William J. Gedney's Concise Saek-English, English-Saek Lexicon 9780824861070

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William J. Gedney’s Concise Saek-English, English-Saek Lexicon

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English in Hawaii: An Annotated Bibliography. Stanley M. Tsuzaki and John E. Reinecke. 1966. An Ivatan Syntax. Lawrence Andrew Reid. 1966. Manobo-English Dictionary. Richard E. Elkins. 1968. Nguna Texts. Albert J. Schütz. 1969. Nguna Grammar. Albert J. Schütz. 1969. A Grammar of Kaliai-Kove. David R. Counts. 1969. Chrau Grammar. David D. Thomas. 1971. Philippine Minor Languages: Word Lists and Phonologies. Edited by Lawrence A. Reid. 1971. Japanese Pidgin English in Hawaii: A Bilingual Description. Susumu Nagara. 1972. Kapampangan Syntax. Leatrice T. Mirikitani. 1972. Isneg-English Vocabulary. Morice Vanoverbergh. 1972. Outline of Sre Structure. Timothy M. Manley. 1972. Austroasiatic Studies, Parts I and II. Edited by Philip N. Jenner, Laurence C. Thompson, and Stanley Starosta. 1976. A Bibliography of Pidgin and Creole Languages. Compiled by John E. Reinecke, Stanley M. Tsuzaki, David DeCamp, Ian F. Hancock, and Richard E. Wood. 1975. A Handbook of Comparative Tai. Fang Kuei Li. 1977. Syntactic Derivation of Tagalog Verbs. Videa P. De Guzman. 1978. The Genetic Relationship of the Ainu Language. James Patrie. 1982. A Grammar of Manam. Frantisek Lichtenberk. 1983. The History of the Fijian Languages. Paul A. Geraghty. 1983. For Gordon H. Fairbanks. Edited by Veneeta Z. Acson and Richard L. Leed. 1985. The Causatives of Malagasy. Charles Randriamasimanana. 1986. Echo of a Culture: A Grammar of Rennell and Bellona. Samuel H. Elbert. 1988. A guide to Austroasiatic Speakers and Their Languages. Robert Parkin. 1991. Tonality in Austronesian Languages. Edited by Jerold A. Edmondson and Kenneth J. Gregerson. 1993. Tinrin Grammar. Midori Osumi. 1995. Toward a Reference Grammar of Tok Pisin: An Experiment in Corpus Linguistics. John W. M. Verhaar. 1995. An Erromangan (Sye) Grammar. Terry Crowley. 1998. From Ancient Cham to Modern Dialects: Two Thousand Years of Language Contact and Change. Graham Thurgood. 1999. Grammatical Analysis: Morphology, Syntax, and Semantics: Studies in Honor of Stanley Starosta. Edited by Videa P. De Guzman and Byron W. Bender. 2000. Nhanda: An Aboriginal Language of Western Australia. Juliette Blevins. 2001. Bislama Reference Grammar. Terry Crowley. 2004. Otto Dempwolff’s Grammar of the Jabêm language in New Guinea.Translated and edited by Joel Bradshaw and Francisc Czobor. 2005. A Grammar of South Efate: An Oceanic Language of Vanuatu. Nicholas Thieberger. 2006. William J. Gedney’s Comparative Tai Source Book. Thomas John Hudak. 2008 Kokota Grammar. Bill Palmer. 2009. A Dictionary of Mah Meri as Spoken at Bukit Bangkong. Nicole Kruspe. 2010 William Gedney’s Concise Saek-English, English-Saek Lexicon. Thomas John Hudak. 2010

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Oceanic Linguistics Special Publication No. 37

William J. Gedney’s Concise Saek-English, English-Saek Lexicon

Thomas John Hudak

University of Hawai`i Press Honolulu

© 2010 University of Hawai`i Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America 15 14 13 12 11 10

65 4 3 2 1

Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data William J. Gedney's concise Saek-English, English-Saek lexicon / edited by Thomas John Hudak. p. cm. -- (Oceanic linguistics special publication ; no. 37) "The glossary reproduced here is from 1976 when Gedney first began to compile all of the material he had accumulated. It is an extensive lexical list arranged by rhyme. To this has been added an English-Saek section"-Introduction. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-0-8248-3538-5 (softcover : alk. paper) 1. Saek language--Glossaries, vocabularies, etc. I. Hudak, Thomas J. II. Gedney, William J. III. Series: Oceanic linguistics special publication ; no. 37. PL4251.S23W55 2010 495'.919--dc22 2010019922 Camera-ready copy for this book was prepared under the supervision of the series editor. University of Hawai’i Press books are printed on acid-free paper and meet the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Council on Library Resources. Printed by Integrated Book Technology, Inc.

Contents Acknowledgments......................................................................... vii Figure 1: Area of William J. Gedney’s Saek Research ................ ix Introduction......................................................................................1 Introduction to the Lexicon..............................................................9 Saek-English ..................................................................................11 English-Saek ................................................................................135 References....................................................................................233 Appendix I: The Saek Names for the Twelve Cyclical Years .....237 Appendix II: The Names of Songkan ..........................................239 Appendix III: Saek Villages.........................................................251

v

Acknowledgments This volume is the result of the encouragement of a group of people interested in and fascinated by Southeast Asian linguistics. Prominent among this group have been Karen L. Adams, Robert J. Bickner, Carol Compton, Anthony V. N. Diller, Jerold A. Edmondson, Thomas Gething, and Yongxian Luo. Once a project such as this one has begun, technical difficulties and decisions inevitably arise. Help with these issues came from Thanh-Lieu Duong, Christopher A. Miller, Judy Newland, Catherine Nichols, and Helene Ossipov. Early on Marin Julia Lewis provided considerable assistance in organizing the data into manageable groups. Toward the end of the project, Mitchell Darnell took on the task of proofreading with me. For assistance in producing the map, I once again turned to my friend and colleague, Barbara Stark, who is always generous with her time and ready for an adventure with new software. Finally, superb editorial assistance was offered by Keith Leber at the University of Hawai`i Press. All of these people have played significant parts in the production of this volume. To each of them, I extend my gratitude and thanks.

vii

Introduction The Tai language family spreads across the whole of Southeast Asia, from Assam, the furthest point in the west where these languages are spoken, to the island of Hainan in the east where a number of dialects apparently related to the Tai family occur. In the north in Yunnan, Guizhou, and Guangxi provinces of southern China, a variety of Tai dialects exist, some mutually intelligible, others not. Siamese and related local dialects dominate Thailand while Lao and its dialects cover Laos as well as extend down into Northeast Thailand. Farther to the east in northeastern Laos and northwestern Vietnam are White, Red, and Black Tai, along with Yay. Still other dialects merge into northeastern Vietnam. Following Fang-kuei Li, scholars generally divide these languages and dialects into three branches: the Northern, the Central, and the Southwestern. William J. Gedney began his study of Tai languages and dialects with Siamese in the 1950s. Then in 1964, with his usual meticulous attention to tonal and phonological systems, he expanded his studies to other Tai dialects. One of the most intensively studied of these dialects was Saek, a Northern Tai dialect unique for its geographical location on the border of Northeast Thailand and Laos among Southwestern Tai languages. Saek was first noted by French travelers and missionaries in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries: Aymonier (1895), Rivi3re (1902), Macy (1905), Maspero (1912), and Bonifacy (1919). Based on these reports and their own research, Seidenfaden (1930), Credner (1935), Blanchard (1957), and Lebar, Hickey, and Musgrave (1964) classified Saek as Mon-Khmer. In contrast, in a series of papers in the 1950s and 1960s, Haudricourt placed Saek in the Northern branch of the Tai family. Around this time, Fraisse (1950:338) also cited Saek as a ‘Thai’ language, although he did not speculate on its genetic classification. However, it was not until 1969 and 1970 that Gedney confirmed the Northern classification based upon his own extensive fieldwork. Saek continues to be of interest to linguists with more recent studies by Khanittanan (1975, 1976, 2008), Thongkum (1976), Benedict (1979), Morev (1988), Boltz (1991), and Chamberlain (1998). Gedney and Morev cite two different tales told by villagers about the history of the Saek. Gedney’s informants place the origin of the Saek in northern Vietnam (Hudak 1993: 577, 585). There, because of a famine, they killed a white elephant of a local ruler and fled under threat of a heavy fine into Laos and then Thailand. Recounting a different origin, Morev’s informant claims that in the nineteenth century the Thai forced the Saek to the Bangkok area to

1

Introduction

construct a canal around the city. Once the canal was completed, the Saek were then free to settle in the area (Morev 1988: 10). Gedney conducted his research on Saek in a series of field trips in 1964, 1966, 1968, and 1976. Most of the data were provided by informants from baan3 ‰aat6 saa1 maat5 (Baan Atsamaat) with additional material from baan3 phay6 l@@m3 (Baan Phay Lom), both in Nakhon Phanom province in Northeast Thailand (see Figure 1). In the course of his research, Gedney noted that there were other Saek villages in Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam (see Appendix III), but had no opportunity to work there. Besides individual lexical items, Gedney also acquired important cultural information such as the names for the twelve cyclical years (see Appendix I) and the names for days of the New Year’s festival known as Songkan (see Appendix II). The most complete record of Gedney’s research can be found in the now out-of-print volume William J. Gedney’s The Saek Language: Glossary, Texts, and Translations (Hudak 1993). The glossary reproduced here is from 1976 when Gedney first began to compile all of the material he had accumulated. It is an extensive lexical list arranged by rhyme. To this has been added an English-Saek section.

Phonology Like other Tai languages, the phonological pattern of Saek is based on the syllable. Each syllable has distinctions in tone, initial (consonant or consonant cluster), nucleus (vowel or diphthong), and optional final consonant. Tones. On open syllables (those ending with final vowel, semivowel, or nasal) Saek has six tones. In his 1970 publication on Saek, Gedney describes these tones. Here, pitch levels and contours based on the Chao 5-level pitch scale (Chao 1930) have been added to the descriptions: 1 – mid level, with rise on end, 34: pii1 year 2 – low level, 11: maa2 dog 3 – mid, falling to low, glottal constriction, 31: nii3 here 4 – high rising-falling, 454: naa4 ricefield 5 – high falling, 52: phii5 older sibling 6 – mid level, with slight fall, glottal constriction, nii6 this Checked syllables in Saek (those ending in [p t k ‰]) have tones phonetically similar to tones 4 5 6 on open syllables. Tones 4 and 6 are the most common on short checked syllables: kap4 ‘frog’ and suk6 ‘cooked, ripe’. Tones 5 and 6 occur on long checked syllables: thaak5 ‘land leech’ and haat6 ‘hungry’. Tone 2 rarely occurs on short syllables, phat2 ‘and then’, and tone 4 rarely on

2

Introduction

long syllables, ‰iit4 ‰@@y5 ‘a little’. Tone 2 may also be found on long syllables: muak2 ‘hat’. The six tones of Saek had their origin in an earlier system that had three tones on open syllables, conventionally designated as A B C, and no contrast on checked syllables, designated as D. Conditioned by the phonetic nature of the initial consonant in each syllable, the tones in each proto-Tai category underwent phonemic splits. The proto-voiceless initials included aspirates, unaspirated or plain stops, and glottals. Further splits conditioned by vowel length occurred with tone D. In Saek, these splits can be represented as follows: Initial\Tone aspirate plain glottal voiced

A 2,1 1 1 4

B 6 6 6 5

C 3 3 3 6

D-short D-long 4 6 4 6 4 6 6 5

Saek exhibits a simple two-way split between proto-voiceless (aspirate, plain, and glottal) and proto-voiced initials; however, it shows two tones in the top box of column A. Most Tai dialects have a single tone in this category, for example, maa5 ‘dog’ and khaa5 ‘leg’ in Siamese. In Saek, tone 2 seems to be the normal development as in maa2 ‘dog’. Saek kwaa1 ‘leg’, however, has tone 1. Gedney hypothesizes that this word and others lost their aspiration before the tone splits so that they fell together with other words having plain or unaspirated initials. Initial Consonants. Initial consonants found in Saek include the following: Voiceless unaspirated stops. p t c k ‰: pii1 year, traa3 rice seedling, 6 c@@ to put, kin1 to eat, ‰@n1 thorn. Voiceless aspirated stops. ph th ch (rare) kh: phua4 cluster, thia2 to argue, chom4 phuu4 thiip5 a mythical continent, khot6 crooked. Voiced stops. b d: blian1 month, moon, din1 earth. Younger speakers almost always have a voiced velar stop [g] rather than the voiced spirant [S]: gaw6 rice. Voiceless spirants. f s h: sii2 faa3 blue, sin3 skirt, haa6 galangal. The spirant [f] does not appear in native Saek words, only in borrowings from Siamese or Lao which may have an initial [ph]: sii2 phaa3 blue. Voiced spirants. S: S@@n6 hammer, club. Nasals. m n g : m@@2 shaman, nua3 crossbow, gam3 to chew, 2 aw to smell bad. Sonorants. v r l y w: vdn2 rain, r@@4 bird nest, ldm4 bundle, 6 yap to chop up, wan6 that. Initial [r] is pronounced, apparently by speakers at all localities, with a preceding alveolar stop release: [dr]. Initial [w] appears only

3

Introduction

as a result of assimilation with the preceding final consonant. Because of the low friction in the pronunciation of [v], Gedney grouped it with the sonorants. Initial Clusters. Saek has a wide range of initial clusters some of which occur in no other Tai language. There are no final clusters. Clusters with [w]. kw khw thw ‰w lw w sw hw: kwii6 to remove (a thorn), khwaak6 sharpened stake, thwaay2 to predict, guess, ‰waay6 to turn a car around, lwaat5 overly full, wHHk5 to turn the head to look, swaa5 famous, hwaa3 worried. Clusters with [l]. pl phl tl thl bl ml: plaa1 fish, phlam4 bracelet, 1 tlTTy embarrassed, thlaa2 tray, bl@@3 to stick out the tongue, mlaay4 saliva. Clusters with [r]. pr phr tr thr: praa1 eye, phr@@6 to squirt (water) from the mouth, traa1 cockspur, thraw3 head. Final Consonants. As in other Tai languages, Saek has final nasals and final voiceless stops. It differs in also having final [l] among the older generation of speakers Nasals. m n : rim2 full, kian1 oxcart, See5 foot, leg. Voiceless stops. p t k ‰: saap6 cockroach, khdt6 to think, ldk6 4 child, ti‰ to criticize. Final [l]: mool4 base of a plant. Vowels. Saek has nine vowels, each occurring long and short. Final short vowels are reduced. Front

High Mid Low

i/ii d/dd u/uu e/ee T/TT o/oo H/HH a/aa @/@@

Back Unrounded

Rounded

d, dd

u, uu o, oo @, @@

i, ii e, ee

T, TT a, aa

H, HH

rip4 raw Sdn4 night lu5 banana le5 to hurry T‰4 to think nom4 milk trHk4 fish scales da1 nose k@l6 stump

liin6 tongue hddt6 tobacco kuuk5 tiger peet6 eight trTT3 egg ‰oom3 to have a fever ‰HH1 older brother daa3 mushroom r@@y1 mountain

4

Introduction

Diphthongs. There are three centering diphthongs, ia da ua: plian3 smooth, hdat6 dry, nua6 younger sibling. The [ua] diphthong is characteristic of the pronunciation of the younger generation. Other diphthongs analyzed as consisting of a vocalic nucleus plus a final [w] or [y] also occur. Diphthongs with final [w]. iw iaw iiw uaw eew HHw aw aaw: siw1 pimple, yiaw3 granary, iiw3 kapok, ruaw2 to laugh, theew4 to flee, ‰HHw1 waist, ‰aw1 to take, baaw6 young man. Diphthongs with final [y]. day uy uuy uay TTy ooy ay aay @@y: pday1 naked, khuy3 to scratch (of chickens), khuuy6 flute, suay6 tribute money, mTTy2 bear, phooy3 lungs, ‰ay1 to cough, praay1 to die, ‰@@y3 sugarcane. Final Rhymes. The following chart shows all possible rhymes in native Saek words. Final short vowels are reduced.

0

w

ii

iiw

y

dd

uu ee

uuy eew

TT

TTy ooy

oo HH

HHw

aa

aaw

@@

ia da ua i

aay @@y

iaw day

uaw iw

uay

d

u

uy

e

n



l

p

t

k

iim

iin

ii

iil

iip

iit

iik

ddm

ddn

dd

ddl

ddp

ddt

ddk

uum eem TTm oom HHm aam @@m iam dam uam im

uun een TTn oon HHn aan @@n ian dan uan in

ee TT oo HH aa @@ ia da ua i

uul eel

ual il

uup eep TTp oop HHp aap @@p iap dap uap ip

uut eet TTt oot HHt aat @@t iat dat uat it

uuk eek TTk ook HHk aak @@k iak dak uak ik

i‰

dm

dn

d

dl

dp

dt

dk

d‰

ul

un

u

up

ut

uk

u‰

en

e

ep

et

ek

e‰

T

Tp

op

ot

ok

o‰

Hl

Hp

Ht

Hk

H‰

ap

at

ak

a‰

@t

@k

@‰

om

on

o

H

Hm

Hn

H

aw

ay

aal @@l ial

um

o

@

ool HHl

em

T

a

‰

m

am

an

a

al

@m

@n

@

@l

5

T‰

Introduction

Other Phonetic Features. In his elicitations, Gedney noticed other phonetic features produced by both generations, particularly in fast speech, conversation, and storytelling. 1) The glottal stop ending short checked syllables is frequently deleted with a corresponding reduction in vowel and occasional tone change: pa‰4 maan4 and pa6 maan4 ‘approximately’. The tone reduces to tone 6, and the vowel is slightly shorter than a short vowel in a closed syllable. At other times, the glottal stop may be deleted with no change in tone: ‰u‰4 d@@n1 and ‰u4 d@@n1 ‘Udorn’. 2) A final glottal stop sometimes appears with long vowels in hesitation particles: ‰aa‰6 and ‰aa6. 3) Sentence intonation may cause tone variation, with the tone almost always changed to tone 1: thaam2 and thaam1 ‘to ask’. 4) Emphasis involves the repetition of two syllables with the first receiving a higher than normal tone. At other times, a short vowel may be lengthened. 5) The initial sound, generally with nan6 ‘that’, assimilates with the preceding final consonant: tTT3 sum6 man6 ‘under that chicken coop’. At other times, the final consonant assimilates with the following initial consonant: thua4 ua4 nal6 law6 ‘that snake, you know’. In still other cases, both the initial and the final sounds assimilate: nHHn2 phia4 al6 law6 ‘in that city, you know’. 6) Glottal stops as in ‰un3 ‘yonder, over there’ frequently delete before following vowels and semivowels: ldk6 yuu6 un3 ‘child over there’. 7) Long vowels may reduce to short vowels with no change in tone: h@@y2 and h@y2 ‘to comb’. Sociolinguistic Features. In the course of his elicitations, Gedney noted a variety of speech differences between older generation speakers (aged fifty and more) and younger ones. In the glossary, those features representative of the older generation are marked OG and those of the younger generation YG. These differences include the following: 1) OG speakers maintain a clear distinction between final [l] and final [n] whereas YG speakers merge the two. Thus, OG speakers distinguish between bdl1 ‘to fly’ and bdn1 ‘sky’. YG speakers, on the other hand, have a single form bdn1 for both meanings. 2) OG speakers maintain a clear distinction between clusters such as [pl] and [pr]: plaa1 ‘fish’ and praa1 ‘eye, cockspur’. YG speakers use the single form praa1 for both meanings. Other clusters affected include [phl] and [phr], [tl] and [tr], [thl] and [thr]. 3) OG speakers maintain clusters with an initial consonant plus the long vowel [aa] as in kwaay1 ‘to sell’. YG speakers, through Lao influence, replace [aa] with the diphthong [ua] as in kuay1 ‘to sell’.

6

Introduction

4) OG speakers have a voiced velar spirant [S] as an initial: Saw6 ‘rice’. For this initial, YG speakers have substituted the voiced velar stop /g/: gaw6 ‘rice’. In a recent diachronic study (2008; p. 389), Khanittanan notes that [g] is now stable in Saek. Because Gedney worked primarily with OG speakers, the glossary lists only the forms with initial [S]. 5) OG speakers have no contrast between short [iw] and long [iiw], using only the phonetic long form: iiw3 ‘kapok’. A similar case occurs with short [uy] and long [uuy]: muuy6 ‘to sneeze’. For YG speakers, however, there is a clear distinction between the short and long forms. This situation suggests that Saek originally had no such contrasts and that the distinction has come about through the influence of Lao and Siamese loans.

Language Change and Saek In his very early publication on Saek, Gedney, noting significant differences in the speech between older and younger generation speakers, voiced the fear that in one or two generations the language might very well disappear because of the increasing hegemony of Lao and Siamese in daily life (1970: 68). This same concern was echoed in several other publications through the years (Khanittanan 1975, 1976; Hudak 1993). Smalley (1994: 199) summed up the situation in the following multilingual terms for the Saek speakers in Thailand: “But for the present, at least, many Saek people move freely between three languages, Saek in the villages, Lao as the regional language, and Standard Thai [Siamese] as the national language and language of official affairs and education.” In one of the most recent publications on Saek, Khanittanan (2008) addresses this issue of Saek as an endangered language. In 2006, she returned to the Saek village of Ban Bawa to update her 1976 study, which had shown the same basic generational features as Gedney had elicited (see above Sociolinguistic Features). Using consonants as markers of language change in the same list of 1300 words as in the 1976 study and selecting a 23-year-old university student as a representative speaker, she notes the following changes: Initial Consonants. The voiced velar stop [g] has become stable. In her 1976 study, her 45-year-old female informant also used initial [g]. While Gedney concentrated on the speech of the older generation, he recorded the widespread use of [g] by younger speakers. In many cases, he also noted older speakers varying their characteristic initial [S] with /g/: gaw6 for Saw6 ‘rice’. The voiceless spirant [f] has also become a stable sound in the initial consonant inventory, largely through Siamese borrowings. In Gedney’s study, loan words from Lao and Thai with [f] were often borrowed as [ph]: Siamese

7

Introduction

fddt2 Saek phddt2 to move with difficulty; Siamese sii5 faa4 Saek sii2 phaa3 blue. While initial [r] and [l] continue to remain distinct, there was an occasional substitution of [l] for [r]. Initial Clusters. Both initial [kw-] and [khw-] have disappeared and replaced with [k-] and [kh-]. Gedney notes this change as indicative of the speech of the younger generation: kuay1 for kwaay1 ‘sell’ and thuay4 for thwaay4 ‘to guess’. Initials with [ml-] have been simplified to [m-]: m@@n4 for ml@@n4 ‘to open the eyes’. Clusters with [-r-] and [-l-] are often interchanged, although this variation also appeared in Gedney’s original data: thlaa4 and thraa4 ‘late in the morning’. Final Consonants. The final consonants have remained stable with the exception of the disappearance of final [-l]. Without specifically mentioning the older generation, Khanittanan suggests that the above changes also appear in the current older generation, the younger generation of her earlier study. She does claim, however, that “…it is natural for the younger generation of Saek speakers to be more open to the new vocabulary coming into the language” (2008: 392). This situation would suggest that further language change is probably inevitable. Nevertheless, a successful campaign to keep Saek alive and flourishing has been started by the father of her informant. With the rapid disappearance of many endangered languages, it is hoped that this interest and revival will continue.

The above linguistic background on Saek was originally published in different form in Thomas John Hudak, ed. 1993. William J. Gedney’s The Saek Language: Glossary, Texts, and Translations. Michigan Papers on South and Southeast Asia No. 41. Ann Arbor: Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, The University of Michigan. Reprinted courtesy of the publisher.

8

Introduction to the Lexicon 1. Saek-English Order: 1. Rhymes follow the Thai order: [i], [ia], [d], [da], [u], [ua], [e], [T], [o], [H], [a], [@], final vowels first. 2. Vowels+glides follow final vowels: [vowel + w], [vowel + y]. 3. Vowels+nasals follow vowels+glides: [vowel + m], [vowel + n], [vowel + ]. 4. Vowels+liquids follow vowels+nasals: [vowel + l]. 5. Vowels+stops follow vowels+liquids: [vowel + p], [vowel + t], [vowel + k], [vowel + ‰]. 6. Reduced short vowels in open syllables follow vowels+stops. Reduced short vowels in open syllables are slightly shorter than short vowels in closed syllables. 7. Consonants appear in the following order: velars [‰], [k], [kh], [S], []; palatals [c], [ch]; alveolars [d], [t], [th], [n]; labials [b], [p], [ph], [m]; palatal glide, palatal nasal, and liquids [y], [g], [r], [l]; spirants [v], [s], [f], [h]. 8. Polysyllabic words are listed under each syllable: din1 cii6 ‘brick’ appears under din1 as well as cii6. 9. For each entry, similar meanings are separated by commas; weakly related meanings are separated by semicolons. Unrelated meanings are listed as separate entries.

2. English-Saek Order: All English meanings for each Saek word are listed. Thus the two meanings for blian1 ‘moon, month’ are listed under ‘moon’ as well as ‘month’. Related meanings are then listed in regular alphabetical order.

9

Introduction to the Lexicon

3. Additional Information: Because Saek has variations between the speech of the older and younger generations, both forms are listed, with OG identifying the older and YG the younger generation: tray1 far (YG, = OG tlay1) tlay1 far (OG, = YG tray1) Other variations, such as reduced short vowels, are also listed: kii4 until (= ma‰6 kii4, ma6 kii4).

10

Saek-English -ii ‰ii3 in ta6 ‰ii3 chair (= ta6 ‰ii6) ‰ii6 in ta6 ‰ii6 chair (= ta6 ‰ii3) ‰ii6 in lu5 ‰ii6 t@‰4 kind of banana (clf. maak6) kii1 to have or cause an itching feeling kii3 how many kii4 until (= ma‰6 kii4, ma6 kii4) kwii6 to remove (a thorn) khii2 characterized by (= Siamese khii3) khii2 thii5 stingy khii2 sii4 resin khii4 dorsal fin of a fish Sii4 algae Sii4 in Say6 Sii4 dried sweat and dirt on the skin ii5 to consider, weigh (a matter) cii5 older sister cii6 in din1 cii6 brick cii6 in mit6 cii6 lii6 very quiet dii1 good dii1 in pha6 kha6 va6 dii1 name of a hall dii1 in see1 naa4 b@@1 dii1 minister, general tii5 in pii1 tii5 sixth year in the Saek twelve-year cycle tii6 in pii1 tii6 first year in the Saek twelve-year cycle tii6 to unroll, unwrap thii2 in seet6 thii2 rich man thii4 thuu4 thii4 thaat5 descriptive of dragging thii4 in ‰in1 thii4 eagle thii4 in naa4 thii4 minute thii5 closely spaced, finely woven; miserly khii2 thii5 stingy thii6 which, that; morph used in ordinals nii3 here nii4 mit6 to cause, create nii4 in ki‰4 li‰6 nii4 name of so1 kaan1 day when it falls on Thursday (= ki4 li6 nii4)

11

Saek–English

nii4 in tha6 nii4 gibbon (clf. thua4) nii4 in lu5 tha6 nii4 kind of banana nii4 in pra‰6 phee4 nii4 customs nii6 this, these bii1 gallbladder (YG, = OG blii1) bii6 twisted (mouth) blii1 gallbladder (OG, = YG bii1) blii1 calf of the leg pii1 year See Appendix I for a complete list of the twelve-year cycle. pii1 ‰un3 the year after pii1 rdd1, three years from the current year pii1 ‰Hn3 the year after pii1 ‰un3, four years from the current year pii1 naa3 next year pii1 rdd1 the year after next pii1 in cam1 pii1 kind of flowering tree (= cam6 pii1) pii1 in cam6 pii1 kind of flowering tree (= cam1 pii1) pii6 flute, pipe pii6 to spread (a mat) prii1 banana blossom (YG, = OG plii1) plii1 banana blossom (OG, = YG prii1) plii6 to lay aside; to leave; to divorce phii1 pday1 naked (= pday1) phii4 to fan, a fan phii5 older sibling mii2 a bear (< Siamese; = Saek mTTy2, mday2; clf. thua4) mii2 thread mii3 in pl@@6 mii3 dead coals, ashes of a dead fire mii4 to have, there is, there are mii4 khun4 mii4 noo4 to do a favor for mii6 in mHH4 mii6 small flies gii6 to point (= nHH4) gii6 two blian1 gii6 second lunar month rii3 mountain stream rii4 chicken louse (clf. thua4) rii4 track, footprint rii5 dry field rii6 in ‰a6 rii6 this one lii1 in khan4 tha6 thu6 lii1 name of a cave lii4 in bu‰6 lii4 cigar, cigarette (= bu6 lii4) lii4 in sa6 lii4 Indian corn, maize lii6 still, yet (= haa2 lii6, ha‰6 lii6, ha6 lii6, hay2; cf. khaa4) lii6 in mit6 cii6 lii6 very quiet

12

Saek–English

vii4 fire vii4 saay2 flashlight vii4 in thee4 vii4 lady; queen vii5 crooked, not straight vii6 to winnow sii1 morph used in personal names sii1 vay4 personal name 1 sii ph@@4 face powder sii1 in sa1 ka6 sii1 tin (= sddn4) sii2 color sii2 phaa3 blue (< Lao, = sii2 faa3 < Lao; = Saek muuy4) 2 sii paint sii2 to roll, make (candles) sii2 naa3 gable sii2 in phaa4 sii2 tax sii2 in laa4 sii2 radiance, radiant glory (= raa4 sii2) sii2 in laat5 sa6 sii2 lion sii2 in ldd4 sii2 hermit, ascetic sii4 daa1 Sita, wife of Rama sii4 in khii2 sii4 resin sii5 a boil sii5 in thHk4 sii5 taxi sii6 four

-ia kia1 bat (the animal) (clf. thua4, = cia1) khia6 to scratch (of chickens) cia1 a moment ago cia1 bat (the animal) (clf. thua4, = kia1) cia5 paper tia3 low, short bia1 beer pia1 to braid pia3 weak, tired; crippled phia2 to harrow (= phda2) phia3 side, part phia3 the edible, partially digested contents of a buffalo’s intestines phia5 shirt, upper garment mia4 in pii1 ma6 mia4 Year of the Horse, seventh year in the twelve-year cycle gia2 to hear; to listen sa5 gia2 to cock the ears to try to listen hard

13

Saek–English

lia4 to lick via1 comb-like part of a loom, the beater (= via4) via1 to poison (= bda1) via3 cloud via3 in plaa1 via3 water tortoise (= plaa1 pha6 ‰@@1) via4 comb-like part of a loom, the beater (= via1) via6 to be poisoned, poisonous hia3 monitor lizard (clf. thua4) -dd kdd3 to put away, put aside, keep cdd1 heart cdd1 in thdt4 cdd1 to breathe (more frequent, = less frequent thit4 cdd1) cdd1 in sddn5 cdd1 happy (= sddn6` cdd1) sddn5 m@k4 sddn5 cdd1 happy, cheerful ddd3 stubborn thdd4 to carry, hold nap4 thdd4 to revere thdd5 in may6 thdd5 naa5 chopsticks (= thuu5, may6 ta6 khiap2) bdd1 navel (= dua1) pldd6 to plow (a field) a second time phdd4 in ta6 phdt6 ta6 phdd4 scattered about phdd6 to raise, take up (a sheet, tablecloth) mdd4 hand mdd6 day mdd6 th@@k5 nii6 tomorrow rdd1 day after tomorrow pii1 rdd1 year after next rdd6 to gather in (clothes after they are dry) ldd4 sii2 hermit, ascetic sdd2 in na4 sdd2 writing, book sdd4 time (= sd6 sdd4, sTT4) sdd5 to guard, watch sdd6 to buy hdd2 spoiled, damaged hdd4 to rush, hurry hdd6 dry

14

Saek–English

- da ‰da1 to do alone, do stubbornly khda1 khda4 tomato (clf. maak6) cda1 in cop4 cda1 good, proper trda4 to be afraid; cured by a bad experience thda5 a time nda3 animal; meat (< Lao; = Saek ml@@5) bda1 to poison (= via1) bda1 flour phda2 to harrow (= phia2) phda6 to save for someone; by the time mda4 to return (< Lao) gda2 bait (< Siamese; = Saek gda6) gda4 a long time gda6 bait (= gda2 < Siamese) rda6 formerly sda5 to believe sda6 mattress

-uu ‰uu6 cradle kuu1 I kuu3 nine kuu3 term used in answer to a call khuu1 to force, compel khuu4 teacher khuu4 in ku6 khuu4 dung beetle khuu4 in gaa4 khuu4 monk, senior monk (= caw3 hua2) khuu6 to threaten cuu3 breast duu1 in la6 duu1 season tuu1 in pak4 tuu1 door pak4 tuu1 b@@6 window tuu3 cupboard tuu3 in ‰an3 tuu3 baffled tuu3 in vaay4 tuu3 male buffalo with short horns tuu6 thua4 the body (= tua6 thua4, thua6 thua4, tu6 thua4; cf. too1) thuu1 in thi‰4 thuu1 thi‰4 thay1 descriptive of effort of dragging or carrying thuu2 to rub

15

Saek–English

thuu3 fierce; to scold man3 thuu3 angry (cf. lTT1, bdn3, yak6) thuu4 thaw3 an old person (= thua4 thaw3) thuu4 in thii4 thuu4 thii4 thaat5 descriptive of dragging thuu5 chopsticks (= may6 ta6 khiap2, may6 thdd5 naa5) thruu3 name of former Saek village in Vietnam thruu4 like, alike, similar thruu4 ‰an6 like that (= thruu4 nan6, thruu4 rHn6, thruun4) thruu4 Saa5 for example nuu2 mouse, rat (clf. thua4) nuu4 in tha6 nuu4 bow, arrow buu1 saa4 to do reverence, offer, worship buu1 in sa6 buu1 soap (< Siamese; = sa6 buu6) buu6 in sa6 buu6 soap (< Siamese; = sa6 buu1) puu1 in ta6 puu1 nail pruu1 we (two or more) (= pruu1 h@@y6) pruu6 empty (YG, = OG pluu6) pluu6 empty (OG, = YG pruu6) phuu4 in chom4 phuu4 thiip5 name of a mythical continent phuu6 person phuu6 male phuu6 carpenter bee (clf. thua4) phruu4 betel (YG, = OG phluu4) phluu4 betel (OG, = YG phruu4) muu2 pig (clf. thua4) muu2 in sum2 muu2 a spear (= sam3 muu2; clf. maak6) muu3 in Saw6 muu3 roasted young rice pounded flat, used in making desserts muu5 in ‰o1 muu5 name of a spirit muu6 friend; group yuu4 to swim yuu6 lover yuu6 to live in a place ha6 lii6 yuu6 still alive (= hay2 lii2 yuu6) yuu6 maa2 time passed guu4 thaa6 happy guu4 in khan4 guu4 paper umbrella (< Lao) guu5 to urinate luu1 in pii1 sa6 luu1 Year of the Ox, second year of the twelve-year cycle luu5 to run vuu1 to float suu2 you (plural) suu2 to push (someone)

16

Saek–English

suu3 own, self suu4 in kaay1 suu4 a Vietnamese rank equivalent to Siamese ‰am1 maat2 thoo1 suu6 for, toward huu1 in tum3 huu1 earring (< Siamese; = Saek taa3, taa6, vo4 vHHn2)

-ua ‰ua1 in ‰on1 ‰ua1 disorderly (of children) kua1 leg (YG, = OG kwaa1) kua1 to feed (animals) kua3 crazy, mad (YG, = OG kwaa3) kua6 more than, comparative (YG, = OG kwaa6) khua4 to cut up (a slaughtered chicken or animal) khua4 right (hand) (YG, = OG khwaa4) khua4 small jar (for lime) (YG, = OG khwaa4) khua4 to reach for (YG, = OG khwaa4) khua4 to scratch, claw (YG, = OG khwaa4; also OG khwaak6, khwaaw4) khua6 to struggle, writhe, move ua4 snake (clf. thua4) cua1 a novice dua1 navel (= bdd1) tua6 thua4 the body (tuu6 thua4, thua6 thua4, tu6 thaa4, cf. too1) trua1 salt (YG, = OG tlua1) tlua1 salt (OG, = YG trua1) thua1 white-headed wild bird kept as a pet thua2 in praa1 thua2 poor vision thua4 classifier for animals; body thua4 thaw3 an old person (= thuu4 thaw3) thua4 in tuu6 thua4 the body (= tua6 thua4, thua6 thua4, tu6 thaa4, cf. too1) thua5 bean thua5 everywhere thua6 thua4 the body (= tua6 thua4, tuu6 thua4, tu6 thaa4, cf. too1) thrua4 family thrua6 wild fig nua3 cross bow nua4 delicious (= bua1) bua1 lotus bua1 delicious (= nua4) pua1 to treat (the ill), care for (= pin6 pua1) phua3 cluster (of fruit) gua3 grass gua6 to invite (only in a bad way)

17

Saek–English

rua1 boat rua2 pig trough rua4 ear lua2 light firewood (such as bamboo) lua2 spinning wheel (YG, = OG lwaa2) lua2 to be left over lua4 mule (clf. thua4) vua6 he, you (respectful) sua2 to be defeated sua3 dead sua4 to invite sua5 period of time sua6 bad hua2 in caw3 hua2 monk, senior monk (= gaa4 khuu4)

-ee ‰ee5 ornament, to adorn ‰ee5 ka‰6 reel4 ‰ee5 sound of rooster crowing (OG, = OG ‰ek4 ka‰6 reel4 ‰eek4, YG ‰ee5 ka‰6 reen4 ‰ee5, YG ‰ek4 ka‰6 reen4 ‰eek4) 3 kee to undo, remove, unbutton, untie kee3 eggplant (clf. maak6) kee3 in buat6 kee3 ba‰4 to become a monk to fulfill a promise kee6 old (of living things), ripe, dark (color) khee4 crippled, lame ee4 to raise the head cee1 to dislike, hate, be bored with dee1 final particle dee4 particle dee5 particle tlee1 in tloon1 tlee1 anus thee4 to pour thee4 vii4 lady; queen khoo4 laa4 kha‰6 thee4 vii4 Lady khoo4 laa4 kha‰6, name of so1 kaan1 day when it falls on Monday thu4 sa‰4 thee4 vii4 Lady thu4 sa‰4, name of so1 kaan1 day when it falls on Sunday mon4 thaa4 thee4 vii4 Lady mon4 thaa4, name of so1 kaan1 day when it falls on Wednesday thee4 va6 daa1 divinity, god thee4 va6 but4 angel, divine child thee4 in tha6 thee4 great numbers

18

Saek–English

pee1 flat phee4 raft phee4 in pra‰6 phee4 nii4 customs mee3 mother (= mee5) mee4 in ‰a‰6 mee4 li‰6 kaa1 America (= ‰a6 mee4 li4 kaa1) mee4 in lot6 mee4 bus mee5 mother (= mee3) mee5 in ph@@3 mee5 an exclamation ree2 sein ree6 kind of bamboo lee4 then, and then, so, and so, therefore (= le‰4, le4, lTTy4) lee5 to choose lee6 in khoo6 lee6 shoulder lee6 in th@@k6 lee6 to pour out vee4 laa4 time see1 naa4 b@@1 dii1 minister, general see4 to slant, lean over see5 to soak hee5 if

-TT ‰TT1 oh! ‰TT3 yes, o.k. (= ‰TT5) ‰TT4 yes ‰TT5 yes, o.k. (= ‰TT3) khwTT6 daughter-in-law (= phTT6, fTT6) dTT1 who, everybody, anybody tTT1 gizzard tTT3 below, under, south tTT3 in bdk4 naa4 tTT3 name of former Saek village in Vietnam tTT5 in mat6 tTT5 say4 motorcycle tlTT2 to talk in one’s sleep (= thrTT2) trTT3 near (YG, = OG tlTT3) tlTT3 near (OG, = YG trTT3) thrTT2 to talk in one’s sleep (= tlTT2) thrTT4 what, anything; why (= thaa4) thrTT4 in ca6 thrTT4 lemongrass (= ca6 phrTT4) nTT1 where; why (= nTT2) Tone variation (nTT1) due to sentence intonation. nTT2 where; why (= nTT1)

19

Saek–English

nTT4 which, what, any nTT4 in nap4 nTT4 fontanelle bTT1 leaf bTT1 number prTT6 to return (YG, = OG plTT6) plTT6 to return (OG, = YG prTT6) phTT5 in phak6 phTT5 difficult phTT6 daughter-in-law (= khwTT6, fTT6) phrTT4 in ca6 phrTT4 lemongrass (= ca6 thrTT4) yTT4 in day3 yTT4 thank you yTT5 to revile gTT3 to remember gTT6 big rTT1 in, inside rTT3 raa1 irritated, excited rTT4 in tHH6 rTT4 formerly, in old times rTT5 rTT5 bright, gleaming (red and yellow colors) lTT1 angry (cf. bdn3, man3 thuu3, yak6) sTT4 time (= sdd4, sd6 sdd4) fTT6 daughter-in-law (= khwTT4, phTT6) hTT3 to give; for; to cause

-oo ‰oo1 metal water bowl ‰oo1 oh! ‰oo3 oh! ‰oo4 oh! ‰oo5 oh! ‰oo6 tha4 to recollect koo1 mut6 kind of flower khoo1 in le‰4 ca1 le‰4 khoo1 paralyzed khoo2 dry, dried, dried out, khoo4 laa4 kha‰6 name of so1 kaan1 day when it falls on Monday khoo4 laa4 kha‰6 thee4 vii4 Lady khoo4 laa4 kha‰6, name of so1 kaan1 day when it falls on Monday khoo6 tree, plant khoo6 taan1 sugar palm tree khoo6 hay4 banyan tree

20

Saek–English

khoo6 base, first part oo4 to raise (the head) doo5 Saa5 approximately too1 the body (cf. tuu6 thua4, tua6 thua4, thua6 thua4, tu6 thua4) too3 to challenge thoo4 an exclamation (= paa4 thoo4, paat4 thoo4) thoo4 in thap6 thoo4 to beat, strike, batter throo4 in thrda5 throo4 things, possessions noo4 swollen, as from a bruise noo4 in mii4 khun4 mii4 noo4 to do a favor for noo4 in sa‰4 ‰a‰6 noo4 daat6 name of a pool boo6 not boo6 day3 could not, do not (= bay3) poo3 in ia5 poo3 thumb; big toe phoo4 Bo tree phoo4 kham3 name of a Saek village in Laos moo3 a skin disease moo4 farmer’s conical hat moo4 in pria1 moo4 watermelon (clf. maak6) yoo5 shaky, in bad condition (of a house) yoo5 interjection used to intensify roo3 in sa6 roo3 the So people (= soo3) roo4 we (inclusive) loo5 to tell, narrate; to lie loo5 again; also soo2 to push soo3 the So people (= sa6 roo3) soo3 chain (< Siamese; = Saek soo6) soo3 in ka6 soo3 a basket for scooping up water soo4 very thin soo4 in puay6 soo4 to be in pain soo6 a heap (of dung) soo6 chain (= soo3 < Siamese) hoo1 in ma6 hoo1 th@@n4 name of so1 kaan1 day when it falls on Saturday hoo6 to hunt, go hunting hoo6 to smoke (meat) -HH kHH1 Say6 nonsense! kHH5 to poke in the ribs kHH5 in kap4 kHH5 gecko (= kak4 kHH5)

21

Saek–English

kHH6 to, for khHH4 in thaa5 khHH4 name of Saek village in Laos khHH5 line of joining of two floorboards khHH5 kwaa1 the groin khHH5 haa2 armpit (= khH5 haa2) khHH6 crocodile (clf. thua4) HH4 in nHH1 HH4 tusk of a boar cHH1 corner cHH1 kan1 vase dHH6 some tHH6 from, since tHH6 mo‰6 at first ta3 tHH6 from, since tHH6 but tHH6 Saa3 but trHH1 small squirrel or chipmunk (clf. thua4) thHH2 to shave thHH3 real; really thHH4 in khan4 thHH4 a dam thrHH3 small frog (clf. thua4) thrHH5 slowly, gradually thrHH5 kind of fish (YG, = OG thlHH5; = Siamese plaa1 ch@@n3) thlHH5 kind of fish (OG, = YG thrHH5; = Siamese plaa1 ch@@n3) nHH1 duckweed nHH4 to point (= gii6) nHH5 sure, certain bHH1 to lie flat on the back; to open the hand bHH3 goat (clf. thua4) pHH1 flat, flattened (cf. pHH3) pHH1 a beam pHH3 flattened, pressed flat (cf. pHH1) phHH5 to win, be victorious, defeat mHH4 final particle (= la6 mHH4; = Siamese si2) mHH4 in pii1 ma6 mHH4 Year of the Goat, eighth year in the twelve-year cycle gHH3 kind of lizard (clf. thua4) rHH3 nonglutinous rice rHH6 to carry in a procession, have a procession vHH3 in va3 vHH3 completely silent, as when a friend disappears vHH5 to stop in, visit hHH4 or

22

Saek–English

-aa ‰aa1 kaat6 sky, air, atmosphere sat4 ta4 ‰aa1 kaat6 air, atmosphere ‰aa1 caan1 teacher, scholar ‰aa1 thit6 week van4 ‰aa1 thit6 Sunday (= van4 ‰a6 thit6, van4 thit6) ‰aa1 gu‰6 age (= ‰a6 gu‰6) ‰aa1 saa1 see ‰aat6 saa1 maat5 ‰aa1 saa1 maat5 see ‰aat6 saa1 maat5 ‰aa1 say2 to live (in a place) ‰aa1 siip5 occupation ‰aa1 in ‰eek6 ‰aa1 saa1 see ‰aat6 saa1 maat5 ‰aa3 to open (the mouth) ‰aa6 hesitation particle (= ‰aa‰6) ‰aat6 sa6 maat5 see ‰aat6 saa1 maat5 kaa1 crow (clf. thua4) kaa1 teakettle, teapot kaa1 in ‰a‰6 mee4 li‰6 kaa1 America (= ‰a6 mee4 li4 kaa1) kaa1 in naa4 li4 kaa1 watch, clock kaa1 in paak6 kaa1 pen kaa1 in pii1 la6 kaa1 Year of the Cock, tenth year in the twelve-year cycle kaa1 in sa1 kaa1 kind of gambling game kaa3 to kill kaa3 brave, bold (cf. tlaa3) kwaa1 leg (OG, = YG kua1) kwaa3 mad, crazy (OG, = YG kua3) kwaa6 more than, comparative (OG, = YG kua6) khaa4 still, yet (cf. lii6) khaa4 to be stuck khaa4 in laa4 khaa4 price (< Siamese) khaa5 value, price; tax khaa6 to engage in trade khwaa4 right (hand) (OG, = YG khua4) khwaa4 to scratch, claw (OG, = YG khua4; also OG khwaak6, khwaaw4) khwaa4 to reach for (OG, = YG khua4) khwaa4 small jar (for lime) (OG, = YG khua4) Saa3 in tHH6 Saa3 but Saa4 thatchgrass Saa5 to say; that (= Siamese waa3) aa4 elephant’s tusk, ivory

23

Saek–English

aa5 branch caa1 in phi‰4 caa1 la6 naa4 to reflect, consider (= phi‰6 caa1 la6 naa4, phit4 caa1 la6 naa4, phit6 caa1 la6 naa4) 1 daa will, would; about to daa1 in tham4 ma6 daa1 usual, ordinary daa1 in thee4 va6 daa1 divinity, god daa1 in sii4 daa1 Sita, wife of Rama taa1 maternal grandfather; old man caw3 khoot5 vo4 taa1 the elder who is an arranger at a wedding taa1 able, worthy of being (= Siamese naa3) taa1 kin1 edible taa1 sdd6 good at shopping taa1 saat5 of low quality taa6 in ka6 taa6 basket traa1 cockspur traa3 rice seedling (YG, = OG tlaa3) traa3 bamboo (YG, = OG tlaa3) traa3 brave, bold (YG, = OG tlaa3) tlaa3 rice seedling (OG, = YG traa3) tlaa3 bamboo (OG, = YG traa3) tlaa3 brave, bold (OG, = YG traa3; cf. kaa3) thaa3 if (= khan4) thaa3 to wait thaa4 to smear on, paint thaa4 partridge (clf. thua4) thaa4 what, anything; why (= thu‰4 thaa4, thrTT4) thaa4 vine thaa4 in ki‰4 mi‰6 thaa4 name of so1 kaan1 day when it falls on Friday (= ki4 mi6 thaa4) 4 thaa in tu6 thaa4 what, something, everything thaa4 in mon4 thaa4 name of so1 kaan1 day when it falls on Wednesday thaa4 in saa1 thaa4 la‰6 na‰6 public thaa5 landing thaa5 khHH4 name of Saek village in Laos thaa5 khHHk6 place name thaa5 vaay4 name of abandoned Saek village in Thailand thaa5 way, means thaa6 big knife, machete (clf. maak6) thaa6 ko‰4 cleaver-like knife with big blade curved at top (clf. maak6) thaa6 khat4 vuat6 knife put in waist at back thraa2 tray (YG, = OG thlaa2) thraa4 late in the morning (YG, = OG thlaa4) thraa6 orphan (= Saek ldk6 thraa6; = kam1 phaa3 < Lao)

