Ancient West & East (5) 9004149503, 9789004149502

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ANCIENT WEST & EAST VOLUME 5, NOS. 1–2

Academic Periodical

ANCIENT WEST & EAST Monograph Supplement: COLLOQUIA PONTICA editor-in-chief

GOCHA R. TSETSKHLADZE (AUSTRALIA) editors

A. Avram (Romania/France) – Sir John Boardman (UK) O. Bopearachchi (France) – J. Bouzek (Czech Rep.) – A. ÇilingiroÅlu (Turkey) – B. d’Agostino (Italy) – F. De Angelis (Canada) – A. Domínguez (Spain) – O. Doonan (USA) – M. Fischer (Israel) – J.Hargrave (UK) J. Hind (UK) – M. Kazanski (France) – A.Podossinov (Russia) D. Ridgway (UK) – N. Theodossiev (Bulgaria) – A.Wilson (UK) advisory board P. Alexandrescu (Romania) – S. Atasoy (Turkey) – L. Ballesteros Pastor (Spain) A.D.H. Bivar (UK) – S. Burstein (USA) – J. Carter (USA) – B. Cunliffe (UK) J. de Boer (The Netherlands) – P. Dupont (France) – I. Gagoshidze (Georgia) E. Haerinck (Belgium) – V. Karageorghis (Cyprus) – M. Kerschner (Austria/Germany) A. Kuhrt (UK) – I. Malkin (Israel) – F. Millar (UK) – J.-P. Morel (France) – R. Olmos (Spain) A. Rathje (Denmark) – A. Sagona (Australia) – A. Snodgrass (UK) – D. Stronach (USA) M.A. Tiverios (Greece) – M. Vassileva (Bulgaria) – A. Wasowicz (Poland) All correspondence should be addressed to: Gocha R. Tsetskhladze Centre for Classics and Archaeology The University of Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia Tel: +61 3 83445565 Fax: +61 3 83444161 E-Mail: [email protected]

ANCIENT WEST & EAST VOLUME 5, NOS. 1–2

LEIDEN • BOSTON 2006

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

ISSN 1570–1921 ISBN 90 04 14950 3 ISBN 978 90 04 14950 2 © Copyright 2006 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910 Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands

CONTENTS Editorial ...................................................................................................... G.R. Tsetskhladze

ix

Articles F.C. Woudhuizen, Untying the Cretan Hieroglyphic Knot .................. 1 }. Dönmez, Some Observations on the Socio-Economic Structure and Ethnic Make-up of the Central Black Sea Region of Turkey during the Iron Age in the Light of New Evidence .......................... 13 N.N. Terekhova, A.V. Dmitriev, A.A. Malyshev, I.G. Ravich and L.S. Rozanova, The Foothills of the North-Western Caucasus in the 8th–4th Centuries BC .................................................................... 44 L.C. Pieraccini, Home Is Where the Hearth Is: The Function of the Caeretan Brazier ........................................................................ 80 S.A. Paspalas, The Achaemenid Empire and the North-Western Aegean .................................................................................................... 90 S.L. Solovyov, The Chora of Hermonassa .............................................. 121 A.A. Aliev, M.S. Gadjiev, M.G. Gaither, P.L. Kohl, R.M. Magomedov and I.N. Aliev, The Ghilghilchay Defensive Long Wall: New Investigations .......................................... 143 H. Goldfus, St Euphemia’s Church by the Hippodrome of Constantinople within the Broader Context of Early 7th-Century History and Architecture ................................................ 178 Notes G. Kipiani, Openwork Bronze Buckles from the Caucasus: Problems of Attribution ........................................................................ T.H. Zeyrek, Portrait Bust of a Young Man of the Julio-Claudian Family ............................................................................ T. Todua and G. Gamkrelidze, Stamps of Roman Military Units from the Eastern Black Sea Littoral (Colchis) .......................... A.D.H. Bivar, The Saca Chieftain of the Kurgan Issyk ......................

