The Roman Site at Billingsgate Lorry Park, London: A Catalogue of the Samian and Other Finds 9780860543923, 9781407317687

Citation preview

The Roman Site at Billingsgate Lorry Park, London A Catalogue of the Samian and Other Finds

Guy de la Bedoyere

BAR British Series 15 4 . 1986

B.A.R. 5, Centremead, Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 ODQ, England.

GENERAL EDITORS A.R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D.R. Walker, M.A.

B.A.R. 154, 1986: 'The Roman Site at Billingsgate Lorry Park, London' @ Guy de 1 a Bedoyere , 1986 The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860543923 paperback ISBN 9781407317687 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860543923 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

T o Rosemary w ho t olerated my n umerous forays t o t he B illingsgate spoil h eaps ,

t o H ugh

w ho e njoyed d igging i n h eaps as m uch as h is f ather ,

t o t he potters of G aul

w ho m ade i t a ll possible .

a nd

CONTEITS C ontents M aps ,

F igures a nd P lates

i i

A cknowledgements S ECTION

1

S ECTION 2

i ii

I NTRODUCTION

1

T HE S ITE

2 .A

T he E xcavation o f B illingsgate L orry P ark

3

2 .B

B illingsgate L orry P ark a nd R oman L ondon

4

S ECTION 3 I NTRODUCTION T O T HE M ANUFACTURE O F D ECORATED S AMIAN 3 .A M ethods o f m anufacture 3 .B

1 4

S outh G aul

1 4

C entral 3 .0

1 0

T he M anufacturing C entres i n G aul G aul

1 5

E ast G aul

1 8

F abrics

1 9

S ECTION 4

T HE D ECORATED S AMIAN

4 .A

T he n ature o f t he e vidence

2 2

4 .B

I nterpreting t he d ecorated s amian S outh G aul

2 2 2 3

C entral G aul

2 4

E ast G aul

2 6

4 .0

I mplications

2 7

4 .D

M odel f or s amian s upply t o L ondon S outh G aulish D ecorated S amian ( Catalogue)

2 8 3 2

4 .E

C entral G aulish D ecorated S amian

4 8

4 .F

E ast G aulish D ecorated S amian

4 .G

A ppliqué s amian

S ECTION 5 5 .A

6 .B

.

s tamps o n p lain s amian f orms

9 0

S outh G aulish S tamps C entral G aulish S tamps

9 0 9 1

E ast G aulish S tamps

9 3

P lain s amian f orms

9 3

S ECTION 6 6 .A

8 3 8 5

P LAIN S AMIAN

P otters '

5 .B

( Catalogue)

( Catalogue)

M ORTARIA

S tamped M ortaria

1 02

Unstamped M ortaria

1 03

S ECTION 7 O THER P OTTERY 7 .A F lagons

( AND G LASS) 1 06

7 .B

O ther P ottery

1 08

7 .0

G lass

1 14

S ECTION 8

O THER F INDS

1 22

S ECTION 9

G RAFFITI

1 26

S ECTION

1 0

T HE C OINS

1 29

S ECTION

1 1

D ARTFORD & D ISTRICT A RCHAEOLOGICAL G ROUP F ABRIC B ANK

1 34

S ECTION

1 2

B IBLIOGRAPHY

1 38

M aps ,

F igures a nd P lates R oman L ondon ,

M AP 2

R oman L ondon a nd s outh-east R oman B ritain

F ig ,

1

M AP 3

B LP ,

8

M AP 1

W alls a nd Q uays

9

M anufacture o f d ecorated s amian b owl P rincipal

1 2

S amian P roducing C entres i n G aul

F ig .

2

D ecorated F orms 2 9 ,

F ig .

3

D ecorated F orm 3 7

3 0 ,

3 7,

1 6

6 7 a nd 7 8

2 0 2 1

F ig . 4 B LP S amian ( decorated) b y d ate S outh G aulish D ecorated S amian ( SG 1 -VI) A ppliqué s amian

( on S G V I)

4 6

C entral G aulish D ecorated S amian E ast G aulish D ecorated S amian S outh ,

C entral

( EG

( CG

I -XV)

( P

6 8-82

I -III)

a nd E ast G aulish S tamps

P lain S amian F orms M ortaria

3 1 4 2-46

8 7-89

( SGS ,

C GS & E GS)

9 7-98

I -III)

9 9-101

( M I -II)

F lagons O ther P ottery O ther F inds G raffiti

( OP

1 04-105 1 07 1 16-120

I -VI)

I -II

1 24-125 1 27

C oins N ote

1 33 o n

e ntirely

i llustrations : b y

p roduced a t

t he a uthor . t he

s ize

r eductions t ook p lace .

t he

" camera

F or

t he

c opy"

s ake

t hey w ould a ppear

f or

t his

b ook

o f s implicity a ll i n t he

w as

p repared

d rawings w ere

f inished v olume

i .e .

n o

A cknow ledgements owe t hanks t o a n umber o f people w ho h ave h elped m e d eal w ith t he m aterial f rom B illingsgate L orry P ark a nd prepare t his r ecord o f i t . T hey are: t ake

C atherine

a s erious

d raft

of

t his

S impson

a fter a n M useum

w ho

article

of

i n

t he

s uggestions f or

M useum

m any

u seful

i nitially

w ho t he

e ncouraged

f or

C urrent

expressed

s ection

o n

w ho e ncouraged m e

a nd

w ho r ead

s uggestions ;

t hrough my c atalogue

I w rote

L ondon

British

d ecorated s am ian

b ook a nd m ade

v ery k indly c hecked G race

J ohns o f

i nterest

o f

t he

m e

t o

t hrough

J oanna

t o t he

B ird

w ho

d ecorated s am ian;

D r .

publish

A rchaeology ;

t he

m aterial

G eoff M arsh

e nthusiastic

i nterest

i nterpreting

t he

a nd

s am ian

m ade

w hich

of

t he

u seful owed s o

m uch t o h is i nitial s tudy ; J ohn S chofield o f t he DUA a t t he M useum o f L ondon f or c ontributing t o t he t ext a s ection r elating t o problems a t t he

formal

C hristine

excavation J ones

o f

i nformation

o n

V .C .

V ecchi

& Sons

a lso

provided

t hree

c oins

D artford

&

i n

t he

of

t he

B illingsgate

M useum

c oarse

t he

w ho

o f

w are

m ade

t ypes a nd

h is

p hotographs ;

my possession;

D istrict

Lorry

L ondon

c oins

P hilip a nd

P ark ;

w ho o ther

i tems ;

available C larkson

C hristopher

Archaeological

G roup

J enny

provided

H all

m uch

M ark

a nd

i nitial

T homas o f

f or p ublication w ho

S t .

w ho

a nd

photographed J ohn

m ade

B reen

t he

o f

t he

available

f or

e xamination a nd p ublication a ll t he m aterial h e a nd h is group r ecovered a nd w ho a lso h elped e xtensively w ith t he preparation of t he s ection

o n

" other

pottery";

B .A .R f or s howing i nterest s eries

a nd

m yself , 1 :1.

a llow ing m e

f inally

I s hould

i n p ublishing t his

t o prepare

t he

c amera

a nd a lso f or a llow ing t he s amian

t hank

v olume

t he i n

c opy o f

d raw ings t o

e ditors

o f

t heir B ritish t he

w hole

t ext

b e r eproduced a t

For t hose i nterested i n s uch t hings t he c amera c opy w as prepared

o n a n Amstrad PCV 8 256 w ord processor .

A ll

m aterial

A rchaeological d escription o f

i n

t he

p ossession

o f

t he

C . B aker o f t he G roup c /o D artford B orough W ith f ew e xceptions t he r est o f t he m aterial c an t hat

b e

v iewed

t he

D artford

&

D istrict

G roup p ublished h ere i s i ndicated b y ( DDAG) a fter t he t he i tem . S uch m aterial c an b e e xamined b y c ontacting

o n

r equest

a ssemblage

p ass

c /o t o

B .A .R .

t he

M useum , D artford , K ent . i s i n m y p ossession a nd

E ventually

I nstitute

o f

i t

u se a s a t eaching c ollection .

G uy d e

l a B edoyere,

i s

A rchaeology ,

A ugust

1 986

m y

i ntention

L ondon ,

f or

S ECTION 1 ;

I NTRODUCTION

T his

w ork

i s

t he

r ecord

o f

a c onsiderable

m aterial r emoved f rom B illingsgate d uring the c ommercial d evelopment

a ssemblage

L orry P ark i n o f t he s ite.

o f

R oman

t he C ity o f L ondon T he m aterial w as

r ecovered f rom w aste l and i n E ast L ondon a nd c onsisted o f a v ery l arge q uantity

o f

R oman

s outh o f f irst c entury q uay . I t

p ottery

o riginating

i n

a nd s econd c entury q uays ,

s hould

b e

s aid

b efore

a nything

a w aterfront a nd

e lse

d eposit

t o

t he

i n t he a rea o f t he t hird

t hat

t his

v olume

i s

n ot

i ntended t o b e a " site r eport" i n t he n ormal s ense . o wing t o t he h ighly u nusual n ature o f t he d eposit .

I t n ever c ould b e N or i s i t d esigned

t o

t o

b e

t he

d efinitive

r ecord

o f

t he

s ite

o r

s upercede

a ny

p ublication b y t hose w ho a ctually e xcavated t he s ite . T he

d ecision

h as b een m ade R oman

t o

p ublish t he

r iverfront

i n

L ondon .

c atalogue o f m aterial p ottery , o n

t he

m aterial

o f

i ts s hortcomings

I t

i s

a s

n ecessarily

l ittle

m ore

r ecovered a nd i s p rimarily p ottery .

p articularly t he s amian , s ubject

c ontained

i n s pite

i n o rder t o c ontribute f urther t o c urrent s tudies o f t he

w ith

t he

p ossible

a s

a

h as b een u sed a s a v ehicle t o e xpand

i ntention

a nd

t han

H owever t he

o f

m aking

c omprehensible

t his a s

v olume

a s

s elf-

p ossible

t o

t hose

i nterested b ut w ithout s pecialist k nowledge . B y

t he

e nd

o f

1 983

a nd

t he

b eginning

o f

1 984

t he

c ommercial

d evelopment o f t he s ite o f B illingsgate L orry P ark h ad i nvolved t he r emoval o f h uge q uantities o f u nexcavated s poil. T he s poil w as d riven away

b y

a uthorised

c ontractors

w ho

d eposited

i t

i n

v arious

p laces

i n

E ast L ondon . T he

d ifference

c onsisted

l argely

l orry-load

o f

f rom

o ther

o f

w harf-side

s poil

c ontained

p ottery and o ther a rtefacts . c olossal

q uantities

o f

b uilding d eposits l arge

s ites o f

w as

t he

t hat

R onan

a ssemblages

s poil E ach

m ostly

R oman

o f

O ver t he f ollowing two y ears

m aterial

t he

p eriod .

Ir ecovered

amounting t o a f ascinating a ssemblage

d espite t he d ispersed a nd u nstratified c ondition f ror w hich i t c ame . C onsidering m onths)

o f

t hat

l abour

b etween 6 0

w as

a ll

t hat

a nd 8 0 w as

p ersonal

h ours

e xpended - t wo

( spread

w eeks '

o ver

w ork b y

3 0 o ne

d igger o n a n ormal s ite - t he t otal o f 5 89 d ecorated s amian v essels ( a m inimum f igure) r epresented i s r emarkable . B ut, i t s hould b e a dded , a f air

p roportion

w as

g iven

b y

a

m etal-detector

u ser

a nd

a

f urther

a nount m ade a vailable f or s tudy b y t he D artford a nd D istrict A rchaeological G roup . T he t otal d oes n ot r eflect m y o r o ur e ffort, r ather t he c ongested n ature o f t he m aterial i n t he h eaps , a nd t he s heer

q uantity .

s everal

c arrier

F or b ags

a s hort w ith

w hile

s amian

i t

a nd

w as

a s imple

o ther

p ottery

m atter i n

t o

f ill

a c ouple

o f

h ours . B roadly t he t he

s peaking

t he

s poil

f rom

B illingsgate

L orry

P ark

r eflects

i ntensive d evelopment o f t rade b etween L ondon a nd t he C ontinent i n l ate f irst a nd s econd c enturies A D . B y f ar t he b ulk o f t he

m aterial i s R hineland .

i mported f rom a cross t he C hannel, m ainly f rom G aul a nd t he T hereafter t he p attern o f t rade c hanges w ith t he g reatly

r educed q uantity o f m aterial

c oming f rom w ithin B ritain .

1

T his o f

v olume

w orthwhile

i s a n a ttempt

m anner .

t o

r ecord t hat

O bviously

n ormal

a ssemblage

c riteria

i n s ome

( such

a s

s ort

w hether

r esidual p ieces s hould b e e xcluded) c annot, n or s hould , b e a pplied . H ere t he p rincipal c riteria h as b een w hether t he o bject c an b e s atisfactorily i llustrated , o r w hether i t m erits i llustration . T he o pportunity

h as

b een

t aken

t he d ecorated s amian , l isting

o f

w hat

h ad

t o

b e

m ore

f or example . b een

d etailed

T here

r ecovered .

i n

t he

w ould b e

T his

w ork

d escription

n o p oint

i s

o f

i n a b ald

d esigned t o

b e

a

u seful w ork o f r eference a nd t o b e a s s elf-contained a s p ossible , r ather t han a s eries o f s pecialist r eports i ncomprehensible t o a n ons pecialist. T he d ecorated s amian d eposit i s o f i mmense i nterest b ecause m ost p eriods a nd w orkshops o ccur, m oreover t he m ajority a re i n e xceptional c ondition

a s

t hey

p robably

u nloading a nd

f lung

h as

o f

a n umber

r epresent

i nto t he

p urposes .

n ew

T hames .

v essels

b roken

e n

r oute

o r

T he s ection o n d ecorated s amian

F irstly

t he

m aterial

i s

a nalysed

i n

i ts

c hronological d istribution a nd , S econdly t he p rincipal s herds a re

w here p ossible , b etween w orkshops . i llustrated a nd d escribed t o p rovide

b oth a n a dequate r ecord a nd t o s tyles a s p ossible . T his l ast

g ive e xamples o f a s m any w orkshop i ntention b ears a m ateur g roups a nd

f ield-walkers

i n

i ntroductory s tyles ,

m ind ,

s ection

w orkshops

r eports . s amian

I t a s

i s

a nd

o n

a nd

t he

h oped

t o

h elp

d ecorated t hat

s elf-explanatory

m ethods t his a s

t hem

f urther

s amian a nd

t he

i nvolved

w ill

m ake

p ossible .

I h ave

i ncluded

r elevant

i n

b owl

c onstructing

t he

s ection

S pecialists

o n i n

a n

f orms , s amian

d ecorated s amian

c an

i gnore t his f eature o f c ourse . T he i ts

r emainder

c overage .

o f

T he

t he

v olume

v ast

c annot

q uantity

o f

h ope

t o

m aterial

b e

s o

c omprehensive

m eant

m uch

h ad

t o

i n b e

a bandoned . I t i s n o e xaggeration t o s ay t hat t ons o f p ottery w ould h ave b een i nvolved . H owever a ny i nteresting a rticle w as r etained a nd t hat

i ncluded

c ertain . h ave

a ny

I h ope

t ried

r epresented

h ard

c oarse r eaders t o

m ake

s omehow .

o ther p rincipal

w are w ill

p ieces f orgive

s ure

W herever

t hat

l arge t he a ny

p ossible

e nough

t o

i nevitable

m ake

t he

t ype

s electivity .

I

t ype

w hich

o ccurred

i s

I h ave

n oted

p arallels

a t

s ites .

A n umber o f p eople h ave v ery k indly h elped w ith t he p reparation o f t he

r ecord

t hough f or

t his

e rrors

m ean t hat

o f i s i s

B illingsgate " all a ll

i n t ime

m y

m ine. I w ill

o wn

L orry w ork"

I h ope

P ark 's

s poil

w hich a lso t he

b e c orrected .

2

h eaps .

m eans

t he

i llustrations a re

O n

t he

w hole

r esponsibility g ood e nough

t o

S ECTION 2 : 2 ,A

T HE S ITE

T he Ex a .vation o f BilliugQgate L orry P art

o ther

B illingsgate L orry P ark s ites i n t he i mmediate

R iver R ef.

T hames

b etween

L ondon

T Q 3 300 8 065).

L ondon

and

p rovince A lps . B LP b eing

t he

o f

a rea

B ridge

o pen

o f

p art

s pace

h as n ow b een r edevelopment

a nd

T ower

B ridge

( Map

1 & O S

M ap

t hus l ay w ithin t he a rea o f t he m odern C ity o f t he

R oman

B ritannia and o ne

w as o nce

a

I t

( hereafter B LP t o a void c onfusion w ith v icinity) l ay o n t he n orth b ank o f t he

o f

t o

o f

t he

t he

c ity

t he

o f

L ondinium ,

m odern B illingsgate

w est

c apital

o f

t he

l argest R oman c ities n orth o f t he

o f

t he

m arket

r edeveloped a nd i t w as t hat s ome o f t he a rea

f ish m arket b uilding

c omplex ,

i tself .

I t

i mmediately p rior t o t his w as e xcavated . T he f ormal

a rchaeological e xcavation t ook p lace d uring 1 982 f ollowing t he c losure o f t he f ish m arket o n t he 2 0th J anuary 1 982 a nd l asted u ntil J anuary 1 983 . t he

I t

w as

M useum

c arried

o ut

b y

L ondon

and

w as

o f

t he

D epartment

f inanced

b y

o f

U rban

t he

A rchaeology

C ity

o f

L ondon ,

a t t he

D epartment o f t he E nvironment a nd a C ommunity E nterprise P rogramme . T he a rchaeological t he

a rea

c ontained

B otolph 's , S econdly , o f

B illingsgate

s tudies o f

t he

l and

w as

n ortherly f irst t o

S ubsequent

i s

o f

m ediaeval

R oman

b y

t hus B LP

p ost-Roman

F ire

t o

F irstly

c hurch

o f

o f L ondon

m ediaeval

i n R oman a nd m ediaeval

( Bateman

n orth

t he

i n

S t . 1 666 .

t he a rea w as l ikely t o c ontain e vidence

t he

r eclaimed

q uay

c entury

t he

f rom

w aterfront

g radually

o f

d estroyed i n t he G reat

a ctivity

m ost l ate

r emains

a s a r iverside s ite,

w harfside

5 0m

s ignificance o f t he s ite w as t wo-fold . t he

a dvancing

t he

& M ilne w here

advances

t he

e arliest 1 983

t he m ean

w harfs

o ne,

a t

t he

a s

P udding

c entury

t hat

R ecent

s outhward .

i dentified

p .207)

t hird

p eriods .

t imes h ave s hown t hat

q uay

B LP

T he

o f

L ane w as

w harf

t he s ome

b uilt .

n ow

l ies

i nland . F rom t he

R oman p oint

w hich h ad s een s ome t he

w est

o f

v iew t he s ite

t he m ost

w as t he R oman b ridge,

c omplex . M agnus

o f

s ite ,

t he

R oman b ridge

s ubject

o f

r ecent

v ast a ssemblage o f e vidence o f t rade C learly t he c onsiderable . S t .

B otolph 's ,

embankments . r emains a s

c ost T he

a

o f

t hird

v ery

t he

R onan p eriod

b ecause f ront

o f

i t

l ay a nd

b elow

o f

a ctivity

w as

w hich

w ithin

R oman

p ottery

l ay

d ating

H owever ,

i t

t he

f rom

f ormer

t he

t hird

( St . o f

l ater

a

a nd

c oncentrated t o

t he

B LP

b efore

t ime

c hurch

o f

S axon o n

t he

a rea

a nd

t he

m idi n

a nd b uilding a ctivity i n

f irst c entury t o t he e nd o f t he

t his

f irst

t he

i s k nown f rom e lsewhere

p eriod o f c ommercial f rom t he

s ource

b uildings

w harf

E vidence i n

r emains

R oman

l ittle

a nd

i s h igh a nd p ressures o f t he

o f

l asted

c entury .

f orum a nd b asilica

e xcavation

m ediaeval

p eriod w as r ecovered .

c ity

C lose t o

N ew F resh W harf

c entury

L ondon t hat t he g reatest s econd

r ecorded

B illingsgate,

t he

i n t he R oman p eriod .

s uch e xcavation

E xamination t he

r esult

A ntonine

o f

e xcavation

i s t he

o f

a ctivity .

t o t he n orth w as t he

B etween B LP a nd t he

H ouse)

l ay w ithin p art

i ntense c ommercial

p eriod a nd

c entury

w as

s econd w harf

l argely c entury

a nd

w as

u ntouched ,

r iverbed a n

i n

o bjevtive

p recluded b y l ack o f t ime . B etween O ctober t he s ite

b egan .

1 983

a nd M arch

1 984

t he

c ommercial

D uring t his p eriod v ast q uantities o f - 3 -

d evelopment b uilders '

o f

s poil

w ere

r emoved

L ondon .

a nd

M uch

t ipped

o f

i t

o n

a v ariety

o riginated

i n

o f

t he

w aste

R oman

l and

s ites

l evels

i n

E ast

u nsubjected

t o

s cientific e xcavation . T he s tratification w as t hus h opelessly l ost b ut t he s poil c ontained v ast q uantities o f e vidence , m ainly p ottery , amounting t o a s ignificant a ssemblage i n i ts o wn r ight . T he M useum o f L ondon 's F ield O fficer e xcavations , J ohn S chofield w rites ; "T he

B illingsgate

u ndertaken

i n

e xcavation

h as

r ecently

i n

H andbook ,

t he

e xcavation

C ity ;

b een

a n

u pwards

B ut

i n

i n

w hen

1 982-3

o f

d escribed

a ppendix

1 986 .

o f

i n c harge o f

5 0 a

J ane

w as

p eople

o ne

f or

n umber

o f

a rose

-

B illingsgate

o f

t he

o ver

T he a s

l argest

a y ear .

j ournals ,

M cIntosh 's

p roblems

t he

T he

a nd

m ost

Archaeologist's

s ome

d o

o n

e very

e xcavation - t hey a rose i n p roportionately g reater n umber . I t w as c lear f rom t he p lanning s tage t hat e ven r esources w ould o nly e nable t he M useum t o e xcavate B LP . t he

T hus a d ecision h ad t o r emaining

v ertical t he

s equence

h oped-for

a f act

o f

t hree

b e

q uarters .

l ay

b etween

D ark A ge

t o c arry

t he

3 rd

l ife

n ot

t o

c onstruction

a n

w orks

i nterest.

B y

t hat a ll

b riefs

p riorities

R oman

q uay ,

u p I t

i n

o n t he

t hrough i s s adly

u rban a rchaeologists h ave t o b e

a t

t his

a ll

u ntil

t ime,

o f

a s i s m ost u sual,

Among s everal

a rchaeological

e xcavation a nd s ome t hem ,

w atching

m ain

i nvestigations o n s ites b eing d estroyed .

t hey w ere d ifficult. a gree

o ut

w ished-for q uarter o f

S axon embankments .

T he d evelopers o n t his s ite w ere n ot, k ind ;

t he

c entury

d eposits t o t he

a rchaeological

c ontent w ith p artial

m ade

S imilarly ,

t he o ne

t he

p resence

o ur

o n

f riends

J anuary

h elpful a nd

n egative a ctions ,

1 984 ,

i n

t hey

t he t he

m edia

h ad

d eposits h ad a lready g one .

t hey w ould

s ite

d uring t ook

s tarted W e

a n

b ulk

h ad p ursued

w ith l imited e ffect .

E nglish c over ,

H eritage,

r uled

t hat

t he

m ain

s ource

t hey w ould n ot

o f

f inance

a c ollection o f u nstratified f inds . a rchaeologists o n s ite, a nd , u nder

f unding

f or

a n e xercise

a rchaeological

w hich w as s olely

W e w ere e ventually a llowed t wo G eoff E gan 's e xpert l eadership ,

t hey a nd m embers o f t he S ociety o f T hames M udlarks a nd A ntiquarians r ecovered a m ultitude o f i mportant o bjects a nd r ecorded s ome o f t he s tructures .

w as

W e a lso m ade s ome a rrangements t o s creen s poil

e lsewhere .

B ut i t w as c lear f rom t he s tart o f t he c onstruction w orks t hat m uch b etng l ost b y b eing t rucked a way . W e h ave c ertainly l earnt f rom

t his e xperience a nd w ill b e t rying e ven h arder t o m onitor b ulk s poil r emoval f rom w aterfront s ites w hen i t h as t o h appen i n t he f uture . I n t he m eantime ,

w e c an o nly

l ike

h ave

h im

w ho

b oth

b e

t he

g rateful

t o M r d e

e nthusiasm

a nd

t he

l a B edoyere a nd p eople s pirit

o f

e nquiry

t o

r ecover f urther m aterial a nd r eport o n i t i n t his w ay . Among o ther t hings i t i s i mportant t o c hart w here t his s poil h as g one f or f uture g enerations o f a rchaeologists .

2 .B

B illingsgate L orry P ark a nd R oman L ondon T he

q uality

j ustification o f

A rchaeology c an o nly b enefit."

R oman

r e-export

f or

L ondon w ithin

a nd

r ange

p ublication .

w here t he

i mported p rovince

o f

t he

m aterial

T he

s ite

w as

g oods

a s

w ell

- 4 -

o nly

a rrived , a s

i s o ne

t he o f

d estined

c onsumption

i n

p rincipal m any

n o

w harfs

d oubt

L ondon .

f or A s

u sual

p ottery

t hat

t he

e vidence

i s

t he

c onservation

o f

p erishable

m ost

n umerous .

I t

g oods

i s

t o

p reserved

b e

i n

r egretted

t he

w ater-

l ogged c onditions w as s imply b eyond t he s cope o f a s ingle d igger a rmed w ith t rowel a nd g arden f ork . N umerous f ragments o f l eather a rticles a nd w ooden w riting t ablets , f or e xample , h ad s imply t o b e a bandoned . H opefully t he i s

a dequate

g reater s tate

p art

f or

q uality a nd r ange

c ompensation . o f

t he

s tudy

p ottery

a nd

s lip f ine w are ,

e asily

w orn

r ecording .

o r

i t

p ristine

a nd

t he

p ottery a nd o ther m aterial

q uite

T his

c lear

a nd

w as

a s

e arly

s uch

i n

e specially

o n

t hat

a n

e xcellent

t rue

o f

t he

t he

r ed

m anufactured i n v ast q uantities i n G aul

s econd c enturies A D . A c ommon e nough f ind e specially i n a n u rban o r m ilitary c ontext,

d amaged

a braded a s a r esult . o f

o f

w as

w as u nused

" samian w are",

d uring t he f irst a nd R omano-British s ites , w as

I t

A t

i n

u se .

R ecovered

B LP s amian w are

f actory

f resh .

s herds

a re

f requently

w as t he c ommonest

T his

h as

s pecial

o n i t

f ind ,

m uch

i mplications

f or

a ssessing r ates o f i mport. T his L ondon . j ustice

i s

n ot

t he

p lace

t o

A n umber o f r ecent ( P . M arsden 1 980 , R .

e special

emphasis o n t he p ort G .

t o c ontribute s ome s ort

f ell d oes

r elated o f

t he

t o

t he

R onan

d eeply

M ilne

i nto

1 985).

o f o utline h ere .

h ad a p rehistoric e xistence d irectly a ccount

d elve

t he

h istory

i n t he

i nvasion

i n

B ut

i t w ould b e a s w ell

L ondon d oes n ot s eem t o h ave

c ity

A D43

o f

R oman

r efers

d ate .

o nly

D io

h is

a ccount

s ettlement i t

r öle a nd

w as

i n

o f

i n

r evolt AM C )

t rading

w as

n ot

a ctivity

t o

t raders .

i nvasion . N o

C hapman & T . I t

e nd o f

o ne,

f or

i n t he

r ather

m erchants .

e vidence

f or

s uch

a

f ort

i s c lear i n t he f orm o f a n

f rom a l egionary-type s word a t A ldgate

t o

t he

p articipants

i n t he

B oudiccan

1 7 y ears s ince t he C onquest .

F lavian i n

t he

b ase

t hat

a n

i t w as a pparently w iped o ut. T he g reatest s ignificance i s a t hriving s ettlement h ad g rown u p p urely b y e conomic

s timulus i n t he T he

X IV .33) o fficial

a

i s

s tated

J ohnson 1 972).

w as c ertainly a ttractive

e videnced

p eriod

T acitus

w as

T his m ay h ave p roved t he i nitial

s atisfactory

e arly m ilitary d itch a nd h andle

R evolt a nd t hat s uch

a n

a nd

a " pool"

R oman

( Annals

e xists b ut a m ilitary p resence o f s ome s ort ( H .

t he

f act.

H e t he

r emains a p ossibility t hat R oman L ondon b egan a s a f ort

e stablished s oon a fter t he a ttraction

b y

c entre

t estified

B oudiccan

e xistence

p roduct

N onetheless i t

a c ommercial

t he

B ritons

o rder t o c ontest t he R oman a dvance . b ut i t c an b e a ssumed t his w as i n

a rchaeologically

o f

h ere

t he

a s

C assius '

t o h ow t he

G reater L ondon a rea , b ecause h e d oes s ay i t w as w here f ormed a t h igh t ide a s t he T hames m et t he s ea ( LX .20). L ondon 's

R oman

f orm o f a ny s ettlement w hich c an b e

s ubsequent

b ack o n t he T hames i n n ot s ay e xactly w here

h istorically

o f

w orks h ave d one t he s ubject c onsiderable M errifield 1 983 , J . M orris 1 982 , a nd w ith

t he

f irst

r econstruction

c ity 's

o f

p romotion t o

c entury a nd t he

B ritain

p rovincial

p ossible

a fter c apital

t he

r evolt

s tatus

c onstruction o f

i s

b y t he

a f orum a nd

b asilica . I n t he e arly s econd c entury t he c ity p ossessed a l uxury b uilding i nterpreted a s t he G overnor 's P alace a nd b y t he m id-second c entury

a r ebuilt

n orth o f

B LP .

b elongs . r iverfront p .

2 07

A t i n

I t

a nd e nlarged

P udding t he

& 1 985 p .

f orum a nd b asilica c omplex 3 00m t o t he

i s t o t his p eriod t hat m ost o f t he m aterial L ane

l ater 2 7).

s ubstantial

f irst

c ommercial

c entury w as n oted

A rchaeology a ll - 5 -

f rom B LP

d evelopment

o f

( Bateman & M ilne

t he 1 983

o ver t he c ity a rea t estifies t o

t he

s heer

t ime,

q uantity

f or

w ines ,

o f

e xample

q uality

amphorae

i mported g oods e ntering B ritain a t

f rom

o live-oil a nd f ish s auce, L ondon

w as

a n

o bvious

I taly ,

S pain

g lassware ,

p ort

o f

a nd

R hodes

t his

c ontaining

a nd s amian w are .

e ntry

t o

B ritain .

T he

T hames

i s

t he b ackbone o f C entral a nd S outhern B ritain a nd r eadily a ccessible t o s hips l eaving t he R hine a nd S eine . T he w ell-known s ite a t t he P udding P an R ock i n t he T hames E stuary i s a ssociated w ith a t l east o ne c argo o f l ate s econd c entury u ndecorated s amian v essels . p resumably w recked o n t he R ock o n i ts w ay f rom G aul. f irst c entury A D r ecently s aid :

d emand

w as

g reat .

R alph

T he s hip w as I n t he l ater

M errifield

( 1983 ,

9 0)

h as

" An a ppetite f or t he l uxuries a nd s ophisticated p roducts o f a s uperior c ivilisation w as s oon a roused , a nd t he p ort o f L ondinium p rovided a r eady m eans b y w hich t hey c ould b e p oured i nto

B ritain

a nd

b y

u ndeveloped c ountry , b e w ithdrawn ." B ut c are " The

s cale

t hrough

a nd

d iversity

f oodstuffs c areful

L ondon 's a ncient a nd B .

h igh

p roducts

o f

s heep a nd c attle ,

o f

i s

e conomy c an b e

t he

c an

f rom

t he

b est

a lthough

i ts

o verestimated ." M ilne

R oman B ritain ,

( Map 2 ).

t hat

L ondon w as

i ts

T he

r ole

c ost

i n

1 985 ,

a n

c ould

( F .

o f

a ncient s hould

m anufactured b e

d iscerned

a rchaeological i ndicator

i mportance G rew ,

F .

o f

i n

t he

P ritchard

1 03).

i nsofar a s

t rade

o f

o nly

f inds

p robably

c ontacts ,

R ichardson i n G .

i mportation

m aterials

i t

L ondon c learly a s a h ub f rom w hich m ajor

t he p rovince s o

v aluable

t he

r aw

a nalysis

o verseas

r oad m ap o f

o f

a nd

e xcavation ... pottery

T he

t he

i s r equired :

p roducts ,

s hows

w hich

r ich i n m inerals ,

h as b een e stablished ,

r outes r adiated a cross

t ransportation b y r oad w as

n ot

b e

o ver-stressed .

i n e very s ense t he c entre o f R oman B ritain ,

a t

B ut

l east i n t he

f irst a nd s econd c enturies A D .

t he

T he g reat w alled c ity w hich e xisted i n t he m id-third c entury b elies f act t hat t here i s m uch l ess e vidence f or t h riving c ommercial

a ctivity

a fter

t he

e arly

t hird

c entury .

T he

r iverfront

w as n oted t o h ave

o ccurred a t a bout

W harf

o n

e xcavation

a nd

D ecline - m ay

t he

h ave

o fficial

s et

a rea s how n o t race c entury , m any

o f

s ooner .

s ites

i n

o r

o f

t he

b y

H adrianic

t he

d ark

f ourth

s oil

s ites f or a gricultural T he

r eason

h ave

p eriod . c entury ,

i s

( Milne

o f

s ites

t he

o f

t he

N ew F resh p .

3 2).

w ithin t he

1 985

c ity

m iddle

S ome

r ecover

o thers

n ever .

a ssociated

o f

t he s econd

w ith

b een

A lternatively

f or

t he

d ue

t o

r ural

T hird

d ecline, t he

i f

c entury

b rought

i nsecurity w all

d ecline

p rotracted

d evelopment

r eceived a c ity

t his

b y

t he

I n

l ate

m any

p eriod

t hird

c ases

a

v ariously

i n t o l evel a bandoned

u se .

w as i n

w ars

m ay h ave

a nd l eft L ondon w ith a s maller b ut

L ondon

B LP

o ccupation a fter a bout

i nterpreted a s a ccumulated h umus o r s oil

m ay

a t

A n umber

a dvance

p ossibly d ue t o a f ire w hich h as b een i dentified a s a ffecting

c entury , l ayer

i n

l ast

t his d ate a t

t here o n

w as ,

t he

i s

u nknown .

n orthern

a ttracted away

I t

f rontier .

c ity d wellers

i ndividually r icher p opulation .

a f act,

a bout

w hether

A D200

- 6 -

p erceived

t hough

t his

m ay

o r b e

a ctual. d ue

a s

m uch

t o

c ivic

p restige .

p henpmenon d ifficult f ort e nd

a t o f

e ast

R eculver t he

o f

o n t he

t hird

t he

C ity

t o r elate

N orth K ent

c entury

c ity

w alls

a t

a ppear

t o s pecific

a s ignal

S hadwell

t o

b e

h ad b een b uilt .

t ower

w as

( T .

f rom t he

1 975).

E mpire

I t m ile

ß Britain

d uring

c entury

t he

a nd

w as

r eigns

u nder

t he h ad

f or

G aulish

u nknown

n ew

s amian

w as c ertainly u ndergoing c hange .

t he

B y

d iscourage

c entury

t he

T owards t he

b eginning o f t he t hird c entury t he s amian i ndustry o f C entral G aul c ollapsed

t his

a g eneral

c onstructed a bout

J ohnson

o f t he " Gallic Emperors" i n t he m iddle o f t he u surpers C arausius a nd A llectus f rom 2 87-296. i n

o f

B y a bout 2 20

c oast

i ntermittently p olitically s eparate

C ommerce

p art

t hreats .

r easons .

c ontinental c ontinues

I f

t he

s uppliers

t o

a rrive

s eas

w ere

f illing

i n

t he

l imited

u nsafe g ap ,

t his

w ould

a lthough

q uantity .

T he

E ast

g ap

w as

f illed w ithin B ritain h erself, n otably b y t he p otteries o f t he O xford r egion a nd t hose o f t he N ene V alley . I n t his p eriod a w harf w as b uilt o n t he

B LP s ite a s p art

T hames b y L ondon . e vident

i n

t he

b y imports

o f

t he g radual

e ncroachment

s outhwards o n t he

A t B LP t hough t he c hange i n t he p attern o f t rade

p ottery

f rom t he

e vidence .

c ontinent;

N o

t he

l onger

q uantity

i s

t he

d eposit

i s

d ominated

i s s maller a nd w hat

t here

i s c omes i ncreasingly f rom w ithin B ritain .

i ts

F ourth c entury L ondon u nderwent s omething o f a r evival b ut b y t hen a dministrative r ole h ad a ltered p ermanently . A lthough C arausius '

m int w as c ontinued f or a C onstantius C hlorus i n r ationalisation

o f

w hile , 2 96

p rovincial

t he r ecovery o f t he s ubjected i t t o

g overnment .

L ondon

n ow

p rovince b y D iocletian 's

b ecame

c apital

o f o ne o f t he f our p rovinces i nto w hich B ritain w as s ub-divided . F urther o f t he

m uch

p otteries

c ommercial c hanges a re e vident. I n t he e arlier p eriods c oarse w are r equirements o f t he c ity h ad b een m et b y

o f

t he

e ventually m ade i n H ampshire . p ottery

w as

L ondon

a nd

T hames

E stuary

a rea .

T heir

d ecline

w as

u p p artly b y t he g rowth o f t he p otteries a t A lice H olt B etween 2 40 a nd 2 90 a t t he W albrook M ithraeum 7 % o f

f rom

A licQ

H olt,

b etween

2 90

a nd

3 30

t he

p roportion

a t

t his s ite h ad r isen t o 3 1% , b y t he l ate f ourth c entury a t a b ath-house c lose t o B LP i n L ower T hames S treet 5 1% o f t he p ottery w as f rom A lice H olt ( M .A .B . L yne a nd R .S . J efferies 1 979 , 5 6 & 5 8). A f ew A lice H olt p ieces o ccur a t B LP , i n e xcellent c ondition i ndicating t hat t hey m ay h ave b een o ff-loaded h ere a fter t heir j ourney f rom A lice H olt . I n P icts , Emperor l east

3 67

t he

Scots

c rossing

a nd

S axons

V alentinian .

s ome

b astions

T o t o

o f

t he

w as

n orthern

m et

b y

T heodosius L ondon 's

a re

c ity

c urtain a long t he r iverfront. o ccupational a ctivity i s v ery

f rontier

C ount

a ttributed

w all,

H owever l imited

b y

a n

T heodosius , a nd

t he

t he

a lliance s ent

b y

a ddition

e xtension

o f o f

o f t he a t t he

a rchaeological e vidence o f f or t his p eriod , a f act

r eflected a t B LP . B ut s ome s ites a re s howing t races o f r evived a ctivity o n t he r iverfront, f or e xample a t S t. P eter 's H ill ( Williams 1 982)

a nd a t P udding L ane

T hereafter d ifficult

t o

L ondon

i nterpret

( Milne

f ades b ecause

1 985 p .

i nto o f

t he t he

3 3). e nigmatic

s heer

l ack

p ost-Roman o f

p hase

e vidence .

. At

s o B LP

t here i s p ractically n o e vidence f or p ost-Roman a ctivity i n t he p ottery a ssemblage a part f rom i solated s herds o f " shell-tempered" w are d ated t o S axon p hases

( see O ther P ottery n o .11).

M etal-detector u sers

u ndoubtedly

A nglo-Saxon

a re

r ecovered

c oins

M useum o f L ondon . - 7 -

a nd

c ) I ne

r ecorded

a t

t he

c

0

L ATE C3 R IVER WALL

EARLY C3 WALL

C AMOLODUNUM

X

A i tf i t d3 , 1

T hose f amiliar w ith t he m ethods i nvolved i n t he m anufacture o f d ecorated s amian w are w ill f ind t his s ection s uperfluous t o t heir n eeds . I t i s i ncluded c omprehensible t o t hose d iscussion o f t he g round . 3 ,A

m ethods

t o m ake t he c atalogue o f B LP s amian f ully u nfamiliar w ith t he s ubject b y c ombining a

a nd

s tyles

w ith

t he

m aterial

a s

i t

a ppears

i n

M ethods o f m anufacture

S amian w are i s a R oman r ed s lip f ine t able w are u sually m anufactured i n G aul a nd a lso k nown a s t erra s igillata ( but t his t erm c an a lso b e u sed t o r efer w ares l ike A rretine W are).

t o a w ider r ange o f R onan r ed-slipped f ine S ome w as m ade i n p eripheral a reas s uch a s

t hat f rom C olchester , o r t hat m ade b y t he s o-called A ldgate-Pulborough p otter . N either o f t hese B ritish c oncerns a re o f a ny g reat s ignificance . V irtually a ll s amian o f c onsequence i n t he W estern E mpire w as m anufactured a t p otteries i n S outh , C entral o r E ast G aul d uring t he f irst a nd s econd c enturies A D . T here

w ere

s everal

d ifferent

w ays

o f

d ecorating

t he

s amian b owl.

