The Medieval Moated Sites of South-Eastern Ireland: Counties Carlow, Kilkenny, Tipperary and Wexford 9780904531695, 9781407320014

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The Medieval Moated Sites of South-Eastern Ireland: Counties Carlow, Kilkenny, Tipperary and Wexford

Terence B. Barry

British Archaeological Reports 35 1 977

British Archaeological Reports 122, Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 78P, England

GENERAL EDITORS A. C. C. Brodribb, M.A. Mrs. Y. M. Hands

A. R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D. R. Walker, M.A.

B.A.R. 35, 1977: "The Medieval Moated Sites of South-Eastern Ireland: Counties Carlow, Kilkenny, Tipperary and Wexford" ©

Terence R. Barry, 1977

The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780904531695 paperback ISBN 9781407320014 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531695 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

CONTENTS

Page Acknow ledge men ts L is t o f F igures L ist o f Tab les L is t o f P lates L is t o f Abbrev ia t ions CHAPTER ONE : 1 .1

I NTRODUCT ION

I n troduct ion t o t he Med ieva l Moated S i tes a s a S et t F or m tle men

1

1 .2

Rev iew o f L itera ture :

I re land

3

1 .3

Rev iew o f L iterature :

Eng land a nd t he Con t inen t

4

1 .4

Rev iew o f Med ieva l S ources f or I re land

7

1 .5

S even teen th-Cen tury S ources f or I re land

8

1 .6

Car tograph ic a nd p hotograph ic s ources o f i n forma t ion

9

1 .7

The F ie ld Area

CHAPTER TWO : 2 .1 2 .2

H ISTOR ICAL BACKGROUND

Ang lo-Norman I re land , 1 169-1513 Conc lus ion :

2 2 2 2

The e cono m ic a nd s oc ia l f ra mework o f r ura l

I re land i n t he med ieva l p er iod CHAPTER THREE :

1

3 0

THE MORPHOLOGY OF MOATED S ITES I N S OUTH-EAST I RELAND

3 3

3 .1

The A i ms o f t he F ie ld S urvey

3 3

3 .2

The C lass if ica t ion o f Moa ted S ites

3 3

i .

3 .3

I n troduct ion

3 3

Rev iew o f L iterature

3 5

T he Proposed C lass if ica t ion S che me

3 8

A Descr ip t ion o f t he Morpho log ica l Charac ter ist ics o f Moa ted S i tes i n S ou th-Eas t I re land w ith in t he C lass if ica t ion S ys te m i .

4 4

S ing le Enc losure Moa ted S i tes u nder 2 0 00 m2 i n a rea

4 4

Page

i .

( a )

Moa t w id ths u nder 3 i n

4 4

( b )

Moa t w id ths b e tween 3 m-7 m

4 4

( c )

Moa t w id ths o ver 7 m

5 8

S ing le Enc losure Moa ted S i tes f ro m 2 0 00 m2 t o 40 00 m 2 i n a rea ( a )

Moa t w id ths u nder 3 m

5 8

( b )

Moa t w id ths b etween 3 m-7 m

6 0

( c )

Moa t w id ths o ver 7 m

6 0

i. i

S ing le Enc losure Moa ted S ites o ver 4 0 00 m 2 i n a rea

6 2

i v.

Doub le Enc losure Moa ted S ites

7 1

Re-used R ing-For ts

7 1

v . 3 .4

Two Ma jor Morpho log ica l f ea tures n o t i nc luded i n t he C lass if ica t ion S yste m i . . i

3 .5

5 8

F ie ld e v idence f or b u i ld ings o n moa ted s i tes

7 3

T he e n trance t o moa ted s i tes

7 8

S ite I den t if ica t ion Prob le ms i . . i

7 3

Un- moa ted r ec tangu lar e ar thworks

8 0 8 0

Cas t les

8 1

i. i

P os t- med ieva l f eatures

8 2

i v.

Prob le m s i tes

8 3

CHAPTER FOUR :

THE DAT ING AND FUNCT ION OF MOATED S ITES

8 4

4 .1

I n troduct ion

8 4

4 .2

The Da t ing o f Eng l ish Moa ted S ites

8 5

4 .3

The Da t ing o fI r ish Moa ted S i tes

8 8

4 .4

The F unc t ion o f Eng l ish Moated S i tes

9 1

4 .5

T he Func t ion o fI r ish Moa ted S i tes

9 3

CHAPTER F IVE :

AN ANALYS IS OF THE D ISTR IBUT ION OF MOATED S ITES I N S OUTH-EAST I RELAND

5 .1

I n troduct ion

5 .2

I n troduc t ion t o t he n earest-ne ighbour methods o f

1 04 1 04

a na lys is emp loyed i n t he d escr ip t ion o f moa ted s i te d is tr ibu t ion 5 .3

T he Exp lana t ion o f t he o bserved p at f moated t ern o s i te s et t b y r eference t o e nv iron men ta l v ar iab les tle men i . . i i. i

5 .4

1 07

A lt itude

11 13 1

S o i l Qua l ity

16 1

V egeta t ion

1 23

Conc lus ion

1 25

Page CHAPTER SIX: THE PERIPHERAL NATURE OF MOATED SITE DISTRIBUTION IN THE ANGW-NORMAN SETTLEMENT PATTERN

126

6.1

Introduction

126

6.2

The Ecclesiastical Taxation of Pope Nicholas IV

128

i • Introduction ii. The use of the data in the Ecclesiastical Taxation for the present study

128 132

6.3

Medieval Market Centres and Manorial Villages

138

6.4

Anglo-Norman Mottes and Stone Castles

145

6.5

Census of Ireland (_£. 1659)

152

6.6

English Townland Names

154

6.7

Composite Map

157

6.8

Two Local Study Areas

163

163 i. Introduction ii. The Parishes of Lisronagh, Baptistgrange, Donaghmore 163 and Colman, Co. Tipperary 170 iii. The Cantred of Knocktopher, Co. Kilkenny 6.9

Conclusion

CHAPTER SEVEN:

GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH

175 176

Abbreviations used in Appendices 1 and 2

181

Appendix 1

182

Appendix 2

229

Abbreviations used in Bibliography

232

Bibliography

234

ACKNO WLEDGE MENTS

ly a t ed As t h is work i s e ssen t ial n e d ited v ers ion o f my Ph .D. t hes is s ub m it t o t he Queen 's Un ivers ity o f B e lfast i n 1 975 , my g rea tes t d ebt i s t o my s uperv isor , Dr . R . E . G lasscock .

T he r esearch was c arr ied o u t w ith t he f i nanc ia l

s uppor t o f a Ma jor S ta te S tuden tsh ip o f t he S oc ia l S c ience Research C ounc il. l l Iam g ra tefu l t o t he f o low ing f or p er m iss ion t o r eproduce i lus tra t ions : T he Br it ish L ibrary Board , F ig . 1 7 ;

Dr . R . E . G lasscock , F ig . 1 8;

l ect Professor J . K . S . S t .Joseph a nd t he Ca mbr idge Un ivers ity Col ion ( Copyr igh t r eserved ) P la tes 1 , 2 , 3 , 7 , 8 and 1 0. Iwou ld a lso l ike t o t hank t he D ean o f Ar magh , t he Very Reverend H . A . lie L il , t he G overnors a nd G uard ians o f t he P ub l ic L ibrary o f Armagh f or l a low ing me t o u se i n forma t ion f ro m t he Reeve t ranscr ip t o f t he E cc les iast ica l Taxa t ion o f Pope N icho las I V.

My t hanks a re a lso d ue t o Professor T . W.

Free man , a nd t o Professor A . R . Orm .e a nd L ong mans G roup L td . f or p er m iss ion t o i nc lude p ub l ished mater ia l i n F ig . 3 .

F or p er m iss ion t o u se t he

f igures i n T ab le 1 7 Iam g ra tefu l t o E ileen McCracken a nd Dav id a nd C har les ( Pub l ishers ) L td . ly F inal , Iam i ndebted t o t he many p eop le who a ss is ted my r esearch i n ly v ar ious ways , e spec ial :

Mr. A lan Aberg , Dr . M ichae l Conry , Mr . J . G .

Cru ickshank , Dr . Adr ian Empey , Mr . T ho mas F ann ing , Mrs. Bess ie F lynn , Dr. Br ian Graha m , Professor A . J . O tway-Ruthven , Dr . Ph i l ip Rob inson , Mr. M ichae l Ryan a nd Mr . Dav id S wee t man .

L IST OF F IGURES F igure

Page L oca t ion o f F ie ld Area

2

S o me Pr inc ipa l T owns a nd l and o ver 1 50 m 0 .D. o f t he F ield Area

3

Phys iograph ic Reg ions o f F ie ld Area

4

Areas o f t he P la tfor ms o f Med ieva l Moa ted S ites i n S ou th-Eas t I re land

5

17 1 9

39

Moa t w id ths o f Med ieva l Moa ted S i tes i n S outh-Eas t I reland

6

1 5

41

f ect o Ef f Eros ion o n aT heoret ica l Cross-Sect ion o f a Moa t a nd Bank

4 2

7

I ndex Map o f Med ieva l Moa ted S ites i n Co. Car low

4 7

8

I ndex Map o f Med ieva l Moa ted S i tes i n Co. K i lkenny

4 8

9

I ndex Map o f Med ieva l Moa ted S i tes i n Co. T ipperary

4 9

I ndex Map o f Med ieva l Moa ted S ites i n Co. Wex ford

5 0

1 0 1 1

T he C lass if ica t ion o f Moa ted S i tes i n S outh-Eas tern I reland :

s o me e xa mp les

1 2

Knockanev in Med ieva l Moa ted S i te , Co. Wex ford ( W80 )

1 3

Two o f t he T hree Med ieva l Moated S ites a t Gor t make ll is , Co. T ipperary ( T70 a nd T 72 )

53 5 5

61

1 4

My lerspark Med ieva l Moa ted S ite , Co. Wex ford

6 8

1 5

l yc Bal le mock Med ieva l Moa ted S ite , Co. Wex ford

6 9

1 6

T ho mastown De mesne Med ieva l Moated S ite, Co. T ipperary ( T136 )

1 7

l I lustra t ion o f a Med ieva l Moa ted S ite i n a Manuscr ip t o f c . 1 316

1 8

70

79

T he D istr ibu t ion o f Rec tangu lar Ear thworks i n I reland ( af ter G lasscock , 1 970 )

105

1 9

T he A lt itude o f Med ieva l Moa ted S ites i n Co. Car low

1 14

2 0

The A lt itude o f Med ieva l Moated S ites i n Co. K ilkenny

1 14

2 1

The A l t itude o f Med ieva l Moa ted S i tes i n Co. T ipperary

1 15

F igure

Page

2 2

T he A l t itude o f Med ieva l Moa ted S i tes i n Co. Wex ford

15 1

2 3

The Ecc les iast ica l Taxa t ion o f S ou th-East I re land , 1 303-1306

1 35

2 4

2 5

2 6

2 7

2 8

T he Ecc les iast ica l Taxa t ion o f S ou th-Eas t I re land , 1 319-1322

1 36

T he D istr ibu t ion o f Med ieva l Marke t C en tres a nd Manor ia l V il n S ou th-Eas t I re land l ages i

1 43

The D istr ibut ion o f Mot nd S tone Cast les o f t es a 1 2th-14th c en tur ies i n S ou th-Eas t I re land

1 51

The Eng l ish S et t i n S ou th-East I re land f ro m tle men The Census o fI re land ( 2 . 1 659 ).