24

Saek–English

thraa6 shelf thlaa2 tray (OG, = YG thraa2) thlaa4 late in the morning (OG, = YG thraa4) naa2 thick naa2 in saat6 sa6 naa2 religion naa3 face pii1 naa3 next year naa4 ricefield naa4 la‰6 vaay4 name of abandoned Saek village in Thailand bdk4 naa4 tTT3 name of abandoned Saek village in Vietnam naa4 final particle naa4 thii4 minute naa4 naa4 various naa4 li4 kaa1 watch, clock naa4 in phi‰4 caa1 la6 naa4 to reflect, consider (= phi‰6 caa1 la6 naa4, phit4 caa1 la6 naa4, phit6 caa1 la6 naa4) 4 naa in v@@4 la6 naa4 old term for the end of Buddhist Lent (= pa‰6 v@@4 la6 naa4) 4 naa in see1 naa4 b@@1 dii1 minister, general naa4 in sin4 naa4 mTTy4 name of abandoned Saek village in Vietnam naa5 final particle naa6 mother’s younger sibling naa6 arrow of a crossbow baa1 to skip, omit baa1 vaa3 see baa6 vaa3 baa3 in bu6 baa3 butterfly (clf. thua4) baa4 oh! baa6 vaa3 name of Saek village in Thailand (also recorded as baa1 vaa3) paa1 in cam1 paa1 kind of flowering tree (= cam6 paa1) paa3 aunt, older sister of either parent paa4 thoo4 an exclamation (= thoo4, paat4 thoo4) paa6 group paa6 palm, sole (= vaa1) paa6 forest, thicket paa6 reew5 maa4 cemetery praa1 fish (YG, = OG plaa1) praa1 cockspur praa1 eye plaa1 fish (OG, = YG praa1) plaa1 dHHk6 fermented fish paste phaa1 saat2 palace, mansion (= phaa1 saat6) phaa2 to force one’s way through (= phaa6) phaa3 in kam1 phaa3 orphan (< Lao; = Saek thraa6, ldk6 thraa6)

25

Saek–English

phaa3 in caw3 phaa3 prince phaa3 in sii2 phaa3 blue (< Lao, = sii2 faa3 < Lao; = Saek muuy4) phaa4 wife, woman phaa4 sii2 tax phaa4 in saa1 la‰6 phat6 saa1 la‰6 phaa4 every sort of thing phaa5 (not) yet phaa6 to split phaa6 to carry slung over the shoulder phaa6 to force one’s way through (= phaa2) phraa2 rocky cliff phraa3 thunder maa2 dog (clf. thua4) maa2 nay4 jackal (clf. thua4) maa2 to come, return yuu6 maa2 time passed maa3 in kha6 maa3 bathing cloth maa4 iron (the metal) maa6 horse (clf. thua4) maa6 to soak (e.g., rice) maa6 Saw6 to soak rice yaa1 to mend (a boat) yaa1 naa4 kind of leaf boiled with bamboo shoots to make bamboo curry yaa1 thaay6 laxative (< Siamese) yaa1 raan4 house lizard (clf. thua4) yaa4 to roast yaa5 paternal grandmother; old woman yaa6 don’t; to stop, refrain from yaa6 to divorce gaa4 khuu4 monk, senior monk (= caw3 hua2) gaa4 in ‰an6 gaa4 an official gaa4 in pan1 gaa4 intelligence, wits gaa4 in pha6 gaa4 king, prince, chief, lord gaa4 in sHn3 gaa4 to promise; a contract raa2 to seek raa4 sii2 radiance, radiant glory (= laa4 sii2) raa4 sii2 som1 phaan4 radiant glory (of a king) raa5 flattened, crushed, smashed raa5 way, road; side raa5 ‰an6 that way (= raan5) raa6 shower raa6 in k@@1 raa6 large pile of firewood laa1 final particle

26

Saek–English

laa2 final particle laa3 final particle laa4 donkey (clf. thua4) laa4 to take one’s leave laa4 khaa4 price (< Siamese) laa4 sii2 radiance, radiant glory (= raa4 sii2) laa4 in khoo4 laa4 kha‰6 thee4 vii4 name of so1 kaan1 day when it falls on Monday laa4 in saa1 laa4 pavilion laa4 in vee4 laa4 time lwaa2 spinning wheel (OG, = YG lua2) vaa1 palm, sole (= paa6) vaa1 lid; wall, partition vaa1 ka6 tH‰4 wall of woven bamboo vaa1 leew2 bamboo star to ward off spirits vaa2 kind of fruit called luuk3 waa1 in Siamese (clf. maak6) vaa2 theen5 broom (YG, = OG vaay2 theel5) vaa3 in baa1 vaa3 see baa6 vaa3 vaa3 in baa6 vaa3 see baa6 vaa3 vaa4 armspread, fathom; to measure with armspreads vaa4 in vat6 vaa4 monasteries vaa6 shoulder saa1 thaa4 la‰6 na‰6 public saa1 laa4 pavilion saa1 la‰6 phat6 saa1 la‰6 phaa4 every sort of thing saa1 in ‰a6 saa1 see ‰aat6 saa1 maat5 saa1 in ‰aa1 saa1 see ‰aat6 saa1 maat5 saa1 in ‰aa1 saa1 maat5 see ‰aat6 saa1 maat5 saa1 in ‰aat6 saa1 maat5 see ‰aat6 saa1 maat5 saa1 in ‰it4 saa1 to envy saa1 in ‰eek6 ‰aa1 saa1 see ‰aat6 saa1 maat5 saa2 in phan4 saa2 Buddhist Lent saa2 in rak6 saa2 to take care of saa3 a dish made of chopped raw fish or meat saa3 plaa1 dish made of chopped fish saa3 ml@@5 dish made of chopped meat saa4 tea saa4 Indian hemp, marijuana saa4 in kam1 la4 va4 saa4 troops saa4 in buu1 saa4 to do reverence, offer, worship saa5 in kaay1 saa5 a Vietnamese rank equivalent to Siamese ‰am1 maat2 ‰eek2 saa6 sediment, as in water, liquor, soup

27

Saek–English

saa6 far apart, widely spaced; coarse, coarsely woven swaa5 famous faa3 in sii2 faa3 blue (< Lao, = sii2 phaa3 < Lao; = Saek muuy4) haa1 in ma6 haa1 great (used in various expressions) ma6 haa1 phom4 great Brahma haa2 lii6 still, yet (= lii6, ha‰6 lii6, ha6 lii6, hay2; cf. khaa4) haa2 in khH5 haa2 armpit (= khHH5 haa2) haa2 in ban3 haa2 riddle haa3 five haa3 final question particle (= haa5) haa5 final question particle (= haa3) haa6 epidemic praay1 haa6 a curse meaning ‘a disgrace upon you’ haa6 galangal, root similar to ginger -@@ ‰@@5 father’s younger sister ‰@@5 oh! k@@1 clump (of bamboo) k@@3 spool, reel k@@6 knee k@@6 to build, construct, erect S@@4 neck S@@4 ‰TTm1 goiter S@@4 c@@6 l@@6 up to the neck S@@4 h@@y1 Adam’s apple S@@5 joint S@@5 item @@5 in pii1 @@5 seventh year in the Saek twelve-year cycle @@5 in dt6 @@5 strange c@@1 in pii1 c@@1 Year of the Dog, eleventh in the twelve-year cycle c@@6 to put d@@1 each, every d@@1 early ripening (of rice, beans) d@@3 in ka6 det4 ka6 d@@3 really, very t@@3 to fight (of cocks) t@@6 wasp (clf. thua4) t@@6 to join; continue t@@6 in ka6 t@@6 small basket used for marketing

28

Saek–English

tr@@1 in ua4 tr@@1 python (YG, = OG ua4 tl@@1, OG ua4 tlHn1, YG ua4 trHn1) tl@@1 in ua4 tl@@1 python (OG, = YG ua4 tr@@1, OG ua4 tlHn1, YG ua4 trHn1) th@@4 in ka6 th@@4 basket th@@5 pipe thr@@2 to beg thr@@5 to project, stick out, stick up (YG, = OG thl@@5) thr@@6 only (YG, = OG thl@@6) ta3 thr@@6 only thl@@5 to project, stick out, stick up (OG, = YG thr@@5) thl@@6 only (OG, = YG thr@@6) n@@1 khay4 to look (= n@@m1 khay4) n@@4 horn of a rhinoceros n@@4 final particle b@@1 li6 veen4 area b@@1 in see1 naa4 b@@1 dii1 minister, general b@@4 ox (clf. thua4) b@@4 final particle b@@5 final particle b@@6 a mine b@@6 Sam4 gold mine b@@6 gHn4 silver mine bl@@3 to stick out (the tongue) p@@1 a fiber plant p@@1 to wash (the hair) p@@1 in mHH4 p@@1 larva of the dragonfly p@@3 a bundle; to tie in a bundle pr@@6 a stick (of firewood) (YG, = OG pl@@6) pl@@6 a stick (of firewood) (OG, = YG pr@@6) pl@@6 mii3 dead coals, ashes of a dead fire ph@@3 mee5 an interjection ph@@4 enough ph@@4 when ph@@5 father; man ph@@5 ‰@@1 old man, old fellow ph@@5 saay2 man ph@@6 to play, blow (a wind instrument) phr@@6 to squirt (water) from the mouth (= phiw2 < Lao) m@@2 doctor; shaman m@@2 mon4 magician m@@3 pot m@@3 thHH2 frying pan

29

Saek–English

m@@3 in mHHw4 m@@3 soot m@@4 in do1 su6 m@@4 see d@1 sa6 m@@4 m@@4 in do1 sa6 m@@4 see d@1 sa6 m@@4 m@@4 in d@@n1 su‰6 m@@4 see d@1 sa6 m@@4 m@@4 in d@1 sa6 m@@4 see d@1 sa6 m@@4 m@@6 new; again; another ml@@5 meat, flesh saa3 ml@@5 dish made of chopped meat y@@1 to put away, keep y@@3 in na5 y@@3 y@@3 to squat down (= na5 y@@3 y@@6) y@@5 straight; honest y@@6 in na5 y@@3 y@@6 to squat down (= na5 y@@3 y@@3) r@@2 an itching foot disease caused by foul water r@@4 turtle (clf. thua4) r@@5 to leak r@@6 to know thHn4 r@@6 knowledge l@@3 wheel; cart l@@4 blind l@@6 in S@@4 c@@6 l@@6 up to the neck v@@3 mad (of a dog) v@@4 la6 naa4 old term for the end of Buddhist Lent (= pa‰6 v@@4 la6 naa4) v@@6 in phrak4 v@@6 onion s@@2 pencil, pen s@@5 name s@@5 Sa3 named s@@5 to seek, go to see someone s@@6 to repair h@@2 tower h@@2 hook h@@2 in phrak4 h@@m1 h@@2 the aromatic plant called yii3 raa2 in Siamese

-iw khiw2 unpleasantly pungent (YG, = OG khiiw2) khiw3 eyebrow (YG, = OG khiiw3) iw3 kapok (YG, = OG iiw3; = nun6 < Lao) ciw3 to ache (YG, = OG ciiw3) diw3 kidneystones (YG, = OG diiw3; = niw3 probably < Siamese) diw3 a whittled stick (YG, = OG diiw3) tiw3 in yaa1 ka6 tiw3 rubber band

30

Saek–English

tiw6 clitoris (YG, = OG tiiw6) thiw2 to whistle (= phriw2, hiw2, hiiw2) thriw3 in pii1 thriw3 second year in the Saek twelve-year cycle niw3 kidneystones (YG, = OG niiw3 probably < Siamese; = Saek diw3) priw1 to blow away (YG, = OG pliw1) pliw1 to blow away (OG, = YG priw1) phiw2 to spurt (water) from the mouth (< Lao; = Saek phr@@6) phriw2 to whistle (= thiw2, hiw2, hiiw2) riw3 to carry hanging from the hand (YG, = OG riiw3; = hiiw5) riw4 swift (of current) (YG, = OG riiw4) liw4 in na2 liw4 buffalo hide cut into strips (< Lao; = Saek niiw4) siw1 pimple (YG, = OG siiw1) siw2 spoiled (of food) (YG, = OG siiw2) siw3 light green (YG, = OG siiw3) siw4 kind of fish (YG, = OG siiw4) siw6 chisel (YG, = OG siiw6) hiw2 very tired (YG, = OG hiiw2) hiw2 to whistle (YG, = OG hiiw2; thiw2, phriw2)

-iiw khiiw2 unpleasantly pungent (OG, = YG khiw2) khiiw3 eyebrow (OG, = YG khiw3) iiw3 kapok (OG, = YG iw3; = nun6 < Lao) ciiw3 to ache (OG, = YG ciw3) diiw3 kidneystones (OG, = YG diw3; = niiw3 probably < Siamese) diiw3 a whittled stick (OG, = YG diw3) tiiw3 kind of tree tiiw3 kind of vegetable tiiw6 clitoris (OG, = YG tiw6) niiw3 kidneystones (OG, = YG niw3 probably < Siamese; = Saek diiw3) niiw4 in na2 niiw4 buffalo hide cut into strips (= liw4) riiw3 to carry hanging from the hand (OG, = YG riw3; = hiiw5) riiw4 swift (of current) (OG, = YG riw4) liiw6 to close one eye siiw1 pimple (OG, = YG siw1) siiw2 spoiled (of food) (OG, = YG siw2) siiw3 light green (OG, = YG siw3) siiw4 kind of fish (OG, = YG siw4) siiw6 chisel (OG, = YG siw6) hiiw2 very tired (OG, = YG hiw2)

31

Saek–English

hiiw2 to whistle (OG, = YG hiw2; thiw2, phriw2 hiiw5 to carry hanging from the hand (= YG riw3, OG riiw3)

-iaw kiaw1 screwthreads (= tlHHw1, trHHw1, triaw1) khiaw1 green (< Lao; cf. heew2) khiaw4 affected, flirtatious, putting on airs (of a young woman) diaw1 only one tiaw6 loincloth triaw1 screwthreads (= kiaw1, tlHHw1, trHHw1) thiaw4 to walk, pass thiaw4 in th@2 ka6 thiaw4 kind of bag thiaw6 to travel around thriaw2 to hurry (YG, = OG thliaw2) thliaw2 to hurry (OG, = YG thriaw2) niaw2 tough, sticky; glutinous (rice) biaw3 crooked, twisted yiaw3 granary riaw4 charcoal siaw2 friend (< Lao; = Saek siaw6) siaw6 friend (= siaw2 < Lao)

-uaw khuaw4 to scratch (YG, = OG khwaaw4) ruaw2 to laugh luaw4 wife of father’s younger brother

-eew ‰eew6 to wheedle, entreat keew1 Vietnamese kheew2 to push aside theew4 to flee; away preew1 flame (YG, = OG pleew1) pleew1 flame (OG, = YG preew1) reew5 in paa6 reew5 maa4 cemetery reew6 a snare leew2 in vaa1 leew2 bamboo star to ward off spirits

32

Saek–English

leew4 to fight seew2 to fight (of buffaloes); to collide heew2 green (cf. khiaw1) heew6 ring around handle of a knife -HHw ‰HHw1 waist (= vuat6) tr@@y3 ‰HHw1 belt (= taay3 ‰HHw1, t@@y3 ‰HHw1, saay2 ‰HHw1; khem1 khat6 < Lao) kHHw1 to tease kHHw3 jewel gHn4 Sam4 kam1 kHHw3 silver and gold and jewels kHHw3 glass; drinking glass; bottle k@@3 kHHw3 bottle kHHw3 scissors (clf. maak6) kHHw3 in Say6 kHHw3 lead ore kHHw6 favorite place to which people or animals like to return khHHw3 kho4 invulnerable HHw3 to turn (the face) away HHw4 a fruit similar to the lychee (clf. maak6) cHHw6 kind of salad made from raw papaya called som3 tam1 in Siamese trHHw1 strand (of rope), screwthreads (YG, = OG tlHHw1; kiaw1, triaw1) trHHw2 tamarind (YG, = OG tlHHw2; YG thrHHw2, OG thlHHw2; clf. maak6) trHHw6 thick, sticky (of liquids) tlHHw1 strand (of rope), screwthreads (OG, = YG trHHw1; kiaw1, triaw1) tlHHw2 tamarind (OG, = YG trHHw2; YG thrHHw2, OG thlHHw2; clf. maak6) tlHHw3 to wind (a rope) around thHHw2 a row, column thHHw4 to walk thrHHw2 tamarind (YG, = OG thlHHw2; YG trHHw2, OG tlHHw2; clf. maak6) thlHHw2 tamarind (OG, = YG thrHHw2; YG trHHw2, OG tlHHw2; clf. maak6) nHHw4 kind (< Lao) mHHw3 the Hmong people mHHw3 in pii1 mHHw3 fourth year in the Saek twelve-year cycle mHHw4 cat (clf. thua4) mHHw4 m@@3 soot lHHw1 liquid, soft lHHw1 to go near the edge

33

Saek–English

lHHw1 finished; already; then (= lHHw6) Tone variation (lHHw1) due to sentence intonation. lHHw3 tHH6 depending upon lHHw6 finished; already; then (= lHHw1) lHHw6 ku2 and then sHHw4 sHHw4 loud (of talking, crying out) sHHw6 to swoop down (of a bird) hHHw3 wrinkled, withered

-aw ‰aw1 to take ‰aw3 very hot kaw1 horn (of an animal) kaw1 to scratch kaw1 owl kaw6 old (of things) khaw3 in khiim4 khaw3 tongs, pincers, pliers (= khiim4) khaw4 bridge Saw6 rice Saw6 khiap2 crisp rice Saw6 aw4 kind of rice that ripens late Saw6 tum2 preek6 popped rice Saw6 th@@k6 unhusked rice, paddy Saw6 nom1 cake, dessert Saw6 muu3 roasted young rice pounded flat, used in making desserts Saw6 maa2 gHH6 kind of wild rice with very short grains Saw6 saal2 white rice (OG, = YG Saw6 saan2) Saw6 via3 millet (clf. maak6) aw2 to smell bad aw4 shadow, reflection aw4 in mHH4 aw4 scorpion (= mHH4 @@t6) aw4 in Saw6 aw4 kind of rice that ripens late caw3 you (very polite) caw3 prince, lord, chief caw3 khoot5 vo4 taa1 the elder who is an arranger at a wedding caw3 hua2 monk, senior monk (= gaa4 khuu4) taw1 to light (a fire, lamp) taw1 liit5 an iron taw3 gourd

34

Saek–English

taw3 in nam6 taw3 water bottle used as a vessel taw3 in ldk6 taw3 one’s children traw1 rich (= ruay4) thaw3 old; old person thuu4 thaw3 an old person (= thua4 thaw3) thaw3 in thu1 thaw3 socks thaw4 rope in the nose of a buffalo thaw5 ashes thraw3 head ta6 po‰4 bak2 thraw3 skull naw5 rotten naw5 in phrak4 naw5 the plant called cha4 ‰oom1 in Siamese naw6 pubic mound (< Siamese) baw1 in ka6 baw1 kind of tree called ka2 baw1 in Siamese baw3 crucible paw1 crab (clf. thua4) paw1 in ka6 paw1 bag, suitcase paw3 target phaw3 to guard; go to see royalty phraw2 to burn (something) maw2 to make a contract maw3 idle, indolent maw4 drunk raw2 they, other people raw2 headlouse (clf. thua4) raw3 warm (of a body from the fire or sun) raw3 in pii1 raw3 tenth year in the Saek twelve-year cycle raw3 nuun4 sleepy law1 to whittle law3 liquor hun4 kin1 law3 drunkard law3 in saw1 law3 see phay6 l@@m3 law4 kind of reed cut into sections then tied to top of a seine law4 gunbarrel, classifier for guns law6 final particle meaning ‘you see’ vaw1 light (in weight) saw1 law3 see phay6 l@@m3 saw1 in van4 saw1 Saturday saw6 to rent haw2 dove haw3 to enter haw3 sharp haw6 to bark

35

Saek–English

-aaw ‰aaw5 father’s younger brother kaaw6 to speak, tell khaaw6 news (= khaaw6 raaw4) khwaaw4 to scratch (OG, = YG khuaw4) Saaw4 fishy smell aaw6 in lu5 aaw6 kind of banana caaw1 bud, sprout, as in a coconut traaw1 star traaw1 phek6 morning star traaw1 small knife traaw3 to speak thaaw3 to dismantle, demolish thaaw4 to seek out thaaw6 title for a hero thraaw2 in thru6 thraaw2 spider naaw4 lime fruit (clf. maak6) baaw6 young man paaw6 to announce phraaw5 to spill (YG, = OG phlaaw5) phraaw6 coconut (YG, = OG phlaaw6; clf. maak6) phlaaw5 to spill (OG, = YG phraaw5) phlaaw6 coconut (OG, = YG phraaw6; clf. maak6) maaw3 man’s name mlaaw6 old woman yaaw6 clothesline, pole for drying clothes; pole for picking fruit gaaw2 in gu6 gaaw2 mussed, disheveled, tangled gaaw4 in gu6 gaaw4 mosquito larva raaw2 to yawn (= haaw2 < Siamese) raaw2 sword (= daap6 < Lao) raaw4 in khaaw6 raaw4 news (= khaaw6) laaw2 to fear, be afraid laaw4 Lao thHn4 laaw4 Lao language saaw2 young woman saaw2 to pull in (a rope) hand over hand saaw4 twenty saaw4 people, inhabitants haaw2 white haaw2 to yawn (< Siamese; = Saek raaw2) haaw3 in hd1 haaw3 vigorous

36

Saek–English

-day thday4 in khan4 thday4 an effeminate man pday1 naked (= phii1 pday1) pday6 soft and rotten; tender (of meat) mday2 bear (clf. thua4) (= mii2 < Siamese; = Saek mTTy2) lday3 steadily, continually (= lday5) lday5 steadily, continually (= lday3) lday6 to saw, a saw

-uy khuy3 to scratch (of chickens) khuy3 to dip ball of rice in food and take it up khuy4 to converse, chat (YG, = OG khuuy4) khuy6 flute (YG, = OG khuuy6) tuy5 fat (= phuuy4) tuy5 in mlHk6 tuy5 hail muy4 in pii1 muy4 eighth year in the Saek twelve-year cycle muy6 to sneeze (YG, = OG muuy6)

-uuy khuuy4 to converse, chat (OG, = YG khuy4) khuuy6 flute (OG, = YG khuy6) buuy4 an interjection phuuy4 fat (= tuy5) muuy4 blue (= sii2 faa3 and sii2 phaa3 < Lao) muuy6 to sneeze (OG, = YG muy6)

-uay ‰uay6 almost ripe (of fruit) (= hTTm6) ‰uay6 to turn (a car) around (YG, = OG ‰waay6) kuay1 to sell (YG, = OG kwaay1) duay3 with, together tuay3 year thuay1 to offer, present (= thuay2) Tone variation (thuay1) due to sentence intonation. thuay2 to offer, present (YG, = OG thwaay2; = thuay1)

37

Saek–English

thuay4 to guess, predict (YG, = OG thwaay4) buay3 when puay6 to be in pain (< Siamese) muay4 to box yuay3 soft, decayed (= guay3) guay3 to drool (< Lao; = Saek hTTy1) guay3 soft, decayed (= yuay3) ruay4 rich (= traw1) suay4 funnel made of bamboo leaves suay4 kind of fish (YG, = OG swaay4) suay6 tribute money

-TTy ‰TTy1 vocative particle ‰TTy3 oh! ‰TTy4 vocative particle ‰TTy5 vocative particle khTTy4 used to, to have ever TTy4 naa3 to tilt the head back cTTy3 at an angle (= pTTy3) dTTy1 free; idle tTTy1 the Pandanus tree (= caan3, caal3) trTTy1 embarrassed, ashamed (YG, = OG tlTTy1) tlTTy1 embarrassed, ashamed (OG, = YG trTTy1) nTTy4 cheese, butter pTTy3 at an angle (= cTTy3) phTTy1 to spread in the sun to dry mTTy2 bear (clf. thua4) (= mii2 < Siamese; = Saek mday2) mTTy4 to revile mTTy4 in sin4 naa4 mTTy4 name of abandoned Saek village in Vietnam rTTy1 to disappear lTTy4 then, and then, so, and so, therefore (= lee4, le‰4, le4) vTTy1 in sa6 vTTy1 to rule over (a kingdom) sTTy1 simply (= Siamese chTTy5) sTTy4 a go-between; a spy hTTy1 to flow, drool (of saliva) (= guay3) hTTy1 to evaporate hTTy1 final particle

38

Saek–English

hTTy3 an interjection hTTy4 an interjection hTTy5 an interjection hTTy5 in pii1 hTTy5 twelfth year in the Saek twelve-year cycle

-ooy ‰ooy1 oh! ‰ooy3 guava (clf. maak6) ‰ooy4 an interjection ‰ooy5 an interjection kooy1 in ca6 kooy1 kind of red-headed lizard (clf. thua4) kooy5 kaay5 to move in a lazy, indolent manner khooy4 male in-law ldk6 khooy4 son-in-law khooy5 to ride dooy1 with, by dooy3 to put on (a hat) tooy1 a pair, couple trooy1 the seeds called Job’s tears trooy1 to flow (YG, = OG tlooy1) tlooy1 to flow (OG, = YG trooy1) thooy2 in ci‰6 thooy2 never mind, let it be, no matter thooy6 dish, cup, bowl phooy3 lungs phooy4 phay4 danger phrooy2 pile of dust outside an animal’s hole mooy1 in ta6 mooy1 big spoon, ladle (= ta6 mooy4) mooy4 in kha6 mooy4 thief mooy4 in ta6 mooy4 big spoon, ladle (= ta6 mooy1) yooy4 sand rooy2 bee rooy2 to give birth to rooy4 to sprinkle looy1 to pull, drag looy5 to release, set free sooy2 steam, vapor; odor sooy5 to help sooy6 to wash hooy4 time, when

39

Saek–English

-ay ‰ay1 to cough ‰ay5 you kay1 laat5 name of a mythical mountain kay2 don’t (OG, = YG kay3) kay3 don’t (YG, = OG kay2) kay6 chicken (clf. thua4) kway1 to stir; to swing, rock khay1 tallow khay2 basket or container (for betel) khay4 final imperative particle (= hay4) khay4 in lak6 khit6 lak6 khay4 to ask indirectly khay6 egg khway6 to cross Say6 excrement Say6 su‰6 diarrhea ay6 to pry up, pry open day1 emphatic final particle day3 (past tense marker) day3 to get, obtain; to be able boo6 day3 could not, do not (= bay3) day5 pocket, bag tay1 kidney tay3 to weep, cry tay6 to crawl, creep tray1 far (YG, = OG tlay1) tlay1 far (OG, = YG tray1) thay1 in thi‰4 thuu1 thi‰4 thay1 descriptive of effort of dragging or carrying thay2 to plow, a plow thay4 people; Thai, Tai (= thay5) thay5 people; Thai, Tai (= thay4) thay6 to redeem, ransom thray4 to spin (cotton) nay4 spindle; a skein nay4 in maa2 nay4 jackal (clf. thua4) nay4 l@n5 nylon nay5 nay5 very small (= n@@y5 n@@y5) phay4 thuun4 kind of gem bay1 in ta6 bay1 a file (the tool) bay3 could not, do not (= boo6 day3) pay1 to go

40

Saek–English

phay3 playing cards phay4 impetigo phay4 to tie in bundles phay4 in phooy4 phay4 danger phay6 l@@m3 name of Saek village in Thailand (= saw1 law3) phray6 in may6 phray6 thual5 kind of bamboo may1 to fine (= may2) may2 to fine (= may1) may6 wood, tree, plant may6 thdd5 naa5 chopsticks (= thuu5, may6 ta6 khiap2) yay1 in mHH4 yay1 kind of insect that makes mud nests on walls yay4 fishtrap gay6 big (< Lao) ray1 stairs, ladder (= an5 ray1) ray4 long ray5 to be without, have none boo6 day3 ray5 there is some, we are not without lay4 stinger of an insect lay4 wooden bar for a door lay4 to rinse soap off after washing lay4 green algae lay4 in plaa1 pha6 lay4 kind of fish (= plaa1 pha6 lay5) lay5 to chase lay5 in plaa1 pha6 lay5 kind of fish (= plaa1 pha6 lay4) lay6 to make obeisance vay4 naa4 bamboo shoot before it is cut vay4 in sii1 vay4 personal name vay6 v@@n4 to ask, pray (< Siamese, Lao) say1 in nit4 say1 character, personality, disposition say1 in so1 say1 to doubt, wonder say2 in ‰aa1 say2 to live in (a place) say3 intestines say3 one length of warp in weaving say3 to use (< Lao) say4 in mat6 tTT5 say4 motorcycle say6 debt hay1 beautiful hay+ very, very beautiful The superscript plus indicates a tone much higher than the normal, tone 1 in this case. hay2 to open hay2 jug, jar hay2 still, yet (= lii6, haa2 lii6, ha‰6 lii6, ha6 lii6, cf. khaa4) hay2 lii6 yuu6 still alive (= ha6 lii6 yuu6)

41

Saek–English

hay3 since hay4 final imperative particle (= khay4) hay4 banyan tree khoo6 hay4 banyan tree

-aay ‰aay4 maternal grandmother ‰waay6 to turn (a car) around (OG, = YG ‰uay6) kaay1 suu4 Vietnamese rank equivalent to Siamese ‰am1 maat2 thoo1 kaay1 saa5 Vietnamese rank equivalent to Siamese ‰am1 maat2 ‰eek2 kaay5 in kooy5 kaay5 to move in a lazy, indolent manner kaay6 to lay (e.g., a leg) across kwaay1 to sell (OG, = YG kuay1) khaay4 in n@@1 khaay4 Nong Khai, city in Northeast Thailand Saay4 to put out of the mouth Saay4 irritating to the skin aay2 (to lie) face up aay2 full (moon) blian1 aay2 full moon aay4 midday meal, lunch aay5 easy, simple aay5 not yet caay1 in ka6 cat4 ka6 caay1 scattered about caay6 to pay daay3 thread sold in shops (< Siamese, Lao) taay3 ‰HHw1 belt (= t@@y3 ‰HHw1, tr@@y3 ‰HHw1, saay2 ‰HHw1; khem1 khat6 < Lao) 3 taay vat6 wall or fence of a monastery taay6 in ka6 taay6 rabbit (clf. thua4) traay1 to pass; last (year) (YG, = OG tlaay1) tlaay1 to pass; last (year) (OG, = YG traay1) thaay6 to take a picture thaay6 in yaa1 thaay6 a laxative thraay2 to use, employ; to send (someone) thraay3 really (= tha6 raay3) thwaay2 to give, offer (OG, = YG thuay2; thuay1) thwaay4 to guess, predict (OG, = YG thuay4) naay4 master, boss naay6 tired (of) baay1 to take hold of

42

Saek–English

baay6 to spread, smear baay6 afternoon, nightfall paay1 cotton, cotton cloth paay6 to strike (e.g., fruit) with a pole praay1 to die praay1 phHHp6 a cursing expression praay1 haa6 a curse meaning ‘a disgrace upon you’ praay1 end, tip (YG, = OG plaay1) plaay1 end, tip (OG, = YG praay1) phaay1 a dam (< Siamese) phaay4 to row (a boat) may6 phaay4 oar phaay6 to try, make an effort maay2 to make a mark, to mark; to intend, aim maay2 in cot4 maay2 a letter maay5 always, continually maay6 widowed mlaay4 saliva yaay1 to distribute, pass out yaay4 eaves yaay6 mute, unable to speak; stupid raay3 ramie raay3 in tha6 raay3 really (= thraay3) raay5 to move one’s dwelling raay6 to pour raay6 bad thr@‰6 raay6 bad luck raay6 naa4 a single ricefield laay1 much, many, very (= laay2) Tone variation (laay1) due to sentence intonation. laay1 to unroll, come unrolled laay2 much, many, very (= laay1) laay4 stripe, design, mark, spots naa3 laay4 pock-marked face laay4 l@@6 striped sak4 laay4 to tattoo, tattoo designs laay4 in pria1 laay4 kind of squash laay6 idiomatic word meaning something like ‘to hold one’s own, defeat’ boo6 laay6 man4 couldn’t defeat him vaay1 to scoop up water in the palms to drink vaay2 rattan vaay2 in tha6 vaay2 to offer, present vaay4 bufflao (clf. thua4)

43

Saek–English

thaa5 vaay4 name of abandoned Saek village in Thailand naa4 la‰6 vaay4 name of abandoned Saek village in Thailand vaay4 in la6 vaay4 really, truly saay1 chain, necklace (< Siamese, Lao) saay2 cord, string saay2 ‰HHw1 belt (= taay3 ‰HHw1, t@@y3 ‰HHw1, tr@@y3 ‰HHw1; khem1 khat6 < Lao) saay2 in vii4 saay2 flashlight saay2 in ph@@5 saay2 man saay2 to dance swaay4 kind of fish (OG, = YG suay4) haay6 to pity, take pity (on) -@@y ‰@@y3 sugarcane ‰@@y4 an interjection ‰@@y5 in ‰iit4 ‰@@y5 a little sip4 ‰iit4 sip4 ‰@@y5 a little k@@y1 kind of edible wild tuber eaten as substitute for rice k@@y3 in ia5 k@@y3 little finger, little toe kh@@y4 to wait kh@@y6 from @@y4 to perch t@@y3 to touch lightly t@@y3 ‰HHw1 belt (= saay2 ‰HHw1, taay3 ‰HHw1, tr@@y3 ‰HHw1; khem1 khat6 < Lao) 3 t@@y in ka6 t@@y3 old-fashioned lower garment t@@y6 to knock, strike tr@@y3 to touch lightly (YG, = OG tl@@y3) tr@@y3 ‰HHw1 belt (= saay2 ‰HHw1, taay3 ‰HHw1, t@@y3 ‰HHw1; khem1 khat6 < Lao) tl@@y3 to touch lightly (OG, = YG tr@@y3) th@@y1 to back up th@@y4 to tell th@@y6 low, evil n@@y1 in mHk6 n@@y1 kind of ant called mot4 ta2 n@@y1 in Siamese n@@y3 to talk, say, speak, tell n@@y3 @@6 to be unable to speak n@@y5 small

44

Saek–English

n@@y6 person n@@y6 small (used in certain expressions < Lao) p@@y1 in phal4 p@@y1 raveled out phr@@y2 silk y@@y5 with, together r@@y1 mountain r@@y1 switch r@@y4 in sa6 r@@y4 mortar r@@y6 hundred saam3 r@@y6 three hundred r@@y6 to string l@@y5 in liap5 l@@y5 proper s@@y2 in kii6 s@@y2 shuttle of a loom s@@y3 necklace (< Siamese) h@@y1 in S@@4 h@@y1 Adam’s apple h@@y2 a comb, to comb h@@y6 I h@@y6 slave, servant

-im kim1 needle cim3 to pick (the teeth) (= ciim6) nim5 pangolin (= lin5, lil5, lin6, lil6; clf. thua4) rim2 full rim4 edge rim4 muam4 lips (= muam4) lim3 couplet paired with saa1 ‘granaries’ (also recorded as lim5) lim5 couplet paired with saa1 ‘granaries’ (also recorded as lim3) him1 ma6 phaan4 name of a mythical forest

-iim ‰iim6 full (after eating) ‰iim6 nam1 sam1 raan4 full, satiated khiim4 tongs, pincers, pliers (= khiim4 khaw3) iim4 section (of garlic, orange) ciim6 to pick (the teeth) (= cim3) giim5 to whisper (= giim5 gia2) giim5 gia2 to be careful; to whisper (= giim5)

45

Saek–English

liim3 wedge siim4 ugly so4 siim4 ugly siim4 dirty, soiled (= pdan3 < Lao)

-iam ciam1 modest, humble thiam4 garlic thriam2 to prepare (< Lao) liam4 sickle (clf. maak6) liam5 angle, corner, edge - dm ddm5 overripe trdm5 slow ldm4 bundle, faggot sdm6 to dip up fish with a sieve -ddm tddm6 to add -dam ‰dam3 to belch kdam3 kaa1 a waste of effort khdam4 khdam4 (oil) floating on the surface of water ldam3 smooth and shiny ldam4 to vanish, disappear (by magic power) sdam4 kind of fish

-um kum1 to capture, arrest; to abduct kum1 in k@@t6 kum1 to embrace

46

Saek–English

kum1 phan4 name of a giant khum1 a pit (< Siamese, Lao; = Saek khum4; cf. lum1) khum4 a pit (= khum1 < Siamese, Lao; cf. lum1) khum4 to stoke (a fire) Sum4 to itch um4 to grope (for fish) under water um5 to cover (e.g., a small animal) with the hand tum1 sound of something falling tum2 in Saw6 tum2 preek6 popped rice tum3 cage; trap for frogs tum3 huu1 earring (< Siamese; = Saek taa3, taa6, vo4 vHHn2) tum3 in mlHk6 tum3 beads tum6 p@3 a toy balloon tum6 in nam6 tum6 sweat trum3 worth it (YG, = OG tlum3) tlum3 worth it (OG, = YG trum3) thum6 to flood num6 young bum3 dented bum6 to put fruit away to ripen pum1 a knot (= OG plum1, YG prum1) pum5 to roll into a ball prum1 round (YG, = OG plum1) prum1 a knot (YG, = OG plum1; pum1) plum1 round (OG, = YG prum1) plum1 a knot (OG, = YG prum1; pum1) plum6 to drop into water mum4 in mHH4 mum4 spider yum1 shade gum1 to pick up with all five fingers, or claws gum3 to constrict, pucker up gum6 to dye rum2 mortar rum2 in disorder rum3 the lap lum1 pit, hole (cf. khum1, khum4) lum4 wind sum2 muu2 a spear (= sam3 muu2; clf. maak6) sum3 twilight, dusk sum3 arch, archway (of gate) sum4 to assemble sum6 chicken cage; fish trap hum2 to warm up, reheat

47

Saek–English

hum3 to wrap up, cover hum6 to cover, as with a cloth

-uum ‰uum3 to hold or carry in the arms cuum1 knob cuum1 kh@@6 ankle bone cuum1 to be in bud (of a flower) thuum4 in Saa4 thuum4 swollen jaws; mumps

-uam kuam1 to cover, as with a big lid nuam4 stuffing, padding (as of a quilt) nuam5 overripe (of fruit) phuam4 to be doing (cf. kam1 la4) muam4 lips (= rim4 muam4) ruam5 to share in (something)

-em khem1 khat6 belt (< Lao; = t@@y3 ‰HHw1, tr@@y3 ‰HHw1, taay3 ‰HHw1, saay2 ‰HHw1) khem3 dark (of color) sii2 khem3 dark color

-eem ‰eem1 nearly healed (of a wound) keem3 cheek Seem4 edge, gunwale (of a boat) deem3 to taste teem6 to paint (a picture) threem5 that fellow, that person meem4 a game, one game (in sports)

48

Saek–English

-TTm ‰TTm1 in S@@4 ‰TTm1 goiter gTTm4 gTTm4 descriptive of dragging lTTm4 kind of large, shark-like fish hTTm6 almost ripe (of fruit) (= ‰uay6)

-om ‰om3 in gHn2 ‰om3 civet cat (clf. thua4) khom6 to press down chom4 phuu4 thiip5 name of a mythical continent thom1 to fill in (a hole) nom1 in Saw6 nom1 cake, dessert nom4 milk nom4 in na6 kh@@n4 pha6 nom4 Nakhon Phanom, city in Northeast Thailand (= la6 kh@@n4) phom4 Brahma divinity, Brahma ka6 bin1 la6 phom4 name of a Brahma divinity (= ka6 bin1 la‰6 phom4) ma6 haa1 phom4 great Brahma gom4 gooseberry (clf. maak6) som1 bat4 property som1 phaan4 glory (of a king) raa4 sii2 som1 phaan4 radiant glory (of a king) hom4 to steam; to smoke

-oom ‰oom1 to take up in both arms ‰oom3 sick, ill; to have a fever khoom4 to sit or lie on top of someone khoom4 eyebrow ridge khoom4 fay4 lantern coom1 to lift, raise in two hands moom4 in kha6 moom4 pubic mound goom2 to stand on a branch and bounce it up and down (= goom3) goom3 to stand on a branch and bounce it up and down (= goom2) room4 together loom4 to cover (e.g., a book)

49

Saek–English

-H m khHm4 salty lHm2 to sharpen to a point lHm3 classifier for books, knives, boats, oxcarts, various sharp objects -HHm kHHm1 to mix, mixed kHHm3 food eaten with liquor kHHw3 in kam1 kHHw3 jewels HHm3 to open (a door) a little thrHHm4 edge, side; beside nHHm4 to look, watch, see (= n@@m1) rHHm3 to trim a tree after it has been cut down; cut into pieces rHHm4 waning (of the moon) blian1 rHHm4 waning moon lHHm2 sharp-pointed sHHm1 heavily laden (of a boat) hHHm3 dry and crisp (of roasted meat)

-am ‰am1 to hold in the mouth ‰am1 to conceal ‰am6 to carry an infant against the side in cloth kam1 food regarded as harmful kam1 to hold in the closed hand kam1 punishment, misfortune kam1 unit of weight equal to a gram kam1 kHHw3 jewels gHn4 Sam4 kam1 kHHw3 silver and gold and jewels kam1 not4 limit, period (= kam1 not6) kam1 not6 limit, period (= kam1 not4) kam1 phaa3 orphan (< Lao; = Saek thraa6, ldk6 thraa6) kam1 la4 to be doing (cf. phuam4) kam1 la4 va4 saa4 troops kam1 in pha6 veet5 su4 kam1 name of the architect of the gods kam3 to bend over, bow kam6 pan6 steamboat

50

Saek–English

kham3 because (= kham5) kham3 in phoo4 kham3 name of Saek village in Laos kham4 gold (used in a personal name) kham5 because (= kham3) kham6 to borrow kham6 to prop up, support Sam4 gold gHn4 Sam4 kam1 kHHw3 silver and gold and jewels Sam4 bitter Sam4 sharp, sharp edge Sam5 evening, nightfall, night am1 to grow slowly because shaded by a big tree am3 (to lie) face down; to overturn, place upside down am4 to cover with a lid cam1 to sink (= c@m1) cam1 to stab deeply cam1 to force, compel cam1 pii1 kind of flowering tree (= cam6 pii1) cam1 paa1 kind of flowering tree (= cam6 paa1) cam1 in pra6 cam1 regular, usual cam3 to dip (food) in sauce cam3 to stick, plant (e.g., a stake in the ground) cam6 pii1 kind of flowering tree (= cam1 pii1) cam6 paa1 kind of flowering tree (= cam1 paa1) dam1 to smell dam1 in ddk4 dam1 ban1 olden times tam1 to stab, pierce; to pound; collide tam1 ‰aa1 the chest (= ta6 baa1) tam1 bon1 a commune (= Siamese tam1 bon1) tam3 to weave tam3 huuk6 to weave tam6 short, low tram1 to transplant young rice plants tham2 to visit tham3 cave tham4 the Buddhist Dharma tham4 ma‰6 baan1 personal name (= tham4 ma6 baan1) tham4 ma6 daa1 ordinary, usual tham4 ma6 baan1 personal name (= tham4 ma‰6 baan1) tham4 in gut6 ti4 tham4 just (= got6 ti4 tham4) tham4 in laat5 sa6 tham4 royal precepts thram2 to prepare (= thram3)

51

Saek–English

thram3 to prepare (= thram2) thram3 nearly, almost nam1 in ‰iim6 nam1 sam1 raan4 full, satiated nam4 to accompany, follow; to go in search of; with; from; along nam6 water nam6 khH1 ice nam6 cHn3 a spring (of water) nam6 tum6 sweat nam6 bun3 whirlpool (= nam6 pun3) nam6 pun3 whirlpool (= nam6 bun3) nam6 maak5 high water (< Lao) nam6 saa3 a well pram3 to fell a tree (YG, = OG plam3) pram3 to wrestle (YG, = OG plam3) plam3 to fell a tree (OG, = YG pram3) plam3 to wrestle (OG, = YG pram3) pham1 an edible green algae (= pham2) pham2 an edible green algae (= pham1) pham2 tetanus, any infection from a wound (= pham3) pham3 tetanus, any infection from a wound (= pham2) pham3 to chop fine phram2 hair of the head phlam1 bracelet (= phlam4) phlam4 bracelet (= phlam1) yam1 in khet4 yam1 magically efficacious yam6 also; to repeat gam3 to chew gam4 quick, fast, quickly ram1 black ram1 pit4 completely black ram2 testicle ram4 bran ram4 wet lam1 hump on back of an ox or buffalo lam1 to repeat, redo lam4 trunk of a tree lam4 vo4 circle dancing (= Siamese ram1 wo1) lam4 in m@@2 lam4 singer, singing lam5 hawk lam6 to fall, fall over lam6 tdd4 to fall flat lam6 phuap5 to fall down, fall flat (= lam6 phuak5) lam6 phuak5 to fall down, fall flat (= lam6 phuap5)

52

Saek–English

sam1 raan4 happy ‰iim6 nam1 sam1 raan4 full, satiated sam2 to have sexual intercourse (cf. guut5, suut5) sam3 sour sam3 muu2 a spear (= sum2 muu2; clf. maak6) sam3 haa2 white rice roasted and then pounded sam4 glad, happy sam5 ma‰6 almost, about to, will sam6 bruised sam6 size; kind, like ham2 to burn (intransitive) ham4 to roll (a cigarette), roll up, coil up ham6 to cover (with a blanket)

-aam kaam1 orange (the fruit) (clf. maak6) khaam4 indigo aam5 fork of a tree aam5 maak6 ka6 thun1 slingshot aam5 in mHk6 aam5 kind of ant daam3 handle of knife, sword, etc. (= taam1) taam1 handle of knife, sword, etc. (= daam3) taam1 to light (a light or lamp) taam1 to follow; to go in search of; along, according to ku2 taam1 no matter thaam1 to ask (= thaam2) Tone variation (thaam1) due to sentence intonation. thaam2 to ask (= thaam1) thraam4 to grumble, complain naam4 kind of box-shaped fishnet phaam4 to meet, encounter maam3 spleen (= maam6, paa3) maam6 spleen (= maam3, paa3) gaam4 season; watchman, a watch raam2 (two or more) carry laam4 to spread (of fire) laam5 to tie up (an animal) laam5 to drag on the ground (of a long garment) laam5 interpreter saam2 three

53

Saek–English

saam2 r@@y6 three hundred sip6 saam2 thirteen saam4 dish, bowl, basin haam3 to cross, go across haam4 jaw (= Saa4) kaa3 haam4 jaw; chin -@ m c@m1 to sink (= cam1) th@m5 in ka6 th@m5 small hut (< Siamese) p@m3 fort, police box (fast speech form, = p@@m3) -@@m ‰@@m1 to spend (money) cautiously, to be saving ‰@@m3 to go around, make a detour ‰@@m6 to stew, cook for a long time k@@m1 to bend into a curve c@@m1 peak, pinnacle t@@m1 to swarm t@@m3 to gather (rice, sand) into a heap n@@m1 to look, watch, see (= nHHm4) p@@m3 fort, police box (= fast speech form p@m3) p@@m3 to coil up (of a centipede) phr@@m2 thin (not fat) phr@@m6 together, altogether y@@m1 to be frugal (in eating), eat sparingly g@@m4 to yield, submit, consent, allow r@@m6 to boil l@@m3 in phay6 l@@m3 see phay6 l@@m3 l@@m5 morning, early morning h@@m1 fragrant phrak4 h@@m1 h@@2 the aromatic plant called yii3 raa2 in Siamese

-in ‰in1 tendon ‰in1 Indra

54

Saek–English

‰in1 thii4 eagle kin1 to eat kin1 tr@@1 to get married; to have a wedding feast kin1 each other din1 earth din1 cii6 brick tin3 short thin2 in th@@t5 ka6 thin2 Buddhist ceremony of giving robes to the monks bin1 in ka6 bin1 la6 phom4 name of a Brahma divinity (= ka6 bin1 la‰6 phom4) pin6 to spin, whirl, turn, revolve pin6 hairpin pin6 pua1 to treat (the ill), care for (= pua1) phin4 phaat5 music, orchestra min6 placed near the edge lin4 water pipe lin5 pangolin (YG, = OG lil5; also recorded as lil6, lin6, nim6; clf. thua4) lin6 pangolin (YG, = OG lil6; also recorded as lil5, lin5, nim6; clf. thua4) vin6 having a piece torn off the corner or edge (fast speech form of OG viil6) sin3 skirt sin4 in pii1 sin4 fifth year in the Saek twelve-year cycle sin4 naa4 mTTy4 name of abandoned Saek village in Vietnam sin6 all, all gone

-iin ‰iin3 to lose; to disappear; to spoil; to die ‰iin3 to pay ‰iin3 to pull up, cut grass khiin2 to be irritating or offensive to (the ear, the eye) khiin3 to knock aside with the hand, foot, or stick iin6 turmeric (YG, = OG iil6) tiin1 foot, base (of a tree) thiin4 wasp (YG, = OG thiil4; clf. thua4) biin3 grass mat piin1 to climb a tree priin3 to turn upside down or inside out (YG, = OG pliin3) pliin3 to turn upside down or inside out (OG, = YG priin3) giin6 to go without (food or water) riin2 stone (YG, = OG riil2) TTp5 riin2 blocks of stone on a mountain (YG, = OG TTp5 riil2)

