Samuel 1&2 According to the Syriac Peshitta with English Translation 9781463235123

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THE ANTIOCH BIBLE

The Syriac Peshiṭta Bible with English Translation

Samuel

Ṣurath Kthobh

Editors George A. Kiraz Andreas Juckel

The Syriac Peshiṭta Bible with English Translation

Samuel

English Translation by

Donald M. Walter Gillian English Translation by

Greenberg Text Prepared by

Donald M. Walter

George A. Kiraz

Text Prepared by

Gillian Greenberg Joseph Bali George Anton Kiraz

9

34 2015

Gorgias Press LLC, 954 River Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA www.gorgiaspress.com Copyright © 2015 by Gorgias Press LLC

All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise without the prior written permission of Gorgias Press LLC.

2015

‫ܒ‬

ISBN 978-1-4632-0423-5

Printed in the United States of America

9

Pieter Arie Hendrik de Boer Who proposed a study of II Kings for my doctorate and at whose invitation I prepared critical editions of Psalms and Jeremiah for the Peshitta Institute at Leiden

Donald M. Walter Sarah and Eliezer My parents whose lives would have been better in today’s better world

Gillian Greenberg

TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents .................................................................................. vii Foreword to the Edition........................................................................ ix By George A. Kiraz Making of the Text .................................................................................. ix Orthographic Diversions from Mosul .................................................. xi Text Organization..................................................................................xiii Acknowledgements................................................................................xiv

Abbreviations ......................................................................................... xv Introduction to the Translation ......................................................... xvii By Donald M. Walter and Gillian Greenberg The Peshiʜta ...........................................................................................xvii The Books of Samuel ...........................................................................xvii The Syriac Text and our Translation Policy .......................................xix Similarities to LXX ................................................................................. xx 2 Samuel 22: David’s Song of Triumph............................................... xx Notes .......................................................................................................xxi Translation Technique...........................................................................xxi Addenda ...............................................................................................xxvii Addendum 1: Mistranslation .............................................................xxvii Addendum 2: Inner-Syriac Corruptions .......................................xxxviii Addendum 3: Deliberate changes introduced by P.......................xxxix

Appendix 1: Versification ................................................................... xlix Appendix 2: Variant Readings ............................................................... li Appendix 3: Names ............................................................................. lxxi Common Syriac Proper Names ..........................................................lxxi Replacement .........................................................................................lxxii Initial Positions....................................................................................lxxiii Medial Positions..................................................................................lxxiv Final Positions....................................................................................lxxvii Translation .........................................................................................lxxviii Transliterations....................................................................................lxxix

Bibliography........................................................................................ lxxxi Lexica and Dictionaries......................................................................lxxxi Reference Texts...................................................................................lxxxi VII

VIII

Table of Contents

Reference Commentaries and studies on Samuel...........................lxxxi General Interest .................................................................................lxxxii

Text and Translation ............................................................................... 1

FOREWORD TO THE EDITION BY GEORGE A. KIRAZ The primary objective of this edition is twofold: to provide a reliable text for scholars and students who are looking for a fully vocalized Syriac text, and to make available to religious communities, for whom this text is sacred, an English translation that can be used in various religious and cultural settings. As such, one had to navigate carefully between rigid scholarly principles and practical editorial choices. Making of the Text The current edition provides a West Syriac version of the 1887–91 Peshiʜta Mosul text. 1 While the Mosul text was prepared based on second millennium manuscripts, its text is substantially attested by manuscripts belonging to the first millennium. As ancient MSS are hardly vocalized, our text relies on the vocalization of the Mosul edition. In addition to full YRFDOL]DWLRQ RXU WH[W LV VXSSOHPHQWHG ZLWK FRPSOHWH 5XNNĆNKĆ DQG QuššĆ\Ć SRLQWLQJ DQG RWKHU RUWKRJUDSKLF PDUNLQJV NHHSLQJ LQ PLQG WKH general orthographic principles adopted by Pusey and Gwilliam in their 1901 Tetraeuangelium. 2 Hence, while the consonantal tier is substantially ancient, the vocalism and orthographic tiers are quite late. $VWKH0RVXOHGLWLRQGLGQRWIXOO\PDUN5XNNĆNKĆDQG4XššĆ\ĆWKHVH points were added using a semi-automated method that makes use of regular expressions; 3 the result was then proofed and corrected. When the 1 Clemis Joseph David (ed.), The Syriac Bible According to the Mosul Edition, 3 volumes, with an introduction by Sebastian P. Brock (Piscataway, NJ, 2010), a reprint of the Mosul 1887–91 edition titled ŦƦźƀƤƘťſƢƟƦƉĪŦƦƠƙƉƅſĥħƦƃŁĿĭĽ. 2 P. E. Pusey and G. H. Gwilliam, Tetraeuangelium Sanctum, the Fourfold Holy Gospel in the Peshitta Syriac Version with Critical Apparatus, with an introduction by Andreas Juckel (Piscataway, NJ, 2003), a reprint of the 1901 edition. 3 In computing, a regular expression provides a mechanism with which strings of text can be matched with a search criterion. In most notations, a bracket expression matches a single character inside that bracket (e.g., [ab] matches a single a or b). The exclamation mark