199 215 224 231

Reviews West and East: A Review Article (5) (G.R. Tsetskhladze) ............................ 241 The Copenhagen Polis Centre: A Review Article of its Publications, Parts 1–2 (T.J. Figueira) ........................................................................................ 252 Publications on Pistiros, Bulgaria ( J. Bouzek, M. Domaradzki and Z.H. Archibald [eds.], Pistiros I; J. Bouzek, L. Domaradzka and Z.H. Archibald [eds.], Pistiros II; M. Domaradzki† [ed.], Volume editors:

vi

CONTENTS

L. Domaradzka, J. Bouzek and J. Rostropowicz, Pistiros et Thasos) (A. Domínguez) ...................................................................................... New Publications on Etruscan Archaeology (M.B. Jovino [ed.], Tarquinia. Scavi sistematici nell’abitato Campagne 1982–1988; A.M. Moretti Sgubini, Veio, Cerveteri, Vulci Città d’Etruria a confronto; A.M. Moretti Sgubini [ed.], Tarquinia etrusca) (R. Leighton) ........................ New Books on Gordion and Phrygia (I. Kealhofer [ed.], The Archaeology of Midas and the Phrygians; E.R.M. Dusinberre, Gordion Seals and Sealings) ( J. Boardman) .......................................................................... Alexander’s Legacy: The Imprint of the Greek Language East of the Euphrates (F. Canali De Rossi, Iscrizioni dello Estremo Oriente Greco) (F.G.B. Millar) ........................................................................................ C. Abadie-Reyna, (ed.), Les Ceramiques en Anatolie aux Epoques Hellenistique et Romaine (K. Strobel) .......................................... T. Bakır, H. Sancisi-Weerdenburg, G. Gürtekin, P. Briant and W. Henkelman (eds.), Achaemenid Anatolia (R. Matthews) .................... P.G. Bilde, J.M. Højte and V.F. Stolba (eds.), The Cauldron of Ariantas ( J.G.F. Hind) .......................................................................................... J.-P. Brun, Le vin et l’huile dans la Méditerranée antique (D. Mattingly) .... J. Buckler, Aegean Greece in the Fourth Century BC (R. Osborne) .............. W. Burkert, Babylon, Memphis, Persepolis ( J. Boardman) .......................... A.S. Christensen, Cassiodorus, Jordanes, and Gothic History (A.V. Podossinov) .................................................................................. B. Cunliffe, W. Davies and C. Renfrew (eds.), Archaeology (S. Alcock) .............................................................................................. O.P. Doonan, Sinop Landscapes ( J.G.F. Hind) .......................................... C. Dougherty and L. Kurke (eds.), The Cultures within Ancient Greek Culture (M. Squire) ............................................................ A. Fol (ed.), Putyat (M. Vassileva) ............................................................ D.H. French (ed.), The Inscriptions of Sinope ( J.G.F. Hind) ...................... A. Geyer (ed.), Neue Forschungen in Apsaros (2000–2002) ( J.G.F. Hind) .......................................................................................... W.V. Harris (ed.), Rethinking the Mediterranean ( J. Boardman) ................ W. Henkelman and A. Kuhrt (eds.), A Persian Perspective (R. Matthews) ........................................................................................ V. Karageorghis and I. Taifacos (eds.), The World of Herodotus ( J. Boardman) ........................................................................................ K. Kisyov, Thrace and Greece in Ancient Times ( J. Boardman) .................. M. Konrad, Der spätrömische Limes in Syrien (N. Pollard) ........................ L. Lavan and W. Bowden (eds.), Theory and Practice in Late Antique Archaeology (R. Alston) ........................................................ I. Lebedynsky, Les Sarmates (C. Meyer) ....................................................

