Архитектурное представление сетевых слоев в процессах мультиплексирования в транспортных сетях SDH

Citation preview

.

.

. .

-

_________________________________________________________

. . . .

SDH

-

2004

621.316.5 621.395

.

.,

.

. SDH:

.–

/

, 2004.

У

ь

-

я

. STM-N, sSTM-1k, sSTM-2n. .

.

, 201000 «

» »,

. . . .,

. . .,

Н. Н. К

. А. А. А

.

©

ь

. .,

©

. ., 2004

.

2

071700 «

.

. .

-

, 2004

-

Щ A A1, A2 A1–A4 ADM AIS AMI AP ATM AU AU-3 AU-4 AU-AIS

(Adaptation) – ; – STM; – sSTM; (Add/Drop Multiplexer) – (Alarm Indication Signal) – ; (Alternative Mark Inversion) – ; ( cess Point) – ; (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) – ; (Administrative Unit) – ; (Administrative Unit level 3) – ; (Administrative Unit level 4) – ; (Administrative Unit Alarm Indication Signal) –

; -

;

(Administrative Unit Group) – ; AU-LOP (Administrative Unit Loss Of Pointer) – a ; AU PTR (Administrative Unit Pointer) – ; B1 – B2 – B3 – VC-3, VC-4; B3ZS (Bipolar with 3 Zero Substitution) – ; B8ZS (Bipolar with 8 Zero Substitution) – ; BIP (Bit Interleaved Parity) – ( ); BIP-2 (Bit Interleaved Parity-2) – c 1 2 ( ); BIP-8 (Bit Interleaved Parity-8) – 1, 2,...,8 ( AUG

; ; );

3

BIP-24×N (Bit Interleaved Parity-24×N) –

1, 2, 3,...,24×N ( );

C C 2 C-11

(Connection) – ; (Container) – ; – ; (Container of level 11) –

. 1 544

C-12 C-2 C-31

(Container of level 12) –

/ ; .

2 048 . 6 312

(Container of level 2) – (Container of level 31) –

/ ; / ; .

34 368 C-32

(Container of level 32) –

/ ; .

44 736 C-4

(Container of level 4) –

CP D1–D12 DWDM

139 264 / ; (Connection Point) – ; – ; (D nse Wavelength Division Multiplexing) –

.

/ ; -

;

E-11

–

E-12

–

; ;

E-2

–

E-31

–

; ;

E-32

–

E-4

–

;

F2, F3 G1

; ;

– –

;

H1, H2, H3 – H4 – HDB-3 (High Density Bipolar-3) –

; ;

; HD WDM (Hight Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing) – ;

4

-

HP PLM (Higher Order Path Payload Mismatch) – HP TIM

-

; (Higher Order Path Trace Identifier Mismatch) –

;

HPA HPC HPT IP J0 J1 J2 K1

K2

(Higher order Path Adaptation) – ; (Higher order Path Connection) – ; (Higher order Path Termination) – ; (Interworking Protocol) – Internet); – – – – APS (Automatic Protection Switching)

(

; ; ; -

(MS RDI); – APS (Automatic Protection Switching) VC-4/VC-3; K4 – APS (Automatic Protection Switching) ; LOF (Loss Of Frame) – ; LOS (Loss Of Signal) – ; LPA (Lower order Path Adaptation) – ; LPC (Lower order Path Connection) – ; LP PLM (Low order Path Payload Mismatch) – ; LPT (Lower order Path Termination) – ; LP TIM (Low order Path Trace Identifier Mismatch) – K3

-

; M1 MSA MS-AIS MSOH

– (MS REI); (Multiplex Section Adaptation) – ; (Multiplex Section Alarm Indication Signal) – ; (Multiplex Section Overheard) – ;

