Syriac Grammar with Bibliography, Chrestomathy and Glossary [Revised, Enlarged] 1579109640, 9781579109646

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PORTA

ORIENTALIUM LINGUARUM INCHOAVIT

J. H. PETERMANN CONTINUAVIT

HERM. L. STRACK.

ELEMENTA LINGUARUM TARG UMICAE, HEBRAICAE, PHOENICIAE, BIBLICO-ARAMAICAE, SAMARITANAE, SYRIACAE, ARABICAE, AETHIOPICAE, ARMENIACAE, COPTICAE, AEGYPTIACAE, ASSYRIACAE, PERSICAE, TURCICAE, ALIARUM

STUDIIS ACADE~1ICIS ACCOJ\HWDA VERUNT

J. H. PETERMANN, H. L. STRACK, E. NESTLE, A. SOCIN, F. PRAETORIUS, AD. MERX, AUG. MUELLER, FRIEDR. DELITZSCH, C. SALEMAN, W. SHUKOWSKI, G. JACOB, ALU.

PARS V.

GRAM~IATICASYRIACA EDITIO

ALTERA

AUCTA ET El!EXDATA SCRlPSI'l'

DR. EBERARDUS

NESTLE.

SYRIACGRAMMAR W[TH

CHRESTOMA.THY AND GLOSSA.RY

BIBLIOGRA.PHY,

BY

DR. EBERHARD NES'rLB. SECOND

BREVIS

ENL.\RGED

SYRIAC~E GR,DDL\.TlCA.

LINGU.E

TRANSLATED

ARCHD. I'llOl·',

EDITION

AND UIPROVED

FRU)l

TUE

GElUIAN

B. D.,

R. 8. KENNEDY,

Ol" ORIEXTAL

LA:-;Gt",\GES,

uxn·.

OF AllEIUJEEX.

Wipf and Stock Publishers EUGENE, OREGON

Wipf and Stock Publishers 199 West 8th Avenue, Suite 3 Eugene, Oregon 97401 Syriac Grammar with Bibliography,Chrestomathyand Glossary By Nestle, Eberhard ISBN: 1-57910-964-0 Publicationdate 5/15/2002 Previously published by H. Reuther's Verlagsbuchhandlung,1889

PREFACE TO THE GERMAN EDITION. Had I alone been concerned, I should not have undertaken a new edition of the Syriac Porta. For what we need for Syriac, as for most other Semitic languages, is the investigation of special questions, linguistic, historic and other, similar to those which de Lagarde has given us on the figtree and Astarte or We 11ha use n on the remains of Arabic heathendom, and not fresh presentations of what everybody know~. Moreover, since the appearance of the first edition ( 1881), I have ceased to have occasion to lecture on Syriac. On the other hand, the speedy sale of my book showed me that it really supplied a want, and accordingly I have done what I could for the new edition. Like other parts of the Porta, the Syriac grammar no longer appears in Latin but in German and English-which explains the arrangement of the second half of the book. The part comprising the Grammar, notwithstamling the addition of a few observations on the Syntax, occupies less space than in I thought the first edition. As regards the Biblio,r;rapl1y,

VI

PREFACE,

first of omitting almost entirely sections I and II (pp. 3-30), retaining only such books as are still of importance; finally, however, I resolved to make the bibliography in these and the other divisions as complete as possible. Somewhere, it seems to me, one ought to find such a record of the labours of our predecessors. Up to p. 30, books which I have not seen myself are indicated as before by an asterisk. The difficulties with which I had to contend, in having to work at a distance from a library, can only be understood by those who are similarly situated; even Klatt's Bibliography was not accessible. On the other hand I have here to thank a number of friends, particularly abroad, most of them personally unknown to me, who have helped me by sending me their publications, a number of which will be found in the "appendicula"; I would specially thank Prof. I. H. Hall of New York for the aid he has rendered me in the Bibliography. This section of the book, large enough as it is, I could easily have increased in one direction at least, for I have made a practice of noting down all the reviews with which I have become acquainted; of these, however, I have only occasionally cited one or two, it being still worth while to see, for example, what a scholar like de Sacy had to say to the elder Hoffmann in 11 pages of the Journal des Savants. From A. Muller's new Oriental Bibliography (I, 1-3) I might have added a few more titles; I mention the

!'REFACE,

VII

:F., following as having been overlooked: Baethgen, Siebenzehn makkabaische Psalmen nach Theodor von Gabriel, Cardahi, Mopsuestia ZfclatW. 87, 1-60; Vol. 1 [ConAl-Lo bab. Dictionnaire syriaque-arabe. Beyrouth, impr. tient les onze premieres lettres.l W., Notulae catholique 1887. fr. 30. - Wright, Syriacae [Cambridge] Christmas 1887. "Only 150 15 pages. copies printed for private circulation.'' In the Chrestomathy I have retained the first four chapters of Genesis, notwithstanding the objections raised by Socin; such translations are exceptionally well adapted for a comparative study both of the vocabulary and of the grammar (with the exception of the Syntax), in the same way as the four versions of the Psalter so conveniently arranged by de Lagarde for Arabic. A systematic comparison of the versions of the bible would give us more and fuller information concerning the relation of the Semitic idioms, as regards their respective vocabularies, than the stray observations and notes on which we have hitherto had to rely. - The extract from the N. T. occupies more space with the Leipzig types, than I could calculate from the American impression from which it is taken; still an extract pointed in this way was needed to familiarise the student with the particularly the distinction Nestorian punctuation, between :i and e, e. In this edition I have given the Vitce Prophetarttm

VIII

PRE]'ACE,

in full, notwithstanding their. somewhat unattractive contents. With regard to these fragments it has quite recently been suggested that the Syriac texts are the original, the Greek texts only a translation. The latter, in different recensions as in Syriac, will be found-not reckoning the editions of Epiphanius (e. g. Migne vol. 43, not in Dindorf's edition)-in Tischendorf's Anecdota 110, in the Journ. of the Exeget. Society 1887, I ff. by Hall; best, however, in the cod. vat. 2125 (Marchalianus !). Of the legends of the .finding of the Cross I give two new recensions with appendix, for which I am indebted to the kindness of Wright, Mart in and Bickell. I still hope to fulfil the promise I made in the preface to the first edition, to publish a collection of the various fragments. I have left the text precisely as it is given •in the manuscripts; e. g. in 113, 12. 116, 57. 117, 78. 124, 222. 131, 76. The extracts in the first edition from Jacob of Edessa (Severus) and Daniel of Salach, I have here omitted as being too difficult; all the words of the first edition, howeYer, have been retained in the glossary, which has in consequence become more comprehensive, and has unfortunately, I cannot doubt, brought with it many of the mistakes of the earlier edition. There will also, no doubt, be things in the grammar which need change or correction [v. below]. In § 3 I regret not to have done Jacob of Edessa the

IX

PREFACE,

honour to adduce his mnemonic sentence """'~ ~k ~l ... (BH Gr. 1, 194/5); for the Nestorian cf. de Lagarde, Mittheilungen 2, 27. 183 .... Nestorian 'Abdfso' (p. 25, n. 1) appears to stand under Arabic influence. § 25, 3 b cf. de Lagarde, Agathangelus 133, n. 2, where, however, the influence of r seems to be overlooked . . . I hope also, that the printing, which, towards the close, had to be clone very hastily, will be found pretty correct.

~;ot

Ulm a. D., 18. April 1888.

The English edition of the Syriac Grammar has hacl the . benefit of a revision of the proofs by Prof. G. Hoffmann of Kiel. Some of his remarks have already been inserted in the text, others I am allowed to put together here:

§ 2. The name Estrangela grournl of Fihrist

H. explains on the 1, 12, 11 )l..~;-h,wl= atponuA7l

(zetp) i. e. the oldest bookwriting as opposed to still older forms of writing e. g. the Y!:l"1'r.l::ili~ of the stone...

\

:

T

:

inscriptions. The passages of Bar Ali and Bar Bahlul (Payne Smith) go all back to lso'bar Nun of the 9th cent., who already combined Estrang(e)laya with "Evangelium", hut wrongly, because he did not under-

X

PREf'ACE,

stand the word. k;;..i:o meaning "Linear- oder Kritzelschrift'' has nothing to do with it. Paule (sic) bar 'Anqa of Edessa (,,.\il; the Arabic name of the bird Phoenix), perhaps a brother of the Petros bar 'Anqa, who is known as a copyist of MSS. in the 6th and 7th centuries (Wright, Catal. 4 74) seems to have written in the i..;~ 1;~0..~,propably a cloister of the Capp a clo c i ans (of Armenia, v. de Lagarde, A bhandlungen 254), from which this mode of writing has also the name 1~..;~ (de Lagarde, Praetermissa 96). Regarding the dissemination of Syriac in Armenia v. Hoffmann, Kirchenversammlung in Ephesus 12, 40 (the Armenians had a school in Edessa) [and Agathangelus ed. de Lagarde 77, 5]. For ~r"')I{

(Arabic 5

=

"Ss~

f)

we find m

Wright Catal. 3, 1302 ..Jc....-~, elsewhere (Land, Anecd. 1, 11) gerisoni; cf. also Assemani in P. Smith 790. The Syrians called themselves as exiles in a strange land Gersonides after Moses among the Midianites. § 3. The chief point as to the N estorian vocalization is this, that the Nestorians, besides short e == e:, had also long B=- "fl, ~ or -:;-; BH understands by ---::-the e which according to later and West-Syrian pronunciation had become i. Many examples of long e, in Mss. and in the writings of BH, but· not as yet noticed with sufficient accuracy.

