Spätrömische Befestigungsanlagen in den Rhein- und Donauprovinzen: Beiträge der Arbeitsgemeinschaft 'Römische Archäologie' bei der Tagung des West- und Süddeutschen Verbandes der Altertumsforschung in Kempten 08.06.-09.06.1995 9780860548874, 9781407350196

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BAR  S704  1998  BRIDGER & GILLES (Hrsg.)  SPÄTRÖMISCHE BEFESTIGUNGSANLAGEN IN DEN RHEIN- UND

Spätrömische Befestigungsanlagen in den Rhein- und Donauprovinzen Beiträge der Arbeitsgemeinschaft ‘Römische Archäologie’ bei der Tagung des West- und Süddeutschen Verbandes der Altertumsforschung in Kempten 08.06.-09.06.1995

Herausgegeben von

Clive Bridger Karl-Josef Gilles

BAR International Series 704 B A R

1998

SpatrOmische Bef estigungsanlagen in den Rhein- und Donauprovinzen Beitrage der Arbeitsgemeinschaft 'Romische Archaologie' bei der Tagung des West- und Suddeutschen Verbandes der Altertumsforschung in Kempten 08.06.-09.06.1995

Herausgegeben von

Clive Bridger und Karl-Josef Gilles

BAR International Series 704 1998

Published in 2016 by BAR Publishing, Oxford BAR International Series 704 Spatromische Befestigungsanlagen in den Rhein- und Donauprovinzen

© The editors and contributors severally and the Publisher 1998 The authors' moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher.

ISBN 9780860548874 paperback ISBN 9781407350196 e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860548874 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library BAR Publishing is the trading name of British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd. British Archaeological Reports was first incorporated in 197 4 to publish the BAR Series, International and British. In 1992 Hadrian Books Ltd became part of the BAR group. This volume was originally published by Archaeopress in conjunction with British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd/ Hadrian Books Ltd, the Series principal publisher, in 1998. This present volume is published by BAR Publishing, 2016.

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Inhaltsverzeichnis Anschriften der Verfasser und Herausgeber. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . . . . ... . . . .... .. ... .. . . .. . .. .. . .. .. 1 Liste der Tafeln ..................................................................................... ii V orwort der Herausgeber .......................................................................... iii Abstracts ............................................................................................. iv Hugo Thoen und Frank Vermeulen Phasen der Germanisierung in Flandem in der mittel- und spatromischen Zeit.......... 1 Ursula Maier-Weber CALO. Zur Lokalisierung und zum Nachleben eines abgegangenen spatantiken Kastens am Niederrhein........................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Christoph Reichmann Das Kasten von Krefeld-Genep im 4. Jahrhundert ........................................... 23 Michael Kaiser Ein spatromisches Militarlager in Neuss-Norf und Uberlegungen zur Verteidigung der Rheingrenze im 5. Jahrhundert ............................................. 35 Thomas Fischer Neue Forschungen im spatromischen Kasten 'Haus Burgel', Stadt Monheim, Kreis Mettmann .................................................................................... 41 Maureen Carroll Das spatromische Militarlager Divitia in Koln-Deutz und seine Besatzungen ............ 49 Marcell Perse Das spatromische Kastell in J-iilich............................................................... 57 Martin Frey Das spatromische Kastell Bitburg!Beda .... .................................................... 63 Karl-Josef Gilles Neuere Forschungen zu spatromischen Hohensiedlungen in Eifel und Hunsriick ......... 71 Hansjorg Kuster Die Landschaft der Spatantike in Mitteleuropa aus vegetationgeschichtlicher Sicht ...... 77 Karl Strobel Raetia amissa? Raetien unter Gallienus: Provinz und Heer im Licht der neuen Augsburger Siegesinschrift ........................................................................ 83 Rudolf Fellmann Spatromische Festungen und Posten im Bereich der Legio I Martia ........................ 95 Peter-Andrew Schwarz Die spatromischen Befestigungsanlagen in Augusta Raurica - Ein Uberblick ........... 105 Bettina Hedinger Der romische Burgus von Kloten, Kanton Zurich ............................................ 113 MichaelMackensen Das tetrarchische Kasten Caelius Mons/Kellmiinz am raetischen Donau-Iller-Limes .. 119 Gerhard Weber Kempten-Cambidano in spatromischer Zeit. .................................................. 137 Tafeln 1 - 8 ....................................................................................... 143

