Meteorological Data Catalogue 9780824885427

Citation preview

INTERNATIONAL INDIAN OCEAN EXPEDITION METEOROLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS

Number

3

The International Indian Ocean Expedition Meteorological Monographs, published by the East-West Center Press, contain detailed discussions and supporting data on the various components of the general atmospheric circulation over the Indian Ocean, as well as the results from measurements of atmosphere-ocean interaction made as part of the expedition's observational program. Manuscripts are solicited, and should be sent to C. S. Ramage, Department of Geosciences, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A. 96822. Editorial committee C. S. RAMAGE M. A. ESTOQUE

MICHAEL GARSTANG

Meteorological Data Catalogue

METEOROLOGICAL DATA CATALOGUE by J. R. Nicholson

East-West Center Press

Honolulu

The publication of this volume has been aided by Grant No. GA-386 from, the National Science Foundation. Contribution No. ZUU from the Hawaii Institute

of Geophysics, University

Copyright © 1969 by East-West Center Press University of Hawaii All Rights Reserved Standard Book Number: 8248-0082-6 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 69-17881 Printed in the United States of America First Edition

of Hawaii.

A cknow led gmen t My warmest thanks go to C. S. Ramage for constant encouragement and advice, and to F. R. Miller, C. R. V. Raman, and J. C. Sadler for their support and advice. Grateful acknowledgment is extended to C. M. Bhumralkar for help in writing the first draft and compilation of some of the statistics cited, to Mrs. Amy Segawa for much of the tedious compilation of tables, to L. K. Oda for his aid in drafting and compilation of tables, to R. R. Rhodes for advice concerning the drafting of figures, to Mrs. Ethel McAfee for editorial help, to Mrs. Charmian Jefferies and Miss Ruth Kurosaki for the compilation of computer programs, and to Mrs. Michie Hamao for typing the drafts. Thanks are extended to T. S. Yoshida, T. M. Kawamoto, and H. W. Wu for data compilation, and to Miss Sophie Ann Aoki for data compilation and drafting. I am grateful to the ESSA Weather Bureau for making it possible for me to take part in the International Indian Ocean Expedition.

J. R. Nicholson, University of Hawaii (1 )

Honolulu, 18 July 1968

Contents ABSTRACT

1

VIII.

Special Observations

27

A. Research Vessels 27 INTRODUCTION

B. Research A i r c r a f t 27

2

Recomputation of Research A i r c r a f t Measurements 45 Measurement of W i n d Velocity 45 Origin of E r r o r s 45 Relationship among E r r o r s 45 Determination of E r r o r s in Wind Velocity 46

PART 1: COLLECTION OF SYNOPTIC REPORTS

I.

Collection by Radio

3

A. Broadcasts 3 B. A u g m e n t a t i o n of the

C. Other A i r c r a f t 46

Communications Network 3

D. W e a t h e r Satellites 48

C. W e a t h e r Buoy (NOMAD) Transmissions k

E . D a t a Available f r o m Other Sources 49

II. III.

Collection by Mail

6

E n e r g y and W a t e r V a p o r F l u x between Ocean a n d Atmosphere 49 Radiation 49 Ozone 49 S t r a t o s p h e r e 49

Comparison between Radio and Mail . . . 10 A. Reports f r o m Mid-Ocean Island Stations 10 B. Ship Reports 11 C. Reports f r o m the A u s t r a l i a n Subregion 11

IX.

D. Reports f r o m the Asian Subregion 11

IV.

Summary

12

PART 2: PROCESSING

V. VI.

13

Recording

13

49

PART 4: DISCUSSION

X.

Plotting and Analysis

Computer Programs

Regional Meteorological Centers

53

A. Timely Receipt and Transmission of Reports 53 B. Checking Reports 55 C. P l o t t i n g and Analysis 55 D. Prognoses 55

PART 3: ARCHIVES

VII.

Synoptic Observations

E . A r c h i v i n g 55

14

F . Publication 56

A. C h a r t s (Mercator's P r o j e c t i o n : 1:15 million) 14

ABBREVIATIONS

57

NOTES AND REFERENCES

58

B. Land Stations 26 C. Merchant Ships 27

Abstract The International Indian Ocean Expedition (HOE) combined oceanographic and meteorological observational and research programs. The former commenced in 1959 and carried on through 1965. The latter commenced in 1963; data gathering and preliminary analyses continued through mid-1966 and concentrated on the years 1963 and 1964. Data processing and research fundamental to the expedition began in 1963 and continued through 1967. The program initially was devoted to realtime acquisition of meteorological data and immediate analysis to provide a conventional description of the atmospheric circulation during the years 1963 and 1964 as a basis for research in meteorology and oceanography. Fifty per cent of the scheduled weather reports reached the International Meteorological Center (IMC), Bombay, via regular communications channels in time for inclusion in these analyses. Difficult to measure, though surely not the least important positive factor, was the interest stimulated in the individual by his organization to achieve the best possible results. Better performance was not achieved because of a variety of natural and artificial causes. In anticipation of such an exigency, arrangements had been made to receive observations by mail by means not involving excessive effort in addition to that required during normal operations on the part of the personnel of the various national meteorological organizations engaged in gathering observations. An additional 35 per cent

of the observations was added, bringing the total acquired by the end of 1966 to 85 per cent of the scheduled observations. These observations are now available in several forms. Those deemed most important— upper-air observations taken at 00 GMT and 12 GMT and commercial and research vessel observations—are available on cards. Regular observations are available in published form from several countries. Where they are not available through this medium, teletype collectives have been microfilmed, and copies can be provided at cost. Sources from which observations are available and media utilized are set forth. Details regarding special observations—sources, types, periods—are also set forth. The geographical distribution and approximate density of observations by type has been depicted by means of charts. An attempt has been made to derive lessons from our experience which will be of value in planning data-gathering in the future. Cost will probably prevent global application of modern, high-speed equipment for some time to come. A plea is made for more efficient use of present-day equipment. Archiving could be speeded tremendously if observational forms compatible with optical reading devices peripheral to electronic computers could be designed and put into widespread use. This would permit a few properly equipped centers to process a great mass of data much faster than present-day techniques permit and would help to bridge the gap between today's reality and tomorrow's vision.

Introduction The International Indian Ocean Expedition was begun when oceanographers decided to study that ocean to discover how it might differ from other oceans and to test theories developed with reference to other oceans. Cruise programs commenced in 1959 and carried on through 1965. When meteorologists learned of the plans of the oceanographers, they, in turn, developed complementary plans, intended to fill a gap in their knowledge of weather processes over the Indian Ocean by a research effort based partly on daily synoptic analyses over the Indian Ocean between 20E and 155E, from 50S to 45N, performed at the International Meteorological Center, Bombay, India, during 1963 and 1964 (2, 3). In this monograph, I deal with (1) how the meteorological observations were gathered and how effectively; (2) the methods of data processing; (3) the form in which observations and information are available from IIOE archives; and (4) finally, prospects for the future.

PART Î:

Collection of Synoptic

A special data-collecting effort utilized the existing radio communications system to the fullest extent possible. Some additional channels were established with modern telecommunications equipment. Together with the existing channels, these provided data for the twice-daily synoptic interhemispheric analyses carried out at IMC. An attempt was made to collect data, missed in broadcasts received at IMC via the telecommunications network, by means considered most convenient by co-operating meteorological services. The ultimate objective was to gather data for studies of large-scale phenomena; the arrangements minimized the burdens placed on meteorological organizations supplying the data.

I. COLLECTION BY RADIO A. Broadcasts

Communication in the IIOE area is accomplished by radio through a system of regional broadcasts, subregional broadcasts, and territorial broadcasts. Regional broadcasts consist of a selection of meteorological information from one World Meteorological Organization (WMO) region and from limited adjacent areas, intended for reception within an internationally agreed-upon area. Subregional broadcasts consist of a selection of meteorological information from a portion of a WMO region and from limited adjacent areas, and are intended for reception throughout the region and in limited adjacent areas. Territorial broadcasts contain meteorological information from the territory or territories of one or more WMO members and from appropriate adjoining sea areas, and are intended for reception within the area of the origin of information at one or more designated subregional centers, and if

Reports

possible, at the appropriate regional broadcasting center (4). The HOE area overlapped the continents of Africa, Asia, and Australia, each of which is in a different meteorological region. Subregional broadcasts were monitored by IMC, for they provided the most effective means of obtaining the necessary meteorological reports by radio. Figure 1 depicts the subregions and their centers. Colaba Observatory in Bombay, India, was chosen as the site of IMC. Among other reasons for the choice, Bombay was linked with New Delhi, through a Meteorological Communications Center (MCC) ; and through New Delhi, with the Northern Hemisphere Exchange Network, Cairo, and the numerous territorial centers within Asia. B. Augmentation of the Communications Network

New lines of communication were established between IMC and the subregional centers serving the rest of the IIOE area of interest. This specially organized telecommunications unit, designed to intercept additional broadcasts directly, was manned by sixteen radio operators of the India Meteorological Department (IMD) . Expert maintenance of the equipment was assured. Seven radio receivers—to intercept teletype (RTT) , wireless telegraphy (W/T), and facsimile transmissions—and a new directional aerial array, were installed at IMC; and teletype reperforators were added at MCC during the early months of 1963. Of the seven receivers, two were crystal-controlled; they were used to pick up broadcasts from very distant centers in the Southern Hemisphere. Soon after IMC began operating, IMD arranged to receive additional aircraft weather reports (AIREPS) from Cairo via the aeronautical communications station in Bombay. These reports

4

20°E

METEOROLOGICAL

60°

DATA

CATALOGUE

100°

140°

20° E

60°

100°

140°

20° E

60°

100°

140°

F I G U R E 1: Subreglonal broadcast centers within the I I O E area. The region from which information is drawn for each center's broadcasts Is shown by the hatching or shading which surrounds and extends outward from the circle representing the center.

