The Memoirs of Philippe de Commynes, Volume Two [2] 0872492249

Citation preview

-

A404!455N

UNIVERSITY JDJ

NNIPEG

VOLUME

TWO

HE MEMOIRS OF PHILIPPE DE COMMYNES Book Six: French Expansion in Burgundy and Louis XLs Last Years, 1477-1483 / Book Seven: The French Invasion of Italy, 1494-1495 / Book Eight: The French Retreat from Italy and Charles VIILs Last Years, 1495-1498

EDITED BY SAMUEL KINSER

TRANSLATED

BY

ISABELLE

CAZEAUX

University of South Carolina Press/ Columbia, South Carolina

FIRST EDITION

Copyright © 1973 by Samuel Kinser. Published in Columbia, S.C., by the University of South Carolina Press, 1973. This edition is published under an arrangement with Harper Torchbooks, Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 68-9363 International Standard Book Number: 0-87249-224-9 Suggested Library of Congress classification furnished by McKissick Memorial Library of the University of South Carolina: DC106.9C7292 Manufactured in the United States of America Composition by Heritage Printers, Inc., Charlotte, North Carolina Offset lithography by Universal Lithographers, Inc., Lutherville-Timonium, Maryland Bound by L. H. Jenkins, Inc., Richmond, Virginia

Acknowledgments

I am most grateful to the staff of the University of South Carolina Press for the care and responsiveness which they have shown in prepar¬ ing this new translation of the Memoirs for publication. In particular I should like to express my indebtedness to the late Dorothy Clyburn, former editor of that press. Without her sweet forbearance and ready understanding the first volume of this work would be much fuller of scholarly crotchets than it is. Cynthia Merman’s possession of extra¬ ordinary funds of Findigkeit has probably never been put to a severer test than in the gathering of the illustrations for these two volumes. Finally, I wish to thank the members and staff of the Institute for Re¬ search in the Humanities at the University of Wisconsin for the many ways in which they have made the preparation of this work not only less onerous but, sometimes, even enjoyable.

Contents

V

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

ix

ILLUSTRATIONS

x

BATTLE OF FORNOVO

xi

SOUTHERN FRANCE & ITALY IN 1494

xii

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE FOR VOLUME TWO THE MEMOIRS

37i

Book Six: French Expansion in Burgundy and Louis XL s Last Years, 1477-1483

433

Book Seven: The French Invasion of Italy, 1494-1493

303

Book Eight: The French Retreat from Italy and Charles VllVs Last Years, 1493-1498 APPENDIXES

399

Appendix A: List of the page numbers in Volume Two corresponding to citations in the Introduction

601

Appendix B: Angevin line of succession to the throne of the kingdom of “the two Sicilies”

603

Appendix C: Aragonese line of succession to the throne of the kingdom of uthe two Sicilies'1'1

603

LIST OF ERRATA

609

INDEX

Illustrations

ENDPAPERS: Part of Gentile Bellini's oil painting of the Corpus Christi procession of 1496 in the Piazza San Marco, Venice (Galleria Accademia, Venice: photograph by Alinari). Either Commynes or Bellini has made a mistake in describing—the one in words, the other in oil—this fete day, the most solemn of the approximately two hundred religious festivals celebrated each year in fifteenth-century Venice. Commynes says on p. 500 that on Corpus Christi day a wooden walk was constructed which extended across the piazza from the ducal palace, a corner of which may be seen in the upper right portion of Bellini's painting between San Marco Cathedral and the base of the campanile or bell tower. In the center of the painting a relic of the holy cross, paraded only on Corpus Christi day, is being carried in a gold reliquary. Ecclesiastical dignitaries surround the reliquary and are followed in the procession by state of¬ ficers, musicians, and other notables. The onlookers scattered about the center of the piazza lighten the heavy outline drawn by the buildings and the procession while intensifying, by means of their rich costumes and elegant stances, the sense of panoply, wealth, and power which Venetians sought, both politically and culturally, in their public life. Although they are in disagreement about details, both Commynes and Bellini saw and portrayed with great eloquence the combination of glitter and de¬ liberative solemnity peculiar to Venice in the Renaissance. 371

Oil portrait of King Louis XI of France attributed to Jean Bourdichon (Paris, private collection)

403

Anonymous pen-and-ink drawing of an iron cage (Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris: Gaignières Collection)

Illustrations 435

Oil portrait of Lodovico Sforza by Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio (Trivulzio Collection, Milan)

467

Window designed by G. A. Amadeo, flanking the front entrance to the Certosa (the Carthusian church ) in Pavia, Italy

503

Anonymous oil portrait of King Charles VIII in a prayer-book, painted about 1451 or 1452 (Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris: Ms. latin 1190)

545

Funerary statue of Commynes, probably executed by Guido Mazzoni of Modena ca. 1505 ff. (The Louvre, Paris)

Southern France & Italy in 1494 , ITRRI I I I £ Dijon) / Au.vonnr

Oo ’

Hon Hilary of the 11oly Roman Umpire

l 'enctian

possessions

The Swiss Confederation

//y/y/y/y

'VV

■ l larc/nisate of

. I lonferrato

Ecclesiastical principalities outside the Papal States

Path of French armys invasion of Italy farrows in the territories of Florence and Milan indicate alternate routes taken by the army when coming back as compared with going to Xaplcs)

-j

y |> j>

lion udaries of Independent States

S I. A Imperial cities

Chronological Table THE BACKGROUND

1265-1286

Reign of Charles of Anjou, brother of King Louis IX of France, as king of “the two Sicilies” (see Appendix B, page 601). This laid the foundation for King Charles Vlll's claims to the kingdom of Naples.

1387

Marriage of Duke Louis of Orleans, brother of King Charles VI of France, to Valentina, daughter of Duke Gian Galeazzo Visconti of Milan (see note 20~i, page 460). This laid the foun¬ dation for the claims of Louis of Orleans (later King Louis XII) to the duchy of Milan.

1282-1504

Rivalry of Angevin and Aragonese claimants to the kingdom of the two Sicilies, precipitating the French invasion of Italy described by Commynes. The rivalry ended some years after the period described in the Memoirs with the Aragonese in firm and lasting control of southern Italy (see Appendix C, page 60s).

1250-1494

Development of Florentine hegemony in Tuscany under the guidance of oligarchic, shifting groups of banker-merchant families. The last and most successful of these groups was led by the Medici family, with whom Commynes became in¬ volved diplomatically and financially. The French king and many of his other advisers were similarly involved with both the Medici family and their opponents. Because of this and because of the resentment of Florentine imperialism by Tus¬ can states formerly free, such as Pisa, the French invasion precipitated a revolt in Pisa and a mutation of the oligarchic regime in Florence itself.

1461-1493

King Louis XI of France

1483-1498

King Charles VIII of France

PRINCIPAL CHARACTERS

Xll

for Volume Two 1477-1482

Duchess Mary of Burgundy, wife of Maximilian, archduke of Austria, who was the son of Emperor Frederick 111 of Ger¬ many and heir apparent to the empire (i.e., king of the Ro¬ mans) from i486

1482-1506

Duke Philip the Handsome of Burgundy, son of Mary and Maximilian (the latter of whom acted until 1492 as regent for his son in the Burgundian territories)

1458-1494

King Ferrante l of Naples

1494-1495

King Alfonso II of Naples

1495-1496

King Ferrante 11 of Naples

1496-1501

King Frederick of Naples

1494-150°

Duke Lodovico of Milan (effective power from 1479)

1492-1503

Pope Alexander VI

1469-1492

Informal rule of Lorenzo de' Medici in Florence

1492-1494

Informal rule of Piero de' Medici in Florence

I494-1498

Informal rule of the uFrateschi'’ in Florence (a political fac¬ tion proclaiming ideas of Fra Girolamo Savonarola as their inspiration and program)

1474-1504

Queen Isabella of Castile

i479~i5i6

King Ferdinand of Aragon, Isabella's husband

xiii

PRINCIPAL EVENTS

I477-Ï479

Louis XI, by exploiting the quarrels among the varied local authorities in the jar-flung holdings of the duchess of Bur¬ gundy and by the skillful use of bribes, secures the duchy of Burgundy and most of the free county of Burgundy (FrancheComté), Picardy, the county of Boulogne and much of Artois and Hainaut. (See chapters 1-3 and 5-8 of Book 6)

1478

1479-1483

Commynes is sent by Louis XI to Florence to offer condolences and aid to the Medici family on the occasion of the Pazzi con¬ spiracy. (See chapter 4 of Book 6) Louis XI suffers a series of attacks, possibly epileptic, resulting in a loss of speech and increased dependence on Commynes and other favorites, as well as leading to the king's frenzied attempts to protect himself from the loss of his power and from death. (See chapters 6-7 and 9-12 of Book 6)

!■477-i494

The usurpation of Gian Galeazzo Sforza's power as duke of Milan by his uncle, Lodovico Sforza, a revolt of Neapolitan barons against King Ferrante and their coalition with heirs of the Angevin dynasty in France, and the replacement of Lo¬ renzo de' Medici by his inept son Piero in Florence, lead to an increasingly unstable political situation in Italy. Charles VIII is freed to interfere in Italian affairs by the weakening of Bur¬ gundian power (a settlement is made between France and Burgundy in the treaty of Senlis of 1493, which Commynes helps negotiate) and by the settlement of France's disputed frontier with Spain (French claims to Roussillon and Cerdagne are abandoned in the treaty of Barcelona of 1493). The king's and his ministers' intrigues with Italian exiles and princes lead to a decision to invade the kingdom of Naples. (See chapters 1-3 of Book 7)

1494“1495

The invasion of Italy is too successful, not only overthrowing Aragonese rule in Naples but provoking changes in various

xiv

Tuscan regimes, a movement to depose Pope Alexander VI, and suspicion of Louis of Orleans' designs on Milan by France's chief ally, Duke Lodovico of Milan. The “Holy League" to rid Italy of the French armies is formed at Venice during Commynes' embassy to that state. (See chapters 6-20 of Book 7) 1495

The French army wins an ambiguous victory over the army of the Holy League at the battle of Fomovo. Badly outnum¬ bered, the French hasten their retreat toward France, followed by the Italian army of the Holy League. Commynes urges negotiation with the enemy but is given little support. (See chapters 1-14 of Book 8)

I495~149494)

1

1

Alfonso II King of Naples (January 25, 1494; abdicated January 23, 1495; died November 19, 1495)

Ferrante II (or Ferrandino) King of Naples (born 1468; king from January 23, 1495 to his death on October 7, 1496, except for February 22-Julv 7, 1495, when Charles VIII of France held the throne)

Ferdinand “the Catholic” King of Aragon (1479-1516)

Frederick King of Naples (October 7, 1496; deposed bv Louis XII of France, August 2, 1501; died September 9, 1504)

| Joanna of Aragon (>479-'5>8)

Isabella of Aragon

Gian Galeazzo Sforza Duke of Milan (1476-1494)

APPENDIX C The story of the Aragonese occupants of the throne of the kingdom of the two Sicilies is no less complicated than that of the Angevin claim¬ ants (see Appendix B). Since Commynes refers in confusing fashion to a number of these occupants, a brief summary of the Aragonese succession should be given here. In 1282 nobles on the island of Sicily revolted from King Charles I of Anjou in the famous rebellion called the Sicilian Vespers, transferring their allegiance to King Peter III of Aragon, who had a claim to inheri¬ tance of the kingdom through his wife. From this date onward Angevins and Aragonese vied for the kingdom of the two Sicilies. Agreements were frequently made to divide the kingdom, leaving the Aragonese in control of the island of Sicily and the Angevins in control of the main¬ land. King Alfonso I of Aragon, whom Commynes mentions, held the island from 1416 onwards, and he worked to reunite island with main¬ land. Queen Joan II of the Durazzo line of the Anjou family held the mainland kingdom. Childless, she was persuaded to adopt Alfonso as her successor to the throne of Naples in 1433. However, Joan adopted René of Anjou as her successor instead of Alfonso in 1434, and when she died in 1435, René was able to make good his claim to Naples. In 1443, however, Alfonso conquered Naples from René and retained it together with Sicily until his death in 1458. His will divided the two Sicilies once more. Aragon, Sardinia, and the island of Sicily passed to his brother John II, while the mainland kingdom was given to his illegitimate son Ferrante I. Through his marriage in 1476 to John II’s daughter Joanna, however, Ferrante reestablished control over both Sicilies. This was the situation when the French invasion began to take shape. Then in less than three years’ time (not two years, as Commynes maintains at the end of chapter 14 of Book 7) five kings—Ferrante I, Alfonso II, Ferrante II (or Ferrandino), Charles VIII of France, and Duke Frederick of Calabria—succeeded each other on the Neapolitan throne, as indicated on the genealogical chart. By the time of Frederick’s death in 1504 Ferdinand of Aragon had been able to conquer the whole kingdom, mainland and island, from the armies of Louis XII of France. Henceforth the area was governed by Spanish viceroys until the time of Napoleon.

