Theorien für den Kultursektor: Jahrbuch für Kulturmanagement 2010 [1. Aufl.] 9783839416419

Das Jahrbuch für Kulturmanagement initiiert und fördert einen übergreifenden Diskurs im Kulturmanagement im Hinblick auf

155 34 2MB

German Pages 376 Year 2014

Report DMCA / Copyright

DOWNLOAD PDF FILE

Table of contents :
Inhalt
Zur Einführung in das Jahrbuch für Kulturmanagement 2010
SCHWERPUNKT:THEORIEN ÜBER DEN KULTURSEKTOR UND IHRE RELEVANZ FÜR DAS KULTURMANAGEMENT
Systemtheorie, ein Versuch
Der Kulturbetrieb bei Pierre Bourdieu
Die Selektivität des Publikums zeitgenössischer Kunst als Herausforderung für die Rezeptionstheorie Pierre Bourdieus?
Die Erfindung der Hochkultur. Institutionalisierung und institutioneller Wandel in der Kultursoziologie Richard A. Petersons und Paul DiMaggios
Wertesysteme von Kulturmanagern. Eine explorative Typologie
Zur Rolle der empirischen Forschung im Kulturmanagement. Aufgabenfelder, Entwicklungen und ein innovatives empirisches Praxismodell „Culture to be“
Darwin in der Oper? Ein evolutionstheoretischer Blick auf Kultur
Cultural Studies als Perspektive für Kulturmanagement
Kulturpolitik und Kulturmanagement. Überlegungen zu einer Politikfeldanalyse
Kulturmanagement und Kulturwandel. Ein Plädoyer für das Denken in wachsenden Ringen
WEITERE BEITRÄGE: ENTSCHEIDUNGSBEREICHE IM KULTURSEKTOR
Unternehmerische Szenen in der Kultur- und Kreativwirtschaft. Eine diffusionstheoretische Analyse
Mintzberg im Theater. Die Auswirkung unterschiedlicher Organisationskonfigurationen im Theater auf die Spielplangestaltung und die Interaktion mit der Umwelt
Erwartungen an den Opernbesuch und bevorzugte Inszenierungsstile. Eine empirische Analyse der ästhetischen Präferenzen von Opernbesuchern
Erwartungstransgression
BERICHTE/DOKUMENTATION
Wirtschaftskultur durch Kunst – oder die Ästhetik als Universalie für Erkennen und Handeln. Nachruf auf Michael Bockemüh
Lehrkonzepte im Kulturmanagement. Erkenntnisse aus zwei Symposien des Fachverbandes für Kulturmanagement
Arts Management – A Sociological Inquiry. Lissabon, September 2009
Kulturbranding III. Drittes wissenschaftliches Symposium zu Konzepten und Perspektiven der Markenbildung im Kulturbereich vom 8. bis 10. Oktober 2009 in Offenbach/Main
„Theorien über den Kultursektor und ihre Relevanz für das Kulturmanagement.“ Tagung des Fachverbandes für Kulturmanagement an der Universität für Musik und darstellende Kunst in Wien
Rückblick kultur.kreativ.wirtschaft. Über die wissenschaftliche Tagung zur Kultur- und Kreativwirtschaft vom 17.-19.6. in Weimar
REZENSIONEN
Bernd Wagner: Fürstenhof und Bürgergesellschaft
Herbert Grüner, Helene Klein, Dieter Puchta, Klaus-P. Schulze (Hgg.): Kreative gründen anders!
Peter Mosimann, Marc-André Renold, Andrea F.G. Raschèr (Hgg.): Kultur Kunst Recht
Gerhard Pfennig: Kunst, Markt und Recht
Patrick Glogner, Patrick S. Föhl (Hgg.): Das Kulturpublikum
Daniel Fueter: Kontrapunkte und Koloraturen
Julian Johnson: Who Needs Classical Music? Joshua Fineberg: Classical Music, Why Bother? Lawrence Kramer: Why Classical Music Still Matters. Richard Taruskin: The Danger of Music and Other Anti-Utopian Essays
Wouter Davidts, Kim Paice (Hgg.): The Fall of the Studio Michael Diers, Monika Wagner (Hgg.): Topos Atelier Anna Engberg-Pedersen (Hg.): Studio Olafur Eliasson – An Encyclopedia
Andrew McClellan: The Art Museum
Verzeichnis der Adressen
Beiträge für das Jahrbuch 2011
Recommend Papers

File loading please wait...
Citation preview

Sigrid Bekmeier-Feuerhahn, Karen van den Berg, Steffen Höhne, Rolf Keller, Birgit Mandel, Martin Tröndle, Tasos Zembylas (Hg.) Theorien für den Kultursektor

Jahrbuch für Kulturmanagement | Band 2

Das Jahrbuch für Kulturmanagement initiiert und fördert einen übergreifenden Diskurs im Kulturmanagement im Hinblick auf eine methodologische und theoretische Fundierung des Faches. Als referiertes Journal positioniert es das Fach »Kulturmanagement« innerhalb übergreifender akademischer Debatten. Dabei werden insbesondere Problemstellungen innerhalb des deutschsprachigen Raumes fokussiert und mit internationalen Beiträgen und Fragestellungen verknüpft. Darüber hinaus fördert das Jahrbuch den Austausch zwischen Wissenschaft und Praxis. Die Reihe wird herausgegeben vom Fachverband für Kulturmanagement.

Sigrid Bekmeier-Feuerhahn, Karen van den Berg, Steffen Höhne, Rolf Keller, Birgit Mandel, Martin Tröndle, Tasos Zembylas (Hg.)

Theorien für den Kultursektor Jahrbuch für Kulturmanagement 2010 (herausgegeben im Auftrag des FACHVERBANDES FÜR KULTURMANAGEMENT)

%LEOLRJUD¿VFKH,QIRUPDWLRQGHU'HXWVFKHQ1DWLRQDOELEOLRWKHN Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der 'HXWVFKHQ 1DWLRQDOELEOLRJUD¿H GHWDLOOLHUWH ELEOLRJUD¿VFKH 'DWHQ VLQG im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. ‹WUDQVFULSW9HUODJ%LHOHIHOG Die Verwertung der Texte und Bilder ist ohne Zustimmung des Verlages urheberrechtswidrig und strafbar. Das gilt auch für Vervielfältigungen, hEHUVHW]XQJHQ0LNURYHU¿OPXQJHQXQGIUGLH9HUDUEHLWXQJPLWHOHNtronischen Systemen. Umschlaggestaltung: Hans-Dirk Hotzel Innenlayout: Hans-Dirk Hotzel Lektorat: Christian Diemer, Carsten Wernicke, Wolf-Georg Zaddach Satz: Carsten Wernicke, Wolf-Georg Zaddach Druck: Majuskel Medienproduktion GmbH, Wetzlar ISBN 978-3-8376-1641-5 Gedruckt auf alterungsbeständigem Papier mit chlorfrei gebleichtem Zellstoff. Besuchen Sie uns im Internet: http://www.transcript-verlag.de Bitte fordern Sie unser Gesamtverzeichnis und andere Broschüren an unter: [email protected]

Inhalt Zur Einführung in das Jahrbuch für Kulturmanagement 2010 STEFFEN HÖHNE, MARTIN TRÖNDLE

9

SCHWERPUNKT: THEORIEN ÜBER DEN KULTURSEKTOR UND IHRE RELEVANZ FÜR DAS KULTURMANAGEMENT Systemtheorie, ein Versuch MARTIN TRÖNDLE

13

Der Kulturbetrieb bei Pierre Bourdieu CHRISTIANE SCHNELL

43

Die Selektivität des Publikums zeitgenössischer Kunst als Herausforderung für die Rezeptionstheorie Pierre Bourdieus? NINA TESSA ZAHNER

55

Die Erfindung der Hochkultur Institutionalisierung und institutioneller Wandel in der Kultursoziologie Richard A. Petersons und Paul DiMaggios ANDREAS GEBESMAIR

77

Wertesysteme von Kulturmanagern Eine explorative Typologie VOLKER KIRCHBERG

97

Zur Rolle der empirischen Forschung im Kulturmanagement Aufgabenfelder, Entwicklungen und ein innovatives empirisches Praxismodell „Culture to be“ SUSANNE KEUCHEL

117

Darwin in der Oper? Ein evolutionstheoretischer Blick auf Kultur ALFRED K. TREML

133

Cultural Studies als Perspektive für Kulturmanagement CARSTEN WINTER

155

Kulturpolitik und Kulturmanagement Überlegungen zu einer Politikfeldanalyse BERND WAGNER

171

Kulturmanagement und Kulturwandel Ein Plädoyer für das Denken in wachsenden Ringen ROLF KELLER

185

WEITERE BEITRÄGE: ENTSCHEIDUNGSBEREICHE IM KULTURSEKTOR Unternehmerische Szenen in der Kultur- und Kreativwirtschaft Eine diffusionstheoretische Analyse THOMAS URBAN

205

Mintzberg im Theater Die Auswirkung unterschiedlicher Organisationskonfigurationen im Theater auf die Spielplangestaltung und die Interaktion mit der Umwelt FRIEDERIKE VON COSSEL

219

Erwartungen an den Opernbesuch und bevorzugte Inszenierungsstile Eine empirische Analyse der ästhetischen Präferenzen von Opernbesuchern KARL-HEINZ REUBAND

247

Erwartungstransgression JENS BADURA

273

BERICHTE/DOKUMENTATION Wirtschaftskultur durch Kunst – oder die Ästhetik als Universalie für Erkennen und Handeln Nachruf auf Michael Bockemühl KAREN VAN DEN BERG

291

Lehrkonzepte im Kulturmanagement Erkenntnisse aus zwei Symposien des Fachverbandes für Kulturmanagement BIRGIT MANDEL

301

Arts Management – A Sociological Inquiry Lissabon, September 2009 TASOS ZEMBYLAS

307

Kulturbranding III Drittes wissenschaftliches Symposium zu Konzepten und Perspektiven der Markenbildung im Kulturbereich vom 8. bis 10. Oktober 2009 in Offenbach/Main ANDRÉ STÖRR

311

„Theorien über den Kultursektor und ihre Relevanz für das Kulturmanagement.“ Tagung des Fachverbandes für Kulturmanagement an der Universität für Musik und darstellende Kunst in Wien STEFFEN HÖHNE, MARTIN TRÖNDLE

319

Rückblick kultur.kreativ.wirtschaft Über die wissenschaftliche Tagung zur Kultur- und Kreativwirtschaft vom 17.-19.6. in Weimar DIRK HEINZE

327

REZENSIONEN Bernd Wagner: Fürstenhof und Bürgergesellschaft STEFFEN HÖHNE

333

Herbert Grüner, Helene Klein, Dieter Puchta, Klaus-P. Schulze (Hgg.): Kreative gründen anders! HUBERT THELER

336

Peter Mosimann, Marc-André Renold, Andrea F.G. Raschèr (Hgg.): Kultur Kunst Recht PETER STUDER

339

Gerhard Pfennig: Kunst, Markt und Recht ANDREA F.G. RASCHÈR

344

Patrick Glogner, Patrick S. Föhl (Hgg.): Das Kulturpublikum SILVAN RÜSSLI

347

Daniel Fueter: Kontrapunkte und Koloraturen ANDREA F.G. RASCHÈR

349

Julian Johnson: Who Needs Classical Music? Joshua Fineberg: Classical Music, Why Bother? Lawrence Kramer: Why Classical Music Still Matters Richard Taruskin: The Danger of Music and Other Anti-Utopian Essays JOACHIM LANDKAMMER

352

Wouter Davidts, Kim Paice (Hgg.): The Fall of the Studio Michael Diers, Monika Wagner (Hgg.): Topos Atelier Anna Engberg-Pedersen (Hg.): Studio Olafur Eliasson – An Encyclopedia URSULA PASERO

357

Andrew McClellan: The Art Museum TOBIAS WALL

361

Verzeichnis der Adressen

365

Beiträge für das Jahrbuch 2011

371

Zur Einführung in das Jahrbuch für Kulturmanagement 2010 STEFFEN HÖHNE, MARTIN TRÖNDLE

Nachdem auf der Jahrestagung des Fachverbandes in Wien im Januar 2010 drei für das Kulturmanagement relevante Theoriemodelle vorgestellt und diskutiert worden sind, - den von Institutions- und InteraktiRQVWKHRULHQ EHHLQÀXVVWHQ 3URGXFWLRQRI&XOWXUH$QVDW] GLH )HOGWKHRULH3LHUUH%RXUGLHXVVRZLHGLH6\VWHPWKHRULH1LNODV/XKPDQQVZXUGH LQGHQ:LHQHU'LVNXVVLRQHQGDV$QOLHJHQGHXWOLFKZHLWHUH7KHRULHDQVlW]HIUGDV.XOWXUPDQDJHPHQWYRUVWHOOHQ]XODVVHQ *HPl‰HLQHPDOVQRWZHQGLJHUNDQQWHQ3ULPDWGHU7KHPHQJHJHQEHU HLQHU 0HWKRGHQRULHQWLHUXQJ ZXUGH GHU 6FKZHUSXQNW DXI Ä7KHRULHQ EHU GHQ .XOWXUVHNWRU XQG LKUH 5HOHYDQ] IU GDV .XOWXUPDQDJHment“ gelegt, in dem neben den drei genannten weitere makro-, mesound mikrotheoretische Modelle aufgenommen werden konnten, deren 5HOHYDQ] LP %OLFN DXI HLQH (SLVWHPRORJLH IU GDV .XOWXUPDQDJHPHQW GHQ+HUDXVJHEHUQZLFKWLJHUVFKLHQ=XJOHLFKZHLVWGLH$XIQDKPHYRQ $UEHLWHQGLHVLFKLPDNWXHOOHQ-DKUEXFKPLW)UDJHQGHU&XOWXUDO6WXGLHV VRZLH GHU .XOWXUSROLWLN EHIDVVHQ DXI ]ZHL ZHLWHUH ]HQWUDOH 5HIHUHQ]EHUHLFKHQHEHQGHU.XOWXU VR]LRORJLH XQGGHQ:LUWVFKDIWVZLVVHQschaften, die von vielen Fachkollegen als besonders wichtig eingestuft ZRUGHQVLQG'LHQlFKVWH-DKUHVWDJXQJLQ%DVHOZLUGGDKHUGLH)DFKGLVNXVVLRQLQGDVPLWXQWHUVSDQQXQJVUHLFKH%H]LHKXQJVJHÀHFKWYRQ.XOWXUSROLWLN .XOWXUPDQDJHPHQW XQG JHVHOOVFKDIWOLFKHU 9HUDQWZRUWXQJ UFNHQLP-DKUEXFKVROOHQWVSUHFKHQGGLHVHUWKHPDWLVFKH%HUHLFK XQWHUGHU/HLWIUDJHÄ.DWDO\VDWRUHQVR]LDOHU(UQHXHUXQJ"³ZHLWHUDXVJHOHXFKWHWZHUGHQ Dass neben einer reinen Theorieorientierung auch stärker anwenGXQJVRULHQWLHUWH=XJlQJHQRWZHQGLJXQGKLOIUHLFKVLQGEHOHJHQGLH%HLWUlJHGLHDX‰HUKDOEGHV6FKZHUSXQNWHVLQGDV-DKUEXFKDXIJHQRPPHQ ZXUGHQXQGLQGHQHQNRQNUHWH(QWVFKHLGXQJVEHUHLFKHLP.XOWXUVHNWRU EHKDQGHOWZHUGHQ 'DVDNWXHOOH-DKUEXFKJUHLIWGDPLWH[SOL]LW$QVlW]HDXIGLHVRZRKO HLQHU7KHRULHDOVDXFKHLQHU$QZHQGXQJVRULHQWLHUXQJYHUSÀLFKWHWVLQG XQGGDPLWLQGHU/DJHVLQGGLHPHWKRGLVFKH%DVLVIUGDV)DFK.XOWXUPDQDJHPHQWDOVDNDGHPLVFKH'LV]LSOLQZHLWHUDXV]XEDXHQ

SCHWERPUNKT: THEORIEN ÜBER DEN KULTURSEKTOR UND IHRE RELEVANZ FÜR DAS KULTURMANAGEMENT

Systemtheorie, ein Versuch MARTIN TRÖNDLE

Ä'HU/HVHU>«@GDUILQGLHVHPHUVWHQ.DSLWHOQRFKQLFKWKRIIHQYRQGHU JHUDGH ]LWLHUWHQ %HJULIIVEHVWLPPXQJ LUJHQG HWZDV ]X YHUVWHKHQ 'DV VFKDGHW QLFKWV ± XQG GHU /HVHU EUDXFKW VLFK GLHVHV 1LFKW9HUVWHKHQ QLFKW VHOEVW ]X]XUHFKQHQ³ HUPXWLJW +HOPXW :LOONH    LQ VHLQHU (LQIKUXQJ LQ GLH 6\VWHPWKHRULH 8QG GHU 0XVLNZLVVHQVFKDIWOHU 8OULFK 7DGGD\    JHKW GHU )UDJH QDFK ZDUXP GLH 6\VWHPWKHRULH ELVKHU NDXP (LQJDQJ LQ VHLQH 'LV]LSOLQ JHIXQGHQ KDEH Ä:HOFKHU 0XVLNIRUVFKHULQZROOWHPDQHVYHUGHQNHQZHQQVLHE]ZHUVFKHLQEDU QDLY QDFK GHU PXVLNZLVVHQVFKDIWOLFKHQ 5HOHYDQ] HLQHU VR]LRORJLVFKHQ 7KHRULHIUDJWGHUHQDEVWUDNWH%HJULIÀLFKNHLWXQGIRUPDOH6SUDFKHHLQHQ 9HUJOHLFK]XP)DFKFKLQHVLVFKHKHUKXPRUYROOHUVFKHLQHQOlVVW³" 'LHVH 9RUDQVWHOOXQJHQ VROOHQ ZHGHU HQWPXWLJHQ QRFK HLQHQ $Q VSUXFKDXIHLQEHVRQGHUHV:LVVHQPDUNLHUHQVRQGHUQDXIHLQ3UREOHP V\VWHPWKHRUHWLVFKHU5H]HSWLRQKLQZHLVHQ)U8QJHEWHLVWVLHVFKZLH ULJ XQG WHLOV XQ]XJlQJOLFK +LQ]X NRPPW GDVV GLH 6\VWHPWKHRULH DOV 'HQNJHElXGH DXIJUXQG LKUHV $EVWUDNWLRQVJUDGHV XQG LKUHV LQWHUQHQ 9HUZHLVXQJV]XVDPPHQKDQJV KHUPHWLVFK LVW (V OlVVW VLFK NHLQ %HJULII HLQIKUHQ RKQH VFKRQ DQGHUH GDEHL ]X JHEUDXFKHQ .HLQH %HREDFKWXQJ RKQH 6HOEVWUHIHUHQ] NHLQH 6HOEVWUHIHUHQ] RKQH *UHQ]H NHLQH *UHQ]HRKQH6\VWHPELOGXQJHWF'LH%HJULIÀLFKNHLWHQYHUZHLVHQJHJHQVHLWLJ DXIHLQDQGHU GLH 6\VWHPWKHRULH LVW ]LUNXOlU DQJHOHJW VLH PVVWH VLPXOWDQ GDUJHVWHOOW ZHUGHQ ZDV QLFKW P|JOLFK LVW /HJW PDQ GLH ZLVVHQVFKDIWVWKHRUHWLVFK EOLFKHQ .ULWHULHQ ]XU %HZHUWXQJ HLQHU 7KHRULH DQ ± (LQIDFKKHLW 5HLFKZHLWH XQG ([DNWKHLW ± ZLUG PDQ GHU 6\VWHPWKHRULH LQ SXQFWR (LQIDFKKHLW QLFKW XQEHGLQJW HLQ JXWHV =HXJQLV DXV VWHOOHQN|QQHQ 1RFKHWZDVNRPSOL]LHUWHUZLUGHVVREDOGPDQYHUVWHKWGDVVHVÃGLH 6\VWHPWKHRULHµ QLFKW JLEW VRQGHUQ GDVV YHUVFKLHGHQH $XVSUlJXQJHQ und Weiterentwicklungen eines Theoriegebäudes in unterschiedlichen 'LV]LSOLQHQGLVNXWLHUWZHUGHQ1 Denn je nach Forschungsstand und InteUHVVHQVODJHGHU$XWRUHQZXUGHQXQGZHUGHQXQJOHLFKH*HZLFKWXQJHQLQ 

6LHKH KLHU]X EVSZ GLH VHLW  VWDWW¿QGHQGH +HUEVWDNDGHPLH GHUHQ /HLWWKHPD Ä6HOEVWRUJDQLVDWLRQ³LQXQWHUVFKLHGOLFKVWHQ%HUHLFKHQDQJHVLHGHOWLVW]%3V\FKRORJLH %LRORJLH&RPSXWHUZLVVHQVFKDIW5RERWLN3K\VLN3KLORVRSKLH3lGDJRJLN.XQVWWKHRULH2UJDQLVDWLRQVWKHRULH6LHKHKWWSZZZXSGXQLEHFKUHVHDUFKV\PSRVLHQKWPO



MARTIN TRÖNDLE

GHQ'H¿QLWLRQHQ]HQWUDOHU%HJULIIHYRUJHQRPPHQ EHLVSLHOVZHLVH7HLO *DQ]HV3UREOHPDWLNYHUVXV(PHUJHQ]RGHU6WUXNWXUYHUVXV3UR]HVVRULHQWLHUXQJ 6WDQGHQ]X%HJLQQGHU6\VWHPWKHRULHLQGHU.\EHUQHWLN)UDJHQGHU6WHXHUXQG5HJHOXQJVWHFKQLNLP9RUGHUJUXQG ZRPLWDOVRHLQ HKHUWHFKQLVFKHU6\VWHPEHJULIIGRPLQLHUWH ZXUGHQGLHVHYRQGHQ'LVNXVVLRQHQ XP 6HOEVWRUJDQLVDWLRQVSUR]HVVH DEJHO|VW -$176&+   %HLGH¿QGHQXQWHUGHP%HJULII6\VWHPWKHRULHDNWXHOOLPPHUQRFK $QZHQGXQJREZRKOVLHVLFKGHXWOLFKXQWHUVFKHLGHQ'LH6\VWHPWKHRULH LVWDOVRQLFKWDOVHLQHLQKHLWOLFKGH¿QLHUWHVDEJHVFKORVVHQHV7KHRULHJHELOGH]XYHUVWHKHQVRQGHUQHKHUDOVHLQ'LVNXUVGKHLQHEHVWLPPWH $UW ]X UHGHQ ZRULQ GLH YHUVFKLHGHQVWHQ 7KHPHQ LQ XQWHUVFKLHGOLFKHQ 'LV]LSOLQHQ 6R]LRORJLH2UJDQLVDWLRQVWKHRULH3V\FKRORJLHHWF PLWlKQOLFKHQ%HJULIIHQDQJHJDQJHQZHUGHQ'DYLG.ULHJHU  NRQVWDWLHUW in der Einführung in die allgemeine Systemtheorie 'LH7KHRULHPLWGHUZLUXQVEHIDVVHQZHUGHQKDWYHUVFKLHGHQH1DPHQ.\EHUQHWLNGLH7KHRULHGHU6HOEVWRUJDQLVDWLRQ.RQVWUXNWLYLVPXVRGHUZLHVLHDPPHLVWHQ JHQDQQWZLUGÃ6\VWHPWKHRULHµ*OHLFKXQWHUZHOFKHP1DPHQVLHDXIWULWWJHKWHVXP HLQHLQWHUGLV]LSOLQlUHXQGVRJDUÃXQLYHUVHOOHµ7KHRULHGLHQHEHQSK\VLNDOLVFKHQXQG ELRORJLVFKHQDXFKSV\FKLVFKHXQGVR]LDOH3KlQRPHQHÃHUNOlUHQµZLOO>+HUYL2@

'LH6\VWHPWKHRULHYHUVXFKWJHQHUHOOH$XVVDJHQEHUGLH)XQNWLRQVZHLVHYRQ6\VWHPHQ]XPDFKHQXQDEKlQJLJYRQLKUHUVSH]L¿VFKHQÃ1DWXUµ 'LH6\VWHPWKHRULHVWHOOWGDPLWHLQH0HWKRGHXQGHLQ9RNDEXODU]XU9HUIJXQJPLWGHPPDQVLFKEHUGLH*UHQ]HQYHUVFKLHGHQHUZLVVHQVFKDIWOLFKHU'LV]LSOLQHQKLQDXVYHUVWlQGLJHQNDQQ Will man im internationalen Diskus teilnehmen, verschärft sich das 3UREOHPDEHUPDOVGDLPHQJOLVFKHQ6SUDFKUDXPGLH6\VWHPWKHRULHYRQ QHXHUHQ %HJULIIHQ DEJHO|VW ZXUGH G\QDPLF V\VWHPV WKHRU\ VHOIRUJDQL]DWLRQWKHRU\QHWZRUNWKHRU\ GLHMHGRFK]XPLQGHVWLQZHLWHQ7HLOHQ GDVVHOEH PHLQHQ =XGHP KDW GHU %HJULII GHV Ã6\VWHPVµ lKQOLFK ZLH GHU GHU Ã.XOWXUµ +RFKNRQMXQNWXU XQG YHUOLHUW GDGXUFK DQ 3Ul]LVLRQ 6\VWHPWKHRUHWLVFKH (LQVSUHQJVHO ZHUGHQ LQ GLH YHUVFKLHGHQVWHQ :LVVHQVFKDIWV 'LV]LSOLQHQDEHUDXFKLQGHQ.XQVWGLVNXUVDXIJHQRPPHQXP GLHVHEHUV\VWHPWKHRUHWLVFKH.RQ]HSWH]XOHJLWLPLHUHQ'LHVIlOOWLQVbesondere in der angewandten Managementliteratur auf, wo Jegliches HLQÄNRPSOH[HV6\VWHP³LVW$OIUHG.LHVHU  VSULFKWGHVKDOE EHUHLWV YRU NQDSS  -DKUHQ NULWLVFK YRQ HNOHNWL]LVWLVFKHQ $QVlW]HQ LP 0DQDJHPHQW XQG )LVFKHU XQG 6FKZHL]HU    YRQ ÄZLOGHP 'HQNHQ³PLWÄHUEHXWHWHQ,GHHQ³'LHVH.ULWLNNDQQELVKHXWHRKQH(LQVFKUlQNXQJIRUWJHVHW]WZHUGHQ(PHUJHQ]6HOEVWRUJDQLVDWLRQ6\VWHP

SYSTEMTHEORIE, EIN VERSUCH

9DULHWlW .RPSOH[LWlW XQG DQGHUH %HJULIIH ZHUGHQ JHUQH YHUZHQGHW RKQHGDVVLKUH%HGHXWXQJLP7H[WJHQDXHUEHVWLPPWLVW 6\VWHPWKHRULH VWLIWHW DOVR ]XQlFKVW HLQPDO 9HUZLUUXQJ 'LHVHU %HLWUDJ YHUVXFKW LP 5DKPHQ GHV %DQGHV Theorien über den Kultursektor und ihre Relevanz für das Kulturmanagement GDKHU GLH V\V WHPWKHRUHWLVFKHQ %HJULIIH XQG $XVSUlJXQJHQ UXGLPHQWlU ]X HUOlXWHUQ XQGLKUH$QZHQGEDUNHLWIUGDV.XOWXUPDQDJHPHQW]XH[HPSOL¿]LHUHQ 'DEHLZLUGDXIGUHLIUGDV.XOWXUPDQDJHPHQWEHVRQGHUVUHOHYDQWH$XVSUlJXQJHQGHU6\VWHPWKHRULHIRNXVVLHUWRKQHMHGRFKGDVVGLHVHJlQ]OLFK VFKDUIYRQHLQDQGHUDEJHJUHQ]WZHUGHQN|QQWHQGLH7KHRULHGHUVR]LDOHQ 6\VWHPH /XKPDQQ%DHFNHU:LOONH GLH6\QHUJHWLNXQG6HOEVWRUJDQLVDWLRQVWKHRULH +DNHQ7VFKDFKHU VRZLHGLHELRORJLVFKHQXQGN\EHUQHWLVFKHQ 6\VWHPPRGHOOH GHV 6W *DOOHU $QVDW]HV 8OOULFK 3UREVW 0DOLN %OHLFKHU  'D GLHVHU 9HUVXFK EHL GHU 9LHOIDOW XQG .RPSOH[LWlW GHU V\VWHPWKHRUHWLVFKHQ(QWZLFNOXQJVOLQLH GLHRELJH'LIIHUHQ]LHUXQJLVW]ZDU QLFKWY|OOLJDEHUGRFKHWZDVNRQWLQJHQW YRQYRUQHKHUHLQ]XP6FKHLWHUQ YHUXUWHLOWLVWZLUGGHU%HLWUDJPLWDXVIKUOLFKHQ/LWHUDWXUKLQZHLVHQHUJlQ]WXPLQWHUHVVLHUWHQ/HVHUQHLQH9HUWLHIXQJ]XHUP|JOLFKHQ 0DQ PXVV VLFK GDV (UOHUQHQ GHV 'HQNLQVWUXPHQWV 6\VWHPWKHRULH lKQOLFKZLHGDV(UOHUQHQGHV.ODYLHUVSLHOVYRUVWHOOHQ0DQEUDXFKW$XVGDXHUXQG=HLWDEHUZHQQPDQGDV,QVWUXPHQWEHKHUUVFKWLVWHVYLHOVHLWLJHLQVHW]EDU

1.

Grenzziehungen

'HU%HJULII6\VWHPVHOEVWKDWPHKUHUH%HGHXWXQJHQ,P$OOWDJVJHEUDXFK VWHKWÃGDV6\VWHPµPHLVWIUÃHWZDV.RPSOL]LHUWHVµGDVQDFKHLQHUJHZLVVHQ QLFKW ]X GXUFKVFKDXHQGHQ (LJHQORJLN IXQNWLRQLHUW :HLWHU NDQQ GHU %HJULII HWZDV *HJHQVWlQGOLFKHV PHLQHQ ZLH ]XP %HLVSLHO GDV 3ODQHWHQV\VWHP RGHU HU PHLQW GLH =XVDPPHQRUGQXQJ YRQ %HJULIIHQ ZLH EHLVSLHOVZHLVH GDV 7LHUV\VWHP 6(,))(57    ,P %HUHLFK GHU 7HFKQLNZLUGGDUXQWHUHLQH9LHOIDOWYRQ.RPSRQHQWHQYHUVWDQGHQGLH XQWHUHLQDQGHULQ%H]LHKXQJWUHWHQ -$176&+  'LH 1lKH ]ZLVFKHQ GHP LQ GHU 7HFKQLN JHEUDXFKWHQ 6\VWHPEHJULII XQG GHP %HJULII .\EHUQHWLN IKUW RIW ]X 9HUZLUUXQJ 'LH .\EHUQHWLN JULHFKGLH6WHXHUPDQQVNXQVW EHVFKlIWLJWVLFKPLW/HQNXQJVXQG5HJHOXQJVSUREOHPHQYRUQHKPOLFKWHFKQLVFKHU6\VWHPH2.\EHUQHWLNLVWGLH



'HUPRGHUQH.\EHUQHWLNEHJULIIJUQGHWDXI1RUEHUW:LHQHU  

15

16

MARTIN TRÖNDLE

ÄIRUPDOH7KHRULHGHUJHUHJHOWHQ LQNUHLVUHODWLRQDOHQ)XQNWLRQVDEOlXIHQ GLH$QJOHLFKXQJYRQ,VWDQ6ROO:HUWHOHLVWHQGHQ G\QDPLVFKHQ6\VWHPHQ³ 67$&+2:,$.    )U .\EHUQHWLN XQG 6\VWHPWKHRULH OLHJHQNHLQHHLQKHLWOLFKHQ'H¿QLWLRQHQYRUVLHZHUGHQWHLOVVRJDUV\QRQ\PJHEUDXFKW'LHVPDJGDUDQOLHJHQGDVVGLH6\VWHPWKHRULHVWDUNYRQ GHU .\EHUQHWLN EHHLQÀXVVW ZXUGH XQG VLFK GLH 6\VWHPWKHRULH HUVW VHLW GHQIUKHQHU-DKUHQHLJHQVWlQGLJHQWZLFNHOW,P$OOWDJVJHEUDXFK PDJPDQGHU$EJUHQ]XQJDXVGHP)LOPTerminator III  IROJHQ LQGHPGDV6\VWHPGLH,QWHOOLJHQ]GDUVWHOOWGLH0DVFKLQHQKLQJHJHQ3URGXNWH GHU N\EHUQHWLVFKHQ )RUVFKXQJ VLQG 'HU 6\VWHPEHJULII KDW DOVR HKHUPLW,QWHOOLJHQ]XQG/HUQHQ]XWXQGHU.\EHUQHWLNEHJULIIHKHUPLW 6WHXHUXQG5HJHOXQJVWHFKQLN (LQHZHLWHUHHUVWH$EJUHQ]XQJEHWULIIWGLH8QWHUVFKHLGXQJ]ZLVFKHQ V\VWHPLVFK XQG V\VWHPDWLVFK 8/5,&+352%67    6\VWHPDWLVFK EH]HLFKQHW HLQH NODVVL¿]LHUHQGH 'HQNZHLVH HLQH 2UGQXQJVHUVWHOOXQJGXUFK%LOGXQJYRQ.DWHJRULHQGLH]%GXUFKGDV3ULQ]LSGHUbKQOLFKNHLWHQJHSUlJWVLQG HWZD3ÀDQ]HQ7LHUH 6\VWHPLVFKKLQJHJHQEHGHXWHWHLQYRQGHU6\VWHPWKHRULHJHSUlJWHV'HQNHQ EVSZGLH,QWHUDNWLRQGLHVHU3ÀDQ]HQXQG7LHUHLQQHUKDOEHLQHVgNRV\VWHPV GDU]XVWHOOHQ ÄVêVWŋPD³ EHGHXWHWDXI*ULHFKLVFKHLQH=XVDPPHQVWHOOXQJ HLQ 6\VWHP LVW DOVR HWZDV =XVDPPHQJHVWHOOWHV HLQ JHRUGQHWHV *DQ]HV .5,(*(5  +HOPXW:LOONH  EH]HLFKQHWDOV6\VWHPHLQHQ JDQ]KHLWOLFKHQ =XVDPPHQKDQJ YRQ 7HLOHQ GHUHQ %H]LHKXQJHQ XQWHUHLQDQGHU TXDQWLWDWLYLQWHQVLYHUXQGTXDOLWDWLYSURGXNWLYHUVLQGDOVLKUH%H]LHKXQJHQ]XDQGHUHQ(OHPHQWHQ'LHVH8QWHUVFKLHGOLFKNHLWGHU%H]LHKXQJNRQVWLWXLHUWHLQH6\VWHPJUHQ]HGLH6\VWHPXQG8PZHOWGHV6\VWHPVWUHQQW

'LHVHV =XVDPPHQKlQJHQ DOVR GLH 2UJDQLVDWLRQ XQG ,QWHUDNWLRQ GHU 7HLOHPDFKWGDV6SH]L¿VFKHHLQHV6\VWHPVDXV'HVKDOEEHVFKlIWLJWVLFK GLH6\VWHPWKHRULHGDPLWZLH2UGQXQJXQG2UGQXQJVELOGXQJLQ6\VWHPHQ ]XVWDQGH NRPPW .52+1.58*.h33(56   76&+$&+(5   :,//.(    'LHVH 2UGQXQJVDXVELOGXQJ XQG 2UGQXQJVHUKDOWXQJ LVW GHU .HUQ GHU 6\VWHPWKHRULH 6\VWHPWKHRUHWLVFKHV 'HQNHQ LVW GDKHU LPPHU ]HLWJHEXQGHQ 'LH 6\VWHPWKHRULH LQWHressiert nicht, was etwas ist, sondern wie es geworden ist, und wie es VLFKXQWHUGHQVSH]L¿VFKHQ 8PZHOW %HGLQJXQJHQHQWZLFNHOQN|QQWH 'LH 6\VWHPWKHRULH XQWHUVXFKW )XQNWLRQVPHFKDQLVPHQ NRPSOH[HU 6\VWHPHDXIGHU(EHQHJHPHLQVDPHU6WUXNWXUXQG3UR]HVVPHUNPDOHQLFKW



=XU$EJUHQ]XQJ]ZLVFKHQ6\VWHPWKHRULHXQG.\EHUQHWLNVLHKH8/5,&+ D  67$&+2:,$. D 6&+,(0(1=  352%67  

SYSTEMTHEORIE, EIN VERSUCH

DEHUGHUHQ,QKDOWH6LHLQWHUHVVLHUWVLFKIUGLH)XQNWLRQVPHFKDQLVPHQ also wie etwas funktioniert oder entsteht, sie interessiert sich nicht IU GLH ,GHQWLWlW GHU 'LQJH 'LHV LVW LKUH 6WlUNH JOHLFK]HLWLJ DEHU DXFK LKUH 6FKZlFKH ,Q GHU 6\VWHPWKHRULH JLOW Ä,GHQWLWlW LVW QLFKW GDV ZDV HWZDV ]X GHP PDFKW ZDV HV LVW³ .5,(*(5    'DGXUFK VHW]W VLH VLFK VHOEVW *UHQ]HQ 'D VLH YRQ GHU ,GHQWLWlW DEVWUDKLHUW XQG DXI GLH)XQNWLRQIRNXVVLHUWNDQQVLHEHUGDV:HVHQGHU'LQJHNHLQH$XV VDJHQPDFKHQ :HQQ VLFK GDV .XQVWV\VWHP GHU .XQVWPDUNW HLQH .XOWXURUJDQLVDWLRQ RGHU GLH .XOWXUSROLWLN MH DOV HLQ 6\VWHP EHVFKUHLEHQ ODVVHQ LVW die Frage, wie deren Ordnungsorganisation vonstatten geht, für KulturPDQDJHUGLHLQQHUKDOERGHUPLWGLHVHQ6\VWHPHQDJLHUHQLQWHUHVVDQW

2.

Von der Allgemeinen Systemtheorie zur Selbstorganisationstheorie

(ULFK-DQWVFK II ]HLFKQHWHLQH*HVFKLFKWHGHVV\VWHPWKHRUHWLVFKHQ'HQNHQVYRQGHUFD-DKUHDOWHQ|VWOLFKHQ3KLORVRSKLHELV LQGDV-DKUKXQGHUWXQGEHOHXFKWHWGDEHLGHQ:DQGHOGHV6\VWHPEHJULIIV.SSHUV  XQGDQGHUH]HLJHQGLH(QWVWHKXQJYRQ2UGQXQJ DXV 8QJOHLFKJHZLFKWV]XVWlQGHQ DOV NRPSOH[H G\QDPLVFKH 3UR]HVVH EHUYHUVFKLHGHQH'LV]LSOLQHQKLQZHJEHJLQQHQGEHLGHUJULHFKLVFKHQ 0\WKRORJLH 6LH IRUPLHUHQ VR HLQH *HVFKLFKWH GHU 6HOEVWRUJDQLVDWLRQVWKHRULHGLHELV]XU&RPSXWHUXQG+LUQIRUVFKXQJIRUWJHVFKULHEHQZLUG )U*LOEHUW-3UREVW  VLQG3DXO:HLVVXQG-DQ6PXWVGLH%HJUQGHUGHUPRGHUQHQ6\VWHPWKHRULHGLHLQGHQHU-DKUHQIUHLQ KROLVWLVFKHVXQGSUR]HVVXDOHV'HQNHQHLQWUDWHQ$OV%HJUQGHUGHUPRGHUQHQ6\VWHPWKHRULHJLOWGHQPHLVWHQ$XWRUHQKHXWH/XGZLJYRQ%HUWDODQII\PLWGHUHUVFKLHQHQ3XEOLNDWLRQGeneral System Theory: A new approach to unity of Science1DFK/XGZLJYRQ%HUWDODQII\EHVFKlIWLJWVLFKGLHÄ$OOJHPHLQH6\VWHPWKHRULH³PLWDOOJHPHLQHQ(LJHQVFKDIWHQ XQG 3ULQ]LSLHQ YRQ 6\VWHPHQ XQDEKlQJLJ YRQ GHUHQ VSH]LHOOHU 1DWXU 8/5,&+D (UYHUVXFKWHGHQ6\VWHPEHJULII]XU*UXQGODJH HLQHUÄ$OOJHPHLQHQ6\VWHPWKHRULH³]XPDFKHQPLWGHP=LHO*HPHLQVDPNHLWHQ YRQ 6\VWHPHQ DXI]XGHFNHQ 'LH JHZRQQHQHQ (UNHQQWQLVVH VROOWHQLQYHUVFKLHGHQVWHQ'LV]LSOLQHQDQZHQGEDUVHLQ'DV3URJUDPP HLQHU$OOJHPHLQHQ6\VWHPWKHRULHVW|‰WELVKHXWHLQYHUVFKLHGHQHQ'LV]LSOLQHQ %LRORJLH3K\VLN3V\FKRORJLH6R]LRORJLH%HWULHEVZLUWVFKDIWVOHKUHHWF DXIUHJHV,QWHUHVVH





MARTIN TRÖNDLE

$P $QIDQJ GHU QHXHUHQ 6\VWHPWKHRULH VWDQG LP 0LWWHOSXQNW GHV ,QWHUHVVHV GLH (UKDOWXQJ YRQ *OHLFKJHZLFKWHQ ]XU 6\VWHPHUKDOWXQJ  +RP|RVWDVH (VJLQJXPGLHVHOEVWWlWLJH6WHXHUXQJWHFKQLVFKHU6\VWHPHXPGLH$QJOHLFKXQJHQHLQHV,VWDQHLQHQ6ROO]XVWDQG'LHVH3KDVH GHU 6\VWHPWKHRULH ]ZLVFKHQ  XQG  ZLUG LQ $QOHKQXQJ DQ GLH .\EHUQHWLNDXFKDOV.\EHUQHWLN,EH]HLFKQHWXQGLVWYRQ1RUEHUW:LHQHU :LOOLDP 5 $VKE\ /XGZLJ YRQ %HUWDODQII\ 6WDIIRUG %HHU XQG DQGHUHQJHSUlJW 8/5,&+D 'LH)RUVFKXQJVDUEHLWHQNRQ]HQWULHUWHQVLFKZHLWJHKHQGDXI5FNNRSSHOXQJ8OWUDVWDELOLWlW$GDSWDWLRQ XQG:DFKVWXP%HOLHEWHV%HLVSLHOVROFKHLQHVVLFKVHOEVWUHJXOLHUHQGHQ 6\VWHPVLVWGLH.OLPDDQODJHRGHUHLQHDXIHLQEHZHJWHV=LHOKLQLPPHU ZLHGHU VLFK VHOEVW DXVULFKWHQGH 5DNHWH%HLGH 6\VWHPH ZHUGHQ YRQHLQHP.RQVWUXNWHXUJHSODQWXQGVLQGGDQQLQGHU/DJHVHOEVWVWlQGLJDXI JDQ]EHVWLPPWH8PZHOWHUHLJQLVVH]XUHDJLHUHQ'LH.OLPDDQODJHEVSZ KHL]WRGHUNKOWHLQHQ5DXPVRGDVVGRUWLPPHUHLQHEHVWLPPWH LGHDOH 7HPSHUDWXUKHUUVFKW'LH.OLPDDQODJHQLPPWZLHMHGHV6\VWHPDXFK QXUHLQHQJDQ]EHVWLPPWHQ$XVVFKQLWWYRQ:HOWZDKUQlPOLFKGLH7HPSHUDWXU(VPDFKWIUVLHNHLQHQ8QWHUVFKLHGREGHU5DXPOHHULVWRGHU VLFKMHPDQGHWZDVGDULQEH¿QGHW'DV6\VWHPLVWEOLQGIUDOOHVZR]X VLFKPLWGHP)KOHUNHLQH'LIIHUHQ]ELOGHQOlVVW,GHHGHU.\EHUQHWLN, ZDUGDVVDXFKNRPSOH[H6\VWHPHZLH]%2UJDQLVDWLRQHQRGHU*HVHOOVFKDIWHQLQDQDORJHU:HLVHEHVFKUHLEEDUXQGGDPLWSODQXQGVWHXHUEDU VLQG0DQPVVWHVLHQXUULFKWLJEDXHQXQGHLQVWHOOHQDOVGDQQN|QQWHQ VLHLKU*OHLFKJHZLFKWDXFKEHLVLFKYHUlQGHUQGHQ8PZHOWEHGLQJXQJHQ VHOEVWWlWLJZLHGHUKHUVWHOOHQ'LHVHPHFKDQLVFKH5HJHOXQJVWKHRULH]LHOWH DXIGLH)UHPGUHJHOXQJHLQHV6\VWHPVGHPHLQ.RQVWUXNWHXUJHJHQEHUVWHKW VLH EHWUDFKWHWH 5HJOHU XQG JHUHJHOWHV 6\VWHP DOV JHWUHQQWH (LQKHLWHQ ,KUHQ +|KHSXQNW KDWWH GLH .\EHUQHWLN , LQ GHQ HU -DKUHQ 352%67 

SYSTEMTHEORIE, EIN VERSUCH

3.

Kybernetische Managementlehre

'LH2UJDQLVDWLRQDOV6\VWHP]XFKDUDNWHULVLHUHQGHQ6\VWHP8PZHOW %H]XJ ]X DQDO\VLHUHQ XQG lKQOLFKH DXV GHU V\VWHPWKHRUHWLVFKHQ 3HUVSHNWLYH HUZDFKVHQH 7KHPHQ VLQG KHXWH LQ GHU 0DQDJHPHQWOHKUH ]XP 6WDQGDUGJHZRUGHQ 67(,10$116&+5(«@³ 8/5,&+E 6\VWHPH EHVWHKHQ KLHU DOVRDXVYLHOHQPLWHLQDQGHUYHUQHW]WHQ9DULDEOHQGLHVLFKXQWHUHLQDQGHU PHKURGHUPLQGHUVWDUNEHHLQÀXVVHQZRGXUFKVLFK(LJHQG\QDPLNHQWZLFNHOW 'g51(5 ,P=HQWUXPVWHKHQGLH%HJULIIHGHU9HUQHW]WKHLWXQGGHU5FNNRSSHOXQJ 8/5,&+352%67 %HLGHU 6\VWHPPRGHOOLHUXQJE]ZGHU6\VWHPDQDO\VHLQWHUHVVLHUWGLH,QWHUDNWLRQGHU6\VWHPYDULDEOHQRGHUGHU 6XE 6\VWHPHXQGGLHGDUDXVHQWVWHKHQGH'\QDPLN,P*HJHQVDW]]XUHLJHQWOLFKHQ%HGHXWXQJGHV:RUWHV $QDO\VLV JULHFK =HUOHJXQJ $XÀ|VXQJ  JHKW GLH 6\VWHPPRGHOOLHUXQJ ]HUOHJHQG XQG ]XVDPPHQIJHQG YRU 0(«@]XYHUEDQQHQ ZHUGHQ EHZXVVW VROFKH 3KlQRPHQH LQ GHQ ZLVVHQVFKDIWOLFKHQ 'HQNSUR]HVV HLQEH]RJHQ>«@

=XU9HUDQVFKDXOLFKXQJYRQSRVLWLYHUXQGQHJDWLYHU5FNNRSSHOXQJHLQ %HLVSLHODXVGHUgNRORJLH Ã3RVLWLYH 5FNNRSSOXQJHQµ LQ HLQHP 6\VWHP VLQG %H]LHKXQJHQ LQ GHQHQ HLQH 9DULDEOH VLFK GLUHNW RGHU LQGLUHNW VHOEVW VR EHHLQÀXVVW GDVV LKUH 9HUJU|‰HUXQJ ]XLKUHUZHLWHUHQ9HUJU|‰HUXQJIKUWXQGLKUH9HUNOHLQHUXQJ]XUZHLWHUHQ9HUNOHLQHUXQJ 7LHU XQG 3ÀDQ]HQSRSXODWLRQHQ VLQG LQ HLQHP JHZLVVHQ $XVPD‰ SRVLWLYUFNJHNRSSHOW-HJU|‰HUHLQH3RSXODWLRQLVWLQGHVWRJU|‰HUHP8PIDQJ YHUPHKUWVLHVLFK>«@(LQH9DULDEOHPLWÃQHJDWLYHU5FNNRSSOXQJµKDWGLH7HQGHQ]HLQHQEHVWLPPWHQ=XVWDQGDXIUHFKW]XHUKDOWHQ6LHEH¿QGHWVLFKLQHLQHP ÃVWDELOHQµ *OHLFKJHZLFKW XQG WHQGLHUW GD]X LKUHQ *OHLFKJHZLFKWV]XVWDQG QDFK 6W|UXQJHQ ZLHGHU DQ]XQHKPHQ ,Q HLQHP |NRORJLVFKHQ 6\VWHP VLQG Ã5lXEHU %HXWH%H]LHKXQJHQµ]ZLVFKHQ]ZHL7LHUSRSXODWLRQHQQHJDWLYUFNJHNRSSHOW'DV

10 (LQ3LRQLHUGHU6\VWHPWKHRULH:LOOLDP5$VKE\  VWHOOW/LQHDULWlWXQG9HUQHW]WKHLW DQVFKDXOLFK HLQDQGHU JHJHQEHU Ä'LH 7DWVDFKH GD‰ HLQ /HKUVDW] ZLH Ã0DQ YHUlQGHUH MHZHLOV QXU HLQHQ )DNWRUµ HLQ -DKUKXQGHUW ODQJ DQHUNDQQW ZXUGH EHZHLVW GD‰GLH:LVVHQVFKDIWOHULPZHVHQWOLFKHQPLWGHU(UIRUVFKXQJVROFKHU6\VWHPHEHID‰W waren, die dieser Methode zugänglich >+HUYL2@ ZDUHQGHQQIUNRPSOH[H6\VWHPH LVWVLHPHLVWY|OOLJXQEUDXFKEDU(UVWVHLW6LU5RQDOG)LVKHULQGHQ]ZDQ]LJHU-DKUHQ VHLQH([SHULPHQWHPLWEHEDXWHP$FNHUODQGGXUFKJHIKUWKDWLVWHVNODUGD‰HVNRPSOH[H6\VWHPHJLEWGLHGLH9HUlQGHUXQJMHZHLOVQXUHLQHV)DNWRUVQLFKW]XODVVHQ±VLH VLQG LQ HLQHP VROFKHQ $XVPD‰H G\QDPLVFK XQG YRQ VR VWDUNHU ,QWHUGHSHQGHQ] GD‰ GLH9HUlQGHUXQJHLQHV)DNWRUVVRIRUWGLH9HUlQGHUXQJDQGHUHUP|JOLFKHUZHLVHYLHOHU DQGHUHU)DNWRUHQYHUXUVDFKW%LVYRUNXU]HPKDWGLH:LVVHQVFKDIWYHUPLHGHQVROFKH 6\VWHPH]XXQWHUVXFKHQXQGNRQ]HQWULHUWHLKUH$XIPHUNVDPNHLWDXIMHQHGLHHLQIDFK XQGUHGX]LHUEDUVLQG³

SYSTEMTHEORIE, EIN VERSUCH

$QZDFKVHQGHU%HXWH3RSXODWLRQIKUW]XHLQHP$QZDFKVHQGHU5lXEHU3RSXODWLRQGLHVIKUWZLHGHUXP]XHLQHU6HQNXQJGHU%HXWH3RSXODWLRQ 'g51(5 +HUYL2

0LW6\VWHPPRGHOOHQODVVHQVLFKGLH,QWHUDNWLRQHQXQWHUVFKLHGOLFKVWHU (LQÀXVVJU|‰HQ GDUVWHOOHQ XQG GDEHL ,QVWLWXWLRQHQ 'LVNXUVH 7UHQGV 8PZHOWIDNWRUHQ X D GDUVWHOOHQ 'LHV N|QQWH EVSZ GDV =XVDPPHQVSLHO YRQ *DOHULHQ .XQVWPHVVHQ $XNWLRQVKlXVHUQ 6DPPOHUQ GHP .DSLWDOPDUNW GLH .RPPXQLNDWLRQ EHU 3UHLVH DXI GHQ ,QWHUQHWSODWWIRUPHQ Artnet, Artprice  JOREDOLVLHUWH /HEHQVVWLOYRUVWHOOXQJHQ SRtentieller Käufer, die Rolle von Kunstkritik, Museen, Kunstvereinen, VWDDWOLFKHU .XOWXUSROLWLN $XVELOGXQJ DQ .XQVWDNDGHPLHQ SURGX]LHUHQGHQ .QVWOHUQ UHFKWOLFKHQ 5DKPHQEHGLQJXQJHQ EVSZ HUPl‰LJWHU0HKUZHUWVWHXHUVDW] XDVHLQXPGHQ.XQVWEHWULHEDOV6\VWHP]X PRGHOOLHUHQ11 9LHOH lX‰HUH (LQÀVVH ZHUGHQ GDEHL V\VWHPLQWHUQ GXUFK 5FNNRSSHOXQJHQDXVJHJOLFKHQVRGDVVGDV6\VWHPNDXPUHDJLHUW)UGHQ%HREDFKWHUHUVFKHLQWHVVWDELORGHUWUlJH(LQH9HUlQGHUXQJGHUNULWLVFKHQ 9DULDEOHQ ODVVHQ GDV 6\VWHP MHGRFK ÃNLSSHQµ .ULWLVFKH 9DULDEOHQ VLQG GLHMHQLJHQDXIGLHHLQ6\VWHPVHQVLEHOUHDJLHUW%HLVWUDWHJLVFKHQ(QWVFKHLGXQJHQ LVW QXQ YRQ ,QWHUHVVH DXI ZHOFKHU 6\VWHPHEHQH XQG EHL ZHOFKHQ6\VWHPYDULDEOHQJHVWDOWHQGHLQJHJULIIHQZHUGHQNDQQ'LH0HWKRGHGHU6\VWHPPRGHOOLHUXQJPDFKWHVP|JOLFKGDV,QHLQDQGHUJUHLIHQ YHUVFKLHGHQHU ,QGLNDWRUHQ XQG GLH GDUDXV UHVXOWLHUHQGH 6\VWHPG\QDPLNDXI]X]HLJHQ'DV9RUJHKHQHLJQHWVLFKXPLQNRPSOH[HQ(QWVFKHLGXQJVVLWXDWLRQHQHLQH)ROLH]XU(QWVFKHLGXQJVKLOIHEHUHLW]XVWHOOHQ

5.