I n p ractice o nly s ome f orms r eceived a ny d ecoration a t a ll, t he v ast m ajority w ere p lain . T he m ost i mportant m ethod o f d ecoration w as t hat p roduced i n m oulds . T his e ncouraged t he d evelopment o f i ndividual s tyles w ith i ts p otential f or e laboration . T he s tyles , c oupled w ith f abric i dentification , m ake i t p ossible t o i dentify t he p roducts o f s eparate w orkshops . D ecorated s amian r ecovered f rom a d ated c ontext , f or e xample , t he p rimary o ccupation l evels o n H adrian 's W all, c an b e d ivided i nto t he p roducts o f d ifferent w orkshops . T hose w orkshops ' p roducts w ere c learly b eing m anufactured a t o r b efore t hat t ime . W hen t hey o ccur i n o therwise u ndated c ontexts t hey c an c ontribute t o t he d ating o f t hat d eposit . B ut a s a f ine w are s amian w as v alued a nd m ight h ave a l ong l ife , e ven s ometimes b eing r epaired i f b roken . C are n eeds t o b e t aken w ith s amian w hen o nly a f ew s herds o ccur , e specially i f t hey a re o bviously o ld a nd a braded o r f rom r epaired v essels ( see S G56). W hen

d iscussing

m anufacture

o f

t hese

b owls

i t

i s

i mportant

t o

r emember t hat s tyles a nd d esign w ere e stablished a t t he m ould s tage . W e h ave n o w ay o f k nowing h ow o ld a m ould w as w hen u sed t o m ake b owls . S ome w ere c learly w orn , o thers m ay h ave s at a round u nused o n w orkshop s helves . E qually w hile t he m ould w as o ften s igned , e specially i n C entral a nd E ast G aul, i t i s f requently n ot k nown w ho a ctually m ade t he b owl. I t m ay h ave b een t he m ould-maker b ut t he o ccurrence o f b owls m ade i n m oulds o f t he s ame s tyle b ut d ifferent f abrics s hows t here w as a t rade i n m oulds . A ll t hese d ifferent a spects a dd v arying t imes t o w hen a b owls o f a s ingle s tyle m ight a ppear o n s ale , a nd w hen i t m ight e nd u p b eing b uried . T hey a lso s erve t o c onfuse t rade r outes . T here S amian

w ere

v essel

f ive f orms

m ain d ecorated b owl h ave

b een

c lassified

f orms m anufactured b y

a n umber

o f

i n m oulds .

s pecialists ,

t he d ecorated f orms m ost c ommonly e ncountered a re k nown a s D ragendorff f roms 2 9 , 3 0 a nd 3 7 , D ächelette 6 7 a nd K norr 7 8 ( figs 2 & 3 ). A ll f orms w ere m ade

i n S outh G aul

d uring t he - 1 0 -

f irst

c entury ,

t hough t he 6 7

a nd 7 8 f orms a re a lways r are . h ad t aken o ver o nly f orms D r .

I n t he s econd c entury w hen C entral G aul 3 0 a nd 3 7 a re o f s ignificance .

T he m ould c learly h ad t o b e m ade i n t he s hape o f t he r equired f orm . T he f orms ' s hapes w ere p artly d ictated b y t he n eed t o b e a ble t o r emove t he v essel f rom t he m ould . T his i s w hy t he D echelette 6 7 f orm i s o nly d ecorated o n t he l ower z one . M oulds w ere m ade o f c lay a t l east t hose w hich h ave s urvived w ere ( plaster i s t he o nly r ealistic a lternative , u sually u sed f or l amps o r t erracottas b ut u nknown f or s amian) - b efore t hey d ried a nd w ere f ired t he d ecoration h ad t o b e l aid o ut b y b eing i mpressed i nto t he m ould w all .

w ere

F irst t he f ramework o f d ecoration w as d ecided ( fig .1 .1). f our m ain t ypes : f ree-style , w inding s crolls , h orizontal

a nd p anels .

A ll

r equire

a n u pper

a nd

l ower b oundary .

F or t he

T here z ones f irst

t wo t ypes t his w as a ll t hat w as n ecessary . F ree-style , g enerally a n a imless a nimal c hase , a nd w inding s crolls , u sually e ndless v egetation r equire a n u nending h orizontal b and . Z onal d ecoration r equired a dditional h orizontal b oundaries t o c reate p arallel z ones w ith s eparate s chemes o f d ecoration . P anel d ecoration i s m ore c omplex a nd u sed v ertical b oundaries w ith h orizontal b oundaries t o c reat c ombinations o f p anels , s quare a nd r ectangular , t imes a round t he c ircumference o f t he m ould .

r epeated u sually

f our

T he b oundaries w ere m ade u p o f r ound b ead-rows , s quare b ead-rows , w avy l ines o r , l ess c ommonly , a stragali ( see m otif R 12 o n s herd C G27). S traight l ines a re r are , a lthough t he i mpressions o f g uidelines a re s ometimes v isible o n t he b owls ( CG124). T he s herds f rom B LP s how h ow " hand-made" p roducts o f a n on-machine a ge c an b e e qually s ubject t o h aste a nd p oor w orkmanship . T he b oundaries o ften f ollow i rregular p aths a nd a re f requently smudged . c arefully m easured o ut a nd o dd e xtra

S ometimes t he o nes h ad t o b e

p anels w ere n ot i nserted t o f ill

u p t he s pace . W ithin t he f ramework t he m otifs t hat m ade u p t he d ecoration w ere i nserted n ext ( fig .1 .2). A bove t he t op b oundary w as u sually a r ow o f o volos , a s eries o f U -shaped w ith a n i nnumerable v ariety o f o volos . s ort .

o rnaments s eparated t erminals . T he D r .

b y 2 9

v ertical l ines f orm n ever h as

B elow t he l ower b oundary m ight b e a w reath o f l eaves o f s ome B etween t he b oundaries t he a ction w as l aid o ut i nvolving a

s eemingly

i nfinite

v ariety

o f

a nimals ,

m en ,

g ods ,

w omen ,

g oddesses ,

p lants a nd o ther i nanimate o bjects . S ome c learly b elong t o m ainstream c lassical m ythology . O thers m ay r ecall h alf-forgotten G allo-Celtic m ythology i n r omanised f orm . s cenes

a re

v ivid

a nd

T he r ange o f q uality i s e xtensive .

b eautifully

e xecuted ,

o thers

a re

c lumsy

S ome a nd

u nappealing . T his

d ecoration

w as

i mpressed

i nto

t he

m ould

u sing

p oin ons .

P oin ons a re d ecorative d etails m ade i n n ormal r elief . T hey w ere p ressed i nto t he m ould . S ome f igures o r l eaves a re o f s tandard t ypes u sed b y m any m ould-makers a nd a re s o s imilar t hat t hey i ndicate a s eparate t rade i n p oin ons a lone e xisted . E ven s o , m inor v ariations i n s tandard t ypes e xisted a nd c an h elp i dentify a m ould - maker 's w ork . A lmost a ll m ould-makers u sed t heir o wn s pecial p oin uns s omewhere o n t he m ould i n t he C entral G aulish i ndustry , w hereas i n S outh G aul v ery f ew

w orkshops

c an

b e

d istinguished

i n

t his

w ay .

S ometimes

a m ould-

m aker m ight u se a n o ld b owl t o r ecover p oin ons ( see C G43). T his m ight b e d one b y t aking a n i mpression o f a f igure o ff a b owl a nd t hen - 1 1 -

. e .\ ` › hJ 4

\ \ _ _ . . .---.

1

2 -_ ____-__ ___--

1' f

. ,

3

\ \

(u

I L

7

f i g 1

MANUFACTURE OF D ECORATED SAM IAN BO WL

u sing t his a s a m ould i n s how t hemselves b y b eing

w hich t o c ast t he c opied p oin ons . T hese i dentical t o o lder t ypes b ut a re s maller

b ecause s amian c lay s hrinks s ignificantly p rocess a s i t h as v ery l ittle f iller .

i t .

t he

m anufacturing

S ometimes t he m ould-maker s tamped o r s igned h is w ork w ith h is T his t akes t he f orm o f a n ame w ithin t he d ecoration o r b elow

n ame . b e

d uring

W hy i s n ot k nown . a n

e ntirely

I t m ay b e t hat t he m anufacture o f m oulds c ould

s eparate

a ctivity ,

o r

e ven

b usiness ,

f rom

a ctually

m aking b owls . T he A ntonine C entral G aulish p otter C innamus u sed a p articularly p rom inent n ame s tamp w ithin t he d ecoration . I t w as c learly m eant t o b e s een p resumably b ecause t here w as s ome a dvantage t o b e g ained . H is b owls a re c ertainly v ery c ommon . I t i s p ossible t hat h e m oulds . a sk f or .

b uilt u p a r eputation b ased o n c heap , r egularly s upplied C ertainly a nyone w ho w anted C innamus ' p roducts k new w ho t o

T he h and-written s ignature b eneath t he d ecoration i s m ore l ikely t o h ave h ad s ignificance a t t he w orkshop o nly . T he b owl m aking p rocess u sually o bscures o r d amages t he s ignature w hen t he f ootstand i s a ffixed ( CG123). C erialis a ssociated w ith C innamus ( C0108).

s igned m oulds m ade i n t he s tyle H e m ay h ave b een o ne o f C innamus '

e mployees . A ll t he s ame a h and-written s ignature w ould s urely h ave b een a s u seful f or i dentifying a n i ndependent m ould-maker 's w ork a s a l arge s tamp , e ven i f o nly o n t he m ould r ather t han t he f inished b owls . E ither m ight f unction a s a m eans o f i dentifying w ork p laced i nto c ommunal k iln f irings . I n S outh G aul s herds w ere s ometimes i nscribed w ith a c omplete t ally o f w ho h ad m ade w hat a nd h ow m any , t he s herds t hen b eing p laced i nto t he k iln t o a ccompany t he l oad . S ome m ould-makers n ever s igned t heir w ork o r o nly d id s o r arely . C learly t hey d id n ot f eel t he n eed t o . P erhaps a s ignature w as u nnecessary b ecause t hey h appened t o r un s mall w orkshops w here m oulds w ere m anufactured o nly f or u se i n t hat w orkshop . E ven s o i t i s h ard t o s ee w hy t hey d id n ot b other c onsidering t hat t heir f inished b owls m ight b e s old a longside b owls b earing n ames o f c ompetitors . T he

m ould-makers

w ho

o ccasionally

b een e ngaged i n l imited s ales o f m oulds . p otter D rusus I i s k nown f rom a v ery b eneath

t he

d ecoration .

H is s tyle

s igned

t heir

m oulds

m ay

h ave

T he T raJanic C entral G aulish f ew h and-written s ignatures

t hough

i s

s o

d istinctive

t hat

h is

w ork i s e asily r ecognised . A p iece o f a m ould b y h im w as f ound a t Y ork ( RCHM 1 962 p . 6 3b p l. 3 1), a l ong w ay f rom h is c entre o f o perations a t L es M artres-de-Veyre i n G aul. I t m ay b e o ne h e h ad s old t o a R omano-British p otter w orking a t Y ork . I t h as b een s uggested t hat h e h ad a ttempted t o e stablish a n o utlying w orkshop t o a ugment h is B ritish s ales b y m anufacturing o n t he s pot . B ut i t i s u nlikely t hat s uch a d ispersed o ne m an b usiness , c ould

o perate

s uccessfully

a t

o r a t

t hat

l east a

t ime .

v ery s mall b usiness ,

S elling

m oulds

w ould

b e

v astly s impler . O nce t he m ould w as f ired t he b owl c ould b e m ade . e xcavations o f E ast G aulish s amian p otteries s uggest r otated o n ( fig .1.3).

a w heel w hile T he r im w as

p ossibly w ith t emplates . m ade t he b owl m ight p lace t he b owl o n t he b ottom

E vidence f rom t he m ould w as

t he s amian c lay w as p ressed i nto t he m ould d rawn u p a bove t he m ould a nd r ounded o ff, A t t his s tage t he h is n ame s tamp i n ( fig .1 .4). T his - 1 3 -

p erson w ho h ad a ctually t he r im a rea , o r w ithin i s k nown a s t he b owl-

f inisher 's s tamp . T he b owl-finisher m ight b e s omeone w ho h ad p urchased m oulds o r h e m ight h ave b een a n e mployee i n a p ottery w hich b oth

p roduced

m oulds

a nd

f inished

b owls .

C intusmus

f inisher w ho s tamped b owls m ade i n m oulds b y C innamus . a c ustomer o r a n e mployee i s u nknown . S amian c lay

i s v ery

f ine

a nd h as v ery l ittle

w as

a b owl-

W hether h e w as

f iller .

I n c ontrast

c oarse w ares c ontain m uch f iller , u sually s and , g rit, g round p otsherds ( grog) o r s hells . L ack o f f iller m akes t he f inished v essel l ess r esistant t o h eat i n n ormal u sage b ut i t a lso m eans t hat t he c lay s hrinks c onsiderably o n d rying , a n e ssential r equirement i f t he v essel w as t o b e w ithdrawn f rom t he m ould t o b e f ired ( fig .1 .5). A t t his s tage m uch o f t he s mudging s o e vident o n t he f inished p roduct o ccurred , T he B LP e vidence s uggests t hat v ery f ew b owls w ere e xemplary p roducts . O nce r emoved t he f ootstand c ould b e a pplied ( fig . 1 .6). S amian

b owls

w ere

c oated

w ith

s lip

b y

d ipping

t hem s traight

i nto

i t . T he f ingerprints w hich a lmost i nvariably o ccur a round t he f ootstand o f s amian b owls s how h ow t his w as d one ( fig .1 .7). I t i s p erhaps s urprising t hat t his w as t olerated c onsidering h ow t atty t hese f ingerprints m ake a n o therwise a ttractive b owl l ook , a lthough i t i s h ard t o s ee h ow i t m ight h ave b een a voided . O ne c oated w ith s lip t he v essel c ould b e f ired , u sually i n s tacks a s p iles o f f used w asters s how ( fig .1 .8). T he b owls w ere k ept s eparate w ith c lay k iln f urniture s uch a s r ings w hich p roduce a g ritty c ircle o n t he b ottom o f t he i nside o f t he b owl. T his w ore o ff w ith s ubsequent u se s o i s a u seful i ndicator o f a v essel's n ewness .

3 .B

T he M anufacturing C entres i n G aul

A lmost a ll s amian w as m ade i n G aul, i .e . m odern F rance a nd p arts o f W est G ermany . T he t hree p rincipal c entres , S outh , C entral a nd E ast G aul, h ave c hronological s ignificance a nd a re s tylistically d istinct ( Map 3 ). T o a ccompany t he d escription b elow s ome c f t he B LP s herds w hich a re t ypical o f t heir p eriod h ave b een i llustrated a s s ome o f t he b owl r econstructions o n f igures 2 & 3 . S outh G aul A s f ar a s R oman B ritain i s c oncerned S outh G aul i s t he p rincipal s ource o f a ll s amian f rom t he i nvasion o f A D43 u p u ntil c . A D100 . P roducts c ontinued t o a rrive f or a nother d ecade o r s o b ut t he q uantity d eclined a nd t he q uality d eteriorated . T he p rincipal k iln s ite w as a t L a G raufesenque b ut m any o thers e xisted ,

t he

f or e xample a t M ontans ,

L a G raufesenque a nd t he o ther S outh G aulish k iln s ites g rew o ut o f d ecline o f t he I talian s amian i ndustry b ased a t A rrezzo a nd w hose

p roducts a re k nown a s A rretine w are . A rretine w are i s v ery r are i n B ritain b ecause t he i ndustry h ad v irtually d ied o ut b y t he i nvasion . B y c ontrast o nce t he F lavian r econstruction o f L ondon w as u nderway a fter t he B oudiccan R evolt s amian f rom S outh G aul i n L ondon b ecomes c ommonplace . A s f orms .

m entioned U p

u ntil

a bove c .

S outh

A D85

t he

G aul

p roduced

a ll

D r . 2 9 f orm w as - 1 4 -

t he t he

c ommon c ommonest

d ecorated ( fig .2),

t hereafter

t he

D r .

3 7

f orm

( fig .3),

f irst

i ntroduced

a round

A D70 ,

r eplaces t he D r . 2 9 p ermanently w ith a n o ccasional r evival. T he m ost o bvious d ifference a part f rom t he s hape i s t hat t he D r . 2 9 n ever b ears o volos , r ather t he r im i s a lways r ouletted . T he D ächelette 6 7 a nd K norr 7 8 f orms w ere o nly m ade i n S outh G aul ( fig .2). T hey a re r arely f ound . T he D r . 3 0 f orm ( fig .2) w as a lways a m inority p roduct b ut i t c ontinued t o b e m ade a longside t he D r . 3 7 f or t he r emaining p eriod o f s amian m anufacture b ut n ever a t a h igher r ate t han a bout 1 i n 5 0 . R egardless

o f

f orm t he

f irst

c entury p roducts o f

S outh G aul

s hare

s ome o f t heir c hief c haracteristics . T he d ecoration i s o ften z onal, c ontaining w inding s crolls o r f ree-style o r s mall p anels i n t hese s eaparate z ones . T he c arinated p rofile o f t he D r . 2 9 f orm l ends i tself p articularly w ell t o z onal l ay-outs ( see p late S GI a nd f ig .2 f or C laudian-Neronian a nd F lavian t ypes). T he e arlier D r . 3 7s m atched t his ( pl. S GIII n o .37 a nd f ig .2) b ut l ater v essels m ade u se o f t he f ull f ield w ith l arge p anels ( pl. S GIII n o . 4 0 a nd f ig .2). I nanimate m otifs c an b e e xceptionally w ell m ade a s s ome o f t he B LP p ieces s how . T he a nimate m otifs , e specially h umans , a re g enerally r emarkable f or t heir l ack o f r esemblance t o r eality ( pl. S GV n o . 6 1). I n f act t he a ppearance o f a nimate o bjects d oes n ot o ccur i n q uantity u ntil t he F lavian p eriod . U p t o t hat p oint w inding s crolls w ere t he f avourite s tyle . I t i s a lmost i mpossible t o a ssign S outh G aulish v essels t o p articular w orkshops . A b rief g lance t hrough p ublished s amian r eports w ill s how t hat t he s pecialist i s v irtually c onfined t o q uoting p arallels f or t he d ifferent m otifs w here t hey o ccur o n s tamped b owls . T he s tamp c oncerned i s u sually a b owl f inisher 's s tamp f rom t he b ase a nd t hey a re r arely f ound a long w ith e nough o f t he b owl t o d raw c onclusions . N ot a s ingle s tamp f rom a S outh G aulish d ecorated b owl w as f ound a t B LP . T here s eems t o b e l ittle c onsistency a bout w hich n ames a re a ssociated w ith w hich m otifs . A ll t he d etails s eem t o h ave b een

t he

s ubject

o f

c onsiderable

i nterchange

b etween

m ould-makers .

H owever t he n ub o f t he p roblem i s o ur l ack o f u nderstanding b ecause w hile m any b owl-finishers ' n ames a re k nown , o nly a f ew w orkshop o wners a nd m ould-makers h ave e merged f rom a nonymity a nd p ractically n othing i s k nown a bout o rganisation i n o r amongst t he w orkshops . A f ew a re r eadily i dentifiable , s uch a s G ermanus w hose s tyle i s d istinctive a nd h e

r egularly

s tamped

h is

m oulds ,

b ut

n othing

c ertainly

b y

h im

w as

f ound a t B LP .

Q entral G aul B y a bout t he b eginning o f t he s econd c entury t he S outh G aulish i ndustry w as i n a s ufficient s tate o f c ollapse ( the r easons f or w hich a re u nknown) f or s amian i ndustries e lsewhere t o f ill t he g ap . C entral G aul i s t he n ame f or t he T hese w ere p rincipally

a rea L es

w here t he m ost s uccessful c entres w ere . M artres-de-Veyre u ntil c . A D125 a nd

t herefater L ezoux w hich d ominated s amian o utput u ntil t he e nd o f t he s econd c entury w hen i ts i ndustry a bruptly c ollapsed , a gain f or u nknown r easons . •T he C entral ( ; aulish p otters , n ot s urprisingly , b orrowed m uch f rom S outh G aul. T h IR i ncluded t he b asic b owl f orms o f D r . 3 7 ( fig .3) a nd 3 0 , n o .

e ven t he a bandoned D r . 2 9 f orm w as b riefly r evived ( e .g p l. C GIII 3 2). D ecora tive f eatures a re e ssentially s imilar . T he o volo i s - 1 5 -

MAP 3

P RINCIPAL S AMIAN P RODUCING C ENTRES I N G AUL S outh G aul

E ast G aul

M L G

L v L M B i R T

M ontans L a G raufesenque

C entral G aul L NdV

L es M artres-de-Veyre. L ezoux

L avoye ( Argonne) L a M adelaine B lickweiler R heinzabern T rier

a lmost

a lways

t here

b ut

i n

i ncreasing

v ariety .

T he

t ightly

p acked

w reath a t t he b ottom o f t he d ecoration i s c ommon f or n ost o f t he f irst h alf o f t he s econd c entury , a lso i n i ncreasing v ariety . P anel d ecoration r emained p opular b ut z onal d ecoration b ecomes l ess p opular . T he e laborate w inding s crolls a nd f ree-style s cenes o wed m uch t o S outh G aulish p otters . S ometimes t he b oar o n p l. C GV n o . 4 3 . B ut

t he

w orkshops

o f

m otifs

C entral

a re

G aul

p recisely

a re

f ar

c opied ,

b etter

f or

e xample

u nderstood t han

t hose o f S outh G aul. T he s tyles a re m ore d istinct a nd i ndividual a nd i n m ost c ases c an b e c onfidently a ttributed t o w orkshops . T his i s b ecause s tyles a re f airly c onsistent a nd n ame s tamps a re r elatively c ommon . S ome a nonymous m ould-makers a re r ecognisable p urely b ecause o f s tyle s uch a s t he s o-called " X-2" t he R osette" ( pl. C GII n os . 1 1-13). T his

i s

p articularly

t rue

o f

( pl.

t he

C GI n o .

T raJanic

2 )

o r t he " Potter o f

p eriod

( c .

A D100-120)

w hen t he m ain c entre w as a t L es M artres-de-Veyre . T he s mall g roup o f w orkshops h ere r arely i dentify t hemselves . T heir s tyles m ark o ut t heir s eparate i dentities b ut w hat t he q uestion . S ometimes t he s tyles a re s o i ndistinguishable .

i dentities w ere i s a nother c lose t hey a re e ffectively

W ere t hey a ll w orkers i n o ne p ottery? o r w ere t hey

i ndependent o perations? T hey w orked c losely t ogether e nough t o s hare k iln l oads a s w aster p iles f used t ogether s how . R ates o f o utput d iffered , f or e xample D rusus I 's b owls a re f ar m ore c ommon t han X -2 's , w hich s uggests i ndependence . T he T raianic p otters a re n otable f or t heir e xuberant s tyles . S ometimes t his r esults i n e nergetically c luttered s cenes ( fig . C b ased o n p l. C GI n o . 6 b y D rusus I ). C haracteristic f eatures a re d elicacy o f m otifs a nd n eatly e xecuted b orders . T he " Potter o f t he R osette" p roduced e specially e legant f igures ( pl. C GII n o . 1 1) w hile t he s tyles a ssociated w ith I oenalis a nd D onnaucus c an b e p articularly a ttractive ( pl. C GIII n os . 2 7 & 2 8). I t i s p ossible t hat B LP r eflects m arket f orces . T here i s v ery l ittle , i f a ny , o f t he s ub-standard p roducts o f S outh G aul amongst t he f inds p roduced d uring t he l ast d ecade w hen S outh G aul h ad a ny e xport s ignificance f rom a bout A D100-110 . I nstead t he f ar s uperior o utput o f L es M artres-de-Veyre o f t he p eriod a ppears , a nd i n q uantity . W hoever s hipped s amian t o B LP w as a pparently d iscerning . I n t he H adrianic p eriod a nd l ater t he m ould-makers o f C entral G aul g enerally c ease t o b e a nonymous . N ames i n t he d ecoration a re c ommon e nough f or t he d istinctive s tyles o f t he p eriod t o b e a ttached t o t hose n ames . A s herd w ithout a n ame-stamp c an b e a ttributed w ith s ome c onfidence t o a w orkshop t hrough r eference t o " signed s herds". A n umber o ccurred a t B LP , f or e xample p l. C GIII n o . 3 4 " Butrio", P l. C GIV n o . 4 2 " Paterclus", p l. C GXIII n o . 1 03 " Cinnamus", p l. C GXIV n os . 1 12 " Belinicus"(?)and 1 15 " Servus", a nd p l. C GXV n o . 1 20 " Paternus". A n e conomy o f e ffort s eems t o h ave b een p ractised i n t he C entral G aulish p otteries a s t he s econd c entury w ore o n . T he u se o f w orn m oulds w idely

i s r elatively c ommon s paced o ut ( see f ig .

a nd t he m otifs b ecome l arger a nd m ore 3 , b y C asurius). M oulds a re m ade o f

c oarser c lay r evealing t hemselves i n t he r ough s urface o f s ome b owls . S tandardised l ay-outs a nd d ull d esigns l ike p l. C GXIII n o . 1 06 b y C innamus T raJanic

a re n ormal a nd i n m arked c ontrast t o t he p eriod . T he b asal w reath , d ifficult t o - 1 7 -

p roducts o f t he s ee a nyway , i s

d ispensed w ith . l ines . I t s eems d emand k illed o ff b e i nspiring , f or

a t

C hunky b ead-rows r eplace d elicate b ead-rows a nd w avy t hat d ominace o f t he m arket a nd t he n eed t o s atisfy c reative s pirit t hough s ome l ater e xamples c an s till e xample p l. C GXI n o . 9 6 b y D oeccus .

W hy t he C entral G aulish p otteries a bruptly c eased t o p roduce s amian t he e nd o f t he s econd c entury i s u nknown . I t h as b een s uggested

t hat t he c ivil w ar a t t he t ime w as r esponsible b ecause o ne o f t he m ost d ecisive b attles t ook p lace a t n earby L yons b etween t he w ould-be emperors S eptimius S everus a nd t he B ritish g overnor C lodius A lbinus . P roperty c onfiscations b y t he s uccessful S everus a re p ossible m eans b y w hich t he i ndustry c ollapsed . E ast G eul

E ast G aul i s p erhaps t he m ost p roblematic a rea t o d eal w ith . T he c entres a re w idely d ispersed , m ostly i n t he r egion b etween t he M oselle a nd t he R hine s uch a s T rier a nd R heinzabern , b ut W esterndorf i s f ar f urther e ast o n t he I nn , a t ributary o f t he D anube . E ast

G aulish

p roducts

a re

c omparatively r are

i n B ritain a nd t here

a re t hus f ew i llustrated e xamples i n B ritish p ublished r eports . T hey a re l ess w ell s tudied l argely b ecause t hey b elong t o t he l ater s econd c entury a nd e arly t hird c entury . T hey c annot b e s o s atisfactorily a ssociated w ith k nown a nd d ated m ilitary e vents o n t he B ritish n orthern f rontier , s o c rucial t o t he s tudy o f S outh a nd C entral G aulish s amian . N ame-stamps t hough a re f airly c ommon a nd i t h as p roved p ossible t o a t l east s eparate s tyles , e specially o f p otters a t R heinzabern , i n m uch t he s ane w ay a s w ith C entral G aul. E ast

G aulish

s amian

i s

l argely

r emarkable

f or

i ts

l ack

o f

o riginality a nd c lumsy d esign . C entral G aulish i nfluence i s o bvious i n t he b asic f ramework o f d esigns o n b owls f rom R heinzabern a nd L a M adelaine . S ome p otters c ertainly l eft L ezoux a nd t hen t urned u p a t s tyle a re k nown , t hough c uriously h e m oulds o nce i n E ast G aul . L ack o f

m igrated f or e xample A ustrus w ho B lickweiler w here m oulds i n h is s eems t o h ave c eased s igning h is a b order b eneath t he o volos i s a

c ommon f eature f or E ast G aulish p roducts a nd t here w as i n a n i ncreasing t endency t o r ely o n f ewer m otifs t o f ill u p t he d ecorated a rea . E ast G aulish s amian s urvived w ell t he r easons m entioned a bove i s v ery S tandards s teadily d eclined t o t he

i nto t he t hird c entury b ut f or d ifficult t o d ate a ccurately . e xtent t hat b owls m ight b e

d ecorated w ith a s ingle m otif l ike t he w avy l ines o n p l.

E GIII n o .

2 3 .

I n f act t he i ncidence o f E ast G aulish p roducts a t B LP i s c omparatively h igh . T his p resumably r eflects t he e asy a ccess f rom t he R hine t o t he T hames . H owever B LP i s a l ong p eriod s ite a nd i t m ay b e m erely t hat t he s urvival o f t races o f a l ong-term t rickle o f E ast G aulish i mports i s r esponsible . E ast G aulish s amian s eems t o h ave c ontinued t o a ppear w ell i nto t he f irst h alf o f t he t hird c entury .

- 1 8 -

3 ,C

F abrics

F abric d escriptions a re s o s ub jective t hat t hey a re o f v alue . T here i s n o s ubstitute f or h andling t he m aterial. b rief d escriptions a re o ffered b elow .

I t

d oubtful H owever

1 ) S outh G aul. F lavian S outh G aulish s amian f looded i nto B ritain . i s c ommonly f ound o n s ites o f t he p eriod , m uch m ore s o t han

N eronian ,

a nd

e specially

C laudian ,

s amian .

F lavian

S outh

G aulish

f abric i s r ed-pink w ith w ith c onspicuous l ittle y ellow-white f lecks , w hile e arlier p roducts h ave w hite f lecks . T he s lip i s s hiny a nd h ard , a lmost g lassy , i n t he N eronian p hase b ut s teadily d ulls t o a m att , a nd r ough f inish b y t he e nd o f t he f irst c entury . 2 ) G aulish

C entral G aul. s herd a nd t he

P lace a C entral G aulish s herd b eside a S outh f ormer w ill a lmost i nvariably a ppear t o h ave a

r elatively o range s lip , t he l atter a r elatively r ed s lip . C entral G aulish f abric i s o range . A t L es M artres-de-Veyre t he o range i s smooth a nd o bvious w hile L ezoux f abric i s n otably c oarser a nd t he o range p aler , t ending t o a f aint b rowny-orange . 3 )

E ast

G aul.

F abric

i s

d ifficult

b ecause ,

a s

h as a lready

b een

m entioned , t he c entres a re s o d ispersed . H owever R heinzabern w are i s t he m ost c ommonly f ound s o t his w ill b e d escribed . S lip i s r elatively d ark , b ut t ends t o t he b rown r ather t han r ed , a nd i s o ften p atchy i n i ts a pplication . I t s eems t o b e m ore p rone t o s urface s cratches r evealing t he f abric b elow . F abric i s s im ilar a t f irst s ight t o t hat o f L es M artres-de-Veyre b ut i s p aler , b eing m ore o f a y ellow-orange . T he m att s lip i s i n a ny c ase c onspicuously d ifferent f rom t he L es M artres g loss . T he i nside o f R heinzabern b owls o ften h ave h orizontal r ibbing c aused b y t he b owl b eing s moothed i nto t he m ould w ith t emplates a s i t t urned o n a w heel. N .B . I t i s w orth n oting t hat s oil c onditions c an h ave a n a dverse e ffect o n s amian , n ot a p roblem a t B LP . C entral G aulish w are i s m ore r esistant t o a cid s oils , t he n orm i n B ritain , t han e ither S outh G aulish o r E ast G aulish s amian . I n p oor c onditions t he s lip c an b e e ntirely r emoved a nd t he " feel" o f t he f abric d eceptively a ltered .

- 1 9 -

p ' 1 1 1 1 1 3 0 1: 1 1 1 1 1

1 ) , I ) 11 7 1 / " / 1 1 1 1 1 1 , 1 7 12 1 1 1 1 2 ,1 1 , 1 7

C LAUD IAN

F LAV IAN

FORM 2 9

FORM 3 0

F ORM 6 7

f i g2

F ORM 7 8

D ECORATED S AM I AN FORMS 2 9 , 3 0 ,67 & 7 8( h , 2 3 )

S ERVUS I o r P ATERNUS i v

f i g3

D ECORATED S AM IAN F ORM 3 7( 1 / 2)

S ECTION 4 , 4 .A ,

T HE D ECORATED S AMIAN

The n ature o f t he e vidence D ecorated

s amian w are

w as

t he

m ost

c ommon

f ind a t

B LP

a fter p lain

s amian . T he m aterial r ecovered r epresents a ll t he m ain d ecorated f orms f rom a lmost a ll p eriods a nd a lmost a ll m anufacturing c entres i n G aul. A m inimum n umber o f 5 89 d ecorated v essels h ave b een r ecorded f or t he p urposes o f t his w ork . I t

i s

a bsolutely

c ertain

t hat

t he

a ctual

n umber

o f

v essels

o riginally d ispersed i n t he s poil w as v ery m uch h igher . A g reat d eal w as s old i n s treet m arkets a nd m uch w as r etained b y m etal d etector u sers w ho w ere m ore c oncerned w ith r ecovering c oins . A s ignificant p roportion o f t he m aterial r ecorded h ere w as g iven t o t he a uthor b y a s ingle m etal d etector u ser w ho h ad g athered i t w ithin a v ery f ew w eeks o f t he i nitial d eposition o f t he s poil. A s l ate a s J uly 1 986 , t hirty m onths a fter t he d umping , i t w as s till p ossible t o r ecover s ignificant d ecorated s herds T he

m ajority

b eing u nused . p laced

w here

b ottom

o f

u ntil

( for e xample E G26).

t he

t he

u sed

s herds

o f

t he

b ase

b owl

B LP

u nits t his

f rom t he

r ims

o f

t he

i s c lear

a b owl

b elow .

w hereupon

a nd

d ecorated s amian a t

O n b asal

t he

T he g rit

l ack

o f

i n

a k iln

l ower

w ore

s tack

v essel

o ff.

s cratches

h ad t he w ould

r est

r emoval

o f

s urvive

a s

s herds ,

C G15 ,

i s a s

t he

p airs

s poil

o f

h ad

s herds ,

d ispersed

f or

a nd o ne a s s ix s herds ,

g rit

t he

m ajority

o f

b ody

t his .

h eavy

N onetheless

a brasions

b roken

C G45 ,

C G101 .

t he

t he

O n

t he

e xample

o n

r etain

o r

I n g eneral t he s herd s ize w as n ot g reat a nd r elatively l arge enough t o e nable t he o riginal b owl t o b e r econstructed . t he

o f

g rit

w ould

s upported

f ew w ere o bviously e ither u sed , b earing h oles , o r a t l east h ad s uffered b urning .

a ppearance

p resence o f

6 8 ,

f ew a re C learly

v essels . 8 2,

o ne

a

r ivet

A f ew a s

t hree

E ven s o s amian d ecoration

d istinct e nough t o m ake i t f airly c ertain t hat t he s herds c ounted t he s ole s urviving r epresentatives o f t he b owls f rom w hich t hey

c ame a re

4 ,B

i ndeed t hat .

I nterpreting t he _ decorated s amian C learly

u nder

t he

c ircumstances

H owever . . i t c an s afely b e b owls

i s

a s ubstantial

s aid t hat

t his

i s

n ot

t his g roup o f

a ssemblage

c ollected

s traightforward .

5 89 d ecorated s amian

r andom ly

f rom

a s ingle

i t

f its

i nto

e xamination

i nto

L ondon 's

r iverfront s ite i n L ondon . T he p attern s amian

b est s upply

d evelopment s hows s ome T he

w ay

t o

u se

i dentified a nd

b y i ts

( Marsh

t he

m aterial

G eoff

M arsh

r elationship

1 981).

T he

B LP

i s

i n

t o

h is

t o

s ee

t he

h ow

G allic

m aterial

s amian

b roadly

t he

i ndustry 's

c orresponds

b ut

i nteresting d eviations .

n umber

o f

b owls

r epresented

h as

b een c ounted

b y

a dding u p

t he

d ecorated s herds w hich a re c learly f rom d ifferent b owls . T his i s r elatively e asy b ecause d esigns a nd m inor v ariations i n s lip c olour o r t exture

m ake

t his

c lear .

e etinate s herds w hich a re b een

c ounted .

T his

T o n ot

i ncludes

m ake

s ure

t he

f igure

i s

n ot

a n

o ver-

d emonstrably f rom o ther v essels h ave n ot a ll

r im

- 2 2 -

s herds ,

a ll

s herds

w hich c arry

o nly a nd

o volos , a ll

a ll

b ase

s herds

u nits

f rom

w hich

t he

b ear

s herds d emonstrably f rom t he i s

i n

d oubt

i s

n ot

v ery n o

s ane

c ounted .

l owest

p art

d ecoration .

b owl

c ount

T hus 5 89

i s

o f

t he

P airs

a s o ne .

t he

d ecoration

( or

m ore)

o f

A ny s herd w hich

v ery m inimum i .e .

t here

w ere n ot l ess t han t his n umber . I n o rder t o m atch M arsh 's f igures v essels h ave b een c ounted i nto d ecades . T his m eans t hat o ne v essel d ated A D120-140 c ontributes 0 .5 v essels f or e ach o f t he t wo d ecades i nvolved , a nd s o o n . T he p oint o f M arsh 's s tudy w as t o a nalyse t he h uge c ollection o f d ecorated s amian i n t he M useum o f L ondon t o s ee h ow s amian s upply h ad f luctuated d uring t he o f

t he

c ollection

p eriod .

a nd

B ritain w ould m ake t he t o s outh-east B ritain . M arsh 's i s

f ar

s ources o f

s ample

smaller o f

t he

s ample

i nvolved

- a t

5 89

s amian

i s

p re-eminent

a t

l east

1 2,978

v essels

r ole

a s

i ndicative

d ecorated o nly

t he

o f

n ow i nterpreted a s t he

r e m ains o f

a b urnt

s ize R oman

o f

s upply

T he

B LP

s ample

H owever

T he R egis H ouse d eposit

i n

r ates

v essels .

4 . 5% .

s heer

a p ort

o nly

t wo

i n M arsh 's g roup e xceed t he B LP t otal:

E ngland a nd R egis H ouse .

a nd

T he a ssumption w as t hat

L ondon 's

k nown

t he

B ank

i s h ighly u nusual

w arehouse

c ontaining

a lmost e xclusively T rajanic s amian f rom L es M artres-de-Veyre . F or t he p urposes o f M arsh 's s urvey R egis H ouse w as r emoved a s i t w as q uite r easonably s een a s a d istorting i nfluence . T his l eaves t he 2 ,653 v essels r epresented a t t he B ank a s t he o nly p rovenanced ( within L ondon)

g roup t o e xceed B LP 's t otal.

I t i s r easonable t hen t o t reat B LP a s a g roup w orthy o f c omparison w ith t he M arsh t otal. T his i s s upported b y t he f act t hat a lmost a ll p eriods a nd s ources a re r epresented a t B LP . T he B LP t otals t abulated b elow a re d ivided i nto S outh G aul, C entral G aul a nd E ast G aul. A n a ttempt h as a lso b een m ade t o d istinguish n ew v essels , o r a t l east t hose w hich h ave c ertainly b een u sed . s ubjective

s o

a lthough

t he

f igures

T his l atter e lement a re

i ncluded

i s s omewhat

t he

d iscussion

h ave

i s

b ased o n t he t otals . S outh G aul T hose

f amiliar

i ntroductory

s ection

w ith o n

t he

t he

s ubject

a nd

t hose

w ho

o f

s amian

w ill

m anufacture

r ead

t he

k now t hat

f or

S outh G aul i t i s n ot p ossible t o s atisfactorily i dentify t he p roducts o f s eparate w orkshops . S outh G aul's f igures h ere h ave b een d ivided i nto f our d ate b ands , v essel f orm a nd n ew a nd o ld . T he f irst f act b e r emarked u pon i s t hat t he o fficial e xcavation a t B LP a nd t hat

t o a t

n earby N ew F resh W harf p roduced p ractically n o S outh G aulish s amian . T his w as b ecause t he e xcavation w as c oncerned w ith t he t hird c entury w harf. T he b ulk o f t he f irst a nd s econd c entury p ottery w hich t urned u p

i n

t he

d umps

b ed i n f ront

, i ncluding s amian ,

s eems t o h ave

c one

f rom t he r iver

o f t he q uay .

T he B LP s amian r eflects t he L ondon p attern o f a p eak i n t he F lavian p eriod ,

b etween

a bout

b elongs t o t his p hase . S outh

A D70-85 . W hile

M ore

G aulish

e xports

i s

f airly

e ven

p ossibly

b elongs

t o

t he

p eriod

A D60

( SG1,

1 2

f or

e xample),

2 ,

C laudian o nly .

3 ,

1 0 ,

t han

h alf

o f

t he

B LP

t otal

t he t ail-off t o t he e nd o f t he p eriod o f g radual

t here

b efore a nd

i s

t he n one

v ery

l ittle

B oudiccan w hich

i s

W hatever a ctivity w as g oing o n i n t he a rea , - 2 3 -

w hich

R evolt

o f

c ertainly t he s amian

e vidence i s t hat t his a rea o f a fter t he R evolt w as c rushed . T ABLE 1 L

t he

r iverfront

o nly

r eally

c ame

a live

_ S outh G aulish Potters a t B LP

B OWL F ORMS D r . 2 9

DATE 5 5-70

N EW _ ( %)

O LD

2 2(10 .5) 4 7(22 .0)

T OTAL

( %)

1 9

2 3(10 .0) 5 6(24 .0)

D r . D r .

2 9 3 7

7 0-85 7 0-85

6 2(29 .0)

4

6 6(28 .5)

D r .

3 7

8 5-100+

6 3(29 .5)

7

7 0(30 ,0)

D r .

3 0

7 0-100

6 ( 3 ,0)

6 ( 2 .5)

D .

6 7

7 0-100

5 ( 2 .5)

5 ( 2.0)

K n .

7 8

7 0-100

9 ( 4.0)

9 ( 4 .0)

2 14

( %New )

2 1

2 35

( %Total)

N EW S CRUB G AULISH V ESSELS P ER D ECADE o tAD55 -c LAD10 .9

5 e o D r . D r .

2 9 3 7

6 0-70

7 0-80

8 0-90

9 0-100

1 5

3 2 4 0

1 5 4 4

4 1

7

O thers

Q

T OTAL* ( * f igure

8

6

7 (1,2%) 1 5(2.6) 7 8(13 ,3) 6 7(11.4) 4 7(8 ,0) i n b rackets d enotes % o f a ll d ecorated v essels )

T OTAL S OUTH G AULISH V ESSELS P ER D ECADE c , AD55-100 5 5-G0 D r .

2 9

D r .

3 7

6 0-70

7 0-8 0

8 0-90

1 6

3 8

1 8

4 3

4 8

7

O thers

G aul

m ost

r emarkable

f rom B LP

i s t hat

a ll t he s herd .

k nown S ome

p reviously p eriod

o f

G

7 (1 .2) 1 6(2,7) 8 8(15 .0) 7 4(12 ,6) 5 0(8 ,5) i n b rackets d enotes % o f a ll d ecorated v essels)

C entral T he

4 4

8

6

T OTAL* ( * f igure

9 0-100

f eature

r eads

l ike

o f

t he

C entral

a " who 's w ho"

G aulish

o f

t he

s amian

i ndustry .

w orkshops a re r epresented , e ven i f o nly b y v ery r are p otters a re p resent, a nd e ven

k nown t he

i t

t o

C entral

h ave

m anufactured

G aulish

d ecorated

i ndustry 's o utput

s amian . i n t he

g roup A lmost

a s ingle

o ne

T he

n ot

e ntire

s econd c entury

i s r epresented . T his

f act

s upports

t he

r eflecting R oman a ctivity a t c oincidence ,

i f

o f t he e vidence .

s uch

v iew B LP .

a t extbook

t hat

t his

i s

a t rue

I t w ould b e v ery o dd , c ollection

w as

a ctually

r andom

s ample

a nd a s trange a d istortion

T ABLE 2 .