603

■

List ofErrata

Following the example set by Calmette's edition of the Memoirs, we have adopted the expedient of including a list of errata. The items in this list have come to our attention over the years of translating, editing, and réévaluation as we have attempted to resurrect that which cannot be resurrected in all its fullness—an exact picture of feelings, thoughts, and words five hundred years old.

p. 13, paragraph 2,1.2: the thirteen-year-old King Charles VIII p. 14, paragraph 2, I.3: The story that Commynes gave the chains p. 19, paragraph 1, 11.7-8: He dictated ... the Memoirs in 1496-97, revising and completing them in 1498. p. 49, n. 115, I.4: on the road about four died_” (i.e., delete “though” and “back”) p. 54, H.5-6 of first quotation from Commynes: he placed ten crossbowmen in the moat at each one of the iron cabins, so that they could shoot at anyone p. 54, H.9-10 of first quotation: the captains of the guards posted their or¬ dinary gate keepers and ordered their archers p. 54, II.13-14 of first quotation: major-domos and persons of that sort did not present themselves before him. p. 54, I.3 of second quotation: had [only] a small courtyard p. 54, I.5 of second quotation: had himself guarded (i.e. delete the second “himself” in this line) p. 57, l.i 1 : the young son of Charles VIII p. 78, paragraph 1, II.4—6: Commynes’ didactic commentaries give a some¬ times wry and sometimes anguished twist. Whatever shape the twisting gives to the event, such commentaries are best seen as part of Commynes’ feelings about his time, rather than as separable, and separably formed political, historical, or moral judgments, p. 79, paragraph 2, I.3: the great and the small are p. 79, paragraph 2, 1.6: moment, in accordance with the works p. 83, 11.11—12 accorder ses vielles (to harmonize).2 p. 90, paragraph 3,1.2: in the volumes,

p. 91, l.i: My lord Archbishop of Vienne p. 91, H.3-4: (may God pardon him) 607

List of Errata p. 98, n. 7, I.2: Mémoires, ed. Calmette (Paris, 1924-1925), I, 9, n. 1, hence¬ forth cited as Calmette, I, 9, n. 1. p. 124, paragraph 2, I.7: pensioners from his household p. 132, paragraph 2,1.7: he found the fortifications of the Saint-Antoine Gate [of Paris] p. 141, paragraph 3,1.5: Compiègne p. 146,1.7: disenchanted, heavy-lidded store p. 169, paragraph 4, l.i: Besides, we are diminished [in stature] by age, and we do not live as long 211, n. 78, l.i : The father, Earl Rivers, 216, paragraph 1,1.5: the marquis 216, paragraph 3,1.9: the marquis 268, paragraph 1, 11.3-4: a company whose members] receive twenty ecus [a month]. p. 341, paragraph 2, II.4, 6, 7, 13: city, not citadel (Note 127 on p. 341 is superseded by n. 156 on p. 397) p. 398,1.3 of note: rubber-rimmed goggles, p. 407, last line: San Bernardino in Aquila p. 450, paragraph 1,1.6: Our [queen, Anne] p. 456, paragraph 1,1.5: [Castello d’] p. 457,1.7: Alberto [Lomelino]. p. 481, paragraph 1,1.8: Savelli p. 485,1.2: brothers, the duke of Melfi, the duke of Amalfi p. 513, paragraph 2,1.3: [Castello d’] Annone p. 514,1.6: [Castello d’] Annone p. 535, paragraph 1,1.15: Città p. p. p. p.

p. 580, n. 291, 1.8: between Louis XI and Alfonso V of Portugal, pretender to Castile, p. 584, n. 297,1.2: husband, Alfonso of Portugal

608

Index

'

Previous indexes of the Memoirs have been limited to entries identify¬ ing some persons and places. We have listed all persons and places with¬ out exception, together with indications of geographical location, of feudal titles and offices, and even of familial relationships, wherever possible. In making this index, we have used the relatively complete in¬ dexes of persons and places in the editions of Mandrot and Calmette. But unlike these editors, we have introduced entries of a conceptual kind (“economic conditions”; “fortune”; “society, classes in”; “Commynes, didacticism of”) and we have also ordered the subdivisions of major entries topically rather than chronologically. Mandrot's and Calmette's entries for uCommynes” consist of seven page-long columns which offer chronological summaries of the author's life, page by page and book by book. Our entry “Commynes” consists only of topically arranged refer¬ ences by Commynes to himself and of topically arranged references to the author's life, character, and thought made by the editor. Thus, references to aspects of the author's thought not commented upon specifically by the editor are classified as main entries rather than as subdivisions of the category “Commynes.” Several other categories besides “Commynes” might at first glance seem to require listing every page of the Memoirs. We have restricted the category “Memoirs” to topics of primarily historiographical con¬ cern (“chronological procedure in,” “composition of,” “causation in”). (Topics which pertain more generally to Commynes' writing are listed under “Commynes” such as “realism of,” “dualistic thought of.”) We have restricted the category “God” to Commynes' references to this entity; references to other and more general aspects of Commynes' religious sense are listed under “Commynes, religious beliefs of.” Under “Political affairs” we have listed only the editor's explanations or as¬ sertions in the Introduction. Other aspects of Commynes' concern with politics are listed under such topics as “Commynes” “Princes” “Military affairs,” “Negotiations,” “Political thought of Commynes” “Tyranny, tyrants,” and “Fiefs and feudalism.” The following conventions have been used: whenever an item in the Index refers to editorial opinion in the captions accompanying illustra-

Index tions in the volumes, and “e” (“editor”) follows the page number refer¬ ence; whenever an item refers to material in the notes, an “n” follows the page number reference; whenever Commynes is referred to, his name is abbreviated as “C,” except in the case of the index category called “Commynes;” whenever the Holy Roman Empire is referred to it is abbreviated as HRE. Because both volumes of the translation are prefaced by pages numbered with identical Roman numerals, we have inserted an arabic numeral referring to the volume number in parentheses following references to these pages, e.g., xii ( i) for p. xii in Volume One and xii (2) for p. xii in Volume Two. We have also followed the convention of listing at the beginning of a category with subdivisions those pages with only passing references to the category in question; the more important references follow, ordered by alphabetically arranged subtopics. Personal names of important figures are usually listed under the per¬ son’s given name, not family or dynastic name (“Louis X/” is listed under “Louis,” not “Valois”). Less important figures are listed under the family name (“Pierre Clairet” is listed under “Clairet,” not “Pierre”). Commynes often refers only to a person’s title, which may represent either a family or dynastic name or a name derived from the place-names of fiefs (ecclesiastical or secular) held by the person. Such persons are accordingly listed either under the family or under the name of the fief. Cross-references are given whenever Commynes has referred to a person in more than one way, i.e., by family name, given name, or feudal name. These cross-references include both the generally accepted titles given Commynes’’ characters today and the often erroneous titles which Commynes used. (The reader will have observed that, unlike outright errors of proper names, place-names, and dates, we usually have not corrected the mode in which Commynes designates persons and places in the text of the translation—e.g., “count,” not earl, of Warwick; “count,” not duke of Northumberland; “castle,” not Tower, of London. We felt that the manner in which Commynes referred to his subjects was best preserved in as exact transliteration as possible, and this has necessitated multiplying the cross-references in the Index.) The names of places have been identified as follows: provinces in France and Spain have been located in the north, south, east, west, or central (N., S., E., W., C.) parts of those countries; provinces in Bur¬ gundy and Italy have been located in the north, central, or south (N., C., S.) thirds of those countries; towns have been located by province only (“Bruges, town in Flanders”) if the province is a main entry in the Index; towns have been located by province and country (“Blois,

6 12

Index town in county of Blois, C. France”) if the province is not a main entry in the Index. Whenever a town is located “in Burgundy” in the Index, the refer¬ ence is to the duchy of Burgundy. Whenever a county, duchy, or other region is located “in Burgundyhowever, the reference is to the total holdings of the dukes of Burgundy in 7477, as shown on the map in Volume One of this translation. Much of the credit for the completeness and novelty of this index goes to Peter Williams, who compiled it in cooperation with the editor.

A Aachen, town in W. HRE, 407 Abbeville, town in Picardy, 97, 134, 199, 201, 203, 2o8n, 258, 329; see also Somme Towns, Abruzzi, town in Naples, 484, 506, 565 Abruzzi, house of, 571 Accrocciamuro, Roggerione, count of Celano, 585, 586 Acquapendente, town in Papal States, 472 Acquaviva, Guido d’, “count Guido,” duke of Atri, 308 Acuna, Alonso Carillo d’, archbishop of Toledo, 173, 174 Adil, 410 Admiral of France; see Bourbon, Louis, bastard of; Bueil, Jacques de; Montauban, Jean de; Malet, Louis Admiral of England, 376 Adorno, house of, 354, 515, 576 Adorno, Giovanni, 457, 515 Adrianople, town in Ottoman Empire, 431 Adriatic Sea, 452n, 452, 570 Ady, Cecilia, historian, 447n Africa, 355, 581 Agincourt, battle of, 374 Agogna river, in duchy of Milan, 552 Aide, 4o6n, 590; see also Taxation. Ailly, Jean d’, lord of Picquigny, lieutenant of bishop of Amiens, 278 Aimeries, lord of; see Rolin, Antoine Aire, town in Flanders, 394, 412,450 Albania, province in Ottoman Empire, 431, 452,488, 520 Albi, bishop of; see Amboise, Louis d’ Albret, Alain d’, 413 Albret, Charles d’, 102, 126 Alcala de Henares, Treaty of, 5840, 5850

613

Index Alègre, lord of; see Tourzel, Yves de Alençon, René duke of, 186 Alençon, Charles duke of, 594 Alessandria, town in Milan, 543, 577 Alexander VI, pope, Rodrigo Borgia, xiii (2), 451, 472, 474, 475, 478, 481, 482, 4870, 495, 498, 500, 507, 552, 561, 562, 566, 570, 577, 580, 585, 589, 591, 592, 593; signs accord with Charles VIII, 481-82 Alexander the Great, 488 Alfonso II; see Aragon, Alfonso II of Alfonso V, king of Portugal, 320-22, 368, 58on Alfonso, son of John II of Portugal, 583, 5840 Alfonso XI, king of Castile, 58on Alkmaar, town in Friesland, 218 Allemant, Louis, lord of Arbent, 546 AUoeue, town in Artois, 336 Alost, town in Flanders, 411 Amadeus IX; see Savoy, Amadeus IX, duke of Amalfi, duke of; see Piccolomini, Alfonso Amantea, town in Calabria, 484, 505 Amboise, castle of, 45, 466e, 589, 590, 593, 594 Amboise, town in Touraine, 417, 418,419, 421 Amboise, house of, 515 Amboise, Charles d’, lord of Chaumont, governor of Champagne, son of Pierre, 115, 311, 388, 389, 391, 400 Amboise, Georges d’ archbishop of Rouen, 549, 558 Amboise, Hugues d’, lord of Aubijoux, 515 Amboise, Louis d’, bishop of Albi, 400 Amboise, Pierre d’, lord of Chaumont, 115 Amiens, lieutenant of the bishop of; see Ailly, Jean d’, Amiens, bishopric of, 421 Amiens, town in Picardy, 97, 134, 141, 154, 250, 271, 275, 277, 278, 282, 283, 341; war over the Somme River Towns and, 199, 202, 203, 206, 207, 208, 211, 214, 222, 223, 224, 225, 232, 234, 240-41; see also Somme Towns Ampulla, Holy, at Reims, 416 Ancenis, castle in Brittany, 165 Ancona, town in Papal States, 462, 470 Angers, bishop of; see Rély, Jean de; Balue, Jean Anguillara, count of; see Orsini, Carlo Anjou, province in W. France, 547 Anjou, house of, 207, 231, 292, 295, 315, 331, 354, 428, 4390, 448, 479, 484, 486, 582, 600, 601, 603 Anjou, Charles I of, brother of Louis IX of France, xii (2), 439, 440, 600, 603 Anjou, Charles II of, son of Charles I, 600 Anjou, Charles of, count of Maine, 103, 104, 111, 129, 600 Anjou, Charles of, king of Naples, count of Maine and Provence, son of the preceding, 439, 440, 600