1 53

The Eng l ish Town land Na mes o f S ou th-Eas t I re land f ro m t he C ensus o fI re land , 1 861

1 55

A Co mpos ite Map t o I lus tra te t he D ens ity o f t he l Ang lo-Nor man S et t i n S ou th-East I reland tle men

1 60

3 0

T he D is tr ibut ion o f Moa ted S i tes i n S ou th-Eas t I reland

1 61

3 1

L oca t ion o f Two S tudy Areas

1 65

3 2

The ma jor s et t f ea tures o f t he P ar ishes o f L isronagh , tle men

2 9

Bap t is tgrange , Donagh more a nd Co l man , Co. T ipperary , c . 5 00-1700 A .D. 3 3

1 69

tle men The Ang lo-Nor man S et t o f t he c an tred o f Knock topher , Co. K ilkenny , C . 1 200-1450.

1 71

L IST OF TABLES Tab le 1

Page T he Ed it ions o f t he S ixInch Ordnance S urvey Maps o f S outh-East I re land

1 0

2

Nu mbers o f Moa ted S i tes C lass if ied i n t he F ie ld Area

3 4

3

A Moa ted S i te C lass if ica t ion

3 7

4

T he S ing le Enc losure Moa ted S i tes o f Co. Car low

4 5

5

T he S ing le Enc losure Moa ted S i tes o f C o. K ilkenny

4 5

6

T he S ing le Enc losure Moa ted S i tes o f C o. T ipperary

4 5

7

T he S ing le Enc losure Moated S i tes o f C o. Wex ford

4 6

8

Doub le Moa ted S i tes

4 6

9

Re-used R ing-For ts

4 6

1 0

The Resu l ts o f N eares t-Ne ighbour Ana lys is

10

1

The Wa ter S upp ly o f Moa ted S i tes i n S ou th-East I re land

1 12

1 2

A c h i-square t es t t o c o mpare t he Re la t ionsh ip o f Moa ted

1 3

1 4

S i tes a nd A l t itud ina l Z ones i n S ou th-Eas t I re land

16

A c h i-square t es t t o c o mpare t he Re la t ionsh ip o f Moa ted S i tes a nd S o i l Ca tegor ies i n S outh-East I re land

1 18

A c h i-square t es t t o c o mpare t he Re la t ionsh ip o f Moated S i tes a nd S o i l S u itab il ity Ca tegor ies i n S outh-Eas t I reland

1 5

19

A c h i-square t es t t o c o mpare t he Rela t ionsh ip o f Moa ted S i tes a nd d r if t d epos its i n S ou th-East I re land

1 20

1 6

A c h i-square t es t t o c o mpare t he Re la t ionsh ip o f t he 1 22

1 7

D is tr ibut ion o f Moa ted S i tes a nd t he 1 851 L and V a lues i n S ou th-East I reland l ected i T he T ota l Va lues o f t he T en ths Col n t he Two F our teen th Cen tury Ecc les ias t ica l T axa t ions o f Ossory

1 29

T he Churches i nc luded i n t he Eccles iast ica l T axa t ion o f P ope N icho las I V i n S ou th-Eas t I re land

1 33

1 8

1 9

T he Med ieva l Market Cen tres o f S outh-Eas tern I re land

1 39-140

Tab le 2 0

2 1

Page T he P oss ib le Med ieva l Manor ia l V il l ages o f S ou th-Eas tern I reland , wh ich h ave n o e v idence f or marke ts

1 41

S tone Cast les o f t he Twel f th t o F our teen th-Cen tury i n S ou th-Eastern I re land

1 47

2 2

The Ang lo-Norman Mot t es o f S outh-Eas tern I re land

2 3

Ca tegor ies emp loyed i n t he C o mpos ite Map o f Ang loNorman S et tle men t i n S ou th-Eas t I re land

2 4

1 48-149 1 58

A c h i-square t es t t o c o mpare t he r e la t ionsh ip o f Moated S i tes a nd Areas o f Predo m inan t ly A ng lo-Norman , o r I r ish i nf luence

1 62

L IST OF PLATES

P la te

Page K il magoura Med ieva l Moa ted S ite , Co. Cork

1 3

Powerstown Eas t Med ieva l Moa ted S i te , Co. K ilkenny ( K43 )

1 3

3

Bal il ieva l Moa ted S ite, Co. Wex ford (W27 ) l yw lia mroe Med

5 4

4

Pal ower Med ieva l Moa ted S i te , Co. Wex ford (W98 ) lis L

5 7

5

Bal ieva l Moa ted S i te , Co. Car low ( C4 ) l ymoon Med

5 9

6

Bal ieva l Moated S i te , Co. Wex ford ( W16 ) l y more Med

5 9

7

Bal ieva l Moated S i te , Co. Car low ( C1) l ybannon Med

6 5

8

K il l Med ieva l Moa ted S ite , Co. Car low ( C11) l eesha

6 5

9

P ou lakerry ( T125 ).

6 7

2

1 0

V iew a long Western Moa t

Mea lc lye Med ieva l Moa ted S i te , Co. T ipperary ( T115 ). G enera l V iew f ro m t he A ir

6 7

L IST OF ABBREV IAT IONS

Bd.

Bund le

C . _

c irca

Ca l. O .D.

Ca lendar o f Or mond D eeds

C .D .R.I.

Ca lendar o f Docu men ts Re la t ing t o I re land

C .I.P .M .

Ca lendar o f I nqu is it ions P os t Mor te m

cm

c en t i metres

F ig .

F igure

km

k i lo metres

h a

h ectares

m

metres

•N . M. F.

Na t iona l Monu men ts F ile

O .D .

Ordnance Datu m

O .S .

Ordnance S urvey

P .R .O .

P ub l ic Record O f f ice , L ondon

R .C. H. M .

Roya l Co m m iss ion o n H is tor ica l Monu men ts , Eng land

S .E.

s ou th-east

s q. km

s quare k i lo metres

V .C. H.

V ic tor ia Coun ty H istory

CHAPTER ONE

I Ni RODUCT ION

1 .1

tle men I n troduc t ion t o t he Med ieva l Moa ted S i te a s aS et t F orm

t T h is s tudy i s a n a te mpt t o e xp la in t he c hrono logy , f unc t ion a nd d istr ibu t ion o f med ieva l moa ted s i tes i n C oun t ies C ar low , K i lkenny , T ipperary a nd Wex ford i n s ou th-eastern I re land .

T hroughou t t he monograph t he t erm "med ieva l" a s

l b a pp l ied t o I re land w il e u sed t o d escr ibe t he p er iod b etween t he c om ing o f t he A ng lo-Nor mans i n 11 69 a nd t he d ea th o f t he Grea t Ear l o f K ildare i n 15 13 . A moated s i te c an b e i den t if ied i n t he f i e ld a s a n e nc losure d ef ined b y a ly f l r ec tangu lar o r s ub-rectangu lar d i tch , u sual i led w ith water . T he c en tra l a rea o r p la t form may o r may n o t b e r a ised a bove t he l eve l o f t he s urround ing l and a nd was o f ten o r ig inal ly o ccup ied b y a dwel ling h ouse o r s im i lar s tr u .ctures. I n E ng land t here a re a n umber o f s i tes w h ich h ave more t han o ne p la t form o r s ubs id iary e nc losures wh ich e nc lose a ny th ing f ro m a g arden t o a park l odge ( Le P a toure l , 1 973 ). S uch s i tes d o n ot s ee m t o e x is t o n a large s ca le i n I re land ( see b e low p p. 3 6-37 ). Moa ted s i tes o ccur t hroughout mos t o f n or th-western Europe, a nd t he l we igh t o f a l t he a rchaeo log ica l a nd h istor ica l e v idence p o in ts t o t he ir b e ing o f med ieva l d ate ( Atk ins , 1 972 ). I n Eng land , where much a rchaeo log ica l e xcava t ion h as b een u nder taken o n s uch s i tes , t he ma jor ity d a te t o t he t h irt een th a nd f our teen th c entur ies ( see Chap ter 4 ). I n I re land r esearch i n to t he tle men t ern h e ar thworks o f t he med ieva l s et t p at as h ard ly p roceeded b eyond t he ir i den t if ica t ion ( G lasscock , 1 970 ). I n t h is work t he t erm ' moa ted s i te ' i s u sed t o d escr ibe t h is p ar t icu lar • t ype o f e ar thwork o f t he med ieva l p er iod ( Rober ts , 1 962 , L e Pa toure l , 1 972 , 1 973 ). O ther t erms h ave a lso b een u sed b y s cho lars b u t i th as b een f ound t ha t a l l a re t oo p rec ise t o i nc lude t he who le r ange o f l andscape f ea tures w h ich l ed ' tle men c ou ld b e c al moa ted s i tes '. T he u se o f t he t erm ' moa ted s et ts ' tle men wou ld e l im inate a ny s i te w h ich w as n o t p roved t o b e as et t ( E mery , 1 962 ). l Nor i s ' moa ted h o mesteads ' a t a l s a t isfactory b ecause s evera l o f t he I r ish s i tes h ave much more o f ad efens ive a spec t t han t h is t erm w ou ld i mp ly ( see b e low ).

I nI re land t he t wo mos t c o m mon u sages a re t he t erms ' moa ted

l g ranges ' wh ich i s t oo n arrow b ecause i tw ou ld e xc lude a l t he s i tes wh ich were n o t o f monas t ic o r ig in , a nd ' s quare f or ts ' wh ich i s t he t erm u sed mos t l t o f a l b y t he f ar m ing c o mmun ity . T h is l a ter e xpress ion i m med ia te ly o veremphas ises t he d efens ive c harac ter ist ics o f t he s i tes a nd e ndows t he m w ith am i l itary f unct ion f or wh ich t here i s n o e v idence. I ta lso imp l ies t hat a l l s uch f eatures a re s quare , whereas i n t he ma jor ity o f c ases t hey a re r ec ta ngu lar i n s hape.

T h is t erm h as o f ten b een c on fused w ith r ing-for ts o r

" raths" b ecause o f t he p o in ts o f s im i lar ity b e tween t he s ur face f ea tures o f t hese t wo t ypes o f e ar thworks.

Bu t t he ma jor ity o f e xcava ted r ing-for ts

h ave p roved t o b e f ar msteads o f t he i nd igenous I r ish , d a t ing t o t he i s t m il l enly n iu m A .D . ( O 'Kel , 1 970 ). I n I re land , t he f irs t Ordnance S urvey s ix i nch maps ( 1830-42 ) r ecord t he p resence o f a bou t 7 50 ' rec tangu lar e ar thworks ' ( G lasscock , 1 970 ). Whether l o r n o t t hese e ar thworks a re med ieva l moa ted s i tes d epends p r inc ipa ly u pon v er if ica t ion b y f i e ld s urveys a nd a rchaeo log ica l e xcava t ions. G lasscock f ound t ha t t he d enses t d is tr ibu t ion i s i n t he s ou th a nd e ast o f t he c oun try w i th i sol a ted e xamp les t o t he w est a nd n or th.