304

308

312

314 324 326 327 329 330 331 332 334 336 338 341 342 344 345 346 347 348 349 351 353

CONTENTS

L. Mulvin, Late Roman Villas in the Danube-Balkan Region (K. Strobel) ............................................................................................ M. Negru, The Native Pottery of Roman Dacia (L. Vagalinski) .................. G.J. Oliver, R. Brock, T.J. Cornell and S. Hodkinson (eds.), The Sea in Antiquity (N. Purcell) ............................................................ E. Pogiatzi, Die Grabreliefs auf Zypern von der archaischen bis zur römischen Zeit (V. Tatton-Brown) ............................................................ T. Potts, M. Roaf and D. Stein (eds.), Culture through Objects (R. Matthews) ........................................................................................ M.I. Rostovtseff, La Peinture Décorative Antique en Russie Méridionale ( J. Boardman) ........................................................................................ I. Sandwell and J. Huskinson (eds.), Culture and Society in Later Roman Antioch (F.G.B. Millar) ...................................................... N. Schreiber, The Cypro-Phoenician Pottery of the Iron Age (A. Gilboa) ...... B. Tanevski, J. Stankovski and D. Mitrevski (eds.), Pyraichmes (M. Vassileva) ........................................................................................ A. Villing (ed.), The Greeks in the East ( J. Boardman) ............................ S. Walker, The Portland Vase ( J. Hargrave) .............................................. J.H.C. Williams, Beyond the Rubicon. Romans and Gauls in Republican Italy (E. Dench) .................................................................... N. Wrede, Uruk. Terrakotten I. Von der ‘Ubaid- bis zur altbabylonischen Zeit (R. Matthews) ..................................................................................

vii

355 358 361 362 364 365 366 367 370 372 373 374 376

New Publications Achaemenid Anatolia (E. Baughan) ........................................................ 379 Books Received .............................................................................................. 389 In the Next Volume ........................................................................................ 397

EDITORIAL This is the last volume of Ancient West & East to be published by Brill. From 2007 we are changing publishers. The reasons are many and various. Unusually, the current volume is a double-issue. This has been done at the behest of the current publishers. I hope that this inconveniences neither our contributors nor our readers. The period in which Ancient West & East and its monograph supplement Colloquia Pontica were published by Brill has been fruitful and challenging. There are several people to whom I personally, as well as my colleagues involved in the two publications, owe sincere thanks for their vision, hard work and help. First of all, Job Lisman, sometime Classics Acquisitions Editor at Brill, and Drs S.J. Bruinsma, Business Unit Manager (History), who brought my projects to Brill; secondly, Ms Gera van Bedaf, our Desk Editor/Editor throughout this co-operation, for her sharp eyes and close interest in all these projects—she is the kind of editor most wish they had but who is rarely found; thirdly, Michiel Klein Swormink, himself a classicist and Job Lisman’s successor as Classics Acquisitions Editor until 2004, who demonstrated a real understanding of our subject and who was, with me, principal begetter of Ancient West & East—we shared its labour pains; and finally, Valeriya Kozlovskaya, who took up the challenge of translating papers from Russian, and Maribeth E. Siguenza of Asiatype Inc., Mandaluyong City, Philippines, who has borne the burden of typesetting most of our issues. Since our connection with Brill is drawing to a close, would all subscribers and casual purchasers please make contact with me for details of future subscription and ordering arrangements. This may be done by e-mail: . Gocha R. Tsetskhladze Editor-in-Chief Melbourne, 25 April 2006

UNTYING THE CRETAN HIEROGLYPHIC KNOT* FRED C. WOUDHUIZEN Abstract In like manner as the Cretan cult knot is a three-stemmed variant of the Egyptian ankh-sign, the origins of the signs from the Cretan hieroglyphic syllabary are threefold, namely from (1) Egyptian hieroglyphic, (2) Luwian hieroglyphic and (3) Cretan Linear. If this Cretan knot, so to speak, is carefully untied by sound epigraphic analysis, the legends of some of the Minoan seals can be shown to contain the categories (1) man’s names, (2) titles and (3) geographic names, just like it is the case with the relevant Luwian hieroglyphic parallels.