Von der (Fremd-)Organisation zur Selbstorganisation

'HU6W*DOOHU0DQDJHPHQWDQVDW]DOVÄ*HVWDOWHQXQG/HQNHQYRQ]ZHFN RULHQWLHUWHQ VR]LDOHQ 6\VWHPHQ³ OHJLWLPLHUW LQ VHLQHU .RQ]HSWLRQ PDQDgeriales Handeln, da die Manager diejenigen sind, die Organisationen als VLFKVHOEVWRUJDQLVLHUHQGH6\VWHPHQDFKN\EHUQHWLVFKHQELRORJLVFKHQXQG |NRORJLVFKHQ9RUELOGHUQEDXHQDOVRZHLWHUKLQGLH/HQNHUXQG*HVWDOWHU VLQG 9LHOOHLFKW LVW DXFK GLHV GHU *UXQG ZDUXP GHU 6W *DOOHU 0DQDJHPHQWDQVDW] VLFK LPPHU QRFK DQ GLHVHQ 9RUELOGHUQ RULHQWLHUW ZlKUHQG

11 =XP NRQNUHWHQ 9RUJHKHQ V *20(=   *20(=352%67   8/5,&+ 352%67  





MARTIN TRÖNDLE

LPV\VWHPWKHRUHWLVFKHQ'LVNXUVGLH.\EHUQHWLN,GXUFKGLH.\EHUQHWLN,, DEJHO|VWZXUGH'DPLWHLQKHUJLQJGLH9HUODJHUXQJGHV)RUVFKXQJVLQWHUHVVHVYRP6\VWHPJOHLFKJHZLFKW]XUVHOEVWRUJDQLVLHUHQGHQ2UGQXQJVDXVELOGXQJ,Q.XU]IRUPOlVVWVLFKGHU8QWHUVFKLHGEHVFKUHLEHQDOVGHUhEHUJDQJ YRQ )UHPG 5HJHOXQJ ]XU 6HOEVWUHJHOXQJ, RGHU YRQ GHU )UHPG 2UJDQLVDWLRQ]XU6HOEVWRUJDQLVDWLRQ:HLWHU]HLJWVLFKHLQH9HUVFKLHEXQJ YRP6WUXNWXU]XP3UR]HVVGHQNHQ6HOEVWRUJDQLVDWLRQ(PHUJHQ](YROXWLRQ $XWRSRLHVLV RSHUDWLRQDOH *HVFKORVVHQKHLW XQG 6HOEVWUHIHUHQ] ZHUGHQ]X6FKODJZRUWHQGHVV\VWHPWKHRUHWLVFKHQ'LVNXUVHV:DVVLHEH]HLFKQHQVROOLP)ROJHQGHQNXU]GDUJHVWHOOWZHUGHQ :HVHQWOLFKH $QUHJXQJHQ ]XU :HLWHUHQWZLFNOXQJ GHU 6\VWHPWKHRULH NDPHQ DXV GHU &KHPLH ZR ,O\D 3ULJRJLQH ÄGLVVLSDWLYH 6WUXNWXUHQ³ HQWGHFNWH XQG DXV GHU 3K\VLN ZR +HUPDQQ +DNHQ (PHUJHQ]ELOGXQJ QDFKZLHV (V ZXUGHQ MHZHLOV lKQOLFKH 3KlQRPHQH EHVFKULHEHQ 8QWHU JHHLJQHWHQ8PZHOWEHGLQJXQJHQ PLWlKQOLFKHQ5DKPHQXQG.RQWUROOSDUDPHWHUQ HQWVWHKHQ6\VWHPHÃYRQVHOEVWµ6LHELOGHQVHOEVWRUJDQLVLHUHQGHLQH2UGQXQJDXVVWDELOLVLHUHQXQGYDULLHUHQGLHVHLP=HLWYHUODXI 6&+/,33(6&+:(,7=(5    Ä2UGQXQJ GXUFK )OXNWXDWLRQ³ EHVFKUHLEWGDV3KlQRPHQZHOFKHV3ULJRJLQHQDFKZLHV(UHUNDQQWH GDVVXQWHUJHZLVVHQ%HGLQJXQJHQQLFKWOLQHDUH,QWHUDNWLRQHQLQHLQHPÃ1HW]ZHUNµ IHUQ YRQ HLQHP WKHUPRG\QDPLVFKHQ *OHLFKJHZLFKW ]XU (PHUJHQ] YRQ QHXHQ  2UGQXQJVPXVWHUQ IKUHQ N|QQHQ >«@ 2UGQXQJ HQWVWHKW VR ÃVSRQWDQµ DXV GHQ )OXNWXDWLRQHQKHUDXVVREDOGGLH,QWHUDNWLRQHQHLQHJHZLVVH6FKZHOOHEHUVFKUHLWHQ 352%67 

:HUGHQGLH 5DKPHQRGHU.RQWUROOSDUDPHWHUVWDUNYHUlQGHUWNRPPW HV ]XP 8PVFKODJ LQ HLQHQ DQGHUHQ 6\VWHP]XVWDQG 'HU QHXH =XVWDQG ]HLFKQHWVLFKGXUFKHLQHQHXH2UGQXQJDXVGLHYRP6\VWHPVHOEVWHU]HXJW ZXUGH ZDV GLH 6\VWHPWKHRULH DOV 6HOEVWRUJDQLVDWLRQ EH]HLFKQHW 6&+/,33(6&+:(,7=(5    'LHVH 2UGQXQJVDXVELOGXQJ LVW XQYRUKHUVHKEDUQLFKWSODQEDUXQGPHLVWLUUHYHUVLEHO'DV6\VWHPHQWZLFNHOWDXVHLQHPVFKHLQEDUVWDELOHQ=XVWDQGHLQHQHXH2UGQXQJ'LH 6\VWHPWKHRULH EH]HLFKQHW GLHV DOV Ä3KDVHQEHUJDQJ³ bKQOLFKH )RUschungsergebnisse lieferte Hermann Haken in der von ihm begründeten 6\QHUJHWLN6HLQHLQWHUHVVHOHLWHQGH)UDJHZDUÄ:LHHQWVWHKW2UGQXQJ"³ UHVSHNWLYHÄ*LEWHVDOOJHPHLQJOWLJH3ULQ]LSLHQGHU6HOEVWRUJDQLVDWLRQ"³ +$.(1 'LH6\QHUJHWLNXQWHUVXFKWZLH7HLOH]XVDPPHQZLUNHQ XQG RKQH lX‰HUHV =XWXQ LKU 9HUKDOWHQ VR RUJDQLVLHUHQ GDVV VLFK IU GDV *DQ]H HLQH EHVWLPPWH 2UGQXQJ HLQH 6WUXNWXU HUJLEW %HLVSLHO KLHUIU LVW GHU .|USHU EHL GHP HLQH 9LHO]DKO YRQ (LQ]HONRPSRQHQWHQ =HOOHQ HLQHNRRUGLQLHUWH*HVDPWKHLWHUJHEHQGHUHQ4XDOLWlWQLFKWDXV

SYSTEMTHEORIE, EIN VERSUCH

GHQ 7HLOHQ GHU *HVDPWKHLW DEOHLWEDU LVW +$.(1    'LH QHXH ÄHPHUJHQWH4XDOLWlW³ZLUNWDOVÄ2UGQHU³RGHUÄ$WWUDNWRU³XQGOHQNW6\VWHPSUR]HVVHLQEHVWLPPWH5LFKWXQJHQ (V KDQGHOW VLFK KLHU XP GDV 3KlQRPHQ GHU 6HOEVWRUJDQLVDWLRQ ZR RKQH GLUHNWH (LQZLUNXQJYRQDX‰HQKHUHLQ6\VWHPVSH]LHOOHUlXPOLFKH]HLWOLFKHRGHUIXQNWLRQDOH6WUXNWXUHQKHUYRUEULQJHQNDQQ>«@'XUFKGDV=XVDPPHQZLUNHQ>GHU7HLOH@ N|QQHQVSRQWDQJHRUGQHWH6WUXNWXUHQRGHUJHRUGQHWH)XQNWLRQVDEOlXIHHQWVWHKHQ >«@-HQVHLWVGLHVHV=XVWDQGHVNRPPWHV]XU$XVELOGXQJYRQHLQHPRGHUPHKUHUHQ VRJHQDQQWHQ 2UGQXQJVSDUDPHWHUQ GLH GLH 2UGQXQJ GHV 6\VWHPV HLQHUVHLWV EHVFKUHLEHQ DQGHUHUVHLWV DEHU ZLHGHU GHQ HLQ]HOQHQ 7HLOHQ GHV 6\VWHPV %HIHKOH HUWHLOHQZLHVLHVLFK]XYHUKDOWHQKDEHQXPGHQ2UGQXQJV]XVWDQGDXIUHFKW]XHUKDOWHQ (V NRPPW KLHU ]X HLQHU $UW YRQ ]LUNXODUHU .DXVDOLWlW (LQHUVHLWV ZHUGHQ GLH 2UGQXQJVSDUDPHWHU GXUFK GLH HLQ]HOQHQ 7HLOH GHV 6\VWHPV HUVW JHVFKDIIHQ DQGHUHUVHLWVEHVWLPPHQVLHDEHUGDQQGDV9HUKDOWHQGHUHLQ]HOQHQ7HLOH'LH2UGQXQJVSDUDPHWHUN|QQHQPDWHULHOOHURGHULGHHOOHU1DWXUVHLQ>«@%HLP$XIWUHWHQ JHRUGQHWHU=XVWlQGHDXVXQJHRUGQHWHQKHUDXVNRPPWHV]XHLQHP8PVFKODJYRQ 4XDQWLWlWLQ4XDOLWlW'HUJHRUGQHWH=XVWDQGEHVLW]W6\VWHPTXDOLWlWHQGLHYRUKHU EHLGHQHLQ]HOQHQ6\VWHPHQQLFKWYRUKDQGHQZDUHQ +$.(1I

*UXQGVDW]V\VWHPWKHRUHWLVFKHQ'HQNHQVLVWGDVVGDV*DQ]H(LJHQVFKDIWHQKDWGLHQLFKWDXVGHU6XPPHVHLQHU7HLOHDEOHLWEDUVLQG'DEHLVSLHOW HVNHLQH5ROOHREGDV*DQ]HPHKURGHUZHQLJHULVWDOVGLH6XPPHVHLQHU 7HLOH'DV*DQ]HLVWHWZDVDQGHUHVDOVGLH6XPPHVHLQHU7HLOHÄ(VKDW VLFKLQHLQLJHQ=ZHLJHQGHU(YROXWLRQVWKHRULHHLQJHEUJHUWGLHVHVÃDQGHUHµ DOV emergente Eigenschaften YRQ 6\VWHPHQ ]X EH]HLFKQHQ >«@³ :,//.(   +HUY L 2  (PHUJHQ]ELOGXQJ LVW GLH VHOEVWRUJDQLVLHUHQGH(QWVWHKXQJHLQHV2UGQHUVRGHU$WWUDNWRUVVLHJLEWGHP6\VWHPHLQHQHXH4XDOLWlW:ROIJDQJ.URKQXQG*QWHU.SSHUVGH¿QLHUHQ (PHUJHQ]GHVKDOEDOVGLH%LOGXQJÄQHXHU6HLQVVFKLFKWHQGLHin keiner Weise DXV GHQ (LJHQVFKDIWHQ HLQHU GDUXQWHU OLHJHQGHQ (EHQH DEOHLWEDUHUNOlUEDURGHUYRUDXVVDJEDUVLQG'DKHUZHUGHQVLHDOVÃXQHUZDUWHWµÁEHUUDVFKHQGµXVZHPSIXQGHQ³ .52+1.h33(56 +HUYL2 .XOWXU LVW LP EHVWHQ 6LQQH HLQ 3KlQRPHQ GHU 6HOEVWRUJDQLVDWLRQ LQ VR]LDOHQ 6\VWHPHQ $QVWHOOH DOVR GHU EOLFKHQ 6LFKWZHLVH ZLUG KLHU .XOWXUQLFKWDOVGLH6XPPHDOOHUJHVHOOVFKDIWOLFKHQ:HUWH RGHUGLH eiQHV VR]LDOHQ 6\VWHPV  DQJHVHKHQ VRQGHUQ DOV HLQ $WWUDNWRU GHU GLHVH HUVW VFKDIIW $OV $WWUDNWRU HU]HXJW VLH 0XVWHU GDV ZDV ZLU DOV .XOWXU ZDKUQHKPHQ ZDV DEHU QLFKW .XOWXU LVW ] % 9HUKDOWHQVZHLVHQ 6\PEROHHWF GLHZLHGHUXP±YHU]|JHUWXQGDEJHVFKZlFKW±DXIVLHVHOEVW HLQZLUNHQ 6&+/,33(6&+:(,7=(5    )ULHGULFK $XJXVW Y +D\HN  QHQQW.XOWXUGHQQDXFK

25

26

MARTIN TRÖNDLE

HLQH VSRQWDQ JHZDFKVHQH 2UGQXQJ GLH ZHGHU Y|OOLJ XQDEKlQJLJ YRQ PHQVFKOLFKHP+DQGHOQHQWVWDQGQRFKSODQPl‰LJJHVFKDIIHQZXUGHVRQGHUQGXUFKHLQHQ 9RUJDQJGHULUJHQGZR]ZLVFKHQGLHVHQEHLGHQ0|JOLFKNHLWHQVWHKW

,P 6LQQH +DNHQV NDQQ .XOWXU YHUVWDQGHQ ZHUGHQ DOV HLQH ODQJVDP YHUlQGHUOLFKH *U|‰H GLH NXU]OHELJH VFKQHOO YHUlQGHUOLFKH *U|‰HQ YHUVNODYWXQGVLHLQLKUH8PODXIEDKQ]ZLQJW:LHDXFKGDVHPHUJHQWH 3KlQRPHQ/LHEHLVW.XOWXUQLFKWIDVVEDUDEHUlX‰HUVWZLUNVDP2KQH .XOWXUJLEWHVNHLQH*HVHOOVFKDIW.XOWXUPDFKWNRRUGLQLHUWHVXQGNRRUGLQLHUEDUHV+DQGHOQEHUKDXSWHUVWP|JOLFKXQGELOGHWGDGXUFK*HVHOOVFKDIW.XOWXUEH]HLFKQHWGDEHLQLFKWGDV:DVVRQGHUQGDV:LHGHU +DQGOXQJVNRRUGLQDWLRQ Kultur wohnt also jeder Gesellschaft inne, Kunst hingegen ist ein JHVHOOVFKDIWOLFKHU 7HLOEHUHLFK ZLH :LVVHQVFKDIW 5HOLJLRQ RGHU 3ROLWLN 'DV .XQVWV\VWHP DOV JHVHOOVFKDIWOLFK DXVGLIIHUHQ]LHUWHV )XQNWLRQVV\VWHP /8+0$11   ELHWHW GHU *HVHOOVFKDIW %HREDFKWXQJVLQVWUXPHQWH DQ GLH DQGHUH )XQNWLRQVV\VWHPH QLFKW EHUHLWVWHOOHQ 'DV :LUWVFKDIWVV\VWHPEHLVSLHOVZHLVHEHREDFKWHW:HOWHQWODQJGHU/HLWGLIIHUHQ] 3UHLV.QDSSKHLWGDV5HFKWVV\VWHPHQWODQJGHUYRQ5HFKW8QUHFKW'DV .XQVWV\VWHPEHREDFKWHW:HOWPLW+LOIHlVWKHWLVLHUWHU)RUPHQ(V]LHOW GDEHL DXI HLQ IHLQHV 6SLHO PLW 1XDQFHQ VLQQOLFKHU :DKUQHKPXQJ DE (VPDFKWDXI8QWHUVFKHLGXQJHQDXIPHUNVDPGLHQLFKWPLWGHQ'LIIHUHQ]HQDQGHUHU6\VWHPHJHVHKHQZHUGHQN|QQHQ'DGLH%HREDFKWXQJ der Gesellschaft mit den Möglichkeiten der Kunst mit neuen Differen]HQRSHULHUHQPXVVXPZDKUJHQRPPHQ]XZHUGHQ±HLQ8QWHUVFKLHG PDFKWHLQHQ8QWHUVFKLHGLQ%H]XJDXIYRUKDQGHQH,QIRUPDWLRQHQ %$7(621 ±LUULWLHUWGLH.XQVWGLH*HVHOOVFKDIWGXUFKQHXH%HREDFKWXQJHQGHU*HVHOOVFKDIW6LHIKUWYRUZLH:HOWDXVGHU3HUVSHNWLYHGHV.XQVWV\VWHPVDXVVLHKWDOVRZDVVLHÃDOV.XQVWVLHKWµXQGELHWHW GDV%HREDFKWHWHLQ)RUPYRQlVWKHWLVFKHPRWLRQDOHQ.RPPXQLNDWLRQVRIIHUWHQ GHU *HVHOOVFKDIW ]XU 6HOEVWEHREDFKWXQJ DQ 'XUFK GLHVH HQJH .RSSHOXQJ GHV .XQVWV\VWHPV PLW GHU *HVHOOVFKDIW XQG GHP VWlQGLJHQ JHJHQVHLWLJHQ5FNJULIIZLUG±]XPLQGHVWDXVV\VWHPWKHRUHWLVFKHU3HUVSHNWLYH±DXFKYHUVWlQGOLFKZDUXPGLH%HJULIIH.XQVWXQG.XOWXURIWPDOV JOHLFKJHVHW]W ZHUGHQ REZRKO VLH VLFK XQWHUVFKHLGHQ %$(&.(5   0LW GHP (PHUJHQ]EHJULII LVW GHU %HJULII GHU (YROXWLRQ YHUEXQGHQ 'LH(QWVWHKXQJXQG(QWZLFNOXQJYRQ6\VWHPHQLVWNHLQÃDEVLFKWVYROOHUµ WHOHRORJLVFKHU9RUJDQJ(YROXWLRQLVWZHGHUYRP6\VWHPQRFKYRQHLQHP $NWHXU GHU 8PZHOW JHOHQNW RGHU EHDEVLFKWLJW (V LVW HLQ 9RUJDQJ GHU PLWWHOV9DULDWLRQ6HOHNWLRQXQG6WDELOLVDWLRQYRQ6\VWHPHQLQ8PZHO-

SYSTEMTHEORIE, EIN VERSUCH

WHQDEOlXIW(YROXWLRQZLUGGXUFKGLH$XVELOGXQJYRQQHXHQHPHUJHQWHQ 4XDOLWlWHQLQ6\VWHPHQHUP|JOLFKWGLHVRQHXH*HVWDOWHQQHXH9HUKDOWHQVZHLVHQDXVELOGHQ12'RXJODV-)XWX\PD  EHWRQWGDVVGXUFK GLH0HFKDQLVPHQGHU(YROXWLRQZHGHUGLH5LFKWXQJQRFKHLQÄ=LHO³YRUJHJHEHQZHUGHQ(YROXWLRQEHGHXWHWVFKOLFKW:DQGHOXQGLVWGDPLWDOOJHJHQZlUWLJÄ'DV:RUWÃ)RUWVFKULWWµLPSOL]LHUW5LFKWXQJZHQQQLFKWVRJDU HLQ]LHOJHULFKWHWHV)RUWVFKUHLWHQDEHUZHGHU5LFKWXQJQRFK=LHOZHUGHQ GXUFKGLH0HFKDQLVPHQGHU(YROXWLRQYRUJHJHEHQ³'HU(YROXWLRQVEHJULIIVSLHJHOWLQGHU6\VWHPWKHRULHGLH:HQGXQJYRPVWUXNWXUHOOHQ]XP SUR]HVVRULHQWLHUWHQ6\VWHPYHUVWlQGQLVHUUHSUlVHQWLHUWGHQ=HLWDVSHNW LQGHU7KHRULHXQGIRNXVVLHUWDXIGHQ6\VWHP8PZHOW%H]XJ 'LH%LOGXQJHLQHUHPHUJHQWHQ(EHQH±HLQQLFKWYRUKHUVHKEDUHUHYROXWLRQlUHU6SUXQJLQGHU6\VWHPELOGXQJ±ZDUODQJH=HLWQLFKWHUNOlUEDU :LHVROOSO|W]OLFKHWZDV1HXHVHQWVWHKHQGDVQLFKWNDXVDORGHUUDWLRQDO HUNOlUWZHUGHQNDQQ":LHNDQQVLFKRKQHIUHPGHV=XWXQHLQH2UGQXQJ YRQVHOEVWHQWZLFNHOQ"0DQPXVVWHDXIHLQHQ6FK|SIHUJRWW]XUFNJUHLIHQ GDVSODWRQLVFK6FK|QHLVWGDVJ|WWOLFK6FK|QH XPGLH/HLVWXQJGHU (YROXWLRQ]XHUNOlUHQ :,//.(  ,QHLQHPGXDOLVWLVFKHQ:HOWELOGZDUHVGLH0XVHRGHUGLHJ|WWOLFKH(LQJHEXQJGLH VLFKGHV.QVWOHUVDOV,QVWUXPHQWEHGLHQWH,QHLQHPQLFKWGXDOLVWLVFKHQ:HOWELOG DEHUHUVFKHLQWGHUVFK|SIHULVFKH3UR]H‰DOV$VSHNWHYROXWLRQlUHU6HOEVWRUJDQLVDWLRQ -$176&+

,QGHU.XQVWEHPKWHPDQXPGLHVHVQLFKWYRUKHUVHKEDUH3KlQRPHQ ]XEHVFKUHLEHQGDV*HQLH*HQLHVWHKWQDFK1LNODV/XKPDQQ   GHVKDOEIUGLHÄ8QZDKUVFKHLQOLFKNHLWGHV(QWVWHKHQV³6\VWHPWKHRUHtisch handelt es sich bei der Werkentstehung um die selbstorganisierte $XVELOGXQJHLQHUHPHUJHQWHQ(EHQHGXUFKHLQHQRGHUPHKUHUH3KDVHQVSUQJH XQG GLH GDPLW HLQKHUJHKHQGH 2UGQXQJVELOGXQJ Ä.XQVW GHPRQVWULHUWGHVKDOELPPHUGLHEHOLHELJH(U]HXJXQJYRQ1LFKWEHOLHELJNHL-

12 =XU hEHUWUDJXQJ XQG (QWZLFNOXQJ GHV HYROXWLRQVWKHRUHWLVFKHQ $QVDW]HV 9DULDWLRQ 6HOHNWLRQXQG7UDGLHUXQJ 6WDELOLVDWLRQ DXIVR]LDOH6\VWHPHZLH2UJDQLVDWLRQHQVLHKH DXFK.g1,*92//0(5 I   =XU :LGHUOHJXQJ HLQHV GDUZLQLVWLVFKHQ =XJHV GHU 6\VWHPWKHRULH XQG GHU .ULWLN DP %HJULII$QSDVVXQJVLHKH.5,(*(5 I :,//.(  )UVR]LDOH6\VWHPHEHWRQW1LNODV/8+0$11 I GLHNRQ]HSWLRQHOOHXQGVSUDFKOLFKH8PGLVSRVLWLRQYRQÃ$QSDVVXQJµDXIÃ/HUQHQµ=XU)HKOEHUVHW]XQJYRQÃWR¿WµXQGGHUVLFK GDUDXVHUJHEHQGHQ9RUVWHOOXQJGHU$QSDVVXQJVLHKH*/$6(56)(/'  8QG )878«@]HQWUDOHYHUELQGHQGH%HJULIIGHU%LRORJLH(UZHLWHUWEHUKUWHUIDVW DOOHDQGHUHQ:LVVHQVFKDIWVJHELHWHXQGPXVVDOVHLQHUGHUHLQÀXVVUHLFKVWHQ%HJULIIHGHV ZHVWOLFKHQ'HQNHQVEHWUDFKWHWZHUGHQ³





MARTIN TRÖNDLE

WHQRGHUGLH=XIDOOVHQWVWHKXQJYRQ2UGQXQJ³ /8+0$11  'LHVH VSH]L¿VFK ]XIlOOLJH 2UGQXQJVHQWVWHKXQJ PDFKW GLH (LQPDOLJNHLW XQGGLH1LFKWZLHGHUKROEDUNHLWGHV:HUNHQWVWHKXQJVSUR]HVVHVDXV,P *HJHQVDW] ]X ELVKHULJHP 'HQNHQ LQ GHP GLH :HUNHQWVWHKXQJ GHP *|WWOLFKHQGHP*HQLHRGHUVFKOLFKWGHP.QVWOHU]XJHVSURFKHQZXUGH HUNOlUW GLH 6\VWHPWKHRULH GLH :HUNHQWVWHKXQJ DOVR DOV 6HOEVWRUJDQLVDWLRQVSUR]HVV$XIGLH)UDJHÄ:DVLQVSLULHUWVLH"³DQWZRUWHWHGHU0DOHU -|UJ,PPHQGRUII :LU N|QQHQ XQV YHUDEVFKLHGHQ YRQ GHU 9RUVWHOOXQJ GDVV LUJHQGHLQH 0XVH PLFK NVVW'LHVHV3RONH%LOGIDQGLFKLPPHUJXW Höhere Wesen befahlen>«@$QGHUV VLQG(QWVFKHLGXQJHQQLFKWHUNOlUEDUGLHPLU]XÀLH‰HQLPPDOHULVFKHQ3UR]HVVRKQH GDVVHUFKDRWLVFKRGHUDNWLRQLVWLVFKZlUH(VLVWDEHUQLFKWVRGDVVGLH0HWKRGHGHV HLQHQ%LOGHVIUGLHQlFKVWHQRFK*OWLJNHLWKDW,QVSLUDWLRQJHVFKLHKWLPPHUZLHGHU QHX6RQVWZlUHPDQJHQHLJWEHLHUIROJUHLFKHQ:HUNHQGLHJOHLFKHQ.UlIWHQRFKPDO ]XEHVFKZ|UHQ'DVIXQNWLRQLHUWQLFKW ,00(1'25))I+HUYL2

'LH YRQ -|UJ ,PPHQGRUII XQG 6LJPDU 3RONH EHVFKULHEHQHQ Ä+|KHUHQ :HVHQ³VLQGNHLQHP\VWLVFKHQRGHUJ|WWOLFKHQ:HVHQVRQGHUQGLH$XVELOGXQJHLQHUVHOEVWRUJDQLVLHUHQGHQ2UGQXQJLP3UR]HVVGHU:HUNHQWVWHKXQJ,PPHQGRUIIV$XVVDJHGDVVGLHJOHLFKHQ.UlIWHQLFKWQRFKPDOV EHVFKZRUHQ ZHUGHQ N|QQHQ ]HLJW GDVV GLH 2UGQXQJVHQWVWHKXQJ HLQ QLFKW ZLHGHUKROEDUHU XQG QLFKW SODQEDUHU 3UR]HVV LVW 'LHVHQ UHNXUVLYHQ 6HOEVWRUJDQLVDWLRQVSUR]HVV EHVFKUHLEW DXFK GHU $XWRU /XW] 6HLOHU  (UEHQXW]WGDV%LOGGHV/HEHQGLJZHUGHQVHLQHV'HUZLVFKHV =XP6FKUHLEHQJHK|UHQ=HLWHQLQGHQHQHVQLFKWZHLWHUJHKW(VJLEW7DJHDQGHQHQPDQHQGORV5XQGHQOlXIWGXUFKGDV=LPPHUXQGGDV0DWHULDODEHUHLJHQWOLFK VLFK VHOEVW XPNUHLVW VLFK LPPHU HWZDV ODXWHU LQV 2KU VSULFKW XP LPPHU ZLHGHU K|UHQ]XPVVHQVWLPPWQLFKW(LQ'HUZLVFKVLW]WDXIGHU6WLPPHXQGPDFKWVLFK VWHLI6RODQJHELVGDV6SUHFKHQVWLPPWGDQQZLUGHUOHEHQGLJGDQQJLEWHUVHLQHQ MHQHQXQEHVFKUHLEEDUHQ7HLO]XP*DQ]HQGD]XXQGGLH'DQNEDUNHLWLVWJUR‰DXI EHLGHQ6HLWHQ(EHQVRJUR‰ZLHGLH9HU]ZHLÀXQJZHQQGDVQLFKWJHOLQJW

%HWUDFKWHW PDQ HLQ :HUN DOV 6\VWHP ODVVHQ VLFK IROJHQGH hEHUOHJXQJHQ DQVFKOLH‰HQ 'XUFK GLH 6HW]XQJ HLQHU ,GHH LQ )RUP HLQHV 7KHPDV RGHU 0RWLYV HQWZLFNHOW VLFK GLHVHV VHOEVWRUJDQLVLHUHQG 'DV 7KHPD RGHU0RWLYZLUNWDOV$WWUDNWRUGHV6\VWHPVÃ:HUNµXQGRUJDQLVLHUWVHLQH 2UGQXQJ 'LH QXQ HQWVWHKHQGH 2UGQXQJ HQWVFKHLGHW PLW EHU GHQ (LQEDX ZHLWHUHU (OHPHQWH PLWKLQ GHQ 9HUODXI GHV :HUNHV 'DV :HUN RUJDQLVLHUWVHOEVWVHLQH2UGQXQJ'HUGDV:HUN6FKDIIHQGHSUIWGXUFK GLH9DULDWLRQGHV0DWHULDOV6HOHNWLRQYRQ9DULDWLRQHQXQG6WDELOLVDWLRQ (LQEDXGHUVHOHNWLHUWHQ9DULDWLRQHQ ZLHGLH6WUXNWXUGHU2UGQXQJ ZHLWHUDXVJHEDXWZHUGHQNDQQ'HU6HOEVWRUJDQLVDWLRQVSUR]HVVYHUOlXIW QLFKW ]LHOJHULFKWHW VRQGHUQ HQWZLFNHOW VLFK UHNXUVLY DXV GHP .RQWH[W

SYSTEMTHEORIE, EIN VERSUCH

(UZLUNWDOVRLPPHUZLHGHUDXIVLFKVHOEVWHLQ'HU=XIDOOVSLHOWEHLGHU :HUNHQWVWHKXQJHLQHZLFKWLJH5ROOHDEHUHVLVWQLFKWGHUÄEOLQGHZLOONUOLFKH=XIDOOVRQGHUQGHUHYROXWLRQlUQRWZHQGLJHVWRFKDVWLVFKH=XIDOOGHUDQ9RUDXVJHKHQGHVDQNQSIWXQGQXULQHLQHPHLQJHVFKUlQNWHQ 6SLHOUDXPRSHULHUW³ 75(0/ (VKDQGHOWVLFKDOVRQLFKWXP HLQH EOR‰H =XIlOOLJNHLW VRQGHUQ XP HLQHQ VSH]L¿VFKHQ =XIDOO 'DV JHUDGHHQWVWHKHQGH:HUNLVWHLQQLFKWOLQHDUHVODELOHV6\VWHP1HXHLQJHEDXWHV 0DWHULDO 7|QH :RUWH )DUEHQ HWF  N|QQHQ LQ GHU VLFK JHUDGH HQWZLFNHOQGHQQRFKLQVWDELOHQ2UGQXQJUDVFK3KDVHQEHUJlQJHDXVO|VHQNOHLQH9HUlQGHUXQJHQDQNULWLVFKHQ3XQNWHQGLH%DODQFHLUULWLHUHQ XQGSRVLWLYH5FNNRSSOXQJHQLQLWLLHUHQGLHLQHLQQHXHVG\QDPLVFKHV 5HJLPHKLQHLQWUDJHQXQGGHP*DQ]HQHLQHQHXHQLFKWYRUKHUVHKEDUH *HVWDOWJHEHQ-HZHLWHUGDV:HUNLQVHLQHP(QWVWHKXQJVSUR]HVV IRUWVFKUHLWHWGHVWRVSH]L¿VFKHUZLUGGLH=XIlOOLJNHLW'DV:HUNHQWZLFNHOW VLFK DXV VLFK VHOEVW KHUDXV 'HU .QVWOHU VFKDIIW ]ZDU GDV :HUN PXVV VLFKDEHUMHZHLWHUHUIRUWVFKUHLWHWGHPZHUNLPPDQHQWHQ6HOEVWRUJDQLVDWLRQVSUR]HVVEHXJHQ (LQH ZHVHQWOLFKH :HLWHUHQWZLFNOXQJ GHV 7KHRULHJHElXGHV GHU 6\VWHPWKHRULH ]HLJW VLFK LQ GHQ %HJULIIHQ 6HOEVWUHIHUHQ] RSHUDWLRQDOH *HVFKORVVHQKHLWXQG$XWRSRLHVLV,QGHU%LRORJLHJLQJHQ+XPEHUWR0DWXUDQD XQG )UDQFLVFR 9DUHOD   GHU )UDJH QDFK ZHOFKH JHPHLQVDPH JUXQGOHJHQGH (LJHQVFKDIW DOOH OHEHQGHQ 6\VWHPH WHLOHQ XQG HQWZLFNHO WHQGLH7KHRULHGHU$XWRSRLHVH+HOPXW:LOONH  GH¿QLHUW 'HU %HJULII EH]HLFKQHW LQ GHU 6\VWHPWKHRULH HLQH 2UJDQLVDWLRQ GHU 2SHUDWLRQHQ HLQHV6\VWHPVGXUFKZHOFKHDOOH(OHPHQWHHLQHV6\VWHPVGXUFKGLHVHOHNWLYH9HUNQSIXQJGHU(OHPHQWHGLHVHV6\VWHPVHU]HXJWZHUGHQ'HU%HJULIILPSOL]LHUWGDVV QXUGDV6\VWHPVHOEVWVHLQH(OHPHQWHHU]HXJHQNDQQXQGLQGHU7LHIHQVWUXNWXUVHLQHU6HOEVWVWHXHUXQJYRQVHLQHU8PZHOWXQDEKlQJLJLVW

3UlJQDQW OLH‰H VLFK IRUPXOLHUHQ 6\VWHPH UHSURGX]LHUHQ GLH (OHPHQWH DXV GHQHQ VLH EHVWHKHQ PLW +LOIH GHU (OHPHQWH DXV GHQHQ VLH EHVWHKHQ $XWRSRLHVH EHGHXWHW 6HOEVWHUKDOWXQJ GXUFK 6HOEVW(U]HXJXQJ %LRORJLVFKLVWGDV.RQ]HSWGHU$XWRSRLHVHDXJHQVFKHLQOLFK±ZLHDEHU VR N|QQWH PDQ IUDJHQ HUKlOW VLFK GDV .XQVWV\VWHP" $XV V\VWHPWKHRUHWLVFK VR]LRORJLVFKHU 3HUVSHNWLYH EHVWHKW GDV .XQVWV\VWHP QLFKW DXV Werken, nicht aus Institutionen und nicht aus Menschen, sondern aus .RPPXQLNDWLRQ .RPPXQLNDWLRQ EHGHXWHW KLHU GDVV VLFK .RPPXQLNDWLRQVHUHLJQLVVHDQ.RPPXQLNDWLRQVHUHLJQLVVHEHUGDV$UWHIDNWXQG seine Deutung anschließen, in Werkbeschreibungen, als Katalogtexte XQG LP )HXLOOHWRQ ELV VLH JJI 7HLO GHU .XQVWJHVFKLFKWH ZHUGHQ G K ]XU6HOEVWEHVFKUHLEXQJGHV6\VWHPVGLHQHQ0DQQLPPW%H]XJ]LWLHUW





MARTIN TRÖNDLE

XQG LQWHUSUHWLHUW NULWLVLHUW XQG VSLQQW GDV .RPPXQLNDWLRQVJHÀHFKW EHUGDV:HUNZHLWHUVHW]WHVLQ%H]XJ]XDQGHUHQRUGQHWHVHLQXQG PDFKWHVGXUFKGLH$QJDEHYRQ5HIHUHQ]ZHUNHQ]XHLQHP.XQVWZHUN 0HLVWHUZHUNHVLQGGLHMHQLJHQGLHEHVRQGHUVRIWDOV5HIHUHQ]SXQNWH]XU (QWVFKHLGXQJVKLOIH EHU GHQ (LQ$XVVFKOXVV QDFKIROJHQGHU :HUNH DQJHJHEHQZHUGHQ9HUHEEHQGLH.RPPXQLNDWLRQVEHLWUlJHRGHUNRPPHQ VLH HUVW JDU QLFKW ]XVWDQGH ZHLO VLFK DQ GHP :HUN NHLQH QHXHQ 7KHPHQEHLWUlJH HQWZLFNHOQ ODVVHQ NRPPW HV ]XP $XVVFKOXVV GXUFK Ã9HUJHVVHQµ 'DV KHL‰W GDV .XQVWZHUN LVW QLFKW .XQVWZHUN GXUFK GHQ $NWGHU6FK|SIXQJVRQGHUQGXUFKGLH.RPPXQLNDWLRQEHUGDV:HUN ZLUGHV]XP.XQVWZHUN /8+0$11 2GHUZLH7KRPDV6FKWWH  SRLQWLHUWÄ'LHPHLVWHQJHJHQZlUWLJHQ.XQVWZHUNHZUGHQ GHQ6SHUUPOOWHVWQLFKWEHUVWHKHQ³'HU6FKULWWYRP:HUN]XP.XQVWZHUNLVWNHLQNQVWOHULVFKHUVRQGHUQHLQVR]LDOHU.XQVWLVWGLHDXWRSRLHWLVFKH.RPPXQLNDWLRQGHV.XQVWV\VWHPVEHUHLQ:HUNGDVSRLHWLVFK KHUJHVWHOOWZXUGH (LQHQ ZHLWHUHQ (LQÀXVV DXI GLH V\VWHPWKHRUHWLVFKH 'LVNXVVLRQ VHLW GHQHU-DKUHQKDWGHU5DGLNDOH.RQVWUXNWLYLVPXV +HLQ]YRQ)RHUVWHU(UQVWYRQ*ODVHUVIHOGXD PLWVHLQHU1lKH]XURSHUDWLYHQ*HVFKORVVHQKHLW YRQ 6\VWHPHQ JHQRPPHQ 'HU 5DGLNDOH .RQVWUXNWLYLVPXV EHWUDFKWHW :LVVHQ QLFKW DOV ELOGKDIWH LNRQLVFKH  hEHUHLQVWLPPXQJ PLW GHU:LUNOLFKNHLWVRQGHUQDOV$QSDVVXQJVOHLVWXQJ $XVGLHVHP$QVDW]HUJLEWVLFKQXQGLHGHUKHUN|PPOLFKHQ(UNHQQWQLVOHKUHZLGHUVSUHFKHQGH)HVWVWHOOXQJGD‰GLH5ROOHGHV:LVVHQVQLFKWGDULQEHVWHKWREMHNWLYH 5HDOLWlWZLGHU]XVSLHJHOQVRQGHUQGDULQXQV]XEHIlKLJHQLQXQVHUHU(UOHEHQVZHOW ]XKDQGHOQXQG=LHOH]XHUUHLFKHQ'DKHUUKUWGHUYRP5DGLNDOHQ.RQVWUXNWLYLVPXV JHSUlJWH *UXQGVDW] GD‰ :LVVHQ ÃSDVVHQµ DEHU QLFKW EHUHLQVWLPPHQ PX‰ */$6(56)(/'+HUYL2

' K GLH :LUNOLFKNHLW GLH ZLU HUIDKUHQ LVW HLQH .RQVWUXNWLRQVOHLVWXQJ XQVHUHV:DKUQHKPXQJVDSSDUDWHV,QIRUPDWLRQHQVLQGLPPHU.RQVWUXNWLRQHQHLQHV%HREDFKWHUVÄ(UNHQQHQLVW7XQ5HDOLWlWZLUGEHLP(UNHQQHQHUVWHU]HXJW³ 1,('(56(132+/0$11  Das Ideengut ZXUGHXQWHUGHP%HJULII6HOEVWUHIHUHQ]LQGLH7KHRULHVR]LDOHU6\VWHPH HLQJHEUDFKW /8+0$11 ,QGHU6\VWHPWKHRULHJLEWHVNHLQHGLUHNWHhEHUIKUXQJYRQ,QIRUPDWLRQHQDXVGHU8PZHOWLQGDV%HREDFKWHUV\VWHPGDV6\VWHPLVWRSHUDWLRQDOJHVFKORVVHQ'DV(U]HXJHQHLQHU,QIRUPDWLRQDXVHLQHP6LJQDOLVWQXULP6\VWHPXQGQXUGXUFK6HOEVWUHIHUHQ]P|JOLFK1XUGDV6\VWHPNDQQV\VWHPLQWHUQPLWWHOVV\VWHPHLJHQHU  6LHKH KLHU]X EVSZ DXFK /25(1=   5,('/   92//0(5   )2(567(5  3,$*(7  VRZLH%$7(621  XQG63(1&(5%52:1  

SYSTEMTHEORIE, EIN VERSUCH

5HJHOQDXV6LJQDOHQ,QIRUPDWLRQHQWUDQVIRUPLHUHQXQGGDPLW:LUNOLFKNHLW NRQVWUXLHUHQ15 'LH 6\VWHPWKHRULH NQSIW GDPLW MHGH %HREDFKWXQJ DQHLQEHREDFKWXQJVIlKLJHV6\VWHP :,//.( XQGMHJOLFKHV %HREDFKWHQ EHUXKW DXI 8QWHUVFKHLGHQ 8QWHUVFKHLGHQ NDQQ DEHU QXU ZHU]XDOOHUHUVWVLFKYRQDOOHPDQGHUHQXQWHUVFKHLGHQNDQQDOVRVLFKLQ 'LIIHUHQ]]X:HOWVHW]W6LFKLQ'LIIHUHQ]]XVHW]HQLVWQXUGXUFK6HOEVWUHIHUHQ]P|JOLFK+LHUNRPPWZLHLQGHUJHVDPWHQQHXHUHQ7KHRULHGHU VR]LDOHQ6\VWHPHGLHRSHUDWLYH/RJLN*HRUJ6SHQFHU%URZQV]XP=XJ (LQHNXU]H=XVDPPHQIDVVXQJGHUVHOEHQJLEW1LNODV/XKPDQQ (LQH8QWHUVFKHLGXQJKDWLPPHU]ZHL6HLWHQEHVWHKWDOVRHLJHQWOLFKLQHLQHU*UHQ]H GLHHVHUP|JOLFKWGLHVHEHLGHQ6HLWHQ]XXQWHUVFKHLGHQXQGJHJHEHQHQIDOOVYRQGHU HLQHQ]XUDQGHUHQEHU]XJHKHQ 6SHQFHU%URZQÃFURVVLQJµ 'LH7UHQQXQJGHUEHLGHQ6HLWHQXQGLKUH0DUNLHUXQJGXUFKGLH)RUPGHU8QWHUVFKHLGXQJKDWGHQ6LQQ GDV%HREDFKWHQ]X]ZLQJHQYRQGHUHLQHQ DOVRQLFKWYRQGHUDQGHUHQ 6HLWHGHU 8QWHUVFKHLGXQJDXV]XJHKHQ(VPX‰EH]HLFKQHQ 6SHQFHU%URZQÃLQGLFDWHµ ZDV EHREDFKWHW ZLUG (V PX‰ ZUGHQ PDQFKH VDJHQ HLQH Ã5HIHUHQ]µ DQJHEHQ 'DULQ OLHJW]XJOHLFKHLQYHUVWHFNWHU+LQZHLVGDUDXIGD‰HVHLQHDQGHUH6HLWHJLEWGLH LP 0RPHQWMHGHQIDOOV QLFKWJHPHLQWLVW(VNDQQVLFKHLQIDFKXPGHQ5HVWGHU:HOW KDQGHOQXPGDVZDVYRPÃXQPDUNHGVWDWHµ ZLHGHU6SHQFHU%URZQ EULJEOHLEW ZHQQHWZDV%HVWLPPWHVEH]HLFKQHWZLUG=XPHLVWZLUGMHGRFKGDVMHZHLOVQLFKW*HPHLQWHGXUFKGLH$UWGHU8QWHUVFKHLGXQJHLQJHVFKUlQNW /8+0$11I

'LH8QWHUVFKHLGXQJHQ]XEHREDFKWHQPLWGHQHQDQGHUHRSHULHUHQHU|IIQHW HLQHQ %OLFN LQ GLH EODFN ER[ GHU MHZHLOLJHQ 6\VWHPORJLN XQG HUODXEW GDGXUFK HLQ 9HUVWlQGQLV GDV EHU 6DFKDUJXPHQWH KLQDXV JHKW GXUFKZHOFKHMDQXUGLHHLQH6HLWHGHU'LIIHUHQ]DQJHJHEHQZLUG'LHVHV HUNHQQWQLVWKHRUHWLVFKH9HUIDKUHQLVW]ZDULQVHLQHU'HQN¿JXUNRPSOL]LHUWELUJWMHGRFKXQJHKHXUHQ1XW]HQEHLGHU$QDO\VHYRQ6\VWHPORJLNHQJOHLFKREHVRUJDQLVDWLRQDOHSROLWLVFKHRGHUlVWKHWLVFKHVLQGXQG ¿QGHWGDKHUJUR‰HV,QWHUHVVHLQGHQ.XOWXUXQG6R]LDOZLVVHQVFKDIWHQ :LH DEHU VR N|QQWH PDQ HQWJHJQHQ VROO HLQ 6WDGWWKHDWHU 6HOEVWUHIHUHQ] DXVELOGHQ XQG VLFK DOV (LQKHLW LQ 'LIIHUHQ] ]X DOOHP DQGHUHQ VHW]WHQN|QQHQ"'LH2UJDQLVDWLRQEHREDFKWHWVLFKXQGLKUH*HVFKLFKWH LQ)RUPYRQ7KHPHQ7KHPHQELOGHQGHQVHOEVWUHIHUHQWLHOOHQ)L[SXQNW HLQH,GHQWLWlW GHU2UJDQLVDWLRQPLWGHPVLHVLFKYRQGHU8PZHOWXQWHUVFKHLGHQNDQQ'XUFKGHQ=XVDPPHQKDQJYRQ]XQlFKVWORVHQ.RPPXQLNDWLRQVHUHLJQLVVHQZHUGHQLP=HLWYHUODXIWKHPDWLVFKH=XVDPPHQKlQJHSURGX]LHUW±VLQJXOlUH(UHLJQLVVHZHUGHQLQ%H]XJJHVHW]W]XJHZHVHQHQhEHUGLH%LOGXQJJHPHLQVDPHU7KHPHQNDQQVLFKHLQJHPHLQ-

15 )UHLQHQ]XVDPPHQIDVVHQGHQhEHUEOLFN]XRSHUDWLYHU6FKOLH‰XQJXQG6HOEVWRUJDQLVDWLRQVLHKH/8+0$11 DII VRZLH.h33(56 II 





MARTIN TRÖNDLE

samer organisationaler166LQQNRQVWLWXLHUHQGHUHLQH*UHQ]HHQWVWHKHQ OlVVW (UVW MHW]W NDQQ ]ZLVFKHQ ÃXQVµ XQG ÃGHQ DQGHUHQµ XQWHUVFKLHGHQ ZHUGHQ7KHPHQVLQGQXUORVHDQGLHEHWHLOLJWHQ,QGLYLGXHQJHNRSSHOW VLHPDFKHQEHULQGLYLGXHOOH.RPPXQLNDWLRQXQGGDPLWGLH%LOGXQJYRQ VR]LDOHQ 6\VWHPHQ HUVW P|JOLFK 'DEHL NDQQ DOOHV 7KHPD ZHUGHQ ZDV $QVFKOXVV DQ ELVKHULJH 7KHPHQ GHU 2UJDQLVDWLRQ ¿QGHW DOVR ZDV GHQ 6HOHNWLRQVPHFKDQLVPXVGHUGXUFKLKUHLQGLYLGXHOOH7KHPHQJHVFKLFKWH JHSUlJWLVWSDVVLHUW /8+0$11  hEHU GLH %LOGXQJ JHPHLQVDPHU 7KHPHQ KDW VLFK HLQ JHPHLQVDPHU 6LQQ NRQVWLWXLHUW GHU HLQH *UHQ]H HQWVWHKHQ OlVVW 'LH 2UJDQLVDWLon selektiert bestimmte Themen, baut sie in die Organisation ein und VWDELOLVLHUWVLHEHUHLQH=HLWVSDQQHGLHVHELOGHQGHQ)L[SXQNWIUGLH 6HOEVWUHIHUHQ]6LHJHEHQGHU2UJDQLVDWLRQLKUH,GHQWLWlWGDEHLQHXHQ (QWVFKHLGXQJHQ EHU(LQXQG$XV]XVFKOLH‰HQGHV DXIGDV7KHPHQJHGlFKWQLV]XUFNJHJULIIHQZLUGXPGDVZRUEHUHQWVFKLHGHQZLUGDXI VHLQH$QVFKOXVVIlKLJNHLW]XSUIHQ'DVRUJDQLVDWLRQDOH6HOEVWYHUVWlQGQLV ZLUNW NRPSOH[LWlWVYHUPLQGHUQG GXUFK $XVVFKOXVV 'HU $XIUHFKWHUKDOWXQJ GLHVHV )L[SXQNWHV GLHQHQ DXFK GLH VHOEVWYHUIDVVWHQ 7H[WH 0DQLIHVWH /HLWELOGHU 3DPSKOHWH RGHU DQGHUH )RUPHQ NQVWOHULVFKHU 6HOEVWEHVFKUHLEXQJHQ GHU +lXVHU VLH HUP|JOLFKHQ GLH .RRUGLQLHUXQJ YRQ*HGlFKWQLVOHLVWXQJHQ /8+0$11  /LHJWHLQ7KHPDRGHUHLQ7KHPHQ]XVDPPHQKDQJYRUZHUGHQQHXH %HLWUlJHYRQGHQ2UJDQLVDWLRQVPLWJOLHGHUQDXILKUH$QVFKOXVVIlKLJNHLW KLQEHUSUIWEHYRUVLHLQGLHWKHPDWLVFKJHEXQGHQH.RPPXQLNDWLRQ HLQJHEUDFKW ZHUGHQ %2'(    'DPLW LKUH .RPPXQLNDWLRQVEHLWUlJH 5HVRQDQ] HU]HXJHQ G K GDPLW DQ VLH DQJHVFKORVVHQ ZHUGHQ NDQQV\QFKURQLVLHUHQVLHGLH2UJDQLVDWLRQVPLWJOLHGHUXQGVWDELOLVLHUHQ DXIGLHVHV:HLVHZLHGHUXPGHQWKHPDWLVFKHQ=XVDPPHQKDQJ6FKOLH‰W VLFK GHU 7KHPHQ]XVDPPHQKDQJ VWDELOLVLHUW HU VHLQH *UHQ]HQ XQG EHJUHQ]WGDPLWGHQRUJDQLVDWLRQDOHQ6LQQ .5,(*(5 'DV7KHmengedächtnis gibt vor, was nicht geht oder was vielleicht gerade noch P|JOLFKLVW'LHVHEHULQGLYLGXHOOH.RRUGLQDWLRQVOHLWXQJYRQ(QWVFKHLGXQJHQJHEHQ2UJDQLVDWLRQHQEHUKDXSWHUVWLKUHQ=XVDPPHQKDOW

16 'HU %HJULII RUJDQLVDWLRQDO LVW GHU 2UJDQLVDWLRQVHQWZLFNOXQJ RUJDQLVDWLRQDOHV /HUQHQ  HQWOLHKHQ (U YHUZHLVW GRUW DXI GLH EHULQGLYLGXHOOHQ 4XDOLWlWHQ GHV 6\VWHPV 2UJDQLVDWLRQ

SYSTEMTHEORIE, EIN VERSUCH

6.