Anschriften der Verfasser und Herausgeber

Dr. Clive Bridger Rheinisches Amt fiir Bodendenkmalpflege, AuBenstelle Xanten, Geldemer StraBe 3, D-46509 Xanten

Prof. Dr. Michael Mackensen Institut fiir Vor- und Friihgeschichte und Provinzialromische Archaologie, Feldmochinger StraBe 7, D-80992 Miinchen

Dr. Maureen Carroll Department of Archaeology and Prehistory, University of Sheffield, Northgate House, West Street, GB-Sheffield Sl 4ET

Ursula Maier-Weber M.A. Flodelingsweg 19, D-53121 Bonn

Prof. Dr. Rudolf Fellmann Flughafenstrasse 33, CH-4025 Basel Prof. Dr. Thomas Fischer Archaologisches fustitut der Universitat zu Koln, Archaologie der romischen Provinzen, Kerpener StraBe 30, D-50923 Koln Dr. Martin Frey Ausgrabung Borg D-66706 Borg Dr. Karl-Josef Gilles Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier, Weimarer Allee 1, D-54290 Trier Dr. Bettina Hedinger Cantonsarchaologie Zurich, Walchestrasse 15, CH-8090 Zurich Michael Kaiser M.A. Clemens-Sels-Museum, Abt. Bodendenkmalpflege, Vellbriiggener StraBe 29-31, D-41469 Neuss

PD Dr. Hansjorg Kuster Institut fiir Vor- und Friihgeschichte und Provinzialromische Archaologie, Abt. Vegetationsgeschichte, Feldmochinger StraBe 7, D-80992 Miinchen

Marcell Perse M.A. Stadtgeschichtliches Museum Jiilich, Postfach 1220, D-52411 Jiilich Dr. Christoph Reichmann Museumszentrum Burg Linn, Albert-Steeger-StraBe 26, D-47809 Krefeld Dr. Peter-Andrew Schwarz Archaologische Bodenforschung, Petersgraben 9-11, CH-4051 Basel Prof. Dr. Karl Strobel Universitat Trier, Fachbereich ill, Alte Geschichte, D-54286 Trier Prof. Dr. Hugo Thoen Prof. Dr. Frank Vermeulen Universiteit Gent, Vakgroep Archeologie en Oude Geschiedenis van Europa, Blandijnberg 2, B-9000 Gent Dr. Gerhard Weber Stadtarchaologie Kempten (Allgau), Fiissener StraBe 90, D-87437 Kempten

Liste der Tafeln

Taf. 1: Haus Biirgel, Schnitt 1: Blick auf das freigelegte Fundament von Turm 8 Taf. 2: Haus Biirgel, Schnitt 2: Blick auf das Nordprofil Taf. 3: Haus Biirgel, Schnitt 6: Blick von Norden auf die Reste des Badegebaudes Taf. 4: Jiilich, Kanalschnitt Dusseldorfer StraBe 1987 mit Kastellmauer Taf. 5: Jiilich, Kanalschnitt Kolner Strafie 1987 mit Kastellmauer Taf. 6: Bitburg / Beda, Modell des spatromischen Kastells Bitburg Taf. 7a-b: Augsburg, Siegesaltar des Jahres 260 n.Chr. Taf. 8a-b: Mons Caelius / Kellmiinz, Plateau mit Kirche St.Martin und Steilabfall

11

Vorwort der Herausgeber

Die hier vorgelegten Aufsatze basieren auf den Vortragen, die bei der Tagung des West- und Siiddeutschen Verbandes der Altertumsforschung im Rahmen der Sitzung der Arbeitsgemeinschaft 'Romische Archaologie' in Kempten/Allgau vom 08.06. bis 09.06.1995 gehalten wurden. fu 18 Vortragen wurden Probleme spatromischer Befestigungsanlagen in den Rheinund Donauprovinzen exemplarisch vorgestellt und diskutiert. Neben den speziellen und regionalen Betrachtungen wuide auch ein iibergreifendes Thema zu Vegetationsfragen der Spatantik:eberiicksichtigt. Hinzu kommt ein Beitrag von Karl Strobel, den er im Rahm.en der allgemeinen Vortrage der Verbandstagung hielt. Nicht abgedruckt werden konnten die Vortrage von Alois Stuppner (Der Oberleiserberg [Niederosterreich] im Spiegel der spatantiken Glasfunde), Hansjorg Ubl (Neue Forschungen zum spatromischen Donaulimes) sowie Alfried Wieczorek (Spatantike Befestigungsanlagen im Neckarmiindungsgebiet).