F I G U R E 2: Meteorological broadcast centers monitored by I M C . Transmissions were by radioteletype (omnidirectional), point-to-point, radio-facsimile, or wireless telegraphy.

filled gaps in the upper-air network over southwestern Asia, IMD also made a general request, to all territorial and subcontinental broadcast centers in countries bordering the Indian Ocean, for renewed efforts to maximize the number of AIREPS included in the broadcasts. To ensure quick transmission of ship observations from the central and southern areas of the Indian Ocean, a point-to-point link was established between the Indian Naval Service Communications Station (VTH) at Bombay and the Royal Navy Communications Station (GZV) in Mauritius. Through this channel, reports, heretofore unobtainable from merchant vessels of the British Commonwealth, Eire, and South Africa, or from research vessels in the south Indian Ocean, as well as territorial broadcasts from Mauritius, were promptly transmitted to IMC. The reports were transferred by MCC to New Delhi for rebroadcast and relay. The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (ioc) recognized the value of this channel by resolving that it should be diligently utilized for the transmission of re-

ports from oceanographic research vessels (5). In a sense, another region had been added to those shown in Figure 1, for a direct channel had been opened to the south, where attention was strongly focused. Facsimile equipment enabled IMC to receive analyses and prognoses transmitted from Canberra, Moscow, Nairobi, Manila, Guam, and New Delhi for use in the analysis program. Figure 2 shows these and other new lines of communication. The reader will see that IMC—by receiving reports from each of the subregions shown in Figure 1—was now capable of making daily analyses over the entire Indian Ocean. Radio propagation difficulties (see for example [6]), which frequently are more severe in the tropics than elsewhere, were encountered. These and other collection difficulties led to delays and loss of data. C. Weather Buoy (NOMAD) Transmissions

An automatic weather station, made available by the U.S. Navy through an appropriation from

COLLECTION

T A B L E 1:

OF SYNOPTIC

REPORTS

Transmissions from N O M A D in the Indian O c e a n *

Per C e n t GMT

Scheduled

Received

Received

00

125

10

8

06

125

28

22

12

125

35

28

18

125

7

6

Total

600

80

13

Data

Reliable

Unreliable

Doubtful

Scheduled

Missing

Data Received

Data Received

Data Received

A i r Temperature

600

533

61

1

5

Surface Pressure

600

528

70

0

2

Wind Speed

600

525

72

0

3

W i n d Direction

600

527

71

0

2

2400

2113

274

1

12

Total

Average Deviation Obs.—Control

Average Deviation Obs.— Mean M o n t h l y Data

Standard Deviation

A i r Temperature ( F )

1.4

1.6

2.2

Surface Pressure (mb)

2.0

1.8

2.6

W i n d S p e e d (kt)

3.6

5.0

6.4

54.5

59.8

69.5

W i n d Direction (deg.)

'Control data were obtained from microfilm of H O E analyses; mean monthly data, from J.A. van Duijnen Montijn, 1952: Indian Ocean oceanographic and meteorological data, second edition. Publication No. 135. Oe Bilt, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, 31 pp., 24 charts. Period of observations (125 days): April 27,1964-July 31,1964. Position: 12°37'N, 86°03'E. Scheduled transmission: 4 observations a day.

5

6

METEOROLOGICAL

DATA

CATALOGUE

the National Science Foundation, was anchored in the Bay of Bengal at a point away from the shipping lanes (12°37'N, 86°03'E), but in an area of cyclone generation, NOMAD sent 6-hourly observations from April 27, 1964, to July 31,1964, when, apparently, some of its components failed. Transmissions were monitored by the India Post and Telegraph Department radio communications station at Madras (Table 1). The state of the ionosphere frequently interfered with radio propagation, and over-all transmission efficiency was quite poor, especially so at 00 GMT and 18 GMT. Fortunately, however, the quality of the data received was very high, only in surface-wind direction was there poor agreement with that interpolated at the position of the buoy from analyses of mean data pertaining to the Bay of Bengal. II. COLLECTION BY MAIL

Acquisition of reports was aided by many national meteorological organizations that furnished data in the following forms: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Published tabulations. Unpublished tabulations. Copies of radioteletype transmissions. Microfilm of radioteletype transmissions.

T A B L E 2: Sources and T y p e s of Data Contributions Mailed to I I O E

Organization

Nation

Bureau of Meteorology

Australia

C . S . I . R . O . Meteorological Physics Division QANTAS SABENA Meteorological Department Meteorological Service

Burma Ceylon

Meteorological Department

East A f r i c a

Meteorological Division

Ethiopia

Air France

F ranee

5. AIREPS.

Météorologie Nationale

6. Cloud photographs taken from aircraft and from satellites. 7. Photographs of radar PPI scopes. 8. Observations recorded on punched cards. 9. Observations recorded on printed forms.

Service Météorologique

The organizations who contributed to this phase of the program are listed in Table 2. The lag in receipt of reports sent by surface mail varied with the type of document that was sent, ranging from 2 to 3 months for carbon copies of broadcasts to 1 to 2 years for punched cards.

Belgium

de la R e u n i o n U.T.A. Institut für Meereskunde

W. Germany

der Universität Kiel Lufthansa A i r India

I ndia

Meteorological Department

Djawatan Meteorologie dan Geofisik

Meteorological Agency

Service Météorologique

I ndonesia

Japan

Madagascar

Meteorological Service

Malaysia

Meteorological Service

Mauritius

COLLECTION

OF

SYNOPTIC

REPORTS

Contribution

Organization

Nation

S y n o p t i c broadcasts AIREPS

M e t e o r o l o g i c a l Service

Pakistan

Ship observations

Institute Hidrográfico

Portugal

Research vessel o b s e r v a t i o n s

Surface observations

South African Airways

Republic of

AIREPS

Upper-air observations

S y n o p t i c broadcasts A l REPS Research vessel o b s e r v a t i o n s

S y n o p t i c broadcasts AIREPS

M e t e o r o l o g i c a l Service

Sudan

S y n o p t i c broadcasts

Meteorological Department

Thailand United Arab Republic

Daily weather report Upper-air observations AIREPS

Meteorological Office

United Kingdom

Daily weather report Surface observations Upper-air observations Research vessel o b s e r v a t i o n s Cloud photos

Ship observations Upper-air observations AIREPS

Royal A i r Force

AIREPS Radar p h o t o s

Research vessel o b s e r v a t i o n s

Cloud photos

B r i t i s h Overseas A i r w a y s AIREPS

AIREPS

Corporation

AIREPS

Royal Navy

M i c r o f i l m o f s y n o p t i c analyses

ESSA W e a t h e r B u r e a u

Surface and upper-air observations U.S.A.

M i c r o f i l m of r a i n f a l l c h a r t s Research vessel o b s e r v a t i o n s Rocketsonde observations

ESSA Coast a n d G e o d e t i c Survey

S y n o p t i c broadcasts

L a m o n t Geological

AIREPS Research vessel o b s e r v a t i o n s Daily weather report Ship observations

Observatory Data Center National Science F o u n d a t i o n

Surface observations

Scripps I n s t i t u t i o n of

Ship observations AIREPS Published r e p o r t AIREPS Surface observations Upper-air observations AIREPS Stratospheric w i n d observations

Research vessel o b s e r v a t i o n s

National Oceanographic

Research vessel o b s e r v a t i o n s Upper-air observations

Northern Hemisphere Data Tabulation Upper-air observations Research a i r c r a f t o b s e r v a t i o n s Ship observations

Daily weather reports Oceanographic observations

Daily weather report

Meteorological Department

W i n d data AIREPS

Daily weather report AIREPS

AIREPS Mean data

Daily weather report AIREPS

S. A f r i c a Weather B u r e a u

AIREPS

S y n o p t i c broadcasts

Contribution

Rocketsonde w i n d observations

Oceanographic observations AIREPS

7

Oceanography

Research a i r c r a f t o b s e r v a t i o n s

Woods Hole Oceanographic I nstitution

AIREPS

Trans W o r l d A i r l i n e s

S y n o p t i c broadcasts Surface and upper-air observations

U.S. Navy Hydro-meteorological Service

U.S.S.R.

Surface observations Research vessel o b s e r v a t i o n s

8

METEOROLOGICAL

DATA

CATALOGUE.

PERCENTAGE RECEIVED BY RADIO PERCENTAGE RECEIVED BY MAIL NO REPORT SCHEDULED

F I G U R E 3: July 1963. H i s t o g r a m s of p e r c e n t a g e of s c h e d u l e d ports received at I M C f r o m s o m e I n d i a n O c e a n s t a t i o n s .

re-

COLLECTION

OF

SYNOPTIC

REPORTS

DECEMBER

1963

PERCENTAGE RECEIVED BY RADIO PERCENTAGE RECEIVED BY MAIL NO R E P O R T SCHEDULED

FIGURE 4: As in Fig. 3, but for December 1963.