Die Entscheidungen als basale Operation

6\VWHPHHUKDOWHQVLFKXQGLKUH*UHQ]HGXUFKGLH2UJDQLVDWLRQYRQ2UGQXQJ .5,(*(5  II  6\VWHPH ZHUGHQ GHVKDOE QLFKW SULPlU GXUFK LKUH (OHPHQWH FKDUDNWHULVLHUW VRQGHUQ GXUFK HLQ Ä1HW] ]XVDPPHQJHK|UHQGHU 2SHUDWLRQHQ³ GLH EHU 'D]XJHK|UHQGHV XQG 1LFKW 'D]XJHK|UHQGHV HQWVFKHLGHQ :,//.(    'HQQ QXU GXUFK GLHVH *UHQ]HUKDOWXQJ LVW GHU 6\VWHPEHVWDQG JHZlKUOHLVWHW 'LH 2SHUDWLRQÃ'D]XJHK|UHQGHV1LFKW'D]XJHK|UHQGHVµZLUGLQGHU2UJDQLVDWLRQ (QWVFKHLGXQJ JHQDQQW 6DFKOLFK JHVHKHQ KDQGHOW HV VLFK EHL (QWVFKHLGXQJHQXPHLQH:DKO]ZLVFKHQ$OWHUQDWLYHQ(VJHKWXPGDVHLQHRGHU um das andere, wobei das Oder selbst nicht Gegenstand der Wahl ist, VRQGHUQ VHLQH 9RUDXVVHW]XQJ 'DV 2GHU HQW]LHKW VLFK GHU :DKO HV LVW GDVHLQJHVFKORVVHQH$XVJHVFKORVVHQHGXUFKGDVGLH:DKO]ZLVFKHQ$OWHUQDWLYHQHUVWHU|IIQHWZLUG /8+0$11I 'DV2GHULVWGHU EOLQGH)OHFNMHGHU(QWVFKHLGXQJGHUDXFKGXUFKMHGZHGHQHXH=XVDW]XQWHUVFKHLGXQJ QLFKW VLFKWEDU VRQGHUQ EOR‰ YHUODJHUW ZLUG %HL MHGHU (QWVFKHLGXQJLVWDOVRGLHGDYRUJHWURIIHQH8QWHUVFKHLGXQJYRQ%HGHXWXQJ 'LHVH HU|IIQHW GHQ (QWVFKHLGXQJVUDXP DXI GHU HLQHQ XQG QLFKW GHUDQGHUHQ 6HLWHHLQHU8QWHUVFKHLGXQJGHUDOV$XVJDQJVSXQNWIUDOOHV:HLWHUHJLOW /8+0$11  'LHVHV 'HQNHQ LQ 'LIIHUHQ]HQ ZXUGH PLW GHP Ä.RQ]HSW GHU +DQGOXQJVIHOGHU³ 75g1'/(   JUD¿VFK LQ HLQHP (QWVFKHLGXQJVLQVWUXPHQW IU .XOWXURUJDQLVDWLRQHQ GDUJHVWHOOW 'DV .RQ]HSW YHUNQSIW GHQ6W*DOOHU$QVDW]GHU5HNXUVLRQ .QXW%OHLFKHU PLWGHURSHUDWLYHQ /RJLN*HRUJ6SHQFHU%URZQVZLHVLHYRQ1LNODV/XKPDQQLQGLH7KHR ULH VR]LDOHU 6\VWHPH HLQJHEUDFKW ZXUGH XP VR ]X HLQHP (QWVFKHL GXQJVLQVWUXPHQWIU.XOWXURUJDQLVDWLRQHQ]XNRPPHQGDVlVWKHWLVFKH VR]LDOHSlGDJRJLVFKHXQGRUJDQLVDWRULVFKH)DNWRUHQLQ(QWVFKHLGXQJVVLWXDWLRQHQJOHLFKEHUHFKWLJWNRQ]HSWLRQDOLVLHUW 'DVPHWKRGLVFKH9RUJHKHQLVWDQGDV5HNXUVLRQVSULQ]LSDQJHOHKQW (VZXUGHLQVEHVRQGHUHYRQ.QXW%OHLFKHU  HLQHP9HUWUHWHUGHV6W*DOOHU$QVDW]HVLQGHU0DQDJHPHQWOHKUHIUXFKWEDUJHPDFKW %OHLFKHUJHKWGDYRQDXVGDVV6\VWHPHDXV7HLOHQEHVWHKHQGLHQLFKWLVROLHUWEHWUDFKWHWZHUGHQN|QQHQGDGLH)XQNWLRQHLQHV7HLOVHUVWLP=XVDPPHQVSLHOPLWGHP*DQ]HQHUVLFKWOLFKZLUG %/(,&+(5  'LH 7HLOH HLQHV 6\VWHPV N|QQHQ VRPLW QLFKW YRQHLQDQGHU XQDEKlQJLJ EHDUEHLWHW XQG JHVWDOWHW ZHUGHQ $XV GLHVHP *UXQG ZLUG GHU ,QWHJUDWLRQ XQG +DUPRQLVLHUXQJ GHU 6\VWHPEHVWDQGWHLOH EHVRQGHUHV $XJHQ-





MARTIN TRÖNDLE

PHUNJHVFKHQNW7U|QGOH  QXW]WGLH*UXQGLGHHGLHVHV.RQ]HSWV entwickelt sie jedoch weiter, um die jeweils beobachtungsleitende DifIHUHQ]DXVGHU7KHRULHVR]LDOHU6\VWHPHJUD¿VFK]XYLVXDOLVLHUHQXQGVR ]X HLQHP HLQIDFK DQ]XZHQGHQGHQ (QWVFKHLGXQJVLQVWUXPHQW IU .XOWXUEHWULHEH ]X JHODQJHQ :LH MHJOLFKHV GDV EHREDFKWHW ZHUGHQ VROO VR PVVHQDXFKGLHHLQ]HOQHQ+DQGOXQJVIHOGHUGHU.XOWXURUJDQLVDWLRQXP VLH]XEHREDFKWHQXQWHUVFKLHGHQ HLQJHJUHQ]W XQGEH]HLFKQHWZHUGHQ 'HU$QZHQGHUPXVVHLQH'LIIHUHQ]RSHULHUHQXPHLQ+DQGOXQJVIHOGDOV (QWVFKHLGXQJVUDXP ]X NRQVWLWXLHUHQ (LQ +DQGOXQJVIHOG NDQQ DOO GDV VHLQZRYRQGLH2UJDQLVDWLRQJODXEWGDVVHVZLFKWLJIULKU7XQ RGHU LKUHQ|IIHQWOLFKHQ$XIWUDJ VHL0LWGHP.RQ]HSWGHU+DQGOXQJVIHOGHU wird bewusst, dass sich die Gestalt eines Handlungsfelds erst über die VXEMHNWLYHQ.RQVWUXNWLRQVPXVWHUGHV%HREDFKWHUVXQG%HDUEHLWHUVNRQVWLWXLHUW'DVSUD[LVQDKH(QWZLFNHOQGHU+DQGOXQJVIHOGHU]LHOWDXIGDV (QWVFKHLGHQGH(VPXVVYRQGHQ$QZHQGHUQEHVWLPPWZHUGHQZHOFKH +DQGOXQJVIHOGHU UHOHYDQW VLQG DQ ZHOFKHQ ([WUHPSROHQ VLH VLFK DXVULFKWHQ XQG ZLH VLH LP *HVDPWNRQWH[W LQWHJULHUW ZHUGHQ VROOHQ G K ZHOFKHVWUDWHJLVFKH$XVULFKWXQJYHUIROJWZLUG'DGXUFKZLUGUHODWLYHLQIDFK VLFKWEDU 0LW ZHOFKHQ V\VWHPLQWHUQ SURGX]LHUWHQ 'LIIHUHQ]HQ EHREDFKWHW GLH 2UJDQLVDWLRQ" ' K GXUFK ZHOFKH (LQVFKUlQNXQJHQ ZLUG EHREDFKWHW" 'LHVH )UDJHQ ]LHOHQ OHW]WOLFK DXI GDV (QWVFKHLGHQGH :DV ZLUGQLFKWJHVHKHQ"8QG:DVZLUGQLFKWHQWVFKLHGHQXQGNDQQVRPLW DXFKQLFKW]XP*HJHQVWDQGYRQZHLWHUHQ(QWVFKHLGXQJHQZHUGHQ":DV YHUJLEWVLFKGLH2UJDQLVDWLRQGDGXUFK" (LQHDQGHUH9HUZHQGXQJGHV(QWVFKHLGXQJVEHJULIIVHQWIDOWHW%DHFNHU   GHU .XOWXUPDQDJHPHQW DOV 1HW]ZHUNV\QWKHVH GHU .RPPXQLNDWLRQ EHU $UEHLW :DKUQHKPXQJ :HUWH XQG (QWVFKHLGXQJHQ ]XU 6HOEVWEHREDFKWXQJ GHU *HVHOOVFKDIW NRQ]LSLHUW ,QWHQWLRQ GDEHLLVW GLH )RUPGHV.XOWXUPDQDJHPHQWV]XIDVVHQXPGDGXUFKGHQ)DFKYHUWUHWHUQHLQHÄ6RQGH]XU(UNXQGXQJXQG$XVJHVWDOWXQJ³DOVR]XU6HOEVWEH 'DV5HNXUVLRQVSULQ]LSGDV%DXSULQ]LSQDWUOLFKHU6\VWHPHJHKWYRQGHU6HOEVWlKQOLFKNHLWLQVLFKYHUVFKDFKWHOWHU6\VWHPHDXV6HOEVWlKQOLFKH6\VWHPH¿QGHQVLFKPDQQLJIDOWLJ LQ GHU EHOHEWHQ XQG XQEHOHEWHQ 1DWXU 6LH EHVWHKHQ DXV GHFNXQJVJOHLFKHQ 7HLOHQ GLH VLFK ZLHGHUKROHQ XQG ]XVDPPHQ HLQ Ã*DQ]HVµ ELOGHQ .g1,*92/0(5  (LQEHVRQGHUVDXVJHSUlJWHV%HLVSLHOHLQHVIUDNWDOHQVHOEVWlKQOLFKHQ%DXSODQV¿QGHWVLFKEHLP6SLW]NRKO%ULFKWPDQKLHUHLQ5|VFKHQDEVLHKWHVVRDXVDOV KLHOWHPDQHLQHQNOHLQHQ6SLW]NRKOLQGHU+DQG%ULFKWPDQGLHVHVZLHGHUDXVHLQDQGHU ¿QGHW VLFK JHQDX GLH JOHLFKH 6WUXNWXU ZLHGHU )UDNWDOH VLQG VNDOHQLQYDULDQW G K VLH EHVLW]HQLQDOOHQ*U|‰HQEHUHLFKHQGHQVHOEHQ*UDGDQ,UUHJXODULWlWXQGRGHU=HUVSOLWWHUXQJ 0$1'(/%5279,II Ä(LQZLFKWLJHV0HUNPDOMHGHV)UDNWDOVLVWGLH6HOEstähnlichkeit, die sich darin ausdrückt, dass sich innerhalb einer geometrischen Figur GDVJOHLFKH0RWLYLQLPPHUNOHLQHUHP0D‰VWDEZLHGHUKROW³

SYSTEMTHEORIE, EIN VERSUCH

REDFKWXQJ]XJHEHQ)RUPPHLQWLQGHUKLHUDQJHZHQGHWHQ/RJLN6SHQFHU%URZQVGLH,QQHQVHLWHGHU8QWHUVFKHLGXQJ]XEHREDFKWHQGLHVLFK QDFK %DHFNHU LP 'LVNXUV .XOWXUPDQDJHPHQW LQ GHU .RPPXQLNDWLRQ YRQ$UEHLW.XOWXU.XQVWXQG0DQDJHPHQWXQGGHUVLFKGDUDQDQVFKOLH‰HQGHQ(QWVFKHLGXQJHQDXVPDFKHQOlVVW(VLVWRIIHQVLFKWOLFKGDVVVLFK KLHUDXV NHLQH +DQGOXQJVHPSIHKOXQJHQ DEOHLWHQ ODVVHQ ZLH GDV LQ GHU NXOWXUPDQDJHULDOHQ/LWHUDWXUJU|‰WHQWHLOVGHU)DOOLVWZRKODEHUODVVHQ VLFK%HREDFKWXQJVNULWHULHQHQWZLFNHOQGLH]XQHXHQ%HREDFKWXQJHQLP )HOG IKUHQ N|QQHQ XQG GDGXUFK QHXH +DQGOXQJVRSWLRQHQ HU|IIQHQ GDULQOLHJWVHLQ*HZLQQ

7.

Blinde Flecken

'LH6\VWHPWKHRULHLVWNHLQH0HWDWKHRULHZRKODEHUHLQHXQLYHUVHOOH7KHRULHPLWGHUVLFKIUYHUVFKLHGHQVWH3KlQRPHQHZLVVHQVFKDIWOLFKLQWHUHVVDQWH(UNOlUXQJHQHU]HXJHQODVVHQ'LHKLHUGDUJHVWHOOWHQYHUVFKLHGHQHQ*HZLFKWXQJHQV\VWHPWKHRUHWLVFKHQ'HQNHQVDOV  6HOEVWRUJDQLVDWLRQVWKHRULH 2UGQXQJVHQWVWHKXQJ2UGQXQJDXV&KDRV$WWUDNWRUELOGXQJ3KDVHQEHUJlQJH(PHUJHQ]1LFKW/LQHDULWlW   GHP 6W *DOOHQ 0DQDJHPHQWDQVDW] gNRV\VWHPH 6\VWHPPRGHOOLHUXQJ$VKE\V9DULHWlWVJHVHW]Ä*HVWDOWHQXQG/HQNHQYRQ]ZHFNRULHQWLHUWHQVR]LDOHQ6\VWHPHQ³ XQG  GHU7KHRULHVR]LDOHU6\VWHPH 5HHQWU\6HOEVWUHIHUHQ].RPPXQLNDWLRQ6LQQ.XOWXU(QWVFKHLGXQJ  diese Gewichtungen bieten für die Weiterentwicklung des Fachs Kulturmanagement eine reichhaltige theoretische Fundierung, mit der sich 7KHPHQGHU.XOWXUSROLWLNGHV.XOWXUEHWULHEVGHU.XOWXURUJDQLVDWLRQHQ RGHUGLH5ROOHGHU.XQVWLQGHU*HVHOOVFKDIWJHZLQQEULQJHQGDQDO\VLHUHQODVVHQ,KUH$QVFKOXVVIlKLJNHLWLQQDKH]XDOOH:LVVHQVFKDIWVGLV]LSOLQHQHUODXEW]XGHPHLQHLQWHUGLV]LSOLQlUHgIIQXQJGHV.XOWXUPDQDJH PHQWV ]X VHLQHQ %H]XJVGLV]LSOLQHQ 3V\FKRORJLH 6R]LRORJLH %HWULHEVZLUWVFKDIWVOHKUH 3lGDJRJLN bVWKHWLN HWF  XQG HU|IIQHW GDPLW GHP .XOWXUPDQDJHPHQWGLH&KDQFHGHQ6WDWXVHLQHU&ROODJHQ'LV]LSOLQ]X EHUZLQGHQ 7URW] GLHVHU XQLYHUVHOOHQ (LQVHW]EDUNHLW VROOWH PDQ V\VWHPWKHRUHWLVFKHQ7KHRULHQJHQDXVRZHQLJYHUIDOOHQZLHDQGHUHQ'HQQHLQH7KHRULHLVWZHGHUZDKUQRFKXQZDKUVRQGHUQHLQ,QVWUXPHQWDULXP]XU%HREDFKWXQJYRQ3KlQRPHQHQGLHELVKHUVRQLFKWGDUVWHOOEDUZDUHQ'HU





MARTIN TRÖNDLE

1XW]HQHLQHU7KHRULHOLHJWDOVRDOOHLQGDULQQHXH6LFKWZHLVHQ]XHU|IIQHQ'LH:DKOGHU7KHRULHPXVVVLFKDQGHQ.ULWHULHQGHU1W]OLFKNHLW XQGGHU(UJLHELJNHLWPHVVHQ8QGDOOHLQZHUPLWYHUVFKLHGHQHQ7KHRULHQ GLIIHUHQWHV :LVVHQ ]X HLQHP 3KlQRPHQ HU]HXJHQ NDQQ ZHL‰ XP VHLQHQEOLQGHQ)OHFN±DOVRGLH5HODWLYLWlWGHV(UNHQQHQV

Systemtheorie zur Einführung %$(&.(5'LUN  Schlüsselwerke der Systemtheorie.:LHVEDGHQ96 +$.(1+HUPDQQ  Erfolgsgeheimnisse der Natur: Synergetik: Die Lehre vom Zusammenwirken.)UDQNIXUW0XD8OOVWHLQ .5,(*(5'DYLG- 2 Einführung in die allgemeine Systemtheorie.0QFKHQ87% .h33(56*QWHU +J   Chaos und Ordnung. Formen der Selbstorganisation in Natur und Gesellschaft. %HUOLQ5HFODP /8+0$111LNODV 5 Einführung in die Systemtheorie+UVJY'LUN%DHFNHU+HLGHOEHUJ&DUO$XHU6\VWHPH 7(,&+0$11.ODXV:,/.(-RDFKLP +JJ   Prozeß und Form „Natürlicher Konstruktionen“. Der Sonderforschungsbereich 2303DVVDX(UQVW 6RKQ :,//.(+HOPXW  Systemtheorie II: Interventionstheorie. Grundzüge einer Theorie der Intervention in komplexen Systemen.6WXWWJDUW1HZ«@ GLH YRQ GHU *HVDPWKHLW GHU :HUNH HLQHU (SRFKH HLQHU*HVHOOVFKDIWHLQHU6FKXOHRGHUHLQHP.QVWOHU>«@JHELOGHWZHUGHQ³ %285',(8'$5%(/    'HU &RGH GHV DOOWlJOLFKHQ /HEHQV KLQJHJHQHUODXEWHVÄHLQHU.ODVVHYRQ6LJQL¿NDQWHQGLHEHVRQGHUHZLH HLQ=HLFKHQEHKDQGHOWH%HGHXWXQJ]X]XZHLVHQXQGDXIJUXQGGHU%H]LHKXQJ]XP8QLYHUVXPGHU6LJQL¿NDWH]XZLVVHQGDVVGDVHQWVSUHFKHQGH 6LJQL¿NDW GLHVHU .ODVVH YRQ 6LJQL¿NDWHQ DQJHK|UW ÃGDV LVW HLQ :DOGµ ³ %285',(8'$5%(/  )U GHQ 3UR]HVV GHU (QWVFKOVVHOXQJ HLQHV :HUNHV EHGHXWHW GHU 5FNJULII DXI GLHVH XQWHUVFKLHGOLFKHQ &RGHV LP 5DKPHQ GHV 5H]HSWLRQVSUR]HVVHVGDVVVLFKGHU%HREDFKWHULPHUVWHQ)DOOÄPLWGHU$XVIKUXQJ GHU %OlWWHU XQG :RONHQ GDV KHL‰W PLW VWLOLVWLVFKHQ ,QGLNDWRUHQ³ EHVFKlIWLJW'DV:HUNZLUGLP5DKPHQGLHVHUUHLQlVWKHWLVFKHQ:DKUQHKPXQJDOVHLQ6LJQL¿NDQWÄGHUQLFKWVDQGHUHVEH]HLFKQHWDOVHVVHOEVW³ EHREDFKWHW'HU5H]HSWLRQVSUR]HVVEHVWHKWGDQQGDULQGLHÄGLVWLQNWLYHQ VWLOLVWLVFKHQ 0HUNPDOH³ GHV :HUNHV DXV]XPDFKHQ ÄLQGHP PDQ HV ]XU

61

62

NINA TESSA ZAHNER

*HVDPWKHLW GHU :HUNH XQG QXU GHU :HUNH MHQHU .ODVVH LQ %H]LHKXQJ VHW]WGHUHVDQJHK|UW³ %285',(8'$5%(/ ,P ]ZHLWHQ )DOO KLQJHJHQ EHKDQGHOW GHU %HREDFKWHU ÄGLH %OlWWHU XQG:RONHQZLH+LQZHLVHRGHU=HLFKHQGLHJHPl‰GHUREHQEHVFKULHEHQHQ /RJLN PLW %HGHXWXQJHQ YHUEXQGHQ ZHUGHQ³ 'DEHL HUNHQQW GHU 5H]LSLHQWMHGRFKQLFKWZDVGHU'DUVWHOOXQJLKUH(LJHQWPOLFKNHLWYHUOHLKWÄQlPOLFKLKUHQ6WLODOVHLQHEHVRQGHUH0HWKRGHGHU'DUVWHOOXQJ³ %285',(8'$5%(/ 'LHVH 5H]HSWLRQVWKHRULH IKUW %RXUGLHX LQ VHLQHP KlX¿J ]LWLHUWHQ $XIVDW] Elemente zu einer soziologischen Theorie der Kunstwahrnehmung DXV 'HPQDFK EOHLEW HLQH :DKUQHKPXQJ GHV .XQVWZHUNHV GLH VLFK DXI GDV (UIDVVHQ GHU SULPlUHQ (LJHQVFKDIWHQ UHGX]LHUW ÄJURE XQGYHUNU]W³ %285',(8 'HQQGHP%HWUDFKWHUJHOLQJWHV GDQQQLFKWHLQH%RWVFKDIWHLQ]XRUGQHQZHQQGHU&RGHGHV:HUNHVGHQ &RGHGHV%HWUDFKWHUVDQ.RPSOH[LWlWEHUVWHLJW %285',(8'$5%(/    'LH /HVEDUNHLW HLQHV .XQVWZHUNV KlQJW IU HLQ EHVWLPPWHV ,QGLYLGXXP YRQ GHU 'LVWDQ] ]ZLVFKHQ GHP (PLVVLRQVQLYHDX YHUVWDQGHQDOV*UDGGHULPPDQHQWHQ.RPSOH[LWlWXQG9HUIHLQHUXQJGHVYRP :HUNHUIRUGHUOLFKHQ&RGHV XQGGHP5H]HSWLRQVQLYHDXDE GDVVLFKGDUDQEHPLVVWLQZLHZHLWGDV,QGLYLGXXPGHQVR]LDOHQ&RGHEHKHUUVFKWGHU GHPYRP:HUNHUIRUGHUOLFKHQ&RGHPHKURGHUZHQLJHUDQJHPHVVHQVHLQ NDQQ ³ %285',(8 =HLWJHQ|VVLVFKH.XQVWZHUNHDOVÄGLHLQQRYDWLYVWHQ)RUPHQGHU.XQVW³ WHLOHQVLFKQXQÄ]XQlFKVWQXUHLQLJHQ9LUWXRVHQ³PLW %285',(8'$5%(/  I  'HQQ QXU GLHVH YHUIJWHQ EHU GLH YRQ GHQ :HUNHQ JHIRUGHUWH)lKLJNHLWÄPLWDOOHQ&RGHV]XEUHFKHQ³ZDVZLHGHUXPÄHLQH YROONRPPHQH%HKHUUVFKXQJGHV&RGHVGHU&RGHV³YRUDXV>VHW]W@GHUGLH DQJHPHVVHQH$QZHQGXQJGHUYHUVFKLHGHQHQREMHNWLYYRQGHU*HVDPWKHLWGHUYHUIJEDUHQ:HUNHJHIRUGHUWHQJHVHOOVFKDIWOLFKHQ&RGHVUHJHOW³ %285',(8'$5%(/ 'HU([SHUWHYHUIJWVRZRKOEHUGLH .HQQWQLV GHV Ã:LHµ G K ZLH GLH XQWHUVFKLHGOLFKHQ :HUNH DGlTXDW UH]LSLHUWZHUGHQZROOHQDOVDXFKGHVÃ:DVµGKHUNHQQWGLH&RGHVGLH MHZHLOVYRQGHQ:HUNHQ]XUDGlTXDWHQ5H]HSWLRQYHUODQJWZHUGHQ=HLWgenössische Kunst hätte demnach eine hochexkludierende Wirkung, sie HUVFKO|VVHVLFKQXUGHQ([SHUWHQGDQXUGLHVHEHUGDVNXQVWVSH]L¿VFKH :LVVHQGDVNXOWXUHOOH.DSLWDO]XLKUHU(QWVFKOVVHOXQJYHUIJWHQ'LHVH)lKLJNHLW]XU(QWVFKOVVHOXQJVLHKW%RXUGLHXDOV9RUDXVVHW]XQJIU GHQ*HQXVVGHU:HUNHGHUVLFKEHLGHQJHVHOOVFKDIWOLFKHQ*UXSSHQGLH nicht über die geforderten Kenntnisse verfügen, folglich nicht einstellen N|QQH%RXUGLHXXQG'DUEHO  VHKHQLQLKUHU6WXGLH]XP0X-

DIE SELEKTIVITÄT DES PUBLIKUMS ZEITGENÖSSISCHER KUNST

VHXPVSXEOLNXP GLHVH .HQQWQLVVH YRU DOOHP GXUFK GLH $XVELOGXQJ GHU $NWHXUHEHGLQJW 1LFKWQXUGLH%HVXFKVKlX¿JNHLWVRQGHUQDOOH9HUKDOWHQVZHLVHQGHU%HVXFKHUXQG LKUH(LQVWHOOXQJJHJHQEHUGHQJH]HLJWHQ:HUNHQVWHKHQXQPLWWHOEDUXQGIDVWDXVVFKOLH‰OLFKPLWLKUHU$XVELOGXQJJHPHVVHQHQWZHGHUDQGHQHUUHLFKWHQ%LOGXQJVDEVFKOVVHQRGHUGHU'DXHUGHV6FKXOEHVXFKVLQ=XVDPPHQKDQJ

In der Soziologie der symbolischen Formen werden die verschiedenen 4XHOOHQ lVWKHWLVFKHU .RPSHWHQ] ZHLWHU DXVGLIIHUHQ]LHUW +LHU XQWHUVFKHLGHW%RXUGLHX I HUVWHQVÄGLHZLHGHUKROWH%HVFKlIWLJXQJ PLWNXOWXUHOOHQ:HUNHQ³GXUFKGHQ/LHEKDEHURGHU.HQQHU'LHVHHUODXEW HLQLQWXLWLYHVYRUVSUDFKOLFKHV9HUVWlQGQLVGHU:HUNHÄGLHXQEHZXVVWH %HKHUUVFKXQJ GHU $SSURSULDWLRQVPLWWHO³ DXI %DVLV YRQ Ä9HUWUDXWKHLW³ )ROJOLFKLVWGHU.HQQHUÄXQIlKLJ>@GLH$XVJDQJVSULQ]LSLHQVHLQHU8UWHLOHGDU]XOHJHQ³ =ZHLWHQVQHQQW%RXUGLHX  ÄLP%LOGXQJVV\VWHPHUZRUEHQH lVWKHWLVFKH .RPSHWHQ]HQ³ 'LHVH HUODXEHQ HLQ EHZXVVWHV (UIDVVHQ GHU:HUNHXQGÄGDVXQHUOlVVOLFKH:RUWXQG%HJULIIVPDWHULDOPLWWHOV GHVVHQ GLH ]XQlFKVW DXI UHLQ LQWXLWLYH :HLVH JHDKQWHQ 8QWHUVFKLHGH EHQDQQW ZHUGHQ³ 'ULWWHQV EHQHQQW HU HLQH LP (OWHUQKDXV HUZRUEHQH lVWKHWLVFKH(LQVWHOOXQJGLHYRUDOOHPGLH(IIHNWHGHV%LOGXQJVV\VWHPV YHUVWlUNW6RNRPPHQQXUGLHMHQLJHQLQGHQYROOHQ*HQXVVGHV.XQVWXQWHUULFKWVÄGLHVFKRQLKUHUIDPLOLlUHQ+HUNXQIWHLQ6DFKYHUVWlQGQLV YHUGDQNHQGDVQDFKXQGQDFKXQGGXUFKXQPHUNOLFKHhEXQJHUZRUEHQ ZXUGH³ %285',(8    'HP]XIROJH LVW HV LQVEHVRQGHUH GLH VFKXOLVFKH(U]LHKXQJÄGLHGDVÃNXOWXUHOOH%HGUIQLVµHEHQVRZHFNWZLH VLHJOHLFK]HLWLJGLH0LWWHODQGLH+DQGJLEWHV]XEHIULHGLJHQ³ %285',(8'$5%(/ (VLVWHEHQGLHVHLQGHUVFKXOLVFKHQ(U]LHKXQJHUZRUEHQH.RPSHWHQ]GLHHLQHÃDQJHPHVVHQHµ:DKUQHKPXQJGHU :HUNHHUP|JOLFKWXQGVLFKVRGHQDQGHUHQ0RGLGHU5H]HSWLRQEHUOHJHQHUZHLVW Die angemessene Wahrnehmung unterscheidet sich von der unangemessenen daKHUQXUGXUFKGLH*HQDXLJNHLWGHQ5HLFKWXPXQGGLH9HUIHLQHUXQJGHUDQJHZHQGHWHQ.DWHJRULHQ>«@'LH)lKLJNHLW*HVFKPDFNVXUWHLOH]XlX‰HUQGLHPDQÃSHUV|QOLFKµQHQQWLVWOHW]WOLFKHLQ5HVXOWDWGHV8QWHUULFKWVGHQPDQJHQRVVHQKDW'LH )UHLKHLWVLFKYRQGHQVFKXOLVFKHQ=ZlQJHQ]XEHIUHLHQEHVLW]HQQXUGLHMHQLJHQ GLH LKUH 6FKXOELOGXQJ DXVUHLFKHQG DVVLPLOLHUW KDEHQ XP HLQ IUHLHV 9HUKlOWQLV ]X GHU$UWYRQ%LOGXQJ]XJHZLQQHQZLHHLQH6FKXOHVLHYHUPLWWHOW>«@GDVVVLHVRJDU LKUHUVHLWVGLHPRQGlQH(QWZHUWXQJGHU6FKXOSUDNWLNHQEHUQLPPW>«@'HUUHDOH %HVLW]GHU6FKXOELOGXQJLVWGDKHUGLHXQHUOlVVOLFKH9RUDXVVHW]XQJXPGLHVHHUVW]X >«@ HLQHP %LOGXQJVEHUHLFK KLQ EHUVFKUHLWHQ ]X N|QQHQ GHU VHLQHQ VFKXOLVFKHQ 8UVSUQJHQHQWURQQHQLVW %285',(8I





NINA TESSA ZAHNER

'LHVH LQ $QOHKQXQJ DQ GHQ .XQVWKLVWRULNHU (UZLQ 3DQRIVN\ LQ GHQ HU-DKUHQHQWZLFNHOWH.RQ]HSWLRQGHU.XQVWUH]HSWLRQHUZHLVWVLFK DOV(UNOlUXQJIUGLHLP5DKPHQYLHOHU%HVXFKHUVWXGLHQGLDJQRVWL]LHUWH HOLWlUH=XVDPPHQVHW]XQJGHV3XEOLNXPVYRQ$XVVWHOOXQJHQ]HLWJHQ|VVLVFKHU.XQVW]XQlFKVWDOVlX‰HUVWSODXVLEHO %XUNDUG 0LFKHO    ZHLVW MHGRFK GDUDXI KLQ GDVV KLHU .XQVWHUIDKUXQJDOVHLQ,QWHUDNWLRQVSUR]HVV]ZLVFKHQ.XQVWZHUNXQG5H]LSLHUHQGHPNRQ]LSLHUWZLUGLQGHVVHQ5DKPHQGHU6LQQXQYHUlQGHUOLFK LP:HUNDQJHOHJWLVWXQGYRP5H]LSLHQWHQHLQIDFKÃHQWQRPPHQµZHUGHQ NDQQ'LHVHVXEVWDQWLDOLVWLVFKH.RQ]HSWLRQLVWQDFK0LFKHODXIGLH]HQWUDOH6WHOOXQJGHV,NRQRJUDSKLH,NRQRORJLH0RGHOOV3DQRIVN\VLQQHUKDOE GHV$QVDW]HV]XUFN]XIKUHQ0LW+LOIHGLHVHV0RGHOOVVROOHQ.XQVWZLVVHQVFKDIWOHU]XUÃNRUUHNWHQµ,QWHUSUHWDWLRQYRQ%LOGHUQJHODQJHQ 6FKZHUZLHJHQGHULVWGDV3UREOHPGDVV3DQRIVN\V0RGHOODOVPHWKRGLVFKHVÃ:HUN]HXJµ IU GLH ÃSURIHVVLRQHOOHµ %LOGinterpretation innerhalb der Kunstwissenschaft HQWZLFNHOWZXUGHXQGQLFKW]XU5HNRQVWUXNWLRQHPSLULVFKHU5H]HSWLRQVSUR]HVVH 0LWVHLQHU+LOIHVROOHQ.XQVWKLVWRULNHU]XÃNRUUHNWHQµ,QWHUSUHWDWLRQHQYRQ%LOGHUQ JHODQJHQ$OVÃNRUUHNWµ VLHKW3DQRIVN\HLQH,QWHUSUHWDWLRQDQGLHGLHÃJHVFKLFKWOLFKH :DKUKHLWµYRQ%LOGHUQHUIDVVWLQGHPVLHDXVGHQ%LOGHUQÃGDVKHUDXVKROWZDVVLH ÃVDJHQµ>«E]Z@ZDVVLHÃVDJHQZROOHQµ 0,&+(/ 

:LH 0LFKHO EHWRQW ¿QGHQ GHPQDFK SRO\VHPH /HVDUWHQ HLQHV .XQVWZHUNV LQ 3DQRIVN\V .RQ]HSWLRQ NHLQH %HUFNVLFKWLJXQJ (QWVSUHFKHQG ¿QGHWVLFKDXFKLQ%RXUGLHXVIUKHU5H]HSWLRQVWKHRULHGLH9RUVWHOOXQJ HLQHVÄ&RQWDLQHU0RGHOOV³GHU5H]HSWLRQDQJHOHJWJHKWHVGRFKYRQGHU $QQDKPHDXVGDVVGHU6LQQYRP3URGX]HQWHQHLQHV$UWHIDNWVLQGLHVHV ZLH LQ HLQHQ Ä&RQWDLQHU³ KLQHLQJHOHJW ZLUG XQG GHU 5H]LSLHUHQGH GHQ 6LQQ GDQQ LP )DOOH HLQHU ÃJHOXQJHQHQµ 5H]HSWLRQ XQYHUlQGHUW ZLHGHU KHUDXV QLPPW 0,&+(/    )ROJOLFK ZlUH HLQH ÃDGlTXDWHµ 5H]HSWLRQ GLHMHQLJH ZHOFKH GLH LQ GDV :HUN KLQJHOHJWHQ ,QKDOWH NRUUHNW UHNRQVWUXLHUWXQGHLQHÃLQDGlTXDWHµGLHMHQLJHGHUHEHQGLHVQLFKWJHOLQJW XQGGLHGDKHUGDV:HUNQLFKWDOV.XQVWZDKUQHKPHQNDQQ 'LH .XQVWHUIDKUXQJ E]Z GHU 6LQQ HLQHV .XQVWZHUNHV MHGRFK VWHOOHQ ZLH VRZRKO -XOLDQH 5HEHQWLVFK DOV DXFK %XUNKDUG 0LFKHO DUJXPHQWLHUHQ HLQ ÃUHODWLRQDOHVµ ,QWHUDNWLRQVSURGXNW YRQ .XQVWZHUN XQG 5H]LSLHQWHQGDU6LQQJHKWHUVWDXVGHU,QWHUDNWLRQYRQ.XQVWZHUNXQG 5H]LSLHQWHQ KHUYRU 'DV :HUN LVW IU VLFK JHQRPPHQ KLQVLFKWOLFK GHV 6LQQVXQDEJHVFKORVVHQXQGNDQQQXULQGHPHVPLWYHUVFKLHGHQHQ:LVVHQVEHVWDQGWHLOHQNRQWH[WXDOLVLHUWXQGLQ%H]LHKXQJJHVHW]WZLUGÄPLW XQWHUVFKLHGOLFKHP  6LQQ DQJHUHLFKHUW ZHUGHQ³ 0,&+(/    'HPQDFKZlUHHLQH5H]HSWLRQGLHDXI%DVLVHLQHU9HUIJXQJEHUGHQ &RGHGHU&RGHVHUIROJWQLFKWGLHHLQ]LJHXQGZRKONDXPGLHÃDGlTXDWHµ

DIE SELEKTIVITÄT DES PUBLIKUMS ZEITGENÖSSISCHER KUNST

5H]HSWLRQGHU:HUNHVRQGHUQVWDWWGHVVHQZUGHQPHKUHUHYHUVFKLHGHQH5H]HSWLRQVIRUPHQHLQHQ±ZLHDXFKLPPHUJHDUWHWHQ±*HQXVVGHU :HUNHHUP|JOLFKHQ %RXUGLHX KDW GLH HUVWH VWDUN DQ 3DQRIVN\ DQJHOHKQWH .RQ]HSWLRQ VHLQHU5H]HSWLRQVWKHRULHLQDie Regeln der KunstGLHVEH]JOLFKEHUDUEHLWHWXQGHLQH(UZHLWHUXQJVHLQHV$QVDW]HVYRUJHQRPPHQ'LHQHXHUH 9HUVLRQVHLQHU5H]HSWLRQVWKHRULHUHODWLYLHUWGLHVWDUNH)RNXVVLHUXQJDXI GHQDQDO\WLVFKHQ=XJDQJ]XP.XQVWZHUN]XPLQGHVWWHLOZHLVH 2EZRKO LFK YRQ $QIDQJ DQ GLH VSH]L¿VFKH /RJLN VLQQOLFKHQ (UNHQQHQV >«@ GDUVWHOOHQZROOWHKDWWHLFKYLHO0KHPLWGHULQWHOOHNWXDOLVWLVFKHQ.RQ]HSWLRQ]XEUHFKHQGLH±QRFKLQGHUYRQ3DQRIVN\JHJUQGHWHQLNRQRORJLVFKHQ7UDGLWLRQXQG YRUDOOHPLQGHUGDPDOVDXIEOKHQGHQVHPLRORJLVFKHQ7UDGLWLRQ±GLH5H]HSWLRQ YRQ.XQVWZHUNHQDOV$NWGHV(QW]LIIHUQVRGHUZLHPDQGDPDOVJHUQVDJWHHLQHU Ã/HNWUHµ]XEHJUHLIHQVXFKW %285',(8 

In Die Regeln der KunstIJW%RXUGLHXGHPELVKHUGDUJHVWHOOWHQÄLQWHOOHNWXHOOHQ'HNRGLHUHQ>«@GDVGLHEHZXVVWH$QZHQGXQJYRQ3URGXNWLRQV XQG,QWHUSUHWDWLRQVUHJHOQYRUDXVVHW]W³ %285',(8 GDVÄXQPLWWHOEDUH 9HUVWHKHQ³ GHU =HLWJHQRVVHQ DOV JOHLFKZHUWLJH 5H]HSWLRQVDUW KLQ]X'LHVHVEDVLHUWDXIGHU$QZHQGXQJLPSOL]LWHU:LVVHQVEHVWlQGHGHV =HLWJHQRVVHQE]Z/DLHQ'LHVHUKDWVHLQHlVWKHWLVFKH.RPSHWHQ]ZHQLJHU GHU 9HUIJXQJ EHU VSH]L¿VFK NXQVWKLVWRULVFKH :LVVHQVEHVWlQGH ]X YHUGDQNHQVRQGHUQKDWGLHVHLP5DKPHQHLQHVÄLQGLYLGXHOOHQDQKDOWHQGHQ8PJDQJVPLW.XQVW³ %285',(8 HUZRUEHQ'LHVH]ZHLWH )RUPGHU5H]HSWLRQlKQHOWVHKUVWDUNGHULQGHUHUVWHQ9HUVLRQGHU5H]HSWLRQVWKHRULH HQWKDOWHQHQ LQWXLWLYHQ 5H]HSWLRQ GHV .HQQHUV MHGRFK ZLUG VLHQXQQLFKWPHKUDOVHLQHPLQGHUZHUWLJH)RUPGHU5H]HSWLRQGDUJHVWHOOW VRQGHUQDOVDOWHUQDWLYHJOHLFKZHUWLJH5H]HSWLRQVIRUPEHKDQGHOW 1DFK GLHVHU (UZHLWHUXQJ GHV %RXUGLHXVFKHQ 5H]HSWLRQVPRGHOOV LVW HVQLFKWQXUGHUEHUVSH]L¿VFKNXQVWKLVWRULVFKHV,QWHUSUHWDWLRQVZLVVHQ YHUIJHQGH([SHUWHGHUGDV.XQVWZHUNDOVPLW6LQQXQG:HUWEHKDIWHWHQ V\PEROLVFKHQ *HJHQVWDQG ZDKUQLPPW VRQGHUQ DXFK GHU LP 8PJDQJPLW.XQVWYHUVLHUWH/DLHGHUVHLQNXQVWVSH]L¿VFKHV:LVVHQLPDQKDOWHQGHQSUDNWLVFKHQ8PJDQJPLW.XQVWHUZRUEHQKDW 'LHVHU8PEDXGHU5H]HSWLRQVWKHRULHLVWZHVHQWOLFKGHQQHUEHLQKDOWHWHLQHQHXH)RUPGHU5H]HSWLRQGLHQLFKWYRQHLQHUPHKURGHUZHQLger gelungenen Dekodierung mit Hilfe kanonisierter Wissensbestände DXVJHKWVRQGHUQGHP%HWUDFKWHUHLQHVWlUNHULQGLYLGXHOOJHSUlJWH$XVHLQDQGHUVHW]XQJ JHVWDWWHW 'LH (UIDKUXQJ GHV .XQVWJHQXVVHV YHUGDQNW VLFKGDQQDXFKHLQHULQGHUSUDNWLVFKHQ$XVHLQDQGHUVHW]XQJPLW.XQVW HUZRUEHQHQlVWKHWLVFKHQ.RPSHWHQ]

65

66

NINA TESSA ZAHNER

0LWGLHVHU(UZHLWHUXQJVHLQHU5H]HSWLRQVWKHRULHZHLVW%RXUGLHXDXI GLH JOHLFKZHUWLJH %HGHXWXQJ ]ZHLHU JUXQGOHJHQG YHUVFKLHGHQHU :LVVHQVDUWHQIUGLH.XQVWUH]HSWLRQKLQ6RVLQGGLH:LVVHQVEHVWlQGHGLH GHU ,QWHUSUHWDWLRQVOHLVWXQJ GHV ([SHUWHQ ]XJUXQGH OLHJHQ DOV EHJULIIOLFKWKHRUHWLVFKHNRPPXQLNDWLYH:LVVHQVEHVWlQGHDOVÄNQRZLQJWKDW³ GLVNXUVLYYHUIJEDUGKVLHN|QQHQVSUDFKOLFKDUWLNXOLHUWZHUGHQ'DV ÄXQPLWWHOEDUH9HUVWHKHQ³GHU/DLHQKLQJHJHQJHKWODXW%RXUGLHXÄLQGHU LPZHVHQWOLFKHQGXQNOHQ%H]LHKXQJ]ZLVFKHQ+DELWXVXQG:HOWYRUVLFK³ %285',(8 GKGDVVGLHKLHU]XKHUDQJH]RJHQHQ:LVVHQVEHVWlQGH QXU EUXFKVWFNKDIW GLH (EHQH GHV GLVNXUVLYHQ %HZXVVWVHLQV HUUHLFKHQ6LHOLHJHQYRUDOOHPDOVYRUEHJULIÀLFKSUDNWLVFKHV:LVVHQDOV ÄNQRZLQJKRZ³LQSUlUHÀH[LYHU)RUPYRU 0,&+(/  -HQV.$671(5  VFKOLH‰WLQVHLQHU3XEOLNDWLRQDie ästhetische DispositionDQGLHVHHUZHLWHUWH.RQ]HSWLRQGHU.XQVWUH]HSWLRQYRQ3LHUUH%RXUGLHXDQLQGHPHUEHVRQGHUVGDUDXIKLQZHLVWGDVVGLHlVWKHWLVFKH'LVSRVLWLRQDOV7HLOGHV+DELWXVÄ.|USHUZLVVHQDOVRHLQ,QVWUXPHQW SUDNWLVFKHU (UNHQQWQLV LP *HJHQVDW] ]XU UHLQHQ .RJQLWLRQ ³ GDUVWHOOW XQGGDPLWÄGHQVFK|SIHULVFKHQ8PJDQJPLWGHQHLJHQHQ'LVSRVLWLRQHQ LP*HJHQVDW]]XUVWUXNWXUDOLVWLVFKHQ9HUVLRQGHV6XEMHNWHVDOV7UlJHU,QYRQ6WUXNWXUHQ ³ .$671(5  $QGLHVHU6WHOOHWULIIWVLFKGHU6R]LRORJH.DVWQHUPLWGHUbVWKHWLNHULQ 5HEHQWLVFK    QDFK GHUHQ .RQ]HSWLRQ GLH lVWKHWLVFKH (UIDKUXQJGHP6XEMHNWHKHUÃZLGHUIlKUWµGHQQLQWHQWLRQDOYRQLKPYROO]RJHQ ZLUG=ZDUVWHKWDXFKLQGLHVHUHUZHLWHUWHQ9HUVLRQGHU5H]HSWLRQVWKHRULHGHUÄ*HQXVVRGHU>GLH@SULYLOHJLHUWH([NOXVLYLWlWGLHVLFKDXVGHU%HWUDFKWXQJYRQ.XQVWHUJLEWQXUGHQMHQLJHQ]XU9HUIJXQJ>«@GLHEHU GLH,QVWUXPHQWH]XLKUHU$QHLJQXQJYHUIJHQ³ .$671(5  DOOHUGLQJVNDQQGLHVH.RPSHWHQ]QXQQLFKWQXUGXUFK%LOGXQJVHLQULFKWXQJHQHUZRUEHQZHUGHQVRQGHUQDXFKLQGHUDQKDOWHQGHQ$XVHLQDQGHUVHW]XQJPLW.XQVW -|UJ 5|VVHO   GLDJQRVWL]LHUW LQ VHLQHU DXI %RXUGLHX UHNXUULHUHQGHQ 6WXGLH ]XU 0XVLNUH]HSWLRQ GDVV LQQHUKDOE GHV KRFKJHELOGHWHQ 2SHUQSXEOLNXPVGLH9DULDEOHQGLHHLQHDNWLYH%HVFKlIWLJXQJPLW2SHUQPXVLNPHVVHQLQKRKHP0D‰HHUNOlUHQGIUHLQHDQDO\WLVFKH+|UZHLVH1



'LHDQDO\WLVFKH+|UZHLVHZLUGLP5DKPHQGHU6WXGLHPLWKLOIHGHUIROJHQGHQLWHPVRSHUDWLRQDOLVLHUWÄ:HQQLFK0XVLNLQGHU2SHUK|UH«³ÄYHUVXFKHLFKJOHLFK]XHUNHQQHQ ZHOFKH$UWYRQ2SHUGDVVHLQN|QQWH³Ä¿QGHLFKHVLQWHUHVVDQWGLHYHUVFKLHGHQHQ7KHPHQ0HORGLHQXQG5K\WKPHQ]XYHUIROJHQ³ÄYHUVXFKHLFKGHQ)RUPDXIEDXGHV6WFNV ]XYHUVWHKHQ³ÄDFKWHLFKGDUDXIZLHGHU.RPSRQLVWGLH0HORGLHQGHQ5K\WKPXVRGHU GLH+DUPRQLHJHVWDOWHWKDW³ÄDFKWHLFKGDUDXIREVLFKGLH7RQDUWRGHUHWZDVDQGHUHV

DIE SELEKTIVITÄT DES PUBLIKUMS ZEITGENÖSSISCHER KUNST

VLQG6RVFKHLQHQGLHMHQLJHQ%HVXFKHUHLQHDQDO\WLVFKH$UWGHU5H]HS WLRQ ]X SUDNWL]LHUHQ GLH EHU YLHO PXVLNVSH]L¿VFKHV .DSLWDO YHUIJHQ 2SHUQVSH]L¿VFKHV .DSLWDO RSHUDWLRQDOLVLHUW EHU GLH /HNWUH YRQ 2SHUQIDFKOLWHUDWXUXQG2SHUQ]HLWVFKULIWHQXQGDNWLYH0XVLNHUIDKUXQJ items+DWGHU%HIUDJWHHLQ0XVLNLQVWUXPHQWHUOHUQWKDWHUHLQH0XVLNVFKXOHEHVXFKWPXVL]LHUWGHU%HIUDJWHKHXWHQRFK 'HPQDFKVFKHLQHQ HVYRUDOOHPPXVLNVSH]L¿VFKH)lKLJNHLWHQXQG.HQQWQLVVHLQGHU)RUP H[SOL]LWHU :LVVHQVEHVWlQGH ]X VHLQ GLH HLQH DQDO\WLVFKH $XVHLQDQGHUVHW]XQJPLW0XVLNI|UGHUQ'HUUHJHOPl‰LJH%HVXFKYRQKRFKNXOWXUHOlen Musikveranstaltungen fördert hingegen interessanterweise in ähnOLFKHP $XVPD‰ VRZRKO HLQH DQDO\WLVFKH ZLH DXFK HLQH JHIKOVPl‰LJH 5H]HSWLRQVZHLVH2 5|VVHOV (UJHEQLVVH GHXWHQ VRPLW LQ 5LFKWXQJ GHU ]ZHLWHQ 9DULDQWH GHU%RXUGLHXVFKHQ5H]HSWLRQVWKHRULH6RVFKHLQWPXVLNVSH]L¿VFKHV.DSLWDOLQ)RUPH[SOL]LWHQ:LVVHQVHLQHDQDO\WLVFKH+|UZHLVH]XI|UGHUQ GHU ZLHGHUKROWH %HVXFK YRQ +RFKNXOWXU0XVLNYHUDQVWDOWXQJHQ DEHU VWHKWQHEHQGHUDQDO\WLVFKHQ+|UZHLVHDXFKLQHQJHP=XVDPPHQKDQJ PLWHLQHUJHIKOVPl‰LJHQLQWXLWLYHQ5H]HSWLRQYRQ0XVLN'LHZLHGHUKROWH%HVFKlIWLJXQJPLWGHQ:HUNHQNODVVLVFKHU0XVLNGHXWHWGHPQDFK LQ GHU 7DW DXFK DXI GHQ 5H]HSWLRQVPRGXV GHV ÄXQPLWWHOEDUHQ 9HU VWHKHQV³XQWHU%H]XJQDKPHDXILPSOL]LWHVGLVNXUVLYNDXPYHUIJEDUHV :LVVHQKLQ:DVDEHUOlVVWVLFKDXVGHQELVKHUYRUJHVWHOOWHQ(UJHEQLVVHQ XQGhEHUOHJXQJHQIUGLH)UDJHVWHOOXQJQDFKGHQ*UQGHQIUGLHHOLWlUH=XVDPPHQVHW]XQJGHV3XEOLNXPV]HLWJHQ|VVLVFKHU.XQVWDEOHLWHQ"

3.

