Science 09 [9]

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‫جﻤﻬﻮرى اسﻼﻣﻰ افغاﻧستان‬ ‫وزارت ﻣعارف‬ ‫رﻳاست عﻤﻮﻣﻰ اﻧکشاف ﻧصاب تعﻠﻴﻤﻲ‬

‫کتابﻫای درسی مربﻮط وزارت معارف بﻮده‪ ،‬خرﻳد و فروش أن ممنﻮع‬ ‫است‪.‬‬ ‫‪[email protected]‬‬

‫ساﻳﻨس‬

‫‪9‬‬

‫ساﻳﻨس‬ ‫صﻨف نﻬم‬ ‫براي مدارس دﻳﻨﻰ‬

‫سال چاپ‪ 1398 :‬ﻫـ ‪ .‬ش‪.‬‬

S c i e n c e

،

A

OB OA

B

O

1-2 O

A

A

AB AB

B

B

OB OA

O O

A

B O O

A

B OA 4m AB 3m OB

OB

B O OB

OA 2

AB2

d s S

t

d t

ms

ms 10km 10km 10km

B

A

B

A

V

A

O

t1

t2

B B A

AB

V t V

1.5 AB 3Km 3000m t 1.5h 1.5 3600Ss AB V t 3000m V 5400s 15 V m/s 27 m V 0.55 s

AB t

3km

t

t2 t1

5400s

B A

O

0.55m s tV d

d t V. t

V d

d t V. t

B O OB d d

O

‫؛‬

d vt t

v v V v

O

t

t v V

15

m s

V

15

m s

d vt

V

15

m s

، v

1-11

t2 t1

d2

B

A

1

20

v

(km/h)

0

V

OB OA t

AB t

12 ( 3) 0.3

9K m 0.3 h

Km h

O

12

9km

27

O

O

0.1

t-24 (h)

0.2

0.3

V

1km

27 K m / h

t1

d2 d1

t2 d 2 d1 t 2 t1

V

t

d

d

V

d t

d

100 20s

V

d1 d 2 t1 t 2

400m 70s m V 5.71 s V

100 30s

d3 t3

d t

100 200 100 20 30 20

40 m 7 s

200 20s

•

ms

•

ms

• • V

d vt

•

d

V. t

2m/s d m V s

330s 1.5km

s

t

m

d

6

2

2

2

2

2

2

3

4

6

9

m s

V 5km 6

m s

C A

0,3m

B

A C

C

C B B A

C

A

CB CA CB CA

a A

B B A

B A

SI

T

f

f .T

1

1 1 T f 1 T f T

)s-1( 1s Hz

1 f

T

2

l g

g

g = 10m/s2

25cm l

T

T

2 3.14 T 1s

0.25 10

2

25cm 0.25m

l g

10mm

20mm A

30mm C

20mm B A AC BC BC = AC

10

10

A A

B

A

C

B

B C

A A A

A

X

• • •

Hz

• • •

81cm 100cm

A

1A

1Coul

1Coulomb 1Second

6.25 1018 e

1Ccoul s

10A

3-7

2.5A

4

I

I

I ?A

I ?A

I ?A

A

B

B A

A

B

B A

Volt

V

3-14

I

V

12V 12V

Ohm 1A

R 1v Ω

+ -

∞

R

........

R

........

R

........

.

I=4.5A

I=1A

I=8A

I=7.5A

I=0

N

N S

S

a

b

F

Berzelius Vital Force ..

( W o hler)

NH 4 OCN

( NH 2 ) 2 CO

CO2

( H 2 O)

(Ca (HCO 3 ) 2 , NaHCO3 , Na 2 CO 3 , CaCO 3 )

C

p n

H H:C:H

H H H C H H

H H H H H H C C C C C H H H H H H

( )

C C

C C C C

C | C

| C

|

C

C C C C

C

C C C C C

C C C

C C C

C C C C

C C C C C C C C C C

C

C C

CO CO2

(CO 32 )

