209 35 3MB
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CONTENTS
Summary (English, French, Preface
Russian,
Spanish)
.......................
X
......................................
List of contributors Introduction Part I -
Page ix
....................................
Foreword
xiv
.................................
xv
...................................
Fascioliasis
Chapter 1 -
xvii ...........................
(Liver fluke)
1
The ‘Mt’ system for forecasting the prevalence of fascioliasis ByT: E.GIBSON
1.1
Introduction
1.2
Factors
..........................
..............................
controlling
the development
of Fasciola hepatica
1.3
Timing of the life cycle of Fasciola hepatica in Britain
1.4
‘Mt’ forecasting
1.5
Forecasting
the prevalence
1.6
Application
of the ‘Mt’ index to other countries
Chapter 2 -
...............
....................
as applied to Anglesey of fascioliasis
in England
and Wales
...........
.................
Experience with the ‘Mt’ system of forecasting fascioliasis in France .........................
By F. LEIMBACHER
6
..............................
2.1
Introduction
2.2
Methods
2.3
Results
2.3.1
Epidemiology
of fascioliasis
2.3.2
Observations
on populations
2.3.3
Scrutiny
6
...............................
6
................................
of the ‘Mt’ values
7 in west central France of tymnaea trunculata
................ ...............
.........................
2.3.4
Experimental
forecasts
2.4
Discussion.
..............................
Chapter 3 -
.............
and control of fascioliasis
7 8 10
................
10 11
Stormont ‘wet-day’ fluke forecasting ByJ.G.Ross
...........................
14
..............................
3.1
Introduction
3.2
Limitations
3.3
Epidemiological
of the forecasting considerations
14
system
.....................
.......................
14 14
START
iv
INDEX
CONTENTS
. . . . . .
. . .
3.5 3.6
Anomalies in the system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Development and limitations of forecasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Summary
4.2
Introduction
19
21
...............................
21
..............................
21
...............................
4.3
Methods
4.3.1
Temperature
4.3.1.1 4.3.1.2
Extra-mammalian development rates ............................... Survival.
4.3.1.3
The prevalence
22
...........................
models
22 .....................
23 26
4.3.2
prediction algorithm based on temperature ............................ Moisture models
4.3.3
Combined
4.3.4
Cost-benefit
4.4
Discussion.
4.5
Acknowledgements
moisture
and temperature prediction analysis ........................... ..............................
The use of mathematical
Introduction
.............
28 30
.............
algorithm
35 36 36
...........................
38
models for predicting the incidence of fascioliasis
ByM.H.WILL1AMsoNandR.A. 5.1
18
Mathematical models for predicting the prevalence of liver fluke disease and its control from biological and meteorological data By M. J. HOPE CAWDERY, G. GETTINBY and J. N. R. GRAINGER .........
4.1
Chapter 5 -
16
. .
The ‘wet-day’ forecasting
Chapter 4 -
system
. . . . . . . . . . .
3.4
.
WrLsoN
. . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . .
..............................
5.2
Outline of fascioliasis
5.3
Experimental
5.4
Modelling
5.5
Conclusions
39
...........................
and observational ...............................
40 ..................
programme
41 43 46
..............................
........................... Acknowledgements .................................. References
47
5.6
Part II -
Nematodes.
Chapter I-
. . .
49
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . .
. . .
51
.
.
58
The ecology of the free-living stages of parasitic nematodes
Introduction Observations
2.3
The experimental
2.4
Observations Conclusions
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..............................
2.2
2.5
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
This influence of weather on the bionomics of the free-living stages of nematodes
BYT.E.GIBSON
2.1
47
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B~N.D.LEvINE Chapter 2 -
39
on small plots paddock
........................ .........................
.......................... on farms ..............................
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58 58 59 60 60
STARTvi
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CONTENTS
. . .
88
populations
. . .
89
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . .
89
of the infective pattern of larval tapeworms under conditions favourable for egg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
89
1.3.3
Observations
1.4
Models for evaluating
1.4.1
Methods for assessing field trials . . . . . .
1.4.2
Estimates survival.
1.4.3
Changes in the infective pattern of larval tapeworms
1.4.4
Association
1.5
Summary
References. Part IV -
on the prevalence
rates of larval tapeworms
the effect of weather in regulating
. . . . .
with weather
larval tapeworm
populations
89
. .
90
. . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
92
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . .
. . . . . . . . . .
.
93
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95
. . . . . . . . . .
97
. . . .
. .
. . - . .
. . . . . . . .
The weather related ecology of the tick, Zxodes ricinus L.
By J. D~NELLY Chapter 2 -
associated
. . . . . .
and conclusions
Weather and arthropod parasites: (1) Ticks
Chapter l-
larval tapeworm
between weather and other factors in regulating
. .
.
in different climate zones
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The effects of microclimate on Zxodes ricinus BYJ.NOSEK
............................
105
..............................
105
2.1
Introduction
2.2
Influence
of temperature
2.3
Seasonal
incidence
2.4
Life cycle of Ixodes ricinus .........................
2.5
Population
2.6
Trophic relationships
...........................
112
2.7
Survival conditions
...........................
113
2.8
Population
2.9
Disease relationships
2.10
Forecasts
Chapter 3 -
and humidity
on the behaviour
of Ixodes ricinus in nature
density and ecology
density estimates
of Ixodes ricinus
..................
107 110
...................