Index Anjou, John of, duke of Calabria, 119, 120, 123, 126, 127, 133, 134, 140, 169, 228, 231, 295, 315, 331,448,458,479, 600 Anjou, Joan II, queen of, 600, 603 Anjou, Louis I of, 600, 601 Anjou, Louis II of, 600, 601 Anjou, Louis III of, 600, 6oi Anjou, Margaret of, wife of Henry VI of England, 225,428 Anjou, Margaret of, Rene’s sister, 439, 600 Anjou, Nicholas of, duke of Calabria and Lorraine, 207, 228, 231, 295, 331, 600 Anjou, René of, king of Sicily, duke of Anjou, count of Provence, 119, 295 Anjou, René of, duke of Lorraine, 439, 440, 441, 442, 594, 600, 601; wars with Burgundy and, 256, 266, 290, 295, 308-9, 313, 314-15, 316, 320, 322, 323; Campobasso and, 292-93, 322 Anjou, Robert of, 600 Anjou, Yolande of, 439, 600, 601 Anne of Brittany; see Brittany, duchess Anne of Anthony, bastard of Burgundy; see Burgundy, Anthony, bastard of Antiquity, in Memoirs, 325, 492, 497, 562, 571; see also Humanism Antwerp, town in Brabant, 206, 213 Apennines, mountains in C. Italy, 456n, 5i5n Apostolic See; see Papacy Apulia, province in Naples, 452, 477, 484, 488, 492, 496, 499, 505, 562, 564, 570,585n Aquila, town in the kingdom of Naples, 407, 484, 506 Aquitaine, 14th-century duchy, W. France, 194 Aquitaine, Eleanor of, 374n Aquitaine, William IX duke of, 3740 Aragon, kingdom in N. Spain, 484, 505, 603; people of (Aragonese), 483, 486; see also Spain Aragon, house of, 2950, 354, 415, 439, 451-52, 459, 470, 473, 478, 483, 485, 559, 572n, 582, 601 Aragon, Alfonso I, king of, 478-79, 486n, 602, 603 Aragon, Alfonso II, king of Naples, duke of Calabria, xiii(2), 393, 444, 446, 447* 45L 452, 453* 454. 456* 46r* 472* 475~76* 480, 4§4n* 4$5* 4®7* 493* 5G* 569, 572, 602, 603; character of 476-77,479 Aragon, Beatrice of, daughter of Ferrante, 476 Aragon, Catherine of, 584n Aragon, Eleanor of, sister of Ferrante I, king of Naples, 476 Aragon, Ferdinand, king of; see Ferdinand, king of Aragon Aragon, Frederick of, prince of Taranto, son of Ferdinand I, king of Naples, 307-8, 309, 393, 408, Aragon, Isabella of, wife of Gian Galeazzo Sforza, 444, 446, 461, 583, 584^ 586,587,602 Aragon, Joanna of, sister of King Ferdinand of Aragon, regent in Sicily and wife of Ferrante I, 479, 572n, 602, 603 Aragon, John II, king of, and king of Sicily, 174-75, 415, 416, 425, 602, 603

6ï5

Index Aragon, Juana Enriquez, wife of John II and queen of, 173, 174, i75n Aragon, Maria of, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, 584n Aragon, Peter III, king of, 603 Araniti, Constantine, governor of Monferrato, 487, 488, 550, 551 Arbent, lord of; see Allouant, Louis Archers; see Military affairs, archers Archambault, P., historian, 33n Ardennes, mountains in N.E. France, 189, 190, 547, 568 Ardres, town in Artois, 374 Arena, count of, 484 Arena, county of, in Naples, 506 Arezzo, bishop of, Gentile Beechi, 457 Argenton, fief of; see Commynes, property of Argenton, lord of; see Commynes Argenton, town in Berry, 399, 402 Argolis, town in Greece, 520 Armagnac, Jacques d’, duke of Nemours, governor of Paris, 11, 102, 126, 244,331,419 Armagnac, Jean V d’, 126 Armagnac, Jean, bastard of, count of Comminges, 426 Armagnac, Louis d’, count of Guise, 483, 526 Armuyden, Marguerite d’, C’s mother, 5 Armenia, kingdom in W. Asia, 431 Arno river, in C. Italy, 468 Arras, Matthew d’, 88, 544e Arras, Peace of, 97, 100, 121, 135, 329,383W Arras, town in Artois, 1760, 203, 206, 231, 258, 259, 273, 329, 330, 341, 342,

343 >344’ 345’ 347> 349’ 373’ 3§3’ 395> 397~98n,45» Arrière-ban; see Military affairs, arrière-ban Arthur, King, 287 Artillery; see Military affairs, artillery Artois, county in N. France, 99, 202, 258, 260, 261, 294, 330, 33n, 336, 345, 383, 397,412-13,450 Artois, Charles d’, count of Eu, 95, 97, 201 Ascanio, cardinal; see Sforza, Ascanio Ascoli, duke of, “count Guido”; see Acquaviva, Guido d’ Asia, 355 Asti, county of, N. Italy, 394W, 455, 46on, 460, 478, 488, 493, 496, 498, 499, 507,509,513,539, 543, 544, 549, 569, 574, 576 Atella, town in Naples, 570, 572 Aubigny, lord of; see Stuart, Béraut Aubijoux, lord of; see Amboise, Hugues d’ Aubus, Antoine des, 532 Aurigan, Thomas, 394 Austria, duchy of, 431, 548 Austria, house of, 354, 385, 445, 589 616

Index Austria, duchess of; see Burgundy, Mary duchess of Austria, duke of; see Maximilian, king of the Romans Austria, Francis of, son of Mary and Maximilian, 384 Austria, Margaret of, daughter of Mary and Maximilian, 384, 449, 585; mar¬ riage arrangements for, 366, 399, 404, 410, 411,412,413, 415, 421, 450 Austria, Philip, archduke of; see Philip, archduke of Austria Austria, Sigismund, duke of, 256, 257, 300 Auvergne, county in E. France, 570 Auxerre, town in Auxerrois, 299, 304 Auxerrois, county in S. Burgundy, 397, 412 Auxonne, town in Burgundy, 389, 39on Auxonnois, terr. in Burgundy, 412n Aversa, town in Naples, 483 Avesnes, town in Hainaut, 287 Avignon Papacy, 42 Aydie, Odet d’, count of Comminges, lord of Lescun, 120, 143, 144, 265, 439; Louis XI and, 194, 204, 239, 240 Azeredo, Diego de, son of Archbishop of Santiago, 579

B Badia, town in Polesina, 446 Baissey, Antoine de, bailiff of Dijon, 457, 463, 529, 546, 550, 556, 560 Balagny, Loiset de, Louis Gommel, 236 Balue, Jean, bishop of Angers, cardinal, 153, 166, 167, 195,401,402e Balzac, Robert de, lord of Entragues, 471, 512, 514, 568 Bar, duchy of, “Barrois,” in W. HRE and E. France, 266, 267, 292, 305, 309, 320, 328,439, 601 Barbarigo, Agostino, doge of Venice, 461, 490, 492, 493n, 496, 497, 498, 499, 561-63 Barbary, terr. in N. Africa, 410, 476 Barcelona, town in Catalonia, 174, i75n, 425 Barcelona, Treaty of, 4150, 579, 580 Bari, duchy of, in Naples, 564 Barletta, town in Naples, 484 Barnet, battle of, 223-24 Barons, conjuration of the, 440U Barrois, terr. in E. France; see Bar Baschi, Siffredo di, 66, 68, 316-17, 318 Baschi, Perron di, 448, 451, 452, 474, 484, 544, 563 Basel, town in W. HRE, 256, 257, 300 Basin, Thomas, 38, 43n, 44 Bataille, Guillaume, 280 Batarnay, Imbert de, lord du Bouchage, 92, 273, 278, 283, 292, 583, 584; Louis XI and, i3n, 288, 327, 401

Index Bath, bishop of; see Stillington, Robert Battery; see Military affairs, battery Baudeville, Philippe de, lord of Hochberg, marshal of Burgundy, 404 Baudricourt, Jean de, governor of Burgundy, 119 Baux, Isabella Eleanor of, wife of Don Frederick, 485 Bavaria, house of, 254, 354 Bavaria, Frederick of, count Palatine, 119, 175-76, 251 Bavaria, Philip of, successor to Frederick as Count Palatine, 449 Bavaria, Robert of, archbishop of Cologne, 251, 252 Bayezid II, Ottoman Emperor, sometimes called “the Turk,” 416, 451, 482, 488 Bayonne, town in Guyenne, 174, 239, 240 Bear and the three hunters, folk tale, 258-59 Beaucaire, bailiff of; see Vesc, Etienne de Beaufort, Edmond, duke of Somerset, 122, 211, 219, 222, 225, 365,428 Beaujeu, town in the Beaujolais, 404 Beaujeu, Anne de, lady of Bourbon, regent, daughter of Louis XI, wife of Pierre, 13, i2on, 3470, 413, 417, 421, 439, 440, 455 Beaujeu, Pierre de, count of Beaujeu, later duke of Bourbon, successor to brother Jean II, also cited as “Peter of Bourbon,” 102, 249, 347, 406, 413, 417,418,421,440, 450, 579, 594; Italian Wars, and, 455,498, 499, 513 Beaujolais, region in E.C. France, 404 Beaulieu, Michèle, 544e Beaune, town in Franche-Comté, 389, 390,391 Beaumont, lord of; see Polignac, John of Beaumont, Jacques de, lord of Bressiure, 277 Beauty, C’s concept of, 38, 460, 465, 466e, 490-91, 492 Beauvais, town in Ile-de-France, 207, 236-38, 342 Bedford, John, duke of, 122; wife of; see Burgundy, Anne de Bégar, abbot of; see Kerlau, Vincent de Belgioioso, Carlo di, count, 446n, 447, 453, 454, 465 Belgium, 5n, 39 Beltran de la Cueva; see Ledesma, count of Bembo, Pietro, cardinal and chronicler, 499n Benedetti, Alessandro, chronicler, 482n, 496n, 499n, 534n Benoist, E., 84 Bentivoglio, Annibale di, son of Giovanni di Bentivoglio, 501, 528, 574, 575, 577

Berghes, Jean de, lord of Cohen and Olhain, 412 Berne, Swiss town and canton, 299, 307, 308, 388, 558 Bernini, town in Milan, 52 7n Berry, duchy in C. France, 512 Berry, duke of; see France, Charles of Berry, Francis duke of, son of Louis XI, 425 Besançon, town in Franche-Comté, 389 Bethune, town in Artois, 450 618

Index Bèvres, lord of; see Burgundy, Philip of Bianco, Giovanni, Milanese ambassador, 304 Bidant, Denis de, receiver-general of finances in Languedoil, 474 Bidassoa river, on French-Spanish border, 174 Bièvres, lord of; see Rubempré, Jean de Bilhières-Lagraulas: see Saint-Denis, cardinal of Biscay, province in N. Spain, 320 Bische, Guillaume, 136, 137, 332,333, 340 Bisignano, Bernardino di Sanseverino, prince of, one of sons of Girolamo, 442, 453, 485,506 Bisignano, Girolamo di Sanseverino, prince of, 442,453 Bittmann, Karl, 7~8n, 19, 230, 240, 270, 28n, 3on, 31, 32n, 34, 46n, 65, 84, 1030,2050, 372e Blamont, town in Franche-Comté, 257 Blamont, count of, 2990 “Blayborgne” (Edward IV), 273 Blaye, town in Guyenne, 239 Bledz, 5o6n, 576n Blois, town in county of Blois, C. France, 514 Blosset, Jean, lord of Saint-Pierre, 217, 283, 293, 296 Boccaccio, Giovanni, 567 Bodin, Jean, 397n Bohain, town in Picardy, 241, 243, 289, 299; castle at, 332 Bohemia, kingdom in E. Europe, 430 Bologna, town in Papal States, 354, 446, 501, 574 Bombards; see Military affairs, bombards Bons-Hommes, Hermits of Saint Francis, 593 Bordeaux, town in Guyenne, 234, 239, 284 Bordelais, terr. in Guyenne, 239 Bordonasses-, see Military affairs, bordonasses Borgia, Cesare, cardinal of Valencia, son of Alexander VI, 482, 487 Borgia, Joffrè, marquis [sic: prince] of Squillace, son of Alexander VI, 482, 487 Borgo San Donnino [now Fidenza], town in Milan, 540 Borgo San Siro, town in Milan, 465 Borgo Vercelli, town in Milan, 552-54 Borsselle, Wolfart de, lord of Veere, 340 Boschetto, Albertino, count of, 553, 554 Boschuysen, Jean de, 166 Bosnia, province in Ottoman Empire, 429,431 Bosworth Field, battle of, 367 Bouchain, town in Hainault, 337,384 Boulogne, the Boulonnais, county in Burgundy, 219, 266,383^ 398 Boulogne, Boulogne-sur-Mer, towns in Boulogne, 164, 213, 219, 342-43, 373,