Implikationen für ein Forschungsdesign

(LQ*UR‰WHLOGHUELVKHUYRUJHVWHOOWHQ6WXGLHQXQGhEHUOHJXQJHQVFKUHLEW ]HLWJHQ|VVLVFKHU .XQVW VSH]LHOOH (LJHQVFKDIWHQ ]X GLH VLFK LQ VSH]L¿-



lQGHUW³DFKWHLFKGDUDXIZHOFKH*HIKOHGXUFKGLH0XVLNDXVJHGUFNWZHUGHQ³ÄDFKWH LFKGDUDXIREGLH0XVLNHUGDV6WFNDXFKZLUNOLFKJXWVSLHOHQ³ 5g66(/  'LHJHIKOVPl‰LJH+|UZHLVHZLUGLP5DKPHQGHU6WXGLHPLWKLOIHGHUIROJHQGHQLWHPV RSHUDWLRQDOLVLHUWÄ:HQQLFK0XVLNLQGHU2SHUK|UH«³Ä¿QGHLFKHVLQWHUHVVDQWGLH YHUVFKLHGHQHQ7KHPHQ0HORGLHQXQG5K\WKPHQ]XYHUIROJHQ³ÄEDGHLFKJHUQLQGHQ .OlQJHQGHU0XVLN³ÄNDQQHVVHLQGDVVPLUGLH0XVLNUHJHOUHFKWXQWHUGLH+DXWJHKW³ ÄK|UHLFKYRUDOOHPPLWGHP*HIKO³ÄNDQQHVVHLGDVVLFKEHVWLPPWHN|USHUOLFKH:LUNXQJHQ +HU]VFKODJ.ULEEHOQ*HIKOLP0DJHQ VSUH³ÄNDQQHVVHLQGDVVLFKPHLQH *HIKOHXQG6WLPPXQJHQLQGHU0XVLNZLHGHU¿QGH³ÄNDQQHVVHLQGDVVLFKDPOLHEVWHQ :HLQHQP|FKWH³ÄNDQQHVVHLQGDVVGHU5K\WKPXVPLFKJDQ]JHIDQJHQKlOW³ÄDFKWH LFK GDUDXI ZHOFKH *HIKOH GXUFK GLH 0XVLN DXVJHGUFNW ZHUGHQ³ Ä¿QGH LFK HV JXW ZHQQPDQVLFKGHU0XVLNJDQ]KLQJHEHQNDQQ³ 5g66(/





NINA TESSA ZAHNER

VFKHQ5H]HSWLRQVDQIRUGHUXQJHQPDQLIHVWLHUWHQ=HLWJHQ|VVLVFKH.XQVWZHUNHIRUGHUWHQHLQHEHVWLPPWH3UD[LVGHU%HGHXWXQJVSURGXNWLRQGLH YRQHLQHPKRKHQ6HOEVWYHUWUDXHQGHU5H]LSLHQWHQ 5HQ]0DQGHO XQG GHP:LVVHQXPGLH3RO\YDOHQ]GHU0D‰VWlEHXQG:HUWEDUNHLWHQ .OHLQ  JHSUlJW VHL 'LHVHV H[SOL]LWH XQG LPSOL]LWH :LVVHQ XP HLQH GHQ ]HLWJHQ|VVLVFKHQ:HUNHQJHJHQEHUHLQ]XQHKPHQGHVHOEVWUHÀH[LYSHUIRUPDWLYH +DOWXQJ 5HEHQWLVFK  VHL LQ GHU *HVHOOVFKDIW XQJOHLFK YHUWHLOW XQG ZHUGHYRUDOOHPYRQ$NDGHPLNHUQJHLVWHVXQGVR]LDOZLVVHQVFKDIWOLFKHU 5LFKWXQJHQ YRUJHKDOWHQ (V VHL IROJOLFK GLH 8QJOHLFKYHUWHLOXQJ GLHVHV :LVVHQV GLH ]X HLQHP *HIKO GHU 9HUWUDXWKHLW RGHU GHV 8QEHKDJHQV JHJHQEHUGHQ:HUNHQIKUHXQGGDPLWGLH6HOHNWLYLWlWGHV3XEOLNXPV ]HLWJHQ|VVLVFKHU.XQVWEHGLQJH 'LH YRUJHVWHOOWHQ 6WXGLHQ XQG hEHUOHJXQJHQ LGHQWL¿]LHUHQ DQ GHQ :HUNHQ PLWKLQ VSH]L¿VFKH 5H]HSWLRQVDQIRUGHUXQJHQ GHUHQ .HQQWQLV GHQ *HQXVV GHU :HUNH HUVW HUP|JOLFKH 'DPLW DEHU JHKHQ VLH LQ LKUHU $QODJH QLFKW ZHVHQWOLFK EHU GLH IUKH .XQVWUH]HSWLRQVWKHRULH 3LHUUH %RXUGLHXVKLQDXVVRQGHUQVFKHLQHQDXFKHLQHÃULFKWLJHµHLQHGHP:HUN DGlTXDWH'HXWXQJRGHU5H]HSWLRQVKDOWXQJYRQHLQHUÃIDOVFKHQµGHQ$QIRUGHUXQJHQ GHV :HUNHVQLFKW HQWVSUHFKHQGHQ 'HNRGLHUXQJ RGHU 'LVSRVLWLRQ]XXQWHUVFKHLGHQ $XFKZHQQ5|VVHOV6WXGLHIUVLFKEHDQVSUXFKWHLQHZHUWIUHLH'LDJQRVH GHV 5H]HSWLRQVYHUKDOWHQV GHV 2SHUQSXEOLNXPV ]X OHLVWHQ 5g66(/ JHOLQJWHVDXFKLKUQLFKWEHUGLHQRUPDWLYHQ,PSOLNDWLRQHQGHUIUKHQ5H]HSWLRQVWKHRULH%RXUGLHXVKLQDXV]XJHKHQVHW]W 5|VVHO GRFK GLH 9HUIJXQJ EHU LQNRUSRULHUWHV NXOWXUHOOHV .DSLWDO PLW ÄlVWKHWLVFKHU.RPSHWHQ]³JOHLFK 5g66(/ 'LHDQDO\WLVFKH 5H]HSWLRQ PHLQW GDQQ ÄHLQH :DKUQHKPXQJ XQG $XIQDKPH GHU 0XVLN GLH QLFKW EHL 2EHUÀlFKHQPHUNPDOHQ VWHKHQ EOHLEW VRQGHUQ GDV .XQVWZHUN LQ VHLQHQ IRUPDOHQ XQG VWLOLVWLVFKHQ $VSHNWHQ DQDO\VLHUW³ 5g66(/ 'DPLWGLVNUHGLWLHUW5|VVHOGLHJHIKOVPl‰LJHLQWXLWLYH5H]HSWLRQYRQ0XVLNDOVREHUÀlFKOLFKXQGJHKWVRVFKOXVVHQGOLFK QLFKWEHUGHQIUKHQ%RXUGLHXKLQDXV $XFKPHWKRGLVFKEOHLEWGLH6WXGLHKLQWHUGHUHUZHLWHUWHQ9HUVLRQGHU 5H]HSWLRQVWKHRULH %RXUGLHXV ]XUFN XQG PDFKW VLFK GHUHQ 3RWHQWLDOH QLFKW ]XQXW]H ,QGHP 5|VVHO EHL GHU 2SHUDWLRQDOLVLHUXQJ GHU 5H]HSWLRQVPRGLDXIHLQHH[LVWLHUHQGHLWHP%DWWHULHDXVGHU0XVLNSV\FKRORJLH ]XUFNJUHLIWVHW]WHUDXIHLQHVSUDFKOLFKYRUVWUXNWXULHUWH(UIDVVXQJGHU 0XVLNUH]HSWLRQ GLH GHU EHVRQGHUHQ 1DWXU GHU LQWXLWLYHQ 5H]HSWLRQ QDFK %RXUGLHX NDXP JHUHFKW ZLUG ¿QGHW GLHVH GRFK YRU DOOHP LQ YRUVSUDFKOLFKHU)RUPVWDWWXQGNDQQDXIGLHVHP:HJHZRKONDXPDGlTXDW

DIE SELEKTIVITÄT DES PUBLIKUMS ZEITGENÖSSISCHER KUNST

HUIDVVWZHUGHQ,QVSUDFKOLFKDUWLNXOLHUWHU)RUPPDJVLHGDKHUGHP)RUVFKHUGHQ$QVFKHLQGHU2EHUÀlFKOLFKNHLWYHUPLWWHOQGLHVKDWDEHUZRKO DXFKPLWGHU0HWKRGHLKUHU(UKHEXQJ]XWXQ +LQVLFKWOLFK GHU *UQGH IU GLH ([NOXVLYLWlW GHV 3XEOLNXPV ]HLWJHQ|VVLVFKHU.XQVWODVVHQVLFKDXVGHQYRUJHVWHOOWHQ6WXGLHQGDPLWNDXP HPSLULVFK IXQGLHUWH $XVVDJHQ WUHIIHQ GLH QLFKW QRUPDWLY YRUJHSUlJW VLQG:HQQDEHUGLHPHLVWHQ6WXGLHQGLDJQRVWL]LHUHQGDVVHVGLHÃIDOVFKHµ 5H]HSWLRQGHU.XQVWZHUNHVHLGLH]X)UXVWUDWLRQXQG(QWWlXVFKXQJIKUHXQGGDPLWGHQ%HVXFKGHUDUWLJHU$XVVWHOOXQJHQYHUKLQGHUHVRGHXWHQ GLH (UJHEQLVVH 5|VVHOV KLHU LQ HLQH DQGHUH 5LFKWXQJ :HQQ 3HUVRQHQ GLH LQWHQVLY DQ +RFKNXOWXUYHUDQVWDOWXQJHQ SDUWL]LSLHUHQ VRZRKO DQDO\WLVFKDOVDXFKLQWXLWLYUH]LSLHUHQVFKHLQW.XQVWJHQXVVDXFKRKQHGLH 9HUIJXQJEHUVSH]L¿VFKlVWKHWLVFKH.HQQWQLVVHRGHU+DOWXQJHQP|JOLFK]XVHLQ%HVXFKVKLQGHUQLVVHVLQGGDQQZRKODXFKDQDQGHUHU6WHOOH ]X¿QGHQDOVQXUKHUYRUJHUXIHQGXUFKÃIDOVFKH5H]HSWLRQµ 8PGLH9LHO]DKOGHU$VSHNWHGLHHLQHP%HVXFKYRQ$XVVWHOOXQJHQ]HLWJHQ|VVLVFKHU.XQVWI|UGHUOLFKRGHUKLQGHUOLFKVHLQN|QQHQLQGHQ%OLFN ]XEHNRPPHQEHGDUIHVGDKHUHLQHVZHQLJHUQRUPDWLYYRUJHSUlJWHQ)RUVFKXQJVLQVWUXPHQWDULXPV'LHVHVPXVVLQGHU/DJHVHLQGHQ=XVDPPHQKDQJYRQ$XVVWHOOXQJVEHVXFK.XQVWJHVFKPDFN$UWGHU5H]HSWLRQXQG 9HUIJXQJ EHU NXQVWVSH]L¿VFKHV E]Z NXOWXUHOOHV .DSLWDO GLIIHUHQ]LHUW XQGZHUWIUHL]XDQDO\VLHUHQ(LQGHUDUWLJHV)RUVFKXQJVLQVWUXPHQWDULXP GDUIQLFKWGHQ9RUDQQDKPHQGHV)RUVFKHUVJHPl‰JHVWDOWHWVHLQVRQGHUQ PXVVGHQ$XVVWHOOXQJVEHVXFKHUDOV)RUVFKXQJVREMHNWLQGHQ0LWWHOSXQNW VWHOOHQXQGVLFKYRQGHVVHQ3UD[LVLP)RUVFKXQJVKDQGHOQOHLWHQODVVHQ (VPXVVHPSLULVFKDQGHUWDWVlFKOLFKHQ%HVXFKVXQG5H]HSWLRQVSUD[LV GHU$NWHXUHDQVHW]HQXQGVLFKGDVWKHRUHWLVFKHXQGHPSLULVFKH3RWHQWLDOGHU]ZHLWHQZHQLJHUQRUPDWLYDQJHOHJWHQ)DVVXQJGHU%RXUGLHXVFKHQ .XQVWUH]HSWLRQVWKHRULHPLWLKUHP]HQWUDOHQ.RQ]HSWGHV+DELWXVLP6LQQHHLQHVÃ(UNHQQWQLVZHUN]HXJHVµPHWKRGLVFK]XQXW]HPDFKHQ 'LH%HVXFKVXQG5H]HSWLRQVSUD[LVGHU$NWHXUHZLUGGDQQLQHLQHP HUVWHQ6FKULWWDOV'RNXPHQWDQGHPVLFKGLH6LQQEH]JHGHU5H]HSWLRQ XQGGLHDQJHOHJWHQ.XQVWEHJULIIHGHU$NWHXUHUHNRQVWUXLHUHQODVVHQHLQHU ZLVVHQVVR]LRORJLVFKHQ$QDO\VHXQWHU]RJHQ,QlKQOLFKHU:HLVHZHUGHQ± EHLDOOHU.ULWLNDQIRUPDOLVWLVFKHQ5H]HSWLRQVPRGHOOHQ±DXFKGLH6SH]L¿NDGHUDXVJHVWHOOWHQ:HUNHPLWLQGLH$QDO\VHHLQEH]RJHQ :2(/.( 3$86+$6(15,1. +LHUEHLLVWGLH6WUXNWXUGHU:HUNHDEHU QLFKWIRUPDODXVGLHVHQVHOEVWVRQGHUQÄXQWHUGHP*HVLFKWVSXQNWYRQ VR]LDOHQ +DQGOXQJHQ >«@ DOV 5HJHOQ GLH GLH VR]LDOH .RPPXQLNDWLRQ DQOHLWHQ³ :2(/.(3$86+$6(15,1. DXVGHU3UD[LVGHU





NINA TESSA ZAHNER

$NWHXUH]XUHNRQVWUXLHUHQ.RQNUHWLVWDOVRDXFK]XXQWHUVXFKHQZHO FKH 5H]HSWLRQVVWUDWHJLHQ HLQ XQG GHUVHOEH $NWHXU DQ YHUVFKLHGHQH .XQVWZHUNHKHUDQWUlJW :2(/.(3$86+$6(15,1.  ,Q HLQHP ]ZHLWHQ 6FKULWW JLOW HV GLHVH 5HNRQVWUXNWLRQ GHU 6LQQEH]JH XQG .XQVWEHJULIIH PLW GHU 9HUIJXQJ EHU NXQVWVSH]L¿VFKHV .DSLWDOLQ9HUELQGXQJ]XEULQJHQ'HQQ5|VVHOV6WXGLHOHJWQDKHGDVVHV NXQVWIHOGVSH]L¿VFKH.HQQWQLVVHXQG3UDNWLNHQVLQGGHQHQIUGLH$UW GHU$XVHLQDQGHUVHW]XQJPLWHLQHP.XQVWZHUNXQGGHU$XVELOGXQJGHV .XQVWYHUVWlQGQLVVHVHLQHV$NWHXUVHLQHQLFKWXQZHVHQWOLFKH%HGHXWXQJ ]XNRPPW 5g66(/ 'LHVHQ=XVDPPHQKDQJJLOWHVGH]LGLHUW ]X XQWHUVXFKHQ 'LHV MHGRFK QLFKW LQ GHU YRQ 5|VVHO SUDNWL]LHUWHQ $UW und Weise unter Rückgriff auf einige wenige vorgegebene Kategorien, VRQGHUQPLWHLQHUGHXWOLFKZHLWHUJHIDVVWHQ.RQ]HSWLRQYRQÃ7HLOQDKPHµ )UGLH2SHUDWLRQDOLVLHUXQJGLHVHUZHLWHUHQ)DVVXQJGHU7HLOKDEHN|QQWHGDVDXVGHU6\VWHPWKHRULHVWDPPHQGH.RQ]HSWGHU,QNOXVLRQLQGLH TXDOLWDWLYH+DELWXV$QDO\VHLQWHJULHUWZHUGHQ 'LH,QNOXVLRQV6HPDQWLNZXUGHYRQ7DOFRWW3DUVRQVPLW%OLFNDXIGHQ HUZHLWHUWHQ=XJDQJGHU*HVHOOVFKDIWVPLWJOLHGHU]XGHQYHUVFKLHGHQHQJHVHOOVFKDIWOLFKHQ7HLOV\VWHPHQHLQJHIKUWXQGJHULHW(QGHGHUHU-DKUH PLWGHUHLQVHW]HQGHQ$EZHQGXQJYRQ3DUVRQV¶6R]LDOWKHRULHZLHGHUZHLWHVWJHKHQGLQ9HUJHVVHQKHLWELV0LWWHGHUHU-DKUH1LNODV/XKPDQQ ,QNOXVLRQXQG([NOXVLRQ]XHLQHP%HJULIIVSDDU]XVDPPHQIKUWHXQGGLH %HJULIIHVRIUGLH6R]LRORJLHIUXFKWEDUPDFKWH'DV.RQ]HSWGHU,QNOXVLRQ([NOXVLRQZLUGVHLWKHULQK|FKVWXQWHUVFKLHGOLFKHQWKHRUHWLVFKHQXQG HPSLULVFKHQ .RQWH[WHQ VHKU XQHLQKHLWOLFK YHUZHQGHW %2+1    7URW]DOOHUXQHLQKHLWOLFKHQ9HUZHQGXQJODVVHQVLFKMHGRFK]ZHL$VSHNWH GHU,QNOXVLRQV([NOXVLRQVVHPDQWLNIHVWKDOWHQGLHIUGHUHQ=XJDQJ]XU VR]LDOHQ:LUNOLFKNHLWZHVHQWOLFKVLQG(UVWHQVEHWUDFKWHWGLH,QNOXVLRQV ([NOXVLRQVVHPDQWLNVR]LDOH3KlQRPHQHXQWHUGHP$VSHNWGHUÄVR]LDOHQ $XV]HLFKQXQJ HLQHU 6FKHLGHOLQLH³ 23,7=    G K VREDOG PDQ YRQ ,QNOXVLRQ([NOXVLRQ VSULFKW Ä¿JXULHUW PDQ GDV 6R]LDOH KRUL]RQWDO VWUXNWXULHUWGXUFKYHUWLNDOH=lVXUHQ³ 23,7= 0DQIRNXVVLHUW VRLPPHU(LQRGHU$XVVFKOXVVDXVHLQHPJHVHOOVFKDIWOLFKHQ)XQNWLRQVEHUHLFKHLQHP6\VWHPHLQHU6SKlUHHLQHP)HOGHWF(LQ]ZHLWHU$VSHNW GHU,QNOXVLRQV([NOXVLRQVVHPDQWLNLVWGDVVLP=HQWUXPGHV.RQ]HSWHV LPPHU GLH )UDJH GHU JHVHOOVFKDIWOLFKHQ 7HLOKDEH YRQ ,QGLYLGXHQ VWHKW 'DV,QNOXVLRQV([NOXVLRQVNRQ]HSWHU|IIQHWGDPLWGLH0|JOLFKNHLWÄGHQ WHLOV\VWHPLVFKJHSUlJWHQ6R]LDOFKDUDNWHUHLQHV,QGLYLGXXPVQHEHQGLH]XPHLVWDOV(UNOlUXQJVIDNWRUHQIUHLQEHVWLPPWHV+DQGHOQKHUDQJH]RJHQHQ0HUNPDOHGHUVR]LDOHQ/DJH]XVWHOOHQ³ %85=$1HWDOI 

DIE SELEKTIVITÄT DES PUBLIKUMS ZEITGENÖSSISCHER KUNST

0LW LKUHP .RQ]HSW GHU Ã,QNOXVLRQVYHUKlOWQLVVHµ HQWZLFNHOQ %XU]DQ X D HLQHQ $QVDW] GHU GLH ,QNOXVLRQVVHPDQWLN GHU 6\VWHPWKHRULH IUGLH3XEOLNXPVIRUVFKXQJQXW]W/HLGHUIDVVWDEHUDXFKGLHVHU$QVDW] GLH ÄWHLOV\VWHPVSH]L¿VFKHQ $NWLYLWlWVPXVWHU³ %85=$1 HW DO    HLQHU3HUVRQXQQ|WLJHQJXQGHUZHLVWVLFKGDPLWIUGLHYRUOLHJHQGH)UDJHVWHOOXQJQDFKGHQ*UQGHQIUGLH3DUWL]LSDWLRQE]Z1LFKW3DUWL]LSDWLRQ EHVWLPPWHU 3XEOLNXPVVHJPHQWH LQ GHU ]HLWJHQ|VVLVFKHQ .XQVW DOV ZHQLJJHHLJQHW'HU$QVDW]IRNXVVLHUWYRUDOOHPGLH,QNOXVLRQYRQ3HUVRQHQLP5DKPHQYRQ3XEOLNXPVUROOHQGKGLH+lX¿JNHLWGLH,QWHQVLWlW XQGGLH$UWGHU7HLOQDKPHHLQHU3HUVRQLQGHU5ROOHGHV3XEOLNXPVDP .XQVWEHWULHE(UPLVVWGDPLWWHLOV\VWHPVSH]L¿VFKMHQH$NWLYLWlWVPXVWHU GLHDXVGHU6LFKWGLHVHV$UWLNHOVJHUDGH]XHUNOlUHQVLQG=ZDUJHKWDXFK GLH3DUWL]LSDWLRQHLQHU3HUVRQDOV/DLHQNQVWOHULQGLH.RQ]HSWLRQHLQMHGRFKLVWKLHUPLWOHGLJOLFKHLQHZHLWHUH)RUPGHU3DUWL]LSDWLRQDQJHVSURFKHQ'LHVEHGHXWHWHLQH]XVWDUNH(QJIKUXQJGHV,QNOXVLRQVNRQ]HSWHV Für die vorliegende Fragestellung nach den Gründen für die TeilhaEHDP]HLWJHQ|VVLVFKHQ$XVVWHOOXQJVEHWULHEEHGDUIHVVWDWWGHVVHQHLQHU GHXWOLFK EUHLWHU DQJHOHJWHQ )DVVXQJ YRQ ,QNOXVLRQ +LHU N|QQWH HLQH .RQ]HSWLRQYRQ,QNOXVLRQDOVIHOGVSH]L¿VFKHU3DUWL]LSDWLRQLP$QVFKOXVV DQ%RXUGLHXKHOIHQ .,(6(5/,1* (LQHGHUDUWLJH.RQ]HSWLRQ YRQ,QNOXVLRQEHLQKDOWHWHLQEHDFKWOLFKHV3RWHQWLDOIUHLQHOHLVWXQJVIlKLJH(UZHLWHUXQJGHU%RXUGLHXVFKHQ+DELWXVWKHRULHIUGLH3XEOLNXPVIRUVFKXQJ6LHLQWHUHVVLHUWVLFKIUGLH7HLOQDKPHDP.XQVWEHWULHELP6LQQH DOOWDJVZHOWOLFKHU 3UDNWLNHQ GHU $NWHXUH LP )HOG GHU .XQVW 0DQ ZUGH GDQQGLH3UDNWLNHQGHV$XVVWHOOXQJVEHVXFKVXQGGLH$XVHLQDQGHUVHW]XQJ mit Kunstwerken als von den alltagsweltlichen Kunst-Orientierungen der 5H]LSLHQWHQEHHLQÀXVVWGHQNHQXQGVRGHU)UDJHQDFKJHKHQLQZLHZHLW VLHIUGHQ$NWHXUPLWÄDOOWDJVSUDNWLVFKHP6LQQ³LQ=XVDPPHQKDQJJHEUDFKW ZHUGHQ N|QQHQ IU GLH 0HGLHQ5H]HSWLRQVIRUVFKXQJ :(,66  'HPQDFKZlUHHVGXUFKDXVLQWHUHVVDQW]XIUDJHQLQZLHZHLW HLQH3HUVRQVHOEVWDOV.QVWOHURGHUDOV.XQVWYHUPLWWOHUWlWLJLVWREVLH Mitglied in einem Kunst- und Förderverein ist, als Kunstkäufer auftritt XQGZHQQMDLQZHOFKHU)RUPXQGLQZHOFKHP8PIDQJ ZHOFKH%HGHX-



%XU]DQHWDO  XQWHUVFKHLGHQVDFKOLFKH]HLWOLFKHXQGVR]LDOH'HWHUPLQDQWHQYRQ,QNOXVLRQVSUR¿OHQ'LHVDFKOLFKHQ'HWHUPLQDQWHQVLQGV\VWHPVSH]L¿VFKGH¿QLHUW(VZHUGHQGUHL]HLWOLFKH)DFHWWHQHUDUEHLWHW+lX¿J6SRUDGLVFK/DQJZlKUHQGNXU]]HLWLJ/HEHQVODQJOHEHQVSKDVHQVSH]L¿VFK)HUQHUIQIVR]LDOH)DFHWWHQ REOLJDWRULVFKRSWLRQDO  DV\PPHWULVFK ]X *XQVWHQ]X 8QJXQVWHQ GHV ,QNOXGLHUWHQ  IRUPDOLVLHUWQLFKW IRUPDOLVLHUW  LQWHUDNWLYQLFKW LQWHUDNWLY  NRPPHU]LHOOQLFKW NRPPHU]LHOOGLUHNWLQGLUHNW'LHVH)DFHWWHQGHU,QNOXVLRQZHUGHQYRUDOOHPJHQXW]W XPGLH,QWHQVLWlWHLQHV,QNOXVLRQVYHUKlOWQLVVHV]XNRQVWUXLHUHQ





NINA TESSA ZAHNER

WXQJ.XQVWLQLKUHPVR]LDOHQ8PIHOGHLQQLPPWHWF(VZlUHDOVRXPIDVVHQG]XHUNXQGHQZHOFKH(LQELQGXQJGLHNXOWXUHOOH3UD[LVGHV%HVXFKV YRQ .XQVWDXVVWHOOXQJHQ XQG GHU .XQVWUH]HSWLRQ LQ GLH DOOWDJVZHOWOLFKH 3UD[LVGHU$NWHXUHHUIlKUW(UVWDXIJUXQGHLQHUGHUDUWXPIDVVHQGJHVWDOWHWHQ,QNOXVLRQVDQDO\VHGLHDXVGHQ(U]lKOXQJHQGHU$NWHXUHGLIIHUHQ]LHUW]XUHNRQVWUXLHUHQZlUHN|QQWHHLQH9HUELQGXQJDXVNXQVWVSH]L¿VFKHP 3DUWL]LSDWLRQVSUR¿O XQG GHP %HVXFKV XQG 5H]HSWLRQVYHUKDOWHQ GHU$NWHXUHKHUJHVWHOOWZHUGHQ6RPVVWHEVSZXQWHUVXFKWZHUGHQLQwiefern verschiedene, nach ihren Inklusionsverhältnissen im Kunstfeld ]X GLIIHUHQ]LHUHQGH %HVXFKHU DQ HLQ XQG GDVVHOEH $XVVWHOOXQJVDQJHERW E]Z GDVVHOEH .XQVWZHUN XQWHUVFKLHGOLFKH 5H]HSWLRQVVWUDWHJLHQ KHUDQWUDJHQ :2(/.(3$86+$6(15,1.    XQG ZDV GLHV IU GLH 9HUPLWWOXQJ YRQ .XQVW DQ YHUVFKLHGHQH 3XEOLNXPVJUXSSHQ EHGHXWHW Die Inklusionsverhältnisse selbst würden dann im Rückgriff auf Karl 0DQQKHLP DOV ÃNRQMXQNWLYH (UIDKUXQJVUlXPHµ JHGDFKW LQ GHQHQ VLFK Ä0RGLGHU:HOWHUIDKUXQJ³QLHGHUVFKODJHQ 0(86(5 ,QGHP PDQGDV+DELWXV.RQ]HSWVRLP6LQQHGHUNRQMXQNWLYHQ(UIDKUXQJUHIRUPXOLHUWZUGHHLQHVLQQUHNRQVWUXLHUHQGHZLVVHQVVR]LRORJLVFKH$QDO\VH von Inklusionsverhältnissen im Kunstbetrieb mit Hilfe der Dokumentarischen MethodeQDFK5DOI%RKQVDFN  P|JOLFK 'LH PLW +LOIH GHU GRNXPHQWDULVFKHQ 0HWKRGH ZLVVHQVVR]LRORJLVFK UHNRQVWUXLHUWHQ 6LQQRULHQWLHUXQJHQ YHUVFKLHGHQHU ,QNOXVLRQVYHUKlOWQLVVH N|QQWHQ GDUEHU KLQDXV LQ HLQHP ZHLWHUHQ $QDO\VHVFKULWW PLW VR]LDOVWUXNWXUHOOHQ /DJHPHUNPDOHQ LQ =XVDPPHQKDQJ JHEUDFKW ZHUGHQ'LHVHUOHW]WH6FKULWWLVWHVGHUVFKOXVVHQGOLFK]XHLQHU.OlUXQJGHU )UDJHVWHOOXQJ QDFK GHU ([NOXVLYLWlW GHV 3XEOLNXPV ]HLWJHQ|VVLVFKHU .XQVW PD‰JHEOLFK EHLWUDJHQ ZLUG +LHUEHL PVVWH VWlUNHU DXI GLH LP $XVVWHOOXQJVEHWULHE ]HLWJHQ|VVLVFKHU .XQVW LP 9HUKlOWQLV ]XP %HY|ONHUXQJVGXUFKVFKQLWWGHXWOLFKXQWHUUHSUlVHQWLHUWHQ%HVXFKHUPLWHLQHP QLFKWDNDGHPLVFKHQ %LOGXQJVKLQWHUJUXQG IRNXVVLHUW ZHUGHQ XP ZHLWUHLFKHQGH.HQQWQLVVHEHUGLHEHLGLHVHU3XEOLNXPVJUXSSHJUHLIHQGHQ ,QNOXVLRQV XQG ([NOXVLRQVPHFKDQLVPHQ ]X JHQHULHUHQ 'HQQ GDV EHVFKULHEHQH PHWKRGLVFKH 9RUJHKHQ HUODXEW HV GLIIHUHQ]LHUWH $XVVDJHQ EH]JOLFKGHV9HUKlOWQLVVHVYRQ$XVVWHOOXQJVEHVXFK.XQVWJHVFKPDFN 5H]HSWLRQVSUD[LV IHOGVSH]L¿VFKHU (LQELQGXQJ XQG VR]LDOVWUXNWXUHOOHU 9HURUWXQJ]XJHQHULHUHQXQGWUlJWGDPLWOHW]WOLFK]XHLQHUGLIIHUHQ]LHUWHQ .OlUXQJ GHU ]HQWUDOHQ )UDJH EHL ZDUXP ZHOFKH %HVXFKHU ZHOFKH .XOWXUDQJHERWHQXW]HQXQGZDVVLFKKLHUDXVIUGDV.XOWXUPDQDJHPHQW DEOHLWHQOlVVW

DIE SELEKTIVITÄT DES PUBLIKUMS ZEITGENÖSSISCHER KUNST

Literatur %2+1&RUQHOLD  Inklusion, Exklusion und die Person.RQVWDQ]89. %2+16$&.5DOI  'RNXPHQWDULVFKH0HWKRGH±,Q+LW]OHU5RQDOG+RQHU$QQH +JJ  Sozialwissenschaftliche Hermeneutik. Eine Einführung. 2SODGHQ /HVNH  %XGULFK %285',(83LHUUH  (OHPHQWH]XHLQHUVR]LRORJLVFKHQ7KHRULHGHU.XQVWZDKUQHKPXQJ±,Q'HUV +J Zur Soziologie der symbolischen Formen.)UDQNIXUW06XKUNDPS %285',(83LHUUH  hEHUGLHÃVFKRODVWLVFKH$QVLFKWµ±,Q*HEDXHU*XQWHU:XOI &KULVWRSK%RXUGLHX3LHUUH +JJ Praxis und Ästhetik. Neue Perspektiven im Denken Pierre Bourdieus)UDQNIXUW06XKUNDPS6 %285',(83LHUUH  Sozialer Raum und „Klassen“. Leçon sur la leçon. 2 Vorlesungen)UDQNIXUW06XKUNDPS %285',(83LHUUH  Die feinen Unterschiede. Kritik der gesellschaftlichen Urteilskraft.)UDQNIXUW06XKUNDPS %285',(83LHUUH  Die Regeln der Kunst. Genese und Struktur des literarischen Feldes)UDQNIXUW06XKUNDPS %285',(83LHUUH'$5%(/$ODLQ  Die Liebe zur Kunst Europäische Kunstmuseen und ihre Besucher. .RQVWDQ]89. %85=$1 1LFROH/g.(1+2)) %ULJLWWD6&+,0$1. 8ZH6&+g1(&. 1DGLQH 0  'DV3XEOLNXPGHU*HVHOOVFKDIW,QNOXVLRQVYHUKlOWQLVVHXQG,QNOXVLRQVSUR¿OH in Deutschland:LHVEDGHQ96 %85=$11LFROH6&+,0$1.8ZH  ,QNOXVLRQVSUR¿OHhEHUOHJXQJHQ]XHLQHUGLIIHUHQ]LHUXQJVWKHRUHWLVFKHQÃ6R]LDOVWUXNWXUDQDO\VHµ±,Q6FKZLQQ7KRPDV +J Differenzierung und soziale Ungleichheit. Die zwei Soziologien und ihre Verknüpfung. )UDQNIXUW0+XPDQLWLHV2QOLQH ),6&+(5-RDFKLP*,(6(&.('DQD  'LVWLQNWLRQVNXQVWXQG,QNOXVLRQVNXQVW=XU 6R]LRORJLHGHU.XQVWNRPPXQLNDWLRQLQGHU%XQGHVUHSXEOLNXQGGHU''5±,Q+LHEHU /XW]0RHELXV 6WHSKDQ5HKEHUJ .DUO6LHJEHUW +JJ  Kunst im Kulturkampf. Zur Kritik der deutschen Museumskultur%LHOHIHOGWUDQVFULSW )5g+/,&+*HUKDUG  .DSLWDO+DELWXV)HOG6\PERO*UXQGEHJULIIGHU.XOWXUWKHRULH EHL 3LHUUH %RXUGLHX ± ,Q 0|UWK ,QJR)U|KOLFK *HUKDUG +JJ  Das symbolische Kapital der Lebensstile. Zur Kultursoziologie der Moderne nach Pierre Bourdieu )UDQNIXUW01HZ«@6RZRKO.XOWXUDOVDXFK2UJDQLVDWLRQVLQGXQLYHUVHOOLQMHGHU)RUPVR]LDOHQ/HEHQVJHJHQZlUWLJ

'LH8QWHUVXFKXQJGLHVHUEHLGHQDOOJHPHLQHQ0HUNPDOHELOGHQDOVÃ+DQGHOQ3UD[LVµ XQG Ã6WUXNWXU,QVWLWXWLRQµ GHQ 5HIHUHQ]UDKPHQ IU GLH $QDO\VHYRQ.XOWXUSROLWLNPLWVHLQHQHUZlKQWHQYLHOIlOWLJHQ,QWHUGHSHQGHQ]HQ'DEHLZLUGDXFKDXIGLH*HIDKUGHU.ULWLNHLQHVOHLFKWIHUWLJHQ ,JQRULHUHQVJUXQGOHJHQGHUZLVVHQVFKDIWOLFKHU'HEDWWHQEHUGLHÃ/RJLN GHU 6R]LDOZLVVHQVFKDIWHQµ XQG ]HQWUDOHU 0HWKRGHQ.RQWURYHUVHQ EHU

KULTURPOLITIK UND KULTURMANAGEMENT

Ã*HVHOOVFKDIWVWKHRULH XQG 6R]LDOWHFKQRORJLHµ GDIU SOlGLHUW GLHVH EHL GHU.XOWXUSROLWLNDQDO\VH]XYHUELQGHQGDZLHLQHLQHP%HLWUDJ]XÄ.XOWXUZLVVHQVFKDIWHQ]ZLVFKHQ+DQGOXQJVXQG6\VWHPWKHRULH³IRUPXOLHUW ist, ZDKUVFKHLQOLFK NHLQH +DQGOXQJVWKHRULH RKQH 6WUXNWXU LHUXQJV LPSOLNDWLRQHQ DXVNRPPWZLHXPJHNHKUWNHLQWHQGHQ]LHOOHKHUVWUXNWXUWKHRUHWLVFKHU$QVDW]RKQHHLQH $QDO\VHDXVNRPPWÃZDVµGHQQGDVRFLDOLWHUVWUXNWXULHUWZLUG *g%(/

%HLVSLHOH HLQHV ÃGULWWHQ :HJHVµ MHQVHLWV HLQHV UHLQ KDQGOXQJVWKHRUHWLVFKHQXQGHLQHVUHLQVWUXNWXUWKHRUHWLVFKHQ9RUJHKHQVGLHVLFKDXFKIU HLQH$QDO\VHYRQ.XOWXUSROLWLNDQELHWHQVLQG3LHUUH%RXUGLHXV.RQ]HSW YRQ +DELWXV .DSLWDO XQG )HOG 1RUEHUW (OLDV¶ ,QWHUGHSHQGHQ]DQDO\VH XQG0LFKHO)RXFDXOWV*RXYHUQHPHQWDOLWlWVVWXGLHQ ,P 8QWHUVFKLHG ]X %RXUGLHXV   ÃIHLQHQ 8QWHUVFKLHGHQµ XQG VHLQHP %OLFN DXI GHQ =XVDPPHQKDQJ YRQ .XOWXU ÃOHJLWLPHU .XQVWµ XQG JHVHOOVFKDIWOLFKHP +DQGHOQ VRZLH HEHQIDOOV LP 8QWHUVFKLHG ]XP $QVDW] YRQ 1RUEHUW (OLDV ]XU 9HUELQGXQJ YRQ SV\FKRJHQHWLVFKHQ XQG VR]LDOJHQHWLVFKHQ 3UR]HVVHQ LQ GHU KLVWRULVFKHQ (QWZLFNOXQJ GHU DXI HLQHhEHUZLQGXQJGHU'LFKRWRPLHYRQ,QGLYLGXXPXQG*HVHOOVFKDIWLQ ZHLWHQ 7HLOHQ GHU 6R]LDOZLVVHQVFKDIW XQG GHU *HJHQEHUVWHOOXQJ YRP ÄKDQGHOQGHQ(LQ]HOPHQVFKHQ³XQGGHUÄ*HVHOOVFKDIWDOVÃ6\VWHPµ³]LHOW (/,$6/I LVWGHU$QVDW]YRQ)RXFDXOWLQSROLWLNVR]LDOXQG kulturwissenschaftlichen Diskussionen in Deutschland noch nicht so YHUEUHLWHW 8QWHUGHP%HJULIIGHU*RXYHUQHPHQWDOLWlWKDW)RXFDXOWHLQHQWKHRUHWLVFKHQ$QVDW]HQWZLFNHOWPLWGHPHUYHUVXFKWLQKLVWRULVFKHQ$QDO\VHQGLHÄ*HQHDORJLHGHVPRGHUQHQ6WDDWHV³PLWGHUÄ*HQHDORJLHGHV PRGHUQHQ 6XEMHNWHV³ LQ LKUHU JHJHQVHLWLJHQ %HGLQJWKHLW ]X XQWHUVXFKHQ 'DEHL LVW GDV %LQGHJOLHG ]ZLVFKHQ SROLWLVFKHU 5DWLRQDOLWlW XQG GHUÄ7HFKQRORJLHGHV6HOEVW³GHU%HJULIIGHUÄ5HJLHUXQJ³DOV*HVDPWKHLWGHU$QZHLVXQJHQ9HUIDKUHQXQG5HÀH[LRQHQGHU0DFKWDXVEXQJ XQGGHUNRQNUHWHQ,QVWLWXWLRQHQXQG$SSDUDWHGHUDXFKGLHVXEMHNWLYH 6HLWHGHUÄ)KUXQJ³DOV7lWLJNHLWGHV$QIKUHQVZLHGHV6LFK9HUKDOWHQVDXVGUFNW



9JO PLW %H]XJ DXI $QWKRQ\ *LGGHQV 1RUEHUW (OLDV XQG 3LHUUH %RXUGLHX $QGUHDV 3HþDUVSoziologischer Modellversuch aus geschichtswissenschaftlicher Perspektive]XU Ä,QQRYDWLRQGHV6WUXNWXUEHJULIIV³LQGHPPLWGHU$XIQDKPHGHU8QWHUVFKHLGXQJYRQ $QGUHDV5HFNZLW]]ZLVFKHQÄ6WUXNWXUHQDOV5HJHOQ³ZLH+DQGHOQGHVLHYHUZHQGHQXQG GXUFKLKUH3UDNWLNHQKHUYRUEULQJHQXQGÄ6WUXNWXUHQDOV5HJHOPl‰LJNHLWHQ³GLHGHP +DQGHOQGHQ HQW]RJHQ VLQG HLQH lKQOLFKH YHUPLWWHOQGH WKHRUHWLVFKH 9RUJHKHQVZHLVH YRUJHVFKODJHQZLUG 3(ý$5 





BERND WAGNER

,FKYHUVWHKHXQWHUÃ*RXYHUQHPHQWDOLWlWµGLHDXVGHQ,QVWLWXWLRQHQGHQ9RUJlQJHQ $QDO\VHQXQG5HÀH[LRQHQGHQ%HUHFKQXQJHQXQGGHQ7DNWLNHQJHELOGHWH*HVDPWKHLWZHOFKHHVHUODXEHQGLHVHUHFKWVSH]L¿VFKHZHQQDXFKVHKUNRPSOH[H)RUP GHU0DFKWDXV]XEHQGLHDOV+DXSW]LHOVFKHLEHGLH%HY|ONHUXQJDOVZLFKWLJVWH:LVVHQVIRUPGLHSROLWLVFKHgNRQRPLHXQGDOVZHVHQWOLFKHVWHFKQLVFKHV,QVWUXPHQWGLH 6LFKHUKHLWVGLVSRVLWLYH KDW =ZHLWHQV YHUVWHKH LFK XQWHU Ã*RXYHUQHPHQWDOLWlWµ GLH 7HQGHQ]RGHUGLH.UDIWOLQLHGLHLPJHVDPWHQ$EHQGODQGXQDEOlVVLJXQGVHLWVHKU ODQJHU=HLW]XU9RUUDQJVWHOOXQJGLHVHV0DFKWW\SXVJHIKUWKDWGHQPDQEHUDOOH DQGHUHQKLQDXVGLHÃ5HJLHUXQJµQHQQHQNDQQ6RXYHUlQLWlW'LV]LSOLQ>«@6FKOLH‰OLFK GHQNH LFK GDVV PDQ XQWHU Ã*RXYHUQHPHQWDOLWlWµ GHQ 9RUJDQJ RGHU YLHOPHKU GDV(UJHEQLVGHV9RUUDQJVYHUVWHKHQVROOWHGXUFKGHQGHUPLWWHODOWHUOLFKH6WDDWGHU *HULFKWVEDUNHLWGHULPXQG-DKUKXQGHUW]XP9HUZDOWXQJVVWDDWZXUGHVLFK QDFKXQGQDFKÃJRXYHUQHPHQWDOLVLHUWµKDW )28&$8/7I 

'LH9HUNQSIXQJYRQ6XEMHNWNRQVWLWXWLRQPLWGHU$XVELOGXQJYRQ6WDDW EHL)RXFDXOWPDFKHQGLHVHQ$QVDW]LQWHUHVVDQWIUHLQH8QWHUVXFKXQJ GHUVWDDWOLFKHQ$NWLYLWlWHQLQGHU6SKlUHYRQ.XOWXUXQG.XQVWGLHDE GHU EHJLQQHQGHQ 1HX]HLW HLQH LPPHU JU|‰HUH %HGHXWXQJ IU GLH (QWZLFNOXQJ GHU ,QGLYLGXHQ GHV 6WDDWHV XQG GHU *HVHOOVFKDIW EHNRPPHQ KDEHQ=XEHUSUIHQZlUHLQZLHZHLWHLQVROFKHU$QVDW]JHUDGHZHJHQ VHLQHU 9HUNQSIXQJ YRQ 6XEMHNWLYLHUXQJVSUR]HVVHQ XQG 6WDDWVIRUPLHUXQJLQGHUKLVWRULVFKHQ8QWHUVXFKXQJKLOIUHLFKLVWIUGLHWKHRUHWLVFKH $QDO\VHJHJHQZlUWLJHU.XOWXUSROLWLN +HUUVFKDIWXQG6WDDWXQGPLWKLQDXFK.XOWXUSROLWLNVLQGDXI/HJLWLPLWlWDQJHZLHVHQHEHQVRZLH+DQGOXQJHQLPPHU0RWLYH(UZDUWXQJHQ XQG=LHOVHW]XQJHQVRZLH:HUWH1RUPHQ5HJHOQXQGÃ:HOWDQVFKDXXQJHQµ]XJUXQGHOLHJHQ'LH/HJLWLPDWLRQVWDDWOLFKHQ+DQGHOQVLP%HUHLFK YRQ.XQVWXQG.XOWXUVRZLHGLHÃJXWHQ*UQGHµGDIUGHUGDPLWYHUEXQGHQH6LQQELOGHQHLQHQLQWHJUDOHQ7HLOGHU$QDO\VHGHU+HUDXVELOGXQJ XQGGHU.RQVWLWXWLRQVEHGLQJXQJHQYRQ.XOWXUSROLWLN(UVWLKUH5HNRQVWUXNWLRQHUP|JOLFKWHLQ9HUVWHKHQGHU3UR]HVVHXQGNDQQKHOIHQGLHVH]X HUNOlUHQ'LHVHU9HUVXFKHLQHVYHUVWHKHQGHQ(UNOlUHQVNXOWXUSROLWLVFKHU 

7KRPDV /HPNH YHUJOHLFKW LQ VHLQHP %HLWUDJ Max Weber, Norbert Elias und Michel Foucault über Macht und Subjektivierung:HEHUV+HUUVFKDIWVVR]LRORJLHXQG(OLDV¶=LYLOLVDWLRQVWKHRULH PLW )RXFDXOWV $QVDW] GHU *RXYHUQHPHQWDOLWlW ]HLJW 3DUDOOHOHQ XQG 8QWHUVFKLHGHDXIXQGVLHKWLQ)RXFDXOWV.RQ]HSWGLH0|JOLFKNHLWGHU9HUELQGXQJYRQ :HEHU XQG (OLDV Ä:lKUHQG :HEHU LQ VHLQHU 0DFKWNRQ]HSWLRQ YRU DOOHP YRQ +HUUVFKDIWVWHFKQLNHQDXVJHKWXQG(OLDVVLFKDXI6HOEVW]ZlQJHNRQ]HQWULHUWYHUNQSIW)RXFDXOWV.RQ]HSWGHU*RXYHUQHPHQWDOLWlWEHLGH8QWHUVXFKXQJVULFKWXQJHQ,QGHPHU5HJLHUXQJLQHLQHPXPIDVVHQGHQ6LQQDOVÃ)KUXQJGHU)KUXQJHQµDOV9HUVWlUNXQJYRQ 6HOEVWXQG)UHPGIKUXQJVWHFKQLNHQEHJUHLIWNDQQHUEHUEHLGH$QDO\VHSHUVSHNWLYHQ KLQDXVJHKHQ³ /(0.( =XU6R]LDOGLV]LSOLQLHUXQJEHL0D[:HEHU*HUKDUG Oestreich und Michel Foucault auch %5(8(5  VRZLHDXVIKUOLFK]XU*RXYHUQHPHQWDOLWlW XQG LKUHP 6WHOOHQZHUW LQ )RXFDXOWV :HUN /(0.(   VRZLH 0h//(5  (33/(  XQG5(+0$11  

KULTURPOLITIK UND KULTURMANAGEMENT

(QWZLFNOXQJHQHUIRUGHUWGHVKDOE]XVlW]OLFK]XU8QWHUVXFKXQJGHU,QVWLWXWLRQHQ6WUXNWXUHQXQGGHUNRQNUHWHQ3UD[LV+DQGOXQJHQ|IIHQWOLFKHU .XOWXUSROLWLNYRQ2UJDQLVDWLRQXQG.XOWXUDXFKGLH(LQEH]LHKXQJLKUHU %HJUQGXQJHQ=LHOVHW]XQJHQXQG/HJLWLPDWLRQHQ'LH9HUELQGXQJYRQ WKHRUHWLVFKHUXQGHPSLULVFKHU$QDO\VHLQGHQKLVWRULVFKVR]LRORJLVFKHQ $UEHLWHQYRQ1RUEHUW(OLDVXQG0LFKHO)RXFDXOWN|QQHQGDEHLDXFKDOV $QUHJXQJXQG9RUELOGIUGLH$XVHLQDQGHUVHW]XQJPLWGHUJHJHQZlUWLJHQ.XOWXUSROLWLNGLHQHQ

Literatur %(.0(,(5)(8(5+$+16LJULGXD +JJ   Forschen im Kulturmanagement. Jahrbuch für Kulturmanagement 2009%LHOHIHOGWUDQVFULSW %(«@LVWGHU1lKUERGHQDOOHU.XOWXU³VFKUHLEW (GXDUG.DHVHU II LQPop ScienceDEHUGHUhEHUÀXVVLP$QJHERWIKUHSDUDGR[HUZHLVH]XHLQHU(URVLRQGHU$XIPHUNVDPNHLWDOVR ]XHLQHUÄ(URVLRQGHVHURWLVFKHQ5XPSIVXQVHUHU.XOWXU³:DVVLFKLQ GLHVHUÄ'LVQH\¿NDWLRQXQVHUHU/HEHQVUlXPH³ .$(6(5 KHUDXVNULVWDOOLVLHUHVHLÄHLQHQHXH=LYLOLVDWLRQVNUDQNKHLWGHUHQ/HLWV\PSWRPODXWHWchronische Zerstreuung³ .$(6(5 

3.

Krampfhaft zerstreut und atemlos gelangweilt?

.DHVHUV %XFK KDQGHOW QLFKW LQ HUVWHU /LQLH YRQ GHU .XOWXU RGHU GHU .XQVW VRQGHUQ YRQ GHU :HOW GHU :LVVHQVFKDIW SULPlU GHU 1DWXUZLVVHQVFKDIWHQ=ZDUVLQGGLHVHVHOEVWYHUVWlQGOLFKHLQ7HLOGHU.XOWXUMHGRFKNHLQHUDQGHQ.XOWXUPDQDJHULQQHQXQG.XOWXUPDQDJHUVSRQWDQ GHQNHQZHQQVLHYRQ.XOWXUUHGHQ'RFKLVWGLH7DWVDFKHGDVVVLFKLQ YLHOHQ6lW]HQ(GXDUG.DHVHUVGLH:|UWHU:LVVHQVFKDIWRGHU)RUVFKXQJ RKQH %HGHXWXQJVlQGHUXQJ GHU $XVVDJH GXUFK .XOWXU HUVHW]HQ ODVVHQ HLQ %HOHJ GDIU ZLH YHUEUHLWHW GLH KLHU GLVNXWLHUWHQ 3KlQRPHQH VLQG (LJHQWOLFKVFKUHLEWHULVWJXWH)RUVFKXQJ±ZLUOHVHQ.XOWXU±LPPHU ÄHLQ(UHLJQLVLQGHP6LQQHGDVVVLHYRQGHU.UDIWGHVPHQVFKOLFKHQ3LRQLHUXQG([SHULPHQWLHUJHLVWHV]HXJW=XPÃ(YHQWµDXIJHEODVHQZLUGVLH QLFKWEHVVHUVRQGHUQEHVVHUYHUPDUNWEDU³ .$(6(5 %HJULIIH ZLHÃ(GXWDLQPHQWµRGHUJDUÃ6FLHQFHWDLQPHQWµGHXWHWHQDQZDVDOV]HLWW\SLVFKEHWUDFKWHWZHUGHQN|QQHVFKUHLEW.DHVHU  ZHLWHUHLQH Ä*HZLFKWVYHUVFKLHEXQJYRQGHU$XINOlUXQJ]XU8QWHUKDOWXQJ³ 1LFKWGLH$Q]DKOGHU0XVHHQRGHUGHU.RQ]HUWHLVWDOVRGLH*HIDKU QDWUOLFKQLFKWXQGVHOEVWYHUVWlQGOLFKLVWHV]XEHJU‰HQZHQQGHU)HVWLYDOEHWULHELQ%HUJG|UIHUQGLH$EZDQGHUXQJGHUMQJHUHQ*HQHUDWLRQHQ]XEUHPVHQYHUPDJ'LH*HIDKUOLHJWYLHOPHKULQGHUhEHUVlWWLJXQJ HLQHUÄDWHPORVJHODQJZHLOWHQ*HVHOOVFKDIW³ '(:$/' PLW7ULYLDOHPLQGHU$XIEOlKXQJGHU.XOWXUEODVHELV]XU'QQKlXWLJNHLWVRPLW LP6XEVWDQ]HQW]XJhEULJEOHLEHQÀDFKH(YHQWVLQGHUHQ:HVHQHVOLHJH VR]LWLHUWHGHU6FKZHL]HU0XVLNHU$UPLQ%UXQQHULQHLQHP/HVHU-

KULTURMANAGEMENT UND KULTURWANDEL

EULHIVHLQHQGHXWVFKHQ.ROOHJHQ:ROIJDQJ5LKP GDVVVLHÄYHUHLQ]HOWH DOOHLQJHODVVHQH(UHLJQLVVHRKQHNQVWOHULVFKH)ROJHQ³VHLHQÄIU$XJHQEOLFNHKRFKJHULVVHQXQGK|FKVWHQVHLQHQSRWHPNLQVFKHQ(LQGUXFN³KLQWHUODVVHQGGHQQ(YHQWVHLÄ9HUEUDXFK$EVFK|SIXQJQLFKW:HUWVFK|Sfung³3HWHU.HPSHUHUJlQ]WHLQHVROFKH.XOWXUÄRKQHGHQ%HJULIILKUHU HLJHQHQ=XNXQIW³WHQGLHUH]XU6SHNWDNHONXOWXU ZHLOVLHLQLKUHP(YHQW%HPKHQDXIGLHHLQPDOLJH)DV]LQDWLRQVNUDIWGHV$XJHQEOLFNV ¿[LHUW LVW 'RFK LVW GHU YRUEHU HQWVWHKW VRIRUW HLQH QHXH 6HKQVXFKW QDFK (UHLJQLVVHQ0DQEH¿QGHWVLFKDXIHLQHPQLFKWHQGHQZROOHQGHQ,QWHQVLWlWVWULS ]XVDPPHQJHVHW]WDXVYLHOHQ(LQ]HO(UOHEQLVVHQ .(03(5

6RZXQGHUEDUDOVRGHUNXOWXUHOOH5HLFKWXPLVWVREHGHQNOLFKPXVVHUXQV VWLPPHQZRHUVLFKQXUQRFKLQZLOGHP:XFKHUQDOV+\SHlX‰HUW:RKLQ GDV IKUW GDV GHXWHWH GHU 'LUHNWRU GHU 6FKZHL]HU .XOWXUVWLIWXQJ Pro Helvetia 3LXV .QVHO LQ HLQHP 9RUWUDJ VFKODJZRUWDUWLJ DQ Ä3ULQ]LS GHU EHVFKOHXQLJWHQ([SDQVLRQXQGGHVJHVWHLJHUWHQ9HUVFKOHLVVHV³ÄP|UGHULVFKH .RQNXUUHQ]³Ä0GLJNHLWVWDWW0QGLJNHLWGHV%UJHUV³Ä)UHLKHLWYRQ%HGHXWXQJVWDWW.XQVWIUHLKHLW³ .1h6(/ 

4.

