Science 08 [8]

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‫ﻛتب درسﻰ ﻣربﻮط وزارت ﻣعارف بﻮده‪ ،‬خرﻳد و فروش‬ ‫أن ﻣﻤﻨﻮع است‪.‬‬

‫جمهورى اسﻼمﻰ افغانستان‬ ‫وزارت معارف‬ ‫ریاست عمومﻰ انکشاف نصاب تعلیمﻰ‬

‫‪[email protected]‬‬

‫ساﻳﻨس‬

‫‪8‬‬

‫ساﻳﻨس‬ ‫صﻨﻒ ﻫشتﻢ‬ ‫(براي ﻣدارس دﻳﻨﻰ)‬

‫سال چاپ‪ 1398 :‬ﻫـ ‪ .‬ش‪.‬‬

S c i e n c e

)Diffusion(

O2 CO2

)Osmosis(

)Photosynthesis(

6 H 2O 6CO2

C6 H12O6

6O2

6O2

C6 H12O6

6 H 2O 6CO2

E

Amitosis

Mitosis

Interphase prophase

Centromere

Metaphase

Anaphase Telophase

Meiosis

Ecology Oikos Logos

)Ecosystem(

DDT DDT

DDT

Transpiration

–

Green House

Biomass

Biomass

Biomass

6-3

.

Conduction

Convection

Radiation

• • •

N

S

،

Atom P

e

c e 18

6.3 10 e

1C 1C e

1.6 10

18

6.3 10 e

.e

c

1.6 10

1c

e

q

19

e

19

c

c 1Coul

6.3 1018 e

10N 14N 20N

50N

100N 150N

b

50N

a

b = 50N

a =100N 50N

150

b 50

a

b a

a b

a

20N

b

15N

a 5N

gr kg 5kg

1kg 9.81N 1kg 9.81N

1Kg *

1kgf 150N

1kg 45kg

1Kg *

10 N

450N N 3Kg

w=m.g

N

• • • • •

• •

F

F

L

C

L

R B

F

A

R

F

L

L B

C

A

50g

25g

25g

50g 50g

25g

25g

25 g 25 g

–

50 g

–

–

• • • •

– – – –

atomos

p

n

e

F

2n2 n

2n2 n=1 2 12=2 1=2

n

1p

2n2 n=2 2 22=2 4=8

2p 2n

L

K M

Al

Be

K

Ne

P

Ar

K

Period

Na

H

Li

Kr

C Xc

o

C

o

)Ar(

Xe

Kr

Ar

) 186 0 C ( o

2

C

B

Li

A

IA Fr IIA VIIA

VIIIA

) 112 0 C (

IIIA VIIIA

C

149 0C

He H

CO2

O2

C S

)CS2(

C

NaCl

MgI2

Cl

Na

Br

Na

I

Mg

F

Mg

Cl

AlCl3

Al

Cl

Al

B

Cu

Fe Zn

IA

3P 4n

11P

19P

12n

20n

IIA IIIA VIIIA

He

VIIIA

(CuSO 4 5H 2O)

A

B

AB

A+B

AB B A

AB

l

g aq

4Fe(s) +3O2(g)

–

s

2Fe2O3(s

–

H2(g) + O2(g)

H O

H2O(l

H2(g) + O2(g)

2H2O(l

2H2(g) + O2(g)

2H2O(l

2H2O(l)

2H2(g) + O2(g

2H2(g) + O2(g)

C(s) + O2(g)

2H2O(l

CO2(g

Mg(s) 2HCl(aq)

2HCl(aq) +2NaOH(aq)

MgCl 2 (aq) H 2 (g )

2NaCl (aq) + H2O(l

Ba

CaO

FeO

SO2

SiO2 Fe2O3 Oxidation CO2

Fe

Ca C

Na S

N

Oxidation

K2O, SO2, H2O, CO2, CaO Fe2O3,

Al2O3, MgO, Na2O, CaO

Ca Mg 2Ca(s)+O2(g)

2CaO(s)

IUPAC

Na2O CaO

Cu2O CuO

IUPAC

Sodium oxide Calcium oxide ous ic Cuprous oxide Cupric oxide

Cu2O CuO

Copper(I) oxide Copper (II) oxide

CaO SiO2 Fe2O3 Al2O3 MgO Na2O

(CaO)

(CaCO3)

CaCO3(s)

CaO(s)+CO2(g)

CO2, SO3, SO2 H2SO3 HNO3 CO2

H2SO4

I II

– CaSO4

CaCO3

Ca(OH)2

CaO

Au

BaO Magnetite (Fe3O4 H2O CO2

F2

Cl2

O2

C2H6 Cl2O7

SrO Fe2O3, PbO H2S )Oxidation(

–

–

Organic fertilizers Inorganic fertilizers

–

(NH 4 )3 PO 4

( NH 4 )2 HPO4

[KCl MgCl 2 6H 2 O]