T h is d is tr ibu t ion s ugges ts a n A ng lo-

t Norman o r ig in , a nd t h is v iew i s s uppor ted b y w ha t l i t le a rchaeo log ica l a nd d ocu men tary e v idence t here e x is ts i n Eng land ( see b e low p p . 8 6-88 ). Even l e t he p resen t mapped d is tr ibu t ion i n I re land s t il nsures t ha t moated s i tes a re t he mos t n u merous e x tan t e ar thworks o f t he med ieva l p er iod a nd , a s s uch , tle men r ef lec ts t o s o me d egree , t he d ens ity o f Ang lo-Norman s et t i nI reland . I n ar ecen t d octora l t hes is o n r ing-for ts i n I re land i t was s tated t ha t " ... d esp ite t he i mpor tance o f t he r ing-for t b o th a s af eature o f t he p resen t t l andscape a nd a lso a s as ing le e le men t i n t he e vo lut ion o f t he I r ish s e t le men t t ern t, p at , o n ly t hree c oun t ies h ave b een s ub jec ted t o d eta i led s tudy". ( Barret 1 973, p . 4 ). No t e ven t ha t l eve l o f d e ta i led r esearch h as b een u nder taken o n moa ted s i tes i n I re land u n t i l t h is p resen t w ork .

T he o n ly l oca l s tudy , t ha t o n

Co. Wex ford , i nc luded i n forma t ion o f ag enera l n a ture o n ly ( Hadden , 1 968 ). I ti s o n ly b y emp loy ing d a ta f ro m a r eg iona l s tudy t ha t a ny h ypotheses o n t he tle men n a ture o f t he s et t f orm c an b e c ons truc ted . Even t he c hrono log ica l e v idence f or moa ted s i tes i s l ack ing b ecause o n ly o ne s uch s i te h as b een e xt, c ava ted b y c o mpar ison w ith o ver o ne h undred r ing-for t e xcava t ions ( Barret l c 1 973 ). T h is s tudy h as b een u nder taken t o p rov ide a smal on tr ibu t ion t o t he tle men a na lys is o f Norman s et t a s r ef lec ted b y t he i nc idence o f moa ted s i tes w ith in f our c oun t ies o f s ou th-eas tern I re land .

l I ti s h oped t hat t h is w il

a ugmen t t he , a t p resen t , s can ty c orpus o f i n format ion a bou t t he f orm a nd f unct ion o f moa ted s i tes. I n c on tras t t o a l l t he r esearch i n Eng land o n t he e ar thworks o f t he med ieva l s et tle men t p at t ern , t he emphas is i n I re land , u n t i l r ecen t ly , h as b een o n t he r e ma ins o f t he P reh is tor ic a nd Ear ly Chr is t ian p er iods. Bu t i n 1 965 , w ith t he p ub l ica t ion o f O tway-Ru thven 's p aper o n t he c harac ter is t ics o f Ang lo-Norman s et tle men t i nI re land t here h as b een a n i ncrease i ni n teres t a nd r esearch u pon t he s oc io-econo m ic h istory o f r ura l I re land i n t he M idd le Ages ( Otway-Ru thven , 1 965 ).

I n 1 966 t here a ppeared An Archaeo le ica l

S urvey o f Coun ty D own wh ich w as t he f i rs t a nd s t il l i s t he o n ly c o mprehens ive s urvey o f a rchaeo log ica l a nd h is tor ica l s i tes i n ac oun ty i n I re land ( Jope, e d ., 1 966 ). D eve lop men ts i n t he s tudy o f med ieva l r ura l s et tle men t i n I re land h ave p rogressed a long w ith t he i ncrease i n t he s tudy o f med ieva l a rchaeo logy i n Eng land .

Most o f t he r esearch h as b een u nder taken b y G lasscock a nd h is

s tuden ts a t Queen 's Un ivers ity , B e l fas t , ( G lasscock , 1 970 , 1 971; 1 972 ;

Barret t, 1 973 ).

G raha m ,

T here h as a lso b een r ecen t r esearch c o mp le ted u pon

t he d e mography a nd u rban p opu la t ion o f med ieva l I reland (MacN ioca il l, 1 964 ; Russel l, 1 966, 1 971;

Graha m , 1 977 ).

2

1 .2

R ev iew o f L itera ture :

I re land

T he f irst r eferences t o ' s quare r aths ' s o f ar l oca ted w ere r ecorded i n I da b arony i n Co. K ilkenny b y a loca l c lergyman ( Moore , 1 849-50 ). However , i tw as n o t u n t i l Wes tropp p ub l ished h is n ow c lass ic a r t ic le o n t he a nc ien t f or ts i nI re land ( 1902 ) t ha t t he e x istence o f ' r ect il inear f or ts ' was n o ted o n more t han ap ure ly l oca l s ca le.

H e b e l ieved t ha t t hey w ere t o b e f ound i n e very

c oun ty o fI re land , w ith c oncen tra t ions i n L e inster , a nd e spec ial n c oun t ies ly i Wex ford a nd K i lkenny . Recen t r esearch h as b orne o ut h is o bserva t ions a bou t t he d istr ibu t ion o f moa ted s i tes. H is d a t ing o f t hese ' f or ts ', h owever , f rom t he Bronze Age t o t he I ron Age s ee ms a l i t le f anc ifu l i n t he l i gh t o f t r ecen t r esearch ( Westropp , 1 902 ).

T h is p ro l if ic a nd t imeless f i e ld-worker

a lso l oca ted a few ' s quare f or ts ' i n Co. K erry , a nd a lso i n Co. C lare (Wes tropp , 1 910 , 1 908-1909 ). A no ther I r ish s cho lar t o o bserve a nd c o m men t u pon med ieva l moa ted s i tes was O rpen i n h is I re land Under t he N ormans , 169-1333 ( 1911-20 ). I n a note t o h is d istr ibut ion map o f t he ' h igh mo tes ' ( mot ) o f I re land h e r e marked o n t es t he e x is tence o f ' rec tangu lar p la t for ms ', s o met i mes r a ised a few f ee t , a nd s urrounded b y d i tches a nd r a mpar ts , n o tab ly i n c oun t ies Mayo , G a lway , a nd Roscom mon . He d a ted t he m a s l a ter i n d a te t han t he mot nd t h is v iew t es a h as s ince b een r e in forced b y a rchaeo log ica l a nd h is tor ica l r esearch . Wherea s h is d a t ing i s more c orrec t t han Westropp 's h is impress ion o n t he d is tr ibut ion o f moa ted s i tes t hroughout I re land i s i ncorrec t ( Orpen 1 911-20 , V o l. 2 , p. 3 43-4 ). p O ther I r ish s cho lars o f t he s a me p er iod s ee m t o h ave c on fused t hese ' rec t i l inear f or ts ' w ith mot Knox , 1 911, p p. 3 01-302 ). T h is c onfus ion t es ( h as c on t inued i n t he p opu lar m ind i n r ura l I re land w ith f armers s t il al l c ling mot y s uch n a mes a s ' mo tes ', ' f a iry f or ts ', o r ' f or ts '. tes b

I ti s i mpor tan t

t o r ea l ise t ha t wh i le mot ere t e mporary c ast les b u il t o f e ar th a nd wood t es w b y t he Ang lo-Norman i nvaders a s t hey p ushed a cross t he c oun try f ro m e as t t o w est i n t he l a te t we lf th t o t he e ar ly t h ir teen th c en tur ies , moa ted s i tes d o n o t s ee m t o h ave p ossessed a ny m i l itary f unc t ions. D ur ing t he 1 930s t he f ocus o f i n teres t u pon t hese ' rec t il inear f or ts ' s ee ms t o h ave b een i n Co. Wick low . T he l a te Dr . L ia m Pr ice d escr ibed s evera l l arge ' s quare f or ts ' wh ich h e s urm ised d a ted t o t he l ate t we l f th o r e ar ly t h ir teen th c entur ies ( Pr ice , 1 936, p p . 4 6-7 ). T he n ow l evel l ed s i te a t Bal l yra ine M idd le ( 19T 2 27741) wh ich was men t ioned b y Pr ice w as l a ter v is ited i n 1 939 b y Bryan H . S t . J . O 'Ne il l, I nspector o f Anc ien t Monu men ts f or Wa les , who d ec ided t hat i tw as a typ ica l t ype o f h o mestead moa t. A t L isr onagh , C o. T ipperary , L yons n oted t he e x istence o f ' s quare f or ts ' n ear t he d eser ted med ieva l b orough ( 18S 2 01295 ). However , t he ma jor ity o f h is s i tes ( now r e moved ) d id n ot p ossess moa ts , a nd h e a lso i nc luded r ing-for ts a s a tle men f orm o f med ieva l s et t ( Lyons , 1 937 ). N o th ing more was p ub l ished o n t he e x is tence o f moa ted s i tes u n t il t he tle men l a te 1 950s. T hen , Proud foo t i n a thes is o n t he s et t a nd e cono my o f Co. D own r epor ted o n t he e x istence o f a few ' Rec t il inea l Enc losures ' ( Proud foo t , 1 957 ). However , h e d id n o more t han s ta te t ha t s o me r ese mb led ' T ... i n a ppearance t he t yp ica l moated h ouses s i te c o mmon i n Eng land a nd t he We lsh b orders ( Proud foo t , 1 957, p . 1 21 ). T hese s i tes w ere l a ter men t ioned i n An Archaeo log ica l S urvey o f C oun ty D own ( Jope , e d ., 1 966 ).

3

T hen i n 1 964 , Hadden p ub l ished a n i mpor tan t a r t ic le o n t he med ieva l e ar thworks i n Co. Wex ford . A long w ith ' mot te c ast les ' h e f ound t wo ma jor t ypes o f ' square f or ts ' d ur ing h is f i e ld-work .

H e d a ted t he ' rampar ted f or ts '

( heav i ly f ort if ied moa ted s i tes ) t o t he e ar ly p er iod o f t he Ang lo-Norman o cc upa t ion ;

wh i le t he more c o m mon ' non-rampar ted s quare f or ts ' o f 6 0 b y 4 0

ly s metres i n a rea , u sual i ted i n t he l ow lands , w ere d a ted b y h im t ot he t h irt een th c entury ( Hadden , 1 964 ). l A l t h is e ar l ier r esearch w as s u m mar ised i n a n a r t ic le b y G lasscock i n wh ich h e mapped t he d istr ibu t ion o f moa ted s i tes i n I re land ( G lasscock , 1 970 ). T h is a r t ic le r a ised may c r it ica l a nd f undamen ta l q ues t ions u pon t he n ature o f a nd t he s pa t ia l r ela t ionsh ip o f moa ted s i tes w ith in t he f ra mework o f t he tle men c o lon isa t ion a nd s et t o f Ang lo-Norman I re land . As a r esu l t o f h is s tudy o f t he ir mapped d is tr ibu t ion a nd a f ter a c o mpar ison o f t he r esu lts o bt a ined f ro m a rchaeo log ica l a nd h is tor ica l r esearch i n Eng land , h e w as a b le t o c onc lude " ... i t may b e s a id t ha t t he d istr ibut ion , ( o f moa ted s i tes ) w ith i t s marked c oncen tra t ion i n t he s ou th a nd e as t i s c er ta in ly a n Ang lo-Norman o ne, a nd a s s uch i tp o in ts t o a twe lf th t o f our teen th c entury o r ig in f or t hese s i tes". ( G lasscock , 1 970 , p . 1 64 ). Bu t , a s G lasscock h i mse l f s tressed , h is c onc lus ions o n t he c hrono logy a nd d a te o f moated s i tes i n I re land a re o n ly ly b t en ta t ive , b ecause t hey a re w hol ased o n c artograph ic e v idence a nd s econdary s ources.