C entral G aulish P otters a t BU

W ORKSHOP X -1

DATE 1 00-120

X -2 U nassigned T rajanic D RUSUS I I GOCATUS " ROSETTE" X -11/X-12 ( IOENALIS) X -9/X-10 ( M-R-S)

1 00-120 1 00-125 1 00-125 1 00-125 1 00-125 1 00-125 1 00-130

NEW ( 1) 1 ( 0 .5) 5 ( 2 .5) 1 0 ( 5 .0) 2 0(10 .0) 3 ( 1 .5) 4 ( 2 .0) 5 ( 2 .5)

U SED

1 0 3 2 2 1

T OTAL 1 5 2 0 2 3 5 4 7 9 1 1 5

( %) ( 0 .5) ( 1 .5) ( 6 .5) ( 8 .0) ( 1 .5) ( 1 .5) ( 2 .5) ( 3 .0) ( 0 .5) ( 5 .5)

1 6 5 3 3

( 6 .0) ( 1 .5) ( 1 .0) ( 1 .0)

X -5 o r R ANTO 1 00-130 X -13/X-14 ( DONNAUCUS)100-130

8 ( 4 .0) 1 ( 0 .5) 1 5 ( 7 .0)

U nassigned H adrianic B UTRIO A CAUNISSA G EMINUS I II

1 20-140 1 20-140 1 25-145 1 25-145

1 6 5 2 3

X -5 Q UINTILIANUS G ROUP S ACER-ATTIANUS

1 25-145 1 25-150 1 25-150

2 ( 1.0) 1 4 ( 6 .5)

1

3 ( 1 .0) 1 4 ( 5 .0)

1 2

3

1 5

S OLINUS

1 25-150 1 25-150 1 30-150 1 30-160 1 30-160 1 30-160 1 30-160

( 7)

A USTRUS X -6 C ONDOLLUS D OCILIS L AXTUCISSA C RICIRO B ELINICUS S ISSVS I I C ETTUS P ATERNUS i v A TILIANUS U nassigned A ntonine D IVIXTUS P UGNUS C INNAMUS G ROUP A DVOCISUS A LBUCIUS T ETTURU P ATERNUS I I G ROUP I ULLINUS M ERCATOR I I

1 35-155 1 35-165 1 35-165 1 35-170 1 40-180 1 40-190 1 45-170 1 45-175 1 45-180 1 50-180 1 50-180 1 50-200 1 60-190 1 60-190 1 60-190

S ERVUS I V C ASURIUS

1 60-195 1 65-200

B ANUUS D OECCUS

1 65-200 1 65-200

T OTALS

I

3 6 1 3

( 7 .5) ( 2 .5) ( 1.0) ( 1.5)

( 6 .0) ( 1 .5) ( 3 .0) ( 0 .5) ( 1.5)

1 ( 0 .5) 1 ( 0 .5) 1 ( 0 .5)

1

1 1 1 1 1

4 1 1 0 1

1 1

( 5 .0)

2 ( 1.0) 1 ( 0 .5) 6 5 1 1

( 3 .0) ( 2 .5) ( 0 .5) ( 0 .5)

3 ( 1 .5) 1 ( 0 .5) 3 ( 1.5)

2 12

( 7 ,New )

- 2 5 -

( 0 .5) ( 1 .5) ( 2 .5) ( 0 .5) ( 1 .5) ( 0 .5) ( 0 .5)

1 ( 0 .5) 1 ( 0 .5)

1 ( 0 .5) 2 ( 1 .0) 1 ( 0 .5) 3 1(14 .5) 1 ( 0 .5)

1 4 7 1 4 1 2

( 5 .5)

1 5 1 1 1 5

2 1 7

8 6

4 ( 1 .5) 3 ( 1 .0) 1 ( 0 .5) 4 1(14 .0) 1 ( 0 .5) 1 ( 0 .5) 2 6 3 1 1 7 1 0 1 1 3

( 9 .0) ( 1 .0) ( 0 .5) ( 0 .5) ( 2 .5) ( 3 .0) ( 0 .5) ( 0 .5) ( 1 .0)

3 ( 1 .0) 2 0 ( 7 .0)

2 98

( %)

T he e xpected D rusus a nd

c onventionally

i n

t he

I ( S & S '

t he

X -3),

c ommon

n umbers .

S acer - A ttianus-Criciro

G aulish

w orkshops

I n

t he

a ppear

T raianic

a s

m ight

b e

t his

i s

p eriod

i n t he H adrianic p eriod t he Q uintilianus G roup ,

C innamus , and i n t he D rusus I a nd C innamus C entral

m ost

g reatest

G roup ,

i n

t he

m id-Antonine

p eriod

l ate A ntonine p eriod D oeccus a nd I ullinus . d ominate, a t 8 % a nd 9 % r espectively o f t he

t otal,

w ith

D oeccus

c lose

b ehind

a t

7 % .

T he

a ctual

n umbers a re n ot v ery g reat, 2 6 v essels b y t he C innamus g roup f or i nstance, y et m any r are w orkshops a re r epresented b y a t l east a s ingle s herd

s uch

a s

t he

X -1

w orkshop

o r

s herd b y C innamus w as r ecovered S ervus I V , a nd B elinicus . T he

w hole C entral

A ntonine

p eriod .

S ervus

b ut

I V .

s everal

G aulish g roup p eaks

T his

i s

t he

e xactly o pposite t o M arsh 's

f act

m ost

O nly r are

i n t he

w orthy

l ate

o f

f igures f or L ondon .

a s ingle

o nes

a lso :

s igned B utrio ,

H adrianic-early

n ote

b ecause

i t

i s

T here a re a n umber o f

p ossibilities t o e xplain t his a nd t hey a re o utlined b elow .

T ABLE 3 ,

A TTRIBUTED C ENTRAL G AULISH V ESSELS PER D ECADE A D1Q0720( )

1 00-110 3 5

1 10-120

( 5 .9)

1 50-160

2 4

3 5

( 5 .9)

1 60-170

4 . 1)

3 1

( *figure

1 20-130 4 0

1 30-140

( 6 .8)

1 70-180

( 5 ,3)

3 0

( 5 ,1)

3 3

1 40-150

( 5 .6)

4 0

1 80-190

2 2

( 6 .8)

1 90-200

( 3,7)

8 ( 1,4)

i n b rackets d enotes % o f a ll d ecorated v essels)

E ast G aul T he p roducts f rom E ast G aul a re t he h ardest t o c omment o n b ecause t hey a re s o d ifficult t o d ate a nd b ecause t he n umbers a s a p roportion o f t his g roup r epresent 9 . 5% L ondon

a s

a w hole.

r epresented ,

T he

a re r elatively s mall. H owever o f t he t otal, m ore t han d ouble

e ven i f

t otal

c omparison

M ost

L es

t he

p rincipal

c entres

o f

p roduction

a re

o nly b y a c ouple o f s herds .

f igures

( LM=

o f

a t 5 6 v essels t hey M arsh 's f igures f or

a re

t abulated

M artres-de-Veyre ,

b elow L =

w ith

L ezoux),

M arsh 's s ee

f igures

f or

a lso

f igure

( LM 1 ,643

1 3 .8%)

( L

1 6 .4%)

f or t hese r esults i n g raph f orm : T ABLE 4 ,

T otal S amian f igures f or B LP a nd L ondon B LP

S G C G

2 35 2 98

M ARSH 4 0 .0% 5 0 .5%

( LM 8 6

1 4 .6%)

7 , 827 3 , 584

6 6 .0% 3 0 .2%

( L 2 11 3 5 .9%) E G

5 t 5 89

9 _ t 5I

4 53 1 1.864 - 2 6 -

3 , 8%

1 ,941

4

4 ,C

I mplications

T here a re a n umber o f p ossibilities B LP 's f igures f rom M arsh 's : 1 )

T he

p articular

f igures s ite

r epresent

a nd

i ts

t he

l ocalised

t o

e xplain

v agaries

o f

t he

s amian

c haracteristics .

d ivergence

a rrival T his

i s

o f

a t

t his

a nd

w ill

a lways r emain t he m ost l ikely e xplanation . T he s ingle m ost o bvious f eature o f t he f igures i s t he v astly d iffering p roportions f or B LP a nd L ondon b etween F or L ondon i n

S outh a nd C entral G aulish m aterial ( Table 4 a bove). g eneral a t wo-thirds p roportion o f S outh G aulish

m aterial

c ontrasts w ith o nly 4 0% a t

i s t o b e

f ound i n t he

N eronian .

I n

s amian

c oncerned

w as

o ther

B LP .

T he

w ords

B LP

w as

f or

p art

o f

o nly

t his e arlier p hase o ne c onventional p roportion . i s

l ess

e asy

m ight

t o

p eriod

i n

t he

w hich

a s

S outh

f ar

a s

G aulish

w ith o ther e vidence f or H ad B LP b een a ctive i n

r easonably

e xplain

l ikely e xplanation

a t B LP a nd v ery l ittle

c ommercially a ctive

t he

m aterial w as e ntering L ondon . T his f its d evelopment o f t he w aterfront ( Milne 1 985).

I t

m ost

l ack o f C laudian m aterial

h ave

e xpected

d ivergence

o f

a

C entral

m ore

G aulish

m aterial f rom t he n orm f or L ondon . M arsh 's f igures s how a d istinct H adrianic-early A ntonine d ip , B LP e xactly t he o pposite . A t t he p oint o f

M arsh 's

p eak

o f

A ntonine

i ts

p eak ,

o wn .

p eculiarity o f

I t

B LP m ay

t he w harfs

d rops w ell

o nly

b e

t o

i n t his a rea .

p erhaps a s amian m erchant

e arly

p eriod .

c oncluded b e

t hat

T his

a l ocal

f orthcoming .

i s

d ivergence

m oving

w holly

p eculiarity

T he

t his

a l ater n o

c ause

o f

s uch

A ntonine

m ore

t han

a

i nvolve w arehouses

i n

i n t he

s peculative

i s t he i s

t o i s

T his m ight

c hanging h ands , A ntonine

r ise

t hat

H adrianic-

a nd

i f

i t

i s

n o c ertain r eason c an

a n ature

a s

t o

s uggest

a lternative e xplanations a nd t hese a re o utlined b elow . 2 ) L ondon , s ite i s

T he s amian r epresents p ossible t rue r ates o f p articularly o f t he C entral G aulish m aterial.

B LP

w as

m ostly

A D .

a c entre

f rom

G radual

B LP s ite o f

t he

t he

s amian o r

T his

h ere

i s

b y

o f

w as

t he

i ts w ay o ut t he

w as

I t

b ecause

m ajor

i t

i n

m eans

w ithin

o f

t he

p oint

i s

e ither

b roken

r e-export

m ight

a nd

r ecovered

s econd

h ere

c enturies

i t

w as

t he

b ulk

b roken

i n

w hile

i n

w arehouses

t o t raders .

t he

g roup

B ritain .

p rovince

o f

l ikely t hat t hat b ecause

q uayside

o f

d ispersal

h as n ot

b een s ubject

D uring

t he

p eriod

B ritain

w as

e xpanding .

i n

s outh-east

f or

s amian

i n

b e e xpected t hat a n i ncreasing amount w ould f ind

o f L ondon a s d emand g rew a nd ,

p opulation

s amian

f irst

l and b rought t he w harfs s outhward i nto t he

d iscarded

p art

T he

t he

b ut b efore d ispersal

s ettled

B ritain t hen i t a s

i t

i mportant

t he

L ondon

w as

b ecause

d istortion

q uestion

2 ,

a ctivity .

r iverbed

r eclamation o f

s tore a fter a rrival

I f

i mport

b y t he e arly t hird c entury .

t ransit,

t o

o f

R oman

i mport/supply t o A s a w aterfront

of L ondon

d eclined

a s h as b een n oted i n S ection i n

t he

l ater

s econd

c entury .

I t w ould n ot b e s urprising t hen i f a c ollection o f s amian f rom a ll o ver L ondon s howed a h eavy b ias t o t he f irst c entury . A w harf s ite m ight t hough , a s i n t his c ase, s how d ifferent p roportions b ecause t his f eature w ould n ot b e r elevant. A gainst

t his

i s t he

G aulish

d ominance

p eriod ,

a long

1 981

F ig .

w ith

1 1.8).

i s

f act

t hat

c ommon

a s econd M oreover

i f

t he s ample

f or

a ny

p eak

i n

d emand - 2 7 -

s ite t he w as

i s s mall

a nd t hat a S outh

o ccupied

t hroughout

m id-Antonine i ncreasing

p eriod

t hen

t he

( Marsh

w hy d id

n ot

s upply i ncrease q uestions a bout

t oo? B ut t his q uestion i nvolves m any u nanswerable t he r esponse o f t he a ncient e conomy t o s uch s timuli.

D emand m ay h ave e xisted b ut

i t

i s u nacceptable t o i nterpret a n a ncient

e conomy 's a ppropriate r esponse i n t he l ight o f m odern e conomic t heory . T he m ovement o f m oney a nd c redit w as t otally d ifferent a nd t he n umber o f

m iddlemen

i ncalculable .

i nterest i n w hat m erchant. 3 ) M arsh 's i mport

T he

p otters

m ay

h ave

h appened t o t heir b owls o nce

h ad

n o

c ontrol

o r

t hey h ad s old t hem t o a

A lternatively t he B LP g roup m ay g o s ome w ay t o e xplaining f igures . M arsh 's f igures p robably d o r epresent t rue r ates o f o r

s upply

c argoes .

I t

b ut

i s

w ith

d istortions

i nteresting

t o

n ote

i mposed

o n

t he

b y

t he

g raph

l oss

( fig .4)

o f

a f ew

t hat

B LP 's

H adrianic p eak i s m atched b y M arsh 's H adrianic d ip i n r oughly t he s ane p roportion .

L ikewise

m id-Antonine a s everely A s

w e

p eak .

d amaged

h ave

y early

i t

n o

B LP 's

T he

c argo

w ay

m id-Antonine

d ip

i s

m atched

H adrianic p eak a t B LP m ay h ave

o f

o r

s everal

k nowing

c argoes

w hether

b eing

s hipments

i s q uite f easable t o s uggest t hat

b y

M arsh 's

b een c aused b y

l argely

d iscarded .

a rrived

w eekly

o r

l oss a t t he p oint o f e ntry

c ould h ave a m arked e ffect o n t he s amian a vailable f or p urchase w ithin t he c ity w ith a c onsequent e ffect o n f igures b ased o n s amian r ecovered f rom

o ccupation

s ites .

L ikewise

s uccessfully

i mported

g roups

w ould

i ncrease t he a vailable s upply . I nterestingly a dded r ate

t o o f

t he

d ecline

f igures

w ould

c ompletely

i f

t he

g raph

m ean

( fig .4)

i n

s upply

s eparately

w rong

i t

i s

o f

M arsh 's

t he

l ine

t han

e ither

i mply . o dd

f igures a nd B LP 's

p roduced

I f

t hat

i s

M arsh 's t he

t he

a m uch f igures

t heory

l ine

i s

f igures m ore o r

o utlined

s o

n eat

i s

s teady t he

B LP

h ere

i s

a g radient.

O bviously t he s ize o f s ample a gain m ilitates a gainst t his a rgument b ut i f i t i s a t rue r andom s ample i t m ight r epresent t rue p roportions w hich r eveal 4 )

t hemselves o n t he g raph .

T he

f igures

r epresent

t he

p ure

c hance

o f

r ecovery

f rom

s cattered s poil o wn c ollection ,

h eaps . I f t his i s s o i t i s c urious t hat t he a uthor 's t hat g iven t o h im b y a m etal-detector u ser a nd t hat

m ade

t o

a vailable

g roup

a ll

h ad

p roportions . S outh G aul

h im

b y

d ecorated T he

t he

D artford

s amian

d ominance

o f

C entral

o f

t hese

a re

e ven

p artly

b asis f or t his a nd w ithout t hat

c ould

b e

s amian w ill

s aid .

h ave s ome

i nteresting

I t

i nto

G aul

w as

A rchaeological

r oughly a lways

t he

s ame

c lear ,

b ut

l ikewise .

a m atter f or d ebate . I t i s n ot t he s ite, t o b e c ertain w hether

r ight .

M arsh 's

f igures

h ave

b een

t he

t hem t here w ould h ave b een l ittle t o s ay o r

i s

v alue

v ariations

D istrict

u p

w as a lways p resent a nd E ast G aul

C leärly t hese f igures w ill r emain p ossible, g iven t he c ircumstances o f a ny

a nd

d ivided

o f

t o

b e

h oped

a s a s ingle i ts

o wn

t hat

a t

t he

v ery

l east

B LP 's

g roup f rom a s ingle s ite w ith

w orthy

o f

c omparison

w ith

o ther

s ites w ithin L ondon a nd t he p rovince o f B ritain .

M odel

f Qr s amian s upply t o L ondon

I t

s eems

w orth ,

p ossible

m odels

H owever

t he

i n

f or t he

c aveat

t he

c ontext

n umerical

t hat

a ny

o f

t his

v olume,

r ates o f s upply o f f igures

- 2 8 -

a re

w holly

t o

d iscuss

s ome

d ecorated s amian . s peculative

i s

i nevitable - t here m aterial i tself . T he a re

d ecorated

f orm D r .

a pproximately

a bout

t hese

s imply

3 7

b ut

a nd

t hey

A ssuming

a bsolutely

w ill

2 5cm w ide

f igures

c alculation .

i s

b e

cm h igh .

w ill

e vidence

u sed a s t he

1 5

a v ery

n o

s uffice

g enerous

b asis .

T here

f or

t he

p acking

b eyond

t he

T hese v essels

i s s ome

v ariation

p urposes

a llowance

o f

s imple

- a nd

t he

v essels a re s o f ragile t hat t his i s r easonable t hough i n p ractice t hey w ere p robably a bout 3 0 x 3 0 m etre ,

t ightly p acked - e ach v essel m ight o ccupy a s pace o f x 1 7cm o r a t heoretical r ate o f 6 5 .4 D r . 3 7s p er c ubic

e ach o ne

t owards

a n

o ccupying 0 .0153 o f a c ubic m etre .

u nderestimate

f or

t he

p urposes

o f

I t

i s s afer t o e rr

c alculation

b ut

b earing

i n m ind t hat t ight p acking v astly i ncreases t he p otential q uantity . T he

k ind

o f

s hips u sed

t o

t ransport

s amian

f rom t he

c ontinent

a re

u nknown . H owever t he w reck o f t he B lackfriars s hip s eems t o b e a c onvenient s tarting p oint . A s a f lat-bottomed v essel i t w as d esigned t o o perate o ver

f rom t idal

2 .1m d eep .

s hores .

T his g ives

I t

i t

w as a bout

1 6 .75m l ong ,

a n a pproximate

v olume

6m b road a nd

o f

1 05 .525 c ubic

m etres . I n

t heory

p acked D r .

t hen

i t

w ould

c arry

1 05 .525

x 6 5 .4

= 6 ,901

c arefully

3 7s .

U sing 7 , 000 v essels a s a c onvenient

f igure t o c ontinue w ith i t

i s a

s obering t hought t o r ealise t hat e ven a s a l ittle a s a s ingle s hip o f t hese d imensions p er a nnum c arrying d ecorated s amian D r . 3 7s ( or D r . 2 9s t he

w hich 1 50

a re

r oughly

y ears

f rom

t he

s ane

5 0-200AD

s ize) ( the

t o

L ondon

m ain

p eriod

o f

r esult

s amian

L ondon),

1 ,050 ,000

v essels

a rriving

t otal

1 1,864

1 .13% .

T en s hips p er a nnum a nd t he

o f

1 0 ,500,000

i s

o f w hich M arsh 's t otal

U nfortunately t here

i s

a n a bsurd u nderestimate l oads a t f or

n o w ay

i n

w ould

L ondon a lone ,

o f

1 1,864

o f

k nowing

o r o verestimate .

o f

i n ,

o ver

s upply

t o

w hich M arsh 's f igure b ecomes

i s 0 .113% . i f

o ne

s hip p er a nnum i s

C onsidering t hough t hat k iln

L a G raufesenque a re k nown t o h ave r un t o 3 0 ,000 p lain v essels

a s ingle

f iring

( from t allies

o n

s herds

w ithin

k ilns)

i t

i s m ore

l ikely t o b e a n u nderestimate, e specially i f t he v essels w ere a ctually p acked i n s tacks i nstead o f s eparately a s a ssumed a bove . N .

B ateman

( in

M ilne

w arehouses a s b eing a bout

1 985

p .

7 3)

r ecords

2 5m l ong a nd 6m w ide .

t wo

P udding

L ane

I f t hese a re a djusted

f or w alls a nd a ccess t o 2 2m a nd 4 m a nd a dded t o a n a rbitrary h eight o f 5 m t he v olume c omes o ut a t 4 40 c ubic m etres w hich w ould t heoretically c ontain

2 8 ,776

c arefully

p acked

D r .

3 7s

( there

i s

n o

e vidence

t hat

t hese p articular w arehouses w ere u sed f or s amian s torage). W arehouses e xisted i n t he R oman w orld - i t c an b e a ssumed t hat t hey s erved a p urpose b eyond s imply r elaying g oods t o m erchants . T his m ight i nvolve s teady s upply

c reating a s tockpile o f g oods i n o rder t o p roduce a o f a c ommodity t o t he l ocal m arket . T his c ushioned

c ustomer a nd m erchant f rom t he e ffects o f t he u npredictable a rrival f resh

s upplies

a cross

t he

s ea .

A lternatively

i t

m ay

h ave

o f

b een

a

d eliberate p loy t o r estrict s upply t o k eep t he p rice u p . I t e amian

i s p erfectly f easible t o a ssume t hat w arehouses p layed a p art d ietributio /L

p robable

r emains

o f

T he j ust

R egis s uch

H ouse

s ite

a w arehouse - 29 -

i n

i s

i nterpreted

T raJanic

t imes

a s

i n t he

( Marsh

1 951 A ppendix l. I ts d imensions a re u nknown s o u sing t he P udding L ane e xample p roportions a n e stimate o f a verage t urnover c an b e m ade . P resumably s uch a w arehouse w ould n ever b e f illed t o c apacity d ue t o t urnover o f

b owls .

I f

i t

w as f illed t o t wo-thirds c apacity o n a verage

t hen 1 9,184 D r . 3 7s m ight b e f ound t here a t a ny o ne t ime . T hat m eans t hat 9 ,592 v essels w ere i n t he p rocess o f a rriving o r b eing s old . T he

f igure

c alculated c ontinue

o f

f or

9 ,592

v essels

a s ingle

w ith .

S o

i t

b oat

m ight

i n

f lux

l oad ,

i s

s o

n ot

t his

b e a ssumed t hat

m uch

I f

t en

f ull

a nd

d ays

u nloading

a re

a llowed

f or

t he

f or

s ix

t his a llows 1 8 t rips p er a nnum a t r esults i n 1 26 ,000-171,000 b owls . a nnum

v essels

o ver

t he

p eriod

t he

m ost

b e

t hat t o

o nce a s tock w as b uilt

u p

t rip

w ill

t han

u sed

a s ingle v essel m ight s upply a s ingle w arehouse t ook t o s hip 9 , 592 n ew D r . 3 7s i n 9 , 592 w ere s old

l oading

h igher

f igure

i .e . i n t he o n a verage .

f rom

f avourable

F rance

m onths

t ime

a nd

o f

i t

b ack ,

t he

y ear

7 -9 ,500 D r . 3 7s a j ourney . T his A t a n a verage o f s ay 1 50 ,000 p er

5 0-200AD

t his

p roduces

2 2 ,500 ,000

d ecorated b owls a rriving i n L ondon o f w hich M arsh 's t otal i s 0 .053% . T his i s a s ingle B lackfriars ' s ized s hip c ontaining n othing b ut d ecorated i s

s amian s upplying a s ingle

i mportant

t o r emember

e xceeded a s mall p roduced

n o

t hat

w arehouse

w hile

o n o ne

p roportion o f a l oad

e vidence

o f

o ther

o n a r egular

b asis .

h and s amian m ay

h ave

I t

n ever

( though t he P udding P an R ock h as

n on-perishable

g oods),

a nd

i ts

a rrival

i n L ondon a r are a nd u nusual e vent, o n t he o ther t he n umbers o f s hips i nvolved m ay h ave b een f ar h igher a nd i ts p resence m undane . E ven s o t he f rom

f igures G aul

a re

a nd

e qually

e ach ,

v alid

o n

f or

a verage ,

t en

s imilar

c arrying

s hips

p lying

t he

a c argo

o f

w hich

a m odel

p roduces

1 0%

s eas w as

d ecorated s amian . O bviously f igures

i n

p roportions , p ossible,

t he

t he a re

f irst

c onclusion

d iscussion b ound

t o

b e

t otals m ust

t iny

B LP ,

s uch b ased

l aughably p roportions

o n

s uch

i naccurate . i s

r un i nto t ens o f m illions .

- 3 0 -

a ll

w e

i s

t hat

p otentially

t iny

T his h ave

i s

a lways

l eft t o w ork oo s mall o n . I f a nything t he n umbers i n t his m odel a re l ikely t o b e t early a s - a s ingle B lackfriars ' s hip-worth o f d ecorated b owls i s n ver t ime, m uch a s M arsh 's t otal. N evertheless t he r eal p roportions o ecause small a s c alculated b y M arsh , o r a t B LP , m ay b e a ccurate b B ut i s c lear t hat n umbers m ay s till r epresent a t rue r andom s ample. r eal

u nfortunately

o n

a a

o &

4 .D

S outh G aulish D ecorated S amian

( plates S G

I -VI)

T his i s a n i llustrated l isting o f t he p rincipal d ecorated s herds f rom S outh G aul. A ll a re a pparently f rom L a G raufesenque , t he m ain m anufacturing c entre f or d ecorated s amian i n t he r egion . A s

d iscussed

s pecialists

i n

a bove

t he

i n

S ection

s ubject,

S outh

v ery r arely b e s atisfactorily w orkshops . T his i s b ecause o f p oin ons

amongst

d iscuss t he K norr ( K07 ,

t he

3 ,

a nd

G aulish

a

f act

w ell

d ecorated

n ot v ery p otters .

u seful f or b oth h ave

p ossible,

p ublished

e .g . t he

t o

o nly

w orkshops .

T he

c onvention

t herefore

i s

o r i n t o

p ieces i n t erms o f p arallels . T his i nvolves t he w orks o f K 12 , K 19 a nd K 52 - s ee b ibliography) w ho i llustrated a nd A lso c ommonly

u sed i s H ermet' s s tudy o f t he p roducts o f L a G raufesenque,

h ave

c an

a ttributed t o a s pecific w orkshop a n a pparently e xtensive i nterchange

d iscussed a l arge n umber o f s igned S outh G aulish b owls .

s ites

k nown

s amian

b een

N ETTLETON r eference

p arallels

n oted .

i n

W here

( details n umber

b ut t his i s

i dentifying p arallels o n t he w ork b een u sed h ere b ut i n a ddition ,

i n

o f

r eoports

r elevant

b ibliography

t he

o f

t he o f

p arallel

e xcavations

n ame

o f

t he

s herd

t he

o f n amed w herever o n

s ite

a ppropriate i n

t hat

B ritish i s g iven

w ork)

s ite

a nd

r eport's

s amian s ection . D ating r easons ( but P ompeii).

o f S outh G aulish m aterial i s d ifficult f or s ee A tkinson 1 914, f or t he S outh G aulish

A lmost

a ll

t he

m aterial

A D60-100, b ut c an u sually b e y ears . D ating i s s ometimes r eigning . N ero 5 4-68 ,

F or

t hose

a nd t he

f rom B LP

a ll t hese s amian a t

f alls w ithin t he y ears c .

p laced w ithin a p eriod o f t en t o f ifteen i n t erns o f t he R oman emperor o r f amily

u nfamiliar

F lavians :

w ith

t he

d ates

C laudius

V espasian 6 9-79 ,

i s

A D41-54,

T itus 7 9-81,

D omitian

8 1-96 . S G1

D r .

2 9 .

f rom

H igh

t he

q uality

l ower

r ed

g loss .

d ecorated

A s mall

z one

s howing

w ithin a n eat s errated m edallion . s imilar t o a s herd f rom t he S hrine N ettleton

S hrub

( NETTLETON

3 9)

p iece

a

b ird

T his i s v ery o f A pollo a t

w here

i t

i s

d ated

A D50-70 . S G2

D r .

2 9 .

A v ery

t hin a nd

n eatly

m oulded

f ragment

f rom t he u pper d ecorated z one w ith a smooth g lossy s lip .

T he

b elow

b ut

d ecoration s ee

a lso

i s

b roadly

H ermet

s imilar

p 1,43

t o

n os .4

S G19

&

1 0 .

P robably c . AD50-70 . S G3

D r ,

2 9 .

A l arger

a c lumsily

p iece

a pplied

o f

w inding

t he u pper

z one

s croll.

T he

s howing p oin v )ns

f or t he l eaf t erminals h ave o bviously b een a pplied t o t he m ould a fter t he s croll h ad b een l aid o ut, t he u sual p ractice . T his h as b een d one c arelessly w ith d isjointed r esults . T he s ix a nd f ourp etalled t erminals a ppear o n H ermet 8 4

r espectively .

f rom

V erulamium

v ariety

o f

T hey ( VER

s croll.

I II T he

b oth D 26)

p 1.12 n os .79 &

a ppear b ut

V erulamium

o n

i n

a D r .

b owl

i s

c . AD55-70 a nd t his i s p robably c ontemporary . - 3 2 -

2 9

a d ifferent d ated

5 04

D r , 99 , c ompared s ign o f

A d istinctly m att t he t hree p revious

t o

o f

S outh

a n

G aulish

u pper

e xample

i s

z one

F lavian

d ivided

s lightly

a nd o range s lip s herds , a t ypical m aterial.

i nto

u nusual

P ortion

p anels .

b ecause

t he

T his

two

d ogs ,

b oth 0 . 1920 a re l aid o ut o ne a bove t he o ther b ut s ee K 52 T af 4 2 f or a s imilar e xample b y M ODESTUS a nd

a

b owl

f eature S G5

D r .

f rom

( VER

2 9 .

V erulamium

I D 67)

w here i t

w hich

h as

t he

A m att a nd o range s lip a s S G4 .

z one p anel c ontains two n umber o f p otters f rom p eriods ,

f or

T af .1B .

e xample

O n

t he r abbit A CUTUS

t he

T he u pper

s mall r abbits u sed b y a t he C laudian t o F lavian

K 19

l atter

T af.14A , e xample

2 4E ,

f rom c . AD65-75 .

5 3 ,

s tamped

i s a ssociated w ith s imilar

w orked

s ame

i s d ated c . AD65-80 .

T he

K 52

A CUTI. M .

l arge b eads .

a djacent

p anel

s hows a f avourite d evice f or f illing p anels c losely-spaced a rrowheads , I n t he l ower z one i s

a

p lant w hich a ppears f ully o n a b owl b y M EDILLUS o n K 19 T af.55E w ho w orked f rom c . AD60-80 . T he w reath r unning b etween t he u pper a nd l ower z ones i s n ot a c ommon f eature b ut i s c ertainly n ot u nusual. T here d oes n ot s eem t o t his p articular w reath

b e a d irect b ut i t i s

p arallel t rue t o

f or t he

g eneral t heme o f s uch w reaths . T he s lip a nd s tyle s uggests a N eronian t o e arly F lavian d ate . S G6

D r .

2 9 .

A m att r ed s lip .

s howing s imple

s howing

a n

f estoon .

P ortion o f t he u pper z one

u nidentified

T he

t erminal

s imilar t o H ermet p 1.37 .9 . S G7

D r .

2 9 .

A nother

o range s lip . a rrowheads a re w hile b owl

i n t he

t he

w ithin

p endant

a i s

c . AD65-80 .

p anelled

u pper

z one

w ith

a m att

T his t ime t he c losely p acked u sed a s o n S G5 t o f ill o ne p anel

o ther

s tamped

a nimal

t o

i s a f lower w hich a ppears o n a

O F . COTOI

w ho

w orked

c . AD70-85

( K19

T af . 27). SG . 8

D r .

2 9 .

A

i ncorrectly y ellowish

c urious

p iece

f ired .

T he

( instead

o f

w hich

f abric

t he

i s i s

m ore

p robably d istinctly

n ormal

S outh

G aulish p ink w ith w hite/cream f lecks) a nd t he d ark r ed s lip i s f laking away . T he s herd s hows a p ortion

o f

u pper

z one

w ith

•a

m edallions s eparated b y t hree T he

l eft-hand

0 . 2244,

m edallion

t he

S G9

D r .

2 9.

z one

Smooth

s howing

g rass

t ufts

a gain

b e

c ontains

r ight-hand

u nrecognisable f igure .

t he

b elow .

s een

t he

c . AD70-85 .

- 3 3 -

t he

o ne

o f

s imple

w avy

l ines .

N ile

g oose

c ontains

a n

c . AD65-85 .

o range d og

s eries

v ertical

s lip .

P art

o f

0 .1918

a nd

I n

r ight-hand

t he

a rrow-head

a f ew

f illers .

t he

u pper

i ndividual p anel

c an

P robably

S G10

D r .

2 9 .

M att

s howing

r ed s lip ..

a w inding

h eads .

T he

P ortion o f t he u pper z one

s croll

s croll

i s

i nterspersed

s imilar

t o

w ith a rrow-

t hat

o n

a b owl

f rom F ishbourne ( FISHBOURNE I I 2 2). A nother p iece w ith a d ifferent s croll, a lso f rom F ishbourne ( II 6 ),

s hows

t he

s ame

u se

o f

a rrow-heads .

B oth

a re

d ated c . AD50-65 . S G11

D r . 2 9 . G lossy o range s lip . T he f igure m ay b e p art o f t he m an b eing e aten b y a p anther o n H ermet p l. 2 5 n o . 3 3 . T he b road a rrow-heads a re s imilar t o t hose u sed b y M ACRUS ( K19 T af .48) w ho w orked f rom c . AD60-70 . T his w ould f it w ith t he f igure w hich w as u sed u p t o t he N eronian p eriod .

S G12

D r . a n

2 9 .

B right

u pper

s croll

z one

w ith

d esign .

r emains

t he

n o . 9 ). D r . o f

a n

p iece

i s

2 9 .

t ongues

v irtually

m att

u sed

t o

z ones .

s lip .

O ne t he

.

s eparating

2 9 .

R ed

w reath .

I t

w ork

D r . 2 9 . w reath .

w as

u sed

f estoons

o f

D r .

2 9 .

F lavian

a s

f or

D r . 2 9 . smudged f lower K norr

S G18

t o

a

o f

g lossy

s lip .

S EVERUS

( K52

e xample

o range

2 9 's

d evice

s lip .

u pper

i n

b owls

t he

l ower

s tamped

S ee

e xample o f a

H ermet

p 1 .92. 26

c . AD70-85 .

z one

b y

i n

w orked

c . AD60-75 .

i s

R UFINUS

w ho w orked c . AD60-85 .

D r .

r ed g lossy s lip .

B right

w ho

A t ypical

z one .

d ividing

A nother d ividing B eneath t he l ower

1 0 a nd T af.68), 2 9 .

o n K 52

( K12 T af.VI n o . 5).

H ard r ed g lossy s lip . T he t o b e e xactly p aralleled .

w ith

o n

s eems t o b e

T af .83A)

R ed g lossy s lip . N o a pparent p arallel,

M att

l ower

a t erm inal

A nother

a nd p ossibly R UFINUS

D r .

v arieties a nd

N eronian-early F lavian .

f or h ow i t m ight r econstruct, S G17

t he

u pper

z one c onsists o f s imple f estoons . S G16

d etail

i dentical

T he o nly a pparent p arallel

c . AD70-85 , S G15

m oulded

( CA(ULODUNUM p l. XXV

s eparate

T af .51 a nd K 52 T af.83.

t he

f inely

s ignificant

f rom C olchester

O range

w reath

D r .

n o

o f

C laudian-Neronian .

d ecorated

S G14

A t iny p iece

e xtremely

A lthough

C laudian p iece

S G13

r ed g lossy s lip .

w reath i s H owever a ssociated ( K19

t oo t he b y

T extbild

A p ortion o f

the

l ower z one t he s imple

w here t he m edallion

m ost s ignificant f eature i s c ontaining t he c ommon t hree

p oppy

c luster .

T his

h ead

a ppears

o n

a n umber

o f

v essels f rom F isbourne ( FISHBOURNE I I n os .1 ,5 & 6 ) a ll d ated t o t he C laudian a nd N eronian p eriods . I t w as a lso 1 0) b ut i n

u sed b y F lavian p otters ( K19 T extbild t his c ase t he s lip i ndicates a d ate

o fc . AD55-70 . S G19

D r . 2 9 . Smooth g lossy r ed s lip . O ne o f t he v ery f ew e xamples w ith s ignificant p arallels . This - 3 4 -

u pper K 19

z one

o f

t af.55

a D r .

2 9

s tamped

b y

a bout A D60-80 .

T he p iece

f rom L eicester 8 5 . D DAG S G20

D r .

2 9 .

s hows

B right

a lso

c losely

d irectly

p aralleled

w ho

w orked

i s a lso i dentical

( JEWRY W ALL f ig . 1 4 n o .2).

a s imple

z one

i s

M EDILLUS

g lossy

r ed

s croll

w ith

s hows

s lip .

a s croll

a ssociated

w ith

T he

b ut

A D70-

u pper

z one

T he

w ith

A MANDUS

t o o ne

c .

r osette . a

w ho

b y

f rom

l ower

l eaf

m ost

w orked

f rom

c . AD30-55 a s o n K 52 T af.76 a nd K 19 T af.6 . I t w as a lso u sed b y M ELAINUS a s o n K 19 T af.55 w ho w orked c . AD50-60 . A s imilar b owl o ccurs a t C irencester ( CIRENCESTER p .128 D 19) a ttributed t o " AMANDUS I i" a nd d ated c . AD40-50 . S G21

D r .

2 9 .

w reath

B right i s

m ade

P robably N eronian .

g lossy

u p

o f

r ed

s lip .

l eaves

D DAG

T his

w ith G ERMANUS w ho w orked f rom c . AD60-80 , T af .1 f ig . 1 3 . S G22

D r .

2 9 .

v ery t he

A s herd

c ommmon

l ower z one .

c ase

a s

t he

z one

a lmost

v essel

i s

i s

o nly

n ormal

i n

r elated

g enerally

h ave

T his

K norr

a s o n K 12

s howing

g adroons

t o

t he

f ill

u p

t hroughout

t he

p eriod

D DAG

G lossy o range-red s lip . u ncommon d ecorated c arinated

o ccurs

o nly t he T extbild

l ower

u sing

2 9s w ere m ade.

K norr 7 8 . r elatively

z one .

o f

b y

P robably N eronian-Flavian i n t his

s tyle

i n w hich D r . S G23

f rom t he

h abit

c entral

a ssociated

t o

t he t he

o volos a t

e xample

t he

d oes

F lavian

p eriod .

T he

D r .

b ut

d oes

n ot

t he

d ecorated

3 0

t op o f

n ot .

t hin l eaf w hich 1 0 a ssociated

T his v essel

T his

s herd

m ay b e t he w ith t wo

b ears

o ne o n K 19 p re-Flavian

p otters A MANDUS a nd S COTIUS . S G24

K norr

7 8 .

o volo ,

t his

G lossy t ime

e ntwined a ppear

o range-red

a p air

o f

i n a f estoon

s lip .

A gain

d olphins

w ith

( 0 .2407).

n o

t ails

T his m otif

i s a ssociated w ith l ater F lavian p roducts o f S outh G aul f or e axmple O swald & P ryce p l.XVI.3 f rom t he B regenz C ellar F ind , s tamped b y C OSIUS . O ther o ccurrences i nclude K 1907 T af.2,4 & 1 5 a nd a s herd f rom B recon S G25

K norr

( BRECON S 71).

7 8 .

s imple

O nce

d esign

r osettes

a s

o f

m ore

n o

v ertical

o n

o volo w avy

F ISHBOURNE

a nd

t his

l ines

I I

a nd

n o .88,

t ime r ows o r

a o f

K 12

T af. XVII. S G26

K norr t he w ith

7 8 .

c hevron b owls

V ITALIS p eriod .

w ho

B right u sed

o range o n

b y

M EDILLUS ,

a ll

C ertainly t he

a rrow-heads . - 3 5 -

K norr

l eft

s tamped w ere

s lip .

t he

a ctive f irst

i n

a s

a ssociated

a v ertical

r ow

S ECUNDUS

a nd

t he

e arly

F lavian

t wo a lso u sed s imilar

S G27

K norr

7 8 .

M att

o range

d ecorated z one . l ines a nd f lecks . S G28

K norr

7 8 ,

v essel. S G29

s lip .

A s imple

A b and

F rom

d esign

a cross

t he

o f

t he

l ower

o blique

b ottom

z one

w avy

o f

t he

T he s ane c hevron d iscussed o n S G26 .

D echelette

6 7 .

B right

o range-red g lossy s lip .

A

s herd f rom t he m iddle o f t he d ecorated p art o f t his s mall a nd u ncommon F lavian d ecorated b eaker . T he s ame c hevron a s o n S G26 a nd 2 8 a nd t he r abbit a ppears o n S G5 . S G30

D echelette 6 7 . p arallel

D ull

f or

t he

l arge r osette a t

m att o range s lip .

f eathers

a nd

t he b ottom .

N o o bvious

r osettes

o r

t he

T he s lip i ndicates a

l ater F lavian d ate . S G31

D echelette

6 7 .

smudged

s howing

a

b ut

p ierced

d iagonal S G32

i s

r osette

o n

6 7 .

D echelette f eature i s T his

i s

b oth

E ast

l ittle

t he

G lossy

v isible

i n

s lip .

R ather

b ordered o volo w ith

t ongue.

6 7 . t he

B eneath

f ield

s lip . a nd

a re

A s mall

i s

s imilar

t o

G aulish o f

0 ,1906 t ypes .

t he

d og t o

a

( JEWRY W ALL f ig . 1 4 n o .28).

M att o range s lip . e legantly p osed h ead

c losest

l eft

o range

t he

s herd f rom L eicester S G33

o range

a d ouble-

w avy l ines i n t he f ield .

D echelette ( ?)

G lossy

o r

1 907

b ut

H owever

h orse t hat

t his

T he o nly a h orse .

o f

t hese

t here

a re

i s

s o

i s b y n o m eans

a c ertain p arallel, S G34

D r .

2 9 .

H ard

i s t he

o range-red

F lavian p otters . S G35

D r .

g loss

s lip .

d olphin 0 . 2390 u sed b y s everal

3 7 .