Aufblähen bis zum Platzen?

1HXLVWGLHVH$QDO\VHNHLQHVZHJV1LFKWHUVWKHXWHEHIUFKWHQZLUGHUhEHUÀXVVN|QQWHLQhEHUGUXVVXPVFKODJHQ(ULFK)URPPIRUPXOLHUWHYRUPHKU als dreißig Jahren in Haben oder SeinlKQOLFKH%HIUFKWXQJHQ :LUIKUHQJHJHQZlUWLJGDVJU|‰WHMHXQWHUQRPPHQHJHVHOOVFKDIWOLFKH([SHULPHQW ]XU%HDQWZRUWXQJGHU)UDJHGXUFKRE9HUJQJHQ DOVSDVVLYHU$IIHNWLP*HJHQVDW] ]XGHQDNWLYHQ$IIHNWHQ:RKOEH¿QGHQXQG)UHXGH HLQHEHIULHGLJHQGH/|VXQJGHV PHQVFKOLFKHQ([LVWHQ]SUREOHPVVHLQNDQQ>«@'DV([SHULPHQWKDWGLH)UDJHEHUHLWVPLWQHLQEHDQWZRUWHW )5200

8QGVFKRQLQGHQHU-DKUHQKDWWHGHUClub of RomePLWVHLQHQ%HULFKWHQ]XGHQGrenzen des WachstumsDXIGLH3UREOHPH]LHOXQGUFNVLFKWV ORVHQ:LOGZXFKVHVKLQJHZLHVHQ'LH:XU]HOQGHVVHOEHQUHLFKHQZHLW]XUFN ZLH:DOWHU/HLPJUXEHULQHLQHP%HLWUDJ]XULPPHUZHLWHUDXVJUHLIHQGHQ)HVWLYDOODQGVFKDIWGDUOHJW 0LWGHPDXVJHKHQGHQXQGEHJLQQHQGHQ-DKUKXQGHUWVFKULWWHQ,QGXVWULDOLVLHUXQJXQG8UEDQLVLHUXQJUDVFKYRUDQXQGQHXH0HGLHQ±3KRWRJUDSKLH.LQR 6FKDOOSODWWHXQGVFKOLHVVOLFK5DGLR±WUDWHQLKUHQ6LHJHV]XJDQ(VZDUGHU%HJLQQ GHV0DVVHQNRQVXPVGHU0DVVHQPHGLHQXQGGHU0DVVHQNXOWXU'LHQHXHQ.XOWXUIRUPHQZXUGHQNRPPHU]LHOODXVJHULFKWHWLQGXVWULHOOSURGX]LHUWPHGLDOYHUEUHLWHW XQGGLHQWHQGHUÀFKWLJHQ8QWHUKDOWXQJ /(,0*58%(5





ROLF KELLER

.RQIURQWLHUW PLW GHQ JHJHQZlUWLJHQ ,QÀDWLRQVHUVFKHLQXQJHQ GLH ZLH MHGH ,QÀDWLRQ*HIDKUHQIUGDV6\VWHPVHOEVWLQVLFKWUDJHQVFKOHLFKWVLFKJHOHgentlich das Gefühl ein, wir müssten acht geben, dass sich die KulturkonMXQNWXU QLFKW EHUVFKODJH $Q SXQNWXHOOHQ 0HQHWHNHOQ PDQJHOW HV QLFKW Ã'LH .XQVWEODVH SODW]Wµ XQG lKQOLFK ODXWHWHQ GLH 6FKODJ]HLOHQ ZRQDFK GLH 8PVlW]HLP.XQVWKDQGHOJHJHQEHUZHOWZHLWXPYROOHHLQEUDFKHQDPVWlUNVWHQLQGHU%RRP6SDUWHGHU]HLWJHQ|VVLVFKHQ.XQVW2GHU GLH6FKOLH‰XQJYRQ0XVHHQ3O|W]OLFKELOGHWVLHLQ¿QDQ]LHOOHQ.ULVHQ]HLWHQ HLQWUDXULJHV*HJHQVWFN]XPHUZlKQWHQ:DFKVWXP 8QGZHLOZLUVHQVLEOHUJHZRUGHQVLQGIU(QW]QGXQJVV\PSWRPHGHUHQ fatale Folgen wir auf anderen Gebieten beobachten konnten, fürchten wir DXFK VFKRQ GDV 9HUJOKHQ 'HQQ ZR .XOWXUEHUGUXVV GURKW GURKHQ DXFK VFKRQ$EEDXXQG=HUVW|UXQJ

5.

Bestialische Kreatur oder Krone der Schöpfung?

*HZLVV GDV VLQG GUDVWLVFKH 6]HQDULHQ :HLO MHGRFK GHU 5FNIDOO LQ GLH %DUEDUHL QLFKW DXVJHVFKORVVHQ ZHUGHQ NDQQ ZLH 0D[ )XFKV    LQ Mensch und Kultur VFKUHLEW LVW ÄSROLWLVFKH *HVWDOWXQJ GHU JHVHOOVFKDIWOLFKHQ3UR]HVVH]ZLQJHQGQRWZHQGLJ³'DEHLGDUIPDQEHLÃSROLWLVFKHU*HVWDOWXQJµGXUFKDXVDXFKDQGDV*HVWDOWXQJVYHUP|JHQGHV.XOWXUPDQDJHPHQWV GHQNHQ7DWVlFKOLFKIKUHQXQVJHZDOWWlWLJH$XVHLQDQGHUVHW]XQJHQLQDOOHU :HOWLPPHUZLHGHUGHXWOLFKJHQXJYRU$XJHQGDVVGLHPHQVFKOLFKH.XOWXU QXUHLQHQGQQHQ]LYLOLVDWRULVFKHQ)LUQLVEHUGHUURKHQ1DWXUELOGHW1DFK GHQ (UIDKUXQJHQ GHV =ZHLWHQ :HOWNULHJV KDW GLHV GHU HQJOLVFKH /LWHUDWXU 1REHOSUHLVWUlJHU :LOOLDP *ROGLQJ LQ VHLQHP ]XP 6FKXOEXFK JHZRUGHQHQ Roman Lord of the Flies LQ GHQ HLQGUFNOLFKHQ %LOGHUQ HLQHU *UXSSH YRQ 6FKXOMXQJHQIHVWJHKDOWHQGHUHQDQIlQJOLFKHV%HPKHQXP]LYLOLVLHUWHV=XVDPPHQOHEHQDXIHLQHU,QVHOZRVLHQDFKHLQHP)OXJ]HXJDEVWXU]JHVWUDQ GHW VLQG LQ NXU]HU =HLW LQ %OXW XQG 7HUURU HQGHW ± ÄEHFDXVH WKH ER\V DUH VXIIHULQJIURPWKHWHUULEOHGLVHDVHRIEHLQJKXPDQ³ZLHGHU$XWRUVHOEVWLQ HLQHP(VVD\]XP%XFKVFKULHE *2/',1*  :lKUHQG LQ *ROGLQJV 5RPDQ GLHVHV ÄEHLQJ KXPDQ³ DXI GLH GXQNOHUH 6HLWH LP 0HQVFKHQ YHUZHLVW DXI VHLQH EHVWLDOLVFKH 1DWXULQWHUHVVLHUW KLHU GDVKHOOHUH*HJHQVWFNGLH]LYLOLVDWRULVFKH6HLWHPLWGHUVLFKGHU0HQVFK

KULTURMANAGEMENT UND KULTURWANDEL

JHUDGH YRQ GHU 1DWXU DEKHEW GLH .XOWXU Was meint es konkret, dieses *DWWXQJVFKDUDNWHULVWLNXP .XOWXU" :DV LVW HV GDV XQV PHQVFKOLFK PDFKW" $XVVDJHQGD]X¿QGHQVLFKLQGHU/LWHUDWXU]XKDXI'DVVSH]L¿VFK0HQVFKOLFKH OLHJH HWZD LQ GHU %HIlKLJXQJ YHUQQIWLJ XQG YHUDQWZRUWXQJVYROO ]X KDQGHOQ +(56&+ EHUVLFKVHOEVWQDFK]XGHQNHQXQG6\PEROH ]XELOGHQ )8&+6 :HUWXUWHLOHIlOOHQ]XN|QQHQDOVR]ZLVFKHQ VFK|Q XQG KlVVOLFK JHUHFKW XQG XQJHUHFKW ]X XQWHUVFKHLGHQ *2/',1*  $QWRQLR/RSULHQRVFKUHLEWLQHLQHP7H[W]XHYROXWLRQlUHU.XOWXUIRUVFKXQJ 'UHL0HUNPDOHVFKHLQHQ>«@XQVHUH6SH]LHVYRQDOOHQDQGHUHQ/HEHZHVHQ>]XXQWHUVFKHLGHQ@ GLH )lKLJNHLW VLFK DXI VLQQYROOH :HLVH PLW UHJHOPlVVLJ JHRUGQHWHQ /DXWHQ DXV]XGUFNHQ 6SUDFKH  GLH )HUWLJNHLW PLW GHQ HLJHQHQ +lQGHQ %LOGHU KHU]XVWHOOHQ .XQVW GLH1HLJXQJZLFKWLJH/HEHQVSKDVHQ±EHVRQGHUVGHQ7RG± GXUFK5LWXDOH]XEHJOHLWHQ 5HOLJLRQ  /235,(12I

8QG 5REHUW 3RJXH +DUULVRQ DQWZRUWHWH DXI GLH HQWVSUHFKHQGH )UDJH HLQHU ,QWHUYLHZHULQ PLW GHP +LQZHLV DXI HLQHQ VHPDQWLVFKHQ =XVDPPHQKDQJ]ZLVFKHQÃKXPDQµXQGÃKXPXVµ(UGH .g+/(5 6HLQH $XIIDVVXQJVHLKLHUHWZDVDXVIKUOLFKHUUHIHULHUW'HUHUVWH6DW]VHLQHV EHUHLWVHUZlKQWHQ%XFKHVGardens, in welchem er anhand historischer XQGKHXWLJHU*lUWHQDXIGLH%HGHXWXQJGHU+HJHXQG3ÀHJHDOVJUXQGOHJHQGHV %HGUIQLV GHV 0HQVFKHQ HLQJHKW ODXWHW Ä)RU PLOOHQQLD DQG WKURXJKRXWZRUOGFXOWXUHVRXUSUHGHFHVVRUVFRQFHLYHGRIKXPDQKDSSLQHVVLQLWVSHUIHFWHGVWDWHDVDJDUGHQH[LVWHQFH³ +$55,621  %DOG PDFKW GHU $XWRU NODU GDVV GDV PHQVFKOLFKH ,GHDO DOOHUGLQJV ZHQLJHULP]HLWORVLG\OOLVFKHQ'DVHLQHLQHVVWHULOHQ3DUDGLHVHVOLHJHDXFK ZHQQ GLHVH 9RUVWHOOXQJ HLQHU YRU 6FKPHU] XQG 7RG EHVFKW]WHQ ([LV WHQ] IU ODQJH =HLW ÄWKH XOWLPDWH LPDJH RI WKH JRRG OLIH³ JHZHVHQ VHL +$55,621    'RFK VFKRQ 2G\VVHXV REZRKO LKQ .DO\SVR ]X JHQDXHLQHUVROFKHQ([LVWHQ]DXILKUHU,QVHOHLQOlGWVFKOlJWGDV$QJHERW DXVGHQQHUÄORQJVIRUWKHZRUOGLQZKLFKKXPDQFDUH¿QGVLWVIXO¿OOPHQWLQKLVFDVHWKDWLVWKHZRUOGRIIDPLO\KRPHODQGDQGJHQHDORJ\³ +$55,621 



(V NDQQ KLHU ZHGHU DXI GLH VHPDQWLVFKHQ )HLQKHLWHQ HLQJHJDQJHQ ZHUGHQ ± 7KRPDV 0DQQVHW]WH.XOWXUPLW*HLVW=LYLOLVDWLRQPLW3ROLWLNLQ%H]LHKXQJ±QRFKDXIGLHXQWHUVFKLHGOLFKH 9HUZHQGXQJVZHLVH GHU %HJULIIH LP GHXWVFKVSUDFKLJHQ E]Z LP DQJHOVlFKVLVFKHQ5DXP9JOGD]X%2//(1%(&. II )8&+6  





ROLF KELLER

6.

Hingebungsvoll sorglos?

'HU6FKOVVHOEHJULIILQGLHVHU6LFKWGHUPHQVFKOLFKHQ1DWXULVWÃKXPDQ FDUHµ$XVJHKHQGYRQGHUDOWHQ3DUDEHOQDFKGHUGLH*|WWLQ&XUD±)UVRUJH6RUJIDOW3ÀHJHYHUN|USHUQG±GHQ0HQVFKHQDXVHLQHP.OXPSHQ /HKPIRUPWHNRPPW+DUULVRQ]XVHLQHU]HQWUDOHQ$XVVDJHPHQVFKOLFKH:HVHQKlWWHQLKUHU(UGYHUEXQGHQKHLWZHJHQHLQHQXQZLGHUVWHKOLFKHQ 'UDQJ VLFK HLQHU 6DFKH DQ]XQHKPHQ IU HWZDV ]X VRUJHQ HV ]X SÀHJHQ ± ÄDQ LUUHSUHVVLEOH QHHG WR GHYRWH WKHPVHOYHV WR VRPHWKLQJ³ +$55,621  (LQ ]ZHLWHV %HLVSLHO IU GLHVHV XUPHQVFKOLFKH %HGUIQLV VLFK KLQJHEXQJVYROO $QGHUHP ]X ZLGPHQ OHLWHW +DUULVRQ YRP EHNDQQWHUHQ 6FK|SIXQJVP\WKRVKHUGHPELEOLVFKHQ$GDPXQG(YDVRVFKUHLEWHU VHW]WHQ LKU SDUDGLHVLVFKHV 'DVHLQ DXV VFKLHUHU 8QEHNPPHUWKHLW DXIV 6SLHO:HQQHVEHUKDXSWHLQH0RWLYDWLRQIUGLH6QGHJHJHEHQKDWWH GDQQHLQHNDXPEHZXVVWHÄ:DKUVFKHLQOLFKD‰(YDYRP$SIHOXP0XWWHU ]X ZHUGHQ³ IRUPXOLHUW +DUULVRQ LP HUZlKQWHQ =HLWXQJVLQWHUYLHZ .g+/(5 NHLQH5HEHOOLRQRGHUQXUVFKRQhEHUWUHWXQJZDUEHDEVLFKWLJW'DPLWHUZHLVWVLFKGHU6QGHQIDOOOHW]WOLFKDOV6HJHQÄ,Q(GHQ $GDPZDVXQEXUGHQHGE\ZRUULHVEXWLQFDSDEOHRIGHYRWLRQ³ +$55,621 HUVWQDFKGHU9HUWUHLEXQJHUVWGXUFKGLHEHVFKZHUOLFKH %HDUEHLWXQJGHV%RGHQVXQGGHQ6FKPHU]GHV*HElUHQVEHNRPPHQVHLQ /HEHQXQGGDVYRQ(YDHLQHQ6LQQXQG:LUNOLFKNHLWVEH]XJGHQQVLHOHEHQ HEHQ MHQHP IXQGDPHQWDOHQ %HGUIQLV GHU +HJH XQG 3ÀHJH QDFK ,QGHU%HZXVVWVHLQVHUZHLWHUXQJZHOFKHGHU9HUOXVWGHV3DUDGLHVHVPLW VLFKEUDFKWHJUQGHOHW]WOLFKDOOH.XOWXUÄ2XWRIWKLVH[WHQVLRQRIVHOI LQWRWKHZRUOGZDVERUQWKHORYHRIVRPHWKLQJRWKHUWKDQRQHVHOI KHQFH ZDVERUQKXPDQFXOWXUHDVVXFK ³ +$55,621  )UVRUJHXQGGLH)lKLJNHLW]XU.XOWLYLHUXQJPDFKHQVRPLWIU+DUULVRQ  GDVVSH]L¿VFKPHQVFKOLFKH:LUNXQJVYHUP|JHQDXVÄLWLV FOHDUWKDWDOLIHRIDFWLRQSHUYDGHGWKURXJKDQGWKURXJKE\FDUHLVZKDW KDVDOZD\VUHQGHUHGKXPDQOLIHPHDQLQJIXO³ Ã0HDQLQJµGDV6WLFKZRUWYHUGLHQWHLQHQNOHLQHQ([NXUV'HU0HQVFK VXFKH6LQQGLH.XOWXUVWLIWHLKQ±VRK|UHQZLULQNXOWXUSROLWLVFKHQ)HVWDQVSUDFKHQXQGOHVHQZLULQ)|UGHUXQJVNRQ]HSWHQODQGDXIODQGDE1XU WXWVLHGLHVMDQLFKWHLQIDFKVRÄ(VVFKHLQWNDXPMHPDQGHPDXI]XIDOOHQ GDVV HLQ REMHNWLY JHJHEHQHU GDVHLHQGHU 6LQQ HLQ :LGHUVSUXFK LQ VLFK VHOEVWLVW³VFKUHLEWGLH3KLORVRSKLQ-HDQQH+HUVFK I LQLKUHP (VVD\Der Sinn für den SinnÄ7DWVDFKHQKDEHQDQVLFKQLHHLQHQ6LQQ VLHVLQGQXUGD>«@'HQ6LQQ¿QGHQZLUQLHYRU:LUVLQGIULKQYHU-

KULTURMANAGEMENT UND KULTURWANDEL

DQWZRUWOLFK>«@³6LQQPXVVDOVRÃHUDUEHLWHWµZHUGHQHVEUDXFKWÃFDUHµ GDPLW .XOWXU LKUHQ 6LQQJHKDOW HQWIDOWHQ NDQQ 8QG JDQ] lKQOLFK ZLH 5REHUW +DUULVRQ EH]LHKW VLFK DXFK -HDQQH +HUVFK DXI XQVHUH DOWWHVWDPHQWDULVFKHQ8UDKQHQ $GDPXQG(YDNDQQWHQLP*DUWHQ(GHQZHGHUGHQ0DQJHOQRFKGLH%HPKXQJXP HWZDVZHGHU$UEHLWQRFK=HLWXQG*HVFKLFKWH9RUGHUÃIHOL[FXOSDµYRUGHUVFK|SIHULVFKHQ6QGHZDUHQVLHNHLQH0HQVFKHQLQXQVHUHP6LQQ8QGZHLOVLHGHQ0DQJHOQLFKWNDQQWHQIHKOWHLKQHQGHU6LQQIUGHQ6LQQ>«@ +(56&+

=XVDPPHQIDVVHQGOlVVWVLFKGDVZDVGHQ0HQVFKHQ±XQGZDVGLH IU LKQNRQVWLWXWLYH .XOWXU±DXVPDFKWLQ6FKOVVHOZ|UWHUQZLH9HUQXQIW )UVRUJH :HUWRULHQWLHUXQJ 6\PEROELOGXQJ 6LQQ¿QGXQJ 9HUDQWZRUWXQJ DXVGUFNHQ :HQQ LP )ROJHQGHQ PHKUIDFK YRQ )RUWVFKULWW GLH Rede ist, dann meint dieser nichts anderes als den Weg auf die RealisieUXQJGLHVHUKXPDQHQ3RWHQWLDOHKLQ'DULQOLHJWHLQH1DFKKDOWLJNHLWGLH PHKULVWDOVPRGLVFKHV6FKODJZRUW5 'HU+\SHVRGLH'LDJQRVHJHIlKUGHWDOOHGLHVH$WWULEXWH(UEHVWHKW ±LQVHLQHQQHJDWLYHQ$VSHNWHQ±LQHLQHU9HUQDFKOlVVLJXQJGHVVHQZDV XQVPHQVFKOLFKPDFKW(ULVWHLQ$XVGUXFNGHU0D‰ORVLJNHLWGHUPDQJHOQGHQ 5FNVLFKW GHU IHKOHQGHQ )UVRUJH ± GHU ÃFDUHOHVVQHVVµ HEHQ ZLHZLUVLHDXIDQGHUHQVFKRQHUZlKQWHQ)HOGHUQNHQQHQHUEDUPXQJVORVH 5HVVRXUFHQYHUVFKZHQGXQJ NXU]VLFKWLJHV 3UR¿WGHQNHQ ]X /DVWHQ GHU QDWUOLFKHQ /HEHQVJUXQGODJHQ JHLVWLJ VFKPDOVSXULJH 7HQGHQ] ]XU 0RQHWDULVLHUXQJDOOHU/HEHQVYHUKlOWQLVVH +LHU ZLUG QRWD EHQH QLFKW IU MHQH $XVSUlJXQJ WUDGLWLRQVEHZXVVWHUEUJHUOLFKHU+RFKNXOWXUSOlGLHUWGLHNHLQHQ6SD‰YHUVWHKWXQGGLH )XQNWLRQGHU.XOWXUIDVWQXUSlGDJRJLVFKLQ(UEDXXQJXQG+RUL]RQWHUZHLWHUXQJLQ5HÀH[LRQXQG6LQQSURGXNWLRQVLHKW'RFKLP)LHEHUZDKQ GHV+\SHVSHUYHUWLHUWGLHNXOWXUHOOH$XVVWDWWXQJGHV0HQVFKHQYRQHLQHU +LOIH]XU'DVHLQVEHZlOWLJXQJLQLKU*HJHQWHLO :LUVHW]HQDOVR*UXQGOHJHQGHVDXIV6SLHOZHQQZLULP%RRPLQ9HUVXFKXQJJHUDWHQGHU.XOWXUQLFKWGLHLKUJHEKUHQGH6RUJIDOWDQJHGHLKHQ]XODVVHQOHW]WOLFKGDVJDQ]HJHLVWLJHXQGHWKLVFKH,QVWUXPHQWDULXPGDVVLHXQV]XULQGLYLGXHOOHQXQGNROOHNWLYHQ/HEHQVJHVWDOWXQJ]XU 9HUIJXQJVWHOOW 6FKOLH‰OLFK LVW EHNDQQW ZDV GHU +LVWRULNHU -HDQ 5XGROI YRQ 6DOLV LP*HVSUlFKHLQZHQLJDOOJHPHLQHUIRUPXOLHUWHDOV)ULHGULFK+|OGHUOLQ



:LFKWLJHhEHUOHJXQJHQ]XU1DFKKDOWLJNHLWLP.RQWH[WYRQ.XOWXUSROLWLNXQG.XOWXUPDQDJHPHQWXQGGDPLW]X]HQWUDOHQ)UDJHQGHVYRUOLHJHQGHQ7H[WV¿QGHQVLFKEHL$UPLQ .OHLQ  PLWGHUVSH]L¿VFKHQ3HUVSHNWLYHDXIGDV.XOWXUSXEOLNXPGHU=XNXQIW





ROLF KELLER

I LQVHLQHPEHUKPWHQ'LNWXPÄ:DVEOHLEHWDEHUVWLIWHQ GLH'LFKWHU³ $OV+LVWRULNHUKDEHLFKGRFKXQHQGOLFKYLHOH(UHLJQLVVH.ULHJHGLSORPDWLVFKH9HUKDQGOXQJHQKLVWRULVFKH3HUV|QOLFKNHLWHQNHQQHQJHOHUQWXQGYHUVXFKWVLHGDU]XVWHOOHQ8QGQDFKWUlJOLFKKDEHLFKHQWGHFNWGDVVYRQDOOHGHPHLJHQWOLFKQXUGDV *HLVWLJHRGHUVDJHQZLUHVEDQDOHUGLH.XOWXUEHUOHEWKDW6FKDXHQ6LHLQ,WDOLHQ ZHLVVPDQJDQ]JHQDXZRPDQKLQJHKHQPXVVXPGHQRGHUMHQHQ0DOHURGHU%LOGKDXHUNHQQHQ]XOHUQHQ9RQGHQ3lSVWHQDEHUYRQGHQ7\UDQQHQXQG6WDGWIUVWHQ GLHGRFKLKUH$XIWUDJJHEHUXQG0l]HQHZDUHQQXQMDYRQGHQHQHU]lKOW]ZDUGLH *HVFKLFKWHGDVEOHLEHQGHDEHUKDEHQGLH.QVWOHUJHVFKDIIHQ 6$/,6

7.

Kultur – unerschöpfliches Reservoir der Evolution?

)UDJHQZLUDXIGHU%DVLVHLQHUVROFKHQ'LDJQRVHQDFKGHU7KHUDSLHVR VFKHLQWVLHDXIGHU+DQG]XOLHJHQ:HQQZLUGDVYHUQDFKOlVVLJWKDEHQ ZDV XQV PHQVFKOLFK PDFKW DOVR GLH .XOWXU LP 9HUVWlQGQLV YRQ ÃFXUD‘, GDQQLVWGRFKHLQH6WlUNXQJJHUDGHGLHVHU.XOWXUJHIUDJWÄ)RUJURXSVDQG VRFLHWLHV FXOWXUH LV HQHUJ\ LQVSLUDWLRQ DQG HPSRZHUPHQW³ 81(6&2  GHU+\SHDEHUEDQDOLVLHUWGLHVH.UDIWEHUDXEWVLHGDPLWLKUHU 6XEVWDQ]LKUHU3RWHQ]±XQGEHUDXEWXQVGHU&KDQFHGLHVH.UDIWSRVLWLY ]XQXW]HQ'HQQGDVVGLHQHJDWLYHQ$XVZLUNXQJHQGHUHUZlKQWHQ(QWZLFNOXQJHQQLFKWHLQIDFKPLWWHFKQRORJLVFKHQ0LWWHOQ ZHOFKHVLH]XP 7HLOMDJHUDGHYHUXUVDFKWKDEHQ YHUKLQGHUWRGHUNRUULJLHUWZHUGHQN|QQHQ GUIWH LQ]ZLVFKHQ LQV NROOHNWLYH %HZXVVWVHLQ JHGUXQJHQ VHLQ $OV HLQ]LJHU$XVZHJGULQJHQGDQJH]HLJWLVWYLHOPHKUHLQHbQGHUXQJXQVHUHU (LQVWHOOXQJHQGHU*HVLQQXQJ±HLQ.XOWXUZDQGHOHEHQ*HLVWHVKDOWXQJHQDEHUVLQGNXOWXUHOOH3UlJXQJHQ.XOWXUDOVHLQHGHUZHQLJHQXQHUVFK|SÀLFKHQ5HVVRXUFHQÄVKDSHVDOORXUWKLQNLQJLPDJLQLQJDQGEHKDviour“, heißt es im UNESCO-5HSRUWOur Creative Diversity   XQGVLHZHUGHLPGULQJHQGDQJH]HLJWHQ3UR]HVVGHU:HUWHlQGHUXQJÄLQYLJRUDWHGDQGHQKDQFHGUDWKHUWKDQGHSOHWHG³ 81(6&2  1XQ ZLUNHQ KRFKJHPXWH (UZDUWXQJHQ DQ HLQH UDGLNDOH Ä9HUlQGHUXQJ GHV +HU]HQV³ GHU 0HQVFKHQ )5200    DQ HLQHQ NROOHNWLYHQ *HVLQQXQJVZDQGHO LP  -DKUKXQGHUW HKHU SDWKHWLVFK XQG XQ]HLWJHPl‰'LHÃ9HUEHVVHUXQJGHV0HQVFKHQµ±/HVVLQJRGHU6FKLOOHU YHUZHQGHWHQGLHVH%HJULIÀLFKNHLWLP=XVDPPHQKDQJPLW.XOWXU,PPDQXHO.DQWVSUDFKYRQ.XOWLYLHUXQJ=LYLOLVLHUXQJXQG0RUDOLVLHUXQJGHV 0HQVFKHQXQGVHOEVWEHL$OEHUW6FKZHLW]HULPIUKHQ-DKUKXQGHUW EHUUDVFKWGLH)RUPXOLHUXQJQLFKWZHQQHUÄGHQJHLVWLJHQXQGHWKLVFKHQ

KULTURMANAGEMENT UND KULTURWANDEL

)RUWVFKULWWGHU0HQVFKHQXQGGHU0HQVFKKHLW³DOVÄGDV:HVHQWOLFKHGHU .XOWXU³XPVFKUHLEW 6&+:(,7=(5  'DQQ DEHU KDEHQ XQV GLH .DWDVWURSKHQ GHV OHW]WHQ -DKUKXQGHUWV QLFKWHUPXWLJWLQVROFKHQ.DWHJRULHQ]XGHQNHQ:LHVFKRQDQJHGHXWHW ZDU YLHOHQ VSlWHVWHQV QDFK GHP =ZHLWHQ :HOWNULHJ GHU *ODXEH DQ GLH 9HUYROONRPPQXQJGHV0HQVFKHQDOVVR]LDOHV:HVHQJUQGOLFKDEKDQGHQ JHNRPPHQ $XFK MQJHUH bX‰HUXQJHQ YRQ +LVWRULNHUQ VWLPPHQ QLFKW]XYHUVLFKWOLFKHU GLH ,GHH GLH *HVFKLFKWH IKUH YRQ HLQHP VFKOHFKWHUHQ ]X HLQHP EHVVHUHQ XQG VFKOLHVVOLFK ]X HLQHP ,GHDO]XVWDQG ZR DOOH 0HQVFKHQ IUHXQGOLFK XQG JXW XQG OLHEXQGZRKOWlWLJZHUGHQXQGLQ)ULHGHQPLWHLQDQGHUOHEHQGDVZLGHUVSULFKWLP *UXQGHGRFKGHU(UIDKUXQJGHV*HVFKLFKWVVFKUHLEHUV 6$/,6 6

8QG REJOHLFK ± VR HWZD LQ HLQHP /HLWDUWLNHO GHU EHVRQQHQHQ Neuen Zürcher Zeitung 6&+:$5= – die Krise der Werte beklagt wird, GHUPDUNDQWH9HUOXVWDQ/DQJIULVWGHQNHQGHU0DQJHODQ/R\DOLWlWXQG GLHJHVXQNHQH%HGHXWXQJGHU9HUDQWZRUWXQJVRIlOOWGRFKJOHLFK]HLWLJ schon beim alltäglichen Medienkonsum auf, dass der scheinbar so anaFKURQLVWLVFKH$QVSUXFKDXI:HOWYHUEHVVHUXQJGXUFKDXVH[SOL]LW7KHPD LQGHQ'HEDWWHQGHU=HLWLVW'DVWorld Economic Forum 2010 in Davos VWDQGXQWHUGHP0RWWRÄ'HQ=XVWDQGGHU:HOWYHUEHVVHUQEHUGHQNHQ XPJHVWDOWHQHUQHXHUQ³XQGGHUFKLQHVLVFKH3LDQLVW/DQJ/DQJIDQGHV LQHLQHU=HLWXQJVQRWL]ZLFKWLJGDVVGRUWDXFK.QVWOHUWHLOQlKPHQZHLO HUEHU]HXJWVHLGDVVVLHHLQHQZLFKWLJHQ%HLWUDJ]XHLQHUEHVVHUHQ:HOW OHLVWHQN|QQHQGLH132AvaazZHOFKHEHU,QWHUQHW.DPSDJQHQJOREDOH (QWVFKHLGXQJHQ PLWEHVWLPPHQ ZLOO VR (QGH  ]XU 812.OLPDNRQIHUHQ]LQ.RSHQKDJHQ YHUVWHKWVLFKDOV%HZHJXQJPLWGHP=LHO GLH:HOW]XYHUEHVVHUQ]ZHL0DVFKLQHQEDX'RNWRUDQGHQZROOHQGDQN GHV YRQ LKQHQ HQWZLFNHOWHQ $SSDUDWV GHU &22 DXV GHU /XIW HLQIDQJHQ NDQQGLH:HOWUHWWHQ±ZHQQQLFKWKHXWHVRGRFKEHUPRUJHQ« 'LH:HOWYHUEHVVHUQ±HLQJDUQLFKWVRREVROHWHU$QVSUXFKHLQEHUUDVFKHQG]HLWJHPl‰HV+DQGOXQJVPRWLY":HUJHQDXHUKLQVFKDXWZLHGDV 3DWULFN*ORJQHULQVHLQHU6WXGLHEHUGLHNXOWXUHOOHQ(LQVWHOOXQJHQOHLWHQder Mitarbeiter kommunaler Kulturverwaltungen getan hat – also einer .DWHJRULHYRQNXOWXUHOO(QJDJLHUWHQGHUPDQHLQHEHZXVVWH0RWLYDWLRQ für ihr Handeln unterstellen darf –, konstatiert leicht überrascht, dass PLQGHVWHQV EHL lOWHUHQ -DKUJDQJVJUXSSHQ XQWHU GHQ :LUNXQJVLQWHQWLR-



bKQOLFKEHNODJW+RXVWRQ6WHZDUW&KDPEHUODLQÄ'HUJU|VVWHDOOHU,UUWKPHU>LVW@GLH $QQDKPH GDVV XQVHUH &XOWXU XQG =LYLOLVDWLRQ GHU $XVGUXFN HLQHV DOOJHPHLQHQ )RUWVFKULWWVGHU0HQVFKKHLWVHL³ =LWQDFK%2//(1%(&.





ROLF KELLER

QHQLKUHV+DQGHOQVÄGLHPRUDOLVFKHHWKLVFKHXQGGHPRNUDWLVFKHÃ9HUEHVVHUXQJµGHV0HQVFKHQ³ZHLWREHQVWHKW */2*1(5  $XFK IU 0D[ )XFKV VLQG Ä9RUVWHOOXQJHQ HLQHU Ã+XPDQLVLHUXQJµ DOV=LHOGHU.XOWXUSROLWLN>«@QRFKQLFKWY|OOLJDGDFWDJHOHJW³ )8&+6    *DQ] DOOJHPHLQ ZLUG GHP 6WUHEHQ QDFK HLQHP K|KHUHQ =XVWDQGDXFKLQGHU:LVVHQVFKDIWGXUFKDXV%HDFKWXQJJHVFKHQNW±NHLQHVZHJVQXULPELRORJLVFKHQ6LQQHYRQ'DUZLQVRQGHUQHEHQVRLQGHU%HWUDFKWXQJGHUNXOWXUHOOHQ(YROXWLRQ6LQGHVLPELRORJLVFKHQ%HUHLFKGLH Gene, welche vererbbare Merkmale auf die Nachkommen übertragen, VRKDW5LFKDUG'DZNLQVIUGHQNXOWXUHOOHQ%HUHLFKGHQ%HJULIIÃ0HPµ eingeführt für die Träger distinktiver kultureller Information, die von DQGHUHQ0HQVFKHQEHUQRPPHQZLUG :lKUHQGHUEOLFKH$QODJHQZLHGLH*HQHQDFK2SWLPLHUXQJGHUHLJHQHQUHSURGXNWLYHQ)LWQHVVVWUHEHQKDIWHWPLPHWLVFKHQ$QODJHQZLHGHQ0HPHQGHU'UDQJQDFK 9HUEHVVHUXQJGHU9RUODJHDQ>«@'DVEHVWH*HQLVWGDVMHQLJHGDVVLFKXQEHJUHQ]W ]XUHSURGX]LHUHQYHUPDJGDVEHVWH0HPLVWGDVMHQLJHGDVVLFKEHLMHGHU,PLWDWLRQ YHUEHVVHUW /235,(12 

8.

Gegenkräfte zum Erlebnismarkt

:HQQDOVR6WlUNXQJGHU.XOWXUJHIUDJWLVWZHQQZLULQ*HKDOWLQ6LQQYHUPHKUXQJXQG,GHQWLWlWLQYHVWLHUHQP|JHQLQGDV3RWHQWLDOGHU.XOWXU:HUWHXQG+DOWXQJHQ]XSUlJHQXQGGDPLW3UREOHPHEHZlOWLJHQ]XKHOIHQVWDWW GLH.XOWXULPTXDQWLWDWLYHQ2YHUNLOOIDOVFKHQ*|WWHUQ]XRSIHUQXQGZHQQ ZLUVFKOLH‰OLFKDQHLQHQ)RUWVFKULWWJODXEHQP|JHQDQGLH0|JOLFKNHLW]XU +DOWXQJVlQGHUXQJ LPPHUKLQ ± GDQQ N|QQHQ .XOWXUPDQDJHU RKQH 6FKHX YRU3DWKRVIUHLQH.XOWXUIUHLQ.XOWXUPDQDJHPHQWXQGIUHLQH.XOWXUSROLWLNLP*HLVWHGHUÃFXUDµHLQVWHKHQ'DQQJHKW0DQDJHPHQWÃPDQXPDJHUHµEHUVHLQHHW\PRORJLVFKH%DVLVDOV+DQGZHUNKLQDXV'DQQGHQNHQXQG KDQGHOQ .XOWXUPDQDJHU PLW MHGHU $XVVWHOOXQJ MHGHP )HVWLYDO MHGHU $XIführung, welche nicht im Filter hängenbleiben, der sie auf Gehalt und WirNXQJVSRWHQWLDOSUIWLQHLQHU3HUVSHNWLYHEHUJHRUGQHWHU9HUDQWZRUWXQJ 'DEHL GDUI GDV EHVFKHLGHQ IRUPXOLHUWH Ã(UP|JOLFKHQ YRQ .XOWXUµ +(,15,&+6   GXUFKDXV GLH DNWLYH 0LWJHVWDOWXQJ GHV NXOWXUHOOHQ 

9JOGD]X6,77(5/,9(5.(//(5  Ä1RFKPHKUDOVHLQ6HWYRQHUOHUQEDUHQ )HUWLJNHLWHQLVW.XOWXUPDQDJHPHQWHLQH*HLVWHVKDOWXQJ+DOWXQJHQJUQGHQLQ:HUWHQ 'HU.XOWXUPDQDJHUKDWJHOHUQW3UR]HVVH]XSODQHQXQG]XVWHXHUQDQVSUXFKVYROOHULVW HVMHGRFKGLHLKPLPPHUZLHGHUDEJHIRUGHUWHQ:HUWXUWHLOH]XIlOOHQ'LHVHVSH]L¿VFK PHQVFKOLFKH)lKLJNHLWEHJUQGHWVHLQH9HUDQWZRUWXQJVLHLVW$XVGUXFNGHU+XPDQLWlW DXFKGHV.XOWXUPDQDJHUV

KULTURMANAGEMENT UND KULTURWANDEL

8PIHOGVHLQVFKOLH‰HQ/HW]WHUHJLOWJHPHLQKLQDOV'RPlQHGHU.XOWXUSROLWLN:LHQDKHYHUZDQGWMHGRFK.XOWXUSROLWLNXQG.XOWXUPDQDJHPHQW VLQG±LQVRZHLWVLFKOHW]WHUHVQLFKWQXUIUGHQ0LNUREHUHLFKHLQHVNRQNUHWHQ3URMHNWVLQWHUHVVLHUWVRQGHUQDXFKGHQ6WDQGSXQNWHLQHUXPIDVsenderen Mitverantwortung für das kulturelle Geschehen einnimmt –, ]HLJWHLQ=LWDWYRQ*HUKDUG6FKXO]HDXVVHLQHP%XFKDie ErlebnisgesellschaftGDV:RUW.XOWXUSROLWLNZLHHUHVYHUZHQGHWOlVVWVLFKRKQHZHLWHUHVGXUFK.XOWXUPDQDJHPHQWHUVHW]HQXQG]LHKWVLFKQLFKWZLHVRQVW DOO]XKlX¿JLQV6FKQHFNHQKDXVUHLQHU)LQDQ]SROLWLN]XUFN .XOWXUSROLWLN YHUVWHKW VLFK QLFKW DOV 7HLO GHV (UOHEQLVPDUNWV VRQGHUQ DOV *HJHQNUDIW>«@.XOWXUSROLWLNOHJLWLPLHUWVLFKGXUFKGLH)XQNWLRQGHUlVWKHWLVFKHQ([LVWHQ]VLFKHUXQJ HLQHU )UHL]HLWJHVHOOVFKDIW GLH GDYRQ EHGURKW VFKHLQW LP 9ROO]XJ EOR‰HU |NRQRPLVFKHU 5DWLRQDOLWlW NXOWXUHOO KHUXQWHUJHZLUWVFKDIWHW ]X ZHUGHQ 6&+8/=(

$XFKGLHVH$XVVDJHGDWLHUWZLHGHUUNESCO-%HULFKWOur Creative DiversityPLWVHLQHP3OlGR\HUIUHLQH+DOWXQJVlQGHUXQJDXVGHUHUVWHQ +lOIWHGHUHU-DKUH±ZDVKLHUGLVNXWLHUWZLUGLVWVRPLWNHLQHVZHJV HLQQHXHV3KlQRPHQ(KHUZlUHVRJDUGLH)UDJH]XVWHOOHQREQLFKWGLH (QWVWHKXQJYRQ.XOWXUPDQDJHPHQW$XVELOGXQJHQLQ.RQWLQHQWDOHXURSDHLQHPHKURGHUZHQLJHUEHZXVVWH$QWZRUWDXI9RUERWHQGHV+\SHV ZDU 6LH NDQQ KLHU HEHQVR ZHQLJ QlKHU HU|UWHUW ZHUGHQ ZLH GLH DQGHUHNHW]HULVFKH)UDJHREDOOHQIDOOVDXFKHLQ=XYLHODQ)|UGHUXQJHLQ]X EHOLHELJHV6XEYHQWLRQLHUHQ$QWHLOKDEHQN|QQWHDP+\SH6FKOLH‰OLFK YHUELHWHWVLFKKLHUHLQHNULWLVFKH$XVHLQDQGHUVHW]XQJPLWGHUJHOHJHQWOLFKJHlX‰HUWHQ7KHVHZRQDFKHVOHW]WOLFKGLH)RUGHUXQJGHUHU*Hneration nach einem erweiterten Kulturbegriff gewesen sei, aus der sich ±GXUFKDXVJHJHQLKUH,QWHQWLRQHQ±GLH(UHLJQLVNXOWXUHQWZLFNHOWKDEH ZHOFKHKHXWHGLHNXOWXUHOOH3URGXNWLRQZHVHQWOLFKEHVWLPPH 'LH 0D‰ORVLJNHLW GHV +\SHV VR DUJXPHQWLHUHQ ZLU KLHU YHUVW|‰W OHW]WOLFK JHJHQ GLH XUHLJHQVWHQ ,QWHUHVVHQ GHV 0HQVFKHQ VHOEVW JHJHQ GHQ.HUQGHV0HQVFKOLFKHQJHJHQGLH.XOWXU'HUVFKRQ]LWLHUWHHOVlVVLVFKH)ULHGHQV1REHOSUHLVWUlJHUXQGÃ8UZDOGGRNWRUµ$OEHUW6FKZHLW]HU II VSUDFKYRUHLQHP-DKUKXQGHUW±DOVRXQWHUDQGHUHQ8PVWlQGHQZUGHPDQPHLQHQ±YRQHLQHUÄ.ULVHGHU.XOWXU³ZHLOHUHV





9JOGD]X9$1'(1%(5*  ZHOFKHÄ.RQWXUHQHLQHUQHXHQ%HVFKUHLEXQJGHV 9HUKlOWQLVVHVYRQ.XOWXUXQG0DQDJHPHQW³DXI]HLJWZHLOGDVYRUKHUUVFKHQGH3RVWXODW QDFKGHPÄ.XOWXUPDQDJHPHQWDOV0DQDJHPHQWIUGLH.XOWXU³EHVWLPPWZLUGQLFKW PHKUXQHLQJHVFKUlQNWEHU]HXJH 6RHWZD-HDQ0DUWLQ%WWQHU  LQHLQHU=HLWXQJVEHVSUHFKXQJGHU7KHPHQDXVVWHOlung HELVETIA-PARK]XGHQYHUVFKLHGHQHQ.XOWXUYHUVWlQGQLVVHQLQGHU6FKZHL]



200

ROLF KELLER

IU HLQ 9HUKlQJQLV KLHOW GDVV VLH VLFK PDWHULHOO YLHO VWlUNHU HQWZLFNHOW KDWWHDOVJHLVWLJ :LU>«@EHUOHJWHQQLFKWLQZHOFKH*HIDKUZLUXQVGXUFKGLHYHUPLQGHUWH:HUWlegung auf das Geistige der Kultur begaben, sondern überließen uns der naiven *HQXJWXXQJEHUXQVHUHJUR‰DUWLJHQPDWHULHOOHQ(UUXQJHQVFKDIWHQXQGYHULUUWHQ XQVLQHLQHXQJODXEOLFKYHUlX‰HUOLFKWH$XIIDVVXQJYRQ.XOWXU

'DV NOLQJW JHUDGH]X XQKHLPOLFK DNWXHOO REJOHLFK ZLU KHXWH LQ HLQHU HUQHXWHQ $XIVFKZXQJSKDVH QLFKW PHKU YRQ .ULVH VSUHFKHQ 'RFK GLH (UIDKUXQJOHKUWGDVVGHU%RRPRIWJHQXJ9DWHUGHU.ULVHLVW1LFKWVHUVFKHLQW GHVKDOE DQJH]HLJWHU IU .XOWXUPDQDJHU IU GLH *lUWQHULQQHQ XQG *lUWQHU GLH VLH VLQG DOV VLFK DQ GHU 6FK|SIHUJ|WWLQ &XUD ]X RULHQWLHUHQXQGGDV3ULQ]LSGHUÃFDUHµKRFK]XKDOWHQVRPLWLKU*HVFKlIWLQ VHLQHU SULPlUHQ %HGHXWXQJ YRQ .XOWLYLHUHQ YRQ )UVRUJH XQG 3ÀHJH YRQÃFXOWXUDµHEHQ]XEHWUHLEHQ

Literatur %2//(1%(&.*eorg  Eine Geschichte der Kulturkritik. Von J. J. Rousseau bis G. Anders0QFKHQ&+%HFN %5811(5 $UPLQ   .RQWURYHUVH XP 0DUNHWLQJ GHU 5R\DO 2SHUD /HVHUEULHI YRP LP 2QOLQHPDJD]LQ &RGH[ ÀRUHV KWWSZZZFRGH[ÀRUHVFKVFLHQFHROG SKS"DUW ! =XJULII  %h771(5 -HDQ0DUWLQ   :LH YLHO 3ROLWLN YHUWUlJW GLH .XOWXU" ± ,Q Der Bund  '(:$/'0DUNXV  Trend zum Event: die neue Festkultur einer atemlos gelangweilten Gesellschaft.2VW¿OGHUQ7KRUEHFNH '266,3LURVFKND  Hype! Kunst und Geld0QFKHQGWY )5200(ULFK  Haben oder Sein. Die seelischen Grundlagen einer neuen Gesellschaft=ULFK([/LEULV )8&+60D[  Mensch und Kultur. Zu den anthropologischen Grundlagen von Kulturarbeit und Kulturpolitik.2SODGHQ:LHVEDGHQ:HVWGHXWVFKHU9HUODJ */2*1(5 3DWULFN   Kulturelle Einstellungen leitender Mitarbeiter kommunaler Kulturverwaltungen. Empirisch-kultursoziologische Untersuchungen. :LHVEDGHQ 'HXWVFKHU8QLYHUVLWlWV9HUODJ *2/',1*:LOOLDP  The Hot Gates and other occasional Pieces. /RQGRQ)DEHUDQG )DEHU +$55,6215REHUW3RJXH  Gardens. An Essay on the Human Condition.&KLFDJR /RQGRQ7KH8QLYHUVLW\RI&KLFDJR3UHVV +(,15,&+6 :HUQHU   Kulturmanagement. Eine praxisorientierte Einführung 'DUPVWDGW3ULPXV +(56&+-HDQQH  Von der Einheit des Menschen. Essays=ULFK([/LEULV

KULTURMANAGEMENT UND KULTURWANDEL

+g/'(5/,1 )ULHGULFK   $QGHQNHQ ± ,Q 'HUV Sämtliche Werke %G  KJ YRQ )ULHGULFK%HL‰QHU6WXWWJDUW&RWWDI ,1*/(+$575RQDOG  Kultureller Umbruch. Wertwandel in der westlichen Welt )UDQNIXUW1HZDXIZHLVW@XQGGLHLVWQLFKW HLQPDODOVZRKOJHRUGQHW]XEH]HLFKQHQ³ 0,17=%(5* 'DV PDJ GDPLW ]XVDPPHQKlQJHQ GDVV Ä,QQRYDWLRQ $XVEUHFKHQ DXV EHUNRPPHQHQ6WUXNWXUHQ>EHGHXWHW@³ 0,17=%(5* ,QMHGHP )DOOHUJLEWVLFKIUGLH.RQ¿JXUDWLRQGHUÃ$GKRNUDWLHµHLQH9HUVFKPHO]XQJDOOHU2UJDQLVDWLRQVWHLOHYRQGHUK|FKVWHQVGHUÃ%HWULHEOLFKH.HUQµ DEJHVHW]WLVWVRIHUQHUUHLQRSHUDWLYH$XIJDEHQHUIOOW :LH LQ GHU Ã3UR¿EURNUDWLHµ ZHUGHQ LQ GHU Ã$GKRNUDWLHµ VSH]LDOLVLHUWH([SHUWHQHLQJHVHW]W'LHVHVLQGDEHUNHLQHUIHVWHQ6WUXNWXU]XJHRUGQHW VRQGHUQ RSHULHUHQ LQ ZHFKVHOQGHQ (LQKHLWHQ XQG 3URMHNWWHDPV 'XUFK GLH ÀLH‰HQGHQ hEHUJlQJH XQG KRKH '\QDPLN HQWVWHKW GLH EHVFKULHEHQH 9HUVFKPHO]XQJ GHU 2UJDQLVDWLRQVWHLOH 'D GLH 3UR-

MINTZBERG IM THEATER

grammstrategie der Innovation eine hohe Flexibilität erfordert, ist TXDVLNHLQH6WDQGDUGLVLHUXQJDOV.RRUGLQDWLRQVPHFKDQLVPXVP|JOLFK 0,17=%(5*    6WDWW GHVVHQ LVW KLHU GLH JHJHQVHLWLJH $EVWLPPXQJ ]HQWUDOHU 0HFKDQLVPXV 'LHVH $XVJHVWDOWXQJ IKUW GD]X GDVVÄGLH$GKRNUDWLH>«@GLHHLQ]LJH.RQ¿JXUDWLRQIU/HXWH>LVW@GLH YRQGHU1RWZHQGLJNHLWHLQHUYHUVWlUNWHQ'HPRNUDWLHEHLJOHLFK]HLWLJ YHUULQJHUWHU %URNUDWLH EHU]HXJW VLQG³ 0,17=%(5*    'HP JHJHQEHU VWHKW MHGRFK GDVV ÄVHOEVW HQJDJLHUWH 0LWDUEHLWHU LQ $GKRNUDWLHQ >«@ ]HLWZHLOLJ HLQH QLHGULJH 7ROHUDQ]VFKZHOOH LQ $QEHWUDFKW GHU ÀLH‰HQGHQ YHUZLUUHQGHQ XQG XQNODUHQ DGKRNUDWLVFKHQ 6WUXNWXUHQHUNHQQHQ>ODVVHQ@³ 0,17=%(5* 'LHVGHXWHW VFKRQ DQ GDVV GLH Ã$GKRNUDWLHµ HLQH LQVWDELOH .RQ¿JXUDWLRQ LVW IU GLH VLFK LP =HLWDEODXI KlX¿J HLQ :DQGHO ]X VWlUNHU EURNUDWLVLHUWHQ )RUPHQHUJLEW 0,17=%(5*  'DV6\VWHPGHU2UJDQLVDWLRQVNRQ¿JXUDWLRQLVWQLFKWVWDUUDQJHOHJW YLHOPHKUEHVFKUHLEW0LQW]EHUJGDV.RQ]HSWDOVRIIHQXQGGLH.RQ¿JXUDWLRQVW\SHQDOVZDQGHOEDU 1LFKWDOOH2UJDQLVDWLRQHQ>ZDKUHQ@LQGHU*HVWDOWXQJLKUHU6WUXNWXUHQ.RQVLVWHQ] LQXQVHUHP6LQQH9LHOPHKUHQWVFKHLGHQVLHVLFKIU0LVFKVWUXNWXUHQGLH0HUNPDOHYRQPHKUDOVHLQHU.RQ¿JXUDWLRQDXIZHLVHQ>«@-HGHU2UJDQLVDWLRQVWHLOVWUHEW GLH 6WUXNWXU DQ GLH VHLQHQ EHVRQGHUHQ %HGUIQLVVHQ DP EHVWHQ 5HFKQXQJ WUlJW VLHKW VLFK DEHU JOHLFK]HLWLJ PLW GHU 1RWZHQGLJNHLW HLQHU $QSDVVXQJ DQ GLH ± IU GLH2UJDQLVDWLRQLQVJHVDPW±DQJHPHVVHQH6WUXNWXUNRQIURQWLHUWOHW]WOLFKNRPPW GDQQHLQH$UW.RPSURPLVV]XVWDQGH 0,17=%(5* 

0LQW]EHUJ XQWHUVFKHLGHW ]ZLVFKHQ HUVWHQV 0LVFKIRUPHQ EHL GHQHQ LQ HLQHU 2UJDQLVDWLRQ YHUVFKLHGHQH .RQ¿JXUDWLRQHQ SDUDOOHO H[LVWLHUHQ ]ZHLWHQVVROFKHQ)RUPHQEHLGHQHQ(OHPHQWHYHUVFKLHGHQHU.RQ¿JXUDtionen kombiniert werden, und drittens einem Wechsel von einer Kon¿JXUDWLRQ LQ HLQH DQGHUH )U DOOH GLHVH 9DULDQWHQ JLEW HU %HLVSLHOH IU GLH HUOlXWHUWHQ .RQ¿JXUDWLRQHQ 6R EHVFKUHLEW HU HLQHQ =HLWXQJVYHUODJ DOV NRPELQLHUWH 0LVFKIRUP ]ZLVFKHQ $GKRNUDWLH XQG (LQIDFKVWUXNWXU :lKUHQGGLH5HGDNWLRQPLWLKUHQVSH]LDOLVLHUWHQ0LWDUEHLWHUQDXIJUXQG GHUVFKQHOOOHELJHQ8PZHOWDOVÃ$GKRNUDWLHµEHVFKULHEHQZHUGHQNDQQLVW GLH'UXFNHUHLHLQNODVVLVFKDOV(LQIDFKVWUXNWXUDXIJHVWHOOWHU3URGXNWLRQVEHWULHE 0,17=%(5* ,P6\PSKRQLHRUFKHVWHUDOV]ZHLWHP %HLVSLHOHQWVWHKWHLQH0LVFKIRUP]ZLVFKHQ(LQIDFKVWUXNWXUXQG3UR¿EURNUDWLHKLHUNRPPHQZLHLQHLQHU3UR¿EURNUDWLHVWDQGDUGLVLHUWKRFKTXDOL¿]LHUWHSURIHVVLRQHOOH0LWDUEHLWHU]XVDPPHQGLHDEHUZLHLQHLQHU (LQIDFKVWUXNWXU:HLVXQJHQHLQHUDXWRNUDWLVFKHQ)KUXQJV¿JXUHUKDOWHQ 0,17=%(5*I 'LHVHYRQ0LQW]EHUJDOVÃ(LQIDFKH3UR¿OE

225

226

FRIEDERIKE VON COSSEL

URNUDWLHµHLQJHIKUWH0LVFKIRUPLVWIUGLHQDFKIROJHQGH$QZHQGXQJGHU 7KHRULHDXIGHQ.XOWXUEHWULHE7KHDWHUYRQ]HQWUDOHU%HGHXWXQJ 0LQW]EHUJIKUWDQGDVVLQ%H]XJDXIGHQGXUFKGHQ=HLWYHUODXIHQWVWHKHQGHQ:DQGHOHLQHJUR‰H1lKH]ZLVFKHQ$GKRNUDWLHXQG3UR¿EURNUDWLH EHVWHKW Ä)U MHGH >«@ $GKRNUDWLH JLEW HV HLQH HQWVSUHFKHQGH 3UR¿EURNUDWLH GLH lKQOLFKH ZHQQ DXFK HQJHU JHIDVVWH $UEHLW OHLVWHW³ 0,17=%(5* =ZLVFKHQGHQ.RQ¿JXUDWLRQHQLVWHLQ:HFKVHOLQEHLGH5LFKWXQJHQP|JOLFKIUGHQ0LQW]EHUJVLWXDWLYH)DNWRUHQ DOV$XVO|VHUDQVLHKW6RQHLJWMHGH$GKRNUDWLHGD]XVLFKLP/DXIHGHU =HLWLQLKU3HQGDQWGHU3UR¿EURNUDWLH]XZDQGHOQGD >«@DOOHP|JOLFKHQ.UlIWHGLH$GKRNUDWLHPLW]XQHKPHQGHP$OWHU]XU%URNUDWLVLHUXQJ>WUHLEHQ@>«@(UIROJ±XQG$OWHUQ±EHZLUNHQHLQH0HWDPRUSKRVHLQGHU EHWULHEOLFKHQ$GKRNUDWLHGLH]XVWDELOHUHQ%HGLQJXQJHQXQGHLQHUEURNUDWLVFKHQ 6WUXNWXUGUlQJW 0,17=%(5*

8PJHNHKUWIKUHQHLQHG\QDPLVFKH8PZHOWXQGH[SHULPHQWLHUIUHXGLJH 0LWDUEHLWHULQGHU3UR¿EURNUDWLH]XHLQHUÀH[LEOHUHQ)RUPLQGHULQQRYDWLYH3URJUDPPJHVWDOWXQJP|JOLFKLVW 0,17=%(5*  'HU 0LQW]EHUJVFKH $QVDW] VFKHLQW EHVRQGHUV JHHLJQHW IU GLH $QZHQGXQJDXI.XOWXUEHWULHEHZHLOGLH$VSHNWHGHV=HLWIDNWRUVGHUVLFK ZDQGHOQGHQ8PZHOWEHGLQJXQJHQXQGGDV6SDQQXQJVIHOG]ZLVFKHQLQQRYDWLYHQXQGVWDQGDUGLVLHUWHQ3URJUDPPEHVWDQGWHLOHQLP.RQWH[WGHU 6SLHOSODQJHVWDOWXQJHLQHZLFKWLJH5ROOHVSLHOHQ8QVHU%UJHUYRP$QIDQJLVWMHGHV-DKUDXIV1HXHJHVSDQQWZHOFKH$UWYRQ3URJUDPPLKP SUlVHQWLHUW ZLUG XQG RE IU XQWHUVFKLHGOLFKH ,QWHUHVVHQV XQG 6WLPPXQJVODJHQDXVUHLFKHQGH$EZHFKVOXQJJHERWHQZLUG

2.