55

Saek–English

riin6 a gnat (clf. thua4) liin6 tongue

-ian kian1 oxcart (clf. lHm3) khian2 to write, draw khian4 to wind (a cord) around khian4 cockcomb (YG, = OG khial4) cian5 language cian5 matter, thing tian3 in tu6 tian3 cricket (YG, = OG tu6 tial3; clf. thua4) thian4 candle nian6 a dish made by boiling certain fruit and vegetables and then pounding them and adding spices bian1 in tha‰6 bian1 registry (= tha6 bian1) bian1 in biat6 bian1 to crowd, oppress, annoy blian1 moon blian1 phe4 full moon blian1 rHHm4 waning moon blian1 month blian1 cia1 first month blian1 gii6 second lunar month blian3 to avoid (< Lao) pian6 to change, exchange plian1 Saa4 a flat of woven thatchgrass for roofing (YG, = OG plial1 Saa4) plian3 smooth, clean phian4 diligent, to persevere mian6 to gather up, put away rian4 to study lian1 eel (clf. thua4) lian1 coin, medal lian4 a row, column lian4 in thu6 lian4 durian (= thu‰6 lian4; clf. maak6) lian4 in thua5 lian4 peas vian4 very much vian4 to go around, make a circuit sian4 to reap, harvest hian2 torn, chipped (< Lao)

56

Saek–English

- dn khdn4 on, above, upper, north Sdn4 night ddn6 a pond or marsh in the forest with soft clay into which one sinks (YG, = OG ddl6) thdn4 capital, investment lup4 thdn4 to lose one’s investments thrdn1 in pii1 thrdn1 ninth year in the Saek twelve-year cycle bdn1 sky, weather bdn1 to fly (YG, = OG bdl1) bdn3 angry (cf. man3 thuu3, lTT1, yak6) phdn4 classifier for mats, cloth articles (fast speech form, = phddn4) mdn1 a rash on the body (< Lao, = mddn6) mdn4 the foot ‘goes to sleep’ rdn4 in pii1 rdn4 third year in the Saek twelve-year cycle vdn1 firewood (YG, = OG vdl1) vdn2 rain hdn3 to rise, ascend, go up, come up, up, grow hdn4 having the flavor of orange or lime rinds -ddn ‰ddn6 other trddn1 to swallow (YG, = OG tlddn1) tlddn1 to swallow (OG, = YG trddn1) thddn3 to snatch things away from someone bddn1 obstinate, stubborn phddn4 classifier for mats, cloth articles (= fast speech form phdn4) phddn6 floor, ground phddn6 story, level phddn6 matter mddn6 ten thousand mddn6 a rash on the body (= mdn1 < Lao) mlddn5 slippery (YG, = OG mlddl5) gddn4 long-lasting, enduring lddn5 to get ahead of another, surpass; more sddn4 tin (= sa1 ka6 sii1) sddn4 in sd6 sddn4 now

57

Saek–English

sddn5 cdd1 happy, cheerful (= sddn6 cdd1) sddn5 m@k4 sddn5 cdd1 happy, cheerful sddn6 cdd1 happy, cheerful (= sddn5 cdd1) -dan ‰dan1 not pretty dan5 leftover food thdan6 illegal bdan1 to turn (the face) away pdan3 dirty, soiled (< Lao; = Saek siim4) phdan4 to shake, quake, quiver gdan3 in ‰ot4 gdan3 to endure

-un ‰un3 yonder, there ‰un3 in pii1 ‰un3 the year after pii1 rdd1, three years after the current year kun1 in pii1 kun1 Year of the Pig, twelfth year in the twelve-year cycle khun2 to carry, transport khun2 turbid khun4 merit, favor, good deeds mii4 khun4 mii4 noo4 do a favor for khun6 tame; familiar thun1 in aam5 maak6 ka6 thun1 slingshot nun6 kapok (< Lao; = Saek iw3, iiw3) bun1 merit; merit-making ceremony bun1 pha‰6 veet6 name of a merit-making ceremony bun3 in nam6 bun3 whirlpool (= nam6 pun3) pun1 body hair (YG, = OG pul1) pun3 to rob pun3 in nam6 pun3 whirlpool (= nam6 bun3) phun3 yonder, over there (< Lao) phun5 dust (< Lao; = Saek OG mul4, YG mun4) phun6 areca nut mun2 to spin (a wheel), whirl, turn (fast speech form, = muun2) mun4 dust; crushed or smashed to small pieces (YG, = OG mul4; = phun5 < Lao) mun5 mud mun6 to force one’s way into or through (YG, = OG mul6)

58

Saek–English

hun4 person, human being pa‰6 hun4 people (= pa6 hun4) hun4 to come, return hun6 figure, image

-uun ‰uun6 soft; young; light (of color) khuun2 clever, intelligent khuun4 a blessing cuun6 phuun6 a big heap or pile tuun1 to pull up or out; to take off, remove thuun4 to say to (royalty) thuun4 in phay4 thuun4 kind of gem thuun4 in phi‰6 thuun4 kind of gem (= phi6 thuun4) thruun4 like that (= thruu4 ‰an6, thruu4 nan6, thruu4 rHn6) nuun3 a bump on the skin nuun4 to lie down, sleep buun1 heaped up (in a container) puun1 to repay (a debt) puun6 to feed (an infant or invalid) phuun6 in cuun6 phuun6 a big heap or pile muun2 to spin (a wheel), whirl, turn (= fast speech form mun2) muun2 to support (as a pillow under the head) muun4 legacy muun6 lime eaten with betel or used for plaster, etc. (YG, = OG muul6) ruun6 hot (YG, = OG ruul6) luun2 skinned (= luun3) luun3 skinned (= luun2) suun4 to touch lightly huun4 huun4 gleaming (red)

-uan kuan1 in ku‰4 kuan1 to disturb kuan3 to coil up (a rope) (YG, = YG khuan3, OG khwaan3) khuan3 to coil up (a rope) (YG, = OG khwaan3; YG kuan3) khuan4 elephant rider (YG, = OG khwaan4) khuan4 fitting, suitable tuan1 top for spinning (YG, = OG tual1; clf. maak6) truan1 worm (YG, = OG trual1; clf. thua4)

59

Saek–English

thuan6 forest (YG, = OG thual6) nuan4 seed of jackfruit or durian (< Lao) phuan4 restless muan5 fun, amusing muan6 to roll up, coil up yuan5 to hand to someone (YG, = OG yual5) guan6 gnat, gadfly (YG, = OG gual6; clf. thua4) ruan5 leprosy (of humans; = ka6 thuut5) ruan6 leprosy (of dogs, although some also use it for people) luan4 to crawl luan4 yesterday suan2 garden suan3 spade, shovel (YG, = OG swaan3; clf. maak6) suan4 to invite suan6 part; while; as for (YG, = OG sual6)

-en khen1 to oppress pen1 to be yuu6 yen1 pen1 suk4 to live happily (< Lao) men3 porcupine (clf. thua4) yen1 in yuu6 yen1 pen1 suk4 to live happily (< Lao) sen5 time, period

-een ‰een3 to pull in one’s back when struck ‰een6 swallow (the bird) (= ‰HHn6) keen1 arm keen1 to conscript keen6 hard, solid, firm (YG, = OG keel6) kheen4 to present (to monks) kheen6 splinter (YG, = OG kheel6) kheen6 to stick in the throat een4 curving (of the buttocks) deen4 a spirit shrine theen5 in vaa2 theen5 broom (YG, = OG vaay2 theel5) neen3 crowded; stuffed peen3 a board

60

Saek–English

peen6 sheet (of paper) peen6 bal1 the world (OG, = YG peen6 ban1) pheen4 noon meal of monks meen4 in su4 meen4 Mt. Meru (= su6 meen4) reen1 in ‰ek4 ka‰6 reen1 ‰eek4 sound of rooster crowing (YG, = YG ‰ee5 ka‰6 reen1 ‰ee5, OG ‰ek4 ka‰6 reel1 ‰eek4, OG ‰ee5 ka‰6 reel1 ‰ee5) 1 leen great-grandchild (< Siamese; = Saek leen2) leen2 great-grandchild (= leen1 < Siamese) leen5 in khook5 leen5 tha6 anvil veen2 to hang up veen4 misfortune (YG, = OG veel4) veen4 in b@@1 li6 veen4 area heen3 pillow (YG, = OG heel3) heen3 thTT3 triangular pillow

-TTn ‰TTn1 in ‰H3 ta6 ‰TTn1 kind of potato kTTn1 to exceed; too khTTn2 too short (of a skirt) khTTn3 overjoyed, very glad thTTn6 imperative final particle vTTn6 to swoop back and forth (of vultures, etc.) sTTn4 to invite sTTn6 to play; to court, woo hTTn1 to fly through the air

-on ‰on1 disorderly khon3 to search con1 until, so much that ton3 tree (used in certain expressions) thon4 to endure bon1 in ‰u‰4 bon1 Ubon, city in Northeast Thailand bon1 in tam1 bon1 a commune pon1 mixed

61

Saek–English

mon4 thaa4 name of so1 kaan1 day when it falls on Wednesday mon4 thaa4 thee4 vii4 Lady mon4 thaa4 mon4 in ni‰6 mon4 to invite (monks) mon4 in m@@2 mon4 magician gon4 machine, engine lon3 to overflow von4 to go in a circle hon4 to hurry

-oon khoon3 poor oon5 a big lump coon1 bandit toon1 to leap into water toon3 a stone or other object used as a weight troon1 buttocks (YG, = OG tloon1) tloon1 buttocks (OG, = YG troon1) thoon1 in ka6 thoon1 spittoon (= ia5, kh@@k5 ia5) thoon4 kind of drum moon4 base of a plant (YG, = OG mool4) goon4 to toss, throw goon6 in pa6 goon6 small bits of rubbish (YG, = OG pa6 gool6) yoon6 trellis, as for cucumbers (YG, = OG yool6) soon3 soon3 big (of a heap) hoon1 to swing -H n ‰Hn3 term used in expressions for certain years, days pii1 ‰Hn3 the year after pii1 ‰un3, four years from the current year cHn1 in ‰at4 sa6 cHn1 amazing cHn1 in via4 cHn1 Vientiane, capital of Laos cHn1 in van4 cHn1 Monday cHn3 in nam6 cHn3 a spring (of water) tHn1 plugged up tHn3 to put on, wear trHn1 in ua4 trHn1 python (YG, = OG ua4 tlHn1; YG ua4 tr@@1, OG ua4 tl@@1; clf. thua4)

62

Saek–English

trHn6 in ca6 trHn6 skink (YG, = OG ca6 tlHn6; YG ca‰6 trHn6, OG ca‰6 tlHn6; clf. thua4) 1 tlHn in ua4 tlHn1 python (OG, = YG ua4 trHn1; YG ua4 tr@@1, OG ua4 tl@@1; clf. thua4) 6 tlHn in ca6 tlHn6 skink (OG, = YG ca6 trHn6; YG ca‰6 trHn6, OG ca‰6 tlHn6; clf. thua4) thHn4 to be in time, to catch up with thHn4 language in various expressions thHn4 laaw4 Lao language thHn4 r@@6 knowledge thHn4 in ka6 thHn4 Chinese date (clf. maak6) thHn6 to snore (YG, = OG thHl6) nHn4 noisy n@@4 nan4 noisy blHn3 to protrude, as a body part or something in the pocket (YG, = OG blHl3) mlHn3 body louse (YG, = OG mlHl3; clf. thua4) yHn1 to push with the feet (YG, = OG yHl1) gHn2 civet cat (YG, = OG gHl2; clf. thua4) gHn2 fly (YG, = OG gHl2) gHn3 to press down gHn4 silver gHn4 Sam4 kam1 kHHw3 silver and gold and jewels gHn4 money gHn4 haa4 kind of ancient money gHn4 day, daytime; the sun rHn2 to see (YG, = OG rHl2) rHn6 that (YG, = OG rHl6) thruu4 rHn6 like that (= thruu4 ‰an6, thruu4 nan6, thruun4) lHn1 to roll sHn2 back of a knife sHn2 gaa4 to promise; a contract sHn3 classifier for long, thin objects (YG, = OG sHl3) sHn4 steep sHn6 level, story; layer -HHn ‰HHn1 to bend backwards ‰HHn6 swallow (the bird) (= ‰een6)

63

Saek–English

kHHn1 hard core kwHHn6 familiar, well acquainted khHHn4 a Lao musical instrument made from reeds HHn3 to crave dHHn1 boundary; territory thHHn4 to substitute for nHHn1 at, in, there (= nHHn2) Tone variation (nHHn1) due to sentence intonation. nHHn2 at, in, there (= nHHn1) nHHn4 in sa6 nHHn4 bamboo frame on which people sit in a boat bHHn1 pressed flat bHHn1 in laa4 bHHn1 skin disease mHHn5 it is mHHn5 if lHHn4 kind of big striped lizard (clf. thua4) vHHn2 a ring vo4 vHHn2 earring (= Saek taa3, taa6; = tum3 huu1 < Siamese) vHHn4 to get more than others vHHn5 mirror vHHn6 kind of vegetable vHHn6 left (hand) (YG, = OG vHHl6) sHHn2 hundred thousand hHHn3 to gnaw

-an ‰an1 classifier for things (YG, = OG ‰al1) ‰an3 plugged up ‰an3 to stammer ‰an3 tuu3 baffled ‰an6 there (= man6) ‰an6 that (= nan6, man6) thruu4 ‰an6 like that (= thruu4 nan6, thruu4 rHn6, thruun4) kan1 to prevent, protect from kan1 in cHH1 kan1 vase kan1 kind of fruit (clf. maak5) kan3 to hold (the breath) kan3 to partition off (a room) (< Lao) kan6 haft of a knife kan6 to make an incision or mark around (e.g., a stick)

64

Saek–English

kan6 that (allomorph of nan6 following [k]) ldk6 kan6 that child kwan1 in kh@@k5 kwan1 rice cooked in a bamboo tube khan1 in khHH6 khan1 to compete khan2 a footed stand khan2 in mHH6 khan2 handkerchief khan4 umbrella (= khan4 guu4 < Lao) khan4 kot4 cloth umbrella khan4 a dam khan4 if (= thaa3) khan4 Sa3 if khan4 classifier for spoons, pencils, saws (YG, = OG khal4) khan4 thday4 an effeminate man khan4 tha6 thu6 lii1 name of a cave khan6 to squeeze juice out (YG, = OG khal6) San4 in Sum4 San4 to itch (YG, = OG Sum4 Sal4) an4 music, entertainment an4 late ripening (of rice, beans) an5 ray1 stairs, ladder (= ray1) tan6 that (allomorph for nan6 following [t]) phaa1 saat2 tan6 that mansion nan6 that, there (= ‰an6, kan6, tan6, man6, yan6) thruu4 nan6 like that (= thruu4 ‰an6, thruu4 rHn6, thruun4) nan6 in n@@4 nan6 noisy ban1 dirt, earth, ground (YG, = OG bal1) ban1 bu6 mud (YG, = OG bal1 blu6) peen6 ban1 the world (YG, = OG peen6 bal1) ban1 thHt6 ruler ban1 in ddk4 dam1 ban1 olden times ban3 to cut into sections (= ban6) ban3 haa2 riddle ban6 to cut into sections (= ban3) pan1 to divide, share pan1 to spin cotton (YG, = OG pal1; = pan6) pan1 gaa4 wits, intelligence pan3 to twist, wring; to form (rice) into a ball (YG, = OG val3) pan6 to spin cotton (= YG pan1, OG pal1) pan6 in kam6 pan6 steamboat phan4 to be, become; to have a disease (YG, = OG phal4) phan4 thousand phan4 saa2 Buddhist Lent phan4 in kum1 phan4 name of a giant

65

Saek–English

man1 sterile man2 to want, would like to (= man3) man3 to want, would like to (= man2) man3 to get engaged man3 porcupine (clf. thua4) man3 gddn4 to have long life man3 thuu3 angry (cf. lTT1, bdn3, yak6) man4 oil man4 it, he, she, they man4 potato, tuber man6 there (allomorph for nan6 following [m]) man6 that (allomorph for nan6 following [m]) yan6 that (allomorph for nan6 following [y]) khoo6 hay4 yan6 that banyan tree van1 to slash, cut (YG, = OG val1) van2 seed; kind van4 day (< Lao) van4 ‰aa1 thit6 Sunday (= van4 ‰a6 thit6, van4 thit6) van4 ‰a1 khaan4 Tuesday van4 cHn1 Monday van4 phut6 Wednesday van4 pha‰6 hat4 Thursday van4 suk4 Friday van4 saw1 Saturday van4 to dream san4 steep (< Lao) han1 to spin (a top) han2 to crow (YG, = OG hal2) han3 there han6 to slice

-aan ‰aan1 saddle ‰aan1 to read (= ‰aan2) ‰aan2 to read (= ‰aan1) kaan1 act, action, work kaan1 in so1 kaan1 New Year’s kaan3 stem of leaf, flower, fruit kaan6 to mark; striped khaan1 in pii1 khaan1 Year of the Tiger, third year in the twelve-year cycle

66

Saek–English

khaan2 to fasten (a button) (YG, = OG khaal2) khaan4 in van4 ‰a1 khaan4 Tuesday khwaan3 to wind (a rope) into a coil (OG, = YG khuan3, kuan3) khwaan4 elephant rider (OG, = YG khuan4) Saan4 carrying pole aan2 to answer, reply aan3 the medicinal plant called waan3 in Siamese (YG, = OG aal3) aan4 stubborn, naughty aan4 work caan1 dish caan1 man who has been a monk caan1 in ‰aa1 caan1 teacher, scholar caan1 in pee1 caan1 name of a city in a story caan3 the Pandanus tree (YG, = OG caal3; = tTTy1) caan6 phaan6 to be scattered about daan6 border; frontier post taan1 sugar palm khoo6 taan1 sugar palm tree thaan1 toilet thaan4 alms thaan4 in ni‰4 thaan4 story (=ni‰6 thaan4) thaan6 charcoal naan1 a bed in a garden naan1 in sa6 nuk4 sa6 naan1 happily baan1 to bloom (of a flower) baan1 in tham4 ma‰6 baan1 personal name (= tham4 ma6 baan1) baan3 village, home baan4 to consult baan6 nicked, chipped (YG, = OG baal6) paan1 time, amount paan1 like, similar paan1 birthmark paan3 to dam up water (YG, = OG paal3) phaan4 bad, wicked phaan4 hunter phaan4 in som1 phaan4 glory (of a king) phaan4 in him1 ma6 phaan4 name of a mythical forest phaan6 I phaan6 to pass phaan6 in caan6 phaan6 to be scattered about maan3 certain maan4 pregnant maan4 Mara; illusion

67

Saek–English

maan4 in ku6 maan4 boy (= ku‰4 maan4) maan4 in pa6 maan4 about, approximately maan6 to borrow; ask for help yaan4 slack (YG, = OG yaal4) gaan5 area, district raan4 house (clf. la2) raan4 in ‰iim6 nam1 sam1 raan4 full, satiated raan5 that way (< raa5 ‰an6) laan2 grandchild; nephew, niece laan3 store, shop laan3 million laan3 bald laan4 threshing ground laan4 to skin (the penis) laan4 kind of tree called ben1 ca2 phan1 in Siamese (YG, = OG laal4) vaan1 to cry out vaan2 sweet (YG, = OG vaal2) vaan2 axe (clf. maak6) vaan4 kind of deer (YG, = OG vaal4; clf. thua4) vaan6 to throw, cast, sow (YG, = OG vaal6) saan1 official building saan2 to weave baskets, nets swaan3 spade, shovel (OG, = YG suan3; clf. maak6) haan1 kind of stinging caterpillar (YG, = OG haal1; YG haan2, OG haal2; clf. thua4) haan2 kind of stinging caterpillar (YG, = OG haal2; YG haan1, OG haal1; clf. thua4) haan2 in tha6 haan2 soldier haan3 platform in a tree haan6 goose (clf. thua4) -@ n ‰@n1 thorn k@n3 to tie k@n6 stump, stubble (YG, = OG k@l6) S@n4 smoke c@n1 poor c@n1 ph@@n4 mongoose (fast speech form, = c@@n1 ph@@n4; clf. thua4) ph@n6 across, away m@n4 round

68

Saek–English

l@n5 in nay4 l@n5 nylon l@n6 to fall (of a leaf, etc.) s@n3 heel; butt, end h@n2 whorl in the hair h@n2 spirit h@n2 idiomatic term meaning something like ‘ever’ or ‘indeed’ raw2 h@n2 hit6 Indeed, they’re going to do it (for us). -@@n k@@n6 before, first kh@@n4 to carry on one end of a pole over the shoulder (YG, = OG kh@@l4) kh@@n4 in na6 kh@@n4 city kh@@n4 in la6 kh@@n4 Nakhon Phanom, city in Northeast Thailand (= na6 kh@@n4 pha6 nom1) kh@@n5 to slip loose, fall off, fall out (YG, = OG kh@@l5) S@@n6 hammer, club (YG, = OG S@@l6) @@n2 delicious, to enjoy one’s food @@n5 back of the head c@@n1 tender, crisp, brittle c@@n1 sideburns c@@n1 ph@@n4 mongoose (= fast speech form c@n1 ph@@n4; clf. thua4) c@@n3 to tuck up (a skirt) d@@n1 island d@@n1 su‰6 m@@4 see d@1 sa6 m@@4 d@@n1 in ‰u‰4 d@@n1 Udorn, city in Northeast Thailand (= ‰u4 d@@n1) d@@n1 in laat5 sa6 d@@n1 people t@@n1 to castrate; part, section t@@n3 to receive, welcome t@@n6 to scrape off (fish scales) (YG, = OG t@@l6; cf. tlHk4, trHk4) th@@n3 to put away (neatly); to save (money) th@@n4 to make change (money) th@@n4 in ma6 hoo1 th@@n4 name of so1 kaan1 day when it falls on Saturday th@@n5 a piece, a length th@@n5 a lump th@@n5 a classifier th@@n6 kind of tree n@@n1 worm (< Siamese, Lao; = Saek OG n@@l2, YG n@@n2; clf. thua4) n@@n2 worm (YG, = OG n@@l2; = n@@n1 < Siamese, Lao; clf. thua4) b@@n1 yam

69

Saek–English

b@@n3 to jump out of water (of fish) b@@n6 place pr@@n1 to put inside (YG, = OG pl@@n1; YG pr@@n6, OG pl@@n6) pr@@n6 to put inside (YG, = OG pl@@n6; YG pr@@n1, OG pl@@n1) pl@@n1 to put inside (OG, = YG pr@@n1; YG pr@@n6, OG pl@@n6) pl@@n6 to put inside (OG, = YG pr@@n6; YG pr@@n1, OG pl@@n1) ph@@n4 day before yesterday ph@@n4 blessing ph@@n4 in c@@n1 ph@@n4 mongoose (= fast speech form c@n1 ph@@n4; clf. thua4) ph@@n6 to pay in installments ml@@n4 to open (the eyes) ml@@n5 to turn freely (as a wheel) y@@n3 to dance y@@n3 y@@3 to squat (= y@@n3 y@@6) y@@n5 to hide (YG, = OG y@@l5) g@@n4 kind of fish g@@n4 to dig out (the ear) (YG, = OG g@@l4) r@@n4 to trim r@@n6 to slice l@@n2 (to eat) all l@@n2 to lose the skin l@@n4 waves, as in the hair v@@n3 to turn (something) over v@@n4 in vay6 v@@n4 to ask, pray s@@n2 to teach (YG, = OG s@@l2) 3 3 s@@n kind of fish trap (YG, = OG s@@l ) 3 s@@n to scoop up (fish) (YG, = OG s@@l3) s@@n3 to spend money wastefully, to waste h@@n1 to howl (of a dog) h@@n1 cockscomb

-i ‰i1 to lean back, lean something against the wall, etc. (< Siamese, Lao; = Saek bi1) 6 ki twig; one chopstick (fast speech form, = kii6) khi3 wheel (clf. maak6) ci1 true di1 in ka6 di1 kind of wind di1 in ka6 di1 name of a river di6 in ldk6 di6 plumb line with weight on the end

70

Saek–English

ti6 in say3 ti6 appendix bi1 to lean back, lean something against the wall, etc. (= ‰i1 < Siamese, Lao) bi3 kind of bat (clf. thua4) pri1 leech (YG, = OG pli1; clf. thua4) pli1 leech (OG, = YG pri1; clf. thua4) phri4 in aw2 phri4 phri4 to smell very bad (YG, = OG phli4) phli4 in aw2 phli4 phli4 to smell very bad (OG, = YG phri4) mi5 spirit, soul gi4 to shoot (fast speech form, = gii4) ri6 to pour li1 to look si4 scales, balance

-ii kii6 twig; one chopstick (= fast speech form ki6) cii1 to lead by the hand pii4 sound of fruit falling gii4 to shoot (= fast speech form gi4) rii1 red lii4 monkey (clf. thua4) sii2 to struggle over, vie for hii2 ginger hii4 oneself, we

-ia ‰ia1 not straight, tilted ‰ia3 mynah bird (= ‰ia6) ‰ia6 mynah bird (= ‰ia3) kia1 in ta6 kia1 lamp kia3 kind of orange (clf. maak6) khia4 tripod ia5 finger, toe ia5 spittoon (= kh@@k5 ia5, ka6 thoon1) cia1 in blian1 cia1 first month tia1 bed tria1 a hard spot in fruit tria3 smooth (YG, = OG tlia3) tlia3 smooth (OG, = YG tria3) thia2 to argue

71

Saek–English

thia4 a hut in the fields thia5 noon (= thee5) thia5 honest (= thee5) thia5 straight (= thee5) thria2 hard, stiff bia6 diagonal (= via6) pia6 a round ball (of sugar) pria1 cucumber, melon, gourd (clf. maak6) pria1 pr@@6 cucumber (YG, = OG pria1 pl@@6) phia4 city; country, kingdom phia4 level, even phia6 jackfruit when still small (clf. maak6) phia6 in phia‰4 phia6 sound of an elephant trumpeting mia4 mia4 shiny mia5 mango (clf. maak6) mia6 a substance that is chewed, consisting of betel, tamarind, pepper, figs, and fish paste ria4 to line up in a row lia6 to raise, feed, tend, keep; to feast via1 rice straw via1 starfruit (clf. maak6) via3 side, direction via3 bank of a river via3 classifier for one of a pair via3 in Saw6 via3 millet (clf. maak6) via4 cHn1 Vientiane, capital of Laos via6 diagonal (= bia6) sia2 sound, noise, voice sia2 diligent, industrious sia5 to take a chance, take a risk; make a wish (= sia6) sia5 to shine (a light) sia5 to show off (something) sia6 to take a chance, take a risk; make a wish (= sia5) hia3 to reheat dried meat or fish - d ‰d3 hard of hearing kd3 praa1 to stare fixedly khd1 to stretch taut, pull taut khd4 to hold up, support td1 taut

72

Saek–English

thd4 all, both, together with thd4 even though thrd5 traa1 middle, in the middle (YG, = OG thrd5 tlaa1) thrd5 tlaa1 middle, in the middle (OG, = YG thrd5 traa1) thrd6 in coo3 thrd6 walking stick nd3 to steam nd4 in la6 nd4 la6 naat5 in disorder nd5 one nd6 a little, only a little bd1 marsh bd3 a small, edible, spider-like animal that lives in the ground (clf. thua4) pd1 kind of very large leech (clf. thua4) phd6 to unroll (cloth) (fast speech form, = phdd6) md4 you rd4 in rHt6 rd4 to tie tightly vd1 sesame sd4 kind of small bee (clf. thua4) hd1 haaw3 vigorous -dd ‰dd6 bullfrog (clf. thua4) kdd6 to pry up khdd6 in cdd6 khdd6 gleaming red and yellow cdd6 khdd6 gleaming red and yellow tdd4 in lam6 tdd4 to fall flat pdd6 a big hole (e.g., large nostrils) phdd6 to unroll (cloth) (= fast speech form phd6) -da ‰da1 to plant, germinate (seeds) ‰da3 kind of orchid khda4 swollen (of the eye) thda4 kind of tree thrda3 to rejoice in or admire another’s good fortune thrda5 things, possessions; food; clothing; utensil bda3 in ka6 bda3 tile pda1 to waste

73

Saek–English

mda1 a ditch lda4 bamboo basket with handles called ka2 bu1 in Siamese lda6 story sda2 to love hda4 in hu6 hda4 to prosper

-u ku1 theep5 Bangkok, capital of Thailand ku2 then, so (= ku3) ku2 taam1 no matter lHHw6 ku2 and then ku3 then, so (= ku2) ku6 shrimp (clf. thua4) ku6 khuu4 dung beetle (clf. thua4) khu4 thrust in all the way, pushed to the limit du3 in sa6 du3 kind of square fishnet tu6 to throw, throw away tu6 tian3 cricket (YG, = OG tu6 tial3; clf. thua4) tu6 tial3 cricket (OG, = YG tu6 tian3; clf. thua4) tu6 thua4 the body (= tuu6 thua4, tua6 thua4, thua6 thua4; cf. too1) tu6 thaa4 what, something, everything thu1 thaw3 socks thu3 ra2 a sieve thu3 vii6 winnowing basket thu4 flag thu4 sa‰4 name of so1 kaan1 day when it falls on Sunday thu4 sa‰4 thee4 vii4 Lady thu4 sa‰4, name of so1 kaan1 day when it falls on Sunday thu6 stomach, belly (= phu4) thru3 gun thru6 thraaw2 spider bu3 baa3 butterfly bu6 in ban1 bu6 mud (YG, = OG bal1 blu6) blu6 in bal1 blu6 mud (OG, = YG ban1 bu6) phu4 belly (= thu6) mu3 mosquito net yu3 granary gu4 mosquito (clf. thua4) gu6 confused gu6 gaaw2 confused, disheveled, entangled

74

Saek–English

gu6 gaaw4 mosquito larva (clf. thua4) ru1 to temble, shiver ru2 to cook (rice); to boil; to distil ru2 in disorder ru2 the lap (= ru3) ru3 the lap (= ru2) lu2 kind of mousetrap lu4 uncle, older brother of either parent lu5 banana (clf. maak6) n@k6 lu5 a bunch of bananas lu5 ‰ii6 t@‰4 kind of banana lu5 aaw6 kind of banana lu5 tha6 nii4 kind of banana lu5 tha6 nii4 ‰@@1 kind of banana hu2 papaya (clf. maak6) hu3 kind of giant in stories hu6 hda4 to prosper

-ua kua6 calf of the leg khua2 not good, bad (of a person) ua4 elephant’s trunk, spout of a teapot cua1 kind of tree dua3 coconut grub (clf. thua4) tua1 to guess, assume, presume; to estimate (weight, length) thua4 to ask for repayment nua6 younger sibling bua6 spoon bua6 loop in a snare bua6 water-hyacinth pua6 mentally deficient phua4 cluster (of fruit) yua3 to roast or smoke over fire yua6 a step, to pace; to step rua2 tail rua4 ear or head of rice rua4 beehive lua1 kind of potato (YG, = OG lwaa1) lua2 royal; the government lua3 kind of mousetrap lua4 copper, brass, bronze

75

Saek–English

lua5 space underneath an elevated house lua5 (year) before last vua4 deer (clf. thua4) sua4 loom sua5 to race sua6 to recover from illness or drunkenness hua3 worried (YG, = OG hwaa3) hua6 a loop (of a rope)

-e ke1 in lot6 ke1 sedan automobile ke6 skilled, clever (fast speech form, = kee6) khe1 kind of fish ne5 to pull (a rope) taut (= nH5) be6 to strain, as in defecating or in childbirth (= bH6) phe4 full (moon) blian1 phe4 full moon le5 to hurry se1 in pii1 ma6 se1 Year of the Snake, sixth year in the twelve-year cycle he4 cancer (= ma6 he4)

-ee ‰ee1 self, oneself kee1 curry kee6 skilled, clever (= fast speech form ke6) See5 foot, leg tree1 to make (the hair) into a knot (YG, = OG tlee1) tlee1 to make (the hair) into a knot (OG, = YG tree1) thee5 noon (= thia5) thee5 Sdn4 midnight thee5 gHn4 noon thee5 honest (= thia5) thee5 straight (= thia5) bee6 to divide, share pee1 caan1 name of a city in a story ree1 to moan ree4 strength, strong ree6 bamboo bell on buffalo’s neck lee4 equal; degree, quantity

76

Saek–English

vee3 small brinjals (clf. maak6) see2 cold

-T khT4 kind of fish khT5 half tT3 term used to call a small child, similar to ‰ay3 nuu5 in Siamese gT4 to lift up

-TT ‰TT1 in ca‰6 ‰TT1 big cup or glass; old-fashioned Chinese earthen bowl khTT6 to try TT4 to raise oneself from a sitting position cTT1 to protrude (of teeth) trTT1 name of abandoned Saek village in Vietnam trTT3 egg; to lay an egg (YG, = OG tlTT3) tlTT3 egg; to lay an egg (OG, = YG trTT3) thTT3 to sit leaning against a triangular pillow heen3 thTT3 triangular pillow thrTT6 ceiling pTT1 to raise, lift sTT4 to mate (of animals)

-o ‰o1 classifier for royal persons ‰o1 muu5 name of a spirit ‰o1 term used before Vietnamese titles ‰o6 arrogant ko1 wheel ko1 balustrade kho1 arched gateway as at a monastery kho4 invulnerable co1 dorsal fin co6 to save (food) for someone

77

Saek–English

do1 su6 m@@4 see d@1 sa6 m@@4 do1 sa6 m@@4 see d@1 sa6 m@@4 bo1 kind of plant formerly used in mortar between bricks pho3 to splash (of water); to swirl up (of dust) vo4 vHHn2 earring (= Saek taa3, taa6; = tum3 huu1 < Siamese) vo4 in caw3 khoot5 vo4 taa1 the elder who is an arranger at a wedding vo4 in lam4 vo4 circle dancing so1 kaan1 New Year’s See Appendix II for the names of the days. so1 say1 to doubt, wonder so4 (in combination with a verb) worthy of, likely to so4 siim4 ugly so4 sa4 hateful, detestable so6 sa6 kaan1 to have a funeral (< Lao)

-oo ‰oo1 in pha‰6 ‰oo1 simple ladder made of a bamboo pole ‰oo4 paternal grandfather koo1 effort khoo3 curved, bent khoo3 a coil khoo3 to bow respectfully coo3 thrd6 walking stick too1 to touch too6 kind of fishnet too6 in via6 too6 diagonal, as of a stole over the shoulder tloo1 to coil up (a rope) poo1 in ka6 poo1 skirt proo5 to slip off, slip down (of a lower garment) phoo4 blistered (= ph@@4) phoo6 hollow, a hole (in a tree, in bamboo) moo1 to wipe oneself after defecating moo3 knitted cap worn in cold weather moo4 time, hour moo6 ‰HHk1 the moon (in talking to children) yoo1 very tall (of a person) yoo1 in may6 yoo1 yeek6 teeter-totter roo3 in sa6 roo3 sarong (= sa6 loo2) roo4 building, hall roo6 wide, broad loo2 in sa6 loo2 sarong (= sa6 roo3)

78

Saek–English

loo4 coffin ka6 loo4 wooden box that is nailed shut loo4 in pii1 ma6 loo4 Year of the Dragon, fifth year in the twelve-year cycle soo3 pants, trousers soo5 pillar hoo2 the sides (of the body), ribs -H  ‰H3 potato, tuber ‰H3 ta6 ‰TTn1 kind of potato khH1 in nam6 khH1 ice khH5 taut khH5 haa2 armpit (= khHH5 haa2) H5 section of garlic H5 chevrons on a uniform nH2 to weigh down with something heavy nH5 to pull (a rope) taut (= ne5) bH4 howdah (= yHH6 < Lao) bH6 to strain, as in defecating or in childbirth (= be6) gH3 in kha6 gH3 afterbirth lH6 in ka6 lH6 small metal bell (clf. maak6) vH6 having a piece out (of the mouth) (fast speech form, = vHH6) sH6 metal clappers (fast speech form, = sHH6) -HH ‰HH1 older brother ‰HH5 fellow, person (used only with males) ‰HH6 small jug for water kHH6 to throw (= kwHH6) kwHH6 to throw (= kHH6) khHH4 in ta6 khHH4 (to lie) on the side khHH6 a lath, a small, thin board khHH6 to compete (< Lao) HH4 in sa6 HH4 kind of fish HH4 in sa6 HH4 kind of vegetable dHH3 in ka6 dHH3 sterile tHH6 to prepare; to dress; to marry

79

Saek–English

tHH6 in ta3 tHH6 to appoint trHH4 sharp (of a knife) trHH5 to avoid, get out of the way (YG, = OG tlHH5) tlHH5 to avoid, get out of the way (OG, = YG trHH5) thHH2 in m@@3 thHH2 frying pan thHH4 top of the head thHH4 to love thHH4 to guard jealously; hate to lose thHH5 a bar, e.g., of silver or gold nHH1 tooth, teeth siik6 nHH1 to bare the teeth pHH3 starch, flour pHH3 rice boiled in cakes with banana (= Siamese khaaw3 tom3) prHH1 a brush prHH1 in tHH6 prHH1 to marry phHH4 expensive mHH2 in m@t4 mHH2 clean mHH4 insect mHH4 k@@k6 kind of beetle that digs around the roots of the wild olive tree mHH4 @@t6 scorpion (= mHH4 aw4) mHH4 yay1 insect that makes mud nests in walls mHH6 a bite (of food); a small scrap (of cloth) yHH4 eaves yHH6 howdah (< Lao; = Saek bH4) gHH4 to look at (a mirror) gHH6 in Saw6 maa2 gHH6 kind of wild rice with very short grains rHH6 vulture (clf. thua4) lHH3 in kh@@k5 lHH3 quiver for arrows lHH3 in ldk6 lHH3 worker, employee (< Lao; = Saek ldk6 caa3) lHH4 evening meal lHH5 pen for buffaloes beneath the house lHH6 dry (of weather) vHH6 having a part out (of the mouth) (= fast speech form vH6) sHH2 light sHH4 a cluster (of coconuts, areca nuts, etc.) sHH6 metal clappers (= fast speech form sH6; = Siamese chi2) hHH1 cracked hHH3 dry, dried up hHH6 of, belonging to

80

Saek–English

-a ‰a1 in van4 ‰a1 khaan4 Tuesday ‰a6 worried, troubled, distressed ka3 to put up (an umbrella) kha4 storehouse; treasury ca1 curled up (of leaves); tangled (of rope) ca1 a disease with a high fever and with the hands and feet curled up ca1 vat4 province ca3 to stop da1 nose da1 loud da1 in, inside, into, at, during (fast speech form, = daa1) da6 lye (water) ta1 to partition off (a room) ta1 birdlime made from trees such as jackfruit and the banyan ta1 gHn4 the sun (fast speech form, = taa1 gHn4) ta3 to set up; establish; all ta3 tHH6 from, since ta3 tHH6 to appoint ta3 thr@@6 only ta6 stool ta6 ‰ii3 chair (= ta6 ‰ii6) tra3 kind of fish (YG, = OG tla3) tla3 kind of fish (OG, = YG tra3) tha1 bucket, pail; tank tha4 to arrive, reach; even tha5 to ram with a pole (= thra5) tha6 anvil tha6 thee4 great numbers lu‰4 la3 tha6 thee4 to move in great numbers thra2 to shut up, imprison thra5 sticklac thra5 to ram with a pole (= tha5) na2 skin, hide, leather; the movies na4 sdd2 writing, book na5 to sit ba1 to obstruct the light or the view ba6 bamboo tube pha1 phHHt6 twins pha4 to listen pha4 in ca‰6 pha4 pail or jug for washing, not drinking

81

Saek–English

pha5 to depend upon (= Siamese phd3) ma4 strong, vigorous ma5 kind of deer called la4 ma3 in Siamese (= ma6; clf. thua4) ma6 kind of deer called la4 ma3 in Siamese (= ma5; clf. thua4) ya1 in ka‰6 ya1 kind of basket with feet ra2 to sift; a sieve la2 back; after la2 classifier for houses la2 then la4 some (fast speech form, = laa4) la4 in kam1 la4 to be doing, about to la4 in kam1 la4 va4 saa4 troops la6 in pha6 la6 Occidental, white person (= fa4 la6) la6 in fa4 la6 Occidental, white person (= pha6 la6) va1 hope; to hope va3 silent, quiet va3 vHH3 completely silent va4 pool in a river va4 palace va4 in kam1 la4 va4 saa4 troops va6 bank (of a river) sa1 ka6 sii1 tin (= sddn4) sa1 kaa1 dice, a kind of gambling sa4 to hate so4 sa4 hateful, detestable sa4 in ‰Ht4 sa4 gasoline (= ‰it sa4) sa5 to weigh (cf. tit4) sa5 gia2 to cock the ears to try hard to listen sa6 to order, give final instruction sa6 to blow the nose ha3 a fence

-aa ‰aa1 in tam1 ‰aa1 the chest (= ta‰6 baa1) ‰aa6 basin ‰aa6 to boast kaa1 to open out, set up kaa1 in kdam3 kaa1 to be a waste of effort kaa3 fish bone kaa3 haam4 jaw; chin

82

Saek–English

kaa6 branch, twig kwaa3 poor (eyesight) khaa5 ape (= khaa6; clf. thua4) khaa6 ape (= khaa5; clf. thua4) khaa6 to be stuck praa1 khaa6 to stare (with amazement) khwaa2 wide (< Siamese) Saa4 chin Saa4 jaw (= haam4) Saa4 thuum4 swollen jaws; mumps caa3 to hire ldk6 caa3 worker, employee (= ldk6 lHH3 < Lao) caa6 to stand with legs apart daa1 in, inside, into, at, during (= fast speech form da1) daa3 mushroom daa3 ka6 tHl6 kind of small mushroom daa3 la6 ook5 kind of edible mushroom daa3 het4 ph@‰4 kind of mushroom daa3 in ka6 daa3 stiff, motionless, paralyzed daa6 spotted, many colored taa1 money (< Siamese sa2 taa1) taa1 to substitute taa1 ti‰4 to designate taa1 gHn4 the sun (= fast speech form ta1 gHn4) taa3 earring (= Saek taa6, vo4 vHHn2; = tum3 huu1 < Siamese) taa6 earring (= Saek taa3, vo4 vHHn2; = tum3 huu1 < Siamese) taa6 to differ, various, strange taa6 packsaddle (< Siamese) traa1 middle (YG, = OG tlaa1) tlaa1 middle (OG, = YG traa1) thaa2 to clear (e.g., fields) thaa3 in kap4 thaa3 legendary frog that causes eclipses thaa4 road, way, path; side, direction thaa6 to spread (e.g., the legs) apart thaa6 in guu4 thaa6 happy naa4 lady naa4 bamboo shoot naa5 a net; spiderweb naa5 in may6 thdd5 naa5 chopsticks (= thuu5, may6 ta6 khiap2) baa1 in ta‰6 baa1 the chest (= tam1 ‰aa1) paa1 time, period paa1 marian plum (= phaa1; clf. maak6)

83

Saek–English

paa1 in ka6 paa1 half a bamboo used as a water pipe, empty can used as a container, lid of an empty oil drum paa3 spleen paa6 flying squirrel (clf. thua4) praa1 fragrant (YG, = OG plaa1) praa1 jackfruit (YG, = OG plaa1; clf. maak6) praa1 in phrak4 praa1 kind of plant called mHH1 lak4 in Siamese plaa1 fragrant (OG, = YG praa1) plaa1 jackfruit (OG, = YG praa1; clf. maak6) phaa1 marian plum (= paa1; clf. maak6) maa4 spirit, ghost; corpse paa6 reew5 maa4 cemetery maa4 phr@@4 kind of spirit called phii5 p@@p2 in Siamese yaa1 rubber, gum; fibers of lotus stem yaa4 resin yaa4 kind of tree gaa1 areca gaa5 to walk raa1 in rTT3 raa1 irritated, annoyed raa2 will, about to (= raa3) raa3 will, about to (= raa2) raa4 to drive, chase raa6 to abandon, desert; to divorce laa1 kind of potato laa4 some (= fast speech form la4) laa4 luck laa4 bHHn1 a skin disease called khii3 kldan1 in Siamese laa4 in ta6 laa4 jail laa6 to clear, clean up (out of doors) lwaa1 kind of potato (OG, = YG lua1) vaa1 to lay down, set down vaa1 thin (not thick) vaa2 to lie athwart, to block, to obstruct vaa3 spiderweb vaa4 yellow vaa5 to lay (a cloth) across vaa6 between vaa6 in sa6 vaa6 comfortable, comfortably saa1 granary saa2 high, tall saa2 on, on top (of), above saa3 to build, construct nam6 saa3 a well

84

Saek–English

saa5 an artisan, expert; skilled saa6 elephant (clf. thua4) haa2 to reheat, warm up (food) haa4 trough, gutter, water pipe haa4 vii4 live coals of a fire haa4 in gHn4 haa4 kind of ancient money hwaa3 worried (OG, = YG hua3) -@  ‰@3 part of yoke under the neck @1 erect (of the penis) c@1 crippled (of the arm) c@6 to send; to see (someone) off, accompany d@1 big forest d@1 sa6 m@@4 name of a Saek village in Thailand (= do1 su6 m@@4, do1 sa6 m@@4, d@@n1 su‰6 m@@4) 3 t@ must, have to (fast speech form, = t@@3 < Siamese) t@3 to box th@2 a shoulder bag th@5 area of fields p@1 in ka6 p@1 can, tin p@3 shadow p@3 in tum6 p@3 a toy balloon pl@1 to lower, put down, take down phr@5 not full, half empty, partly gone (fast speech form, = phr@@5) y@4 to stand l@2 to forget l@4 to descend, go down, down l@4 in t@k4 l@4 to agree l@6 to be pierced through v@5 a cradle; a swing for children v@6 caterpillar (clf. thua4) -@@ ‰@@1 in plaa1 pha6 ‰@@1 water tortoise (= plaa1 via3; clf. thua4) ‰@@1 in ph@@5 ‰@@1 old man, old fellow ‰@@1 in lu5 tha6 nii4 ‰@@1 kind of banana

85

Saek–English

k@@1 a heap, pile; to heap up, pile up k@@3 kHHw3 bottle k@@5 See5 the foot ‘goes to sleep’ k@@6 to pull down (a branch) kh@@2 the Mekong River kh@@2 see ‰aat6 saa1 maat5 kh@@4 to wait, hope, expect kh@@4 in kh@@p5 kh@@4 to rule, govern kh@@4 in ta6 kh@@4 ditch kh@@4 in pok4 kh@@4 to govern kh@@4 in hiit5 thdk6 kh@@4 traditions kh@@6 gong cuum1 kh@@6 ankle bone S@@6 to lasso; to put over the head @@6 in n@@y3 @@6 to be unable to speak c@@1 h@@1 arrogant c@@6 to pull, hold firm by pulling d@@1 to pickle (< Siamese; = Saek b@@1) t@@3 must, have to (< Siamese, = fast speech form t@3) t@@3 the santol fruit (clf. maak6) tr@@1 drum (YG, = OG tl@@1) tr@@1 related by the marriage of children kin1 tr@@1 to get married; to have a wedding feast tr@@4 eye (YG, = OG tl@@4) tl@@1 drum (OG, = YG tr@@1) tl@@4 eye (OG, = YG tr@@4) tl@@6 to put around (the neck) (= thr@@6, thl@@6) tl@@6 S@@4 to put (a scarf, necklace, etc.) around the neck (= thr@@6 S@@4, thl@@6 S@@4) th@@4 brass, bronze, copper, gold (in certain expressions) th@@6 to admonish th@@6 to greet thr@@6 to put around (the neck) (YG, = OG thl@@6; tl@@6) thr@@6 S@@4 to put (a scarf, necklace, etc.) around the neck (YG, = OG thl@@6 S@@4; tl@@6 S@@4) thl@@6 to put around (the neck) (OG, = YG thr@@6; tl@@6) thl@@6 S@@4 to put (a scarf, necklace, etc.) around the neck (OG, = YG thr@@6 S@@4; tl@@6 S@@4) n@@1 khaay4 Nong Khai, a city in Northeast Thailand n@@2 lake n@@2 pus

86

Saek–English

n@@4 noise, noisy n@@4 nHn4 noisy b@@1 to pickle (= d@@1 < Siamese) b@@1 in ka6 b@@1 torch b@@3 cut section of bamboo b@@6 to pierce a hole b@@6 in pak4 tuu1 b@@6 window p@@3 praa1 to shade the eyes pr@@3 in ca6 pr@@3 rice husks (YG, = OG ca6 pl@@3) pr@@6 hollow tube, as of bamboo (YG, = OG pl@@6) pr@@6 in pria1 pr@@6 cucumber (YG, = OG pria1 pl@@6) pl@@3 in ca6 pl@@3 rice husks (OG, = YG ca6 pr@@3) pl@@6 hollow tube, as of bamboo (OG, = YG pr@@6) pl@@6 in pria1 pl@@6 cucumber (OG, = YG pria1 pr@@6) ph@@2 to put rice into a bamboo tube to cook ph@@3 to bring a lawsuit (= f@@3) ph@@4 blistered (= phoo4) ph@@4 waves in water ph@@4 foam, bubbles (< Lao) ph@@4 in sii1 ph@@4 face powder phr@@4 in maa4 phr@@4 kind of spirit called phii5 p@@p2 in Siamese phr@@5 not full, half empty, partly gone (= fast speech form phr@5) y@@1 to take, lead y@@3 in na5 y@@3 y@@6 to squat down (= na5 y@@3 y@@3) g@@1 mussed, disheveled (of hair) g@@5 to crumple up (paper) (= g@@6) g@@5 to squeeze clothes when washing them (= g@@6) g@@6 to crumple up (paper) (= g@@5) g@@6 to squeeze clothes when washing them (= g@@5) r@@2 big leaf, especially a banana leaf r@@4 nest of a bird (= r@@k5) r@@4 a beam r@@4 vaa6 shoulder r@@4 in uak5 r@@4 rainbow r@@4 in rap6 r@@4 to receive; to sustain (= lap6 l@@4) r@@5 light, bright; dawn; clear l@@1 loose-fitting l@@3 to sing l@@4 to try l@@4 in lap6 l@@4 to receive; to sustain (= rap6 r@@4) l@@5 to go downstream