IX

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Foreword to the Edition

consonantal orthography, and in many cases the vocalic orthography, of East and West Syriac diverged, use was made of Lee’s 1823 edition 4 as well as linguistic resources including Audo, 5 Brockelmann, 6 Margoliouth, 7 and Smith. 8 $V IRU 5XNNĆNKĆ DQG 4XššĆ\Ć SRLQWLQJ DQDORJLHV ZHUH PDGH ŏ œ ƉIJ ŏ IJô ƦŔ ŨƢ ň ƃƎ ň Ĭť ł Ŕ ƣĭ Ņ ƕĮ ł internally within other Mosul readings (e.g. Ǝſųɣ ô ɕĿŴ Ņ Ņ ł ł Ŕ ƣĭ ł , unmarked in Mosul, is based on ŦƦŅ Ŕ ŨǔŔ ƣ where the fricatization of IJô ƦŔ ŨƢ Ņ ł ŦƦŔ ŨǔŔ ƣ which is marked, 1 Sam. 9:21), and externally with the Pusey and Gwilliam New Testament text, making use of my Concordance 9 as a tool and the guidelines presented in my introduction to spirantization. 10 While MSS RI WKH 0DäOPĆQşWKĆ ¶0DVRUD·  ZHUH HPSOR\HG ZH VRPHWLPHV GLYHUted Ņ Ņ Ņ Ņ ň ò Ŕ ƦƉ ň ò œ ƦƉ from them for purposes of consistency (e.g. ťƟĭĪł ŔĪŦ Ŀ for Maš.ťƟĭĪł ŔĪŦ Ņ Ņ Ņ œ Ņ Ŀ,  ƐƘ by 1 Sam. 1:1). In 1 Sam. 20:30, we chose M ŦƦƖ Ŕ ƐƘ over Maš ŦƦƖ Ņ Ņ analogy with smilar words such as ŦƦƖ ƣ (the lexica offer no help). Ŕ The MbaʜʜOĆQĆ DQG 0DUKʜĆQĆ ZHUH DGGHG V\VWHPDWLFDOO\ IROORZLQJ FXUUHQW RUWKRJUDSKLF FRQYHQWLRQV EXW WKH 0KDJJ\ĆQĆ 1ĆJXGĆ, and MʜDSS\ĆQĆDOOXELTXLWRXVLQWKH0RVXOWH[WZHUHUHPRYHGDVWKH\DUHDOLHQ to West Syriac orthography. 11 The text was then collated against existing collations, most notably the Leiden apparatus. It was interesting to note how close the Mosul text was to the readings of the manuscripts of the first millennium, in itself a testimony to the faithfulness of second millennium manuscripts, upon which Mosul was based, to the earlier text. Leiden and Mosul differed in ca. 563 readings; i.e., ca. 10 variants per chapter. In other words, 98% of the Mosul readings are identical with the readings of Leiden. As for the variant readings, in 67% denotes negation. Hence, the expression [bgdkpt][!RQ] (where R and Q represent the 5XNNćNKć DQG 4Xššć\ć SRLQWV UHVSHFWLYHO\  ZLOO PDWFK D VLQJOH EJćGNSćW letter that is not IROORZHG E\ D 5XNNćNKć RU 4Xššć\ć SRLQW :KHQ WKLV VHDUFK IDLOV DOO EJćGNSćW letters have been pointed (regardless of accuracy of course). 4 S. Lee, Vetus et Novum Testamentum Syriace (London, 1823). 5 T. Audo, ťƀɖĿŴƏťƍƤƆĪŦƦƊƀƏ (Mosul, 1897). 6 C. Brockelmann, Lexicon Syriacum (Halle, 1928). 7 J. P. Smith (Mrs. Margoliouth), A Compendious Syriac Dictionary Founded upon the Thesaurus Syriacus (Oxford, 1903). 8 P. Smith, Thesaurus Syriacus (Oxford, 1818–1895). 9 G. A. Kiraz, A Computer Generated Concordance to the Syriac New Testament, 6 volumes (Leiden, 1993). 10 G. A. Kiraz, ,QWURGXFWLRQ WR 6\ULDF 6SLUDQWL]DWLRQ 5XNN¿ʬ¿ DQG 4Xxx¿\¿ (Losser, 1995). 11 On these symbols, see C. J. David, Grammaire de la Langue Araméenne, 2 volumes, (Mosul, 2nd ed., 1896) §62, §67; G. Kiraz, 7ŠUUćʜ 0DPOOć $ *UDPPDU RI WKH 6\ULDF /DQJXDJH, Volume I Orthography (Gorgias Press, 2012) §§205–208.