Die Sitzung in Kempten wurde von den damaligen Sprechem der Arbeitsgemeinschaft vorbereitet; diese waren Clive Bridger (Xanten), Karl-Josef Gilles (Trier), Martin Luik (heute Trier) und Manuela Struck (heute Birmingham). Die redaktionelle Bearbeitung lagen in den Handen von Clive Bridger und Karl-Josef Gilles, wahrend Manuela Struck die Verbindungen zum Verlag herstellte. Unser Dank gilt Frau Dr. Rajka Makjanic fiir die Aufnahme in die internationale Reihe der British Archaeological Reports.

Die Abbildungen der Autoren wurden unverandert iibemommen. Das -Obersetzen der Kurzfassungen fiir die Abstracts lag in den Handen von Clive Bridger.

Xanten / Trier im Dezember 1997

iii

Abstracts Hugo Thoen and Frank Vermeulen, Ghent Phases of Germanisation in Flanders during the middle- and late-Roman period In recent years archaeological investigations in Flanders and the southern Netherlands have thrown new light onto the transition from Romanisation to Germanisation in northern Gaul, which occurred in different phases. As a reaction to German immigration into the Germanui inferior and the Gallia Belgica under Marcus Aurelius in the years 165-175 the Romans constructed a coastal defence-system in the Gallui Belgica, including the forts of Aardenburg, Oudenburg and Maldegem. During the second half of the 3rd century a new defence system was built in northern Gaul consisting of two components: the coastal defence (Litus Saxonicum) and the defence in depth, to which strongholds on the road from Cologne to Bavai (so-called 'Limes Belgicus') and hill-forts in the Ardenne belong.

Ursula Maier-Weber, Bonn Calo. Locality and afterlife of a destroyed late-Roman fort on the Lower Rhine According to the Itinerarium Antonini the ala fort of Calo lay between Vetera (Xanten-Birten) and Ge/,duba (Krefeld-Gellep). Hitherto one has been unable to locate it with any degree of certainty. It now appears to have lain between Duisburg-Hornberg and Duisburg-Baer! and is recalled in the name of the village of Halen, which was destroyed by the Rhine around 1600. Despite this its ancient roots are confirmed by numerous Roman findspots in the vicinity, by the patronage of St.Peter for the church, an ancient system of roads and the name (Halon in the 10th c.). The strategic and administrative task for Calo was to guard the confluence of the Emscher on the opposite, right bank of the Rhine.

Christoph Reichmann, Krefeld The fort at Krefeld-Gellep during the 4th Century At the end of the 3rd century the ala fort of Gelduba was remodelled into a late-Roman fortress. Unlike most other local forts this did not result in any appreciative decrease of ground-area. Besides, the extensive cemeteries indicate a heavy increase of population and, therefore, a much increased importance of the site. Gellep now went through its most prosperous period. The paper deals with the character of the fortification, its new standing within the Germanui secunda, or rather the central section of the Lower German limes, and its later fate upto the beginning of the 5th century.

Michael Kaiser, Neuss A late-Roman Fort at Neuss-Norf and thoughts on the defence of the Rhine border during the 5th Century During the laying-out of a golf-course in 1992/1993 the remains of a late-Roman military base were investigated. A gateway in the form of an outer clavicula and remains of a surrounding ditch in the southeastern corner of the fort were uncovered. Following a frre the complex was reduced; at the bottom of the ditch there was found a burnt layer containing finds of the late 4th to 6th c. The features and a few finds are described, followed by some remarks on the dating of the base and the significance of the pottery sequence. In particular, different interpretations of the Notitia Dignitatum in respect of the defence of the borders of both German provinces and the role of the 'pseudo-comitatenses' of H.Nesselhauf and D.Hoffmann are discussed.

