Sobstvennost' v buržuaznoj pravovoj teorii / Eigentum in der bürgerlichen Rechtstheorie [Reprint 2021 ed.] 9783112481684, 9783112481677

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KPHTHKA Byp>KyA3H0H MAEOAOTHH H PEBH3MOHM3MA

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Ján Lazar EIGENTUM IN DER BÜRGERLICHEN RECHTSTHEORIE

Akademie-Verlag Berlin

1980

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* CM., HanpHMep: L a z a r J. Teorie «ludoveho vlastnictva» v sluzbe obrany kapitalizmu. Bratislava, 1967; Zur Kritik der bürgerlichen Konzeption von der «Transformation» des Eigentums durch Rechtsformen der Kapitalgesellschaften. — Staat und Recht, 1977, N 3; Kritika niektorych burzoaznych a reformistickych vlastnickych koncepcii, — PrävnickeTtüdie, 1978.

5

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* CM.: MaTepHajiH XXIV ciesAa KÜCC. M., 1971, c. 103; MaTepHajibi XXV cie3Aa KÜCC. M., 1976, c. 73; MaTepnajiu XXVI ci>e3Aa KHCC. M., 1981, c. 78; MaTepnajiu IT^enyMa UeHTpajibHoro KoMHTefa KÜCC. 14—15 HiOHfl 1983 roAa. M., 1983, c. 70. 6

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ripH n03AHeM (J)eOA3AH3Me H AOMOHOnOAHCTHHeCKOM KanHT3AH3Me HAeOAOrH 6yp}Kya3HH O Ó T J C K T H B H O Bbipa^aAH CTpeMAeHHe STOrO MOAOAOrO KAaCC3 K SKOHOMHHCCKOMy H coUH3AbH0My rocnOjiicTBy, B ^SCTHOCTH K ycTaHOBJieHHio « C B H meHHoro H HenpHKocHOBeHHoro», «HeorpaHHqeHHoro H HeAeAHMoro» np3Ba M S C T H O H C O Ó C T B C H H O C T H , np0B03rA3UiaH e r o HenpeMeHHbiM ycAOBHeM C B O Ó O A H H P 3 3 B H T H H qejioBeiecK O H A H ^ H O C T H . O H M npHUIAH K yÓOKACHHIO, I T O TaKoe npaBO cymecTBOBajio BcerAa H J I H n o ^ T H BcerAa, H T O O H O « B e ^ H O » , a OTKAOHeHHH O T Hero He óo'Aee qeM H C K A K D H C H K H , nopojKAeHHbie HeBe^ecTBOM, BapBapcTBOM H T. n. * J1 e H H H B. H. riojiH. co6p. coq., T. 18, c. 151. 8

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r o » , «HEAEJIHMORO» npaBa CO6CTB6HHOCTH, oiinpaBuiancH Ha onbiT e r o « p a c m e n j i e H H H » B AOKanHTajiHCTHqecKOM npaBe H B aHrjiocaKCOHCKOM 6yp>Kya3HOM npaBe, Ha orpaHHueHHH npaBa qacTHoft COÓCTBEHHOETH B «nyójiHHHbix HHTepecax» B 6ypJKya3H0M npaBe A p y r n x cTpaH 3 a n a j H 0 H EBponbi H T. A. B 1886 ratay O . riHq«iHHejiJiH ( H T a j w f l ) noKa3aji, » i t o pHMCKoe npaBO BOBce He 3Hajio j u s utendi et abutendi KaK npaBa j i i o ó o r o Hcn0jib30BaHHH BeniH BnjioTb AO e e yHHqTO>KeHHH HJIH aBHoro npOTHBopenHH NY6JIHHHHM HHTepecaM. T a K a a « a 6 cojnoTHaa» xapaKTepncTHKa pHMCKoro npaBa MacTHoft c o 6 CTBeHH0CTH noHBHJiacb B 1563 roAy, Koraa ropHCT O . X0T0MaHyc (XOTM3H) OIUH6OTHO HCTOJiKOBaji cooTBeTCTByiom,ee MecTO * M a p K C K.» 3 H r e JI b c O. Co1!., T. 23, c. 1|1. ** M a p K c K., S H r e J i b c O . Coi., T. 20, c. 288. *** G r o s s i P. Un' altro modo di possedere. Milano, 1977. 9

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* P i c c i n e l l i F. Studi e ricerche intorno alla definizione «Dominium est j u s utendi et abutendi re sua...». Firenze, 1886. ** A. B. BeHejHKTOB noKa3aji umpOKoe pacnpocTpaHeHHe «pacmenJieHHOH» C O Ö C T B G H H O C T H B paÖOBJiaAejlbHeCKOM O Ö m e C T B e , H B laCTHOCTH B JLPEBHEM PHME (CM.: B e H e A H K T O B A. B. I"ocy,n,apcTBeHHaH coitna-

„iHCTHMecKaa coócTBeHHOcrb. M.—JT., 1947, c. 61—93).