379

Bourbon, Bourbonnais, duchy in E. France, 102, 103, 120, 347n, 579 619

Index Bourbon, house of, 102, 179,380, 506 Bourbon, Agnès de, Agnes of Burgundy, sister of Philip the Good, mother of John II, 98 Bourbon, Catherine de, sister of Peter of Bourbon, wife of Adolf of Gelderland, 249 Bourbon, Charles de, cardinal, archbishop of Lyon, brother of John II, 102, 167, 178, 280, 281, 288 Bourbon, duchess of; see Beaujeu, Anne de Bourbon, duke of; see Beaujeu, Pierre de Bourbon, François de, count of Vendôme, 552 Bourbon, Gilbert de, count of Montpensier, character of, 506; death of, 572; Italian wars and, 506, 546, 547, 565, 568, 569, 570, 571, 572, 573 Bourbon, Isabelle de, daughter of Jean II and Agnès, second wife of Charles the Bold, 98 Bourbon, Jacques de, son of Jean II and Agnès, 98 Bourbon, Jean II, duke of, 98, 102, 138, 167, 178, 202, 280, 347, 439, 441 Bourbon, Louis de, called the bastard of Bourbon, admiral of France, 269; Burgundy and, 258, 260, 293; C and, 257, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333; England and, 214, 271 Bourbon, Louis de, prince-bishop of Liège, brother of Jean II and Pierre de Beaujeu, 338, 347-48, 349, 380; Liège wars and, 21, 23-24, 26-27, G1» 165, 167,171, 172,178, 179,180,192 Bourbon, Marguerite de, daughter of Jean II and Agnès, wife of Philip of Savoy, count of Bresse, 98 Bourbon, Mary of, 600 Bourbon, Matthew of, called the grand bastard, illegitimate son of Duke Jean II of Bourbon, 530, 532, 538 Bourbon, Peter of, lord of Carency, 258 JBourbon, Peter of; see Beaujeu, Pierre de Bourdeille, Hélie de, archbishop of Tours, 407 Bourdin, Jean, 50m, 508 Bournel, Julien, 533 Bouttefeu, Jean, Jean des Serpens, 116 Bouvignes, town in Hainault, 149, 150; conference against Saint-Pol at, 242,243,260, 272, 289, 290 Bouwsma, William, 12, 84 Brabant, county in N. Burgundy, 39, 4m, 142, 153, 193, 200, 249, 268, 294, 333- 334n- 335n- 378- 380, 398, 412; estates of, 411 Bracceschi, house of, 476 Bracciano, town in Papal States, 472, 473 Brachet, Auguste, historian, 4ion Braganza, Ferdinand duke of, killed by John II of Portugal, 586n Brankovich, Stéfane, king of Serbia, 465, 550 Brenta river, in N. E. Italy, 489 Brescia, town in Milan, 489, 536 Bresse, terr. in W. HRE, 526 620

Index Bresse, lord of; see Savoy, Philip of Bressiure, lord of; see Beaumont, Jacques de Brest, town in Brittany, 4490 Bretagne, a herald, 166 Bretelles, Louis de, 283-84 Breton, Antoine de, 109 Brézé, Jacques de, count of Maulevrier, 138, 205n Brézé, Pierre II de, grand seneshal of Normandy, 65, 66, 67, 72, 104, 138 Briçonnet, Guillaume, receiver-general of finances in Languedoc, cardinal of Saint-Malo, 437-38, 447, 451, 453, 454, 455, 457, 459, 464, 470, 482, 511, 5*5. 525. 526, 528, 530, 537, 538, 546, 549, 551, 554, 561, 565, 578 Bricquebec, lord of; see Estouteville, Jean d’ Bridge, John S. C., 5i2n, 5i3n, 517^ 522n, 526n, 527^ 529^ 534n Brie, town in Ile-de-France, 179, 194 Brimeu, Guy de, lord of Humbercourt, 23, 35, 167, 172, 190, 292, 340, 341; capture, trial and death of, 57n, 348-51, 353, 379; character of, 154; Liège and, 26-27, l59i 160, 167, 171, 181 ; Péronne and, 340, 341, 346; Saint-Pol and,241-42 Brindisi, town in Apulia, 484, 492n, 493,497, 505, 562, 570 Brittany, duchy in N. W. France, 32, 123, 144, 234, 239, 240, 254, 256, 262, 268, 271, 272, 282, 283, 336, 367, 410, 415, 420, 449, 588; Liege wars and, 149, 152-53, 165-66, 178, 179, 191, 194-95; people of (Bretons), 105, 113—

G» *49, *53. *54, 157» l66> 2°4> 23r> 239- 411 Brittany, Anne, duchess of, queen of France, wife of Charles VIII and Louis XII, 76n, 3840, 449, 450, 566, 590 Brittany, duke of, Francis II, 7, 254, 367, 384, 414, 420, 449; Edward IV and, 275, 282; Liège wars and, 152, 165-66, i79n, 194; meets Louis XI, 142-43; Public Good, war for the, and, 33, 96, 97, 101, 104, 115, 119, 120, 121, 123, 127, 133, 141, 144; Somme Towns, war over the, and, 199, 204, 206, 226, 229, 230,232,234, 238-39,240 Brosse, lord of; see Tiercelin, Jean Brother Girolamo; see Savonarola, Girolamo “Brother Robert”; see Paola, San Francesco da Bruges, town in Flanders, 41, 95, 152, 206, 353 Bruges, Jean de, seneschal of Anjou, 422 Bruges, Louis de, lord of Gruthuse, father of Jean, 218, 219, 340,422 Brusthem, battle of, 32, 67, 155-56 Brusthem, treaty of, 24 Brussels, town in Brabant, 31, 163, 164, 175, 206, 348, 381, 397; grain market

of, 41 Buckingham, Henry, duke of, 366, 414 Buda, town in Hungary, 430 Bueil, Jean de, marshal of France, 78, 103-4, 1 *5. 128 Burgos, castle in Castile, 320 Burgundy, all territories of (cf. pp. 9n, 390, 3330 for explanation), county of (Franche-Comté), 176, 2990, 300, 330, 334^ 352, 3530, 380, 3850, 389,

Index 397, 412; duchy of, 100, 140, 154, 199, 202, 207-8, 221, 257, 258, 292, 294, 325n, 326, 328, 329, 333-3511, 341, 352, 35311, 38511, 387, 388, 389, 391, 39711, 398, 426, 45411; C’s idea of, 246-470; Estates of, 208-9, 345v34d> 34**; hege¬ mony of, 9n, 390; people of (Burgundians), 107, 109, 119, 128, 152, 175, 176, 180, 187, 189, 288, 345, 353, 382, 385, 387 Burgundy, house of, 135, 249, 294, 302, 326, 331, 333, 340, 347, 378, 381, 384, 398,404,411,412,429,449 Burgundy, Agnes of; see Bourbon, Agnès de Burgundy, Anne of, sister of Philip the Good, wife of duke of Bedford, 122 Burgundy, Anthony of, called the grand bastard, 99, 105, 161, 183, 203 Burgundy, Baldwin of, called the bastard, son of Philip the Good, 202, 203 Burgundy, chancellor of; see Hugonet, Guillaume Burgundy, (dowager) duchess of; see York, Margaret of Burgundy, duke of; see John the Fearless, Philip the Bold, Philip the Good, Charles the Bold Burgundy, John of, called the bastard, bishop of Cambrai, 99 Burgundy, John of, lord of Nevers, 191, 232, 234, 279 Burgundy, marshal of; see Baudeville, Philippe de; and Neufchâtel, Thibaut de Burgundy, Mary, duchess of, duchess of Austria, daughter of Charles the Bold, xii(i), 340, 342, xiii(2), 375, 385, 397, 411, 416; death of, 404; Ghent and, 337» 338, 344. 345» 346> 347~48, 35°—5r» 353; inheritance of, 330, 3340; marriage negotiations for, 203, 209, 231, 250, 307, 3250, 3290, 332, 341, 373, 378,379-84 Burgundy, Philip of, the Handsome; see Philip, duke of Austria Burgundy, Philip of, lord of Bèvres, 412 Buset, lord of; see Baissey, Antoine de

c Cabillau, faction of, 473 Cadet, Jean, 110 Caen, town in Normandy, 269 Caen, treaty of, 142-43 Caiazzo, count; see Sanseverino, Gian Francesco di Calabria, 589 Calabria, Calabria, Calabria,

province in Naples, 408, 418, 484, 506, 565, 571, 579, 582, 585^ duke Alfonso of; see Aragon, Alfonso II of duke of; see Aragon, Frederick of duke John of; see Anjou, Jean d’

Calabria, duke Nicholas of; see Anjou, Nicholas of Calais, town in Normandy, 122, 152, 164, 211-13, 214, 219, 220-22, 262, 263, 265, 266, 282, 286, 376, 382,411,420 Caldora, house of, 485 Calmette, Joseph, historian, 3-40, un, i2n, 28n, 30, 44^ 45n, 49n, 53n, 540, 622

Index 55n* 79n, 8on, 82, 84, 12411, 28311, 29m, 31011, 370, 37611, 148-4911, 39011, 39511, 39911, 40811, 41011, 41211, 41611, 41911, 42211, 42911, 437n, 43811, 4440, 44611, 45411, 45511, 48711, 49511, 49711, 50m, 51711, 52911, 53811, 55811, 56m, 56311, 58m, 58311, 58511, 586, 58711, 59m Calvi, town in Naples, 483 Camara, town in Milan, 552, 554, 557 Cambrai, town in Hainault, 98-99, 179, 337, 344, 385 Cambrai, bishop of; see Burgundy, John of Campmen; see Military affairs, campmen Campobasso, Nicola di Monforte, count of, 292, 315-17; C’s bias towards desertion of, 50, 66, 68, 70, 72, 119, 2050, 252, 293, 295-96, 318-19, 320, 322, 323-24,3870 Campofregoso, Battista di, 448, 576 Campofregoso, Giovanni di, “il Fregosino,” 457 Campofregoso, Paolo di, cardinal of Genoa, 457,479, 576 Cancello, pass of, near San Germano, 483 Candes-Saint-Martin, town in Touraine, 517 Canisiani, Gerardo, 458 Cannae, battle of, 497 Cannon; see Military affairs, cannon Cantelmo, Pier-Gian-Paolo, count of Popolo, duke of Soria, 476, 485 Cantelmo, Rostano, count of Popolo, 485 Canterbury, archbishop of; see Morton, John Capet, Hugh, 595 Capponi, house of, 463 Capponi, Piero, 458,459,470 Capua, town in Naples, 483 Caracciolo, Trojano, duke of Melfi, brother of prince of Bisignano, 608 Caraffa, house of, 483, 486 Caraffa, Gian-Francesco, count of Marigliano, 485,486 Caraffa, Gian-Tomaso, count of Maddaloni, 485 Caravels; see Military affairs, caravels Cardone, Jean-François de, ambassador to Florence, 509 Carency, lord of; see Bourbon, Peter of Casale, town in Monferrato, 456, 460, 550, 551, 552 Cassirer, Ernst, 53n Castelfiorentino, town in Florence, 509 Castel Nuovo, “the castle” in town of Naples, 476, 478, 480, 485, 486, 498, 505, 546, 5470,548,559, 563, 564, 565 Castel dell’ Ovo, in town of Naples, 486, 546, 5470, 548, 565 Castel San Giovanni, in Milan, 541 Castel Sant’ Angelo, in Rome, 475, 481 Castellina, town in Siena, 393 Castello d’Annone, in Milan, 456, 513-14 Castello di Capoana, in Naples, 486 Castelnau, Antoine de, lord of Lau, 133, 135, 168, 173, 183,191,439