Thomas Fischer, Cologne New investigations at the late-Roman Fort of 'Haus Biirgel' Today the estate of Haus Biirgel lies on the right bank of the Rhine in a former river-meander between Cologne and Diisseldorf. Its modem-day form of an enclosed rectangular courtyard has its origins in a square fort of the iv

late-Roman period. Its ancient name is unknown. Superstructural remains of the circuit-wall survive upto a height of 5 m. Since 1994 an excavation of the universities of Cologne and Warsaw has been in progress. This has concentrated upon the well-preserved tower 8 in the south-west comer and the bath-house built against the interior wall in the south. A 4 m wide trench was also dug through the outer defensive ditch on the eastern side. This contained burnt rubbish of the early 5th c. from the fort's interior. The filling of the ditch realised numerous small-finds, e.g. about 180 mostly burnt late-Roman coins mainly dating from Valentinian I. (364375) to Arcadius (383-408).

Maureen Carroll, Sheffield The late-Roman Fort of Divitia in Cologne-Deutz and its garrisons A new examination of earlier excavations has confirmed that the fort of Divitia in Cologne-Deutz was constructed together with the Rhine bridge between 310 and 315. The first garrison served as a protection force with scouting missions in the border zone. The size of the fort and the finds, which indicate Roman cavalry within the base, make it probable that Constantine I. stationed a part-cavalry regiment of 500-600 men in the new border-post. During the renewed securing of the border under Valentinian I. Divitia received a limitaneiunit which was strongly German in character, as shown by the numerous, divergent finds. There are indications that the fort was inhabited by Frankish federates after the apparent abandonment without a fight around 406.

Marcel Perse, Jillich The late-Roman Fort at Jillich In early medieval sources Jillich is described as a defended town. Throughout the 20th c. chance finds have led to the localising of the late-Roman fort. Through 18 different find-spots the circuit-wall has been roughly defined. The supposed Constantinian dating of the fort has yet to be proven. As to the interior little is known, apart from timber-framed buildings in the north, a cistern with iron-slag, as well as a depot of late-Roman iron tools. On the eastern side, beside the road leading to Cologne, the 4th/5th c. cemetery covers mid-Roman cellars. New cemeteries appear to the north. Intensive settlement into the 5th c. can be seen in the surrounding country, where military finds are known from several rural sites. Martin Frey, Borg/Trier The late-Roman fort at Bitburg-Beda During the German incursions in the 3rd c. the large vicus of Beda on the Roman road from Cologne to Trier was destroyed. In its place developed in the (late ?) Constantinian period a powerful military fort of much reduced area and incorporating an older burgus. It formed part of an extensive defence-system to secure the main incursion routes into Gaul and the late-Roman imperial residence of Trier against attack. Within a project financed by local industry to make accessible the Roman remains by means of an archaeological tour, the records and fmds from a century of investigation through the Landesmuseum Trier were examined. In addition, extensive surveying work and a small sondage were carried out.

Karl-Josef Gilles, Trier New investigations into the fortified late-Roman hill-settlements in the Eifel and Hunsriick mountains Since the first presentation of the fortified late-Roman hill-settlements in the Eifel and Hunsriick mountains in 1985 their number has increased by roughly a third from 37 to 54. The picture has hardly altered in respect of the distribution of these settlements, even though new lines of fortifications can now be proven on the tributaries of the Moselle, such as the Sauer and the Our, as well as, perhaps, the Lieser and OB. Owing to a considerable increase in fmds, one can now say that, as opposed to earlier suppositions, almost a half of the sites was visited immediately following the fall of the Limes. Unlike a decade ago, through the numerous new fmds one can now grasp the military element far better. Clearly German material, however, occurs extremely seldom.

V

Hansjorg Kuster, Munich The late-Roman landscape in Central Europe from a historical-vegetational viewpoint Historical-vegetational and archaeological knowledge basically differ from one another. The basis for palaeobotanic conclusions is the pollen diagramme, from which above all the change in the landscape may be deduced, and not the individual chronological period viewed by the archaeologist. It is difficult, therefore, to describe explicitly how much the late-Roman landscape differed from that of other periods. Only one thing is clear from the outset: the late-Roman landscape is integrated in the evolving change of landscape registered by the palynologist. Under this aspect the problem of continuity, for example, has to be seen. Basically this exists, so that the compatibilities and inconsistencies with the results of archaeological result have to be discussed. The continuity in the farming of agricultural areas may have increased during the late-Roman period. After that there remained north of the Alps a population characterised by a prehistoric way of settlement, whereby the continuity of the tilling of agricultural areas decreased to a level of prehistoric times.