H ard

smudged

a nd

T he

f igure

N eronian a nd

I n t his c ase p robably c . AD55-70 . g lossy

t he

r ed

g loss

i s

s lip

b ut

f laking .

t he

m ould

T he

f igure

t he P ylades 0 . 992 u sed i n t he l ater p eriod . T he o volo i s c ompletely s mudged ,

w as i s

F lavian c .AD80-

1 00 . S G36

D r . 3 7 . m oulded

Smooth o range-red g lossy s lip . A n eatly d ouble-bordered o volo w ith t hree p ronged

t ongue . t hat S G37

B eneath

i s

o n S G19 a bove .

a d evice

b roadly

s imilar

t o

P robably c . AD70-85 .

D r . 3 7. Smooth r ed g lossy s lip . A c haracteristic o f e arly D r . 3 7s , m ade c . AD70-85 , i s t he d ivision o f t he d ecorated a rea s herd

i s

a n

s imilar t o c ommunication o volo

w ith

i nto h orizontal

z ones .

e xample .

t hat o n b y G .B .

S G36 a nd a p ersonal D annell a ssociates t his

b owls

s tamped b y S EVERUS

T he

T his

e xcellent

w ho

° vol .°

w orked

i s

i n

t he l ate N eronian a nd e arly F lavian p eriods . I n t he u pper z one i s t he t uft o f g rass o n a D r . 2 9 b y - 3 6 -

S EVERUS o n K 52 t he d og 0 .1920

T nf ,83 , a nd t he r abbit 0 . 2104 a nd ( ?). I n t he l ower z one t he c upid

i s a g ood e xample p otters c ould b e a t

o f h ow w eak S outh G aulish h uman f igures . T his o ne i s

0 .406 u sed b y m any t he f irst c entury . a ttached

t o

T af .83 . S G38

D r .

c .

3 7 .

p otters i n t he s econd h alf o f T he f lanking l eaves o n s talks

r osettes

c an

a lso

b e

s een

o n

K 52

A D70-85 .

Smooth

g lossy

r ed

s lip .

F rom t he

l ower

p art o f t he d ecorated z one . T he s croll a ppears o n H ermet p 1.55 n o .46 w hich i s a D r . 2 9 b y P ASSIENUS . T he

s herd

i s

( FISHBOURNE t hat

o n

s imilar

n o .20)

t he

F isbourne

t he

r osette .

a ssigned

t o

P ASSIENUS

3 7.

M att

a nd

i s

t ypical

t hough

T he

s uggests

F ishbourne

a

i s

b eing

h issing

g oose

p iece

d ated

i s

c . AD70-85 .

A D70-90 . A s imilar l ay-out t o S G37

t he

a

f rom

d ifference

F ishbourne

a nd

r ed s lip . f or

o ne

o nly

s herd

i s p robably c .

D r .

t o

t he

r eplaces

T His p iece S G39

v ery I I

p eriod .

l ater

T he

d ate

b ut

r ougher t o

s ay

s lip

i t

i s

F lavian c overs t he p ossibilities . S G40

D r .

3 7 .

A gain

d ecoration F lavian

i s

d ate .

t he

o ther 's

d ate .

0 .814

c ommonly

n o .21

b y

( pl. XXI

c entral

u sed

M ERCATOR

n o .2).

b y

T af .16 a nd

O n

t he

S outh a

a ppears c omplete o n i s p art o f t he P an

t ime

t he

a nd

s herd h as

p ointer i s

t he

G aulish

i s

n one t o

a

V ictory

p otters

f or

B IRACILLUS ,

a nd

p iece

M argidunum

f ar

w hich r ight

t his

a nother

b y

m ay b elong 0 . 406 a nd

f rom

l ower

l eft

T af.57

a re

f eet

t o t he D iana 0 .105 . N ext i s t he a bove t hat t he f eet o f a b ird

i s a s imple ,

w reath .

S G37

m oulded

f eature

w hich c upid

p anels

T his

a p ointer t o a l ater t o

e legance,

K 19

s lip ,

c oarsely

T he

o n

m att f orm ,

c ontrast

m ore

l ater

e xample

S G41

p anel

I n

c onspicuously o f

a r ough

i n

S G4C b elow . O n t hre 0 . 717c . B eneath t he

a nd smudged ,

t rifid l eaf b asal

c . AD90-110 .

D r . 3 7 . Smooth s ilky s lip . T his s herds e xtends t o t he w hole b ase r ing , t he o nly o ne t o d o s o b ut f rustratingly l acks a ny n ame s tamp . T he s croll u ses t he l eaf o n H ermet p 1.11 n o .8 , a nd a lso a ppears

f or

e xample

o n

a

D r .29

b y

t he

F lavian

p otter P RIMUS ( K52 T af. 5 1B). H owever t he f orm a lone m eans i t m ust p ost-date A D70 . b asal

r osettes a re w ithout p arallel.

b owl T he

T he n eatness

m akes a d ate o f c . AD70-90 f airly l ikely . S G42

D r ,

3 7 .

B right

d ecoration p robably

g lossy

i ncluding 0 . 2013

r ed

s lip .

a b asal

a ssociated

T hree

w reath . w ith

z ones

t he V ITALIS

d og

o f i s

( K19

T af .84 .1.) a nd M . CRESTIO ( K52 T af.19A), T he b asal w reath i s m ost e xactly p aralleled o n a D r . 3 7 f rom R ichborough s tamped b y M ERCATOR ( RICHBOROUGH I V p l.LXXXI n o ,46) w hich a lso h as a b roadly s imilar - 3 7 -

l ay-out, i s

a nd K 12 T af . XXIII

c losest

t o

t hat

o n

n os .4 & 8 .

K 19

T extbild

T he r osette 1 1

a ssociated

w ith b owls s tamped O F .ARDA a nd M ACCARI w hose w ork t he p iece i n n o o ther w ay r esembles . F lavian . S G43

D r .

3 7.

Smooth

r ed

g lossy

s lip .

T he

f igure

i s

t he s tag 0 .1745 . T he s herd i s s imilar t o t he w ork o f S ECUNDUS a s o n K 19 T af.74C a nd G ERMANUS a s o n K 52 T af .28 a nd a p iece f rom V erulamium ( Vol.III D 46). S G44

D r .

B oth w orked c . AD70-85 .

3 7.

D DAG

Smooth g lossy r ed s lip .

T he s tag h ere

i s

0 . 1699 . T he s ame p lant a nd f igure a ppear o n K 19 T af .28B s tamped b y M . CRESTIO w ho w orked f rom c . AD70-90 . S G45

D r .

3 7 .

s talk

B right

i s

p art

g lossy

o f

r ed

a t rifid

s lip .

p lant

T he

w hich

l eaf

a nd

a ppears

o n

K 12 T af .23 .2 s tamped b y B IRACILLUS w ho w orked f rom c . AD75-90 . I t a lso a ppears o n a s herd f rom B recon ( BRECON Y G AER p .189 S 178) d ated " late F lavian". T he

f igure

F lavian

i s

a s tag ,

t ype

w hich

F ISHBOURNE S G46

D r .

3 7.

P oor

t he

d ate

a nd

h ere .

O n

u pper o n i n

r ough l eft

p anel f rom

t he

s herd ,

l ater a gain

3 7 .

t he

d ecorated

s lip .

S G40

H ard

z one .

p otter

C ORNUTUS a ppears

s tyle

3 7 .

w ith

a D r .

T he

2 9

( K19 o nce

B right

w reath

p rocess)

o n

T af .84F).

w ho w orked

T he

m ay

t he

n ot

b e

o f

M ASCIUS

F rom t he

b y

m otif t he

T af.25). m ore

b ottom o f a nd

e arly

s piral F lavian

T he

N ile

g oose

t o

m any

S outh

c ommon

c . AD70-85 . smooth r ed

( partly a

T he

s lip . t uft

T he o f

f eet

b elong

g rass b elow i s

a ppears w ith a s imilar

r emoved

b owl

b y

s tamped

t he

m anufacturing

b y

V ITALIS

( K19

c . AD70-85 . B right

s mooth r ed s lip .

F ound a djacent

t o

T he f igure 1 3 . T he t uft

i s o f

i s s imilar t o t hat o n t he p revious s herd a nd

u ncommon ,

I n

i nvolving t he s ame a bove .

b ird

s tyle

S G48 . Two h orizontal z ones . p ossibly t he s tag o n K 19 T extbild g rass

p l.XXIII

M ASCIUS

t rifid

s tamped

V ictory 0 . 814 .

3 7 ,

i n t he

B oth a ppear

( MARGIDUNUM o f

p eriod .

n ot a n u ncommon f eature b ut

D r .

e qually

c . AD90-110 .

G aulish p otters .

S G49

o n

a pply

P eleus 0 . 883 a nd

r ed g loss s lip .

0 . 2244

b asal

c omments

T he

a bove

P an 0 .722 .

t he

a ssociated

o n

t he

o n

i s t he

F lavian

a ppear

t o

a c ommon

e xample

i s t he

n o .4).

D r .

D r .

1 738 ,

f or

T he c olumns a lso a ppears o n a M argidunum

( pl. XXIII

S G48

m att o f

M argidunum

a ssigned t o

0 . 2232A .

O .

o ccurs

5 9 .

s tyle

t he

m iddle

a s herd

n o .2)

S G47

I I n o .

p robably

t he

l ower

z one

i s

a

s croll

f our-petalled t ongue a s o n S G42

c . AD70-85 . 3 8 -

S G50

D r .

3 7 .

t uft

G lossy

o f

g rass

b ut

f laking

b right

t his t ime m ore c rudely e xecuted . i s

S G51

t he

N ile

g oose

B eside t he p lant

t his

i s s imilar

t he

s lip

3 7.

D r .

B right p iece

g lossy

o f

a w inding

( CIRENCESTER

B right

g lossy

s lip

s croll

w ith

a nother

s imilar

t o

u sed

b y

o ne

3 7F)

f ormer 3 0).

w here

i s

t he

a l eaf

a nd

c . AD55-

s harply

l eaf .

G ERMANUS

a t

d ated

o n

a lso

m oulded .

T his

i s

v ery

a D r .

2 9

( K19

a ppears .

C aerleon

( PRYSG

T he

F IELD

n o .

c . AD70-80 . 3 7 .

R ough

b ut

s hiny

o n

t his

t he

o f

a w reath

u se

T he

w reath

a ssociated m ay

m ay

b e

" NATALIS

T he

i s

a z one

a

o n

K 19

G lossy

a lternately

s herd

r ed

w ith

p lant

o volo .

T extbild

6

V ITALIS

f rom

o r

F ishbourne

T he

P ompeii

f laking

w ith

t he

v essel

h oard

s lip .

i s

( Atkinson

a ssociated

l eaf w ith

S imilar

( Vol.II n o .20) t he s paces

t wo

w hich

T he

P ATRICIUS .

o f

t he

a ssociated

p anels

a nd

a ppears

m ore

a ppears

o n

a

t endrils .

o ne a rc o f t he B eneath i s t he

c learly K 19

B IRACILLUS ,

t o

i n t erms o f a a re f illed

p lants

T his s herd s hows t wo p anels w ithin s croll. A bove i s t he c upid 0 . 502 . p oppy

i s

a nd

c . AD80-100 .

f rom F ishbourne s croll w here

b elow .

o volo

e xample

b eneath

S ECUNDUS

n o .62)

f rom t he

a n

1 914).

2 9 .

p iece l arge

o n

s lip .

t his

t hat

p . 288

t hose

I V .

i n

b e

t hat I I

t o

r ed

b ut

M EDILLUS ,

g roup".

s imilar i n J RS

s herd

w ith

( FISHBOURNE

D r .

m oulded .

s howing

D .15)

r osette

p aralleled

m issing

i t

s harply

b y s everal p otters i n t he p eriod c . AD70-85 T extbild 9 ). I t a lso a ppears o n a v essel

3 7.

D r .

a nd

s croll

A nother T af

S G55

t o

D r .

f rom C irencester 7 0 .

S G54

0 . 2244 .

T af .57) a nd a b owl f rom I I p . 285 n o .56) d ated

u sed ( K19

S G53

T he

w ork o f M ERCATOR ( K19 F ishbourne ( FISHBOURNE c . AD80-100 . F lavian .

A s mall

S G52

r ed s lip .

i s s imilar t o t hat o n S G37 a bove b ut

o n

t extbild

G ERMANUS

S G66 1 2 a nd

P robably c . AD65-80 .

D r . 3 7 . Smooth s ilky r ed s lip . A s o n S G53 t his s hows t he u se o f a w reath b eneath t he o volos t he e nds

o f

w hose

t ongues

a re

i n

t his

c ase

v isible .

T he s harply m oulded w reath a ppears o n a s herd f rom C aerleon

( PRYSG

( BRECON

S 50)

F IELD

n o .222)

a ssociated

a nd

w ith

f rom t he

B recon p otters

B IRAGILLUS a nd G ERMANUS . S o w as t he l eaf, w hich a lso a ppeared o n t he p revious s herd ( SG54), h owever G ERMANUS g enerally u sed a d ifferent o volo . c . AD75-90 . S G56

D r .

3 7 .

p ierced t o

R ough e ither

a llow

m att

f or

d raining . - 3 9 -

r ed

r epair B elow

s lip . w ith t he

T his

r ivets

b owl

o r

d ecoration

w as

p ossibly a ppears

t o

b e

b ut o r

p art

t his " A"

u p

C r

f rom

o f

a m ould-maker 's

o nly

s urvives

" L".

I n t he

t he

t rifid

a ssociated w ith f rom c . AD70-85 .

a

D r .

3 7 .

B urnt.

a ppear

o n

d ecoration m otif

o n

t ype .

v essels

S G58

B right g lossy o range s lip . o ne

i s

n o

t races

a ssemblage

o f

v irtually

a nd

t ongues ( VER

c . AD70-100 .

o nly

b ears

T his

l etters .

T his s herd i s t o

d ecoration . smudged a nd

O therwise t o

I i s

f rom S outh G aul

w ithin t he i s c ompletely

i dentical

1 2

w orked i s a n

V erulamium

3 7 .

b ear a n ame s tamp U nfortunately t he s tamp

T extbild

f estoons

t he

t he

m ade

A D75-95 .

D r .

i n

" T",

i s a p lant

K 19

f rom

D 75 , 7 7 & 7 8) a ll d ated p robably a fter c . A D85 .

s ignature

l etter

p otters w ho s ane z one

c ,

S imilar

t hree

c ursive

a p ossible

n umber o f I n t he

u nidentifiable a nimal S G57

a s

t he

s herd

F ishbourne

n o .92

a ssigned t o B IRAGILLUS a nd d ated c . AD80-100 . S G59

D r .

3 7 .

R ough

m att

r ed

s lip .

T his

s herd

s hows

t he c ommon u se o f S -shaped g adroons a s a l ower b order t o t he d ecorated z one . P robably c , AD801 00 . S G60

D r .

3 7 .

B right

w ell-moulded w hich

g lossy

l ower

a ppears

D r .

3 7 .

t he

c omplete

o n

a

t he

T his

s eated s herd

s hows

t he

J upiter

0 .5

f rom

C aerhun

P robably c . AD70-90 .

P oor

m anufacture

s lip .

o f

( CAERHUN S 38). S G61

r ed

p art

q uality

a nd

r ough

g ladiator

m oulding ,

0 .1071

a ppears w ith t he

smudged

b rown-red s lip . m inus

t he

d uring

T his s hows

t rident

w hich

f igure o n K 19 T af.34 n o .17 i n t he

s tyle o f G ERMANUS . T he p oor q uality o f t his p iece p oints t o a l ater d ate, p erhaps c , AD90-110 . S G62

D r .

3 7 .

S G37

Smooth

a nd

o f

z one's

p lants

V ol.II

p . 282

o f

f estoons

s ilky

r ed

a g enerally a nd

b uds

n o .43 . o ne

s lip .

F ound

s imilar a re

I n

t he

c ontaining

a longside

t ype .

m atched l ower t he

T he

b y z one

b ird

u pper

F ishbourne i s a p air

0 . 2232A

( ?).

c . AD70-85 . S G63

S G64

D r . 3 7 . B right r ed f laking s lip . T his s hows t he a rcher 0 . 268 ( ?) u sed b y a n umber o f F lavian p otters .

c . AD70-100 .

D r .

R ough

3 7 .

c ontaining s imple

m att

r ed

u nconnected

s piral,

s lip .

S ection

f estoons .

t he

o ther

o f

O ne a

s mall

u nidentifiable a nimal. T he l eaf d evice a ppears o n K 19 T extbild 6 a ssociated C laudian-Neronian c learly w reath

p otters S COTTIUS

a b orrowed s eparates

m otif

t he

- 4 0 -

i n

t his

d ecoration

a nd

a

a nd

i nbetween w ith t he

B ILLICATUS ,

c ase . f rom

a z one

h olds

A bove t he

a

o volos

b ut

i s

i nsufficiently

c omplete

t o

b e

i dentified .

c . AD70-90 . S G65

D r .

3 7.

q uality

E xtremely g loss

s harply

s lip .

T he

m oulded

f igure

i s

w ith

t he

h igh-

g ladiator

0 .1017 u sed b y S outh G aulish p otters f rom C laudian t imes t o t he e nd o f t he F lavian p eriod . T he c losest p arallel t o t he t ight l ittle w reath o ccurs amongst t he T raianic p otters o f L es M artres-deV eyre

S G66

i n

C entral

G aul.

T he

q uality

e arly F lavian d ate,

c . AD70-85 .

D r .

s lip .

3 7 .

H ard

r ed

i ndicates

a n

D DAG

T he

o volo

i s

c lose

t o

t hat o n F ishbourne V ol.II p . 285 n o .56 r elated t o a n umber o f l ate F lavian p otters w here t he s ame p oppy p lant o ccurs . S G67

D r .

3 0 .

t he

p revious

S hiny o range s herd .

t he J upiter 0 .5 S G68

D r . 3 0 . p iece i s t he

F lavian . s lip . T he

T he

h ead

s ame

a nd

( see a bove S G60).

H ard r ed s lip b ut p aralleled b y K 19

N eronian ,

e arly

o volo a s

h and

o n

b elong

t o

F lavian ,

s lightly b urnt. T his T af.5 m anufactured b y

F lavian

p otter

A LBINUS .

N eronian . S G69

D r .

3 0 .

B right

g lossy

r ed

o f f ir-tree l ike m otifs , g adroons . c . AD55-80 . S G70

T wo p anels :

o ther

o f

" S"

o ne

s haped

D r . 3 0 . B right g lossy r ed s lip a nd s harply m oulded d etails . T he f igure c rawling away i s t he g ladiator F lavian

0 .1021

n o .

S G71

a dded

i n

u sed

t imes .

p .240 D 75 . S herd

s lip .

t he

I t

f rom

a ppears

C laudio-Neronian .

A ugust

1 986

C laudian

o n

t o

V ERULAMIUM

L ate V ol.

I

D DAG

a fter

t he

m ain

c atalogue

s lip

b ut

c racked

h ad

a lready b enn w ritten a nd i llustrated . S G71

D r .

3 7 .

i n

a reas .

o volos

G lossy a bove

c ontaining p robably

r ed

N eat a

t he t he

r ow

s mall

a nd

o f

P an

0 .722

t he

f aun

m edallion i s f lanked b y s imilar m anner t o S G37 .

f laking

d ouble-bordered

t riple-bordered

s mall

h and

o f

m edallion

a nd 0 .

w hat

6 46 .

i s T he

two s mall l eaves i n B oth t he f igures a nd

a a

s imilar l eaf o ccur o n a s herd f rom V erulamium ( Vol. I p . 236 D 72) d ated c . AD75-95 , a nd t his p iece i s

p robably

c ontemporary

s imilar l ay-out.

a s

i t

h as

a

b roadly

2 1

3 0

2 3 -2 8

K n .78 ,

2 933

D Ü .67

S G III

I

S GV

SGV I

6 9

6 7

7 1

A PPL IQUA

4 .E

C entral G aulißh D ecorated & l ean

( Plates C G

I -XV)

B elow a re l isted t he m ain d ecorated s herds f rom C entral G aul . A s w ell a s t he n umber f or e ach s herd e .g . C G44, t he s ource i s a lso n oted i .e . LM f or L es M artres-de-Veyre a nd L f or L ezoux . I t i s a lmost a lways

p ossible

w orkshops

a s

t o

t he

g ive

m ost

a t

t he

l ikely

v ery

s ource

l east

f or

w orks a re S tanfield & S impson 1 958 ,

a nd G .B .

S impson

i llustrated

a

G aulish

s herds

a nd

a nd

d iscussed

t hose

a nonymous

a

t he

p robable

p iece .

T he

R ogers 1 974.

v ast

n umber

p otters

o f

w hose

g roup t wo

o f

b asic

S tanfield &

s igned

C entral

d istinctive

s tyles

m ade t heir w ork i dentifiably i ndividual. R ogers l isted a ll t he n onf igured m otifs ( i.e . i nanimate m otifs) w ith t he p otters w ho a re k nown t o h ave u sed t hem . A ll m otifs ( except O swald f igure t ypes n umbered O .) n umbered B 23 , o r P 21 f or e xample, r efer t o t his w ork . A s w ith t he S outh

G aulish

m aterial,

w here

r elevant,

p arallels

f rom

s ite

a re a lso l isted b ut S tanfield & S impson a re g enerally t he o f p arallels i n t his c ase .

r eports

b est s ource

D ating c an b e s lightly m ore s pecific f or i ndividual C entral G aulish w orkshops t han t hose o f S outh G aul. E ven s o i t w ill b e s een t hat c ircumstances

r equire

s uch a s t hose

o f

t hat o f

i t

i s o nly

c onstructions

W all,

a nd

t he

s pecifically a ppearance c .119 a bout

i s

o f a n

1 5% o f

g enerous

D oeccus o r i n t he o n

n orthern

A ntonine

( 138-161)

C G1

L M

f rontier m ake

w orkshops

i n

w hich

m ost

t he

" Traianic"

e xample .

L ikewise

" early

t he

w ere

w orkshops , t o t he f act

v arious p hases

B ritain ,

p ossible

i .e .

t o

H adrian 's

d iscern

m ore

T he

n on-

a ctive .

p otters o n H adrian 's W all,

C innamus ,

w hose

s oon a fter 1 38 . ( 98-117), H adrian

A ntonine",

( 180-192)

p roducts

b egun

c onstitute

M arcus

T he r elevant emperors f or ( 117-138), A ntoninus P ius

A urelius

( 161-180)

"mid-Antonine",

" late A ntonine".

D r . 3 7 . c learly

S tyle o f X -1 . m oulded o n t his

w ith

two

P -0 ,

a s w ell.

o f

o ther

s lip

l 's

w ork

c ould

w ork ,

i t

r ecord

l eaf

m otif a ppear

t o

t he

i mpossible

f ive

T his

a nother

B oth

o f

w hich i s v ery B 8 a ssociated

s tyles ,

t he

S & S ' l ack t o

X -0 a nd

s herd a nd i ts d escription

o f

b e

a ny

o ther

c ertain .

i n t his c ountry ,

e xamples

o f

h is

X -

S & S

w ork

f rom

c . AD100-120 .

X -2 .

o f

w ell

i s e xtremely r are

o nly

3 7.

w ork

t hin-ness

h owever

m akes

t his c ountry . D r .

T he o volo s herd i s

a nonymous T raJanic T he

c orresponds

X -1's

d ecoration

LM

i t

l ater

t he d ecorated f inds a t C orbridge b ut r ise t o o ver h alf o n

m att

C G2

s ome

i s p artly d ue

i n

W all,

p eriods o f

f or

T his

e arlier s econd c entury t hat

t he

t he A ntonine W all b uilt t his p eriod a re T raian a nd C ommodus

a llowances

C asurius .

i s

G 136 ,

o n

i s

a t ypical

a nonymous a nd

a b owl

b y

e xample

T raianic t he X -2

b asal o n

o f

t he

p otter .

T he

w reath

G 366 .

S & S p 1 .4 .38 .

c . AD100-120 . C G3

LM

D r .

3 7 .

0 .177, 4 . 43).

P robably

X -2 .

a f avourite

T he

f igure t ype

U nfortunately

t he

f alling o f

o ther

X -2's

w arrior

f eatures

a re

t oo

f ragmentary t oo b e

r ecognised ,

b ottom m ay b e

o f t he p anther u sed b y X -2 o n S

& S p 1.9 .18 .

t hat

b ut

i s

( S & S p l.

t he h ead a t t he

T he s herd i s a g ood e xample o f t ypes - 4 8 -

w hich

w ere

l ater

b orrowed

b y

t he

C INNAMUS a nd h is a ssociates .

A ntonine

S ee ,

p otter

f or e xample ,

S

& S p 1.165 .3 a ttributed t o P AULUS , o r a s herd f rom S taines a ttributed t o t he C INNAMUS G roup . T his s herd i s c ertainly T raianic o n a ccount o f t he q uality o f c . AD100-120 . C G4

LM

D r . o f

3 7.

i ts

X -2 .

T raianic

W hat

s lip

a nd

T he o volo a nd

L es

M artres

f abric .

i s B 28 u sed b y a v ariety

H adrianic

p otters

i ncluding

X -2 .

m akes t he s herd X -2 's w ork i s t he d istinctive

s tyle o f t he f igure . M any o f X -2 's f igure t ypes b ear a n u nusual p eak o ver t he b ack o f t he n eck a s o n

t his

w arrior .

A s

v isible e xactly c . AD100-120 . C GS

LM

o nly

w hich

D r .

3 7 .

P robably X -2 .

X -2

o n

S & S p 1.7 .80 .

T he

s herd

LM

i s

c ertain .

u sed b y

a lso

s hows

a

w ith a b ird f eeding o ff w as q uite c ommon amongst

T hey a re

t his

l isted i n R ogers '

p articular

e xample

d oes

c orrespond w ith a ny o f t hese . C G6

p art

n ot

G aulish p otters w ith a n umber o f d ifferent

v ariations . b ut

u pper i s

r am i s 0 . 1852

T he

v ariety o f a v ine s croll t he g rapes . S uch a m otif C entral

t he

w arrior

D r . 3 7. P otter"

D RUSUS o r X -3).

" M "

n ot

s eries e xactly

c . AD100-120 .

I ( formerly k nown a s t he " Anchor A bout 2 3 v essels a re r epresented

f rom B LP w hich c an b e c ertainly a ttributed t o t his p otter

-

w orkshop , H is

w ork

h ave i s

o f

e xceeded

s elected

c lassic

f eature

i s

h ighest

f or

p roduct

a p anel

0 .1027 a nd r osette

t he

b y

i s s o d istinctive

b een

a

o ne o nly

1 063,

C 280

a nd

t hat

o f

D RUSUS

s piral

a ny

G roup .

o nly a f ew p ieces

t he

T his

I .

s herd

T he

m ain

g ladiator

l arge r osette C 294,

t he

f or

C INNAMUS

i llustration .

c ontaining

t he

t otals

t he

S 63 .

T he

p air

t he s mall s piral

i s

u nique t o D RUSUS I . I n t he l eft-hand v ertical p anel i s t he a nchor ( hence h is f ormer l abel) G 395 , t he

d olphin

p air

0 . 2407a ,

t he

b eaded c up U 62,

t he

o rnament p air U 257 a nd t he c up Q 91. A bove a ll t his i s t he o volo B 28 u sed b y D RUSUS I w hen h e w as

C G7

LM

n ot e xperimenting c . AD100-125 .

w ith

D r .

H ere

3 7.

o volo

D RUSUS

w ith

v essels

t he

b y

I .

o volo

D RUSUS

s ubstitutes .

I r eplaces

d olphin p air 0 . 2407a .

h im

f rom

B LP

A nother

h ave

t his

I .

A nother

t he t wo

f eature .

c . AD100-125 . C GS

LM

D r .

3 7

( Burnt).

D RUSUS

o volo

r eplacement, t his t ime w ith h is a nchor G 395, a s o n S & S p 1.15 .182 . I n t he f ield i s h is s piral S 63

C G9

LX

a nd t he P an 0 .712 .

c . AD100-125 .

D r .

( formerly

3 7 .

I GOCATUS

" Leaf-Cross f igure' s

P otter").

l egs

i s

- 4 9 -

T he M 31,

k nown

v ine

a s

l eaf

a ppearing

o r

t he

b eneath

X -4

t he

o n

S

&

S

p 1.17 .219 . c oarse

T he

w avy

f igure

o rnament

l ine

i s

r emains

o n

U 62 .

t he

d istinctively

A lthough

I GOCATUS '

l ittle

f igure

o f

t he

t ypes

w ere

o riginal a nd r arely u sed b y a nyone e lse . T His i s p art o f t he P erseus 0 .234 , a ppearing o n S & S p l. 1 8 .223 . c . AD100-125 . C G10

LM

D r . 3 7 . I GOCATUS . H e u sed t he r osette o n t he b order j unction C 280 . T he f igure i s a nother o f h is d istinctive t ypes , t his t ime t he A pollo u sed b y h im o n S & S p 1 .17.207 . c . AD100-125 .

C G11

LM

D r . 3 7. r emains

" POTTER O F a nonymous .

0 .96

T HE R OSETTE". T his p otter N onetheless h is i ndividual

s tyle d istinguishes h is w ork , T he s herd i s a p ortion o f a f ree-style s cene t owards t he b ottom o f t he d ecorated z one. t he l eaf o rnament K 2 , p 1.25 .316 .

T he

b ear

T he b asal w reath i s G 380 , b oth a ppearing o n S & S

i s 0 .1607

( S & S p l.

2 0 .253)

a nd i s a g ood e xample o f t he p articularly d elicate m oulding a nd d esign t his p otter i ndulged i n , c . AD100-125 . C G12

LM

D r .

3 7.

" POTTER

s tyle s cene, p 1.26 .319 ,

O F

T HE

R OSETTE".

A nother

t his t ime w ith h is p lant,

w here

t he

l ion ,

0 .1403,

f ree-

a s o n S & S

a lso

a ppears .

c . AD100-125 . C G13

LX

D r . 3 7. " POTTER O F T HE R OSETTE". S imilar t o C G11 a bove b ut w ith t he a ddition o f a w avy l ine b order t o

s eparate

t he

b asal

w reath

G 380

f rom t he

f ield .

c . AD100-125 . C G14

L X

D r .

3 7 .

K EDETUS-RANTO-SILVIO

( Rogers '

1 0 s tyles).

T hese t hree p otters a ll

o f

s imilar

b roadly

c losely t ogether , a s ingle

a nd

s ource .

a nd

o bviously

T hey

L ezoux

i n

H adrianic p eriods r espectively . p articularly

a nd X w orked

p erhaps b uying t heir m oulds f rom

a nonymous

X artres-de-Veyre

s tyle

X -9

s tamped b owls

h ard

t o

w orked

t he

a t

L es

T raJanic

a nd

T heir w ork c an b e

d istinguish

h ence

R ogers s tyles t o c over t heir o utput.

t he

A ll

t wo

u sed t he

c ross-over o rnament U 103 o n t his p iece . O n t he l eft i s t he d ancer 0 . 354 a nd t he D iana 0 .109 . B oth a ppear o n S & S p 1 .29 .353 . C G15

L

D r .

3 7 .

M EDETUS-RANTO

t he s piral i s

S i

c losely

s herd

a re

( X-9).

c . AD100-130 . T he

o volo

b oth a ssigned t o X -9 .

p aralleled

a nd

S & S p 1.33 .387

a nd

V erulamium

( VER

D 123),

M EDETUS-RANTO

( X-9).

f rom

b y

B 38

T he s herd

I

p . 258

a

c . AD100-130 . C G16

LM

D r .

3 7 .

T he

p robably 0 229 a nd t he f igure i s t he t he D iana 0 .106 ( S & S p l. 3 1.373). C G17

LM

D r .

3 7 ,

p robably

M EDETUS-RANTO B 39

a ssigned - 5 0 -

t o

( X-9). X -9 .

T he T he

r osette

i s

u pper p art o f c . AD100-130 . o volo

p lant

i s

i s G 172

a lso

a ssigned

p 1.29 .344 . C G18

LX

t o

X -9

a nd

T he r osette

D r . 3 7 , A n e nigmatic m ay b e G 220 u sed b y

a ppearing

i s C 229 .

o n

S

&

S

c . AD100-130 .

p iece. T he l ittle o rnament t he X -9 a nd X -10 s tyles a s

w as t he v ictory 0 . 826 ( S & S p l. 3 4 .402). B ut t he v ictory w as a lso u sed b y I OENALIS a nd D ONNAUCUS t o w hom t he b ead-row i s m ore a ppropriate . B ut t hey a re

n ot

s tyle

l isted

t he

a s

l atter

h aving

p air

a re

u sed

U 106 .

m ore

l ikely b ut

O n

g eneral t his

i s

a g ood e xample o f h ow d ifficult i t c an b e t o d istinguish T rajanic w orkshops . T his r aises t he q uestion o f w hether s eparate w orkshops r eally

C G19

LM

e xisted .

c . AD100-140 .

D r .

I OENALIS

3 7.

( Rogers '

X -11).

B 59 a ssigned t o t his s tyle . a lso

a ssigned

p 1.38 .446 . t he

t o

T he

l eft

a ppears

d ecoration h ere a nd

i t

l eaf

i s

o ccurs

LX

D r .

3 7.

b asal T he

s tyle,

o n

S

&

n oting

o n

S

( X-9).

S

S

a s im ilar

p 1.32 .386

c . AD100-125 .

l ittle

G 19,

l eaves

a s

u sed

u sed

a s

o n

LX

D r .

3 0 .

I OENALIS

a ssigned

t o

( X-11).

t his t o

a llow

m ay

o n

S & S p l.

b e

t hat

n ot e xceptional. C G22

LX

D r .

3 7 .

s hows

u sed

A nother

LM

o volo

T he

( X-11).

b ead-rows .

l eft

i s

l ittle

t he

n umber N one

t o

o f

o f

b eing

A t

m ay

T he

f or

A s mall o f

b e

B 59,

i s

t oo ( but

u se

o f

a

I OENALIS b ut

s herd

m otif

X -12 .

t he

f eatures u sed

i t h is

T he r osette C 229

p otters

e nd

G 264 a bove

t ypes ,

a lso

u p

b ut

i s

a ssigned

c . AD100-125 .

( X-11/X-12). A c onfusing i n a p anel c riss-crossed b y

T he

R ogers '

b ut

d ividing

b ead-rows .

t he

t erminal

t rifid

a ssigned

h is

a ppear

i dentification

s tyle

I OENALIS o f m otifs

n eat

t o

D DAG

f igure

3 6 .426).

b y m any T rajanic

D r . 3 7. a rrangement

t he

o f

f illers

t o t his s tyle a s i s t he w reath G 324 . C G23

o f

S & S p 1.26 .319 .

i s u nusual

I OENALIS '

p anels w ith v ery n eat w as

u se

a ssigned

c . AD100-125 .

I OENALIS w ell

T he

c ertain

w avy l ine f or a b order

o n T he

c . AD100-125 .

s tyle .

f ragmentary

S & S

D DAG

s pace

s imilarly o n S & S p 1.20 .253 . C G21

o n

u sed twice

p 1.35 .412 .

" POTTER O F T HE R OSETTE".

w reaths ,

i s

f orm o f a w inding s croll

t hat

&

U 191

o volo

l eaf i s H 96

a ppearing

o rnament

i s i n t he

w orth

M EDETUS-RANTO C G20

t his

s mall

T he

T he l arge

o f

t he

a ssigned t he

c entre

l ower i t

l eaf

i s

n ot

i s p eculiar t o b y

o ther

s talks t o

m ay

i s

o n

X -11. b e

G 220

c lose

c ertain

t o

a

w hich .

I OENALIS ,

T rajanic

t he T he

m any

p otters .

c . AD100-125 . C G24

LM

D r . w ith

3 7 . a

r osette,

I OENALIS n umber c losest

( X-11)

o f

b ead-rows

t o C 230

- 5 1 -

p ossibly .

A s mall

r adiating

a ssigned t o

s herd

f rom

A VITUS .

t he T he

t rifid 1 25 . C G25

L N

D r .

m otif

i s

3 7 .

G 170

a ssigned

I OENALIS

t o

( X-11).

i nvolving t he v ictory 0 . 826

X -11.

A

c . AD100-

p anel

( S & S p l.

d esign

4 0 .472)

a nd

a d og ( ?) s eparated b y a n a stragalus b order R 21. T he r osettes a t t he b ase o f t he v ertical b ead-row a ppear t o b e C 229 a ssigned t o X -11. T he b asal w reath

i s

t he

1 2 s tyle . C G26

LN

D r .

t rifid m otif

G 31

a ssigned t o

T he

o volo

t he X -

c . AD100-125 .

3 7 .

I OENALIS

b oth o f

w hich a re

( X-11).

i s B 51

a ssigned t o X -11.

p ortion

o f

l egs o f

a n u nidentifiable a nimal

a f ree-style

s tag .

T he

s tag

i s

s cene

i nvolving

c losest

o r 5 9

B eneath i s a t he

h ind

a nd t he h ead o f a

t o

0 . 1697,

a

p rone

f igure t ype w hich s eems i nappropriate f or p osition s o h igh i n t he f ield . c . AD100-125 . C G27

L M

a

D r . 3 7 . D ONNAUCUS ( Rogers ' X -13). O ne o f t he f inest B illingsgate s herds i n a p ristine c ondition w ith a smooth s hiny s lip . T he o volo i s i dentifiable b ut i s p robably B 14 a ssigned

b arely t o t he

X -13

s imple

s tyle .

O n

t he

l ower

r ight

i s

t he

w reath G 324 a ssigned o nly t o t he X -11 s tyle . O n t he l eft i s a l eaf s tructure m ade u p a stragali, R 12 ,

b ead-rows

T he e legant

a nd

t he

l eaf

K 10

c ommonly u sed b y t his s tyle . C G28

L N

D r .

3 7 .

D ONNAUCUS

d ecoration .

A bove

e xperiments t he

a nd

t he

l arge

O n

a t

s croll

F 78

t he

t he r ight

l eaf

p air

p arallel t he

r osette

r osette

i s t he

i s

K 2 .

i s

t he

H ere i s t he

B eneath

t he

c upid

T he o f

t he

t he

u ses

f estoon

f estoon

i s

I n

t he

l ower

m ore a nd p art o f t he

s herd l ower

h e

r osette 0 280 .

0 . 408 .

C 280 o nce

o f

D onnaucus '

o volo .

0 80 .

X -13 .

z ones

o f

u pper z one

S & S p 1.45 .517 ,

a lignment

Two o ne

C 293 a nd t he s mall

r osette

o f

( X-13).

I n t he

t o

l yre i s 0 .83

c . AD100-130 .

t hem

r eplacing

N 50 .

z one

a ssigned

s eated A pollo p laying t he

i s

a n

t he

d ifference

a nd

a lmost

u pper

z ones .

e xact b eing T he

two e xamples p robably r epresent d ifferent p arts o f t he s ame m ould . C G29

L M

D r .

3 7 .

m oulded

c . AD100-130 .

D ONNAUCUS s herd

w ith

( X-13).

A

s mall

t he

B 6

u sed

o volo

s tyle o n S & S p 1.49 .586 . j ust

b elow .

L N

T his f eature

i s n ot a ttributed t o t he

L N

w ith

w hom

D r . 3 7 . D ONNAUCUS ( X-13). A p ortion o f t he v ine s croll a nd b ird N 10 u sed b y t his s tyle o n S & S p 1.49 .578 .

C G31

t his

T he f estoon F 16 a ppears

X -13 s tyle b ut i t w as u sed b y S AGER D ONNAUCUS h ad l inks . c . AD100-130 . C G30

c learly i n

D r .

3 7 .

c . AD100-130 . D ONNAUCUS

e xperiments a t t he o rnament

( X-13).

r eplacing

t he

A nother o volo .

o f

U 274 a s o n S & S p 1.46 .545 . - 5 2 -

D ONNAUCUS '

H ere

h e

u ses

T he l eaf

i s

p art

o f

a ppearing

t he

o n

p air

w as u sed b y a c . AD100-130 . D DAG C G32

LM

D r .

2 9 .

r evival

d ecorated

b owl

u pper

f orm

z one

t hey

A n

t he

LM

L

D r .

3 7 .

B UTRIO .

i n t his c ase

a ttribution

b eyond

l eaf

H 151

D r .

3 7 .

T he

o volo

c .

d oubt .

f igure l ower

A D100-130 .

i s

T he

i s .

D r .

r ight

i s

t he

3 7.

B UTRIO

a lso

b een

a s ubordinate

T he

o f

t wo

c losely p roducts

t his

D r .

3 7 .

T he

l arge

p art

o f c .

L IBERTUS . i n

a re

G EMINUS t ripod o f

I II

t he

w hich

m ay

b e

T hese

t wo

B UTRIO

S & S p l. C G38

L

D r .

3 7 .

r osette

B oth

a s a n

o volo

B 213

( S

& S ' i n

LM

D r .

3 7 .

A ntonine

a ppropriate

m iddle m akes

t he t oo

a re t he

t he

G .I.VIBIUS/GELENUS).

t he

W hat

t hey

a s

i s

i t

Q 7

u sed

l ikely

t o

c oarse w avy l ine i ncomplete t o b e

b ut h ammer

t he

o ne

o n

t he

i llustrated

o n

c . AD125-145 .

G EMINUS 0 297.

a w arrior . C G39

6 6 .21.

h ave

o riginal.

m ore

o val

w ith

p otters m ay

f ar

p otters .

o nes

0 . 450

w orkshop

d evice

f igure

o n t he

c upid

L IBERTUS '

b e G EMINUS I II' s w ork i s b order . B oth f igures a re c ertain

w ork .

A D120-140 .

a ssociated .

b ordered

a n umber

l eft

h is

p lants a re

T he s tanding

s ubstitute b ut t he w avy l ine i s m ore t o t he s tyle o f B UTRIO . c . AD120-140 .

b y

b ears

c . AD120-140 .

a s o n C G34 .

u pper

o r

v ery

h is

c hevron d oes n ot

e xample

B 82 .

H 151,

w ere

u sed

s herd

T he

A t ypical

p robably l eaf

o f

i s 0 . 577 a s u sed o n S & S p 1.61.683,

l atter 's

LM

D DAG

t hus m aking t he

e quivalent.

a ppearing o n S & S p 1.60 .674.

