Ancient West & East. Volume 2, Number 1 [Illustrated] 9004129596, 9789004129597

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ANCIENT WEST & EAST VOLUME 2, NO. 1

Academic Periodical

ANCIENT WEST & EAST Monograph Supplement: COLLOQUIA PONTICA EDITOR-IN-CHIEF

COCHA R. TSETSKHLADZE (UK) EDITORS

R. ALSTON (UK) - A. AVRAM (Romania/France) - SIRJOHN BOARDMAN (UK) O. BOPEARACHCHI (France) - J. BOUZEK (Czech Rep.) - A. QILINGIROGLU (Turkey) - B. D' AGOSTINO (Italy) - F. DE ANGELIS (Canada) - A. DOMiNGUEZ (Spain) - O. DOONAN (USA) -- M. FISCHER (Israel) - J. HARGRAVE (UK) J. HIND (UK) - M. KAZANSKI (France) - A. PODOSSINOV (Russia) D. RIDGWAY (UK) - N. THEODOSSIEV (Bulgaria) - C.R. TSETSKHLADZE (UK) ADVISORY BOARD

P. Alexandrescu (Romania) - S. Atasoy (Turkey) - L. Ballesteros Pastor (Spain) A.D.H. Bivar (UK) - S. Burstein (USA)-j. Carter (USA) - B. Cunliffe (UK) j. de Boer (The :\'etherlands) - P. Dupont (France) - A. Fol (Bulgaria)-j. Fossey (Canada) I. Gagoshidze (Georgia) - E. Haerinck (Belgium) - V Karageorghis (Cyprus) M. Kerschner (Austria/Germany) - A. Kuhrt (UK)- I. Malkin (Israel) - F. Millar (UK) j.-P. Morel (France) - R. Olmos (Spain) - A. Rathje (Denmark) - A. Sagona (Australia) A. Snodgrass ICK) - S. Solovyov (Russia) - D. Stronach (USA) - M.A. Tiverios (Greece) M. Vassileva (Bulgaria) - A. Wasowicz (Poland)

All correspondence should be addressed to: Aquisitions Editor/Classical Studies Brill Academic Publishers Plantijnstraat 2 P. 0. Box 9000 2300 PA Leiden The Netherlands Fax: +31 (0)71 5317532 E-Mail: [email protected] or Gocha R. Tsetskh1adze Department of Classics Royal Holloway and Bedford New College University of London Egham, Surrey TW20 OEX, UK Fax: +44 (0)1784 439855 E-Mail: [email protected]

ANCIENT WEST & EAST

VOLUME 2, NO.1

BRILL LEIDEN· BOSTON 2003

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

ISSN 1570-1921 ISBN 90 04 12959 6

© Copyrzght 2003 ~v Koninklijke Brill N~; Leiden, The Netherlands All nghts reserved. No part qfthis publication mqv be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any jorm or ~v any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or othem;ise, without prior written permissionjrom the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted ~v Brill provided that the appropriateJees are paid direct!;· to The Coppight Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite .910 Danven; 1\1.1 01923, CSt Fees are subjectta change. PRI;\ITED IN THE ;\IETHERLANDS

CONTENTS Articles T.T. Sivas, Wine Presses of Western Phrygia ....................................... . F. De Angelis, Equations of Culture: the Meeting of Natives and Greeks in Sicily (ca. 750-450 BC) .............................................. M.Y. Treister, Metal Vessels from Zelenskaya Gora Barrow and Related Finds from Karagodeuashkh .......................................... L. Mihailescu-Birliba, L'etude demographique sur les familIes des magistrats municipaux en Dacie romaine: une demarche impossible? .................................................................... L.A. Golofast, Cherson in the 7th Century AD: the Archaeological Aspect .................................................................... T.Y. Yashaeva, On the Immediate Hinterland of Cherson in Late Antiquity and Early Mediaeval Times ..................................