10

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* JI e H H H B. H. nojiH. co6p. coi., T. 27, c. 321. 12

H H T e p e c a M H * . JI. fliorn y T B e p j K Ä a j i , m t o p a c i y m a H « c o u n a j i b H a a coJiHÄapHoeTb B c e x K J i a c c o B » h k o ö h n p H B e j i a ko B c e o ö xxi,hm H 3 M e H e H H H M h H a c r a o r o h n y ö j i H q H o r o n p a ß a : r o c y Ä a p ctbo C T a j i o « c o u H a j i b H o f l cJiyjKÖofi», b H H T e p e c a x o ö m e c T B a o r p a H H H H B a i o m e H q a c r a y i o co6cTBeHHOCTb, npeBpaTHBixiyiocH b « c o u H a J i b H y i o 4>yHKUHio». r i o e r o m h c h h i o , T e n e p b ß y ^ e T BnOJIHe 33KOHHbIM rOCyflapCTBeHHOe IlpHHyiK/XeHHe HaCTHblX 3eMjieBjiaÄejibixeB o 6 p a 6 a T b i B a T b cboh 3eMjiH, ecJiH nyßjiHWHbie HHTepecbi S T o r o n o T p e ö y i o T * * ; b ro/tu n e p B o ö mhpoboh bohHbt 3T0 CTaJIO 33K0H0M BO MHOrHX C T p a H a X * * * . KjiaCCOBblH CMbICJI CBOefi KOHUeniXHH JI. /JlOrH pa3"bHCHH.II CaM: « H He rOBOpiO.., HTO TO 3KOHOMH«XeCKOe COCTOHHHe, K3KHM HBJIJieTCH HHÄHBHflyaJIbHaH C O Ö C T B e H H O C T b , HCHe3JIO HJ1H ÄOJI>KHO HCHe3HyTb. 51 TOBOpK) TOJIbKO, 4T0 XOpHÄHHeCKOe nOHHTHe,

Ha kotopom 0CH0BbiBaeTCH ero couHajibHaa 3amHTa, bhäoh3MeHHeTca. HecMOTp« Ha sto, HHAHBHÄyajibHan coöctbchHOCTb npOAo^JKaeT ßbiTb 3amHmeHa ot bchkhx nocHraTejibCTB, A a j K e o t T e x , KOTOpbie M o r j i H 6 h Hcxo/XHTb o t nyöjiHHHofi BJiacTH. E o ; i e e T o r o , OHa r o p a 3 ^ o CHJibHee npH Tpa^HUHOHHOH K O H U e n U H H . . . » * * * * .

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O c o ö e H H o sHa^HTejibHbie nepeMeHbi b yneHHH h 3aKOHax o n p a ß e co6ctb6hhocth n p o H e x o a H T Ha a T a n e r o c y ^ a p c T B e H H O MOHonojiHCTHHecKoro KanHTajiH3Ma, K o r A a c h j i h KanHTajiHCTHnecKHx MOHonojiHfl h 6 y p > K y a 3 H o r o r o c y A a p c T B a coeßHHHioTCH «B OÄHH MexaHH3M, CTaBHIUHH AeCflTKH MHJIJIHOHOB JlIOÄeii B OÄ" Hy opraHH3au,Hio r o c y A a p c T B e H H o r o K a n H T a j i H 3 M a » * * * * * . Y p o BeHb o6o6m,eCTBJieHHH H HHTepHaii,HOHajIH3aUHH npOH3BOÄCTBa noBbixuaeTca b cbh3h c e r o n p o A O J i x a i o m e H C i i KOHueHTpauHeß, ycHJieHHeM r o c n o A C T B a mohoiiojihö h r o c y Ä a p c T B e H H o r o p e r y JIHpOBaHHH C0IXHaJIbH0-3K0H0MHqeCKHX OTHOIUeHHH, 3K0H0MHl e c K o f i HHTerpau,Heß oitAejibHbix r p y n n 6ypJKya3Hbix CTpaH, yBejiHieHHeM p o j i n TpaHCHauHOHajibHbix K o p n o p a u n f l h t . n. S K c n j i y a T a u H H T p y A f l m H x c a , SKOHOMHqecKHe noTpnceHHH 0 6 0 CTpHIOT K^aCCOByiO 6 o p b 6 y . yCHJIHBaK)IH,HHCH H3THCK HapOÄOB Ha bck) CHCTeMy rocyÄapcTBeHHO-MOHonojiHCTHHecKoro Kann-

* Cm., HanpHMep: G i e r k e O . Die soziale Aufgabe des Privatrechts. Berlin, 1889, S. 14—16. ** Cm.,

HanpHMep:

,0, k> r h

JI.

CounajibHoe

npaBO,

HHflHBHÄyajibHoe

npaßo h npeoöpasoBaHHe rocyÄapcTBa. M., 1909, c. 32—33, 118—119. *** Cm.: r o ß x ö a p r A . I". OnepKH npeo6pa30BaHHH 3eMeJibHoro h rpaxÄaHCKoro npaBa b 6ypjKya3HHX rocy^apcTBax. M., 1925. * * * * H k) r h JI. 06iHHe npeo6pa30BaHHH rpaxAaHCKoro npaBa. M., 1919, c. 89. * * * * * JI e h h h B. H. IIojih. co6p. coq„ t . 32, c. 83. 13

T3JiH3Ma npHHyscAaeT n p a ß a m n e .Kpyrn npHcnocaôjiHBaTbcn H MAHEBPHPOBATB TAKHmeecH n p o THBopeHHe M e x A y n p n o ô p e T a i o m H M Bce ó o j i e e oómecTBeHHbiñ x a p a K T e p np0H3B0ACTB0M H qacTHbiM npHCBoeHHeM. KanHTaji H e r o r o c y A a p c T B o Tenepb B r o p a 3 A o ó o j i b m e ñ cTeneHH, H e x e JIH