1 .3

Rev iew o f L iterature :

Eng land a nd t he C on t inen t

T he Ang lo-Normans w ho i nvaded I re land i n t he l a te t we lf th c en tury s eemed t o h ave c o me ma in ly f ro m Wa les , Eng land a nd F landers ( Roche , 1 970 ). T hus i ti s p robab le t ha t t he ma jor ity o f moa ted s i tes i n I re land w ere d er ived f rom s i tes i n ma in land Br ita in .

I ti s t herefore n ecessary t o e xam ine t he much

more e x tens ive l i tera ture o n t he s ub ject i n Eng land ,a nd , t o a lesser e x ten t , o n t he Con t inen t .

I n Eng land , much o f t he work u pon moa ted s i tes h as b een

u nder taken b y a rchaeo log ists s o t ha t t here e x is ts a f i rm c orpus o f d a t ing mat er ia l. A lso , b ecause o f t he i nvo lve men t o f e cono m ic h is tor ians , a nd , more e spec ial ly , h is tor ica l g eographers , t he d is tr ibut iona l n a ture o f t he s i tes h as b een e xa m ined t o s o me d egree. S er ious p ub l icat ion u pon moa ted s i tes c an b e d a ted b ack t o 1 908 w hen A l lcrof t p ub l ished h is Ear thwork o f Eng land. I n Chap ter 1 4 h e d iscussed t he e x is tence o f ' moa ted h o mes teads ' , g iv ing many p lans , d escr ip t ions , a nd measure men ts o f e xa mp les u p a nd d own Eng land ( Al l crof t , 1 908 , p p . 4 53-93 ). He d ated t he ma jor ity o f s uch e ar thworks t o t he r e ign o f Edward I( 1 272-1307 ) a nd a ssoc ia ted t he ir c ons truct ion w ith t he e xpans ion o f t he a gr icu ltura l m idd lec lass i n t ha t p er iod .

H e a ppeared c on fused , h owever , o ver t he s ur face

morpho logy o f s quare o r r ec tangu lar e ar thworks , b ecause h e h ad p rob le ms d if feren t ia t ing b etween t hose o f Ro mano-Br it ish , S axon , Dan ish , a nd Med ieva l d a te. I nd iv idua l e xcava t ions o f moa ted s i tes w ere e ncouraged b y t he l i s t ing o f moa ts a s as eparate e ar thwork c lass if ica t ion i n t he V ictor ia C oun ty H istory wh ich w as f ounded i n 1 899 , a nd wh ich i s s t il l a t work p rov id ing t he s tandard work o f r eference o n Eng l ish l oca l h is tory ( Pugh , 1 970 ). S o me o f t he e ar l ier 4

l c v o lumes a re i nev i tab ly v ery much o u t o f d a te b u t s t il on ta in v a luab le d a ta , ly f e spec ial or moa ted s i tes w h ich h ave

s ince b een d estroyed.

D esp ite t hese p re-war b eg inn ings , i t was n ot u n t il a f ter 1 945 t ha t a ny tle men d rama t ic d eve lopmen t t ook p lace i n t he g enera l f i e ld o f med ieva l s et t s tud ies. By t hen , med ieva l h istor ians w ere c om ing t o r ea l ise t ha t e x tan t med ieva l d ocu men ta t ion w as i nadequa te t o e xp la in t he s oc io-econo m ic p rol c esses a nd c hrono log ies o f a l b ut t he t op f ew p er c en t o f med ieva l s oc iety ( H i lton , 1 973 ).

With t he i ncreas ing u se o f a ir p ho tography f or a rchaeo log ica l

p urposes ( Know les a nd S t . J oseph 1 952;

B eresford a nd S t . J oseph , 1 958 )

a nd t he p ar t ic ipa t ion o f med ieva l a rchaeo log is ts a nd g eographers , an ew emp has is was b e ing p laced o n ab roader a pproach t o t he p rob le ms o f t he d eve ltlemen ly e o pmen t o f med ieva l s et t a nd s oc ie ty b y s c ien t if ical xam in ing t he l ess a pparen t f eatures o f t he med ieva l l andscape. W ith t he d eve lop ing i n teres t i n t he p heno menon o f d eser ted med ieva l v i ll age Research l ages t here c a me t he c rea t ion o f t he Deser ted Med ieva l V il Group i n 1 952 b y B eresford , Hurs t a nd o thers. Dur ing t he e x tens ive f i e ldl work a nd a rchaeo log ica l i nvest iga t ions o f t hese v i lages , moated s i tes w ere l oca ted a nd a f ew w ere e xcava ted ( f or e xa mp le , Hurst a nd Hurs t , 1 967 ). Then i n 1 957 c a me t he f orma t ion o f t he ' Soc iety f or Med ieva l Archaeo logy ' w ith i t s s ec t ion o n ' Manors a nd Moa ts ' w ith in ' Med ieva l Br ita in ' i n e very i ssue o f i t s j ourna l , Med ieva l Archaeo logy , w h ich a dded f resh d a ta t o t he g row ing v o lu me o f a rchaeo log ica l e xcava t ions o f moa ted s i tes. I n 1 962 t he h istor ica l g eographer , Emery , r a ised t he g enera l p rob le m o f moa ted s i tes , t he ir d istr ibu t ion , a nd s ign if icance.

He i nc luded a c h lorop le th

d is tr ibu t ion map b ased u pon t he O .S . s ix i nch maps s how ing t he n u mber o f s i tes p er s quare m i le t hroughou t Eng land . He a lso c a ta logued t he v ar ious t heor ies t ha t h ad b een p ut f orward f or t he e x is tence o f a we t moa t a round a tle men s et t s i te ; many o f h is e xa mp les w ere f ro m East Ang l ia where t here i s ah igh d ens ity o f s uch s i tes. He a lso t en ta t ive ly l i nked t he d is tr ibu t ion o f moa ted s i tes i n Warw icksh ire t o l a ter t h ir teen th c en tury ' assar t ing ' o f t he f ores t r eg ion , a nd l inked t he e x istence o f moa ted s i tes i n many o ther a reas l o f Eng land t o t he p rocess o f s ub in feuda t ion ( E mery , 1 962 ; c f . A lcro f t , 1 908 ). Bu t , l ike G lasscock 's a r t icle , Emery 's c onc lus ions a re a l mos t c o mp le te ly b ased o n s econdary s ources. Ano ther g eographer , Rober ts , p ub l ished a more p rec ise d istr ibu t ion map o f moa ted s i tes i n Eng land w h ich r evea led t he l oca l ised g roup ing o f s o me s i tes ( Rober ts , 1 965 ). H e a lso c ons truc ted a c lass if ica t ion b ased o n t he e nv ironmen t l oca t ion o f v ar ious moats ( see b elow p . 3 5 ) a nd f ound t ha t mos t moa ted s i tes i n tle men Warw icksh ire c orresponded w ith a reas o f l ate s et t ( 1962a , 1 962 1 3 ). H e t er i t ook t h is l at dea f ur ther i n a n a r t ic le o n t he med ieva l c o lon iza t ion o f t he F orest o f Arden i n Warw icksh ire , where h e a rgued t ha t t he g row th o f p opu lat i on a nd t he a ssar t ing o f more l and i n t he l a te t h ir teen th c entury l ed t o t he c rea t ion o f many s ub- manors i n wh ich w ea lthy f reeho lders b u i lt moa ted f arms teads ( Rober ts , 1 968 ).

I n t he s a me y ear , t he Roya l C o mm iss ion o n H istor ica l

Monu men ts p ub l ished t he ir v o lu me o n West Ca mbr idgesh ire i n wh ich was i nc luded a n impor tan t n ew c lass if ica t ion o f moa ted s i tes ( R .C .H. M . ,1 968 , p p . l x i-lxv i ).

t i Meanwh ile , P lat n h is s tudy o f C isterc ian g ranges n o ted t he

l y moa t, 1 e x is tence o f s evera l l ow land g ranges wh ich w ere i n it ial ted ( P lat 969 ).

5

On t he a rchaeo log ica l f ron t , t he S oc iety f or Med ieva l Archaeo logy p ub l ished a n impor tan t monograph o n t he e xcava t ion o f K ing J ohn 's Hun t ing L odge i n tle Wr it , E ssex , b y Rah tz. T h is w as a n i mpor tan t e xcava t ion b ecause t he s urv iv ing med ieva l d ocu men ta t ion h e lped t o e luc idate t he c o mp lex a rchaeol og ica l e v idence ( Rah tz , 1 969 ). I n 1 973, a no ther monograph was p ub l ished , t h is t ime o n t he moa ted s i tes o f Yorksh ire b y L e Pa toure l , wh ich w as a n e xp ans ion o f a n e ar l ier a r t ic le ( Le Pa tourel , 1 970 ). T h is w ork r epresen ted t he c u lm ina t ion o f a n e x tens ive f i e ld-work a nd e xcava t ion p rogra mme. I tw as wr it t en i n o rder t o f i t t he r esu lts o f t he e xcava t ion o f f our s i tes , t oge ther w ith e v idence f ro m 1 4 o ther e xcava ted s i tes , a nd a s urvey o f 3 82 more , i n to a d istr ibu t iona l f ra mework .

Bu t o n ly 2 2 p ages o f t he 1 37 p age monograph were

d evo ted t o ad eta iled d iscuss ion o n t he c hrono logy a nd c onstruct ion o f moated s i tes i n Yorksh ire a s a who le ( Le P a toure l , 1 973 ). Ano ther a rchaeo log ist who h as s urveyed t he d istr ibu t ion o f moated s i tes o n ac oun ty w ide b as is was T ay lor f or Ca mbr idgesh ire ( Tay lor , 1 972 , 1 973 ). He f ound t ha t , c on trary t o wha t o ne w ou ld e xpec t , t he l arger a nd mos t f orm idab le moa ts l ay i n t he v i l lages w h ile t he smal l er a nd l ess w el l -defended l o nes w ere l oca ted f ur ther away f ro m t he v i lages. H e a lso d is m issed mos t o f t he c urren t t heor ies u pon t he r easons f or t he c onst r uc t ion o f moats b y c onc lud ing t ha t a less c o mp lex f or m o f d i tches w ou ld h ave b een a dequa te. He d ec ided t hat t hey w ere d ug a s i tw as ' t he f ash ionab le t h ing t o d o ' ( Tay lor , 1 973 ). t Bu t h e h ad l i t le c oncre te e v idence o n wh ich t o b ase t h is f ina l c onc lus ion . C urren t r esearch i n t he Br it ish I s les i s b e ing d irec ted b y t he Moa ted S i te Research Group wh ich was s e t u p i n 1 971 a f ter a c on ference a t M idd lesborough . By t he b eg inn ing o f 1 973 o ver 3 ,000 s i tes h ad b een i ndexed o n r ecord c ards ly p s pec ial roduced f or t he p urpose.

l many a Bu t t here a re s t il reas w here n o

l c f i e ld worker i s a ct ive a nd t he d estruc t ion o f s i tes s t il on t inues ( Aberg , 1 973 ).