NaCl H2O

C2H4 HCl

Gasoline

Gasoline

H

H H H

H C C C C H H H H H

Paraffin CnH2n+2 n

n n 1 , C1H2(1)+2 CH2+2 CH4

CH4

Butane

Ethane

Methane

Penta

CH 4

CH 3

CH 3

C2 H 6 CHC43H8

CH 3

CH 2

CHC33H8 2C46H10

CH 4

C5H12

CH

CH 3

CH 3

4 CH 3 CH CH CH 33

CH 2

CH 3

C3 H 8

CH 3

CH 2

C42H10CHC35 H12 CH

CH 3

CH 3

CH 2

C52H12CH CH C26 H14CH 3

CH 3

CH 3

CH 2

C62H14CH CH C27 H16CH 2

CH 3CH 3

CH 3

CH 2

CH 3 CH 3 CH 3

C 4 H10

CH 4

CH 4

CH 3

C2 H 6

CH 3

CH 3

CH 2

C33H8 CH

CH 3

CH 2

CH 3

C4 H CH 2 10 CH 3

CH 3

CH 2

CH 2

CH 3

CH 3

CH

CH 3

CH 2

CH 3

CH 3

CH 2

CH 2

CH 3

CH 3

CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

CH 3

CH 3

CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

CH 3

3

2

2

2

2

2

3 CH CH23 CH CH 32

CH CH23 CH CH22 CH CH32

C53H CH CH23 CH CH22 CH CH22 CH CH 2 12 CH 2

CH 3

CH 3

CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

C62H CH CH CH23 CH CH22 CH CH22 CH CH 2 14 CH32

CH 2

CHCH 3 3

CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

C72H16CHC28 H18CH 2 CH

C H16CH CH CH 2CHCH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH22CH CH32CHCHCH 3CHCH 2 3 3CH 2 3 CH 23CH 22CH 22CH 722CH

CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

C82H18CCH CH C29 H 20CH 2 H

C822HCH CHCH CH CH 2 CH CH CH22 CH CH2 2 CH CH2 3CH CH 2CHCH CH CH CH CH CH 18CH 3 2 CH 2 3 CH 2 3 CH 23CH 2 CH 3 CH22 CH CH

CH 2

CH 2

C29 H 20 CH CH C9C H21020HCH 22 2

CH 2

C5 H12

C6 H14

C7 H16 8

18

HC22210CH H CH 2C10CH CH 2222

CH 2

3

2

2

2

2

2

3

CCH CH2 33 CH CH3 2 CH CH CH2 2 CH CH2 2 CH CH2 2 CH CH2 2 CH CH2 2 CH CH CH CH CH 2 CH CH CH CH 102H 3 2CH 2 22 3 2 CH 22 3 2 CH 2

CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 ,

CH 3 CH 2 CH 3 ,

CH 3

CH 3

CH 2

CH 3 ,

CH 3 CH 2 CH 2

CH 3

CH 2

CH2 3 CH CH3 2 , CH CH 3CHCH CH CH CH 3 3 , CH 2 2 CH 3 2

CH 2

CH 3 ,

CH 3

,

CH 2 CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

C

CH 2

( CH 2 )

CH 3 CH 3

CH CH , CH CH CH , CH CH 3 3 2CHCH 2CHCH 3 CH 3 2 3 CH 3 CH CH CH CH CH , CH CH CH 3 3 CH 2 3 CH 2 2 3 CH 3 3, 3 2 3 2 3 CH 3 2 ,

CH 3 CH 2 CH 3 ,

CH 3 CH 2

2

3

CCH H CH CH CH CH CHCH CH CH 2 CH CH CH CH 2 CH CH3 CH CH CH CH CH3 CH CH2 20 2 CH CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 CH22 2 CH 22 29 2 2 CH 2 2CH 2 3 23 CH 2 22 CH 2 2 2CH 2 23 CH 3 3

CH 2 CH 2

CH 3

ane

CH 4

CH 4 C2 H 6

CH 4

H 2 CH 2 CH 3 ,

,

Propane

CH 3 ,

CH 3 CH

CH 3 CH CH 2 CH 3

CH 3

CH

CH

CH

2 3 3 CH CH CH 2 CH 3 , CH CH CH CHCH 3 3 CH 2 3 2 , CH 3 3 CH 3 CH 2CH

CH 3 CH 2 3 CH CH CH , CH C CH , CH CH 3 2 3 2 2 CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 , CH 3 C CH , CH CH CH 2 2 2 CH CH 2 , CH CH CH , CH C CH , CH CH C CH ,3 CH 2 CH 3 2 CH 2 2 3 2