C G37

( see

i s n ot a ttributed t o B UTRIO

w hich

B UTRIO .

c apped b y t he

L

s tyle

i s p robably 0 229 u sed b y

[ P ]VTRIV ,

a ppear t o h ave a R ogers '

C G36

G 89

i n S & S o n p 1.84 .5

A t iny s herd b earing o ne

s ignatures ,

a nd t he

L

f rom

c . AD100-130 .

t he r osette C 229 w hich

C G35

i s

m otif

D r . 3 7 . D ONNAUCUS ( X-13). H e u sed t he o volo B 7 o n S & S p 1.47 .549 . H e a lso u sed t he f estoon F 78 a nd t he c upid 0 . 408 , t he l atter a ppearing o n S & S p 1.47 .557 .

C G34

t he

G aulish

s herd

t rifid

D ONNAUCUS-SACER

D ONNAUCUS i n t he X -13 s tyle . C G33

o f

S outh

T his t he

a nd 0 280

p otters .

e xample

o ld

a ppears

T he r osette

X -13

r osette

T raianic

2 9 .

s hows

I t

c all

C G29 a bove).

o f

t he

D r .

a nd

t o

T he

( X-14). o f

a ssigned t o X -14 . w hich

a ssigned

n umber

D ONNAUCUS

T raianic t he

K 23

S & S p 1.48 .570 .

I II.

B eneath

c . AD125-145 . X -5(?). a nonymous

H is i s

o volo

B 76

a f ragmentary

a nd

h is

f igure

o f

D DAG

O ne s tyles .

o f

t he T his

H adrianic s herd

i s

a nd v ery

d ifficult t o e xplain . T he v ase T i a nd t he b ud ( S & S f ig .16 .1.) a t t he p anel b order j unction a re - 5 3 -

c ertainly

a ssigned

t o

t he

f igures b elong t o t he X -2 . O n t he l eft i s r ight b y

t he

t he

W hile o f

w arrior

0 .166 .

T rajanic

t he

l ack

a T rajanic

T he

s tyles

o f

o f

a b asal

d ate

s tyle

o f

X -5 .

T he

s tyle o f t he T rajanic s tyle t he c upid 0 . 383 a nd o n t he

i t

v ase

w as

X -8 ,

w reath i s

i s

a lso u sed

X -9

a nd

n ot

w orth n oting

X -12.

i n f avour

t hat

S & S

c ommented o n a s tylistic c onnection b etween R ANTO ( i.e . X -8, X -9) a nd X -5 . C ertainly R ANTO u sed a s imilar d ouble b ordered f estoon a nd t he a stragalus , R 21. S o , i t p robably d ates t o

i f t he p iece w as m ade b y X -5 a n e arly H adrianic d ate , o r

i s p ossibly T rajanic . C G40

L

D r .

3 7 .

c . AD110-130 .

Q UINTILIANUS

p otters

a re

A SSOCIATES .

i nvolved

h ere ,

A n umber

s igning

b owls

o f

i n

a

b roadly s imilar s tyle . T he o volo , h ere b adly l aid o ut, w as u sed b y a ll o f t hem : Q UINTILIANUS , I ANUARIS

I ,

P ATERCLUS a nd S ISSUS

Q 84 a nd t he c hevron U 28 . o n S & S p 1.72 .33 b ut

C G41

L

I ,

a s w as t he c up

A s imilar

l ay-out o ccurs

t he l ack o f a b order b eneath

t he o volo i s u nusual.

c .

D r .

A SSOCIATES .

3 7 .

s mall t he

Q UINTILIANUS

p art

c up

Q 84

s imilar p 1.72

o f

a f ree

a nd

s cene

s tyle

a p air

a nd

a ssigned

A D125-150 .

o f

o thers

t o

T his

a rrangment

s hows

g ladiator 's

c an

P ATERCLUS

b e

o f

s een

t his

a

i nvolving l egs . o n

A

S & S

g roup .

c . AD

1 25-150 . C G42

L

D r .

3 7.

P ATERCLUS .

a ppearing w rote i nto

H is

c ursive

s ignature

b ackwards ( "retrograde") b ecause h e t he w et m ould b efore i t d ried , t hus i t

e nds u p b ackwards o n t he f inished b owl. i ncludes a p ortion S p 1.72 .36 C G43

L

D r .

3 7.

I .

O ne o f

o f

Q UINTILIANUS

m ould .

t he

O nly

i dentified

a s t he

h unter

0 .193a

0 . 200 ,

t he

a ssigned

b oar h as

L

D r .

A SSOCIATES ,

o ne

o f

B 28

u sed

( S

t he

p ossibly

o volos

b y

m any

S ISSUS

0 . 1426

( S

& S p l.

i nteresting o f a w orn

c an

b e

& S p l.

7 3 .41)

S ISSUS

0 .1503

( similar

t o

o r

I .

I n

1 598

o ne

o n

t he

7 3 .50),

and

t he

I n

h unting s cene t he

h unters b eing s eparated b y t he t o

c learly

p otters .

i s a f ree-style

l ower

p ouncing S & S p l.

o n

t he

h unter

l eaf J 38 z one t he

i s

b oar

6 8 .8).

T he

i s a ctually a S outh G aulish f igure-type w hich b een

c opied

f rom a n

m aking a n i mpression . C G44

S &

c . AD125-150.

a n e xample o f a n t hrough t he u se

l ion

o nly

p anther

0 . 1672

T he s herd

w reath G 164 .

l argest s herds f rom B LP a nd i t i s a

u pper d ecorated z one i nvolving

b asal

i s v ery s imilar .

p ity t hat t his i s d esign c ompromised

t he

t he

3 7 .

I ANUARIS

o lder

c .

Q UINTILIANUS I .

i llustrated

T his o n

i s

v essel,

v ery

A SSOCIATES , s imilar

S & S p 1.119A

- 5 4 -

p robably

b y

A D125-150 .

t o

i nvolving

p ossibly t he

b owl

a s imple

d esign o f a l arge

r osette

s mall r osette C 281. C G45

L

D r . t he

3 7 . Q UINTILIANUS A SSOCIATES . Two s herds f rom s ame b owl b ut n ot a djoining . T he d esign

a ppears w avy T he

c losest t o C 290 a nd t he

c . AD125-150 .

t o

b e

a p anel

l ines w ith t he b asal

w reath

c riss-crossed

b y

d iagonal

r osette C 281 a t t he j unctions .

i s

t he

f our-petalled

d evice

0 21

u sed i n t his w ay o n S & S p 1.68 .1. T he s mall l eaf i s K 37 . T he l arger l eaf i s H 95 . c . AD125-150 . C G46

L

D r . o f

3 7 .

Q UINTILIANUS

t he

r osettes

A SSOCIATES .

0 227 ,

a nd

a ppears o n S & S p 1.68 .4 . C G47

L

D r .

3 7 .

X -6 .

C G48

L

B 35

b order

S & S p 1.74 .5 .

c . AD125-150 .

T he o volo b eaded

U nfortunately t he

m otif

w ithin t he m edallion i s smudged .

c .AD130-150 .

D r .

s herd

3 7 .

X -6 0 279

i nvolved 1 50 . D r .

p ossibly .

w hich

i n

3 7 .

T he X -6

a f ree-style

C RICIRO

o n

o nly

u sed .

b ears

T he

t he

f igure

i s

i s p robably a l ion o r p anther t ype

b y h is a ssociate s haft

r ow

w hich

w hich a ppears w ith a s imilar

n ot c ertain b ut

L

F 42

i s m ore c ertain t han C G39 .

i s X -6 's ,

r osette

C G49

A v ertical

f estoon

A nother o f t he a nonymous s tyles o nly

t his e xample o n

t he

h unting s cene .

p ossibly .

T he

A TTIANUS .

c . AD130-

o volo

i s

B 7

u sed

C RICIRO u sed t he s pear

S & S p 1.118 .18 .

T he

l ion

i s

0 . 1378

a nd t he d evice b ehind i ts l egs m ay b e Q 95 a ssigned t o C INNAMUS . C G50

L

D r .

3 7 .

c . AD130-160 .

A CAUNISSA .

r osette C 243 . C G51

L

D r .

3 7 .

H is

o volo

S ACER-ATTIANUS .

B 7 a ssigned t o A TTIANUS .

a nd

l arge

T he

o volo

a nd

h is

i s

p robably

B eneath a re p arts o f t wo

p anels c apped b y t he f estoon F 16 , A TTIANUS

B 22

c . AD125-145 .

a ssociate

a lso a ssigned t o

S AGER .

T he

t rifid

o rnament b etween i s G 76 u sed b y A TTIANUS o n S & S p 1.86 .10 . T he l arge f igure i s t he w ine-sack b earer 0 . 627 ( which c an b e s een o n a b owl b y A ustrus ,

S & S p l.

9 4 .5),

t he

f ragmentary f or r ecognition . C G52

L

D r .

3 7 .

e xample T he

S AGER . o f

u pper

f estoons

B 14 z one

a s

o n

T he u sed

o volo

b y

c onsists S

&

S

i s

S AGER o f

s mall

o ne

i s

t oo

c . AD125-150 .

o n

s imple

p 1.82 .3

p ossibly

a w orn

S & S p 1.82.1. d ouble-bordered w here

t hey

a re

l ikewise s eparated b y t he s pear-shaped l eaf U 171. T he f igure i s a s trange o ne b ut e xactly t he s ame l ay-out

C G53

L

a nd

f igure

o ccurs a t

n o .20).

c . AD125-150 .

D r .

S AGER-ATTIANUS .

3 7 .

S outh S hields

( p .108

T his p iece u ses f eatures

a ssociated w ith b oth t hese p otters a nd a lso a n e arlier s tyle S & S c alled t he D ONNAUCUS-SAGER - 5 5 -

s tyle . T he o volo i s B 6 u sed b y D ONNAUCUS w ho , l ike S AGER a nd A TTIANUS a lso u sed t he f estoon F 16. A t t he b ase o f t he f estoon a nd o f t he s herd i s t he l eaf o n

K 2 u sed b y D ONNAUCUS a nd A TTIANUS .

t he

T he

c entre

l eft

c lumsily

s imple

f ace

i s

p laced

o f

i t

i s

U 244

c ockerel

o ne

u sed i s

T he t wist

b y

D ONNAUCUS .

0 .2348 .

O n

t he

m ight a ttribute t he p iece t o

D ONNAUVCUS b ut t he L ezoux f abric , l arge b ead-rows a nd g eneral l ay-out m ake S AGER a nd A TTIANUS m uch m ore l ikely . c . AD125-150 . C G54

L

D r . 3 7. S ACER-ATTIANUS . m ould b ut t he o volo m ay A TTIANUS .

C G55

L

H e

l eaf t he

c . AD125-150 .

K 22

u sed

b ottom

q uarters

o f

A TTIANUS

o n

c .

a t

o f

t he

b y

A TTIANUS

o n

t he

v ertical

b ead-row

f our-petalled

i n

t he i s

t he

o f

c lose

t o

3 7 .

b elow L 19 ,

i t

i s

D r .

3 7 .

t his

o f

b y h as

a l ine-

z one .

R ogers '

T he t ypes .

a ppear .

c .

T he w ith

a f ree-style

T he

w avy

u sed

b unch b y

h is

o volo t his

s cene

t ypes l ine

B 14 .

b adly

H owever o f

l eaves

a ssociates

A D125-150.

( ?).

s ea-horse

A v ery

S ACER 's ,

a lso

a ssociated

i s

t he

b e

d istinctive

w as

S OLINUS

o nly

B eneath

i s

i n

w hich

0 . 27/27a

b order

c losest

o bscure

t o

p otter .

t he

a nd

t ails

0 .22/23

p oints t o a d ate

o f

A D125-150.

D r .

3 7 .

T he

f estoon

S ACER .

F 40

o r

i s

F 41

T he

t he A pollo 0 . 91. 3 7.

B 14

u sed

C RICIRO . s tag 's

o r

T he

( although

i t

u sed

a re

C RICIRO .

p roduced

p eculiar

m ay

c ertainly

w hich

B eneath

t hose

n ose

B 16

u sed t o

b y

b e

h im .

e ither

a ssociated

w ith

c . AD125-150 .

b y S AGER . t o

i s

a ppears

f ashion i s t ypical o f S ACER 's S & S p 1.84 .15 . T he f igure i s

A TTIANUS

s imilar

o f

a nd

H owever t he l ay-out o f t he s herd c ircles a s s pace-fillers e specially

i n t his i rregular s tyle , f or e xample

D r .

o volo

smudged

n either

S ACER 's s tyle . a nd t he u se o f

L

p lacing

d ecorated

a n umber

w hich m ay S acer 's

t hough

B 242

C G59

o f

t hreeu sed

o rnament

S ACER-ATTIANUS-CRICIRO . o volo

A TTIANUS a nd C RICIRO .

c .

t he

i s

C 25

A D125-150.

D r .

o f

T his

p rocesss

b ase

S & S p 1.86 .10 .

r osette

S & S p 1.87 .23 .

d amaged

smudged

L

o n S & S

D r . 3 7 . A TTIANUS . L ower p art o f t he d ecorated z one s howing h ere a m edallion c ontaining p art o f

a stragalus

C G58

G 76

I I.

b order

L

m otif

t o D RUSUS

b een

C G57

t rifid

T he a stragali a re R 12 o n t he l eft a nd r ight . T he f estoon m ay b e F 60 a ssigned

A t

L

t he

p 1.86 .10 . R 9 o n t he

t he

C G56

u sed

M ade f rom a v ery w orn b e B 204 a ssigned t o

b e

b y

l ooking

t he

s nake

i s r ather s mall b y A TTIANUS .

- 5 6 -

T he

o volo

m ay

b e

i s a f ree-style s cene t heir

a ssociate

smudge a nd

f or t his), H owever

b y

r ock t he

t he

0 .2155

w hich w as s cene

i s

c loser

t o

p 1 .117 .1. D 98, a nd

C RICIRO 's

s tyle ,

f or

e xample

S

r emaining f igure-types a re t oo f ragmentary c ertainly i dentified . c . AD130-160 . D DAG C G60

L

D r .

3 7,

C ONDOLLUS .

o therwise

& S p l.

a ssociated w ith

1 .10).

L

D r . 3 7. s howing Q 32, T he

t o

b e

T he l eaf m ay b e G 10 b ut t his i s

C ONDOLLUS '

t he

w ork

o f

X -1

( S

w ork i s r arely f ound s o

i dentification c annot b e c ertain . C G61

S

H is b asal w reath G 280 a s u sed

o n S & S p 1.74 .7 . o nly

&

a nd s herds f rom V erulamium ( VER I p . 251 V ER I II p .192 D 74). U nfortunately t he

c . AD130-160 .

D OCILIS . P ortions o f two v ertical p anels o n t he l eft h is b asket o f f ruit a nd s tand

a nd o n w avy

t he r ight t he l ine b order

c haracteristic

o f

h is

l ozenge U 28 r epeated . i s n ot e specially

s tyle

b ut

h e

d id

u se

i t.

c .AD130-160 . C G62

L

D r .

3 7.

s herd T he

D OCILIS

h as

b roken

f estoon

F 71

p robably . o ff

w as

u sed

T he

s eems

f igure

w ithin

r ecognition b ut

C G63

L

t o

b e

t he

t he

( S & S p l.

D r .

D OCILIS .

3 7.

c ircle

o n

a stragalus d etail

a nd

s imilar

t o

l ion

R 23

D OCILIS

a ssigned

f estoon

9 1.1).

i s

T he

o volo A s

t o

w as

t he T he

P RIMANUS .

smudged

i s

m ost

c losest

t o

s usceptible s ize .

S & S p 1.91.9 ( S

T he

b eyond

R 14

a nd

& S p l.

b y

d ouble m otif

m otifs .

T he

t hese

a re

b ut

m inor

w hole

u sed

t he

t rifid

t ypical

t o

T he

B 24

o n C G62

s pace-filler .

0 .1403a

a s

t he l ine .

c . AD130-160 .

D OCILIS '

i s

p articularly

t he

a s

o ne o f

o volo

( S & S f ig .24 .20).

S & S p 1.91.6 .

a ppears

i s G 256 ,

t he

l ion i s 0 .1403a c ertainly u sed

b y D OCILIS

D OCILIS

a t

b y

d ouble c ircle s pace-filler a stragalus

U nfortunately

c leanly

v ariation

s herd

i s

i n

b roadly

l ike C G62 a lso s hows 9 1.1).

O n

t he

r ight

i s a h unter b ut a s h is w eapon i s m issing h e c annot b e c ertainly i dentified . C G64

L

D r .

3 7 .

t he

d ecorated

A USTRUS .

T He

c entral

u sed b y

A p ortion o f

z one

o ne

c . AD130-160 .

s howing

c ontains

t he

l ower

p art

o f

t hree

p anels .

p arts t he

l arge

A USTRUS o n S & S p 1.50 .595 .

m edallion

o f E 2

T he v ertical

p anels b oth c ontain t he v ine s croll M 23 u sed b y A USTRUS o n S & S p 1.95 .13 . A t t he b ases o f t he b ead-rows

i s

A USTRUS . C G65

L

D r .

t he

b eaded-cup

I n

3 7.

t he

f igure

a ssigned

t o

c . AD125-150 . A USTRUS .

T he

o volo

A USTRUS o n S & S p 1.95 .13 . b eneath

T 37

i s

A USTRUS '

r ight-hand a nd

t he

l eg

i s

I n t he

B 244

e ight-petalled

p anel o f

i s

a n

a nother

u sed

b y

l eft-hand p anel r osette

o bscure

C 52 .

d uck-like

a nimal.

c . AD125-

1 50 . C G66

L

D r .

3 7 .

P ossibly L AXTUCISSA o r Q UINTILIANUS o r a n

a ssociated

p otter . - 5 7 -

B oth

u sed

t he

l eaf

i n

t he

l ower c entre G 208 .

O n t he

l eft

i s t he v ine s croll

X 5 w hich a ppears o n S & S p 1.98 .15 a ttributed t o t he s tyle o f L AXTUCISSA o r Q UINTILIANUS . T he o rnament o n t he r ight i s a c urious o ne m ade u p o f t he f estoon F 81 a ssigned t o a n u nknown p otter a l eaf w ith a pparently n o p arallel ( see V ER p .195 D 97 f or a s imilar m otif). c . AD130-160. C G67

L

D r . 3 7. P ATERNUS I I. A s mall p iece o f a f rees tyle s cene i n h is t ypical s tyle u sing t he c igars haped

m otif

p 1.106 .22 .

C G68

L

a nd I II

a s

O n

a

t he

s pace-filler

u pper

m ounted

h unter

0 . 1546 .

c . AD160-190 .

0 . 246

l eft

a nd

a s

o n

S

&

i s a p ortion o f

b elow

i s

t he

S

t he

p anther

D r . 3 7. P ATERNUS I I G ROUP p ossibly . A w inding s croll d esign . T he o volo i s s lightly d istorted b ut

m ay

w as

u sed

b e

B 206

b y

a ssigned t o

h is

a ssociate

P aternus o r B 70 w hich

L AXTUCISSA .

T he

l arge

l eaf m ay b e H 21 w hich w as u sed b y P ATERNUS O N S & S p 1.107 .26 b ut t he s mall o ne J 21 i s o nly k nown t o h ave

b een

P OTTER". P ATERNUS

u sed

b y

T he

w avy

b ut

h e

S ECUNDINUS l ine

d id

u se

T he b owl i s t hus a n s ecurely i dentified . C G69

L

I a nd

b order o ne

i s

o n

t he n ot

" LARGE

' S '

t ypical

o f

S & S p 1.104 .4).

o bscure o ne w hich c . AD160-190 .

c annot

b e

D r . 3 7 . P ATERNUS I I. P ortion o f a m edallion c omntaining t he h orseman 0 . 258, a nd a lso p arts o f t wo H e

o f

h is

a lso

a ppears

c igar-shaped

u sed

t he

w ithin

m otif

r osette

a

( see

C 126 ,

s mall

C G67

p art

c ircle

o n

a bove).

o f

w hich

t he

r ight .

c . AD160-190 . C G70

L

D r . 3 7 . P ATERNUS I I. o f t he d ecorated z one . m otif

a ppears

o rnament

i s

a ssociate 0 .1394. C G71

L

D r .

( see

L

C G67 a bove).

c losest

t o

L AXTUCISSA .

3 7.

T he

P ATERNUS

I I .

D r .

P ATERNUS

3 0 . t he

I I.

D r . u sed

t rifid t o

a re

h is b oth

3 7 . b y

p arallel

s mall

s ection

w hich

i s

J ust

A DVOCISUS

o r

A DVOCISUS

o n

a lthough

t he

a ssigned t o C ONDOLLUS ,

o f

a

a lso u sed f iller i s

c . AD160-190 .

T he

d istinguishing

H 125 u sed o nly b y h im . L

d olphins

A

( S & S f ig .30 .17).

t ongue-end

C G73

s mall

a ssigned

H is o volo B 206 a nd h e T he d ouble c ircle s pace

a lso h is

B 105,

T he

G 120

c . AD160-190 .

w inding s croll. t he l eaf H 29 .

C G72

P ortion o f t he l ower p art O nce m ore h is c igar-shaped

o volo

m ark

i s

p robably

b eing

v isible .

t he T he

h is ,

p ierced l eaf

i s

c . AD160-190 . P ATERNUS i v . S &

S

c losest

T he o volo w as

p 1.112 .4 , R ogers

a n

e xact

t ype,

B 79 ,

d oes n ot m ention t his .

T he

r osette i s C 128 a ssigned t o t he C INNAMUS G ROUP b ut i t a lso a ppears o n S & S p 1.112.4. T he c urved c ross-over o rnament - 5 8 -

i s U 103 u sed i n T raJanic t imes

a nd

C G74

L

b y

A DVOCISUS a nd

h is

a ssociate

D IVIXTUS .

T he

r emaining f eatures a re u nidentifiable . B ird s uggests P aternus i v a s a

J oanna p ossible

a lternative ( see b elow , i v 's w ork) c . AD135-180 .

C G109-111,

P ATERNUS

D r .

o volo

3 0 .

U 117 . a nd

D IVIXTUS .

H is

B 52

a nd

H e a lso u sed t he r osette C 122 . A DVOCISUS

t heir

p roduced

v essels

h ave

f airly

a n

A ntonine

A DVOCISUS ' t he

W all

w ork ,

y et

e xclusively

b owls a ppear o n W all.

b owls a re d istributed v ice-versa ,

h ence

o f

d ating

r arely

t orch

H adrian 's

d ifferent

p eriods

s imilar

D IVIXTUS '

b ut

h is

T his p otter

a pparently

d ifferent d istribution . t he

f or

t o

o n

t ake

o ccupation

o n

i nto

t he

a ccount

t wo

t he

f rontiers .

c . AD145-175 . C G75

L

D r .

3 7 .

C RICIRO .

A c omplete

v ertical

p anel

a nd

t races o f a djoining p anels . T he o volo i s b arely v isible b ut w hat c an b e s een i s n ot i nconsistent w ith B 43,

u sed o nly b y C RICIRO .

c onstructed

i n

a

f ramework

T he m ain p anel

o f

l arge

w hich a lso b isect i t d iagonally . t rifid d evice a t t op a nd b ottom i s C RICIRO 's a ssociate S AGER . i s 3 58 u sed b y C RICIRO .

i s

b ead-rows

W ithin , t he 0 56 u sed b y

T he h eart-shaped l eaf T he a stragalus i n t he

m iddle p anel d oes n ot h ave a n o bvious p arallel. T he l eft-hand p anel i s t oo f ragmentary f or c ertain i dentification . o f

t he

s mall

O n

f estoon

F 16

b ird 0 .2298 .

S ACER 's b unch

o f

t he

u pper

u sed

r ight

b y

I n t he

i s

C RICIRO

a p ortion

a s

w as

t he

l ower r ight c an b e s een

l eaves L 19,

a lso u sed b y C RICIRO .

c . AD130-160 . C G76

L

D r .

3 7 .

C RICIRO .

A

s mall

p iece

o f

p anel

d ecoration s howing t he e rotic g roup 0 .B w ithin t he m edallion

E 26

a ssigned

t o

s imilar t o S & S p 1.117.4 . C G77

L

D r .

3 7.

t han

A LBUCIUS .

p art

f avourite

o f o f

c arries

0 . 1643 T hat

L

D r .

t he

h igh-quality

f eature

l ittle t his

p iece

m ore

w as

i s h is

g loss-slip

a i s

I ULLINUS .

T he

i s

f irst

a smudged v ersion

I ULLINUS

-

b oth

c . AD150-180 .

t his l ate A ntonine p otter . p ortions o f t hree p anels . b y

b ut

i s e xtremely w ell-moulded a nd t he s herd a

3 7 .

i s

b y i ts s imilarity t o S & S l ittle t uft o f g rass . M oreover

c haracteristics o f h is w ork . C G78

T his

s herd c arries

b oar

A LBUCIUS '.

m ade m ore l ikely p 1.123 .33 w ith t he t he f igure

T he

t he

C RICIRO . c . AD130-160 .

o f

m any

s herds

b y

T his p iece s hows T he m ost p rominent o f

o n S & S p 1.126 .13 .

t he

v ase

T 16

u sed

T he s quare b ead-

r ows w ith p ierced c ircles f or c haracteristic o f h is s tyle .

t erminals a re a lso A bove t he v ase i s

p robably

d etails

t he

M ars 0 .147a .

T he

a djacent p anels a re u nidentifiable . - 5 9 -

i n t he

two

c . AD160-190 .

C G79

L

D r .

3 7 .

v essel h is ,

I ULLINUS . b ut

n ot

B 164,

T wo

s herds

a djoining .

b ut

T he

i s smudged h ere.

r oped b order b elow t he e asiest C entral G aulish r ecognise . o n S & S c . AD160-190 . L

D r .

3 7 .

t he

i s

s ame

p robably

T ogether w ith t he

p air a re amongst t he p otters ' t rademarks t o

B oth s herds c arry p art o f t he e nclosed

z ig-zag s croll

C G80

f rom

o volo

u sed o nly b y

p 1.125 .1.

I ULLINUS .

I ULLINUS a nd a ppearing

T he

L ike

t he

d olphin

i s

0 .2382 .

p revious

s herd ,

h is

o volo B 164 a nd r oped b order . T he m edallion c ontains t he l eaf J 169 u sed b y I ULLINUS o n S & S p 1.126 .14 . p robably t he

T he f igure w ithin t he m edallion i s s tag 0 .1704 n ot o therwise k nown f or

I ULLINUS

i t

b ut

a ppears m ore

1 57 .8 b y C INNAMUS . C G81

L

D r .

3 7.

c learly

o n S & S p l.

c . AD160-190 .

B urnt .

I ULLINUS ,

O nce

m ore

h is

o volo

B 164 a nd r oped b order . I n t he c entral l ower r ight i s p art o f t he p illar a nd c apital P 21 u sed o nly b y I ULLINUS . 0 . 688

O n

u sed

t he

b y

l eft

i s

I ULLINUS

t he o n

n ude

S

m ale

&

S

f igure

p 1.126 .21.

c . AD160-190 . C G82

L

D r .

3 7.

I ULLINUS .

s how h ow a ssigned . r ight

a nd

T he s herd

L

s herd

b ut

t he

s mall

f igure

i s

t he

i ncluded

t o

s atisfactorily a ppears o n t he V enus

i s 0 .282 .

i s s imilar t o S & S p 1.125 .4 a ssigned t o

I ULLINUS . C G83

A t iny

s o s mall a p iece c an b e T he p illar P 21 p robably

c . AD160-190.

D r .

3 7.

I ULLINUS

t he

b ase

o f

h is

p robably .

p illar

O n

P 21.

t he

T he

r ight

f igure

m ay i s

b e

m ost

l ike t he d og 0 .1963 b ut t he h ead i s m ore l ike t hat o f a g riffon . T he f igure w ithin t he m edallion i s u nidentifiable. v ertical

T he

w ith t he s tyle o f C G84

L

c ombination

s quare b ead-rows

o f

( see C G81)

I ULLINUS .

P 21

a nd

t he

i s c onsistent

c . AD160-190 .

D r . 3 7 . I ULLINUS . T he p illar P 21 ( ?) f lanks t he

l ower p ortion l egs a nd s eat

o f o f

h is t he

s eated f igure u sed b y I ULLINUS o n S & S p 1.127 .22 w hich d oes n ot a ppear t o h ave a d irect O swald e quivalent. s imilarly c ase

T he

u sed

t hey

I ULLINUS .

v ertical

o n

a ppear

t o

H owever

b e

m inor v ariation i n d etail

L

D r . w ith T he

3 7.

T ETTURU .

h is f igure

c aryatid 0 .1207a . C G86

L

o f

b e

t he

n ot a re

a stragali t hough

i n

a re t his

a ttributed s ubject

t o

t o

s uch

t hat n ot t oo m uch s tress c , AD160-190 .

T he o volo

c haracteristic m ay

R 66

a stragali

s hould b e p laced o n t hem . C G85

r ow

S & S p 1.127 .24

i s h is ,

B 143,

e xaggerated h ead

c oupled

w avy o f

l ine .

a nd

a rms

t he

H e t he

u sed t he t he " bent-tongued

c . AD150-200 .

D r . 3 7 . S ISSUS I I p ossibly . o volo B 245 c alled b y S & S - 6 0 -

o volo"

a nd

f igure

i s

i llustrated

p art

a b order

o f

t he

b eneath

o n

t heir

t he

o volos

f rom V erulamium a ssigned s imilar u se o f c ircles a s f ashion C G87

L

D r .

( VER

3 7 .

t his

I II

p .191

C ASURIUS .

p otter 's

p 1.109 .

g riffon 0 . 865 . i s

T he l ack o f

u nusual.

A b owl

t o S ISSUS I I h as a s pace f illers i n t his

D 56).

c . AD135-165 .

A c learly

h eavy

T he

a nd

m oulded

e xample

r elatively

o f

u ninspiring

w ork . H is o volo B 176, b eneath , a p ortion o f h is f estoon F 47. T he f igure i s t he c aptive 0 .1146 w ho l ooks

b ack

o ver

h is

l eft

s houlder

a t

h is

h ands

t ied b ehind h is b ack . T he f igure a ppears o n S & S p 1.137.57 . c . AD165-200 . C G88

L

D r .

3 7 .

o nly

C ASURIUS

s ignificant

J 11.

A t

t he

o r

D OECCUS

f eature

b ase

o f

o n t he

I .

B oth

t his

s herd ,

v ertical

p ossibly a s mall r osette m ore o f D OECCUS I . c . AD165-200 . C G89

L

D r .

3 7 .

C ASURIUS .

s herds .

T his

b ecause

i t

C orbridge l ay-out m otifs t he

i s

i s

a lmost

i s a re

o ther

a s

i dentical s o

t his

s ide

o f

t he

t he

l arger B illingsgate t o

i nteresting

a p iece

p recise

p iece s ame

i s

s tyle

f rom

S & S p 1.135 .37 .

b ut

n ot

l eaf

b ead-row

p articularly

i dentical

i llustrated

t he

t he

c ommon t o

O ne o f t he

p iece

u sed

T he

p ositions

p robably

m ould .

o f

r epresents

T he

o volo

i s

B 223 , t he m edallion E 25 , t he l eaf w ithin H 59 . T he s croll w hich f lanks t his p anel o n e ither s ide i s M 50 . O n t he u pper r ight i s t he l ioness 0 .1537/39. B eneath t he h are 0 . 2119a i s p ounced o n b y a n u nidentifiable d og t ype . C G90

L

c . AD165-200 .

D r . 3 7. B ANUUS o r a n a ssociated o volo B 159 . I n t he f ield b elow t he C 231

o r

2 32

a nd

s mall

r osette

p otter . H is l arge r osette

0 196

a re

n ot

a ttributed t o B ANUUS , b ut a s imilar w avy l ine w as u sed b y h im o n S & S p 1.140 .11. T he g eneral s tyle o f

r osettes a nd m edallions w as a lso u sed b y h im a s

f or e xample o n S & S p 1.139 .3 . C G91

L

D r .

3 7 .

B ANUUS .

D espite

c . AD165-200 .

t he

u nusual

l ack

o f

b order b eneath h is o volo B 157 t his i s s till p robably h is w ork . T he l eaf i s H 135 a nd a ppears w ith

t he

s ame

o volo

o n

S & S p 1.139 .2 .

c . AD165-

2 00 . C G92

LM

D r .

3 7 .

C ETTUS

( the

" SMALL

' S '

P OTTER").

a v ery

c ommon p otter f or t he p eriod p articularly m ilitary z one o f t he n orthern f rontier b ut B LP .

T hree

i nclusion o volo h im

i n

B 263 a n

o ther t he

o ccurs

t iny

p ieces

d o

i llustrated c atalogue . a long

i dentity

b efore

r ecovered - t he s mall

- 6 1 -

w ith

' S ',

a S 72 .

t he

m otif

s igned

i n t he n ot a t

n ot

m erit

H ere

h is

t hat

g ave

s herd

w as

c . AD135-165 .

C G93

L

D r .

3 7.

s mall

M ERCATOR

I I.

I ncluded

s ize a nd l imited d etail

h ere

d espite

b ecause

i ts

i t v irtually

p arallels S & S p 1.145 .4 a ssigned t o M ERCATOR I I. T he r oped b order i s t ypical f or t his p otter a s i s t he f igure w hich c . AD160-190 . C G94

L

D r .

3 7 .

D OECCUS

o f t his m ajor C G88

a ppears

I .

o n

& 4 .

T he f irst o f s everal e xamples

l ate A ntonine

a bove).

S & S p 1.145 .3

H is

s tyle

p otter 's w ork

i s

( but s ee

d istinctive

a nd

t he

q uality g ood b oth i n t erms o f l ay-out a nd s tandard o f m oulding a nd s lip . T his s herd s hows h is o volo B 161 a nd s ome o f h is m edallion E 8 o n t he r ight. A t t he t op o f e ach b ead-row i s t he l eaf H 167 u sed b y h im .

T he

f igure

i s t he

m ale d ancer 0 .365 u sed

b y D OECCUS I o n S & S p 1.148 .22 . C G95

L

D r .

3 7 .

B urnt.

c ontaining a ppearing

t wo

o n t he

t he m edallion r osette C 170 . r am 's

h orns

r ight

I .

H is

I n

H 135 ,

o f

m edallion .

t he

G 351

t he

u sed

i s

h is

a re

m oulded

a c apital

b y

t o

t wo

t he

c olumns

B eneath t he t he

I o n S & S

f our-petalled

d ancer

w hich

(H ). O n

r ight

0 164.

0 .362 .

m eet

T his f orms

t he

r osette

T he

T he p anels

f estoons

P 63 .

i s t he

c ondition .

i s H 134.

m onogram

p illar

t he

m ost o utstanding p iece i s m ostly

s uperb

i nverted

' D '

p oint

i s

i n

T he l eaf

d ouble

c orresponding t he

a nd

B 161.

" roofed" D OECCUS '

E 8

a lso

c . AD165-200 .

o volo i s h is , a t

p ossibly

b y D OECCUS

f ield

D r . 3 7 , D OECCUS I . O ne o f t he s herds f rom B illingsgate . T he b eautifully

m edallion

l eaves

two s quare b ead-rows m eet a t O n t he l ower r ight i s h alf o f

s pace-filler . L

h is

m otif

p 1.147 .1.

C G96

D OECCUS

o f

c . AD165-200 .

T he

a t

a

B etween

l ay-out

o f

t he p iece i s s imilar t o a s herd f rom R ichborough ( RICHBOROUGH V p .157 n o .42). c . AD165-200 . 0 097

L

D r .

3 7 .

D OECCUS

c ontaining U 34 .

T he

0 170 . ( S

h is

r osette

L

3 7 .

b elow

i s

m edallion

L

D r .

3 7 .

b e B 161

i s

t o

o ne

t herefore

l ozenge p robably

f rom L ondon

p ossibly

f rom

T his

s herd

i s

a n

e xample

o f

H is r osette 0 170 a ppears i nbetween b e

o f

s een

( S & S p l.

D OECCUS

t he p art

o f

1 49 .27).

a ssigned t o D OECCUS f lower

a ppears

H 71

b e

l eaf

I o r B ANUUS .

f our-petalled t o

l eft

A D165-200 .

I .

p art

c an

d ancer 0 . 353

a nd

t he

o bliquely l aid-out m edallions a s o n S

& S p 1.151.54 . a nd

a m edallion

H 16

t o

i s

o f

l eaf

i dentical

a nd

c .

D OECCUS

h is s tyle o f

0 099

i s

& S p 1.147 .10)

D r .

A p ortion

a bove

T his p iece

t he s ame m ould . 0 098

I .

d istinctive

2 00 . - 6 2 -

W ithin

d rapery

o f

t he t he

c . AD165-200 . T he

o volo s eems t o

I a nd h e a lso u sed t he

C 294 .

a ssigned

H 18 . t he

H owever t o

B ANUUS .

t he

l eaf

c . AD165-

C G100

L

D r .

3 7 .

D OECCUS

I .

h is d istinctive D DAG C G101

L

D r .

3 7 .

h ave

s hell

D OECCUS

s urvived

d ispersal

m otif,

I .

f rom

o f

H ere

i mpossible T his

i s

s ix

i t

c ontains

c . AD165-200 .

s herds

b owl.

a ppear

Owing

s poil

t o

t he

b ut

U 77 .

a s ingle

B illingsgate

p ractically v essels .

A t iny p iece

i t

t o

h as

t o t he

p roved

r econstitute

s mashed

s ignificant

e xample .

o nly

I ncredibly t he two l arger s herds w ere p urchased i n e arly

1 984

o bviously

f rom a s treet f rom

t he

m arket

s ame

b owl

b ecause

b ut

t he

t hey w ere o ther

f our

w ere r ecovered s eparately f rom h eaps n ine m onths l ater . U nfortunately t hey d o n ot a ll c onnect s o t he

t otal

l ay-out

c ertain , p anel a nd

Q 59

t he

t he

P an

a ssigned

B 161.

T his

c ontaining

a l arge

R 2 ,

a nd

a bove,

n ever

t hat

c ontaining

b asket

o volo ,

c an

h owever ,

b e

0 . 717 t o

p anel

w as

a bove

D OECCUS w as

m edallion

t wo

c ertain .

b asis

r osettes ,

I t

i s

a v ertical t he

d olphin

I ,

a s

i s

f lanked

b y

o thers

w ith

t wo

C 170 ,

t he

a stragali,

b elow ,

W ithin

t he m edallions i s t he T riton 0 .19 w ith t he c lub t o t he

r ight

w ith

( S

c lub

t hese

i n

m issing .

C G102

L

t he

3 7.

a s

t he

T riton

i llustration

s equence

c ase

P UGNUS .

b ut

t his

o ther ( These

s herd

f ort

i s

w as

p anels s herds

0 .21 s hows n ot

m ay

b e

a ppear

o n

w ith

v ery

P UGNUS

C INNAMUS G ROUP . 3 0 .

a s imilar

s imilar

w avy-line

o ne

c losely

C INNAMUS .

s croll.

b order .

f rom B irdoswald 1 916-17 p .141

a ssociated

S igned

i n

h is

" advertisement"

s tamp . v essels

i n

t o

( CW 2 V ol.XVII

w as

g reat g roups

a w inding

w ith

t he

c . AD145-175 .

( retrograde) t hat

o f

u sed b y P ugnus o n S & S i s J 33 u sed b y S & S p 1.153 .7

o n H adrian 's W all

n o .72).

D r .

P ortion

i s B 233 T he l eaf

a ssociation

T he

L

o r

T he

c . AD165-200 .

T he o volo p 1,154.13 .

C G103

1 50 .51),

l eft .

C G X II)

D r .

i n

t he

c ontinuous

n ecessarily p l.

& S p l.

t o

h is w hich

h is

b y

h im

c lassic C INNAMUS '

g enerally

p roducts

[ C ]INNAMI p rominent

o utput

w as

d ominate

o ccur .

A t

s o

s amian

C orbridge

f ifteen p er c ent o f t he s amian o f h is p eriod i s i n h is s tyle . O n t he A ntonine W all t he p roportion r ises t o t wo-thirds o r r epresented a t B illingsgate n o

m eans

d etail. C G104

L

d ominate .

T his

m ore . C INNAMUS '

s herd b ears

W hile w ell p roducts b y l ittle

o ther

c . AD145-180 .

D r . 3 7. C INNAMUS . A t ypical e xample o f h is u ninspired w ork . T he s herds s hows h is o volo , e ither a ngle i s

B 143 o f

o r

smudged).

o ften t his b ird .

1 44

c ording

u sed c ase .

t o

o n

( the t he

B eneath f orm p art O n

t he

c . AD145-180 . - 6 3 -

d istinction

t ongue i s o f

r ight

t he

w hich l eaf

b eing

H 22

w hich

a w inding s croll c an

b e

t he

i n t his c ase

s een

p art

a s o f

h e i n a

C G105

L

D r .

3 7.

s croll 1 80 . C G106

L

D r .

C INNAMUS . b ut

3 7 .

A nother

t his t ime w ith t he

C INNAMUS .

M ost

p art

o f

l eaf,

o f

a w inding

H 24 .

a p anel

c . AD145-

c ontaining a

s imple m edallion i n w hich i s t he b ear 0 .1609 ( S & S p l. 1 57 .11), a s imilar p iece c an b e s een o n S & S p 1.157 .13 w ith a d ifferent f igure b ut t he s ame t ufts o f g rass b elow . T he v ertical p anel t o t he r ight p art

i s h ardly t here b ut s eems t o c ontain a s mall o f

t he

C INNAMUS . C G107

L

d olphins

a nd

b asket

Q 58,

a ssigned

t o

c . AD145-180 .

D r . 3 7. C INNAMUS . t ime w ith t he l eaf m edallion

A nother w inding s croll, t his H 22 a ssociated w ith a s imple

c ontaining

C INNAMUS

o n

S

&

t he

S

e agle

0 . 2167 ,

p 1.159 .33 .

u sed

B etween

b y

i s

t he

e ight-petalled r osette 0 53 u sed b y C INNAMUS o n S & S

p 1.162 .60 .

a ngled

t o

c . AD145-180 .

f it

i t

i nto

e agle i s v ertical C 0108

L

D r .

3 7.

d ecorated

m oulds

z one

i s

s lightly

s pace

- t he

T his

p otter

f or

C INNAMUS .

t he

b eginning

a pparently B eneath

o f

t he

C ERIALIS '

c ursive s ignature

w ritten i nto t he m ould b efore i t

w as

S & S p 1.164 .

f ired ,

a s

o n

w inding s croll L

( Drawing a vailable

o n t he s herd).

C EREALIS .

m anufactured

C G109

t he

D r . 3 7 . p otter

P ATERNUS i v . w hose w ork

i dentified

a nd

e ven

n ame

s tamp

U niversity

o f

l ess

L eeds

p otter n umber .

i s

a nother

c . AD145-180 .