9

10

METEOROLOGICAL

DATA

CATALOGUE

III. COMPARISON BETWEEN RADIO AND MAIL

The total number of weather reports scheduled to be broadcast daily from a particular station was easily determined (4). The percentages of this total received by radio and by mail were then calculated. Performances during one winter month and one summer month were evaluated for mid-ocean island stations, ships, the Australian subregion, and the Asian subregion. A . R e p o r t s f r o m M i d - O c e a n Island S t a t i o n s

Figure 1 shows that the various communication subregions overlap or abut one another in the Indian Ocean. Reports from this central area contributed importantly to the analyses performed twice-daily, and to research conducted at imc. Radio Reception. In July 1963 (Fig. 3) the communications network functioned very efficiently for surface reports, except at 18 GMT when propagation deteriorated. The results were better than those for the Northern Hemisphere summer months. Quite unexpectedly, interference from a neighboring transmitter occurred only on very few occasions during this month. Results typical of Northern Hemisphere summer months appear to be reflected in the poor reception of upper-air reports. In December 1963 (Fig. 4) only the percentages for Gan and Port Blair equalled those for July. Surface reports from islands farther away from IMC, particularly those distant from the subregional broadcast centers, seldom arrived in time to be used in the synoptic analyses, imc's upper-air charts also lacked vital reports from the same stations. Curiously, the reception of 06 GMT surface reports was generally poorer than the reception

T A B L E 3:

of 00 GMT surface reports. The diurnal variation in propagation had led us to expect the reverse. Reports from Diego Garcia, Plaisance, and Agalega for 06 GMT were transmitted to Nairobi for inclusion in the Nairobi subregional broadcast. Thus the chances of poor reception in Bombay were considerably increased. With the 00 GMT (and also 12 GMT) reports on the other hand, both this channel and the point-to-point link between Mauritius and Bombay were used to transmit the reports; the chances of good reception were thereby increased. Perhaps such back-up links will be required to guarantee the success of an analysis and forecast program covering the whole of the ocean. Communication by satellite may prove efficacious in this respect (7). Surface reports received from Cocos, New Amsterdam, and Kerguelen, shown in Figure 4, averaged about 35 per cent of those taken for transmission. Some of the reports were included in more than one broadcast, presumably to increase chances of reception. This performance may be taken as a criterion by which to measure communications effectiveness during other winters, for sunspot activity had nearly reached the minimum of its 11-year cycle and therefore radio propagation should have been at its poorest. Mail Reception. Mailing increased the number of surface reports received, close to the possible— 90 per cent in July 1963; 86 per cent in December 1963. However, similar improvements were not achieved with upper-air reports. The reasons for the contrast are not clear. If attention is not focused on a single observationhour of the day, one expects surface- and upperair reports to be equally affected by propagation conditions. Provision is made to include delayed reports, of both types, in broadcasts; therefore,

Number of Ship Reports Received by Radio and Mail

Octant:

Number Usable 7

8

Total

for Atlas Work

January 1964

1077

4758

1428

2045

9308

8309

July 1964

1608

3551

2159

2545

9863

9573

COLLECTION

percentage receipt should tend to equalize as mailed copies of broadcasts are received. Selective editing, imposed by limited facilities or broadcast schedules at the reporting stations might explain the contrast, but it would seem economically unsound to transmit surface reports and exclude upper-air reports. B. Ship Reports

Radio Reception. About 60 per cent of the estimated total was received at IMC by radio (8). Performance ranged from 80 per cent in the Northern Hemisphere winter to 40 per cent in the Northern Hemisphere summer. Most of the oceanographic research vessels which voyaged in the Indian Ocean during HOE regularly made surface weather observations. Approximately 10 per cent were received at IMC (8). When a research vessel was near India percentage reception was high, but as it drew farther to the south the number of reports received dwindled to zero. Mail Reception. Merchant ship reports were received by mail from sixteen sources. Of the reports received (Table 3), some were not usable for atlas work because one or more elements was missing or was obviously wrong. The total usable is also shown. The percentage of reports received ranged from 28 at 06 GMT to 21 at 18 GMT. C. Reports from the Australian Subregion (Table 4)

Radio Reception. Monitoring the Canberra subregional broadcast tested the communications system to the utmost since Canberra, 10,800 km from IMC, was the most distant of the broadcast centers. In December 1963, 40 per cent of the scheduled reports were received at hours of best reception. However, only 10 per cent of the 06 GMT reports were received. Frequent interference from a station operating on the same frequency as that of Canberra and located 800 km in a direction from Bombay opposite to that of Canberra reduced reception between 03 GMT and 10 GMT; a news agency broadcast interfered with reception between 15 GMT and 23 GMT. Natural interference further reduced reception of reports made at 18 GMT and 00 GMT. This is to some extent reflected in the tabulation of the number of days on which reports were received by radio. Reception was successful on fewer days at 18 GMT and 00 GMT than at 12 GMT, illustrating the consequence of both natural and artificial interference.

OF

SYNOPTIC

REPORTS

11

The results f o r June 196 A reflect seasonal effects on communications. Surface reports were received on fewer days that month than in December 1963. The maximum received for any synoptic hour was only 30 per cent of the total scheduled, while the minimum was 7 per cent of the total. Seasonal, diurnal, and artificial effects combined to prevent any reception in June 1964 between 06 GMT and 11 GMT and between 17 GMT and 00 GMT (8). The upper-air values parallel the results for surface reports. Mail Reception. Carbon copies of the Canberra broadcasts posted to imc enable one to compare the data transmitted by radio with the data received. In December 1963 additional surface and upper-air reports received by mail amounted to 50 per cent of those made at 12 GMT and 18 GMT, and (in the case of surface reports) to 80 per cent of the total made at 06 GMT. In all, the total received amounted to about 80 per cent of the total scheduled for broadcast, with a range of almost 10 per cent. In June 196U the mailed copies of the Canberra broadcast added from 60 per cent to 90 per cent of the total number of surface and upper-air reports transmitted, to the imc collection. This brought the over-all total of reports received to about 75 per cent of the number scheduled, with a range of 15 per cent. Six sample periods, of 5 days each, were selected from the Canberra broadcasts f o r 1963 and 1964. About 90 per cent of the scheduled surface reports and about 80 per cent of the scheduled upper-air reports were finally received. When combined with Table 4, the results of these samplings revealed that about 85 per cent of scheduled surface reports and about 75 per cent of scheduled upper-air reports were received by radio and mail.

D. Reports from the Asian Subregion

Radio Reception. Shortly a f t e r the imc and its communications group were established, it was discovered that the percentage of reports being received from southern Asia was highly unsatisfactory. Meteorological communications, along with all other radio and telegraph messages—private, commercial, and governmental—were handled by one agency. The meteorological organization was unable to exert any real control over the establish-

12

METEOROLOGICAL

T A B L E 4:

DATA

CATALOGUE

Reports Received from Canberra Subregional Broadcast

Upper-Air Data

Surface Data

Observations at Stations scheduled t o report

00 G M T

06 GMT

12 G M T

18 G M T

00 G M T

12 G M T

80

80

79

78

43

41

28

21

27

30

DECEMBER 1963 Days reports received by radio

24

Number of reports received "On Time"

558

285

1026

998

449

521

Mailed (additional)

1476

1553

944

964

627

469

Total received

2034

1838

1970

1962

1076

990

2480

2480

2449

2418

1333

1271

23

27

Total scheduled JUNE 1964 Days reports received by radio

25

25

Number of reports received "On Time"

586

168

689

142

283

322

Mailed (additional)

1026

1690

1156

1604

684

506

Total received

1612

1858

1845

1746

967

828

2400

2400

2370

2340

1290

1230

Total scheduled

ment and observance of message priorities. Meteorological reports were seriously delayed or halted in many cases. By adding radiomen and equipment, and carefully scheduling their use, IMC was able to monitor the Asian territorial broadcasts (Fig. 2). An immediate improvement in reception justified the action. The additional reports were fed into the IMD communications system by the MCC at Colaba Observatory. Of the seven territorial broadcast centers shown in Figure 2, only Saigon, Singapore, and Djakarta were monitored continuously. Diurnal effects prevented reception from these stations between the hours of 21 GMT and 00 GMT. During the Northern Hemisphere summer of 1964 this period of no reception was lengthened on some occasions.

Mail Reception. A number of Asian countries publish daily data tabulations which include synoptic surface- and upper-air reports. Consequently, copies of broadcasts were requested from only a few services. IV. SUMMARY The reader can draw additional deductions from Part 3 regarding the efficiency of IMC efforts to collect data. Fifty per cent of the scheduled weather reports reached IMC in time for plotting and analysis within 12 hours following synoptic observation time (5). Approximately 85 per cent of the scheduled reports reached the IIOE group by the end of 1966 ( 9 ) . A variety of natural and artificial causes

P A R T 2:

Processing

V. PLOTTING AND ANALYSIS

At IMC, from January 10, 1963, to December 31, 1965, the wind field was analyzed at the surface and at the 850, 700, 500, 300, 200, and 100 mb levels twice a day (00 GMT and 12 GMT) ; at 06 GMT and 18 GMT only the surface wind-field was analyzed. A plotting program produced the charts needed for analysis, while a back-plotting program placed late reports on unanalyzed manuscript charts. At the University of Hawaii (11) surface climatological data for 1963 and 1964 and longterm upper-air climatological data are being used in preparing an IIOE Meteorological Atlas (12). VI.

combined in a complicated fashion to delay or prevent reception of a report from a distant station. Routing a report through several communication centers can help overcome atmospheric conditions tending to prevent transmission, yet produce a delay because of the multitude of operations required. One factor that cannot be measured is interest. Careful supervision as well as an appreciation of the diligent efforts of the communications staff at IMC by supervisors and meteorologists produced remarkable results (10). The importation and use of modern equipment and the application of advanced methodology produced data collecting, analysis, and research results f a r quicker and at much less cost than envisioned at the IIOE Planning Conference held in Bombay, India, in July 1961.