As far as the origins of Cretan hieroglyphic signs are concerned, three different sources can be distinguished: (1) Egyptian hieroglyphic, (2) Luwian hieroglyphic, and (3) Cretan Linear A.1 This situation is exemplified by the Cretan cult knot. The latter symbol ultimately originates from the Egyptian ankh ‘life’ with one stem.2 This spread to Anatolia where it received two side stems instead of a central one.3 Finally, the symbol reached Crete where, in line with North Syrian prototypes, the two Anatolian side stems were combined with the original central one, resulting in the ultimate three-stemmed variant (Fig. 1).4 What we want to know, of course, is which sign originated from which of the three sources. Is an attempt to unravel the meaning of Cretan hieroglyphic seals and sealings not just a matter of juggling with three variables? In practice, I think sound epigraphic analysis leads to the distinction of some patterns: the Cretan knot, so to speak, needs to be carefully untied. I should like to demonstrate this with the treatment of seven Minoan seals. The seals in question are: a three sided white cornelian prism from eastern Crete (no. 255), a three-sided red cornelian prism from central Crete (no. 257), a three-sided

* My thanks are due to Wim van Binsbergen for a grant from the Erasmus University at Rotterdam which facilitated the writing of this article. 1 Best 2002, 134–35, figs. 1 (comparisons with Egyptian hieroglyphic according to Evans 1909, 240, tabl. XVI, fig. 105 and with Luwian hieroglyphic according to Meriggi) and 4 (comparisons with Cretan Linear according to Ventris and Chadwick 1973, 33, fig. 6). For further comparisons with Luwian hieroglyphic, see Gelb 1931, 79ff.; Bossert 1932, 5ff.; with Cretan Linear, see Olivier and Godart 1996 (= CHIC), 19; with Luwian hieroglyphic and Cretan Linear, see Woudhuizen 1992b, pls. XXVI and XXIV, respectively. 2 Gardiner 1957, S 34. 3 Laroche 1960, *369. 4 Bossert 1932, 13.

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FRED C. WOUDHUIZEN

olive green steatite prism from Malia (no. 271), a four-sided red cornelian bead-seal from central Crete (no. 296), a four-sided cornelian bead-seal from Sitia (no. 310), a four-sided bead-seal of green jasper from Xida (no. 312), and an eight-sided prism of veined agate from Neapolis (no. 314) (Figs. 2–8).5 As I have discussed four of these seven seals in detail elsewhere,6 I will focus my analysis on the origins of the signs and the resulting readings in general. The transcription of the legends in numbers (with Evans’s numbers, marked by an E, when a CHIC number is failing) is as follows: no. no. no. no. no.

255 257 271 296 310

no. 312 no. 314

1. 1. 1. 1. 1.

042–031 056 036–028–049 2. 044–036–018 3. 044–046 E75–E84 038–010–031 2. 044–046 3. 036–092–031 056 034/ 2. /011–0??–041/ 3. E96+018 016–012 056 034 057 2. 018–007–028 3. 044–049 4. 039–038–053 056 034 047 057 2. 042–038–E91 3. 001 050–016 E109 (3x) 4. E85/044–046 1. 013–049–047 2. 013 076 3. 036–092–031 4. 038–010–031 1. 050–007–018 2. 044–049 3. 050–031–*156 4. 018–043 005– 5. 044–049 018–043 6. 036–092–031 7. 038–010–031 8. 044–E82–046

Among these legends, there can be distinguished the following standard formulas:7 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

044–049 ‘trowel-arrow’ 005–044–049 ‘eye-trowel-arrow’ 044–046 ‘trowel-adze’ 038–010–031 ‘gate-leg-flower’ 036–092–031 ‘throne-horn-flower’ 056 034 (057) ‘seal land (official(s))’

nos. 296, no. 314 nos. 255, nos. 257, nos. 257, nos. 271,

314 257, 312, 312, 296,

310, 314 314 314 310

The signary is basically composed of signs with a counterpart in Luwian hieroglyphic, of which I count 22 instances in sum (values attested for Cretan hieroglyphic only in sqare brackets):