116

]votes S. Klinger, Observations on the Range and Nature of Attic Black and Red Figure Pottery in Israel: the Yavneh-Yam Contribution ............................................................ B. Magomedov, Gepids in the 3rd-5th Centuries AD ........................

135 146

Book Reviews West and East: A Review Article (3) (G.R. Tsetskhladze) .................... O.D. Lordkipanidze, 1931-2002 (D. Kacharava, M. Faudot and E. Geny [eds.l, Autour de La ~fer Noire; D. Kacharava, G. K virkvelia and V. Licheli [eds.], Essays on the Archaeology qf Colchis in the Classical Period) (J Boardman) .................. Two Books on the Scythians (V. Schiltz, La redecouverte de I'or des Scythes; I. Lebedynsky, Les Scythes) (H.-C ..Meyer) .................. M. Akurgal, M. Kerschner, H. Mommsen and vV.-D. Niemeier, TopJerzentren der Ostiigiiis (J Boardman) ................................................ R. Benassai, La Pittura dei Campani e dei Sanniti (F.R.S. Ridgway) ........ J Boardman, Persia and the West (D. Stronach) ...................................... P. Cabrera Bonet and M. Santos Retolaza (eds.), Ceramiques jimies d'epoca arcaica (D. Jose Miguel Garcia Canol ............................ M. Diepeveen-Jansen, People, Ideas and Goods (JR. Collis) .................... P. Flensted:Jensen, T. Heine Nielsen and L. Rubinstein (eds.), Polis & Politics ('1'. Figueira) ................................................................ A. Hermary and H. Treziny (eds.), Les Culles des cites phoceennes (A. Dominguez) ...................................................................................... z. Herzog, Archaeology qf the Ciry (D. Wengrow) ....................................

1 19 51

78 96

157

161 162 165 166 168 171 174 176 179 180

VI

CONTENTS

U. Hackmann and D. Kreikenbom (eds.), Naukratis (J. Boardman) ........................................................................................ S.E. Hoey Middleton, Classical Engraved Gems from Turkey and Elsewhere (J. Boardman) ............ ... ............ ....... .......... ............. ......... I. Izquierdo Peraille, Monumentos Funerarios Ibericos (A. Dominguez) ...................................................................................... O. Jaeggi, Der Hellenismus aif der Iberischen Halbinsel (A. Dominguez) ...................................................................................... A. Meadows and K. Shipton (eds.), Money and its Uses in the Ancient Greek World (S. Kovalenko) ............................................ A. Moller, }/aukratis (A. Villing) .............................................................. D. Piekarski, Die Keramik aus Naukratis im Akademischen Kunstmuseum Bonn (U. Schlotzhauer) .................................................... I. Roll and O. Tal, Apollonia-Arsif (J. Boardman) ................................ T.S. Schmidt, Plutarque et les barbares (R. Osborne) ................................

182 184 184 186 188 190 193 195 195

New Publications C.R. Tsetskhladze

199

Books Received ..............................................................................................

205

In the Next Issue ..........................................................................................

209

WINE PRESSES OF WESTERN PHRYGIA T ACISER TUFEKQI SIVAS ABSTRACT

A new survey in western Phrygia has revealed the first examples of rock-cut wine pressing installations unknown in the region before. According to their technological and functional features, these wine presses may be divided into two typological groups. Both are similar in plan with a treading floor and a collecting vat. In addition to basic elements, the second type also includes a rectangular recess for a pressing beam in the rear wall of the treading floor. In the light of available evidence, we could conclude that these presses should be at least of Phrygian period and were still in use in later periods.

Introduction Wine is one of the oldest alcoholic beverages known to mankind. In lands where the climate made viticulture possible, the wine industry developed early on, and wine gradually spread through all levels of the population. 1 According to the available data, it is believed that true cultivation of domesticated grapes and wine-making were well established in Anatolia from at least the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC.2 Since then, the development of both viticulture and wine-making in ancient Anatolia throughout subsequent periods is attested by either botanical and written evidence, or archaeological material associated with wine production, storage, trade and consumption recovered in excavations or surveys.3 From this point of view, wine-pressing installations have great value to determine the potential and quantity of wine production where they are found. In this article I would like to draw attention to a group of wine presses recently discovered in the Western Phrygia Surface Survey in 2001.~ They represent the first examples of rock cut winepressing installations known in Phrygia.