PREFACE.

XI

§ 1I. With the modern N estorians when reading the Pesi ~ta, the stress-accent of an isolated word keeps its proper place; but the accentuation of the sentence displaces it as in N eo-Syriac. In both cases very often the ultimate is accentuated, e. g. in nouns and verbs un, an, fn, en, fth (adv.): ainaihun, qitltth, heidtn &c. § 15. Syriac verse proves the contrary; even the ancient Syrian:- certainly pronounced two c9ni-onants at the beginning sans gene, rnlek" &c.; ~~...l

lfren; cf. ah,o foreign words like \~::::..~, ~!,Q.c.s.:;C.:::.,, p. 29, n. 1. \_;_:.c,:.o, Map,p,wv seems to be a foreign word from the Phoenician c~~ "rnoney" _:compare the inscription of Esm{mazar (Corp. Inscrr. Sem. n. 3, p.14, 5) and that of r,~:ir, ("Tabnit", Rev. Arch.1887, p.2) c~1r.i "and (or) any money"; C~'r.lperhaps~· vop,~(a)p,a.

,:i,

§ 40 a that the verbs ~ have passed into ~ is the old view; mine is, that ~ is older and o in the A nl au t in Syriac and Arabic a later formation. Thus far G. Hoffmann; of others of his remarks I may perhaps make use on another occasion. In the Bibliography add to p. 20, 37c cf. Ben sly, The missing fragmellt of the Latin translation of the fourth hook of Ezra (Cambridge 1875) p. 3 n. p. 23 (cf. 64) Bagster's Syriac N. T. appeared first 1828. 568 pp.; then frequently without date.

XII

PREJ,'ACE,

For other omissions v. The Independent (NewYork) July 19. 1888. p. 17; for new books A. Muller, Orientalische Bibliographie, Berlin, Reuther. It would be ungracious of me not to express, in conclusion, my indebtedness to Prof. Kennedy for the pains he has taken with the translation and for his assistance in correcting the proofs. Ulm a. D., 15. Oct. 1888.

E. Nestle.

Table of Contents. Grammar. §

1. Introduction

,

Page

1

I. Orthography and Phonology (§§ 2-18). A. Orthography (§§ 2-13), § 2. § 3. § 4. § 5. § 6. § 7. § 8. § 9. § 10. § 11. § 12. § 13.

The Consonants Vowel Notation Pronunciation of the Consonants Classification of the Consonants The Vowels The Plural points. Diacritical point Qussaya and Rukkakha Marh•~ana and M 8 hagg•yana Puncta extraordinaria Position of the Tone The Accents Numerical Signs

§ 14. § 15. § 16. § 17. § 18.

Laws affecting the Consonants The Syllable Changes in the Consonants Weak Consonants . Laws affecting the Vowels

2 5 7 7

8

12 13

15 17 17 17 18

B. Phonology (§§ 14-18). .

18 19 19

21 22

XlV

TABLE

OF CONTENTS.

Page

II. !Uorphology (§§ 19-49). A. Pronoitn (§§ 19-23).

§ 19. Personal Pronoun Pronoun § 20, Demonstrative § 21. Interrogative Pronoun § 22. Relative Pronoun . § 23. Possessive Pronoun

23 24 24 24 24

B. Xoun (§§ 24-33). § 24. § 25. § 26. § 27. § 28,

§ 29. § 30. § 31, § B2.

§

33.

Substantive aml Adjective Nominal Forms Gender Dual . PlLiral Absolute, construct and emphatic Feminine Nominal fluffixes . Irregular Snbstantives Numerals

C. ri,rb

§

34.

24

25 29 29 states

34 35

36

m 34-43). 39 40 40

Tenses

§ 35. Stems (Conjugations) § 36. Inflexion . § 37. }foods

§ §

§ 40.

Strong Verb Strong Verb with Sufiixes (Para-ligm Weak Verbs

§ 41.

Verbs prim:e

08. 39.

§ 45,

Verbs meclirn

41 41

I'• 41-. 4,,)

47

48 48

°'l

§ 42, § 4,3, Verbs rnedi:-e geminata, § 44. Verbs pri1me c and ~ Verbs primae

29 30

1

49

51

52 53

TAllLE

§ 46.

. xv

Of' COXTENTS.

54

o

Verbs mecli"'

§ 47. Verbs tertire 1

56

§ 48. Doubly weak am1 defective Verbs

59

D. Of the Pa1'tides (§

49)

63

III.• Notes on the Syntax (§§ 50-56). § § § § § §

The Syntax in general . Pronoun Verb . 53, Auxiliary Verb 54, Object 55. Noun § 56. Miscellaneom, 50, 51. 52.

65 65 66

67 68 68 69

Reading Exercise

70

Aids to Translation

70

Litteratura Syriaca. I. Grammaticae, Chrestomathiae et Lexica II. Billlia I. versio simplex, Peshitto 2. versio Thomae Heracleensis, Philoxeniana 3, versio hexaplaris Pauli Tellensis (a. 616/7) 4. versio palaestinensi s , 111. Libri ecclesiastici (liturgici, rituales) Syronun genernlis IY. Litteratnra

3

17 17 28 29 30 31 34

Chrestomathia. I. Qnattnor prima capita Geneseos . II. l~vangelii l\fatthaei caput quintnm

67 79

XVI

T.ABLE OF CONTENTS.

Page

III. Vitae Prophetarum . IV. Historia inventionis sanctae crucis 1. e cod. Paris 234 . 2. e cod. :Mus. Brit. Add. 14644 3. e cod. Vat. syr. 148 Menses anni syriaci .

Glossarium.

86

108 108 113 127 132

Syriac, i. e. the language of the Christian Ara- 1 mrnans, who had their headquarters in Edes s a in a northern Mesopotamia, is, in the first place, historically important, since it was through the medium of Syriac literature that christian and philosophic learning passed to the Arabs and Persians, and even to India and China. In the second place, as a member of the North-Semitic group of languages, Syriac has a certain linguistic importance, which would only be enhanced, if what holds good in the department of Teutonic philology, viz: that the Low, as opposed to the High. German represents 1111 earlier linguistic development, should be provecl to hold good also in Semitic philology. Such, at all eyents, appears to be the relation of Aramaic to Hebrew and Phcenician. Cf. TaGr,o;-tho with Aramaic

name

'1~::, Hebr.

of a monntain

(Pham.)

in Asia J\Iinor-

'1~::t; Lagarde,

J\Iitteilungen

I, liO.

Moreover, although Syriac as a national language b has been supplanted by the speech of the Arab ina much altered form, vaders, it is still spoken-in it is true-in certain localities, e. g. on the shores NestlP.

Syriac Grammar.

A

2

2. ORTHOGRAPHY.

of Lake Urumiyah, 011 the Tur'abdin (mouutain of the monks) and here and there in the Lebanon district. Consequently it affords, even more than Hebrew, material for'the investigations of the linguistic historian. RegardingNeo-Syriac v. especially Th.Noldeke, Grammatik der neusyrischen Sprache am Urmiasee und in Kurdistan. Leipz, 1868.

A. Socin

und E. Prym,

Turabdin, Gottingen 1881.

Der neu-aramaische

A. Socin,

lekte von Urmia bis Mosul. Texte und Ubersetzungeu. 11, 224 S. 40_ ZDMG. 21 1 183. C

Dialekt des

Die neu-aramaischen

Dia-

Ti:ib. 1882,

Although a few traces of different dialects may still be found, the distinction between the eastern or Nestorian and the western or Jacobite tradition is rather that of different schools, as in Hebrew, than of real dialects.

I. ORTHOGRAPHY AND PHONOLOGY.

(§§ 2-18.) A. ORTHOGRAPHY.

(§§ 2-13.)