CH 2

CH 3

C CH 3 C CH

,

CH

H

H

H C

H H H H C H H C C C H HH C H H H

H C C HH C H H H H H H C HH H C C C H H H C HH H

CnH2n+1 ane

CH 3 CH 2 CH 3 ,

CH 3 CH 2

CH 3 CH

CH 3 C

CH 2 ,

H C H H

H H H H H H H H H C HH C C C H H C C C C C H C C H H H H H H C H H H C HH H H H H H C HH H C C C H H H C yl HH ane H Cn H 2 n 1 ane Cn H 2 n 1 yl

H H H H C H C HH H H

Cn H 2n

2

Alkane H

C H

n 22 n H CnH 2n

alkyl

ane H C H H

H Methane

1

CnH C H2 n n

2n 2

1

Cn H 2n

H

Alkane H H C H H C H H H Methyl C n H 2 n 2 Methane Alkane

1

alkyl Cn H 2 n 1 H C H C HH

H

n

H

2n 1

Methyl alkyl

H

H C H H Methane

H C H H Methyl

CH 3

CH 4

IUPAC

H

CH 3

CH 3

CH 3

CH 2

CH 3

CH 2

CH 3

CH 2

CH 2

CH 3

CH 3

CH 4 CH 3

CH 3

CH 3

CH 2

CH 3

CH 2

CH 2

Hexa Hexane

IUPAC

CH 3

CH 3

CH 3

CH 2

CH 3

CH 2

n Hexane

CH 2

C6H14 CH 2

CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 H HCHH -CH H -CH -CH -CH H H -CH 3 2 2 2 2 3 H C C C C C C H H H H H H H H

CH 2

3

CH 2

CH 2

CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 H H H H 1 C C C C HCH 3 H H H H

n-hexane C H3 C H 2 C H 2 C H 2 C H3 4

H H H C C C H H ane H H

n Butane

IUPAC

CH 2

5

CH 3

H H C H

CH 2 CH 3

CH 3 CH

2

1

CH 3 CH 3 2

|

CH

CH 2 CH 3

CH 2 CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

CH 3

CH 2

CH 3

ane 5

4

3

C HC3 C H 2C CCH 2

2

1

4

CH 2

3

C C C C C C H 2 C HC3 C C 2- methylpentane C C CH 3

|

C H2

2-methylpentane

CH 3

CH 3

ane

CH 2 IUPAC CH 3

H H H H H H H C C C C C C H H H H H H H

CH 3 CH

CH 3

IUPAC

CH 3

CH 4

CH 3

CH 3

IUPAC

ane

PAC

CH 2

5

CH 3

CH CH33 CH CH22 CH CH22 CH CH22 CH CH22 CH CH33

55

44

33

22

11

CCHH33 CCHH22 CCHH22 CCHH22 CCHH33 CH CH33

CC CC CC CC

CC CC CC CC CC CC

CC CC CC CC

C 4 HC104H10 H

H

H C H

H C C H H C HH H

Iso-butane Isobutane 2-methylpropane 2-methyl propane

H

H C H

H H H

C C C H H H H

nButane butane

(1g / mL)

H

H C H

H C H

H H H C C C HH C HH H

H

Olium

Petra

? Cyclo

CnH2n

CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

Cn H 2n Cyclo butane

Cyclo propane Cyclo butane C H2

CH 2

CH 2

CH 2 Cyclo propane

CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

CH CH 2 2

CH 2CH 2 C H 2 CH 2

CH 2

CH

CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 butane Cyclo CH 2

CH 2

Cyclohexane Cyclo hexane CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

CH 2 CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

,

CH 2

CH 2

H H H C C H H H

ethane

–ene H H

CH 2

C

Cyclo he

–ane H C

C

H C

C H

H

Ethene

Cyclo hexa

CH 2

CH CH 2 2

Cyclo pentane

–yne

CH

C

CH 2

CHC2 C CH 2 Cyclo hexane CH 2

Cyclo pentane

CH 2 CH 2

Cyclobutane Cyclo propane CH 2 Cyclo butane Cyclopentane Cyclo pentane CH 2 CH 2

CH 2

C C

CH 2

CH 2

ethyne

CnH2n-2

CnH2n

CnH2n+2

CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

Olef in CnH2n

n

2n n

2n

n =2

n

Cn H 2 n

Cn H 2 n

C2 H 2( 2)