RECORDING

At IMC, copies of data tabulations, broadcasts, analyzed charts, and manuscript charts were microfilmed. Broadcasts received from countries which regularly publish reports were not microfilmed. Upper-air observations and marine surface observations were punched into cards and processed by an IBM 1620 computer. Processing included conversion of data to standard formats, checking for consistency and errors, and computation of parameters related to air-sea energy exchange. This work, begun at IMC, has been continued at the University of Hawaii, requiring additional computer programs designed for an IBM 7040. Some are modified versions of the programs used at IMC, while others were written to process special types of data or to perform specialized computations. A listing of the programs and the purpose of each appears in P a r t 3, Section IX. AIREPS for the global tropics gathered at IMC and at the University of Hawaii for the years 1962 through 1966 have been machine-recorded. Their importance to analysis has been shown (13).

PART 3:

Archives

The reader will have realized by now that records of many observations did not find their way into our files. The relative intensity of effort devoted to obtaining and processing data is characterized by the following order of priority: 1. Upper-air observations made at 00 GMT and 12 GMT. 2. Upper-air observations made by research vessels. 3. Surface observations made by research and merchant vessels. 4.

AIREPS.

5. Surface observations made at island stations. 6. Specialized observations such as rocketsonde or high-level balloon observations. 7. Upper-air observations made at 06 GMT and 18 GMT. 8. Surface observations made at continental stations. In the remainder of this part, I deal with the methods of archiving, the forms in which data are available, and where interested researchers may apply for copies (1.4).

VII. SYNOPTIC OBSERVATIONS (FIGS. 5 - 1 5 ) A. Charts (Mercator's Projection: 1:15 million)

The analyzed and manuscript synoptic charts (see Section V) are filed at the Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Poona-5, India. Data appearing on the manuscript charts for 00, 06, and 18 GMT are not restricted to those shown in Figures 10, 12, and 14 respectively. Data from Northern Hemisphere collectives were plotted

ARCHIVES

15

F I G U R E 5: Upper-air stations taking observations at 00 G M T for which data are available in I I O E files.

16

METEOROLOGICAL

DATA

CATALOGUE

F I G U R E 6: A s in Figure 5, but for 06 GMT.

ARCHIVES

F I G U R E 7: A s In Figure 5, but for 12 G M T .

17

18

METEOROLOGICAL

DATA

CATALOGUE

FIGURE 8: As in Figure 5, but for 18 GMT.

ARCHIVES

19

F I G U R E 9: Upper-air stations taking one or more observations per day. Availability of data in I I O E files.

20

METEOROLOGICAL

DATA

CATALOGUE

F I G U R E 10: Stations taking surface observations which data are available in I I O E files.

at 00

GMT

for

ARCHIVES

FIGURE 11: As in Figure 10, but for 03 GMT.

21

22

METEOROLOGICAL

DATA

CATALOGUE

FIGURE 12: As in Figure 10, but for 06 GMT.

ARCHIVES

F I G U R E 13: A s in Figure 10, but for 12 G M T .

23

24

METEOROLOGICAL

DATA

CATALOGUE

F I G U R E 14: A s in Figure 10, but for 18 G M T .

ARCHIVES

25

F I G U R E 15: Stations taking one or more synoptic surface observations per day. Availability of data in I I O E files.

26

METEOROLOGICAL

DATA

CATALOGUE

T A B L E 5:

Synoptic Broadcasts on Microfilm (upper-air and 3-hourly and 6-hourly observations) Period

Source

No. of

Broadcast Country

Station

From

Through

Reels

E. A f r i c a

Nairobi

June 6 3

July 65

27

S. A f r i c a

Pretoria

J u l y 6 3 ~1

19

[

' Jan. Jan. 6633

LSept. Sept.

Canberra

Australia

63 63

Dec. 6 4 J

" A p r . 63

Mar. 6 4

_ May 6 4

June 6 5 J

24

Burma

Mingaladon

Sept. 6 3

Apr. 64

6

Ceylon

Colombo

Jan. 6 3

Dec. 6 4

5

Indonesia

Jakarta

Jan. 6 3

July 6 4

7

India

MCC

Feb. 6 4

Mar. 6 4

9

Aug. 6 4

Sept. 6 4

9

Saigon

Jan. 6 3

July 6 5

10

USFWF-

Apr. 63

July 6 4

2

Viet Nam U.S.

Sangley Point

on them; Figure 15 is probably more representative of the distribution from which the plotters selected data. These charts can be reproduced by ozalid, or any similar process. Both analyzed and manuscript charts have been microfilmed. A manuscript chart was too large to be photographed on a single frame of microfilm, so each was photographed on two successive frames. Slightly more than half of the manuscript chart appears on each frame, the overlap thus facilitating joining of prints. Commercial techniques make possible reproduction of the charts at original size. B. Land Stations

In the diagrams, symbols have been used to depict the type of observation scheduled at the two major and two minor observing times. For

convenience the few rabal stations have been grouped with the numerous rawinsonde stations. Some data, available in published form only, are for an intermediate synoptic hour (03 G M T ) ; that hour has been included along with the major synoptic hours. Figures 9 and 15 give a rough idea of the percentage of reports available of the total possible. Detailed inventories are much too bulky to be included here. Information on published synoptic reports is included in (15). The other synoptic material was copied on microfilm (Table 5) ; upper wind, radiosonde, and island surface observations and means of upperair observations (16) have also been punched into cards. Specific questions can be promptly answered and requests for data inexpensively satisfied.

ARCHIVES

pre-monsoon and monsoon and the 1964 winter monsoon by the Research Flight Facility of the Environmental Science Services Administration (RFF) and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOi) research aircraft. The latter returned during the 1964 summer monsoon for additional observations. Table 6 provides detailed information on research aircraft sorties: purpose, data, major turning-points, altitudes flown, etc.; Table 7 lists types of observations, the rates at which they were made, and flight durations. Instrumentation on board the aircraft is described in Table 8 (17). Instrumental measurements were recorded on tape in digitized form during flight; gauges mounted on a special panel and connected to these instruments were simultaneously photographed. See Table 9 for the forms in which the data are available and approximate costs. Of the observations made by the WHOI aircraft, only listings of instrumental measurements are held in Honolulu. Inquiries about cloud films and data records should be addressed to Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543.

C. Merchant Ships

One hundred ninety-four thousand observations were punched into cards. Volume 1 of the IIOE Meteorological Atlas (9) displays monthly averages for 1963 and 1964 by 5-degree latitudelongitude "squares." These averages and longterm averages are recorded on magnetic tape, punched cards, and microfilm. VIII. SPECIAL OBSERVATIONS Tracks of research vessel cruises and research aircraft sorties are being published elsewhere (9). Dates of beginning, ending, and major course changes are shown for research vessels and dates of flights are shown for research aircraft. Locations of upper-air soundings made by radiosonde, dropsonde, or pilot balloon are also shown. A. Research Vessels

Surface and upper-air observations taken by research vessels have been punched into cards. B. Research Aircraft

Data-gathering sorties were made over the Indian Ocean during portions of the 1963 summer

T A B L E 6:

27

Research Aircraft Sorties Flight Track

Flight

Date

P u r p o s e of F l i g h t

Origin

Turning Points

Destination

Altitude xlO^Feet

Number of D r o p sondes

11 N, 8 3 E 11 N, 9 6 E 0 4 N, 72 E EQ., 73 E 16 N, 7 0 E 14 N , 6 7 E 14 N , 5 9 E

Madras

I.5-19.0

4

Bombay

II.019.0

3

Bombay

1.519.0

1

09 10 12 16 15 11 03 02

Bangkok

7.0-20.0

Remarks

R F F : DC-6-ALPHA-1963 30511A

11 M a y

Survey pre-monsoon

Madras

30516A

16 M a y

Bombay

30524A

24 May

30601A

1 June

Survey equatorial trough Intercept ship " A n t o n Bruun," gather gust p r o b e obs., p r o c e e d t o storm, penetrate and make obs. in s t o r m Survey summer monsoon

30602A

2 June 17 J u n e

30618A

18 J u n e

Survey summer monsoon Survey summer monsoon Survey equatorial trough

Bangkok

3061 7 A

Bombay

Madras

Bombay Gan

N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N,

83 85 84 89 91 93 86 72

E E E E E E E E

0 2 S. 9 4 E EQ., 94 E 01 N, 9 5 E 0 3 N, 9 5 E

See 3 0 5 1 1 B , 3 0 5 1 1 C , a n d 3 0 5 1 1 D also See 3 0 5 1 6 B a n d gust p r o b e data Penetrated tropical cyclone (Eye 14°47'N, 6 0 ° 0 4 ' E ) , eye center 20 t o 2 4 k m in d i a m e t e r ; m a x . s u r f a c e w i n d speed 104 kt; gust p r o b e d a t a See 3 0 6 0 1 B also