The Jacobite character, now most frequently a employed in Syriac printed books, is rather a cursive character, while the Nestorians have more faithfully preserved the old uncial forms of the so-called Es tr an2

3

2, ORTHOGRAPHY.

gel o. The 22 letters of the Syriac alphabet 1 are read and written from right to left, and assume somewhat different forms according as they are joined to the letter preceding, or to the letter following, or to both. It was at one time usual in some cases to write from the top downwards by turning the page to the left through an angle of 90°. The names, forms, sounds and numerical value of the Syriac letters are given in the accompanying table. The names of the letters (l~k, 12."t ..:f)are almost b the same as in Hebrew (cf. esp. Hebr. Resnot Ros, Nolcleke ZDMG. 32, 592); for . s~ dlaf we find also =:h ale/, ~f ddtadh alongside of ~; ddlath. Ligatures arc ~carcely to be found; we note here only U l+ rUaf, S:... dlaf + l, and % l at the end of a word joined to the initial ala/ of the next. The earliest traces of this special Syriac character, c which has a common origin with that of Palmyra, are apparently to be met with on coins of Edes s a dating from the first Christian century. In the manus~ripts that are still extant, the oldest of which, now in the British Museum, is dated Edessa 411 A.D., we find two, ai1d even three, forms of the Syriac character: 1

Elias of Tirhan gives the number

ing the 6 aspirated

as 30, obtained by add-

letters b g d k p t and the Gk. 1 and Aa

1r.

4

2, ALPHABET,

Form joined

f ,

Name

Value

. not . d to letter to pre- to letter ' Jome preceding I _ _ __cedin~ a. follg, followg.

:

1

__

1 r
t

a line above tlte end of a word word; another

the tone on the firnt,

also

b..n

h~,

meant 0

to the following

such as a hyphen

to the Hehr. l\fakkeph:

.PY

.?

to draw

the

tone

7

l-J.....:..-?a'.:a.:> meant to retain

under,

1:-~

-n•

P7

VJ?

e. g. ~.:;;...,~:.i:i

and

~?

7

(mal!da rl!mb/Ja and ma/1.:tat .fobta) &c. d

Not unfrequcnt is the sign of abbreviation

= ~~~1, '~ = ~...~~....,,

'i.s

=

~1'.£,

',',

'•.ra.~1

= ~ ......-!..

Of the so-called puncta extraordinaria the follg. may be named: 1. a point is placed, n s in Gk. and Heb. l\fSS., over every letter that is to be deleted; 2. words requiring to be transposed nre indicated

11.

THE TONE.

1 2, TIIE ACCE::-iTS,

17

either by three points placed under them, or by the letters ~ l; 3. for quotations there are special marks », which, in theological MSS., vary according as the quotation is taken from an orthodox or an heretical author. The an.cient grammarians are silent as to the posi- 11 tion of the tone. We may however regard it as a rule that in general the penult is accented, never the antepenult; the ultimate oBly where the preceding syllable has only a half-vowel or a helping-vowel, e. g. in the noun, -~ like -,::;..~,in the verb '¾..~, ~1.:, :,e~. There is no doubt, however, that originally the tone lay ..:.~. on long terminations like ~~, ~' mentioned as early 12 We find rhetorical accents as the 5th century; at a later period, i. e. from about 600 A. D. onwards, there existed a very elaborate accentunl system with as many as 30 to 40 accents The four principal are and marks of interpunction. second half (~;~), or apodosis the J,l,~~, closing closing the protasis or first half of the and i,:i:--'.L, sentence (~?oQ.l); ~:;: dividing the former, i,:~ 1 or dividing the latter into several members, as represented in the following scheme.

~01

1)

Nestle,

Name and form correspond to the Hebrew Sewa. B Syriac Grammar.

18

13,

THE

NUMBERS,

14,

CONSONANTS,

THE

In some printed books I is found at the end of an interrogative sentence. For details Phillips, Martin, D. pp. 137-161 may be consulted. The numbers were in early times represented by 13 the letters of the alphabet, the numerical values of which have been given in the table. For 500 it was customary to write ...c2, for GOO;2, for 900 •.02..:. The stroke over the respective groups serves to distinguish them from vocables having the same letters. In recent times dates are written in the Arabic manner 1888. Special numerical signs and ciphers, the ~1 so called Arabic ciphers, are found at a tolerably early date in ancient inscriptions and in certain manuscripts. Cf. ZDMG. 16, 577. Land, Anecd. I, Tab. 25. Wright's Catalogue. B. PHONOLOGY.

(§§ 14-18.)

The relation of the Syriac consonants to those of 14 a Arabic and Hebrew is represented in the following

table,which is confined to the sibilants and the dentals. 1

.. Arab. Ji,

b

1"

a

uD

Hehr. l(~) ~ l t:iyr. ....! ....! ....

3

4

5

6

b

a

b

C

,•,

,_jj Lr

l ill(o) ,',

...m

~Lr)

-

'1%)

0

2

a

b

a

h

~

i)

,

I,::.,

~

T T

..JIJl

,:z; ti 2

2

1 Cf. § 1 and the remarks of G. Hoffmann LCBl 87, 18, 606 on Noldeke's "Semitic Languages".

15.

THE

SYLLABLE.

16, CONSONANTAL

CHANGES,

19

The student should look up illustrations in Gen. 1-4.

It is to be noted that when, in a root, "- = i._j) b comes into contact with another .,_,the first '1sbecomes 1; cf. Lagarde, Semitica I, 22, N. ZDMG. 32, 405.

t:..c1~~ =

=

~~; e,J..A..a, ~:!")~~'~?;of.

Every s y 11able begins with a consonant and with15 (Q.), have a one only. Apparent exceptions, such as 1£:.., frequently a helping vowel prefixed, in this case e 1i::...f,~~J~:ci; elsewhere a, as often in ~;f = --~f. ~-: and similar forms are pronounced as if written-afl they frequently are-r:--1 &c.

,.,i',,

Syriac differs from Hebrew in the following points: b 1) Short vowels remaining in the tone-syllable are not confined to the Verb ~ (Heb. '~f?)e. g . .•.o,,;? =

!l:";I! · 2) Short vowels before the tone are notlengthenecl but dropped ~.1:i = ,oR,...::i,,;?= !lMJ. 3) A long vowel may stand in a shut syllable i.;~ , \o~ (H. CX:)~j:?). As in Hebrew, a syllable cannot end in more than c one consonant, except in such forms as ~' i,,Jf. Consonantal Changes. As in the other Semitic 16 languages the 2. of the reflexive, when the first radical a is a sibilant, takes the place of the latter and assumes Bb

20

16,

CONSONANTAL

CHANGES.

the same degree of hardness: ~l:i.tol,;-;L,L ~iilf. from ,.~, ;,_.., '-'ln,~-); but see verbs c.::.. ~s)j In many other cases a consonant is assimilated to b a following one in pronunciation; v. § 4. Vowelless J is assimilated to the following conc sonant, which is thereby doubled: ~.0.i(for an-pek, for genb, 1~ sattri, 1i12; vice versa a doubling --=::~ H. ,fa~, is s.ometimes dissolved by J (or ;) ; ..J;~, H. ~!;1~. The following are not pronounced: 1) J in the d so i.Jl when standing beginning of words like \i;..l_,.....iL; without accent after or instead of a verb; 2) m of the unemphatic pronouns om, .. m, in the suff. of the 3. pers . in the auxiliary verb l;m, q·era/, ''idhau, ...m:..;.,c ...ciio;...f in the irregular .,::;,;; (v. § 48); 3) .... in .,J-(v. § 19); 4) '¾- in '¾.11(v. § 48) and ; in ..:--;~ (§ 32) and ,_,;;ll'I (§ 48 g). l, ..., and J disappear in the imper. By aplueresis e of the corresponding verbs (v. § 41 ff.), as also in certain nominal forms 1..:~, 1~ (H. M'J~,Mt,zi);_by convery frequently 1 after preformatives ~ traction = n•allef, 1~~:,;, '¾-~I I eat; [one of the double con:,e.::,~ ;] the zegag, 1~; sonants in stems ~, fem. ..: in ..:;... new, f. 11;..."f}edhattd. Apo cope is chiefly found in the 3 pl., where ~ is frequently or...';;;..~. The Hebr. feminine ending written for~

1;~

'"'1 w

17.

THE

21

GU'fTURALS,

n~ appears in the stat. abs. only as o',

Q,~,

~,,;;

similarly in a few cases ,..~ for n~-:-1 may be prefixed to foreign words beginning f with two consonants, and to verbs ~, and is frequently inserted as a mater lectionis: ...it...::::1; dallitdni, "...:::;::~ part. Finally we note the addition of a paragogic '- to certain parts of the verb, e.g. l p. pl. ~,i.&i for ~&i; 3, in imper. 2 pl. ,~, ~i-,a for ~' ~i,. The gutturals do not affect the vocalization to 17 the same exten~ as in Hebrew; they even seem to have a been originally capable of being doubled. They prefer a to e, e. g. in the part. Peal ~f for ~' in the Pael, Afel .....l?ffor ad"ne~; o (u) is frequently retained in the irnpf.; the E. Syrians often write a for e, even when 1• there is no guttural, lb....s, ..., 1,.::.s, ...., lb.ml~ .,., The quiescent consonants are pretty much as in b Hebrew. 1. 1, like the Hebr. :, , stands for d and e at the = malkt't, malke. end of words l-=,~, 1-=-:::..:,.; 2. In the beginning of words, where it has always a helping-vowel, it surrenders its vowel to vowelless valrthd, X>?U ldd" dm; the Nestorians howprefixes ,~; ever, ve'aldht't, l 0 'ddhdm; but when two prefixes come ~:::.,~:::., le'elf d v0 labh£ihon. together they also wrote ,001~~0 1

List in Martin,

Tables 1-8.