C2 H 2( 2)

C2 H 4

C2 H 4

Cn H 2 n

Cn H 2 n

C3 H 2 ( 3 )

C3 H 2 ( 3 )

C3 H 6

C3 H 6

Ethene

Pr opene

2

Ethene C2H 4 Pr opene

H H

2n

Cnn H 2 n

C

Propene

C

n

2

H

H

H

H

C

C

H H C C C H H H

CH 22 CH 2 C 2 H 4

CH

2

H H

n =3 n 3 Propene

Propene

H

Cn H 2 n

H H C C C H H H

H

CH 2

CH 2

CH

CH CH

C2 H 2) C2 (H 3

C C H H H H

6

C2 H 4

Propene Cn H 2 n

n

3

2

C2H 4

3

C3 H 6

H H H C CH CCHC2 H H 2 H CH 2 CH CH 3

Butene

4

C4 H8

CH 2

CH CH 2

CH 3

Pentene

5

C5 H10

CH 2

CH CH 2

CH 2

CH 3

CH CH CH CH 2 CH 2 C 2 H 46 12 CH 2 2CH 2 CH CH CH CH CH 2 C3H 67 14 CH 2 2CH CH 3 2 CH CH CH CH CH C4 H88 16 CH 2 2CH CH 2 2CH 3 2

CH 2

CH 3

CH 2

CH 2

CH 3

CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

C3 H 2 ( 3 ) Ethene C3 H 6 Pr opene

Hexene Ethene Heptene Pr opene Octene Butene

2 3

4

6 7

8

Pentene

5

C5 H10

CH 2

CH CH 2

CH 2

CH 3

Hexene

6

C6 H12

CH 2

CH CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

CH 3

7

C7 H14

CH 2

CH CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

CH 3

8

C8 H16

CH 2

CH CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

Heptene Octene

C C

C C

IUPAC C C C

C C

C C C

C C

C C

CH 3

CH 3

IUPAC C

C C

C C

C C C C H H H H H H C5 C 4 C3 C 2 C1 H H H H IUPAC

H H H H H H C5 C 4 C3 C 2 C1 H H H H HH H 5

H C H

C H

4

3

C H

ene

2

C H

H C1 H

1-pentene

C C C

C C C C H H H H H H C1 C 2 C3 C 4 C5 H H H

H H H C1 C 2 H H

H

–ene

H H H C3 C 4 C5 H H HH HH H

H C1 C 2 H

C3 C 4 C5 H H

2-pentene

–

H

–

es

Alkynes Alkynes

Alkynes

n

n

2n 2

2 ,

C 2 H 2( 2)

C2H 2

2

C C H

Cn H 2n

Ethyne CnH2n-2

–ane

Cn H 2n

n

2n 2

n

2 ,

C 2 H 2( 2)

Cn H H 2 n C2 n H 2 n 2 C n 2n 2 n 22 ,, Ethyne C n C 22 H H 22 (( 22)) H C C C C H H H