Karl Strobel, Trier Raetia amissa? Raetia under Gallienus: province and army in the light of the new victory inscription from Augsburg The 'Fall of the Limes in 259/260', in which the Alemannic onslaught is supposed to have destroyed the Roman border defences, belongs to the model conceptions of the history of the 3rd century. This has resulted in numerous circular arguments between historical reconstruction and archaeological and numismatic interpretation. The latter needs a comprehensive reappraisal. The altar discovered in Augsburg in 1992 commemorating the victory of the governor of Raetia over the Juthungi in the year 260 also represents a central source for the evolution of the Germanic tribes. The Swabian-Elbgermanic groupings had reformed under the name of the Juthungi, whereas the name Alemans, first documented in the late 3rd century, was originally just the title of the military wing of these Swabian groups which developed as a foreign nomenclature into an ethnic meaning. Prior to the Swabian settlement of southwest Germany Alemans and Juthungi are not different tribal formations. The inscription proves for the first time that Raetia joined in the usurpation of Postumus; the mostly misinterpreted passage in the panegyrics of "amissa Raetia" refers, therefore, to the loss of the province to Gallienus. The military occupation of the Upper German-Raetian Limes ends as a result of internal Roman conflict following 260.

Rudolf Fellmann, Basie Late-Roman fortifications in the territory of the Legio I Martia This late-Roman legion is known from mentions in Ammianus Marcellinus, inscriptions and tile-stamps. A distribution map of these stamps reveals a spread from Strasbourg to central Switzerland. Clear concentrations can be seen at Castrum Rauracense (Kaiseraugst), Breisach and on the so-called 6denburg at Biesheim on the left bank of the Rhine.It is interesting that a large number of stamped tiles comes from cemeteries and not from true military sites. Furthermore, only a few tiles with stamps of the / Martia have been found within the area of Castrum Rauracense, whereas many come from the right-bank bridge-head of HertenfWyhlen. It is significant that within the 6denburg at Biesheim aerial photography seems to reveal a large late-Roman fort from which numerous tile-stamps have been collected. It is evident that the Castrum Rauracense can not be designated as the sole base of the Legio I Martia and as its fixed quarters. As to the dating of the legion, the investigations at Breisach have proven that the legion already existed during the first half of the 4th century. Tiles with the relevant stamps are lacking in clearly valentinianic buildings.

Peter-Andrew Schwarz, Basie New information on the late-Roman period in Augusta Raurica In the paper it will be shown that it was not the archaeologically indeterminable Alamannic incursion of 259/260 which led to the destruction and continual depopulation of the colony of Augusta Raurica, but a series or chain of several events in the 3rd and 4th century. VI

In the first half of the 3rd c. an intermittent decline is observable. An extensive destruction layer indicates that parts of the town were destroyed by an earthquake in the 240s. Between 250 and 275 a section of the destroyed insulae was repaired by employing old material and timber constructions. During this period occured the plundering of parts of the public infrastructure to supply stone and metal. Military finds and a presumed auxiliary fort in the area of the later Castrum Rauracense prove that military forces were garrisoned in the urban area during the 360s. A second destruction layer, as well as skeletons associated with weapons, prove military conflicts in the years around 273/275. Around 270 at the earliest, but presumably after 275, the plateau of the fort (insulae 1-8) was fortified in the way of an 'enceinte reduite' (Kastelen). About 300 the Castrum Raurace nse was constructed in the lower town of Kaiseraugst. The fortification on the Kastel en was abandoned around the mid-4th c. and demolished on purpose after 350. The abandonment and demolition of the fortification on the Kastelen probably took place in connection with the destruction of the Castrum Rauracense by the Alamans in 352/353 and its reconstruction. The reconstruction of the Castrum Rauracense and the building of the right-bank bridge-head at Wyhlen under Julian and Valentinian I. could have been carried out by the legio I Martia.