L ittle i s k nowm a bout h as o nly r ecently

d enotes

a

A bove

u sing t he l eaf H 21 .

i s

p ublished .

n umber

i n

r egister ,

T his s herd ,

t he n ot

t his b een

T he

" iv"

u npublished a

d ecorated

a nd t he n ext t wo ,

h ave

b een a ttributed t o t his p otter b y B renda D ickinson a nd

J oanna

p iece b owl B 85

i s

f rom w hich

C G73

m ore c ame .

o nly

above ,

f or

t he

T he

t o

n o

p otters .

o bvious

u ncertain

b elow

i s

a

a ttributed

t o

p arallel

i s

a nd

t he

t o

v ertical

U 103 u sed b y a

h ind-quarters t he

s mall

c losest

X -11

t he

c ontains a l eaf

I n

d evice

T raianic

T his o f

c losest

T he

t wist

f igure .

t rifid t he

o volo

T he m ain p anel

a nimal

a lso).

s mallness

C INNAMUS .

c ontains t he c ross-over

n umber o f w ith

( see i t

a ttributed

p anel

a n

B ird

r emarkable

s tyle .

o f

p anel

t o

G 113

P robably

c . AD135-170 . C G110

L

D r .

3 7 .

c ontains p otter"

P ATERNUS t he

s tand

( PATERNUS

i v . Q 10

i v?).

T he

l eft-hand

a ssigned o n

t he

t o

a n

r ight

p anel

" unknown t he

o nly

i dentifiable p ortion o f t he s tructure

i s t he b ifid

t erminal

I .

G 334

a ssigned t o S ECUNDINUS

c . AD135-

1 70 . C G111

L

D r .

3 7.

i dentical

P ATERNUS t o

a

H adrian 's W all

i v

( or S ERVUS

b owl

I ).

T his s herd i s f ort

o n

( CW 2 v ol .XXX p .179 f ig .4 n o .6).

I t

- 6 4 -

f rom

B irdoswald

w as b y

S & S v iew t heir

t hat

S ERVUS

p 1.124.

T he

u sing t he

t his

I w ho

d esign

p iece

s igned

c onsists

s hell-like

l eaf

w as t he

o f

p ossibly b owl

o n

m ade t heir

a w inding

s croll

3 8 a ssigned t o S ERVUS

I ,

t he o volo m ay b e B 85 a s o n C G109 a bove . f igures a re t he V enus 0 . 281, t he c upid 0 .420,

T he t he

b ird

t he

0 . 2239c

a nd

a P an-type' s

l eg

o ccurs

o n

l ower r ight. T he c upid a nd t he l eaf b oth o ccur o n t he S ERVUS I b owl i n S & S . c . AD135-175 . C G112

L

D r . 3 7 . B ELINICUS . P ossibly o ne o f i nteresting s herds f rom B illingsgate . p art

o f

a

T herefore

i t

r etrograde w as t he

s ignature

r ight

t he m ost I t b ears

.. ELINI...

w ay r ound o n t he

a nd t he w rong w ay r ound o n t he o riginal

m ould

d ie .

S uch

a s tamp w ould o ccur t he r ight w ay r ound i f u sed o n a p lain

b owl

i nto

t he

n ame

f its

s uch

a s tamp

f rom n ot

t hese

a nd

D r .

f ollowing s herds

h ad

s herds

B ELINICUS ,

o n

w ere

a p lain

Q 1

w hose

w ho

u sed

f orm

D r .33

V n o .20B).

H e

i s

m ade d ecorated b owls .

d id

m ake

a p ortion a ssigned

i s d ated c .

o f

t o

a f ew t he

m oulds .

b asket

A DVOCISUS .

o f H is

A D135-155 .

S ECUNDINUS

J upiter

I II.

T he

o volo

i s

B 23

b ut

t he

a ngle

o f

t he

h ead

i s

v ery

c . AD140-180 .

a dded

a lready b een

h e

s hows

r ight

p otter

o nly t o S ECUNDINUS I II. J udging b y t he b earded f ace a nd s taff, t his i s p robably

u nusual.

o f

i s

i mpressed

o nly

( RICHBOROUGH

s tand

3 7 .

a ssigned f igure's

b e

T he

e xample

s uggests

a lso

p lain w are

T he

f or

e xample s herd

f ruit

a

w ould

l etters

R ichborough

T his

L

i t

v essel.

p reviously k nown t o h ave

T he

C G113

w here

a ctual

i n

J uly

i llustrated

1 986 i n

a n

a fter

t he

o rder

f ollowing

m ain

s equence t hat

o f

S tanfield & S impson . C G114

L

D r .

3 7 .

A TILIANUS .

r are .

U nlike

b order I t

i s

i s

o ne

m ade

a ppearing

a s

A TILIANUS

T his

m ost o f

t he

u p A 15

a nd

o f

o f i n

p otter 's

t he

m ost

c onspicuously

a ll

t he

p revious

i s

t he

f eatures .

r ectangular c atalogue

b eads ,

a ssigned

d ifferent s herds .

v ery

s heds

s ignificant

s mall

R ogers '

w ork

p revious

f rom

O n

t o t he

b orders

o n

i s p art u sed b y

o f t he t ripod s tand Q 7 k nown t o h ave b een A TILIANUS . O n t he l ower r ight i s p art o f

t he

l eft

t he l ozenge U 5 a sssigned t o B ANUUS . T he f igure i s a s mall a nd v ery w ell-moulded H ercules s imiliar t o , b ut s maller t han , 0 . 750 w hich o riginated i n L IBERTUS '

w orkshop

( S & S p l.

5 5 " I ch .

I nv .

4 4").

c .AD140-180? C G115

L

D r . t his

3 7 .

S ERVUS

e xample

d ecoration

t o

I V .

o f t he

D r.

a

G race

c ursive

r arely

S impson a ttributes

s ignature

f ound

w ork

o f

w ithin S ervus

t he I V .

C ursive s ignatures u sually o ccur b elow t he d ecorated a rea . U nfortunately n othing b eyond t he s ignature S ERV [US ]

o r [ I]

- 6 5 -

s urvives .

c . AD160-195 .

C G116

LM

D r . 3 7 . M EDETUS-RANTO ( X-9). a n e xtremely w orn m ould m ight o volo

i s

B 40

a ssigned

D iana 0 . 106 c . AD100-130 .

t o

L

D r .

3 7 .

X -9 .

T he

f igure

h ow T he

i s

t he

a ppearing a lso o n S & S p 1.31.373 . ( Due t o i ts s ize t his s herd a ppears

a long w ith C G43 o n p l. C G117

A n e xample o f s till b e u sed .

C G V )

Q UINTILIANUS A SSOCIATES .

h unting s cene .

A w ell-moulded

T he o volo i s b arely v isible b ut

p robably 0 .193 i s

B 28 u sed b y t his b arely v isible o n

c omplete

o n

S

&

S

g roup . t he l eft

p 1.73 .41

c onfronting t he b ear 0 .1606 .

a nd

i s

T he ( it

w arrior a ppears

C G43

a bove),

T he g raphic s cene

i s

c omplete w ith d ecapitated h ead b elow t he b ear . O n t he l ower r ight i s t he r osette C 281 u sed b y t his g roup .

A b roadly

s imilar

s ort

o f

o n C G43 a bove b y t he s ame g roup . C G118

L

D r .

3 7 .

s cene

D r .

3 7 .

C INNAMUS .

i nvolving t he

l eaf

H 76

d esign

a ppears

c . A125-150 . A w inding

u sed

s croll

o nly b y h im ,

a s

o n S & S p 1.156 .10 . T he o volo i s B 143 o r 1 44 a nd b eneath i s a n u nusual a stragalus b order w hich C INNAMUS s ometimes u sed . D r .

C G119

3 7 .

t hree

C INNAMUS .

f igures

p 1.161.47,

a ll

c . AD145-180 .

T hree u sed

4 8 & 5 0 .

v ertical

b y

L

D r .

3 0 .

P ATERNUS

I I.

A

r etrograde a dvertisement [ PATE ] R NE . c . AD160-190 . C G121

L

D r .

3 7 .

C INNAMUS .

0 . 2252 .

F eeding

L

D r .

3 7 .

w ith

S

&

N 8

t ree

S

t he

A D145-180 .

p iece

o f

s ignature ,

t ree

t he

c .

t iny

s tamp

H is

f rom

s tag p ossibly 0 .1768 . C G122

o n

T hey a re t he c upid 0 . 442 ,

D iana 0 . 106 a nd t he A ctaeon 0 .124 . C G120

p anels

C INNAMUS

a nd

h is

r eading

t he

a ppears

b irds

t o

b e

a

c . AD145-180 .

U NATTRIBUTED .

S mall

D r .

3 7s

s eem

p ossibly t o b e u nrelated t o t he m ainstream p otters o f C entral a ttributed . i nvolve

G aul a nd a re m uch l ess e asily T his f ree-style s cene s eems t o

l eaves

a ssigned t his

b ecause

p oint.

L

D r . b ut

( see

b owl

o volo

i s

C G121

a bove)

a nimals

a re

p oorly m oulded

a ppears

t o

h ave

n o

c . AD140-180(?).

3 7 . X -6 p ossibly . L ittle d ecoration r emains t he t rifid m otif G 32 , u sed b y X -6 o n S & S p l.

7 6 .29 O .

N 8

T he

t he

T he

R ogers t ype n umber . C G123

t ree

C INNAMUS .

u nidentifiable a t

f rom t he

t o

i s

1 394

v isible

a s

i s p art

( see C G70).

o f

a d olphin ,

p erhaps

A n u nreadable m ould s ignature

c an b e s een , p artially o bscured b y t he f ootstand . T he s lip a nd t rifid m otif a ll p oint t o a H adrianic d ate .

X -6

i s p ossible,

s ignature i s s imilar . C G124

LM

D r .

3 7 .

o f

a

R ANTO-SILVIO b asal

w reath - 6 6 -

s o a lso i s A ttianus , c .

w hose

A D130-150 .

( Rogers ' u sing

t he

X -10). t rifid

S mall p iece l eaf

G 41

a ssigned o nly t o t his s tyle a nd a ppearing o n S & S p l.

3 3 . 393 .

b een

M ost

e xcluded

l ines

u sed

B LP

b ut

t o

s herds

t his

l ay

o ut

o f

s herd

t he

t his

s hows

d esign

i n

s ize

o ne t he

h ave

o f

t he

o riginal

m ould , a ppearing a s a v ertical l ine r unning t hrough t he w reath . N ormally t hese d o n ot a ppear o n t he a ctual v essels . c . A D100-130 . 0 0125

L

U NATTRIBUTED .

B lack-coated

P robably

a

f rom

V ERULAMIUM

V ol.

s amian

D Achelette I p .

2 54

a nd

f orm

D 112

7 4

v ery

r are .

v ariant

w here

a s

a c omplete

v essel w ith a n i dentical a ppliqué h ead o ccurs . D ifficult t o d ate b ut t he V erulamium e xample s hows t hey w ere

i n

u se

b lack-coated c onventional i nventive b elow

s amian

w orkshop

C G126).

f iring

b y t he

t he

m id s econd c entury .

s amian

m ade

i n

C entral

b eing

t hat

b lack

e ffect

T he

s amian

w as

i n

G aul, o f

S uch

a longside t he

m ost

L IBERTUS

( see

w as a chieved

a r educing a tmosphere

b y

r ather

t han a n o xidising o ne. T his w are o ccupies a g rey a rea b etween m odern c lassifications o f s amian a nd c olour-coats ; b eaker v essels m ade i n t he a rea w ith b arbotine d ecoration a re g enerally r egarded a s

0 0126

L

c olour-coats - s ee 7 .B O ther P ottery n o .

3 9 .

P ossibly D Achelette A nother e xample o f

L IBERTUS . w hich m ay

s how t he 1 45 . C G127

L

N eptune

a s

o n S & S p l.

5 4 .630 .

A D125-

D DAG

D r .

3 7 .

a re

k nown

t he

b ottom o f

P 12 ,

6 4 ( a c onical c up). b lack-coated s amian

D DAG

B UTRIO .

t he

f or

A ll

t he

t he

n on-figured m otifs h ere

t he

l atticed

m ain p anel,

r osette

j unctions ,

t he

B UTRIO : C 182

l eaf

a t

t he

t he

c olumn

v ertical

w avy-line

P 3

a t

c olumn b order

J 160 w hich j ust a ppears a t

t he

t op o f t he m ain p anel a nd t he d evice Q 77 u sed a lso f or t he b orders . A g enerally s imilar l ay-out c an b e

s een

i nterest t he

m ain

o n S & S p l.

5 7 .665 .

i s t he e rotic g roup p anel

w here

t he s eated f emale .

t he

T he

o f i n

m ale

A D120-140

- 6 7 -

f eature

( no O swald n umber)

m ain

l ies

p rone

b eneath

( Private c ollection).

CG I

CG II 1 1 3 1 2

1 4

1 6 1 7

1 8

0 . 0. 0 0 0. 0 0 0. . ( Z TJ . i . i r y ! „

1 9 g

2 0

0 ,00 00 00 000

_0 0 ( )0'3'

c

C 00 000 0000000 1

r ,57 31 7 - C2

‘ J ' a l r u üooutzoo

CG III

CGV

CGV III

CG IX

CGX

/

• \

7

1 1

-

CGX III

CGX IV

13

CGXV

4 .F

E ast G aulish D ecorated S amian E ast

m ost

G aulish

o f

t he

w orkshops

s amian

l isted

b y m eans o f t he

L udowici f or

d ecorated

m aterial

1 942 ,

p lates

c an

t he

t ext

I n e ach c ase

a s herd

T

f or

w hich

g enerally

R icken & F ischer

r eferred t o a s R & F f or

i n

I -III)

f rom R heinzabern ,

b elow

w orks o f b elow .

r eference t o o ther w orks ,

R heinzabern ,

( Plates E G

i ndividual

O ther

c onstitutes

b e

a ssigned

d etails ,

m aterial

t o

1 963 a nd R icken & i s

a nd R & L

d iscussed

w ith

d etails o f w hich a ppear i n t he b ibliography . i s n umbered

T rier ,

E G a nd s ource

L aMad

f or

L a

i ndicated b y R f or

M adelaine

a nd

A

f or

A rgonne/Lavoye. D ating o f E ast G aulish m aterial i s e xtremely d ifficult b ecause i ts p eriod o f m anufacture a nd d istribution d oes n ot m atch w ith a n umber o f r elatively c losely d ated e vents a s o n H adrian 's W all, o r t he A ntonine W all. J oanna a s

H owever

t he

B LP

m aterial

E G1

t he

B ird i n J . g roup

l arge

g roup

a t

N ew

F resh

S chofield a nd M .

R hodes

i s

c an

c oncerned

i t

W harf

1 986

o nly

i s

d iscussed

( forthcoming).

b e

s afely

s aid

A s

t hat

b y f ar

t his

i s p robably l ate s econd t o e arly t hird c entury

R

D r . 3 7 . B .F . ATTONI. D espite h aving b een p ierced f or r epair w ith a r ivet , t his s herd s hows l ittle o ther s ign o f E 17 ,

t he

e ver h aving b een u sed .

b order

0 248

a nd

t he

T he o volo i s

m edallion

K 18

- a ll

a ssociated w ith B .F . ATTONI. E G2

R

D r .

3 7 .

m oulded

A TTO . l eaf

P 76 ,

T he

o volo

t he

m edallion

i s

E 25 , i s

t he

s harply

p robably

K 20a .

T he f irst two a ppear o n R & L T af.134 .3 E G3

P

D r .

3 7.

A TTILUS

o r

b ear T 34 .

T he n eat

a ws

b y

u sed

a

C OMITIALIS

V .

B oth

u sed

t he

d ouble-bordered m edallion K 19a

n umber

o f

R heinzabern

p otters

i ncluding C OMITIALIS V a nd a lso A TTILUS . E G4

R

D r . 3 7 . B ELSUS I I. T he o volo i s E 10 , t he l arge l eaf P 10 , a nd t he s mall l eaf P 82 . A ll a ppear o n R & L T af.111 .3

a ssigned

t o

t his

p otter,

b ut

w ith a

d ifferent t endril. E G5

' R

D r .

3 7,

m it

E . 25/26 '".

B ELSUS

I II

o r

B oth

t he

t hese

" Potter

o f

w orkshops

t he

' Ware

u sed

t his

o volo , E 25 , a nd t he c upid M 117 ( Oswald 4 66). T he m edallion i s c losest t o K 20 u sed b y t he l atter p otter

a nd

B ELSUS

I II.

T he

g eneral

s tyle

p oints

t o t he E 25/26 w orkshop . E G6

R

D r . 3 7 . E l a nd l eft, a nd

C ERIALIS I p robably . H e u sed t he o volo t he f igure w hich m ay b e t he d og r unning

T 130 V

( Oswald

b ut

t his

1 997).

a ppropriate t o C ERIALIS E G7

P

D r .

3 7 .

C OBNERTUS

S o a lso d id C ERIALIS I V

f ree-style

I .

l ay-out

i s

m ore

I . T he d ancing s oldier i s 1 4 208

( Oswald 1 74), t he c ross-hatched d isc t erminal t o t he v erical r oped b order i s 0 91. T he t wo a ppear -8 3 -

o n R & L T af .22 .6 . t his s herd . E G8

R

D r .

3 7 .

s tand

E G9

R

w hich

F LORENTINUS

i s

0 160

a nd

i s

a c lose

p robably .

b eneath

p arallel

T he

a re

t hree

s hows

3 7 ,

H ELENIUS .

T his

o volo

E 7

s mall

p iece

a pparently

u nique

D r . 3 7 . J ANU(ARIUS) I . H is o volo E 69 . i s s imilar t o R & L T af .6 .1.

E G11

R

D r .

3 7 .

J ANU(ARIUS)

H is o volo

t he

t o

t his

T he s herd

E 70 .

B eneath T he s herd

D r .

T he

3 7 .

J ULIUS

I .

D r .

T he

o volo

i s

i s P 155 u sed o nly b y h im .

L T af. 1 53 .8/9 . p robably 0 144 . R

I.

R & L

i s t he s tand 0 .184 a nd a smudged l eaf. i s p aralleled b y R & L T af.20 .19 ,

l eaf

E G13

l eaf

D r .

R

R

t he o n

E G10

E G12

o rnamental o f

p air P 145 . T hey a ll a ppear t ogether T af .113 .12 o n a b owl b y t his p otter .

d istinctive p otter .

t o

3 7 .

T he

m edallion

P RIMITIVUS

II.

E 42 .

s mall

B oth a ppear o n R & i s

H is

K 20 ,

t he

c ircle

r etrograde

s tamp

a ppears i n t he f ield b elow t he o volo E ll. E G14

R

D r .

3 7 .

f lower

J ANU(ARIUS) 0 37

a nd

T af .154 .4f. b y s everal J ULIUS I . E G15

R

D r .

3 7 .

T he

m edallion

B ELSUS 2 038)

n umber

o f

I II

a ns

0 41

a

s tand

b owl

o n

i s c losest b ut

p ossibly .

t he

R heinzabern

o n

H e u sed b oth t he

r osette

R heinzabern p otters

( Oswald t ogether

Ip robably ,

t he

n ot

b y

u sed

T hey

B ELSUS

I II

L

d og T 138a

w ere

p otters .

&

K 49 u sed

a pparently

B oth t he 0 214

R

t o

b y

a

a ppear

o n

R

&

L

T af . 1 26 .5 . E G16

R

D r .

3 7 .

m oulded

U NATTRIBUTED . e xample

o f

T his s herd s hows a c learly

t he d raped

f emale

f igure

M 246b

u sed b y m any R heinzabern p otters . E G17

R

D r .

3 7 .

I n

t he

P RMITIVUS f ield

r etrograde ' S '

i s

s tamp

t he

i nverted e nded o f

t heir

t he

P RIMITIVUS P RIMITIVUS E G16

R

D r .

3 7 .

d

T he s een

t he

o volo t he

l etters

r ound

i n

t his

t his

s tamp

( R

w ay a nd

c ase &

a re L

o f

. VS .

i nstead

n ormally

i s E ll.

e nd o f

a ppear

O nly a f ew R heinzabern

s tamps i n

b e

w ay

w ould

s tamp .

t he

b eing o n

a

p otters

d imensions

c losest

T af.259)

a T he

t o u sed

t he b y

I .

R EGINUS .

l eaf P 47A d istinctive T af .

i t

s tamp

c an

s howing

" correct"

a s

r etrograde

I p ossibly .

b elow

A lthough m any p otters u sed t his

t he s herd a lso s hows R EGINUS ' r eplacement f or t he o volo a s o n R & L .

1 8 .10. - 8 4 -

E G19

T

D r .

3 7 .

D EXTRI

c ontaining t hat

( ?).

a v ase

T af.

a nd

X XXII

a ssigned n o .

D r . 3 7. o f T rier

T

D r .

D EXTRI,

T his

i s

A

3 7 .

D r .

t he

o volo

s imilar

t o

s ee

t he

a lso

F ölzer

s maller

o f

h is

M id t o l ate A ntonine .

X XIII

n o .

W ERKSTATT

5 .

I S TUFE

s imilar t o H uld-Zetsche 1 972, E G22

s hows

a t ongue

A ttributed t o t he W ERKSTATT I I w orkshop b y J oanna B ird , A s imilar d esign o ccurs

o n F ölzer T af . E G21

t o

9 47 .

t wo v ase o volos . T

s herd

o f

i llustrated b y O swald & P ryce o n t heir p l. XXX

n o .107

E G20

T his

i nstead

3 7 .

A ll

t he

t ypes

o n

B .

T his

p iece

i s

a ppear

o n

B 59 . t his

s herd

v arious b owls a nd m oulds m anufactured a t L avoye i n t he A rgonne . T here w as c onsiderable i nterchange b etween p otters o f s tyles a nd p oinym is s o i t i s n ot p ossible t o s pecifically a ttribute v essels . E G23

A

D r .

3 7 .

A s a bove E G22 b ut t he s ame d esign a ppears

o n C henet & G oudion 1 955 f ig . 5 7 R . E G24

L aMad

D r .

3 7.

I ncluded

t his a nd t he a n

E ast

f or

G aulish

i nfluenced

t he

s ake

o f

c ompleteness

n ext s herd w ere m ade a t L a M adelaine,

b y

c entre

C entral

w hich

G aul.

N o

w as

h eavily

p arallel

f or

t he

o volo c ould b e l ocated , E G25

L aMad

D r .

3 7 .

A s

a bove

E G24

b ut

t his

p iece

s hows

p articularly w ell t he i nfluence o f t he A ntonine p otters o f C entral G aul a t L ezoux . T he o volo m ay b e

t hat

o ccurring o n F ölzer T af.

X XXII n os .

I n o .

3 8 a nd T af.

9 55/56 .

S herd E G26 a dded i n J uly 1 986 a fter t he m ain s equence h ad a lready b een i llustrated . E G26

D r. 3 7 . J ANU(ARIUS) I I p robably . M 115a ( Oswald 4 37) a ttributed b y

R

s tyle o f R EGINUS o f

t his

p iece

I o nly .

T he c upid i s R & F t o t he

H owever t he a ctual s tyle

i s m uch c loser

t o t hat

o f

J ANUARIUS

I - s ee f or e xample R & L T af . 2 0 ,13F w here t he r osette 0 72 a ppears w ith a v ery s imilar d esign b ut a d ifferent f igure . 4 ,G

Appliqué s anian T his v ariety

r arely F or

o f

e ncountered

r easons

d iscussed G aulish v essels

o f

s amian d ecoration w as n ot i n

s ite

r eports .

s pace t hey h ave

h ere

b ecause

a ll

t hough

C entral

T hree

c ommon i n B ritain a nd i s e xamples

b een i llustrated

t he

G aulish

B LP

e xamples

w orkshops

o ccurred

o n p late a re

a lso

S GVI

a t

B LP .

b ut

a re

a pparently

E ast

m anufactured

s uch

( see C G125 a bove).

A ppliqué d ecoration i nvolved t he u se o f r eady-made f igures i n c lay w hich

w ere

p urpose

w as

a pplied t o

t o

t he

a void t he

s urface

o f

r estictions

o n

- 8 5 -

t he

v essel

v essel

i n

q uestion .

f orm i mposed

b y

T he m ould

d ecoration . d ecorate t he r emove

t he

O n t he D echelette 6 7 f orm i t w as n ot u pper a rea b ecause i t w ould h ave b een

v essel

f rom

t he

m ould .

T he

b est

k nown

i mpossible i mpossible

e xamples

o f

t o t o

t his

s tyle o f d ecoration a re t he " Cornhill v ase" i llustrated i n t he B ritish M useum b ooklet o n s amian w are' s p late 8 a a nd a v essel f rom F elixstowe o n p late

I - b oth D echelette F orm 7 2.

( C .

J ohns

1 977).

A ll t hree e xamples f rom E LF s eem t o b e f rom R heinzabern o n t he g rounds o f s lip a nd f abric , t hey a re a ll p robably A ntonine o r l ater . 1

R

R im p robably f rom t he D echelette F orm 7 2 .

2

R

F orm u ncertain K Ma .

T he

h ippopotamus , i ntroduced b arbotine

R

a n

p robably D ächelette i nvolves

a n

i nteresting

e xotica ( made

t he s urface) 3

b ut

s cene

b y

t o

- s ee 0 & P p l.

F orm u ncertain b ut

r eminder

n orthern

t railing

7 2

a ppliqué o f

E urope,

p robably a s 2 a bove .

L udowici o f

h ow R ome a nd

s emi-liquid L XXXIV n o .

o r

f igure

p lants

c lay

a

h ad e n

a cross

2 . T he

f eet

a nd

p art o f t he d rapery o f a n a ppliqué f igure c an b e s een .

8 6 -

E GI

EGII

1 8

EG III

2 3 \

2 4

T his s ection c ontains d etails o f t he p otters ' s tamps o n p lain s amian f orms a nd e xamples o f t he l argest s urviving p lain s herds f rom B LP . 5 .A

P otters '

s tamps o n p lain s amian f orm

T he p otters ' s tamps a re d escribed w ith r eference t o O swald 1 931 w hich , a s t he o nly p ublished r eference w ork o n t he s ubject, s eems t he m ost a ppropriate o ne t o u se . S hould a ny o ther p ublications a ppear t he i llustrations r evised .

a nd

d escriptions

s hould

e nable

t his

m aterial

t o

b e

A s n umbers a re m uch s maller t he p lain s amian s tamps d o n ot p rovide a ny r eliable i nformation o n t heir o wn o ther t han t he n ames t hey b ear . B ut b roadly s peaking t he s ane p roportions w hich o ccur w ith d ecorated s amian a t B LP a ppear h ere t oo i .e . a b ias t o t he s econd c entury p roducts o f C entral G aul, a nd w ith a h igher t han u sual p roportion o f E ast G aulish m aterial. A n a dditional f eature o f i nterest i s t hat c onsidering t he r elatively s mall n umber o f s tamps i nvolved h ere t here s eem t o b e a l arge n umber o f p otters w ho o ccur m ore t han o nce , a nd i n o ne c ase t hree t imes . T he p otters c oncerned a re C ensor , M ommo , M artius , P rimanus , S aturninus , A ugustinus a nd V ictorinus . A s i t w ould b e n o e xaggeration t o s ay t hat t housands o f w orkshops a nd p otters t urned o ut p lain s amian f orms , f or 7 o f 4 3 p otters l isted t o a ppear t wice o r m ore h as t he

l aws o f

c hance

v ery

m uch a gainst

i t .

T his m ust

s uggest

t hat

d iscarded c rates a re i nvolved . I t i s a lso i nteresting t o n ote t hat i n s everal c ases t he n eat c hipping a round c ircular s herds c ontaining a p otter 's s tamp i ndicated t hat s uch p ieces w ere m anufactured f rom b roken s herds t o m ake g aming p ieces . I t w as v ery c ommon a t B LP t o r ecover l arge p ieces o f D r . 1 8/31s o r 3 1s f rom t he b ase w ith t he n ame s tamp a rea h aving b een , a pparently , d eliberately r emoved . I t i s i nteresting t o s peculate o n w hether t his i s p erhaps e vidence f or a s imple s treet o r w harf-side t rade b y a s ingle i ndividual s uch a s o ld m an o r c ripple . O n t he o ther h and i t m ay h ave b een a r egular h abit o f q uayside w orkers t o u se b roken v essels f or a nything s uitable , i ncluding g aming p ieces . E ach s tamp G aul, f ollowed m aterial

i s n umbered a ccording t o o rigin e .g . b y S f or s tamp t o d istinguish i t

t he

C G f or C entral f rom d ecorated

i n t he p revious s ection .

S outh G aulish S tamps S GS1

O F . CEN . a lso

b y

D r .

1 8 .

t his

C ENSOR o f L a G raufesenque . p otter

b ut

t oo

f ragmentary

A nother t o

b e

i llustrated . S GS2

C ARA E NTINI].

S GS3

C OSI. RUF [IN ].

D r .

1 8 . D r .

C ARANTINUS o f L a G raufesenque . 1 8 .

G raufesenque . - 9 0 -

C OSIUS

R UFINUS

o f

L a

S GS4

0 . MOM . D r . 2 7 . M OMMO o f L a G raufesenque . A nother b y t his p otter b ut t oo f ragmentary f or i llustration . A lso a t V erulamium ( Vol.I S 17). c . AD60-85 .

S GS5

O F . MONTC . D r . 3 3 . M ONTACUS o f L a G raufesenque . a t V erulamium ( Vol.I S 78). c . AD65-80 .

S GS6

[ 0 ]F .PATRIC [I]. G raufesenque . c . AD70-90

S GS7

S ABINI. M .

D r .

3 3 .

S ABINUS o f L a G raufesenque .

S GS8

[ VER UCU .

D r .

2 7 .

V ERECUNDUS o f L a G raufesenque .

S GS9

I lliterate s tamp .

A lso

D r . 1 8 . P ATRICIUS o f L a A lso a t V erulamium . ( Vol.I S 19).

D r .

2 7 .

P robably F lavian .

C entral G aulish S tamps C GS1

A ETERNI.F . D r . H adrianic-Antonine .

C GS2

A NN [I. M/F ].

C GS3

A RICI. MA . D r . 3 3 . A RICUS o f L ezoux . C hipped f or r eu se a s g ame c ounter ( ?), a nd n ote a D r . 1 8 f rom D OVER p . 2 02 w here t he s tamp h ad a pparently b een d eliberately c ut o ut . T his w as c ommon a t B LP t oo).

C GS4

B I.T .URIX .F . F orm u nknown . H adrianic t o L ate A ntonine .

C GS5

B ORILL [I. OF ).

D r .

3 1 .

D r .

3 8(7).

A ETERNUS

A NNIUS o f L ezoux .

3 3 .

o f

c . AD130-150 .

B ITURIX

B ORILLUS

o f

L ezoux .

o f

L ezoux .

L ezoux .

T rajanic

t o A ntonine . C GS6

C INTUSMI. X . D r . 3 1R . C INTUSMUS o f S t . B onnet . T raianic-Antonine . T his p otter i s r epresented a t t he P udding P an R ock ( VCH R omano-British K ent f ig . 3 3 p . 1 65).

S ee b elow P 6 .

C GS7

C OCURO .[F ]. D r . 3 1 . C OCURUS o f L ezoux . A lso a t R ichborough ( Vol.IV p . 200 n o .221) a nd V erulamium ( Vol.I S 136). c . AD130-155 .

C GS8

C UNISSA .

C GS9

D AGOMA LRUS .F ].

D r .32

( ?). D r .

C UNISSA o f L ezoux . 3 1 .

V erulamium ( Vol.I S 72). C GS10

C GS11

D AGOMARUS o f L ezoux .

f lUARIO .F .

F orm

A lso a t

c . AD115-130 .

G EMINUS . D r .18/31 . G EMINUS r e-use a s a g ame-counter . [ I

A ntonine .

o f

u ncertain .

L ezoux .

I anuarius

C hipped

o f

f or

L ezoux .

c . AD125 - 1 45 . C GS12

M ACRINI. OF . D r . 3 3 . M ACRINUS o f L ezoux . ( STAINES p . 36 n os . 1 5 & 1 6). c . AD150-180 . - 9 1 -

A t S taines

C GS13

I MAL UIACI. M .

C GS14

M AINA LCNI. M ]. A ntonine .

F orm

C GS15

M ALLUR IO/V .FE ). N ettleton S hrub

D r . 3 1 . M ALLURUS o f L ezoux . A t ( NETTLETON p .169 S 134). c . AD150-180 .

C GS16

M ARTI. M . D r . 3 3 . M ARTIUS o f L ezoux . u se a s g ame c ounter .

C GS17

M ARTI. M . D r . t he s ame d ie .

C GS18

M AT .R .TIAN .

C GS19

P RIMANI. D r . 3 3 . P RIMANUS o f L ezoux . C hipped f or-reu se a s a g ame c ounter . T raJanic-Antonine .

C GS20

P RIMANI. D r . 3 3 . A s p revious s herd s maller v essel. F rom t he s ame d ie .

C GS21

D r .

3 3 .

3 3 .

D r .

[ PR UMANI.

u nknown .

M AINACNUS

o f

L ubiä .

C hipped f or r e-

A s p revious s tamp a nd p robably f rom

3 3 .

D r .

M ALLIACUS o f L ezoux .

M ATERTIANUS o f

3 1 .

T he

s ame

l ezoux .

b ut

p otter

a s lightly

a gain

b ut

a

d ifferent d ie . 0 0522

R UFFI . MA . D r . 3 3 . R UFFUS ( STAINES p . 37 n os . 2 4 & 2 5).

C GS23

Q UINTIL E NI1. D r . 3 3 . Q UINTILIANUS o f L ezoux . T he d ie f or t he s tamp s eems t o h ave b een b roken o ff a lready w hen t his c up w as m ade . S ee b elow P 2 c . AD125-145 .

C GS24

Q UINTI. M . A ntonine .

C GS25

I SATU UNINI. OF . D r . 3 3 . S ATURNINUS o f L ezoux . p otter i s r epresented a t t he P udding P an R ock

D r .

3 3 .

Q UINTUS

f ig .

3 3

o f L ezoux . c . AD140-170 .

o f

L ezoux .

p .165).

A t

S taines

H adrianic-

R omano-British A ntonine .

K ent

C GS26

S ATURiINI . OF . d ifferent d ie .

D r . 3 1. A s t he S ee b elow P 5 .

C GS27

S ENNIU IS .F/M ]. D r . 3 3 . S ENNIUS o f L ezoux . s herd a lso b ears a g raffiti c ut a fter f iring l etter ' S '. H adrianic-Antonine .

T his ( VCH

H adrianic-Late

p revious

s herd

b ut

o f

a

T his t he

C GS28

S ISSI .M . D r . 3 3 . S ISSUS o f L ezoux . C hipped f or r eu se a s a g ame c ounter . T raianic-Antonine .

C GS29

T AS IGILLI. M ] r etrograde . D r . 2 7. T ASGILLUS M artres-de-Veyre . T raianic . S ee b elow P l.

o f

C GS30

N UMI[DI.MA ].

L ezoux .

D r .

3 8 .

H adrianic .

- 9 2 -

J ULIUS

N UMIDUS

o f

l es

E AST G AULISE S TAM I lß

E GS1

A UGUSTINUS . D r . 3 3 . H adrianic-late A ntonine ,

E GS2

A UGUSTINUS .

D r .

3 1 .

A UGUSTINUS

A s

t he

o f

p revious

R heinzabern .

s herd

b ut

a

d ifferent d ie . E GS3

B IILSUS .F . D r . 3 3 . R heinzabern . C hipped H adrianic-Antonine .

B ELSUS o f f or r e-use

E GS4

M ARCELLUS .F .

M ARCELLUS

D r .

4 4 .

o f

H eiligenberg a nd a s g ame c ounter .

B lickweiler

a nd

R heinzabern .

H adrianic-Antonine .

E GS5

M ATANUS .

3 3 .

E GS6

R EGALIS .F . A ntonine .

E GS7

I VE INICARUS .F . D r . 3 1 . V ENICARUS o f H eiligenberg a nd R heinzabern . H adrianic-Antonine .

E GS8

V ICTORINUS .

D r .

M ATANUS o f R heinzabern

D r .

D r .

3 1 .

3 2 .

R EGALIS

V ICTORINUS

o f

o f

( 7). R heinzabern .

R heinzabern .

H adrianic-late A ntonine . E GS9

I VIC 1TORINUS .F r etrograde . a s t he p revious s herd .

E GS10 .

C ENUFOCU .

D r .

3 3 .

D r .

3 1.

T he

s ane

C ENUFOCUS o f R heinzabern

p otter

( 7)

- n o

p arallel f or t his p otter o r t he s tamp c ould b e f ound .

5 ,B

P lain s amiaU f orms

P lain s amian r arely f orms a s ignificant f eature o f a ny s ite r eport n owadays e ven w here i t o ccurs i n q uantity . F requently m aterial r ecovered i s c onfined t o l istings o n m icrofiche . T he amount o f p lain s amian f rom B LP w as v ast . I t i s e xtremely d ifficult t o a ssess h ow m any v essels a re r epresented b y t he s herds s o a t otal l isting w ould b e o f n o g reat v alue . H owever a n umber o f t he l argest s herds h ave b een s electe& f or i llustration i n o rder t o r ecord s omething o f t he r ange o f p lain s amian f orms f ound i n t he s poil. S ome o f t he r arest t ypes a re o nly r epresented b y a s ingle e xample b ut t he m ore c ommon f orms l ike t he D r . ' 33 c up c ertainly r un i nto m any h undreds . T he m ain w ork o f r eference i s O swald & P ryce 1 920 . E ach v essel i llustrated h ere i s n umbered e .g . P ll a long w ith r egional s ource . W herever p ossible a s tamped v essel ( see a bove 5 . A) h as b een u sed , t he c riteria b eing w hether t he s herd i s l arge e nough .

P 1

C G

D r .

2 7 .

T his e xample o f a v ery c ommon c up f orm i s s tamped

b y T asgillus o f L es M artres-de-Veyre ( CGS29). T he f orm i s c ommon t hroughout t he p eriod o f s amian p roduction . T his e xample i s T raianic . - 9 3 -

P 2

C G

D r .

3 3 .

p eriod . ( CGS23)

O ne

o f

t he

m ost

c ommon

f orms

t hroughout

t he

T his e xample w as m ade b y Q uintilianus o f L ezoux a nd i s H adrianic i n d ate . I n t he l ate F lavian

p eriod t he p rofile t his p iece .

b egan

t o

b e

m ade

c oncave

a s

s hown

o n

P 3

C G

W alters F orm 7 9 ( similar t o D r . 1 8 b ut h as a c urved w all/base j unction a nd a ppears i n A ntonine C G f abric). A s hallow d ish w ith c urved w all m ost c ommonly a ssociated w ith t he l ater A ntonine p eriod , a ppearing a t t he P udding P an R ock w reck . U nstamped .

P 4

C G

D r . 1 8/31 . D ish w ith s lightly c urved a nd c arinated p rofile . A t ransitional f orm o f t he D r . 1 8 a nd D r . 3 1 d ishes a ssociated w ith l ate f irst a nd e arly s econd c entury l evels . U nstamped .

P 5

C G

D r . 3 1. O ne o f m anufactured i n

t he m ost C entral

c ommon s econd c entury f orms a nd E ast G aul w ith i ts

c haracteristic p revious f orm

c entral p eak , a nd g rowing o ut o f t he D r . 1 8/31. T his e xample i s s tamped b y

S aturninus

L ezoux

o f

( CGS26)

w hose

w ork

a ppears

i n

t he

l ater A ntonine w reck d eposit a t P udding P an R ock . P 6

C G

D r . 3 1R . A v ariant o f t he D r . 3 1 d ish w ith a r ouletted c ircle a round t he c entre a nd a m arked r idge o n t he i nternal w all a t t he a ngle c hange . S tamped b y C intusmus o f S t . B onnet ( CGS6) w ho i s a lso r epresented a t t he P udding P an R ock ,

P 7

C O

C urle 1 5 . D ish s haped l ike a v ery w ide i nverted b ell ( "campanulate d ish") a nd u pturned r im ( "cornice-rim "). T his f orm a ppears i n t he s econd c entury . T his e xample i s i n L es M artres f abric a nd v ery w ell m ade . I t i s t herefore p robably T rajanic o r e arly H adrianic a s l ater e xamples a re o ften m ore c oarsely m ade .

P 8

C G

D r .

4 5 .

U nstamped .

W all-sided m ortarium .

T his s am ian m ortarium f orm

a ppears i n t he l ater s econd c entury a nd r uns o n w ell i nto t he t hird . T his s herd s hows t he c haracteristic a ppliqué l ion h eaded s pout, i n t his c ase f airly l ifelike w hich p oints t o a s econd c entury d ate . P 9

C O

D r . 4 5 . A ctually f rom a s eparate v essel t o P 8 b ut i llustrated w ith i t t o s how t he f orm o f a c omplete v essel. T his s hows t he r ibbed p rofile o f t he b owl p art o f t he v essel. T his p articular e xample h as b een s o h eavily u sed b efore b eing d iscarded t hat t he b ase i s c ompletely w orn t hrough . T his p rovides i nteresting e vidence f or t he a ctual u se i n p ractice f or t his k ind o f v essel. I n f act t he h ole i s s ufficiently l arge t o s uggest t hat i t w as a ctually u seful f or a llowing w hatever h ad b een g round u p t o r un o ut . T his s uggests t hat t he s pout w as m ore d ecorative t han u seful.

P 10 C G

L ate s econd ,

e arly t hird c entury .

D r . 4 5 . A nother e xample o f t he a ppliqué l ion-headed s pout w hich b ecame i ncreasingly d egenerate i n s tyle and - 9 4 -

e ventually r esembled a b at 's s econd , e arly t hird c entury . P ll E G

a s

i n t his c ase .

L ate

D r . 4 5 . A f urther e xample o f t he l ion-headed s pout . I n t his c ase a c omb h as b een u sed t o e nhance t he i mpression o f t he m ane . T he s mudged f orehead i s d ue t o a c lumsy a pplication o f t he p iece a nd s hows t hat t he m oulded h ead w as s till s oft t hird c entury .

P 12 C G

h ead

D r .

4 3 .

w hen a ffixed t o t he

A nother

m ore r eminiscent e xternal r ibbing

s amian

b owl.

m ortarium f orm ,

P robably e arly

t his

t ime

r ather

o f t he c onventional s hape b ut a lso h as l ike P 9 a bove . T he D r . 4 3 f orm b elongs

t o t he s econd h alf o f t he s ceond c entury . P 13 C G

D r .

3 8 .