Index Castile, kingdom of, in N.C. Spain, 173, 174, 320, 321, 354, 368, 580, 587, 588; see also Spain Castile, house of, 579, 585 Castile, Juan, prince of, 450, 584-85, 5870 Castile, king of; see Henry IV, king of Castile, and Alfonso XI, king of Castile Castile, queen of; see Isabella, queen of Castile Castles, place in medieval towns, 34m Catalan revolt, i75n Catalonia, county in N.E. Spain, i75n, 266,420 Catherine of France; see France, Catherine of Cato, Angelo, archbishop of Vienne, 16, 76, 91, 210, 233, 268, 307, 308, 313,

373, 399, 437n> 454 Caudine Forks, Roman disaster at, 571 Caux, terr. in Normandy, 238 Cavalry; see Military affairs, horsemen Celano, count of; see Accrocciamuro, Roggerione Cerdagne, county in N.E. Spain, i75n Cerisay, Guillaume de, 344 Certosa, church in Pavia, 442,465, 466e Cesena, town in Papal States, 462 Chabannes, Antoine de, count of Dammartin, Grand Master of France, 1034, 115, 207, 243, 260 Chabannes, Gilbert de, count of Curton, governor of the Limousin, 233, 242 Chalon, Hugues de, lord of Châteauguion, 305, 310, 352 Chalon, John II of, prince of Orange, 352, 385, 449, 450, 549, 551, 552, 553,

554, 559, 560 Chalon, Louis of, prince of Orange, father of John II, 352 Chalon, Louis of, lord of Châteauguion, brother of Hugues de Chalon; killed at battle of Granson, 129, 301,387 Chalon, William VIII of, prince of Orange, 183 Chambéry, town in Dauphiné, 310, 564 Chambes, Hélène de, C’s wife, 10, 76n, 5i4n Chambes, Jeanne de, C’s sister-in-law, 5i4n Chambre des comptes, 375n, 438n Champagne, province in N.E. France, 170, 179, 194, 267, 292, 316, 318, 320, 328 Chancellor of England; see Morton, John, and, Rotherham, Thomas Chancellor of France; see Morvilliers, Pierre de; Oriole, Pierre d’; Rochefort, Guillaume de Chantocé, castle in Anjou, 165 Charenton, bridge of, 120, 132, 133 Charenton, town in Ile-de-France, 126, 127 Charlemagne, 30, 179, 427, 459, 568, 595 Charles I, king of France, 439 Charles V, king of France, 330, 359, 595, 600 Charles VI, king of France, xii(i), 121, 568, 595 624

Index Charles VII, king of France, xii(i), 3, 139, 142, 280, 360, 399, 400, 405, 430, 568, 595; Burgundy and, 97, 117, 329, 331, 339; England and, 279, 284^ 33 L 374’ 4°5; Louis XI and, 327, 417, 426, 567 Charles VIII, king of France, 230, 360, xx(2), 408, 415, 419, 420, 422, 51 i-i2n, 578, 579i >587, 592, 595, 601, 602, 603; accord with pope, 481-82; art col¬ lection of, 466e; character of, 438, 453, 543, 565, 566, 567; childhood of, 13; C’s relations with, 38, 437, 515, 594; death of, 45, 588-91, 593-94; mar¬ riage arrangements for, 271, 287, 322, 332, 341, 366, 377, 378, 380, 397, 41013, 415, 417, 421, 4490; negotiations with Spain of, 580-84; physical appearance and portrait of, 502-36; preparation for and war in Italy of, 44, 437-578; see also God, Charles VIII and Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy, count of Charolais, xii(i), 26, 41, 373, 376n, 380, 381, 3830, 385, 394, 398, 416, 425, 431, 4490, 4540, 526, 558; as¬ sassination attempt by Liégeois of, 185-87; at Beauvais, 236-38; biography of, 427-28; character of, 10, 31, 35, 69, 96, 108, 114, 137, 146, 154-55, 161, 184, 209-210, 251, 295, 307, 312-13, 317, 325; Charles of France and, i79n, i95n; C’s relations with, 3, 6-10, 70, 74, 95, 324-29, 375; death of, 57, 67, 68, 72, 324-26; desire for fame of, 325, 428; defeat and fall of, 299-353; Edward IV and, 175, 266-67, 2(>8, 275, 458; Frederick of Bavaria and, 175-76; Franco-English War and, 249-76; at Granson, battle of, i5n, 301-2, 310, 312; Liege wars and, 24, 25, 49n, 66, 149-73, 177-93; as military commander, 155-56, 401, 428, 542; at Montlhéry, battle of, 65, 105-114; at Morat, battle of, 308, 309-310, 312; at Nancy, battle of, 66, 67, 319-20, 322-24, 428; negotiations with England of, 214, 216-23, 287; negotiations with Louis XI and, 135-36, 138-39, 144, 153, 166, 167, 173, 177—79, 194-95, 208; at Neuss, siege of, 59-60, 6in, 63, 64, 251-56, 260-62, 263, 264; at Péronne, 19-21, 27-34, 69, 167-73, 177-79; physical appearance and portraits of, 92-936, 146, 296-976; Public Good, war of the, and, 95104, 109-1 ro, 113-20, 124, 126-27, 133» 134—35» 139—43, 427-28; relations with Louis XI, 22-23, 97, 139, 180, 184, 187, 295-96, 327-29, 331; SaintPol, betrayal of, 260, 265, 272, 285, 289-94, 3*75 Saint-Pol, relations with, 240-42; Somme Towns, war over the, and, 24, 199-210, 223-38; Warwick, count \_sic: earl] and, 176; see also God, Charles the Bold and Charles-Orland, dauphin, son of Charles VIII, 57, 510, 566, 568 Charles the Simple, king of France, 172 Charlier, Gustave, i4n, 84 Charolais, county in S. Burgundy, 397, 412 Charolais, count of; see Charles the Bold Chartier, Guillaume, bishop of Paris, 123 Charvensod; see Daviso Chastel, Tanneguy du, governor of Roussillon, 96, 167, 288 Chastellain, Georges, 38, 540, 59, 567TI Châteauguion, lord of; see Chalon, Louis de, and Chalon, Hugues de Châtillon [-sur-Loing], lord of, Jacques de Coligny, 549 Chaumont, lord of; see Amboise, Charles de, and Amboise, Pierre de Cheyne, John, grand equerry of England, 274-75, 286, 375, 376

625

Index Chianti, terr. in Siena, 393 Chieri, town in Savoy, 548, 561 Chimay, count of; see Croy, Jean de Chimay, lord of; see Croy, Philippe de Chinon, town in Touraine, 399 Chivalry, 78 Christian I, king of Denmark, 256 Christians, morality of, 128; see also C, religious beliefs of Chroniclers, Burgundian school of, 59n Cicco; see Simonetta, Francesco Cité, definition of, 3970 Città di Castello, town in Papal States, 535 Civitavecchia, town in Papal States, 482 Clairet, Pierre, 375, 376 Clarence, duchess of, Isabelle Neuille, daughter of earl of Warwick, wife of George of York, 212, 215 Clarence, duke of; see York, George of Claude, Master; see Molins, Claude de Claudion, legendary French King, 595 Cleopatra’s nose, 3020 Clérieu, lord of; see Poitiers, Guillaume de Cléry, fief of Guillaume Bische, 340 Clèves, house of, 354 Clèves, Adolphe de, lord of Ravenstein, 99, 108, 156, 183, 330, 346, 348, 351, 379»395

Clèves, Anne, lady of, wife of Philippe, lady of Ravenstein, 413 Clèves, Catherine of, sister of Jean I, 249 Clèves, Engilbert of, 529, 294 Clèves, Jean I, duke of, 249, 346, 347; marriage negotiations for son of, 348, 379,380, 381, 382 Clèves, Jean II, duke of, son of Jean I, 379,380, 382, 413, 529 Clèves, Marie of, duchess of Orleans, 102 Clèves, Philippe de, lord of Ravenstein, son of Adolphe, 379, 394, 413, 594 Cluny, Guillaume de, bishop of Poitiers, 117, 302, 349 Clyte, van den, family of, 5,9 Clyte, Colard van den, C’s grandfather, 5 Clyte, Colard van den, C’s father, 5-6 Clyte, Jean van den, C’s great-grandfather, 5 Coeur, Jacques, 3 Cohen, lord of; see Berghes, Jean de Coictier, Jacques, 419, 421 Cologne, town in W. HRE, 251, 254, 255, 382, 407 Colombe, Jean, 466e Colonna, house of, 472, 473, 475, 482, 507, 547 Colonna, Fabrizio, 4730, 474 Colonna, Giovanni, cardinal, 374,481 626

Index Colonna, Prospero, brother of Giovanni, son(s) of Antonio Colonna, prince of Salerno, 474 Colpin, John, 314 Comminges, county in S. France, 239 Comminges, count of; see Armagmac, Jean bastard of; and Ay die, Odet d’ Commynes, fief of, 6 Commynes, Jean de, countess of Penthièvre, C’s daughter, ~;6n Commynes, Philippe de, acquisitiveness of, 6, 11-12, 30, 45, 49n, 51-55; Al¬ fonso V and, 322; biases of, 4, 34-36, 72, 1030, 1990, 2520, 4190, 4370; biography of, xiv-xv( 1 ), 5-19; bourgeois sensibility of, 44-46, 80; in Calais, 214, 220-21; Campobasso and, 50, 66, 68, 70, 72, ii9n, 205n, 252n, 295n, 387^ in Casale, 550-56; character of, 10, 43-44, 65-76, 80, 81, 246-476; Contay and, 319; Council of Regency and, 439; desertion of, 3, 7-10, 30, 238; didacticism of, 19, 38, 47-51; dualistic thought of, 47-49, 57n, 80, 81; education of, 53, 59, 355; in Florence, 391, 393, 94, 458; Foolish War and, 44on; Fornovo, battle of, and, 524-36; funerary statue of, 544-456; Gié, Marshal de, and, 522; Hastings, Lord, and, 375, 3760; horse of, 113; at hôtel des Tournelles, 125; invasion of Italy and, 19, 437, at Liège, 22, 23, 159, 18687; at Loches, 14, 402e, 422; materialism of, 51-55, 4150; moralism of, 15, 43. 55-58. 59. 67, 75, 80, 196e, 2050, 249-50, 262, 265, 302, 398, 4150, 4300, 432, 567, 587-88; negotiations with Burgundy of, 329-31, 332, 333, 389-90, 391; negotiations with England of, 264-65, 269, 272-74, 277, 278, 280, 282, 283-84, 288, 289; negotiations with Florence of, 457; negotiations with the Holy League of, 537-38; negotiations with Milan of, 304-5, 560-61; negoti¬ ations with Savoy of, 306, 311; negotiations with Venice of; see C, in Venice; at Nesle, 232; at Péronne, 19-21, 32-33, 69n, 172, 178, 333, 336, 337; physical appearance and portrait of, 88-896, 544-456; at Picquigny, 176, 280, 282; primary sources on, 84; property of, 10-11, 12, 69, 196e, 197e; Public Good, war for the, and, i2on; rationalism of, 51; realism of, 43, 80; relations with Charles VIII of, 508, 515, 594; relations with Charles the Bold of, 3, 6-10, 70, 74, 95, 324-29, 375; relations with Louis XI of, 3, 7n, 10-13, 17, 75, 370e, 389, 396, 399, 400-1, 402, 417, 424, 594; religious beliefs of, 14-15, 49-55, 71-72, 80-81, 2050; see also God; royalism of, 45, 5950; Savonarola and, 509-10; in Savoy, 402, 404; secondary works on, 84-85; sensibility of, 58-81; in Venice, 460-61, 469, 478, 488-501, 561-63; Vercelli, peace of, and, 558 Como, bishop of; see Trivulzio, Guido Compagnies d'ordonnance; see Military affairs, compagnies d'ordonnance Compiègne, town in Ile-de-France, 141, 166, 178, 268 Compiègne, peace of, 240 Conciergerie, tower of, prison in Paris, 69, 125 Condé, castle in Hainaut, 323,324 Conflans, town in Roussillon, 124, 126, 127, 136 Conflans, battle of, 126-27 Conflans-l’Archevêque, town in Roussillon, 120 Conflans, peace of, 22, 24, 1030, 125, 140-42, 235