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ripHCBOÊHHe OCTaeTCH HaCTHblM, HO e r o TpaAHUHOHHblH npaBOBOH MexaHH3M Tenepb npHXOAHTCH nepecTpaHBaTb, H6O, BO-nepBMX, «qaCTH0X03HHCTBeHHbie H qaCTHOCOÔCTBeHHHieCKHe OTHOUieHHJI COCTaBJlHlOT OÖOJIOHKy, KOTOpaH yJKe He COOTBeTCTByeT c o A e p « a H H K ) , KOTOpaH HeH36eîKH0 AOJiaiHa 3arHHBaTb, ecjiH HCKyccTBeHHO oTTHrHBaTb ee y c T p a H e H H e » * . B o BTopbix, « p y K a 0 6 pyKy c pa3Jio>KeHHeM cTapbix ycjioBHH j k h 3 HH HAËT H p a 3 A o x e H H e CTapbix H A e ñ » * * . CoócTBeHHOCTb — OAHH H3 KpaeyrojibHbix KaMHen Beerò KanHTajiHCTHqecKoro CTpOH. ri03T0My C O 6 III, H M KpH3HCOM KanHT3JIH3Ma n e p e x H B a e T KPH3HC 6 y p a ( y a 3 H o e yqeHne H saKOHOAaTejibCTBOi o n p a B e c o 6 CTBeHHOCTH, noABepraromnecH r j i y ó o K o ñ nepecTpoHKe, pacciHTaHHoñ Ha coxpaHeHHe KanHTajiHCTHiecKoro n p a B a c o 6 CTBeHHOCTH. *

I

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HHH o HeM BecbMa p a 3 H o o 6 p a 3 H H . P e ^ b HAeT, BO-nepBbix, o p a c T y m e M iHCjie orpaHHieHHH n p a B a COÖCTBCHHOCTH B n p o n;ecce

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* JI e H H H B. H. N O M co6p. coq., T. 27, c. 425. ** M a p K c K.I 3 H r e Ji b c O. Coi., T. 4, c. 445.

14

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BOJIbHO IIIHpOKOH n p a K T H K e HaiI,HOHaJIH3aitHH ÓaHKOB, HeKOT o p H x ( l a c T o yóbiTOHHUx) npejnpHHTHH H uejibix oTpacjiefi npoMbiifljieHHOCTH ( B AHIVIHH, OPAHUHH H A p y r n x C T p a H a x ) , 3eMejibHbix Y^acTKOB IÌUIH rpaAOCTpoHTejibCTBa, 3eMJieycrpOÌÌCTBa, p a 3 M e m e H H H BOeHHblX 6 a 3 H T. A . BcH-BTOpblX, CTajl npaBHJiOM n e p e x o A OT n o j i H o r o H n p e A B a p H T e j i b H o r o B03MeIU6HHH y6bIT,KOB, npHqHHHeMHX T3KHMH OrpaHHUeHHHMH H H3T>5ITHHMH, K «COOTBeTCTByiOmeMy OÓCTOHTeJIbCTBaM», « C n p a BEAJIHBOMY» BHKyny, K O T o p u f l B H C K j n o i H T e j i b H u x c J i y u a n x M O K e T 6biTb MacTHiHbiM, CHMBOJiHHecKHM H J I H j a w e BOBCe He HMeTb M e c T a . B-TpeTbHX, Bce q a m e BecbMa AoporocTOHiuHe o6"beKTbi ( n p e a n p H H T H H , o c y m e H H H e H o c B o e H H H e o i e H b K p y n Hbie ywacTKH MopcKoro AHa H T . A . ) co3AaK>TCH 3a c i e T r o c y AapCTBa, 0CT3I0TCH e r o COÓCTBeHHOCTbK) H HCnOJIb3yiOTCH B PA3JIHQHBIX

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e m e H e A a B H o o c n a p H B a j i o c b , HO C noHBjieHHeM BO3MOJKHOCTH n e p e c a A K H OPRAHOB H y c T y n K H — B03Me3AH0H HJIH 6e3B03MesiAHOft — nacTefl coócTBeHHoro Tejia 3Ta pa3HOBHAHOCTb n p a B a COÓCTBeHHOCTH Bce n a m e n o j i y i a e T npH3H3HHe) * * * H AP.

* L u c a r e l l i F. La proprietà

«pianificata». Napoli, 1974, p. 180—

231. **

CM.:

H o H p t i IN

A.

ATOM H npaBO. M . ,

1969.

* * * CM.: The Sale of Human Body Parts. — Michigan L a w 1972, voi. 71, N 8, p. 1182—1264.

Review,

15

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* CM.: W e s t f a 11 D . Agricultural A l l o t m e n t s as P r o p e r t y . — Harward L a w R e v i e w , 1966, v o l 79, N 6, p. 1180—1206. **CaBaThe P . TeopHa o6n3aTeJibcTB. LOPHAHWECKHFI H SKOHOMHMecKHH onepK. M., 1972, c. 56.

16

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17

HbIM 0Öpa30M 3T0 BJIHHHH6 OÖtHCHHeTCH, ÜO-BHÄHMOMy, HeK O T O p H M H CBOHCTB3MH c a M O r O aHIVIOCaKCOHCKOrO NPABA, KOTO-

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(B X I X

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(CIIIA),

• CM.: H o n o r é A. M. Ownership.—In: Oxford Essays in Jurisprudence, A. W. Guest (éd.). Oxford, 1961, p. 107—147. 2*

19

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* CM.: B e c k e r L. C. P r o p e r t y Rights. Philosophical F o u n d a t i o n s . Ldn., 1977, p. 20—21. ** F e r r a r a M. T r a t t a t o di diritto civile italiano. Vol. I. Roma, 1921, p. 327; B a r t o l o m e i G. Contributo ad una teoria del procedim e n t o ablatorio. Milano, 1962, p. 187—188; P u g l i a t t i S. Il trasferimento delle situazioni soggettive. Milano, 1964, p. 19; B a r b e r o B. Sistema istituzionale del diritto privato italiano. Torino, 1963, vol. I.