Foreword to the Edition

XI

of the time, the Mosul text was supported by a reading from the first millennium. Appendix 2 gives the variants of our text against the Leiden edition. Orthographic Diversions from Mosul In terms of the consonantal tier, the present text differs orthographically from the Mosul text in two ways. Firstly, it intentionally replaces early Syriac orthographic conventions, most of which are also preserved in the Eastň Syriac Mosul text, with West Syriac ones. 12 For example, Mosulň ƁŨ ŌŔ Ʀƣ œ ĥ Ō œ ò (perf. 3rd fem. pl.) is replaced in the present edition with Ɓ ô ɚ ŨŔ Ʀƣ  ĥ adding sH\ĆPH and the suffix IJ (1 Sam. 30:5); Mosul ťŶŁĭ is replaced with ťŶĥŁĭ adding medial ĥ (1 Sam. 23:17); Mosul ųƣĿ is replaced with ųƤſ ň ĿŌ adding IJ (1 Sam. 1:11). Secondly, as one of the objectives of the present edition is to provide a functional text for religious communities, it was necessary to be systematic and to provide the reader with a standardized orthography. Hence, many ŏ Ʀœ ô ƌĥł was chosen over contractions were systematically separate-ed; e.g., ĭ Ĭ ô ŏ ł Mosul ĭƦœ ô ƌĥ (2 Sam. 2:20). MS evidence and/or Lee’s edition and the Urmia edition give support to most, if not all, of these changes. As for the vocalic tier, the present text differs from the Mosul text in a number of ways. ő Ŏ was generally converted to the corresponding W. Syr. šł E. Syr. š except in lexemes where the E. and W. Syriac orthographies vary; e.g., E. Syr. ťƉŴƀ ò ƟŎ ő vs. W. Syr. ťƉ Ņ ŴòəŏƟŅ (2 Sam. 8:14) in addition to the fricatization of the taw. E. Syr. º   was generally converted to W. Syr.šŅ except when followed ł Ň Ņ łſ (1 Sam. by ĭ in which case it becameš ; e.g., E. Syr. ťƉŴſŇ vs. W. Syr. ťƉŴ 1:4). This also applies to nominal forms when followed by an enclitic demonstrative pronoun. E. Syr. š Ŋ was generally converted to W. Syr. šň except in lexemes where the E. and W. orthographies vary.

12

On orthography, see L. Van Rompay, ‘Some Preliminary Remarks on the Origins of Classical Syriac as a Standard Language. The Syriac Version of Eusebius of Caesarea’s Ecclesiastical History’, in G. Goldenberg and S. Raz (eds.), Semitic and Cushitic Studies (Wiesbaden, 2004), 70–89; S. P. Brock, ‘Some Diachronic Features of Classical Syriac’, in M. F. J. Baasten and W. Th. Van Peursen (eds.), +DPOHW RQ WKH +LOO 6HPLWLF DQG *UHHN 6WXGLHV 3UHVHQWHG WR 3URIHVVRU 7 0XUDRND RQ WKH 2FFDVLRQ RI KLV 6L[W\-Fifth Birthday (Louvain, 2003), 95– 111.