-

5

N1

(Multiplex Section Termination) – ; –

N2

VC-4-Xc/VC-4/VC-3; –

NRZ

VC-2/VC-12/VC-11; (Not Return Zero) – ; (Optical Time Multiplexing) –

MST

OTM

-

-

; PDH (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy) – ; PPI (PDH Phisical Interface) – PDH; PPT (PDH Phisical Termination) – PDH; POH (Path Overheard) – ; PTR (Pointer) – ; RDI (Remote Defect Indication) – ; REI (Remote Error Indication) – ; RSOH (Regenerator Section Overhead) – ; RST (Regenerator Section Termination) – ; S1 – ; SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) – ; SOH (Section Overhead) – ; SP RING (Shared Protection Ring) – « » ; SPI (SDH Physical Interface) – ; STM-0 (Synchronous Transport Module of level 0) – SDH ( Sonet -1) 51,840 / ; sSTM-1k (Sub Synchronous Transport Module level 1k) – 1k, k=1, 2, 4, 8, 16 ( k=1 sSTM-11 2 880 / ); sSTM-2n (Sub Synchronous Transport Module level 2n) – 2n, n=1, 2, 4 ( n=1 sSTM-21 7 488 / );

6

(Synchronous Transport Module level 1) – SDH 155,520 / ; STM-4 (Synchronous Transport Module level 4) – SDH 620,080 / ; STM-16 (Synchronous Transport Module level 16) – 16SDH 2 488,320 / ; STM-64 (Synchronous Transport Module level 64) – 64SDH 9,95328 / ; STM-256 (Synchronous Transport Module level 256) – 256SDH 39,81312 / ; STM-N (Synchronous Transport Module level N) – SDH N, N=1, 4, 16, 64, 256; T (Termination) – ; TC (Tandem Connection) – ; TCP (Termination Connection Point) – ; TM (Terminal Multiplexer) – ; TU-11 (Tributary Unit level 11) – , VC-11 SDH; TU-12 (Tributary Unit level 12) – , VC-12 SDH; TU-2 (Tributary Unit level 2) – , VC-2 SDH; TU-3 (Tributary Unit level 3) – , VC-3 SDH; TU-AIS (Tributary Unit Alarm Indication Signal) – ; TUG-2 (Tributary Unit Group level 2) – ; TUG-3 (Tributary Unit Group level 3) – ; TU-LOP (Tributary Unit Loss of Pointer) – ; TU PTR (Tributary Unit Pointer) – ; TU-n (Tributary Unit level n) – n; STM-1

7

V5

– TU-2; –

VC-11

VC-11, VC-12, VC-2; (Virtual Container level 11) –

V1–V4

TU-11, TU-12, -

1 544 / ; VC-11-Xc (Virtual Container level 11-Xc) –

VC-12

-

1 544 / , X=2,…,64; (Virtual Container level 12) –

X -

2 048 / ; VC-12-Xc (Virtual Container level 12-Xc) –

VC-2 VC-2-Xc

-

2 048 / , X=2,…,64; (Virtual Container level 2) – ; (Virtual Container level 2-Xc) –

X

X

VC-3 VC-3-Xc VC-4 VC-4-Xc

, X=2,...,7; (Virtual Container level 3) – ; (Virtual Container level 3-Xc) – X (Virtual Container level 4) – ; (Virtual Container level 4-Xc) –

; X

VC-n-X WDM Z

8

, X=2,...,256); (Virtual Container level n-Xc) – n , (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) – ; – .

X

-

1.

, . ,

,

.

, -

, , ,

,

-

, ,

–

,

. , ,

,

. –

,

-

. – ,

. –

, . , -

. ,

-

. , –

.

. ,

. , .

-

,

(TC), . ,

(TM) /

( D ),

9

. . . .

« ». ( ,

/

)

,

.

. 1.1

. (

, -

,

). WDM

-

, . ,

-

. . .

(1:N). -

. . . 1.1 –

«

–

-4 VC-4. .

-

-4/VC-4

-

VC-4 – -

. 1.2

STM-N. . SDH, -n (n=11, 12, 2, 3).

.

. VC-n

VC-4.

. 1.3

VC-n sSTM-1k

sSTM-2n.

. 1.4

, -

WDM ( ). , 565

/ ,

,

Fast Ethernet. .

10

-4.

SDH ».

. 1.1 / . .