5 Numbering of the seals according to Olivier and Godart 1996. The drawings of the originals—from Evans 1909, 153, P. 23 (no. 257), P. 24 (no. 255), 155, P. 29 (no. 310), 156, P. 30 (no. 312), 157, P. 44 (no. 296); Chapouthier 1930, 17f., H1 (no. 271); Meriggi 1973, 134, taf. IV top left (no. 314)—are preferred to those by Olivier and Godart. Rightly, Brice (2002, 47) praises the quality of the drawings by Evans’s draughtsman, Émile Gilliéron. 6 Best and Woudhuizen 1989, 120–28 (no. 314); 1989, 115–18; Woudhuizen forthcoming a (no. 271); 2002a (no. 310); forthcoming b, chapter on Philistines and Pelasgians (no. 296). 7 For a treatment of these standard formulas, see Woudhuizen 2001, 609–12 (formulas 1–5); 2002a, 124–26 (formula 6).

UNTYING THE CRETAN HIEROGLYPHIC KNOT

3

Fig. 1. Development of the Egyptian ankh ‘life’ in the eastern Mediterranean: (a) Egyptian, (b) Anatolian, (c) North Syrian, (d) Cretan.

Fig. 2. Three-sided white cornelian prism from eastern Crete (no. 255).

Fig. 3. Three-sided red cornelian prism from central Crete (no. 257).

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FRED C. WOUDHUIZEN

Fig. 4. Three-sided olive green steatite prism from Malia (no. 271).

Fig. 5. Four-sided red cornelian bead-seal from central Crete (no. 296).

Fig. 6. Four-sided cornelian bead-seal from Sitia (no. 310).

Fig. 7. Four-sided bead-seal of green jasper from Xida (no. 312).

Fig. 8. Eight-sided prism of veined agate from Neapolis (no. 314).

UNTYING THE CRETAN HIEROGLYPHIC KNOT

5

6

FRED C. WOUDHUIZEN

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

Evans

CHIC

Luwian hieroglyphic

value

2 73 73 16 11 65 99 63 62 64 82 92 96 5 115 114 41 12 24 14 — 19

001 018 018 007 010 016 028 011 012 013 — 031 — 005 069 034 041 043 056 050 — 036

1 13 14 29 82 101 102–3 104 107 109 128 153 175 191 212 228 267 283–4 327 383, 1 451 488

AMU

attestation

PÁRA PÁRANA

tá ta6 TARKU KURUNT,

rú

sà MUWA,

mu ma6 TINTAPU, ti5 nú LALA, la TIWATA, [ti ] ›APA, ná UTNA, tu5 WANA, [wa6] custos SASA, sa5 (determ. of ¢ur ta5 MALIA,

no. 310 nos. 255, 296, 314 no. 271 nos. 296, 314 nos. 257, 312, 314 nos. 271, 310 nos. 255, 296 no. 271 no. 271 no. 312 no. 314 nos. 255, 257, 312, 314 no. 271 no. 314 no. 257? (if E84 = E115) nos. 271, 296, 310 no. 271 no. 314 nos. 255, 271, 296, 310 PN) nos. 310, 314 no. 271 nos. 255, 257, 312, 314

PN = personal name

This basic category of signs with a Luwian hieroglyphic counterpart is supplemented by those with an origin in Egyptian hieroglyphic. The transmission of these supplementary signs is more complicated than that of the Luwian hieroglyphic ones. Sometimes the sign represents its Egyptian value, as in case of the stylised striding man with a staff in his hand (057) and the ‘bee’-sign (020–21).8 In other instances, however, the original Egyptian value is replaced by a Semitic one, like in case of the wine-ideogram (*156), or a Luwian one, like in case of the ‘trowel’-sign (044).9 For the writing-tablet with stylus attached to it by means of a cord (076) either the Semitic value tuppu ‘tablet’10 or the Luwian value tupa- ‘id.’ (from which derives tupala- ‘scribe’) is suggested by the fact that it lingers on in the Linear A sign for du (L 93).11 The ‘man’sign (001), the ‘leg’-sign (010), the ‘land’-sign (034) and the ‘palace’-sign (041)

8 9 10 11

Woudhuizen 1997. Woudhuizen 2002b. Friedrich 1991, s.v. tuppi-, dub. For the numbering of Linear A signs, see Meijer 1982, 38–47.