CO(NH 2 ) 2

[KCl NaCl]

)NH3(

–

CO NH 2

2

NH 4 NO3 CO NH 2

g

C

o

g

2

C

o

NH 2COONH 4 )aq(

NH 2CONH 2 )aq( H 2O)l(

)Cl2

KCl

MgCl2 .6 H 2O

NaCl

NaCl

Cl 2 )g( H 2O)l(

HCl)aq( HClO

NaClO Ca)ClO(2

KClO

NaClO

2 NaOH)aq( Cl 2 )g(

NaClO

NaClO)aq( NaCl)aq( H 2O)l(

NaClO

( NH 2COONH 4 )

NaOCl

Ca CN

CO 2

2

CO NH 2 NaOCl

CO NH 2

2

CaCO3

2

CO 2

acidus

acid alkali

(K 2 CO3 )

Svante Arhenius (H )

OH

H H2O

HCl(g)

H (aq) Cl (aq)

SO2 H 2 CO3 (aq)

NH 4 (aq) OH (aq)

HCl(g)

H2O

OH

H (aq) HCO3 (aq)

NH 3 (g) H 2 O(l)

CO 2 (g) H 2 O(l)

CO2

H (aq) Cl (aq) OH

NH 3 (g) H 2 O(l)

NH 4 (aq) OH (aq)

CaO K2O

NaOH , NH 3 , H 2SO 4 , HCl NaOH

(SO3 )

(HCl)

HCl(g)

H2O

H (aq) Cl (aq)

(SO3 )

SO3 (g) H 2 O(l)

(H 2SO 4 )

H 2SO 4 (aq) ( NH 3 )

N 2 (g) 3H 2 (g)

2NH 3 (g)

NaOH

Na 2 O(s) H 2 O(l)

2NaOH(aq)

:

–

(H 2 CO3 )

2Na(s) 2HCl(aq)

2NaCl(aq) H 2 (g)

NaCl 10 mL

(HCl)

HCl

5 mL HCl

HNO3

H 2 CO3

HCl

Sodium hydroxide Potassium hydroxide Calcium hydroxide

NaOH KOH

Ca(OH) 2

OH

(Indicators)

C

(NaCl) (NaOH)

( NH 4 ) (HCl)

HCl(aq) NaOH(aq)

NaCl(aq) H 2 O(l)

HCl(aq) NH 4 OH(aq)

NH 4 Cl(aq) H 2 O(l)

(Neutralization)

Sodium chloride

NaCl

Magnesium flouride

MgF2

Potassium sulfide

K2S

Calcium nitrate

Ca(NO3)2

Sodium sulfite

Na2SO3

Patassium carbonate

K2CO3

Aluminium sulfat

Al2(SO4)3

Zinc phosphate

Zn3(PO4)2

ic ic IUPAC

ous ous

ous ic

Iron(II)sulfate

Ferrous sulfate

III

Iron(III)sulfate

Ferric sulfate

Fe2(SO4)3

I

Copper (I)bromide

Cuprous bromide

CuBr

II

Copper(II)bromide

Cupric bromide

CuBr2

BaCl2 (aq) H 2SO 4 (aq)

BaSO4

1 BaCl 2 (aq) H 2SO 4 (aq) 1 BaCl 2 (aq) H 2SO 4 (aq)

Fe(s) CuCl 2 (aq)

(s) 2HCl(aq)

BaSO 4 (s) 2HCl(aq)

2 Na 2 CO3 (aq) Ca(OH) 2 (aq)

Cu (s)

CaCO3 (s) 2NaOH(aq) BaSO 4 (s) 2HCl(aq)

FeCl2 (aq)

II II 1 BaCl 2 (aq) H 2SO 4 (aq) BaSO 4 (s) 2HCl(aq) Na 2SO 4 (aq) Pb( NO3 ) 2 (aq) PbSO 4 (s) 2 NaNO3 (aq)

NaCl

FeSO 4

II

II II

II II

NaOH HCl(aq) NaOH(aq)

NaCl(aq) H 2 O(l)

FeSO 4

H

OH

K 2O

CO 2

H 2 CO3

K 2O

KOH

H 2 CO3 Na 2 CO3

Na 2 CO 3 (aq) Ca ( NO3 ) 2 (aq)

Na 2 CO 3 (aq) Ca ( NO3 ) 2 (aq)

HCl(aq) LiOH(aq)

HCl2 CO (aq)3 (aqLiOH ) 3 ) 2 (aq) Na ) Ca(aq ( NO KOH (aq H 2SO HCl (aq ) ) LiOH (aq 4 ()aq )

KOH(aq) H 2SO 4 (aq)

KOH(aq) H 2SO 4 (aq)

Neutralization

– –

Mg(OH) 2

H 2 CO3

NaCl

HNO3

HCl

H 2 CO3

HNO3

H 2 CO3

HCl

HCl

NaCl