№ 1

1 544

/ ,

2

1 544

/ ,

VC-11

1 544

/ ± 50 ppm

1 544

/ ,

2 048

G.704 / ± 50 ppm

2 048

/ ,

.,

VC-11 3

2 048

/ ,

4

2 048

/ ,

VC-12

.,

VC-12

1.2, 1.3 1.2, 1.3 1.2, 1.3 1.2, 1.3

5

6 312

/ ,

VC-2

6 312

G.704 / ± 30 ppm

6

34 368

/ ,

VC-3

34 368

/ ± 20 ppm

1.2, 1.3 1.2

7

44 736

/ ,

VC-3

44 736

/ ± 20 ppm

1.2

8

VC-4 139 264

/ ,

9

10

VC-11

11

VC-12

12 13

VC-11, VC-12, VC-2, VC-3, VC-4, VC-4-Xc VC-4

139 264 / ±15 ppm 53

1.1

-

VC-11

1.2

VC-4

VC-12

1.2

VC-2

VC-4

VC-2

1.2

VC-3

VC-4

VC-3

1.2

VC-11

1.3

14 VC-11

sSTM-2n sSTM-1k

11

. .

№ 15 VC-12 16

VC-12

1.3

VC-2

1.3

VC-4

1.1, 1.2

sSTM-2n sSTM-1k

VC-2 sSTM-2n

17

VC-4 STM-N, N=1, 4, 16, 64

18 STM-N

STM-N

sSTM-2n

sSTM-2n

19

20 21

sSTM-1k VC-4-Xc

sSTM-1k

λi

22

λi

23 564 992 24

Fast

25 26

-

λi

sSTM-1k, k = 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 VC-4-Xc

1.3

53

1.4 /

i ∈ [1,..., N ]

-

1.4

1.4 1.4

– OTM. WDM N < 16, DWDM 16 ≤ N < 64, HDWDM 64 ≤ N

12

1.4

1.4

λi

Ethernet

1.1, 1.2 1.3

564 992

λi

/ ,

STM-N, N=1, 4, 16, 64 sSTM-2n, n=1, 2, 4

-n

-n

STM-N, N=1, 4, 16, 64

-4 VC-4

A

A

T

T

VC-4

C

C

A

STM-N

T

A

T

STM-N

T

A

A

T

T

A

A T

STM-N

A

A

T

T

. 1.1. VC-4

13

-n

-n

STM-N, N=1, 4, 16, 64

-n VC-n

A

A VC-n

T C

T C

VC-4

A

A

T

T C

-

C

A

A

T

T

A

A

A

T

T

T

STM-N

A STM-N

T

. 1.2. , n=11, 12, 2, 3

14

-n

sSTM-1k

-n

sSTM-2n

-n VC-n

A

A

T

T

VC-n

C

C

A T

A

sSTM-1k

A T

sSTM-2n

sSTM-1k

A

T

sSTM-2n

T

A

A

sSTM-1k

A

A

T

T

sSTM-2n

T

T

. 1.3. sSTM-1k При еча ие.

sSTM-2n n=11, 12, 2, sSTM-2n, n=1, 2, 4 15

.

.

. .

. -

. 1.4.

16

/

1.1.

, /

(TM)

, (ADM),

,

-

, .

1.2 1.1 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

-11 E-12 E-2 -11 E-12 E-2 E-3 E-3 E-4

sSTM-1k, k=1 sSTM-1k, k=16 sSTM-2n, n=8 STM-N, N=1 STM-N, N=4 STM-N, N=4 STM-0 STM-N, N=4 STM-N, N=16 STM-N, N=64

53

1.2.

, ,

,

, . 1.3 1.2. 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

STM-N, N=4 STM-N, N=16 STM-N, N=64 STM-N, N=4 STM-N, N=16 STM-N, N=64 564 992 / PDH Fast Ethernet 53 53

OTM OTM OTM OTM OTM OTM OTM OTM OTM OTM

WDM WDM DWDM DWDM DWDM HDWDM DWDM DWDM DWDM HDWDM

17

2. -

, G.707(03/96) (

. 2.1). SDH

,

-

STM-N (

STM-0, STM-1). ,

. 2.1 , ,

125

.

, VC-12

-

. ,

-

. VC-n. 125 500

.

. SDH . STM-N c -

VC-n VC-n ,

PDH. , -

VC-n – ,

,

–

. . 2.1

,

STM-N (AUG), VC-4,

AU-4, VC-4 – STM-N

. AU-3,

VC-3, -

VC-3 . VC-4 VC-3 TUG-2

TUG-3, TU-n,

18

-

VC-3, . -

VC-n, . . 2.1, VC-4, VC-3 –

VC-n,

, VC-2, VC-12, VC-11 – , SDH VC-n.

2.1 ,

,

.