UNTYING THE CRETAN HIEROGLYPHIC KNOT

7

we have already encountered in the context of the Luwian hieroglyphic component, for which reason in the numbering that of their first mention is maintained. Accordingly, we arrive at the total of seven supplementary signs originating from Egyptian hieroglyphic:

1. 23. 5. 24. 25. 26. 16. 17. 27. 28. 29.

Evans

CHIC

Egyptian hieroglyphic

value

attestation

2 27 11 85–6 116 109 114 41 21 18 31

001 057 010 020–1 *156 — 034 041 046 044 076

A 1 A 21 D 56 L 2 M 43 N 5 N 26 O 11 U 21 X 8 Y 3

AMU

no. 310 nos. 296, nos. 257, no. 310 no. 314 no. 310 nos. 271, no. 271 nos. 255, nos. 255, no. 312

sr ta6 bi’ty WAINU,

wa

sol

UTNA, WANA,

tu5 wa6

tì pi (< PIA) TUPA

310 312, 314

296, 310 257, 310, 314 257, 296, 310, 314

Next to signs originating from Egyptian hieroglyphic, the basically Luwian hieroglyphic signary is also supplemented by signs with a counterpart in Linear A. Note that if a Cretan hieroglyphic sign has already been mentioned in the context of the Luwian hieroglyphic or Egyptian hieroglyphic component, the numbering of its first mention has been maintained. Thus, all in all, we are confronted with a total of seven supplementary signs from Cretan Linear A: Evans 30. 31. 9. 32. 33. 34. 24. 25. 27. 29. 35. 36.

46 91/119 62 44 36 30 85 116 21 31 74 47

CHIC 039 070 012 038 042 092 021 *156 046 076 — 053

Cretan Linear A value L L L L L L L L L L L L

1 22 27 32 52 55 56 82 88 93 95 103

pa3 lù mu ya a ru pi (< bi’ty) WAINU, wa tì du ma ki

attestation no. 296 no. 310 no. 271 nos. 257, nos. 255, nos. 257, no. 310 no. 314 nos. 255, no. 312 no. 257 no. 296

296, 310, 312, 314 310 312, 314 257, 310, 314

The fact that some supplementary signs originate from Linear A also allows for comparisons with Cypro-Minoan counterparts, because the latter script is a direct derivation of the former. Again, if a Cretan hieroglyphic sign has

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FRED C. WOUDHUIZEN

already been mentioned in the context of the preceding groups, the numbering of its first mention is maintained. Hence, we should add two more complementary signs from Cypro-Minoan:12

37. 27. 38. 13.

Evans

CHIC

CyproMinoan

value

attestation

13 18 54 5

049 044 047 005

28 51 76 116

ni pi le ti

nos. 255, 296, 312, 314 nos. 255, 257, 296, 310, 314 nos. 310, 312 no. 314

The foregoing epigraphic analysis leads to a reading of the legends of our seven Minoan seals, among which we can distinguish three basic categories: (1) man’s names, (2) titles, (3) geographic names.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

CHIC

man’s names

title

place/country

no. no. no. no. no. no. no.

pi-ta5-PÁRA ma-ná?13

pi-tì pi-tì la+PÁRANA pi-ni bi’ty/pi-tì TUPA PÁRA-custos pi-ni-ti

ta5-rú-ni ta5-ru-nú sà-¢ur-wa6 pa3-ya-ki a-ya-lù ta5-ru-nú ta5-ru-nú

255 257 271 296 310 312 314

TARKU-MUWA PÁRA-tá-rú

TARKU ma6-ni-le tá-PÁRA pi-ni nú-wa

Most of the Man’s Names are of Luwian type: Partarus (= Lydian Bartara≤ ),14 Nuwas (cf. Cappadocian reduplicated Nuwanuwas),15 Taparas (= Lycian Daparas),16 Tarkus, Tarkumuwas (= Cilician Tarkomòs),17 and possibly Manas (= Lydian Manes).18 One is of Kaskan type: Pitaparas (= Kaskan Pittaparas).19 Whereas Manile, when we consider that the Cretan hieroglyphic [l] may also express [r] and by analogy with the Luwian hieroglyphic Murlis and ›alis,20 may perhaps be analysed as an abridged form of Egyptian Men-r‘.21 12