Madras

5.0-19.5

See 3 0 6 0 2 B also

Gan

10.0-19.0

Singapore

5.5-19.0

See 3 0 6 1 7 B a n d 3 0 6 1 7 D also See 3 0 6 1 8 B a n d W30618 alto

28

METEOROLOGICAL

DATA

CATALOGUE

T A B L E 6 (Continued) Flight Track Destination

Altitude x 1 0 ^ Feet

Number of Dropsondes

Flight

Date

Purpose o f F l i g h t

Origin

Turning Points

30620A

20 June

Singapore

EQ., 9 7 E

Gan

13.5-20.0

4

30621A

21 June

Gan

02 N, 72 E

Bombay

18.0-18.1

3

30626A

26 June

Bombay

10.5-19.0

4

27 June

Nairobi

11.5-19.0

2

See 3 0 6 2 6 B , 3 0 6 2 6 C , a n d W 3 0 6 2 6 also See 3 0 6 2 7 B also

30629A

29 June

Nairobi

4.0-19.5

2

See 3 0 6 2 9 B also

30701A

1 July

Aden

11.5-19.5

3

See 3 0 7 0 1 B also

30702A

2 July

Bombay

9.5-19.5

2

See 3 0 7 0 2 B also

30707A

7 July

2

See 3 0 7 0 7 B also

30708A

8 July

Bombay

30709A

9 July

30710A

10 July

Survey summer monsoon Survey summer monsoon Survey summer monsoon

18 N , 6 7 E 11 N, 5 5 E 11 N , 5 5 E EQ., 4 1 E EQ., 5 0 E 0 2 S, 5 0 E 0 1 S, 4 4 E 10 N, 53 E 11 N , 5 4 E 18 N , 6 3 E 16 N , 7 3 E 15 N , 6 9 E 23 N, 6 8 E 13 N , 6 6 E 18 N , 6 6 E 13 N , 7 3 E 12 N , 6 7 E 20 N, 6 8 E 23 N, 6 2 E

Aden

30627A

Survey equatorial trough Survey summer monsoon F o l l o w surface streamline F o l l o w surface streamline Survey equatorial trough F o l l o w surface streamline F o l l o w surface streamline Survey summer monsoon

Survey pre-monsoon, gather gust p r o b e obs. Survey pre-monsoon, gather gust p r o b e obs. Survey pre-monsoon

Bombay

13 11 07 07 15 15

RFF:

Aden Nairobi Nairobi Aden Bombay

Bombay Bombay

Bombay

Flemarks

See 3 0 6 2 0 B a n d W 3 0 6 2 0 also See 3 0 6 2 1 B also

Bombay

15.5-19.0

3

See 3 0 7 0 8 B also

Bombay

19.0

3

See 3 0 7 0 9 B also

Bombay

12.0-19.0

4

See 3 0 7 1 0 C also

E E E E E E

Bombay

9.0-9.5

Gust probe data

Bombay

13.5-18.5

Gust probe data

Madras

1.5 1 8 . 0

DC-6-BRAVO-1963

30505B

5 May

30507B

7 May

30511B

11 M a y

30516B

16 M a y

Survey equatorial t r o u g h , gather gust p r o b e obs.

Bombay

04 N, 72 E EQ., 73 E 04 N, 72 E

Bombay

1.5-5.5

30520B 30522B

20 May 22 May

S t u d y sea breeze Probe tropical cyclone

Bombay Bombay

19 N, 7 0 E 11 N , 6 7 E E y e 11 N , 6 5 E, 1 2 N , 65 E

Bombay Bombay

1.0-12.5 1.0-1.5

30601B

1 June

Survey summer monsoon

Madras

Bangkok

1.0 1.5

30602B

2 June

Bangkok

Madras

1.0-1.5

See 3 0 6 0 2 A also

30617B

17 June

Survey summer monsoon Survey summer

09 10 12 16 15 11 04 02

See 3 0 5 1 1 A a n d 3 0 5 1 1 C & D also; gust p r o b e d a t a Gust probe data; small tropical disturbance at 4N, 72E, max. wind 40 k t ; see 3 0 5 1 6 A a n d 3 0 5 1 6 C also See 3 0 5 2 0 D also Penetrated tropical s t o r m c e n t e r at 11 N , 6 6 E , m a x . s u r f a c e w i n d speed 70 k t See 3 0 6 0 1 A also

Gan

1.5

30618B

18 June

Survey equatorial trough

Gan

Singapore

1.0-1.5

See 3 0 6 1 7 A a n d 3 0 6 1 7 D also See 3 0 6 1 8 A a n d W 3 0 6 1 8 also

Survey equatorial trough Survey summer monsoon F o l l o w surface streamline F o l l o w surface streamline Survey equatorial trough F o l l o w surface streamline F o l l o w surface streamline Survey summer monsoon

Singapore

Gan

1.5

Bombay

1.4-1.6

Aden

1.5-1.7

Nairobi

1.6-1.7

Nairobi

10.5 17.5

Aden

1.4-1.8

Bombay

1.3-1.7

Bombay

1.3-1.6

30620B 30621B 30626B

20 June 21 June 26 June

30627B

27 June

30629B

29 June

30701B

1 July

30702B

2 July

30707B

7 July

Bombay Madras

Bombay

Bombay Aden Nairobi Nairobi Aden Bombay

N, N, N, N, N, N,

N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N,

80 81 73 78 83 96

83 85 84 89 98 93 87 72

E E E E E E E E

02 N, 75 E 01 N, 95 E 04 N, 9 5 E EQ., 75 E EQ., 95 E 06 N, 72 E

See 3 0 6 2 1 A also

11 N , 5 5 E 11 N , 5 5 E 02 S 41 E 01 N , 5 0 E EQ. 50 E 0 1 S, 4 4 E 11 N, 5 3 E 11 N , 5 4 E 18 N 6 3 E 16 N . 7 3 E 15 N 6 9 E 23 N, 6 8 E

See 3 0 6 2 0 A also

See 3 0 6 2 6 A , 3 0 6 2 6 C , a n d W 3 0 6 2 6 also See 3 0 6 2 7 A also See 3 0 6 2 9 A also, gust p r o b e d a t a See 3 0 7 0 1 A also; gust p r o b e d a t a See 3 0 7 0 2 A also; gust p r o b e d a t a See 3 0 7 0 7 A also

ARCHIVES

T A B L E 6 (Continued) Flight Track

Flight

Date

Purpose of Flight

Origin

307088

8 July

Bombay

30709B

9 July

Survey summer monsoon Survey summer monsoon

Bombay

Turning Points

Destination

Altitude x1()3 F e e t

Number of Dropsondes

Remarks

13 18 13 12

N, N, N, N,

66 66 73 67

E E E E

Bombay

1.0-1.6

See 3 0 7 0 8 A also

Bombay

1.5-1.6

See 3 0 7 0 9 A also

N, N, N, N, N,

73 74 73 74 90

E E E E E

Bombay

35

Bombay

33-40

Madras

28 3 5

R F F : W-57-COCO-1963 30506C

6 May

Survey pre-monsoon

Bombay

30507C

7 May

Survey pre-monsoon

Bombay

30511C

11 M a y

Survey pre-monsoon

Madras

08 08 09 09 13

30516C

16 M a y

Bombay

EQ., 73 E

Gan

34.5-36

30619C

19 J u n e

Gan

EQ., 65 E

Gan

33-41.0

30620C

20 June

Gan

E Q . , 81 E

Gan

32.5-40

30621C

21 J u n e

Bombay

39.5-40.5

30626C

26 June

30627C

27 June

Survey equatorial trough Survey equatorial trough Survey equatorial trough Survey summer monsoon F o l l o w surface streamline Survey summer monsoon

30629C

29 June

M a k e cross-streamline section

Bombay

30709C

9 July

Bombay

3 0 7 1 OC

10 July

Survey summer monsoon Survey summer monsoon

Gan Bombay

16 N , 6 3 E

Bombay

32-41.0

Bombay

17 N, 72 E 11 N , 7 3 E

Bombay

33 41.0

Bombay

33-41.0

Bombay

34-38

Bombay

36 38

Bombay Madras

6.0 11.0

Bombay Bombay Bangkok

1.5-12.0 1.5-12.0 5.0

Madras

5.0

Bombay

18 19 24 23 18 19 14 14 20 22

N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N,

72 71 66 65 70 71 69 73 68 65

E E E E E E E E E E

See 3 0 5 1 1 A , B, D also See 3 0 5 1 6 A , B, D also

See 3 0 6 2 6 A and B also

R F F : W-24-DE L T A-1963 30507D 30511D

7 May 11 M a y

Survey pre-monsoon Survey pre-monsoon

Bombay Madras

30520D 30521D 30601D

20 May 21 M a y 1 June

S t u d y sea b r e e z e S t u d y sea b r e e z e Survey summer monsoon

Bombay Bombay Madras

30602D

2 June

Bangkok

30617D

17 J u n e

30618D

18 J u n e

30626D

26 J u n e

Survey summer monsoon Survey summer monsoon Survey equatorial trough F o l l o w surface streamline

30627D

27 J u n e

M a k e cross-streamline section

Bombay

30629D

29 June

M a k e cross-streamline section

Bombay

Survey equatorial trough Survey equatorial trough

Bombay Gan

1 7 N, 6 8 E 13 N , 9 0 E

13 N , 8 5 E 13 N , 8 8 E 13 N, 96 E

1.5

Bombay

06 N, 73 E

Gan

10.7-10.9

Gan

E Q . , 81 E

Gan

6.0 11.0

Bombay

16 18 17 19 11 11 19 19 24 23 18 19

Bombay

5.0-10.0

Bombay

5.5-11.0

Bombay

6.0-11.0

0 9 N, 74 E 11 N , 7 4 E

Gan

8.0-14.0

11 N , 7 9 E

Madras

9.0

N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N,

62 62 62 72 74 73 71 71 66 65 70 71

E E E E E E E E E E E E

See 3 0 5 0 7 B also S e e 3 0 5 1 1 A , B, a n d C also

WHOI: DC-4-1963 W30618

18 J u n e

W30620

20 June

2

See 3 0 6 1 8 A a n d 3 0 6 1 8 B also Cloud photo; see 3 0 6 2 0 A a n d 3 0 6 2 0 B also