I The grape vine does not require any particular type of soil, but grows best in regions with warm-to-hot and dry summers and cool winters. For a general history of the vine, viticulture and wine in ancient times, see Forbes 1955, 70-78, 106-24; Dayagi-Mendels 1999; Frankel 1999, 35-36, 38-43. For indicators of the beginning of the real expansion of grape cultivation in the ancient world, see Gorny 1996, 136-37. 2 Gorny 1996, 162, 171. :< For detailed information, see Gorny 1996; Alp 1999. Recent excavations and surveys carried out in the Aegean and Mediterranean regions of Turkey have also revealed new evidence concerning wine production and trade in the country in antiquity. See, for example, Tuna 1990,349-71; Coulton 1993,463, figs. 4,12; Diler 1994,508--11, figs. 13-17; 1995a; 1995b; 1996; 1997. + I extend my thanks to the General Directorate of Antiquities and Museums for permission.

2

T AClSER TDFEKQl SIVAS

In the light of the depictions on Phrygian funerary and votive monuments from the Roman Imperial period, M. Waelkens, in his pioneering study, proves the presence of viticulture in certain parts of Phrygia, where it is scarcely attested or has disappeared today.5 Thus, in western Phrygia viticulture must have been widely spread especially in the villages along the Boz Dag (Mount Boz) to the north, in the narrowing valley of the T embris (River Porsuk) to the west, and along the spurs of the Tiirkmen Dagt (Mount Tiirkmen) and the Highlands 6 to the south. 7 Although limited in number, the diffusion of the wine presses presented here also corresponds with this extension of viticulture in the region (Fig. I). Ever since ancient times, wine-making has been a specialised craft and comprised of three basic processing steps: treading the grapes to express most of the must, pressing the remaining must from the trodden pulp, called the marc, and fermentation. In the most primitive methods of wine production the treading and pressing were carried out in the same simple installation. This consisted of a slightly sloping treading floor on which the grapes were almost always trodden by foot and often pressed with a simple lever press, and next to it and slightly lower a collecting vat into which the expressed juice flowed by a conduit. As techniques developed, improved types of installation emerged for wine production and for each of the three processing steps. 8

Wine Presses: UJcation The wine presses surveyed in western Phrygia are seven in number at present (Fig. 1),9 and the main group is concentrated in the southern part of the Highlands. They are four in number, Demirli Kale 1~4 (Figs. 2~9), located on the borders of a Phrygian fortress, Demirli Kale, ca. 1 km north of the village of Demirli. Two other examples are situated in the north-western part of the Highlands. The first, Fmdlk (Figs. I O~ 11), stands in the vicinity of a Phrygian fortress, Fmdlk Kale, immediately south of the village of Fmdlk; the second, Porsuk (Figs. 12~ 13), is located very near to Porsuk railway station,

The study is also indebted to the Anadolu University Research Fund for financial support (Project No. 010831). , Waelkens 1977, 278-83. ,; This means the mountainous country near the upper reaches of the Tembris and Sangarios (Sakarya) rivers, within a roughly triangular area defined by the modem cities of Eski§ehir, Afyonkarahisar and Kiitahya. Haspels 1971, 20, fig. 493. 7 See map in Waelkens 1977. Il For detail information about wine-making procedures and scenes of treading grapes on wall-paintings from Egyptian tombs, on Greek classical vases, on Roman stone reliefs and on mosaic pavements, see Dayagi-Mendels 1999, 21-33. See also Forbes 1955, 74-78, 109-12, figs. 17-20, 25-30; Ahlstrom 1978, 41-44. 9 There is no doubt that future surveys will reveal other wine presses in the region.