51 840 155 520 622 080 2 488 320 9 953 280

VC-12 21 63 252 1 008 4 032

, STM-N STM-0 STM-1 STM-4 STM-16 STM-64

27 81 324 1 296 5 184

/

783 2 349 9 396 37 584 150 336

2.2 sSTM-1k k

,

,

(

, TU-12) 1 2 4 8 16

.

/

-

sSTM-1k sSTM-11 sSTM-12 sSTM-14 sSTM-18 sSTM-116

9 9 9 9 9

36 72 144 288 576

VC-12 1 2 4 8 16

2 880 5 184 9 792 19 008 37 440

2.2 sSTM-2n n

,

,

(

, TUG-2) 1 2 4

.

/

-

sSTM-1k sSTM-21 sSTM-22 sSTM-24

9 9 9

108 216 432

7 488 14 400 28 224

VC-12 3 6 12

19

×N

×1

STM-N

AUG1

AU-4

C-4

VC-4 ×3

×3

×1 TU-3

TUG-3 AU-3

VC-3 C-3

VC-3

×7 ×7

×1

TUG-2

TU-2

VC-2

C-2

×3 TU-12

VC-12

C-12

TU-11

VC-11

C-11

×4

. 2.1. :

20

,

- G.707 (03/96). , , N=1, 4, 16, 64

,

×1 STM-64

AUG64 ×4

STM-16

×1

×1

AUG16 ×4

×1

VC-4-16c

C-4-16c

AU-4-4c

VC-4-4c

C-4-4c

×1

AUG4

STM-4

AU-4-16c

×4

×1

×1

STM-1

AUG1

AU-4

C-4

VC-4 ×3

×3 STM-0

×1

sSTM-2n **/ sSTM-1k */

TUG-2n **/ ×1

TU-3

TUG-3 AU-3

×1

×1

×n

VC-3 C-3

VC-3

×7 ×7

×1

TUG-2

×k TUG-1k */

TU-2

VC-2

C-2

×3 TU-12

VC-12

C-12

TU-11

VC-11

C-11

×4

. 2.2.

sSTM (

- G.708 (06/99) - G.707 (03/96)).

*/ k=1, 2, 4, 8, 16, **/ n=1, 2, 4

21

SDH VC-n-Xc. . -

, , . .

-

. VC-n, .

VC-4

TU-2 (

VC-2. AU-4 (

VC-4) ,

VC-2). (

«

»)

-

. . VC-4-Xc 599 040

-

=N. /

N=4

38 338 560

/

N=256. VC-2-Xc / ,

6 784

VC-2, =2, …, 7 6 784 / .

47 488

-

. / VC-n.

,

-

.

-

.

VC-n

. (149 760× )

/ ,

–

VC-11-Xc 1 600 / ,

, «

VC-4-Xc sSTM-1k

sSTM-2n, .

VC-4-Xc 2 256. VC-2-Xc, VC-12-Xc 6 784 / , 2 176 / 2 64.

– –

« (SP RING). . 2.2

» »

. -

– . 2.2

G.708 (06/99). ,

, ,

125

-

. ,

. 16 n=1, 2, 4), sSTM-2n . 2.1

. 2.2, sSTM-1k sSTM-2n ( ,

k=1, 2, 4, 8, sSTM-1k

. 2.2

:

-

, . .

,

,

-

/ .

-

. . 125

. 64

. STM-0 G.707 (03/96) G.708 (06/99). – 1 2. STM-1 – 2). STM-N N , STM-1. ,

125 . .

. 2.3

500

.

(

1 -

.

23

2.3 , VC-n VC-4 VC-3 VC-2 VC-12 VC-11 VC-4-Xc

,T

, N

125 125 500 500 500 125

2 349 765 428 140 104 2 349 × X

, ,

С = F ⋅ N ⋅8 ,

-

/ . (VC-3 (STM). STM-N

VC-4) . VC-2, VC-12 500

VC-11

,

2

. VC-2, VC-12

VC-11 VC-4 VC-3 VC-4 VC-3 VC-2 VC-11 – TU-11

. . VC-12 –

TU-2, TU-12

, TU-12, .

-

.

VC-3 TUG-3 TUG-2.

TU-3. TUG-2 – TU-11. ,

TU-2, TU-12 , . . ,

500 .