29

30

METEOROLOGICAL

DATA

CATALOGUE

TABLE 6 (Continued) Flight Track

Flight

Date

Purpose of F l i g h t

Origin

W30624

24 June

Survey pre-monsoon

Bombay

W30626

26 June

Survey pre-monsoon

Bombay

W30628

28 June

Survey pre-monsoon

Bombay

W30630

3 0 June

Bombay

W30702

2 July

S t u d y w i n d maxim u m , cloud format i o n s ; measure radiation, and turbulent f l o w s o f heat, w a t e r vapor and m o m e n t u m Measure t u r b u l e n c e

W30704

4 July

W30707

7 July

W30708

8 July

Bombay

Number of Dropsondes

Turning Points

Destination

Altitude x 1 0 3 Feet

19 N, 7 0 E 16 N , 7 0 E 11 N , 6 1 E

Bombay

16.0

Cloud photo

Bombay

1.0 1 5 . 0

11 20 19 19 16 19

N, 75 N, 70 N, 72 N , 71 N, 6 4 N,63

E E E E E E

Bombay

1.0 10.0

Cloud photo; turbulence meas. — 5 r u n s ; see 3 0 6 2 6 A a n d 3 0 6 2 6 B also Cloud photo; turbulence meas. — 7 r u n s

Bombay

1.5 1 5 . 5

Cloud photo; turbu lence meas. — 4 r u n s

N, N, N, N, N, N,

E E E E E E

Bombay

1.0 5.015.5

Cloud photo; turbulence meas. — 7 r u n s

Bombay

1.0 15.5

Cloud photo; turbulence meas. — 6 r u n s Cloud photo; turbulence meas. — 6 r u n s ; see 3 0 7 0 7 A a n d 3 0 7 0 7 B also Cloud photo; turbulence meas. — 7 r u n s ; see 3 0 7 0 8 A a n d 3 0 7 0 8 B also

66 65 67 65 66 62

Remarks

Study wind maximum Survey summer monsoon

Bombay

23 23 23 23 23 19

Bombay

0 8 N, 76 E

Bombay

1.0-14.5

Survey summer monsoon

Bombay

17 N , 7 0 E

Bombay

1.0-13.0

10 N, 103 E

SaigonBangkok Bombay

8.0

Journey to Bombay

RFF: DC-6-ALPHA-1964 40126A

2 6 Jan.

401 28A

2 8 Jan.

40201A

1 Feb.

40202A

2 Feb.

40204A

4 Feb.

40205A

5 Feb.

40206A

6 Feb.

40207A

7 Feb.

40210A

1 0 Feb.

40211A

11 F e b .

40217A

17 Feb.

40220A

Survey winter monsoon Survey winter monsoon Survey winter monsoon

Clark A F B

11.0-13.5

Journey to Bombay

Bombay

EQ., 72 E

Gan

19.4-19.5

Weak a c t i v i t y i n eq. t r o u g h , see 4 0 2 0 1 B also

Survey Southern Hemisphere circulation Survey Southern Hemisphere circulation Survey Southern Hemisphere circulation Survey Southern Hemisphere circulation Survey Southern Hemisphere circulation Survey equatorial trough

Gan

Mauritius

10.5-19.5

Mauritius

11 12 St. 07

Gan

8.5-18.0

See 4 0 2 0 4 B also

Gan

0 3 S, 8 5 E

Cocos

10.5 19.5

Cocos

1 3 S, 1 0 7 E

Darwin

10.5 19.5

Darwin

11 S, 1 2 5 E 0 9 S, 1 1 5 E 0 5 S, 1 1 2 E 06 N, 97 E 06 N, 94 E 0 4 N, 8 7 E EQ., 7 2 E

Singapore

8.5 19.0

Weak a c t i v i t y i n eq. t r o u g h ; see 4 0 2 0 5 B also S m a l l b u t active vortex penetrated see 4 0 2 0 6 B also See 4 0 2 0 7 B also

Gan

9.0 19.0

Bombay

10.5 19

Bombay

8.514.5

Gan

10.5-19.5

Bangkok

Singapore

S, 7 2 E S, 6 0 E Brandon S, 7 3 E

Survey winter monsoon S t u d y air-sea i n t e r a c t i o n a n d sea breeze

Gan

20 Feb.

Survey equatorial trough

Bombay

40221A

21 Feb.

Gan

0 8 N, 77 E

Bombay

10.5-19.5

40224A

2 4 Feb.

Survey equatorial trough S t u d y air-sea i n t e r a c t i o n a n d sea breeze

Bombay

18 19 19 18

Bombay

1.5-14.9

Bombay

19 20 20 18 09 08

N, N, N, N, N, N,

N, N, N, N,

73 73 71 71 61 77

71 71 73 73

E E E E E E

E E E E

Weak a c t i v i t y In eq. t r o u g h ; see 4 0 2 1 0 B also See 4 0 2 1 1 B also F l i g h t in v i c i n i t y o f B o m b a y , square p a t t e r n a b o u t b u o y ; see 4 0 2 1 7B a n d W 4 0 2 1 7 also A c t i v e w x zone 6 N - 3 N ; see 4 0 2 2 0 B a n d W 4 0 2 2 0 also A c t i v e w x zone 6 N - 3 N ; see 4 0 2 2 1 B also Square pattern about b u o y , side p a r a l l e l t o B o m b a y coast

ARCHIVES

T A B L E 6 (Continued) Flight Track Turning Points

Flight

Date

P u r p o s e of F l i g h t

Origin

40225A

25 Feb.

S t u d y air-sea i n t e r a c t i o n a n d sea breeze

Bombay

40226A

26 Feb.

S t u d y air-sea i n t e r a c t i o n a n d sea breeze

Bombay

40304A

4 Mar.

S t u d y air-sea i n t e r a c t i o n a n d sea breeze

Bombay

40305A

5 Mar.

S t u d y air-sea i n t e r a c t i o n a n d sea breeze

40309A

9 Mar.

4 0 3 1 OA

10 Mar.

40311A

11 M a r .

Survey winter monsoon Survey equatorial trough Survey equatorial trough

RFF:

Destination

Altitude x10^ Feet

Number of D r o p sondes

Remarks

18 19 19 18 18 18 19 19 20 20 18 18

N. N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N,

71 71 72 73 73 71 71 72 73 71 71 73

E E E E E E E E E E E E

Bombay

1.6-14.9

2

Bombay

4.0 16.0

3

Bombay

8-12.0

5

Bombay

20 20 18 18

N, N. N, N,

73 71 71 73

E E E E

Bombay

8-12.0

5

Bombay

19 18 15 16 10 07

N, N, N, N, N, N,

58 56 39 32 15 03

E E E E E E

Aden

9.0-19.5

2

Khartoum

18.2

Accra

8 18.0

Square pattern a b o u t b u o y , side parallel t o B o m b a y coast Square pattern about b u o y , side parallel t o B o m b a y coast; see W 4 0 2 2 6 also S q u a r e p a t t e r n near Bombay, multiple traverses a l o n g section thru buoy and B o m b a y airport perpendicular t o coast; see 4 0 3 0 4 B a n d W 4 0 3 0 4 also S q u a r e p a t t e r n near Bombay, multiple traverses a l o n g section thru buoy and B o m b a y a i r p o r t perp e n d i c u l a r t o coast; see 4 0 3 0 5 B a n d W 4 0 3 0 5 also Journey to Miami; see 4 0 3 0 9 B also Journey to Miami; see 4 0 3 1 O B also Journey to Miami

10 N, 1 0 3 E

SaigonBangkok Bombay

1.5

Journey to Bombay

1.5

Journey to Bombay

Bombay

E Q . , 71 E

Gan

2.0

See 4 0 2 0 1 A also

Gan

Mauritius

2.0

See 4 0 2 0 2 A also

Mauritius

11 12 St. 07

Gan

2.0

See 4 0 2 0 4 A also

Gan

0 3 S, 8 5 E

Cocos

2.0

See 4 0 2 0 5 A also

Cocos

13 S, 1 0 7 E 11 S, 1 2 5 E

Darwin

2.0

See 4 0 2 0 6 A also

Darwin

11 S, 1 2 5 E 0 9 S, 1 1 5 E 0 5 S, 1 1 2 E

Singapore

2.0

See 4 0 2 0 7 A also

Singapore

06 N, 97 E 06 N, 94 E 0 4 N, 8 7 E EQ., 72 E

Gan

2.0

See 4 0 2 1 OA also

Bombay

2.0

See 4 0 2 1 1 A also

18 18 19 20 20 18 18 19 19 17 03 08 12 17

Bombay

1.5-14

Bombay

8.0 4.0

Square pattern about b u o y , side parallel t o coast; see W 4 0 2 1 5 also See 4 0 2 1 7 A a n d W 4 0 2 1 7 also

Gan

1.5

Bombay

5.0-10.0

Aden Khartoum

DC-6-BRAVO-1964

40126B

26 J a n .

40128B

28 Jan.

40201B

1 Feb.

40202B

2 Feb.

40204B

4 Feb.

40205B

5 Feb.

40206B

6 Feb.

40207B

7 Feb.

4 0 2 1 OB

10 F e b .

40211B

11 F e b .

40215B

15 F e b .

40217B

Survey w i n t e r monsoon Survey w i n t e r monsoon Survey winter monsoon Survey Southern Hemisphere circulation Survey S o u t h e r n Hemisphere circulation Survey S o u t h e r n H e m isphere circulation Survey Southern Hemisphere circulation Survey Southern Hemisphere circulation Survey equatorial trough