20

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n o j i e M H K a n o BonpocaM n p a B a c o ö c t b c h h o c t h b HaynHOH jiHTepaType KannTajiHCTHHecKHx CTpaH b nocjieAHHe t o a m CT3H0BHTCH BCe ÖOJiee 3KTHBH0H. C y A b ß a KanHTaJIHCTHHeCKOrO * CM.: R o d o t à S. La proprietà e le proprietà. — In: Controllo sociale delle attività economiche. Bologna, 1977. ** J i l l i J . P. Redéfinir le droit de propriété. Paris, 1977. *** M o n t e s V. L. La propiedad privada en el sistema del Derecho Civil contemporáneo. Madrid, 1980. **** C o m p o r t i M. La proprietà agraria. — Rivista di diritto agrario, 1983, N 4, p. 465. ***** L u e g E. Sozialbindung des Eigentums. Münster, 1975. 21

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o HeM

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B . A . KHKOTb * MeJKAyHapoAHoe coBemamie kommyhhcth^cckhx h p a 6 o m x floKyMeHTbi h MaTepna^bi. M., 1969, c. 60.

naprafi.

nPEAHCJIOBHE

npoTHB 6yp>Kya3Hbix BO33PCHHH H T e o p n i i B HacH C C O M H G H H O , 0 A « a H3 caMbix BAJKHBIX 3aAaH couHajiHCTHiecKOH npaBOBOH HayKH. O c o ó e H H o a K T y a j i b H b i M H 3HaHHMbIM N P E A C T A B J I H E T C H BbinOJIHeHHe 3 T 0 H 3aA3HH npHMeHHTeJIbHO K 6yp?Kya3HbIM TeOpHHM COÖCTB6HHOCTH. HAEOJIORHQECKOE 3HAQEHHE H iiiHpoTa ASHHOH n p o ö j i e M a T H K H o 6 y c Bopbôa

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Q o j i a r a i o m e e SKOHOMHMecKoe H npaBOBoe o ó m e c T B e H H o e OTHoiueHHe CHOBa H CHOBA CTSHOBHTCH npeAMeTOM p e u i H T e j i b H o r o npOTHBOÔOpCTBa M e » A y MapKCHCTCKO-JieHHHCKHM y q e HHeM H 6ypjKya3HbIMH B033peHHHMH. HMCHHO nOJieMHKa B Bonpoce

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23

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peKya3HeH h ee nneojioraMH, coBpeMeHHbie o6mecTBeHHbie h skoHOMHqecKHe ycjiOBHH oKa3biBaioTCH Bce 6aKTOpOB (cymecTBOBaHHe h pacTyman CHJia cooömecTBa coHHajincTHnecKHx rocy^apcTB, noße^a HaHHOHajibHo-ocBo6oAHTejibHbix flBHÄeHHH HapOAOB CTpaH «TpeTberO M H p a » ) , TaK H BHyTpeHHHX, OÖmeCTBeHHO-SKOHOMHHeCKHX npHIHH, KOpeHHIUHXCH B C3M0M KanHT3JIHCTHH6CK0M CTpoe. ÖcHOBHOe npOTHBopeqHe KanHTajiH3Ma KpafiHe o6ocTpHJiocb H3-3a HeßbiBajio bhcokoh CTeneHH o6o6mecTBJieHH« npoH3BO^cTBa npn ^ajibHefluieM coxpaHeHHH qacTHoro npHCBoeHHH. 3 t o t (J)3kt Bce öojibme oco3HaeTCH pa6oiHM KJiaccoM b KanHTajiHCTHMecKHX cTpaHax. O h ycHJiHBaeT cboio ßopböy npoTHB KpynHoro KanHTajia, w o bhpajKaeTCH b MHoro^HCJieHHbix BbicTynjieHHax, npHMO HanpaB•neHHbix npoTHB ochob coßpeMeHHoro rocy^apcTBeHHO-MOHo-

nojiHCTH^ecKoro KanHTajiH3Ma. DiaiuaTanM 6ypjKya3Hbix TeopHH npHxojHTCH yiHTbiBaTb BCe 3TH OÖCTOHTe^bCTBa H npHCnOCaÖJIHBaTbCH K HOBbIM ycjiobhhm. Ohh He MoryT n03B0JiHTb ceöe coBepuieHHo HrHopHpoBaTb SKOHOMHieCKHe H CPHHajIbHbie peaJIbHOCTH, BCJieACTBHe qero 6yp»ya3HaH Hayna Macra noaxoÄHT k «HccjieÄOBaHHK)» coßpeMeHHoro rocyAapcTBeHHO-MOHonojiHCTHiiecKoro KannT3JIH3Ma H ero HaCTHOKSnHTSJIHCTHHeCKOH COÖCTBeHHOCTH Takhm 0Öpa30M, uto, npH3HaB3H onpe,neJieHHbie peajibHo cymecTByiomne hbjichhh, OHa, o^hsko, ßepeT hx b Hea^eKBaTHbix nponopu,HHX h npen0AH0CHT b HCKa^eHHOM BH^e jihöo npHßaeT hm HHoe, HeaopMbi. H a y H H o e OÔ-bHCHeHHe cymHocTH KaTeropHH « C O Ô C T B C H HOCTb» onHpaeTCH npejKAe Beerò Ha aHajiH3 ee S K O H O M H H C C Koro coAepacaHHH, Ha CBH3aHHHe c Hero HHTepecu S K O H O M H 30

HecKH, n o j i H T H q e c K H H lopHflHHecKH r o c n o A C T B y r o m H X K j i a c c o B . S T O c o A e p s c a H H e H H H T e p e c H HMeiOT o n p e A e j i H i o m e e , n e p B H q -

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C y m e C T B y e T MHOHCeCTBO B033peHHÔ Ha COÖCTBeHHOCTb H n p a B O COÖCTBeHHOCTH. C p e A H HX OCOÖOrO BHHMSHHH T p e Ö y i O T AB a H a n p a B J i e H H H , K KOTOpbiM B pa3HOH M e p e T a K HJIH H H a n e n p H Ö J i H Ä a i o T C f l noHTH B c e 6 y p a c y a 3 H H e n p e A C T a B j i e H H H 0 n p a ß e COÖCTBEHHOCTH.