Bettina Hedinger, Zurich The Roman burgus at Kloten, Canton Zurich In 1990 during a rescue excavation next to the reformed church at Kloten the Cantonal Archaeology of Zurich revealed the ground-plan of a fortlet. The square construction with rounded comer-towers and a gateway to the northeast has sides 28 m long. A well-preserved piece of wall allowed a precise examination of the building techique. The foundations rest upon a regular pile-work On the evidence of coins found within the crosstimbers and the post-hols the construction can be dated to Valentinian I. (364-375) or Valentinian II. (375-392). Interior structures can only be presumed from the presence of a spatially limited layer of broken tile. Regularly set post-holes along an interior line of walling indicate a flight of steps to give access to a possible parapet. Prior to 1990 the burgus at Kloten had been completely unknown, but it had been built upon a site which had been settled during the middle-Roman period. It must have served the security of the route from Vindonissa and Baden to Winterthur, Pfyn and Bregenz. This is one of the few well-dated fortifications of the second half of the 4th century in eastern Switzerland. Moreover, everal finds prove a continuity of settlement within the construction into the early medieval period.

Michael Mackensen, Munich The Tetrachic fort at Caelius MonsfKellmiinz on the Danube-Iller-Limes in Raetia Until recently a connection between the honourary inscription from Augsburg (A.D. 281) and the Emperor Probus, who is described as [restitutor pr]ovinciarum et operum [publicorum], and the construction of new border fortifications on the Iller and the Upper Danube in Raetia was considered as probable. From 1986 to 1993 and in 1995 excavations were carried out in the 0·86 ha large fort of Caelius Mons, which according to the Notitia Dignitatum occ. 35,30 was the base of the cohors III Herculea Pannoniorum. The gateway as well as the comer- and intermediate towers of the eastern and northwestern wall were examined. Both the groundplan, with the nw- and sw-comers having had to be set back owing to the topography, and the section of the fort's eastern wall were reconstructed. The oldest (oblique) internal structure (period 1) predating the stone fort and belonging to a short-termed fortification, possibly a construction camp, dates to A.D. 297 at the earliest, based upon two mint-fresh coins found beneath a floor. Only a little later the stone fort with an orthogonal ground-plan and timber buildings was constructed (period 2), which, however, burnt down in the first years of the 4th century (t.p.q. 300/303 and 301). Within the province of Raetia the fort of Caelius MonsjKellmiinz, together with the forts at Burgle, Burghofe and Eining, as well as those at Neuburg and Straubing, belongs to the military fortifications of different sizes constructed under the Tetrachy, but not before A.D. 295/300. Moreover, in the adjoining province of Sequania, too, the interior buildings next to the west gate of the fort of TasgaetiumjBurg near Eschenz, which is dated by inscription only roughly to the period 293/305, were erected in timber during the first years of the 4th century (t.p.q. 300/301). With the aid of stratified coins several more precisely datable contexts, as well as the whole coin spectrum of individual forts, now provide a more exact dating of the building programme of fortifications in Raetia along the Iller and the Upper Danube under the Tetrachy. vii

Gerhard Weber, Kempten Kempten-Cambidano in the Late Roman period After 259/260, during and following the incursions of the Alemans and the Juthungi, the Roman town of Cambodunum on the right bank of the River Iller was generally abandoned. By the end of the 3rd century the civil population had withdrawn to an area safe from high-water at the western and northern base of the Burghalde, a solitary plateau rising some 25 m straight up on the left bank of the Iller. They enclosed this settlement with a defensive wall, of which only the western side with a semi-circular tower has hitherto been able to be investigated. Several years later, in the late 290s, a military fortification was certainly erected upon the c. 0,7 ha large plateau of the Burghalde, for which the Notitia Dignitatum names for Cambidano a detachment of the legio III Jtalica. In the area of the modem Rathausplatz on the left bank of the Iller there is an inhumation cemetery lying to the north of the fortification and belonging to both the civil and military sites, of which 14 graves have been uncovered upto now. Small repairs bear witness to renewed settlement amidst the ruins of the town on the right bank of the Iller during the second quarter of the 4th century. To this belongs a small inhumation cemetery with 38 burials, the finds of which disappear towards the end of the 4th century, as do all other late-Roman finds at Cambidano, especially the coins.

viii

Hugo Thoen und Frank Vermeulen Phasen der Germanisierung in Flandern in der mittel- und spatromischen Zeit