Clark

AFB

Bangkok

Survey winter monsoon S t u d y air-sea i n t e r a c t i o n a n d sea breeze

Gan

17 F e b .

S t u d y air-sea i n t e r a c t i o n a n d sea breeze

Bombay

40220B

20 Feb.

Survey equatorial trough

Bombay

40221B

21 F e b .

Survey equatorial trough

Gan

Bombay

S, 7 2 E S, 6 0 E Brandon S, 7 3 E

N, 7 3 N, 72 N , 71 N, 73 N, 72 N, 72 N, 71 N, 7 0 N. 72 N 69 S, 6 7 N 76 N 74 N 73

E E E E E E E E E E E E E E

1

See 4 0 2 2 0 A a n d W 4 0 2 2 0 also See 4 0 2 2 1 A also

31

32

METEOROLOGICAL

DATA

CATALOGUE

T A B L E 6 (Continued) Flight Track Turning Points

Destination

Altitude x l O 3 Feet

Number of Dropsondes

Flight

Date

Purpose of Flight

Origin

40228B

28 Feb.

Study air-sea interaction and sea breeze

Bombay

19 19 21 21

N, 70 N.69 N. 6 9 N, 70

E E E E

Bombay

1.5-14.0

40302B

2 Mar.

Study air-sea interaction and sea breeze

Bombay

4

Study air-sea interaction and sea breeze

Bombay

E E E E E E E E

1.5-14.0

3 Mar.

N, 70 N,69 N. 6 9 N. 70 N, 70 N,69 N, 6 9 N, 70

Bombay

40303B

19 19 21 21 19 19 21 21

Bombay

1.5-14.0

2

40304B

4 Mar.

Study air-sea interaction

Bombay

20 20 18 18

N, N, N, N,

73 71 71 73

E E E E

Bombay

1.5 4.0

40305B

5 Mar.

Study air-sea interaction and sea breeze

Bombay

Bombay

1.5

10 Mar.

E E E E E E E E

Aden

4031 OB

Survey winter monsoon Survey equatorial trough

73 71 71 73 58 55 39 32

1.5 4.0

9 Mar.

N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N,

Bombay

40309B

20 20 18 18 19 17 15 16

Khartoum

1.0 14.5

Bombay

14.5 9.8

3

Bombay

1.5 14.4

3

Bombay

14.5-8.4 4.4

6

Bombay

1.5

Gan

1.5

Aden

Remarks

Square pattern about buoy and near Saurashtra coast, with diversion t o Veraval; see W 4 0 2 2 8 also Square pattern about buoy near Saurashtra coast, with diversion t o Veraval Square pattern about buoy near Saurashtra coast, with diversion to Veraval; see W40303 also Square pattern, side parallel to Bombay coast, multiple traverses for vertical section thru buoy and Bombay; see 4 0 3 0 4 A and W40304 also See 4 0 3 0 5 A and W 4 0 3 0 5 also

Journey to Miami; see 4 0 3 0 9 A also Journey t o Miami; see 4031 OA also

WHOI:DC-4-1964 W40208

8 Feb.

Survey winter monsoon Survey winter monsoon

W40212

12 Feb.

W40215

15 Feb.

Survey winter monsoon; study airsea interaction

Bombay

W40217

17 Feb.

Study air-sea interaction and sea breeze

Bombay

W40219

19 Feb.

Bombay

W40220

20 Feb.

Survey winter monsoon Survey equatorial trough

19 20 20 18 19 18 18 20 19 19 19 19 18 20 20 19 20 19 19 08

Gan

EQ„61 E

Gan

14.0

5

W.40222

22 Feb.

Gan

08 N, 77 E

Bombay

13.5 0.9

3

W40226

26 Feb.

Bombay

18 21 19 19 12

Bombay

1.4-14.4

3

Survey winter monsoon Study air-sea interaction

Masqat Bombay

N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N. N, N, N, N, N,

N, N, N, N, N,

72 66 67 73 71 72 73 73 74 71 74 71 71 71 73 71 72 73 69 77

71 64 72 73 70

E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E

E E E E E

Turbulence measurement Turbulence measurement Turbulence measurement

Turbulence measurement; see 4021 7A and 40217B also

Turbulence measurement; see 4 0 2 2 0 A and 40220B also

See 4 0 2 2 6 A also

ARCHIVES

TABLE 6 (Continued) Flight Track Turning Points

Number of Dropson des

Destination

Altitude x l O 3 Feet

Bombay

1.4-0.9-4.0

Bombay

1.5-14.5-4.2

6

T u r b u l e n c e measurem e n t ; see 4 0 3 0 2 B a n d 4 0 3 0 3 B also

Bombay

1.5 4 . 2 8.4-12.5

3

T u r b u l e n c e measurem e n t ; see 4 0 3 0 4 A , 40304B. 40305A, a n d 4 0 3 0 5 B also

Bombay

1.0-0.814.5

3

T u r b u l e n c e measurement

Bombay

9.5

4

Cloud photos; lence meas.—6 Cloud photos; lence meas.—6 Cloud photos; lence meas.— 7 Cloud photos

Flight

Date

Purpose o f F l i g h t

Origin

W40228

2 8 Feb.

S t u d y air-sea interaction

Bombay

W40302 and W40303

2-3 M a r .

S t u d y air-sea interaction

Bombay

W40304 and W40305

4-5 Mar.

S t u d y air-sea i n t e r a c t i o n a n d sea breeze

Bombay

W40307

7 Mar.

Measure t u r b u l e n c e

Bombay

W40809

9 Aug.

Dhahran

W40814

14 Aug.

Bombay

13 N , 7 4 E

Bombay

1.7 15 5

3

W40816

16 Aug.

Bombay

14 N , 6 5 E

Bombay

1.7-15.0

3

W40818

18 A u g .

Bombay

15 N. 6 6 E

Bombay

15.0

4

W40820

20 Aug.

Bombay

23 N, 6 5 E

Bombay

1.7 1 5 . 5

5

W40822

22 Aug.

Bombay

0 5 N, 77 E

Bombay

1.7 6 . 6

6

W40825

25 Aug.

Bombay

11 N , 6 0 E

Bombay

1.7 1 3 . 1

6

W40828

28 Aug.

Aden

1.7-14.0

5

W40830

30 Aug.

W40901

1 Sept.

W40903

3 Sept.

W40905

5 Sept.

W40909

9 Sept.

Survey summer monsoon Survey summer monsoon Survey summer monsoon Survey summer monsoon Survey summer monsoon Survey summer monsoon Survey summer monsoon Survey summer monsoon Study conditions over t h e S o m a l i current Survey summer monsoon Probe weak disturbance a r o u n d 9 N, 75 E Survey summer monsoon Survey summer monsoon

20 19 20 19 21 19 19 19 21 19 19 19 19 20 21 19 21 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 21 19 10 23

N, 6 9 N.69 N, 70 N, 6 9 N, 70 N, 70 N,69 N, 70 N, 70 N, 7 0 N, 7 0 N, 72 N,69 N, 6 9 N, 71 N,69 N, 70 N, 7 0 N, 71 N, 73 N. 71 N, 74 N, 71 N, 73 N, 71 N, 6 8 N,68 N, 6 2

E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E

Bombay

T u r b u l e n c e measurem e n t ; see 4 0 2 2 8 B also

Aden

0 4 N, 56 E

Aden

2.0-14.5

5

Aden

11 N , 5 9 E

Bombay

1.9

5

Bombay

09 N, 75 E 16 N , 7 2 E

Bombay

1.5-14.04.5

4

Bombay

09 N, 75 E

Bombay

1.5-14.0

4

Dhahran

1.7-14.5

3

Bombay

Remarks

turburuns turburuns turburuns

Cloud photos; turbulence meas. —7 runs Cloud photos; turbulence meas. —15 r u n s Cloud photos; turbulence meas. —13 r u n s Cloud photos; turbulence meas. —10 runs Cloud photos; turbulence meas. —10 r u n s Cloud photos; turbulence meas. —13 r u n s Cloud photos; turbulence meas. —10 r u n s Cloud photos; turbulence meas. —10 r u n s Cloud photos; turbulence meas.—4 oscillograph and F M recoi

33

34

METEOROLOGICAL

T A B L E 7:

DATA

CATALOGUE

Observations Collected during Research Aircraft Sorties Interval in Seconds between Observations or Pictures Cameras Period of Flight GMT