C2H 2

2

Cn H 2n

2

ane n 2 , C 2 H 2( 2) 2

–yne

nn

2

Ethyne n

Ethyne C H

H C C H

yne

n

2

C C CC

C C

C C

Cn H 2n n

2

H C –ane

H C C H –yne –ane

CC C C C C

C 22 H H C

22

C2H 2

–ane C

Alkynes

Alkynes

Alkynes

–yne

C CC CC C C

C

C C C

C C C,C C C C,C C C C

C

C C

IUPAC

C

CC CC CC C

C C C

C

IUPAC

IUPAC

IUPAC IUPAC

H C5 H

H

HH H H H H H 5 4 3 2 1 H HH CC1 CC2 CC3 CC4 CC5 H H C5 HH H H H H HH H H C1 C 2 C 3 C 4 H H

2-Pentyne

H H C4 HH C5 H

HH CC1 3 CC2 2 CC3 1 HH H H H C5 H

2-Pentyne –yne

–yne

1-Pentyne 2-Pentyne

H

H CH C 5 H H H H H HH 1 2 3 4 CH CC3 CC2 CC1 H HH 4

1-Pentyne 2-Pentyne –yne

H H C5 C 4 H H H H 4 5 HC C H H

–y

–yne 1 Pentyne

2 Pentyne

C6 H 6 15O 2 C6 H 6 15O 2

12CO 2

6H 2 O Q

12CO HO Q 12CO 2 C6 H2 6 615 2O 2

OH C CH HC HC OH CHO OH C CC HC HC HC CHCC CC HH CH HC H H HH CH HC HH CC CC C CC H HH

CHO C CH

6H 2 O Q

COOH C CH HC COOH CHO COOH C HC C C HC HC CH CHC C HC H C HC CH H H CH HC HCHC C HC H CC C H HH

CH 3Cl CHCl3

CH 2Cl 2 CCl 4

CnH2n+1 CnH2n+2

CnH2n Cn H2n-2

C2H2

C7H12 C6H6

H

H C

H C H H C H C H H C C H H

H

H C

H C H

C H C C H C H

H

H C H C

H C

C H

C H C H

OH

R OH

CH3-CH2-OH

O

R O R

CH3-CH2-O-CH2-CH3

CHO

RCHO

CH3-CHO

R CO R

CH3-CO-CH3

COOH

R COOH

CH3-COOH

COOR

R COO R

CH3-COO-CH3

O C

OH R-OH

RH CH3 –H

CH3 –H

OH

Methane

H

R –OH CH3 –OH

CH3-OH Methanol

IUPAC e

ol IUPAC

(CH 3OH)

IUPAC CH4

Methane

C2H6

Ethane

CH3 –CH2 OH

Ethanol

C3 H8

Propane

CH3 –CH2 – CH2 OH

Propanol

R H

C

Methanol

CH3 OH

R OH

o

R O R

34

34

R- O- R EtherR- O- R Ethe CH 3 O CH 2 CH 3

di

metyal ethyal ether

R

OH

R

CH3 - O -CH3 CH3 - O -CH3

H

H

R

O R

CH3 – CH2 –O –CH CH CH23–O – CH2 - CH3 3– 2 -CH

dimethylether ether Dimethyl ether Dimethyl O C H

R R OH O RR

diethyl Diethyl ether) Diethyl ether)ether

R CHO

CHO

CH 4

al

H

CH 3

e

al

CHO

e Methanal

Methane 33

C

1 2 3

4 5 6

Methanal

H CHO H CHO CH CHO CH 3 3 CHO CH 3 CH 2 CHO CH CH 2 CHO CH3 3 (CH) CHO 2 CH 3 (CH) 2 CHO

92

Ethanal

20

123

Propanal

49

81

Butanal

75

97

104

92

178

26

Propanal Butanal

aldehyde

CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CHO, CH 3 CH 2 CHO

CH 3

O2

Cu

2CH 3 OH

g/100mL

21

Pentanal CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CHO CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CHO Pentanal Benz C H CHO Benzcarb C6 H6 5 5 CHO aldehyde

2CH 3 OH

o

Methanal

Ethanal

40

g 100ml

C

o

OH O 2 ||

2H C H O2

Cu

O H C H H 2 O CuO

Cu

2 H 2O ||

2H C H

2 H 2O

20

O

O R C R

íÇ

O

R C R

C

IUPAC

O

C

o

CH 3CO CH 3

Propanone

CH 3COCH 2 CH 3

butanone

C6 H 5 COCH 3

Phenylethanone

e

C

o

one

Carboxylic acids

R COOH

R' R

Carboxylic acids C n H 2 n 1COOH

CH3 CH CH3 COOH R C2H5CHR

O R C OH

(C 6 H 5COOH)