Syriens

Orientanx

et Occidentaux (1872)

22

18.

QUA:STITY.

3. Without a vowel 1, in the middle of a word, quiesces not only in a, J.,i.'.'..!ll~ (for measseydnd), but also in e, 1t:::..~~, and 'i, 1~~ (but Nest. memrii). ~

4. In Afel it becomes o , more rarely for l between two vowels v. § 4.

...: ~o(,

V

...b.·.. 1;

5. For o in the beginning of words v. § 44a, for o in the middle and for the changes it undergoes § 4Gb; for ... § 46 a. Except ~ to 1iv e and perhaps ~; to set, there are no verbs me dim .. , but very many tertim .. , on the other hand there are no verbs tertire o. 18

Since the Quantity (long or short) of the vowels like the doubling of the consonants, is in most cases no longer recognisable by outward and visible signs, no unfailing rule can be given regarding their permanence and disappearance; vowels in shaqrnned syllables are of course equally unchangeable with those naturally long. Noteworthy, however, is the ease with which the characteristic vowel of a form may change its position, e. g. in the s egolate forms ~.c, ~"'-;' alongside of J~l, ~?~; and in the feminines j2.~...c, lb.¾:.., jl.,~ alongside of )b.::.:::..~, J~.::ii:,1~;~';- in the imper. o!:;;.c..i...c, ,..o,~.,;~.

-=;..c,

0

JL.J,

19.

THE

PERSONAL

23

PRONOU:,;r.

II. MORPHOLOGY. (§§ 19-49.) (§§ 19-23.)

A. PRONOUN.

(~C...: The Personal independently:

After

we yon they

f. --~f she .. ,,:;

~(,

the participle,

the pronouns

frequent

~,~ll

,o~l,

after the adjective, a

with shortened

with the pronouns

least so with those of the third.

Exx.

forms.

'rhis

of the first person,

µf ~1, 1,J~fI say,

almost always even in the ohlest translation

so

of the Gospels (Curev

tonian)"which,

f.~~r

,;.i~, f.~~

and more rarely

are used enclitically

is most

(~Q.1.c, i;o~~~) used 19

Pronoun

l-JL

I thou he

usage

i~ .. ~)-

~.

:c

p

:c

/)1

~r-:>l, or ~r-:,1 writes ~1 '1, but can

instead of the elsewhere usual

,::::i .. (both=

'nm•rinan), still frequently

hardly

any longer read anachnan or enachnan; ~~ =

have

..~J ~;

b.:;__~Lk.

1,

Llj

28 =

i.=: ..~; \6k..;;;;:.:,j = \61.Jf ~f;

,..i,.jf

µ\'ennu, it is I, among

...~ ctbecomes a, o.~

The 3 pl. has special enclitic forms are also used,

instead

1-';=, but here=

before enclitic o.~ and the Nestorians.

\d.Jf,f. ~f,

which

of suffixes, to express the object.

pronouns in Syriac are employed much more b e. g. in Hebrew to express the copula: j.Jt

The personal frequently

and

001_

than

J.il, c.:o~

j.Jl

for

001_

For the suffixes· 1

o~.

ot"the

noun

See Jacob of Edessa ed. Phillips

(1-i.1:.:::..~x,.:,.;, i~ c

7, 13, Elias of Sobha c. 3.

24 20-23,

PRON, DE~!., INTERROG.,

RELAT.,

POSSES$.

24.

NOUN.

affixa relationis) v. § 31, for those of the verb (i,.sll ...,::;:.ro ~.:) v. § 39. 20 Demonstrative pronoun (i,Jµ.=~): a) this \~' j.J~ f. (?~) l?~pl. c. ~_,; b) that o·~ f... ~ pl. m. \~;,;, f. ""'j~_ Very rare -,.o..=::.d; and -,.c.J~. 21 The interrogative pronoun (~~) is ~ who? and~ (also written~ mon) ~ what?; intei:rogative adverb ~ how? and adjective j..{.f,f. 1~1, pl. ~..f, which (man &c.)? · 22 All the functions of the relative pronoun are discharged by ?, ; (H. l"ij), generally alone, though frequently preceded by ~J~,c~, j..{.f;? ~ every one that. 23 A set of possessive pronouns much used in later translations is compounded of •?, an older form of ,, the dative particle '\., and the· suffixes: ....:::._.?;.,.::::_.;,

~?, ""'~?-

~..;,

~?i B.

24

~..;;

NOUN.

,~:::...?,~•?i

\~~;,

(§§ 24-33.)

Substantive and Adjective. Nouns (l~) (µ;~, 1i:::.::,~~. i,:l~), are partly primitive partly derivative (~i:b...t.:;~, 1..f~:::.::, ~::0). The latter class may be derived from verbs or from other substantives, and that in various ways. They may be composed simply of the consonants of the root with

25.

I\Ol\IINAL

25

f'OR:.\IS.

one or more vowels, long or short, or may be formed by the doubling of a radical or by prefixing, inserting, or affixing one or more consonants. Certain formations are employed as adjectives and participles or in particular significations. The following list, in which the forms from strong 25 stems are followed by those from weak stems, and the masculine by the feminine forms, does not profess to give more than the most frequently occurring nominal forms in Sytiac. I. With a short vowel: a) qatl, qetl, qutl, or qtal, qtel, qtul1: ~. ~o~, ~?..

....::;b,.::,i ~~.:i

,.::;4.:i' "'z:.:~4.:il ,o~~.:il

"'

0:

;.

co

-~o~J

...

0:

"'

YJ

"'

.,,.J

{) •

~~~

I r:-.::,4.:i

~.::;~.:iPeal

4~~

""~i; Pael A b ~.::r:-.:,J...::;z:i.:,l p el ..~.::;~fzi..::::1:.:;fl ~K:i:

.-z:i..::;~

'v

I

•

V

•

•

V

,~1...:;3,0.~~j ~or.:;f ~;k:,,21 ,0.~k.:,:2, '\

I

)'


,].

..·i', ~l ·3' ., ] J, ' ,d

d

....,

•..-


As

s ,.,' cl, As

0

er

J

CD

0

45

j"

:4 ·~·

• Q' ,. d o~

'J .:r

~

SUFFIXES.

,., ,.,

']- ':--l.T ']' ]

•"' .J

WITH

'

"'"" ,d

s

'';J. •4

'J

~

(I"

'l :i 'l ·1 ] 'l 0

0

•"' ~i ·1:- .

(I"

d

~

']- '."'Ij'

..u·

1

H

(J'

o

,., '., ,.

~.

b.,

c.~c.=; '

,.

"'

'

Part. Ett. Inf. Peal.~ ~i.t1 • • I Aph.~ • I V c.~~-41 I, Ett. c.~:l.~ V

V

,..

b.

r,

"'

Verbs c.'~and ..:;.. There remain but two c.'~verbs in Syriac, the defective participle jJ; it is becoming, and the Pae I ~; assemble with its passive. As in Hebrew, verbs ~ have passed into the class ..-;,, from which they are sc,,rcely to be distinguished except in the Aphel.

44. 45,

VERBS

...:;,

~::;..

53

The first radical, where it should have Sewa, takes b an i, which passes over to the vowelless consonant of the preformative, ~;.:: zreth not yireth, also frequently In the perf. written ~;.f, Ethpeel ~..1j (Nest.~~!)Peal non-gutturals take e, in the impf. accordingly a, l being written in place of ...: ~l-i, so inf. ~~In the Aphel ..c.i..( and ~..f alone show the c original y, v appearing in all the others: ,.:;;;.of, ~,of &c.

.,Qi.:and ~;.: apocopate the .. in the imper. Peal, d while after preformatives it is assimilated to the following consonant: ~;, Q,:..;; ..Q.2,Q,,Q.2 ;· ..::i~.t-;j, ~;::.;, ..::i~~In other respects they follow the usual inflexion of the class.

~;i,

For

~~

Verbs

t'. § 48, g 5.

(:'...

These transfer (with the Jacobites) the vowel of the 1 to the preceding vowelless consonant, and have usually e in the perf. -i,.:;;, ~~, ~; l between two vowels is pronounced as y, and in some cases the latter consonant is written instead, e. g. Pael ~;. Imp. -...Q~, impf. ~~i; part. act . ..::ij:;,~. pass. ~In the Aphel, in many cases either the l is dropped or it is placed before the first radical ~µ.; (cf. § 43 d); similarly the Eth peel of ...._i,.:;; is not unfrequently it displeases for ~.2. written ~l.2i; so -.::::.;i.2

45

54

46.

VERBS

C:'....

Verbs~A ·verb med. y is perhaps to be seen in ~; set (v. § 17, 5), for its imper. is :,o....; and its impf. ~ ;· in the perf., inf. and part. it is not to be distinguished from the other verbs of this class. 1 b When the first radical is vowelless, o unites with the following a to form a; with e and i it becomes z, with u and o, it becomes u; when it would be doubled in Pael and Ethpaal it usually becomes .., as also in the part. act. Peal before inflectional additions. The preformative of the Ethpeel is usually written with two 2.'s, so as to reach the same weight with the strong verb.

46

a

Perfect.

Peal.

Sing. 3 m. 3 f.

rn. 2 f. 1

..~;r ~~.. ;r

.. ~ 2-4f

~~-4j•

1

~,;( ~j"

~2-4j •• 0

~

\o~

~~4

\oK~:.!..;j

\ok~;

~ll.~ ~~ ~~2-4i " ~...,;2-4i, ~i ~

1 On these verbs r. A. l\Iiiller, ib. 37, 525; Hebr. Gr. §§ 71, 7'.!..

Aphel.

:,o...;( ~,;( ~(

~~-4i

2 f.

2

Pael.

~2-4j ~;2-4j

2 Ill.

Plur. 3 m. 3 f.

Ethpeel.

\o!~j' ~~17

~;r

ZDMG. 33, 698, Nolcleke,

46.

Peal.

55

C.::..

VERBS

Aphel.

i Pael.

Ethpeel.

~2.J'

Imp. Sing. Plur.

~( 0.::.c....;(

~;2L.l

Impf. Sing. 3 m. 2 f. 1 Plur. 3 m. Inf.

;oQ.~