627

Index Constable; see Luxembourg, Louis de, count of Saint-Pol; Military affairs, connétable Constance, League of, iy6n Constantine, Roman Emperor, 431 Constantine XI, last “Emperor of the East”, 431 Constantine, lord; see Araniti, Constantine Constantinople, Empire of; see Ottoman Empire Constantinople, chief city of Ottoman Empire, 416,431, 487 Contay, lord of; see Le Jeune, Louis, and Le Jeune, Guillaume Conti, house of, 482 Conti, Giacomo, 482 Coppenhole, Jean, governor of Ghent, 404,413 Corbeil, town in Ile-de-France, 111, 115 Corbie, town in Picardy, 257 Cordes, lord of; see Crèvecoeur, Philippe de Corsica, island W. of Italy, 474 Corvinus; see Matthias Corvinus, king of Hungary Cossa, house of, 485 Cossa, Antonio, count of Troja, 485 Cossa, Giovanni di, seneschal of Provence, 305, 306 Cotignola, town in Papal States, 451 Cotrone, marquis of; see Poitiers, Guillaume de Cotrone, marquisate of, in Calabria, 582 Couhé, Méri de, 237 Couldre, Philippe de, 543 Council, royal (conseil du roy, privy council), 360, 377, 405 Coustellier; see Military affairs, coustellier Craon, lord of; see La Trémoïlle, Georges de Cremona, town in Milan, 536 Crèvecoeur, Antoine de, 343 Crèvecoeur, Philippe de, lord of Cordes, 349, 394, 395, 396, 401, 404, 412, 413, 420, 450; service for Charles the Bold, 105, 156, 167, 192, 203, 236, 330; desertion to Louis XI of, 332, 341-42, 344, 345, 379 Croce, Benedetto, 66, 317n Crossbowmen; see Military affairs, crossbowmen Crown lands, alienation of, 4840 Croy, house of, 97-99, 314, 427 Croy, Antoine de, count of Porcien, brother of Jean, 97,98,99, 191 Croy, Jean de, count of Chimay, 97, 98, 99 Croy, Philippe de, lord of Chimay, son of Jean, 97,98, 99 Croy, Philippe de, count of Porcien, son of Antoine, 99 Crussol, Louis de, 237 Culverins; see Military affairs, culverins Curton, count of; see Chabannes, Gilbert de Cusa, Nicholas of, 53n Cyprus, kingdom of, island S. of Asia Minor, 452 628

Index

D Daillon, Jean, lord of Lude, 285, 327, 333, 336, 337, 343, 344,400 Dammartin, count of; see Chabannes, Antoine de Daniel, G., 51 in Daumet, Georges, 58cm Dauphiné, province in S.E. France, 402, 426, 453, 473, 513, 567; people of (Dauphinois), 109 Dauphiné, Parlement of, 466 Daviso di Charvensod, Maria, 430, 82, 40611 Dax, town in Guyenne, 239 Death, C’s idea of, 57, 67, 80,420, 432-33, 594-95 Delaborde, H. F., 4470, 456n, 522n, 5260, 5270, 5850 Denmark, kingdom in N. Europe, 354,410 Des Essars, Philippe, bailiff of Meaux, 239, 240 Dieppe, town in Normandy, 8, 95, 238, 367 Dijon, town in Burgundy, 172, 209n, 310, 352 Dijon, bailiff of; see Baissey, Antoine de Dinan, town in Brittany, 449n Dinant, town in Liège, 21,23, l49~5° Dinteville, Gaucher de, 509 Diplomacy ; see Negotiations and diplomatic techniques Dobrée Ms. of C’s Memoirs, 81, 82, 1240, 29m, 3900, 4o8n, 4ion, 4i2n, 438n Doge ; see Barbarigo, Agostino Doge, palace of, in Venice, 466e Dole, town in Franche-Comté, 387, 389, 39on Domjulien, lord of; see Ville, Antoine de Doria, house of, 354, 576 Dorset, Thomas, marquis of, “the marquis”, Thomas Grey, 375 Douai, town in Flanders, 343 Doucet, Roger, 5120 Doullens, town in Picardy, 202, 203, 250, 329 Dover, town in S. England, 152, 262, 263, 286 Dreikonigen, shrine in Cologne, 407 Dreyer, K., 43n Du Bee Crespin, Antoine, [arch] bishop of Narbonne, 95,97,135 Du Bee Crespin, Jeanne; see Brézé, Pierre II de Du Bouchage, lord; see Batarnay, Imbert de Du Gal, Colinet, 533 Du Gué, Gilbert, seneschal of Lyon, 536 Dupont, L. M. Emilie, 7n, i2n, 69n, 82,422n, 487n Dufournet, Jean, 9n, 69n, 70, 85, 2 5on, 372e Du Mas, Jacques, 107 Dunois, count of; see Orleans, Jean, bastard of, and Orleans, François d’ 629

Index Dupire, N., 83 Duras, lord of; see Dufort, Gaillard de Durazzo, town in Albania, 520 Durazzo, archbishop of; see Firmiano, Martino Durazzo, John of, 600 Durazzo line in Angevin dynasty, 600, 601,603 Durfort, Gaillard de, lord of Duras, 213 Durville, G., 82

E Earthworks; see Military affairs, earthworks Ebenstein, Georg von, 548, 555, 558 Economic conditions, 39-41, 100, 125, 138, 149, 212, 222, 476-77; see also Taxation Education, 47-8, 131-32, 355, 383; study of history during, 169, 383; value of good, 170 Edward IV, King of England, xii, 64, 73, 117, 122, 137, 176, 299, 327, 346, 365, 366, 367, 368, 374, 375, 376, 377, 4C9, 411, 414, 458; betrayal of SaintPol, 289-93; biography of, 428, 429; character of, 217, 224, 246-476, 267, 411, 428; death of, 413 416; Franco-English War of 1475 and, 251-56, 261276; meets Charles the Bold, 175, 266-67, 268, 275; negotiations with Louis XI, 270-89, 378; at Picquigny, 77-78, 278-83; war over the Somme River Towns and, 210-25, 23° Edward V, son of Edward IV, “prince of Wales” 219, 366, 414 Edward, prince of Wales, son of Edward III, 363 Edward, prince of Wales, son of Margaret of Anjou and Henry VI, 73, 214, 2I5,225 Egypt, 416n Eleanor, queen of Portugal; see Portugal, Eleanor queen of, Eleonora, daughter of King Ferrante, 446 Elizabeth of England, wife of Edward IV; see Woodville, Elizabeth Elizabeth of England, daughter of Edward IV, wife of Henry VII, 271-72, 366, 377, 378,414 Emperor of the East; see Constantine XI Empire, the; see Holy Roman Empire England, house of, 580 English, character of, 156, 278, 281, 314 English Channel, 215 Épinal, town in Lorraine, 140, 169, 313 Epiry, lord of; see Rabutin, Amé de Ernst, F., 36n, 39n, 82 Espinay, Jacques d’, lord of Segré, 400 Essars, Philippe des; see Des Essars, Philippe Estates-General, 20m, 358, 359-61, 405,439n, 590 630

Index Este, Alfonso d’, older son of Ercole, 553 Este, Beatrice d’, wife of Lodovico Sforza, 445—46,453, 554, 555 Este, Ercole I d’, duke of Ferrara, 445,452, 501, 543,553, 554, 559, 574 Este, Ferrante d’, son of Ercole, 553 Este, Isabella d’, sister of Beatrice, daughter of duke of Ferrara, Marchioness of Mantua, 574 Estella, town in Navarre, 174 Estissac, Jean, lord of, and lord of Lesparre, 229 Estouteville, Catherine d’, lady of Nesle, 232 Estouteville, Jean d’, lord of Bricquebec, 276 Estouteville, Jean d’, lord of Torcy, 277, 329,395 Étampes, town in Nemours, 114, 115, 116 Eu, count of; see Artois, Charles d’ Eu, town in Picardy, 201, 238, 263, 274, 276 EugeniusIV, pope( 1431-47), 122 Eustacchio, Filippo di, captain of the rocca in Milan, 443,449, 445 Evreux, bishop of; see Héberge, Jean Exeter, duke of; see Holland, Henry

F Falcons; see Military affairs, falcons Famine, 40 Faure, Brother Jourdain, confessor of Charles of France, duke of Guyenne, 239 Ferdinand the Just, King of Naples, 408, 602 Ferdinand, King of Aragon, 321, 322, 368, xiii(2), 450, 479, 552, 561, 59m, 602, 603; relations with Louis XI of, 320, 415, 425; intrigues in Italy of, 441, 442, 494, 505, 563; negotiations with Charles VIII of, 578-86 Ferdinand, duke of Braganza; see Braganza, Ferdinand duke of, Ferrandino (Ferrante II), King of Naples, duke of Calabria, son of Alfonso II, xiii(2), 456, 459, 472, 474, 475, 4920, 497, 499, 515, 534, 547, 548, 561, 562, 563^ 569, 570, 571, 572, 578, 582, 602, 603; character of, 454, 476-77; reaction to Charles VIII’s invasion of, 461-62, 479-81, 483, 485 Ferrante I, King of Naples, 307, xiii(2), 391, 393, 408, 440, 441, 442, 444, 446, 447,451,453,458,478, 485, 572, 602, 603 Ferrante II; see Ferrandino Ferrara, duchy in N. Italy, 442, 446, 456, 501 Ferrara, duke of; see Este, Ercole I d’ Ferrette, county in S.W. HRE, 176, 252, 256, 257, 299, 300, 385, 386n, 391, 518,548 Feudalism, 41-43; breakdown of, 39-40, 42, 56, 57-58, 73-74, 80; see also Fiefs and feudalism; Feudal law Feudal law, 20m, 2i2n, 333-3511, 383-840, 3840, 385^ 397n, 404^ 439n, 44on, 484n, 547; see also C, desertion of; Burgundy, duchy of, hegemony of

Index Fez, king of, 581 Fidenza; see Borgo San Donnino Fiefs and feudalism, 258, 337, 361, 438n, 445n, 448n, 486n, 507^ 554, 555, 589,594 Fiennes, lord of; see Luxembourg, Jacques de Fierville, Charles, historian, 84 Fieschi, Giovan Luigi, or Luigi, 457, 515 Fieschi, Obietto, 456, 457 Fiorenzuola, town in Florence, 540 Firmiano, Martino, archbishop of Durazzo, 487, 488 Flanders, counts of, 3çn-4on, 330, 412 Flanders, county in Burgundy, 39, 99, 152, 164, 200, 201, 222, 224, 241, 258, 267, 294, 330, 334^ 336, 339, 378, 380, 397, 411, 421, 422, 458, 464, 522, 567, 588, 589; army of, 373, 394; estates of, 411; urbanization of, 39 Flanders, house of, 580 Flanders, Margaret, countess of, wife of Philip the Bold, 294, 330 Floquet (Robert de Floques), 112 Florence, town and republic in C. Italy, 354, 39on, 441, 458, 459, 463^ 464, 465, 470, 471-72, 495, 497, 501, 509, 569, 570, 589, 591, 593; councillors of, 470; Pazzi conspiracy in, 391-93; people of (Florentines), 441, 446, 448, 454, 456, 462, 463, 465, 466, 473, 496, 499, 501, 508, 509, 511, 512, 519, 534, 535, 569, 574, 575, 592; revolt against Piero, 469-71; revolt of Pisa against, 466, 468; Signoria of, 392n, 458, 468, 470, 592, 593 Foot soldiers; see Military affairs, infantrymen Foix, Jean de, viscount of Narbonne, 287, 288, 526, 531, 552, 556, 594 Folcart, Patrick, 233 Fondi, count of, Onorato Caetano, 485 “Foolish War,” 44on Forez, county of, S.C. France, 125 Forli, town in Romagna, 461 Fornovo, town in Milan, 519, 522, 527^ 532, 542, 569 Fornovo, battle of, 507, 5120, 515, 523-36, 547, 551 Fortebrazzi; see Montone, Bernardino di Fortune, 291-92, 454n, 505 Fou, Jean de, 343 Fouquet, Jean, 466e Fracassa; see Sanseverino, Gasparo di Framezelles, Robinet de, 530 France, house of, 380, 439, 459, 463, 551, 595; Salic law of, 382, 383; see also French France, Catherine of, first wife of Charles the Bold, 135 France, Charles of, brother of Louis XI, duke of Berry, Guyenne, and Normandy, 7, 32, 33, 328, 331; war for the Public Good and, 101, 103, 115, Il6> llh 1 120-21, 123, 127, 133, 134, 138, 141, 142-44; opposition to Louis XI, 1468-69, 165-66, 177-78, 179, 191, 193-95; war over the