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Foreword to the Edition

ň

Ō

E. Syr. šŋ was mapped to either š  or š depending on the phonoň ĿŌ for M ųƣŋ Ŀŋ (1 Sam. 1:11). logical, morphological or lexical context; e.g. ųƤſ ň Additionally, aš wasň added in medial ĥ positions marked in Mosul with a ň Ŕ ŁĥŔ ĭň for M ƈŨŊ ĥô ŁĥŊ ĭ (2 Sam. 3:33). 0KDJJ\ĆQĆHJƈŨĥ E. Syr. IJ Ŏ was converted to W. Syr. IJšŌ , while E. Syr. ĭő and ĭŎ were ŏ collapsed into W. Syr.ĭš. The choice was made to place the vowel on the consonant preceding the matres lectionis. Metathesis was applied to the sequence ‚V resulting in V‚. In C‚Vinitial stems prefixed with bdwl letters, this led to further vocalization ňœ ň ő ƦƆŤƣ vs. W. Syr.  Ɓô ƃŔƦƆŤ ƣ changes on the prefixes; e.g., E. Syr. ưƆŤŊ ƣĪƁƃ Ŋ ôŊ Ŏ IJô ƦƆŤ œ ƣň Īœ (1 Sam. 1:17). In some cases, this even leads to changes in fricatization. In a few cases, we departed from the BFBS edition regarding fricatization: ťƙƀ Ņ œ Əł and ħ  œ Ŀł  DOO SUHVHQWHG KHUH ZLWK 4şääĆ\Ć DJDLQVW WKH BFBS edition. ,QVXFKFDVHV066RIWKH0DäOPĆQşWKĆ were our guide. The MbaʜʜOĆQĆZDVDSSOLHGLQWKHSUHVHQWWH[WIROORZLQJWKH3XVH\DQG Gwilliam tradition but with further extensions following contemporary orthographic conventions. A number of verbs derived from the root ħųſ appear in M with a MbaʜʜOĆQĆwhich has been removed in this edition. With regards to the vocalization of proper nouns, the BFBS was followed whenever possible. For cases not found in the BFBS, the YRFDOL]DWLRQZDVEDVHGILUVWRQ066RIWKH0DäOPĆQşWKĆSULPDULO\BL Add 12,178) and then on the Walton polyglot. In cases when readings in Maš is unique, we follow follow Leiden. As such, the following proper names were changed: 13 Here M ł ł Ņ ł ł ł Ņ Ņ 1 Sam. 30:30 ƎƤƖŨƢŨűƆĭ ƎƤƕƢŨűƆĭ ŏ Ņ Ņ 2 Sam. 5:14 ħŴƄƣĭ ľŴũŏ ƣĭ Ō Ņ ʛƌ 2 Sam. 23:30 ƥŬƇƀ ƥňƖŬƇŷƌł Ō ƌł Ō ƌł 2 Sam. 23:37 IJűŷ IJƢŷ Only a few readings in Mosul were rejected, most of which seem to be typographical errors:

13 We followed Mosul agaist Maš as the Maš is unique against the Leiden apparatus: 2 Sam 23:27 ƁƍũƉ against Maš ƁƍũƆ, 23:29 ƦƘŴźƌ against Maš ƦƙŹŴƌ, 23:30 ťƀƍŨ against Maš ťƍƖŨ.

Foreword to the Edition

Here

1 Sam. 1:24 1 Sam. 10:10 1 Sam. 10:10 1 Sam. 10:18 1 Sam. 13:12 1 Sam. 14:31 1 Sam. 16:20 1 Sam. 17:35 1 Sam. 22:19 1 Sam. 25:18 1 Sam. 30:4 2 Sam. 1:2 2 Sam. 5:14 2 Sam. 14:10 2 Sam. 16:2 2 Sam. 19:3 2 Sam. 21:22 2 Sam. 23:9

ň ĬƦłſƦſĥĭł  ƁũŌ œ ɧł ŁĥŔ ĭň ķĭĬŏ ƦŔ ƍƀŅ Ũł Ŕ ł ķŴƃŏ Ʀſ Ŕ ƞŌ Ƙĭ ŏœ ň ķĭƦŷƌ ł ň ĻƢł ŹŁĥœ ĭ ň Ŕ ŨŌ œ ĬűſŤ ň Ō ł 15ĬƦſ Ŕ űƕĥĭ ň Ŷĭ ň ŧ ǔƊ Ņ  ŦŤƉĭ Ņ ķĭųŏ ŨŦ Ŕ ĭŅ Ĭô ƧĪŔ Ņ ł ł 16ŦƦƉĪĥ  ĭ ŏ 17ħŴ Ņ   Ŕ ƄŔ ƣĭ Ō Ņ ł 18IJĬŴſĥƦſĥ ô Ņ ŧ ǔň ƊŶ łŌ œ ň ŴƀƤ ŹŁĥ  ĭ ň œ Ŵô ƊƆ  Ʀƣĥ  ĭň ň ł Ŵô ƠƇƏĭ 14