On t he c on t inen t i n r ecen t y ears s o me u sefu l r esearch h as b een u nder taken o n moa ted s i tes. H ernnbrod t p ub l ished a monograph o n ac o mp lex s e t t le men t s i te i n Western G ermany , ' Der Hus terknupp ' , w h ich d eve loped f ro m a s ing le t o ad oub le e nc losured moa ted s i te , a nd t hen i n to a mot te a nd b a i ley c ast le ( Herrnbrod t , 1 958 ). I n F rance , as urvey o f t he med ieva l e ar thworks o f t he C ing la is a rea o f N or mandy u nder t he a usp ices o f t he C en tre d e Recherches Archeo log iques Med ieva les a t Caen l oca ted s evera l p et ites e nc ien tes ( F ixot , 1 968 ). T he Un ivers ity o f C aen was a lso r espons ib le f or r esearch u pon t he ma isons-for tes o f Burgundy , a nd a r ecen t a r t ic le s tressed t he d i f ference b etween t he a rchaeo log ica l f i nds i n p easan t h ouses a nd i n t he ma isons-for tes ( Pesez a nd P iponn ier , 1 972 ). T here h as a lso b een s o me p re l im inary r esearch o n t he d istr ibu t ion o f moa ted s i tes i n Denmark , F landers , Nor th- Wes tern G ermany , t he C oun ty o f Hol l and i n t he Nether lands, a nd i n Po land .

Most o f

t he moa ted s i tes i n P o land s ee m t o b e e ar thwork mounds s im ilar i n morpho logy t o mot t es , a nd a re d a ted t o t he t h ir teen th a nd f our teen th c en tur ies. T hey w ere p robab ly c ons tructed b y l esser k n igh ts i n v i l lages s i tua ted o n t he b order o f s tretches o f p oor , b are ly c u lt iva ted l and , l y ing n ex t t o f ores ts o r a long r iver v al Baker , e d ., 1 975 ). l eys (

6

1. 4 R ev iew o f Med ieva l S ources f or I re land Any s tuden t o f t he med ieva l p er iod i n I re land i s i mmed ia te ly aware o f t he s carc ity o f t he c on te mporary d ocu men tary s ources wh ich s t il l r e ma in. T h is i s a product o f t he u nset tled a nd t urbu len t h istory o f t he c oun try b o th d ur ing t he med ieva l p er iod a nd l a ter .

I tc on trasts s harp ly w ith t he p os it ion i n

Eng land w here t here e x ists t he mos t c o mp lete c ol ion o f med ieva l d ocu men ts l ect i n t he w ho le o f Europe.

T ha t I re land was r u led b y t he Eng l ish Crown i n t he

Midd le Ages i s o f s o me a ss is tance t o t he p resen t-day s cho lar b ecause c op ies o f s ome o f t he d ocu men ts r e lat ing t o t he Med ieva l L ordsh ip o f I re land a re t o b e f ound i n t he P .R .O. i n L ondon . T h is d up l ica t ion o f d ocumen ts h as p roved i nva luab le s ince t he d es truc t ion o f h a l f t he P .R.O . i n Dub l in b y a r t il l ery f ire d ur ing t he C iv i l War i n 1 922.

Even t oday t he f u l e x ten t o f t he d es truc t ion l

i s n o t k nown b ecause t here a re n o l i sts o r c a lendars f or many o f t he c lasses o f d ocu men ts wh ich w ere d es troyed i n t hose f ew f a te fu l h ours i n 1 922. A t t he s ta te l eve l , d ocu men tary r eferences t o s et tle men ts , i n g enera l , a re v ery t erse , a nd t o moated s i tes , i n p ar t icu lar , t hey a re v ir tual ly n one x is ten t . S uch d ocu men ts a re c oncerned w ith t he p roceed ings o f t he v ar ious o f f icers o f t he K ing 's g overnmen t a nd j ud ic iary a nd t hus , b y t he ir v ery n ature , a re n ot c oncerned w ith s et t p at tle men t erns.

T hey h ave t o b e i n terpreted b y

t he h istor ian t o s ee wha t c an b e g leaned f rom t he m a bou t t he f euda l s ys te m o f l and ownersh ip . Because t hey a re g eneral oncerned w ith t he a fa irs o f ly c f t he t enan tsin-ch ief t hey c on ta in v ery l i t le i n forma t ion o n moa ted s i tes , a s t t he ma jor ity o f t he ir owners w ere much l ower d own i n t he h ierarchy o f t he f euda l s tate. T he ma jor c lasses o f o f ic ia l d ocu men ts a re r eferred t o i n t he b ib l iography , f s o o n ly c lasses wh ich c on ta in many r eferences t o t he c hrono logy a nd e cono my o f moa ted s i tes w il l b e r eferred t o h ere.

U sual ly t he most v a luab le s ource

a re t he I nqu is it iones P os t Mor te m wh ich w ere c o mp i led o n t he d ea th o f a t enan tin-ch ief i n o rder t o e s tab l ish wha t h e d ied p ossessed o f a nd w ha t r igh ts , r oya l o r p r iva te , e x isted .

T hese g ive i nva luab le i nforma t ion o n i nd iv idua ls

l a nd f am i l ies a l o ver I re land a nd t he e x ten t o f t he l and t ha t t hey h e ld .

I n

Eng land , s o me d e ta iled i nqu is i t ions i nc lude d escr ip t ions o f manor h ouses w ith moa ts r ound t he m .

One e xamp le i s a n i nqu is it ion o f 1 285 o f t he l ands o f Roos

d e Hame lak o f He l ms ley i n Y orksh ire , where t he c ap ita l messuages a t L in ton l o n Ouse , S torwood a nd Roose a re a l d escr ibed a s b e ing moa ted ( Le P a toure l , 1 973 , p . 2 1). I n Eng land , much o f t he i n forma t ion t ha t h as b een d iscovered a bou t t he s oc io-econo m ic f ra mework o f t he s oc iety i n t he M idd le Ages h as b een g a thered f ro m t he s urv iv ing t axa t ion r eturns , a nd f ro m s uch u n ique s ources a s Do mesday Book c o mp i led i n 1 086 ( Beresford , 1 954 ; 1 971 ).

B eres ford a nd Hurs t ,

ls o I n I re land t here o n ly e x ist t wo i nco mp lete r ol f t he E cc les ias t ica l

Taxa t ion o f Pope N icho las I V ( c . 1 303-1322 ).

T h is s ource i s f raugh t w ith

many p rob le ms o f i n terpre ta t ion b u t i s t he s o le s urv iv ing t axa t ion r eturn a nd , a s s uch , c an g ive a n i nd ica t ion o f t he w ea lth o f t he Ang lo-Norman c hurch a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he f our teen th-cen tury a nd t hus i n t urn , a n i mpress ion o f t he p opu la t ion d is tr ibut ion o f t he p er iod . ( For a ful l er d iscuss ion o f t h is s ource s ee C hap ter S ix , p p . 1 28-138 ).

7

A t t he manor ia l l eve l , t he s urv iv ing Ex ten ts a nd S urveys wh ich l i st t he h o ld ings a nd t enan ts , t he t enan ts ' d ut ies , a nd may d escr ibe t he c rops g rown a nd a n i ma ls k ep t , a re o f g rea t u se , b u t v ery f ew d eta iled d ocu men ts o f t h is c lass r e ma in f or I re land. L uck ily t here d o e x ist s o me o f t he M in is ters l Accoun ts o f t he B igod L ordsh ip o f Car low wh ich i nc lude a reas w ith in a l f our ly i c oun t ies u nder d iscuss ion , b u t e spec ial n c oun t ies Wex ford a nd C ar low . T he g rea t mass o f t hese a ccoun ts r ange f ro m t he l a te t h ir teen th t o t he e ar ly fs t f our teen th c en tur ies. T hese a ccoun ts r endered b y t he manor ia l b a i l if o l o t he B igods , t he Ear ls Marshal f Eng land , c on ta in v ery d eta i led a ccoun ts o f t he w ork ing o f t he ir manors i n I re land. F or T ipperary a nd K i lkenny , t here e x ists a c orpus o f med ieva l e x ten ts l a nd d eeds o f t he a l-power fu l Ormond f am i ly w h ich h as b een p ub l ished b y t he I r ish Manuscr ip ts C o mm iss ion . T he Red B ook o f Ormond i s t he o ldes t e x tan t I r ish f am i ly r eg ister , c on ta in ing r en ta ls a nd d eeds f rom c . 1 346 u n t i l 1 547 ( Wh ite , e d ., 1 932 ).

T he d eta iled d escr ip t ions o f t he Ang lo-Norman f euda l

l eled f s yste m o f a gr icu l ture c on ta ined i n t hese d ocumen ts i s u nparal or a ny o ther p ar t o fI re land . T h is s ource i s c o mp le men ted b y t he s ix v o lumes o f T he Ca lendar o f Ormond D eeds , wh ich d a te f ro m 172 u n t i l 1 603, a nd wh ich h ave a lso b een p ub l ished b y t he I r ish Manuscr ip ts Co mm iss ion ( Cur t is , e d ., 6 vo ls., 1 932-1943 ). A lso , t he s ubin feuda t ion o f c oun t ies Wex ford , Car low a nd K i lkenny h as b een m inu te ly d escr ibed b y Brooks f rom h is s crupu lous e xam ina t ion o f s evera l med ieva l f eodar ies ( Brooks , 1 950 ). l A l t he a bove s ources c an b e u sed i n c on junct ion w ith t he i nd ispensable f i ve v o lu mes o f Ca lendar o f D ocu men ts Re la t ing t o I re land wh ich p rov ide a u sefu l c hrono log ica l g u ide t o t he ma jor med ieva l s ources o fI re land ( Sweet man , 1 875-1886 ). 1 .5

S even teen th c entury S ources f or I re land B ecause o f t he s carc ity o f d ocu men ts o f t he med ieva l p er iod t he s ources

d a t ing t o t he s even teen th c en tury a ssu me a pos it ion o f g reat impor tance t o t he s cho lar o f med ieva l I re land .

F ur thermore , t hey p rov ide a usefu l ' ha lf-

way h ouse ' b e tween t he t h ir teen th a nd t wen t ie th c en tur ies t o c heck t he lings o s pel f p ar t icu lar p lace-na mes.

T he p lace-na mes o f med ieva l r ecords

t en d o f ten c annot b e i den t if ied b ecause t hey w ere wr it own b y a n Ang lo-Norman t ers a o r F le m ish c lerk who h ad n o I r ish . Mat re o f ten made w orse b y t he ling -it i med ieva l n eg lect o f ac ons is ten t r u le o f s pel s q u ite c o mmon t o f ind f t he s ame p lace s pe l t i n t wo d i feren t ways o n t he s a me s ide o f ad ocumen t. ly o Usual n ly a bout h a lf t he p lace-names c an b e i den t if ied w ith t he ir p resen td ay e qu iva len t.

( Cur t is , 1 953;

N ugen t , 1 955 ;

O 'Loan , 1 961, maps.)

l T he ma jor s even teen th c en tury s ources a re a l a produc t o f t he r e-conques t l, i o fI re land b y t he L ord Pro tec tor , O l iver Cromwel n 1 649. T he most imp or tan t i s t he C iv il S urvey ( 1654-1656 ) wh ich i s as urvey o f i nqu is it ion o f t he who le c oun try e xcep t f or c oun t ies C lare , G a lway , Mayo , S l igo a nd Rosco mmon , f ord S f or wh ich t he S traf urvey ( c . 1 636 ) made i n c onnec t ion w ith t he p roposed p lan ta t ion o f C onnaugh t i s a va ilab le.