For the numbering of Cypro-Minoan signs, see Hiller 1985. If the ‘snake’ E84 = ‘coiling water’ E115. 14 Gusmani, 1964, 264, no. 40.2; cf. Best and Woudhuizen 1989, 126; Woudhuizen forthcoming b, chapter 10. 15 Laroche 1966, s.v.; cf. Best and Woudhuizen 1989, 126. 16 Friedrich 1932, 55, TL 6, 1; cf. Best and Woudhuizen 1989, 126. 17 Houwink ten Cate 1961, 127. 18 Gusmani 1964, 250, no. 1.3 and 252, nos. 4a.1, 4b.1; cf. Best and Woudhuizen 1989, 126. 19 von Schuler 1965, indices, 2. Personennamen, s.v. 20 Beran 1967, nos. 180 (um+r-li ) and 186 (há+li ). 21 Ranke 1935, s.v. mn-¢pr-r‘. 13

UNTYING THE CRETAN HIEROGLYPHIC KNOT

9

The titles laparnas (= Hittite labarnas),22 PÁRA-custos ‘viceroy’ (cf. titles like Latin pro-consul), and tupa- ‘scribe’23 are of Anatolian type. Furthermore, pini corresponds to the Semitic bn as in the Ugaritic bn Lky ‘representative of the Lycians’.24 Finally, bi’ty or piti is identical to the Egyptian bi’ty ‘king of Lower Egypt’,25 so that pinipiti actually constitutes a Semito-Egyptian calque of the Luwian hieroglyphic infans +›ANTAWAT- ‘prince’.26 The geographic name Sa¢urwa is attested in writing variant Sa¢arwa for other Cretan hieroglyphic inscriptions, and occurs in Linear B in adjectival derivative as Sakarijo or Saqarejo. It has been plausibly identified with the Homeric Skheria, which in turn appears to be the ancient name of Hagia Triada in the western part of the Mesara.27 Next, the frequent Tarunu is, considering the fact that the Cretan hieroglyphic [r] may also express [l] and, as we have just seen, vice versa, and on the analogy of Tìtarma being the Luwian hieroglyphic form of Hittite Attarima, likely to be read as Atlunu—which resembles Plato’s mythical Atlantis too much to be dismissed as accidental. On the basis of the distribution of the seals with this geographic name, it probably refers to the northern zone of Crete from Knossos to Kato Zakro.28 Furthermore, Ayalù, which turns up in variant form Ayalu in Linear A, is for its association with Semitic ajalu ‘stag’, ingeniously explained as the Semitic designation of modern Malia, otherwise indicated in Cretan hieroglyphic by a deer with prominent antlers or, as a pars pro toto, by the antlers themselves (028). As the deer or antlers render the value rú, an abbreviation of Linear B Rukito ‘Lyktos’ lies at hand, which name is mentioned in the itinerary of Aegean place names from the temple tomb of Amenhotep III (1390–1352 BC) at Kom el-Hetan (Thebes) in between Amnisos and Sitia—i.e. exactly where we would expect the mention of the ancient name of Malia.29 Finally, for its striking resemblance to Homeric Phaiakes, the form Payaki is likely to be considered an ethnonym referring to the inhabitants of Skheria—the ancient name, as we have just suggested, of Hagia Triada.30 If for the sake of completeness we should add that anu in the legend of seal no. 255 is a Cretan dialectal variant of the Luwian hieroglyphic anan ‘under’, characterised by a/u-vowel shift,31 that Taruni in the same legend 22