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HO-AorMaTHqecKHM o n n c a H H e M c y m e c T B y i o m H x n p a B , a T a K s c e • MeTOÄOJiorHfl MapKCHCTCKO-jieHHHCKoi npaBOBoi HayKH, T. e. yneHHe 0 MeTO^ax HccjieAOBahhh npaBOBux HBJieHHft, a TaK»e caMO npHMeHeHHe STHX MCTOAOB, HMeeT BajtcHeftmee 3HaieHHe AJIH onpeAeJieHHH nyTeñ HCCJIEAOBAHHH H ÄJIH nojiyieHHH B ero HTore o6i>eKTHBHhix 3HaHHH 4>yHAaMeHTajibHoro M npHKjiaAHoro xapaKTepa. OHa oieHb Ba>KHa TaKÄe H .¡UM HCC^eaoBaHHH npoßjieM CO6CTB6HHOCTH npn coBpeMeHHOM KanHTajiH3Me.

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HCTopHiecKOM MaTepüaJiH3Me, opraHHiecKH o6i>eARHSiH oómne TeopeTHlecKHe MeTOAU no3HaHHH H ero pasHooCpasHue lacTHhie cnocoön H npneMU (couHOJiorniecKoro, ncTopHqecKoro, cpaBHHTejibHoro H HHoro xapaKTepa). CM. no STO M y Bonpocy: MapKCHCTCKo-JieHHHCKaa o6maa TeopHH rocyaapcTBa H npaBa. OcaoBHbie HHCTMYTH H noHaraa. M., 1970, c.

110—180.

31

0 4 ) 0 p M J i e H H e M I H CTO npaBOBblX KOHCTpyKUHH. O c h o b h o h T e 3HC 4>HJI0C04)CK0-npaBOBOrO n03HTHBH3Ma COCTOHT B y T B e p j k a g h h h , ôyflTo «npaBO — s t o cymecTByiomHH caM n o c e 6 e n o pHAOK A e ñ c T B y i o m H X n p H H y A H T e j i b H b i x H o p M , a H c c j i e A O B a H H e e r o K o p H e ñ h b o 3 a c h c t b h h h b a h c t c h BHeiopHAHqecKHM, A a x e BHeHayHHbiM n p H J i o x í e H H e M » 2 . C A p y r o ñ CTopoHbi, 6 y p J K y a 3 H a H n p a B O B a H H a y K a C T a p a e T C H c o 3 A a T b BHAHMOCTb, i t o OHa y i H T b l B a e T n p H HCCJieAOBaHHH H COU.HaAbHO-3KOHOMHieCKHe a c n e K T b i . H o n p n 6 o J i e e 6 j i h 3 K o m p a c c M O T p e H H H OKa3biBaeTCH, HTO p e i b HAßT J I h 6 o O HeKOTOpUX BH6IIIHHX IIpOHBJIëHHHX OTHOuieHHH K a n H T a j i H C T H H e c K o r o c n o c o ô a n p 0 H 3 B 0 A C T B a , j i h ô o a nOBepXHOCTHOM O i m c a H H H OTAeJIbHblX CTOpOH (j)yHKU,HOHHp o B a H H 3 6 y p « í y a 3 H o ñ o ó m e c T B e H H o ñ h SKOHOMH^ecKofl c h c TeMU. S t o o t h o c h t c h , H a n p H M e p , k y i e H H i o o T a x Ha3biBaeMOñ COUHajIbHOH (jjyHKUHH COÖCTBeHHOCTH n p H K a n H T a j i H 3 M e H K n p â B O B H M B033peHHHM Ha «OÓmeCTBeHHyiO» H «X03HHCTBeHH y i o » (JiyHKUHH n p a B a qacTHOH c o ö c t b c h h o c t h . H m c h h o T a K H e B3rjiHAbi b c a M o e n o c A e A H e e B p e M H H a x o A H T B c e ô o j i e e u m p o Koe p a c n p o c T p a H e H H e b 6 y p j K y a 3 H 0 H lopHcnpyAeHUHH, x o t h h x HeocHOBaTejibHOCTb T a n a t e o n e B H A H a . O h j i o c o c J j c k h ö H A e a JIH3M M e u i a e T h s t h m T e o p H H M p e u i H T b n o c T a B J i e H H y i o 3 a Aa^yHcKasceHHa« KapraHa KanHTajiHcraiecKOH c o 6 c t b 6 h h o c t h , CBOHCTBeHHaH BCeM 6 y p « y a 3 H b I M B033p6HHHM, n o j i y i a e T C H T a K » e h b pe3yjibTaTe Toro, wto 6ypjKya3Haa npaBOBan Hayn a b HeAOCTaTowHOH M e p e OTAe-rcaeT n p a B O B y K ) (J)opMy — a c c OTBeTCTBeHHO H n p a B O B b i e OTHOUieHHH — COÔCTBeHHOCTH O T e e sKOHOMHHecKoro' c o A e p » a H H H . 3 T O TOJK6 nocAeACTBHe HAea« jiHCTHMecKoro M e T O A O J i o r a n e c K o r o noAXOAa. Pe3yJIbTaTOM n p H M 6 H 6 H H H T a K O ñ MeTOAOJIOrHH MO}K6T ô b i T b jiHLiib M a c K H p o B K a AeHCTBHTejibHGTo x a p a K T e p a H c y m HOCTH COÔCTBeHHOCTH. H o B 3TOM-TO H 3aKJIK>iaeTCH B K O H e i HOM c ^ e T e c M b i c j i h u e A b j ï i o ô o r o 6ypjKya3Horo « H c c j i e A O B a HHH» BOnpOCOB laCTHO'H COÖCTBCHHOCTH. H AJ1H 6 y p J K y a 3 H o ñ HayKH p e i b M o a c e T h a t h jiHiiib o t o m , q T o ö u 3 a T y m e B a T b h c THHHblH X a p a K T e p H CymHOCTb KanHTaAHCTHHeCKOH HaCTHOH coócTBeHHOCTH, KOTOpafl c o c t o h t b npHCBoeHHH H y j K o r o H e o n jianeHHoro HaeMHoro TpyAa*. * OopMajibHO-AorMaTHHecKHñ iioaxoa k npaBy coôctbghhocth b onpeAGJieHHOH Mepe coxpaHaeT CBoe npeoÓJiaAaHHe b MeTOAOJiorHH 6 y p » y a3Horo npaBOBeAeHHH. Ho b TeieHHe noc.ieAHHx AecaraneTHS oh nocTeneHHO AonoJiHneTCH npneMaMH, cnocoÖHUMH b onpeAejieHHOfi Mepe noBbicHTb 34>kh3hh Ka^Aoro o 6 m e C T B 3 H TeM CSMblM OrpSHHHeHO 9K0H0MHHeCKHM Ó33Hcom: «B lacTHOM n p a B e cymecTByjomne othoiuchkh coóctBeHHocTH BHpascaiOTCH KaK pe3yjibTaT Bceoómeñ bojih. Oaho yace jus utendi et abut en di cBHAeTejibCTByeT, c oahoh ctopOHbli O T O M , H T O MaCTHâH COÔCTBeHHOCTb c r a j i a