Anwendung der Mintzberg-Konfigurationen auf den Kulturbetrieb Theater

7KHDWHUVLQGNRPSOH[HKHWHURJHQH2UJDQLVDWLRQHQ 75g1'/(   GLHV JLOW DXFK IU GLH KLHU EHWUDFKWHWHQ 7KHDWHU GHV GHXWVFKHQ %KQHQYHUHLQV %HL GHU %HWUDFKWXQJ DOV 0LQW]EHUJ.RQ¿JXUDWLRQ LVW LQ%H]XJDXIP|JOLFKH0LVFKIRUPHQGDYRQDXV]XJHKHQGDVVLQXQWHUVFKLHGOLFKHQ%HUHLFKHQE]Z$EWHLOXQJHQYHUVFKLHGHQH6XENRQ¿JXUDWLRQHQ]X¿QGHQVLQG±VRVLQGEHLVSLHOVZHLVHGLH:HUNVWlWWHQDQDORJ ]XU'UXFNHUHLGHV=HLWXQJVYHUODJVNODVVLVFKDOV(LQIDFKVWUXNWXUHQLQQHUKDOEGHU*HVDPWVWUXNWXURUJDQLVLHUW ,P6LQQHGHU)RUVFKXQJVIUDJHVROOKLHUGLHJUXQGOHJHQGH.RQ¿JXUDWLRQEHWUDFKWHWZHUGHQE]ZHVZLUGZHQQQ|WLJGDV$XJHQPHUNDXI

MINTZBERG IM THEATER

GHQ2UJDQLVDWLRQVWHLOHQOLHJHQGLHDQGHU(QWVFKHLGXQJV¿QGXQJ]XP 6SLHOSODQDOVVWUDWHJLVFKHU3URJUDPPJHVWDOWXQJEHWHLOLJWVLQG 6WHOOWPDQGLH2UJDQLVDWLRQVIRUP7KHDWHUDQKDQGGHU0LQW]EHUJ3DUDPHWHUGDUVRODVVHQVLFKGHPHUVWHQ3DUDPHWHUGHUÃ2UJDQLVDWLRQVWHLOHµUHFKWHLQGHXWLJGLHHLQ]HOQHQ$EWHLOXQJHQHLQHV7KHDWHUV]XRUGQHQ V 7DE   'LH 6WUDWHJLVFKH 6SLW]H ZLUG MH QDFK )KUXQJVIRUP GXUFK GHQ *HQHUDOLQWHQGDQWHQ RGHU EHL JHWHLOWHU ,QWHQGDQ] GXUFK GLH 6SDUWHQLQWHQGDQWHQJHELOGHW0LW(LQVFKUlQNXQJHQLVWLKUDXFKGLH9HUZDOWXQJVGLUHNWLRQE]Z*HVFKlIWVIKUXQJ]X]XRUGQHQGLHDQWHLOLJMHGRFKDXFKGHU 0LWWHOOLQLH]X]XUHFKQHQLVW'LHVHXPIDVVWEHLGHU*HQHUDOLQWHQGDQ]PHKU %HVWDQGWHLOHGDKLHUDXFKGLH6SDUWHQGLUHNWRUHQGD]XJHK|UHQ$QVRQVWHQ XPIDVVWGLH0LWWHOOLQLHGLH&KHIGUDPDWXUJLHXQGGLVSRVLWLRQGLHWHFKQLVFKHXQG9HUZDOWXQJVOHLWXQJGLH6WXGLHQOHLWXQJXQGGLH.DSHOOPHLVWHU GLH:HUNVWDWWOHLWXQJHQHLQVFKOLH‰OLFK7RQXQG/LFKWVRZLHGLHSURGXNWLRQVJHEXQGHQHQ*UXSSHQGHU5HJLVVHXUHXQG$XVVWDWWHU'HP%HWULHEOLFKHQ.HUQVLQGGLHDXVIKUHQGHQ(QVHPEOHVXQG.ROOHNWLYH]X]XUHFKQHQ DX‰HUGHP,QVSL]LHQWHQ6RXIÀHXVHQXQG$VVLVWHQWHQVRZLH7HFKQLN7RQ XQG/LFKW'LH.ROOHNWLYHXQGGDVNQVWOHULVFKH(QVHPEOHVLQGGHUZLFKWLJVWH %HVWDQGWHLO GHV 7KHDWHUV LQ LKQHQ VLQG VSH]LDOLVLHUWH ([SHUWHQ LQ IHVWHQ(QVHPEOHVWUXNWXUHQDEHUZHFKVHOQGHQ3URMHNWJUXSSHQWlWLJ Organisationsteile nach Mintzberg im Theater Strategische Spitze ,QWHQGDQ] HQWZHGHU Generalintendant RGHU Geteilte ,QWHQGDQ] 9HUZDOWXQJV GLUHNWRU

Mittellinie 9HUZDOWXQJV GLUHNWRU &KHIGUDPDWXUJLH &KHIGLVSRQHQW 6WXGLHQOHLWXQJ .DSHOOPHLVWHU Technische /HLWXQJ Werkstattleitungen Regisseure %KQHQ Kostümbildner /LFKWGHVLJQ

Betrieblicher Kern 6FKDXVSLHO ensemble 2SHUQHQVHPEOH 7DQ]HQVHPEOH &KRU Orchester ,QVSL]LHQWHQ 6RXIÀHXVHQ $VVLVWHQWHQ Ton /LFKW Technik 'UDPDWXUJLH"

Hilfsstab 35g Marketing *UD¿N $UFKLY

Technostruktur 'UDPDWXUJLH" 'LVSRVLWLRQ" &RQWUROOLQJ

'LVSRVLWLRQ" 9HUZDOWXQJ ,76XSSRUW Werkstätten /DJHU $ERYHUZDOWXQJ Garderobe Kasse Kantine 3IRUWH

%HL*HQHUDO LQWHQGDQ]DXFK 6SDUWHQ direktoren

Tab. 1: Zuordnung der Organisationsteile nach Mintzberg im Theaterbetrieb





FRIEDERIKE VON COSSEL

'HUÃ%HWULHEOLFKH.HUQµLVWDOVRHLQ]HQWUDOHU2UJDQLVDWLRQVWHLOGHV%HWULHEV 'DVVSULFKWQDFK0LQW]EHUJIUHLQH.RQ¿JXUDWLRQ DOV (LQIDFKH  Ã3UR¿EURNUDWLHµ RGHU Ã$GKRNUDWLHµ ,P Ã+LOIVVWDEµ JUXSSLHUHQ VLFK QHEHQ 9HUZDOWXQJ:HUNVWlWWHQXQG/DJHUGLH3UHVVHXQGgIIHQWOLFKNHLWVDUEHLWLQNOXVLYH0DUNHWLQJXQG*UD¿NGDV$UFKLYVRZLHGLHLQWHUQHQXQGH[WHUQHQ 6HUYLFHDEWHLOXQJHQYRQ$ERQQHPHQWYHUZDOWXQJ.DVVH*DUGHUREH.DQWLQH3IRUWHXQG,76XSSRUW$XFKGLHVWDUNH$XVSUlJXQJGLHVHV2UJDQLVDWLRQVWHLOVXQWHUVWW]WGLH7KHVHGDVVGDV7KHDWHUDOVÃ3UR¿EURNUDWLHµRGHU Ã$GKRNUDWLHµRUJDQLVLHUWLVW'LHÃ7HFKQRVWUXNWXUµLVWDP7KHDWHUVRJXWZLH JDUQLFKWDXVJHSUlJWHLQH'H¿QLWLRQYRQ6WDQGDUGVLP6LQQH0LQW]EHUJV ¿QGHWQLFKWHLQH.RQWUROOHEHUGLH3URGXNWLRQQXUEHGLQJWVWDWW0LW(LQVFKUlQNXQJHQ VLQG LKU $XIJDEHQ GHV &RQWUROOLQJV ]X]XRUGQHQ HWZD GLH VWDWLVWLVFKH%HULFKWHUVWDWWXQJXQGGLH.RVWHQEHUZDFKXQJDXFKZHQQVLH QLFKWLPJOHLFKHQ8PIDQJ0D‰VWlEHVHW]WZLHLQHLQHPJHZLQQRULHQWLHUWHQ 8QWHUQHKPHQ 'LH 'LVSRVLWLRQ LVW JHUDGH LQ GHQ KLHU EHWUDFKWHWHQ 7KHDWHUQ GHV GHXWVFKHQ %KQHQYHUHLQV IU GLH YHUWUDJVJHUHFKWH *HVWDOWXQJ GHU3UREHQ]HLWHQ]XVWlQGLJ:HQQGLH3URGXNWLRQHVHUIRUGHUWVLQG$EZHLFKXQJHQDEHUP|JOLFKGLH'LVSRVLWLRQZLUGGHVKDOE]XJOHLFKDXFKLP +LOIVVWDEDXIJHIKUW8QWHU9RUEHKDOWNDQQLP6LQQHHLQHU*HZlKUOHLVWXQJ HLQHVÄNQVWOHULVFKHQ6WDQGDUGV³VFKOLH‰OLFKQRFKGLH'UDPDWXUJLHGD]XJHUHFKQHWZHUGHQ-HQDFK.RPSHWHQ]XQG(LQÀXVVNDQQGLHVH$EWHLOXQJ MHGRFKDXFKGHUÃ0LWWHOOLQLHµRGHUGHPÃ+LOIVVWDEµ]XJHRUGQHWZHUGHQ %HWUDFKWHW PDQ DOV ]ZHLWHQ 3DUDPHWHU GLH Ã.RRUGLQDWLRQVPHFKDQLVPHQµVR]HLJWVLFKGDVVHLQH6WDQGDUGLVLHUXQJEHU$UEHLWVSUR]HVVHXQG 3URGXNWHIUGDV7KHDWHUQLFKWLQ)UDJHNRPPW7KHDWHUSURGXNWLRQHQZHUGHQ LQ (QWVSUHFKXQJ GHV NQVWOHULVFKHQ 3UR]HVVHV LPPHU HUJHEQLVRIIHQ JHVWDOWHWXQGDXFKZHQQHVGLVSRVLWLRQHOOH9RUJDEHQIUGHQ3UREHQDEODXI JLEWHQWVSUHFKHQGLHVHNHLQHU6WDQGDUGLVLHUXQJLP6LQQH0LQW]EHUJV (VEOHLEHQGLH6WDQGDUGLVLHUXQJGXUFK4XDOL¿NDWLRQZLHVLHYRUDOOHPLQGHQ.ROOHNWLYHQYRQ&KRU2UFKHVWHUXQG7DQ]VRZLHGLHNQVWOHULVFKHQ (QVHPEOHV JHJHEHQ VLQG DXFK ZHQQ LQ OHW]WHUHQ JHUDGH LP 6FKDXVSLHODXFK$XVQDKPHQP|JOLFKVLQGEHLVSLHOVZHLVHLQ)RUPHLQHV 4XHUHLQVWLHJVRKQHNODVVLVFKH6FKDXVSLHODXVELOGXQJ'LHVHU.RRUGLQDWLRQVPHFKDQLVPXV¿QGHWDOVRVRGLH$QQDKPHXQDEKlQJLJYRQGHUMHZHLOLJHQ .RQ¿JXUDWLRQ YRU DOOHP LP Ã%HWULHEOLFKHQ .HUQµ $QZHQGXQJ 'DUEHUKLQDXVZHUGHQLQGHU.RRUGLQDWLRQYRQÃ6WUDWHJLVFKHU6SLW]Hµ Ã0LWWHOOLQLHµ XQG Ã%HWULHEOLFKHP .HUQµ GLH 0HFKDQLVPHQ ÃSHUV|QOLFKH :HLVXQJµXQGÃJHJHQVHLWLJH$EVWLPPXQJµHLQJHVHW]W%HLGH.RRUGLQDWLRQVPHFKDQLVPHQVSUHFKHQZLHGHUXPIUHLQH2UJDQLVDWLRQDOVÃ3UR¿EURNUDWLHµRGHUÃ$GKRNUDWLHµ-HQDFKGHPZHOFKHUGHUEHLGHQGRPLQLHUW

MINTZBERG IM THEATER

OlVVWVLFKGHUMHZHLOLJH7KHDWHUEHWULHEGHPHLQHQRGHUDQGHUHQ.RQ¿JXUDWLRQVW\SXV]XRUGQHQZLH]X]HLJHQVHLQZLUG 'DV JOHLFKH JLOW IU GLH $XVSUlJXQJ GHV GULWWHQ 3DUDPHWHUV GHU Ã=HQWUDOLVDWLRQµ,PNODVVLVFKHQ%LOGGHV*RHWKHVFKHQ7KHDWHUGLUHNWRUV GRPLQLHUWGLH2PQLSUlVHQ]GHV,QWHQGDQWHQPLWHQWVSUHFKHQG]HQWUDOLVLHUWHU(QWVFKHLGXQJVPDFKW(VLVWMHGRFKDXFKLP7KHDWHUEHWULHEHLQH 'H]HQWUDOLVDWLRQP|JOLFKGLHVYRUDOOHPLQ%H]XJDXIGLH)UHLKHLWLQGHQ HLQ]HOQHQ 3URGXNWLRQVJUXSSHQ GLH EHU GLH EHJOHLWHQGH )XQNWLRQ GHV 'UDPDWXUJHQDQGLH6SLW]HDQJHEXQGHQZHUGHQ%HLKRKHU'H]HQWUDOLVDWLRQGDVKHL‰WKRKHP9HUWUDXHQGDVGLH/HLWXQJLQGLHÃ0LWWHOOLQLHµVHW]W NDQQGLHW\SLVFKH(QGDEQDKPHHLQHU3URGXNWLRQGXUFKGHQ,QWHQGDQWHQLQGHQOHW]WHQ3UREHQHLQH)RUPVDFKHZHUGHQ ,QHQJHP=XVDPPHQKDQJPLWGHU=HQWUDOLVDWLRQLVWGLH$XVJHVWDOWXQJ GHUEURNUDWLVFKHQ0HUNPDOH]XVHKHQ$XIJUXQGGHU9HUNQSIXQJ]XU $EJUHQ]XQJ]ZLVFKHQGHQ2UJDQLVDWLRQVWHLOHQLVWIUGLHÃ$GKRNUDWLHµYRQ HLQHUQLHGULJHUHQ%URNUDWLVLHUXQJDXV]XJHKHQDOVIUGLH3UR¿EURNUDWLH )U GDV 7KHDWHU VLQG IU EHLGH $XVSUlJXQJHQ 6]HQDULHQ P|JOLFK =XP %HLVSLHONDQQVLFKGLH,QWHQGDQ]GXUFKÃJHVFKORVVHQH7UHQµXQGHLQHIRUPDOLVLHUWH7HUPLQYHUHLQEDUXQJVWDUNDEJUHQ]HQRGHUDEHUGXUFKÃRIIHQH 7UHQµXQGLQIRUPHOOH=XJlQJOLFKNHLWHLQHJU|‰HUH1lKH]XGHQDQGHUHQ 2UJDQLVDWLRQVWHLOHQXQGGDPLWJHULQJHUH$EJUHQ]XQJHWDEOLHUHQ/HW]WHUHVVSUlFKHIUHLQHQDOV$GKRNUDWLHRUJDQLVLHUWHQ%HWULHEHUVWHUHVVWlQGH IUGLHVWlUNHUEURNUDWLVLHUWH.RQ¿JXUDWLRQGHU3UR¿EURNUDWLH $EVFKOLH‰HQG VLQG GLH VLWXDWLYHQ )DNWRUHQ $OWHUµ Ã*U|‰Hµ XQG Ã8PZHOWµYRQ7KHDWHUEHWULHEHQHLQ]XVFKlW]HQ'LHKLHUXQWHUVXFKWHQ7KHDWHU GHVGHXWVFKHQ%KQHQYHUHLQVVLQGDOVÃDOWµLQGHP6LQQHDQ]XVHKHQGDVV VLHPLQGHVWHQVVHLWGHU1DFKNULHJV]HLWRGHUGHQHU-DKUHQKlX¿JDEHU VFKRQVHLWGHP-DKUKXQGHUWEHVWHKHQ'LHVHU8PVWDQGPDFKWQDFK 0LQW]EHUJHLQH.RQ¿JXUDWLRQDOV$GKRNUDWLHRGHU(LQIDFKVWUXNWXUXQZDKUVFKHLQOLFK:DVOHW]WHUHEHWULIIWNRPPWQRFKKLQ]XGDVVGLH7KHDWHUPLWELV0LWDUEHLWHUQ]XJUR‰VLQGXPDOV(LQIDFKVWUXNWXU]X IXQNWLRQLHUHQ $OV UHLQH .RQ¿JXUDWLRQVIRUP NDQQ GLH (LQIDFKVWUXNWXU GHVKDOEIUGLH7KHDWHUEHWULHEHDXVJHVFKORVVHQZHUGHQ 'LH8PZHOWVLWXDWLRQJHVWDOWHWVLFK]ZDUIUMHGHV7KHDWHULQGLYLGXHOO WURW]GHPODVVHQVLFKDXFKHLQLJHJHQHUHOOH$XVVDJHQWUHIIHQ6RLVWGLH Ã0DUNWGLYHUVLWlWµ DOOJHPHLQ DOV KRFK DQ]XVHKHQ XQWHUVFKLHGOLFKH 3XEOLNXPVJUXSSHQ PLW VWDUN GLYHUJLHUHQGHQ $QVSUFKHQ ZLUNHQ VLFK KLHU HEHQVRDXVZLHIHXLOOHWRQLVWLVFKH,QWHUHVVHQGHU3UHVVHXQGNXOWXUSROLWLVFKH$QOLHJHQGHUJHVHW]OLFKHQ7UlJHU'LH)lKLJNHLWGLHMHZHLOLJH6LWXDWLRQNRUUHNWHLQ]XVFKlW]HQXQGIUGLH$QIRUGHUXQJHQGDVULFKWLJH0D‰





FRIEDERIKE VON COSSEL

DQ(QWVSUHFKXQJXQG+HUDXVIRUGHUXQJ]X¿QGHQLVWVRGLH$QQDKPH HLQ]HQWUDOHU$QVSUXFKGHU6SLHOSODQJHVWDOWXQJ =XVlW]OLFKZLUNVDPZLUGGDEHLGLHÃ)HLQGVHOLJNHLWµGLHIUGLH7KHDWHU HLQHUVHLWVGXUFK.RQNXUUHQ]PLWDQGHUHQ+lXVHUQDQGHUHUVHLWVDEHUDXFK GXUFKGLH6WHOOXQJJHJHQEHUGHPJHVHW]OLFKHQ7UlJHUHQWVWHKW)U/HW]WHUHVVSULFKW*UHYH  YRQÄXQWHUVFKLHGOLFKVWDUNHU$EKlQJLJNHLW YRQ³E]ZÄ,QDQVSUXFKQDKPH³GHU|IIHQWOLFKHQ+DQGGXUFKGLHVLFKGHU Ä*HJHQVDW]YRQ.XQVWIUHLKHLWXQG|IIHQWOLFKHU.XQVWSÀHJH³YHUVFKlUIW 'LH Ã6WDELOLWlWµ GHU 7KHDWHUXPZHOW LVW DXFK DXIJUXQG GLHVHU EHLGHQ 8PVWlQGHDOVDPELYDOHQWHLQ]XVWXIHQ=ZDUJHZlKUOHLVWHWGDV6XEYHQWLRQVV\VWHPJHQHUHOOHLQHK|KHUH6WDELOLWlWDOVHLQHY|OOLJH3ULYDWLVLHUXQJ REZRKODXFKGLHYHUPHLQWOLFKH6LFKHUKHLWGHUVWDDWOLFKHQ7UlJHUVFKDIW ZLHDNWXHOOH(LQ]HOIlOOH]HLJHQQLFKWXQDQWDVWEDULVW 7URW]GHPVLQGIU GLH7KHDWHUXPZHOWZHFKVHOQGHELVZLGHUVSUFKOLFKH(UZDUWXQJVKDOWXQJHQ DXV GHQ XQWHUVFKLHGOLFKHQ $QVSUXFKVJUXSSHQ NHQQ]HLFKQHQG QHEHQGHQSROLWLVFKHQ9HUWUHWHUQVLQGGLHVGLH=XVFKDXHUXQGGDV)DFKSXEOLNXPYHUWUHWHQHWZDGXUFKGLH)DFKSUHVVH'LHVVSULFKWIUHLQHKRKH '\QDPLNGHU8PZHOW =XOHW]WLVWDXFKGLHÃ.RPSOH[LWlWµGHU8PZHOWDOVKRFK]XEHZHUWHQ 8QDEKlQJLJYRQGHQKDQGZHUNOLFKHQ)HUWLJNHLWHQHUIRUGHUWGHUNUHDWLYH3UR]HVVDOVVROFKHUHLQHVWHWH$XVHLQDQGHUVHW]XQJPLWHLQHU9LHOIDOW YRQ 7KHPHQJHELHWHQ DXFK XP HLQH 6HOEVWUHIHUHQ]LDOLWlW GHV 7KHDWHUV ]XYHUPHLGHQ6RPXVVGLH2UJDQLVDWLRQIUGLH$QVSUFKHXQG0|JOLFKNHLWHQGHU8PZHOWVHKUGXUFKOlVVLJVHLQXPDXVGHU9LHO]DKOP|JOLFKHU 7KHPHQGLHMHZHLOVJHHLJQHWHQDXV]XZlKOHQ )DVVW PDQ GLH hEHUOHJXQJHQ ]X GHQ $XVJHVWDOWXQJHQ GHU 3DUDPHWHU QDFK 0LQW]EHUJ LP 7KHDWHU ]XVDPPHQ VR ]HLJW VLFK GDVV HLQH UHLQH (LQIDFKVWUXNWXU DX‰HU LQ 7HLOEHUHLFKHQ DOV .RQ¿JXUDWLRQ QLFKW LQ )UDJH NRPPW)UGDV7KHDWHUDOV*HVDPWRUJDQLVDWLRQNRPPHQGLH$GKRNUDWLH XQGGLH3UR¿EURNUDWLHLQ)UDJH)UOHW]WHUHJLOWDXIJUXQGGHV.RQVWUXNWV GHUEHUJHRUGQHWHQ,QWHQGDQ]GLH0LVFKIRUPGHUÃ(LQIDFKHQ3UR¿EURNUDWLHµZLHVLHYRQ0LQW]EHUJIUGDV2UFKHVWHUYRUJHVWHOOWZXUGH V7DE 

MINTZBERG IM THEATER

Theater als Einfache Profibürokratie Wichtigster Organisationsteil

Grad der Abgrenzung

6WUDWHJLVFKH 6SLW]H  %HWULHEOLFKHU Kern

hohe $EJUHQ]XQJ

Vorrangiger Grad der KoordinationsZentralisation Mechanismus

SHUV|QOLFKH Weisung

hoch

Interaktion mit der Umwelt

mittel

Theater als Adhokratie Wichtigster Organisationsteil

Grad der Abgrenzung

(UZHLWHUWH6SLW]H  %HWULHEOLFKHU Kern

mittlere $EJUHQ]XQJ

Vorrangiger Grad der KoordinationsZentralisation Mechanismus

JHJHQVHLWLJH$Estimmung

gering

Interaktion mit der Umwelt

hoch

7DE0|JOLFKH0LQW]EHUJ.RQ¿JXUDWLRQHQIUGDV7KHDWHU

'LH(LQIDFKH3UR¿EURNUDWLHPLWLKUHQNODUHQ6WUXNWXUHQELOGHWVRGLH $QQDKPHGLHWUDGLHUWH2UJDQLVDWLRQVIRUPDP7KHDWHUDXFKDXIJUXQG LKUHU /DQJOHELJNHLW 'HP JHJHQEHU VWHKW DOV NXU]OHELJHUH DEHU DXFK ÀH[LEOHUH.RQ¿JXUDWLRQGLH$GKRNUDWLHEHLGHU]XP1XW]HQGHVNUHDWLYHQ3UR]HVVHVÄVLH>GLH)KUXQJVNUlIWH@DOOHVHLQVHW]HQ>PVVHQ@XPGLH LQGLYLGXDOLVWLVFKHQ([SHUWHQLQUHLEXQJVORVIXQNWLRQLHUHQGHQPXOWLGLV]LSOLQlUHQ7HDPVDQHLQHQ7LVFK]XEULQJHQ³ 0,17=%(5*  'DPLW HQWVSUlFKH GLHVH .RQ¿JXUDWLRQ JHQDX GHU $QIRUGHUXQJ ZLH VLH .OHLQ  IUGLH)KUXQJYRQ.XOWXUEHWULHEHQIRUPXOLHUW )KUXQJ >VSLHOW@ MHGRFK JHUDGH KLHU HLQH EHVRQGHUV JUR‰H 5ROOH ZHLO HV QlPOLFK LQ DOOHU 5HJHO GDUDXI DQNRPPW 0LWDUEHLWHU PLW VHKU LQGLYLGXHOOHQ 3HUV|QOLFKNHLWVVWUXNWXUHQ XQG XQWHUVFKLHGOLFKVWHQ $XIJDEHQJHELHWHQ LQ HLQHP KRFKJUDGLJ DUEHLWVWHLOLJHQ3UR]HVVGD]X]XEHZHJHQLQGHU=XVDPPHQDUEHLWPLWDQGHUHQDUEHLWVWHLOLJ/HLVWXQJHQ]XHUEULQJHQ

$XI*UXQGODJHGLHVHUhEHUOHJXQJHQHUJLEWVLFKIROJHQGHHUVWH7KHVHGLH LP 5DKPHQ GHU 6WXGLH ]X GHQ .RQ¿JXUDWLRQVW\SHQ DP 7KHDWHU EHUSUIWZHUGHQVROO 7KHVH,7KHDWHUVLQGHQWZHGHUDOV(LQIDFKH3UR¿EURNUDWLHRGHU$GKRNUDWLHNRQ¿JXULHUW





FRIEDERIKE VON COSSEL

:HLWHUKLQ LVW GHU =XVDPPHQKDQJ ]ZLVFKHQ .RQ¿JXUDWLRQ XQG 3URJUDPPVWUDWHJLH]XXQWHUVXFKHQ:LHHUOlXWHUWHLJQHQVLFKQDFK0LQW]EHUJGLH.RQ¿JXUDWLRQHQIUXQWHUVFKLHGOLFKH.RQ]HSWHGHU3URJUDPPJHVWDOWXQJ)U7KHDWHULVWGHU=XVWDQGÄGXDOHU=ZlQJH³DQ]XQHKPHQ ZLH0LQW]EHUJLKQIU)HUQVHKDQVWDOWHQEHVFKUHLEW 6RQGHUVHQGXQJHQ >@ ZHUGHQ LPPHU DG KRF LQV 3URJUDPP DXIJHQRPPHQ XQG ELHWHQ VLFK GDKHU HEHQIDOOV IU GHQ NUHDWLYHQ $QVDW] GHU $GKRNUDWLH DQ 'RFK LQ DOOHQDQGHUHQ)lOOHQIKUWGHU'UDQJ]XU5RXWLQH]XHLQHU1HXWUDOLVLHUXQJMHJOLFKHU .UHDWLYLWlW:DVKHUDXVNRPPWLVW6WDQGDUGLVLHUXQJ>«@$QGHUH2UJDQLVDWLRQHQ VHKHQ VLFK GHQVHOEHQ GXDOHQ =ZlQJHQ DXVJHVHW]W URXWLQHPl‰LJ SURGX]LHUHQ ]X PVVHQXQGGHQQRFKNUHDWLY]XDUEHLWHQ 0,17=%(5*

(LQH 7UHQQXQJ EHLGHU %HUHLFKH ZLH 0LQW]EHUJ VLH IU 8QLYHUVLWlWHQ vorschlägt, ist am Theater, ähnlich wie an der beschriebenen FernsehDQVWDOW QLFKW P|JOLFK YLHOPHKU PXVV PLW GHP 3URJUDPP ]ZHLHUOHL $QVSUFKHQ GHP GHU .XQVWIUHLKHLW HEHQVR ZLH GHP .XOWXUDXIWUDJ HQWVSURFKHQ ZHUGHQ 'DGXUFK ZLUG HLQ ÄVFKL]RSKUHQHU =XVWDQG³ HLQ Ä/DYLHUHQ]ZLVFKHQ]ZHL6WUXNWXUHQ³ULVNLHUWHLQ%HJULIIGHUYLHOOHLFKW HLQHWUHIIHQGH(UIDVVXQJGHU.RPSOH[LWlWYRQ7KHDWHUVWUXNWXUHQOLHIHUW 0,17=%(5*  'LH .DWHJRULHQ Ã,QQRYDWLRQµ XQG Ã6WDQGDUGLVLHUXQJµ GLH 0LQW]EHUJ IU GLH 3URJUDPPJHVWDOWXQJ HLQIKUW VLQG IU GDV 7KHDWHU ]X SUIHQ 'D HV VLFK ZLH +RHJO    DQPHUNW EHL GHU GDUVWHOOHQGHQ .XQVW XP HLQH Ä]X JUR‰HQ 7HLOHQ UHSURGX]LHUHQGH >«@ 7lWLJNHLW³ KDQGHOWLVW,QQRYDWLRQLP:RUWVLQQVHKUVHOWHQXQGHQWVSULFKWQXUEHGLQJW GHP NQVWOHULVFKHQ $QVSUXFK ,Q GHU (QWZLFNOXQJ YRQ 6SLHOSOlQHQ EHVWHKW DEHU HLQ GHXWOLFKHU 8QWHUVFKLHG ]ZLVFKHQ NODVVLVFKHQ 5HSHUWRLUHVWFNHQ XQG XQEHNDQQWHQ XQJHZRKQWHQ RGHU H[SHULPHQWHOOHQ 3URGXNWLRQHQ:lKUHQGIUOHW]WHUHGLH8PZHOWUHDNWLRQHQTXDVLQLFKW kalkulierbar sind, kann man für erstere generell von einem gewissen 3XEOLNXPV]XVSUXFK DXVJHKHQ $OV UHOHYDQW ZLUG KLHU GHU NQVWOHULVFKH:DJHPXWDQJHVHKHQGHQHLQ7KHDWHU]HLJWLQGHPHVDXFKXQJHZRKQWHRGHUXQHUZDUWHWH6WFNHVHLQHP3XEOLNXPSUlVHQWLHUWXQGLP ,GHDOIDOO QDKHEULQJW ,P 5DKPHQ GHU 6WXGLH ZLUG GHVKDOE QLFKW YRQ ,QQRYDWLRQ XQG 6WDQGDUGLVLHUXQJ VRQGHUQ YRP Ã:DJHPXWVLQGH[µ HLQHV 6SLHOSODQV JHVSURFKHQ 'DEHL JLOW GDVV HLQ KRKHU :DJHPXWVLQGH[ GHU6WUDWHJLHÃ,QQRYDWLRQµHLQQLHGULJHUÃ:DJHPXWVLQGH[µGHU6WUDWHJLH Ã6WDQGDUGLVLHUXQJµLP6LQQH0LQW]EHUJVHQWVSULFKW'DGLH%HJULIIHYRQ Ã,QQRYDWLRQµ XQG Ã6WDQGDUGLVLHUXQJµ DXFK LP LQKDOWOLFKHQ 'LVNXUV GHU GDUVWHOOHQGHQ.QVWHHLQH]HQWUDOH5ROOHVSLHOHQVROOGXUFKGLHVHQQHX

MINTZBERG IM THEATER

JHVHW]WHQ %HJULII LQ =XRUGQXQJ ]XU 3URJUDPPVWUDWHJLH DXFK GLH $EJUHQ]XQJ]XMHQHP7HLOGHU7KHDWHUGHEDWWHYHUGHXWOLFKWZHUGHQ Das Dilemma des Theaters als staatlich subventioniertem Kulturbetrieb besteht darin, einerseits nicht völlig frei, mit hohem Wagemut, DEHUYRUOHHUHQ5lQJHQVSLHOHQDQGHUHUVHLWVDEHUDXFKQLFKWQXUPXVHDOH(UKDOWXQJVDUEHLWRGHUUHLQHQ8QWHUKDOWXQJVNODPDXNELHWHQ]XZROOHQ %HLGHVHQWVSUlFKHQLFKWGHP]XJUXQGHOLHJHQGHQDPELYDOHQWHQ.XOWXUDXIWUDJ=LHOLVWHVYLHOPHKUPLWGHP6SLHOSODQHLQHP|JOLFKVWKRKH.RQJUXHQ]]XUEHVWHKHQGHQ8PZHOWVLWXDWLRQ]XHUUHLFKHQ(LQHUVHLWVVROOWHQ GLHEHVWHKHQGHQ3XEOLNXPVZQVFKHJHI|UGHUWZHUGHQXPPLQGHVWHQV GHQYHUHLQEDUWHQ(LJHQDQWHLO]XHUZLUWVFKDIWHQ=XJOHLFKVROOWHQGLH=XVFKDXHUDXFKLQDQJHPHVVHQHP0D‰JHIRUGHUWZHUGHQXPVLH ZHLWHU  DQ.XOWXUKHUDQ]XIKUHQRKQHVLH]XYHUVFKUHFNHQ8PGLHVHV0D‰]X EHVWLPPHQEHGDUIHVHLQHUKRKHQ6HQVLELOLWlWXQG'XUFKOlVVLJNHLWIU GLH 8PZHOW 'LHVH )lKLJNHLW ZLUG DXIJUXQG LKUHU ]ZHLJOHLVLJHQ $QODJH LP5DKPHQGHU6WXGLHDOVÃ,QWHUDNWLRQPLWGHU8PZHOWµ EH]HLFKQHW9RQ GHU8PZHOWYRUDOOHPGHP3XEOLNXPHUIROJHQ5HDNWLRQHQDXIGDV7KHDWHUXQGVHLQ3URJUDPP'LHVHPVVHQYRQGHQ7KHDWHUVFKDIIHQGHQJHGHXWHWZHUGHQGDVKHL‰WDOV*UXQGODJHIUHLQH(LQVFKlW]XQJGHUDNWXHOOHQ8PZHOWVLWXDWLRQKHUDQJH]RJHQZHUGHQ'LH$QQDKPHJHKWGDKLQ GDVVGLH.RQ¿JXUDWLRQDOV$GKRNUDWLHXQWHUDQGHUHPGXUFKGLH'H]HQtralisation eine größere Möglichkeit für die Integration möglichst vieler 8PZHOWHLQGUFNHLQGLH(QWVFKHLGXQJV¿QGXQJELHWHWDOVGLH3UR¿EURNUDWLH'LH,QWHUDNWLRQPLWGHU8PZHOWNDQQDOVRLQGHU$GKRNUDWLHLQ VWlUNHUHP0D‰HUIROJHQDOVLQGHU3UR¿EURNUDWLH'DUDXVOHLWHWVLFKGLH ]ZHLWH7KHVHGHU6WXGLHDE 7KHVH,,-HK|KHUGLH,QWHJUDWLRQDGKRNUDWLVFKHU(OHPHQWHLQGHU2UJDQLVDWLRQVNRQ¿JXUDWLRQHLQHV7KHDWHUVGHVWRK|KHULVWGLH,QWHUDNWLRQ PLWGHU8PZHOW $OV)ROJHVFKOXVVHUJLEWVLFKGDVVEHLKRKHU,QWHUDNWLRQPLWGHU8PZHOW GHUJHZlKOWH:DJHPXWVLQGH[GHV6SLHOSODQVPLWGHUDNWXHOOHQ8PZHOWVLWXDWLRQ NRUUHVSRQGLHUW DOVR HLQH SDVVHQGH %DODQFH ]ZLVFKHQ XQJHZRKQWHQDEHUYHUPLWWHOEDUHQ5LVLNRSURGXNWLRQHQXQGNODVVLVFKHP5HSHUWRLUHWKHDWHUJHIXQGHQZLUG





FRIEDERIKE VON COSSEL

3.

Rahmendaten für die Fallstudien

=XU hEHUSUIXQJ GHU HQWZLFNHOWHQ 7KHVHQ ZXUGHQ LP 1RYHPEHU'H]HPEHU)DOOVWXGLHQDQYLHU7KHDWHUQGHVGHXWVFKHQ%KQHQYHUHLQV GXUFKJHIKUW%HVWDQGWHLOGHU6WXGLHZDUHQGLH'RNXPHQWHQDXVZHUWXQJ YRQ 7KHDWHUVWDWLVWLNHQ 3UHVVHEHULFKWHQ XQG 6SLHOSOlQHQ VRZLH HLQH 5HLKHYRQKDOEVWUXNWXULHUWHQ,QWHUYLHZVPLWLQVJHVDPW7HLOQHKPHUQ DXVGHU(QWVFKHLGXQJV¿QGXQJ'LH,QWHUYLHZVJOLHGHUWHQVLFKLQ HLQHQ H[SODQDWLYHQ7HLOPLWJHVFKORVVHQHQ)UDJHQEHLGHUGLH$QWZRUWHQPLW 6NDOHQYRQHUIDVVWZXUGHQXQGHLQHQH[SORUDWLYHQ7HLOPLWRIIHQHQ )UDJHQ/HW]WHUHVZXUGHDXIJUXQGGHU.RPSOH[LWlWGHV7KHPDVDOVVLQQYROOHUDFKWHWXP]XVlW]OLFKH)DNWRUHQ]XHUPLWWHOQGLHQLFKWLQGHQJHVFKORVVHQHQ)UDJHQHUIDVVWZXUGHQ 7HLOQHKPHUGHU6WXGLHZDUHQYLHUPLWWHOJUR‰H|IIHQWOLFKH7KHDWHU XQWHUQHKPHQ GHUHQ 1DPHQ DXI HLJHQHQ :XQVFK DQRQ\PLVLHUW ZXUGHQ 7KHDWHU Sirius LQQHUKDOE HLQHV GHXWVFKHQ %DOOXQJV]HQWUXP JHlegen, in dem auf kleinem Raum vergleichsweise viele Theater um die =XVFKDXHUNRQNXUULHUHQ7KHDWHU Altair, das sich regional etwas abseits EH¿QGHWXQGGHVKDOE]ZDUZHQLJHULQ.RQNXUUHQ]]XDQGHUHQ+lXVHUQ ]XJOHLFK DEHU PLW HLQHU NRQ]HQWULHUWHQ .ULWLN GHV YHUIJEDUHQ 3XEOLkum konfrontiert wird, Theater Deneb, aufgrund seiner westdeutschen Randlage mit Theatern des Nachbarlands konkurrierend und dadurch LQWHUQDWLRQDOHQ9HUJOHLFKHQDXVJHVHW]WXQG]XOHW]W7KHDWHU Procyon, lKQOLFK ZLH 6LULXV YRQ HLQHU 9LHO]DKO DQGHUHU 7KHDWHU XPJHEHQ DOOHUGLQJVNOHLQHUDOVGDVHUVWJHQDQQWH8P9HUJOHLFKH]XHUP|JOLFKHQ ZXUGHGLH$QDO\VHDXIGLH6SDUWHQ0XVLNWKHDWHU 07GL2SHU2SHUHWWH0XVLFDO XQG6SUHFKWKHDWHU 67RKQH.LQGHUXQG-XJHQGWKHDWHU HLQJHVFKUlQNW ,P HUVWHQ 6FKULWW ZXUGH ]XU hEHUSUIXQJ GHU HUVWHQ 7KHVH IU DOOH 7KHDWHU GLH EHVWHKHQGH 2UJDQLVDWLRQVNRQ¿JXUDWLRQ EHVWLPPW DQKDQG GHU.ULWHULHQ  $EJUHQ]XQJ GHU 6WUDWHJLVFKHQ 6SLW]H YRQ GHQ DQGHUHQ 2UJDQLVDWLRQVWHLOHQ  $XVSUlJXQJGHU.RRUGLQDWLRQVPHFKDQLVPHQÃSHUV|QOLFKH:HLVXQJµ ÃJHJHQVHLWLJH$EVWLPPXQJµXQGÃ4XDOL¿NDWLRQµ  %URNUDWLVLHUXQJ GHU $EOlXIH DOV ]XVlW]OLFKHV .ULWHULXP ]XP *UDG GHU$EJUHQ]XQJ  =HQWUDOLVDWLRQ E]Z 'H]HQWUDOLVDWLRQ GHU (QWVFKHLGXQJVPDFKW 0DFKWLQGHU(QWVFKHLGXQJ 

MINTZBERG IM THEATER

'LH $QDO\VH EH]RJ VLFK QXU DXI GLH 2UJDQLVDWLRQVEHUHLFKH GLH DQ GHU 3URJUDPPJHVWDOWXQJEHWHLOLJWVLQGGDGLHVHGHQ8QWHUVXFKXQJVJHJHQVWDQGELOGHWH:HOFKH%HUHLFKHNRQNUHW]XEHUFNVLFKWLJHQZDUHQZXUGH DXIJUXQGGHUWKHDWHUHLJHQHQ$QJDEHQIHVWJHOHJW =XUhEHUSUIXQJGHU]ZHLWHQ7KHVHZXUGHQGHUVLWXDWLYH)DNWRUGHU NRQNUHWHQ 8PZHOWVLWXDWLRQ DQDO\VLHUW XQG GLH 5HOHYDQ] GLH GLH (QWVFKHLGXQJVWUlJHU GHU 8PZHOW EHLPHVVHQ $OV UHOHYDQWH 8PZHOWJUXSSHQ ZXUGHQ GDV 3XEOLNXP GLH UHJLRQDOH 3UHVVH XQG GLH SROLWLVFKHQ 9HUWUHWHULGHQWL¿]LHUW'DGLHWHLOQHKPHQGHQ7KHDWHUUHSUlVHQWDWLYIU GLH GXUFKVFKQLWWOLFKHQ 6WDGWWKHDWHU VWHKHQ VSLHOW GLH EHUUHJLRQDOH 3UHVVH HLQH XQWHUJHRUGQHWH 5ROOH XQG ZXUGH LQ GLHVHP 5DKPHQ QLFKW EHUFNVLFKWLJW)U3XEOLNXPXQG3ROLWLNZXUGHQDQKDQGGHU7KHDWHUVWDWLVWLNHQ GHV GHXWVFKHQ %KQHQYHUHLQV TXDQWLWDWLY GHU 8PIDQJ XQG GLH(QWZLFNOXQJGHU5HVRQDQ]HUPLWWHOW =XVFKDXHU]DKOHQMH6SDUWHXQG 6XEYHQWLRQHQ  'LH DNWXHOOH 6LWXDWLRQ ZXUGH GDEHL LP 9HUKlOWQLV ]XP =HLWUDXPGHU6SLHO]HLWHQELVEHZHUWHWXPHLQH$EVFKlW]XQJ]XU6WDELOLWlW]XSRVLWLYHQRGHUQHJDWLYHQ7UHQGVYRUQHKPHQ ]XN|QQHQ)UGLH3UHVVHZXUGHQGLHWKHDWHUHLJHQHQ3UHVVHDUFKLYHDOV %HZHUWXQJVJUXQGODJH JHQXW]W HV ZXUGH GLH $Q]DKO GHU %HULFKWH ]XP 6SLHOSODQLQVHLQHU*HVDPWKHLWHUIDVVW 9RUXQG1DFKEHVSUHFKXQJHQ  DX‰HUGHP ZXUGH GLH LQKDOWOLFKH 7HQGHQ] SRVLWLYQHJDWLY  EHVWLPPW (UJlQ]HQGZXUGHYHUVXFKWGLHJHVHOOVFKDIWOLFKH9HURUWXQJGHU+lXVHU LQLKUHU6WDGWGLH,QWHUDNWLRQPLWGHU8PZHOWTXDOLWDWLYHLQ]XVFKlW]HQ :LHKlX¿JZLUGLQGHU3UHVVHXQDEKlQJLJYRP6SLHOSODQXQGHLQ]HOQHQ 3URGXNWLRQHQEHUGDV7KHDWHUEHULFKWHW":HOFKH7KHPHQVSLHOHQHLQH 5ROOH" :LH VFKlW]HQ GLH (QWVFKHLGXQJVWHLOQHKPHU GHQ .RQWDNW ]XP 3XEOLNXPHLQZLHGHQ.RQWDNW]XU3UHVVHXQGGHQSROLWLVFKHQ9HUWUHWHUQ" =LHO ZDU HV HLQHQ (LQGUXFN YRP *UDG GHU ,QWHUDNWLRQ ]ZLVFKHQ 3URJUDPPJHVWDOWXQJHLQHUVHLWVXQG8PZHOWDQIRUGHUXQJHQDQGHUHUVHLWV ]XJHZLQQHQ*UXQGODJHKLHUIUZDUHQ ]XVlW]OLFKH 3UHVVHUH]HQVLRQHQ XQG$XVVDJHQGHU,QWHUYLHZSDUWQHU$XI%DVLVGHUJHZRQQHQ(UNHQQWQLVVH ZXUGH XQWHUVXFKW LQZLHIHUQ VLFK HLQ =XVDPPHQKDQJ ]ZLVFKHQ 2UJDQLVDWLRQVNRQ¿JXUDWLRQXQG,QWHUDNWLRQHUJLEW (UJlQ]HQGZXUGHQGLHDNWXHOOHQ6SLHOSOlQHLQ%H]XJDXILKUHQÃ:DJHPXWVLQGH[µ DQDO\VLHUW$XFKKLHUZXUGHZLHGHUXPYHUVXFKWHLQ9HUKlOWQLV]XGHQELVKHULJHQ6SLHO]HLWHQGHUDNWXHOOHQ,QWHQGDQ]]XHUPLWWHOQ(LQH$XVQDKPHELOGHWHGDV7KHDWHUProcyonKLHULVWGLHGHU]HLWLJH ,QWHQGDQ]HUVWVHLWGHU6SLHO]HLWWlWLJ$OV.ULWHULXPZXUGHHLQHUVHLWVKHUDQJH]RJHQZLHYLHOHGHUNOHLQHQXQGJUR‰HQ3URGXNWLRQHQ MHGHU6SDUWHHQWZHGHUHLQVHOWHQQLHJHVSLHOWHV:HUN]HLJWHQ LQNO'($





FRIEDERIKE VON COSSEL

XQG8$ XQGRGHUHLQHQXQJHZ|KQOLFKHQ$XIIKUXQJVVWLORGHU:HUNFKDUDNWHUERWHQ=ZHLWHQVZXUGHEHUJHRUGQHWGLH*HVDPWDQODJHE]Z .RQ]HSWLRQGHV6SLHOSODQVEHXUWHLOW$OV%HLVSLHOZUGHGDVZHQLJVSH]L¿VFKH6SLHOSODQWKHPDÃ/LHEHµ]XQlFKVWDOVZHQLJHUZDJHPXWLJHLQJHVWXIW ZHUGHQDOVGDV7KHPDÃ0LJUDWLRQVODQG'HXWVFKODQGµ'LHVH(LQVWXIXQJ ZUGH GDQQ PLW GHQ WDWVlFKOLFK DQJHVHW]WHQ 6WFNHQ DEJHJOLFKHQ (UJlEHVLFKKLHUGDVVGLH6WFNH6SLHOSODQ]XP7KHPDÃ/LHEHµEHVRQGHUV DXVJHIDOOHQ VLQG VR N|QQWH GLH (UVWEHZHUWXQJ UHODWLYLHUW ZHUGHQ 'LH :DJHPXWVLQGL]HV GHU 6SDUWHQ ZXUGHQ MH 7KHDWHU GHU 8PZHOWVLWXDWLRQ XQG 2UJDQLVDWLRQVNRQ¿JXUDWLRQ JHJHQEHUJHVWHOOW XP P|JOLFKH =XVDPPHQKlQJHHUNHQQEDU]XPDFKHQ

4.