~~~2. !,00.~f

~2:2

!

:r

"'~2

'.;,c.....c2,4l;

.... y,,..

'.;,Q. ....c1

\Q.~~2~ .. p

~2~

~2~

~'

~,

'

pass. 1.

NOTE

The verb 2.0.!ao di e has alone retained in the perf. 17

:r

Peal a trace of the intransitive

pronunciation

~~,

:r

:c

2.~,

.i.~,

p

~

&c., elsewhere quite as '.;,c..c.

-..2.~

p

"'V

II

2. "J attend forms its Aphel like verbs~:.. 2._i,l, and similarly the first radical must be pronounced hard after the pre• :r 'i7

form. in

~::ii

measure

wise the preforms. and there

~l

and

are vowelless;

:r

7

make

3. The inf. l'eal is sometimes written 1::,,/)

4. Instead

c.Jr"', o~. j),,

of the doubled

,..7

,..17

5, o remains

.- (Hebr. Gr. 71, b), o appearK

V V

V V

wake.

in verbs whose third radical is i, a guttural

.. ~; show,

01;2.,

;;2. be

V

hJ· ;::... n

(but

with an o to which it

p

in \oai, '""'\ol, • ..,0.-,!;;0.:.. means dazzle,~

1: l;ai be,

while other-

;o0.'.c.:i &c.

lrns no claim: ,.. V

ready,

only in poetry do we find here

astonished,

or

l;; rejoic,·

~

be white

(but

;.... see).

According

to N. thes,·

56

46. 47, VERBS

~!:a,,i~.

a.re mostly denominatives, and by no mean traces of a formation older than that of ordina1·y med. o verbs. 6. A Palpel

:,o~;

be high, V

and an Ethpalpal raise,

:,o~fi;

are formed e.g. from from

,01,

• :,o;

shake, "-l,!-1

,

V

,1-:..n1. 7. In the Eth peel frequently but one .l. is written, and inversion and assimilation are qispensed with in the case of sibilants, thus

47

~.l.f, ~1.l.f, r"~~;

but in Ethpaal

~;11,~~J.

Verbs(~.

This class comprises the two classes of Hebrew verbs, ;,":, (originally .,,,,, o no longer appears in Syriac which are treated in all as third radical) and l!ot":i, respects like verbs ;,",. On the few that retain 1 see § 39 b. The paradigm shows in the intransitives b 'y' as a consonant in the 3 f. sg. perf., but in all the other forms it has become fused with the in the transitives it bepreceding i to form ,..___:_; entirely in the disappears in the 3 sing., comes 3 pl., and forms a diphthong with the preceding a in the other persons. According to the traditional teachand ing of the grammarians, the termination o in Q.~ ~ is still audible, thus: segh'iu, geldu.

a

a,at

c

sg. to distinguish it from Note Q. in ~=2 with R.= 1 sg., following the analogy of the strong verb. ~

47,

VERBS

t~.

57

¾

one expects to end in ay, which, d The imper. of however, is now found only in ~ swear and ,.k.,,j In the Ethpeel, the E. Syrians, following the drink. analogy of the strong verb, pronounce ethgal, which The they usually write ...~Lj_, in place of ~,Lf. W. Syrians do the same in certain words e. g. ~Li 4 6, 5. The lengthened form is frequently found or s:::;..::i in the plural of the imper., and is usually written with in the fem. the lengthened Aleph: ~ and ,o~:;c, ~;.ri. form alone occurs The vocalisation of the impf. is in all verbs the e same. The plural differs from the corresponding Hebrew in showing a trace of the last radical, namely in the ending of 3 m., which is pronounced (by the East Syrians) on (..._6)not un (,~). The e i~of the passive forms (also in the part. pass. Peal) is written by the E. Syrians - not - ; so here and there in other forms. The i of the "1 p. s. 'pf. they write -; ~~-

,;u~;

Ethpeel.

Peal. Perfect. Sing. 3 m. 3 f.

2 m• 2 f.

I

~

~, ~,

...~,

~~

~

~

~Lj

~

~Li ~,..::i

•

Zi:.~m --~ra

~m

--~Li

~Li:

Pael.

Aphel.

58

47.

VERBS

Peal. Plur. 3 m. 3 f.

2 m. \o~,

2 f.

I

Ethpeel.

\o~

~

~ 2 f.

I

Plur. 3 m. 3 f.

Part. act. pass. Inf. f

I

Aphel.

~f ~f

~i

~j. ~(

\o~..::f;

\o~~

\o~~f

~k~ ~~ "°L.::::,\..::i ~ "..i..~ ~i..4 s::~, s::~111 ~ ~

Impf. Sing. 3 m.

Pael.

...:....~ ...~~..::ii ~~

~

Imp.

1

c.~111 c.~..::L

~"\\

£~

t~.

11~ ~

~~..::i

~,..::i ~~.: 1 ,~~f

7

...-;;.,r

~!

~I ~--l "'~~1 -~,f I ¾b-3 ~! 4 ~,..::2. ~"I ~l ¾..::fI l¼J~ 1iJ I

1iJ ~"\\2. iLJ

i

\~b.l

\Q.:;;_~

~

i ,~~JI

~,b-3i "'~

JI~~:~

1¼. I

\~

~ ~..:,;

-i~~ ~~~~ ~~

How the suffixes are appended is shown by the table on pp. G0-61.

48.

DOUBLY

WEAK

AND DEFECTIVE

VERBS,

;)~)

NoTE 1. In the inf. Peal, in the Pael and Aphel (3 m. and f.

sg. and pl. of perf.) the y retains its power as a consonant, except before,~

thus: .....i.:;-.c-:,,;, ~i-.c.:,;, ~~

and°'~'

~~:

'-~~:,,;, ,~~ 2. The "- of the 2 s. perf. is hard. 3. The decomposed b.

is written

V

b.

4. Barhebrams

diphthong

V

oJ or oo-,

au (3111.pl.perf.andpl.imper.)

b. v'

or even

ooJ.

does not admit the lengthened

3 m. pl. perf. with suffixes of the 2 and 3 pers., the short others.

forms of the fem. pl. imper .

5. j..'.:,::;; usually

forms

.....J~,

'r~•

forms of the

-rJo~¾ nor yet

.....i.:'.~~,\ ...:.::::~ and .... Jo~:;;, but also

..~;~.:~,~...J;~. Doubly

weak and defective

Verbs.

48

When, in a verb, two weak consonants immediately a follow each other, the first of the two is not treated as a weak letter (see, however, § /); cf. ~~ and'%.~, rl, "l"anc :.:a., ....Q.J, -J; "l"? so ~ am ~::::.jQ.....,;we nee dlon y discuss j;Cll be and i-,'.:... live.

"'.2

D

j~Cllis, as a rule, regular, except that in the perf. b the Cl! is not pronounced when the verb is used enclitically. Theo is sometimes dropped in the impf., especially in t!te jussive and in poetry: 1~, 1;;"-,,o~, ~o'.;"-, Besides the active participle we find the passive J;Cll, ~~o~ created, and ( acc. to N 183) the verbal adjective ...,;~,i.:,;~been.