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* TaKOH B3rjiHA xapaKTepeH ÄJIH npaBOBOñ, B nepByio óiepeAi» rpajKÄaHCKO-npaBOBOH, HayKH 6yp>Kya3Hhix CTpaH koHTHHeHTajiKHoñ eueTeMu npaBa. B crpaHax áHrjiocaKcoHCKoñ CHCTCMU npaBa TpaAiWHOHHo npeoCjiaaaeT Apyraa ToiKa 3peHHa, corjiacHo KOTopoü H BeiuHue, H 06fl3aT&nbCTBetfHue npaBa paccMaTpHBaioTCH KaK pasHOBHAHOCTH npa.Ba COÖCTBEHHOCTH HJIH KaK p a 3 ^ H 4 H U E npaBa COÖCTBGHHOCTH, Â a x e ecjm 9TO npHHaÄJie)KamHe pa3HbiM jiimaM Q A C T H I H U E npaBa HA OAHH o6i>eKf. B nocjieAHHe roAu 3Ta TOiKa 3pëHHa lio^yqaeT niHpoKoe pacnpocTpaHeHue H B C T P A H A X KOHTHHeHTa^bHOH CHCTeuu npaBa (B 4>Pr,- O P A H U H H , ÜTaJIHH H Ap.),

37

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150

CKHÄKax npH nocxaBKe onpe^ejieHHbix TOBapoB, rapaHTHpyiom n e nocTaßmHKaM OAHHaKOBoe B03HarpaiKAeHHe npn npneMKe TOBapoB ( § 3 — « a p T e j i H o CKHAKax); 3 ) KapTejiH, KOTopbie B CJiyqae KpH3Hca oóecneqHBaiOT npncnocoöjieHHe npoH3BOACTBGHHblX MOIUHOCTeñ K nOTpeÖHOCTH ( § 4 — KpH3HCHO-CTpyKTypHbie K a p T e j i H ) ; 4)KapTejiH, B03HHKaiomHe c ü e j i b i o pauHOHajiH33UHH ( § 5—paUH0HajIH3ai{H0HHbie KapTGJlH), CneUHaj]H3aU,HH ( § 5a — cneuHajiH3au,HOHHbie KapTejiH) H A p y r o r o coTpyÄHHqecTBa M e ^ Ä y npeanpHHTKHMH ( § 5 6 ) ; 5 ) KapTejiH, o6cJiy>KHBaromHe H n o o m p H i o m n e SKcnopT ( § 6—SKcnopTHbie KapxeJIH); 6 ) KapTejiH, 06pa30BaHHbie AJIH BBO33 TOBapoB B Ô P T ( § 7—HMnopTHbie K a p T e j i H ) ; 7 ) Bce ocTajibHbie BHAH KapTejieñ, pa3peiiiaeMbie (JjeflepajibHbiM MHHHCTPOM SKOHOMHKH B c j i y ^ a e , e c j m « ö o j i e e BajKHbie cooöpa)KeHHH oömesKOHOMHqecKoro x a p a K T e p a H B c e o ô m e r o ö j i a r a TpeöyioT orpaHHueHHH KOHKypeHUHH» ( § 8 — o c o ö b i e KapTejiH). BbimecKa3aHHoe o3HanaeT, ITO B o o ô m e ne cymecTByeT TaKHX KapTeJieñ, BO3HHKHOBCHHC KOTopbix óbiJio 6bi 3anpemeHo. B c e KapTejibHbie .aoroBopbi H pemeHHH, nepe^HCJieHHbie B § 1 Kan HefleñcTBHTejibHbie, jierKo MoryT 6bm> oTHeceHbi K *mcJiy HCKJiiOHeHHH, npHMGHHeMbix nocjie^yioiUHMH naparpacJjaMH 3aKOHa. Äa>Ke ecjin 6bi npe^npHHTHH HBHO xoTejiH 6bi npn 06pa30B3HHH KapTejieñ HapyiUHTb 33K0H, STO ÖbIJlO 6bl ÄOBOJIbHO TpyAHO. H c n o ^ b 3 y n T3KH6 3a¿HKUHH»73. E m e (KOHKpeTHeñ Bbipa3Hji-