Much o f t he C iv il S urvey was d es troyed

b y f ire i n 1 711, b u t l uck ily t he r ecords f or t he who le o f T ipperary , Wex ford ( excep t f or t he b arony o f F or th ), a nd t he c i ty o f K ilkenny s urv ived a nd were

8

p ub l ished among t he 1 0 v o lumes b y t he I r ish Manuscr ip ts C om m iss ion ( S im ing ton , e d., 1 931, 1 934 , 1 942 , 1 953 ). T he d eta il o f t he s urvey v ar ies ly e f rom c oun ty t o c oun ty b ut g eneral ach v o lu me c on ta ins t he e st i ma ted a rea o f e ach t own land i n ap ar ish , t he l and u se , t he l and owner , i t s 1 640 v a luat ion , ls a a nd a lso t he l oca t ion o f c hurches , c ast les , h ouses , c ab ins , m il nd w e irs. t er-day Do mesday Book b T he C iv il S urvey c an t ru ly h e c ompared t o a lat el l c ause , d esp ite a l i t s s hor tco m ings a nd i naccurac ies , i td oes a low a d eta iled tle men t ern i a na lys is o f t he s et t p at n I re land i n 1 654 t o b e made ( S i m ms , 1 955 ). F or C o. Car low , a nd most o f C o. K i lkenny f or wh ich n o C iv il S urvey s urv ives , t he Down S urvey ( 1654-6 ), wh ich w as t he mapped s urvey o f t he Co m monwea l th p er iod , i s a usefu l s upp le men tary s ource. T h is was u nder taken b y lia m P ty a S ir W il et nd i nc luded 2 2 c oun t ies. T he p ar ish maps g ive t he t ownl and n a mes , t he a rea o f t he f or fe ited t own lands , t he n ames o f t he f or fe ited p ropr ietors , a nd t he a creage o f t he f ore fe ited e s ta tes.

T he i n forma t ion i s ,

l t i n most c ases , l ess f ul han i n t he C iv i l S urvey . Two o ther s even teen th c entury s ources w ere u sed t o t race p lace-names. These w ere t he B ooks o f S urvey a nd D is tr ibu t ion ( 1641-1701) wh ich r efer t o lion l ed C l ands f or fe ited a f ter t he 1 641 r ebel , a nd t he s o-cal ensus o f 1 659 ( Pender , e d ., 1 939 ). T here i s ag rea t d anger i nheren t i n r e ly ing t oo h eav i ly o n t hese l a ter s ources.

I ti s t e mp t ing t o d o s o u n less o ne p erseveres w ith t he med ieva l

d ocumen ts wh ich c on ta in much u sefu l i n forma t ion h idden away i n o bscure c lasses o f d ocu men ts wh ich a lso c on ta in many p lace-name d if f icu l t ies. I t tle ment p t ern p c an b e s a id t hat t he s et at resen ted b y t he C iv il S urvey p reserves t ern o tle men d e ta i ls o f t he med ieva l p at f s et t w h ich w ou ld o therw ise h ave r ema ined u nknown . Wha t c annot b e a ssessed i n t he s ca le o f t he e xpans ion o r tle men t ern o tlec on trac t ion o f s et t f ro m t he o r ig ina l Ang lo-Norman p at f s et men t i n t he e ar ly t h ir teen th c entury u n t il t he m idd le o f t he s even teen th c en tury . 1 .6

Car tograph ic a nd Pho tograph ic S ources o f I nforma t ion

F ro m t he a bove r ev iew o f t he h is tor ica l s ources i tc an b e s een t hat t he amoun t wh ich i s d irect ly r e levan t t o t he s tudy o f med ieva l moa ted s i tes i s v ery l im ited .

tleT hus , a ny a pproach t owards a n u nderstand ing o f t h is t ype o f s et

men t mus t b e f irm ly b ased u pon f i e ld e v idence -the impor tance o f wh ich i s t he g rea ter i n I re land b ecause o f t he p resen t l ack o f a rchaeo log ica l i nves t igat t i on o f t hese s i tes. Yet t he s ur face morpho logy o f s uch s i tes i n t he l a ter l o h al f t he t wen t ieth c en tury , 7 00 y ears o r s o a f ter t he ir c onstruc t ion , h as , l f i n many c ases u ndergone s evere mod if ica t ion . A l t hese d i f icu l t ies mus t b e b orne i n m ind i fa n o b ject ive s tudy b ased u pon f i e ld e v idence i s t o b e u ndert aken ( Le P a toure l , 1 973 ). T he b eg inn ing o f a ny a ssess men t o f t he d is tr ibut ion o f moa ted s i tes o n a n a t iona l s ca le must b e w ith t he f irs t e d it ion o f t he Ordnance S urvey maps , mapped a t t he s ca le o f 6 " t o t he m i le ( 1832-1840 ). T h is e d it ion i s o f v a lue t ern o b ecause i td ep icts t he d is tr ibu t iona l p at f moa ted s i tes , p r ior t o t he e xtle men t ens ive r eorgan isa t ion o f s et t a nd f i e ld b oundar ies a f ter t he G rea t Fam ine ( 1845-47 );

a nd t he i n tens ive a gr icu lture o f more r ecen t y ears. T hese

9

t wo p rocesses r esu lted i n t he d es truct ion o f many e ar thworks , i nc lud ing moa ted s i tes.

T he d eta i l o f a l l t he e ar thworks o n t he f i rst e d it ion b ears t he

impr in t o f d if feren t s urveyors who t ended t o s tress o r om it wha t t hey s aw a ccord ing t o t he ir p ersona l i n teres ts ( Andrews , 1 974 ).

Thus t he p rogra m me

o f f i e ld-work u nder taken b y t he p resen t wr iter h as s hown t hat t he s hape o f t he p ar t icu lar e ar thwork i s more c orrect i n t he s econd e d it ion t han i n i t s p redecess or ( see b e low p p . 4 4-73 ). True r epresen ta t ion o f s hape i s o f p aramoun t i mpor tance i n d i f feren t iat ing b etween a r ing-for t a nd a moa ted s i te. T he s econd e d it ion was a lso c onsu lted t o a ssess t he d estruc t ion r ate o f moa ted s i tes s ince t he 1 840s.

T h is e d it ion a nd i t s r ev is ions a re d ated t o d i f feren t

p er iods i n t he f our c oun t ies :

TABLE 1 T he Ed it ions o f t he S ixInch Ordnance S urvey Maps o f S ou th-East I reland

F irst Ed it ion

1 839 ;

1 873-74

S econd E d it ion

Rev is ions

1 905-1906

1 938-1939

1 839

1 899-1902

1 947

T ipperary

1 840-1841

1 901-1905

1 938;

Wex ford

1 839-1840

1 902-1905

1 939-1940

Car low K ilkenny

1 953

1 921-1922

I t was f ound t ha t t he s econd e d it ion w as s l igh t ly more a ccurate i n l oca t ing t he a c tua l n u mber o f moa ted s i tes , a l though i n a nu mber o f c ases a few i sol a ted moa ted s i tes a ppeared t o h ave b een o ver looked b y t he Ordnance s urveyors. T he 2 5" t o t he m i le O .S . s heets w ere a lso c onsu l ted i n o rder t o g a in a ccura te p lans o f s i tes , i nc lud ing s evera l w h ich h ave s ince b een d estroyed . T he c ar tograph ic e v idence c an b e s upp lemented t o s ome e x ten t b y r efere nce t o a er ia l p ho tographs. Un l ike Eng land , t here i s n o c o mp lete p ho tograph ic c over t he who le o fI re land wh ich i s a va i lab le t o t he g enera l r esearcher . T here e x is ts a c omp lete R .A . er t ica l c over f or Nor thern I re land a nd a F .v French c o mpany i s a t p resen t e ngaged i n p ho tograph ing ( ver t ical t a he igh t ly a o f 4 ,600 metres ) t he who le o f t he Repub l ic o fI re land o n b eha l f o f t he G eo log ica l S urvey . T he p resen t v er t ica l p hotograph ic a ir c over t aken b y t he Army A ir C orps , i s a va ilab le a t t he o f f ices o f t he G eo log ica l S urvey o fI re land , a nd i s a pproximate ly a t t he s ca le o f 6 " t o 1 m ile.

T he ma jor ity o f p ho tographs w ere

t aken o ver t he c oas ta l r eg ions o f I re land b u t t here a re a few s cat t ered r uns i n land .

T he d ef in it ion i s o n t he who le v ery g ood , b ut t he s ca le i s n o t r eal ly

l arge e nough t o p rov ide a n a ccura te p lan o f a m oa ted s i te.

1 0

T hey a re

impor tan t i n r evea l ing t he s ources o f t he wa ter f or t he moa ts , a nd t he r e lat ionsh ip o f moa ted s i tes t o o ther e ar thworks. T here a re a lso s evera l t housand l owlevel o b l ique a er ia l p ho tographs t aken b y S t . J oseph , f or t he C ambr idge Com m it or Aer ia l Photography . t ee f The l arge s ca le a nd t he a dvan tages o f t he o b l ique a ng le r evea l much more o f t he c omp lex it ies o f t he morpho logy o f moa ted s i tes , a s c an b e s een i n h is p hotograph o f t he e xcava t ion a t K i l magoura , C o. Cork ( P la te 1 ) . T h is e xcavat ion p roduced v ery t enuous e v idence o f b u i ld ings o n t he p la t form a nd v ery f ew f inds , b u t t he w ood f ro m a poss ib le e n trance b r idge p roduced a C1 4 d a te o f A .D . 1 225 ± 7 0 ( G lasscock , 1 968, p p . 1 96-7 ).

A lso , a ir p ho tographs r evea l t he

c rop-marks t races o f moa ted s i tes , wh ich h ave b een p loughed o u t a nd a re t here fore n o t v is ib le f ro m g round l eve l , a s c an b e s een i n t he a ir p hotograph o f P owerstown Eas t , C o. K i lkenny ( K43 ) ( P la te 2 ) . 1 .7

T he F ie ld Area

T he f our c oun t ies o f C ar low , K i lkenny , T ipperary a nd Wex ford w ere i n it ial hosen f or d e ta i led s tudy b ecause G lasscock 's mapped d is tr ibu t ion o f ly c ' rec tangu lar e ar thworks ' h ad s hown t ha t t he d enses t d istr ibu t ion w as i n t h is c o mpac t a rea ( F igs. 1 and 1 8 ).

O ut o f a to ta l o f 7 50 s uch e ar thworks mapped

f or t he e n t ire c oun try , t h is a rea c on ta ined o ver h a lf o f t he t o ta l n umber 382 s i tes . T h is a rea a lso h as d ense d istr ibu t ions o f o ther f orms o f Ang lo-Norman s et t f ea tures s uch a s c as t les a nd n uc lea ted t owns a nd v i lages. A l f our tlemen l l c oun t ies a lso c on ta in a h igh p ropor t ion o f Eng l ish , a s w el s p robab le l a F le m ish a nd Ang lo-Norman t own land n a mes , wh ich c ou ld r ef lect t he i mpac t o f t he N orman s et t ( see b e low Chap ter 6 , pp. tle men

1 54-157 ). C o. Wex ford

was t he l oca t ion o f t he o r ig ina l Ang lo-Norman i nvas ion o fI re land , a nd u n t il v ery r ecen t ly , t he b aron ies o f F or th a nd Bargy , i n t he s outh o f t he c oun ty , r eta ined r e mnan ts o f t he ir p ecu l iar Ang lo-French d ia lec t ( Praeger , 1 937 , p p. 2 98-99 ).