24

, VC-4 TUG-3.

-

TU-12 TU-11 -

. VC-4

VC-3

-

4. VC-2, VC-12

VC-11. VC-4, VC-3

.

VC-4-Xc

. . ,

, (

. 2.3, 2.4, 2.6, 2.7). .

.

AU-4.

3 .

270×N 9×N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

(

) 261×N

(SOH) AU-4 STM-N

9

(SOH)

. 2.3.

STM-N

25

85 261 J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1

VC-3

VC-3, VC-4

VC-3

VC-4

VC-4

. 2.4.

VC-3

VC-2, VC-12

VC-4

VC-11

. 2.5. ,

. , -

. , AU-4,

VC-4, « .

»–

, .

VC-4,

,

. . ,

VC-4-X . 2.8 125

26

, , -

.

. 2.6 . 2.7 –

. sSTM sSTM -

.

2

BIP-8, -

1 .

D1 64

/ .

V5

J2

N2

428 140 104

(VC-2) (VC-12) (VC-11)

K4

. 2.5.

VC-2, VC-12 500

VC-11.

27

×261 –1

1 J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1

×260

. VC-4-

. 2.6.

VC-4-

.

×261 ×260 J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1

........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........

J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1

VC-4-

. 2.7.

28

VC-4-

.

(k×4) (n×12)

1

-

sSTM-1k, sSTM-2n

An

D1 sSTM-1k

sSTM-2n

B2 M1 C . 2.8.

sSTM-1k 125

. 2.9 3, 4): An

( 500

sSTM

sSTM-2n

1=11110110,

)

.

2=00101000,

, 3=11110111, .

n (n=1, 2, 4=00101001. .

-

,

. , STM-N.

4 VC-4

VC-3, TU-2, TU-12

TU-11,

VC-2, VC-12 2.9

VC-11. sSTM,

J0 – S1 –

. – 16

/ . , .

-

29

( . .

) Alcatel).

( (k×4) (n×12)

1

-

sSTM-1k, sSTM-2n

A1

D1 sSTM-1k

sSTM-2n

sSTM-1k

sSTM-2n

S1 B2 M1 A2 D1 J0 B2 M1 A3 D1 sSTM-1k

sSTM-2n

sSTM-1k

sSTM-2n

B2 M1 A4 D1

B2 M1

. 2.10

30

. 2.9.

sSTM-1k, sSTM-2n 500

. -

.

STM-N . ( .

. 2.4

. 2.10

λ SV ).

-

. .

2.4

(

(

) 100

50 196,10 196,05 196,00 195,95 195,90 . . . 193,20 193,15 193,10 193,05 193,00 . . . 192,30 192,25 192,20 192,15 192,10

2,99792458 ⋅ 10 8

,

)

196,10 196,00 195,90 . . . 193,20 193,10 193,00 . . . 192,30 192,20 192,10

1 528,77 1 529,16 1 529,55 1 529,94 1 530,33 . . . 1 551,72 1 552,12 1 552,52 1 552,93 1 553,33 . . . 1 558,98 1 559,39 1 559,79 1 560,20 1 560,61

/

31

Δλ

. . .

. . .

λ SV

λ1

λ2

. . .

λi

. . .

λ

λN

. 2.10. (

«

2.1. –

)

» . . .

. 2.5 2.1

01 02 03 04 05

32

STM-64 STM-16 STM-16 STM-16 STM-16

AU-4 AU-4 AU-4 AU-4 AU-4

VC-4 VC-3 VC-2 VC-12 VC-11

06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

STM-4 STM-4 STM-4 STM-4 STM-4 STM-1 STM-0 STM-0 STM-0 STM-0 sSTM-21 sSTM-22 sSTM-24 sSTM-21 sSTM-22 sSTM-24 sSTM-21 sSTM-22 sSTM-24 sSTM-11 sSTM-12 sSTM-14 sSTM-18 sSTM-116 STM-64 STM-16 STM-4

AU-4 AU-4 AU-4 AU-4 AU-4 AU-4 AU-3 AU-3 AU-3 AU-3 – AU-4-16c AU-4-4c AU-4-4c

2.2.