Ergebnisse und Diskussion

7KHVH,7KHDWHUVLQGHQWZHGHUDOV(LQIDFKH3UR¿EURNUDWLHRGHU$GKRNUDWLHNRQ¿JXULHUW *UXQGODJH ]XU %HVWLPPXQJ GHU .RQ¿JXUDWLRQ ZDUHQ )UDJHQ LQ GHQ ,QWHUYLHZV ]XU $EJUHQ]XQJ GHU 2UJDQLVDWLRQVWHLOH XQG GHQ .RRUGLQDWLRQVPHFKDQLVPHQDX‰HUGHPHLJHQH%HREDFKWXQJHQHWZD]XUUlXPOLFKHQ6LWXDWLRQXQGGHU$UWGHU.RPPXQLNDWLRQ,QGHU$XVZHUWXQJGHU 'DWHQ ]HLJW VLFK GDVV IU GLH 2UJDQLVDWLRQVVWUXNWXU JUR‰H 8QWHUVFKLHGH]ZLVFKHQGHQHLQ]HOQHQ7KHDWHUQEHVWHKHQ'LHVHVLQGJXWGXUFKGLH 0LQW]EHUJ3DUDPHWHU ]X HUIDVVHQ XQG ODVVHQ 5FNVFKOVVH DXI GLH ]XJUXQGHOLHJHQGH.RQ¿JXUDWLRQ]X 'LH$EJUHQ]XQJGHU6WUDWHJLVFKHQ6SLW]HLVWDP0XVLNWKHDWHUSirius und am Theater DenebDPVWlUNVWHQDXVJHSUlJW V7DE )UEHLGH Häuser wurden die Intendanten als schwer erreichbar beschrieben, auch räumlich besteht, vor allem im Musiktheater Sirius, eine deutliche TrenQXQJGHU,QWHQGDQ]UlXPH]XGHQDQGHUHQKLHUEHWUDFKWHWHQ$EWHLOXQJHQ'LHVNRUUHVSRQGLHUWPLWHLQHUKRKHQ*UDGGHU=HQWUDOLVDWLRQ(QWVFKHLGXQJHQWULIIWGLH,QWHQGDQ]UHJHOPl‰LJDXFKXQDEKlQJLJYRQGHQ HQWVSUHFKHQGHQ6LW]XQJHQDQGHUH0LWDUEHLWHUEHUQHKPHQIUGHQ,QWHQGDQWHQOHGLJOLFKEHUDWHQGHZHQLJHUSDUWL]LSDWLYH)XQNWLRQ$XFKGLH %URNUDWLVLHUXQJ ZHLVW IU EHLGH +lXVHU GHQ K|FKVWHQ :HUW DXI WURW] GHUYLHOIDFK]LWLHUWHQXQEURNUDWLVFKHQ6WUXNWXUDQ7KHDWHUQZXUGHKLHU HWZD EHVFKULHEHQ GDVV *HVSUlFKH PLW GHU ,QWHQGDQ] LQ GHU 5HJHO QXU QDFK7HUPLQDEVSUDFKHP|JOLFKVLQG

MINTZBERG IM THEATER

.RQ¿JXUDWLRQVPHUNPDOH (Skala 1-5; 1=niedrig, 5=hoch)

Sirius

Altair

Deneb

Procyon

MT

67

MT

67

JHV

MT

67

Abgrenzung Strategische Spitze

5







5

2



Koordinationsmechanismus persönliche Weisung

5









2

2

Koordinationsmechanismus gegenseitige Abstimmung

2





2

2





KoordinationsmechanisPXV4XDOL¿NDWLRQ



2



2







Bürokratisierung



2

2







2

Grad der Zentralisation

5













gar nicht

hoch

hoch

Einschätzung Anteil Adhokratie

gar PLWWHO mittel gering nicht hoch

7DE(UJHEQLVVHGHU%HREDFKWXQJ]XGHQ.RQ¿JXUDWLRQVPHUNPDOHQ

)UGLHDQGHUHQ+lXVHUHUJLEWVLFKHLQHZHQLJHUVWDUNDXVJHSUlJWH$EJUHQ]XQJ GHU 6WUDWHJLVFKHQ 6SLW]H YRQ GHQ DQGHUHQ $EWHLOXQJHQ HLQH YROOVWlQGLJH 9HUVFKPHO]XQJ ZLH VLH 0LQW]EHUJ IU GLH $GKRNUDWLH DQQLPPW ¿QGHW VLFK MHGRFK QLFKW $XFK KLHU NRUUHVSRQGLHUHQ GLH :HUWH DEHU PLW GHQ $QJDEHQ ]XU %URNUDWLVLHUXQJ XQG 0DFKW]HQWUDOLVDWLRQ GLHHEHQIDOOVMHZHLOVJHULQJHUVLQG )U GLH .RRUGLQDWLRQVPHFKDQLVPHQ ]HLJW VLFK ]XQlFKVW GDVV GLH 6WDQGDUGLVLHUXQJGXUFK4XDOL¿NDWLRQDQGHUVDOVLP%HWULHEOLFKHQ.HUQ IUGLHKLHUEHWUDFKWHWHQ2UJDQLVDWLRQVWHLOHYRQ6WUDWHJLVFKHU6SLW]HXQG 0LWWHOOLQLH NHLQH VLJQL¿NDQWH 5ROOH VSLHOW HV HUJHEHQ VLFK GXUFKJlQJLJ IUDOOH+lXVHUQXUPLWWOHUHELVJHULQJH:HUWH'LH:HUWHIUGLH.RRUGLQDWLRQVPHFKDQLVPHQJHJHQVHLWLJH$EVWLPPXQJXQGSHUV|QOLFKH:HLVXQJ KLQJHJHQ ]HLJHQ GHXWOLFKH 'LIIHUHQ]HQ 'LHVH NRUUHOLHUHQ SRVLWLY PLWGHQ'DWHQ]XU$EJUHQ]XQJ=HQWUDOLVDWLRQXQG%URNUDWLVLHUXQJGDV KHL‰WGLH]XYRUDQJHVWHOOWHQhEHUOHJXQJHQ]XGHQYRUOLHJHQGHQ.RQ¿JXUDWLRQHQZHUGHQGXUFKGLH:HUWH]XGHQ.RRUGLQDWLRQVPHFKDQLVPHQ EHVWlWLJW,P(LQ]HOQHQ]HLJWVLFKDP0XVLNWKHDWHUSirius ebenso wie am Theater DenebGDVVGLHVWDUNH$EJUHQ]XQJGHU6WUDWHJLVFKHQ6SLW]HPLW HLQHU 'RPLQDQ] GHU SHUV|QOLFKHQ :HLVXQJ HLQKHUJHKW EHLGHV VSULFKW IU HLQH .RQ¿JXUDWLRQ DOV (LQIDFKH 3UR¿EURNUDWLH $OV *HJHQEHLVSLHO ¿QGHQVLFKGLHK|FKVWHQ:HUWHIUGLHJHJHQVHLWLJH$EVWLPPXQJDQEHLGHQ6SDUWHQGHV7KHDWHUVProcyonGDULQ]HLJWVLFKHLQH.RQJUXHQ]PLW





FRIEDERIKE VON COSSEL

GHUVWlUNHUHQ9HUVFKPHO]XQJGHU6WUDWHJLVFKHQ6SLW]HPLWGHQDQGHUHQ 2UJDQLVDWLRQVWHLOHQZDVGLH9HUPXWXQJHLQHUVWlUNHUDGKRNUDWLVFKDXVJHULFKWHWHQ.RQ¿JXUDWLRQVWlUNW)UGDV6SUHFKWKHDWHUSirius und das Theater Altair]HLJHQVLFKGXUFKZHJPLWWOHUH:HUWHHLQ+LQZHLVGDUDXI GDVVKLHUHLQH0LVFKIRUP]ZLVFKHQEHLGHQ.RQ¿JXUDWLRQHQYRUOLHJW $OV(UJHEQLVOlVVWVLFKIHVWKDOWHQGDVVVLFKHQWJHJHQGHU$QQDKPH DQGHQXQWHUVXFKWHQ7KHDWHUQNHLQHUHLQH$GKRNUDWLH¿QGHQOlVVWGLH GRPLQLHUHQGH .RQ¿JXUDWLRQVIRUP LVW GLH LP 9RUIHOG HUOlXWHUWH 0LVFKIRUPGHU(LQIDFKHQ3UR¿EURNUDWLH:LHHUOlXWHUW]HLJHQGLH+lXVHUMHGRFKXQWHUVFKLHGOLFKVWDUNH0LVFKIRUPHQGLHVHU.RQ¿JXUDWLRQPLWGHU $GKRNUDWLH 'DV EHGHXWHW ZHQQ PDQ GLH (LQIDFKH 3UR¿EURNUDWLH DOV HLQHQ(QGSXQNWHLQHV.RQWLQXXPVDQQLPPWDXIGHVVHQDQGHUHU6HLWH GLH$GKRNUDWLHVWHKWVRODVVHQVLFKDOOH7KHDWHULQQHUKDOEGLHVHV.RQWLQXXPVDQRUGQHQ V$EE  (LQIDFKH 3UR¿EURNUDWLH

$GKRNUDWLH

$OWDLU67 6LULXV67 $OWDLU07 3URF\RQ07 Deneb 6LULXV07

3URF\RQ67

$EE9HUDQVFKDXOLFKXQJGHU7KHDWHUDXIHLQHP.RQ¿JXUDWLRQVNRQWLQXXP

(LQHP|JOLFKH(UNOlUXQJGLHVHV3KlQRPHQVOlVVWVLFKDXVGHQJHPDFKWHQ%HREDFKWXQJHQDEOHLWHQ'LH(LQIDFKH3UR¿EURNUDWLHNDQQDOVWUDGLHUWH.HUQRGHU%DVLVNRQ¿JXUDWLRQHLQHV7KHDWHUVLPGHXWVFKHQ7KHDWHUV\VWHP DQJHQRPPHQ ZHUGHQ 'LHVH .RQ¿JXUDWLRQ LVW VHKU GRPLQDQW YRU DOOHP ZHJHQ GHV $OWHUV GHU %HWULHEH XQG LKUHU VHKU GLI¿]LOHQ XQGVFKZHUIlOOLJHQ6WUXNWXU(OHPHQWHYRQ$GKRNUDWLHPVVHQEHZXVVW LQGLHVHEHVWHKHQGH.RQ¿JXUDWLRQLQWHJULHUWZHUGHQZHQQHLQHDQGHUH 6WUXNWXUJHZQVFKWZLUG(LQVROFKHU,PSXOVNDQQLP6LQQH0LQW]EHUJV sehr gut durch neue Mitarbeiter erfolgen, wie sie am Theater die wechVHOQGHQ)KUXQJVWHDPVGDUVWHOOHQ'HU8PIDQJLQGHP(OHPHQWHHLQHU 0LVFKIRUP]ZLVFKHQ(LQIDFKHU3UR¿EURNUDWLHXQG$GKRNUDWLHHWDEOLHUW ZHUGHQ KlQJW GHP]XIROJH YRQ GHU ,QWHQGDQ] DE 'LHVH $QQDKPH ZLUG GXUFK GLH %HREDFKWXQJHQ DXV GHQ ,QWHUYLHZV PLW GHQ ,QWHQGDQWHQ GHU

MINTZBERG IM THEATER

XQWHUVXFKWHQ 7KHDWHUQ JHVWW]W ,QV *HVSUlFK ÀRVVHQ EHLVSLHOVZHLVH KlX¿J$XVVDJHQHLQGLH(LQVWHOOXQJHQHUNHQQHQODVVHQGDUEHUZLHHQJ GDV 9HUKlOWQLV ]X GHQ DQJUHQ]HQGHQ 2UJDQLVDWLRQVWHLOHQ LVW RGHU DXFK ob und wie stark auch entscheidungsferne Teilnehmer gelegentlich in die (QWVFKHLGXQJHLQEH]RJHQZHUGHQ$OVHUVWHV(UJHEQLVNDQQIHVWJHKDOWHQ ZHUGHQGDVV3RVLWLRQXQG)XQNWLRQGHV,QWHQGDQWHQVREHVFKDIIHQVLQG GDVV QDFK ZLH YRU GLH (LQIDFKH 3UR¿EURNUDWLH DOV .RQ¿JXUDWLRQVIRUP I|UGHUW(VEHVWHKWDEHULP5DKPHQGLHVHU)XQNWLRQGLH0|JOLFKNHLWGLH .RQ¿JXUDWLRQGXUFK,QWHJUDWLRQDGKRNUDWLVFKHU(OHPHQWHDE]XZDQGHOQ 2EXQGLQZLHZHLWVLFKGLHVDXIGDV9HUKDOWHQGHV7KHDWHUVLQGHU8PZHOWDXVZLUNWLVWGXUFKGLH]ZHLWH7KHVH]XSUIHQ These II: Je höher die Integration adhokratischer Elemente in der OrJDQLVDWLRQVNRQ¿JXUDWLRQHLQHV7KHDWHUVGHVWRK|KHULVWGLH,QWHUDNWLon mit der Umwelt =XU (UPLWWOXQJ GHU 8PZHOWLQWHUDNWLRQ ZXUGH ]XQlFKVW GLH $XVSUlJXQJ GHU 3DUDPHWHU ]XU 8PZHOWVLWXDWLRQ QDFK 0LQW]EHUJ EHVWLPPW V7DE :LHZHLWHUREHQHUOlXWHUWLVWGLH.RPSOH[LWlWIU7KHDWHUEHWULHEHDOOJHPHLQDOVKRFKDQ]XVHKHQKLHU]XHUJHEHQVLFKNHLQHLQGLYLGXHOOHQ6FKZDQNXQJHQ$XFKGLH0DUNWGLYHUVLWlWLVWDOOJHPHLQDXIHLQHP KRKHQ1LYHDXDQ]XVLHGHOQHV¿QGHQVLFKDEHUMHQDFKUHJLRQDOHU/DJH 8QWHUVFKLHGH]ZLVFKHQGHQ7KHDWHUQ$OOH7KHDWHUEH¿QGHQVLFKLQ8QLYHUVLWlWVVWlGWHQXQGGLH=DKOGHUSRWHQ]LHOOHQ=XVFKDXHULVWKRFK)U die Theater Altair und DenebYHUWHLOWVLFKGLHVHV3RWHQ]LDODXIHLQHJU|‰HUH )OlFKH LQQHUKDOE GHUHU GLH 3XEOLNXPVJUXSSHQ DOV HKHU KRPRJHQ DQ]XVHKHQVLQG'LH7KHDWHUSirius und Procyon hingegen liegen beide LQ%DOOXQJV]HQWUHQSRWHQ]LHOOH=XVFKDXHUJUXSSHQ¿QGHQVLFKDXIHQJHrem Raum und sind, auch aufgrund eines hohen Migrantenanteils, als KHWHURJHQDQ]XQHKPHQ'LHVIKUW]XHLQHUQRFKYHUVWlUNWHQ'LYHUVLWlW Sirius MT

Altair 67

Komplexität

MT

Deneb 67

JHV

Procyon MT

67

für alle Theater hoch

Marktdiversität

hoch

mittel

mittel

hoch

Feindseligkeit

mittel

gering

mittel

hoch

Stabilität

mittel

mittel bis hoch

mittel

gering

Tab. 4: Aktuelle Umweltsituation der Theater





FRIEDERIKE VON COSSEL

$XFKIUGHQ3DUDPHWHUGHU)HLQGVHOLJNHLWHUJHEHQVLFKXQWHUVFKLHGOLFKH 6LWXDWLRQHQ 'DV 7KHDWHU Altair OLHJW LQ HLQHP %XQGHVODQG LQ GHPVLFKLQVJHVDPWQXUZHQLJH7KHDWHUEH¿QGHQ'LH.RQNXUUHQ]]X DQGHUHQ%HWULHEHQLVWGHPHQWVSUHFKHQGJHULQJ]XJOHLFKLVWGHUSROLWLVFKH5FNKDOWKRFKGLH)HLQGVHOLJNHLW]HLJWLQVJHVDPWGHQJHULQJVWHQ :HUWGHUYLHU)DOOEHLVSLHOH'DV7KHDWHUDenebEH¿QGHWVLFKUHJLRQDO LQlKQOLFKHU5DQGODJHDEHULQVWlUNHUHU.RQNXUUHQ]QLFKWQXU]XLQQHUGHXWVFKHQVRQGHUQDXFK]X7KHDWHUQLP1DFKEDUODQG=XVlW]OLFK LVWGHUSROLWLVFKH5FNKDOWQLFKWJDQ]VRVWDUNDXVJHSUlJWGHP7KHDWHU VWHKHQ]ZDU6XEYHQWLRQHQLQQXUJHULQJVFKZDQNHQGHP0D‰]XU9HUIJXQJGULQJHQGQRWZHQGLJH%DXPD‰QDKPHQZHUGHQDEHUVHLWPHKUHUHQ-DKUHQLPPHUZLHGHUDXIJHVFKREHQXQGHUVFKZHUHQGHQ%HWULHE ]XQHKPHQG)UGLH)HLQGVHOLJNHLWLVWGHVKDOEHLQPLWWOHUHU:HUWDQ]XQHKPHQ'LH+lXVHUSirius und ProcyonEH¿QGHQVLFKKLQVLFKWOLFKGHU .RQNXUUHQ]]XDQGHUHQ7KHDWHUQLQYHUJOHLFKEDUHU/DJHLQZHVWGHXWVFKHQ%DOOXQJV]HQWUHQ:lKUHQGGDV+DXVSirius jedoch einen relativ VWDELOHQSROLWLVFKHQ5FNKDOWKDWLVWGDV7KHDWHUProcyon von massiYHQ6SDUPD‰QDKPHQEHWURIIHQGXUFKGLHGLH6FKOLH‰XQJHLQHU6SDUWH GURKW'LH)HLQGVHOLJNHLWLVWDOVRIU7KHDWHUSirius als mittel, für das Theater ProcyonDOVKRFKDQ]XVHKHQ $XI*UXQGODJHGLHVHU(UNHQQWQLVVHHUJLEWVLFKIUGHQOHW]WHQ3DUDPHWHU GLH 6WDELOLWlW HLQ JHPLVFKWHV %LOG %HL PLWWOHUHU )HLQGVHOLJNHLW LVWGLH6WDELOLWlWIUGDV+DXVSiriusDOVPLWWHODQ]XVHKHQGDGLHKRKH 0DUNWGLYHUVLWlW GLH 3XEOLNXPVVLWXDWLRQ LQ EHUGXUFKVFKQLWWOLFKHP 0D‰HXQYRUKHUVHKEDUPDFKW8PHLQHQJXWIXQNWLRQLHUHQGHQSDVVHQGHQ6SLHOSODQ]XHUVWHOOHQLVWHLQKRKHV0D‰DQ,QWHUDNWLRQPLWGHU8PZHOW QRWZHQGLJ $XFK IU GDV 7KHDWHU Deneb ergibt sich ein mittlerer :HUWIUGLH6WDELOLWlW$XFKZHQQGLH0DUNWGLYHUVLWlWQLFKWVRKRFKDXVJHSUlJWLVWZLHIUGDV+DXVSirius, ist der mittlere Wert für die FeindVHOLJNHLW TXDOLWDWLY DQGHUV ]X GHXWHQ :lKUHQG HU IU 6LULXV HLQHQ IU GLHUHJLRQDOH/DJHUHFKWJXWHQ:HUWGDUVWHOOWLVWGLHHKHUJOHLFKJOWLJH +DOWXQJGLHGLH3ROLWLNJHJHQEHUGHP+DXVDeneb]HLJWWURW]UHODWLY VWDELOHU6XEYHQWLRQHQTXDOLWDWLYQHJDWLYHUHLQ]XVFKlW]HQ'LHVIKUW]X HLQHU LQVJHVDPW JOHLFKHUPD‰HQ QXU PLWWOHUHQ 6WDELOLWlW 7URW] GHU QXU PLWWHOVWDUN DXVJHSUlJWHQ 'LYHUVLWlW LVW IU GDV +DXV Deneb ein hohes 0D‰DQ,QWHUDNWLRQPLWGHU8PZHOWQRWZHQGLJXPIHLQH6FKZDQNXQJHQ XQG P|JOLFKH $QVDW]SXQNWH ZDKU]XQHKPHQ XP GLH WHQGHQ]LHOOH *OHLFKJOWLJNHLW]XGXUFKEUHFKHQ ,P8QWHUVFKLHGGD]XLVWGLH6WDELOLWlWIUGDV7KHDWHUAltair als mittel ELVKRFKDQ]XVHKHQ(LQHGXUFKVFKQLWWOLFKH0DUNWGLYHUVLWlW]XVDPPHQ

MINTZBERG IM THEATER

mit einer nur geringen Feindseligkeit ergibt – im Rahmen der allgemein IU7KHDWHUEOLFKHQ8QZlJEDUNHLWHQ±HLQJXWHLQ]XVFKlW]HQGHV8PIHOG)UGDV7KHDWHUAltairHUJLEWVLFKLQQHUKDOEGHUYLHU%HLVSLHOHHLQH VLQJXOlUH6LWXDWLRQ'LHVWDELOHSROLWLVFKH6LWXDWLRQIKUW]XHLQHPUHODtiv großen gestalterischen Freiraum, verringert aber die Notwendigkeit, VLFKGXUFKGDV3URJUDPPEHVRQGHUV]XSUR¿OLHUHQXPVLFKIUGLH3ROLWLNXQDEGLQJEDU]XPDFKHQ'D3UR¿ODPHKHVWHQGXUFKKRKHQ:DJHPXW HUUHLFKWZLUGGURKWGHU:DJHPXWVLQGH[LQHLQHP$XVPD‰]XVLQNHQGHU QLFKWPHKUGHQ$QVSUFKHQGHV3XEOLNXPVHQWVSULFKW'LHVHV]HLJWVLFK für das Theater AltairLQVJHVDPWDOVZDJHPXWLJHQ3URGXNWLRQHQJHJHQEHUGXUFKDXVDXIJHVFKORVVHQ+LHUEHVWHKWDOVRGLH1RWZHQGLJNHLWHLQHUYHUVWlUNWHQ,QWHUDNWLRQPLWGHU8PZHOWXPLQGHUJHQHUHOOVWDELOHQ 6LWXDWLRQQLFKWDXV%HTXHPOLFKNHLWDQGHQ$QVSUFKHQGHV3XEOLNXPV YRUEHL]XKDQGHOQ *DQ]DQGHUVVFKOLH‰OLFKVWHOOWVLFKGLH6LWXDWLRQIUGDV+DXVProcyon GDU'LHKRKH0DUNWGLYHUVLWlWJHSDDUWPLWGHUGXUFKGHQJUR‰HQ+DXVhaltsdruck gerade aktuell sehr hohen Feindseligkeit, wirkt sich stark neJDWLYDXIGLH6WDELOLWlWDXV6LHQLPPWIUGDV7KHDWHUProcyon innerhalb GHU)DOOEHLVSLHOHGHQJHULQJVWHQ:HUWDQGLH$XIPHUNVDPNHLWJHJHQEHU XQG ,QWHUDNWLRQ PLW GHU 8PZHOW LVW GHPHQWVSUHFKHQG LQ EHVRQGHUHP 0D‰QRWZHQGLJXPGHQ)RUWEHVWDQGGHV%HWULHEV]XJHZlKUOHLVWHQ $EVFKOLH‰HQG ZXUGH XQWHUVXFKW ZLH KRFK GHU :DJHPXWVLQGH[ GHU 6SLHOSOlQH LVW XQG RE GLH 6SLHOSOlQH GHU 8PZHOWVLWXDWLRQ DQJHPHVVHQ JHVWDOWHW VLQG (V LVW QRFKPDOV GDUDXI KLQ]XZHLVHQ GDVV HLQH ÃDQJHPHVVHQHµ*HVWDOWXQJLP6LQQHHLQHU$QSDVVXQJDQGLH8PZHOWVLWXDWLRQ QLFKWJOHLFK]XVHW]HQLVWPLWHLQHP|NRQRPLVFKNDONXOLHUWHQ3URJUDPP GDV DXI HLQH P|JOLFKVW KRKH :HUWVFKlW]XQJ LQ GHU MHZHLOLJHQ 8PZHOW DE]LHOW9LHOPHKULVWGDVIUGLHMHZHLOLJH8PZHOWULFKWLJH0D‰]X¿QGHQ LQZHOFKHPGHP3XEOLNXPNQVWOHULVFKDQVSUXFKVYROOHRGHUIRUGHUQGH ÃZDJHPXWLJHµ,QKDOWHYHUPLWWHOWZHUGHQN|QQHQRKQHHVJHJHQEHUGHP 7KHDWHU]XYHUVFKUHFNHQ(VZXUGHDOVRDQDO\VLHUWZLHJXWGLH.RPSURPLVV¿QGXQJ ]ZLVFKHQ GHQ EHLGHQ $QIRUGHUXQJHQ |NRQRPLVFKHU XQG NQVWOHULVFKHU=LHOVHW]XQJJHOXQJHQLVW %HWUDFKWHWPDQ]XQlFKVWGLH:DJHPXWVLQGL]HVGHUHLQ]HOQHQ6SLHOSOlQHVRHUJHEHQVLFKVHKUJHPLVFKWH:HUWHDXFK]ZLVFKHQHLQ]HOQHQ 6SDUWHQ GHU +lXVHU V 7DE   'DV 0XVLNWKHDWHU 6LULXV ]HLJW GHQ JHULQJVWHQ $QWHLO ZDJHPXWLJHU 3URGXNWLRQHQ DP +DXV Procyon bieten EHLGH 6SDUWHQ 6SLHOSOlQH PLW KRKHP :DJHPXWVLQGH[ HEHQVR ZLH GDV 6FKDXVSLHOSirius'LH6SLHOSOlQHGHU+lXVHUAltair und Deneb weisen PLWWOHUH:HUWHDXI





FRIEDERIKE VON COSSEL

(UJlQ]HQGZXUGHGLH:DKUQHKPXQJGHU8PZHOWVLWXDWLRQXQGGHU8PJDQJGDPLWHUPLWWHOW'D]XZXUGHQGLH7HLOQHKPHUGHU(QWVFKHLGXQJV¿QGXQJEHIUDJWZHOFKH:DKUQHKPXQJVLHEHUGLH5FNPHOGXQJHQDXV GHP3XEOLNXPKDEHQXQGZLHUHOHYDQWIUVLHGLHZDKUJHQRPPHQH5HVRQDQ]IUGLH6SLHOSODQJHVWDOWXQJLVW Sirius

Altair

Deneb

Procyon

MT

67

MT

67

JHV

MT

67















Wagemutsindex des Spielplans

niedrig

hoch

mittel

mittel

mittel

hoch

hoch

Interaktion mit der Umwelt

niedrig

hoch

PLWWHO hoch

mittel

mittel

Gesamtwert Relevanz Gruppe Publikum 6NDOD JHULQJ  KRFK

PLWWHO PLWWHO

Tab. 5: Zusammenhang zwischen Relevanz der Umweltgruppen für Entscheidungsträger, Interaktion mit der Umwelt und Wagemutsindex des Spielplans

'LH(LQVFKlW]XQJGHU7HLOQHKPHUHUIROJWHZLHGHUXPDQKDQGGHUHWDEOLHUWHQ6NDODYRQPLW JHULQJH5HOHYDQ]XQG KRKH5HOHYDQ]GHU 8PZHOW=XU*HJHQEHUVWHOOXQJGHU7KHDWHUZXUGHQGLH'XUFKVFKQLWWVZHUWHDOOHU7HLOQHKPHUHLQHV+DXVHVHUPLWWHOW0LW$XVQDKPHGHV0Xsiktheaters Sirius ergeben sich für alle Häuser hohe Werte für die ReleYDQ]GLHGHU5HDNWLRQGHV3XEOLNXPV]XJHZLHVHQZLUG(LQHDEJHKREHQH +DOWXQJLQGHUGLH.XQVWXPGHU.XQVWZLOOHQSURSDJLHUWZLUGOlVVWVLFK QLFKWIHVWVWHOOHQMHGHV7KHDWHUYHUVXFKWVRZHLWZLHP|JOLFKGDVSDVVHQGH3URJUDPPIUVHLQ3XEOLNXP]XJHVWDOWHQ'HQQRFKJHOLQJWGLHVPLW GHQMHZHLOVDQJHERWHQHQ6SLHOSOlQHQQLFKWEHUDOOLQJOHLFKHP0D‰%HVRQGHUVDXJHQIlOOLJZLUGGLHVIUGLH6SDUWHQGHV7KHDWHUSiriusREZRKO EHLGHLQGHUJOHLFKHQ8PZHOWDJLHUHQ¿QGHQVLFKIUGDV:HFKVHOVSLHO ]ZLVFKHQ 6SLHOSODQ XQG 8PZHOWUHDNWLRQ JDQ] XQWHUVFKLHGOLFKH (UJHEQLVVH'DV6FKDXVSLHOPLWVHLQHPKRKHQ:DJHPXWVLQGH[WULIIWDXIVHKU SRVLWLYH5HVRQDQ]GXUFKGDV3XEOLNXPVRZRKOLQTXDQWLWDWLYHUDOVDXFK TXDOLWDWLYHU+LQVLFKWGLH,QWHUDNWLRQPLWGHU8PZHOWLVWJHOXQJHQ$P 0XVLNWKHDWHUKLQJHJHQWULIIWGHUHKHUNRQYHQWLRQHOOJHVWDOWHWH6SLHOSODQ DXIQXUPl‰LJH5HVRQDQ]GXUFKGLH8PZHOWRIIHQVLFKWOLFKNRQQWHQRFK NHLQSDVVHQGHV.RQ]HSWIUGLH6WDGWJHIXQGHQZHUGHQHVOlVVWVLFKNHLQH SDVVHQGH ,QWHUDNWLRQ PLW GHU 8PZHOW IHVWVWHOOHQ %HLGH (UJHEQLVVH

MINTZBERG IM THEATER

NRUUHVSRQGLHUHQPLWGHQGHXWOLFKXQWHUVFKLHGOLFKHQ:HUWHQIUGLH5HOHYDQ]GLHGHP3XEOLNXP]XJHRUGQHWZLUG $P 7KHDWHU Deneb stellt es sich so dar, dass ein durchaus wagePXWLJHUDXFKEHUGLH-DKUHYDULLHUWHU6SLHOSODQDXIHLQHQXUPLWWOHUH 5HVRQDQ]GXUFKGLH=XVFKDXHUWULIIWVRZRKOEH]RJHQDXIGLH%HVXFKHU]DKOHQ DOV DXFK DXI LQKDOWOLFKH 5FNPHOGXQJHQ 7URW] HLQHU GXUFKDXV YRUKDQGHQHQ5HOHYDQ]GLHGHP3XEOLNXP]XJHZLHVHQZLUGJHOLQJWGLH ,QWHUDNWLRQ PLW GHU 8PZHOW DXFK QDFK PHKUHUHQ -DKUHQ QXU EHGLQJW $P7KHDWHUAltair]HLJWVLFKHLQJHWHLOWHV%LOG%HLUHFKWKRKHU5HOHYDQ] GHU3XEOLNXPVUHVRQDQ]HQWVSULFKWGHUYRQPLWWOHUHP:DJHPXWJHSUlJWH6SLHOSODQDP0XVLNWKHDWHUHKHUGHQ0|JOLFKNHLWHQZLHZHLWGDV3XEOLNXP PLW HLQHP ZDJHPXWLJHQ 3URJUDPP NRQIURQWLHUW ZHUGHQ NDQQ DOV DP 6FKDXVSLHO IU OHW]WHUHV ZLUG ]XQHKPHQG LQKDOWOLFKH .ULWLN DP 6SLHOSODQODXW'LH8PZHOWLQWHUDNWLRQLVWLQGLHVHP)DOODOVRIUGDV0XVLNWKHDWHUK|KHUDQ]XVHW]HQDOVIUGDV6FKDXVSLHO (LQH6RQGHUUROOHQLPPWGDV7KHDWHUProcyon ein, da hier die aktuelle ,QWHQGDQ]JHUDGHHUVWDQJHWUHWHQLVWXQG]XGHPPLWHLQHUDNXWEHGURKOLFKHQ6LWXDWLRQNRQIURQWLHUWLVW$OV7HQGHQ]]HLFKQHWVLFKDEGDVVGHU VHKU RIIHQVLY JHVWDOWHWH 6SLHOSODQ DXI UHFKW SRVLWLYH 5HVRQDQ]HQ VW|‰W 'HQQRFK EOHLEW GLH (QWZLFNOXQJ DE]XZDUWHQ GLH ,QWHUDNWLRQ PLW GHU 8PZHOWZLUGXQWHU9RUEHKDOWDOVPLWWHOVWDUNDXVJHSUlJWDQJHQRPPHQ (V OlVVW VLFK IHVWVWHOOHQ GDVV HLQH KRKH 5HOHYDQ] GLH GHU 8PZHOW E]Z GHP 3XEOLNXP DOV ZLFKWLJVWHU *UXSSH EHLJHPHVVHQ ZLUG QLFKW ]ZLQJHQG]XHLQHUJHOXQJHQHQ,QWHUDNWLRQPLWGHU8PZHOWIKUHQ%HWUDFKWHWPDQGLH(UJHEQLVVHHUJlQ]HQGLP.RQWH[WPLWGHQLP9RUIHOG HQWZLFNHOWHQ *HGDQNHQ ]XU 2UJDQLVDWLRQVNRQ¿JXUDWLRQ VR ODVVHQ VLFK =XVDPPHQKlQJHIHVWVWHOOHQ6RHUJHEHQVLFKIUGDV6FKDXVSLHOSirius und das Musiktheater Altair, die eine deutliche Integration adhokratiVFKHU (OHPHQWH LQ LKUHU 2UJDQLVDWLRQVVWUXNWXU ]HLJHQ HLQH VWDUN DXVJHSUlJWH XQG JHOXQJHQH ,QWHUDNWLRQ PLW GHU 8PZHOW 8QWHU 9RUEHKDOW VWW]HQ DXFK GLH :HUWH IU GDV 7KHDWHU Procyon, bei dem die stärkste 7HQGHQ]]XU$GKRNUDWLHIHVWJHVWHOOWZXUGHGLHVHV(UJHEQLV,P8QWHUVFKLHGGD]XHUJHEHQVLFKIUGDV0XVLNWKHDWHUSirius und das Theater 'HQHEGLHDOVNODVVLVFKH(LQIDFKH3UR¿EURNUDWLHRUJDQLVLHUWVLQGGLH JHULQJVWHQ:HUWHIUGLH8PZHOWLQWHUDNWLRQGLH6SLHOSODQNRQ]HSWHZHUGHQLQVJHVDPWQLFKWJXWYRQGHU8PZHOWDQJHQRPPHQ (VOlVVWVLFKIHVWKDOWHQGDVVQLFKWDOOHLQGLH5HOHYDQ]GLHGHU8PZHOWEHLJHPHVVHQZLUGGDIUDXVVFKODJJHEHQGLVWREGHU6SLHOSODQIU GLH LQGLYLGXHOOH 8PZHOW SDVVHQG LVW 9LHOPHKU ZLUG ZLH DQJHQRPPHQ EHVWlWLJWGDVVHLQ=XVDPPHQKDQJ]XUYRUOLHJHQGHQ2UJDQLVDWLRQVNRQ-





FRIEDERIKE VON COSSEL

¿JXUDWLRQEHVWHKW'LHK|FKVWHQ:HUWHIUGLH,QWHUDNWLRQPLWGHU8Pwelt ergeben sich an den Häusern, an denen die Organisationsstruktur GHXWOLFKH 7HQGHQ]HQ ]XU $GKRNUDWLH DXIZHLVW $XFK GLH ]ZHLWH 7KHVH NDQQDOVRDOVEHVWlWLJWDQJHVHKHQZHUGHQ(LQH(UNOlUXQJKLHUIUN|QQWHVHLQGDVVGLH8PZHOWUHDNWLRQHQVRYLHOIlOWLJXQGGLIIHUHQ]LHUWVLQG GDVVGXUFKHLQHK|KHUH$Q]DKOYRQ7HLOQHKPHUQGLHGLHVHDOVÃ6HQVRUHQµ DXIIDQJHQHLQK|KHUHV0D‰DQ8PZHOWLQWHUDNWLRQHUUHLFKWZLUG'D]X PVVHQ GLHVH YLHOIlOWLJHQ :DKUQHKPXQJHQ LQ GHQ *HVWDOWXQJVSUR]HVV PLWHLQÀLH‰HQN|QQHQ'LH0|JOLFKNHLWHQGD]XVLQGGXUFKHLQHNODVVLVFKH(LQIDFKH3UR¿EURNUDWLHRIIHQEDUZHQLJHUJHJHEHQDOVZHQQ(OHPHQWHGHU$GKRNUDWLHLQGLH6WUXNWXULQWHJULHUWZHUGHQ

5.

Methodisches und inhaltliches Fazit

.XOWXULQVWLWXWLRQHQDOOJHPHLQXQG7KHDWHUEHWULHEHLP%HVRQGHUHPVLQG NRPSOH[H 2UJDQLVDWLRQHQ GHUHQ 6WUXNWXU XQG $EOlXIH JOHLFKHUPD‰HQ YRQHLQHU9LHO]DKOYRQ)DNWRUHQJHNHQQ]HLFKQHWLVWXQGEHHLQÀXVVWZLUG 'LH9HUVXFKXQJLVWJUR‰ZLHGHU%UJHUXQWHUP6WHUQHQKLPPHOYRUGHU VFKHLQEDUHQ8QHUNOlUEDUNHLW]XNDSLWXOLHUHQGLH8PVWlQGHDOVJHJHEHQ DQ]XVHKHQ XQG VLWXDWLY QDFK EHVWHP :LVVHQ XQG LQ 9HUWUDXHQ DXI GLH HLJHQH,QWXLWLRQ]XDJLHUHQ=HQWUDOH$QIRUGHUXQJDQGHQ.XOWXUPDQDJHULVWHVMHGRFKZLH7U|QGOH  IRUPXOLHUWÄGLH/HUQIlKLJNHLW XQGGLH6HOEVWUHÀH[LRQVIlKLJNHLWGHV.XOWXUEHWULHEV]XHUK|KHQXPLKP :DQGHOXQGGDPLWGHQ%HVWDQGLQGHU=XNXQIW]XHUP|JOLFKHQ³'LH(UJHEQLVVHGLHVHU6WXGLHN|QQHQDXFKLQGLHVHP.RQWH[WJHVHKHQZHUGHQ (V]HLJWVLFKGDVVGLH.RQ¿JXUDWLRQGHU2UJDQLVDWLRQVVWUXNWXUVLFKDXI GHVVHQ /HUQIlKLJNHLW DXVZLUNW LQ GLHVHP )DOO LQ %H]XJ DXI HLQHQ SDVVHQGHQ8PJDQJPLWGHUMHZHLOLJHQ8PZHOW$XFKZHQQGDV)RUVFKXQJVLQWHUHVVHLQGLHVHU6WXGLHH[SODQDWLYHU1DWXUZDUVRODVVHQVLFKGDUDXV $QVlW]H IU ZHLWHUJHKHQGH DXFK QRUPDWLY DQJHOHJWH 8QWHUVXFKXQJHQ HQWZLFNHOQ 0HWKRGLVFK KDW VLFK HUZLHVHQ GDVV HV LQ GHU EHVWHKHQGHQ Organisationsforschung durchaus Modelle und Theorien gibt, die die $QDO\VH YRQ .XOWXUEHWULHEHQ E]Z 132V DOOJHPHLQ HUP|JOLFKHQ 'LH 2UJDQLVDWLRQVNRQ¿JXUDWLRQHQQDFK0LQW]EHUJKDEHQVLFK]XU(UIDVVXQJ YRQ7KHDWHUEHWULHEHQPLWLKUHQNRPSOH[HQ6WUXNWXUHQXQGDPELYDOHQWHQ =LHOVHW]XQJHQEHZlKUW$XFKZHQQGLH.RPSOH[LWlWYRQ.XOWXUEHWULHEHQ GLH(UIDVVXQJLKUHU6WUXNWXUHQXQG$EOlXIHHUVFKZHUWVLQGVLHQLFKWVR XQHUNOlUOLFKZLHHVVFKHLQW±XQGDQJUHQ]HQGH:LVVHQVFKDIWHQELHWHQ VRGDV)D]LWVHKUZRKO0|JOLFKNHLWHQGLHVH(UNOlUXQJHQ]X¿QGHQ

MINTZBERG IM THEATER

Literatur $//0$118ZH  Unternehmensführung in Kulturbetrieben:LHVEDGHQ'89 %($)UDQ];DYHU*g%(/(OLVDEHWK  Organisation. Theorie und Gestaltung6WXWWJDUW/XFLXV /XFLXV (&.$5'67(,1'XGRYRQ=$81(5$OIUHG  (QWVFKHLGXQJVPDQDJHPHQWLQ132V ±,Q%DGHOW&KULVWRSK +J +DQGEXFKGHU1RQSUR¿W2UJDQLVDWLRQ6WUXNWXUHQXQG Management,6WXWWJDUW6FKDHIIHU3RHVFKHO *5(9(0DOWH  Zielorientierte Steuerung öffentlicher Theater+DPEXUJ'U.RYDF +(,15,&+6:HUQHU  Der Kulturbetrieb. Bildende Kunst, Musik, Literatur, Theater, Film%LHOHIHOGWUDQVFULSW +(,17(/3HWHU.5$,1=(ZDOG  Projektmanagement: Eine Antwort auf die Hierarchiekrise?:LHVEDGHQ*DEOHU +2(*/&OHPHQV  Ökonomie der Oper%RQQ$UFXOW0HGLD ./(,1$UPLQ  Der exzellente Kulturbetrieb:LHVEDGHQ96 0,17=%(5*+HQU\  6WUXFWXUHLQµV$6\QWKHVLVRIWKH5HVHDUFKRI2UJDQL]DWLRQ 'HVLJQ±,QManagement Science± 0,17=%(5*+HQU\  Die Mintzberg-Struktur. Organisationen effektiver gestalten, /DQGVEHUJ/HFKPRGHUQHLQGXVWULH 75g1'/(0DUWLQ  Entscheiden im Kulturbetrieb. Integriertes Kunst- und Kulturmanagement%HUQ2WW



Erwartungen an den Opernbesuch und bevorzugte Inszenierungsstile Eine empirische Analyse der ästhetischen Präferenzen von Opernbesuchern KARL-HEINZ REUBAND

1.

Einleitung

(LQH%DOJHUHLXPGHQ.FKHQWLVFKKHUXPPLWHLQHP*HVFKLUUKDQGWXFK DQVWHOOHGHVHURWLVFKHQ6FKOHLHUWDQ]HVLQGHU2SHUSalome±6ROGDWHQ LQ 168QLIRUPHQ LP Rienzi ± 6LHJIULHG FDPSLHUHQG LQ HLQHP :RKQZDJHQ±5LWWHUGLHLQ$Q]XJXQG.UDZDWWHDXIWUHWHQPLW0DVFKLQHQSLVWROHQVWDWW6FKZHUWHUQ/LHVWPDQGDV)HXLOOHWRQGHU=HLWXQJHQVR JHZLQQW PDQ GHQ (LQGUXFN GDVV HV KHXW]XWDJH IDVW QXU QRFK ,QV]HQLHUXQJHQJLEWEHLGHQHQGDV2SHUQJHVFKHKHQDNWXDOLVLHUWXQGLQGDV RGHU-DKUKXQGHUWYHUODJHUWLVW,QYLHOHQ)lOOHQZLUGGLHVHQ,QV]HQLHUXQJHQLP)HXLOOHWRQ/RE]XWHLOLQPDQFKHQMHGRFKDXFK.ULWLN :HQQ /HW]WHUHV JHVFKLHKW GDQQ DOOHUGLQJV RIW PHKU LP +LQEOLFN DXI 6WLPPLJNHLWXQG/RJLNGHU5HJLHDOVDXIGLH7DWVDFKHGDVVHLQH9HUODJHUXQJ LQ GLH *HJHQZDUW VWDWW¿QGHW RGHU )RUPHQ GHU 9HUIUHPGXQJ JHZlKOWZXUGHQ.ULWLNDP5HJLHWKHDWHUSHUVH¿QGHWVLFKKHXW]XWDJH HKHUVHOWHQLP)HXLOOHWRQ1 'LH(QWVFKHLGXQJGHV5HJLVVHXUVEHUGLH$UWGHU,QV]HQLHUXQJLVW SULPlU HLQH GLH NQVWOHULVFKHQ hEHUOHJXQJHQ XQG .RQ]HSWHQ IROJW ,PSOL]LWRGHUH[SOL]LWJHKHQGDULQDEHUPHLVWDXFK9RUVWHOOXQJHQEHU 

9JOGD]X%h1'1,6)h57+($7(5 I 'LHLQVJHVDPWHKHUZRKOZROOHQGH%Hwertung des Regietheaters im Feuilleton schließt gleichwohl nicht aus, dass es in neueUHU=HLWYHUHLQ]HOWDXFKNULWLVFKH$EKDQGOXQJHQ]XGHQJHJHQZlUWLJHQ(QWZLFNOXQJHQ XQG]XP5HJLHWKHDWHUSHUVHJLEW ',(=(,71U $XFKLVWHVEHPHUNHQVZHUWGDVVVLFKLQMQJVWHU=HLW5HJLVVHXUHGLHDOVJHIHLHUWH3LRQLHUHGHVPRGHUQHQ7KHDWHUVJHOWHQ±ZLH.ODXV3H\PDQQRGHU3HWHU6WHLQ±lX‰HUVWNULWLVFKEHUGLH KHXWLJHQ9DULDQWHQGHV5HJLHWKHDWHUVJHlX‰HUWKDEHQ 'HU7DJHVVSLHJHO  'DVV HV 7KHDWHU XQG QLFKW 2SHUQUHJLVVHXUH VLQG GLH PLW LKUHU .ULWLN DQ GLH gIIHQWOLFKNHLWWUHWHQPDJNHLQ=XIDOOVHLQ(VN|QQWHGDPLW]XVDPPHQKlQJHQGDVVVLFKGDV 5HJLHWKHDWHULQ'HXWVFKODQG]XQlFKVWLP%HUHLFKGHU6SUHFKEKQHQDXVJHEUHLWHWXQG HUVW]HLWYHU]|JHUWGDV0XVLNWKHDWHUHUUHLFKWKDW(QWVSUHFKHQGNRQQWHPDQGRUW±UHJLHJHVFKLFKWOLFK±DXFKDPHKHVWHQ.ULWLNDQYHUPHLQWOLFKHQRGHUUHDOHQÃ$XVZFKVHQµ HUZDUWHQ=XP5HJLHWKHDWHUXQGGHVVHQ9HUWUHWHUQLP%HUHLFKGHU2SHUVLHKHXDGHQ hEHUEOLFN EHL (&.(57   %(@ 1XUDXI]ZHLGHU7H[WHVHLKLHUH[HPSODULVFKNXU]HLQJHJDQJHQ'LHVWlUNVWHgIIHQWOLFKNHLWVZLUNXQJKDWWHXQ]ZHLIHOKDIWGHUGHU 7H[WVDPPOXQJGHQ7LWHOYHUOHLKHQGH$UWLNHOEHUGLHÄ*HIDKUHQGHU0XVLN³GHUGLH$EVHW]XQJYRQ-RKQ$GDPV¶2SHUThe Death of Klinghoffer LQ GHU SRVWWUDXPDWLVFKHQ =HLW XQPLWWHOEDU QDFK GHP 7ZLQ7RZHU 7HUURUDQJULII UHFKWIHUWLJWH (U ZXUGH LQWHUQDWLRQDO XQG PHLVW ZHLO DOV )RUGHUXQJQDFK=HQVXUPLVVYHUVWDQGHQ QHJDWLYUH]LSLHUW XDLPSpiegelQRFKDQOlVVOLFKGHU:XSSHUWDOHU3UHPLHUH 8QDEKlQJLJYRQ GHUhEHUSUIXQJ XQGhEHUSUIEDUNHLW GHU%HKDXSWXQJGD‰GLH2SHU DQWLVHPLWLVFKH9RUXUWHLOHEHGLHQHZLUGLP.RQWH[WGHV%XFKVGHUWKHRUHWLVFKH+LQWHUJUXQGYRQGLHVHUXQGDQGHUHQ9HUGDPPXQJVXUWHLOHQ7DUXVNLQVGHXWOLFK6HLQH:HLJHUXQJMHQHVYHUEUHLWHWHXQGEHVRQGHUVGHU GHXWVFKHQ5RPDQWLN]XYHUGDQNHQGHLQWHOOHNWXHOOH6SLHOPLW]XPDFKHQ LQGHPGLHNQVWOHULVFKlVWKHWLVFKH$XWRQRPLHGLHDOOHLQLJH7UXPSIIDUEH LVWGLHDOOHDQGHUHQ$UWHQYRQhEHUOHJXQJHQ PRUDOLVFKHUSROLWLVFKHU KLVWRULVFKHU $UW  EHUVWLFKW 7DUXVNLQV DQ 6WDQOH\ )LVKV anti-foundationalismHULQQHUQGH 3URMHNWHLQHUOLEHUDOHQDQWLRGHUSRVWPRGHUQHQ Musikjournalistik läuft darauf hinaus, ein Werk weder an der Intention GHV$XWRUVQRFKDQGHU4XDOLWlWVHLQHU0DFKDUW HUVSULFKWLQ$QOHKQXQJ an die semiotique tripartitionYRQ0ROLQRXQG1DWWLH]YRQGHUÄSRLHWLF IDOODF\³ X| ]XPHVVHQVRQGHUQDQVHLQHU P|JOLFKHQ NRQNUHWHQ 3XEOLNXPV:LUNXQJ HWZDEHLGHU)UDJHGHU=XOlVVLJNHLWYRQ:DJQHU $XIIKUXQJHQLQ,VUDHO 7DUXVNLQVGHP3XEOLNXPHLQ0LWVSUDFKHUHFKW YHUOHLKHQGH(LQVWHOOXQJGLHPDQLQ$QOHKQXQJDQ:HEHUÄPXVLNDOLVFKH 9HUDQWZRUWXQJVHWKLN³ QHQQHQ N|QQWH ZLUG DXFK LQ VHLQHU 6DPPHOUH]HQVLRQ Ä7KH 0XVLFDO 0\VWLTXH³   GHXWOLFK LQ GHU DOOH GUHL REHQ YRUJHVWHOOWHQ %FKHU HLQHU VFKDUIHQ .ULWLN XQWHU]RJHQ ZHUGHQ $QVWDWW VLFKHLQHUYHUlQGHUQGHQ0XVLNODQGVFKDIWDQ]XSDVVHQ ÄFODVVLFDOPXVLF LVQRWG\LQJLWLVFKDQJLQJ³>@ YHUWHLGLJHQVLHODXW7DUXVNLQGHQstaWXV TXR HLQHU EHUKROWHQ 3UD[LV PLW LKUHU ideology of modernism GLH MHW]W LQ GHU DQJORSKRQHQ $NDGHPLH LKUH OHW]WH %DVWLRQ JHIXQGHQ KDEH

REZENSIONEN

ZlKUHQGPDQDQGHUVZRRIIHQEDUVFKRQGDUEHUKLQDXVVHLÄ$GRUQRLV \RXU SUREOHP QRZ³ KDEH LKP HLQ GHXWVFKHU .ROOHJH VFKDGHQIURK YHUVLFKHUW>@ $XVGHPLQGLYLGXHOOHQlVWKHWLVFKHQ8UWHLOZLOO7DUXVNLQ KLQJHJHQGLH0RUDOKHUDXVKDOWHQÄ7RFDVWDHVWKHWLFSUHIHUHQFHVDVPRUDO RUHWKLFDOFKRLFHVDWWKHGDZQRIWKHWZHQW\¿UVWFHQWXU\LVDQREVFHQLW\  )U.XOWXUPDQDJHU,QQHQHLQVFKOlJLJN|QQWHDXFK7DUXVNLQV .ULWLN DQ .UDPHU VHLQ GDVV DXFK GLHVHU HLQHQ +|UHUW\SXV LGHDOLVLHUH GHQHVKHXWHQLFKWPHKUJHEH:HQQ7DUXVNLQV9RUDXVVDJH]XWULIIWGDVV GLH=XNXQIWGHUNODVVLVFKHQ0XVLNÄPD\QRWOLHZLWKLWVFUHDWRUVDWDOO EXWZLWKLWVFXUDWRUV³XQGGDVVGDVJU|‰WHNUHDWLYH3RWHQWLDOGDULQEHVWHKW Ä>WR ¿QG@ UDGLFDO DSSURDFKHV WR WKH FDQRQLFDO ZRUNV RI WKH SDVW³  GDQQN|QQWHGLHYRQLKP]XOHUQHQGH/HNWLRQGDULQEHVWHKHQGLH $XIJDEHGLHVHUÃ.XUDWRUHQµQLFKWLQGHU$XI'DXHU6WHOOXQJDOWHKUZUGLJHUWUDGLWLRQHOOHUXQGVHOEVWJHIlOOLJHU5LWXDOH]XVHKHQVRQGHUQLQGHU OHEHQGLJHQ XQGGDKHUZHQQQ|WLJUHVSHNWORVHQXQGZHQQQ|WLJDXFK YHUKLQGHUQGHQ 9HUPLWWOXQJHLQHULP'LHQVWGHU0HQVFKHQVWHKHQGHQ .XQVW Joachim Landkammer