H emispherical

b owl

w ith

h igh

r im a nd p rojecting

f lange , t he f ootring h as a b eading w hich m eans i t c an b e e asily c onfused w ith a D r . 3 7 . T his v essel f orm w as v ery p opular . A fter t he c ollapse o f t he s amian e xport i ndustry a t t he e nd o f t he s econd c entury a nd b eginning o f t he t hird , t his w as o ne o f t he f orms m ost f requently c opied b y t he p otters o f t he O xfordshire a rea i n t he t hird c entury . T he s amian v ersion i s a lmost e ntirely a s econd c entury f orm . T his p articular e xample h as a r im l ip w hich b ecomes m uch l ess c ommon i n t he l ater s econd c entury . T his p iece i s m ost l ikely t o b e H adrianic-early A ntonine . U nstamped . P 14 C G

D r .

3 8 .

A s

a bove

b ut

t his

v ersion

i s

a f raction

o f

t he

s ize . P 15 S G

D r .

2 2 .

F lat

b ottomed d ish w ith v ertical

w all.

T his

i s

a n e arly f orm w hich w as a pparently n ot m anufactured i n t he s econd c entury , b eing c onfined t o t he f irst w ith a d irect p redecessor i n A rretine w are . T his p articular v essel's f abric s uggests a N eronian r ather t han F lavian d ate . U nstamped . P 16 C G

C urie 1 1 . p rojecting

T he v essel l ip d ecorated

i s a h emispherical b owl w ith w ith f oliage e n b arbotine w hich

m eans s emi-liquid c lay w as t railed o nto t he f inished v essel. T he s mall r im i s a c haracteristic o f t he C urie 1 1 t ype b ut t his i s n ormally a m uch l arger v essel . S econd c entury . P 17 C G

D r .

T he f orm i s r arely s tamped .

3 6 .

T his

i s t he c onventional

f orm o f t his b owl

a lso a ppears a s a c up , f orm D r . 3 5 . c ommon o ne a nd n umerous e xamples p articular

e xample

s eems

t o

b e

w hich

T he v essel i s a v ery w ere r ecovered , t his

s maller

t han

i s

u sual.

S econd c entury . P 18 C G

D r . o f

4 6 .

S mall c up l ike t he D r .

v arious t ypes .

3 3 b ut w ith p rojecting r im

T his e xample w ith t he c urved-

o ver r im

i s f ound a t t he P udding P an R ock a nd i s t hus l ikely t o b e m id o r l ate s econd c entury . P 19 C G

D r .

4 6 .

v ertical

A n

e arlier

r im .

U nstamped .

v ersion P robably

U nstamped . - 9 5 -

o f

t his

f orm

w ith

T rajanic - e arly

a s haped A ntonine .

P 20 E G

D r .

3 7 .

T his

a nd

t he

s econd c entury h abit

o f

n ext

p iece

v essels w ith r ouletting . T he D r . f orm f or m oulded d ecoration a nd s maller . w here

T he

t he

2 4/25

a round t he s hapes . P 21 E G

D r .

i s

f orms

m uch

m ore

v essel

t he

3 7 i s t he c onventional t his e xample i s m uch

c ommon .

i n S outh G aul w as

o f

a chieved

f or

b y

a lso

t he r im o f t he D r .

r olling

o verlapping e ach

i n H eiligenberg

R ouletting ,

r ow t o

a s errated

2 9

t ool

p roduce d iamond

U nstamped .

3 0 .

d ecoration T he

e xamples

f abric i ndicates i t w as m ade

s tyle

u sed m uch e arlier a nd

a re

E ast G aulish p otters o f d ecorating

f abric

H ere

t he

a ppears i n

t his

o ther a s

m ost

a s maller

c ase

c ommon

s uggests

P robably l ate s econd c entury ,

- 9 6 -

f orm

v ersion

w ith

f or

a R heinzabern

e arly t hird .

m oulded

r ouletting . s ource .

S GS 3 c e o s u .

1 OFZ eg )

7C SAgES

r I

9G AA

CGS

v .eu umn e D 4m o

5r , P ,0 0 1

6 ( C rgrx

1 2

1 4

1 5

1 8

1 7

1 6

2 0

2 3

2 2

9AT V1 t NM e 1 2 6(

EGS 1 MT I

M B I Mi ej i

2

n ime

3

9

W bADT

P I

' 4

% 1100 6

A LL A T t 2

4 1,

9.

P II

' Pe

1 0

1 3

ALL A T

12

,

Pi l l 5

4 1 1 1 1

ALL A T

12

1 1 17

-

2 1

- - ----r

-

S ECTION G .

M ORTARIA

T he m ortaria a t B LP m atch t he g eneral p attern o f t he s ite w ith t he m ajority b elonging t o t he v ery l ate f irst c entury a nd t he s econd c entury . u nstamped

A l arge n umber w ere f ound s o i n t he s ection d ealing w ith p ieces r epresentative e xamples h ave b een i llustrated a nd

d escribed . T he s ources s eem t o h ave a rea , O xfordshire a nd t he R hineland . A ny l isting o f m ortaria , d ependent o n t he t he w ork n oted b elow .

b een

f rom a round t he V erulamium

s tamped o r u nstamped i s n ecessarily m ostly o f K . H artley a nd v arious r eferences a re

6 .A S tamped M ortaria X 1

S tamped D OINUS . H ard g rey g ritty f abric , b ut a lmost b lue-grey o n t he s urface . D oinus w orked a t B rockley H ill c . AD70-110 . T his m ay b e h is d ie A ( Trans . L AMS v ol. X XVII 1 976 p . 2 15).

M 2

S tamped M ARF IN [US ). FEC LIT ). F abric i s a s M l . T his m ay b e t he M artinus w ho w orked a t C olchester a lthough t he s tamp d oes n ot a ppear t o b e p aralleled ( M .R . H ull 1 963 . p . 1 10 & f ig . 6 0). O r , m ore l ikely , t his i s t he M ARTINUS o f t he V erulamium a rea n oted a t R ichborough ( Vol. V p . 1 78 n o . 4 2 ) . T he p rofile s uggests e arly s econd c entury .

M 3

S tamped V ALE H ard b uff-pink a nd s lightly b urnt . T his i s t he s tamp o f t he V alentinus w ho w orked i n K ent a nd/or t he V erulamium a rea c . AD1101 60 . H e u sed o nly o ne d ie a nd a s herd w ith a n i dentical d escription w as r ecovered f rom T ower H ill. ( Trans . LY AS v ol. X XXI 1 980 p . 5 2 n o . 1 5 & f ig . 1 0).

X 4

S tamped C ILL .F .. H ard c ream-grey g ritty f abric a nd s lightly b urnt . T his m ay b e t he C illus n oted a t V erulamium ( VER V ol. I p . 3 80 n o . 4 2 & f ig . 1 46) d ated c . A D95-135 , b ut t he s tamp i s b arely l iterate .

M 5

S tamped L V .... H ard g rey g ritty f abric w ith o range-buff s lip . T he s tamp , i f c omplete , w ould r ead L VGD .F ., a c ounter s tamp o f t he m ortaria p otters A lbinus a nd O astrius r eferring , a pparently , t o t he p lace i n w hich t hey w orked " Lugudunum " w hose e xact w hereabouts i s u nknown b ut i s p robably i n t he V erulamium-Brockley H ill a rea . T hese

p otters

i n V ER v ol. X 6

S tamped M p robably a X arinus) ( e .g .

w orked

I II p .

w ho

s tamp

c . AD55-80

2 87 n os .

a nd

a re

F abric a s p revious . o f M arinus ( NOT

w orked

a t

B rockley

V ER V ol. I p . 3 76 n os . -1 02 -

d iscussed

9 2 & 9 3 .

H ill

2 5 & 2 6).

G .

T his i s A ttius

c .AD70-110

U nstamped M ortaria M 7

O xfordshire s urface .

w are .

Y oung

Smooth T ype

c ream

M 22

d escribed as " the s tandard l ate t he

Oxford

p otteries".

w are

( Young

c .

w ith

1 977

b uff

p .

7 6)

R oman m ortarium o f

A D240-400 .

A lthough

w ater w orn t he s herd s hows n o s igns o f u se a nd m ay t herefore

r epresent

d amaged

c argo

s ent

t o

L ondon

p revious

s herd .

f rom t he O xfordshire a rea . M 8

O xfordshire

w are .

F abric

A nother v ariant o f M 9

M 10

O xfordshire

w are .

F abric

v ariant o f

Y oung T ype M 22 .

H ard

f abric

t he

w hite t o

t he

c entury .

T he

a s

M 7

a nd

w ith c ream s lip .

S oller-Kreis .

d ating

a s

Y oung T ype 1 4 22 .

D uren

r egion

l ater s herd

t his c ertainly s uggests

i t

n o

A nother

P ossibly

o f

s econd

s hows

M 8 .

t he

a nd t races

f rom

R hineland

e arly o f

t hird

u se

i s a w ater-borne

a nd

i mport

t o t he w harf. Mi l

H ard

g rey

s lip .

f abric

F abric

w ith

a nd

p ink

s lip

f or o ver-fired w hite-ware p otteries

M 12

( YOUNG

a t

V erulamium

c .

A D240-300 .

F abric

a nd

Y oung t ype

1 977 p .

( Vol.

s lip M 14.2 .

I I

a s

p .

c ore

m atch

a nd

o range-pink

Y oung 's

d escription

m ortaria 5 6).

3 13 n o .

p revious

f rom t he O xford

S imilar t ypes o ccur 1 523).

s herd .

O xfordshire w are c .

-1 03 -

P robably

S imilar

t o

A D240-300 .

M

N

N

4

. .- ..-

S TAMPS A T R IMS A T

1-

4

11

1 2

S ECT ON 7 , T his

OTHER POTTERY s ection

i ncludes

p racticable .

A ny

b een

e xcept

i ncluded

r ecords f lagons ,

LL

p iece

a s

l arge

w here

m uch

e nough

i t

o f t o

t he

s how

d uplicates

o ne

7 ,B t he r emaining p ottery ,

o ther t he

p ottery

d iagnostic

a lready

a s

i s

t ype

h as

d iscussed ;

7 .A .

7 .0 t he g lass .

F laggr is T he

i n

( and G LASS)

m ain w ork o f r eference

S outhwark

E xcavations

h ere

i s t he v ery v aluable

1 972-74

V ol.

I I

p .

5 47

c lassification

b y

M arsh

A s c an b e s een t here w as v ery m uch a b ias t o t he h alf o f t he s econd c enturies .

l ate

F l

T yers

P inched-mouth A ll

t heir

T his

o ne

g rey

s lip .

h as

p inching

i n

t he

M arsh

M arsh

a re

i n

g ranular

c onspicuous

and f irst

T ype

1 .C .1. A .

r egion

f abric

f eature

a nd

i s b y

t ogether .

D ated

T his

t his

l ight-

w hich t he p ouring s pout h as b een m ade T yers .

o f

f abrics . t ype

n eck

&

&

V erulamium

a p ink-orange T he

t he m anner b y

F lagon .

e xamples

& T yers .

f irst

H adrianic-Antonine

t ype

a lso

appears

a t

V erulamium ( Vol.I p . 306 n o .580 d ated c . AD130-150 , V ol.II p . 299 n o .1338 d ated c . AD115-130). F 2

R ing-neck

F lagon .

M arsh

w ell-moulded a ngularly a s

F l

a nd

i n

t he

i n

f act

s ane

t he

h eap .

H adrianic .

&

c ut

Type

r ings .

two v essels '

D ated

T his

T yers

n eck

t ype

b y

& T yers

a t

w ith

f abric

r emains w ere

M arsh

a ppears

1 .B .2 . T he

and

i s

f ound

F lavian-

V erulamium

( Vol.I

p . 274 n os . 1 04 & 1 05 d ated c , AD60-75). F 3

Short

E xpanding

1 .B .7 . t he o f

r ing-neck t he

R ing-neck

F lagon .

M arsh

T his t ype a ppears t o e merge c . f lagon

s econd

g ranular

f abric

y ellow-cream d iscussion

( as

c entury . w ith

s lip .

o f

t he

F 2)

a nd

T his

l asting

e xample

g rey

S ee

c ore

M arsh

s ignificance

& T yers T ype

A D130 r eplacing

b ut

& o f

f or a

T yers t he

t he r est

h as a o range-red d istinctly

p . 550

f or

t ype a nd

a

f abric .

c . AD130-200 . F 4

S hort-expanding 1 .B .9 .

S ame

R ing-neck

F lagon ,

M arsh

& T yers T ype

f abric a s F 3 a nd t he n otes a pply w ith t he

a dditional p oint t hat t his v essel c lumsily m ade w ith i rregular a nd

w as m uch m ore smudged r ings .

c . AD130-200 . F 5

F lagon

w ith

m oulded

J ones

1 980 ,

p . 49

t hey a re d escribed a s " Others" o f a ny

t he

f irst

c ase

t hroughout .

h alf

o f

t he

u ncommon". c . AD100-150.

-1 06 -

T ype .

import

s eems t o b e a t B illingsgate B uildings D .M .

& T yers

a n

p arallel

i n

M arsh

p ossibly

. G aul,

G reen

N o

n eck ,

n orthern

n os .

7 1

which o ccur

s econd S oft

c entury

T he

f rom

c losest ( see C .

& 7 3)

w here

i n d eposits a nd

b uff-orange

" are

i n

f abric

F LAGONS

3

F 6

D isc-rimmed v essel

F lagon .

w hich

i s

t hroughout .

A

7 .B

o bvious

v ery

p arallel

h ard

p iece

smooth

o ccurs

n o . 1 27 w here i t P ossibly f rom

f or

g rey

a t

t his

f abric

F ishbourne

i s d escribed a s " an G aul, e arly t hird

( Museum o f L ondon p ersonal c ommunication).

O ther p ottery D ealing w ith c oarse

t he

i nadequacy

w ay

t hat

o f

o ther

w ares f rom B LP w as a n i nteresting e xperience o f

p ublished

p ieces

r eports

c an

b e

t he

v ast

L ondon , t he

m ajority o f

O xfordshire , e asy

t o

a s

p ottery

b eing

i n

p robably

s uch

a

s imilar.

l imited v alue s uch a s " high-shouldered

t he

i ndeed

t he

o r

w ares w ere

o f

t he

m uch

A s

c oarse

w ithin a f ew m iles

t his

w are

i s a w harf

g roup

d id

T hames E stuary k iln s ites t o

H olt

u nused

t hat

m ade

w ater .

U pchurch

A lice

d istinguish

p ossible

m uch

f rom t he

C ooling o r

c oarse

t hey a rrived b y

w hether

C liffe,

q uite

i f

t hat

T hames ,

e .g .

r ecording

h ave b een a voided a nd s ome a ttempt h as b een m ade t o O n t he w hole i t c an p robably b e s afely a ssumed t hat

f urther

p robable

f or

i dentified

W herever p ossible s tatements o f g rey-ware j ar" e xand o n t his .

i s

a

s imilar

( Vol. I I p . 2 04 u nusual t ype". c entury

N o

i n

i n

F orest

c oarse o f

K ent, k ilns .

w ares

t his

o r

f rom

H owever

f rom

m aterial

u sed

i s

i t

a rrive

on

t he

e ast

t he

i t

w est

i s n ot

e xamples

s imply

o f

s ite

i n v ery

a nd

u rban

a t

i s

r efuse

t hrown i nto t he T hames . N os

1 -19

w hich t he

o nly

t ypes K ent

a re

a ll

o ccurred two

w ere o r

i ndustry

l arge

a lmost

E ssex b ut w hich

e xamples

o f

f airly

i n p rofusion a t m ediaeval

c ertainly a lso

g rew

p ieces

m ade

i nclude

t o

c ommon

B LP e xcept i n

s ome

d ominate

R onan

f or

n os

r ecovered .

t he

T hames

A lice

c oarse 1 1

and

T he

w are

1 2

b ulk

o f

t hese

a rea

i n

N orth

E stuary

H olt/Farnham w are

L ondon 's

c oarse

w are

t ypes

w hich a re

p ieces

m arket

i n

an t he

l ater t hird a nd f ourth c entury . 1

F lange

r im b owl

e xterior

o r P ie D ish .

d ecoration o f

G rey s andy w are w ith

i ntersecting a rcs ,

p ossible

A lice H olt/Farnham p roduct . 2

B owl

( Marsh

T yers

T ype

I V .H .4).

w ith

c ross-hatched

s urface ,

g rey

s andy

f ound . 3

&

s urfaces

B owl

f abric .

B B2 t ype w are .

F abric

a nd

N umerous

B lack e xamples

c . AD140+ .

a s p revious s herd b ut

c hamfer .

B urnished

d ecoration .

w ith a m ore c onspicuous

d ates

a s p revious .

B B2

t ype

w are . 4

F langed

b owl.

i ntersecting v essels

F abric a rcs .

w ere

a s

2 & 3 .

N umerous

f ound .

B B2

r im

a nd

D ecoration s herds

p robably

o f

o f

t hese

a fter

c .

A D270 . 5

B owl

w ith l atticed d ecoration ,

6

B owl

a s

a bove

b ut

w ith

a s 2 above .

d ecoration

o f

i ntersecting

a rcs . 7

F langed

b owl

a s

4 a bove

h ook . -1 08 -

b ut

w ith

a m ore

m arked

8

C urved-rim smooth

j ar .

g rey

S imilar

S andy

b rown-grey

b urnished

t o ,

b ut

s maller

t han

I I.F .7 d ated l ate s econd , 9

B ead-rimmed w ith a nd

j ar .

r ough

p ossibly

a n

M arsh

g ritty

g rey

e arly

E verted-rim

j ar .

p roduct

l ight o f

T ype

f abric m ade

H olt ,

L yne

A D100-150 . H ard

s hell-

f abric

s urface .

D istinctly s imilar t o p roducts o f T hames

V ol

s ites ,

I I

p .

J ones

f or

4 50

e xample

n o .

1 974

1 540 .

n os .

p ossibility

s uch

o f

w axy-like

C ooling , S ee

a nd

a lso

2 95-298

t hat

t ransportation

smooth

g rey

t empered E stuary

a

g rey

C rudely

A lice

H and-made. w ith

m ade .

& T yers

s urface .

J efferies C lass 4 . 36 d ated c . 1 0

w ith

N eatly

e arly t hird c entury .

H ard

g un-metal

f abric

e xterior .

p .

C .

i s

S outhwark

G reen

6 5

v essels

s alt

b lack

i n

D .

w here

t he

u se

f or

w ere

d iscussed .

I f

s o

t he

w axy b lack s urface m ay b e t he r emains o f t he p itch u sed

t o

s eal

s uch

v essels .

L ate

f irst

o r

s econd

c entury . 1 1

N ecked

j ar .

N eatly

l ight-grey

f abric

m ade,

w ith

s quared

m uch

s hell

r im .

H ard

t empering .

A

t ypical S axon t ype p robably about t enth c entury .

E verted-rim b urnished g rey

f abric .

a nd m ay c . 1 3

j ar

w ith

g un-metal

b e

T his

d istinct

g rey i s

b eading .

s urface

p robably

b ut

R ough

s oft

l ight-

a m ediaeval

v essel

a t ype k nown a s " Berkshire

l ight

g rey",

g rey

s andy

1 000-1200 .

N arrow-necked

f lask/bottle .

f abric a nd smooth g un-metal b lue-ing

i n

p laces .

d ecoration , i s c ommon

i n

n o .

a reas

B uildings

3 83).

R ochester s imilar

A

G uildhall

p rofile .

o f

O n c ase

t he

t he

G reen

n umber

o f f rom

a b and

l ine .

T his

p arallel

( C .

M useum

M ade

C liffe

s houlder

a w avy

a nd a n approximate

B illingsgate 1 980

t his

H ard

g rey b urnished s urface

e xists

i n

D .M .

o f

f orm f rom J ones

v essels

a t

U pchurch

t he

h ave

a

i n H igham M arsh a nd C ooling

P eninsula ,

K ent

i n

t he

s econd

a nd t hird c entury . T he f orm i s t all, f rom a bout 2 50-280mm b ut b y t he l ate t hird c entury h as b ecome s quatter e xamples

a nd s maller a t a bout 1 20-150mm . o ccurred a t t he T entersfield

D artford

( dug

b y

a ssociated w ith t he A l ate

e xample

o ccurred

D artford

( see

p .

a ssociated

2 75)

D DAG) l ate

i n

i n

c ontexts

s econd c entury a nd i n

Archaeologia w ith

1 978

T en+ V illa ,

a g rave

a t

C antiana V ol. O xford

a nd

l ater .

E ast

H ill,

C II,

N ew

1 985

F orest

c olour - c oated w ares . 1 4

J ar . f ading

S oft t o

e xamples

g rey f abric w ithin t owards e xterior b ut p ink - o range

f rom

C liffe

e xterior . -1 09 -

t owards i n

K ent .

i nterior ,

m atches

B urnished

g rey

1 5

L id .

1 6

L id .

S andy g rey f abric , S imilar

o range a nd

t o

f abric

w ith

b lack-grey s lip .

p revious

i ncluding

b uff - o range

i n

s hape

t iny

b ut

f ragments

s lip .

M ore

i n

a s oft

o f

t ile(?)

r eminiscent

o f

t he V erulamium a rea . 1 7

W ide-mouthed

n ecked

f abric ,

g rey

A lice

h ard H olt

p otteries

c ommon

a t

f ourth

c enturies

m arket

B LP .

i n

b owl.

t hey

i n

s andy

F rom

F arnham .

N ot

t he

l ater

d ominate

s outh a nd

g rey

e xterior .

n ear

a lthough

c entral

L ight

b urnished

t he

t he v ery

t hird

c oarse

a nd w are

s outh-eastern E ngland .

T his p iece w as s tated i n a p ersonal c ommunication b y R osemary J efferies ( M .A .B . L yne & R .S . J efferies A lice

1 979)

H olt

J efferies p iece

C lass

i s

F langed w ithin

b owl.

T ype

smooth

A lso

b ut

g rey

p anel

l ate

s econd

b est

k nown

U pchurch

( Kent) D ark

b urnished o f

" poppy"

a t

N umbers

2 0-25

a re

o f

2 0

L ondon b y h ave

&

i nternal

b een

w ater . m ade

a t

w ere

M useum ).

M arsh

a t

f abric t he

f ield

D ated

m any A ll

m id

c entres s poil

&

a nd a t o b ut h eap

a re a pparently

i dea t hat t hese e xamples

e xamples

o f

I n

t he e xamples .

s imilar

I V .A .

L yne

o f

A s ingle

p ossibly

a n umber

a b and

t o

b urnished

f abric .

M ade

E stuary ,

i n M arsh & T yers T ype

b ut

b lue-grey

H ighgate .

T hames

G uildhall

f or

b y r iver

H olt .

s urface .

u nused w hich s upports t he m ay

t he

g oods

d ecoration .

c entury . f rom

p roduced m ost

t hese

e vidence

A lice

w ith

& T he

b efore

f rom

1 11. F .6 .

n eat

a rrived

b e

L yne

c . AD270-420 .

H olt

a s

e xample

c . AD270-420 .

P oppy-beaker , T yers

m ay

q uality

e xamined .

d ated

A lice

5 B .5

b est

h ad

F abric

C lass

d ecoration . 1 9

o f

w ell.

J efferies

t he

s he

a nd

i mport

a s

b e

3 B .11/12

u nused

w aterborne L ondon . 1 8

t o

p roduct

I f

t his

t he

w as t he

p otteries

U pchurch

c ertainly

w here

m ade

c ase

i n

t he v ery

( Rochester

c . AD150-200 .

v ersions

o f

" reed-rimmed

b owls"

l isted

s eries .

R eed-rimmed b owl c losest t o o nly t he r im i s t hinner t han g ranular

f abric ,

p robably

T ypes I V .A .6 a nd 7 e ither . S andy-brown f rom

t he

V erulam ium

r egion . 2 1

R eed-rimmed

b owl

A D120 - 1 50 .

B uff-orange

s im ilar

t o

T ype

f abric

I V .A .7

d ated

w ith g rey c ore

c . a nd

c ream s lip . 2 2

R eed-rimmed b owl a s p revious b ut w ith g ranular s andy-brown f abric . c . AD120-150 a nd p robably f rom t he V erulamium r egion .

-1 10 -

2 3

R eed-rimmed b owl a s p revious v ariant o n t he r im s hape .

2 4 a nd 2 5

R eed-rimmed w here

t he

b owls

r im

a s

i s

M arsh

m oulded

b ut

w ith

& T yers

r ather

y et

a nother

T ype

I V .A .4.

t han

f olded

t o s hape . S andy-grey g ranular f abric f rom t he V erulamium a rea . c . AD100-130 , N os 2 6-30 a re e xamples o f " tazza", a lso k nown d istinguished b y t he f inger-pressed f rilling . 2 6

T azza

i ncense

o range

a t

1 980

V erulamium

( Vol.

p .

4 9

f lagon .

s ource

( Mus .

c losest

o f

l ist

c atalogue t his

b uff-

o f

P arallels

8 4-89 n os .

( C .

& f ig .

3 09

m ay

G reen

i n

2 5)

& 3 10

a nd

& f ig .

f lagon n eck w ith f rilling a nd f abric

i nclusions

n ot

2 86

R eddish

m ica

d oes

a

b ut

A D60-150+ .

S mall

r ouletting . t iny

c ups

h as

B uildings

n os .

I p .

d ated b etween c .

T azza

e xample

V erulamium a rea .

B illingsgate

J ones

1 08) 2 7

f rom t he

f ound

D .M .

T his

i ncense

f abric w ith g rey c ore a nd c ream s lip a nd i s

p robably b e

c up .

a s

b ack

p robably

m ay

w ith

g rey

i ndicate

a n

c ore

a nd

O xfordshire

L ondon c ommunication)

t hough Y oung

a

amongst

p arallel

f or

t his

h is

o xidised w ares f rom t his s ource .

i s

h is

h is

r educed

l acks

t he

f rilling

w are

( Young

T ype

1 977

T he

R .6 .2

p .

2 10

b ut f ig .

7 4). T azza . s ection

2 8

F abric o f r im

a nd s lip a s 2 6 a bove . A s mall w ith f inger-pressed f rilling and

a lso r ouletting o n t he u pper s urface o f t he r im . T azza

2 9

w ith

f abric

t wo

and

b and

c ream

V erulamium a rea 3 0

T azza .

o f

s lip

r ouletting .

i ndicates

O ff-white

M ica-dusted S imilar

f abric

1 50

a nd

n o . 3 2 N os

3 3-39

o ccurred

a re

R oman a t

i llustrated .

a ll

3 26 p .

B LP

m ost

T here

w ith

7 0

t hroughout,

t he

m ade

s ee 2 6 a bove .

i s b elow t he r im .

H ard

& T yers

i n C .

o f

t he

l ight - g rey

T ype

I V .J.3

l ocally .

G reen i n D .

b eakers , r esult

f ragments a re

i n

f abric .

d ated

A lso J ones

A D100-

s imilar

t o

1 974 .

o xidised w are d ish .

e xamples

v essel

M arsh

p robably

" London"

f ragile

d ish .

t o

o rigin

( see 2 6 above).

T he f rilling i n t his c ase 3 1 '

O range-red

a n

t hree

w ere

a n

t hat s o

m ain

e xtremely w hile

s mall

s ources :

t hat t he

p opular

n umerous t hey

N ene

b ut

e xamples c annot

V alley ,

b e t he

R hineland a nd C entral G aul, 3 3

N ene

V alley

r im a nd i s

a

n umber

( probably)

b ase

b right o f

c olour - c oat

( from s eparate o range

t iny

m att d ark-brown .

w hite

w ith

b eaker

v essels). y ellow

f lecks .

T he

T he

m argins

f abric a nd

c olour-coat

P robably t hird c entury + .

-1 11 -

b eaded a i s

3 4

N ene

V alley

f oliage . q uartz

b ag-shaped

Y ellow-cream

i nclusions .

b eaker f abric

w ith

w ith

b arbotine

t iny

r ed

and

R ough m att-brown e xternal s lip

a nd m att o range i nternal s lip . A w ide r ange o f b eakers w ere r epresented i n t he s poil h eaps . M ost a re

f rom

t he

L ower

s imilar f abric . f abric

i s

t he

i nclusions

i n

R hineland

m ade

p resence

N ene

V alley

o f

N ene V alley " Hunt-cup". i ron-stone

i nclusions

b rown

e xterior

s herd

s hows

a nd

t ail

o f

a

a n

A .C .

v ery

i n the

i ron-stone

a nd

a t endency

A nderson

1 980

O ff-white f abric w ith r ed

( see above 3 4).

s lip ,

p aler

a s mall

r ed

p roducts

t o t he o ff-white o r c ream ( see p . 3 8). L ate s econd c entury + . 3 5

i n

T he d istinguishing f eature

b rown

p ortion

a nimal,

o f

M att b lack-

i nterior .

t he

p robably

The

h ind-quarters

a

s tag .

L ate

s econd c entury + . 3 6

N ene

v alley

O ff-white

i ndented

f abric

a nd w ith t iny r ed 3 4).

3 7

M att

e xterior

i nclusions

L ate s econd c entury + .

L ower

R hineland

g eneral

f orm .

g lossy

b ronze

t hese

s lip p .

v essels

v ery

r ims

m ore

e ase

w ere

r estricted

L ower v essels s lip

f abric

b ut

m ain p art

o r

o f

p art

a nivals ,

o ut

o f

r arer

i s t he m uch

t hey o f

-

m ore

i s m uch

e xample

i s

" hunt"

t he

g lobular

f orm ). g lossy

A nderson

p .

w ere

e xclusively b elow

t he

T his e xample s hows a s cene

i nvolving

above

a nd

t he

two h ind -

S econd c entury + .

C entral

p receding p iece . t he

1 980

v essels

a lmost

m etallic

w ith

g eneral

b lue-black

r ouletting

b elow .

b eaker .

g lossy

t han

s tag

and

f rom s eparate

t hese

a re t he

a

a

t he

o f

o f

o nly s ignificant

m ore

f ar

r ouletted

A .C .

d ecoration .

p robably

w ith

s how

t he

L ezoux b arbotine M uch

s ections

r ange

s herds

m etallic ( see

p ieces

q uarters o f a l ion(?)

o range,

o f

o nly

r eflecting t he

w ith

f ragments

c uriously

u nits

s mall

t o

w ith

a nd

D ozens

f ound b ase

t he

b ase

o ne

( three

i llustrated

i nside

1 4).

b eaker

d ecoration

w hite

b ut

t he

o nly

A .C .

c . AD70+ .

R hineland

b arbotine H ard

s o

( see

A lthough

t ransport ,

t he

f ragments

V alley p roducts ,

s ea

s herds

w ith m etallic

o ut

c omplete

i nterior

i ndicate

o f

f ound

o ccurred .

o f

i llustrated .

a nd

D ozens a lso

( see a bove

Two

t o

w hite

i nside

w ere

n umerous t han N ene r elative

h ard

1 4).

p ieces

f ew

i s

s cales . e xterior

b rown

b eaker .

i llustrated

F abric

1 980

s ubstantial

r ough-cast

v essels

i ndented t owards

s lip a nd

s lip .

A nderson

3 9

w ith

b lack

i ron-stone

b lack

f rom s eparate

3 8

b eaker

b ecoming

G aulish f abric -

b lack-brown v arieties T he

b ase

a nd

s lip . t his

b eaker f orm i s

b eing

m ore

l ike

a n a ttached c otton r eel, b eing l ess p art o f t he v essel' s p rofile a nd f ar h eavier t han 3 7 o r 3 8 -1 12 -

a bove .

A bove

t ypically

c onsist

t he

b arbotine

w ere

i n

w are,

t he

b ase

o f

s tyle .

C entral

S uch

G aul

n ecessarily

t he

d ecoration

" tear-drop" a t

v essels ,

t he

o ccupy

f oliage

s ane

m ade

t ime

s omething

o f

a s

a s

s amian

w as

a lso t o

e ssentially

w hat

c onvention o ne

a re

o ccasionally a chieve

a

t his

s eems

t o

v essel

b e

t hat

c lassified a long

b eakers

w hile

f ired

b lack

t hose

i n

w ith

i s t he

a s

t his

c olour-coated

m oulded

o r

a ppliqué

( see C G125 and

A n umber o f t iny f ragments o f t he d ecorated

a rea

f rom o ther s imilar v essels w ere

a re

s o

( The

t ype

a nd G .

s mall i s

t hat

M arsh ,

g rey

i n

1 978).

t he

c annot

i llustrated ,

G reene

i n P .

A rthur

D ark c ream f abric v erging o n p ale M useum

i ndicates

e xample

M ayen ,

r ecovered b ut

b e

1 20-160/80 .

c ore .

c ommunication c entury

t hey

i llustrated b y K .

L id-seated j ar .

f rom

w hich

s uch

o ther

d ecoration a re c lassified a s s amian 1 26).

a rea

c olourb ecause

H owever

v essels

w ith

s amian

a r educing

s lip

i s .

i n

t hey

a g rey

b etween t he m odern c lassifications o f c oated f ine w ares a nd s amian . T his i s a tmosphere

w ould

d one

o f

t his

o f i s

L ondon

p ersonal

p ossibly

a f ourth

" Eifelkeramik"

S peicher

a nd

U rmitz

w are,

i n

i mported

G ermany

( Gose

f orms 5 40-7). D ressel

2 0

amphora .

B uff

p robably f rom S pain . o ccurred c ommon a t

t he

c ent

a nd

m any

amphora

b ody

t ype

F riends '

o f

g rey

i n

T his

o f

i s

B ritain

G round

w ere

f abric

a nd

s imilar r im e xamples

s herds .

f ound

B urial

amphorae

t o

S everal

s ite

t his

t he

m ost

- i n S taines o ver

t ype

9 6

p er

( STAINES

p .

7 1). D ressel 2 -4 amphora , S ection o f h andle f rom s uch a v essel i n a p ink-orange f abric w ith s ome m ica . P robably

f rom

A D60-100 n os .

C .

M editerranean . G reen

i n

D .

P robably

J ones

1 974

p .

c . 4 2

1 5-20).

S mall

s pout.

t hroughout s eems

t o

a nother

n o I t

j oin .

( STAINES

p .

M ica-dusted B ritain , o live - o il h andle

i s

5 6

n o .

( Vol.

I p .

o range. t his

d esigned

s eparated

1 95)

t he

t his

t o

T his

f it

n eatly

o nto

a t

i ts

a s

d oes

-1 13 -

f ace - p ots

l amps

c ost

i s

o f

i t c ore n ot

w hich

a re

r are

i mporting

p aradoxically

p resumably

a g rey

e xample

o n

s ubstantially

m issing ,

T here

a nd

W hile

s urvive

h as

s urface

a t

3 30 n o .910).

l amp .

d iscarded ,

f abric

a nd c hange .

A s imilar i tem o ccurred a t S taines

f uel,

t o

f abric c olour

s pout h as

r eflecting

v essel

s andy

v isible

a s imple

v essel.

V erulamium

b eing

G rey

w ith b e

o riginal

f or

t he

( see

h as

n ever

a nd

i s

a ppear i s

t he

o nly

c omplete .

t he

r eason b een

t o

u nusual

b e

u sed .

a ny

f or

T he

f or

o therwise

i n t he

i ts T he

b rown-

p arallel

i ts

r idge

c onnecting

d iscus

a nd

s pout,

r ather

t han

f urrow .

T his w as c onfirmed b y D on B ailey o f t he D epartment o f G reek & R oman A ntiquities o f t he B ritish M useum w ho k indly e xamined t he s tamp b ut v essels ,

4 5

l amp .

m ica - d usted w are , w as m ost

p opular

T here

m ade

i s n o m aker 's

t o

i n t he

im itate b ronze

l ate

f irst,

e arly

s econd c entury . I t w as p robably m ade L ondon a rea d uring t he l ater f irst c entury

i n

" Pompeian

f rom

p latter

R ed

o f

1 8cm .

L ight

s urface

w ith

T his

i s

W are".

Small

u ncertain g rey

f abric,

u niform

P eacock 's

r im

d iameter ,

s herd

b ut

p robably

o xidised

o range - r ed

" Fabric

t he

b rown

n ear

s lip

o n

( see

P eacock

4 "

a

1 5-

s urface . o n

P .R .W . i n P eacock 1 977), a t ype a pparently u nknown o n t he c ontinent a nd t herefore p ossibly a B ritish p roduct. f irst a nd

P latters

c enturies

d erive

v ariety ,

o f

B C

t heir

t his

and

m odern

a ssociated

I taly .

P robably c .

t ype

a re

A D a cross n ame

w ith

f rom

t he

c ommon

t he

i n t he

R oman E mpire

t he

b est

P ompeii

k nown

a rea

o f

AD50+ .

N os 4 6-50 a dded s ubsequently t o t he m ain c atalogue 's p reparation . 4 6

L amp-holder a rea t he

s pout

w ith

o pen T he

p art

s oot

b eing

4 7

o r

f abric .

i s

d iscarded .

c omplete

e xample

n o .

( DDAG)

7 ).

f abric

r ough

H ard g rey

F rance .

( DDAG)

4 9

" Amiens"

f lange b owl.

5 0

" London

w are"

f ig .2 p . 20). a s mall

o volo

s amian D r .

2 9s)

w are

I p .

3 69

e xterior

g laze

t o

n early

w ith

D UA

w hite

( DDAG)

I mport

A s 4 8 .

f abric

f rom

w ith

n orthern

( DDAG).

s amian

f orm

D r .

2 9

( see

s till

o f

r ouletted i n

p roduced b y s oft. f or

r im

f act

a nd

d id

b eneath

n ot

o ccur

a n o n

i ncising a rcs i nto t he

S uch v essels w ere p robably s amian

a nd

w ere

p robably

F lavian-Trajanic .

G . , 1 ss

N umerous

f ragments

i llustration e ven

a

( Vol.

o ff-white/grey

( which

s ubstitutes

l ocally m ade .

7 ,0

c overed

p rior

t o

b rown

l ead

s lip .

i mitation

s ection

w hile

c ore,

a h andle,

G rey w are w ith b lack s urface s howing

imitation

c heap

u sage

s imilar

d ecoration .

b owl.

g un-metal

h eavy

B rown

V erulamium

o f

M ostly

V erulamium

G rey

2 758 .

p ainted "marbled" " Amiens"

i ts

f rom

t races

away .

V ery

b owl.

c ode

S andy-brown h as

b roken

i ndicating

L ead-glazed

4 8

l amp .

v essel

t o

a nd

a v essel

c olour b ut

o f

g lass

d iscussion t ype .

w ere

b ecause

T hey a re

r ecovered , m ost

p ieces

u niformly o f

o nly c annot

a t urquoise

i s n ot p ossible t o a ttribute t hem t o a s ource .. -1 14 -

t hree b e

m erit

a ssigned

t ransparent

0 1

H andle . B lue-green g lass . T his i s p ossibly f rom a s quare b ottle . T he w ider e nd w ould s it a cross t he

b ottle 's

h andle

s houlder ,

w ould

m ake

b ottle's n eck . a n umber c entury . G 2

o f

a t

a 9 0

S ee

t he

d egree

V erulamium V ol.

p ossible

p arallels .

R im f rom a p illar-moulded b owl. S uch b owls w ere h emispherical o f

r aised ,

w ay

a nd

a round .

c onfined

t he

o f

i s

T his n o

i ridescence

w hich

g lass

o ld

t o

w harf

s ite

t his

f ig .

7 4 n o .

H andle . f rom

f rom t he a t

t he

b ut

7 5 f or

o r

s econd

a ll

p iece

t races

i s o f

n ormally s hows . t he

w here

b owl

f rom i s

t he

p ractically

w as

i n t he

T his

i mported

u nknown .

A

i llustrated i n V erulamium V ol.

4 .

T he

a two

i s

b ears

t hat

t he

f ig .

r idges

b owl

c entury .

s uggest

t he

B lue-green g lass .

a nd

m ight

e nd m eet

v essels w itha s eries

c ondition

f eature

t o

F irst

c urved ,

t ype

f irst

I

e xceptional

s imilar v essel

G 3

s lightly T his

t o

s horter t urn

o r

f orm o ne

i s

b ottom p art

p oint

w here

o f i t

F irst o r s econd c entury .

-1 15

u ncertain

h andled

c up .

t he w ould

b ut T he

t his

m ay

b e

f ragment

i s

h andle a nd h as b roken h ave

m et

t he

v essel.

0P1 ( / 2 )

O P 1( 1 / 2) )12

? 1

O P1 I1( 1 / 2) 2 0

i i

I (

O PI V (1 2) /

t i a

3 2

3 1

3 7

3 9

O P V( 1 2 )

4 550 o ve r

O PV I ( 1 ' 2 )

4 5

4 6

4 8

4 9

S ECTION 8

O THER F INDS

T his s hort

c atalogue

r ecords s ome

o f

t he

o ther

m aterial

a part f rom

p ottery a nd c oins w hich o ccurred a t B LP . O n t he w hole t hese w ere v ery m uch l ess n umerous b ut n o l ess i nteresting . T hese i tems a re m ainly o f b one o r a re " pipe-clay f igurines". P robably t he m ost i nteresting i tem i s n o . t he

1 4

w hich i s a r are a ppearance o f m ilitary a rms f rom t he a rea o f

R oman

c ity .

I ts

s ignificance

m ore l ikely t o b e a c hance

1

i s

o bscure

a nd

i s

f ar

A ntler i tem . A v ery w ell-preserved i tem w hich h as c learly b een t ooled f or s ome p urpose . A n umber o f p eople i n P rehistoric k indly i t

f or

s ome

w as

I t

b ears

p oint

o r

h and

s aw

l ater .

h inge .

i s

t o

i s

i t

m arks

I t

h ave

i t

o nly

b een

i t

b ecome

m ust

f or

t races

s tands .

s o

h ave

a p ick

o f

r ounded .

a ctually

c ertainly

w as

p ieces

c onsiderable

a nd a s

m ay

s maller

m ay

c ausing

t ool

t he o nly a ntler B one

i t

c onsensus

b eing p repared

t his

i nto

s hows

a brasion

c ertain

d ate

u p

w ell-balanced

e ffective

T heir

t hough i t

N evertheless

a nd i s

o bject.

p urpose

s horter

w ear

t he

o f R omano-British & t he B ritish M useum

i n a n a dvanced s tate o f

c utting

c arving . t he

t he D epartment A ntiquities a t

e xamined

t hat

i nvolved

2

c ompletely

l oss t han a nything e lse .

a

v ery

T he

p iece

o f

R oman

b e

u nusual

a nd

w as

i tem r ecovered .

T his

c onsists

o f

t he

r emaining

h alf

o f a b one c ylinder w hich h as b een b ored o ut a nd p ierced . S uch i tems w ere l aid o ut i n a r ow t o a ct a s

a h inge

h ole

o f

f or

t he

w as p laced . c ylinders b one

a b ox

s everal T he

h oles

a llowed

t he

T his

i n V erulamium V ol. 3

B one

p in .