60

47,

VERBS

~

WITH SUFFIXES,

,'.l. ..'.l.~ J '3:;,- 1~:;,- 1~:;,-

.'.l. .'.l. •3;/, '-I3 :;,-

s C'1

..'.l.

:~ ;/

~

----

.'.b,.'.l. ..'.l...'.l. '"°t- J,,J

;..

-..... = A.

•-o✓

.1 .'.l. ..1 ..'.l. ,1 ,6 ·~ .J ,J .J •

et:)

.6

.J

------·

..1 ..1 ..1 ..1

v

....:

--

·i,

,.:I~

,J

·t ·-l, I

..1 ..1 ..1 ..1 ..1

·.~·.~·~ ,;] ":i!

·.~·.~.

.6

---·-----·----

s .... ! ~ 0

.1 .1 ..1 ..1 ,1 d ·~ •.J ,J ,J I

'

Q)

;..

et:)

• I

Q)

J

J

..1 ..1 ..1 ..1 ..1 .J ,J

~~

6.

115

' ,

'

.J •j ·j I

1

A.

O

•~

I

I '

'

....:

I I I

C'l

.1 . 1 ~ ,'-1 1 .'.l. .1

·""

8

.,..

C'1

----

bii

..1 ..1 lo 'i 1

,1

:: ~1I

.J..,..

1-

s= ..... . U1

..'.I.

'1

..,..

------

'

1

'

1 ,.J 1 H

I

,.'.).

I o{

----·

.1 ~1 ..1 ..1

.1 ..1 ..1 ..'.l. ,J 1 ·1-~,-~ :o1 ·.t1 •-~.J -~

.....

,

....: ;..

s

~~

,.._; 8 er:, C'1

....: C'1

;..

J

8 ....: 8 .....:

= c-r:, .....l5:::

et:)

C'1

C'1

.....

47.

VERBS

.,'.l., ·~

WITH

,lo

~]

✓

'"l

,10

v"i"t "v --------

'"l

d✓

'-a :lo

1

V

q

H,lo,

• '.l 0

-

'l ,., ·-a

:1 /). '"l

..... J i-.. '6 Q.)

0..

s

''a ,lo

A

0

d

'l

'

-

----

'';I

4

0

l-

0 ,._

:1, l '"l

U]

'"l

].

,\ H~

0~

0

'1

~i

--~----.

.l "l , "l .l ''.l ..... HJ •'60 so d o., £..1 -+" ,6 . cil ;,-

'

i-.. Q.)

0..

-

C"l

;:.. 0..,

•

'

.J ' ,J' ,

'-a :lo

, "1-

"

'1

,'.l. cl

i

o. ,

I

E

15

s

s

cc

.....: cc:)

H..1 ◄I

c'.J..\ .'.J.cl 1.10 0 :j ,:\... c::i ;~ ◄J

j

._,_...,--.,--,

.._,--,

.....:

cl .l .l o.l •o '.J 1.10 .6 ".';! ~-1

Q)

"1 "1

J

'i,•o✓ i,ic'v

---~---

''a .lo

' .lo

~s

'

'

,.lo

-~ cc

,:;,. :I.

"1 :1'-;! ~j 't

' ' .... =o~ something. f ,~ on account of, before suffixes~~, e.g.

1;...

,..~~, g

~~,

h

't'i:::..~, mi.::::.~.

~~ (st. cstr., also?

Jk~)

over

against,

,i~~, but~~,~~The following also take the suffixes of the singular: ~ from, >o,:;._ with, 2.~ to, towards, 2.~f like, ;b'..:;,;~ behind, after (with a retained before 1 sg., 2 and 3 pl.); with the plural suffixes ~ over, --~ instead of, ;;... around, ,..~ after, ~; except, ?~only,>=~ before, 2.C.0:2. (~.:) under.

50.

GENERAL.

51.

fi5

SYNTAX OF PRONOUN.

III. NOTES ON THE SYNTAX (§§ 50-56). Syriac resembles Ethiopic in the greater freedom 50 it enjoys in regard to the arrangement of the different members of the sentence as compared with Arabic and Hebrew. In later writers, however, imitation of the Greek sentence construction resulted in a style so clumsy-and that not alone in translations from Greek authors- as to give rise to complaints among the Syrians themselves. The pronoun is more extensively employed than 51 in Hebrew, e. g. for the subject comprised in the a verb: ~i ~? o~; for the article, especially in translations from Greek (cf. Ethiop., French [il]le, Ital. il[la]) we find (o~ and) o.;;. Again, the pronoun is used to anticipate ·a Gene ti v e ~? or the object of the verb with or without :::a..;also to accompany independent prepositions with ?, or with repetition of the preposition with or without emphasis ~~ ~ on that (very) day. Finally we note the employment of the pronoun to express the so-called Ethic Dative "'"::;:~,i, and its reflexive use in expressions like "'"5'*r.i1? ,Q.:;,,~,;, Simeon of his pillar=Simeon the Sty lite.

01;~,

The position of the demonstrative pronoun is b sometimes before, sometimes after the 8ubstantive. Nostle,

8yr. Gramm.

E

66

52.

THE VERD.

c

In the case of a genetive with its no m en reg ens, the suffix is always appended to the second substantive when the first is in the construct state, "c~; ,c.;"~~ their want of faith; in most cases, also, VP .. p V b rea d . . use d, ~l0Jll? wh en? 1s µ.c....:::;. our necessary

d

The following are used to express emphasis: ......~ (Hebr.), .....c;; ~c.i.c,i;c~.,;,but especially t.!, nature.

. I S lpSe e

One,

.. •

Ctn

r

..

Ctn,

,L~ ....._jf,nobody

....JflJand lJ....Sf, even

:x:;~

....Jf lib,:ifa certain woman, something (N. Mand. Gram. § 150). For the reciprocal pronoun we "companion", not confined to find l~ and 1l~ persons; :x,~:::,.;every day,~~ 01.~ the whole day. 52

a

The Verb. The imper son a 1 finite verb stands generally in the feminine, t...,:~and-...,~ accidit, the participle (and adjective) more frequently in the masculine(§ 48/.); these verbs also show a fondness for the passive:

,c~

..::::;: ~llf, ~ ~, Ji:-=~,dixi, audivimus, quaesiverunt; more rare are expressions like ~~?, Lagarde, Psalt. Hier. p. 156.

c~

~oi--J b

The perfect has the force of a future-perfect in the protasis of a conditional sentence, but it is seldom found in the apodosis; the perfect of emphatic assurance is rare, except in the Old Testament.

52.

THE

VERB,

53,

THE

fi7

AUXILIARY.

Our present is scarcely ever expressed by the c imperfect; on the other hand, after verbs requiring another verb to complete their meaning (such as w i 11, begin, &c.) the imperfect is regularly found, with and without ? or o, Either both verbs stand in the same mood, with or without o, or the second appears in the imperf., with or without ? ; the participle and the infinitive with ::::.are less frequent in this construction. ? frequently serves to introduce direct speech. The proper form for the present is the par tic i p 1e, d which completely supplanted the imperfect in later Syriac. It also stands in dependent clauses, even after an imperative ,0~;2, ~; c..i~ let both grow. To express a condition or state, it is usually preceded by r;· The passive participle differs from the active in frequently expressing the past-2.~ dying, ~ tlead-or the gerundive. The infinitive absolute is found as in Hebr. e both before and (rarely) after the finite verb; when depending on another verb, the infin. is always preceded by ::::.. It stands frequently after l~ai, ~i, ~ it is or is not (possible); after a preposition it requires '.:::.? e. g. Gen. 4, 13 1.no+'>n ~ ~l~m is employed as auxiliary verb: 53 a) quite pleonastically to strengthen the negative U: l~ai \l, also?~ - l;ai jJ not only. · V

~,v

~

l!l*

68

54,

OBJECT.

55.

NOUN.

b) for the imperative, joined to an adjective or participle, ~ ~~m eppUJao. c) The perfect l~m expresses: a) with another perfect, the pluperfect (Matt. 14, 3) or the simple perfect; t) with an imperfect, the conjunctive of the present; the imperfect of the indi1) with a participle, cative, in conditional sentences the conjunctive. d) The imperfect with participles and adjectives denotes the subjunctive. e) For be ~f with suffixes is more usual than l~m, ..ai0Lfhe is; l~ai (he) it was. 54 The object, especially when definite, but often also when not definite (undetermined), is introduced by ~; instead of the suffix of the object we find as frequently~55 The Noun. a Adjectives and participles in the predicate still appear in the absolute state, although no longer without exception; the same applies to the substantive in adverbial expressions, especially after JJ,to numbers, and to the names of the months; (infinitive). b The construct, which may stand, as in Hebr. is supbefore a preposition ci-.:0~~ 0:1tOAO"((a), planted in Syriac, moi·e and more, by the emphatic state

~r

56.

mSCBLLANEOUS.