Wouter DAVIDTS, Kim PAICE (Hgg.): The Fall of the Studio. Artists at Work. Amsterdam (valiz) 2009, 249 Seiten. Michael DIERS, Monika WAGNER (Hgg.): Topos Atelier. Werkstatt und Wissensform. Berlin (Akademie-Verlag) 2010, 234 Seiten. Anna ENGBERG-PEDERSEN (Hg.): Studio Olafur Eliasson – An Encyclopedia. Concept: Olafur Eliasson. Köln (Taschen) 2008, 528 Seiten. 6HLW HLQLJHQ -DKUHQ KDW GHU %OLFN DXI GLH NQVWOHULVFKHQ 3URGXNWLRQVVWlWWHQ LQ GHU )RUVFKXQJ  HLQH JU|‰HUH $XIPHUNVDPNHLW HUIDKUHQ $XV GHP%HUHLFKGHQPDQXQWHUGHP%HJULIIÃ$WHOLHUIRUVFKXQJµ]XVDPPHQIDVVHQNDQQVROOHQKLHUGUHLMQJHUH3XEOLNDWLRQHQYRUJHVWHOOWZHUGHQ GLH IU .XOWXUPDQDJHU ZLFKWLJH (LQEOLFNH LQ GLH KHXWLJH NQVWOHULVFKH $UEHLWVSUD[LVELHWHQ,P0LWWHOSXQNWVWHKWEHLDOOHQGUHL3XEOLNDWLRQHQ GLH %HREDFKWXQJ XQG $QDO\VH YRQ 6WXGLRV VRZLH YRQ 3UR]HVVHQ LKUHU





JAHRBUCH FÜR KULTURMANAGEMENT 2010

$XÀ|VXQJ XQG 5H.RQVWLWXLHUXQJ ,P )ROJHQGHQ ZHUGHQ QXU VHOHNWLY VROFKH%HLWUlJHDXVGHQ6DPPHOElQGHQYRUJHVWHOOWGLHYRQEHVRQGHUHP ,QWHUHVVH]XVHLQVFKHLQHQ :DVN|QQWHGHU(UWUDJIUDQJHKHQGHXQGSUDNWL]LHUHQGH.XOWXUPDQDJHU,QQHQ VHLQ"'DV 7KHPD LVW YRUDOOHP LQVRIHUQ YRQ,QWHUHVVH XQG 5HOHYDQ]DOVVLFKLP.XQVWIHOG QHXH$UEHLWVPXVWHUDE]HLFKQHQLQGHQHQDXFK0DQDJHPHQWIRUPHQHLQJHEHWWHWVLQG'DVLVWXQWHU.QVWOHU ,QQHQ XQG LKUHQ ,QWHUSUHWHQ GXUFKDXV VWULWWLJ XQG ]ZDU LPPHU GDQQ ZHQQSURIHVVLRQHOOHV.XQVWPDQDJHPHQWPLWGHP9HUGDFKWYRQ]XJUR‰HU0DUNWQlKHDVVR]LLHUWZLUG =ZHLLQGHU,QWHQWLRQlKQOLFKODXWHQGH(VVD\VGHVDQGHU8QLYHUVLWlW =ULFK OHKUHQGHQ .XQVWKLVWRULNHUV 3KLOLS 8UVSUXQJ EH¿QGHQ VLFK ± ZHQQ DXFK PLW XQWHUVFKLHGOLFKHQ 7LWHOQ ± VRZRKO LQ GHU 6DPPOXQJ The Fall of the StudioDOVDXFKLQGHU6DPPOXQJTopos AtelierArbeiten in der globalen Kunstwelt – Olafur Eliassons Werkstatt und Büro – in der früheren englischen Fassung noch kritischer als Narcissistic Studio EHUVFKULHEHQ$XIGLHVHEHLGHQ%HLWUlJHJHKHLFKQlKHUHLQZHLOKLHU HWZDV1HXHVLQGHU$WHOLHU6WXGLR'HEDWWHVLFKWEDUZLUGGDV3KlQRPHQ YRQÃODUJHVFDOHSURGXFWLRQVµGLHPLW2UJDQLVDWLRQVZHLVHQHLQKHUJHKHQ ZLH VLH DXFK LQ JUR‰HQ $UFKLWHNWXU XQG 'HVLJQ%URV ]X ¿QGHQ VLQG ([HPSODULVFKKLHUIUJLOWGDV6WXGLRGHV.QVWOHUV2ODIXU(OLDVVRQGHU VLFK GDQN ZDFKVHQGHP (UIROJ XQG LPPHU JU|‰HUHQ 3URMHNWHQ GDIU HQWVFKLHGHQ KDW GLH 3URGXNWLRQ YRQ :HUNHQ QLFKW PHKU ]X YHUJHEHQ VRQGHUQGXUFKHLQHLJHQHV7HDPDXVIKUHQ]XODVVHQGDV]ZLVFKHQ XQG0LWDUEHLWHULQQHQXQG0LWDUEHLWHUVFKZDQNW'DV7HDPEHVWHKW DXV$UFKLWHNWHQ+DQGZHUNHUQ'HVLJQHUQ.QVWOHUQ.XQVWKLVWRULNHUQ HEHQVRZLHDXV0LWDUEHLWHUQIU$UFKLYDUEHLW3HUVRQDOPDQDJHPHQW)LQDQ]HQXQG.FKHQSHUVRQDO(VVLQG3UR¿VXQGGLH6WXGLR2UJDQLVDWLRQ ]LHOW DXI 3URIHVVLRQDOLWlW DXI 7UHQQXQJ YRQ 7lWLJNHLW XQG 3ULYDWOHEHQ 'DVXQWHUVFKHLGHWGLHVHV$WHOLHUYRQ$QG\:DUKROVFactory±Ä]ZHLIHOORV GDVHUIROJUHLFKVWH0RGHOOIUHLQ.QVWOHUDWHOLHUGHU=HLWYRUGHU*OREDOLVLHUXQJ³,QGHP(OLDVVRQQLFKWQXUYRQÄ:HUNVWDWW³VRQGHUQDXFKYRQ Ä%UR³VSULFKWYHUZHLVWHUDXIHLQHQ2UWGHUHEHQVRDXFKSURIHVVLRQHOO YHUZDOWHW ZLUG Ä'HU $NW GHU %HQHQQXQJ JOHLFKW GHU (QWGHFNXQJ HLQHV QHXHQ7HUULWRULXPVXQG]XJOHLFKGHU6FKDIIXQJHLQHU0DUNH³8QGJHQDXGLHVHEHLGHQQHXUDOJLVFKHQ3XQNWH±SURIHVVLRQHOOH3URMHNWRUJDQLVDWLRQZLHVLHEHLJOREDOSOD\HUVLQGHU:LUWVFKDIWOlQJVW*DQJXQG*lEH sind, und das branding, GLH0DUNH(OLDVVRQ±ODVVHQGHQLQQHUFLUFOHYRQ KunstkritikerInnen, KünsterInnen und KunsthistorikerInnen deutlich DXI 'LVWDQ] JHKHQ 'DV $WHOLHU PDJ ]ZDU DOV 3URGXNWLRQVVWlWWH /DERU

REZENSIONEN

XQG SDUWL]LSDWRULVFKH 0DVFKLQH DXVJHULFKWHW VHLQ DEHU GDV %UDQGLQJ XQGGLHSURIHVVLRQDOLVLHUWH3URMHNWRUJDQLVDWLRQJHOWHQOlQJVWDOV:HEIHKOHULP(OLDVVRQ¶VFKHQJOREDOLVLHUWHQ.XQVWLPSHULXPDOVSUHNlUH0DUNWQlKHGLHGHQ6WDFKHOGHU.ULWLNXQGGHU*HJHQZHOWHQLP.XQVWV\VWHP XQZLUNVDP]XPDFKHQVFKHLQW(LQHVROFKHSDXVFKDOLHUWH=XVFKUHLEXQJ ZLUG DOOHUGLQJV YRQ 3KLOLS 8UVSUXQJ QLFKW JHWURIIHQ ZHLO HU QLFKW PLW GHUSRSXOlUHQ(QJIKUXQJYRQ.QVWOHUGDVHLQ$UPXW8QRUGQXQJXQG UDGLNDOHU$X‰HQVHLWHUVFKDIWNRNHWWLHUWVRQGHUQZHLWHUIKUHQGH)UDJHQ DXIZLUIWZLHEHLVSLHOVZHLVHGLHQDFKGHU$XWRUVFKDIWGHUYLHOHQ%HWHLOLJWHQ'DVPDFKWGHQ(UWUDJJHUDGHDXFKIUGDV.XOWXUPDQDJHPHQWDXV =XUFN]XGHQHLQ]HOQHQ3XEOLNDWLRQHQ$XVJDQJVSXQNWGHU(VVD\sammlung The Fall of the Studio – Artists at Work ist eine lang anKDOWHQGH 'LVNXVVLRQ $QIDQJ GHU HU -DKUH XP GLH VRJHQDQQWH SRVW studio-bUD'HU.QVWOHU'DQLHO%XUHQJLOWGDEHLDOVZLFKWLJHU3URWDJRQLVWHLQHUSRVWVWXGLR*HQHUDWLRQGLHLP.RQWH[WNQVWOHULVFKHU$UEHLW DXI3OlW]HQ6WUD‰HQLQ*DOHULHQXQG0XVHHQSRVWXOLHUWÄ0\VWXGLRLV WKHSODFHZKHUH,DP>ZRUNLQJ@³'LHVH*HQHUDWLRQZLUGDQYLHOIlOWLJHQ Orten tätig, nur nicht – und gerade nicht – an einem hermetischen Ort ZLHGHP6WXGLRGDVYLHOPHKUYHUODVVHQZHUGHQPXVVÄ$ZD\RXWRIWKH PHQWDOEORFNKRXVH³ ,Q$QOHKQXQJDQGLH7KHVHYRPÄ7RGGHV$XWRUV³ 5RODQG%DUWKHV VHW]WVLFK]HLWJOHLFKGLH7KHVHYRPÄ7RGGHV0DOHUV³ als ein allein schaffendes, begnadetes Genie und monolithisches KünstOHUVXEMHNWGXUFK 'LH (VVD\6DPPOXQJ IKUW VFKOLH‰OLFK DXV GHU *HJHQEHUVWHOOXQJ YRQ 6WXGLR – 3RVW6WXGLR KLQDXV PLW GHU )UDJH ZHOFKHV 9HUVWlQGQLV XQG ZHOFKHQ *HEUDXFK .QVWOHULQQHQ XQG .QVWOHU ± H[HPSODULVFK 0DWWKHZ%DUQH\'DQLHO%XUHQ-DQ'H&RFN2ODIXU(OLDVVRQ(YD+HVVH 0DUWLQ.LSSHQEHUJHU3DXO0F&DUWK\5REHUW0RUULV%UXFH1DXPDQQ -DVRQ5KRDGHV0DUN5RWKNR±LKUHQÃ$UEHLWVSOlW]HQµHQWJHJHQEULQJHQ XQGHLQUlXPHQ,QGHQ%HLWUlJHQZLUGHLQH9LHOIDOWNQVWOHULVFKHUÃ$UEHLWVSOlW]Hµ VLFKWEDU JHPDFKW XQG GHU DXUDWLVLHUWH 5DXP GHV $WHOLHUV ZHLWJHKHQG DXIJHO|VW 'DV JHOLQJW QLFKW LPPHU XQG ]ZDU LPPHU GDQQ QLFKWZHQQGLH3RUWUDLWVGHU.QVWOHU,QQHQXQGGLH3RUWUDLWLHUXQJLKUHU Ã$UEHLWVSOlW]Hµ VR LQHLQDQGHU YHUZREHQ ZHUGHQ GDVV GLH ([]HQWUL]LWlW des künstlerischen Individuum wichtiger wird als das künstlerische, die :DKUQHKPXQJYHUlQGHUQGH5HVXOWDW Topos Atelier – Werkstatt und Wissensform ist eine ähnlich ausgeULFKWHWH(VVD\6DPPOXQJGLHDOOHUGLQJVWKHPDWLVFKXQGKLVWRULVFKZHLW JHVSDQQWHUDQJHOHJWLVWXQG]XGHPPLW]DKOUHLFKHQGHQHLQ]HOQHQ%HLWUlJHQ]XJHRUGQHWHQ$EELOGXQJHQJOlQ]WGLHGDV7KHPDLQVWUXNWLYLOOXV-





JAHRBUCH FÜR KULTURMANAGEMENT 2010

WULHUHQ'LH9HUDEVFKLHGXQJGHV$WHOLHUVYRUPHKUDOVGUHL-DKU]HKQWHQ ist für die Herausgeber kein Richtungsstreit, sondern hat – auf den ersWHQ%OLFN±HLQHQHLQIDFKHQ*UXQG:HQQGLH+HUVWHOOXQJNQVWOHULVFKHU :HUNHYRQ.RQ]HSWHQXQG5HDOLVLHUXQJVEHGLQJXQJHQDQXQWHUVFKLHGOLFKHQ2UWHQDEKlQJWGDQQLVWGDV$WHOLHUDXFKQLFKWPHKUDQHLQHQ¿[LHUWHQ2UWJHEXQGHQ(VZDQGHUWLVWP|JOLFKHUZHLVHQXUQRFKLP.RSIGHV .QVWOHUVOR]LHUWRGHUZHLWDXVDNWXHOOHUH[SHULPHQWHOOH:HUNVWDWWXQG :LVVHQVIRUPPLWYLHOHQ%HWHLOLJWHQZlKUHQGGLH:HUNHVHOEHUDQJDQ] DQGHUHQ2UWHQLKUHHQGJOWLJH)RUPJHZLQQHQ 0LWGLHVHP:DQGHOJHKWHLQH9LHO]DKOIRUVFKXQJVUHOHYDQWHU)UDJHQ HLQKHU 'DEHL LVW GHQ $XWRULQQHQ XQG $XWRUHQ ZHQLJHU DQ HLQHU (QWZLFNOXQJVJHVFKLFKWHGHV$WHOLHUVJHOHJHQ9LHOPHKUJHKWHVXPGDV3UREOHPZHOFKHHLQ]HOQHQNQVWOHULVFKHQ9HUIDKUHQZHOFKH$UWYRQ$WHOLHU KHUYRUEULQJHQ *HPHLQW LVW DOOHUGLQJV QLFKW GHU WULYLDOH 0HFKDQLVPXV GDV $WHOLHU HLQV ]X HLQV DOV 6SLHJHO NQVWOHULVFKHU $UEHLWVWHFKQLNHQ ]X YHUVWHKHQ]XPDOHVDXFKDOVUHÀH[LYHV0RGHOODXIWULWW,QGHPHVVHOEVW ]XP:HUNHUKREHQZLUGLQGHPHVGHU6HOEVWLQV]HQLHUXQJGLHQWLQGHP HV DOV LGHDOH .RQVWUXNWLRQ DOV 0DQLIHVW DOV 6DWLUH RGHU LURQLVLHUHQGH 8PJHEXQJVWLOLVLHUWZLUG 'LHHLQ]HOQHQ%HLWUlJHVSDQQHQHLQEUHLWHV1HW]PLW]DKOUHLFKHQ9HUZHLVHQ EHU GDV 7KHPD YRQ GHU $WHOLHUDXVVWHOOXQJ ]XP DXVJHVWHOOWHQ $WHOLHUYRP$WHOLHUDOV:DKUQHKPXQJVODERU 'XFKDPS ]XPNUHDWLYHQ $NWDOV|IIHQWOLFKHP(UHLJQLVYRP$XINQGLJHQXQGYRP9HUODVVHQGHV $WHOLHUVELV]XVHLQHU5H/RNDOLVLHUXQJYRQGHU)DEULNDOV(UNHQQWQLVRUW 6HUUD YRP$UEHLWHQLQGHUJOREDOLVLHUWHQ.XQVWZHOW (OLDVVRQ ELV]XP $WHOLHUDOV6WDQGRUWYRUWHLO 6HLW  OLHJW ]XGHP HLQ RSXOHQWHU JUR‰IRUPDWLJHU XQG JHZLFKWLJHU%DQGDXVGHU3URGXNWLRQVVWlWWH(OLDVVRQVHOEHUYRU Studio Olafur Eliasson – An Encyclopedia. +LHUZLUGH[SOL]LWGDV6WXGLRJHQDQQWHLQH SURIHVVLRQHOO RUJDQLVLHUWH ([SHULPHQWLHU XQG 3URGXNWLRQVVWlWWH XQWHU GHP NQVWOHULVFKHQ 0DUNHQ]HLFKHQ (OLDVVRQ :LHGHUXP JLEW HV HLQHQ HLQOHLWHQGHQ(VVD\YRQ3KLOLS8UVSUXQJEHUGDV6WXGLRVHOEVWVom Beobachter zum Teilnehmer: in Olafur Eliassons Atelier. $OV *DVW VLHKW VLFK GHU $XWRU GDEHL LQ HLQHU GHXWOLFK ]XUFNJHQRPPHQHQ 5ROOH 'DV XQWHUVFKHLGHW GLHVHQ (VVD\ YRQ GHQ ]ZHL R J $XIVlW]HQ LQ GHQHQ HU GHXWOLFKDOVNULWLVFKHU.XQVWKLVWRULNHU¿UPLHUW :DVKDWHVPLWGHPDQVSUXFKVYROOHQ7LWHOEncyclopediaDXIVLFK"'LH +HUDXVJHEHU2ODIXU(OLDVVRQXQG$QQD(QJEHUJ3HGHUVHQQXW]HQHLQH DOSKDEHWLVFK DQJHRUGQHWH 1DFKVFKODJHWHFKQLN XP DXV GHU EOLFKHQ 6RUWLHUXQJ QDFK :HUNIROJHQ KHUDXV]XNRPPHQ :HUNDVSHNWH +HUVWHO-

REZENSIONEN

OXQJVSUR]HVVH6WXGLR$XIQDKPHQXQG,QWHUYLHZVZHUGHQ%HJULIIHQZLH Ä$UFKLWHFWXUH³Ä'HPRFUDF\³ELV]XÄ=HUR³]XJHRUGQHWXQGEHUPHKU DOV  6HLWHQ GUHLVSUDFKLJ DXVJHIKUW 'HU %DQG JHZlKUW YHUPLWWHOV JUDQGLRVHU )RWRJUD¿HQ HLQHQ IHKOHU XQG NDWDVWURSKHQIUHLHQ %OLFN DXI GLHNRPSOH[HQ7HFKQLNHQ5HJLHDQZHLVXQJHQ%HUDWXQJHQ)HUWLJXQJHQ ELV]XGHQNQVWOHULVFKHQ(QGSURGXNWHQGLHVFKOLH‰OLFKXQVHUH:DKUQHKPXQJ]XLUULWLHUHQYHUP|JHQ0HKUQLFKWDEHUDXFKQLFKWZHQLJHU HLQVFKZHUJHZLFKWLJHVHLQGUXFNVYROOHVÃFRIIHHWDEOHERRNµ. Ursula Pasero

Andrew MCCLELLAN: The Art Museum – From Boullée to Bilbao. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London (University of California Press) 2008, 353 Seiten, 112 Abb. Ä'LHVHV %XFK ELHWHW HLQH KLVWRULVFKH WKHRUHWLVFKH XQG NULWLVFKH $XVHLQDQGHUVHW]XQJPLWGHP0XVHXPDOVQDFKZLHYRUEHGHXWHQGHUXQG OHEHQGLJHU VR]LDOHU ,QVWLWXWLRQ XQG DX‰HUGHP PLW GHQ +HUDXVIRUGHUXQJHQ GHQHQ VLFK GLH ,QVWLWXWLRQ KHXWH JHJHQEHU VLHKW³   'LHVHV XPIDVVHQGH9HUVSUHFKHQJLEW$QGUHZ0F&OHOODQJOHLFK]X%HJLQQVHLQHUMQJVWHQ3XEOLNDWLRQThe Art Museum – From Boulleé to Bilbao 'HU$XWRUOHKUWDOV3URIHVVRUIU.XQVWJHVFKLFKWHDQGHUSULYDWHQ7XIWV 8QLYHULVW\ LQ 0HGIRUG 0DVVDFKXVHWWV 0LW VHLQHQ 6WXGLHQ ]X 0XVHXPVJHVFKLFKWH XQG JHJHQZDUW KDW 0F&OHOODQ VLFK HLQHQ 1DPHQ DOV .HQQHUGHUDQJORDPHULNDQLVFKHQXQGLQWHUQDWLRQDOHQ0XVHXPVV]HQH JHPDFKW 6HLQH 3XEOLNDWLRQHQ Inventing the Louvre   XQG Art and its Public  ]lKOHQ]XGHQ6WDQGDUGZHUNHQGHU0XVHRORJLH LQGHQ9HUHLQLJWHQ6WDDWHQ ,QVHLQHPMQJVWHQ%DQGIDVVW0F&OHOODQQXQVHLQH6WXGLHQ]XU0XVHXPVJHVFKLFKWHXQGLQWHUQDWLRQDOHQ0XVHXPVNXOWXUQRFKPDOV]XVDPPHQ'HU)RNXVOLHJWGDEHLYRUDOOHPDXI0XVHHQDXVGHPHXURDPHULNDQLVFKHQ.XOWXUNUHLVZREHLGLHIUDQ]|VLVFKHEULWLVFKHXQGQRUGDPHULNDQLVFKH0XVHXPVNXOWXULP9RUGHUJUXQGVWHKW*HVFKULHEHQVHLVHLQ :HUNVRGHU$XWRUIUÄ6WXGHQWHQ$NDGHPLNHUVRZLHIU0HQVFKHQGLH LP0XVHXP9HUDQWZRUWXQJKDEHQXQGVROFKHGLHVLHKDEHQZHUGHQ³ 0F&OHOODQKlQJWGLH,QKDOWHGHUVHFKV.DSLWHOVHLQHV%XFKHVDQHLQHU $XVZDKOYRQ7KHPHQEHUHLFKHQGHUJHJHQZlUWLJHQ'LVNXVVLRQPXVHDOHU 7KHRULHXQG3UD[LVDXI'LHVHODXWHQIROJHQGHUPD‰HQ,GHDOHXQG$XIWUDJ Ä,GHDOV DQG 0LVVLRQV³ 0XVHXPVDUFKLWHNWXU 6DPPHOQ E]Z .ODVVL¿ND-





JAHRBUCH FÜR KULTURMANAGEMENT 2010

WLRQXQG3UlVHQWDWLRQ0XVHXPV|IIHQWOLFKNHLW.RPPHU]LDOLVLHUXQJXQG VFKOLH‰OLFKGDV3UREOHPGHU5HVWLWXWLRQGK5FNJDEHXQUHFKWPl‰LJHUZRUEHQHU.XOWXUJWHU Ä5HVWLWXWLRQDQG5HSDWULDWLRQ³  'LH $UJXPHQWDWLRQ GHU HLQ]HOQHQ .DSLWHO HQWZLFNHOW HU MHZHLOV DXV HLQHPPXVHXPVJHVFKLFKWOLFKHQ=XVDPPHQKDQJKHUDXVZRPLWHUYHUGHXWOLFKW GDVV GLH ]HQWUDOHQ )UDJHQ GHU JHJHQZlUWLJHQ 0XVHXPVGLVNXVVLRQKlX¿J9DULDWLRQHQYRQ)UDJHVWHOOXQJHQVLQGPLWGHQHQVLFKGLH 0XVHXPVLQVWLWXWLRQVHLWLKUHQ$QIlQJHQDXVHLQDQGHU]XVHW]HQKDW :LHLQQHUKDOEGHVVHQ6FKZHUSXQNWHJHVHW]WZHUGHQYDULLHUWZLH0F&OHOODQGDUOHJWDEKlQJLJYRQGHUJHVHOOVFKDIWOLFKHQ5HOHYDQ]GLHGDV0XVHXPLQEHVWLPPWHQKLVWRULVFKHQ.RQWH[WHQIUVLFKLQ$QVSUXFKQLPPW Museen sind von jeher Orte der Macht, sowohl wissenschaftlich und kulWXUHOODOVDXFKXQPLWWHOEDUSROLWLVFK6LHVLQGVR0F&OHOODQLQLKUHU3UD[LVKLQXQGKHUJHULVVHQ]ZLVFKHQLKUHUV\PEROLVFKHQ)XQNWLRQXQGLKUHU DXINOlUHULVFKHQ9HUDQWZRUWXQJ,VWGDVLGHDOH0XVHXPYRUDOOHP5HSUlVHQWDWLRQVRUW HLQ lVWKHWLVFKHU 5FN]XJVRUW IU HLQH HLQJHZHLKWH (OLWH RGHUHUKlOWHVVHLQH%HUHFKWLJXQJHUVWZHQQHVDNWLYXQGYHUEHVVHUQGLQ GLH*HVHOOVFKDIWKLQHLQZLUNWXQGHLQEUHLWHV3XEOLNXPDQVSULFKW" 'LH%HDQWZRUWXQJGLHVHU)UDJHVFKOlJWVLFKGHP$XWRU]XIROJHQLFKW QXULQGHU0LVVLRQGHPVHOEVWJHVWHOOWHQ$XIWUDJHLQHV0XVHXPVVRQGHUQDXFKJDQ]DXJHQVFKHLQOLFKLQVHLQHU$UFKLWHNWXUQLHGHU(UOHJWGDU ZLHVLFKDQGHQ0XVHXPVHQWZUIHQ±HQWVSUHFKHQGGHP%XFKWLWHOÄYRQ %RXOOHpELV*HKU\³±GDVVLFKZDQGHOQGH6HOEVWELOGGHU0XVHXPVLQVWLWXWLRQXQGGHUKLVWRULVFKH*HLVWLKUHU(QWVWHKXQJDEOHVHQODVVHQ ,P.DSLWHOÄ'LVSOD\³]HLJW0F&OHOOHQGLH$EKlQJLJNHLWPXVHDOHU3UlVHQWDWLRQVVWUDWHJLHQYRQGHURQWRORJLVFKHQ(LQRUGQXQJGHU2EMHNWHDXI DOVRGDYRQREVLHHKHUDOV*HJHQVWDQGlVWKHWLVFKHU.RQWHPSODWLRQRGHU DOV NRQWH[WDEKlQJLJHU $XVGUXFN LKUHU (QWVWHKXQJV]HLW EHKDQGHOW ZHUGHQ0F&OHOODQXQWHUVWUHLFKWGDVVHXURDPHULNDQLVFKH0XVHHQELVKHXWHWURW]DOOHU6HOEVWUHÀH[LRQLKUHQHXUR]HQWULVWLVFKHQ%OLFNQLHDEOHJHQ N|QQHQXQG±GDV]HLJHVLFKEHVRQGHUVEHLGHU3UlVHQWDWLRQDX‰HUHXURSlLVFKHU.XOWXUJWHU±LPPHUDXFK,QVWUXPHQWHNXOWXULPSHULDOLVWLVFKHU 7HQGHQ]HQVLQG 1HEHQGHU(LQVWHOOXQJ]XP2EMHNWLVWVHLWMHKHUGDV9HUKlOWQLV]XP %HVXFKHU YRQ PD‰JHEOLFKHU %HGHXWXQJ IU GLH 7KHRULH XQG 3UD[LV GHU 0XVHXPVDUEHLW:LUGGDV0XVHXPDOV2UWIUGHQHLQJHZHLKWHQ.HQQHU RGHUDOVGHPRNUDWLVFKH$XINOlUXQJVHLQULFKWXQJJHVHKHQ"0F&OHOODQLVW GHUhEHU]HXJXQJGDVVGLHPRGHUQH0XVHXPVLQVWLWXWLRQEHLDOOHQP|JOLFKHQ %HHLQWUlFKWLJXQJHQ GHU WUDGLWLRQHOOHQ .HUQDXIJDEHQ GHV 0XVHXPV GHP6DPPHOQ%HZDKUHQXQG)RUVFKHQ QLFKWXPKLQNRPPHVLFK

REZENSIONEN

DXIHLQEUHLWHV3XEOLNXPPLWVHLQHUKHWHURJHQHQ%HGUIQLVVWUXNWXUHLQ]XVWHOOHQ(QWVFKHLGHQGIUGDVODQJIULVWLJHhEHUOHEHQGHU.XQVWPXVHHQ VHLGHPQDFKLKUHÄ9LHOIDOWXQG)OH[LELOLWlW³ÄLKUH)lKLJNHLWYHUVFKLHGHQHQ%HVXFKHUW\SHQXQWHUVFKLHGOLFKVWH(UOHEQLVVHLQGHUZHLWHQ:HOWGHV 0XVHXPV]XELHWHQ³   +LHUEHL LVW IU 0F&OHOODQ GLH 9HUELQGXQJ YRQ 0XVHXP XQG .RPPHU]VHLHVLQ)RUPYRQ%ORFNEXVWHUQ0XVHXPVVKRSVRGHUSURIHVVLRQHOOHP6SRQVRULQJÄHLQQRWZHQGLJHVhEHO³  5HLQH:HUEHVKRZV MHGRFK ZLH ] % 7KRPDV .UHQV $UPDQL RGHU 0RWRUUDGDXVVWHOOXQJHQ VHLHQ$XVZFKVHGLHVHV6\VWHPVGLHQLFKWQXUGDV*UXQGYHUWUDXHQLQ GLH,QVWLWXWLRQVRQGHUQGLHVHVHOEVWLQ)UDJHVWHOOWHQÄ>6@LHODVVHQGHQ *HLVW HLQHU UHLQ YRP 0DUNW EHVWLPPWHQ =XNXQIW HUVWHKHQ LQ GHU PDQ keine Kuratoren mehr braucht und Museen nichts weiter als rentable $XVVWHOOXQJVKDOOHQVLQG³  ,POHW]WHQ.DSLWHOVHLQHU$EKDQGOXQJEHVFKlIWLJWVLFK0F&OHOODQPLW GHP 7KHPD GHU 5HVWLWXWLRQ YRQ 5DXENXQVW LQVEHVRQGHUH PLW 1DSR OHRQV.XQVWUDXE]JHQGHU5FNIRUGHUXQJVSUREOHPDWLNDQWLNHU.XQVWVFKlW]H XQG VFKOLH‰OLFK GHU 5FNIKUXQJ YRQ .XQVW GLH LP 'ULWWHQ 5HLFK JHUDXEW ZXUGH 'LH OHW]WHUHQ (U|UWHUXQJHQ ]XU 5HVWLWXWLRQ YRQ 1D]L5DXENXQVW IDOOHQ JHPHVVHQ DQ GHU %ULVDQ] GLH GLHVHV 7KHPD LQ GHQOHW]WHQ-DKUHQIUGLH0XVHHQLQ(XURSDXQGGHQ86$HQWZLFNHOW KDWYHUJOHLFKVZHLVHNQDSSDXV 1LFKW HUVW DQ GLHVHU 6WHOOH ZLUG NODU GDVV $QGUHZ 0F&OHOODQ YRU DOOHP 0XVHXPVKLVWRULNHU LVW GHU ]ZDU EHU GLH *HVFKLFKWH DQ KHXWLJH)UDJHVWHOOXQJHQKHUDQIKUWDEHUOHW]WOLFKLQGLHJHJHQZlUWLJH'LVNXVVLRQ QLFKW HLQVWHLJW 'HU SRVWPRGHUQH *HLVW ZLUG EHLVSLHOVZHLVH immer wieder als Feind der Museumsidee beschworen, es wird aber QLFKW QDFK $QVlW]HQ JHIRUVFKW ZLH VLFK GDV 0XVHXP LQ HLQHP UHODWLYLVWLVFKHQ =HLWJHLVW SRVLWLRQLHUHQ XQG RE HV VHLQH 'HXWXQJVKRKHLW YHUWHLGLJHQ VROO 9RU DOOHP DEHU ZLUG GLH 'LVNXVVLRQ XP GLH 0XVHHQ IU ]HLWJHQ|VVLVFKH .XQVW DXVJHVSDUW ,Q NHLQHU =HLOH VHW]W GHU $XWRU VLFK PLW GHP 9HUKlOWQLV ]HLWJHQ|VVLVFKHU .XQVW XQG 0XVHXPVLQVWLWXWLRQ DXVHLQDQGHU YRU GHVVHQ +LQWHUJUXQG VRZRKO GHU 8PJDQJ PLW GHP3XEOLNXPGLH$UFKLWHNWXUXQG3UlVHQWDWLRQVIRUPHQDXVIKUOLFK GLVNXWLHUWZHUGHQPVVWHQ 0LWZLUNOLFKQHXHQ(LQVLFKWHQRGHU,GHHQZDUWHW$QGUHZ0F&OHOODQ LQVRIHUQ QLFKW DXI :HGHU VHLQ 5DW HLQHU Ä)OH[LELOLVLHUXQJ GHU 0XVHHQ³  RGHUHLQHVIULHGOLFKHQ1HEHQHLQDQGHUYRQ.XQVWJHQXVVXQG .RPPHU]   XQG HEHQVR ZHQLJ VHLQ 3OlGR\HU IU HLQHQ LQWHUNXOWXUHOOHQ $XVWDXVFK GHU 0XVHHQ PLW GHP HU VHLQH $XVIKUXQJHQ DE-





JAHRBUCH FÜR KULTURMANAGEMENT 2010

VFKOLH‰W  YHUP|JHQGHUJHJHQZlUWLJHQ0XVHXPVGLVNXVVLRQHQWVFKHLGHQGH,PSXOVH]XJHEHQ 'HUGHXWVFKH/HVHUN|QQWHDX‰HUGHPHWZDVGDUEHUHQWWlXVFKWVHLQ GDVVZLFKWLJH(QWZLFNOXQJHQGHUGHXWVFKHQ0XVHXPVNXOWXUEHVRQGHUV GHV-DKUKXQGHUWVZLH]%GLH0XVHXPVUHIRUPHQGHUHUXQGHU -DKUHRGHUGHU%HUOLQHU0XVHXPVNULHJK|FKVWHQVDP5DQGH(UZlKQXQJ ¿QGHQ 'HU 0XVHXPVWKHRUHWLNHU $OH[DQGHU 'RUQHU GHU YRU XQG QDFK GHP:HOWNULHJVRZRKOLQ'HXWVFKODQGDOVDXFKLQGHQ86$ZLUNWHXQG GHVVHQ ,GHH YRP Ä0XVHXP DOV .UDIWZHUN³ GLH 0XVHXPVGLVNXVVLRQ ELV KHXWHSUlJW¿QGHWEHL0F&OHOODQHUVWDXQOLFKHUZHLVHNHLQH(UZlKQXQJ 7URW]GLHVHU/FNHQXQGDXFKZHQQ0F&OHOODQVHLQHLQJDQJVJHJHEHQHV 9HUVSUHFKHQ HLQHU Ä$XVHLQDQGHUVHW]XQJ PLW GHQ +HUDXVIRUGHUXQJHQ GHV KHXWLJHQ 0XVHXPV³ QLFKW HLQO|VW LVW GLH /HNWUH YRQ The Art Museum From Boulleé to BilbaoGXUFKDXVJHZLQQEULQJHQG0F&OHOODQV museumshistorisches Wissen ist enorm und seine Fähigkeit, museaOH VR]LRORJLVFKH XQG SROLWLVFKH =XVDPPHQKlQJH DXI]X]HLJHQ XQG PLW =DKOHQXQG)DNWHQVRZLHSODVWLVFKHQ%HLVSLHOHQ]XEHOHJHQLVWKHUDXVUDJHQG+HUYRU]XKHEHQZlUHQXDVHLQH$XVIKUXQJHQ]XU0XVHXPVDUFKLWHNWXU  GHU(QWZLFNOXQJGHU%ORFNEXVWHUNXOWXU   XQGGHU0XVHXPVLQVWLWXWLRQDOVNXOWXUSROLWLVFKHP0DFKWLQVWUXPHQWLP -DKUKXQGHUW   $OVJXWOHVEDUHV/HKUEXFKXQG*UXQGODJHQZHUNLVW0F&OHOODQV:HUN 0XVHRORJHQXQG6WXGHQWHQGHV.XOWXUPDQDJHPHQWVXQGGHU0XVHRORJLHEHLDOOHU.ULWLNVHKU]XHPSIHKOHQ Tobias Wall

Verzeichnis der Adressen

'UKDELO-HQV%DGXUD      

  

6FKUDQQHQJDVVH $6DO]EXUJ MHQVEDGXUD#NRQ]HSWDUEHLWDW

3URI'U6LJULG %HNPHLHU)HXHUKDKQ      

  

/HXSKDQD8QLYHUVLWlW/QHEXUJ 6FKDUQKRUVWVWU '/QHEXUJ

3URI'U.DUHQYDQGHQ%HUJ   

  

  

  

)ULHGHULNHYRQ&RVVHO



  

  

  

  

 

 

'LUN+HLQ]H









 



Kulturmanagement Network $PDOLHQVWU D-:HLPDU GK#NXOWXUPDQDJHPHQWQHW

3URI'U6WHIIHQ+|KQH 

  

  

  

/HXSKDQD8QLYHUVLWlW/QHEXUJ Institut für Mittelstandsforschung 6FKDUQKRUVWVWUD‰H '/QHEXUJ IULHGHULNHYRQFRVVHO#JP[GH Mediacult 0DU[HUJDVVH  $:LHQ JHEHVPDLU#PHGLDFXOWDW

3''U$QGUHDV*HEHVPDLU  

=HSSHOLQ8QLYHUVLW\ Kulturmanagement und LQV]HQDWRULVFKH3UD[LV $P6HHPRRVHU+RUQ ')ULHGULFKVKDIHQ kvandenberg#]HSSHOLQXQLYHUVLW\GH

  



.XOWXUPDQDJHPHQW   Hochschule für Musik FRANZ LISZT Weimar Institut für Musikwissenschaft Weimar-Jena 3ODW]GHU'HPRNUDWLH   ':HLPDU 6WHIIHQKRHKQH#KIPZHLPDUGH



JAHRBUCH FÜR KULTURMANAGEMENT 2010

'U5ROI.HOOHU 



   

   

   

   

6.0±6WXGLHQ]HQWUXP  Kulturmanagement 8QLYHUVLWlW%DVHO  5KHLQVSUXQJ &+%DVHO UROINHOOHU#XQLEDVFK

 

3URIKF'U6XVDQQH.HXFKHO        

*UDQWKDP$OOHH '6DQNW$XJXVWLQ NHXFKHO#NXOWXUIRUVFKXQJGH

3URI'U9RONHU.LUFKEHUJ

/HKUVWXKOIU.XOWXUYHUPLWWOXQJ und Kulturorganisation /HXSKDQD8QLYHUVLWlW/QHEXUJ 6FKDUQKRUVWVWU '/QHEXUJ NLUFKEHUJ#PDSSLQJPXVHXP  H[SHULHQFHFRP

    

    

    

    

'U-RDFKLP/DQGNDPPHU                

=HSSHOLQ8QLYHUVLW\ $P6HHPRRVHU+RUQ ')ULHGULFKVKDIHQ MRDFKLPODQGNDPPHU# ]HSSHOLQXQLYHUVLW\GH

3URI'U%LUJLW0DQGHO            

    

,QVWLWXWIU.XOWXUSROLWLN 8QLYHUVLWlW+LOGHVKHLP 0DULHQEXUJHU3ODW] '+LOGHVKHLP 8QLYHUVLWlW+LOGHVKHLP

8UVXOD3DVHUR    

  

%HOIRUWHU6WU '%HUOLQ XUVXOD#SDVHURGH

  

'U$QGUHD)*5DVFKqU :HLQEHUJVWUDVVH &+=ULFK DQGUHDUDVFKHU#     UDVFKHUFRQVXOWLQJFRP

ADRESSEN

3URI'U.DUO+HLQ]5HXEDQG     







,QVWLWXWIU6R]LDOZLVVHQVFKDIWHQ +HLQULFK+HLQH8QLYHUVLWlW  Düsseldorf 8QLYHUVLWlWVVWU ''VVHOGRUI UHXEDQG#SKLOIDNXQLGXHVVHOGRUIGH

OLFSKLO6LOYDQ5VVOL0$6 (UOHQZHJ &+%HUQ     VLOYDQUXHVVOL#EOXHZLQFK 'U&KULVWLDQH6FKQHOO



   

   

   

$QGUp6W|UU  

 

 

   

   

   

   

   

,QVWLWXWIU6R]LDOIRUVFKXQJ Johann-Wolfgang von Goethe 8QLYHUVLWlW)UDQNIXUW 6HQFNHQEHUJDQODJH ')UDQNIXUW FKVFKQHOO#HPXQLIUDQNIXUWGH 7KULQJHU0LQLVWHULXPIU  :LUWVFKDIW$UEHLWXQG7HFKQRORJLH Referat Kreativwirtschaft, 0LWWHOVWDQGVSROLWLN 0D[5HJHU6WUD‰H '(UIXUW DQGUHVWRHUU#WPZDWWKXHULQJHQGH

'ULXU'ULXUKF3HWHU6WXGHU 3RVWIDFK&+5VFKOLNRQ 0DJ+XEHUW7KHOHU0$6  

 

 

 

3URI'U$OIUHG.7UHPO             

=UFKHU+RFKVFKXOHGHU.QVWH Herostrasse 5 &+=ULFK KXEHUWWKHOHU#]KGNFK +HOPXW6FKPLGW8QLYHUVLWlW 3RVWIDFK '+DPEXUJ DOIUHGNWUHPO#ZHEGH





JAHRBUCH FÜR KULTURMANAGEMENT 2010

3URI'U0DUWLQ7U|QGOH      

    

    

    

3URI'U7KRPDV8UEDQ  







  

  

  

  

'U%HUQG:DJQHU         

   

=HSSHOLQ8QLYHUVLW\ Kulturmanagement und LQV]HQDWRULVFKH3UD[LV $P6HHPRRVHU+RUQ ')ULHGULFKVKDIHQ WURHQGOH#PDSSLQJPXVHXP H[SHULHQFHFRP



)DFKKRFKVFKXOH6FKPDONDOGHQ Fakultät Informatik 3URIHVVXU:LUWVFKDIWVLQIRUPDWLN  Multimedia Marketing 3RVWIDFK '6FKPDONDOGHQ WXUEDQ#IKVPGH ,QVWLWXWIU.XOWXUSROLWLNGHU NXOWXUSROLWLVFKHQ*HVHOOVFKDIW :HEHUVWUD '%RQQ ZDJQHU#NXSRJHGH



'U7RELDV:DOO :DOO.XQVWXQG6WLIWXQJVEHUDWXQJ 5|WHVWUD‰H '6WXWWJDUW LQIR#WRELDVZDOOGH 3URI'U&DUVWHQ:LQWHU 

    

    

    

    

3URI'U1LQD7HVVD=DKQHU

   

   

   

   

+RFKVFKXOHIU0XVLN7KHDWHUXQG Medien Hannover Institut für Journalistik und .RPPXQLNDWLRQVZLVVHQVFKDIW ,-. ([SR3OD]D '+DQQRYHU &DUVWHQ:LQWHU# LMNKPWPKDQQRYHUGH ,QVWLWXWIU.XOWXUZLVVHQVFKDIWHQ Kulturmanagement und Kulturfeldforschung 8QLYHUVLWlW/HLS]LJ %HHWKRYHQVWUD‰H '/HLS]LJ ]DKQHU#XQLOHLS]LJGH

ADRESSEN

3URI'U7DVRV=HPE\ODV       

  

  

  

,QVWLWXWIU0XVLNVR]LRORJLH 8QLYHUVLWlWIU0XVLNXQG Darstellende Kunst Wien %D\HUQJDVVH $:LHQ ]HPE\ODV#PGZDFDW





Beiträge für das Jahrbuch 2011

6FKZHUSXQNWWKHPD GHV QlFKVWHQ -DKUEXFKHV IU .XOWXUPDQDJHPHQW LVWGDVPLWXQWHUVSDQQXQJVUHLFKH%H]LHKXQJVJHÀHFKWYRQ.XOWXUSROLWLN XQG.XOWXUPDQDJHPHQW $XVGHU3HUVSHNWLYHGHV.XOWXUPDQDJHPHQWVZLUG.XOWXUSROLWLN]XPHLVW DOV ,QVWDQ] YHUVWDQGHQ GLH LQKDOWOLFKH =LHOH IRUPXOLHUW 5DKPHQ GH¿QLHUW 5HVVRXUFHQ EHUHLWVWHOOW XQG $QWZRUWHQ GDUDXI ]X ¿QGHQ KDW ZDVDXIGHP*HELHWGHU.XOWXUIUGLH*HVHOOVFKDIWHUUHLFKWZHUGHQVROO .XOWXUPDQDJHPHQW ]XPLQGHVW LP |IIHQWOLFKHQ .XOWXUEHWULHE NDQQ GD]XEHLWUDJHQGLHYRQGHU3ROLWLNJHVHW]WHQ=LHOH]XUHDOLVLHUHQ'LH3UD[LV ]HLJWDOOHUGLQJVGDVVGLH%H]LHKXQJ]ZLVFKHQ.XOWXUPDQDJHPHQWXQG.XOWXUSROLWLNNHLQHVZHJVVRHLQGHXWLJXQGHLQVHLWLJFRGLHUWLVW9LHOPHKUVLQG KLHUZLGHUVWUHLWHQGH,QWHUHVVHQXQGJHJHQVHLWLJH(LQÀXVVQDKPHQLP6SLHO (LQHUVHLWV LVW GLH XQPLWWHOEDUH (LQÀXVVQDKPH NXOWXUSROLWLVFKHU (QWVFKHLGXQJHQLP%HUHLFKGHU|IIHQWOLFKHQ,QVWLWXWLRQHQLPPHUZLHGHUGLUHNW VSUEDU ± GXUFK JHVHW]OLFKHV 5DKPHQEHGLQJXQJHQ 0LWWHOYHUJDEH XQGUHFKWOLFKH=XVWlQGLJNHLWHQ±DQGHUHUVHLWVEHUQHKPHQLPPHUPHKU SULYDWH,QLWLDWLYHQ]XYRUDOVJHQXLQ|IIHQWOLFKDQJHVHKHQH.XOWXUXQG%LOGXQJVDXIJDEHQ$XFKKDEHQVLFKGLH3URGXNWLRQVYHUKlOWQLVVHLQGHU.XOWXUDUEHLWGXUFK(YHQWLVLHUXQJVXQG3RSXODULVLHUXQJVWHQGHQ]HQYHUVFKREHQ=XGHPZLUNHQVLFKLPPHUODXWHUZHUGHQGH3DUWL]LSDWLRQVDQVSUFKH DXI GLH KHUN|PPOLFKHQ 6WUXNWXUHQ NXOWXUSROLWLVFKHU (QWVFKHLGXQJVSUR]HVVHDXVXQGVWHOOHQDXFKGDV.XOWXUPDQDJHPHQWYRUQHXH$XIJDEHQ In dem Jahrbuch ginge es deshalb darum, sich mit einem sich verlQGHUQGHQ 6HOEVWYHUVWlQGQLV GHV :HFKVHOYHUKlOWQLVVHV ]ZLVFKHQ .XOWXUPDQDJHPHQWXQG.XOWXUSROLWLNWKHRUHWLVFKDXVHLQDQGHU]XVHW]HQ'LH NXOWXUHOOHhEHUVlWWLJXQJXQGGHUGHPRJUDSKLVFKH:DQGHO)UDJHQGHU =XJlQJOLFKNHLW YRQ .XOWXU IU EUHLWHUH *HVHOOVFKDIWVVFKLFKWHQ XQG GLH 5HSURGXNWLRQ VR]LDOHU 8QJOHLFKKHLW LQ GHU .XOWXUDUEHLW VWHKHQ GDEHL HEHQVRDXIGHU$JHQGDZLHHLQJHZDQGHOWHV9HUKlOWQLV]ZLVFKHQgIIHQWOLFKNHLWXQGSULYDWHQ,QWHUHVVHQODJHQ 'DUEHU KLQDXV VLQG DXFK %HLWUlJH DX‰HUKDOE GHV 6FKZHUSXQNWHV HUZQVFKWJOHLFKHVJLOWIU7DJXQJVEHULFKWHXQG5H]HQVLRQHQ $QNQGLJXQJHQ IU %HLWUlJH $UEHLWVWLWHO  $EVWUDFW  ZHUGHQ ELV ]XP HUEHWHQGLH%HLWUlJHVHOEVWELV]XP0DLDQ VWHIIHQKRHKQH#KIPZHLPDUGH



JAHRBUCH FÜR KULTURMANAGEMENT

Technisches Das Jahrbuch für Kulturmanagement ZLUG P|JOLFKVW ]XP MHZHLOLJHQ :LQWHUVHPHVWHU YRUOLHJHQ 1HEHQ MlKUOLFK ZHFKVHOQGHQ 6FKZHUSXQNWHQGLHDXIGHUMHZHLOLJHQ.XOWXUPDQDJHPHQW-DKUHVWDJXQJSUlVHQWLHUW ZHUGHQVROOHQZHLWHUH%HLWUlJHDXVGHP)DFKHLQH0|JOLFKNHLW]XU9HU|IIHQWOLFKXQJKDEHQ'HUHQWVSUHFKHQGH&)3ZLUGLPYRUDXVJHKHQGHQ 6RPPHUYHU|IIHQWOLFKW%HLWUlJHN|QQHQMHZHLOVELVVSlWHVWHQV2NWREHUGHV-DKUHVDQJHPHOGHWZHUGHQ'LH%HLWUlJHGLHHLQDQRQ\PHV3HHU 5HYLHZ9HUIDKUHQGXUFKODXIHQPVVHQELV]XP)HEUXDUGHU5HGDNWLRQLQ:HLPDUYRUOLHJHQ 5H]HQVLRQHQ XQG %HULFKWH N|QQHQ QDFK YRUKHULJHU $QIUDJH DQ GLH 5HGDNWLRQLQ:HLPDUELV]XP0lU]YRUJHOHJWZHUGHQ(QGJOWLJHU 5HGDNWLRQVVFKOXVVLVWMHZHLOVGHU-XQLGHV-DKUHV Formale Gestaltung der Beiträge $XVGUXFN  :RUG'DWHL UWI RGHU GRF Seite 6HLWHQHLQULFKWXQJREHQOLQNVUHFKWVXQWHQ Überschriften 7LWHO%HLWUDJHU7LPHV1HZ5RPDQ 8QWHU %HLWUDJVWLWHO 9RUQDPH XQG 1DPH GHV 9HUIDVVHUV LQ HU 7LPHV New Roman =ZLVFKHQWLWHOHU7LPHV1HZ5RPDQFettDUDELVFKH=DKOHQJJI8QWHUJOLHGHUXQJ]% Text =XJUXQGHJHOHJWZLUGGLHQHXHGHXWVFKH5HFKWVFKUHLEXQJ /DXIHQGHU7H[WRKQH(LQUFNXQJHQHU7LPHV1HZ5RPDQ=HLOHQDEVWDQG]J .U]HUH=LWDWHLPODXIHQGHQ7H[W$QIKUXQJV]HLFKHQ /lQJHUH=LWDWHNHLQ(LQ]XJ$EVWDQGYRUXQGQDFK=LWDWEORFNSW=HLOHQDEVWDQGHLQIDFKHU7LPHV1HZ5RPDQRKQH$QIKUXQJV]HLFKHQ .XU]]LWDWLRQ LP ODXIHQGHQ 7H[W XQG LQ GHQ )X‰QRWHQ Ä=HLWXQJHQ XQG =HLWVFKULIWHQ³ 0h//(5 . 6RQVWLJH 0DUNLHUXQJHQ LP ODXIHQGHQ 7H[W 7LWHO YRQ =HLWVFKULIWHQ 3HULRGLND %H]HLFKQXQJHQ YRQ ,QVWLWXWLRQHQ 7LWHO YRQ %FKHUQ HWF

STYLE SHEET

Kursiv=LWDWLRQHQÄGRSSHOWH$QIKUXQJV]HLFKHQ³HLQIDFKH0DUNLHUXQJHQ+HUYRUKHEXQJHQHLQIDFKH$QIKUXQJV]HLFKHQµ $XVODVVXQJHQLQ=LWDWHQLQHFNLJHQ.ODPPHUQÄ'LH%HUOLQHU3KLOKDUPRQLNHU>@ZDUHQ³ Keine6LOEHQWUHQQXQJ Fußnoten )X‰QRWHQNHLQH(QGQRWHQ1DFK)X‰QRWHQ]HLFKHQHLQ7DEXODWXUQLFKW KlQJHQGHU7LPHV1HZ5RPDQ$EVWDQGQDFKMHGHU)X‰QRWHSW Bibliographie D 0RQRJUDSKLHQ6DPPHOElQGH %(