Friedrich 1991, s.v.; cf. Best and Woudhuizen 1989, 117–18. Laroche 1960, *326. 24 Gordon 1955, glossary, s.v.; Astour 1964, 194; Woudhuizen 1994, 512. 25 Gardiner 1957, L 2; cf. Best 1996–97, 118–19; Woudhuizen 1997, 107. 26 Best and Woudhuizen 1989, 123–24; Woudhuizen 1992b, 197–98; 1997, 107; 2001, 611; cf. Laroche 1960, *46. 27 Best and Woudhuizen 1989, 118; Woudhuizen 1992a, 32–33. 28 Woudhuizen 1992a, 78–79; Woudhuizen 2001, 612–13. 29 Best 1996–97, 116; Woudhuizen 2002a, 126–27. 30 Best 2000, 29; Woudhuizen forthcoming b, chapter on Philistines and Pelasgians. 31 Laroche 1960, *57, 2; cf. atu ‘in’, corresponding to Luwian hieroglyphic ata, and upa 23

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bears testimony of the dative singular in -i of Tarunu ‘Atlunu’ as paralleled for Luwian hieroglyphic,32 that yatanu in the legend of seals nos. 257, 312 and 314 corresponds to the Ugaritic ytn ‘he has given’,33 and that pititi in the legend of seal no. 314 shows the dative singular in -ti as attested for Linear A (telu Dakuseneti ‘delivery to Dakusenni’) and Cypro-Minoan (telu Sanemeti ‘delivery to Sanemas’),34 we arrive in sum at the following transliteration and interpretation of the legends of our seven Minoan seals: no. 255 no. 257 no. 271 no. 296 no. 310 no. 312 no. 314

1. a-nú SASA ta5-rú-ni 2. pi-ta5-PÁRA 3. pi-tì ‘under the seal with respect to Atlunu, king Pittaparas’ 1. ma-ná ya-ta6-nú 2. pi-tì 3. ta5-ru-nú ‘Manes has granted, king (of ) Atlunu’ 1. SASA UTNA 2. sà-¢ur-wa6 3. la+PÁRANA TARKU-MUWA ‘seal (with respect to) the land (of ) Skheria (= Hagia Triada), king Tarkumuwas’ 1. SASA UTNA sr 2. PÁRA-tá-rú 3. pi-ni 4. pa3-ya-ki ‘seal (with respect to) the land (and) official(s) (of ) the Phaiakians, representative Bartaras’ 1. SASA UTNA le sr 2. a-ya-lù 3. AMU TARKU sol (3X) 4. bi’ty/pi-tì ‘seal (with respect to) the sun-blessed land (and) official(s) (of ) Ayalu (= Malia), I (am) king Tarkus, (person) blessed by the sun-god’ 1. ma6-ni-le 2. ma6 TUPA 3. ta5-ru-nú 4. ya-ta6-nú ‘Men-r‘, scribe (of ) Atlunu, has granted’ 1. tá-PÁRA 2. pi-ni 3. nú-wa 4. PÁRA-custos -ti- 5. pi-ni PÁRA-custos 6. ta5-ru-nú 7. ya-ta6-nú 8. pi-ti5-tì ‘Daparas, son of Nuwas, viceroy, prince, viceroy (of ) Atlunu, has granted on behalf of the king’

With these readings, the contents of the Minoan seals treated here closely resembles that of Luwian hieroglyphic counterparts such as the Tarkondemos seal, reading TARKU-tí+mi ›ANTAWAT mi+r(a)-àUTNA ‘Tarkondemos, king (of ) the land Mira’, and the seal of Kuzitesup from Lidar höyük, reading ku-zi-TESUP-pa ›ANTAWAT ká+r-ka-mi-sàUTNA TAL-mi-TESUP-pa ›ANTAWAT ká+r-ka-mi-sàUTNA (. . .) infans

‘behind’, corresponding to Luwian hieroglyphic apa, from the text of the Phaistos disc, see Best and Woudhuizen 1989, 79–82. 32 Bulgarmaden, phrase 10: Mutià MASANAWATIti ‘for the divine mountain Muti’, Bo