Der Obergang von Romanisierung auf Germanisierung in Nordgallien ist ein Problem, womit sich vor allem Historiker beschli.ftigt haben. Sie stiitzten sich dabei hauptsiichlich auf literarische und toponymische Quellen (Gysseling 1981; Gysseling und Verhulst 1969). Im letzten Jahrzehnt sind aber in Flandern und in den Siidniederlanden archaologische Funde ans Licht gekommen, die ein neues Licht auf die Germanisierung von Nordgallien werfen, die sich deutlich in verschiedenen Phasen vollzogen hat (Abb. 1). Zwecks aller Deutlichkeit miissen wir zur definitiven Festlegung des Rheinlimes unter Claudius im Jahre 47 n.Chr. zuriickkehren. Die Verteidigung von Gallia mit Germania Libera stiitzte sich auf zwei Grundsiitze (Thoen 1991a: 198): 1) der Limes, ein linearer Reihe von Festungen entlang dem Rhein; 2) der Ausbau eines Systems von Pufferstaaten im

angrenzenden feindlichen Gebiet, wie die Frisii (Nordniederlande), Chauci (Norddeutschland), Chatti (ostlich von Koln), Hermunduri, Naristi usw. Nach der Erhebung der Batavi im Jahre 69/70, der letzten groJ3enRevolte in Nordgallien, sorgte die starke Zentralgewalt unter der Dynastie der Flavier und den Kaisern Trajan, Hadrian und Antoninus Pius dafiir, daJ3sich dieses System maximalrentierte bis zur Dynastie der Antoninen. Dies stellte die groJ3e Bliitezeit der romischen Gesellschaft in Nordgallien (Pax Romana). Zerstorte Pax Romana

Noch in der Regierung von Antoninus Pius (138-161) setzte sich an den baltischen Seekiisten eine Bewegung ein, die fiir

Abbildung 1. Karte Nordgalliens mit den im Text erwlihnten Fundstiitten

--=-==--50km

l.•

--

\'---__

--

\ \

THEROUAN~

\

\

',

~

\ \

\ \ \

\ A MIENS

1 Aardenburg (NL); 2 Asper (B); 3 Bergeijk (NL); 4 Boulogne-sur-Mer (F); 5 Brugge (B); 6 Cuijk (NL); 7 Donk (B); 8 Dourbes (B); 9 Eprave (B); 10 Furfooz (B); 11 Geldrop (NL); 12 Grobbendonk (B); 13 Heerlen (NL); 14 Jiilich (D); 15 Kerkhove (B); 16 KnesseJare (B); 17 Kortrijk (B); 18 Kruishoutem (B); 19 Maastricht (NL); 20 Maldegem (B); 21 Neerharen (B); 22 Oudenburg (B); 23 Rijmenam (B); 24 Roksem (B); 25 Rumst (B); 26 Sint-Gillis-Waas (B); 27 Sint-Martens-Latem (B); 28 Temse (B); 29 Tienen (B); 30 Torhout (B); 31 Velzeke (B); 32 Voerendaal (NL); 33 Waasmunster (B); 34 Wervik (B); 35 Zerkegem (B); 36 Gennep (NL).

Hugo Thoen und Frank Vermeulen

Nordgallien dasEnde der Pax Romana bedeutete. Migrierende Volker zogen in den Siidwesten und erreichten die Pufferstaaten. Nordgallien wurde unter Marc Aurel (161-180), zum ersten Mal seit einem Jahrhundert mit Germaneneinfiillen konfrontiert (Thoen 1991a): - 165-67 iiberquerten die Chatti den Rhein, fielen in Germania Inferior ein und wurden dort aufgehalten und vom befehlshabenden Offizier der Legio XXII Primigenia, M.

Didius Julianus, der in Mainz stationiert war, vertrieben; - 172-74 waren die Chauci an der Reihe, die aus dem Miindungsgebiet der Elbe iiber die Nordsee in das romische Reich einfielen. Sie iiberwundeten die Kiistenverteidigung von Germania Inferior und unternahmen Raubziige in Gallia Belgica, wo sie vom selben Didius Julianus, inzwischen Statthalter von Belgica geworden, aufgehalten wurden (Abb. 2).