CH 3 a n a f l H o r e p M a H C K H H c n e i m a j i n c T n o B o n p o c a M K a p T e j i b H O ro npaBa SMMepHx: « K a p T e j i H caMH n o c e 6 e 3anpemeHbi B n p H H u n n e § 1 BBHfly nx H S p y m a i o m n x B c e n p a B H j i a B p e a o H o c Hbix n o c j i e a c T B H H . Ó a K T H H e c K H , oflHaKO, 3TOT 3 a n p e T c y m e e r B y e T HbiHe JiHuib H 3 6 y M a r e , n o c K O J i b K y 3 a K O H O Ä 3 T e j i b § 2 — 8 h 9 9 — 1 0 4 B TO » e BpeMH p 3 3 p e u i H j i T3'K MHoro K a p T e j i e ñ , m t o B p H J JIH M05KH0 H 3 H T H CJiyHafi, K O H i a 6 b I J i a 6 b l HeB03M0JKHa. K a n a a - ^ H Ó o 4>opMa JierajiH3au,HH K a p T e j i H » 7 4 . B o j i e e orpaHHqeHHbiH xapaKTep HMeeT npe/iycMOTpeHHbiH 33KOHOM KOHTpOJlb BepTHK3JlbHbIX CBH3efl, KOTOpbie B H3CTOHm e e BpeMH ycnjieHHO pa3BHB3ioTCH H HrpsiOT 6 o j i e e BajKHyio pojlb B MOHOnOJIH33UHH 3K0H0MHKH, MeM OTKpblTbie KapTeJIbHbie o6"beÄHHeHHH. KoHUepHbl H CHHÄHKaTbl B mnpOKOM MacÜITSÖe HCnOJIb3yK)T HMeHHO 3TH BepTHKajIbHbie CBH3H. 3 a K O H o KapTejiHx p e r y j i n p y e T TaK H a 3 b i B a e M b i ñ K O H T p o j i b 151

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17 CM.: H e d e m a n n J. W. Sachenrecht des bürgerlichen Gesetzt u c h e s , 1924, S. 61—65. 18 CM.: G i e r k e O. Deutsches Privatrecht II, 1905, s. 358, 465. 19 CM.: I h e r i n g R. Der Zweck im Recht. Leipzig, 1893, s. 519. 20 Bundesverfassungsgericht. Entscheidungen, 21, s. 73. 21 S t e i n E. Staatsrecht. Tübingen, 1975, s. 1973; CM. Tanxe: L ar e n z K. Allgemeiner Teil des deutschen bürgerlichen Rechts. München, 1 9 7 5 , s. 5 0 — 5 1 ; X e c c e K . OCHOBM K0HCTHTYUH0HH0R0 npaBa PI\ M . , 1981, c. 200—221; R i n c k G. Wirtschaftsrecht. Köln, 1974, s. 43, 181. 22 CM.: L e i s n e r W. Sozialbindung des Eigentums. Berlin (West), 1972, s. 38 f. 23 V o g e 1 H. J. Kontinuität und Wandlungen der Eigentumsverfassung. Berlin (West)—New York, 1976, s. 13. 24 B a u r F. Lehrbuch des Sachenrechts. München, 1975, s 173. 25 L a r e n z K. Op. cit., s. 33. 26 G i e r k e O. Op. cit., s. 363. 27 C M . : L a r e n Z K. Op. cit., s. 50. 28 CM.: W o l f M. Sachenrecht. München, 1976, s. 13. 29 F r i e d m a n n W. Recht und soziale Wandlung. Frankfurt a. M.. 1969, s. 78—79. 30 CM.: V i n d i n g-K r u s e F. Eigentumsrecht. 1. Teil. Berlin — Leipzig, 1931, s. 160. 31 B e r l e A. A. Power without Property. New York, 1959, s. 59. 32 Ibid., s. 60. 33 L a r e n z K. Op. cit., s. 34. 34 CM.: D o e h r i n g K. Staatsrecht. Frankfurt a. M„ 1976, s. 325— 326. 35 M a u n z T„ D ü r i n g G., H e r z o g R. Grundgesetz. Kommentar s 22 36 ' CM.: S t e i n E. Staatsrecht, s. 171. 37 CM.: BAD u r a P. Wirtschaftsverfassung und Wirtschaftsverwaltung. F r a n k f u r t a. M., 1971, s. 106; Zum Wandel der Auffassung vom Eigentum. — Die öffentliche Verwaltung, 3/1974, s. 75. 38 CM.: H e d e m a n n J. W. Grundzüge des Wirtschaftsrechts. Mannheim—Berlin—Leipzig, 1922; N u s s b a u m A. Das neue deutsche Wirtschaftsrecht. Berlin, 1920; Goldschmidt H. Reichswirtschaftsrecht. Berlin 1923. 39 CM.: Begriff und Prinzipien des Wirtschaftsrechts. Frankfurt a. M„ 1971, s. 170. 40 H e d e m a n n J. W. Op. cit., s. 14; CM. TaK>Ke: H e d e m a n n J. W. Deutsches Wirtschaftsrecht. Ein Grundriss. Berlin 1939, s. 205 ff. 41 R i t t n e r F. Unternehmensverfassung und Eigentum.— Gesellschaftsrecht und Unternehmensrecht. Festschrift für W. Schilling. Berlin (West) 1973, s. 381. 42 Ibid., s. 378. 43 CM.: R i t t n e r F. Die Funktionen des Eigentums im sozialen Rechtsstaat des Grundgesetzes. — Das Eigentum als Fundament der Rechts — u n d Gessellschaftsordnung. IW — J a h r e s t a g u n g am 23.10.1973 in Bonn, Hrsg. vom Institut der deutschen Wirtschaft, 1973, s. 290 ff. 44

