title of

T h e Regents of l a t e r Tibetan history

a r e those l a m a s appointed t o manage the government of the Dalai L a m a during the l a t t e r ' s m i n o r i t y ( P e t e c h , p. 223). 254.

T h e t e x t r e a d s 'Gong - m a ~ o n g - i i n g( E m p e r o r yung-cheng) '

which i s a n e r r o r f o r ' E m p e r o r Ch'ien-lung1 (reigned 1736-1795). 255.

T h e t h i r d P a n c h e n Blo -bzang dpal-ldan ye - s h e s actually

was b o r n in the E a r t h - h o r s e y e a r (17 38).

A s h o r t biography of

the t h i r d P a n c h e n c a n be found in M a t e r i a l s for- a H i s t o r y Tibetan L i t e r a t u r e , P a r t I, pp. 22-23.

of

See a l s o S. C. Das,

'Contributions on T i b e t ' , JASB, pp. 29 -43.

Annals of Kokonor

96

256.

The f o u r t h P a n c h e n L a m a Blo-bzang b s t a n - ~ a ' inyi-ma

phyog-las r n a m - r g y a l (1781 - 1856) w a s b o r n in P a -1ang-chihsiung ( & 257.

>E< $ &p )

of Gtsang (WTTC, chllan 5, p. 128).

B k r a - s h i s p8-thur w a s b o r n i n 1632 a n d died i n 1714

when Blo-bzang b s t a n - ' d z i n w a s twenty-two (P. Notes, p. 288). If both of t h e m m e t with S u m - p a a t the s a m e t i m e , t h e date should be between 1712 a n d 1714, b e c a u s e h e w a s b o r n i n 1704 and w a s a d m i t t e d a s a novice in the Dgon-lung m o n a s t e r y in 1712 (PSJZ, ~ A T A P I T A K A , 8, p. x i i i ) 258.

.

T h i s i s Sum-pa m k h a n - p o ' s outstanding work, viz. the

-

---

in India, T i b e t , China, a n d Mongolia, popuH i s t o r y of Buddhism -l a r l y known a s the D p a g - b s a m ljon-bzang.

T h e full t i t l e i s

-

' P h a g s -yul r g y a - n a g chen-po bod dang sog-yul du d a m - p a ' i c h o s byung t s h u l d p a g - g s a m ljon-bzang z h e s -bya-ba bzhugs -so; it w a s c o m p l e t e d in 1748.

T h e genealogical c h a r t of G u - s h r i Khan's 310a-b (PSJZ,

d e s c e n d a n t s i s found in D p a g - b s a m ljon-bzang ff. SATAPITAKA, 8, pp. 160 - 16 1 ) . 259.

Dpon-khaq i s t r a n s l a t e d f r o m the Mongolian w o r d

Q o s i f u n (Khoshun) o r the C h i n e s e w o r d C h ' i (

-$$& ,

'banner')

/

which i s a division of a n Aimac.

Mda' is t r a n s l a t e d f r o m the

Mongolian w o r d Sumun ( ' a r r o w ' ) which is a n o r g a n i z a t i o n a l unit of the banner. in Chinese.

T h e h e a d of a Sumun i s c a l l e d Tso-ling (

4;3 &A

A s originally o r g a n i z e d , a T s o - l i n g i s a s s i g n e d t o

one h u n d r e d and fifty adult m e n a n d t h e i r f a m i l i e s .

E a c h banner

i s r u l e d by i t s Dza-sap. ( l a s a y , h e r e d i t a r y chief) who c a r r i e s the t i t l e of

Ch'in-wang, Chiin-wang, P e i - l e , P e i - t z u , Chen-kuo-

kung ( I m p e r i a l Duke of the F i r s t D e g r e e ) , Fu-kuo-kung ( I m p e r

-

i a l Duke of the Second D e g r e e ) a n d T ' a i - c h i ( t h e lowest o r d e r of Mongolian nobility).