~

• wine press

......

IJILECIK

TORKMEN DACI

.\

" ."

\

\

\

\. \

S\'-l~

s~~

.--'

$APHANE DACI

._.-A~~~

Yilplldak

SEY!T(iAZI

\yo.\

Fig. I. Map of Western Phrygia (Drawing: Hakan Sivas).

\.

SONDIII is very similar to that on the cup from Thessaly, although it is executed in higher relief. In the middle of the body, the vessels from Thessaly and Vurbitsa are decorated with a double guilloche frieze framed with a dotted pattern, like the phormiskos from the Zelenskoi Tumulus. Such a frieze also occurs on a cup from burial D in Nikisiani. 52 It is also worth noting that the neck of the cup from Vurbitsa is additionally decorated with a band of scroll pattern, which, however, varies from that of the decoration of the vessel from the Zelenskoi Tumulus (Fig. 5), and is engraved. The shape and decoration of the vessel from Vurbitsa find very close parallel in the tomb-find from Bucchino (Salerno) dated to the late 4th century BC.53 A similar engraved and gilded band is seen on the shoulder of silver bottles, one from the same tomb in Bucchino,'>l and another formerly in Walter C. Baker's collection.') A phiale with flaring offset rim, decorated in the bowl with numerous petals (Fig. 7),51i which belongs to the type of 'Flache Schale mit gerade verlaufende Wandung und ausladender Rand' (after Abka'I-Khavari), finds parallels in tomb B at Derveni,.J7 and in Prusias (reportedly).5H A similar mid-4th century BC phiale comes from Acarnania. 5'l All these phialai are decorated with pointed leaves, not with petals, thus they are often designated 'leaf phialai', the type derived from Achaemenid fluted phialai of the 5th century and known in Greece by the early 4th century.1j() M. PfrommerGI maintains that the phiale from the Zelenskoi Tumulus is executed in the Late-Achaemenid tradition and compares it with the pre-Ptolemaic phiale from the Tuch el-Karamus Treasure. Indeed, the shape of the latter W is similar to that of the Zelenskoi ." Filow 1934, 173, fig. 189; Pfrommer 1987, 70, 232, KaB H 15; Cat. Cologne 1979, :'\10. 317; Cat. Jlontreal1987, No. 365; Cat. Florence 1997, No. 98; Archibald 1998,270-71, fig. 11.10, f; pI. 33: Zimmermann 1998, 37 40, 161, BM 18: ca. 300 BC; complex---Pfrommer 1987, FK 58: ca. 300 BC or later; Sofia, Archaeological I\luseum, inv. 51. ·,2 Pfrommer 1987, 237, KaB M 22; Lazaridis el al. 1992, 31, pI. B; Zimmermann 1998, 37-40; 160, BM 13: last quarter of the 4th century BC; Kavala, :Vluseum, inv. A 870. ·,1 Cat. Paesturn 1996, No. 37.37; Cipriani et al, 1996,21; Cal. Trieste 2002, No. 88.27, Paestum, :Vluseum, inv. 134599 . ." Cat. Paesturn 1996, No. 37.36; Gat. Trieste 2002, No. 88.26, Paestum, l\luseum, inv. 134598 . .,-, Metropolitan l\fuseum of Art, inv. 1972. 118.155; Cal. Toledo 1977, No. 19 . .,,, Pharmakowsky 1913, 185 86, fig. 14; Shkorpil 1916, 30, fig. 16; Luschey 1939, 78, No. 34; :Vlaksimova 1979, 72, 74, fig. 23, A 2; Pfrommer 1987, 155, note 1013; Abka'I-Khavari 1988, 106, 122, F2C 16; Hermitage, inv. Zel. 36 . .,; Gat. Melbourne 1988, No. 241; Themelis and Touratsoglou 1997, B 18 19, pis. 66-67; Tsigarida and Ignatiadou 2000, 70, fig. 70. Thessaloniki, Archaeological Museum, inv. B 18 19. ,Il Strong 1966,99; von Bothmer 1984,47, No. 75; Sideris 2000,17,19; :Vletropolitan Museum of Art. 1972. 118.163. ,'I Cal. Toledo 1977, No. 12; von Bothmer 1984, No. 79; Pfrommer 1987, 249, KBk 19, pI. 50e d; :Vletropolitan :Vluseum of Art, in\'. 21.88.34. ';11 Strong 1966, 99. ,,' Pfrommer 1987, 154-55, note 1013. ", Pfrommcr 1987, 267, pis. II, 14a; KTK 8, Cairo, Egyptian Museum, in\'. JE 38097.