The s urv iv ing med ieva l d ocumen ts a re a lso more c o mp le te f or

t he a rea t han f or a ny o ther r eg ion , a par t f ro m C o. Mea th ( Kev in Down i n a p ersona l c o m mun ica t ion , 7 th D ece mber , 1 971). T here i s v ery l i t t le a rchaeo log ica l e v idence f or moa ted s i tes i n t he f i e ld a rea b u t t h is i s t he c ase f or t he w ho le o f I re land a s o n ly o ne s i te h as s o f ar b een e xcava ted , K i l magoura i n Co. C ork ( G lasscock , 1 968 ).

T o b e u sefu l i n

a ny s et tle men t s tudy s evera l s i tes i n ap ar t icu lar a rea w ou ld h ave t o b e e xcavated. On t h is b as is t he a bsence o f e xcava ted s i tes w ith in t he f i e ld a rea i s n o t as er ious d isadvan tage i n t he c on tex t o fI re land a s aw ho le. T he o n ly l oca l f i e ld s tudy o f moa ted s i tes i n I re land , b efore t h is p resen t monograph , was a lso c o mp leted i n t he s tudy a rea .

T h is was t he s urvey o f moa ted s i tes

i n C o . Wex ford u nder taken b y Hadden a nd J ef f rey ( Hadden , 1 968 ). T he f our c oun t ies i nc luded i n t h is s tudy f orm a c onven ien t ly c on t iguous g eograph ica l u n it o f 9 ,616 s q. km , e x tend ing f ro m Wex ford o n t he e ast c oast o fI re land , w estwards t hrough Car low a nd K i lkenny , a nd o n i n to T ipperary . The f i rst t hree c oun t ies a re i n t he Prov ince o f L e inster , wh i le T ipperary i s i n t he Prov ince o f Muns ter . A l l o f t he a rea a par t f ro m t ha t p or t ion o f Co.

1

P la te 1 :

K ilmagoura med ieva l moa ted s i te , C o. C ork . G .R. 2 1R 4 67213. A s t h is s i te i s c leared f or e xcavat ion t he o ut l ine o f t he c en tral p lat for m a nd t he moa t c an c lear ly b e s een . b ank i s b u i l tu p a t e ach c orner .

No te t ha t t he i nterna l

tom T he n or th p o in t i s a t t he b ot

r igh t o f t h is p hotograph .

P la te 2 :

P owers town Eas t med ieva l moa ted s i te , C o . K i lkenny ( K43 ). G .R. 1 9S 6 78512. T h is p loughed o u t s i te o n ly s hows u p a s ac rop- mark o n a ir p ho tographs. T he n or th p o in t i s a t t he t op o f t he p ho tograph. B oth p ho tographs ( ATD 6 7 a nd AVL 6 5 ) a re b y Professor J . K . S . S t . J oseph ( Ca mbr idge Un ivers ity C ol l ec t ion :

c opyr igh t r eserved ).

l T ipperary n or th o f T e mp le more, f a ls w ith in Orme 's c a tegory o f ' t he p hys ica lter e l y b et ndowed l ands o f t he s ou th a nd e as t ' ( Orme , 1 970 , p . 2 ) . I n t erms o f e vo lu t ion , t h is a rea c onta ins t he t hree ma in r e l ief c a tegor ies t ha t o ccur i n I re land : t he Knock : rnea ldown moun ta in r e mnan ts d er ived f rom t he e ar l ier Ca inozo ic l andscapes r ear u p t o 7 85 m f rom t he d r if t- man t led l T ipperary l ow lands s haped b y l a ter Ca inozo ic p lan ta t ion , o n ly t o f a l away ly a e qual brup t ly s ou thwards o n t o t he 1 83 m h igh l a te C a inozo ic s ur face, i n to l ey i wh ich t he B lackwa ter v al s d eep ly i nc ised ( F igs. 2 and 3 ). C o. Wex ford o ccup ies a n a rea o f 2 ,364 s q. km i n t he e x tre me s ou th-eas t o f I reland a nd c an b e d iv ided i n to f our p hys iograph ic s ubd iv is ions ( F ig . 3 ) . T he n or thern a nd n or th-western p ort ions o f t he c oun ty a re p ar t o f t he L e ins ter Moun ta in Range w ith t he t hree p r inc ipa l s umm its b e ing Moun t L e ins ter ( 769 m ) , B lacksta irs ( 735 m ) a nd Croghan ( 703 m ). T h is r ange i s p ar t o f t he Ca ledon ian F or ma t ions a nd i s c o mpr ised ma in ly o f g ran ites , w ith many modera te ly s teep s lopes.

T he c en tra l r eg ion i s c o mpr ised o f l owly ing l ands

w ith g en t le s lopes a nd e leva t ion r ang ing f rom 7 6 m t o 2 28 m. T he s o ils a re ma in ly Brown Ear ths , a nd s o me Brown P odzo l ics s uch a s t he C lonroche s er ies. f T hese f r iab le , e as i ly w orked a nd f ree d ra in ing s o ils o fer n atura l a dvan tages u nder c urren t manur ia l a nd manage men t t echn iques f or t he p roduc t ion o f b ar ley , whea t , o a ts , s ugar-bee t a nd o ther r oo t a nd v ege tab le c rops.

Th is

a rea i s d ra ined b y t he R iver S laney a nd i t s t r ibu tar ies t he Urr in , B oro a nd Bann ( F ig . 1 0 ). T he s outhern a nd e as tern p or t ion o f t he c oun ty i s c o mpr ised o f a lowl y ing t rac t o f l and l y ing b e low t he 7 6 m c on tour l i ne. I t s tretches f ro m G orey , i n t he n or th , i n a6 -7 km w ide b e l t a long t he e ast c oas t , a nd f ans o u t t o o ccupy mos t o f t he s ou th-eastern a nd s ou thern p ar ts o f t he c oun ty ( F ig . 2 ) . T h is i s a n a rea o f g en t le s lopes , e xcep t w es t o f Wex ford t own where t he F or th Moun ta ins s tand o u t a s h igh a s 2 38 m O .D . o n t h is u ndu la t ing l ow land .

T he

s outh-wes tern e nd o f t h is a rea i s d ra ined s outhwards b y t he R ivers B arrow l r a nd S u ir , wh i le t he s outh-eas tern a reas a re d ra ined b y s evera l smal ivers o r s trea ms , e ach h av ing a n i ndependen t w ater b as in ( F ig . 1 0 ).

T h is a rea

c on ta ins a m ix ture o f G leys , Grey-Brown P odzo l ic s o i ls , a nd Brown Ear ths. l ly t T here a re s evera l t i lage f arms h ere , b u t g eneral he s o i ls a re more s u ited t o p as ture. On t he n or th-eas t c oas t t here i s a n a rea o f h eavy c lay-r ich G leys w ith p oor d ra inage , k nown a s t he Maca mores. H ere c o mp lete d ra inage l ed b p ro jects f or t he who le d is tr ict a re c on trol y t he D epar tmen t o f Agr icu lture. ly ls ( F inal , o n t he e as tern c oas t o f t he c oun ty t here a re t he S creen H il F ig . 3 ) nd K et ' t opography o f t he tle where t he l andscape i s d om ina ted b y t he ‚Kame a We ichse l G lac ia t ion .

T h is a rea i s made u p o f mora in ic a nd f l uv iog lac ia l

s ands a nd g rave ls , wh ich a re e xcess ive ly d ra ined. T he s o ils a re t hus o f l ow n atura l f er t i l ity b u t r espond w el o l imes a nd manures. Even o n f avourl t a b le s lopes , r ush ( Juncus ) i n fes ta t ion c an b e as evere p rob le m.

T he ma in

a gr icu ltura l a c t iv ity i s p as tora l f arm ing , b u t s o me e ar ly p o tatoes a nd v eget ab les a re a lso g rown . C o. Car low l i es t o t he s ou th a nd s ou th-eas t o f Co. Wex ford , a nd h as a n a rea o f 8 96 s q. km . T here a re f ive ma in p hys iograph ic r eg ions. T he Barrow v al x tends f ro m t he K i ldare b oundary i n t he n or th t o a s f ar s ou th l ey e a s G oresbr idge, a nd i s c haracter ised b y r ol ow land t opography b e low ling l

1 4

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C -CARLO W K -K IL KEN NY T - T IP PERARY W - WEX ORD F ig. 1 :

L oca t ion o f F ield Area

6 1 m 0 .D.

l ey i T he v al s d om ina ted b y Brown Ear th s o i ls w ith s o me g le3 r ing

the A thy C o mp lex s er ies.

I t s p aren t ma ter ia l i s made u p o f f l uv io-g lac ia l

g ravels c ompr ised ma in ly o f l imestöne w ith s o me s ands tone a nd g ran ite. The a rea i s i mper fect ly d ra ined , b ut i s s u itab le t o ar ange o f f arm , f ru it a nd v ege tab le c rops ( F ig . 3 ) .

T he e n t ire c en tra l a rea o f t h is c oun ty i s a n i n ter-

ling t med ia te r eg ion o f u ndu lat ing t o r ol opography ( 6 1 m-224 m O .D .). These l ow lands w ith t he ir modera te a nd g en t le s lopes h ave d eve loped o ver a n e x tens ive g ran ite i n trus ion . The s o ils a re ma in ly A c id Brown E ar ths a nd r ela ted Brown P odzo l ics. T he w estern p ar t o f t h is r eg ion i s d ra ined b y t he Barrow , w h i le t he e ast i s d ra ined b y t he S laney a nd i t s t r ibu tar ies :

t he

Derreen , t he Doug las , t he C lashaney , t he D erry a nd t he C lody . M ixed f armi ng i s t he ma in a gr icu l tura l a ct iv ity o f t he r eg ion . T hrough t he c en tre o f t h is r eg ion i s t he r e la t ive ly e levated Nurney R idge , a lso c o mposed o f g ran ite , wh ich h as a n or th-east/south-west o r ien ta t ion ( F ig . 3 ). ling t r ol opography b etween 1 22 m a nd 2 06 m 0 .D.

T h is i s a n a rea o f

I n t he e x tre me w es t o f t he c oun ty i s t he C as t leco mer P la teau ( 122 m3 32 m 0 .D. ) ( F ig . 3)w ith a topography v ary ing f ro m u ndu la t ing o n t op o f t he p la teau t o modera te ly s teep o n t he e as tern s lopes. T h is p la teau i s c o mposed o f Upper Carbon iferous b lack s ha les a nd g rey mudstones , w ith s ome b eds o f s ands tone. s tone.

T he s teep s carp o n t he e astern s ide i s c apped b y t he u pper s and-

T he s carp f ades o u t t owards O ld le igh l in , where a n o uter s carp , c apped

b y t he l ower f l ags tones , f orms t he f ace o f t he p la teau . These s of ter r ocks f o f t he Cast leco mer P la teau w ere a fec ted b y t he S aa le C lae ia t ion s o t i l L it t he l t g lac ia l t i l i s made u p o f l oca l s ha les a nd s andstones w ith o n ly a l i t le l imes tone.