Abbildung 2. Die Chauci-Einfiille in die Gallia Belgica zur Zeit Marc Aurels (aus Thoen 1991a)

1 Aalter (B); 2 Aardenburg (NL); 3 Aartrijke (B); 4 Amiens (F); 5 Antwerpen (B); 6 Arras (F); 7 Asse (B); 8 Bavai (F); 9 Belsele (B); 10 Boulogne (F); 11 Brugge (B); 12 Bruyelles (B); 13 Cassel (F); 14 Dendermonde (B); 15 Destelbergen (B); 16 Elewijt (B); 17 Gent (B); 18 Grobbendonk (B); 19 Hollain (B); 20 Kerkhove (B); 21 Koln (D); 22 Kontich (B); 23 Kortrijk (B); 24 Liberchies (B); 25 Mainz (D); 26 Maldegem (B); 27 Oudenburg (B); 28 Rumst (B); 29 Rupelmonde (B); 30 Rijmenam (B); 31 Taintignies (B); 32 Temse (B); 33 Therouanne (F); 34 Tongeren (B); 35 Torhout (B); 36 Tournai (B); 37 Velzeke (B); 38 Waasmunster (B); 39 Wervik (B).

2

Phasen der Germanisierung in Flandern

Didius Julianus wurde spliter sogar noch Kaiser (193) und diese Tatsache brachte ihm eine vita ein. Die Vita idii Juliani liefert ubrigens einen kurzen Bericht uber die Einfalle der Chauci in den Jahren 172-174: 'Inde Belgicam sancte et diu rexit. Ibi Cauchis Germaniae populis, qui Albim fluvium adcolebant erumpentibus restitit tumultuariis auxiliis provincialium. Ob quae consulatum meruit testimonium imperatoris.' (Vita Didii Iuliani l, 6-9). Der Text erwlihnt auch, daJ3Didius Julianus vom Kaiser Marc Aurel wegen seines offensichtlich erfolgreichen Eingreifens gegen die Chauci belohnt wurde; ihm wurde das Konsulat im Jahre 175 n. Chr. zuerkannt.

Abbildung 3. Die mittelromischen Kastelle von (a) Maldegem (nach Thoen) und b) Aardenburg (nach Trimpe Burger 1986) sowie (c) das splitromische Kasten von Oudenburg (aus Brulet 1990, nach Mertens)

Was im Text aber nicht erwlihnt wird, ist, daJ3 die Einfalle katastrophale Folgen fiir die gallo-romische Gesellschaft in Nordgallien hatten, vor allem fiir Belgica, eine senatoriale Provinz, wo keine Truppen stationiert waren (Thoen 1991a: 194f.). Die Spuren der Vernichtung lassen sich deutlich vom belgischen Ktistengebiet bis zur Somme verfolgen (Abb. 2). Mehrere Hauptorte von civitates gingen in Flammen auf. Davon zeugen u.a. die enormen Brandschichten, die in Stiidten wie Tarvenna (Therouanne) bei den Morini, in Bagacum (Bavai) bei den Nervii, in Nemetacum (Arras) bei den Atrebates und sogar in Samarobriva (Amiens) bei den Ambiani gefunden worden sind. Das Scheide- und Leietal wurde offenbar am schlimmsten getroffen. Hier wurden offensichtlich alle vici zerstort, wovon einige, wie Velzeke, Cortoriacum (Kortrijk) und Viroviacum (Wervik), jede Wichtigkeit verloren.

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... som

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8

Militarische Reorganization unter Marc Aurel

Als Reaktion auf diese Einfalle iinderten die Romer ihre militiirische Anwesenheit in Nordgallien (Thoen 1991a: 195198): 1) Das Ktistengebiet von Gallia Belgica erhielt eine feste militiirische Priisenz; wichtige Kastelle aus dieser Periode sind Aardenburg (Seeliindisch-Flandern), Oudenburg (Westflandern) und Maldegem (Ostflandern). 2) Im Binnenland wurden Flottenverbiinde der Classis Germanica, die normalerweise entlang dem Rhein operierten, eingesetzt. Ziegel mit Stempeln der C(lassis) G(ermanica) P(ia) F(idelis) kamen ans Licht u.a. am Rupel-Flufi in Rumst und in Rijmenam (Provinz Antwerpen).

(a)

(b)

a

50m ....._____. O

I

Die Kastelle am Rande des Ktistengebietes sind am besten bekannt (Thoen 1991b). Es ist deutlich, daJ3 sie errichtet wurden, um die Einfallswege aus dem Meer zu blockieren (Abb. 3). - Das Gastellum von Aardenburg kennen wir A6l:.t:.~l:.At:.t:.t:..O.t:.6.l::..tl6l:J.t:.6L::.~