69

or l~? ,,,~ ...;. followed by?= 1~ ~?,,:;,.~;it:::....;-, In this construction, a great variety of small wordsespecially the copula (pron.)-may stand between the two substantives, and the genetive may even, as in Greek, precede its nomen regens (cf. Aeth. Gr. § 132). The position of the attributive adjective is generally after its substantive, as often before it, however, when expressing an honourable title or quality. The adjective usually agrees in state with the substantive, but, in exceptional cases, both the other possible variations occur, least frequently the emph. st. of the adjective· with the absolute of the noun. Mis cell an e o us.

c

56

Instead of ~ in the comparative, we often find, a as a result of Greek influence, cl, iJMatt. 11, 22. 24. In addition to the simple negative U there is the b more emphatic form,;.,, jJ (Uc - lJneither-nor), ~; i.;..;ne serves as subjective negative, and is employed in questions implying a doubt (p.~n), and in ~?, in clauses expressing fear or purpose. To introduce impossible conditional clauses we find ,:

:,o;

~ and jJ ~. also ? 1J ~The relative ? is very seldom omitted.

d

70

READING

EXERCISE,

AIDS TO TRANSl,ATION.

READING EXERCISE. Matt. 6, 10-13.

r

l;',l:.!.·-~ '-..,·,-.,µ ~~? \°=~ ~ '

•

55

-~~ +,a

CAP UT

II.

:4iro. 2c"1

e:m ~\. 210 U..:... ..0 12~

...~o

~o

l~o

1~~..:;;;,. 1~ . ~ 2~1 ~

~lo

...o~

i.,.?~

. s::::..ul 1~2?

• 1M ♦, •'>o ....m~

4.o1?

....::12~

~?

'-!m

~Jh

om

~;;., ...~2

~

20

lls-3'\ 1i~?~ o::::• oa • Uo.. ~~ ~~1 ~ li-=l-lll? ~ ~ ll1 . ?~ l?m ~o 1~1 ~ 12~ lA1.Q10. ~? (b, col. 1) . ~2

l-+J~ 2~ 1~ ~m ~ ro -~ ~•a,: ;.o hom..~o . ~ ;.o l,..:::.~o . l,Jm.::i ~.. ;.o 25 • f~ 2;.~1o . i.?~? hc.~o j.•+••:; • jo~ ~ ~c.~ .i~!} ~o 1~o 1~~ ~...h \_~s-J? -♦-ll \_c.J1~ llo . ~ .?2? : ,..;;,1

1;~?

~j

. 1m.::.u-~

~o

oom "'"'~?

~Q.

~

• ..!:.00;.:::. ~;cl

~1~ ~ (fol. 295, a, col. I.) )or

95

;..-.~

~;o~ . m:..,·;!"...::io

lll ...!"!:.0~

• -..!:.00;.:::.-~

~;

~...1

1~f!2?

J? ~ ('m.::.:i 20.>.l?m120..Q jomo . -..mo,.:::i...

~1

90

• J\o\

.120..QJ?J,...;~

~ 110 .~Q.~ ai.,==?h!

ro

..2 U??~~ 1..u...~oi:.::..::i

~2r=>~1121~

• m.::.

~~

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12~?2

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. ~in.r4~ ~ 100

..i.:::;o~ ,..;;o, ~,-c~o

• 12~

000'1"'.._ol,.:;i

._pc.c!:.,.'.::,, ~?~O

• ~1

• "l-.,~

,..o,~·;

~ ~?

~o

2) e codice Mus. Brit. Add. 14,644.

~

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~ui

~h

(1s r.)

1~2

1

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5

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~

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30

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i o n'>'>o~~ ~m..cl ...m~:::.. \lo . hc.J U ~-r ~ -.11 ,J • ~~~ "' ...m.,;h

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m~ .

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(fol. 19 vers.) 2~

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2~1o

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oom

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~~ ~ l,l..al ~~ ~ ~ ll~?

-~l?

0•'>n+ll

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...moLl

• ~ o;.!:,=lo·,~m 0.l.!:..o

~o~ ~ ~..

Jl~ ~m

~•1?

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j.:;:..Q~ ~l?

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. All ~.._.

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\°~

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om~

~

110.

~~ ~ \0.l.a.1? ~1

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r

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124~

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lJ~ 1~m 1~

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W... .;.!:,clhom... . ~ 1~

12µ~

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s::::1~~l->,.o...lo-~1

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. ~ ~?~ ~?

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a,;o~ ~lo

&?

. }..,.':-a.. ~ 012;1-.oo j.:::.;J

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m~o

j?oin..? ....m0.'.:::.:::.

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inclusa a secunda manu.

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primo ai~c.J;,.o~. " a secunda ma~m.

a

•

"".~ om.Jlo -l~Q..Q.4, .,.;Q..t.

.i.~

' ,, .. J\o .. mo~l

.. m0...~?

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.~ ~ - • ~r n ~ Pd .. m ., p. m. ,~m,~m Pron. § 20. II ama l s Ii then. II :'~';,,ebenso, ahnlich I likewise, similarly. I! "'-i;; daher, nun I therefore. IJ ..Jd:,J.i?~auf diese Weise, so I in this way, thus. ~' µ~ m. dieser I this. l?~ f, pl. ~;; § 20. II~.;;~ hier Ihere, II~~ (v. ~~) zu dieser Zeit I at this time. (~c,) Ji~~ m. Betrachtung I consideration.

"'"~m

~~c,;' m. Erscheinung, Phantasie

I apparition,

fancy ..

~~ phantastisch I fantastical. ..;~ Pa. flihren, leiten I guide, lead. ~~?; t0twi:1i;, Laie I layman. ~?~ m. Glied I member. ~?mglanzend, herrlich I splendid, glorious. c~,

...~ V.

1~.

c~, .. ~; ,-i.J~,~~ V. § 19. 1;,,, sein, werden I be, become. § 48 b. ,c;., ~o~ m. Verstand, Einsicht I understanding, intelligence. denom. Pa. part. pass. einsichtig I intelligent, judicious. -.ll!Jl~c;. 01t6&ecn~, sg. & pl.