87

Saek–English

l@@6 in laay4 l@@6 striped v@@1 to roof v@@4 couplet used with saa2 ‘tall, high (of people, elephants, etc.)’ tha4 saa2 tha4 v@@4 tall (of elephants, people) s@@2 two s@@4 envelope s@@4 couplet used with baan3 ‘house’ and lua5 ‘space under a house’ rim2 lua5 rim2 s@@4 filling the space under the house s@@4 name of abandoned Saek town in Vietnam s@@5 hole; pit; crack; chasm s@@6 to look f@@3 to bring a lawsuit (= ph@@3) h@@1 in c@@1 h@@1 arrogant h@@2 things, possessions h@@2 of, belonging to h@@6 a room

-il lil5 pangolin (OG, = YG lin5; also recorded as lil6 and lin6; nin6; clf. thua4) 6 lil pangolin (OG, = YG lin6; also recorded as lil5 and lin5; nin6; clf. thua4)

-iil iil6 turmeric (OG, = YG iin6) thiil4 wasp (OG, = YG thiin4; clf. thua4) riil2 stone (OG, = YG riin2) TTp5 riil2 blocks of stone on a mountain (OG, = YG TTp5 riin2) viil6 having a piece torn off the corner or edge

-ial khial4 cockscomb (OG, = YG khian4) tial3 in tu6 tial3 cricket (OG, = YG tu6 tian3; clf. thua4) plial1 Saa4 a flat of woven thatchgrass for roofing (OG, = YG plian1 Saa4)

88

Saek–English

-d l ddl6 a pond or marsh in the forest with soft clay into which one sinks (OG, = YG ddn6) 1 bdl to fly (OG, = YG bdn1) vdl1 firewood (OG, = YG vdn1) -ddl mlddl5 slippery (OG, = YG mlddn5)

-ul kul3 kul3 descriptive of the earth rising with a heaving motion pul1 body hair (OG, = YG pun1) mul4 dust; crushed or smashed to small pieces (OG, = YG mun4; = phun5 < Lao) 5 mul flesh on the seeds of jackfruit mul6 to force one’s way into or through (OG, = YG mun6)

-uul muul6 lime (eaten with betel or used for plaster, etc.) (OG, = YG muun6) ruul6 hot (OG, = YG ruun6)

-ual tual3 top for spinning (OG, = YG tuan3; clf. maak6) trual1 worm (OG, = YG truan1; clf. thua4) thual6 forest (OG, = YG thuan6) yual5 to hand to someone (OG, = YG yuan5) gual6 gnat, gadfly (OG, = YG guan6; clf. thua4) sual6 part; while; as for (OG, = YG suan6)

-eel keel6 hard, solid, firm (OG, = YG keen6) kheel6 a splinter (OG, = YG kheen6)

89

Saek–English

theel5 in vaay2 theel5 broom (OG, = YG vaa2 theen5) reel4 in ‰ee5 ka‰6 reel4 ‰ee5 sound of rooster crowing (OG, = OG ‰ek4 ka‰6 reel4 ‰eek4, YG ‰ee5 ka‰6 reen4 ‰ee5, YG ‰ek4 ka‰6 reen4 ‰eek4) 3 heel pillow (OG, = YG heen3)

-ool mool4 base of a plant (OG, = YG moon4) yool6 trellis (as for cucumbers) (OG, = YG yoon6) gool6 in pa6 gool6 small bits of rubbish -H l tHl6 in daa3 ka6 tHl6 kind of small mushroom tlHl1 to snore (OG, = YG trHn1) thHl6 loud (noise) (OG, = YG thHn6) blHl3 to protrude (as a body part or something in the pocket) (OG, = YG blHn3) mlHl4 body louse (OG, = YG mlHn4; clf. thua4) gHl2 civet cat (OG, = YG gHn2; clf. thua4) gHl2 housefly (OG, = YG gHn2; clf. thua4) sHl3 classifier for long thin objects (OG, = YG sHn3) sHl6 to shake (e.g., a bottle, fruit from a tree) -HHl vHHl6 left (hand) (OG, = YG vHHn6)

-al ‰al1 classifier for things (OG, = YG ‰an1) khal4 classifier for spoons, pencils, saws (OG, = YG khan4) khal6 to squeeze juice out (OG, = YG khan6) Sal4 dike between fields, bank of a river Sal4 Saak5 toad (clf. thua4) Sal4 in Sum4 Sal4 to itch (= YG Sum4 San4) bal1 dirt, earth, ground (OG, = YG ban1)

90

Saek–English

bal1 blu6 mud (OG, = YG ban1 bu6) peen6 bal1 the earth (OG, = YG peen6 ban1) pal1 to spin (cotton) (OG, = YG pan1; = pan6) phal4 to be, become; to have a disease (OG, = YG phan4) val1 to slash, cut (OG, = YG van1) val3 to twist, wring; to form (rice) into a ball (OG, = YG pan3) hal2 to crow (OG, = YG han2)

-aal khaal2 to fasten (a button) (OG, = YG khaan2) aal3 the medicinal plant called waan3 in Siamese (OG, = YG aan3) caal3 the Pandanus tree (OG, = YG caan3; = tTTy1) baal6 nicked, chipped (OG, = YG baan6) paal3 to dam up water (OG, = YG paan3) yaal4 slack (OG, = YG yaan4) laal6 kind of tree called ben1 ca2 phan1 in Siamese vaal2 sweet (OG, = YG vaan2) vaal4 kind of deer (OG, = YG vaan4; clf. thua4) vaal6 to throw, cast, sow (OG, = YG vaan6) saal2 in Saw6 saal2 white rice haal1 kind of poisonous caterpillar (OG, = YG haan1; = OG haal2, YG haan2; clf. thua4) 2 haal kind of poisonous caterpillar (OG, = YG haan2; = OG haal1, YG haan1; clf. thua4) -@ l k@l6 stump, stubble (OG, = YG k@n6) -@@l kh@@l4 to carry on one end of a pole over the shoulder (OG, = YG kh@@n4) kh@@l5 to slip loose, fall off, fall out (OG = YG kh@@n5) S@@l6 hammer, club (OG, = YG S@@n6) t@@l6 to scrape off (fish scales) (OG, = YG t@@n6; cf. trHk4, tlHk4) n@@l2 worm (OG, = YG n@@n2; clf. thua4) y@@l5 to hide (OG, = YG y@@n5) g@@l4 to dig out (the ear) (OG, = YG g@@n4)

91

Saek–English

s@@l2 to teach (OG, = YG s@@n2) s@@l3 kind of fish trap (OG, = YG s@@n3)

-ip kip4 to pick up, to gather, put away kip4 bobby pin cip4 in n@k6 ka6 cip4 kind of bird tip4 round basket with cover for glutinous rice thip6 divine thrip4 in ca6 thrip4 centipede (clf. thua4) pip4 large can for water (= pip6) pip6 large can for water (= pip4) yip4 to pick up with the fingers gip4 to close (the eyes), blink (the eyes) gip4 kHHp6 to close the eyes a moment and then open them gip6 to sew rip4 raw, unripe hun4 rip4 man who’s never been a monk rip4 a tick (clf. thua4) rip6 to confiscate lip4 to bury in the ground lip4 to disappear lip4 very (far) lip4 lip4 (to walk or ride) fast sip4 ‰iit4 sip4 ‰@@y5 a little sip6 a salad of bamboo shoots sip6 ten r@k4 sip6 sixty r@k4 sip6 haa3 sixty-five sip6 saam2 thirteen

-iip iip5 a nap tiip6 constricted, pressed together triip6 petal; section of orange or garlic (YG, = OG tliip6) triip6 Lao unit of money (YG, = OG tliip6) tliip6 petal; section of orange or garlic (OG, = YG triip6) tliip6 Lao unit of money (OG, = YG triip6) thiip5 continent; place

92

Saek–English

thiip5 in pa6 thiip5 incense stick thiip6 to pedal (a bicycle) niip6 to pinch, as a crab’s claw (< Lao; = Saek khHHp5) niip6 to carry under the arm (< Lao; = Saek khHHp5) niip6 to pick up with chopsticks (< Lao; = Saek khHHp5) maak5 niip6 tweezers biip6 to squeeze; to massage liip5 fingernail, toenail; hoof liip5 (rice) without full kernel liip6 to fold up neatly; to arrange in tidy order siip5 in ‰aa1 siip5 occupation hiip6 box, trunk, suitcase

-iap khiap2 custard apple (clf. maak6; cf. lot6) khiap2 in Saw6 khiap2 crisp rice khiap2 in may6 ta6 khiap2 chopsticks (= thuu5, may6 thdd5 naa5) thiap5 to compare biap6 loufah gourd (clf. maak6) piap6 advantage phiap5 (full) to the brim yiap6 to step on, tread on yiap6 to run over (of a car) giap6 coarse, tough (of meat, food) liap5 to make a circuit, go around liap5 of good quality liap5 l@@y5 proper siap6 to impale - dp kdp4 to gang up, get together in a gang (slang) khdp6 khdp6 sound of a cart in motion khdp6 khdp6 sound of drunkards in a group at a distance thdp6 to pile a lot of felled trees in a road to block it pdp6 to blaze up suddenly (= phdp6) pdp6 pap6 to blaze up suddenly pdp6 pup6 to get up suddenly from a sitting or lying position (= pup6 pap6) phdp6 to blaze up suddenly (= pdp6)

93

Saek–English

ldp4 to bury ldp6 to erase, rub out -ddp khddp5 a finger span khddp5 to measure as a measuring worm does thddp5 to stomp lddp6 a layer, stratum (as of rocks on a mountain) (= lTTp6) sddp6 to trace a secret, investigate -dap ‰dap6 to salt (fish, meat) kdap6 almost, nearly khdap5 to enamel, enameled phdap5 action of many people getting up all at once ldap6 gadfly (clf. thua4)

-up ‰up4 to brood, incubate ‰up4 pa6 thaak6 to wait on, serve ‰up6 sound of beating, of fruit falling (= tup6) up4 up4 action of trudging along not paying attention cup4 to dip in water cup4 to dye cup6 to be stuck in the flesh (of a knife) tup4 shack, hut, temporary shelter tup6 sound of beating, of fruit falling (= ‰up6) thrup6 to pounce upon pup6 action of getting up suddenly pup6 pap6 to get up suddenly from a sitting or lying position (= pdp6 pup6) yup4 to pick up with the tips of all five fingers gup6 to break, cancel (e.g., a contract) lup4 to duck, dodge lup4 thdn4 to lose one’s investments sup4 to place by inserting or impaling sup4 to put on (a hat, a ring)

94

Saek–English

hup4 to close (the mouth) hup4 to carry off one’s belongings

-uup cuup6 to kiss duup6 to smoke (tobacco) tuup2 having a long muzzle (of a dog) (= tuup6) tuup2 bruised and swollen from a blow (of the face) (= tuup6) tuup6 having a long muzzle (of a dog) (= tuup2) tuup6 bruised and swollen from a blow (of the face) (= tuup2) thuup5 a clump of bamboo thuup5 an incense stick muup2 to crouch down (= muup6) muup6 to crouch down (= muup2) ruup5 a picture luup5 to stroke, wipe luup6 to make a dash suup6 to pump (water)

-uap ‰uap5 a frog (in talking to children) khuap6 year cuap5 sound of frog jumping into the water buap5 sound of chewing buap5 sound of cars colliding phuap5 in lam6 phuap5 to fall down, fall flat (= lam6 phuak5) suap5 to eat with a snapping action, as a dog, tiger, or fish

-ep sep6 figure, shape (of a person) (< English) thep6 recording tape (< English)

-eep Seep5 narrow; small; tight-fitting theep5 in ku1 theep5 Bangkok, capital of Thailand

95

Saek–English

meep2 in nuun4 meep2 to lie flat on one’s face seep6 to smart (of a wound) seep6 to play (music)

-Tp tTp6 tTp6 sound of people walking barefoot

-TTp kTTp6 shoe, shoes kTTp6 tH‰6 sandals khTTp6 afraid when looking down from a height TTp5 gill slit of a fish TTp5 riil2 blocks of stone on a mountain (OG, = YG TTp5 riin2) cTTp6 lightning thTTp5 a stack of small dry sticks lTTp6 a layer, stratum (as of rocks on a mountain) (= lddp6)

-op ‰op4 in nam6 ‰op4 perfume kop4 a plane (the tool) khop4 to bite (< Lao) khop6 to associate with khop6 complete, all op4 in sa6 op4 quiet cop4 good cop4 cda1 good, proper top4 in phrak4 top4 name of an edible plant called phak2 top2 in Siamese top6 sound of string breaking when pulled thop4 sound of switch striking a child thop6 to fold double lop6 to fight, make war

96

Saek–English

-oop ‰oop6 to put the arms around something to measure circumference ‰oop6 to cut a cutting and plant it in the ground ‰oop6 to put earth around the base of a plant koop6 to curl up (of a leaf) khoop5 sound of leaves or fruit falling tloop5 to cover with a lid (= throop5) throop5 to cover with a lid (= tloop5) boop5 crunching sound poop6 bubbles, foam, lather goop5 to sit down, lower oneself to a sitting position goop5 to shrivel from heat (of leaves) goop5 goop5 gaap5 gaap5 descriptive of a house shaking roop5 bundle, sheaf, faggot roop5 in ta6 roop5 eggshell; matchbox; sheath roop6 to carry large things roop6 in yu4 roop6 Europe -H p cHp6 sound of chewing noisily tHp6 a snap fastener nHp4 to tuck (something) into the waist, into the wall, or behind the ear (= nHHp5) -HHp kHHp6 in gip4 kHHp6 to close the eyes for a moment and then open them khHHp5 to pinch, as a crab’s claw (Saek; = niip6 < Lao) khHHp5 to carry under the arm (Saek; = niip6 < Lao) khHHp5 to pick up with chopsticks (Saek; = niip6 < Lao) cHHp6 close, tight (as of boards joined together) nHHp5 to tuck into the wall (= nHp4) bHHp6 way, manner bHHp6 rian4 textbook pHHp6 in thua5 pHHp6 kind of bean called thua2 pHHp2 in Siamese phHHp6 in praay1 phHHp6 a cursing expression lHHp6 to stack up or fold neatly

97

Saek–English

lHHp6 to stick (e.g., money) between things (e.g., books) stacked up vHHp5 flat (of a tire)

-ap kap4 with, and kap4 frog (clf. thua4) kap4 thaa3 legendary frog that causes eclipses kap4 kHH5 gecko (= kak4 kHH5; clf. thua4) kap4 pheet5 to transform oneself kap6 sudden, suddenly (of grabbing, seizing, embracing) khap4 to drive a car Sap6 to bite cap4 to catch; to seize, grasp; to take hold of dap4 to go out (of a fire) dap4 to extinguish (a light or fire) dap4 to die dap4 to destroy dap4 in pa6 dap4 to decorate tap4 liver tap4 to slap; to clap (the hands) tap4 a stack (of paper) trap4 small box (YG, = OG tlap4) tlap4 small box (OG, = YG trap4) thap6 to pound, batter (= Siamese thup4) thap6 to run over (= Siamese thap4) thrap6 to fold up (e.g., clothes) (= phap6, phlap6) nap4 scab on a wound nap4 nTT4 fontanelle nap6 to count nap6 thdd4 to revere pap4 to fine, impose a fine pap6 in pdp6 pap6 to blaze up suddenly pap6 in pup6 pap6 to get up suddenly from a sitting or lying position (= pdp6 pup6) phap6 to fold up (e.g., clothes) (= thrap6, phlap6) phlap6 to fold up (e.g., clothes) (= thrap6, phap6) map4 in kha6 map4 temples of the head map6 in praay1 map6 to die yap6 to chop up (e.g., papaya) gap4 to shift, move rap4 yaa4 a spit for roasting

98

Saek–English

rap6 to receive (= lap6) lap4 dark lap6 to sharpen lap6 a cast-net lap6 to receive (= rap6) lap6 last day in a twenty-nine-day lunar month sap4 to squeeze, force sap4 to twist (strands to make rope) sap4 to chop fine sap4 to rap with the knuckles sap4 pha‰6 phi‰4 every sort sap6 beautiful hap4 to sing

-aap ‰aap6 to bathe kaap6 husk, rind, (banana) peel khaap5 to hold in the jaws Saap5 a meal (= thraap5) daap6 sword (< Lao; = Saek raaw2) taap6 to patch (a garment) thraap5 a meal (= Saap5) thraap5 discarded snake skin thraap5 corpse naap5 close together naap5 to subjugate, bring under control (= phaap6) baap5 sound of fish jumping in water baap6 sin phaap6 to conquer, put down (= naap5) gaap5 to sparkle (= gaap5 gaap5) gaap5 slightly numb as from an insect bite (= gaap5 gaap5) gaap5 descriptive of many people streaming along or chicks behind a hen (= gaap5 gaap5) gaap5 in goop5 goop5 gaap5 gaap5 descriptive of a house shaking raap6 to carry on the two ends of a shoulder pole laap5 a dish made of chopped meat called laap3 in Siamese laap5 wealth laap6 in ku‰4 laap6 rose saap6 cockroach (clf. thua4) haap6 haaw2 to yaw

99

Saek–English

-@@p k@@p6 frame (as of a picture) kh@@p5 to report (to), inform kh@@p5 kh@@4 to govern kh@@p5 cdd1 thank you kh@@p6 edge, rim c@@p6 to watch t@@p6 to answer, reply m@@p5 to give, hand over, turn over m@@p5 to level, make smooth and level r@@p5 around l@@p6 in kha6 l@@p6 quilt, blanket, coverlet h@@p6 to fly in circles (= hu‰4 h@@p6)

-it ‰it4 tired ‰it4 brick (= din1 cii6) ‰it4 purple ‰it4 saa1 to envy ‰it4 sa4 gasoline (= ‰Ht4 sa4) ‰it4 sa6 ra‰4 independent khit6 in lak6 khit6 lak6 khay4 (to ask) indirectly cit4 heart cit6 in mit6 cit6 silent tit4 fastened, attached tit4 to weigh (= sa5) tit4 praa1 to weigh fish thit4 cdd1 to breathe (less frequent, = more frequent thdt4 cdd1) thit6 in van4 ‰aa1 thit6 Sunday (= van4 ‰a6 thit6, van4 thit6) nit4 say1 character, personality, disposition bit4 to twist phan4 bit4 to have dysentery (YG, = OG phal4 bit4) phal4 bit4 to have dysentery (OG, = YG phan4 bit4) pit4 duck (clf. thua4) pit4 in ram1 pit4 completely black phit4 wrong, incorrect phit4 caa1 la6 naa4 to consider (= phit6 caa1 la6 naa4, phi‰4 caa1 la6 naa4, phi‰6 caa1 la6 naa4) 6 phit poison

100

Saek–English

phit6 caa1 la6 naa4 to consider (= phit4 caa1 la6 naa4, phi‰4 caa1 la6 naa4, phi‰6 caa1 la6 naa4) 6 phit in thot6 sa6 phit6 laat5 sa6 tham4 the ten royal precepts mit6 quiet mit6 cit6 silent mit6 in nii4 mit6 to create (= ni6 mit6) lit6 power vit4 penis vit4 tha6 yu‰6 radio (= vit4 tha6 gu‰6) sit6 to shake something off hit4 impetigo hit6 to do, make

-iit ‰iit4 a little sip4 ‰iit4 sip4 ‰@@y5 a little ‰iit6 kind of very small fish khiit6 to scratch, draw a line diit6 to kick (of a horse, a spring) (YG, = OG bliit6) bliit6 to kick (of a horse, a spring) (OG, = YG diit6) bliit6 to snap the fingers (OG, = YG diit6) miit5 knife (< Lao) riit5 to hide oneself riit5 ceremony, tradition riit6 sunshine liit5 to iron (clothes) hiit5 customs, traditions hiit5 to milk (a cow) hiit5 to have an abortion

-iat niat5 in pha6 niat5 a birdcage with a bird in it, used as a decoy biat6 to oppress, crowd (= biat6 bian1) piat6 to squirm as when dying phiat5 to open up, uncover viat5 wing viat6 astringent in taste siat5 vagina, female organ

101

Saek–English

- dt khdt6 to think dt6 amazed, surprised thdt4 cdd1 to breathe (more frequent, = less frequent thit4 cdd1) thdt6 thdt6 sound of gongs and drums phdt6 used as a couplet with mul4 ‘small pieces’ phal4 mul4 phal4 phdt6 to become fine pieces phdt6 in ta6 phdt6 ta6 phdd4 all around rdt6 to pull rdt6 to snap or break when pulled -ddt ‰ddt6 bloated, uncomfortable (of the stomach) (= Siamese th@@4 ‰ddt2) nddt5 in la6 nd6 la6 nddt5 in disorder phddt6 not smooth hddt6 tobacco -dat dat5 to hold up threateningly thdat6 a stopper of clay for a skyrocket thdat6 to paw the ground in anger when about to attack (of buffalo) phdat5 to spill, overflow, slop over hdat6 dry

-ut khut6 to dig tut4 in pii1 tut4 eleventh year in the Saek twelve-year cycle nut6 in ma6 nut6 human being but4 in thee4 va6 but4 angel, divine child put6 in kaat6 put6 to break apart phut6 Buddhist phut6 thi‰6 the Buddha phut6 in van4 phut6 Wednesday mut4 in sa6 mut4 ocean mut6 in koo1mut6 kind of flower

102

Saek–English

yut4 to stop gut6 ti4 tham4 just (= got6 ti4 tham4) gut6 in phdan4 gut6 to sway, as a house in the wind sut4 most sut4 end sut6 set (of furniture) hut4 to scoop up (rice) hut4 to dig or scratch (the earth) with the hands hut4 to search (e.g., in a box or trunk)

-uut ‰uut6 very smoky ‰uut6 hot and airless (of a room) kuut6 ca1 curled up (of feet and hands in certain illnesses) kuut6 in phrak4 kuut6 an edible fern khuut5 to scratch as a cat does khuut6 to scrape duut6 to suck truut6 a wart thuut5 in ka6 thuut5 leprosy (= ruan5; cf. ruan6) thuut6 to remove (garments, shoes, etc.) thruut5 to push puut6 a bump (e.g., a knot in a tree) pruut6 to spit (YG, = OG pluut6) pluut6 to spit (OG, = YG pruut6) phuut5 a part, portion (especially of fish or meat when cut) phuut6 luk6 phuut6 na5 to get up and sit down suddenly muut5 to beat (e.g., an ox) to death yuut5 to sip (a hot liquid) guut5 highest point, tip guut5 to have sexual intercourse (modern slang; cf. suut5, sam2) ruut5 to strip off (leaves) ruut5 to move (e.g., a curtain along a rod) ruut6 to roast luut6 to slip loose, slip from the hand luut6 spindle, spool luut6 light bulb suut5 to have sexual intercourse (modern slang; cf. guut5, sam2)

103

Saek–English

-uat kuat6 to inspect kuat6 to sweep (YG, = OG kwaat6) khuat5 to carry on the shoulder nuat5 lip salve used by betel chewers buat6 to take orders as a novice or monk buat6 kee3 ba‰4 to become a monk to fulfill a promise ruat6 bedbug (clf. thua4) ruat6 vessel for steaming glutinous rice luat5 blood luat5 wire luat5 overly full, as a container of water or other liquid (YG, = OG lwaat5) luat5 in hit6 luat5 luat5 to do a hasty job of something vuat6 the waist (=‰HHw1) thaa6 khat4 vuat6 knife put in the waist at back suat5 in khdt6 suat5 to remember something which one had forgotten suat5 in pii1 suat5 Year of the Rat, first year in the twelve-year cycle

-et khet4 efficacious, effective (of a magic spell, of an official order) det4 in ka6 det4 ka6 d@@3 really, very (late, much) phet4 spicy hot (< Siamese; cf. thaat5) het4 mushroom (< Siamese, Lao) daa3 het4 ph@‰4 kind of mushroom

-eet keet6 to hurt, pain, ache kheet6 territory; boundary deet6 power teet6 name of an annual festival similar to Chinese New Year (Tet ?) theet5 sermon theet5 foreign in maa6 theet5 a foreign horse theet5 in pa6 theet5 country beet6 to lie down peet6 eight pheet5 in kap4 pheet5 to transform oneself pheet6 spirit, ghost (= Siamese phii5 preet2) geet5 to stuff, push in

104

Saek–English

veet5 in pha6 veet5 su4 kam1 name of the gods’ architect veet6 in bun1 pha‰6 veet6 name of a merit-making ceremony seet5 to slice thin seet6 fish hook tdk4 seet6 to fish with hook and line seet6 thii2 rich man seet6 in phrak4 ka6 seet6 an edible plant called phak2 ka2cheet2 in Siamese

-TTt kTTt6 to be born cTTt6 to throw (e.g., a stone) cTTt6 in bdn1 cTTt6 to fly zigzag dTTt6 in plaa1 ka6 dTTt6 kind of freshwater fish called plaa1 ka2dii2 in Siamese dTTt6 in sa6 dTTt6 to be startled tTTt6 flat, flattened; crushed thTTt6 chopping board thrTTt5 to slip and fall (YG, = OG thlTTt5) thlTTt5 to slip and fall (OG, = YG thrTTt5) bTTt2 in la6 bTTt2 a bomb bTTt6 to hold the head high proudly and arrogantly pTTt6 to be tired of something lTTt6 in phrak4 lTTt6 an edible plant called bay1 cha‰4 phluu1 in Siamese

-ot ‰ot4 to go without (food, water); to endure ‰ot4 sa‰4 to persevere kot4 in khan4 kot4 cloth umbrella khot4 (to sleep) curled up khot6 crooked, not straight cot4 maay2 letter thot6 to dam up (water) thot6 sa6 phit6 laat5 sa6 tham4 the ten royal precepts not4 in kam1 not4 limit, period (= kam1 not6) not6 in kam1 not6 limit, period (= kam1 not4) bot4 overcast (of the sky) phot6 heat rash got6 rank

105

Saek–English

got6 ti4 tham4 just (= gut6 ti4 tham4) lot4 in plaa1 lot4 kind of fish called plaa1 lot2 in Siamese lot6 car, bicycle, vehicle lot6 custard apple (clf. maak6; cf. khiap2) hot4 to shrink hot4 to sprinkle

-oot koot6 a very large number (= Siamese koot2) khoot5 family, clan caw3 khoot5 vo4 taa1 the elder who is an arranger at a wedding doot6 to jump, leap thoot5 guilt, punishment, penalty nak6 thoot5 a convict poot6 (to come) in a flock phoot5 too, too much phoot6 to help, rescue, release (= Siamese proot2) yoot6 to fall yoot6 to fall when overripe (of fruit) yoot6 to fall in, cave in (of the bank of a stream) goot5 a furlong (= Siamese yoot3) goot6 in pa6 goot6 use loot5 to shed the skin (of a snake) loot5 and so, then (expresses finality, = Siamese lTTy1) voot6 a bamboo toy whirled on the end of a string -Ht ‰Ht4 sa4 gasoline (= ‰it4 sa4) ‰Ht4 one in sip6 ‰Ht4 eleven ‰Ht4 one in saaw4 ‰Ht4 twenty-one ‰Ht4 one in r@@y6 ‰Ht4 101 cHt4 seven dHt4 phram2 to have a permanent wave thHt4 pay1 next thHt6 in ban1 thHt6 ruler nHt4 to move the hips in sexual intercourse (= Siamese ka2 daw3) nHt6 pineapple (clf. maak6) blHt4 to bend or straighten as desired

106

Saek–English

prHt4 to remove, take down (YG, = OG plHt4) prHt4 to remove (a yoke) (YG, = OG plHt4) prHt4 to undo (a button) (YG, = OG plHt4) plHt4 to remove, take down (OG, = YG prHt4) plHt4 to remove (a yoke) (OG, = YG prHt4) plHt4 to undo (a button) (OG, = YG prHt4) mlHt6 a grain (= mlHk6) rHt4 to break wind rHt6 to tie or bind tightly sHt4 animal (= sat4; clf. thua4) sHt4 in ka6 sHt4 king (= ka6 sat4) sHt6 to wipe sHt6 to hurl down -HHt ‰HHt5 to carry (a child) in a cloth on the back ‰HHt6 instrument for removing seeds from cotton khHHt6 unpleasantly pungent phHHt5 to compare phHHt6 sia2 to roar (as an elephant) phHHt6 in pha1 phHHt6 twins phHHt6 in gua3 phHHt6 kind of grass called yaa3 phrHHk3 in Siamese rHHt5 rhinoceros (clf. thua4) lHHt5 to paint, paint on, smear vHHt5 short-handled sickle (= vHHk5; clf. maak5, maak6) sHHt6 orange (color)

-at ‰at4 sa6 cHn1 strange, amazing kat4 to bite kat4 in nam6 man4 kat4 kerosene khat4 unwilling, to object khat4 to feel slightly feverish khat4 to stop (e.g., the flow of blood) khat4 luat5 to stop the flow of blood lay4 khat4 pak4 tuu1 wooden bar for a door khat4 in thaa6 khat4 vuat6 knife put in the waist at back

107

Saek–English

khat6 in khem1 khat6 belt (< Lao; = t@@y3 ‰HHw1, tr@@y3 ‰HHw1, taay3 ‰HHw1, saay3 ‰HHw1) 6 at to pry cat4 in ka6 cat4 ka6 caay1 scattered about tat4 to cut bat4 in pat4 ti4 bat4 to serve bat4 in som1 bat4 property pat4 ti4 bat4 to serve pat4 sum4 to meet, have a meeting phat2 and then, so, but phat4 to polish phat4 to stir fry, sauté phat4 to ask for a delay phat6 lum4 electric fan phat6 in saa1 la‰6 phat6 saa1 la‰6 phaa4 every sort of thing mat4 flea (clf. thua4) mat6 tTT5 say4 motorcycle vat4 in ca1 vat4 province vat4 in pra6 vat4 story, history vat4 in phal4 vat4 to have a cold vat6 monastery sat4 animal (= sHt4; clf. thua4) sat4 ta4 ‰aa1 kaat6 air, atmosphere sat4 in ka6 sat4 king (= ka6 sHt4) hat4 to practice, learn hat4 in van4 pha‰6 hat4 Thursday

-aat ‰aat6 saa1 maat5 name of a Saek village in Thailand (=‰aa6 saa1, ‰a6 saa1, ‰aa1 saa1 maat5, ‰aa1 sa6 maat5, ‰a4 sa6 maat5, ‰aat6 sa6 maat5, old name ‰eek6 ‰aa1 saa1, alternate name kh@@2) 6 ‰aat sa6 maat5 see ‰aat6 saa1 maat5 kaat6 to break; broken, torn kaat6 put6 to break apart kaat6 in ‰aa1 kaat6 sky, air, atmosphere kwaat6 to sweep (OG, = YG kuat6) khaat5 to rake, a rake (= phia3) daat6 to scorch, burn daat6 in ka6 daat6 paper daat6 in sa‰4 ‰a‰6 noo4 daat6 name of a pool

108

Saek–English

thaat5 spicy hot (cf. phet4 < Siamese) maak6 thaat5 peppers thaat5 stupa, pagoda thaat5 in thuu4 thaat5 descriptive of dragging naat6 in kha6 naat6 size baat6 time, now, when baat6 nii6 now baat6 to wound baat6 monk’s begging bowl paat4 thoo4 exclamation (= thoo4, paa4 thoo4) paat6 in nak6 paat6 scholar phaat5 in phin4 phaat5 music, orchestra maat5 in ‰a4 sa6 maat5 see ‰aat6 saa1 maat5 maat5 in ‰aa1 sa6 maat5 see ‰aat6 saa1 maat5 maat5 in ‰aa1 saa1 maat5 see ‰aat6 saa1 maat5 maat5 in ‰aat6 sa6 maat5 see ‰aat6 saa1 maat5 maat6 slightly damp mlaat5 insipid, flavorless yaat6 nam6 to perform the rite after merit-making called truat2 nam4 in Siamese 5 raat in vian4 raat5 very much, excessively (= vHHn4 raat5) laat5 kingdom laat5 sa6 d@@n1 people laat5 sa6 tham4 royal precepts laat5 sa6 sii2 lion laat5 sa6 va4 royal palace laat5 in kay1 laat5 name of a mythical mountain laat6 in ta6 laat6 market lwaat5 overly full, as a container of water or other liquid (OG, = YG luat5) saat2 in phaa1 saat2 palace (= phaa1 saat6) saat5 existence; race saat5 body saat5 in taa1 saat5 of poor quality saat6 to splash out, scoop out (water) saat6 a festival at the end of the ninth lunar month saat6 sa6 naa2 religion saat6 in phaa1 saat6 palace (= phaa1 saat2) haat6 beach, sandbar haat6 to desire, want haat6 hungry

109

Saek–English

-@ t ‰@t4 to close (a door) ‰@t4 to cover (the face) ‰@t4 to plug (a hole) b@t4 to dive or swim under water m@t4 clean; smooth -@@t k@@t6 to hug, embrace, clasp k@@t6 kum6 to embrace @@t6 in mHH4 @@t6 scorpion (= mHH4 aw4) c@@t5 to dig a small hole c@@t6 to touch c@@t6 to repair, mend; to solder c@@t6 to stop c@@t6 to moor (a boat) c@@t6 to park (a car) t@@t6 to sting (of an insect) t@@t6 to bite, nibble (of a fish) th@@t5 to fry th@@t5 ka6 thin2 Buddhist ceremony of giving robes to the monks p@@t2 in phrak4 p@@t2 edible plant called phak2 buay1 naam4 in Siamese (= phrak4 p@@t6) 6 p@@t in phrak4 p@@t6 edible plant called phak2 buay1 naam4 in Siamese (= phrak4 p@@t2) ph@@t6 traces (e.g., broken branches) of an animal having passed ph@@t6 bubble nest of a fish m@@t5 termite (clf. thua4) m@@t6 to eat every last bit of something, spend every last bit of one’s money ml@@t6 kind of fruit (clf. maak6) y@@t6 to drip; a drop r@@t6 to pour l@@t5 to go under (a fence, house, table) l@@t6 to put something under (e.g., leg of bed or table) to raise it l@@t6 to line (a basket) with banana leaves l@@t6 great-great grandchild l@@t6 in ta6 l@@t6 continuously s@@t5 to come to an end, be finished

110

Saek–English

s@@t5 s@@t6 h@@t5 h@@t6

youngest (child); last (oxcart) to insert to arrive (< Lao) a knot; to tie a knot; to do up the hairknot

-ik dik4 to press down dik4 to dive in headfirst tik4 in ka6 tik4 thermos bottle yik4 to pinch gik6 in paak6 gik6 paak6 gHHk5 to make faces to tease children sik4 to leave orders (of a monk)

-iik khiik5 uneven, odd, without a mate, not a pair triik6 lazy (YG, = OG tliik6) tliik6 lazy (OG, = YG triik6) viik5 having a piece torn off siik6 to tear siik6 nHH1 to bare the teeth

-iak khiak5 war; enemy tiak6 to regret the loss of something phiak5 vii4 a stove, fireplace (= phriak5 vii4, phrdak5 vii4) phiak6 in saak5 phiak6 a long rope (e.g., as a clothesline) phriak5 vii4 a stove, fireplace (= phiak5 vii4, phrdak5 vii4) riak6 lead (the metal) viak5 work (noun) - dk khdk6 khdk6 sound of oxcarts ddk4 late at night ddk4 dam1 ban1 olden times tdk4 displeased with each other, at outs; to argue

111

Saek–English

tdk4 building tdk4 (with various objects) to fish, go fishing tdk4 plaa1 to go fishing tdk4 seet6 to fish with hook and line thdk6 correct thdk6 cheap thdk6 to hit, touch bdk4 big plaa1 bdk4 kind of big fish bdk4 naa4 tTT3 name of abandoned Saek village in Vietnam bdk4 in mee5 bdk4 girl, woman pdk4 stupid, dull-witted mdk6 ink ldk6 child, offspring ldk6 khooy4 son-in-law ldk6 caa3 worker, employee (= ldk6 lHH3 < Lao) ldk6 taw3 one’s children ldk6 thraa6 orphan (= Saek thraa6; = kam1 phaa3 < Lao) ldk6 used in names of various objects ldk6 di6 plumb line with weight on the end -ddk kddk6 unable to speak, dumb, mute -dak phdak6 white, albino phrdak5 vii4 a stove, fireplace (= phiak5 vii4, phriak5 vii4) mdak5 wet and muddy (of a road) ldak6 staring wide open (of the eyes) ldak6 to open one’s eyes wide ldak6 to turn back the eyelid

-uk ‰uk4 worried, troubled kuk4 in mlHk6 kuk4 button (= mHk6 kuk4) kuk6 sad and gloomy

112

Saek–English

cuk4 to light a fire; to set fire to; to burn; to cremate cuk4 to have a sharp pain in the stomach thuk6 to make a hole with a stick thuk6 every thuk6 poor; to have hardship, trouble thuk6 thraw3 k@@6 to kneel down nuk4 in sa6 nuk4 happy, merry sa6 nuk4 sa6 naan1 happily puk4 strong-smelling (of tobacco) pruk4 bamboo strip for tying or weaving (YG, = OG pluk4) pruk4 in ca6 pruk4 white ant (YG, = OG ca6 pluk4; clf. thua4) pluk4 to awaken (someone) pluk4 bamboo strip for tying or weaving (OG, = YG pruk4) pluk4 in ca6 pluk4 white ant (OG, = YG ca6 pruk4; clf. thua4) phuk4 in ka6 phuk4 kind of wild plant phuk6 pomelo, grapefruit (clf. maak6) muk6 pearl, mother-of-pearl guk6 to raise up, establish ruk4 to pull (whiskers, feathers) ruk4 to be startled luk6 to get up (from sleep); to stand up; to raise, lift luk6 to blaze up (of fire) suk4 happy suk4 in van4 suk4 Friday suk6 cooked, ripe

-uuk ‰uuk6 brains kuuk6 tiger (clf. thua4) tuuk6 to wrap, wrap up a package; a package nuuk6 deaf muuk5 mucus of the nose, snot ruuk5 raan4 home, house ruuk6 tadpole (clf. thua4) huuk6 grey (of hair); grey-haired huuk6 in tam3 huuk6 to weave

113

Saek–English

-uak ‰uak5 guak5 (to pile) in a heap kuak6 to send (a present) (YG, = OG kwaak6) khuak5 sound of tearing (e.g., paper) (YG, = OG khwaak5) uak5 mythical water creature (clf. thua4) uak5 to turn the head to look (YG, = OG waak5; HHk5, wHHk5) uak5 r@@4 rainbow truak6 to boil, be boiling (of water) (YG, = OG tluak5) tluak6 to boil, be boiling (of water) (OG, = YG truak5) phuak5 group phuak5 in lam6 phuak5 to fall down, fall flat (= lam6 phuap5) muak2 hat, cap (= muak6) muak6 hat, cap (= muak2) yuak6 hungry, to go hungry guak5 in ‰uak5 guak5 (to pile) in a heap ruak5 to vomit ruak5 beeswax luak5 to scald suak6 elbow; a cubit

-ek ‰ek4 ka‰6 reel4 ‰eek4 sound of rooster crowing (OG, = OG ‰ee5 ka‰6 reel4 ‰ee5, YG ‰ek4 ka‰6 reen4 ‰eek4, YG ‰ee5 ka‰6 reen4 ‰ee5) khek6 cake cek6 Chinese phek6 in traaw1 phek6 morning star

-eek ‰eek4 in ‰ek4 ka‰6 reel4 ‰eek4 sound of crowing (OG, = OG ‰ee5 ka‰6 reel4 ‰ee5, YG ‰ek4 ka‰6 reen4 ‰eek4, YG ‰ee5 ka‰6 reen4 ‰ee5) ‰eek6 ‰aa1 saa1 see ‰aat6 saa1 maat5 deek6 to eat (slang) preek6 to break, be broken, burst phleek5 all, all gone, completely reek5 to call, summon; to be called (so-and-so) yeek6 in may6 yoo1 yeek6 teeter-totter heek5 guest

114

Saek–English

-TTk khTTk5 to be a waste of time TTk5 to fall over backwards TTk5 to pry (something) up thTTk6 bald-headed bTTk6 to cash, take out (money) plTTk5 skinned, having the skin abraded (= lTTk5) lTTk5 skinned, having the skin abraded (= plTTk5) lTTk5 saak5 to take skin and flesh off bones lTTk5 to stop, stop work

-ok cok4 hoe, mattock (clf. maak5, maak6) dok4 thick, abundant (of hair, fruit) thok4 to pull, tug bok4 in ka6 bok4 kind of tree called may4 ca2 bok2 in Siamese pok4 to cover; a cover (e.g., of a book) (= p@k4) pok4 kh@@4 to rule, govern pok6 sound of something falling (= p@k6)

-ook ‰ook6 snail, mollusk (clf. thua4) kook5 sound of a tiger roaring kook5 sound of stomach rumbling when hungry (= kook5 kaak5) khook5 lump, piece, classifier khook5 phraa2 rocky cliff khook5 maa4 corpse, body khook5 log, big piece of wood khook5 deep forest ook5 to crane the neck to look ook5 in daa3 la6 ook5 kind of edible mushroom cook5 sound of water falling or being poured (= c@@k5) thook6 to make or force one’s way through (a forest) book2 a kind of gambling game (= book6) book5 a place book5 sound of elephant chewing up a coconut book6 a kind of gambling game (= book2)

115

Saek–English

pook5 sound of rapping the head of a child with the knuckles prook6 rotten (of wood underground at the base of a pillar or post) (YG, = OG plook6) prook6 loose in the ground (YG, = OG plook6) plook6 rotten (of wood underground at the base of a pillar or post) (OG, = YG prook6) plook6 loose in the ground (OG, = YG prook6) mook6 kind of long gourd used in curry (clf. maak6) mook6 in t@k4 mook6 moldy (e.g., of food) yook6 to pull up (a plant) gook5 to rock a post back and forth look5 the world sook5 luck sook6 sad -H k kHk4 in phrak4 kHk4 mustard plant dHk4 child tHk4 to cut trHk4 fish scales (YG, = OG tlHk4; cf. t@@l6, t@@n6) tlHk4 fish scales (OG, = YG trHk4; cf. t@@l6, t@@n6) thHk4 sii2 taxi nHk4 cool, cold pHk4 to sweep, dust off pHk4 to blow (of the wind) prHk4 vii4 matches (YG, = OG plHk4 vii4; YG prak4 vii4, OG plak4 vii4) plHk4 vii4 matches (OG, = YG prHk4 vii4; YG prak4 vii4, OG plak4 vii4) mHk6 ant (clf. thua4) mHk6 n@@y1 kind of ant called mot4 ta2 n@@y1 in Siamese mHk6 aam5 kind of ant mHk6 kuk4 button (= mlHk6 kuk4) mlHk6 seed, grain, small round object mlHk6 kuk4 button (= mHk6 kuk4) mlHk6 tuy5 hail mlHk6 tum3 beads rHk4 to pick, pluck flowers (= rak4) rHk4 side (of the body, of a house); beside rHk6 to water (plants); to sprinkle (water) lHk6 small sHk4 to jump, dance

116

Saek–English

-HHk ‰HHk1 in moo6 ‰HHk1 the moon (in talking to children) ‰HHk6 yoke khHHk6 an Indian; a Muslim thaa5 khHHk6 a place name khwHHk5 sound of tearing (= khwaak5) HHk5 to turn the head to look (= wHHk5, uak5, waak5) wHHk5 to turn the head to look (= HHk5, uak5, waak5) cHHk6 to distribute, hand out dHHk6 in plaa1 dHHk6 fermented fish paste thHHk5 to measure (length) thrHHk6 the Saek people phrHHk5 in gua3 phrHHk5 kind of grass called yaa3 phrHHk3 in Siamese (= gua3 phHHk6) gHHk5 in paak6 gik6 paak6 gHHk5 to make faces to tease children rHHk5 to cut (cloth) vHHk5 short-handled sickle (= vHHt5; clf. maak5, maak6) hHHk6 frying pan (used only as a couplet of m@@3 ‘pot’)

-ak ‰ak4 a device onto which silk or cotton thread is wound as it comes from the pot in which it is boiled kak4 kHH5 gecko (= kap4 kHH5; clf. thua4) kwak4 to beckon with the hand khak6 certain khak6 excellent, very good cak4 sewing machine cak4 in r@@6 cak4 to know dak4 asleep dak4 far, far away tak4 to dip up, dip out, draw (water) thak4 to knit; to braid thak4 male (animal) (= thak6) thak6 male (animal) (= thak4) thak6 in ka6 thak6 couplet of ka6 th@@4 ‘basket’ nak4 heavy nak4 in kha6 nak4 grasshopper (clf. thua4) nak6 one skilled in something nak6 thoot5 a convict

117

Saek–English

nak6 paat6 scholar nak6 rian4 student nak6 in pha6 nak6 railing bak2 in ta6 po‰4 bak2 thraw3 skull pak4 to plant (a stake) pak4 to embroider pak4 tuu1 door pak4 tuu1 b@@6 window pak6 vit4 the penis prak4 vii4 matches (YG, = OG plak4 vii4; YG prHk4 vii4, OG plHk4 vii4) plak4 vii4 matches (OG, = YG prak4 vii4; YG prHk4 vii4, OG plHk4 vii4) phak6 difficult phak6 phTT5 difficult phrak4 vegetable mak6 to like, be fond of yak6 to wash (clothes) yak6 angry (cf. bdn3, man3 thuu3, lTT1) gak4 to speak of, mention gak6 giant gak6 to wind or bind a cord around rak4 to break, be broken (a stick, bone, etc.) rak4 to pick, pluck flowers (= rHk4) rak6 saa2 to take care of, guard lak4 a stake, post lak4 pra6 cam1 basic, regular lak4 a large amount of money (in folktales) lak6 to steal lak6 deep lak6 khit6 lak6 khay4 (to ask) indirectly vak4 sheath (of a knife), pod (of beans, etc.) vak4 to wear over one shoulder and diagonally across the chest vak4 thaa6 fish basket vak6 kind of gourd called fak4 in Siamese (clf. maak6) vak6 part vak6 a phrase, clause sak4 to plant (a stake) sak4 to tattoo sak4 laay4 to tattoo, tattoo designs sak4 to split (bamboo strips) sak4 one or so; about, approximately; (not) even one hak2 Saa5 but (= haak5 Saa5)

118

Saek–English

-aak kaak5 in kook5 kaak5 sound of the stomach rumbling with hunger (= kook5) kwaak6 to send (a present) (OG, = YG kuak6) khaak6 to cough up phlegm khwaak5 sound of tearing (= khwHHk5) khwaak6 sharpened stake khwaak6 to scratch, claw (= khwaa4, khwaaw4) Saak5 in Sal4 Saak5 toad (clf. thua6) aak5 in sa6 aak5 to look up waak5 to turn the head to look (OG, = YG uak5; HHk5, wHHk5) daak6 the anus taak4 in ka6 taak4 to cackle (of a hen) thaak5 land leech (clf. thua4) thaak6 to cut a piece off the side of a tree or log thaak6 in ‰up4 pa6 thaak6 to wait upon, serve thraak5 food swallowed returns to the mouth (YG, = OG thlaak5) thlaak5 food swallowed returns to the mouth (OG, = YG thraak5) naak5 otter (clf. thua4) naak5 large serpent in stories (clf. thua4) naak5 alloy of gold and copper naak5 in sa6 naak5 shears used to cut areca nuts (clf. maak5, maak6) baak5 albino (buffalo, elephant) baak6 to cut a blaze in a tree to mark it paak6 mouth paak6 gik6 paak6 gHHk5 to make faces to tease children praak6 to expose to the sun praak6 rind, peel, bark (YG, = OG plaak6) plaak6 rind, peel, bark (OG, = YG praak6) phraak6 forehead maak5 classifier for tools, implements, knives, and other sharp tools (= maak6) maak5 in nam6 maak5 high water (< Lao) maak6 classifier for tools, implements, knives, and other sharp tools (= maak5) maak6 classifier for fruit and certain other round objects, frequent in names of fruit and fruit-bearing trees and plants maak6 in aam5 maak6 ka6 thun1 slingshot yaak6 spade, shovel (clf. maak5) raak5 rust (noun) raak5 root (= raak6) raak5 sa‰4 name of so1 kaan1 day when it falls on Tuesday raak6 root (= raak5) laak6 ringworm vaak5 split bamboo for flooring