3

R

R

3

R

C2H5

C2CH H5 COOH COOH 3

R

C2 H5 R

R

HCOOH ( CH 3 )R

H COOH H COOH COOH

Formica CH3 Acetum

H COOH

Methanoic acid

HCOOH COOH COOH ( C6 H 5 ) R

C2H5

C6 H 5

Formica Acetum ee

C2H5

CH 3 COOH

oic ,

CH 3

O C OH

,

oic CH 3 CH 2 COOH

Methanoic ethanoic acid Ethanoic acid Propanoic acid acid Propanoic acid

3 15

C3H 7 COOH

OH

C17 H 35 CO

C17 H 35 COOH

C15H 31 CO

C15H 31 COOH

C17 H33 CO

C17 H33 COOH

70o C

COOH COOH

m..pp 70 70 C C m COOH COOH

CH 3 (CH 2 )16

COOH

CH (CH 2 ) 7

13o C COOH

m..pp 13 13 C C m

CH 3 (CH 2 ) 7

CH

16 33 16

OH ( OR ' ) O O R C C O O R R R

O ( C O ) (H COO CH 3 )

17 33 17

H CH 3

CH 2 OH

CH 3

CH 3

-ate

CH 2 OH

C OH CH 3

CH 2 OH

R

1 2

R

CH 3 COOCH 3

oate

methyl ethanoate

Oil oate

CH,3 COOC H 2COOCH H5 3 ,

methyl ethanoate

2

17

OH

(C17 H 35 COO)

1 2

,

H COOCH 3 methyl methanoate

fat Oil

,

CH 3 COO CH 3

,

H COOCH 3

CHethanoate O CO C17 H 35 methyl methyl 2 O C OH CH O CO C17 H 35 3H 2 O CH 2

Oil O CO

methanoate

fat

C17 H 35

OilOH

(C17 H 35 COO OH)

CH OH 3C17 H 35

CH 3 COOCH 3

Oil

35

OH

H COOCH 3

methyl methanoate ic acid

Ethyl ethanoate

CH O COCHC17OH H 35 33CH172H O35 CH 2 C OH fat CH O CO H

R

,

,

Oil

R

CH 3 COOCH 3

H 2O

1 2

R

ic acid

CH 3 COOC 2 H 5

fat icfatacid

H 2O

C O C2H5

methyl-ate ethanoate

Ethylmethyl ethanoate methanoate

O CO C H 35 Ethyl Propanoate CH 2 17OH

CH 2

C O O C2H5

CH 3

-ate

CH 3 CH 2 COOC 2 H 5

CH 2

CH 3

R

ic acid

,

CH 2

O

C CH O 3O C2H C 5 OH H 2 O CH 3

OC 2 H 5

O C OH

O

O

O C OH

CH 2

CH O CO C17 H 35 CH 2

C17 H 33COOH

O CO C17 H 35

3H 2 O

O CO C17 H 35

OH

Ni

Margarine 163

3 20

O CH 2 O C C17 H 35 O CH O C C17 H 35 3NaOH O CH 2 O C C17 H 35

CH 2 OH CH OH 3C17 H 35 COONa CH 2 OH

NaOH

KOH

NaOH

15mL

50mL

150mL 50mL

C6H12O6

C6(H2O 6

C n ( H 2 O) m

C12 H2O 11

C12 H22O11

CO 2 C6 H12 O6 6O 2

C6 H12O6

6CO 2 6H 2 O E C6 H12O6

C6 H12 O6

6O 2

6CO 2

C12 H 22 O11

6O2

6H 2 O

(C6

H10 O5 ) n

3 24

C6H12O6 C 6 H12 O 6

H2 O O CC1212HH2222OO1111 H 2

C6 H12 O6

CC6 HH12OO6 CC 6 HH 12 OO 6 6

12

6

6

12

6

6O2 6CO 2 6H 2 O

C6 H12 O6 6O 2

3 25

C6H12O6

C12 H 22 O11 H 2 O

HCl

C 6 H12 O 6

6CO 2 6 H 2 O

C 6 H12 O 6

C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 6CO2

C 6 H12 O 6

3 26

6 H 2O

C12 H 22 O11 H 2 O

6CO 2 6 H 2 O

C 6 H12 O 6

C 6 H12 O 6

C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2

C 6 H12 O 6

(C 6 H10 O 5 ) n

nH 2 O

nC 6 H12 O 6

3 26

R O C

O H C

R COOH

R CH 3

CHO

COOH

C2 H 5 OH

CHO

CH 3 OH

CH 3 COOH

H 2 CO 2

COOH

CO

H 2 CO

CHO

COOH

CO 2

H 2O

H 2 O CO

R COOH

CHO

COOH

COOR

CHO

CH 2

Substitution Reactions

H H

C H

H Cl Cl

C

Cl

HCl

H

H

CH 3Cl

H

Cl Cl

CHCl Cl Cl CH 2 Cl 2 3 CHCl3 Cl Cl

CH 2 Cl2

HCl

CCl CHCl HCl 4 3 HCl CCl4 HCl

)C2H6(

Addition Reactions

CH 2

Br

BrCH 2 1, 2 2 dibromoethane CH 2 Br CH Br Br 1,CH 2 2 Br dibromoethane CH 2 Br CH 2 Br CH 2 CH 2 Br Br 1, 2 dibromoethane CH 2 Br CH 2 Br