METAL VESSELS FROM ZELENSKAYA GORA BARROW

59

Fig. 7. Silver phiale from the Zelenskoi Tumulus. Hermitage, inv. Zel. 36. Photograph, Institute of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences, inv. 15204.

Figs. 8- 9. Silver situla from Zelenskoi Tumulus. Hermitage, in\'. Zel. 34. Photographs, Institute of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences, in\'. 15203 (Fig. 8), 15202 (Fig. 9).

60

MIKHAIL Y. TREISTER

phiale. Among the phialai from Tuch el-Karamus, a vessel with similar petalled decoration should be mentioned. 53 However, petalled decoration is seen on some silver bowls from Thrace6+ (Alexandrovo, one of the bowls is additionally decorated with a silver-gilt medallion in the interior65 and the other is inscribed as a gift of Cotys I, 383-359 BC;66 Stoyanovo [formerly Radyuvene](7). A silver bucket-shaped container, or situla (Riis, Diehl), with a lid on chain (Fig. 8-9)68 finds its closest parallel in the cache of the side burial of the Chmyreva barrow together with nine other silver vessels. 69 E.H. Minns called this vessel 'a barbaric jug with gold lid and handles'.70 This silver vessel has similar proportions and a similar lid with a loop for hanging, made of gold; however, the gold handles are vertical and are soldered to the body of the vessel. The open-work attachment of the vertical handle of the situla in the shape of an ivy leaf (Fig. 9) is reminiscent of those decorating a group of bronze hydriai of the so-called 'Hydria in Patras' type, dated to the second half of the 4th century BC and presumably manufactured in the northern Peloponnese. 71 However, one should mention the similarly shaped, but notopenwork attachments of a bronze oinochoe from Stavroupolis,72 the abovementioned silver kylix from Arzos, and bronze situlae from Gotse Delchev in Thrace 7:1 and from the M. Goulandri collection./4 The lid on a chain fixed to the handle finds parallels on two silver alabastra from tomb II in Vergina/" as well as on a bronze amphora from tomb B in Derveni. 76 Pfrommer 19R7, 267, KTK 10, pI. 1%; Cairo, Egyptian Museum, inv. .IE 38100. See in general Archibald 1998, 262 ff., figs. 11.2- 3; 319-21. h', Cat. Venice 1989, No. 143/2; Cal. Florence 1997, No. 191; Archibald 1998,319, pis. 19-20; Sofia, Archeological Museum, inv. 2242. hh Cat. Venice 1989, No. 143/1; Cal. Florence 1997, No. 190; Archibald 1998, 319, pI. 21; Sofia, Archaeological ~luseum, inv. 2241. h7 Cat. Venice 19R9, No. 142/2; Archibald 1998, 320, pI. 2R, Sofia, National Archaeological Museum, inv. 5189. hll Pharmakowsky 1913, 185-86, fig. 10; Shkorpil 1916, 30, fig. 17; Riis 1959, 34; Diehl 1964, 45, pI. 26.1; Gajdukevic 1971, 150, fig. 34 below left; Cat. Leningrad 1985, No. 17; Hermitage, in\'. Zel. 34. h'I CR SI Petersbu~g 1909-10, 133, fig. 200; Pharmakowsky 1910, 223, No. 11; 226, fig. 25; Rolle 1979, 128. 130 -31, 133, No.8, pI. 22.2; probably the vessels in the caches -Gastgeschenke: Rolle 1979, 130. note 246. 7i' Minns 1913, 383. 71 Diehl 1964,43-45, B 206-16; pis. 24-25, 26.2; Andriomenou 1975,541-44, No.2, figs. 8-9: collection P. Vlangali. n Rhomiopoulou 1989, 216, No. 24, pI. 58 a; Thessaloniki, Archaeological Museum, inv. 7438. 71 Archibald 1998, pI. 39. 71 Andriomenou 1975, 575 78, No. 15, fig. 47. 7, Cat. 7hessaloniki 1978, Nos. 113-114, pI. 23; Cat. Washington 1980, No. 165, col. pI. 32; Andronicos 1984, 154, figs. 117-118; Vokotopoulou 1996, 162, Vergina, Archaeological Museum, in\'. BE 7, 55. 7/; Cat. 7hessaloniki 1978, No. 205, pI. 35; Cat. Washington 1980, No. 134, col. pI. 18; Themelis and Touratsog1ou 1997, B 22, pI. 82; Vokotopoulou 1996, 209; Thessaloniki, Archaeological Museum, inv. B 22. m hI