VC-4 VC-3 VC-2 VC-12 VC-11 VC-4 VC-3 VC-2 VC-12 VC-11 VC-2 VC-2 VC-2 VC-12 VC-12 VC-12 VC-11 VC-11 VC-11 VC-12 VC-12 VC-12 VC-12 VC-12 VC-4-16c VC-4-4c VC-4-4c

«

»

, /

,

. . «

». .

33

2.6 2.2

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

4 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 6

2 5 50 100 120 2 5 50 100 120

VC-4 VC-3 VC-2 VC-12 VC-11 VC-4 VC-3 VC-2 VC-12 VC-11

2.3.

« ,

/

, «

», . ». -

. 2.7 2.3

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

34

1–2 6 VC-3 252 VC-12 1 VC-4-4c 1 VC-4-16c 12 VC-12 4 VC-11 2 VC-3 4 VC-3 5 VC-3 1 VC-4-16c

1–3 5 VC-4 2 VC-4 1 VC-4 1 VC-4 6 VC-12 1 VC-2 14 VC-2 42 VC-12 28 VC-11 2 VC-4

2–3 3 VC-3 126 VC-12 6 VC-3 3 VC-3 1 VC-2 2 VC-2 21 VC-2 63 VC-12 112 VC-11 1 VC-4

2.4.

, «

–

», ,

. . . : .

,

2.8 2.4 -

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

STM-4 STM-4 STM-4 STM-16 STM-16 STM-16 STM-16 STM-64 STM-64 STM-64

4 8 16 24 32 48 64 32 64 72

WDM WDM WDM DWDM DWDM DWDM DWDM DWDM DWDM HDWDM

35

3. 3.1. .1 ,

–

– . ( )

,

-

. . . /

-

. : – – –

/

,

/

, ,

– –

/

,

, , –

,

– , – – –

, , .

/

« ».

«

»

«

-

»

. «

»

«

»

. -

36

, . . . 3.1 STM-N (N=1, 4, 16, 64). sSTM-2n

-

Х 7 + Х 6 +1 .

sSTM-1k.

-

(2 7 − 1) ⋅ T , T –

. ,

STM-N

. .

sSTM-1k .

-

9

sSTM-2n

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TU-12

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103 V2

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34 V3 35

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56

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MSA

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-

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;

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, West,

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CPj

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… 1

N

N

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TCPi . 3.14.

3.8

Aj Bj Cj

Ai i=j X X

Bi X i=j X

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62

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3.9

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.

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I I I I I D D D D D

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VC-4 VC-4 VC-3 VC-4 VC-4 VC-4 VC--4 VC-3 VC-4 VC-4

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I I I I I D D D D D

65

3.4. -

( )

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-11 -12 -2 -31 -32 -11 -12 -2 -4 -4 -11 -12 -2 -31 -32 -11 -12 -2

VC-11 VC-12 VC-2 VC-3 VC-3 VC-11 VC-12 VC-2 – – VC-11 VC-12 VC-2 VC-3 VC-3 VC-11 VC-12 VC-2

3.5. .

VC-4 VC-4 VC-4 VC-4 VC-4 VC-3 VC-3 VC-3 VC-4 VC-4 VC-3 VC-3 VC-3 VC-4 VC-4 VC-4 VC-4 VC-4

. VC-4.

, .

66

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1.

. .,

– «

» »

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, 2001.

. .

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. . . .

SDH.

.:

-

, , 1997.

, 2000. .

.

: / . . . . .: , 2002. 6. Ken-ichi Sato. Photonic Transport Network OAM Technologies // IEEE Communications Magazine. 1996, December. 7. ITU-T Recommendation G.692 (10/98). Optical interfaces for multichannel systems with optical amplifiers. 8. ITU-T Recommendation G.681 (10/96). Functional characteristics of interoffice and long-haul line systems using optical amplifiers, including optical multiplexing. 9. ITU-T Recommendation G.872 (02/99). Architecture of optical transport networks. 10. ITU-T Recommendation G.803 (06/97). Architecture of transport networks based on the syncronous digital hierarchy (SDH). 11. ITU-T Recommendation G.803 (11/95). Generic functional architecture of transport networks. 12. ITU-T Recommendation G.707 (03/96). Network node interface for the synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH). 13. ITU-T Recommendation G.708 (06/99). Sub STM-0 network node interface for the synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH). 14. ETS 300 417-1-1. Synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) equipment. Part 1-1: Generic processes and performance. January 1996.

67

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