Nose

Side

R F F : DC-6-ALPHA-1963 30511A 11 May 30516A 16 May 30524A 24 May 30601A 1 June

0105-1020 0150-1150 0200-1230 0235-1020

1 2 2 2

30602A 30617A 30618A 30620A 30621A

2 June 17 June 18 June 20 June 21 June

0340-1245 0505-1015 0215-1215 0310-1125 0454-1020

30626A 30627A 30629A

26 June 27 June 29 June

30701A 30702A 30707A 30708A 30709A 3071 OA

Flight

4.0 C M Radar

5.6 C M Radar

X-SXN 3.2 C M Radar

P. Panel

Digital Tape

1 1 1 1

20 20

16 16 16 16

16 16 16 16

5 10 10 10

20 10 10 10

2 2 2 2 2

1 1 2 2 1

20 20 20 20 20

16

16

16 16

16 16 16

10 10 10 10 10

10 10 10 10 10

0315-1105 0554-1513 0515-1300

2 2

16 16 48

0505-1320 0540-1405

2 1

20 20 40 20 40

16 16 48

1 July 2 July

1 2 1 2 1

16

16

10 10 10 10 10

10 10 10 10 10

7 July 8 July 9 July 10 July

0447 1047 0435-1032 0435-1041 0434-1115

2 2 2

1 1 1 1

40 12 120 120

16 12 12 12

16 12 12 12

10 10 10 10

10 10 10 10

0428 1245 0128-1215 0110-1010 0135 1225

1 2 1 2

1 1

20 20 20

16 16 16

16 16 16

20 20 10

20 20 20 10

16 16 16 16

16 16 16 16

10 10

Date

R F F : DC-6-BRAVO-1963 5 May 30505B 7 May 30507B 11 May 30511B 16 May 30516B

1

30520B 30522B 30601B 30602B 30617B

20 May 22 May 1 June 2 June 17 June

0955-1425 0326 1125 0240-1030 0350-1330 0500-1100

2 2 2 2

1 1 1

20 20 20 20

30618B 30620B 30621B 306 26B 30627B

18 20 21 26 27

June June June June June

0210-1110 0305 1210 0450-1055 0245-1226 0533-1615

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 1 2 2

20 20 20 20 20

16 16 16 16 16

16 16 16 16 16

10 10 10 10 10

30629B 30701B 30702B 30707B 30708B

29 June 1 July 2 July 7 July 8 July

0505-1320 0445-1353 0511-1316 0425-1055 0417-1043

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 1 1

20 20 20 20 10

16 16 16 16 16

16 16 16 16 16

10 10 10

10 10 10 10 10

30709B

9 July

0402-1012

2

1

20

16

16

10

10

10

1

10 10 10 10 10

1 1 2 2 1

10 10 10 10 10

R F F : W-57-COCO-1963 30506C

6 May

0414-0745

30507C 30511C 30516C 30619C 30620C

7 May 11 May 16 May 19 June 20 June

0010-0736 0424 0720 0139-1020 0437-0711 0656-0910

1

8 8 8 8 8

ARCHIVES

T A B L E 7 (Continued) Interval in Seconds between Observations or Pictures Cameras X-SXN

Flight

Date

Period of Flight GMT

30621C 30626C 30627C 30629C 30709C

21 June 26 June 27 June 29 June 9 July

0415-0715 0427-0717 0519-0809 0631-0946 0528-0755

1 1

30710C

10 July

0525 0728

Nose

Side

4.0 C M Radar

5.6 C M Radar

3.2 C M Radar

P. Panel

10 10 10 10

1

8 8 8 8 8

1 1 1 1 5

1

8

5

5

R F F : W-26-DELTA-1963 30507D 7 May

0330 1000

5

30511D 30520D 30521D 30601D 30602D

11 May 20 May 21 May 1 June 2 June

0325-0926 1012-1516 1000-1500 0250-0853 0349-1010

5

3061 7D 30618D 30626D 30627D 30629D

17 18 26 27 29

0448-1024 0239-0731 0251-0752 0429 1102 0435-1035

June June June June June

R F F : DC-6-ALPHA-1964 40126A 26 Jan. 28 Jan. 40128A 40201A 1 Feb. 40202A 2 Feb.

0415-1040 0205-1010 0320-0855 0410-1250

Digital Tape

16 16 16

5 5

5 5 5 5

16

2 2

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

20 20

48 16

48 16

5 5 5 5

20 20 10 10

16 16 16 16 16

16 16 16 16 16

5 5 5 5 5

10 10 10 10 10

48

48

16 16 16

16 16 16

5 5 5 5 5

10 10 10 10 10

16 16

16 16

10 10 10 10 10

40204A 40205A 40206A 40207A 4021 OA

4 Feb. 5 Feb. 6 Feb. 7 Feb. 10 Feb.

0420-1145 0320-1035 0230 1150 0140-1025 0155-1100

2 2 2 2 2

40211A 40217A 40220A 40221A 40224A

11 17 20 21 24

Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb.

0510-1100 0535-1230 0210-1045 0500-1055 0530-1120

2 2 2 2 2

5 5 5 5 5

20 20 20 20

40225A 40226A 40304A 40305A 40309A

25 Feb. 26 Feb. 4 Mar. 5 Mar. 9 Mar.

0535-1130 0535-1115 0341 1016 0345-1100 0205-1000

2 2 2 2 2

5 5 5 5

20 20 20 20

5

5 5 5 5 5

4031 OA 40311A

10 Mar. 11 Mar.

1015 1350 0520-1430

2 2

5 5

5 5

10 10

0448 1032 0257-1003 0311-0910 0400-1330 0410-1158

2 2 2 2 2

5 5 5

5 5 5 5 5

10 10 10 10 10

R F F : DC-6-BRAVO-1964 40126B 40128B 40201B 40202B 40204B

26 Jan. 28 Jan. 1 Feb. 2 Feb. 4 Feb.

40 20

16 16 16

16 16 16

35

36

METEOROLOGICAL

DATA

CATALOGUE

T A B L E 7 (Continued) Interval in Seconds between Observations or Pictures Cameras

Flight

Date

Period of Flight GMT

40205B 40206B 40207B 4021 OB 40211B

5 Feb. 6 Feb. 7 Feb. 10 Feb. 11 Feb.

0314-1128 0220-1217 0125-1110 0157-1118 0458-1120

2 2 2 2 2

5 5 5 5 5

20 20 20 20 20

40215B 40217B 40220B 40221B 40228B

15 17 20 21 28

0445-1341 0526-1143 0205-1047 0510-1056 0421-1051

2 2 2 2 2

5 5 5 5 5

20 20 20 20 20

40302B 40303B 40304B 40305B 40309B

2 3 4 5 9

Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar.

0427-1130 0431-1138 0519-1050 0515-1042 0208-1040

2 2 2 2 2

5 5 5 5 5

20 20 20

4031 OB

10 Mar.

1037-1420

2

5

Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb.

Nose

Side

4.0 CM Radar

5.6 CM Radar

16 16 16 16 16

16 16

X-SXN 3.2 CM Radar

16 16 16 16 16

16 16

P. Panel

5 5 5 5 5

10 10 10 10 10

5 5 5 5 5

10 10 10 10 10

5 5 5 5 5

10 10 10 10 10

5

10

Cameras

Flight

Date

Period of Flight GMT

Photo Panel*

Side

Cloud Height

Short Wave-length Radiation

W H O I : DC-4-1963 18 June W30618 W30620 20 June W30624 24 June W30626 26 June

1707-2355 0912-1426 1000-1420 02121325

20

W30628 W30630 W30702 W30704 W30707

28 June 30 June 2 July 4 July 7 July

0210-1130 0210-0959 0602-1444 0313-1246 0219-1123

20 20 20 20 20

W30708

8 July

0801-1228

20

W H O I : DC-4-1 9 6 4 8 Feb. W40208

1158-1638

20

X

W40212 W40215 W4021 7 W40219 W40220

12 15 17 19 20

Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb.

0500-0950 0530-1 255 0530-1243 0445-1200 0535 1429

20 20 20 20 20

X

W40222 W40226 W40228 W40302 and

22 Feb. 26 Feb. 28 Feb. 2 Mar.

0430-1130 0420-1214 0435-1200 2022 2358

20 20 20 20

20 20

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X X X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Digital Tape

Infrared Radiation

ARCHIVES

T A B L E 7 (Continued)

Cameras

Flight

Date

Period of Flight GMT

W40303 W40304 and W40305 W40307

3 Mar. 4 Mar.

0002-0522 2030-0010

20 20

5 Mar. 7 Mar.

0012-0200 0335-1213

20

W40809 W40814 W40816 W40818 W40820

9 Aug. 14 Aug. 16 Aug. 18 A u g . 20 Aug.

0704-1450 0335-0935 0324-1025 0314-0849 0307-0910

20 20 20 20 20

W40822 W40825 W40828 W40830 W40901

22 Aug. 25 Aug. 28 A u g . 30 Aug. 1 Sept.

0310-1420 0311-1515 0427-1447 0256-1350 0313-1339

20

W40903 W40905 W40909

3 Sept. 5 Sept. 9 Sept.

0316-1116 0308-1032 0317-1101

20 20 20

* I nterval in seconds between observations or pictures.

Photo Panel*

20 20 20

Side

X

Cloud Height

Short Wave-length Radiation

Infrared Radiation

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

37

38

METEOROLOGICAL

DATA

CATALOGUE

> o

c o s v2 o> o _ E ra ~ ° » o 3= 2

O z

« e O a

o

n

~* o £ï S « > S S » E T (U „ OJ C »5 z 0 •s 3 o

° S a. OC

isD "S g 5 ^ s C Q. a .. Q 'S I ° « s § s £ 5 ° £ I » ê .. -, o ® — .. Ï ? Œ O) 0) ? „ > J ^ c S to -Ë « 3 5 ^ t o " £ S .t < S 10 N < x < W

S ï Oû o c S o E

o o S

3

O -ï Q.

o

>1 o >

u o (O

i l

CD

> 5 > 5 o o o o

- S! » C O Q 3 2 » x i E ° |os o °. I U 3

a ® I s o O

a« iS

< ® 3 O

as ? * ~ C .12 Ó .. ™ c +* Z - o ° c O S Q- -

C 0 •5 (0 c

U > £ o o 3 o o o r—

a. o co

9 a h v c o E 3 (A C

M = 2a Ê... t;

œ ex

•O t ® S TJ 0k CD O • o C O o oc

w 0 t UJ

3 •

S O 8 a ® s w « w.-gÛ. -n c ® « S o? & 1 5 = ç s i= 8 - _ 12 TJ= ô O £ ® c w 0. _ OC nj O ci I 15 ! JI a .. o l i

S

J2 (0 E « oc

o

CO 0)

« 3 •a ^ 3 ®n — R 1

7 -

2 < S Ï S; »

a

o £ •D C C 01

>

>

® p > < S ^ ® O 3 tf) " i l ! •E .. Q 10 — ® CO ® 2 5 0) I o o Ü . 5 i > - S S " "

X 0 a a 13 o sc n- I -O C O- 2 s r= ' M c.QC.QC.0C.a i c o o• - mo ^co > «

U £ c. o

E

Q.

> »

a VI

m

•C o> S S

in