METAL VESSELS FROM ZELENSKAYA GORA BARROW

61

A ladle from the Zelenskoi Tumulus (Fig. 10) has a hook, ending with a swan's head, rising vertically from a shallow bowl,77 Examples of ladles with shallow bowls are well known from burials dated to the 4th century BC,'H especially to its second half, primarily from Macedonia (Olynthus,7'1 Nikesiani tombs B,HO G Bl and E,H2 Derveni, tombs B and ~,!l:l Potidaea,H+ Pappa Tumulus, tomb No. 28:;), but also from Illyria,81i Thrace,!!7 Thessaly,HH Acarnania (reportedly),!!') Boeotia,'") Phocis"l and Bithynia.()2 A similar ladle originates from a male burial in the Karagodeuashkh barrow.~I:1 Strainers with a long flat handle ending with a duck's head and a short curved horizontal looped handle (Fig. 11 t+ occur rarely. Macedonian, Thracian and Thessalian(?) burials of the second half of the 4th century BC usually yield different type of strainers with each handle ending with a duck's head,'); such as the pieces from Derveni tombs B'"i and ~,'17 Vergina tombs II"H and

77 Pharmakowsky 1913, 185 86, fig. II; Shkorpil 1916, 31, fig. 21; Strong 1966, 91 92; Waurick 1983, 273. m See in general, Kent Hill 1942, 40 55; fig. I; 53, tabl. I, type 3; Strong 1966, 92, fig. 21 a. ;" Robinson 1941, Nos. 613 (Robinson collection), 614 (in\". 34.3(1), pI. L. "" Lazaridis el at. 1992, 24, pI. 9, Ka\"ala, Archaeological ~Iuseum, in\'. 1\1 352 (bronze). III Lazaridis el at. 1992, 27, fig. 8, pI. II, Kavala, Archaeological ~[useum, in\'. A 2577. II' Cal. TIwlSa/oniki 197B, No. 411; Cal. '\fe/bol/me 19B8, No. 252; Lazaridis el at. 1992, 40, fig. 13, pI. 23, Ka\'ala, Archaeological ~[useum, im-. ~1 353 (bronze). III Themelis and Touratsoglou 1997, pis_ 12, 72, B 2; pI. B8, B 26; pI. 114, ~ 10; Thessaloniki, Archaeological Museum, in\'_ B 2, B 26, ~ 10. III Siganidou 1966, 343, pI. 361 d. II> Cat ..\Ie/bol/me 1988, No. 249; Dion, Archaeological ~[us('um, in\'. 25.10. f:,; \'il" 197 L 150, fig. 3+, abo\"(' left; ~laksimO\a 1979, 73, 75, fig. 23.A5; CI1I. h:llillJ!,uu/ 198:1, i\"o. 1:); Archibald 19 o

r