T h e b a n n e r s y s t e m of the Mongols i n Koko-

n o r was e s t a b l i s h e d by a n I m p e r i a l edict a f t e r Blo-bzang

97

Notes

bstan-'dzin's r e b e l l i o n which was subdued in 1724.

F o r the ban-

ner s y s t e m , h i s t o r y of the b a n n e r s a n d Tso-ling, a n d descendants

chiian 64-67; 2) 4)

4; 9:

1) T a - c h l i n p , hui-tien (

of G u - s h r i Khan. s e e

I T C , chuan 534, 546; 3)

MKYMC, chiian 12;

Chou Chen-ho, Ch'ing Hai. - pp. 92-1 14, 134-1 37.

cussion of Dpon-khag, s e e G T , p. 260.

F o r a dis -

187, note 676.

E - m a - h o , l i t e r a l l y ' r a r e ' o r 'precious',

i s a kind of i n t e r -

jection e x p r e s s i n g c o m p a s s i o n which i s usually put a t the v e r y beginning of a c h a p t e r o r a book; but Sum-pa u s e d it t o finish h i s

-

second c h a p t e r of t h e Annals of Kokonor.

S i m i l a r kinds of init i a -

tory i n t e r j e c t i o n s , a l s o t r a n s c r i b e d f r o m S a n s k r i t , a r e a s follows: U-hu-la, O m - s w a - s t i , a n d S w a - s t i - s i - t a m (SOC)

.

The usual

Sanskrit e x p r e s s i o n given a t the v e r y end of a book i s Mangalam (Tibetan: B k r a - s h i s )

.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I.

Tibetan Sources

Deb-ther d m a r - p o (The Red A n n a l s ) , composed by 'Tshal-pa kundga' r d o - r j e ,

1346; published by the Namgyal Institute of

T ibetology, Sikkim, 196 1. Dge - b s h e s chos -kyi g r a g s -pas b r t s a m s -pati brda-dag ming-tship: g s a l - b a bzhugs - s o (

$&& 4 *L&,L$)

Dge -bshes

chos - g r a g s T i b e t a n ~ i c t i o n a r,~ Peking, ) 1957.

-

Gangs - c a n yul-gyi s a - l a spyod-pa'i m t h o - r i s h i rgyal-blon g t s o bor b r j o d - p a t i -

d e b - t h e r rdzogs -1dan Ezhon-nu'i dga' -ston

dpyid-kyi r g y a l - m o ' i glu-dbyangs zhes -bya -ba bzhugs - s o (The Fifth Dalai L a m a ' s C h r o n i c l e s ) , 1643. Grub-mtha' t h a m s -cad-kyi khungs d a n g 'dod-tshul ston-pa l e g s

-

4

bshad s h e l - g y i m e -long, Chapter 12, H o r li Sambhala, by

-

Thu'u-bkan Blo-bzang chos -kyi nyi-ma (17 37 1802). Mtsho-sngon

gyi l o - r g y u s sogs bkod-pa'i tshangs - ~ l ug s a r -snyan

zhes -bya -ba bzhugs - s o (Annals of Kokonor) , by Sum-pa mkhan-po, 17 86. ' P h a g s -yul rgya-nag chen-po bod d

-

3 sog-yul du ~ m - ~ achos ' i

-

byung t s h u l d p a g - b s a m ljon-bzang zhes -bya-ba bzhugs - 6 0 (Dpag-bsam ljon-bzang), by Sum-pa mkhan-pol 1748. Vaigiirya-ser -PO (A h i s t o r y of t h e Dge -lugs -pa m o n a s t e r i e s of T i b e t ) , by Sangs - r g y a s rgya -mtsho, 1698. Vaidiirya-dkar-po (on a s t r o l o g y and c h r o n o l o g y ) , by Sangs - r g y a s rgya-mtsho,

1687.

II. Chinese S o u r c e s

g