119

Saek–English

saak5 rope, cord saak5 phiak6 long rope, as a clothesline saak5 vine saak5 to wake up, get up saak5 corpse, carcass saak6 pestle haak5 Saa5 but (= hak2 Saa5) -@ k c@k4 to dip down into t@k4 to fall, drop t@k4 l@4 to agree n@k6 bird (clf. thua4) n@k6 lu5 a bunch of bananas b@k4 dry land p@k4 to cover; a cover (e.g., of a book) (= pok4) p@k6 sound of something falling (= pok6) p@k6 p@k6 sound of knocking ph@k6 to carry tucked in the waist m@k4 dHHk6 fish paste wrapped and cooked in the fire m@k4 in sddn5 m@k4 sddn5 cdd1 happy, cheerful m@k6 to strike, hit, beat, pound; to fight m@k6 to thresh (rice) g@k6 to pick fruit with a pole g@k6 to poke an animal out of its hole with a stick r@k4 six r@k4 sip6 sixty r@k4 sip6 haa3 sixty-five r@k4 catfish (clf. thua4) v@k6 bruised, swollen s@k6 chalk -@@k ‰@@k6 to go out k@@k6 in maak6 k@@k6 knuckles k@@k6 in maak6 k@@k6 wild olive k@@k6 in mHH4 k@@k6 kind of beetle that digs around the roots of the wild olive tree

120

Saek–English

kh@@k5 bamboo tube to hold water, rice, various objects kh@@k5 ia5 spittoon (= ia5, ka6 thoon1) kh@@k5 tam1 phun6 small mortar for betel kh@@k5 lHH3 quiver for arrows S@@k5 a pen (for animals) @@k5 to sprout c@@k5 sound of water falling or being poured (= cook5) c@@k6 cup, glass d@@k6 raan4 beam in a house t@@k6 to pound t@@k6 scraps of wood th@@k5 tomorrow (= mdd6 th@@k5 nii6) th@@k5 name of a Saek village in Laos th@@k6 to pour out th@@k6 in Saw6 th@@k6 unhusked rice, paddy thr@@k5 to stab n@@k6 hump on the back of an ox or buffalo (< Lao; = Saek lam1) n@@k6 in phrak4 n@@k6 kind of plant called ton3 bua1 bok2 in Siamese bl@@k6 flower (= bl@@k6 may6) pr@@k6 to plant (plants); to build (a house) (YG, = OG pl@@k6) pl@@k6 to plant (plants); to build (a house) (OG, = YG pr@@k6) ph@@k5 to plaster on (e.g., mud) ph@@k5 kind of fruit (clf. maak6) m@@k6 fog m@@k6 to ferment, pickle m@@k6 water in which glutinous rice has been cooked y@@k5 to seek, search g@@k5 to poke a stick into a gunbarrel, a hole, or a tube to clean it r@@k5 nest of a bird (= r@@4) r@@k5 squirrel (clf. thua4) r@@k5 a litter (of young); family, clan r@@k6 bone l@@k5 outside l@@k5 hot l@@k6 to lie, deceive l@@k6 to scare, frighten (someone) v@@k5 in pii1 v@@k5 Year of the Monkey, ninth year in the twelve-year cycle s@@k6 elbow; cubit (= suak6) h@@k6 husband

121

Saek–English

-i‰ ki‰4 mi‰6 nii4 name of so1 kaan1 day when it falls on Friday (= ki4 mi6 nii4) 4 ki‰ li‰6 thaa4 name of so1 kaan1 day when it falls on Thursday (= ki4 li6 thaa4) 2 ci‰ so, then (= ci2) ci‰6 thooy2 never mind, let it be, no matter di‰4 final particle (= di4) ti‰4 to criticize raw2 giim5 kin1 ti‰4 hii4 They whisper together criticizing us. 4 ti‰ in taan1 ti‰4 to designate thi‰6 in ka6 thi‰6 coconut cream thi‰6 in phut6 thi‰6 the Buddha ni‰4 thaan4 story (= ni‰6 thaan4) ni‰6 this ni‰6 final particle (= nih6) tua1 Saa5 ni‰6 I presume it was like that. ni‰6 thaan4 story (= ni‰4 thaan4) ni‰6 mon4 to invite (monks) ni‰6 mon4 pha‰6 to invite a monk bi‰4 to break off a piece (e.g., of a cake) pi‰4 in ka6 pi‰4 shrimp paste phi‰4 to try, make an effort t@@3 khdt6 phi‰4 kaa3 must think and try to find a way to kill (him) phi‰4 n@@y3 to try to speak phi‰4 hit6 to try to do phi‰4 caa1 la6 naa4 to consider (= phi‰6 caa1 la6 naa4, phit4 caa1 la6 naa4, phit6 caa1 la6 naa4) 4 phi‰ in sap4 pha‰6 phi‰4 every sort phi‰6 caa1 la6 naa4 to consider (= phi‰4 caa1 la6 naa4, phit4 caa1 la6 naa4, phit6 caa1 la6 naa4) 6 mi‰ in ki‰4 mi‰6 nii4 name of so1 kaan1 day when it falls on Friday (= ki4 mi6 nii4) 6 li‰ in ‰a‰6 mee4 li‰6 kaa1 America (= ‰a6 mee4 li4 kaa1) li‰6 in ki‰4 li‰6 thaa4 name of so1 kaan1 day when it falls on Thursday (= ki4 li6 thaa4)

122

Saek–English

-ia‰ phia‰4 phia6 sound of an elephant trumpeting - d‰ khd‰6 to shove someone in the back, push cd‰4 to swarm on fruit, pastry (of ants, flies) (= gd‰4 gd‰4) md‰4 in da1 md‰4 term applied to a person who curries favor gd‰4 gd‰4 to swarm on fruit, pastry (of ants, flies) (= cd‰4) sd‰6 sdd4 nii6 now

-u‰ ‰u‰4 container for drinking water ‰u‰4 d@@n1 Udorn, city in Northeast Thailand (= ‰u4 d@@n1) ku‰4 kuan1 to disturb ku‰4 laap6 rose ku‰6 maan4 boy (= ku6 maan4) khu‰4 to strike something to free it of mud or the like khu‰6 a waterproof basket cu‰4 to reach to, come very near, almost touch du‰4 diligent, industrious thu‰4 term used to tell children to make a gesture of obeisance thu‰6 thaa4 what, anything (= thaa4) thu‰6 lian4 durian (= thu6 lian4; clf. maak6) bu‰6 lii4 cigar, cigarette (= bu6 lii4) phu‰6 blowgun phu‰6 rotten (of wood) phu‰6 to grow bigger (of a child) yu‰6 in vit4 tha6 yu‰6 radio (= vit4 tha6 gu‰6) gu‰6 in ‰aa1 gu‰6 age (= ‰a6 gu‰6) gu‰6 in vit4 tha6 gu‰6 radio (= vit4 tha6 yu‰6) lu‰4 la3 tha6 thee4 to move in great numbers su‰6 to poke an ant nest to make the eggs fall out su‰6 in d@@n1 su‰6 m@@4 see d@1 sa6 m@@4 su‰6 in Say6 su‰6 diarrhea hu‰4 h@@p6 to fly in circles

123

Saek–English

-e‰ te‰4 le‰4 le‰6 se‰6

to kick then, and then, so, and so, therefore (= lee4, le4, lTTy4) soft and mushy (of fruit) exclamation used to chase a dog away

-T‰ T‰4 awkward, as country folk coming to the city T‰4 to think thT‰4 mild final imperative particle phrT‰6 (to speak) obscenely

-o‰ ko‰4 in maak6 thaa6 ko‰4 cleaver-like knife with big blade curved on top co‰4 to stop to‰4 table (= to‰6) to‰6 table (= to‰4) po‰4 in ka6 po‰4 coconut shell po‰4 in ta6 po‰4 bak2 thraw3 skull pho‰6 to spend a lot of money on something (slang) mo‰4 small cloth bib on strings covering the genitalia of a small child mo‰4 vagina, female organ mo‰6 in tHH6 mo‰6 at first lo‰6 to lose, be defeated lo‰6 to throw away -H‰ kH‰4 to undo, open (= H‰6) khH‰6 tired of (e.g., food) H‰6 to undo, open (= kH‰4) cH‰4 to touch with the tongue in order to taste tH‰4 in vaa1 ka6 tH‰4 wall of woven bamboo tH‰6 in kTTp6 tH‰6 sandals

124

Saek–English

phH‰6 goat (< Siamese; clf. thua4) mH‰6 to stand leaning against (e.g., a wall) lH‰4 final interrogative particle hH‰4 or

-a‰ ‰a‰6 mee4 li‰6 kaa1 America (= ‰a6 mee4 li4 kaa1) ‰a‰6 in sa‰4 ‰a‰6 noo4 daat6 name of a pool ka‰6 ya1 kind of basket with feet ka‰6 in ‰ee5 ka‰6 reel4 ‰ee5 sound of rooster crowing (OG, = OG ‰ek4 ka‰6 reel4 ‰eek4, YG ‰ee5 ka‰6 reen4 ‰ee5, YG ‰ek4 ka‰6 reen4 ‰eek4) kha‰6 in khoo4 laa4 kha‰6 thee4 vii4 name of so1 kaan1 day when it falls on Monday khwa‰4 to peel off (of paint) ca‰6 trHn6 skink (YG, = OG ca‰6 tlHn6; OG ca6 tlHn6, YG ca6 trHn6; clf. thua4) ca‰6 tlHn6 skink (OG, = YG ca‰6 trHn6; OG ca6 tlHn6, YG ca6 trHn6; clf. thua4) ca‰6 pha4 pail or jug for washing, not drinking ta‰6 baa1 the chest (= tam1 ‰aa1) tha‰6 bian1 registry (= tha6 bian1) na‰6 in saa1 thaa4 la‰6 na‰6 public ba‰4 in buat6 kee3 ba‰4 to become a monk to fulfill a promise pa‰6 hun4 people (= pa6 hun4) pa‰6 v@@4 la6 naa4 old term for the end of Buddhist Lent (= v@@4 la6 naa4) pha‰6 title denoting royalty (= pha6) pha‰6 phom4 a Brahma divinity pha‰6 a monk pha‰6 ‰oo1 simple ladder made of a bamboo pole pha‰6 in bun1 pha‰6 veet6 name of a merit-making ceremony pha‰6 in van4 pha‰6 hat4 Thursday pha‰6 in sap4 pha‰6 phi‰4 every sort ma‰6 in tham4 ma‰6 baan1 personal name (= tham4 ma6 baan1) ma‰6 in sam6 ma‰6 almost, about to, will ga‰6 broken, cracked open ra‰6 in ‰it4 sa6 ra‰6 independent ra‰6 in ma6 ra‰6 bitter gourd (clf. maak6) la‰6 final particle

125

Saek–English

la‰6 in ka6 bin1 la‰6 phom4 name of a Brahma divinity (= ka6 bin1 la6 phom4) la‰6 in naa4 la‰6 vaay4 see naa4 la‰6 vaay4 la‰6 in saa1 thaa4 la‰6 na‰6 public la‰6 in saa1 la‰6 phat6 saa1 la‰6 phaa4 every sort of thing va‰4 in ka6 va‰4 having a side or corner broken off sa‰4 pond sa‰4 ‰a‰6 noo4 daat6 name of a pool sa‰4 in ‰ot4 sa‰4 to persevere sa‰4 in thu4 sa‰4 thee4 vii4 name of so1 kaan1 day when it falls on Sunday sa‰4 in raak5 sa‰4 name of so1 kaan1 day when it falls on Tuesday sa‰6 sa‰6 descriptive of plodding along

-aa‰ ‰aa‰6 hesitation particle (= ‰aa6) -@‰ ‰@‰4 to make a particular kind of curry k@‰4 to take hold of kh@‰4 to scrape out (e.g., rice out of a pot) kh@‰4 to spend all one’s money kh@‰6 to knock (e.g., on a door) @‰6 rambutan (clf. maak6) @‰6 paralyzed and curled up (of an arm or leg) c@‰4 to pierce a hole t@‰4 to strike, knock t@‰4 in lu5 ‰ii6 t@‰4 kind of banana (clf. maak6) t@‰6 in ka6 t@‰6 small basket used for marketing th@‰2 final imperative particle th@‰4 in pii1 th@‰4 Year of the Rabbit, fourth year in the twelve-year cycle thr@‰6 luck (good or bad) thr@‰6 raay6 bad luck n@‰4 final particle of invitation b@‰4 cushion ph@‰4 in daa3 het4 ph@‰4 kind of mushroom y@‰4 to add condiments to food

126

Saek–English

r@‰6 in boo6 r@‰6 I don’t know (= r@@6) l@‰6 to seek, search l@‰6 to make a circuit of l@‰6 to use a knife to cut away and make smooth a knot in wood (= s@‰6) s@‰6 to use a knife to cut away and make smooth a knot in wood (= l@‰6) s@‰6 to plane wood s@‰6 to use a spade to make the sides of a hole even and smooth h@‰4 to fly through the air

Reduced Short Vowels in Final Position -i ki4 mi6 thaa4 name of so1 kaan1 day when it falls on Friday (= ki‰4 mi‰6 thaa4) 4 6 ki li nii4 name of so1 kaan1 day when it falls on Thursday (= ki‰4 li‰6 nii4) 2 ci so, then (= ci‰2) ti4 in pat4 ti4 bat4 to serve ti4 in gut6 ti4 tham4 just (= got6 ti4 tham4) ni6 mit6 to create (= nii4 mit6) phi6 thuun4 a gem (= phi‰6 thuun4) mi6 in ki4 mi6 thaa4 name of so1 kaan1 day when it falls on Friday (= ki‰4 mi‰6 thaa4) 4 li in ‰a6 mee4 li4 kaa1 America (= ‰a‰6 mee4 li‰6 kaa1) li4 in naa4 li4 kaa1 watch, clock li6 in b@@1 li6 veen4 area li6 in ki4 li6 nii4 name of so1 kaan1 day when it falls on Thursday (= ki‰4 li‰6 nii4) 2 si will -d sd6 sdd4 time (= sdd4, sTT4) sd6 sddn4 now

127

Saek–English

-u ‰u4 d@@n1 Udorn, city in Northeast Thailand (= ‰u‰4 d@@n1) yu4 roop6 Europe su4 meen4 Mt. Meru (= su6 meen4) su4 in pha6 veet5 su4 kam1 name of the gods’ architect ku6 maan4 boy (= ku‰4 maan4) thu6 lian4 durian (= thu‰6 lian4; clf. maak6) thu6 in khan4 tha6 thu6 lii1 name of a cave bu6 lii4 cigar, cigarette (= bu‰6 lii4) su6 meen4 Mt. Meru (= su4 meen4) su6 in do1 su6 m@@4 see d@1 sa6 m@@4

-e le4 then, and then, so, and so, therefore (= lee4, le‰4, lTTy4) -H mH4 final emphatic particle

-a Sa3 in khan4 Sa3 if Sa3 in s@@5 Sa3 named ‰a4 sa6 maat5 see ‰aat6 saa1 maat5 ma4 at fa4 la6 Occidental, white person (= pha6 la6, fa6 la6) ‰a6 thit6 in van4 ‰a4 thit6 Sunday (= van4 ‰aa1 thit6, van4 thit6) ‰a6 mee4 li4 kaa1 America (= ‰a‰6 mee4 li‰6 kaa1) ‰a6 gu‰6 age (= ‰aa1gu‰6) ‰a6 rii6 this one ‰a6 saa1 see ‰aat6 saa1 maat5 ka6 to ka6 cat4 ka6 caay1 scattered about ka6 di1 name of a river, name of a wind ka6 dHH3 sterile ka6 daa3 stiff, motionless, paralyzed ka6 det4 ka6 d@@3 really, very

128

Saek–English

ka6 daat6 paper ka6 taa6 basket ka6 t@@6 small basket used for marketing ka6 taay6 rabbit (clf. thua4) ka6 t@@y3 old-fashioned lower garment ka6 tik4 thermos bottle ka6 taak4 to cackle (of a hen) ka6 th@@4 basket ka6 th@m5 small hut (< Siamese) ka6 thHn4 guava (clf. maak6) ka6 thoon1 spittoon (= ia5, kh@@k5 ia5) ka6 thuut5 leprosy (= ruan5) ka6 thak6 couplet paired with ka6 th@@4 ‘basket’ ka6 thi‰6 coconut cream ka6 bda3 tile ka6 baw1 kind of tree called ka2 baw1 in Siamese ka6 b@@1 torch ka6 bok4 kind of tree called may4 ca2 bok2 in Siamese ka6 paw1 bag, suitcase ka6 po‰4 coconut shell ka6 poo1 skirt ka6 paa1 half a bamboo used as a water pipe ka6 paa1 empty can used as a container ka6 paa1 lid of an empty oil drum ka6 p@1 can, tin ka6 pi‰4 shrimp paste ka6 po‰4 coconut shell ka6 phuk4 kind of wild plant ka6 bin1 la6 phom4 name of a Brahma divinity (= ka6 bin1 la‰6 phom4) ka6 lH6 small metal bell ka6 va‰4 having a side or corner broken off ka6 soo3 basket for scooping up water ka6 sHt4 king (= ka6 sat4) ka6 sat4 king (= ka6 sHt4) ka6 in ‰ek4 ka6 reel4 ‰eek4 sound of rooster crowing (see ‰ee5 ka‰6 reel4 ‰ee5) ka6 in aam5 maak6 ka6 thun1 slingshot ka6 in daa3 ka6 tHl6 kind of small mushroom ka6 in th@2 ka6 thiaw4 kind of bag ka6 in th@@t5 ka6 thin2 Buddhist ceremony of giving robes to the monks ka6 in n@k6 ka6 cip4 kind of bird ka6 in plaa1 ka6 dTTt6 kind of fish called plaa1 ka2 dii2 in Siamese ka6 in phrak4 ka6 seet6 kind of edible plant called phak2 ka2 cheet2 in Siamese

129

Saek–English

ka6 in yaa1 ka6 tiw3 rubber band ka6 in vaa1 ka6 tH‰4 wall of woven bamboo ka6 in sa1 ka6 sii1 tin kha6 naat6 size kha6 nak4 grasshopper kha6 maa3 bathing cloth kha6 mooy4 thief kha6 moom4 pubic mound kha6 map4 temples of the head kha6 gH3 afterbirth kha6 l@@p6 quilt, blanket, coverlet kha6 in pha6 kha6 va6 dii1 name of a hall ca6 kooy1 kind of red-headed lizard (clf. thua4) ca6 trHn6 skink (YG, = OG ca6 tlHn6; OG ca‰6 tlHn6, YG ca‰6 trHn6; clf. thua4) ca6 tlHn6 skink (OG, = YG ca6 trHn6; OG ca‰6 tlHn6, YG ca‰6 trHn6; clf. thua4) ca6 thrip4 centipede (clf. thua4) ca6 pr@@3 rice husks (YG, = OG ca6 pl@@3) ca6 pl@@3 rice husks (OG, = YG ca6 pr@@3) ca6 pruk4 white ant (YG, = OG ca6 pluk4; clf. thua4) ca6 pluk4 white ant (OG, = YG ca6 pruk4; clf. thua4) ca6 phrTT4 lemongrass (= ca6 thrTT4) ta4 in sat4 ta4 ‰aa1 kaat6 air, atmosphere ta6 kia1 lamp ta6 khHH4 (to lie) on the side ta6 kh@@4 ditch ta6 khiap2 in may6 ta6 khiap2 chopsticks (= thuu5, may6 thdd5 naa5) ta6 bay1 a file (the tool) ta6 puu1 nail ta6 po‰6 bak2 thraw3 skull ta6 phdt6 ta6 phdd4 all around ta6 mooy1 big spoon, ladle (= ta6 mooy4) ta6 mooy4 big spoon, ladle (= ta6 mooy1) ta6 roop5 eggshell, matchbox, sheath ta6 laa4 jail ta6 laat6 market ta6 l@@t6 continuously ta6 in ‰H3 ta6 ‰TTn1 kind of potato tha6 nii4 gibbon (clf. thua4) tha6 nuu4 bow, arrow tha6 bian1 registry (= tha‰6 bian1) tha6 raay3 really (= thraay3) tha6 vaay2 to offer, present

130

Saek–English

tha6 haan2 soldier tha6 in khan4 tha6 thu6 lii1 name of a cave tha6 in lu5 tha6 nii6 kind of banana tha6 in lu5 tha6 nii6 ‰@@1 kind of banana tha6 in vit4 tha6 yu‰6 radio (= vit4 tha6 gu‰6) na6 kh@@n4 city na6 kh@@n4 pha6 nom4 Nakhon Phanom, city in Northeast Thailand (= la6 kh@@n4) 6 pa dap4 to decorate pa6 thiip5 incense stick pa6 theet5 country pa6 maan4 approximately pa6 gool6 small bit of rubbish pa6 goot6 use pa6 hun4 people (= pa‰6 hun4) pa6 in ‰up4 pa6 thaak6 to wait on, serve pra6 cam1 regular, usual lak4 pra6 cam1 basic, regular pra6 vat4 story, history pha6 title denoting royalty (= pha‰6) pha6 kha6 va6 dii1 name of a hall pha6 niat5 bird cage with a bird in it, used as a decoy pha6 nak6 railing pha6 gaa4 king, prince, chief, lord pha6 la6 Occidental, white person (= fa4 la6, fa6 la6) pha6 veet5 su4 kam1 name of the gods’ architect pha6 in na6 kh@@n4 pha6 nom4 Nakhon Phanom, city in Northeast Thailand (= la6 kh@@n4) 6 pha in plaa1 pha6 ‰@@1 water tortoise (= plaa1 via3) pha6 in plaa1 pha6 lay4 kind of fish (= plaa1 pha6 lay5) ma6 kii4 until (= kii4, ma‰6 kii4) ma6 nut6 human being ma6 ra‰6 bitter gourd (clf. maak6) ma6 haa1 great (used in various expressions) ma6 haa1 phom4 great Brahma ma6 haa1 sa6 mut4 ocean (= sa6 mut4) ma6 hoo1 th@@n4 name of so1 kaan1 day when it falls on Saturday ma6 in tham4 ma6 daa1 ordinary, usual ma6 in tham4 ma6 baan1 personal name (= tham4 ma‰6 baan1) ma6 in pii1 ma6 mia4 Year of the Horse, seventh year in the twelve-year cycle ma6 in pii1 ma6 mHH4 Year of the Goat, eighth year in the twelve-year cycle ma6 in pii1 ma6 loo4 Year of the Dragon, fifth year in the twelve-year cycle

131

Saek–English

ma6 in pii1 ma6 se1 Year of the Snake, sixth year in the twelve-year cycle ma6 in him1 ma6 phaan4 name of a mythical forest la6 kh@@n4 Nakhon Phanom, city in Northeast Thailand (= na6 kh@@n4 pha6 nom4) 6 la duu1 season la6 nd4 la6 nddt5 in disorder la6 nd4 la6 naat5 in disorder la6 bTTt2 a bomb la6 mHH4 final particle (= mHH4) la6 vaay4 really, truly la6 in ka6 bin1 la6 phom4 name of a Brahma divinity (= ka6 bin1 la‰6 phom4) la6 in daa3 la6 ook5 kind of edible mushroom la6 in pii1 la6 kaa1 Year of the Cock, tenth year in the twelve-year cycle la6 in pa‰6 v@@4 la6 naa4 old term for the end of Buddhist Lent (= v@@4 la6 naa4) la6 in phit4 caa1 la6 naa4 to consider (= phit6 caa1 la6 naa4, phi‰4 caa1 la6 naa4, phi‰6 caa1 la6 naa4) 6 la in v@@4 la6 naa4 old term for the end of Buddhist Lent (= pa‰6 v@@4 la6 naa4) va6 in thee4 va6 daa1 divinity, god va6 in thee4 va6 but4 angel, divine child va6 in pha6 kha6 va6 dii1 name of a hall sa6 nHHn4 bamboo frame on which people sit in a boat sa6 naan1 in sa6 nuk4 sa6 naan1 happily sa6 nuk4 happy, merry sa6 nuk4 sa6 naan1 happily 6 sa naak5 shears used to cut areca nuts (clf. maak5, maak6) sa6 HH4 kind of fish sa6 HH4 kind of vegetable sa6 op4 quiet sa6 aak5 to look up sa6 du3 kind of square fishnet sa6 dTTt6 to be startled sa6 buu1 soap (< Siamese) sa6 mut4 ocean (= ma6 haa1 sa6 mut4) sa6 roo3 the So people (= soo3) sa6 r@@y4 mortar sa6 roo3 sarong (= sa6 loo2) sa6 lii4 Indian corn, maize sa6 loo2 sarong (= sa6 roo3) sa6 vTTy1 to rule over (a kingdom) sa6 vaa6 comfortable, comfortably sa6 in ‰a4 sa6 maat5 see ‰aat6 saa1 maat5 sa6 in ‰aa1 sa6 maat5 see ‰aat6 saa1 maat5

132

Saek–English

sa6 in ‰it4 sa6 ra‰4 independent sa6 in ‰at4 sa6 cHn1 amazing sa6 in ‰aat6 sa6 maat5 see ‰aat6 saa1 maat5 sa6 in do1 sa6 m@@4 see d@1 sa6 m@@4 sa6 in d@1 sa6 m@@4 see d@1 sa6 m@@4 sa6 in thot6 sa6 phit6 laat5 sa6 tham4 the ten royal precepts sa6 in pii1 sa6 luu1 Year of the Ox, second year in the twelve-year cycle sa6 in laat5 sa6 d@@n1 people sa6 in laat5 sa6 tham4 royal precepts sa6 in laat5 sa6 va4 royal palace sa6 in laat5 sa6 sii2 lion sa6 in so6 sa6 kaan1 to have a funeral (< Lao) sa6 in saat6 sa6 naa2 religion fa6 la6 Occidental, white person (= pha6 la6, fa4 la6) ha6 lii6 still, yet (= ha‰6 lii6, lii6)

133

English-Saek A abandon, desert, divorce raa6 abduct; capture, arrest kum1 able; get, obtain; past tense marker day3 get more than others vHHn4 able (to be); worthy of taa1 abortion (to have); milk a cow hiit5 about, approximately pa6 maan4 about, approximately, one or so, not even one sak4 about to, be doing kam1 la4 about to, will raa2, raa3 about to, will, would daa1 above, on, on top of; high, tall saa2 above, on, upper, north khdn4 abundant (of hair, fruit), thick dok4 accompany, follow; go in search of; with; from; along nam4 accompany; see (someone) off, send c@6 according to; follow; search for; along taam1 ache ciw3, ciiw3 ache, hurt, pain keet6 across, away ph@n6 act, action, work kaan1 Adam’s apple S@@4 h@@y1 add tddm6 admonish, greet th@@6 adorn, ornament ‰ee5 advantage piap6 affected, flirtatious khiaw4 afraid, cured by bad experience trda4 afraid looking down from a height khTTp6 after; back; classifier for houses la2 afterbirth kha6 gH3 afternoon, nightfall baay6 again, also loo5 again, new, another m@@6

135

English–Saek

age ‰aa1 gu‰6, ‰a6 gu‰6 agree t@k4 l@4 aim, intend; make a mark, mark maay2 air, atmosphere ‰aa1 kaat6, sat4 ta4 ‰aa1 kaat6 albino baak5, phdak6 algae Sii4 algae (green) lay4 edible green algae pham1, pham2 all, all gone sin6 all, all gone, completely phleek5 all around, scattered about ta6 phdt6 ta6 phdd4 all, complete khop6 to eat all l@@n2 all, both, together with; even though thd4 all; set up, establish ta3 allow, consent, yield, submit g@@m4 alloy of gold and copper naak5 almost, nearly kdap6, thram3 almost, almost to, will sam5 ma‰6 alms thaan4 alone (to do), do stubbornly ‰da1 along; follow, search for, according to taam1 along; with; from; accompany, follow; go in search of nam4 already; be finished; then lHHw1, lHHw6 also, again loo5 also; repeat yam6 altogether, together phr@@m6 always, continually maay5 amazing, strange ‰at4 sa6 cHn1 amazed, surprised dt6 America ‰a‰6 mee4 li‰6 kaa1, ‰a6 mee4 li4 kaa1 amount, time; like paan1 amusing, fun muan5 and, with kap4 and so, then (expresses finality) loot5 and then, so, but phat2 and then, then, and so, so, therefore lee4, le‰4, le4, lTTy4 angel, divine child thee4 va6 but4 angle, corner, edge liam5 at an angle cTTy3, pTTy3 angry bdn3, man3 thuu3, yak6, lTT1 animal sHt4, sat4

136

English–Saek

animal; meat nda3 animal varieties ‰om3, trHH1, bd3, gHn2 classifier for animals; body thua4 male animal thak4, thak6 ankle bone cuum1 kh@@6 announce paaw6 annoy, crowd, oppress biat6 bian1 annoyed, irritated, excited rTT3 raa1 another, new, again m@@6 answer, reply aan2, t@@p6 term used in answer to a call kuu3 ant mHk6 ant varieties mHk6 aam5, mHk6 n@@y1 white ant ca6 pruk4, ca6 pluk4 anus daak6, troon1 tree1, tloon1 tlee1, anvil khook5 leen5 tha6, tha6 any, which, what nTT4 anybody, who, everybody dTT1 anything, what; why thaa4, thrTT4 ape khaa5, khaa6 appendix say3 ti6 appoint ta3 tHH6 approximately doo5 Saa5 approximately, about pa6 maan4 approximately, about, one or so, not even one sak4 arch, archway (of gate) sum3 arched gateway at monastery kho1 architect of the gods pha6 veet5 su4 kam1 area b@@1 li6 veen4 area, district gaan5 area of fields th@5 areca phun6, gaa1 argue thia2 argue, displeased with each other tdk4 arm keen1 carry under the arm; pinch, as a crab; pick up with chopsticks khHHp5, niip6 hold or carry in the arms ‰uum3 put arms around to measure circumference ‰oop6 take up in both arms ‰oom1 armpit khHH5 haa2, khH5 haa2

137

English–Saek

armspread, fathom, measure with armspread vaa4 around r@@p5 all around, scattered about ta6 phdt6 ta6 phdd4 around (to go), make a circuit liap5 arrange tidily, fold neatly liip6 arrest, capture; abduct kum1 arrive h@@t5 arrive, reach; even tha4 arrogant ‰o6, c@@1 h@@1 hold the head high, proudly or arrogantly bTTt6 arrow, bow tha6 nuu4 arrow of crossbow naa6 artisan, expert; skilled saa5 as for; part; while suan6, sual6 ascend, rise, go up, come up, up hdn3 ascetic, hermit rdd4 sii2, ldd4 sii2 ashamed, embarrassed trTTy1, tlTTy1 ashes thaw5 ashes of dead fire, dead coals pl@@6 mii3 ask thaam1, thaam2 ask for a delay phat4 ask indirectly lak6 khit6 lak6 khay4 ask, pray vay6 v@@n4 asleep dak4 assemble sum4 associate with khop6 assume, guess, estimate tua1 astringent in taste viat6 at ma4 at, in, inside, into, during da1, daa1 at, in, there nHHn1, nHHn2 athwart (to lie), block, obstruct vaa2 atmosphere, air ‰aa1 kaat6, sat4 ta4 ‰aa1 kaat6 attached, fastened tit4 aunt, older sister of either parent paa3 automobile (sedan) lot6 ke1 avoid blian3 avoid, get out of the way trHH5, tlHH5 awaken someone pluk4 away, across ph@n6 away; to flee theew4

138

English–Saek

awkward, as country folks T‰4 axe vaan2

B back; after; classifier for houses la2 back of a knife sHn2 back of the head @@n5 carry (a child) in a cloth on the back ‰HHt5 lie flat on the back; open (the hand) bHH1 back up th@@y1 bad raay6, sua6 bad luck thr@‰6 raay6 bad (of a person) khua2 bad, wicked phaan4 baffled ‰an3 tuu3 bag, pocket day5 bag, suitcase ka6 paw1 bag varieties ka6 thiaw4, th@2 bait gda2, gda6 balance, scales si4 bald laan3 bald-headed thTTk6 ball of sugar pia6 form (rice) into a ball; twist, wring van3, val3 balloon (toy) tum6 p@3 balustrade ko1 bamboo traa3, tlaa3 bamboo bell for buffaloes ree6 bamboo frame on which people sit in a boat sa6 nHHn4 bamboo shoot naa4 bamboo shoot before cut vay4 naa4 bamboo star to ward off spirits vaa1 leew2 bamboo strip for tying or weaving pruk4, pluk4 bamboo toy whirled on the end of a string voot6 bamboo tube ba6 bamboo tube for water, rice, etc. kh@@k5 bamboo varieties may6 phray6 thual5, ree6 clump of bamboo k@@1, thuup5 cut section of bamboo b@@3

139

English–Saek

half of bamboo used as water pipe; empty can used as container; lid of empty oil drum ka6 paa1 put rice in a bamboo tube to cook ph@@2 split bamboo for flooring vaak5 wall of woven bamboo vaa1 ka6 tH‰4 banana lu5 banana blossom plii1 banana varieties lu5 ‰ii6 t@‰4, lu5 aaw6, lu5 tha6 nii4, lu5 tha6 nii4 ‰@@1 bunch of bananas n@k6 lu5 line (a basket) with banana leaves; put something under (e.g., leg of bed or table) to raise it l@@t6 rice boiled in cakes with a banana; starch, flour pHH3 bandit coon1 Bangkok ku1 theep5 bank (of a river) va6 bank of a river, dike between fields San4, Sal4 bank of a river; side, direction; classifier for one of a pair via3 banyan tree khoo6 hay4, hay4 bar (wooden and for a door) lay4 bar of silver or gold thHH5 bare the teeth siik6 nHH1 bark (of a dog) haw6 bark, rind, peel praak6, plaak6 base of a plant moon4, mool4 base of a tree; foot tiin1 base; tree, plant; first part khoo6 basin ‰aa6 basin, bowl, dish saam4 basket varieties ka‰6 taa6, ka6 thaa6, ka6 th@@4, ldan4 basket, container (for betel) khay2 basket for scooping water ka6 soo3 basket with feet ka‰6 ya1 couplet paired with ka6 th@@4 ‘basket’ ka6 thak6 round basket for glutinous rice tip4 small basket used for marketing ka6 t@‰6 waterproof basket khu‰6 weave a basket saan2 winnowing basket thu3 vii6 bat (the animal) kia1, cia1 bat variety bi3 bathe ‰aap6 bathing cloth kha6 maa3

140

English–Saek

batter, beat, strike thap6 thoo4 batter, pound thap6 be, become; have a disease phan4, phal4 be in a place yuu6 beach, sandbar haat6 beads mlHk6 tum3 beam d@@k6 raan4, pHH1, r@@4 bean thua5 bean variety pHHp6 pod (of beans, etc.); sheath (of knife) vak4 bear mii2, mday2, mTTy2 beat, batter, strike thap6 thoo4 beat, strike, hit, pound; fight; thresh (rice) m@k6 beat to death muut5 sound of beating tup6 sound of beating; fruit falling ‰up6 beater, comb-like part of a loom via1, via4 beautiful sap6, hay1 because kham3, kham5 beckon with the hand kwak4 become, be; have a disease phan4, phal4 bed tia1 garden bed naan1 bedbug ruat6 bee rooy2 carpenter bee; person; male phuu6 small bee variety sd4 beehive rua4 beer bia1 beeswax ruak5 beetle variety mHH4 k@@k6 dung beetle ku6 khuu4 before, first k@@n6 beg thr@@2 belch ‰dam3 believe sda5 bell (small metal) ka6 lH6 bamboo bell for buffaloes ree6 belly phu4 belly, stomach thu6 belonging to, of hHH6 belonging to, of; things, possessions h@@2

141

English–Saek

below, under, south tTT3 belt khem1 khat6, taay3 ‰HHw1, t@y3 ‰HHw1, t@@y3 ‰HHw1, tr@@y3 ‰HHw1, saay2 ‰HHw1 bend, straighten blHt4 bend backwards ‰HHn1 bend into a curve k@@m1 bend over, bow kam3 bent; curved; a coil; to bow khoo3 beside; edge, side thrHHm4 beside; side (of the body, of house) rHk4 betel phluu4 basket, container (for betel) khay2 between vaa6 bicycle, car, vehicle lot6 big bdk4, gTT6; gay6 big (of a heap) soon3 soon3 bird n@k6 bird varieties thua1, n@k6 ka6 cip4 mynah bird ‰ia3, ‰ia6 nest of a bird r@@4, r@@k5 birdlime ta1 birth (to give) rooy2 birthmark paan1 bite kat4, khop4, Sap6 bite, nibble (of a fish); sting (of an insect) t@@t6 bite (of food); small scrap (of cloth) mHH6 bitter Sam4 black ram1 completely black ram1 pit4 blanket, quilt, coverlet kha6 l@@p6 cover with a blanket ham6 blaze, cut in a tree to mark it baak6 blaze up suddenly pdp6, pdp6 pap6, phdp6 blaze up (a fire) luk6 blessing khuun4, ph@@n4 blind l@@4 blink (the eyes), close (the eyes) gip4 blistered phoo4, ph@@4 bloated (of a stomach) ‰ddt6 block, lie athwart, obstruct vaa2 blocks of stone on a mountain TTp5 riin2, TTp5 riil2

142

English–Saek

blood luat5 stop the flow of blood khat4 luat5 bloom baan1 blow (of the wind) pHk4 blow away priw1, pliw1 blow (a wind instrument), play ph@@6 blow the nose; order, give final instructions sa6 blowgun phu‰6 blue muuy4, sii2 phaa3, sii2 faa3 Bo tree phoo4 board peen3 boast ‰aa6 boat rua1 classifier for boats, books, knives, oxcarts, various sharp objects lHm3 bobby pin kip4 body too1, tuu6 thua4, tua6 thua4, tu6 thua4, thua6 thua4, saat5 body, corpse khook5 maa4 classifier for animals; body thua4 side (of the body, house); beside rHk4 sides (of the body), ribs hoo2 body hair pun1, pul1 boil, boiling truak6, tluak6, r@@m6 boil; cook rice; distil ru2 boil (a) sii5 bold, brave kaa3, traa3, tlaa3 bomb la6 bTTt2 bone r@@k6 book, writing na4 sdd2 classifier for books, knives, boats, oxcarts, various sharp objects lHm3 border, frontier post daan6 bored with; dislike, hate cee1 born kTTt6 borrow kham6 borrow; ask for help maan6 boss, master naay4 both, all, together with; even though thd4 bottle k@@3 kHHw3 bottle; glass, drinking glass kHHw3 water bottle nam6 taw3 boundary, territory kheet6, dHHn1 bow, arrow tha6 nuu4

143

English–Saek

bow, bend over kam3 bow; curved; bent; a coil khoo3 bowl, basin, dish saam4 metal water bowl ‰oo1 monk’s begging bowl baat6 old-fashioned Chinese earthen bowl; big cup, glass ca‰6 ‰TT1 box (to) t@3, muay4 box, trunk, suitcase hiip6 small box trap4, tlap4 boy ku6 maan4, ku‰4 maan4 bracelet phram1, phlam1, phlam4 Brahma phom4 Brahma divinity phom4, pha‰6 phom4 great Brahma ma6 haa1 phom4 name of a Brahma divinity ka6 bin1 la‰6 phom4, ka6 bin1 la6 phom4 braid pia1 braid, knit thak4 brains ‰uuk6 bran ram4 branch kii6, aa5 branch, twig kaa6 brass, bronze; in certain expressions copper or gold th@@4 brass, bronze, copper lua4 brave, bold kaa3, traa3, tlaa3 break, broken, torn kaat6 break apart kaat6 put6 break, be broken rak4 break, be broken, burst preek6 break off a piece bi‰4 break a contract, cancel gup6 break wind rHt4 breast cuu3 breathe thit4 cdd1, thdt4 cdd1 hold the breath kan3 brick ‰it4, din1 cii6 bridge khaw4 bright, gleaming (red, yellow) rTT5 rTT5 bright, light; dawn, clear r@@5 brinjals (small variety) vee3 brittle, tender, crisp c@@n1 broad, wide roo6 broken, cracked open ga‰6

144

English–Saek

broken, break, torn kaat6 be broken, break rak4 be broken, break, burst preek6 bronze, brass; in certain expressions copper or gold th@@4 bronze, brass, copper lua4 brood, incubate ‰up4 broom vaa2 theen5, vaay2 theel5 brother (older) ‰HH1 father’s younger brother ‰aaw5 bruised sam6 bruised, swollen v@k6 bruised and swollen from a blow; having a long muzzle tuup6 brush prHH1 bubbles, foam, lather poop6 bubble nest of fish ph@@t6 bucket, pail; tank tha1 bud, sprout caaw1 be in bud cuum1 Buddha phut6 thi‰6 Buddhist phut6 Buddhist ceremony of giving robes to the monks th@@t5 ka6 thin2 Buddhist Law, Dharma tham4 Buddhist Lent phan4 saa2 old term for leaving Buddhist Lent pa‰6 v@@4 la6 naa4, v@@4 la6 naa4 buffalo vaay4 buffalo hide cut into strips na2 niiw4; na2 liw4 edible, partially digested contents of buffalo intestines phia3 fight (of buffaloes) seew2 hump on the back of an ox or buffalo n@@k6, lam1 male buffalo with short horns vaay4 tuu3 build, construct, erect k@@6, saa3 build (a house); plant (plants) pr@@k6, pl@@k6 building tdk4 building, hall roo4 official building saan1 bulb (light); spindle, spool luut6 bullfrog ‰dd6 bump, knot on tree puut6 bump on skin nuun3 bundle, faggot ldm4 bundle, sheaf, faggot roop5

145

English–Saek

bundle, tie in bundles p@@3 tie in bundles phay4 burn (intransitive) ham2 burn (transitive) phraw2 burn, cremate, light a fire, set fire cuk4 burn, scorch daat6 burst, break, be broken preek6 bury lip4, ldp4 bus lot6 mee4 but tHH6 Saa3, hak2 Saa5, haak5 Saa5 but; from, since tHH6 but, so, and then phat2 butt, end; heel s@n3 butter, cheese nTTy4 butterfly bu6 baa3 buttocks troon1, tloon1 curving of the buttocks een4 button mHk6 kuk4, mlHk6 kuk4 fasten (a button) khaan2, khaal2 undo a button; remove, take down; remove (a yoke) prHt4, plHt4 buy sdd6 by, with dooy1

C cackle (of a hen) ka6 taak4 cage; trap for frogs tum3 bird cage with bird in it used as a decoy pha6 niat5 chicken cage; fish trap sum6 cake khek6 cake, dessert Saw6 nom1 rice boiled in cakes with a banana; starch, flour pHH3 calf of the leg kua6, blii1 call, summon; be called (so-and-so) reek5 can, tin ka6 p@1 can for water pip4, pip6 empty can used as a container; half of bamboo used as water pipe; lid of empty oil drum ka6 paa1 cancel, break a contract gup6 cancer he4 candle thian4

146

English–Saek

cap, hat muak2, muak6 knitted cap for cold weather moo3 capital, investment thdn4 lose investments lup4 thdn4 capture, arrest; abduct kum1 car, bicycle, vehicle lot6 park (a car); stop; moor (a boat) c@@t6 run over (of a car); step on, tread yiap6 sound of cars colliding; sound of chewing buap5 turn (a car) around ‰uay6, ‰waay6 carcass, corpse saak5 care for, treat (the ill) pua1, pin6 pua1 take care of, guard rak6 saa2 careful; whisper giim5 gia2 carry, hold thdd4 carry (a child) in a cloth on the back ‰HHt5 carry an infant against the side in a cloth ‰am6 carry big things roop6 carry hanging down from the hand riw3, riiw3, hiiw5 carry in a procession, have a procession rHH6 carry in the arms ‰uum3 carry off one’s belongings hup4 carry on one end of a pole over the shoulder kh@@n4, kh@@l4 carry on the shoulder khuat5 carry on two ends of a shoulder pole raap6 carry slung over the shoulder phaa6 carry, transport khun2 carry tucked in the waist ph@k6 carry under the arm; pick up with chopsticks; pinch, as a crab khHHp5, niip6 carrying pole Saan4 descriptive of carrying or dragging thi‰4 thuu1 thi‰4 thay1 two or more carry raam2 cart; wheel l@@3 sound of cart in motion khdp6 khdp6 cash, take out money bTTk6 cast, throw, sow vaan6, vaal6 cast-net lap6 castrate; part, section t@@n1 cat mHHw4 catch, seize, grasp, take hold of cap4 caterpillar v@6 poisonous caterpillar haan1, haal1, haan2, haal2

147

English–Saek

catfish r@k4 cause; give; for hTT3 cause, create nii4 mit6, ni6 mit6 cave tham3 name of a cave khan4 tha6 thu6 lii1 ceiling thrTT6 cemetery paa6 reew5 maa4 centipede ca6 thrip4 coil up (of a centipede) p@@m3 ceremony, tradition riit5 certain; excellent, very good khak6 certain, sure nHH5 chain soo3, soo6 chain, necklace saay1 chair ta6 ‰ii3, ta6 ‰ii6 chalk s@k6 challenge too3 chance (take a), risk; make a wish sia5, sia6 change, exchange pian6 make change (money) th@@n4 character, personality, disposition nit4 say1 characterized by khii2 charcoal thaan6, riaw4 chase lay5 chase, drive raa4 chasm; crack; hole; pit s@@5 chat, converse khuy4, khuuy4 cheap; correct; hit; touch thdk6 cheek keem3 cheerful, happy sddn5 cdd1, sddn5 m@k4, sddn6 cdd1 cheese, butter nTTy4 chest tam1 ‰aa1, ta6 baa1 chevrons on a uniform H5 chew gam3 sound of chewing; cars colliding buap5 sound of chewing noisily cHp5 chicken kay6 chicken cage; fish trap sum6 chicken louse rii4 scratch (of chickens) khia6 scratch (of chickens); dip a ball of rice in food and take it up khuy3

148

English–Saek

chief, king, prince, lord pha6 gaa4 chief, prince, lord caw3 child dHk4 child, offspring ldk6 divine child, angel thee4 va6 but4 one’s children ldk6 taw3 term used with a small child similar to ‰ay3 nuu5 in Siamese tT3 term used with children to raise hands in obeisance thu‰4 chin Saa4 chin, jaw kaa3 haam4 Chinese cek6 chipped; torn hian2 chipped, nicked baan6, baal6 chisel siw6, siiw6 choose lee5 chop up yap6 chop fine pham3, sap4 chopped meat dish laap5 chopping board thTTt6 chopsticks thdd5, thuu5, may6 thdd5 naa5, may6 thdd5 ta6 khiap2 one chopstick; twig ki6 pick up with chopsticks; pinch, as a crab; carry under the arm khHHp5, niip6 cigar, cigarette bu‰6 lii4, bu6 lii4 cigarette, cigar bu‰6 lii4, bu6 lii4 circle (go in) von4 circle dancing lam4 vo4 circuit (make a), go around liap5, vian4 make a circuit l@‰6 city na6 kh@@n4 city name pee1 caan1 city; country, kingdom phia4 civet cat gHn2, gHl2 clan, family khoot5 clan, family; litter r@@k5 elder who arranges at weddings caw3 khoot5 vo4 taa1 clap (the hands); slap tap4 clappers (of metal) sH6, sHH6 clasp, hug, embrace k@@t6 classifier for animals; body thua4 for books, knives, boats, oxcarts, various sharp objects lHm3 for fruit, round objects maak6

149

English–Saek

for houses; back; after la2 for long, thin objects sHn3, sHl3 for mats, cloth phdn4, phddn4 for one of a pair; side, direction; bank of a river via3 for piece, length; a lump th@@n5 for royal persons ‰o1 for spoons, pencils, saws khan4, khal4 for things ‰an1, ‰al1 for tools, knives, sharp implements maak5, maak6 clause, phrase; part vak6 claw, scratch khwaa4, khuaw4, khwaaw4, khwaak6 clean m@t4 mHH2 clean; smooth prian3, plian3, m@t4 clean up outdoors, clear laa6 clear, dawn; light, bright r@@5 clear fields, etc. thaa2 clear, clean up outdoors laa6 cleaver-like knife maak6 thaa6 ko‰4 clever, intelligent khuun2 clever, skilled ke6, kee6 cliff (rocky) khook5 phraa2, phraa2 climb (a tree) piin1 clitoris tiw6, tiiw6 clock, watch naa4 li4 kaa1 close a door; cover the face ‰@t4 close (the eyes), blink gip4 close one eye liiw6 close the eyes for a moment and then open them gip4 kHHp6 close the mouth hup4 close together nHHp5, naap5 close, tight cHHp6 closely spaced, finely woven; miserly thii5 cloth umbrella khan4 kot4 clothesline; pole for picking fruit yaaw6 clothing; things, possessions; food; utensils thrda5 cloth to cover the genitalia of a small child mo‰4 cover with a cloth hum6 squeeze clothes when washing them; crumple up (paper) g@@5, g@@6 wash (clothes) yak6 cloud via3 club, hammer S@@n6, S@@l6 clump of bamboo k@@1, thuup5