632

Index Somme River Towns and, 199, 200, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 22526, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234; character of, 194; death of, 235, 238, 239 France, Francis of, son of Louis XI, 425 France, Madeleine of, daughter of Charles VII, wife of Gaston, prince of Viane, 430 Franche-Comté; see Burgundy, county of Francesco da Paola, San; see, Paola, San Francesco da Franchimont, terr. in Liege, 185, 192, 193 Franchise (Arras), 398n Francis I, King of France, 380, 51m. Francis II; see Brittany, duke of Francis of France; see Berry, Francis, duke of, Franciscans, order of, 210, 593 Franco-English War ( 1475), 249-87 François, Jean; see Cardone, Jean-François de Frankfurt, town in W. HRE, 41 Frateschi, the, xiii( 2 ) Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, xiii(i), 175, 228, 249, 254, 255, 25859, 335n, 579, 381, 4°4, 43L 445. 449, 456; character of, 251, 258 Frederick (Don Frederick), king of Naples, prince of Taranto, xiii(2), 408, 454, 456, 459, 479, 480, 485, 5°5, 5c6, 572, 577, 578, 582, 602, 603; wife of; see Baux, Isabella Eleanor of, Frederick the Victorious; see Bavaria, Frederick of Free-archers; see Military affairs, archers Fregosi, house of, 354, 515, 576; see also Campofregoso Fregosino; see Campofregoso, Giovanni di French, character of, 228, 278, 359-61, 382, 462, 541; and English enmity, fated by God, 354; as soldiers, 157, 462 French Revolution, 402e, 544e Fribourg, town in W. HRE, 299,307, 354,388 Friesland, duchy in N. HRE, 218 Friuli, terr. in Venice, 491 Froissart, Jean, chronicler, 59 Fuenterrabia, town in Navarre, 173 Fueter, Eduard, 39n, 85 Fumée, Adam, 399 Fusina, town in Venice, 489

G Gabelle, 4o6n, 576, 590; see also Taxation Gabriel; see La Bondinière, Gabriel de Gaeta, town in Naples, 506, 571, 573, 574, 580, 581 Gaglianico, Sebastiano-Ferrero di, treasurer of Savoy, 546

633

Index Gaguin, Robert, 44 Galleass; see Military affairs, galleass Galeazzo, duke; see Sforza, Galeazzo Maria Galleons; see Military affairs, galleons Galeotto, Giacomo, 252, 295, 296 Gallipoli, town in Naples, 484, 505, 570 Galleys; see Military Affairs, galleys Ganay, Jean de, duke of Nola, president of the Parlement of Paris, 474, 483, 486,511, 555, 559, 560 Garter, order of the, 118, 1750, 212, 220 Gascony, duchy in S. France, 283, 284 Gâtinais, region S. of Paris, N.C. France, 118 Gaul, 595 Gaulle, Charles de, 39 Gaunt, John of, duke of Lancaster, great-grandfather of Charles the Bold, 210 Gavere, peace of, 163, 344, Gelderland, duchy in N. Burgundy, 249, 250, 254, 368, 571 Gelderland, house of, 354 Gelderland, Adolf of Egmont, duke of 249-50, 339-40, 353, 368, 373 Gelderland, Arnold of Egmont, duke of, father of Adolf, 249-50, 368, 373n Geneva, bishop of; see Savoy, Jean-Louis de Genlis, lord of; see Hangest, Jean de and Hangest, Jacques de Genoa, cardinal of; see Campofregoso, Paolo di Genoa, republic in N. Italy, 394, 456, 457; character of, 354; people of (Genoese), 457, 463, 465, 569; rocca of, 559; town of, 214, 354, 438, 441, 448, 453, 455, 46*, 514, 5G, 529, 549, 554, 555, 559, 56L 563, 576, 577

Gentlemen-pensioners; see Military affairs, gentlemen-pensioners Genzano, town in Papal States, 474, 482 George the Greek, George Paleologus, 321 George of Portugal, illegitimate son of John II, king of Portugal, 586n German Leagues, the Old; see Swiss Germans, sometimes used to refer to Swiss, 168, 176, 385, 387, 388, 391, 422; character of, 175, 176, 382; mercenary service in Italy of, 445, 457, 463, 485, 497, 515, 518, 520, 529, 531, 536, 540, 541, 548, 550, 552, 556, 558,

, !

570 57 Germany; see Holy Roman Empire Ghent, town in Flanders, 73n, 100, 250, 332; Austria, duchess and duke of, and, 373, 379, 380, 381, 397, 398, 404, 411, 412, 413; Burgundy and, 39n, 162-63, î64, i65, 201,206,333, 337-39, 344-53,427;character of, 353-54 Ghibellines, 4630,473, 507, 513 Gian Galeazzo, duke of Milan; see Sforza, Gian Galeazzo Giarola, town in Milan, 529n Gié, Marshal de; see Rohan, Pierre de Gilmore, Myron, 85 Giovio, Paolo, 5120 Girault, Master; see Samien, Girault de 634

Index Gloucester, duke of; see Richard III God, 59, 76, 132, 154, 359, 361, 409, 480, 490, 496, 526, 562, 586, 587, 589, 590; affects battles, 61, 107-8, 182, 216, 236, 237, 266, 456, 473, 509-10, 521, 531» 536, 539. 542; Charles VIII and, 453, 477, 543, 566, 592; Charles the Bold and, 50, 137, 256, 263, 271, 294, 295, 296, 302, 315, 317, 318, 323, 325; distributor of political power, 47-50, 106, 123, 152, 158, 170, 250, 253, 254, 271, 295, 309, 313, 317, 322, 326, 327, 353-56, 365, 367, 374, 380, 390, 428, 430, 451, 460, 462, 472, 474, 475, 478, 487, 519, 588; grace of, 100, 114,

13°. G1» D2, l6l> 245, 291,

323. 383. 39°. 397. 4l6. 448, 453. 566;

justice

of. 47-51. 55. I5°. 25°. 294. 3°9. 3l8. 353“57. 36i> 364. 366. 367. 368, 4J9, 424. 432—33. 451. 478. 579; Louis XI and, 337, 340, 407, 424; men’s great¬ ness and, 124, 132, 209, 398; men’s morality and, 130, 131, 145, 409; men’s power and, 47-48, 123, 145, 161, 211, 244, 291-92, 325, 332, 334-35, 353“56. 387, 397, 414, 415, 438, 530; perfection of, 91; power over man of, 44, 49~5°. 53. 57.

67.

70-71. 75.

i65. 205. 235. 249> 296,

3G.

361-62, 364.

4G.

453. 542. 556, 588. 591

Golden Fleece, order of the, 63, 146, 1750, 220, 324-25 Gonzaga, Chiara di, Montpensier’s wife, 569 Gonzaga, Gian-Francesco di, marquis of Mantua, 508, 520, 527^ 528, 529, 530. 532. 533. 534. 535. 537. 538.

540,

552. 553. 554. 56L 569. 571. 574. 575.

589 Gonzaga, Rodolfo di, lord Rodolfo, uncle of marquis of Mantua, 474, 520, 528,529. 532, 538 Goux, Pierre de, Philip the Good’s chancellor, 164 Goyon, Alain, lord of Villiers, bailiff of Caen, grand equerry of France, 269,276 Grammont, faction of, 473 Gramont, Michel de, 582, 583 Granada, Spanish kingdom, 354, 581, 585 Granada, treaty of, 5850 Grand Canal, in Venice, 466e, 490 Grand Equerry of England; see Cheyne, John Grand equerry of France; see Goyon, Alain; Urfé, Pierre II de Grand Master of France; see, Chabannes, Antoine de, and, Melun, Charles de Grange des Merciers, site near Paris, 125, 129, 136 Granson, battle of, i5n, 301-2, 307, 308, 310, 312 Grassy, Gilbert de, lord of Champéroux, 400 Grassy, Jacques de, 268 Grave, town in Gelderland, 249 Gravelines, town in Artois, 220, 221 Graville, lord of; see Malet, Louis Gravina, duke of; see Orsini, Francesco Great Schism, 42 Greece, 429, 452, 488, 493, 520 Grenoble, town in Dauphiné, 404, 455n Grippi-, see Military affairs, grippi

635

Index Grolée, Philibert de, lord of Illins, 402 Gruthuse, lord of; see Bruges, Louis de Guardsmen; see Military affairs, guardsmen Guelphs, 463,473, 513 Guérin, Jean, 5830 “Guerre Folle,” the Foolish War, 4400 Guerre, Gracien de, 506, 565, 571 Guicciardini, Francesco, 4870, 5170 Guilds, 21-22, 160, 163 Guinegatte, battle of, 394-95,3990, 5330 Guines, town in Artois, 220, 314, 411 Guise, count of; see Armagnac, Louis d’ Guise, county in Picardy, 265 Guise, duke of, 79 Gurk, bishop of, Raymond Péraud, 481 Guyenne, duchy in W. France, 32, 122, 194, 195, 226, 235, 239, 240, 271, 272, 284,374, 405, 4J7 Guyenne, duke of; see France, Charles of

H Hackbuts; see Military affairs, hackbuts Hacquelebec gallery, at Amboise castle, 590 Haeghen, Ferdinand van der, 8in Hague, the, town in Holland, 96 Hagenbach, Pierre de, governor of Ferrette, 257, 300 Hainaut, province in N. Burgundy, 99, 140, 179, 192, 241, 260, 287, 290, 291, 294, 330, 333, 335n, 336, 337, 339, 383^ 384, 412 Halberdiers; see Military affairs, halberdiers Hale, John R., 85 Halland, in S. Sweden, 487 Halles, lord of; see Mérichon, Olivier Hallwin, lady of; see La Clyte, Jean de Hallwin, Louis de, lord of Piennes, 422, 464, 511, 537, 554, 555, 559 Ham, castle at, 299, 332; conference at, 33; town in Picardy, 241, 243, 289, 290 Hamburg, town in N. HRE, 41 Hangest, Jacques de, lord of Genlis, 547 Hangest, Jean de, lord of Genlis, father of Jacques, 265, 289, 291, 292, 547 Hannibal, 497 Hanseatic League, 217-18, 223, 354 Harancourt, Guillaume de, bishop of Verdun, 70, 195, 402c, 422 Hastings, William, lord of, grand chamberlain of England, 216, 217, 254, 275,280,375,376

636

Index Hautbourdin, lord of; see Luxembourg, Jean de Hay, Denys, 5çn Héberge, Jean, bishop of Evreux, 242, 271 Hederlein, Hans, 555, 558 Heers, Raez de, lord of Linter, 158, 159, 160 Heidel, Gerhard, 830, 49m Henry II, king of England, 374n Henry IV, king of Castile, 7, 173,174, 321-22, 368,425 Henry V, king of England, 99, 106, 122, 279 Henry VI, king of England, 73, 106, 122, 219, 220, 221, 224-25, 327, 365, 428 Henry VII, king of England, count [sic-, earl] of Richmond, io6n, 123, 367 414, 583, 584n Henry, equerry of duke of Burgundy, 234 Héricourt, town in Franche-Comté, 2990 Hesdin, town in Artois, 202, 250, 342, 314, 3830,412, 413, 450 Hesler, George, cardinal, 255 Hesse, Henry III of, landgrave of Hesse and Marburg, 251, 252 Hesse, Herman, landgrave of Hesse, younger brother of Henry, elected archbishop of Cologne, 251, 252 Hippeau, C., i2n Hobbes, Thomas, 770 Hochberg, lord of; see Baudeville, Philippe de, Hoek, faction of, 473 Holland, county in N. Burgundy, 201, 202, 216, 217, 219, 222, 223, 252, 263, 292, 294, 333, 334n, 335^ 427, 473, 486n Holland, Henry, duke of Exeter, 210-11, 219, 222, 225 Holy League, the, 505, 513, 514, 521, 5240, 546, 552, 561, 580, 581, 582, 583, 584; formation of, 493-98 Holy Roman Empire, 214, 251, 255, 258, 262, 267, 290, 301, 309, 333, 337, 354-55. 383> 385n, 397n. 4°4n> 445n. 449n, 548> 589; towns in, 306 Horsemen, cavalry; see Military affairs, horsemen Houaste; see Montespedon, Jean de Household wages; see Military affairs, household wages