149

Glossarium.

~~~o~ X

6r.oµ:vfiµm:a; vid. "~of.

;,..

()

,r,.

p

'7

....01 v. o:n; .....01, "'°~01 v. j01.

vv "v ..01m. T empe II temp 1e. '\,,.:..01, U,.:i

~~, D

11~~

V

;z: {)

v. ~lVP

..=,...;;

~~.:., 1;{..'.::::;: ...

154

Glossarium.

imp/. u, mischen Imix. Pa. einfiigen Iinsert. ~ vermischt, zusammenhiingend I mixed, coherent. ~~ gesund, kraftig, ganz I sound, vigorous, whole. imp/. u, verandern Ichange.!'.~ ... praep. anstatt I ~, instead. Ii ~....;,veriindern I change. IiPart. pass . ..k...~ /. ..~~ verschieden I various. II j).~

~'

aAAotwalc;. ~ (a "ii.: stark sein I be strong) stark machen, aushalten j strengthen, endure. 1~

m. Wein

~ etc. 5,

~'

I wine. § 33.

imp/. ,~l, sich erbarmen j have mercy. Ethpe. I find mercy.

&;tt-eoua&at,Barmherzigkeit erlangen ~... v. i.i~§ 19.

m. unrein, Heide I unclean, heathen. // 14~ /. Unreinheit, Heidentum j uncleanness, heathendom. holy; 6caoc;;Bischof bishop. Pl. i~. ~' ~heilig; m. Schande, Schimpf Pa. beschimpf~n: revile.!: 1~.ra..': ,.;a..: disgrace, insult. •· (1~~ Gnade I grace.) m. Neid ~.,;:.., imp/. u, ben~id~n I envy (c. ~) .. ~.!11.M envy. ~ entbehrend I deficient. II~ ,....1.:mehr oder weniger, ungefahr I more or less, about . ...,;_;Pa. verbergen, bedecken conceal, cover. [ l~~ /. Bedeckung i veil.: J~...~l lJ?offen j openly. --~~ Pa. den Eifer locken, ermahnen ! exhort, admonish. j[

~;

J

I I

I

1

Glossarium.

155

Adv. l)..(~ .... !i l4~ f. Eifer \ zeal. lJ~ f. Ermahnung I advice. ~' imp[. u, graben \ dig. spalten, abhauen, herausreissen I split, cut off, pluck out. (f.,M) m. Brust \ breast. ~• 1;; pl. 1?o;.: m. Schnitter I reaper. ~..., Jk; /., pl. l~.;:; Acker \ field. 1£~ m. Streit I dispute, contest . ...~; ..., imp[. u, verwlisten \ waste. imp[. a, zerstort sein ; be destroyed. :: Schwert I sword. i~;:..:.m. Wi.iste, Zerstorung I wilderness, destruction. j.Jh ..:m. Eidechse, Krokodil \ lizard, crocodile. j.J,_..., lL;--, V. ;, ... l. r,...C~~..: scharf, sclmell \ adv. sharp, swift. l,.."..: m.,pl. i.:;,:.:Leiden I passion; 1taitor;. ..::..:.. ..., imp/. u, denken, berechnen, schatzen \ think, count, estimate. Ethpe. bei sich i.iberlegen Ideliberate.: ...:;....;,. .. bestimmt zu: appointed for. ~:i..: Gedanke I thought. 1~ ...:;, pl. l~~~ idem. i.:~:...:_ m. Gebrauch I use. 't:..~, I-?:..~1. adj. clunkel dark. 2. subst. Finsternis / darkness. pc.l....~ m. Sturm, Wellen \ tempest, waves. l)..l,;...Zi....: sorgfaltig, genau \ adv. carefully, accurately. ~ eifrig \ diligent.

ii

1;...

~?

ii.~;...., i~;,.: /.

,i

J

,t). ...v. 0 :ct'

::c

~,.

156

Glossarium.

}cl.., imp/. u, versiegeln Iseal. IIµa.;~ ..m. Siegel, Zeichen I seal, token. -6

m. Geriicht, Sage I rumour, tradition. ~~, imp/. a, untertauchen (intr.) I immerse. Ethpe. untergetaucht werden I be immersed. ~ gut I good. !IF.1~; ~ adv. wohl I well. It ~~~ m. Seligkeitl blessedness. JI selig die-I blessed ~~0.J(a are -- Ii µ.b~, µk~~ selig I blessed. --~ bereiten I prepare) Bereitung I pr~paration. ~~... ; i~:~ hoqwAork.)1~iAph. verkiindigen, predigen Iannounce, preach, x1ipuaaew.:,110~; xfipu~,Herold I herald. II llr v.i~o.:; et PSm. col. 1818 -,.~, imp[. u et a, herumgehen I go about. JI -,..pein-

~ Pa. benennen j name, designate.

I

1

II~;~,

II

11~-

I

163

Glossarium.

gewickelt I wrapped. Ethpe. umgeben werden, herumgehen I be surrounded, go round. Aph. herumfiihren I lead about . .!I)~' ~P f, pl. 1~,.; Bauch I belly. ~;Q.:l v. i.!ll.:l. ('¾,.~) Aph. iirgern I anger, offend. (-~) Ethpa. anflehen j entreat. ,.1&.a..:~2. (Nestor. /A~~, codex meus 1~~~) f. Bitte I prayer . •.:::,k,impf u, schreiben I write. Ethpe.pass.; Aph. verfassen j compose. ] ~~ m. Buch, Schrift I book, writing. J2,o. ..'1.~/. Geschriebenes, Buchstabe I letter. , 1'.:ac.i.;td.:, Schrift I book. "'"Lo.~et ju.Lo.~,pl. ii..::.;.;et 1L:i...::.:i:.~, Kleid dress, garment . •~i.:o,i.;Z).;f., Pl. J~i.,; Schulter I shoulder. ;~ Pa. bleiben, warten, aushalten l remain, wait, hold out. (-..,~) Ethpa. kiimpfen, ringen I fight, wrestle, exert one's self. ; i.:;.,o~'.::. m. Kampf I fight.

1

xrr.wv,

J

1

'\, praepositio directionis, dativi, accusativi. negationis: nicht: not. jjl.:::,, IJ?ohne i without . ..jJ § 48, f. miide sein, leiden I be tired, suffer.

tiparticula

1

-,.1,h.;, i.,;i~, h. ,~~~' Cp.€\IO;. ~..:;;.!.~:,,; :iol; stottern

I stammer.

1?~ m. Teufel I demon, devil. '\.~ fragen, bitten I ask, request. II~ ~ griissen I greet. Pa. sich erkundigen I inquire. Ethpa. erforscht werden I be examined. II l~~ /. Frage, Wunsch I question, wish. ~:l, Pa. Friede schaffen I make peace. II~' ~ m. Friede, Ruhe I peace, quietness. II ~ Friede schaffend I peace-making; Am6;. /. Gefangenschaft I exile . ~ m. et 1~ ....di.I,Pa. loben I praise. Ethpa. pass. (v. de Lagarde, novae psalteriigraeci editionis specimen, p. 35, ult.). I ~ riihmenswert I worthy of praise. II ~CU: m. f. Lob, Ehre I praise, glory; 66Ea. (v. 5"'i..:).11l~~.2 Lob, Ehre, Hymnus I praise, glory, hymn. I\~~~ do. adv. lierrlich I gloriously. lltl...~

190

Glossarium.

m. Stock, Scepter, Stamm I rod, sceptre, tribe. ~_d;.._7, § 33. \I li:..~ /., pl. i.::0.:;..'.'. Woche l week. --.c..d;..,, impf. u, verlassen, nachlassen I leave, desert, pardon. ~r1~~ f die Geschiedene I she that is divorced. IIl,.U~~ m. Verzeihung I pardon. 1~ m. Kind I child. 111~~f. Miidchen I girl. ~ Aph. Sabbat feiern I keep sabbath. II 1~ f., pl. ~~ Sabbat, Woche j sabbath, week. Etiam ~_.: m. sg. ~' imp(. u, storen, verwirren I trouble, disturb. Ethpe. pass. Pa. erregen I excite. 1;... werfen I throw. Ethpe. pass. ;·~_.:Pa. schicken I send. Ethpa. pass. 11l-J;?k~m. Ge. sandter I messenger. 1~... (lcl) gleich, wlirdig sein I be equal, worthy. Ethpe. flir wlirdig gehalten werden I be found worthy. Aph. flir wlirdig halten I find worthy. II.e...~~ adv. gleichmiissig, zugleich I equally, likewise. ~

~,Q.A; v. ..... ~

y

~

m. Fels I rock. If~ m. Mauer I wall.

µ.~

...a"Q.A; v.

-.a;il, ....

II~ ,.,:;v.

II ~

~-

v. ~-

~..:.., m. Druck, Qual, Folter Ipressure, torment, torture. ~ Pa. zum Botendienst notigen I compel to go (as messenger). , v. ,....l. ~ Aph. tiiuschen I deceive.

~ v. ~,

1~--

v. 1~~-

191

Glossarium .

auffinden, konnen I find, find out, be able. Ethpe. gefunden werden I be found. II ._..::. gefunden I found. ii Ji~ f. Auffindung I invention.

.....£..,f finden,

~

~, ~

m. Wohnung

I habitation,

dwelling.

I rest.

ruhen

ausruhen I cease, rest. II ...:;;.;,, ~;, Rube I rest. ...:;;.;,~, ~:::...,.:~ et ~ plotzil?ohne Aufhiiren I without lich I suddenly. IJ 1~::::..l ceasing. (de Lagarde, Symmicta 2, 100.)

~ aufhoren,

1~•

(ax€A€t6v?) Leichnam

1~~.

v.

I dead

body, corpse.

~~-

nackt I bare, naked. II~. m. subst. Apostel I apostle . •~::::., imp(. u, herrschen I rule. Ethpa. Herr werdeu, m. siegen I become master, overcome. II Jli::::.,...; Herrschaft I dominion. ::,:.::::., impf a, vollstandig sein, zusammenstimmen l be complete, agree; explicit. Ethpe. iiberliefert werden I be delivered. Pa. vollenden, erfiillen j finish, fulfill. Aph. iiberliefern I deliver, hand down. /: ~::;:_..., m. Friede I JJeace. \I ~..,; m. Vollendung, Ende j completion, end. II ~~::::., fiir immer I for Uberlieferung : ever. JI 11~ ...~ f. Verrat, treachery, tradition.

~ ausgezogen,

~,

~•

m., pl. ""'~•

Name

I name. II~;,, nennen I

192

Glossal'ium.

call. Ethpe. genannt werden beriihmt I famous. ~ Himmel I heaven. § 28 c.

µ~_.:Heller I farthing. ~ fett I fat. imp[. a, horen I hear. ~, Rorer I hearer. II 1~

I

be called.

II ~

~

Ethpe. pass. II~~ m. et Ji~~..:,; das Horen I

the hearing. ~,.: Pa. hineinlassen, hineinschicken

I let

in, send in.

I serve. II1K~~ /. Dienst I service. I sun. Pl. ~ Zahn I tooth. IIi..u..,m. Scharfe I

~ Pa. dienen ~ Sonne

~'

jl; f.,

sharpness.

~'

f, st. cstr. U..: Schlaf

(~,

I sleep. ( V ~-)

....iI,Pa. bewegen, entfernen, (aus demLeben) scheiden

I

move, remove, depart (this life). µ...,, l~ f . Ja11r I year. IJ p l. ~' ~ j....i...,. (,.u) Ethpa. gefoltert werden (foltern) I be torturecl m. Folter i torture . · (torture). II 1;.i...: Wiirgen, Pa. folter~ I torture. II ~~~ et ~l ...i:;.1.1,., Erdrosseln, Foltern I strangling, torture. Ethpa.