150

English–Saek

cluster (of coconuts, areca nuts) sHH4 cluster of fruit phua3, phua4 coals (live) haa4 vii4 dead coal, ashes of a dead fire pl@@6 mii3 coarse, coarsely woven; far apart, widely spaced saa6 coarse, tough (of meat, food) giap6 cockroach saap6 cockscomb khian4, khial4, h@@n1 cockspur traa1, praa1 coconut phraaw6, phlaaw6 coconut cream ka6 thi‰6 coconut grub dua3 coconut shell ka6 po‰4 coffin loo4 coil up, roll up muan6 coil up a rope kuan3, khuan3, khwaan3, tloo1 a coil; curved; bent; to bow khoo3 coil up (of a centipede) p@@m3 coin, medal lian1 cold (have a) phan4 vat4, phal4 vat4 cold see2 cold, cool nHk4 collide, fight (of buffaloes) seew2 collide; stab, pierce; pound tam1 color; paint sii2 column, row thHHw2, lian4 comb, to comb h@@y2 come, return maa2, hun4 come up, go up, up; rise, ascend hdn3 comfortable, comfortably sa6 vaa6 commune tam1 bon1 comparative, more than kua6, kwaa6 compare thiap5, phHHt5 compel, force cam1, khuu1 compete khHH6, khHH6 khan1 complain, grumble thraam4 complete, all khop6 completely, all, all gone phleek5 conceal ‰am1 condiments (to add) y@‰4 confiscate rip6

151

English–Saek

confused gu6 confused, disheveled, entangled gu6 gaaw2 conquer, put down phaap6 conscript keen1 consider phit4 caa1 la6 naa4, phi‰4 caa1 la6 naa4, phit6 caa1 la6 naa4, phi‰6 caa1 la6 naa4 consider, weigh a matter ii5 constrict, pucker up gum3 constricted, pressed together tiip6 construct, build, erect k@@6, saa3 consult baan4 container for drinking water ‰u‰4 container, basket (for betel) khay2 continent; place thiip5 a mythical continent chom4 phuu4 thiip5 continually, always maay5 continually, steadily lday3, lday5 continue; join t@@6 continuously ta6 l@@t6 contract; promise sHn3 gaa4 make a contract maw2 converse, chat khuy4, khuuy4 convict nak6 thoot5 cook, stew for a long time ‰@@m6 cooked, ripe suk6 put rice in a bamboo tube to cook ph@@2 cool, cold nHk4 copper, brass, bronze lua4 in certain expressions copper and gold; brass, bronze th@@4 cord, rope saak5 cord, string saay2 wind or bind a cord around gak6 core (hard) kHHn1 corn (Indian), maize sa6 lii4 corner lHH1 corner, angle, edge liam5 corner or side broken off ka6 va‰4 corpse, carcass saak5 corpse, body khook5 maa4 corpse; discarded snake skin thraap5 corpse; spirit, ghost maa4 correct; cheap; hit; touch thdk6

152

English–Saek

cotton, cotton cloth paay1 instrument to remove seeds from cotton ‰HHt6 spin cotton thray4, pan1, pan6, pal1 cough ‰ay1 cough up phlegm khaak6 could not, do not bay3, boo6 day3 count nap6 country pa6 theet5 country, kingdom; city phia4 couple, pair tooy1 court, woo; play sTTn6 cover, to cover pok4, p@k4 cover of a book loom4 cover the face, close a door ‰@t4 cover with a big lid kuam1 cover with a blanket ham6 cover with a cloth hum6 cover, as with a lid am4, tloop5, throop5 cover with the hand um5 cover, wrap up hum3 coverlet, quilt, blanket kha6 l@@p6 crab paw1 pinch, as a crab; carry under the arm; pick up with chopsticks khHHp5, niip6 crack; chasm; hole; pit s@@5 cracked hHH1 cracked open, broken ga‰6 cradle ‰uu6 cradle, swing for children v@5 crane the neck to look ook5 crave HHn3 crawl luan4 crawl, creep tay6 crazy, mad kua3, kwaa3 create, cause nii4 mit6, ni6 mit6 creature (mythical water) uak5 creep, crawl tay6 cremate; light a fire; set fire; burn cuk4 cricket tu6 tian3, tu6 tial3 crippled, weak, tired pia3 crippled, lame khee4 crippled (of the arm) c@1

153

English–Saek

crisp, tender, brittle c@@n1 criticize ti‰4 crocodile khHH6 crooked, not straight khot6, vii5 crooked, twisted biaw3 cross khway6 cross, go across haam3 crossbow nua3 crouch down muup2, muup6 crow kaa1 to crow han2, hal2 crowd, annoy, oppress biat6 bian1 crowded; stuffed neen3 crowing sound of rooster ‰ek4 ka‰6 reen4 ‰eek4, ‰ek4 ka‰6 reel4 ‰eek4, ‰ee5 ka‰6 reen4 ‰ee5, ‰ee5 ka‰6 reel4 ‰ee5 crucible baw3 crumple up (paper); squeeze clothes when washing them g@@5, g@@6 crunching sound boop5 crushed, flatten, smashed raa5 crushed; flat, flattened tTTt6 cry, weep tay3 cry out vaan1 cubit, elbow suak6, s@@k6 cucumber pria1 pr@@6, pria1 pl@@6 cucumber, melon pria1 cup, glass c@@k6 big cup, glass; old-fashioned Chinese earthen bowl ca‰6 ‰TT1 cup, dish, bowl thooy6 cupboard tuu3 cured by a bad experience, be afraid trda4 curl up (of a leaf) koop6 curled up (of hands and feet in a disease) ca1, kuut6 ca1 curled up (of leaves); tangled (of rope) ca1 (sleep) curled up khot4 curry kee1 to make a particular curry ‰@‰4 cursing expression praay1 phHHp6, praay1 haa6 curtain maan3 move (e.g., a curtain) along a rod; strip off (leaves) ruut5 curved; bent; a coil; to bow khoo3 curving of the buttocks een4 cushion b@‰4

154

English–Saek

custard apple khiap2, lot6 customs, traditions pra‰6 phee4 nii4, hiit5 cut tat4, tHk4, ban3, ban6 cut a blaze in a tree to mark it baak6 cut a cutting, put earth around the base of a plant ‰oop6 cut a piece off the side of a tree or log thaak6 cut cloth rHHk5 cut into pieces, trim a tree after it is felled rHHm3 cut or pull up grass; disappear; spoil; die; pay ‰iin3 cut up a slaughtered animal khua4 cut, slash van1, val1

D dam khan4, khan4 thHH4, phaay1 dam up thot6, paan3, paal3 damaged, spoiled hdd2 damp (slightly) maat6 dance y@@n3, saay2 dance, jump sHk4 danger phooy4 phay4 dark lap4 dark (of color) khem3 dark (of color), old, ripe kee6 dash luup6 daughter-in-law khwTT6, phTT6, fTT6 dawn, clear; light, bright r@@5 day mdd6, van4 day after tomorrow rdd1 day before yesterday ph@@n4 day, daytime, the sun gHn4 dead sua3 dead coals, ashes of a dead fire pl@@6 mii3 deaf nuuk6 debt say6 decayed, soft yuay3, guay3 deceive, lie; scare, frighten l@@k6 decorate pa6 dap4 deeds (good); merit, favor khun4 do a favor for mii4 khun4 mii4 noo4 deep lak6

155

English–Saek

deer varieties ma5, ma6, vaan4, vaal4, vua4 defeat, win, be victorious phHH5 defeat, hold one’s own (in idiomatic phrases) laay6 defeated sua2 defeated, lose lo‰6 degree, equal, quantity lee4 delicious, enjoy one’s food @@n2, nua2, bua1 demolish, dismantle thaaw3 dented bum3 depend upon pha5 depending upon, up to lHHw3 tHH6 descend, go down, down l@4 desert, divorce, abandon raa6 design, stripe, mark, spots laay4 designate taa1 ti‰4 desire, want; hungry haat6 dessert, cake Saw6 nom1 destroy, die, go out, extinguish (a fire) dap4 detour, go around ‰@@m3 diagonal bia6, via6, via6 too6 diarrhea Say6 su‰6 dice, gambling game sa1 kaa1 die praay1, praay1 map6 cursing expression praay1 phHHp6, praay1 haa6 squirm, as when dying piat6 die, destroy, go out, extinguish (a fire) dap4 die; lose; disappear; spoil; pay; pull up (grass) ‰iin3 differ, various, strange taa6 difficult phak6, phak6 phTT5 dig khut6 dig a small hole c@@t5 dig or scratch with the hands; scoop up, search (e.g., in a box) hut4 dig out (the ear) g@@n4, g@@l4 dike, bank of a river San4, Sal4 diligent, industrious du‰4, sia2 diligent, persevere phian4 dip down into c@k4 dip (food) in sauce cam3 dip a ball of rice in food and take it up; scratch (of chickens) khuy3 dip up, dip out, draw (water) tak4 dip up fish with a sieve sdm6 dip in water; dye cup4

156

English–Saek

direction; side; river bank; classifier for one of a pair via3 direction; side; road, path, way thaa4 dirt, earth, ground ban1, bal1 dried sweat and dirt on the skin Say6 Sii4 dirty, soiled pdan3 disappear rTTy1 disappear; die; lose; spoil; pay; pull up (grass) ‰iin3 disappear, vanish va3 vHH3 disappear, vanish by magic power ldam4 disappear, very (far) lip4 disease (have a); be, become phan4, phal4 have a cold phan4 vat4, phal4 vat4 dish caan1 dish, bowl, basin saam4 disheveled, mussed (of hair) g@@1 disheveled, confused, entangled gu6 gaaw2 disheveled, mussed, tangled gu6 gaaw2 dislike, hate; be bored with cee1 dismantle, demolish thaaw3 disorderly ‰on1 disorderly (of children) ‰on1 ‰ua1 in disorder rum2, ru2, la6 nd4 la6 nddt5 displeased with each other, argue tdk4 disposition, character, personality nit4 say1 distressed, worried, troubled ‰a6 distribute, hand out cHHk6, yaay1 district, area gaan5 disturb ku‰4 kuan1 ditch ta6 kh@@4, mda1 dive, swim under water b@t4 dive in headfirst; press down dik4 divide, share bee6, pan1 divine thip6 divinity, god thee4 va6 daa1 divorce yaa6 divorce; desert, abandon raa6 divorce; lay aside; leave plii6 do, make hit6 be doing phuam4 be doing, about to kam1 la4 doctor, shaman m@@2 dodge, duck lup4

157

English–Saek

dog maa2 exclamation used to chase dogs away se‰6 howl (of a dog) h@@n1 mad (of dogs) v@@3 donkey laa4 don’t kay2, kay3 don’t; stop, refrain from yaa6 door pak4 tuu1 close (a door); cover (the face) ‰@t4 dorsal fin khii4, co1 doubt, wonder so1 say1 dove haw2 down, descend, go down l@4 downstream (to go) l@@5 drag, pull looy1 descriptive of dragging gTTm4 gTTm4, thuu4 thaat5 descriptive of effort of dragging or carrying thi‰4 thuu1 thi‰4 thay1 drag along thii4 thuu4 thii4 thaat5 drag on the ground laam5 draw, write khian2 draw a line, scratch khiit6 draw (water), dip up, dip out tak4 dream (to) van4 dress; prepare; marry tHH6 drip (to), drop y@@t6 drive, chase raa4 drive (a car) khap4 drool guay3 drool (of saliva); flow hTTy1 drop; to drip y@@t6 drop into water plum6 drum tr@@1, tl@@1 drum variety thoon4 sound of gongs and drums thdt6 thdt6 drunk maw4 drunkard hun4 kin1 law3 recover from drunkenness, illness sua6 dry hdd6, hdat6 dry and crisp (of roasted meat) hHHm3 dry, dried, dried out khoo2 dry, dried up hHH3 dry field rii5

158

English–Saek

dry land b@k4 dry (of weather), dry season lHH6 duck pit4 duck, dodge lup4 duckweed nHH1 dumb, unable to speak kddk6 dung beetle ku6 khuu4 durian thu‰6 lian4, thu6 lian4 seed of jackfruit or durian nuan4 during, in, inside, into, at da1, daa1 dusk, twilight sum3 dust phun5 dust; crushed or smashed to small pieces mul4 dust off, sweep pHk4 dye gum6 to dye, dip in water cup4 dysentery (to have) phan4 bit4, phal4 bit4

E each, every d@@1 each other kin1 eagle ‰in1 thii4 ear rua4 ear or head of rice rua4 earring tum3 huu1, taa3, taa6, vo4 vHHn2 earth din1 earth, dirt, ground ban1, bal1 easy, simple aay5 eat kin1, deek6 (slang) eat all l@@n2 eat or spend every last bit m@@t6 eat with a snapping act, as a dog, tiger, fish suap5 eaves yaay4, yHH4 edge kh@@p6, rim4 edge, angle, corner liam5 edge, gunwale of a boat Seem4 edge, side; beside thrHHm1 go near the edge lHHw1 placed near the edge min6 sharp edge, sharp Sam4

159

English–Saek

eel lian1 effective, efficacious khet4 effeminate man khan4 thday4, thday4 efficacious, effective khet4 magically efficacious khet4 yam1 effort koo1 waste of effort kdam3 kaa1 egg, lay an egg trTT3, tlTT3 eggshell; matchbox; sheath ta6 roop5 eggplant kee3 eight peet6 elbow; cubit suak6, s@@k6 elder who arranges at weddings caw3 khoot5 vo4 taa1 electric fan phat6 lum4 elephant saa6 elephant rider khuan4, khwaan4 elephant’s trunk; spout of a teapot ua4 sound of elephant chewing up coconut book5 sound of elephant trumpeting phia‰4 phia6 tusk of elephant; ivory aa4 eleven sip6 ‰Ht4 embarrassed, ashamed trTTy1, tlTTy1 embrace k@@t6 kum1 embrace, hug, clasp k@@t6 embroider, plant (a stake) pak4 employ, use; send (someone) thraay2 employee, worker ldk6 caa3, ldk6 lHH3 empty pruu6, pluu6 enamel, enameled khdap5 encounter, meet phaam4 end, tip praay1, plaay1 end, butt; heel s@n3 end, most sut4 endure, go without ‰ot4, ‰ot4 gdan3, thon4 enduring, long-lasting gddn4 enemy; war khiak5 engaged, get engaged man3 engine, machine gon4 enjoy one’s food, delicious @@n2, nua2, bua1 enough; when ph@@4 entangled, confused, disheveled gu6 gaaw2 enter haw3

160

English–Saek

entertainment, music an4 entreat, wheedle ‰eew6 envelope s@@4 envy ‰it4 saa1 epidemic haa6 cursing expression praay1 haa6 equal, degree, quantity lee4 erase, rub out ldp6 erect, build, construct k@@6, saa3 erect (of the penis) @1 establish, set up; all ta3 establish, raise up guk6 estimate, guess, assume tua1 Europe yu4 roop6 evaporate hTTy1 even, indeed h@n2 (idiomatic) even, level phia4 even one (not); one or so; about, approximately sak4 even though; all, both, together with thd4 even though; arrive, reach tha4 evening, nightfall, night Sam5 every thuk6 every, each d@@1 every sort sap4 pha‰6 phi‰4 every sort of thing saa1 la‰6 phat6 saa1 la‰6 phaa4 everybody, anybody, who dTT1 everything, something, what tu6 thaa4 everywhere thua5 evil, low th@@y6 exceed, too kTTn1 excellent, very good; certain khak6 excessively, very much vian4, vian4 raat5, vHHn4 raat5 exchange, change pian6 excited; irritated, annoyed rTT3 raa1 exclamation thoo4, paa4 thoo4, paat4 thoo4 exclamation used to chase dogs away se‰6 excrement Say6 existence, race saat5 expect, hope; wait kh@@4 expensive phHH4 expert, artisan; skilled saa5

161

English–Saek

expose to the sun praak6 extinguish, die, destroy; go out (of a fire) dap4 eye tr@@4, tl@@4, praa1 blink, close (the eye) gip4 close one eye, wink liiw6 close the eyes for a moment and then open them gip4 kHHp6 eyebrow khiw3, khiiw3 eyebrow ridge khoom4 eyes staring wide open; open the eyes wide, turn back the eyelid ldak6 open (the eyes) ml@@n4 open the eyes wide, turn back the eyelid; eyes staring wide open ldak6 poor eyesight kwaa3 shade the eyes p@@3 praa1

F face naa3 cover (the face); close (a door) ‰@t4 face bruised and swollen from a blow; having a long muzzle tuup2 face powder sii1 ph@@4 lie face down am3 lie face up; full moon aay2 lie flat on one’s face nuun4 meep2 make faces to tease children paak6 gik6 paak6 gHHk5 turn the face away HHw3, bldan1 faggot, bundle ldm4 faggot, bundle, sheaf roop5 fall, drop t@k4 fall, fall over lam6 fall flat lam6 tdd4, lam6 phuap5, lam6 phuak5 fall in (of a stream bank) yoot6 fall over backwards TTk5 fall when overripe (of fruit) yoot6 sound of something falling tum1, pok6, p@k6 fall (of a leaf) l@n6 fall off, fall out; slip loose kh@@n5, kh@@l5 familiar, well acquainted with kwHHn6 familiar, tame khun6 family thrua4 elder who arranges at weddings caw3 khoot5 vo4 taa1

162

English–Saek

family, clan khoot5 family, clan; litter r@@k5 famous swaa5 fan, to fan phii4 electric fan phat6 lum4 far tray1, tlay1 far apart, widely spaced; coarse, coarsely woven saa6 far, far away dak4 very (far); to disappear lip4 fast, quick, quickly gam4 (walk or ride) fast lip4 lip4 fasten (a button) khaan2, khaal2 snap fastener tHp6 fastened, attached tit4 fat tuy5, phuuy4 father; man ph@@5 father’s younger brother ‰aaw5 father’s younger sister ‰@@5 fathom, armspread, measure with armspreads vaa4 favor, merit, good deeds khun4 do a favor for mii4 khun4 mii4 noo4 fear, be afraid laaw2 feast; raise, feed, tend, keep lia6 feed, raise, tend, keep; feast lia6 feed an infant or an invalid puun6 feed animals kua1 fell a tree; wrestle pram3, plam3 fence ha3 fence or wall of a monastery taay3 vat6 go under (a fence, house, table) l@@t5 ferment, pickle m@@k6 fern (edible) phrak4 kuut6 festival variety (annual) teet6 fever (have a); sick, ill ‰oom3 feel feverish khat4 have a high fever with hands and feet curled up; curled up (of leaves); tangled (of rope) ca1 fiber plant p@@1, raay3 fibers of a lotus stem; rubber; gum yaa1 fierce; to scold thuu3 fig (wild) thrua6 fight leew4 fight, make war lop6

163

English–Saek

fight (of buffalo) seew2 fight (of cocks) t@@3 fight; strike, hit, beat, pound; thresh (rice) m@k6 figure, shape (of a person) sep6 figure, image hun6 file (the tool) ta6 bay1 fill in (a hole) thom1 fine, impose a fine pap4, may1, may2 finger, toe ia5 little finger, little toe ia5 k@@y3 pick up with the fingers yip4 snap with the fingers; kick (of a horse) bliit6 fingernail, toenail; hoof liip5 finished; already; then lHHw1, lHHw6 be finished, come to an end; youngest (child); last (oxcart) s@@t5 fire vii4 go out (of a fire); extinguish, die, destroy dap4 live coals of a fire haa4 vii4 spread (of a fire) laam4 stoke (a fire) khum4 fireplace, stove phiak5 vii4, phriak5 vii4, phrdak5 vii4 firewood vdn1, vdl1 big pile of firewood k@@1 raa6 light firewood (bamboo) lua2 firm, hard, solid keen2, keel2 first, before k@@n6 at first tHH6 mo‰6 first (month) cia1 fish praa1, plaa1 big fish varieties bdk4, lTTm4 bite, nibble (of a fish); sting (of an insect) t@@t6 fish basket vak4 thaa6 fish bone kaa3 fish hook seet6 fishnet varieties ka6 dTTt6, too6, ree2, sa6 du3 fish paste (fermented) plaa1 dHHk6 fish paste wrapped and cooked in fire m@k4 dHHk6 fish scales trHk4, tlHk4 fish trap; chicken cage sum6 fish trap varieties yay4, s@@n3, s@@l3 fish varieties ‰iit6, khe1, khT4, tra3, tla3, thlHH5, pha6 lay4, pha6 lay5, g@@n4, lot4, siw4, siiw4, suay4, swaay4, sdam4, sa6 HH4

164

English–Saek

fishy smell Saaw4 grope for fish under water um4 sound of fish jumping baap5 to fish, go fishing tdk4 fitting, suitable khuan4 five haa3 flag thu4 flame preew1, pleew1 flashlight vii4 saay2 flat pee1 flat, flattened pHH1, pHH3 flat, flattened; crushed tTTt6 flatten, crushed, smashed raa5 flat of woven thatchgrass for roofing plial1 Saa4 flat (of a tire) vHHp5 flavor of orange or lime rinds hdn4 flavorless, insipid mlaat5 flea mat4 flee; away theew4 flesh, meat ml@@5 flesh on jackfruit seeds mul5 flies (small types) mHH4 mii6 flirtatious, affected khiaw4 float vuu1 floating on the water surface khdam4 khdam4 flock (to) poot6 flood (to) thum6 floor, ground phddn6 floorboard joint lines khHH5 flour bda1 flour, starch; rice boiled in cakes with a banana pHH3 flow trooy1, tlooy1 flow, drool (of saliva) hTTy1 flower bl@@k6, bl@@k6 may6 flower variety koo1 mut6 flowering tree varieties cam1 pii1, cam6 pii1, cam1 paa1, cam6 paa1 stem of leaf, flower, fruit kaan3 flute khuy6, khuuy6 flute, pipe; spread (a mat) pii6 fly (to) bdn1, bdl1, h@@p6 fly in circles hu‰4 h@@p6

165

English–Saek

fly through the air hTTn1, h@‰4 fly zigzag bdn1 cTTt6 foam, lather, bubbles poop6 fog m@@k6 fold thrap6, phap6, phlap6 fold double thop6 fold neatly, arrange tightly liip6 stack or fold up neatly; stick (money) between things stacked up lHHp6 follow, accompany; go in search of; with; from; along nam4 follow; search for; along; according to taam1 fond of, like mak6 fontanelle nap4 nTT4 food (harmful types) kam1 food; things, possessions; clothing; utensils thrda5 enjoy one’s food, delicious @@n2, nua2, bua1 food eaten with liquor kHHm3 food swallowed and returns to the mouth thraak5, thlaak5 go without (food, water); endure ‰ot4, ‰ot4 gdam3, thon4 harmful food kam1 foot, leg See5 foot, base (of tree) tiin1 foot goes to sleep k@@5 See5, mdn4 have a high fever with hands and feet curled up; tangled (of rope); curled up (of leaves) ca1 footprint, track rii4 for, toward suu6 for example thruu4 Saa5 for, give, cause hTT3 for, to kHH6 force, compel khuu1, cam1 force one’s way through phaa2, phaa6, thook6 force through or into mun6, mul6 force, squeeze sap4 forehead phraak6 foreign theet5 maa6 theet5 foreign horse forest, thicket paa6, thuan6, thual6 big forest d@1 deep forest khook5 mythical forest him1 ma6 phaan4 forget l@2 fork of a tree aam5

166

English–Saek

form (rice) into a ball; twist, wring van3, val3 formerly rda6 formerly, in olden times tHH6 rTT4 fort, police box p@m3, p@@m3 four sii6 fragrant praa1, plaa1 frame (for a picture) k@@p6 free; idle dTTy1 Friday van4 suk4 friend siaw2, siaw6 friend; group muu6 frighten, scare; lie, deceive l@@k6 frog kap4 frog (when talking to children) ‰uap5 legendary eclipse-causing frog kap4 thaa3 small frog thrHH3 sound of frog jumping into water cuap5 trap for frogs; cage tum3 from kh@@y6 from; accompany, follow; go in search of; with; along nam4 from, since ta3 tHH6 from, since, but tHH6 frontier post; border daan6 frugal (in eating) y@@m1 fruit maak6 almost ripe (of fruit) hTTm6 classifier for fruits and certain other round objects, frequent in names of fruit and fruit-bearing trees and plants maak6 fruit and vegetable dish, first pounded and then spices are added nian6 fruit varieties ‰ooy3, kan1, ka6 thHn4, khiap2, HHw4, t@@3, paa1 or phaa1, ph@@k5, ml@@t6, gom4, lot6, vaa2, via1 overripe (of fruit) nuam5 pick fruit with a pole; poke an animal out of its hole with a stick g@k6 pole for picking fruit; clothesline, pole for drying clothes yaaw6 soft and mushy (of fruit) le‰6 sound of fruit falling pii4 sound of fruit falling; sound of beating ‰up6 stem of leaf, flower, fruit kaan3 thick, abundant (of hair, fruit) dok4 fry th@@t5 frying pan m@@3 thHH2 couplet paired only with m@@3 ‘pot’ hHHk6

167

English–Saek

full rim2 full after eating ‰iim6 full, satiated ‰iim6 nam1 sam1 raan4 full (of the moon) phe4 full (moon); face up aay2 full to the brim phiap5 not full, partly gone, half empty phr@5 overly full luat5, lwaat5 fun, amusing muan5 funeral (to have a) so6 sa6 kaan1 funnel suay4 furlong goot5

G gable sii2 naa3 gadfly ldap6 gadfly, gnat guan6, gual6 galangal haa6 gallbladder blii1 gambling game varieties book2, book6, sa1 kaa1 game (in sports) meem4 gang up kdp4 (slang) garden suan2 garlic thiam4 garment (old-fashioned lower one) ka6 t@@y3 gasoline ‰it4 sa4, ‰Ht4 sa4 gather up, put away mian6 gather in (e.g., clothes) rdd6 gather into a heap t@@m3 gecko kap4 kHH5, kak4 kHH5 gem variety phi‰6 thuun4, phi6 thuun4, phay4 thuun4 general, minister see1 naa4 b@@1 dii1 germinate (seeds), plant ‰da1 get, obtain; be able; past tense marker day3 get more than others vHHn4 get ahead of another, surpass; more lddn5 get out of the way, avoid trHH5, tlHH5 get up, stand up, raise, lift luk6 action of many people getting up all at once phdap5 get up and sit down suddenly phuut6 luk6 phuut6 na5

168

English–Saek

get up suddenly pdp6 pup6, pup6 pap6, pup6 get up, wake up saak5 ghost, spirit pheet6 ghost, spirit; corpse maa4 giant gak6 name of giant kum1 phan4 type of giant in stories hu3 gibbon tha6 nii4 gill slit TTp5 ginger hii2 girl, woman mee5 bdk4 give, cause, for hTT3 give, hand over, turn over m@@p5 give, offer thuay2, thwaay2 gizzard tTT1 glad, happy sam4 very glad, overjoyed khTTn3 glass, drinking glass, bottle kHHw3 big glass, cup; old-fashioned Chinese earthen bowl ca‰6 ‰TT1 glass, cup c@@k6 gleaming (red, yellow) cdd6 khdd6, khdd6 gleaming (red) huun4 huun4 gleaming (red, yellow), bright rTT5 rTT5 glory of a king som1 phaan4 radiant glory (of a king) raa4 sii2 som1 phaan4 glutinous (rice); tough, sticky niaw2 gnat riin6 gnat, gadfly guan6, gual6 gnaw hHHn3 go pay1 go around, make a circuit vian6 go down l@4 go downstream l@@5 go out ‰@@k6 go see royalty, guard phaw3 go under (a fence, house, table) l@@t5 go up, come up, rise, ascend; up hdn3 go without (food, water) giin6 goat bHH3, phH‰6 go-between; spy sTTy4

169

English–Saek

god, divinity thee4 va6 daa1 architect of the gods pha6 veet5 su4 kam1 goiter S@@4 ‰TTm1 gold Sam4 copper and gold in certain expressions; brass, bronze th@@4 gold in a personal name kham4 gold mine Sam4 b@@6 silver and gold and jewels gHn4 Sam4 kam1 kHHw3 gone (partly) phr@5, phr@@5 gong kh@@6 sound of gongs and drums thdt6 thdt6 good cop4, dii1 good, proper cop4 cda1 very good, excellent; certain khak6 goose haan6 gourd taw3 bitter gourd ma6 ra‰6 gourd varieties biap6, mook6, vak6 govern kh@@p5 kh@@4 govern, rule pok4 kh@@4 government, royal lua2 gradually, slowly thrHH5 grain, seed, small round object mlHt6, mlHk6 granary yiaw3, yu3, saa1 couplet paired with saa1 ‘granary’ lim3 (also recorded as lim5) grandchild; nephew, niece laan2 great-grandchild leen1, leen2 great-great-grandchild l@@t6 grandfather (paternal) ‰oo4 maternal grandfather; old man taa1 grandmother (maternal) ‰aay4 paternal grandmother; old woman yaa5 grapefruit, pomelo phuk6 grasp, catch, seize, take hold of cap4 grass gua3 grass varieties gua3 phHHt6, gua3 phrHHk6 mat (grass) biin3 pull up (grass); disappear; die; lose; spoil; pay ‰iin3 grasshopper kha6 nak4 great (in certain expressions) ma6 haa1 green khiaw1, heew2 light green siw3, siiw3

170

English–Saek

greet; admonish th@@6 grey, grey-haired huuk6 groin khHH5 kwaa1 grope for fish under water um4 ground, dirt, earth ban1, bal1 ground, floor phddn6 group paa6, phuak5 group; friend muu6 grow bigger (of a child) phu‰6 grow slowly because shaded by a big tree am1 grumble, complain thraam4 guard, watch sdd5 guard; go see (royalty) phaw3 guard, take care of rak6 saa2 guess, predict thuay4, thwaay4 guess, assume, estimate tua1 guest heek6 guilt, punishment, penalty thoot5 gum; rubber; fibers of the lotus stem yaa1 gun thru3 gunwale of a boat, edge Seem4 gutter, trough, water pipe haa4

H haft of a knife kan6 hail mlHk6 tuy5 hair (of the head) phram2 body hair pun1, pul1 thick, abundant (of hair, fruit) dok4 wash (the hair) p@@1 waves in the hair l@@n4 hairknot (make a) tree1, tlee1 hairpin pin6 half khT5 hall, building roo4 name of a hall pha6 kha6 va6 dii1 hammer, club S@@n6, S@@l6 hand mdd4 beckon with the hand kwak4 carry hanging down from the hand riw3, riiw3, hiiw5

171

English–Saek

cover with the hand um5 handkerchief mHH6 khan2 have a high fever with hands and feet curled up; tangled (of rope); curled up (of leaves) ca1 hold in closed hand kam1 open (the hand); lie flat on the back bHH1 hand out, distribute cHHk6, yaay1 hand to someone yuan5, yual5 handle of a knife or sword daam3 hang up veen2 happy guu4 thaa6, sam1 raan4, suk4 glad, happy sam4 happily sa6 nuk4 sa6 naan1 happy, cheerful sddn5 cdd1, sddn5 m@k4 sddn6 cdd1 happy, merry sa6 nuk4 live happily yuu6 yen1 pen1 suk4 hard, solid, firm keen6, keel6 hard spot in fruit tria1 hard, stiff thria2 hardship, to have trouble; poor thuk6 harrow (to) phia2, phda2 harvest, reap sian4 hasty work (to do) hit6 luat5 luat5 hat, cap muak2, muak6 farmer’s conical hat moo4 put on (a hat) dooy3 put on (a hat, ring); place by inserting or impaling sup4 hate sa4 hate, dislike; be bored with cee1 have, there is, there are mii4 have to, must t@3, t@@3 hawk lam5 he, she, it, they man4 he, you (respectful) vua6 head thraw3 back of the head @@n5 hair of the head phram2 temples of the head kha6 map4 top of the head thHH4 turn the head to look uak5, waak5, HHk5, wHHk5 head louse raw2 healed (almost, nearly) ‰eem1 heap, pile; to pile up, heap up k@@1

172

English–Saek

big heap or pile cuun6 phuun6 big (of a heap) soon3 soon3 heap (of dung) soo6 heaped up (in a container) buun1 pile in a heap ‰uak5 guak5 hear, listen gia2 hard of hearing ‰d3 heart cdd1, cit4 heat rash phot6 heaving motion of the earth kul3 kul3 heavy nak4 heel; butt, end s@n3 help sooy5 ask for help; borrow maan6 help, rescue, release phoot6 hemp (Indian), marijuana saa4 here nii3 hermit, ascetic rdd4 sii2, ldd4 sii2 hide y@@n5, y@@l5 hide oneself riit5 hide, skin, leather; the movies na2 high, tall, on, on top of, above saa2 hire caa3 history, story pra6 vat4 hit, strike, beat, pound; fight; thresh (rice) m@k6 hit; touch; correct; cheap thdk6 Hmong mHHw3 hoe, mattock cok4 hold, carry in the arms ‰uum3 hold, carry thdd4 hold in closed hand kam1 hold in the jaws khaap5 hold in the mouth ‰am1 hold the breath kan3 hold up, support khd4 take hold of k@‰4 take hold of, catch, seize, grasp cap4 hole (big) pdd6 hole in tree or bamboo, hollow phoo6 hole, pit lum1 hole, pit, chasm, crack s@@5 make a hole with a stick thuk6

173

English–Saek

hollow, hole in tree or bamboo phoo6 hollow tube, as of bamboo pr@@6, pl@@6 home, village baan3 couplet paired with baan3 ‘home’ s@@4 house, home raan4, ruuk5 raan4 honest, noon, straight thia5, thee5 honest; straight y@@5 hoof; fingernail, toenail liip5 hook h@@2 hope va1 hope, wait, expect kh@@4 horn kaw1 horn of a rhinoceros n@@4 horse maa6 foreign horse maa6 theet5 kick (of a horse); snap with the fingers bliit6 hot ruun6, ruul6, l@@k5 very hot ‰aw3 hour, time moo4 house, home ruuk5 raan4, raan4 build (a house); plant (plants) pr@@k6, pl@@k6 classifier for houses; back; after la2 descriptive of a house shaking goop5 goop5 gaap5 gaap5 go under (a fence, house, table) l@@t5 side (of the body, of a house); beside rHk4 space underneath a house lua5 housefly gHn2, gHl2 howdah bH4, yHH6 how many kii3 howl (of a dog) h@@n1 hug, embrace, clasp k@@t6 human being, person ma6 nut6, hun4 humble, modest ciam1 hump on an ox or buffalo n@@k6, lam6 hundred r@@y6 hundred one r@@y6 ‰Ht4 hundred thousand sHHn2 three hundred saam2 r@@y6 hungry, go hungry yuak6 hungry; desire, want haat6 hunt; smoke meat hoo6 hunter phaan4

174

English–Saek

hurl down sHt6 hurry thriaw2, thliaw2, le5, hon4 hurry, rush hdd4 hurt, pain, ache keet6 husband h@@k6 husk, rind, peel (of a banana) kaap6 rice husks ca6 pr@@3, ca6 pl@@3 hut, shack, temporary shelter tup4 hut in the fields thia4 small hut ka6 th@m5

I I kuu1, phaan6, h@@y6 ice nam6 khH1 idle, indolent maw3 idle; free dTTy1 if thaa3, hee5, khan4, khan4 Sa3 if ; it is mHHn5 ill, sick; have a fever ‰oom3 care for, treat the ill pua1, pin6 pua1 illegal thdan6 illusion; Mara maan4 image, figure hun6 impale siap6 place by inserting or impaling; put on (a hat, ring) sup4 impetigo phay4, hit4 imprison, shut up thra2 in, inside, into, at, during da1, daa1 in, at, there nHHn1, nHHn2 in, inside rTT1 incense stick thuup5, pa6 thuup5 incision (make an), mark around kan6 incorrect, wrong phit4 incubate, brood ‰up4 indeed, even h@n2 (idiomatic) independent ‰it4 sa6 ra‰4 Indian corn, maize sa6 lii4 Indian hemp, marijuana saa4 Indian, Muslim khHHk6 indigo khaam4

175

English–Saek

indirectly (to ask) lak6 khit6 lak6 khay4 indolent, idle maw3 Indra ‰in1 industrious, diligent du‰4, sia2 infection from a wound, tetanus pham2, pham3 inform, report to kh@@p5 inhabitants, people saaw4 ink mdk6 insect mHH4 insect that makes mud nests in walls mHH4 yay1 stinger of an insect lay4 to sting (of an insect); bite, nibble (of a fish) t@@t6 insert s@@t6 insert, put inside pr@@n1, pl@@n1, pr@@n6, pl@@n6 place by inserting or impaling; put on (a hat, ring) sup4 insipid, flavorless mlaat5 inspect kuat6 installments (to pay in) ph@@n6 instructions (to give final), order; blow the nose sa6 instrument (Lao musical) khHHn4 intelligence, wits pan1 gaa4 intelligent, clever khuun2 intend, aim; make a mark, mark maay2 interjections ‰@@y4, ph@@3 mee5, buuy4, yoo5 (to intensify), hTTy3, hTTy4, hTTy5 interpreter laam5 intestines say3 investigate, trace a secret sddp6 investments (to lose one’s) lup4 thdn4 investment, capital thdn4 invite gua6, sua4, suan4, sTTn4 invite a monk ni‰6 mon4 invulnerable khHHw3 kho4, kho4 iron maa4 an iron taw1 liit5 to iron clothes liit5 irritated, annoyed; excited rTT3 raa1 irritating or offensive to the ear or eye khiin2 irritating to the skin Saay4 island d@@n1 it, he, she, they man4 it is; if mHHn5

176

English–Saek

itch (to) kii1, Sum4, Sum4 Sal4 itching foot disease from foul water r@@2 item; joint S@@5 ivory; tusk of elephant aa4

J jackal maa2 nay4 jackfruit praa1, plaa1 jackfruit when small phia6 seed of jackfruit or durian nuan4 jail ta6 laa4 jar, jug hay2 small jar for lime khua4, khwaa4 small jug for water ‰HH6 jaw haam4 jaw, chin kaa3 haam4 hold in the jaws khaap5 swollen jaws; mumps Saa4 thuum4 jewel kHHw3 silver and gold and jewels gHn4 Sam4 kam1 kHHw3 Job’s tears trooy1 join; continue t@@6 joint; item S@@5 jug, jar hay2 pail or jug for washing, not drinking ca‰6 pha4 small jar for lime khua4, khwaa4 small jug for water ‰HH6 jump, leap doot6 jump, dance sHk4 jump out of water (of fish) b@@n3 just gut6 ti4 tham4, got6 ti4 tham4

K kapok iw3, iiw3, nun6 keep, put away kdd3, y@@1 keep, tend, raise, feed; feast lia6 kerosene nam6 man4 kat4

177

English–Saek

kick diit6, te‰4 kick (of a horse); snap with the fingers bliit6 kidney tay1 kidneystones diw3, diiw3, niw3, niiw3 kill kaa3 kind nHHw4, yaa6 kind, like; size sam6 kind; seed van2 king ka6 sHt4, ka6 sat4 king, prince, chief, lord pha6 gaa4 kingdom laat5 kingdom, country; city phia4 kiss cuup6 knee k@@6 kneel down thuk6 thraw3 k@@6 knife traaw1, miit5 back of a knife sHn2 big knife, machete thaa6 classifier for books, knives, boats, oxcarts, and various sharp objects lHm3 classifier for tools, knives, and other sharp instruments maak5, maak6 cleaver-like knife with big curved blade at top maak6 thaa4 ko‰6 knife put in waist at back thaa6 khat4 vuat6 sheath (of a knife); pod (of beans, etc.) vak4 knit; braid thak4 knob cuum1 knock, strike t@@y6, t@‰4 knock aside khiin3 knock (e.g., on a door) kh@‰6 sound of knocking p@k6 p@k6 knot pum1, plum1, h@@t6 do up the hairknot h@@t6 tie a knot h@@t6 knot, bump in a tree puut6 know r@@6, r@@6 cak4 don’t know boo6 r@‰6 knowledge, language thHn4 knuckles maak6 k@@k6

178

English–Saek

L ladder (made from bamboo) pha‰6 ‰oo1 laden heavily (of a boat) sHHm1 ladle, big spoon ta6 mooy1, ta6 mooy4 lady thee4 vii4, naa4 lake n@@2 lame, crippled khee4 lamp ta6 kia1 land (dry) b@k4 landing thaa5 language; matter, thing cian5 language, knowledge thHn4 lantern khoom4 fay4 Lao laaw4 Lao language thHn4 laaw4 lap rum3, ru2, ru3 larva (of a dragonfly) mHH4 p@@1 lasso S@@6 last (year); pass traay1, tlaay1 late at night ddk4 late in the morning thraa4, thlaa4 lath khHH6 lather, bubbles, foam poop6 laugh ruaw2 lawsuit (to file) ph@@3, f@@3 laxative yaa1 thaay6 lay across kaay6, vaa5 lay aside; leave; divorce plii6 lay down, set aside vaa1 layer, stratum (of rocks) lddp6, lTTp6 layer, level, story sHn6 lazy triik6, tliik6 move in a lazy manner kooy5 kaay5 lead (the metal) riak6 lead ore Say6 kHHw3 lead, take y@@1 lead by the hand cii1 leaf bTT1 big leaf r@@2 curl up (of a leaf) koop6

179

English–Saek

curled up (of leaves); tangled (of rope); have a high fever with hands and feet curled up ca1 fall (of a leaf) l@n6 leaf for cooking yaa1 naa4 shrivel from heat (of leaves); sit down goop5 sound of leaves or fruit falling khoop5 stem of leaf, flower, fruit kaan3 strip off leaves; move (e.g., a curtain) along a rod ruut5 leak r@@5 lean back ‰i1, bi1 lean over, slant see4 leap, jump doot6 leap into water toon1 learn, practice hat4 leather, skin, hide; the movies na2 leave; lay aside; divorce plii6 leave orders (of a monk) sik4 take one’s leave laa4 leech pri1, pli1 land leech thaak5 very large leech pd1 left (hand) vHHn6, vHHl6 left over lua2 leftover food dan5 leg kua1, kwaa1 leg; foot See5 legacy muun4 lemongrass ca6 thrTT4, ca6 phrTT4 length, piece; lump, classifier th@@n5 Lent (Buddhist) phan4 saa2 old term for the end of Buddhist Lent pa‰6 v@@4 la6 naa4, v@@4 la6 naa4 leprosy ka6 thuut5, ruan5, ruan6 letter cot4 maay2 level, layer, story sHn6 level, make smooth m@@p5 level, even phia4 lick lia4 lid; wall, partition vaa1 cover, as with a big lid kuam1 cover with a lid am4 lid of empty oil drum; half a bamboo used as a water pipe; empty can used as a container ka6 paa1

180

English–Saek

lie, deceive; scare, frighten l@@k6 lie; tell, narrate too5 lie down beet6 lie athwart, block, obstruct vaa2 lie down, sleep nuun4 lie face up; full moon aay2 lie flat on one’s face nuun4 mHHp2 lie flat on the back; open the hand bHH1 (lie) on the side ta6 khHH4 lie or sit on top of someone khoom4 life (long) man3 gddn4 lift, raise coom1, pTT1 lift, raise; get up, stand up luk6 lift up gT4 light sHH2 light, bright; dawn, clear r@@5 light a fire, lamp taam1, taw1 light a fire, set fire to; burn, cremate cuk4 light bulb; spindle, spool luut6 light in weight vaw1 light (of color); soft; young ‰uun6 lightning cTTp6 like, alike, similar thruu4 like that thruun4, thruu4 nan6 like, fond of mak6 like, kind; size sam6 like; time, amount paan1 likely to, worthy of so4 + verb lime (eaten with betel or used for plaster) muun6, muul6 lime fruit naaw4 limit, period kam1 not4, kam1 not6 line (a basket) with banana leaves; put something under (e.g., leg of bed or table) to raise it l@@t6 line up in a row ria4 lion laat5 sa6 sii2 lips muam4, rim4 muam4 liquid, soft lHHw1 liquor law3 drunkard hun4 kin1 law3 listen pha4 listen; hear gia2 litter; family, clan r@@k5

181

English–Saek

little (a) ‰iit4, ‰iit4 ‰@@y5, sip4 ‰iit4 sip4 ‰@@y5 a little, only a little nd6 live happily yuu6 yen1 pen1 suk4 live in a place ‰aa1 say2 liver tap4 lizard varieties gHH3 big red-headed lizard ca6 kooy1 house lizard yaa1 raan4 skink ca‰6 trHn6, ca‰6 tlHn6, ca6 trHn6, ca6 tlHn6 striped lizard lHHn4 log, big piece of wood; lump, piece, classifier khook5 loincloth tiaw6 long ray4 classifier for long, thin objects sHn3, sHl3 long-lasting, enduring gddn4 long life man3 gddn4 look nHHm4, n@@1 khay4, n@@m1 khay4, li1, s@@6 look at (a mirror) gHH4 look up sa6 aak5 look, watch, see n@@m1 loom sua4 comb-like part of a loom, the beater via1, via4 shuttle of a loom kii6 s@@y2 loop (of rope) hua6 loop in a snare bua6 loose fitting l@@1 loose in the ground prook6, plook6 lord, prince, chief caw3 lord, king, prince, chief pha6 gaa4 lose; disappear; die; spoil; pay; pull up (grass) ‰iin3 hate to lose; love, guard jealously thHH4 lose one’s investments lup4 thdn4 lose the skin l@@n2 loud da1 loud (noise) thHn6, thHl6 loud (of talking, crying out) sHHw4 sHHw4 louse (chicken) rii4 body louse mlHn4, mlHl4 head louse raw2 love sda2 love; guard jealously; hate to lose thHH4 lover yuu6

182

English–Saek

low, evil th@@y6 low, short tia3, tam6 lower, put down, take down pr@1, pl@1 luck laa4, sook5 bad luck th@‰6 raay6 lump, piece, classifier; log, big piece of wood khook5 big lump oon5 lump; classifier; piece, length th@@n5 lunch, midday meal aay4 lungs phooy3 lye (water) da6

M machete, big knife thaa6 knife put in waist at back thaa6 khat4 vuat6 machine, engine gon4 mad, crazy kua3, kwaa3 mad (of a dog) v@@3 magically efficacious khet4 yam1 magician m@@2 mon4 maize, Indian corn sa6 lii4 make, do hit6 male, person; carpenter bee phuu6 male animal thak4, thak6 male in-law khooy4 man ph@@5 saay2 effeminate man khan4 thday4, thday4 man; father ph@@5 old man; maternal grandfather taa1 old man, old fellow ph@@5 ‰@@1 young man baaw6 mango mia5 manner, way bHHp6 manner, kind, thing yaa6 mansion, palace phaa1 saat2, phaa1 saat6 many, much, very laay1, laay2 Mara; illusion maan4 marijuana, Indian hemp saa4 mark, stripe, design, spots laay4 mark, striped kaan6 mark (make a), intend, aim maay2

183

English–Saek

market ta6 laat6 marry tHH6 prHH1 get married, have a wedding feast kin1 tr@@1 marry; prepare; dress tHH6 related by marriage of children tr@@1 marsh bd1 marsh or pond in a forest with soft clay into which one sinks ddl6 massage; squeeze biip6 master, boss naay4 mat (grass) biin3 classifier for mats, cloth articles phdn4, phddn4 matchbox, eggshell; sheath ta6 roop5 matches plHk4 vii4, plak4 vii4 mate (of animals) sTT4 maternal grandfather; old man taa1 maternal grandmother ‰aay4 matter phddn6 matter, thing; language cian5 mattock, hoe cok4 mattress sda6 meal Saap5, thraap5 evening meal lHH4 midday meal, lunch aay4 means, way thaa5 measure length thHHk5 meat, flesh ml@@5 chopped meat dish saa3 ml@@5 meat; animal nda3 medal, coin lian1 meet, encounter phaam4 meet, have a meeting pat4 sum4 Mekong River kh@@2 melon, cucumber pria1 mend, repair, solder c@@t6 repair a boat yaa1 mentally deficient pua6 mention, speak of gak4 merit, favor, good deeds khun4 merit-making ceremony bun1 pha‰6 veet6 merit-making rite yaat6 nam6 merit, merit-making bun1 merry, happy sa6 nuk4

184

English–Saek

Meru su4 meen4, su6 meen4 middle traa1, tlaa1 middle, in the middle thrd5 tlaa1 midnight thee5 Sdn4 milk nom1 milk a cow; have an abortion hiit5 millet Saw6 via3 million laan3 mine (a) b@@6 gold mine Sam4 b@@6 silver mine gHn4 b@@6 minister, general see1 naa4 b@@1 dii1 minute naa4 thii4 mirror vHHn5 look at (a mirror) gHH4 miserly; closely spaced, finely woven thii5 misfortune veen4 misfortune, punishment kam1 mix, mixed kHHm1, pon1 moan ree1 modest, humble ciam1 moldy (e.g., of food) t@k4 mook6 mollusk, snail ‰ook6 moment ago cia1 monastery vat6 monasteries vat6 vaa4 wall or fence of a monastery taay3 vat4 Monday van4 cHn1 money taa1 ancient money type gHn4 haa4 large amount of money in folktales lak4 Lao unit of money triip6, tliip6 tribute money suay6 mongoose c@n1 ph@@n4, c@@n1 ph@@n4 monitor lizard hia3 monk caw3 hua2, pha‰6, gaa4 khuu4 become a monk to fulfill a promise buat6 kee3 ba‰4 invite a monk ni‰6 mon4 leave orders (of a monk) sik4 man who’s been a monk caan1 monk’s begging bowl baat6 take orders as a novice or monk buat6