T he

p ointed s haft a nd

a

T hrough i tems

i n

p ieces

c ylinders t o

a lternately .

l id . b one

t he

o f

a

s ides

d owel

m ethod

i s

o f

t o

l id a nd t he

I p .

t he

c entral

w ooden

s haft

t he

c onnect

b ack o f

d escribed

a t

b one t he

t he b ox l ength

1 49 .

i tem i s c omplete a nd c onsists o f a nd a t

p ointed

t he

h ead .

o pposite

T his

e nd

p iece

a

t wo g rooves

i s

a pparently

b rand n ew . S uch i tems a re v ery d ifficult t o d ate b ut t he g eneral c ontext m eans i t i s p robably f irst o r s econd c entury . 4

B one b elow

p in . t he

A s

b efore

p ointed

b ut n ot b roken . 5 a ,b ,c & d

A ntonine

C entral t o d ate

w ith

T his

a s ingle

p iece

i s

g roove

w ell-used

F irst o r s econd c entury .

F our g aming c ounters . c ounters , 5 d h as b een d ifficult

b ut

h ead .

5 a , b a nd c a re s imple b one f iled d own f rom a s herd o f

G aulish

s amian .

T hese

a re

b ut 5 d i s c ertainly H adrianic o r

l ater . 6

B one k nife h andle . h andle w ith i ncised -1 22 -

A s mall p iece t riple r ing a nd

o f a k nife d ot m otifs .

P ractically u ndateable s econd c entury . C eramic

f igurine .

f igure

a ppears

b ut

T wo

t o

p robably

f eet

h ave

a nd

b een

f irst

o r

a p linth .

a h ollow

T he

t ype .

A

n umber o f f igures w ere m anufactured i n t his s tyle, u sually V enus o r a s eated m atron g oddess , i n C entral

G aul

t he s econd u ncertain . 8

B one d ice . h eap . D DAG .

9

C eramic

1 0

o f

w ith

S TAINES

o r

w hite

S pindle

w horl.

s ame

h ead

h airstyle ,

o f

t he

g oddess

8 2).

M ade

p robably s econd c entury . 1 1

c lay

c ase

i s

s poil

f rom a

p ossibly

D DAG . P art

p .

t his

A f ine

m other

1 984

i n

f ound i n t he

d istinctive

f igurine .

n utrix

f igure

a p air

( see 7 a bove).

C eramic d ea

O ne

T he

f igurine .

f igurine V enus

o r t he R hineland a pparently m ostly i n

c entury .

M ade

b asket ( see

i n

c hair

F .

o f

J enkins

C entral

G aul

a i n

a nd

D DAG .

f rom a p iece

o f

c oarse

g rey

p ottery f iled o ff a t t he e dges a nd p ierced . 1 2

F lagon f abric f rom

w aster . I n a V erulamium a rea o range-brown a nd a pparently o ver-fired . T he s herd i s

t he

r im .

O n

t he

b ottom

o f

t he

s herd

i s

e vidence f or t he f lagon h aving b een p ierced i n t he n eck b y a n a djacent v essel ( in t he k iln) e xploding .

T he

f lagon s eems t o h ave h ad a h ole

i ts n eck a s a r esult . a t B LP i s a n e nigma . 1 3

W hetstone . s chist,

1 4

I ron

D DAG .

F ragment

o f

w hetstone,

p robably

s haped o n e ach c orner .

b allista-bolt o f

T he

c onsists

p iece

w hich

a n

h ead .

o ccurrence p oint

i n

H ow i t s hould h ave e nded u p

i s

A

v ery

i ndisputably o f

o ne

a

p iece

i nteresting

m ilitary

s olid w ith

i ron a

a rticle .

f our-sided

t ange

f olded

a round s haft .

t o f ix t he h ead t o a n ow-vanished w ooden D ifficult t o d ate a nd t he p iece d oes s eem

t o

f airly

b e

s mall.

O ther

e xamples

o ccur

a t :

F ishbourne ( Vol.II p .134 n o .49 - t hough h ere t he p oint i s m uch s horter); o r H od H ill a s i llustrated i n

t he

B ritish M useum

R oman Britain ,

G uide

1 964 p . 71

-1 23 -

t o

n o .1,

t he

A ntiquities o f

F ig .36 .

O THER F INDS 1

1 ( 1 ,2)

2

•

e n s ma sea t ti m u t t l i t l

7

1 :1 e xcep t 1

=b i led l i i i t ie

OTHER F INDS 2

1 3

S ECTION 9 , G raffiti

G RAFFITI o f

v arious

s orts

w ere

n ot

u ncommon a t

B LP .

T hey m ostly

o ccurred o n s amian v essels b ut a re g enerally f ar t oo f ragmentary t o m erit m ore t han a c ursory d escription . T he s ingle m ost i nteresting g raffiti i s t he p ersonal n ame w ritten i nto a n u nfired t ile ( G7). T his h as b een c ommented o n b y M .W .C . H assall f or B ritannia . G 1

S amian , D r . 3 3 c up . C entral G aulish f abric . R etrograde " N " c ut a fter f iring w hich p robably r epresents a n o wner 's n ame c ut a fter f iring .

G 2

S amian .

D r .

2 7

c up .

C entral

G aulish

f abric .

" IV" s cratched a fter f iring . A lthough t his m ay r epresent t he b eginning o f a n ame t he l ack o f t races o f a ny o ther l etters m akes i t m ore l ikely t his d enotes t he n umber 4 . G 3

S amian . c urious

D r . 3 3 c up . C entral G aulish f abric . A m otif , s cratched a fter f iring , w hich m ay

b e a f ish-tail, u sually i nterpreted i n a c lassical c ontext a s a C hristian s ymbol b ut t here i s n o e vidence t hat t his i s t he c ase h ere . G 4

S amian . D r . 3 3 c up . C entral G aulish f abric . " I X V X " i ncised i nto t he b ase o f t his c up w hich s eems t o h ave h ad i ts s ide-wall n eatly r emoved . A s t he b ase i s n ot c omplete t he i nscription i s p robably n ot e ither o r s everal n umbers .

b ut

p resumably

r epresents

o ne

0 5

S amian . D r . 3 1 b owl. C entral G aulish f abric . A n eat " M " i nscribed i nto t he u nderside o f t he b ase . T his p resumably r epresents t he i nitial o f t he o wner . DDAG

G 6

S amian . D r . 3 3 c up . C entral G aulish f abric . " ...ERR ..." s cratched a fter f iring , p robably b eing p art o f a p ersonal n ame . D DAG

G 7

T ile . F ragment o f b urnt t egula r oof-tile . O n i t, p rior t o f iring a c olumn o f n ames s eems t o h ave b een i nscribed , e ach n ame b eing s eparated b y a h orizontal l ine . P arts o f two n ames s urvive . T he l ower o ne r eads " ...TITUS" w hich M ark H assall s uggests i s m ost l ikely t o b e f or " POTITUS ". T he u pper o ne i s l ess c lear b ut s eems t o r ead " ... ODUACV .." w hich M ark H assall s uggests i s p robably f or " BODUACUS " ( see B ritannia V ol. X VI 1 985 p . 3 29 n o . 3 2 w here t his i tem i s p ublished a long w ith o ther g raffiti a nd i nscriptions f rom B illingsgate L orry P ark). T his i nscription , a s i t w as w ritten p rior t o f iring , s eems l ikely t o r epresent a w ork r oster o r s omething s imilar e ither a t a t ile-works o r a ctually o n a b uilding s ite ,

i f t he t iles w ere b eing m ade " on s ite".

GRAF F IT I

0 8

N ene V alley c olour-coated s herd f rom a " Caistor b ox" w ith m otif s cratched a fter f iring . T his m otif a ppears t o b e a s imple f ish . A s w ith G 3 a bove t he p ossible C hristian c onnection i s o bvious b ut u nproven . N Vcc w ares w ere p roduced f rom m ids econd c entury D DAG

G 9

u ntil

t he

e nd

o f

t he

R oman p eriod .

S herd f rom t he s houlder o f a l arge g rey c oarse w are j ar/vessel, t empered w ith g rit a nd w ith s andy b rown s herd

s lip i nside a nd o ut . s eem t o b e s cratched

n umbers : s econd , s cratch

V ,

I I,

two i n

w ith t he

a ttempts

t he

V .

f irst

s eem

T his

O n t he f ace o f t he a fter f iring t hree

t o

I s maller h ave

p resumably

m ade

r efers

t o

q uantity o f t he v essel's c ontents , i nscription i s c ertainly i ncomplete . G raffiti

G 10-12

i ncised

e xternal

a re

o n

BB2

b ead-rimmed

d ecoration

a ll

a nd

a re

a ll

b owls

i ncised

m ay d enote b atches f or s ale o r t he amount c ontents , i nformation ,

w ith

a fter

G 10

T hree s trokes m aking X I ( ?). DDAG

G il

X I I o r

G 12

N ( retrograde)

D DAG D DAG

b ut

a cute f iring .

t o t he t he

l attice T hey

o r p urely p ersonal

t hey c ertainly s eem t o i mply i nformation .

I IX .

t han t he

b een

S ECTION

1 0 .

T HE C OINS

T his c oin l ist c ould

b e

i s h ighly s elective a nd n ot c omprehensive .

r ecorded

c ollector

w ho

a t

m ade

a ll

A s

a re

a s elective

t hem .

T hey

o nly

d ue

h is B illingsgate

f rom h is c oins t hree 2 0 .

i s

h ave

i n t he

g roup b een

t o

t he

c oins

a vailable

p ossession

t here

w ould

i ncluded

g enerosity

o f

b e

t he

n o

t hey

a p rivate

f or s tudy .

a uthor ,

v alue

b ecause

T hat a ny

o f

i n

A part

C 16 ,

1 7 a nd

m erely

m erit

l isting

p hotographic

r eproduction o wing t o t heir u nusual q uality . T hey a re a ccompanied b y f ull d escriptions a s w ell a s a ppropriate r eferences i n t he r elevant v olume

o f

R oman

V espasian u nfamiliar

w ith

f airly t ypical T he c opper

c oins

R oman

a re

and b rass i n

C oinage

i n t he

( Vol

h ope

c oinage,

I A ugustus t o V itellius ,

t hat

t hey w ill

e specially

a s

V ol

b e

o f

v alue

s ome

o f

t he

c oins

a lmost

a ll

t he

I I

t o t hose a re

f inds o n e arly R onan s ites i n B ritain .

a bout t his t ime a sses

I mperial

t o H adrian)

m ainly

f irst

c entury

d enominations

o f

" As"

a nd

r eceived 2 25 s ilver d enarii

a d upondius ,

t wo

d upondii

a re

a nd " Dupondius". p er a nnum .

s mall

A s oldier a t T here w ere t wo

i n a s estertius a nd f our s estertii

i n a d enarius . E ach

c oin 's

l egends

a re

l isted

b elow .

F or

t hose

u nfamiliar

w ith

t he s ubject I MP m eans " Imperator", l iterally " General o f t he a rmy" a nd c an o ccur t wice i n a l egend , t he s econd b eing a n a cclamation o f m ilitary

p rowess ;

A VG

i s

s hort

f or

A ugustus

w hich

b ecame

a n

i mperial

t itle , as d id G ERM f or G ermanicus ; T R .P o r P OT m eans " with t he o f a t ribune", C OS m eans " consul" - t hese t wo a nnual t itles a re a ccompanied h ad

b een

b y

h eld ,

n umbers

i ndicating

e nabling

t he

m eans " ponitifex m aximus"

c oin

o r " chief

o r " father o f t he c ountry"; S .0 m etal c oins s tanding f or " Senatus h ad

b een

i ssued

b y

t he

h ow t o

s enate

m any

b e

t imes

i n

a ccurately

p riest";

t hat

p ower o ften

r eign

d ated ;

P .M

M AX

P .P m eans " pater p atriae"

( on t he r everse) o ccurred o n C onsulto" i ndicating t hat t he

- t his

t hey

o r

t hough

w as

i mperial

b ase c oin

l ip-service

t o t he s enate a nd w as a f iction .

C l

A ugustus . O bv .

D enarius

2 5-23BC .

I MP . CAESAR .AVGVST ,

m oneyers '

m ark

t o

P . CARISIVS . LEG .PRO .PR

b are l eft

( i .e .

M int h ead

o f

l eft

o f

E merita . a nd

n ose .

p ro-praetorian

s mall R ev . l egate

o r i mperial p rovincial g overnor) a nd v iew o f t he c ity o f Emerita 's ( in t he p rovince o f S pain) g ateway i nscribed E MERITA . C 2

N ero ,

A s A D64-66 .

R IC 9 6 .

M int o f L yons

( as i ndicated b y

t he l egend s top o r l ittle g lobe b eneath t he n eck o f t he p ortrait : t his d oes n ot a ppear o n c oins o f t he

m int

o f

R ome).

A VG .GER .PM . TR .P .IMP , V ICTORIA . AVGVSTI

O bv , l aureate

S .C ,

N ERO . CLAVD . CAESAR . h ead

V ictory

r ight .

a dvancing

R ev . l eft.

N ot a pparently i n R IC . C 3

N ero .

A s

A D66-68 .

M int

o f

I MP . NERO . CAESAR . AVG .P . MAX .TR .P .PP , r ight .

R ev .

L yons .

O bv .

b are

h ead

S .0 V ictory a dvancing l eft c arrying a

s hield i nscribed S .P .Q .R .

-1 29 -

R IC 6 05 .

0 4

N ero . A s A D64-66 . M int o f L yons . N ERO . CLAVD . CAESAR . AVG .GER . PM . TR .P .IMP .PP ,

O bv . b are

h ead

l eft

l eft.

R ev .

S .0

V ictory

a dvancing

c arrying s hield i nscribed S .P .Q .R . C 5

N ero .

D upondius

A D64-66 .

R IG 4 78

M int

o f

L yons .

N ERO . CLAVD . CAESAR . AVG .GER .PM . TR .P .IMP .PP , h ead r ight . R ev . M acellum i n R ome .

M AC . A VG . T his t ype

S .0 a nd i s r are .

O bv .

r adiate

v iew o f t he R IG 3 74 .

C 6

N ero . A s p revious c oin b ut d ifferent d ies a nd i n s ignificantly b etter c ondition .

0 7

N ero . A s A D64-66 . M int o f N ERO .CLAVD . CAESAR . AVG .GERNANICVS , r ight . d ressed

0 8

L yons . b are

R ev . P ONTIF . MAX .TR .POT .IMP .PP , N ero A pollo a dvancing r ight a nd p laying t he

a s

l yre .

R IG 4 16 .

N ero .

A s

A D66-68 .

M int

o f

L yons .

I MP . NERO . CAESAR . AVG .[PM .TR .P o r P OT . P P ], l eft ,

O bv . h ead

R ev .

O bv .

b are h ead

P ACE .P .R .TERRA . MARIQ .PARTA .IANVM .

C LVSIT , v iew o f t he T emple o f J anus i n R ome w ith d oors c losed t e c ommemorate t he e nding o f t he P arthian W ars , C 9

N ero .

A s

A s R IG 5 38/9 b ut h ead l eft . A D64-66 .

M int

o f

L yons ,

N ERO .CLAVD . CAESAR . AVG .GER I MANICVS ], l eft.

R ev .

A RA .PACIS

S .C ,

O bv .

b are

v iew o f

t he

h ead

A ltar

P eace i n R ome w hich c an b e v isited t oday .

o f

R IC

4 18 . C 10

N ero .

A s

A D66-68 ,

M int

o f

L yons .

I MP . NERO . CAESAR .AVG .P .MAX . TR .P .P .P , r ight .

R ev .

w ith a ltar l arge f lan . C 11

G ENIO . AVGVSTI,

a t

f eet .

R ev .

S .0 a nd

V espasian . O bv . h ead

V ictory

l eft

D upondius

f lying

l eft

c arrying

A D72-3 .

M int

o f

L yons .

I MP . CAESAR .VESPASIAN . AVG . COS .IIII, r ight .

R ev .

V espasian .

A s

P AX .AVG

S .C ,

P eace

r adiate s tanding

R IG 7 40 . L yons .

O bv .

I MP . CAES . VESPASIAN . AVG . COS . VIII.PP ,

l aureate

h ead

r ight .

R ev .

E agle

g lobe .

R IO 7 64 .

V espasian ,

A D77-78 .

O bv . h ead

R IG 4 78 .

l eft w ith a n a ltar b y f eet.

C 14

s tanding

o n a n u nusually

R IG 5 33 ,

s hield i nscribed S .P .Q .R .

0 13

h ead

V espasian . D upondius A D71. M int o f L yons . I MP . CAESAR . VESPASIANVS .AVG . COS ,III, r adiate r ight .

0 12

G enius

T his c oin i s

Obv .

b are

S .C .

A s

a nd

A D79 .

M int

I mperial

M int

o f

I MP . CAES . VESPASIAN . AVG .COS . VIIII, r ight .

R ev .

P ROVIDENT

7 70 . -1 30-

o f

S .C ,

a stride

R ome .

O bv .

l aureate

h ead

l arge

a ltar ,

R IG

C 15

T itus ( as C aesar). A s A D77-78 , M int o f L yons . O bv , T . CAES .VESP .AVG .F .TR .P . COS .VI .CENSOR , l aureate h ead r ight . R ev . S .C , S pes ( Hope) a dvancing l eft . R IC 7 86 .

C 16

D omitian , A s A D86 . M int o f R ome , I MP .CAES . DOXIT .AVG .GERM . COS .XII. CENS .PER .PP , l aureate h ead r ight . R ev . M ONETA . AVGVSTI

O bv , S .C ,

M oneta s tanding l eft h olding s cales . T his c oin a nd t he n ext w ere s truck f rom t he s ame d ies i n t he m int o f R ome . T he s urvival o f a n u nseparated p air o f d ie-struck c oins o f l ow d enomination i n a d isturbed d eposit i s r emarkable . D avid W alker w ho h as e xamined t he c oinage o f t his p eriod c losely a rgues i n t he s econd v olume o n t he e xcavations i n B ath ( forthcoming) t hat a ll a es c oinage o f t his p eriod e ntered B ritain i n b ulk , d irect f rom t he m int . H is c ase i s t hat n o m ovement o f u sed c oins a cross t he C hannel o ccurred a nd t hat o ne o f t he b ulk i mportations o f n ew c oin t ook p lace i n t he y ear

8 6 .

T his

c oin ,

a nd

t he

n ext,

r epresent,

t herefore , p art o f a c onsignment l ost b efore t hey w ere d ispersed . I f t his i s c orrect t he c oins a re f urther s upporting e vidence f or t he f act t hat L ondon w as t he a dministrative c apital o f t he p rovince i n l ate F lavian t imes . R IC 3 35 . C 17

D omitian .

C 18

N erva ,

A s A D86 . A s

S ee n otes f or 0 16 .

A D97-98 .

M int

o f

R ome .

O bv .

I MP .NERVA .CAES .AVG .PM .TR ,P ,COS .III.PP , l aureate h ead r ight . R ev . F ORTVNA .AVGVST S .C , F ortuna s tanding l eft w ith r udder . C 19

R IC 8 3 .

T rajan . A s A D98 . M int o f I MP .NERVA . CAES .TRAIAN . AVG .GERM .PM , r ight .

R ev .

T R .POT .

C OS . I I

S .C ,

R ome . l aureate

O bv , h ead

P ietas s tanding

b y l ighted a ltar w ith r ight a rm r aised . T rajan 's c oins a re c ommon b ut i ssues f rom t he f irst f ew m onths o f h is r eign a re n ot . H ere t he s ingle t ribunician p ower a nsd s econd c onsulship h eld i ndicates t hat t he c oin w as s truck b etween t he d ate o f T rajan 's a ccession o n t he 2 5th J anuary A D98 a nd h is a doption o f a s econd p ower o n t he 1 8th S eptember t hat y ear . C 20

t ribunician R IC 3 92 .

S eptimius S everus . B rass d enomination . A D1982 11 . M int u ncertain b ut amongst t he c ities o f A sia -M inor . O bv . l aureate a nd b earded h ead r ight . R ev , p ersonification o f c ity s tanding l eft ( opinion o f t he D ept . o f C oins 8 4 M edals a t t he B ritish M useum ). c ondition b ut i s

T he c oin i s i n e xtremely p oor s uch a n u nusual t ype t o t urn u p

i n B ritain t hat i t h as b een i ncluded . I n t he e astern E mpire m any c ities h ad t he r ight t o i ssue c oins i n b ase m etal. T hese f ormed t he l ocal s mall c hange .

T hey

R ichborough ,

r arely

o ccur

a m ajor p ort, -1 31 -

i n

t he

W est .

A t

n ot a s ingle o ne o f t he

5 6 ,000+ c oin 's

c oins

f ound

c ondition

w as

o f

i ndicates

s uch

t hat

l ong

l ife

i n c irculation b efore

l ong

t his

w as c an

b ase t he

m etal

o nly b e

c oinage

Empire

i n

n ew

w as

a

i t

b eing

g uessed a t

i ssued

a t

d enominations f rom

T he

e njoyed

l ost. b ut

m ints a nd t he

a

H ow

b y c . 296 a ll w ith

r egional

v ariations

T his c oin

i s t hen u nlikely t o h ave s een t he

c entury .

a part

t ype .

h ad

o ver n o

m int-mark . f ourth

CO INS

S ECTION 1 1

D ARTFORD & D ISTRICT _ ARCHAEOLOGICAL GROUP F ABRIC B ANE

T he D artford & D istrict A rchaeological G roup t ackled a l arge n umber o f t he B LP s poil h eaps p ursuing a p olicy o f r etention o f e very s herd e ncountered . T he r esult w as a " fabric b ank" o f a ll t ypes r ecovered i dentified b y C hristopher S t . J ohn B reen o f t he D DAG f or c oarse w ares , J oanna B ird f or t he s amian , a nd B eth R ichardson f or s ome c oarse w ares . T he G roup h as m ade t heir l ist a vailable f or i nclusion i n t his v olume a nd i t a ppears b elow . T he m aterial i s l isted b y t he d rawers i nto w hich t hey a re s orted a t t he G roup 's c entre . 1 ,

S outh G aulish s amian

A A1-1--Dr A A1-2--Dr A A1-3--Dr A A1-4--Dr A A1-5--Dr A A2-1--Dr A A2-2--Dr A A2-3--Dr A A3-1--Dr

1 5/17 F oss , v ariant - f abric l ooks C laudian 1 5/17 p re-Flavian 1 5/17 B ody s herds 1 5/17 N ero-early F lavian 1 5/17 p re/early F lavian 1 8 F lavian 1 8 C l A D 1 8R F lavian-Trajanic 2 4/25 p re-Flavian

A A4-1--Dr 2 7 m id-C1 A D A A4-2--Dr 2 7 e arly L ezoux w are , N eronian-early F lavian A A4-3--Dr 2 7 F lavian A A4-4--? D r 2 7 F lavian A A5-1--Dr 2 9 p re-Flavian A AS 2--Dr 2 9 r im/wall a nd b ody s herds A A5-3--Dr A A6-1--Dr A A7-1--Dr A A8-1--Dr A A8-2--Dr

2 9 3 3 3 7 4 2 4 2

b ase e arly F lavian F lavian F lavian v ariant, F lavian

A A8-3--Dr 4 2 d ish v ariant , F lavian A A9-1--Curle 1 1 F lavian A A10-1--Ritterling 9 A A11-1--Ritterling 1 2 p re-Flavian A A11-2--probably R itterling 1 2 A A11-3--Ritterling F lavian A A12-1--Ritterling 1 3 A Ä13-1--miscellaneous s mall d ecorated s herds m id-later C l A D .

2 . D r D r D r D r D r D r D r D r

C entral G aulish s amian 1 5/17 1 5/17 1 8/31 1 8/31 1 8/31 1 8/31 1 8/31 1 8/31

L i ldV-Trajanic L ezoux L MdV e arly C 2 L MdV T rajanic L MdV e arly C 2 --o verfired H adrianic m id C 2 A ntonine

D r 2 7 L MdV e arly C 2 D r 2 7 e arly C 2 D r 2 7 H adrianic D r 2 7 H adrianic c .160 D r 2 7 H adrianic - e arly A ntonine D r 3 0 A ntonine -1 34 -

D r 3 1 b ases D r 3 1 A ntonine - f lat r im D r 3 1 A ntonine D r 3 1/31R m id/late A ntonine D r 3 1R m id/late A ntonine D r 3 1R b ases D r 3 1R D r 3 3 D r D r D r D r D r D r

3 3 A ntonine 3 5/36 3 6 e arly C 2 3 7 o volos o nly H ad-Ant 3 7 f oliage a nd o ther d ecoration H ad-Ant 3 7 L MdV e arly 0 2

D r 3 7 m edallion d esigns H ad-Ant D r 3 7 e arly C 2 D r D r D r D r D r

3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7

r ims A nt G ods a nd p eople H ad-Ant L ezoux o volos H ad-Ant b ases

D r 3 7 u nidentified t ips o f d ecorative d etails D r 3 7 A lbucius o r a ssociate D r 3 7 C innamus o volo 1 D r D r D r D r D r D r

3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7

C innamus o volo 3 C innamus o volo 3 A D ocilis D oeccus G eminus I ustus

D r 3 7 L axtucissa & o thers D r 3 7 P aternus I I D r 3 7 S acer-Attianus G roup D r 3 7 X -5 D r 3 7 X -5 o r X -6 D r 3 7 X -10 " corded s pindle" D r 3 7R m id C 2 D r 3 8 A nt D r 4 0 l ate 0 2 b urnt D r 4 2 D r ' 42/Curle 1 5 e arly-mid 0 2 D r 4 2/Curle 1 5 p robably D r 4 3/Curle 2 1 p robably D r 4 3 o r C urle 2 1 D r 4 4 A nt D r 4 5 A nt D r 4 5 l ate 0 2 D r D r D r D r

4 6 L MdV e arly 0 2 4 6 H ad-Ant 4 6 4 6/Curle 1 5 p robably

C urle 1 1 LMdV e arly 0 2 C urle 1 1 T rai-Had C urie

1 1 H ooked f lange H ad

C urle 1 5 LMdV e arly 0 2 C urle 1 5 H ad-early A nt C urle C urle

1 5 H ad-Ant 1 5 A nt -1 35 -

C urie 1 5 C urie 2 1 A nt ( flange g round o ff) C urie 2 3 L ezoux C urie 2 3 A nt C urie 2 3/Ludowici T b l ate A nt C urie 2 3/Ludowici T b v ariant A nt D ächelette 6 4 A D120-140 D ächelette 6 7 e arly C 2 D ächelette 6 7 p robably H ad-Ant D ächelette 7 2 s mall j ar D ächelette 7 2 p robably w ith c ut-glass d ecor a nd g rooves L udowici T a l ate C 2 , e arly C 3 L udowici T t o r T v l ate C 2 , e arly C 3 R itterling 1 3? W alters 7 9 l ate C 2 W alters 8 0 l ate C 2 C up f orm e arly C 2 L ezoux w ith w orn i nterior D isc r im f lagon p robably H adrianic B eaker f orm H ad-Ant S hallow-dish o r l id H ad-Ant B eaker w ith c ut-glass d ecor B eaker A nt B eaker w ith c ut-glass d ecor m id C 2-late C 2 P latter c .170+ B eaker w ith s ingle c ordon h igh o n n eck C up o r b eaker v ery s mall a nd " thin-walled"

1

B ast G aulis 3k semian

( late C 2 ,

e arly/mid C 3 u nless o /w m entioned)

D 46-6

D r 2 7 H ad-early A nt

D 46-2 D 47-1

D r 2 7 L arge H ad-Ant p ossibly a v ery s mall D r 3 0

D 48-1 D 49-1 D 50-1 D 51-2 D 51-1 D 51-2

D r 3 1 a nd 3 1R D r 3 2 D r 3 3 D r 3 3 r im a nd D r 3 3 b ase D r 3 8 p ossibly D r 3 8

( 0 & P

P l.

L XXV)

( unstamped)

D 51-3

D r 3 8

D 52-1 D 53-1

D r 4 2/Curle 1 5 ( 0 & P D r 4 3 o r C urie 2 1

D 54-1 D 55-1 D 55-2 D 56-1 D 57-1

D r 4 4 D r 4 5 D r 4 5 T rier L udowici T b C urie 1 5 R heinzabern

D 58-1 D 59-1

R im/wall f rom l arge b owl o r m ortarium f orm B ody s herd f rom c ut-glass d ecor b eaker p robably f rom T rier

4 .

P l.

L XIX n o .

7 )

) i i _ca D usted W are

( based o n t ype s eries i n G .

M arsh B .A .R B ritish S eries 5 7 ,

E 61 t ype 2 f lagon n eck E 62 E 63 E 64 E 65

t ype t ype t ype t ype

3 f lagon h andle 7 g rooved w all o f c up-mouth f lagon 1 6 ( possibly) r im/wall o f s mall c up 2 1 p art o f f olded w all b eaker -1 36 -

1 978)

E 66 t ype 2 1 o r 2 2 s hort e verted r im b eaker E 67 E 68 E 69 E 70

t ype 2 4 r im/wall p latter t ype 2 4 w all/base p latter t ype 2 5 r im /wall/base d ish t ypes 2 4 2 5

2 6 w all/base a nd f loor o f b ase-platter a nd d ish E 71 t ype 2 6 r im/wall r eeded r im d ish E 72 t ype 3 1 o r 3 3 p art o f r im d ish E 73 t ype 3 4 r im/walled b owl E 74 b ases o f b eakers E 75 m iscellaneous r ims a nd b ases 5 .

M ortaria

G 121 G 122 G 123 G 124 G 125 G 126 G 127

b y V erecundas a t S ailer , K reis-Düren i n L ower G ermany , 0 2, e arly 0 3 a s a bove G aulish i mport , M us . o f L ondon f abric c ode 2 464 M ade i n S E E ngland , l ate C 2 , e arly 0 3 O xfordshire w are a s p revious B rockley H ill/Verulamium a rea , a ccidentally g lazed

G 128 G 129 G 130 G 131 G 132 G 133 G 134 G 135

a s p revious , t wo s tamps r ims a s G 127 r ims a s G 127 a s G 127 , o ne s tamp r ims a s G 127 f loor s herds a s G 127 m ade i n K ent C 2 N ene V alley f loor s herds

6 .

l ate

i iscella l ieous _ Coarse w ares

( types a s M arsh & T yers 1 978) M 211 1 212

p lain r im b owl i n c urved w all p lain r im b owl o r d ish w ith

t ypical

g roove

o r

i ncised

l ine

b eelow r im o n e xterior M 213 M 214

p lain r im b owl o r d ish " D" r im . C olchester a nd/or S outhwark e arly-late 0 3

M 215 1 4 216 1 4 217 1 4 217 1 4 218

B owl f orm I V .A .7 , f abric V RG B owl f orm I V .J f abric V RG 1 f lange b owl D orset B B1 2 f lange b owl s ource? F ine o xidised w are , L ondon

1 4 219

b eakers V erulamium/Brockley H ill a rea

1 4 220 1 221 1 4 222 1 223 1 4 224

f lange f lange f lange f lange D orest

a rea

v arious

d ish d ish d ish d ish B B1 s lightly e verted f lange r im b owls

1 4 225

B owl,

1 4 22 .6 / 1 227

a s p revious b ut t ype I V .A .5 B owl, d ish H ighgate t ype I V .F .1

V er/B .

H ill a rea t ype

I V .A .1/2

-1 37 -

b owls ,

l ids

a nd

S ECTION 1 2 ,A

1 2

B IBLIOGRAPHY

A bbreviations and P eriodicals

B .A .R .

B ritish A rchaeological

C .B .A .

C ouncil

c w

T ransactions

of

A ntiquarian s eries . T rans .

L . M .A . S .

t he

a nd

C umberland

T ransactions

of

Archaeological

Society .

t he

S .A .S .

S urrey A rchaeological S outhwark C ommittee ,

a nd

a nd

Archaeological

S .L .A .E .C .

1 2 ,B

R eports

f or B ritish A rchaeology W estmorland

S ociety ,

London

s econd

a nd

M iddlesex

A rchaeological

E xcavation

S ociety .

L ambeth

R oman L ondon

B ateman N

a nd M ilne G ., ' A

R oman

H arbour

O bservations

i n

i n

n ear

L ondon ;

P udding

1 979-82 . 1 Britannia X IV 1 983 p . ' Excavations a t A ldgate,

C hapman H .,

L .M .A .S .XXIV , J ohnson T .,

' A

R oman

N ote, J ones D .M .,

Lower N o ,

S ignal

T ower

a t

a t

1 974 ,

T rans .

E l',

I nterim

B uildings L .M .A .S .

' Triang le',

S pecial

P aper

1 980 .

Roman London ,

M errifeld R .,

London:

M ilne G .,

T he P ort of R oman L ondon , S chofield J .

a nd

L ondon

2 78-80 .

B illingsgate

M arsden P .,

M iller L ,,

o f

2 07 f f. 1 972 '.

S hadwell,

X XVI,

T hames S treet ,

4 ,

C ity

1 -56 .

T rans .

Excavations

E xcavations

L ane ,

1 980 .

C ity o f t he Romans ,

1 983 .

1 985 .

& R hodes M .

T he

R oman

S pecial

Q uay

a t

P aper N o .

M orris J .,

Londinium :

W illiams T .,

' St .

S t .

M agnus

. 1 986 .

London i n

P eter 's H ill,

House .

L .M .A .S .

( New F resh W harf).

t he R oman Empire ,

1 982 .

P opular Archaeology .,

4 ,

N o .

1 ,

2 4-30 . 1 2 ,C

S ites M entioned i n T ext

B R CON

R .E .M .

W heeler ,

T he

R onan

Fort

a t

Brecon

Y G aer ,

1 926 . B LP

Popular

Archaeology

4 n o .

1

( July

1 982)

3 1-4 ;

5

n o . 4 ( October 1 983) 1 2-1 7; 5 n o . 6 ( December 1 983) 2 7-31. L ondon A rchaeologist 4 ( 1983) 2 74, C AERHUN

4 01. B aillie-Reynolds t he

R oman

T he

S amian

L XXXVI,

f ort

P .K .

a t

P ottery .

P art 2 ,

p .

' Excavations

C aerhun '.

F ifth

A rchaeologia

o n

N ash-Williams V .E . ' Prysg ' Jenkins 's F ield 1 926 ' i n

C AMULODUNUM

H awkes C .F .C .

C ambrensis

COLCHESTER

H ull H ull

a nd H ull

M .R .

V ol.

1 933 .

C amulodunum , 1 947 .

Roman C olchester , 1 958 . T he Potters' K ilns of R onan

-1 38 -

o f

F ield 1 927-29' a nd T he Ronan L egionary

Fortress a t C aerleon i n M onmouthshire ,

1 963 .

s ite

2 53 .

C AERLEON

M .R . M .R .

t he

i nterim r eport.

C olchester .

C IRENCESTER

W acher J .S . a nd M cWhirr A ., a t C irencester , 1 982 .

D OVER

P hilp

B .J.

T he

E arly Roman O ccupation

Excavation

o f

t he

R onan

F orts

t he C lass's B ritannica a t Dover 1 970-1977 . F ISHBOURNE

B . C unliffe , 1 971

H OLT

G rimes W .E . t he

Excavations H olt ,

a t

F ishbourne ,

D enbighshire:

T he

K enyon K .K . Excavations L eicester 1 948 .

M ARGIDUNUM

F .

O swald ,

T he

a t

T erra

t he

V ol,

1 930 .

Jewry

S igillata

I I,

W orks D epot of

T wentieth L egion a t C astle Lyons ,

L EICESTER

o f

1 981 .

W all

o f

S ite ,

M argidunum ,

1 948 . N ETTLETON

W edlake

W .J.

T he

Excavation

A pollo a t N ettleton , R CHM 1 962

R oyal

C ommission

E bvracvm : R ICHBOROUGH

I V

Roman

B ushe-Fox J .P .

o f

W iltshire , o n

Y ork ,

S hrine

H istorical

o f

1 982 .

M onuments ,

1 962.

F ourth r eport

o n

t he Roman f ort a t R ichborough , B .

t he

1 965-1971 ,

F ifth r eport

1 949 .

R ICHBOROUGH V

C unliffe

R onan f ort a t R ichborough ,

K ent ,

S OUTH SHIELDS

D ore J .N .

T he R onan Fort a t South

S OUTHWARK

S outhwark Excavations ,

a nd G illam J .P .,

S hields 1 875-1975 ,

C rouch

K .R .

S taines ,

a nd

1 2 .D 1 .

I ,

I I

& I II

S .S .

F rere ,

1 968 .

1 972-74 ,

S .L .A .E .C .

1 o f L .M .A .S .

S hanks

1 975-76:

P ublication N o . V ER

t he Excavations of t he

1 979 .

J oint p ublication N o . S TAINES

o n

t he Excavations of

K ent ,

t he

S .A .

Friends'

2 L .M .A .S .

R eport,

a nd S .A .S Excavations

B urial

S ite ,

i n

J oint

a nd S .A .S .

V erulam ium Excavations ,

V ols .

I ,

I I

&

S IOUAN P OTTERY G eneral

D ragendorff J .,

' Terra

s igillata .

g riechischen H artley B .R .

J ahrbuch ,

9 6 ,

" Samian

w are

C ollingwood J ohns C .

E in

u nd

B eitrag z ur

r ömischen

G eschichte

K eramik ',

d er

B onner

1 895 , o r

&

t erra

I .

R onan Britain ,

1 969 .

A rretine

S amian

a nd

s igillata"

R ichmond ,

T he

P ottery

i n

R .G .

Archaeology

( British

o f

M useum ),

1 977 . M arsh G .* ,

' London 's

s amian

t he d evelopment A nderson A .G . p ottery r esearch B .A .R . O swald F .,

P ryce 1 . D ., A n

O swald F ., O swald F .,

t o

S eries t he

I ndex

of f igure-types

w are'

1 936-7

I ndex

of

i ts

a nd N orth

potters '

o n

of

t erra

s tamps

( Margidunum

r eprint 1 964). R onan S amian W are o f E xtra-Mural

t o

-1 39 -

o n

t erra

s igillata ,

s igillata ,

C ardiff,

i samian

1 964). t erra

1 931,

- B ackground

S tudies ,

W est E urope ,

1 965)

( Gregg P ress r eprint

w are'

r elationship

1 23(1),

s tudy

( Gregg P ress r eprint

' samian W ebster P .,

a nd

i n Britain

I nternational

i ntroduction

1 920

s upply

o f t he G allic s amian i ndustry ', i n a nd A nderson A .S . ( eds), Roman

s igillata ,

G regg

N otes , 1 983 .

P ress

D epartment

i J

S outh G ala

A tkinson D .,

' A

h oard

o f

s amian

R onan S tudies 4 , H ermet F .,

L a G raufesenque

K U?

K norr

R .,

D ie

v on Rottweil, K 12

K norr

R .,

K norr

( Condatanago) , v erzierten

o f

1 934.

T erra -S igillata

G efässe

1 907 . T erra S Igillata

G efasse

R .,

T öpfer

u nd

F abriken

v erzierter

d es e rsten J ahrhunderts ,

v on

T erra-

1 919 .

K norr R ., T erra-S igillata-Gefässe J ahrhunderts m it T öpfernamen , 1 952. C entral

J ournal

1 912 .

S igillata K 52

f rom P ompeii',

2 6-64 .

S üdgallische

Rottweil, K 19

w are

1 914 ,

d es

e rsten

G aul

R ogers G .B .

P oteries m otifs

s igilleäs n on

d e

l a

f igures .

G aule

G allia

C entrale ,

I .

s upplement

- L es X XVIII,

1 974 , S & S

S tanfield Potters ,

T errisse J .R .,

' Les

J .A .,

a nd

S impson

G .,

C entral

G aulish

1 958 .

c eramiques

s igillees

M artres-de-Veyre ',

g allo-romaines

G allia s upplement X IX ,

d es

1 968 .

E ast G aul C henet C .

& G audron G . L a

c eramique

s iäcles . F ölzer E .,

D ie

s igilee

d ' Argonne

G allia s upplement V I,

B ilderschüsseln

i n

S igillata-Manufakturen , H uld-Zetsche

I .,

M üller G .,

K astells

R eliefverzierte

T erra

S igillata ,

R icken H .,

S tudies 25 , 1 945 , 4 9-57 . ' Die B ilderschusseln d er

w are

Z ugmantel', T öpfer V I), R & F

H .,

f rom

L avoye ',

I ,

1 972 .

B utzbach ,

D ie

L imesforschungen ,

D ie

1 942 .

R icken H .,

Journal

r omischen

S aalburg J ahrbuch ,

8 ,

T afeln ,

of

Ronan

T öpfer

1 934 ,

B ilderschüsseln

v on R heinzabern:

r ömischen 1 2 .E

I II"

1 968 .

' Decorated

R icken

e t

Ost g allischen

W erkstatt

d es

O swald F .,

R & L

d er

L agerdorf

b and 5 ,

I I

1 913 .

T rierer R eliefsigillata , D as

d es

1 955 .

d er

v on

1 30-82 . r ömischen

( Ludowici,

K atalog

[ Plates ] a nd F ischer C .,

D ie B ilderschüsseln d er

T öpfer v on R heinzabern ,

1 963 .

[ Text]

O thers

A nderson A .C .

I nterpreting P ottery ,

1 984 .

A nderson A .G .

A G uide

W ares ,

A rthur P .

& M arsh G .,

L yne M .A .B .

t o R onan F ine

V orda

I ,

1 980 .

( Eds)

E arly f ine

w ares i n R oman Britain .

S eries 5 7,

1 978 .

B .A .R .

B ritish

& J efferies R .S . T he

A lice

H olt/Farnham

R esearch R eport N o .

-1 40 -

3 0 ,

Pottery

1 979 .

I ndustry ,

CBA

M arsh G .,

a nd T yers P ., S outhwark E xcavations , R eport, J oint P ublication S .A .S .

V olume

1 972-74 , N o . 1 o f

S .L .A .E .C . L .M .A .S . a nd

I I.

M attingly H .

& S ydenham E .A ., R oman I mperial C oinage V ol. L I . H adrian . 1 926 . P eacock D .P .S . ( Ed) P ottery a nd E arly C ommerce . 1 977 . S utherland C .H .V .

& C arson R .A .G ., R oman I mperial V itellius .

Y oung C .J.

O xfordshire 4 3 , 1 977 .

C oinage

( revised) R onan

-1 41 -

V ol.

I .

V espasian

t o

A ugustus

t o

1 978 .

P ottery ,

B .A .R .

B ritish

S eries