CH 2

CH 2

Ni

H2

CH 3 CH 3

1,2-diiodopropane CH 3 CH

CH 2

I2

CH 3 CHI CH 2 I

)Cl2(

)C2H4( )IUPAC(

Dehydration CH 3 CH 2 OH 2CH 3 CH 2 OH

H 2SO 4

H 2SO 4

CH 2 CH 2 H 2 O

CH 3 CH 2 O CH 2 CH 3 H 2 O

Hydrolysis

O

O CH 3 C O CH 3 H 2 O

CH 3 C OH CH 3 OH

NaOH O CH 3 O C C17 H 35

CH 2 OH

O CH O C C17 H 35 3NaOH

CH OH 3C17 H 35COONa

O

CH 2 O C C17 H 35

CH 2 OH

Oxidation

CuO CH 3 CH 2 OH

CuO

CH 3

O C H H 2 O Cu

Combustion H 2O

CH 3

CO2

CH 4 2O 2 CH 2 OH 3O 2

CO 2 2H 2 O 2CO 2 3H 2 O

Reduction

Propene

CH 3 CH

CH 2 H 2

Ni

CH 3 CH 2 CH 3

a( CH 3 CH CH CH 3 H 2 a( CH 3 CH CH CH 3 H 2 O O CH H Ni b( CH 3 C 3 2 b( CH 3 C CH 3 H 2 Ni Ni c( CH 3 C C H H 2 c( CH 3 C C H H 2 Ni

Ni Ni

Cracking .

C16H34 C8H18 C8H16 C16 H 34

700 C

C8 H16 C8 H18

Polymerization

nCH 2

Ethene

CH 2

[ CH [CH2 2 CH CH2 2]] n Polyethelene

CCl4 CH3Cl 6CO 2 6H 2 O CH 3COOH R OH C 6 H 5COOH NaOH CH 4 Cl 2 Ni CH CH H 2 C2H 2 O2 CH 3 CH 2 CH CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH

CH 2

CH 2 H 2O

H2

Pt

H2SO4

CHCl3 CH2Cl2

Classification of living things

Carolus Linnaeus

Species

Canis

Genus alba

Rosa Felis catus

Rosa alba lupus

Species

Family Phylum Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Genus Order

Class Kingdom

Euglena

Bacteria Prokaryotes

Kingdom Protesta

Monera

Algae

Kingdom Fungi

Archbacteria

Eubacteria

Escherichia coli

Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Animalia

Photosynthesis Pigment

Cell wall

Cuticles

Plant Classification

Plants

Monocotyledon Dicotyledon

None Vascular plants

Rhizoid

Antheridium

Archegonium

Mosses

Liver worts

Vascular Plants

30m

Horse

Ferns

club Mosses

tail

Rhizome

Zygote

: Seed Plants Ovule

Embryo

Gymnosperms Angiosperms

Gymno

Conifers

Angiosperm

Monocotyledon Dicotyledon

" "

"

"

Porifera Pore

Coelenterata

Jelly fish

Platyhelminthes

Planaria

Schistosoma

Fasiola hepatica

Taenia saginata

Taenia Solium

Hydatid

cyst Nematoda

Ascaris

Oxyuris

Annelida

Snail

Mullusca

Octopus

Arthropoda

chitin

Metamorphosis

Egg

Imago

Pupa

Larva

Nymph

Echinodermata

Homoiothermous

Piokelothermous

Fishes

CO2

Class

Hagfish

Ray

Lamprey

Amphibians

Caecilians

Reptiles

Aves

Mammalia

‫؛‬

Platypus

Placenta

D A

Homoiothermous Piokelothermous

.