185

English–Saek

monkey lii4 month blian1 festival at the end of the ninth lunar month saat6 first month blian1 cia1 last day of a twenty-nine-day lunar month lap6 second lunar month blian1 gii6 moon blian1 full moon blian1 aay2 the moon (talking to children) moo6 ‰HHk1 waning moon blian1 rHHm4 moor (a boat), park a car; stop c@@t6 more; get ahead of another, surpass lddn5 more than, comparative kua6, kwaa6 morning, early morning l@@m5 mortar rum2, sa6 r@@y4 small mortar for betel kh@@k5 tam1 phun6 mosquito gu4 mosquito larva gu6 gaaw4 mosquito net mu3 most, end sut4 mother bTTy5, mee3, mee5 mother’s younger sibling naa6 mother-of-pearl, pearl muk6 motionless, stiff, paralyzed ka6 daa3 motorcycle mat6 tTT5 say4 mountain r@@y1 a mythical mountain kay1 laat5 mountain stream rii3 mouse, rat nuu2 mouse varieties lua3, lu2 mouth paak6 close (the mouth) hup4 having part out (of the mouth) vH6, vHH6 hold in the mouth ‰am1 open the mouth ‰aa3 put out of the mouth Saay4 squirt (water) from the mouth phiw2, phr@@6 move, shift gap4 move (e.g., a curtain) along a rod; strip off (leaves) ruut5 move one’s dwelling raay5 move, struggle, writhe khua6 movies; skin, hide, leather na2

186

English–Saek

much, many, very laay1, laay2 mucus of the nose muuk5 mud ban1 bu6, bal1 blu6, mun5 wet and muddy (of a road) mdak5 mule lua4 mumps; swollen jaws Saa4 thuum4 mushroom daa3, het4 mushroom varieties daa3 ka6 tHl6, daa3 la6 ook5, daa3 het4 ph@‰4 mushy and soft (as of fruit) le‰6 music, orchestra phin4 phaat5 music, entertainment an4 Muslim, Indian khHHk6 mussed, disheveled, tangled gu6 gaaw2 mussed, disheveled (of hair) g@@1 must, have to t@3, t@@3 mustard plant phrak4 kHk4 mute, unable to speak; stupid yaay6 muzzle (long, of a dog); bruised and swollen from a blow on the face tuup2 mynah ‰ia3, ‰ia6

N nail ta6 puu1 naked pday1, phii1 pday1 Nakhon Phanom na6 kh@@n4 pha6 nom4, la6 kh@@n4 name s@@5 named s@@5 Sa3 personal name tham4 ma‰6 baan1, tham4 ma6 baan1, sii1 vay4 place name thaa5 khHHk6 nap iip5 narrate, tell; lie too5 narrow; small; tight-fitting Seep5 naughty, stubborn aan4 navel dua1, bdd1 near trTT3, tlTT3 nearly, almost kdap6, thram3 neck S@@4 up to the neck S@@4 c@@6 l@@4 necklace s@@y3 necklace, chain saay1

187

English–Saek

needle kim1 nephew, niece; grandchild laan2 nest (bird) r@@4, r@@k5 net, spiderweb naa5 cast-net lap6 fishnet variety naam4 never mind ci‰6 thooy2 new, again, another m@@6 New Year’s so1 kaan1 name of so1 kaan1 day when it falls on Sunday thu4 sa‰4 thee4 vii4 name of so1 kaan1 day when it falls on Monday khoo4 laa4 kha‰6 thee4 vii4 name of so1 kaan1 day when it falls on Tuesday raak5 sa‰4 name of so1 kaan1 day when it falls on Wednesday mon4 thaa4 name of so1 kaan1 day when it falls on Thursday ki‰4 li‰6 nii4, ki4 li6 nii4 name of so1 kaan1 day when it falls on Friday ki‰4 mi‰6 thaa4, ki4 mi6 thaa4 name of so1 kaan1 day when it falls on Saturday ma6 hoo1 th@@n4 news khaaw6, khaaw6 raaw4 next thHt4 pay1 nibble, bite (of fish); sting (of an insect) t@@t6 nicked, chipped baan6, baal6 niece, nephew; grandchild laan2 night Sdn4 midnight thee5 Sdn4 night, nightfall, evening Sam5 nightfall, afternoon baay6 nine kuu3 noise, noisy n@@4 noise, sound, voice sia2 noisy nHn4, n@@4 nan4 no matter ku2 taam1 Nong Khai n@@1 khaay4 nonglutinous rice rHH3 nonsense! kHH1 Say6 noon, honest; straight thia5, thee5 noon thee5 gHn4 noon meal for monks pheen4 north, on, above, upper khdn4 nose da1

188

English–Saek

blow the nose; give final instructions, order sa6 term for one who curries favor da1 md‰4 not boo6 not yet naay5 novice cua1 now baat6 nii6, sd‰6 sdd4 nii6, sd6 sddn4 now, time, when baat6 numb (slightly) gaap5, gaap5 gaap5 number bTT1 a large number koot6 great numbers tha6 thee4 nylon nay4 l@n5

O obeisance (to make) lay6 object, unwilling khat4 obscenely (to speak) phrT‰6 obstinate, stubborn bddn1 obstruct ba1 obstruct, lie athwart, block vaa2 obtain, get; be able; past tense marker day3 Occidental, white person pha6 la6, fa4 la6, fa6 la6 occupation ‰aa1 siip5 ocean sa6 mut4, ma6 haa1 sa6 mut4 odd, uneven, not a pair khiik5 odor; steam, vapor sooy2 of, belonging to hHH6 of, belonging to; things, possessions h@@2 offer, present, give thuay2, thwaay2, tha6 vaay2 offer, do reverence buu1 saa4 official ‰an6 gaa4 official building saan1 oh ‰TT1, ‰oo1, ‰oo3, ‰oo4, ‰oo5, ‰@@5, baa4, ‰TTy3, ‰ooy1, ‰ooy4, ‰ooy5 oil man4 old kaw6 old man, old fellow ph@@5 ‰@@1 old, old person thua4 thaw3, thaw3 old, ripe, dark (color) kee6 olden times ddk4 dam1 ban1

189

English–Saek

older sibling phii5 formerly, in olden times tHH6 rTT4 olive (wild) maak6 k@@k6 omit, skip baa1 on, above, upper, north khdn4 on, on top of, above, high, tall saa2 one nd5 in counting, ‰Ht5 in numbers such as twenty-one, etc. one or so, not even one, about, approximately sak4 only one diaw1 oneself hii4 oneself, self ‰ee1 onion phrak4 v@@6 only ta3 thr@@6, thr@@6, thl@@6 only one diaw1 open hay2 open (a door) a little HHm3 open (the eyes) ml@@n4 open (the hand); lie flat on the back bHH1 open (the mouth) ‰aa3 open up, uncover phiat5 open out, set up kaa1 open out, uncover phiat5 open, undo kH‰4, H‰6 oppress khen1 oppress, crowd, annoy biat6 bian1 or hHH4, hH‰4 orange (fruit) kaam1, sum3 orange variety kia3 section of orange or garlic; petal triip6, tliip6 orange color sHHt6 orchestra, music phin4 phaat5 order, give final instructions; blow the nose sa6 take orders as a novice or monk buat6 ordinal number marker; which, that thii6 ordinary, usual tham4 ma6 daa1 ornament, adorn ‰ee5 orphan kam1 phaa3, thraa6, ldk6 thraa6 other ‰ddn6 otter naak5 outside l@@k5 go out ‰@@k6 overcast (of the sky) bot4

190

English–Saek

overflow lon3 overflow, spill, slop over phdat5 overjoyed, very glad khTTn3 overripe ddm5 overripe (of fruit) nuam5 overturn, lie face down am3 owl kaw1 own, self suu3 ox b@@4 hump on the back of an ox or buffalo n@@k6, lam1 oxcart kian1 classifier for books, knives, boats, oxcarts, various sharp objects lHm3 last (oxcart); youngest (child); come to an end, be finished s@@t5 sound of oxcarts khdk6 khdk6

P pace, step; to step yua6 package, wrap up a package tuuk6 packsaddle taa6 padding, stuffing (of a quilt) nuam4 paddy, unhusked rice Saw6 th@@k6 pagoda, stupa thaat5 pail, bucket; tank tha1 pail or jug for water ca‰6 pha4 pain, hurt, ache keet6 in pain puay6, puay6 soo4 sharp pain in stomach cuk4 paint; color sii2 paint a picture teem6 paint, paint on, smear thaa4, lHHt5 paint, smear on thaa4 pair, couple tooy1 classifier for one of a pair; side, direction; bank of a river via3 palace va4 palace, mansion phaa1 saat2, phaa1 saat6 royal palace laat5 sa6 va4 palm, sole paa6 pan (frying), couplet only paired with m@@3 ‘pot’ hHHk6 Pandanus tree caan3, caal3, tTTy1 pangolin nim5, lin5, lil5, lin6 lil6

191

English–Saek

pants, trousers soo3 papaya hu2 raw papaya salad cHHw6 paper ka6 daat6, cia5 crumple up (paper); squeeze clothes when washing g@@6 sound of tearing (e.g., paper) khuak5, khwaak5, khwHHk5 paralyzed le‰4 ca1 le‰4 khoo1 paralyzed and curled up (of arm or leg) @‰6 paralyzed, stiff, motionless ka6 daa3 park (a car); moor (a boat); stop c@@t6 part, portion (especially fish or meat when cut) phuut5 part, section; to castrate t@@n1 part; while; as for suan6, sual6 part; phrase, clause vak6 particles final emphatic particle day1, mH4 final imperative particles khay4, thTTn6, thT‰4, th@‰2, hay4 final particles dee1, dee4, dee5, naa4, naa5, ni‰6, n@@4, n@‰4, b@@4, b@@5, mHH4, laa1, laa2, laa3, la‰6, la6 mHH4, hTTy1 final particle meaning ‘you see’ law6 final question particles lH‰4, haa3, haa5 hesitation particle ‰aa6, ‰aa‰6 vocative particles ‰TTy1, ‰TTy4, ‰TTy5 partition, wall; lid vaa1 partition off a room kan3, ta1 partly gone phr@5, phr@@5 partridge thaa4 pass phaan6 pass, walk thiaw4 pass; last (year) traay1, tlaay1 past tense marker; get, obtain; be able day3 patch (a garment) taap6 paternal grandfather ‰oo4 paternal grandmother; old woman yaa5 path, road, way; side; direction thaa4 pavilion saa1 laa4 paw the ground in anger (of buffaloes) thdat6 pay caay6 pay in installments ph@@n6 peak, pinnacle c@@m1 pearl, mother-of-pearl muk6 peas thua5 lian4

192

English–Saek

pedal (a bicycle) thiip6 peel (of a banana), husk, rind kaap6 peel, rind, bark praak6, plaak6 peel off (of paint) khwa‰4 pen (for animals) S@@k5 pen for buffaloes under the house lHH5 pen, pencil s@@2 classifier for spoons, pencils, saws khan4, khal4 pen (for writing) paak6 kaa1 penalty, punishment, guilt thoot5 pencil, pen s@@2 classifier for spoons, pencils, saws khan4, khal4 penis pak6 vit4, vit4 people thay4, thay5, laat5 sa6 d@@n1 descriptive of many people streaming along; or chicks behind a hen gaap5 gaap5 other people, they raw2 people, inhabitants saaw4 sound of people walking barefoot tTp6 tTp6 perch @@y4 perfume nam6 ‰op4 period, time paa1, sen5 period, limit kam1 not4, kam1 not6 period of time sua5 permanent wave (to have) dHt4 phram2 persevere ‰ot4 sa‰4 persevere, diligent phian4 person; male; carpenter bee phuu6 old person thua4 thaw3 old person; old thaw3 person, fellow (males only) ‰HH5 person, human being ma6 nut6, hun4 that person n@@y6 that person, that fellow threem5 personality, character, disposition nit4 say1 pestle saak6 petal; section of orange or garlic triip6, tliip6 phrase, clause; part vak6 pick up, gather, put away kip4 pick fruit with a pole; poke animal out of a hole with a stick g@k6 pick, pluck flowers rHk4, rak4 pick (the teeth) cim3, ciim6

193

English–Saek

pick up with the fingers yip4 pick with all five fingers or with claws gum1 pick with the tips of the five fingers yup4 pickle (to) d@@1, b@@1 pickle, ferment m@@k6 picture ruup5 paint (a picture) teem6 take a picture thaay6 piece, length; a lump, classifier th@@n5 couplet paired with mul4 ‘small pieces’ phdt6 having a piece out (of the mouth) vH6, vHH6 piece, lump, classifier; log, big piece of wood khook5 pierce a hole c@‰4, b@@6 pierced through l@6 pierce, stab; pound; collide tam1 pig muu2 pile, heap cuun6 phuun6 pile a felled tree to block a road thdp6 pile of dust outside an animal’s hole phrooy2 pile up, heap up; a pile, heap k@@1 pillar soo5 pillow heen3, heel3 pimple siw1, siiw1 pincers, pliers, tongs khiim4, khiim4 khaw3 pinch yik4 pinch, as a crab; carry under the arm; pick up with chopsticks khHHp5, niip6 pineapple maak6 nHt6 pinnacle, peak c@@m1 pipe th@@5 pipe, flute; to spread (a mat) pii6 water pipe lin4 water pipe, trough, gutter haa4 pit khum1, khum4 pit, hole lum1 pit, hole, chasm, crack s@@5 pity, take pity haay6 place b@@n6, book5 favorite place to which people and animals return kHHw6 place; continent thiip5 placed near the edge min6 plane (the tool) kop4 plane wood, make sides of a hole smooth s@‰6

194

English–Saek

plant, stick (a stake in the ground) cam3 plant a stake; embroider pak4 plant a stake; tattoo sak4 plant, wood, tree may6 plant, germinate (seeds) ‰da1 plant (plants); build (a house) pr@@k6, pl@@k6 plant varieties ‰da3, ka6 phuk4, ka6 seet6, aan3, aal3, tTTy1, top4, naw5, n@@k6, bo1, praa1, p@@t2, p@@t6, lTTt6, h@@m1 h@@2 water hyacinth bua6 plaster (mud) on ph@@k5 platform in trees haan3 play (music) seep6 play, blow (a wind instrument) ph@@6 play; court, woo sTTn6 playing cards phay3 pliers, pincers, tongs khiim4, khiim4 khaw3 plodding along sa‰6 sa‰6 plow, a plow thay2 plow a second time pldd6 pluck, pick flowers rHk4, rak4 plug (a hole) ‰@t4 plugged up ‰an3, tHn1 plumb line ldk6 di6 pocket, bag day5 pod (of beans, etc.); sheath (of a knife) vak4 point nHH4, gii6 poison phit6 be poisoned via6 to poison bda1, via1 poke in the ribs kHH5 poke an animal out of a hole with a stick; pick fruit with a pole g@k6 poke an ant’s nest to get eggs su‰6 poke a stick in a gunbarrel or hole to clean it g@@k5 pole (carrying) Saan4 carry on one end of a pole over the shoulder kh@@n4, kh@@l4 carry on two ends of a shoulder pole raap6 pick fruit with a pole; poke an animal out of a hole with a stick g@k6 pole for drying clothes, clothesline; pole for picking fruit yaaw6 police box, fort p@m3, p@@m3 polish phat4 pomelo, grapefruit phuk6

195

English–Saek

pond, pool sa‰4 name of a mythical pool sa‰4 ‰a‰6 noo4 daat6 pond or marsh in forest with soft clay into which people sink ddl6 pool in a river va4 poor khoon3, c@n1 poor; have hardship, trouble thuk6 popped rice Saw6 tum2 preek6 porcupine men3, man3 portion, part (especially of fish and meat when cut) phuut5 possessions, things thrda5 throo4 possessions, things; food; clothing; utensils thrda5 possessions, things; of, belonging to h@@2 post, stake lak4 pot m@@3 couplet only paired with m@@3 ‘pot’ hHHk6 potato, tuber ‰H3, man4 potato varieties ‰H3 ta6 ‰TTn1, lua1, lwaa1, laa1 pounce upon thrup6 pound t@@k6 pound, batter thap6 pound; collide; stab; pierce tam1 pound, strike, hit, beat; fight; thresh (rice) m@k6 pour thee4, ri6, raay6, r@@t6 pour out th@@k6, th@@k6 lee6 power deet6, lit6 practice, learn hat4 pray, ask vay6 v@@n4 precepts (royal) laat5 sa6 tham4 ten royal precepts thot6 sa6 phit6 laat5 sa6 tham4 predict, guess thuay4, thwaay4 pregnant maan4 prepare thriam2, thram2, thram3 prepare, dress, marry tHH6 present, offer thuay2, thwaay2, tha6 vaay2 present (to monks) kheen4 press down khom6, gHn3 press down; dive in headfirst dik4 pressed flat bHHn1 pressed together, constricted tiip6 presume, assume; guess, estimate tua1 pretty (not) ‰dan1 prevent, protect from kan1

196

English–Saek

price laa4 khaa4 prince caw3 phaa3 prince, king, chief, lord pha6 gaa4 prince, lord, chief caw3 procession, have a procession rHH6 project, stick up, stick out thr@@5, thl@@5 promise; a contract sHn2 gaa4, sHn3 gaa4 prop up, support kham6 proper liap5 l@@y5 proper, good cop4 cda1 property som1 bat4 prosper hu6 hda4 protect from, prevent kan1 protrude (of teeth) cTT1 protrude, of body parts blHn3, blHl3 province ca1 vat4 pry at6, TTk5 pry up kdd6 pry up, pry open ay6 pubic mound kha6 moom4, naw6 public saa1 thaa4 la‰6 na‰6 pucker up, constrict gum3 pull, tug thok4 pull (a rope) taut nH5 pull down a branch k@@6 pull, drag looy1 pull, hold firm by pulling c@@6 pull in hand over hand saaw2 pull in one’s back when struck ‰een3 pull; snap or break when pulled rdt6 pull up (a plant) yook6 pull up, out; take off, remove tuun1 pull (whiskers, feathers) ruk4 pump water suup6 pungent (unpleasant) khiw2, khiiw2, khHHt6 punishment, penalty, guilt thoot5 punishment, misfortune kam1 purple ‰it4 pus n@@2 push thruut5, soo2 push aside kheew2 push in, stuff geet5

197

English–Saek

push, shove someone in the back khd‰6 push (someone) suu2 push with the feet yHn1 put c@@6 put around the neck thl@@6 S@@4 put away neatly; save (money) th@@n3 put away; pack up, gather kip4, mian6 put inside, insert pr@@n1, pl@@n1, pr@@n6, pl@@n6 put on (a hat) dooy3 put on (a hat, ring); place by inserting or impaling sup4 put on, wear tHn3 put out of the mouth Saay4 put something under to raise it; line a basket with banana leaves l@@t6 put up (an umbrella) ka3 python ua4 tr@@1, ua4 tl@@1, ua4 trHn1, ua4 tlHn1

Q quake, quiver, shake phdan4 quality (poor) taa1 saat5 good quality liap5 quantity, equal, degree lee4 quick, quickly, fast gam4 quiet mit6, sa6 op4 quiet, silent va3 very quiet mit6 cii6 lii6 quilt, coverlet, blanket kha6 l@@p6 quiver, quake, shake phdam4 quiver for arrows kh@@k5 lHH3

R rabbit ka6 taay6 race, existence saat5 race (to) sua5 radiance, radiant glory laa4 sii2, raa4 sii2 radio vit4 tha6 yu‰6, vit4 tha6 gu‰6 raft phee4 railing pha6 nak6 rain vdn2

198

English–Saek

rainbow uak5 r@@4 raise, feed, tend, keep; feast lia6 raise, lift coom1, pTT1 put something under (e.g., leg of bed or table) to raise it; line (basket) with banana leaves l@@t6 raise from a sitting position TT4 raise, lift, get up (from sleep), stand up luk6 raise, take up (a sheet, tablecloth) phdd6 raise the head ee4, oo4 raise up, establish guk6 rake khaat5, phia3 ram with a pole tha5, thra5 rambutan @‰6 rank got6 Vietnamese ranks kaay1 suu4, kaay1 saa5 ransom, redeem thay6 rap with the knuckles sap4 sound of rapping with the knuckles pook5 rash on the body mdn1, mddn6 heat rash phot6 rat, mouse nuu2 rattan vaay2 raveled out phal4 p@@y1 raw, unripe rip4 reach, arrive; even though tha4 reach for khua4, khwaa4 reach to, come very near, almost touch cu‰4 read ‰aan1, ‰aan2 real, really thHH3 really tha6 raay3 really, truly la6 vaay4 really, very ka6 det4 ka6 d@@3 reap, harvest sian4 receive, sustain rap6, rap6 r@@4, lap6, lap6 l@@4 receive, welcome t@@n3 recollect ‰oo6 tha4 recording tape thep6 recover from illness, drunkenness sua6 red rii1 redeem, ransom thay6 redo, repeat lam1 reed law4

199

English–Saek

reel, spool k@@3 reflection, shadow aw4 refrain from, stop; don’t yaa6 registry tha‰6 bian1, tha6 bian1 regret the loss tiak6 regular, usual pra6 cam1 reheat, warm up hum2, haa2 reheat dried fish or meat hia3 rejoice in another’s fortune thrda3 related by marriage of children tr@@1 release, rescue, help phoot6 release, set free looy5 religion saat6 sa6 naa2 remember gTT3 remember something forgotten khdt6 suat5 remove, undo prHt4, plHt4 remove a garment, shoes thuut6 remove a thorn kwii6 remove, take off; pull up or out tuun1 remove, take down; remove (a yoke); undo (a button) prHt4, plHt4 remove, undo, unbutton, untie kee3 rent (to) saw6 repair s@@6 repair, mend, solder c@@t6 repay a debt puun1 ask for repayment thua4 repeat; also yam6 repeat, redo lam1 reply, answer aan2, t@@p6 report, inform kh@@p5 rescue, release, help phoot6 resin khii2 sii4 resin, tree variety yaa4 restless phuan4 return prTT6, plTT6, mda4 return, come maa2, hun4 revere nap6 thdd4 do reverence, offer buu1 saa4 revile mTTy4, yTT5 revolve, spin, whirl, turn pin6, mun2, muun2 rhinoceros rHHt5 horn of rhinoceros n@@4

200

English–Saek

ribs, the sides (of the body) hoo2 rice Saw6 crisp rice Saw6 khiap2 dip ball of rice in food and take it up; scratch (of chickens) khuy3 ear or head of rice rua4 form rice into a ball; twist, wring van3, val3 nonglutinous rice rHH3 popped rice Saw6 tum2 preek6 rice boiled in cakes with a banana; starch, flour pHH3 rice cooked in a bamboo tube kh@@k5 kwan1 rice husks ca6 pr@@3, ca6 pl@@3 rice seedling traa3, tlaa3 rice straw via1 rice that ripens late Saw6 aw4 rice without full kernel liip5 thresh (rice); strike, hit, beat, pound; fight m@k6 unhusked rice, paddy Saw6 th@@k6 white rice Saw6 saan2, Saw6 saal2 white rice roasted and pounded sam3 haa2 wild rice with very short grains Saw6 maa2 gHH6 young rice pounded flat, used in desserts Saw6 muu3 ricefield naa4 single ricefield raay6 naa4 rich traw1, ruay4 rich man seet6 thii2 riddle ban3 haa2 ride khooy5 right (hand) khua4, khwaa4 rim, edge kh@@p6 rind, peel, bark praak6, plaak6 rind, husk, (banana) peel kaap6 ring vHHn2 put on (ring, hat); place by inserting or impaling sup4 ring around knife handle heew6 ringworm laak6 rinse soap off lay4 ripe, cooked suk6 almost ripe (of fruit) ‰uay6, hTTm6 early ripening (rice, bean) d@@1 late ripening (rice, beans) an4 put fruit away to ripen bum6 ripe, old, dark (of color) kee6

201

English–Saek

rise, ascend, go up, come up, up hdn3 risk, take a chance; make a wish sia5, sia6 river bank; side, direction; classifier for one of a pair via3 name of a river ka6 di1 road, way, path; side; direction thaa4 road, way, side raa5 roar phHHt6 sia2 roast, smoke over a fire yua3, yaa4, ruut6 rob pun3 rock, swing; stir kway1 rock a post gook5 roll lHn1 roll a cigarette ham4 roll into a ball pum5 roll, make candles sii2 roll up, coil up muan6 roof (to) v@@1 room h@@6 rooster crowing ‰ee5 ka‰6 reen4 ‰ee5, ‰ee5 ka‰6 reel4 ‰ee5, ‰ek4 ka‰6 reen4 ‰eek4, ‰ek4 ka‰6 reel4 ‰eek4 root raak5, raak6 rope, cord saak5 coil up (of a rope) kuan3, khwaan3, khuan3, tloo1 long rope, as a clothesline saak5 phiak6 rope in a buffalo’s nose thaw4 rose ku‰4 laap6 rotten naw5 rotten (of wood) phu‰6 rotten wood at base of pole prook6, plook6 soft and rotten, tender (of meat) pday6 round prum1, plum1, m@n4 row a boat phaay4 row, column thHHw2, lian4 royal, the government lua2 classifier for royal persons ‰o1 go see (royalty); guard phaw3 royal palace laat5 sa6 va4 royal precepts laat5 sa6 tham4 royalty title pha‰6, pha6 say to royalty thuun4 ten royal precepts thot6 sa6 phit6 laat5 sa6 tham4

202

English–Saek

rub thuu2 rub out, erase ldp6 rubber; gum; fibers of a lotus stem yaa1 rubber band yaa1 ka6 tiw3 rubbish (small bit of) pa6 gool6 rule, govern pok4 kh@@4 rule over (a kingdom) sa6 vTTy1 ruler (for measuring) ban1 thHt6 run luu5 run over thap6 run over (of a car); step on, tread on yiap6 rush, hurry hdd4 rust raak5

S sad sook6 sad and gloomy kuk6 saddle ‰aan1 Saek people thrHHk6 Saek villages in Thailand ‰aa1 saa1, ‰a6 saa1, ‰aa1 saa1 maat5, ‰aa1 sa6 maat5, ‰a4 sa6 maat5, ‰aat6 saa1 maat5, ‰eek6 ‰aa1 saa1 [old name], kh@@2; d@1 sa6 m@@4 (= do1 sa6 m@@4, do1 su6 m@@4, d@@n1 su‰6 m@@4); baa6 vaa3 (= baa1 vaa3); phay6 l@@m3 (= saw1 law3) abandoned Saek villages in Thailand thaa5 vaay4, naa4 la‰6 vaay4 abandoned Saek villages in Vietnam bdk4 naa4 tTT3, sin4 naa4 mTTy4, trTT1, thruu3, s@@4 Saek villages in Laos thaa5 khHH4, th@@k5, phoo4 kham3 salad (of bamboo shoots) sip6 saliva mlaay4, nam6 naay4 drool (of saliva), flow hTTy1 salt trua1, tlua1 salty khHm4 to salt (meat, fish) ‰dap6 salve for lips of betel chewers nuat5 sand yooy4 sandbar, beach haat6 sandals kTTp6 tH‰6 sarong sa6 roo3, sa6 loo2 satiated, full ‰iim6 nam1 sam1 raan4

203

English–Saek

Saturday van4 saw1 save (money); put away neatly th@@n3 be saving, spend (money) cautiously ‰@@m1 save for someone; by the time phda6 save food for someone co6 saw, to saw lday6 classifier for spoons, pencils, saws khan4, khal4 say, speak, talk, tell n@@y3 say; that Saa3, Sa3, Saa5 say to royalty thuun4 scab on a wound nap4 scald luak5 scales, balance si4 scare, frighten; deceive, lie l@@k6 scattered about ka6 cat4 ka6 caay1, caan6 phaan6 scattered about, all around ta6 phdt6 ta6 phdd4 scholar nak6 paat6 scholar, teacher ‰aa1 caan1 scissors kHHw3 scold; fierce thuu3 scoop up (fish) s@@n3 scoop of water in the palm to drink vaay1 scoop out (water); splash out saat6 scorch, burn daat6 scorpion mHH4 aw4, mHH4 @@t6 scrap (of cloth); bite (of food) mHH6 scraps of wood t@@k6 scrape khuut6 scrape off (fish scales) t@@n6, t@@l6 scrape out (e.g., rice from a pot); spend all one’s money kh@‰4 scratch kaw1 scratch, as a cat khuut5 scratch, as chickens khia6 scratch, claw khuaw4, khwaaw4, khwaa4, khwaak6 scratch, draw a line khiit6 scratch (of chickens); dip ball of rice in food and take it up khuy3 screwthreads kiaw1, triaw1 screwthreads, strand (of rope) trHHw1, tlHHw1, triaw1 search khon3 search; accompany, follow; with; from; along nam4 search; follow; along; according to taam1 search, seek y@@k5, l@‰6

204

English–Saek

season la6 duu1 season; watch, watchman gaam4 section, part; to castrate t@@n1 section of garlic H5 section of orange or garlic iim4 section or orange or garlic; petal triip6, tliip6 sedan automobile lot6 ke1 sediments, as in water, liquids, soup saa6 see rHn2 go see royalty; guard phaw3 go see someone; seek s@@5 see, look, watch n@@m1 see (someone) off; accompany; send c@6 seed, grain, small round object mlHt6, mlHk6 seed; kind van2 seed of jackfruit or durian nuan4 seek raa2 seek; go see someone s@@5 seek out thaaw4 seek, search y@@k5, l@‰6 seize, catch, grasp, take hold of cap4 self, oneself ‰ee1 self, own suu3 sell kuay1, kwaay1 send, see someone off; accompany c@6 send (someone); use, employ thraay2 send (a present) kuak6, kwaak6 sermon theet5 serpent (in stories) naak5 servant, slave h@@y6 serve pat4 ti4 bat4 serve, wait on ‰up4 pa6 thaak6 sesame vd1 set (of furniture) sut6 set up, establish; all ta3 set down, lay down vaa1 set down; shrivel from heat (of leaves) goop5 set up; open out kaa1 seven cHt4 sew gip6 sewing machine cak4

205

English–Saek

sexual intercourse sam2, guut5, suut5 (latter two modern slang) move the hips in sexual intercourse nHt4 shack, hut, temporary shelter tup4 shade yum1 shade the eyes p@@3 praa1 shadow p@3 shadow, reflection aw4 shake (a bottle, fruit from a tree) sHn6, sHl6 shake something off sit6 shake, quake, quiver phdan4 descriptive of a house shaking goop5 goop5 gaap5 gaap5 shaky, in bad condition yoo5 shaman; doctor m@@2 shape, figure sep6 share, divide pan1, bee6 share in something ruam5 sharp haw3 classifier for books, knives, boats, oxcarts, various sharp objects lHm3 classifier for tools, knives, and other sharp instruments maak5, maak6 sharp (of a knife) trHH4 sharp, sharp edge Sam4 sharpen lap6 sharpen to a point lHm2 sharpened stake khwaak6 sharp-pointed lHHm2 shave thHH2 she, it, he, they man4 sheaf, bundle, faggot roop5 shears to cut areca nuts sa6 naak5 sheath (of a knife); pod (of beans, etc.) vak4 sheath; eggshell, matchbox ta6 roop5 shed the skin (of snakes) loot5 sheet (of paper) peen6 shelf thraa6 shelter (temporary), shack, hut tup4 shift, move gap4 shine (a light) sia5 shiny mia4 mia4 smooth and shiny ldam3 shirt, upper garment phia5 shiver, tremble ru1

206

English–Saek

shoe, shoes kTTp6 sandals kTTp6 tH‰6 shoot gi4, gii4 shop, store laan3 short tin3 short, low tia3, tam6 too short (of a skirt) khTTn2 shoulder khoo6 lee6, r@@4 vaa6, vaa6 carry on one end of a pole over the shoulder kh@@n4, kh@@l4 carry on the shoulder khuat5 carry on the two ends of a shoulder pole raap6 carry slung over the shoulder phaa6 shoulder bag th@2 shove someone in the back, push khd‰6 shovel, spade yaak6, suan3, swaan3 shower of rain raa6 show off (something) sia5 shrimp ku6 shrimp paste ka6 pi‰4 shrink hot4 shrivel from heat (of leaves); sit down goop5 shut up, imprison thra2 shuttle of loom kii6 s@@y2 sibling (older) phii5 mother’s younger sibling naa6 younger sibling nua6 sick, ill; have a fever ‰oom3 sickle (short-handled) liam4, vHHt5, vHHk5 side, part phia3 side, direction; river bank; classifier for one of a pair via3 side; direction; road, way, path thaa4 side, edge; beside thrHHm4 side (of the body, house); beside rHk4 side or corner broken off ka6 va‰4 side; way, road raa5 sides (of the body), ribs hoo2 sideburns c@@n1 sieve, to sift ra2 sieve thu3 ra2 sift, sieve ra2 silent mit6 cit6 silent, quiet va3

207

English–Saek

silver; money gHn4 silver and gold and jewels gHn4 Sam4 kam1 kHHw3 silver mine gHn4 b@@6 similar, like, alike thruu4 simple, easy aay5 simply sTTy1 sin baap6 since hay3 since, from ta3 tHH6 since, from; but tHH6 sing l@@3, hap4 singer, singing m@@2 lam4 sink cam1, c@m1 sip (a hot liquid) yuut5 sister (older) cii5 father’s younger sister ‰@@5 sit na5 sit down; shrivel from heat (of leaves) goop5 sit leaning against a triangular pillow thTT3 sit or lie on top of someone khoom4 Sita, wife of Rama sii4 daa1 six r@k4 sixty r@k4 sip6 sixty five r@k4 sip6 haa3 size kha6 naat6 size; kind, like sam6 skein; spindle nay4 skein-like device ‰ak4 skilled, clever ke6, kee6 skilled; artisan, expert saa5 skin, hide, leather; the movies na2 dried sweat and dirt on the skin Say6 Sii4 skin diseases moo3, laa4 bHHn1 skin (the penis) laan4 skink ca‰6 trHn6, ca‰6 tlHn6, ca6 trHn6, ca6 tlHn6 skinned luun2, luun3 skinned, having the skin abraded plTTk5 skinned; to stop, stop work lTTk5 take skin and flesh off bones lTTk5 saak5 skip, omit baa1 skirt ka6 poo1, sin3

208

English–Saek

skull ta6 po‰4 bak2 thraw3 sky, weather bTn1 sky, atmosphere ‰aa1 kaat6 slack, not taut yaan4, yaal4 slant, lean over see4 slap; clap tap4 slash, cut van1, val1 slave, servant h@@y6 sleep, lie down nuun4 get up (from sleep); stand up; raise, lift luk6 (sleep) curled up khot4 sleepy raw3 nuun4 talk in one’s sleep thrTT2, thlTT2 slice r@@n6, han6 slice thin seet5 slingshot aam5 maak5 ka6 thun1 slip loose, fall off, fall out kh@@n5, kh@@l5 slip and fall thrTTt5, thlTTt5 slip loose, slip from the hand luut6 slip off, slip down (of lower garment) proo5 slippery mlddn5, mlddl5 slow trdm5 slowly, gradually thrHH5 small n@@y5, n@@y6, lHk6 small; narrow; tight-fitting Seep5 very small nay5 nay5, n@@y5 n@@y5 smart (of a wound) seep6 smashed, flatten, crushed raa5 smear, spread baay6 smear on, paint thaa4, lHHt5 smell dam1 smell bad aw2 smell very bad aw2 phri4 phri4, aw2 phli4 phli4 smoke S@n4 smoke; steam hom4 smoke tobacco duup6 very smoky, hot and airless ‰uut6 smoke over a fire; roast yua3 smoke (meat); hunt, go hunting hoo6 smoke (tobacco) duup6

209

English–Saek

smooth tria3, tlia3 smooth and shiny ldam3 smooth; clean prian3, plian3, m@t4 make smooth and level; level m@@p5 not smooth phddt6 use a knife to cut away and smooth a knot in wood l@‰6, s@‰6 snail, mollusk ‰ook6 snake ua4 discarded snake skin; corpse thraap5 snap fastener tHp6 snap with fingers; kick (of a horse) bliit6 snare reew6 snatch thddn3 sneeze muy6, muuy6 snore trHn1, tlHl1 so, and then, but phat2 so, and so, then, and then, therefore lee4, le‰4, le4, lTTy4 so, then ku2, ku3, ci‰2, ci2 So people soo3, sa6 roo3 soak (e.g., rice) maa6, see5 soap sa6 buu1 socks thu1 thaw3 soft, decayed guay3, yuay3 soft and mushy (as fruit) le‰6 soft, liquid lHHw1 soft; young; light (of color) ‰uun6 soiled, dirty pdan3 solder, repair, mend c@@t6 soldier tha6 haan2 sole, palm paa6 solid, hard, firm keen6, keel6 some dHH6, la4, laa4 something, what, everything tu6 thaa4 soot mHHw4 m@@3 soul, spirit mi5 sound, noise, voice sia2 sour sam3 south, below, under tTT3 sow, throw, cast vaan6, vaal6 space under a house lua5 couplet paired with lua5 ‘space under a house’ s@@4 spaced (widely), far apart; coarse, coarsely woven saa6

210

English–Saek

spade, shovel yaak6, suan3, swaan3 use a spade to make sides of hole smooth; plane wood s@‰6 span (finger); move as a measuring worm khddp5 sparkle gaap5 gaap5 speak traaw3, tlaaw3 speak, talk, say, tell n@@y3 speak, tell kaaw6 (speak) obscenely phrT‰6 speak of, mention gak4 unable to speak n@@y3 naa6 unable to speak, dumb kddk6 unable to speak; mute; stupid yaay6 spear sum2 muu2, sam3 muu2 spend (money) cautiously, be saving ‰@@m1 spend money wastefully, to waste s@@n3 spend all one’s money; scrape out (e.g., rice out of a pot) kh@‰4 spend a lot of money on something pho‰6 (slang) spend every bit of one’s money; eat every last bit of something m@@t6 spicy hot thaat5, phet4 spider thru6 thraaw2, mHH4 mum4 spiderweb vaa3 spiderweb; net naa5 spill phraaw5, phlaaw5 spill, overflow, slop over phdat5 spin (cotton) thray4, pan1, pan6, pal1 spin (a top) han1 spin, whirl, turn, revolve pin6, mun2, muun2 spindle, spool; light bulb luut6 spindle; skein nay4 spinning wheel lua2, lwaa2 spirit, soul mi5 spirit, ghost pheet6 spirit, ghost; corpse maa4 spirit shrine deen4 spirit varieties ‰o1 muu5, maa4 phr@@4 spirit; whorl in the hair h@n2 spit pruut6, pluut6 spittoon ka6 thoon1, kh@@k5 ia5, ia5 spit for roasting rap4 yaa4 splash (of water); swirl up (dust) pho3 splash out, scoop out (water) saat6 spleen paa3, maam3, maam6

211

English–Saek

splinter kheen6, kheel6 split phaa6 split (bamboo) strips sak4 spoiled (of food) siw2, siiw2 spoiled, damaged hdd2 spool, reel k@@3 spool, spindle; light bulb luut6 spoon bua6 big spoon, ladle ta6 mooy1, ta6 mooy6 classifier for spoons, pencils, saws khan4, khal4 spots, stripe, design, mark laay4 spotted, many colored daa6 spout of teapot; elephant’s trunk ua4 spread, smear baay6 spread (a mat); flute, pipe pii6 spread in the sun to dry phTTy1 spread apart thaa6 spread (of fire) laam4 spring (of water) nam6 cHn3 sprinkle rooy4, hot4 sprout @@k5 sprout, bud (as in coconut) caaw1 squirt (water) from the mouth phr@@6, phiw2 spy; go-between sTTy4 squat y@@3 y@@3, y@@3 y@@6 squat down na5 y@@3 y@@3, na5 y@@3 y@@6 squeeze; massage biip6 squeeze clothes when washing; crumple up (paper) g@@6 squeeze, force sap4 squeeze juice out khan6, khal6 squirm, as when dying piat6 squirrel r@@k5 flying squirrel paa6 squirt (water) from the mouth phr@@6, phiw2 stab thr@@k5 stab deeply cam1 stab, pierce; pound; collide tam1 stack (of paper) tap4 stack of small dry sticks thTTp5 stack up, fold neatly; stick (money) between things lHHp6 stairs an5 ray1 stairs, ladder ray1

212

English–Saek

stake, post lak4 stammer ‰an3 stand y@4 stand leaning against something mH‰6 stand on a branch and bounce up and down goom2, goom3 stand up; get up (from sleep); raise, lift luk6 stand with legs apart caa6 stand (a footed) khan2 star traaw1 morning star traaw1 phek6 starch, flour; rice boiled in cakes with a banana pHH3 stare fixedly kd3 praa1 stare with amazement praa1 khaa6 staring with wide open eyes; open eyes wide or turn back an eyelid ldak6 startled ruk4, sa6 dTTt6 steadily, continually lday3, lday5 steal lak6 steam (to) nd3 steam; smoke (to) hom4 steam, vapor; odor sooy2 vessel for steaming glutinous rice ruat6 steamboat kam6 pan6 steep sHn4, san4 stem of leaf, flower, fruit kaan3 step, pace yua6 step on, tread on; run over (of a car) yiap6 sterile ka6 dHH3, man1 stew, cook for a long time ‰@@m6 stick (a stake in the ground), plant cam3 stick (money) between things; stack up or fold neatly lHHp6 stick in the throat kheen6 stick of firewood pr@@6, pl@@6 stack of small dry sticks thTTp5 stick out (the tongue) bl@@3 stick up, stick out, project thr@@5, thl@@5 sticklac thra5 sticky, thick (of liquids) trHHw6 sticky, tough; glutinous (rice) niaw2 stiff, hard thria2 stiff, motionless, paralyzed ka6 daa3 still, yet khaa4, lii6, ha‰6 lii6, ha6 lii6, hay2

213

English–Saek

sting (of an insect); bite, nibble (of fish) t@@t6 stinger of an insect lay4 stir; swing, rock kway1 stir-fry, sauté phat4 stoke (a fire) khum4 stomach, belly thu6 have a sharp pain in the stomach cuk4 sound of stomach rumbling with hunger kook5 kaak5 sound of stomach rumbling with hunger; tiger roaring kook5 stomp thddp5 stone riin2, riil2 stone or other objects used as a weight toon3 stool ta6 stop co‰4, ca3, yut4 stop; moor (a boat); park (a car) c@@t6 stop, refrain from; don’t yaa6 stop, stop work; skinned lTTk5 stop the flow of blood khat4 luat5 stop in, visit vHH5 stopper of clay for sky rocket thdat6 store, shop laan3 storehouse; treasury kha4 story ni‰4 thaan4, ni‰6 thaan4, lda6 story, history pra6 vat4 story, level; layer sHn6 story, level phddn6 stove, fireplace phiak5 vii4, phriak5 vii4, phrdak5 vii4 straight; honest y@@5 not straight, crooked khot6, vii5 straight; noon; honest thia5, thee5 straighten or bend as desired blHt4 strain, as in defecating or childbirth be6, bH6 strand (of rope); screwthreads kiaw1, triaw1, trHHw1, tlHHw1 strange dt6 @@5 strange, differ, various taa6 strange, amazing ‰at4 sa6 cHn1 stratum, layer of rocks on a mountain lddp6, lTTp6 stream along gaap5 gaap5 strength, strong ree4 stretch taut ne5 stretch taut, pull taut khd1

214

English–Saek

strike, knock t@‰4, t@@y6 strike, beat, batter thap6 thoo4 strike, hit, beat, pound; fight; thresh (rice) m@k6 strike something to free it of mud, etc. khu‰4 strike with a pole paay6 string (to) r@@y6 sound of string breaking when pulled top6 strip off (leaves); move (e.g., a curtain) along a rod ruut5 stripe, design, mark, spots laay4 striped laay4 l@@6 striped; to mark kaan6 stroke, wipe luup5 strong, strength ree4 strong-smelling (of tobacco) puk4 strong, vigorous ma4 struggle, writhe, move khua6 struggle over, vie for sii2 stubble, stump k@n6, k@l6 stubborn ddd3 do stubbornly, do alone ‰da1 stubborn, naughty aan4 stubborn, obstinate bddn1 stuck khaa4, khaa6 stuck in the flesh (of a knife) cup6 student nak6 rian1 (also recorded as rian4) study rian4 stuff, push in geet5 stuffed; crowded neen3 stuffing, padding nuam4 stump, stubble k@n6, k@l6 stupa, pagoda thaat5 stupid, dull-witted pdk4 stupid; mute, unable to speak yaay6 subjugate, bring under control naap5 submit, yield, consent, allow g@@m4 substance that is chewed mia6 substitute taa1 substitute for thHHn4 suck duut6 sudden, suddenly (of grabbing, seizing, embracing) kap6 sugarcane ‰@@y3

215

English–Saek

sugar palm taan1 sugar palm tree khoo6 taan1 suitable, fitting khuan4 suitcase, box, trunk hiip6 suitcase, bag ka6 paw1 summon, call; be called (so-and-so) reek5 sun ta1 gHn4, taa1 gHn4 spread in the sun to dry phTTy1 sun, day, daytime gHn4 sunshine riit6 Sunday van4 ‰aa1 thit6, van4 ‰a6 thit6, van4 thit6 support, prop up kham6 support (as a pillow) under the head muun2 support, hold up khd4 sure, certain nHH5 surpass, get ahead of another; more lddn5 surprised, amazed dt6 sustain; receive rap6 r@@4, lap6 l@@4 swallow (to) trddn1, tlddn1 swallow (the bird) ‰een6, ‰HHn6 swarm t@@m1 swarm on fruit and pastry (of ants, flies) cd‰4, gd‰4 gd‰4 sway, as a house in the wind phdan4 gut6 sweat nam6 tum6 dried dirt and sweat on the skin Say6 Sii4 sweep kuat6, kwaat6 sweep, dust off pHk4 sweet vaan1, vaan2, vaal2 swift (of a current) riw4, riiw4 swim yuu4 swim or dive under water b@t4 swing (to) hoon1 swing, rock; stir kway1 swing for children; cradle v@5 swirl up (of dust); splash (of water) pho3 switch (a) r@@y1 sound of a switch striking a child thop4 swollen, bruised v@k6 swollen, as from a bruise noo4 swollen jaws; mumps Saa4 thuum4 swollen (of the eye) khda4

216

English–Saek

swoop down sHHw6 swoop back and forth vTTn6 sword daap6, raaw2

T table to‰4, to‰6 go under (a fence, house, table) l@@t5 tadpole ruuk6 Tai, Thai thay4 tail rua2 take ‰aw1 take a picture thaay6 take care of, guard rak6 saa2 take down, remove; remove (a yoke); undo (a button) prHt4, plHt4 take hold of baay1 take up in both arms ‰oom1 take, lead y@@1 take off, remove; pull up or out tuun1 talk, say, speak, tell n@@y3 talk in one’s sleep thrTT2, tlTT2 tall, high; on, on top of, above saa2 couplet paired with saa2 ‘tall, high (of people, elephants)’ v@@4 very tall (of people) yoo1 tallow khay1 tamarind trHHw2, tlHHw2, thrHHw2, thlHHw2 tame, familiar khun6 tangled, mussed, disheveled gu6 gaaw2 tangled (of rope); curled up (of leaves); to have a high fever with hands and feet curled up ca1 tank; bucket, pail tha1 target paw3 taste (to) deem3 tattoo (to); plant (a stake) sak4 tattoo, tattoo designs sak4 laay4 taut khH5, td1 not taut, slack yaan4, yaal4 pull (a rope) taut nH5 tax phaa4 sii2 tax; value khaa5 taxi thHk4 sii5

217

English–Saek

tea saa4 spout of teapot, elephant’s trunk ua4 teakettle, teapot kaa1 teach s@@n2, s@@l2 teacher khuu4 teacher, scholar ‰aa1 caan1 tear (to) siik6 sound of tearing (e.g., paper) khuak5, khwaak5, khwHHk5 tease kHHw1 teeter-totter may6 yoo1 yeek6 teeth, tooth nHH1 bare the teeth siik6 nHH1 tell th@@y4 tell, narrate; lie too5 tell, speak kaaw6 tell, talk, say, speak n@@y3 temples of the head kha6 map4 ten sip6 ten thousand mddn6 tend, keep, raise, feed; feast lia6 tender; crisp, brittle c@@n1 tender (of meat), soft and rotten pday6 tendon ‰in1 termite m@@t5 territory; boundary kheet6, dHHn1 testicle ram2 tetanus, infection from any wound pham2, pham3 textbook bHHp6 rian4 Thai, Tai thay4 thank you kh@@p5 cdd1, day3 yTT4 that nan6, man6, kan6, tan6, yan6, rHn6 that, there ‰an6, man6 that way raan5 raa5 ‰an6 that, which; ordinal number marker thii6 that; say Saa3, Sa3, Saa5 thatchgrass Saa4 then, and then, so, and so, therefore lee4, le‰4, le4, lTTy4 and then lHHw6 ku2 and then, so; but phat2 then, and so, expresses finality loot5 then; finished; already lHHw1, lHHw6 then, so ku2, ku3, ci‰2, ci2

218

English–Saek

there han3 there, at, in nHHn1, nHHn2 there, that ‰an6, nan6, man6 there, yonder ‰un3, phun3 therefore, then, and then, so, and so lee4, le‰4, le4, lTTy4 there is, there are; to have mii4 thermos bottle ka6 tik4 these, this nii6 they, it, he, she man4 they, other people raw2 thick naa2 thick, abundant (of hair, fruit) dok4 thick, sticky (of liquids) trHHw6 thicket, forest paa6 thief kha6 mooy4 thin, not fat phr@@m2 classifier for long, thin objects sHn3, sHl3 thin, not thick vaa1 very thin soo4 thing, kind, manner yaa6 thing, matter; language cian5 things, possessions thrda5 throo4 things, possessions; food; clothing; utensils thrda5 things, possessions; of, belonging to h@@2 things (classifier for) ‰an1, ‰al1 think khdt6, T‰4 thirteen sip6 saam2 this, these nii6, ni‰6 this one ‰a6 rii6 thorn ‰@n1 thousand phan4 thread daay3, mii2 threaten khuu6 hold up threateningly dat5 three saam2 thirteen sip6 saam2 three hundred saam2 r@@y6 thresh (rice); strike, hit, beat, pound; fight m@k6 threshing ground laan4 throw kHH6, kwHH6 throw (e.g., a stone) cTTt6 throw away lo‰6