Howard, John, duke of Norfolk, 264, 268, 270, 271, 274, 278, 283, 285, 28e, 375

Hugonet, Guillaume, chancellor of Burgundy, 57n, 240, 241, 287, 288, 292, 340, 341, 346-47, 379; capture, trial, and death, 348-51, 353 Huizinga, Johan, 4-5, 9n, 53, 85, 28on Humanism, 44, 169; see also Antiquity, in Memoirs Humbercourt, lord of; see, Brimeu, Guy de Hundred Years’ War, 3, 42, 57, 121 Hungary, Kingdom in E. Europe, 430 Hunyadi, John, father of Mathias Corvinus, voivod of Transylvania, 429 Huy, town in Liège, 67, 153, 157

6 37

Index

I Ile-de-France, province in N.C. France, 41, 125 Ile-de-Ré, island off W. coast of France, 269, 271 Illins, lord of; see Grolée, Philibert de Infantrymen; see Military affairs, infantrymen Innocent VIII, pope, 441, 446, 448 Innocents, Holy, feast of the, 277 Isabella of Portugal; see Portugal, Isabella of Isabella, queen of Castile, 321, 322, 368, xiii(2), 415, 425, 450, 498, 500, 578, 579, 58°, 5Sl, 582, 584, 5gd, 59m Isabelle of Clermont, 602 Ischia, island near town of Naples, 476, 483, 485, 547n Istria, terr. in Venice, 491 Italians, character of, 119, 444, 468, 472, 473, 523, 578-79; as soldiers, 157, 462, 472, 485; attitude toward French of, 462, 541 Italy, urbanization of, 40; tyrannical character of governments in; see Tyranny, tyrants

J James I, king of England, 10 James I, king of Scotland, 426 James III, king of Scotland ( 1460-88), 368, 415 James IV, king of Scotland (1488-1533), son of James III, 368 Janizaries; see Military affairs, janizaries Jarretière, herald called, 263-65 Jean-Georges, older son of Lord Constantine, 550 Jem, Prince, brother of and heir to Bayezid II, 416, 482, 487, 488 Jennetaries; see Military affairs, jennetaries Jerusalem, siege of, 556 Joachim, marshal; see Rouault, Joachim Joan of Arc, 3, 2840 Joanna of Portugal, wife of Henry IV of Castile; see Portugal, Joanna of Joanna, regent in Sicily; see Aragon, Joanna of, sister of Ferdinand of Aragon John II of Aragon and Sicily; see Aragon, John II John, earl of Mar, brother of James IV of Scotland, 368 John II, king of Portugal, 415, 583, 586, 587 John II, king of France, 53, 302, 330, 595, 600 John the Fearless, duke of Burgundy, xii( 1), 25, 77, 114, 139,394, 326 Joinville, Jean de, 17, 39n Jones, Michael, 372e Joux, castle in Burgundy, 389 638

Index Juana Enriquez, queen of Aragon; see Aragon, Juana Enriquez Juana, niece of Alfonso of Portugal, alleged daughter of Joanna of Portugal and Henry IV of Castile, 321-22, 368 Jiilich, house of, 354 Justice, C’s conception of, 162, 326, 422

K Kappeller, Friedrich von, 518, 548, 555, 558 Karaman, prince of, 431 Kastrioti, George, “Skanderbeg,” 487 Kempis, Thomas à, 55 Kerlau, Vincent de, abbot of Bégar, bishop of Saint-Pol-de-Léon, 229 Kervyn de Lettenhove, 5-6, çn, 84, 376n, 4930, 546n Kinser, Samuel, 7on, 7m Kretschmayr, Heinrich, 542n Kroja, town in Albania, 487, 488

L La Bondinière, Gabriel de, valet de chambre of Charles VIII, 533 La Chambre, Louis, count of, 402, 404 La Chapelle, lord of, 547, 568 La Clyte, Jean de, lady of Hallwin, 380 La Cuillette, house in Liege, 163 La Couldre, Philippe de, 543 Ladislaus V, king of Hungary, 429-30 La Fère, town in Champagne, 243 La Frété, lord of; see, Poitiers, Philippe de Lagny, town in Ile-de-France, 126 Lalaing, Philippe de, 99-100, 105, 106, 107, 112 La La La La

Marche, Olivier de, 44, 59, 95, 3230 Marck, house of, 568 Marck, Éverard de, 349 Marck, Guillaume de, 347-48, 349

La Marck, Robert de, 547, 568 Lance-teams; see Military affairs, lance-teams Lancaster, house of, 117, 122, 153, 210-11, 214, 215, 219, 22on, 222, 327, 365, 367; see also Gaunt, John, duke of Landes, seneschalsy of, in Guyenne, 239 Languedoc, province in S. France, 437, 573, 579 Languedoil, généralité of, C. and W. France, 474 Lannoy, Baudoin de, lord of Molembais, 241 Lannoy, Baudoin de, chamberlain of Mary of Burgundy, 412 639

Index Lannoy, Raoul de; see Morvilliers, Pierre de Lansquenets; see Military affairs, lansquenets Laon, town in Champaqne, 287 Laonnois, region in Champaqne, 319 Larchant; see Saint Mathurin de Larchant La Riviere, town in Franche-Comté, 310, 312, 313,314 La Roche, Henri de, equerry of Charles of France, duke of Guyenne, 239 La Rochelle, town in Poitou, 32, 194, 195, 233, 269 La Spezia, town in Genoa, 457, 515 La Torre, Antonio de, 5840 La Trémoïlle, house of, 11-12 La Trémoïlle, Georges de, favorite of Charles VII of France, 245 La Trémoïlle, Georges de, lord of Craon, 186, 232, 255, 256, 276, 320, 327, 329, 352, 387,389 La Trémoïlle, Louis de, lord of Talmont, 474, 530, 551 Lau, lord of; see Castelnau, Antoine de Lausanne, town in Savoy, 307 Lauzières, Guy de, seneschal of Quercy, major-domo of Louis XI, 408 La Vacquerie, Jean de, 330 Laval, André de, marshal Lohéac, 104, 115, 120, 237, 343 League of Cambrai, war of the, 542n Le Beuf, a Norman, 321, 520 Le Crotoy, town in Picardy, 342 Lectoure, town in Armagnac, 3 31 Le Dain, Olivier, i3n, 332, 333, 336,337-40, 419 Ledesma, count of, Beltran de la Cueva, 173 Legates, papal, 23-24, 25, 26, 122, 180-81, 262 Leghorn, town in Florence, 456, 459, 464, 470, 509, 546 Le Jeune, Guillaume, lord of Contay, 67, 99, 103, 106, 109, 113, 114, 116, 136, 137,139,151,154,155,157,258n Le Jeune, Louis, lord of Contay, son of Guillaume, 257, 258, 273-74, 285, 286, 287, 296, 303-4, 309, 319 Lemoyne, Richard, 582, 583 Lenglet-Dufresnoy, 82 Lenoncourt, Claude de, bailiff of Vitry, 506 Le Quesnoy, town in Hainaut, 337 Lescun, lord of; see Aydie, Odet d’ Les Forges, town in Touraine, 399 Lestocquoy, Jean, 398n Le Tronchoy; see Tronchoy Librefatto [Ripafratta], town in Lucca, 464, 512, 569 Lichtenstein, Ulrich of, bishop of Trent, 494 Liebfrauenkirche, in Aachen, 407 Liège, prince-bishop of; see Bourbon, Louis de Liège, prince-bishopric of, in N. Burgundy, 20-29, 66-67, l19\ war against, 149-91 640

Index Liège, town in prince-bishropic, 30, 31, 39, 41, 43, 4çn, 66-67, 73n> 141, 142, I7^> 119i 183, 185, 347, 349, 380; assault and sack of, 188-90, 192; characteris¬ tics of, 161, 183; people of (Liégeois), 149-56, 164, 165, 167, 171, 178, 181, 182, 185-87 Ligny, count of; see, Luxembourg, Louis de Lihons-en-Santerre, town in Picardy, 271 Lille, town in Flanders, 95, 135, 343 Limbourg, duchy of, in N. Burgundy, 179, 192, 294 Liniger, Jean, 14-15, 7m, 85 Linter; see Heers, Raez de Lion, gulf of, 442 Littré, Emile, 3970, 49m Livorno; see Leghorn Livy, Roman historian, 493, 571 Loches, castle of, in Touraine, 402e, 422n Lohéac, marshal of; see Laval, André de Loire river, in C. France, 312 Lombardy, region in N. Italy, 301,430, 322 Lomelino, Alberto, 457 London, town in S. England, 41, 219, 223, 272, 365, 375, 376, 377; economy of, 222; “castle,” i.e. Tower of, 122, 214, 219, 272, 365 Longjumeau, town in Ile-de-France, 103 Lope, Master, Portuguese physician of Charles the Bold, 329 Loredano, Antonio, 498 Lornay, lord of; see Menthon, Louis de Lorraine, duchy in W. HRE, 140, 169, 266, 267, 290, 292, 293, 299, 303, 309, 313, 314, 323n,454n Lorraine, duke of; see Anjou, René II of Lorraine, Isabelle of, 600 Lot, Ferdinand, 3ion, 323^ 395n Loudun, town in Anjou, 568 Louis, duke of Orleans, grandfather of Louis XII, 46on Louis IX, Saint Louis, king of France, 439, 601 Louis XI, king of France, xiii(i), 35-38, 41, 45, 46, 57, 64-69, 73, 75, 76n, 95, 97- 99- I42—43- 165-66, 175^ i76n, 196e, 356^ 360, xiii(2), 374, 375, 437^ 439» 448, 454n- 458, 495- 5II~I2n- 5z6, 532» 557-

56on, 567, 568, 58on, 583, 587n, 595, 601; advisors of, 130; biography of, 425-26; Burgundy, fall of,

and, 299-337, 352» 384-85, 387-88; Campobasso, and, 66, 295n, 296; character of, 10, 33, 91-92, 130-31, 132, 146, 150, 165, 170, 209-210, 244-45, 246e, 251, 253, 268-69, 314, 334, 359, 360, 374, 379, 394, 396, 400, 405, 409-410, 412, 416, 424-25, 431, 434e, 567; Charles the Bold, relations with, 97, 139, 187, 327-29, 331; C, relations with, 3, 7n, 10-13, 17, 75, 370e, 389, 396, 399, 400-1, 402, 417, 424, 494; fears of, 370, 400, 405, 420-21, 424, 567; Franco-English War and, 250-89; illness and death of, 53, 54-55, 76, 359, 394, 399-400, 401, 407, 409, 417-24, 59m; justice and, 396—97, 409, 418, 422-23; Liège wars and, 22-25, 149_73- 177-95; meets Edward IV at Picquigny, 45, 77-78, 176, 278641

Index 83; meets Henry of Castile, 173-75; negotiates with Charles the Bold, 13 5— 36, 138-39, 144, 153, 166, 167-73, I77~79> 194-95, 208; see also Péronne, interview at; negotiates with Edward IV, 270-89, 378-79; negotiates with duchy of Milan, 304-5; Péronne, interview with Charles the Bold at, and, 19-21, 27-38, 69n, 167-73, 177-79, 193, 200; portraitsof, 146-47, 370e; Public Good, war for the, and, 95, 97, 99, 102-4, hi, 115, 124-25, 129, 131, 134-36, 142-44; Somme River Towns, war over the, and, 199-210, 222-38; source for Memoirs, as a, 72; Saint-Pol, betrayal of, 259-61, 285-86; zoophilia of, 402e, 41 on Louis XII, king of France, duke of Orleans, 13, 76n, 440, 453, 454n, 574, 575, 576, 585n, 593, 603; C’s relations with, 594; coronation of, 594-95; interven¬ tion in Italy of, 457, 460, 496, 498, 499, 512, 513, 516, 517, 530, 540, 543, 548, 55°> 55b 554, 555, 55