113 116
...........................
of tick incidence
105 110
.......................
and mapping
.......
116
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Radiant energy and tick activity By D. E. SONENSHINE ........................
117 117
..............................
3.1
Introduction
3.2 3.2.2
activity in hard ticks (Ixodidue) Dermacentor variabilis .......................... ............................. Ixodes ricinus
3.2.3
Other hard ticks .............................
3.3
Effect of radiant energy on feeding and oviposition
................
123
3.4
Photoperiod
................
125
3.2.1
Host-seeking
Chapter 4 -
..................
and rhythms of feeding and drop-off
117 117 122 122
Climate and East Coast Fever .......................... B~D.BRANAGAN
126
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126
4.1
Introduction
4.2
The course of the disease
.........................
127
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The effect of weather factors nematodes BYJ.ARMOUR
Introduction
3.2
Field observations
3.3
Experimental Current
Chapter 4 -
62 62 62
studies
64
...........................
67
........................
and future research
Forecasting the onset of nematodiriasis
in sheep 68
..........................
..............................
Introduction
Parasite life history
4.3 4.4
Soil temperature
4.5
Influence
68
........................
69 70
and larval activity ......................
of moisture level
Related species
68
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Seasonal pattern of infection
Chapter 5 -
.........................
72
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73
Forecasting the prevalence of nematodiriasis . .
B~T.E.GIBSONANDL.P.SMITH Forecasting
Chapter 6 -
in parasitic
............................
4.2
4.6
of larval development
...........................
B~R.J.THoMAs 4.1
on the inhibition
..............................
3.1
3.4
V
CONTENTS
in England and Wales
. . .
. . .
outbreaks of parasitic gastro-enteritis
. . . . . .
. . . .
. .
in ruminants in England and Wales
....................
B~T.E.GIBSONANDL.P.SMITH
74
76
6.1
Cattle
................................
76
6.2
Sheep
................................
76
6.3
Future prospects
References
..................................
78
. . . . . . .
Part III -Cestodes Chapter 1 -
77
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. . . . . .
. .
. . .
. .
. . . .
The effect of weather on tapeworm eggs and its epidermological . . . . . . . . .
B~M.A.GEMMELL 1.1
Introduction
1.2
Laboratory
. . .
. . . . .
studies on physical factors limiting egg survival
..........
. .
. . . .
83 83
. . . ..........
83
1.2.1
Longevity
. . . . . ..........
83
1.2.2
Effect of high temperature
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . . ..........
84
1.2.3
Effect of low temperature
.
. . .
. .
84
1.2.4
Effect of desiccation
of eggs
. . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
1.2.5
Association
between temperature,
1.2.6
Association
between temperature
1.3
Egg survival in the field
1.3.1
Egg-feeding
1.3.2
Grazing
. . . . . .
81
implications
. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. .
. . . ..........
. . . . .
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..........
84
. . ..........
85
and the ageing process of eggs . ..........
85
humidity
and egg survival
. . . . . .
. . .
. .
. . .
. . ..........
88
and grazing trials . . . .
. . .
. .
. . .
. . ..........
88
..........
88
trials on the availability
of eggs in different climatic zones
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CONTENTS
128
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4.3
The influence of climate on vector populations
4.4
The influence of humidity
.........................
131
4.5
Climate and host presence
.........................
133
4.6
Climate and the character
4.7
Epidemiological
References Part V -
.................
of East Coast Fever
calculation
134
..................
and forecasting
135 137
..................................
Weather and arthropod parasites: (2) Other arthropods
Chapter 1 -
...............
141
Weather and arthropod ectoparasites ..........................
B~D.W.TARRY
143
..............................
1.1
Introduction
1.2
The free-living stage
1.2.1
Group (a): Parasites
143
...........................
143
with a free-living adult stage
................
144
1.2.2
Water relations of free-living stages
.....................
145
1.2.3
Group (b): Free-living
.....................
147
1.3
Obligate parasites -
1.3.1
Permanent
Group (c) .......................
ectoparasite
1.3.1.1
The population
1.3.1.2
Sheep-scab
1.3.2
Periodic blood feeders
1.4
Conclusions
Chapter 2 -
insect larvae
.......................
groups
dynamics
147 147
of lice (Mallophaga and Anoplura)
............
mites (Psoroptes ovis) ......................
148 149
..........................
150
..............................
150
The effect of weather on mosquito biology 151
..........................
B~M.W.SERVICE
...............................
151
2.1
Summary
2.2
Weather
2.3
Micrometeorological
2.4
Mosquitoes
2.5
The effect of weather on the immature
2.5.1
Eggs
2.5.2
Larvae and temperature
..........................
154
2.5.3
Larvae and precipitation
.........................
156
2.6
The effect of weather on adult mosquitoes
...................
158
2.6.1
Adults and wind speed and frontal systems
...................
158
2.6.2
Adults and temperature
2.6.3
Adults and precipitation
2.6.4
Adults and barometric
2.6.5
Adults and other weather variables
2.7
General
2.8
Acknowledgements
...........................
and climate
151
........................
factors
..........................
and climate
152
stages of mosquitoes
.............
153 153
.................................
considerations
152
and humidity
.....................
.......................... pressure
....................... ......................
.......................... ...........................
159 160 161 161 162 162
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Part VI -
CONTENTS
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Theuseandvalueofdata
Chapter 1 -
Meteorological BYL.P.SMITH
Bibliography
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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and disease data .
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