219

English–Saek

throw, throw away tu6 throw, toss goon4 throw, cast, sow vaan6, vaal6 thrust in all the way khu4 thumb; big toe ia5 poo3 thunder phraa3 Thursday van4 pha‰6 hat4 tick rip4 tie k@n3 tie in bundles phay4 tie or bind tightly rHt6, rHt6 rd4 tie up (an animal) laam5 tiger kuuk6 sound of tiger roaring; sound of stomach rumbling kook5 tight, close cHHp6 tight-fitting; narrow; small Seep5 tile ka6 bda3 tilted, not straight ‰ia1 tilt the head back nTTy4 naa3 time vee4 laa4, sdd4, sd6 sdd4, sTT4, baat6 formerly, in olden times tHH6 rTT4 long time gda4 olden times ddk4 dam1 ban1 period of time sua5 time, amount; like paan1 time, hour moo4 time passed yuu6 maa2 time, period paa1, sen5 time, when hooy4 waste time khTTk5 time (a) thda5 time (to be in), catch up with thHn4 by the time; save for someone phda6 tin sddn4, sa1 ka6 sii1 tin, can ka6 p@1 tip, end praay1, plaay1 tip, highest point guut5 tired ‰it4 very tired hiw2, hiiw2 tired, weak, crippled pia3 tired of something khH‰6, pTTt6, naay6

220

English–Saek

title of hero in stories thaaw6 to ka6 to, for kHH6 toad Sal4 Saak5 tobacco hddt6 toe, finger ia5 big toe, thumb ia5 poo3 little toe, little finger ia5 k@@y3 toenail, fingernail; hoof liip5 together room4 together, altogether phr@@m6 together, with duay3, y@@y5 together with, all, both; even though thd4 toilet thaan1 tomato khda1 khda4 tomorrow th@@k5, mdd6 th@@k5 nii6 tongs, pincers, pliers khiim4, khiim4 khaw3 tongue liin6 stick out (the tongue) bl@@3 too, too much phoot5 too; exceed kTTn1 tools (classifier for implements and other sharp tools) maak5, maak6 tooth, teeth nHH1 bare the teeth siik6 nHH1 top for spinning tuan3, tual3 torch ka6 b@@1 torn, broken, break kaat6 torn; chipped hian2 having a piece torn off vin6, viil6, viik5 tortoise (water) plaa1 pha6 ‰@@1, via3 toss, throw goon4 touch c@@t6, too1 touch; hit; correct; cheap thdk6 touch lightly t@@y3, tl@@y3, suun4 touch with the tongue to taste cH‰4 tough, sticky; glutinous (rice) niaw2 tough, coarse (of meat, food) giap6 toward, for suu6 tower h@@2 traces of an animal passing ph@@t6 track, footprint rii4 trade khaa6

221

English–Saek

traditions hiit5 thdk6 kh@@4 traditions, ceremony riit5 traditions, customs pra‰6 phee4 nii4, hiit5 transform oneself kap4 pheet5 transplant rice tram1 transport, carry khun2 travel around thiaw6 tray thraa2, thlaa2 tread on, step on; run over (of a car) yiap6 treasury; storehouse kha4 treat (the ill), care for pua1, pin6 pua1 tree, plant, wood may6 cut a blaze in a tree to mark it baak6 cut a piece off the side of a tree or log thaak6 fell a tree; wrestle pram3, plam3 tree (in expressions) ton3 tree, plant; base, first part khoo6 tree varieties ka6 baw1, ka6 bok4, cua1, tiiw3, thda4, th@@n6, laan6, laal6 trellis yoon6, yool6 tremble, shiver ru1 tribute money suay6 trim r@@n4 trim a fallen tree; cut into pieces rHHm3 tripod khia4 troops kam1 la4 va4 saa4 troubled, worried ‰uk4 troubled, worried, stressed ‰a6 trough, gutter, water pipe haa4 trough for pigs rua2 trousers, pants soo3 trudge along without paying attention up4 up4 true ci1 truly, really la6 vaay4 trumpet (of an elephant) phia‰4 phia6 trunk, box, suitcase hiip6 trunk of an elephant; spout of a teapot ua4 trunk of a tree lam4 try khTT6, l@@4 try, make an effort phi‰4, phaay6 tuber, potato ‰H3, man4 tuber variety k@@y1

222

English–Saek

tuck into nHp4, nHHp5 tuck up c@@n3 Tuesday van4 ‰a1 khaan4 tug, pull thok4 turbid khun2 turmeric iin6, iil6 turn something over v@@n3 turn upside down or inside out priin3, pliin3 turn, spin, whirl, revolve pin6, mun2, muun2 turn (a car) around ‰uay6, ‰waay6 turn freely on a wheel ml@@n5 turn the face away HHw3, bldan1 turn the head to look uak5, waak5, HHk5, wHHk5 turtle r@@4 tusk of elephant; ivory aa4 tusk of a boar nHH1 HH4 tweezers maak5 niip6 twenty saaw4 twenty-one saaw4 ‰Ht4 twig, branch kaa6 twig; one chopstick ki6 twilight, dusk sum3 twins pha1 phHHt6 twist bit4 have dysentery phan4 bit4, phal4 bit4 twist strands of rope sap4 twist, wring; form rice into a ball van3, val3 twisted, crooked biaw3 twisted (mouth) bii6 two gii6, s@@2 second lunar month blian1 gii6

U Ubon ‰u‰4 bon1 Udorn ‰u‰4 d@@n1 ugly siim4 umbrella khan4 cloth umbrella khan4 kot4 paper umbrella khan4 guu4 unbutton, undo, untie, remove kee3

223

English–Saek

uncle, older brother of either parent lu4 uncover, open up phiat5 underneath the house (a space) lua5 undo, open kH‰4, H‰6 undo (a button); remove (a yoke); remove, take down prHt4, plHt4 undo, unbutton, untie, remove kee3 uneven, odd, not a pair khiik5 unhusked rice, paddy Saw6 th@@k6 unripe, raw rip4 unroll, come unrolled laay1 unroll (cloth) phd6, phdd6 unroll, unwrap tii6 untie, unbutton, undo, remove kee3 until kii4, ma‰6 kii4, ma6 kii4 until, so much that con1 unwilling, object to khat4 unwrap, unroll tii6 up; rise, ascend, go up, come up hdn3 upper, on, above; north khdn4 urinate guu5 use pa6 goot6 use, employ; send (someone) thraay2, say3 used to, have ever khTTy4 usual, ordinary tham4 ma6 daa1 usual, regular pra6 cam1 utensils; things, possessions; food; clothing thrda5

V vagina, female organ mo‰5, siat5 value, tax khaa5 vanish, disappear va3 vHH3 vanish, disappear by magic power ldam4 vapor, steam; odor sooy2 various naa4 naa4 various, differ, strange taa6 vase cHH1 kan1 vegetable phrak4 vegetable varieties tiiw3, vHHn6, sa6 HH4 water hyacinth bua6

224

English–Saek

vehicle, car, bicycle lot6 sedan automobile lot6 ke1 very, many, much laay1, laay2 very much, excessively vian4, vian4 raat5, vHHn4 raat5 very, really ka6 det4 ka6 d@@3 vie for, struggle over sii2 Vientiane via4 cHn1 Vietnamese keew1 Vietnamese honorific ‰o1 Vietnamese ranks kaay1 suu4, kaay1 saa5 vigorous hd1 haaw3 vigorous, strong ma4 village, home baan3 vine thaa4, saak5 vision (poor) praa1 thua2 visit, stop in tham2, vHH5 vocative particles ‰TTy1, ‰TTy4, ‰TTy5 voice, sound, noise sia2 vomit ruak5 vulture rHH6

W waist ‰HHw1, vuat6 carry tucked in the waist ph@k6 knife put in waist at back thaa6 khat4 vuat6 wait kh@@y4, thaa3 wait, hope, expect kh@@4 wait on, serve ‰up4 pa6 thaak6 wake up, get up saak5 walk thHHw4, gaa5 walk, pass thiaw4 walking stick coo3 thrd6, thrd6 wall, partition; lid vaa1 wall of woven bamboo vaa1 ka6 tH‰4 wall or fence of a monastery taay3 vat6 waning (moon) rHHm4 waning moon blian2 rHHm4 want, would like to man2, man3 want, desire; hungry haat6 war; enemy khiak5

225

English–Saek

warm raw3 warm up, reheat hum2, haa2 warp length (one) say3 wart truut6 wash sooy6 wash (clothes) yak6 wash (the hair) p@@1 wasp t@@6, thiin4, thiil4 waste (to) pda1 waste of effort kdam3 kaa1 waste, spend money wastefully s@@n3 waste time khTTk5 watch, clock naa4 li4 kaa1 watch, guard sdd5 watch (to) c@@p6 watch, look, see n@@m1 watch, watchman; season gaam4 water nam6 go without (food, water); endure ‰ot4, ‰ot4 gdam3, thon4 high water nam6 maak5 sound of water falling or being poured cook5, c@@k5 to water plants rHk6 water in which glutinous rice is cooked m@@k6 water pipe, trough, gutter haa4 water hyacinth bua6 water tortoise plaa1 pha6 ‰@@1, via3 watermelon pria1 moo4 waves in water ph@@4 waves in the hair l@@n4 way, manner bHHp6 that way raan5 raa5 ‰an6 way, means thaa5 way, road, side raa5 get out of the way, avoid trHH5, tlHH5 way, path, road; side; direction thaa4 we pruu1 (two or more), roo4 (you and I, not others) weak, tired, crippled pia3 wealth laap5 wear, put on tHn3 wear diagonally vak4 weather, sky bdn1

226

English–Saek

weave tam3, tam3 huuk6 weave a basket saan2 wedge liim3 Wednesday van4 phut6 weep, cry tay3 weigh tit4, sa5 weigh down with something heavy nH2 weigh a matter, consider ii5 weight equal to a gram kam1 welcome, receive t@@n3 well (of water) nam6 saa3 wet ram4 wet and muddy (of a road) mdak5 what thu‰6 thaa4 what, anything; why thaa4, thrTT4 what, something, everything tu6 thaa4 what, which, any nTT4 wheedle, entreat ‰eew6 wheel khi3, ko1 wheel; cart l@@3 when buay3 when, time, now baat6 when; enough ph@@4 when, time hooy4 where nTT1, nTT2 where, why nTT1, nTT2 which, that; ordinal number marker thii6 which, what, any nTT4 while; part; as for suan6, sual6 whirl, spin, turn, revolve pin6, mun2, muun2 whirlpool nam6 bun3, nam6 pun3 whisper giim5 whisper; be careful giim5 gia2 whistle thiw2, phriw2, hiw2, hiiw2 white haaw2 white, albino phdak6 white person, Occidental pha6 la6, fa4 la6, fa6 la6 whittle law1 whittled stick diw3, diiw3 who, everybody, anybody dTT1 whorl in the hair; spirit h@n2

227

English–Saek

why, where nTT1, nTT2 why; what, anything thaa4, thrTT4 wide khwaa2 wide, broad roo6 widowed maay6 wife phaa4 father’s younger brother’s wife luaw4 will si2 will, about to daa1, raa2, raa3 will, would; about to daa1 will, almost to, almost sam5 ma‰6 win, victorious, defeat phHH5 wind lum4 name of a wind ka6 di1 wind, bind a cord around gak6 wind around trHHw3, tlHHw3 wind a cord around khian4 wind a rope into a coil khwaan3 window pak4 tuu1 b@@6 wing viat5 wink, close one eye liiw6 winnow vii6 winnowing basket thu3 vii6 wipe sHt6 wipe after defecating moo1 wipe, stroke luup5 wire luat5 wish (make a); take a chance, risk sia5, sia6 with, together duay3, y@@y5 with, and kap4 with, by dooy1 with; from; along; accompany, follow; go in search of nam4 without, have none ray5 go without (food, water); endure ‰ot4, ‰ot4 gdam3, thon4 wits, intelligence pan1 gaa4 woman, girl mee5 bdk4 old woman mlaaw6 old woman; paternal grandmother yaa5 young woman saaw2 wonder, doubt so1 say1 woo, court; play sTTn6

228

English–Saek

wood, tree, plant may6 big piece of wood; lump, piece; classifier; log khook5 work aan4, viak5 work, act, action kaan1 worker, employee ldk6 caa3, ldk6 lHH3 world look5, peen6 ban1, peen6 bal1 worm truan1, trual1 worm n@@n1, n@@n2, n@@l2 worried hua3, hwaa3 worried, troubled ‰uk4 worried, troubled, distressed ‰a6 worship buu1 saa4 worth it trum3, tlum3 worthy of, able to be taa1 worthy of, likely to so4 + verb would like to, want man2, man3 would, will; about to daa1 wound (to) baat6 infection from any wound; tetanus pham2, pham3 woven (closely), coarse; far apart, widely spaced saa6 finely woven, closely spaced; miserly thii5 wrap up, cover hum3 wrap up a package, a package tuuk6 wrestle; fell a tree pram3, plam3 wring, twist; form rice into a ball van3, val3 wrinkled hHHw3 write, draw khian2 writing, book na4 sdd2 writhe, struggle, move khua6 wrong, incorrect phit4

Y yam b@@n1 yawn raaw2, haaw2, haap6 haaw2 year khuap6, tuay3 used only in songs, pii1 first year in the Saek 12-year cycle tii6 second year in the Saek 12-year cycle thriw3 third year in the Saek 12-year cycle rdn4 fourth year in the Saek 12-year cycle mHHw3 fifth year in the Saek 12-year cycle sin4 sixth year in the Saek 12-year cycle tii5

229

English–Saek

seventh year in the Saek 12-year cycle @@5 eighth year in the Saek 12-year cycle muy4 ninth year in the Saek 12-year cycle thrdn1 tenth year in the Saek 12-year cycle raw3 eleventh year in the Saek 12-year cycle tut4 twelfth year in the Saek 12-year cycle hTTy5 Year of the Rat, first year in the 12-year cycle suat5 Year of the Ox, second year in the 12-year cycle sa6 luu1 Year of the Tiger, third year in the 12-year cycle khaan1 Year of the Rabbit, fourth year in the 12-year cycle th@‰4 Year of the Dragon, fifth year in the 12-year cycle ma6 loo4 Year of the Snake, sixth year in the 12-year cycle ma6 se1 Year of the Horse, seventh year in the 12-year cycle ma6 mia4 Year of the Goat, eighth year in the 12-year cycle ma6 mHH4 Year of the Monkey, ninth year in the 12-year cycle v@@k5 Year of the Cock, tenth year in the 12-year cycle la6 kaa1 Year of the Dog, eleventh year in the 12-year cycle c@@1 Year of the Pig, twelfth year in the 12-year cycle kun1 four years from this year pii1 ‰Hn3 last (year); to pass traay1, tlaay1 next year pii1 naa3 three years from this year pii1 ‰un3 two years from this year, year after next pii1 rdd1 year before last pii1 lua5 yellow vaa4 yes, ok ‰TT3, ‰TT4, ‰TT5 yesterday luan4 yet, not yet phaa5, haa2 lii5 yet, still khaa4, lii6, ha‰6 lii6, ha6 lii6, hay2 yield, submit, consent, allow g@@m4 yoke ‰HHk6 part of yoke under the neck ‰@3 remove (a yoke); remove, take down; undo (a button) prHt4, plHt4 yonder, there ‰un3, phun3 you ‰ay5, caw3 (very polite), md4 you, he vua6 (respectful) you (plural) suu2 young num6 father’s younger brother ‰aaw5

230

English–Saek

father’s younger sister ‰@@5 young man baaw6 young woman saaw2 younger sibling nua6 youngest (child); last (oxcart); come to an end, be finished s@@t5 young; soft; light (of color) ‰uun6

231

References Aymonier, ,tienne. 1895. Voyage dans le Laos. Paris: Annals du Mus-e Guimet, Biblioth3que d’,tudes, vols. 5, 6. A reference to ‘savages’ called Sak, v. 5, pp. 112–13. Benedict, Paul K. 1979. Linguistic Prediction: the Case of Saek. A paper delivered at the Eleventh International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Literatures, Tucson, AZ. Published in Edmondson and Solnit, pp. 161–87. Blanchard, Wendell. 1957. Thailand, its people, its society, its culture. New Haven: HRAF Country Survey Series. Boltz, William G. 1991. The Old Chinese Terrestial Rames in Saek. In Studies in the Historical Phonology of Asian Languages, edited by William G. Boltz and Michael C. Shapiro, 53–67. Current Issues in Linguistic Theory Vol.77. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Co. Bonifacy, Auguste Louis. 1919. Cours d’ethnographie indochinoise. HanoiHaiphong: Imprimimerie d’Extr/me-Orient. Saek listed on p. 81. Chamberlain, James R. 1998. The Origin of the Sek: Implications for Tai and Vietnamese History. Journal of the Siam Society 86.1&2: 27-48. Chao, Yuen Ren. 1930. A System of Tone Letters. Le Ma7tre phon-tique 45:24– 27. Credner, Wilhelm. 1935. Siam, das Land der Tai. Stuttgart: J. Engelhorns nachf. Edmondson, Jerold A., and David B. Solnit. 1997. Comparative Tai: The Tai Branch. Arlington, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics and The University of Texas at Arlington. Fraisse, Andr-. 1950. Les tribus Sek et Kha de la province de Cammon (Laos). Bulletin de la Soci-t- des ,tudes Indochinoises 25.3:333–48. Saek vocabulary on pp. 338–40. Gedney, William J. 1965. Saek, a Displaced Northern Tai Language. A paper delivered at the Annual Linguistic Society Meeting. ______. 1970. The Saek Language of Nakhon Phanom Province. Journal of the Siam Society 57.1:67–87. Reprinted in Gedney 1989, pp. 373–99. ______. 1982. The Twelve Year Names in Saek. A paper delivered at the Fifteenth International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Literatures, Peking. Reprinted in Hudak 1993, pp. 975–89. ______. 1989. Selected Papers on Comparative Tai Studies, edited by Robert J. Bickner, John Hartmann, Thomas John Hudak, and Patcharin Peyasantiwong, 373–99. Michigan Papers on South and Southeast Asia

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No. 29. Ann Arbor: Center for South and Southeast Asia, The University of Michigan. Haudricourt, Andr-. 1958. Les Sek de la province du Cammon (Laos), migration thai ou d-portation chinoise? Journal Asiatique 246:107–08. ______. 1960. Note sur les dialects de la region de Moncay. Bulletin de l’,cole Fran+aise d’Extr/me-Orient 50:161–77. ______. 1963a. Remarques sur les initiales complexes de la langue Sek. Bulletin de la Soci-t- Linguistique de Paris 58:156–63. ______. 1963b. La langue Sek. Proceedings of the International Congress of Orientalists 25 (Moscow) 4:414–15. Abstract. ______. 1976. La tonologie du Sek. Bulletin de la Soci-t- Linguistique de Paris 71.1:299–304. Hudak, Thomas John, ed. 1993. William J. Gedney’s The Saek Language: Glossary, Texts, and Translations. Michigan Papers on South and Southeast Asia No. 41. Ann Arbor: Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, The University of Michigan. Khanittanan, Wilaiwan. 1975. Saek Revisited. In A Tai Festschrift for William J. Gedney on the Occasion of his Fifth Cycle of Life Birthday Anniversary, April 14, 1975, edited by Thomas W. Gething, 128–39. Southeast Asian Working Papers No. 8. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Southeast Asian Studies Program. ______. 1976. Phaasaa Saek [The Saek Language]. Bangkok: Thammasat University Press. In Thai. ______. 2008. Saek Revisted. In The Tai-Kadai Languages, edited by Anthony V.N. Diller, Jerold A. Edmondson, and Yongxian Luo, 389–92. Routledge Language Family Series. London and New York: Routledge. LeBar, Frank M., Gerald C. Hickey, and John K. Musgrave. 1964. Ethnic Groups of Mainland Southeast Asia. New Haven: HRAF Press. Macey, Paul. 1905. ,tude ethnographique sur diverses tribus, aborig3nes ou autochtones habitant les provinces des Hua-phano, Ha-tang-hoc et du Cammon, au Laos. Actes, IVe Congr3s International des Orientalistes, Alger 1905. 1re Partie, 5e Sect.:3–63. Description of Sek on pp. 36–43; vocabulary on pp. 52–57. Maspero, Henri. 1912. ,tude sur la phon-tique historique de l’annamite. Les initiales. Bulletin de l’,cole Fran+aise d’Extr/me-Orient 12.1:1–127. Saek tones on pp. 3–5. Morev, L.N. 1988. Yozik sek [The Saek Language]. Moscow: Nauka. In Russian. Rivi3re, Armand. 1902. Vocabulaire hang-tchek, khas Xos, Har3me. In Mission Pavie, G-ographie et Voyages IV, 285–90. Paris: E. Leroux. Seidenfaden, Erik. 1930. Ethnology. In Siam, Nature and Industry, Ministry of Commerce and Communication, 82–106. Bangkok: The Bangkok Times Press Ltd.

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Smalley, William A. 1994. Linguistic Diversity and National Unity: Language Ecology in Thailand. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. Thongkum, Theraphan L. 1976. The Saek Language of Ban Ba Wa: Some Phonetic Notes. In Genetic Relationship, Diffusion, and Typological Similarities of East and Southeast Asian Languages, edited by Mantaro J. Hashimoto, 398–409. Tokyo: Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.

235

Appendix I The Saek Names for the Twelve Cyclical Years While doing fieldwork on the Saek language, Gedney regularly encountered the following forms for the names of the twelve years, borrowed from Lao or Northeastern Thai as evidenced by the [s] for [ch] in the first and second form and [l] for [r] in the fifth and tenth form. Gedney notes that these forms were provided by young and educated Saek speakers who were also fluent in Lao and Siamese. For comparative purposes, the Siamese forms are also listed in parentheses. pii1 suat5 pii1 sa6 luu1 pii1 khaan1 pii1 th@‰4 pii1 ma6 loo4 pii1 ma6 se1 pii1 ma6 mia4 pii1 ma6 mHH4 pii1 v@@k5 pii1 la6 kaa1 pii1 c@@1 pii1 kun1

Year of the Rat, first year in the twelve-year cycle (Siamese pii1 chuat3) Year of the Ox , second year in the twelve-year cycle (Siamese pii1 cha2 luu5) Year of the Tiger, third year in the twelve-year cycle (Siamese pii1 khaan5) Year of the Rabbit, fourth year in the twelve-year cycle (Siamese pii1 th@‰2) Year of the Dragon, fifth year in the twelve-year cycle (Siamese pii1 ma4 roo1) Year of the Snake, sixth year in the twelve-year cycle (Siamese ma4 se5) Year of the Horse, seventh year in the twelve-year cycle (Siamese pii1 ma4 mia1) Year of the Goat, eighth year in the twelve-year cycle (Siamese pii1 ma4 mHH1) Year of the Monkey, ninth year in the twelve-year cycle (Siamese pii1 w@@k3) Year of the Cock, tenth year in the twelve-year cycle (Siamese pii1 ra4 kaa1) Year of the Dog, eleventh year in the twelve-year cycle (Siamese pii1 c@@1) Year of the Pig, twelfth year in the twelve-year cycle (Siamese pii1 kun1)

237

Appendix I

In 1966, Gedney encountered an elderly Saek speaker said to be in his nineties. This informant provided the following list of names. In subsequent trips, the original informant having died, Gedney could not find anyone else who knew these terms. Afterwards, Gedney notes that younger Saek speakers interested in their heritage sought him out for these terms. pii1 tii6 pii1 thriw3 pii1 rdn4 pii1 mHHw3 pii1 sin4 pii1 tii5 pii1 @@5 pii1 muy4 pii1 thrdn1 pii1 raw3 pii1 tut4 pii1 hTTy5

first year in the Saek twelve-year cycle second year in the Saek twelve-year cycle third year in the Saek twelve-year cycle fourth year in the Saek twelve-year cycle fifth year in the Saek twelve-year cycle sixth year in the Saek twelve-year cycle seventh year in the Saek twelve-year cycle eighth year in the Saek twelve-year cycle ninth year in the Saek twelve-year cycle tenth year in the Saek twelve-year cycle eleventh year in the Saek twelve-year cycle twelfth year in the Saek twelve-year cycle

238

Appendix II The Names of Songkan Songkan (so1 kaan1, Siamese so1 kraan1) is the astrological New Year occurring on the twelfth or thirteenth day of April with the passage of the sun into the zodiac sign of Aries. The name given to the day on which so1 kaan1 falls in any particular year depends upon the name of one of the seven daughters of Lord Kabil Maha Phrom, a Brahma divinity in the heavenly realm. Each of the names can be followed by thee4 vii4 ‘lady, queen’ because the seven daughters are grouped together and referred to as the Songkan Ladies, e.g., mon4 thaa4 thee4 vii4 ‘Lady Monthaa’. Following the list of names is the Saek version of this tale along with an English translation. thu4 sa‰4 khoo4 laa4 kha‰6 raak5 sa‰4 mon4 thaa4 ki‰4 li‰6 nii4 (= ki4 li6 nii4) ki‰4 mi‰6 thaa4 (=ki4 mi6 thaa4) ma6 hoo1 th@@n4

name of so1 kaan1 day when it falls on Sunday name of so1 kaan1 day when it falls on Monday name of so1 kaan1 day when it falls on Tuesday name of so1 kaan1 day when it falls on Wednesday name of so1 kaan1 day when it falls on Thursday name of so1 kaan1 day when it falls on Friday name of so1 kaan1 day when it falls on Saturday

On 7 August 1966, Gedney recorded the following Saek text which relates the origin of the Songkan festival. It was dictated by Prasop Suwannamaacoo, a young generation (YG) speaker of Saek.

The Story of Songkan Saek Text 1.

mii4 seet6thii2 hun4 nd5. boo6 mii4 ldk6. raan4 there is rich man person one not have child house

yuu6 trTT3 kin1 kap4 hun4 kin1 law3. hun4 kin1 law3 mii4 be at near each other with person eat liquor person eat liquor have

239

Appendix II

ldk6 yuu6 s@@2 hun4. hay+ hay1 ldk6 kan6. child be at two person beautiful beautiful child that 2.

mdd6 nd5 hun4 kin1 law3, haw3 pay1 yTT5 seet6thii2. day one person eat liquor enter go revile rich man

seet6thii2 lTTy4 thaam2 Saa5, “phan4thaa4 caw3 la2 hun4 yTT5 rich man and so ask that why you then come revile h@@y6 thruu4 nii6?” I like this 3.

hun4 kin1 law3 lTTy4 t@@p6 Saa5, “caw3 phan4 hun4 person eat liquor and so answer that you be person

mii4 gHn4 mii4 Sam4 laay2, tHH6 boo6 mii4 ldk6. baat6 praay1 have silver have gold much but not have child time die thrda5throo4 gHn4 Sam4 ku2 rTTy1. h@@y6 ci‰2 lHHw6 completive possessions silver gold then disappear I so thuk6 khoon3 ku2taam1 tHH6Saa3 mii4 ldk6. phan4 hun4 cop4 poor poor no matter but have child be person good caw3.” kwaa6 comparative you 4.

seet6thii2 nan6 lTTy4 trTTy1, la2 pay1 lay6 rich man that and so ashamed then go pay obeisance

taa1gHn4, blian1 sia6 thr@@2 ldk6. sia6 naay6 ku2 boo6 mii4 sun moon wish beg child wish tired of then not have vee4laa4 pay1 saam2 pii1. ldk6 con1 rTT3raa1. ‰iin3 child until irritated disappear time go three year 5.

yuu6maa2, tha4 mdd6 nd5, phan4 mdd6 hdn3, time passed reach day one be day go up

sip6haa3 Sam5, blian1 haa3. seet6thii2 lTTy4 pay1 s@@5 khoo6hay4. fifteen night month five rich man and so go seek banyan tree

240

Appendix II

lHHw6 ‰aw1 Saw6saan2, sooy6 nam6 cHt4 thda5. lHHw6 ru2 hdn3 then take white rice wash water seven a time then cook go up an4 phin4phaat5 sia6 thr@@2 ldk6. buu1saa4. lHHw6 seep6 worship then play music music string orchestra wish beg child 6.

thee4va6daa1 yuu6 nHHn2 khoo6hay4. vua6 lTTy4 haay6. divinity be at in banyan tree he and so take pity

vua6 la2 pay1 s@@5 pha6gaa4 ‰in1, thr@@2 hTT3 vua6 phoot6. he then go name lord Indra beg allow he help pha6gaa4 ‰in1 la2 hTT3 tham4ma‰6baan1 thee4va6but4 l@4 lord Indra then cause personal name divine child go down kTTt6 nam4 phaa4 seet6thii2. born with wife rich man 7.

lHHw6 hTT3 s@@5Sa3 baat6 day3 ldk6 ‰@@k6 time get child come out completive give named

tham4ma‰6baan1 ku6maan4. ph@@5 la2 pr@@k6 phaa1saat2 cHt4 personal name male child father then build palace seven sHn6 hTT3 yuu6 nHHn2 trTT3 khoo6hay4 yan6. ph@@4 bdk4 hdn3 level cause be at there near banyan tree that when big go up rian4 cian5 n@k6. lHHw6ku2 rian4 tham4ma‰6baan1 day3 personal name past time study language bird and then study thHn4r@@6 con1 ‰a6gu‰6 day3 cHt4 pii1. knowledge until age get seven year 8.

ta3tHH6 ‰un3 ci2 hun4 tha4 laay2 raw2 nap6thdd4 since yonder then people all many they revere

thaaw6 ma6haa1phom4 kap4 ka6bin1la6phom4. phom4 tha4 s@@2 lord great Brahma with name of Brahma Brahma all two

241

Appendix II

‰o1 nii6 r@@6 Saa5 tham4ma6baan1 ni‰6 phan4 hun4 mii4 classifier this know that personal name this be person have tHH6 saa2 bdn1 Sa3 daa1 thHn4r@@6 laay2. lTTy4 h@‰4 l@4 knowledge much and so fly go down from above sky say will thuay4 ban3haa2 nam4 tham4ma6baan1 saam2 S@@5. sHn3gaa4 l@4 go down guess riddle with personal name three item agree Saa5 thaa3 tham4ma6baan1 thuay4 thdk6 phom4 si2 kin1 each other that if personal name guess correct Brahma will tHk4 S@@4 thua4ph@@5suu3 buu1saa4. khan4Saa5 tham4ma6baan1 thuay4 cut neck his own worship if personal name guess boo6 thdk6, lHHw6 hTT3 tHk4 S@@4 tham4ma6baan1. not correct then cause cut neck personal name 9.

lHHw6, pha‰6phom4 lTTy4 thaam2 t@k4l@4 kin1 agree each other completive Brahma and so ask

laa4sii2 yuu6 book5 ban3haa2 Saa5, “S@@5 nd5, t@@n1 l@@m5 riddle that item one part morning radiance be at place nTT4. s@@2, t@@n1 thia5 laa4sii2 yuu6 book5 nTT4. saam2, t@@n1 which two part noon radiance be at place which three part laa4sii2 yuu6 book5 nTT4?” Sam5 evening radiance be at place which 10.

pay1 cHt4 mdd6. tham4ma6baan1 thr@@2 phat4 personal name beg ask delay go seven day

day3 r@k4 mdd6 lHHw6, tham4ma6baan1 ha6lii6 khdt6 boo6 get six day completive personal name still think not day3 Sa3 laa4sii2 yuu6 book5 nTT4. la2 khdt6 Saa5, be able that radiance be at place which then think that nih6.” lTTy4 theew4 “mdd6th@@k5nii6 kuu1 daa1 praay1 day1 tomorrow I will die particle particle and so flee

242

Appendix II

l@4 kh@@y6 phaa1saat2. pay1 nuun1 riit5 yuu6 tiin1 khoo6taan1. go down from palace go sleep hide be at foot sugar palm tree 11.

con1 Sam5, mii4 n@k6 ‰in1thii4 s@@2 h@@k6 phaa4 maa2 until night there is bird eagle two husband wife come

nan6. tHH6 raa2 kin1. lTTy4 hun4 nuun4 yuu6 nHHn2 khoo6taan1 from seek eat and so come sleep be at in sugar palm tree that phaa4 lTTy4 thaam2 h@@k6 Saa5, n@k6 ‰in1thii4 thua4 bird eagle classifier wife and so ask husband that daa1 pay1 raa2 kin1 thaa4 nTT4?” “mdd6th@@k5nii6 hii4 tomorrow ourselves will go seek eat way which 12.

t@@p6 Saa5, “phak6phTT5 thaa4. mdd6th@@k5nii6 h@@k6 husband answer that difficult what tomorrow

tham4ma6baan1 ku6maan4 daa1 praay1. pha‰6phom4 daa1 kaa3 personal name male child will die Brahma will kill thruu4Saa5 kee3 ban3haa2 boo6 day3.” as solve riddle not be able 13.

phaa4 lTTy4 th@@y4 hTT3 h@@k6, “kee3 hTT3 gia2.” wife and so tell for husband solve cause hear

14.

lTTy4 loo5 Saa5, “hooy4 l@@m5 laa4sii2 yuu6 h@@k6 husband and so tell that time morning radiance be at

naa3, hun4 la2 sooy6 naa3. hooy4 thia5 an6 laa4sii2 yuu6 face person then wash face time noon that radiance be at tam1‰aa1, hun4 la2 ‰aw1 nam6‰op4 ‰aw1 een6 thaa4 tam1‰aa1. chest person then take perfume take turmeric paint chest laa4sii2 yuu6 See5, hun4 la2 sooy6 See5.” hooy4 Sam5 time evening radiance be at feet people then wash feet nan6 lTTy4 gia2. tham4ma6baan1 nuun4 yuu6 tTT3 khoo6taan1 personal name sleep be at under sugar palm tree that and so hear

243

Appendix II

ph@@4 gia2 lHHw6 thruu4 nan6 ku3 lTTy4 prTT6 maa2 ma4 when hear completive like that then and so return come at phaa1saat2 tan6. mansion that 15.

ph@@4 r@@5 hdn3, mdd6 m@@6, ka6bin1la‰6phom4 ku2 when dawn go up day another name of Brahma then

hun4 thaam2 ban3haa2. tham4ma6baan1 ku6maan4 ku2 loo5 thruu4 come ask riddle personal name male child then tell like n@k6 ‰in1thii4 n@@y3 kin1 nan6 day3gia2 nam4 thua4 hear with classifier bird eagle speak each other there lHHw6. completive 16.

thaaw6 ka6bin1la6phom4 la2 reek5 ldk6 saaw2 tha4 lord name of Brahma then call child young woman all

cHt4 hun4 nan6 hun4 loo5 Saa5, “thraw3 h@@2 ph@@5 nii6 seven person that come tell that head belong to father this daa1 thdk6 raw2 tHk4, buu1saa4 tham4ma6baan1 day1. thraw3 will touch they cut worship personal name particle head h@@2 ph@@5 nii6, khan4Sa3 ta3 kdd3 nHHn2 peen6ban1, belong to father this if set up keep in earth vii4 ku2 daa1 ham2 look5. khan4Sa3 tu6 hdn3 saa2 bdn1, fire then will burn world if throw go up above sky nHHn2 vdn2 ku2 daa1 lHH6, boo6 t@k4. khan4Sa3 tu6 l@4 rain then will dry not fall if throw go down in ma6haa1sa6mut4, nam6 ku2 daa1 hHH3. hTT3 caw3 tha4 cHt4 ocean water then will dry up cause you all seven hun4 nii6 ‰aw1 khan2 hun4 rap6 ‰aw1.” person this take stand come catch take

244

Appendix II

17.

traaw3 thruu4 nan6 lHHw6ku2 tHk4 maak6 thraw3 speak like that and then cut classifier head

thua4ph@@5suu3 hTT3 ka6 ldk6 saaw2 khoo6. naa4 ku2 of himself give to child young woman first lady then lTTy4 ‰aw1 khan2 hun4 rap6 ‰aw1. lHHw6 rHH6 and so take stand come catch take then carry in procession su6meen4 r@k4sip6 naa4thii4. lHHw6la2 sTTn4 r@@p5 r@@y1 around mountain Mt. Meru sixty minute so then invite kay1laat5. pay1 kdd3 rTT1 tham3 khan4tha6thu6lii1 r@@y1 go keep in cave name of cave mountain Mt. Kaylaat thrda5 thip6 buu1saa4. pha6veet5su4kam1 la2 mii4 there is things divine worship name of gods’ architect then nii4mit6 roo4. ‰aw1 kHHw3 cHt4 van2 ‰ee5. roo4 ‰an6 create hall take jewel seven kind adorn hall classifier nan6 hTT3 s@@5Sa3 pha6kha6va6dii1. hTT3 phan4 book5 pat4sum4 that give named name of hall make be place meet thee4va6daa1. thee4va6daa1 la2 ‰aw1 bl@@k6may6 hun4 sooy6 nHHn2 divinity divinity then take flower come wash in sa‰4 ‰a‰6noo4daat6 cHt4 thda5. pool name of pool seven a time 18.

r@k4sip6haa3 mdd6, vua6 ph@@4 tha4 kam1not6 saam2r@@y6 when reach limit three hundred sixty-five day they

la2 taa1ti‰4 Saa5 pii1 nd5. phan4 so1kaan1 rHk6 nam6. then designate that year one be Songkan sprinkle water tha4 cHt4 hun4 ku2 pian6 kin1 ldk6 saaw2 child young woman all seven person then take turns each other rHH6 thraw3 ph@@5 r@@p5 r@@y1 d@@1 pii1. ldk6 carry in procession head father around mountain every year child

245

Appendix II

saaw2 cHt4 hun4 h@@2 thaaw6 ma6haa1phom4 man6 young woman seven person belong to lord great Brahma that taa1ti‰4 Saa5 phan4 naa4 so1kaan1. mii4 s@@5 taam1 mdd6. designate that be lady Songkan there is name follow day kap4 mdd6 nTT4 ku2 vua6 Saa5 so1kaan1 pii1 nTT4 y@@5 they say Songkan year which straight with day which then hTT3 ‰aw1 s@@5 nan6. thruu4Saa5 thaa3 mdd6 so1kaan1 y@@5 give take name that for example if day Songkan straight kap4 van4‰a6thit6 ku2 s@@5 Saa5 thu4sa‰4thee4vii4. khan4 y@@5 with Sunday then name that name of Sunday if straight kap4 van4cHn1 ku2 Sa3 khoo4laa4kha‰6thee4vii4. khan4 y@@5 with Monday then that name of Monday if straight khan4 y@@5 van4‰a1khaan4 ku2 s@@5 Saa3 raak5sa‰4. Tuesday then name that name of Tuesday if straight khan4 y@@5 van4phut6 ku2 s@@5 Saa3 mon4thaa4. Wednesday then name that name of Wednesday if straight Saa3 ki4li6nii4. khan4 y@@5 van4pha6hat4 ku2 s@@5 Thursday then straight that name of Thursday if straight khan4 y@@5 van4saw1 van4suk4 ku2 s@@5 Saa3 ki4mi6thaa4. Friday then name that name of Friday if straight Saturday ku2 s@@5 Saa3 ma6hoo1th@@n4. then name that name of Saturday 19.

van4 thii6 sip6saam2 blian1 pii1 nii6 thruu4 kin1. year this like each other day ordinal thirteen month

haa3 y@@5 kap4 van4phut6. s@@5 naa4 so1kaan1 Saa5 five straight with Wednesday name lady Songkan that mon4thaa4thee4vii4. ‰aw1 bl@@k6 cam1paa1 nHp4 rua4. ‰aw1 name of Wednesday take flower flower type tuck ear take

246

Appendix II

phay4thuun4 phan4 thrda5 ‰ee5. kin1 nom4 nTTy4. mdd4 khwaa4 gem type be thing adorn eat milk cheese hand right thdd4 kim1. mdd4 vHHn6 thdd4 may6coo3thrd6. nuun4 hold needle hand left hold walking stick lie down praa1 hun4 saa2 la2 bHH3. ml@@n4 open eyes eye come on back of back goat

The Story of Songkan English Translation 1. Once there was a rich man who had no children. His house was near a drunkard’s, and the drunkard had two children. Very, very beautiful were those children. 2. One day the drunkard went and berated the rich man. So the rich man asked, “Why do you come and berate me like this?” 3. The drunkard answered, “You’re a person with a lot of silver and gold, but you have no children. When you die, your possessions and your silver and your gold will disappear. Even though I’m poor, I’ve got children. I’m a better man than you.” 4. And so the rich man was ashamed. He went before the moon and made a wish for a child. He wished until he was exhausted, but he still had no children. And so he continued on until he was irritated. He had wasted three years. 5. Time passed, and then the fifteenth day of the waxing phase of the fifth lunar month arrived. So the rich man went and looked for a banyan tree. Then he took white rice and washed it in water seven times, cooked it, and raised it up in obeisance. Then he played music and made a wish, begging for a child. 6. And so the divinity living in the banyan tree took pity on him. He went to see the Lord Indra and beseeched him to help. And so Lord Indra had Thammabaan, the divine child, come down and be born to the rich man’s wife. 7. When the boy had been born, they gave him the name Thammabaan. Then the father built a seven-story palace for him to live in near that banyan tree. When he grew up, Thammabaan studied the language of the birds and other knowledge until he was seven years old. 8. Since the olden days, all the people have revered Lord Mahaphom and Kabinlaphom. These two Brahma divinities knew that Thammabaan was a person with great knowledge. So they flew down from the sky, saying they would come down and ask three riddles to Thammabaan. They made an agreement with one another that if Thammabaan guessed correctly, the Brahma

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would cut off his own head and offer it in worship. If Thammabaan did not guess correctly, then they would cut off Thammabaan’s head. 9. When they had agreed, the Brahma divinities asked the riddles, “First, in the morning, where is the radiance? Second, at noon, where is the radiance? Third, in the evening, where is the radiance?” 10. Thammabaan asked for a delay of seven days. When six days had passed, he still could not think where the radiance was. Then, he thought, “Tomorrow, I shall die for sure.” So he fled from the palace and lay down, hiding himself at the foot of a sugar palm tree. 11. At nightfall, two eagles, a husband and a wife, returned from searching for food. They came to sleep in that sugar palm tree. The wife asked her husband, “Tomorrow, where will we go to look for food?” 12. The husband answered, “What’s the difficulty? Tomorrow, Thammabaan will die. The Brahmas will kill him because he can’t solve the riddles.” 13. So the wife told her husband, “Solve them and let me hear it.” 14. So her husband told her, “In the morning, the radiance is on the face, so people wash their faces. At noon, the radiance is on the chest, so people take perfume and turmeric and put them on their chests. In the evening, the radiance is on the feet, so people wash their feet.” Thammabaan was lying under the sugar palm tree and heard the eagles. When he heard the solutions, he returned to the palace. 15. When it was daylight the next day, Kabinlaphom came and asked the riddles. And so Thammabaan answered as he had heard it from the two eagles talking to each other. 16. Then Lord Kabinlaphom called all seven of his daughters to come and told them, “Your father’s head is going to be cut off and offered up to Thammabaan. Your father’s head here, if it touches the earth, then fire will burn up the world. If it’s thrown up into the sky, then there’ll be a drought and no rain will fall. If it’s thrown down into the sea, then the water will dry up. The seven of you should bring a basin and catch it.” 17. Having spoken thus, he cut off his own head and gave it to his eldest daughter. And she brought a basin and caught it. Then they carried it in a procession around Mt. Meru for sixty minutes. Then they took it and placed it in Khanthathulii cave on Mount Kaylaat. There were divine things to offer in worship and so Phraveetsukam created a hall and adorned it with seven kinds of jewels. To that hall they bestowed the name Phakhavadii and made it a meeting place for the divinities. And then the divinities brought flowers and rinsed them in the Anoodaat pool seven times. 18. When a period of 365 days was completed, they designated it as a year. This is Songkan for sprinkling water. And all the seven daughters take turns carrying their father’s head in procession around the mountain every year. The seven daughters of Lord Mahaphom are designated as the Ladies of Songkan.

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They have names according to the days. For example, if Songkan day coincides with Sunday, then it is named Thungsatheevii. If it coincides with Monday, then it is Khoolaakhatheevii. If it coincides with Tuesday, then it is named Raaksa. If it coincides with Wednesday, then it is named Monthaa. If it coincides with Thursday, then it is named Kilinii. If it coincides with Friday, then it is named Kimithaa. If it coincides with Saturday, then it is named Mahoothorn. 19. This year is the same. The thirteenth day of the fifth lunar month coincides with Wednesday. The name of the Lady of Songkran is Monthaatheevii. She has a campaa flower tucked behind her ear, and she uses the phaythuun gem as an ornament. She partakes of milk and cheese. Her right hand holds a needle and her left holds a walking stick. She lies with her eyes open and comes on the back of a goat. The above Saek text and English translation were originally published in slightly different form in Thomas John Hudak, ed. 1993. William J. Gedney’s The Saek Language: Glossary, Texts, and Translations. Michigan Papers on South and Southeast Asia No. 41. Ann Arbor: Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, The University of Michigan. Reprinted courtesy of the publisher.

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Appendix III Saek Villages Thailand. In Thailand, four Saek villages are generally cited, all located in Nakhon Phanom province in Northeastern Thailand. Morev’s 1988 study of Saek (p. 9) lists the same four villages. 1. baan3 ‰aat6 saa1 maat5, five kilometers north of Nakhon Phanom on the Mekong River on the road to Uthen. Also known locally as baan3 kh@@2. Old name ‰eek6 ‰aa1 saa1. Variant pronunciations of the current name include the following: ‰a4 sa6 maat5, ‰a6 saa1, ‰aa1 saa1, ‰aa1 sa6 maat5, ‰aa1 saa1 maat5, ‰aat6 sa6 maat5. 2. baan3 phay6 l@@m3, one mile inland from baan3 ‰aat6 saa1 maat5. Also known as baan3 saw1 law3. 3. baan3 d@1 sa6 m@@4, in sii1 so1 khraam4 district. Variant pronunciations include baan3 d@@n1 su‰6 m@@4, baan3 do1 su6 m@@4, baan3 do1 sa6 m@@4. 4. baan3 baa6 vaa3, in ki6 naa4 vaa3 district. Also recorded as baan3 baa1 vaa3. Abandoned villages in Nakhon Phanom province include the following: 1. baan3 thaa5 vaay4, between Nakhon Phanom and baan3 ‰aat6 saa1 maat5. 2. baan3 naa4 la‰6 vaay4, on the road to Sakon Nakhon. Laos. In texts collected by Gedney, the following Saek villages are said to be found in Laos: 1. baan3 thaa5 khHH4 2. baan3 th@@k5 3. baan3 phoo4 kham3 In a notebook entry in Siamese, Gedney lists baan3 phaa5 thu1 with a true Saek population and baan3 phoon3 aam1 with a half Saek and half Lao population. Morev (p. 9) notes there are about ten Saek villages in Khammouane province in the districts of Nhommarat, Mahaxay, Kham Khet, and Tha Khek. Vietnam. The villages of baan3 trTT3 and baan3 tHHn1 are said to have Saek inhabitants. Because of the uncertain status of the Saek population in these two

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villages, they have not been included in the lexicon. Abandoned Saek villages include baan3 bdk4 naa4 tTT3, baan3 sin4 naa4 mTTy4, baan3 trTT1, baan3 thruu3, and the phia4 s@@4. Saek villages cited in Chamberlain 1998. Without providing any phonological descriptions, Chamberlain lists two Saek dialects in Laos: 1) the dialect found in Khamkeut District in Borikhamxay Province; and 2) the dialect found in Khammouane Province as well as in Thailand. Romanizations are taken from Chamberlain. Borikhamxay Province, Khamkeut District, Laos: 1. Ban Na Kadok in Nam Veo Subdistrict (originally from Phu Quan village in Ngh/ An Province in Vietnam). 2. Ban Som Sanouk, Ban Nam Phao, and Ban Houay Toun in Lak Xao Subdistrict. 3. Ban Na Tham Kwang (or Ban Nam Hoy) in Khammouane Subdistrict. Khammouane Province, Nakai District, Laos: 1. Ban Toeng (baan3 trTT1) 2. Ban Na Meo 3. Ban Na Moey (baan3 sin1 naa4 mTTy4) 4. Ban Beuk (baan3 bdk4 naa4 tTT3) Chamberlain (note 6, p. 45) notes that the above villages are in Laos, not in Vietnam as cited in Gedney’s research (see above under Vietnam). Khammouane Province, Gnommarath District, Laos: 1. Ban Pha Thoung, said to have originally come from Ban Toeng 2. Ban Kh3ne, said to have originally come from Ban Toeng Other Saek villages can be found in Thakhek District and Hinboun District.

Chamberlain, James R. 1998. The Origin of the Sek: Implications for Tai and Vietnamese History. Journal of the Siam Society 86.1&2:27-48. Morev, L.N. 1988. Yozik sek [The Saek Language]. Moscow: Nauka.

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