T he G ley s o i ls o f t h is a rea a re p oor ly d ra ined , o f o rgan ic c lay l oa m

t ex ture a nd o f l ow b ase s ta tus.

B ecause o f t he ir a dverse p hys ica l p roper t ies

ly u l t hey a re g eneral nsu itab le f or t i lage.

W ith a r t if ic ia l d ra inage , a nd w ith

l ime a nd f er t i l iser u se , t hey h ave a p oten t ia l f or g rass p roduc t ion .

l A smal

p ar t o f t h is p la teau i s d ra ined b y t he D in in , a tr ibutary o f t he R iver N ore. T o t he s ou th-eas t o f t he c oun ty o n t he b order w ith Wex ford , t here a re t he B lacksta irs Moun ta ins w ith modera te ly t o s teep ly s lop ing t opography u p t o 7 00 m 0 .D . B ecause o f t he s teep s lopes a nd c ons iderab le e leva t ion o f t h is l l a a rea , h i l p ea t a nd l i thoso ls , a s w el s s ome l eached p odzo ls a re t o b e f ound h ere.

l A l t hese s o i ls h ave a v ery l im ited u se-range , b e ing o n ly s u ited t o

f orestry o r e x tens ive g raz ing . C o. K i lkenny , wh ich i s t o t he s ou th o f C o. C ar low , c overs a n a rea o f 2 ,061 s q. km. T he c en tra l l ow land r eg ion o f t he c oun ty o f g en t ly u ndu la t ing t opography n owhere r is ing t o more t han 1 22 m 0 .D ., i s d ra ined b y t he S u ir a nd Nore r ivers ( F igs. 3 and 8 )

l an i I te x tends f ro m C al n t he s ou th t o

Bagena ls town o n t he r iver Barrow t o t he n or th-east o f t he c oun ty .

P oor ly

d ra ined G leys o ccur o n t he l ower g round , w h i le t he f ree ly d ra ined s o i ls a re l t o b e f ound o n t he more f avourab le s lopes. A luv ia l s o i ls o ccur i n t he r iver l eys. v al

ling t P oor ly d ra ined G leys a lso o ccur o n r ol opography , p ar t icu lar ly

i n t he w est o f t he a rea w here t he p aren t ma ter ia l i s r a ther d ense a nd i mpermeab le d ue t o t he p resence o f as ubstan t ia l p ropor t ion o f t he c oa l b ear ing s ha les , g r its a nd f l ags tones. Most o f t h is a rea i s g iven u p t o m ixed f ar m ing . Th is a rea i s e nc losed o n t he n or th b y t he C ast leco mer P la teau ( 275 m-330 m 0 .D .) , as ync l ina l b as in w ith s ands tones a nd s ha les o n i t s marg ins , a nd c oa l measures i n t he c en tre.

l - marked s T he a rea a lso h as many wel carps , a nd

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a ; 4 . , . , .

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LOCAT ION AND MORPHOLOGY

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S upra , No. 9 2.

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L oca ted o n n orth-west

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APPE NDIX 2

THE RECTANGULAR R ING-FORTS OF SOUTH-EASTERN I RELAND

29 2

i

Co . K i lkenny

Co . Car lc

C )

C C l

‚ , 4

Re moved b e tween 1

R ing-for t w i th s quared c orners.

LOCATION AND MORPHOLOGY

•

" C S v4

C ' e 1 -c i )

C l

. 4

C O

C l Cl

0 0

C l

230

C D ( X ) Cl

CO

C O C O

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C O C O C O

c a a )

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C D.3 C D

C . 0

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a ) t-

C e

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g c t 1

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o o

Z oo

0 c o

r i p

C e CD

r n c' e icn c n Ut .

c d c o

; I

M

u p

t r z

2 31

R ing-for t w i th t wo s quar ish e nds.

Bul ince 1 903 . l dozed s

L oca ted o n n or th-east f acing s lope .

L oca ted o n s l igh ty s ou th-east f ac ing s lope .

ABBREV IAT ION U SED I N THE B IBLIOGRAPHY

Agr . H ist . R .

Agr icu ltura l H istory Rev iew .

A nn . N ew York Acad . S e i.

Anna ls o f t he N ew York A cade my o f S c ience .

Archaeo l . C an t iana

Archaeo log ia C an t ians.

Archaeo l . J n .

Archaeo log ica l J ourna l.

B ul le t in G .S .I . H. S .

B ul le t in o f t he G roup f or t he S tudy o f I r ish H istor ic S et tle men t .

Con tr . L ab . Vertebr . B io l. U n iv .

C on tr ibut ion o ft he L abora tory o f

M ich .

Ver tebra te B io logy a t t he U n ivers ity o f M ich igan .

Cork H ist . S oc. J n .

J ourna l o f t he C ork H istor ica l a nd Archaeo log ica l S oc iety .

Down a nd Connor H ist . S oc. J n .

Down a nd Connor H istor ica l S oc ie ty J ourna l .

Econ . H ist . Rev .

E cono m ic H istory Rev iew .

E .H .R .

Eng l ish H istor ica l Rev iew .

F lin ts H ist . S oc . Pub l.

F lin tsh ire H istor ica l S oc ie ty P ub l ica t ion .

I . H. S .

I r ish H istor ica l S tud ies.

I r ish E cc l . Record .

I r ish E cc lesiast ica l Record .

I r . J n . Agr . E con . Rur . S ocio l.

I r ish J ourna l o f Agr icu ltura l E cono m ics a nd R ura l S oc io logy .

I .M .C.

I r ish Manuscr ip ts Co m m iss ion .

J n . B r it ish Arch . A ssoc .

J ourna l o ft he B r i t ish Archaeo log ica l A ssoc ia t ion .

J . R .S .A .I .

J ourna l o f t he Roya l S oc ie ty o f An t iquar ies o f I re land .

K i ldare Arch . S oc. J n .

J ourna l o f t he Coun ty K i ldare A rchaeo log ica l S ocie ty .

L incs. Arch i t . a nd Archaeo l. S oc . Repor ts a nd Papers.

L inco lnsh ire Arch itectura l a nd A rchaeo log ica l S oc ie ty Repor ts a nd Papers.

Med . Arch .

Med ieva l Archaeo logy .

2 32

P roc. Cambs. An t iq . S oc.

P roceed ings o ft he Cambr idge An t iq uar ian S oc ie ty .

R .I .A . P roc.

Proceed ings o ft he Roya l I r ish A cade my .

R .I .A . T rans.

T ransact ions o f t he Roya l I r ish A cade my .

T rans. B ir m . Arch . S oc .

T ransact ions o f t he B ir m ingham Archa eo log ica l S oc ie ty .

T rans. B r isto l a nd G loucester

T ransact ions o f t he B r isto l a nd

A rch . S oc .

G loucestersh ire Archaeo log ica l S oc ie ty .

T rans. E ast Her ts. Arch . S oc .

T ransact ions o f t he East Her t fordsh ire Archaeo log ica l S oc ie ty .

T rans. K i lkenny Arch . S oc .

T ransact ions o f t he K i lkenny A rchaeo log ica l S oc ie ty .

T rans. D u mfr ies a nd F anoway N a t . H is t . a nd An t iq . S oc.

T ransac t ions o f t he Du mfr ies a nd l oway Na Gal tura l H istory a nd An t iquar ian S oc iety .

U .J .A .

U lster J ourna l o f A rchaeo logy .

Wa terford Arch . S oc . J.

J ourna l o f t he Wa terford a nd S ou th-east o f I re land Archaeo log ica l S oc ie ty .

2 33

B IBLIOGRAPHY

P r i mary S ources ( a )

Unpub l ished

Armagh P ub l ic L ibrary Reeve MSS ( Sa fe) Ar magh ;

T ranscr ip t o f t he E cc lesiast ica l T axa t ion o f

l fice Pope N icho las I V f or I re land f ro m t he r o ls i n t he Pub l ic Record Of , L ondon . Na t iona l Museu m , Dub l in Na t iona l Monu men ts F i le .

T opograph ica l ma ter ia l, Co . Car low , Co .

K i lkenny , Co . T ipperary , a nd Co . Wex ford . ly a rranged a lphabe t ical .

F ie ld monu men ts a nd f i nds

Ordnance S urvey , Dub l in Name-books c o mp i led b y J ohn 0 ' Donovan ; Co . T ipperary , a nd Co . Wexford .

Co . Car low , Co . K i lkenny ,

f Pub l ic Record O f ice , D ub lin R .C. 1 5/2 ; Rega l V is ita t ions o f 1 615. Ms . 2 a . 2 .2 ; 2 a .2 .12 . o f S urvey a nd D istr ibu t ion : C o . Car low a nd Co . K i lkenny .

Books o f

f Pub l ic Record O f ice , L ondon C . 4 7/9/20 ; 1 -6.

l any Chancery M iscel .

1 0/ 17 No . 1 4.

E cc lesiast ica l Taxa t ion o f Pope N icho las I V .

E . 1 01/233/21 N os. S .C. 6 / 1237-1239 .

M in is ter ' sAccoun ts. Roya l I r ish Acade my , Dub lin RR . 5 6.E.

t ers c O rdnance S urvey L et on ta in ing i n for ma t ion o n t he a n t i-

q u it ies o f Co. Car low , Co. K i lkenny , C o. T ipperary a nd Co. Wex ford. ( b )

Pub l ished

B rooks, E . S t . J ., e d ., 1 950.

K n igh t ' s fees i n c oun t ies Wex ford , C ar low a nd

K i lkenny , 1 3 th-15 th C entury ;

w i th c o mmen tary , I r ish Manuscr ip ts

Co m m ission , Dub lin . B rooks , E . S t . J ., e d ., 1 950.

The I r ish C artu lar ies o f L lan thony Pri ma

&S ecunda , I .M .C . ,Dub lin . B u t ler , R ., e d ., 1 849 .

The Anna ls o f I re land b y F r iar J ohn C lyn a nd Thady

Dow ling , Dub l in . ls Ca lendar o f C lose Rol , 1 318-23, e d . W. H . S tevenson , L ondon , 1 895. Ca lendar o f Docu men ts Re la t ing t o I re land , e d . H . S . Sweetman , 5V o ls., L ondon , 1 875-86. Ca lendar o fI nqu is it ions P ost Mor te m a nd o ther a na logous d ocumen ts p reserved i n t he P ub l ic Record O f f ice , L ondon , L ondon , 1 904.

2 34

Ca lendar o f J ust ic iary Rol ls , I re land , Vo ls. I( 1295-1303) a nd I ( 1305-7) e d . J . M il l s, Dub lin , 1 90 -14 ;

Vo l. I I ( 1308-14) e d . M .C. G r if fi th ,

Dub l in , 1 956. ls o Ca lendar o f Pa ten t a nd C lose Rol f Chancery i n I re land , e d . J . Morr in , 3v o ls., Dub l in , 1 861-1863. Cambrens is, G ira ldus, E xpugna t io H ibern ica , G ira ld i Cambrensis , O pera ,

V , e d ., J .F . D i mock , L ondon , 1 876. " Area , Popu la t ion a nd Number o f h ouses" , Vo l. I ,

C ensus o f I re land , 1 861, L e inster ,;

Vo l. I , Muns ter , Dub l in , 1 863 .

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2 47