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Gesell181

46

M a p K C K., S H r e i b c . Coi., T. 20, c. 151. B a d u r a P. Eigentum im Verfassungsrecht der Gegenwart. — Verhandlung des 49. DJT, Bd. II (Sitzungsberichte), München 1972, s. 11; CM. TAKSCE: S t u b y G. Der Eigentumsbegriff des Grundgesetzes und seine normativen Anforderungen für die Gegenwart.— Demokratie und Recht, 2/1974, s. 157 ff. 48 CM.: I s s i n g O., L e i s n e r W. «Kleineres Eigentum». Göttingen, 1976, s. 51. 49 M a p n c K., 3 H r e JI b c Cos., T. 23, c. 82. 50 I s s i n g O., L e i s n e r W. Op. cit., s. 88. 51 M a p n c K-, 3 H r e JI b c . Coi., T. 4, c. 438. 52 CM.: T o p e 3 M. CHH Hapo,na. M., 1962, c. 92—93. 53 X a JI cb H H a P. O. FIpaBO JIMHOH CO6CTB6HHOCTH B CCCP. M., 1976, c. 3. 54 I h e r i n g R. Der Zweck im Recht. Leipzig, 1893, s.533. 55 Die Sozialenzyklika Papst Johannes XXIII. Mater et Magistra, über die j ü n g s t e n Entwicklungen des gesellschaftlichen Lebens und seine Gestaltung im Lichte der christlichen Lehre. Freiburg—Basel— Wien, 1962, Artikel 109, s. 143, 144. 56 S t e i n E. Zur W a n d l u n g des Eigentumsbegriffes. — Festschrift für Gebhard Müller. Tübingen, 1970, s. 503. 57 CM.: M a p K C K., S H r e j i b c . Coq., T. 3, c. 64. 58 K1 e n n e r H. Rechtsleere — Verurteilung der Reinen Rechtslehre, s. 13. 69 JI e H H H B. H. FKUIH. co6p. coi., T. 29, c. 322. 47

K rjiaße II ' B e n d a E. Industrielle Herrschaft und sozialer Staat. Göttingen, 1966, s. 324; CM. TaKHte: S u h r D. Eigentumsinstitut und Aktieneigentum. Eine verfassungsrechtliche A n a l y s e . . . Hamburg, 1966, s. 39; V og e 1 H. J. Kontinuität und Wandlungen der Eigentumsverfassung. Berlin ( W e s t ) — N e w York, 1976, s. 17—18; R i n c k G. Wirtschaftsrecht. Köln—Berlin (West)—Bonn—München, 1,974, s. 21. 2 CM.: B e r l e A. A., M e a n s C. C. The Modern Corporation and Private Property. New York, 1934, p. 351 f. 3 CM.: B e r l e A. A. The 20-th Century Capitalist Revolution. New York, 1954, p. 14, 24. 4 CM.: B u r n h a m J. The Managerial Revolution. New York, 1941, p. 70 f. 5 CM.: T s j i ö p e H T Rx. K. SKOHOMHIECKHE Teopan H iiejiH 0 6 mecTBa. M . , 1979, c. 125. 6 TaM x e , c. 70.

' F r i e d m a n n . W. Recht und sozialer Wandel. F r a n k f u r t a. M., 1969, s. 85. 8 S e n d 1 e r H. Zum Wandel der Auffassung vom Eigentum. — Die öffentliche Verwaltung, 3/1974, s. 75. 9 S t e i n E. Zur W a n d l u n g des Eigentumsbegriffes. — Festschrift für Gebhard Müller. Tübingen, 1970, s. 505. 1 0 CM.: R A J I ß P E Ü T J\x. K. YRas. con., c. 70, 125. 11 V o g e l H. J. Kontinuität und Verwandlungen der Eigentumsverfassung, s. 25. 12 CM.: D r u c k e r P. F. The New Society. New York, 1962, s. 351. 13 CM.: B e r l e A. A. Power without Property. New York, 1959, p. 27 f.

182

14 15

16 17

R i n c k G. Wirtschaftsrecht, s. 21. CM.: R A J I Ö P E F T T Ä » .

K . YKA3. c o i . , c. 1 0 3 — M O .

R i n c k G. Op. cit. s. 21.

CM.: T Y J I H E B B. AapcTBO. M . , 1973, c. 167.

E.

CoBpeMeHHoe

HMnepHajmcTHqecKoe

" R i n c k G. Op. cit., s. 21; CM TAKXE: Begriff des Wirtschaftsrechts, s. 183. 19

20 21 22 23 24 25 26

27

und

rocy-

Prinzipien

M a p K C K., 3 H r e JI b c O . C o i . , T. 23, c. 6 4 2 .

M a p K c K., 3 H r e JI b c COH., T. 25, q. I, c. 479. TaM x