XIII

M

ň ĬƦŅſƦſĥĭł ň ƁũŌ œ ɧł Łĥœ ĭ łŔ ķĭĬŏ Ʀœ ƍƀŅ Ũ ł ķŴƃŏ Ʀſœ ƞŌ Ƙĭ ŏ ň ķĭƦŷ ƌ łŔ ň ł ĻƢŹŁĥŔ ĭ űſĬŤŨ ňœ Ō ł ĬƦſűƕĥĭ ŧ ǔƊ Ň Ŷĭ õ  ł ŦŤƉŅ ĭ ĭųŨŦĭųƆŧĪ Ņ ŦƦƉĪĥň ĭł  Ņ  Ŕ ũŏ Ŕ ƣĭ ħŴ ŏŅ ł IJĬĭ ô ĥƦſĥ ŧ ǔƊ Ň Ŷõ ł ň ŴƀƤŌ ŹŁĥ Ŕ ĭ ň Ŵô ƊƆ Ʀ Ŕ ƣĥĭň ň ł ơƇƏĭ

Text Organization The division of the text into chapters and verses is a recent Western phenomenon. Early manuscripts divided the texts into chapters, called in Syriac ķĭƨƙƟ, abbreviated ƚƟ, or ťŷʖĽ, abbreviated įĽ. Having said that, ancient manuscripts do not always follow a systematic approach in these chapter divisions. The present text follows the recent Western division of chapters, naming each chapter in Syriac ķĭƨƙƟ. Ancient Syriac chapter divisions are given in the outer margin preceded by the abbreviation įĽ for Ņ (they correspond to Roman numerals in the English translation). ťŷŅ ʖĽ These were provided by Adam Kane and Joshua Falconer. The numbers are based on MS Pocock 391 (Oxford). The present edition follows the 14

Maš. ň Ō ł ň Ō ł Maš. and M internal evidence: ĬƦƀ Ŕ ƇƟĭĬƦƀ Ŕ ʛƉĭ in the same verse. 16 Brockelmann, Lexicon Syriacum. 17 Maš. 18 Maš; the context dictates a feminine singular form. 15

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Mosul versification. Ancient manuscripts vary in the application of punctuation marks. The punctuation presented here follows the Mosul punctuation faithfully. Acknowledgements Andreas Juckel, my co-editor in the ʙurath Kthob series, played a major role in setting the textual policies of the edition. I am personally grateful to my wife Christine and three children: Tabetha Gabriella, Sebastian Kenoro, and Lucian Nurono. It is hoped that the current edition will be a motivation for further texts and translations of the Syriac Biblical tradition, and will stimulate the use of the Peshiʜta in educational and religious settings.

ABBREVIATIONS ASV BCE CE com. ed. e.g. fem. i.e. impf IHC IO IN ISC lit. M masc. MS MSS MT om. P part. pl. pr. sing. v. vol.

American Standard Version (1901) Before the Common Era Common Era common editor, edition exempli gratia feminine id est imperfect Inner-Hebrew Corruption Index Orthographicus Index Nominum Inner-Syriac Corruption literally Mosul masculine manuscript manuscripts Masoretic Text omit 3HVKLʜWD participle plural prior, before singular verse volume

1st 2nd 3rd

first person second person third person

ç

Root (see the appropriate dictionary listed in the Bibliography for citations such as çII)

XV

INTRODUCTION TO THE TRANSLATION BY DONALD M. WALTER AND GILLIAN GREENBERG 7KH3HVKLʞWD The Peshiʜta, the Syriac translation of the Hebrew Bible, was made in Edessa in the second century CE. Most students of this text believe that it was translated not by a single man bXWE\PHPEHUVRID¶3HVKLʜta school’. These translators wrote for Syriac speakers who wanted to read the Bible in their own tongue: so their task was to produce a text which read well, not as a stilted literal rendering of the source document, but which was at the same time a faithful translation of the Hebrew Vorlage. Whether the translators were Jews or Christians is a much debated question to which there is as yet no universally accepted answer. Some modern scholars believe that both Jews and Christians were involved: according to this theory, the work began at a time when the community in which the Peshiʜta school was based was still Jewish. Soon, however, the young Christian church in the area gained strength and followers, with the result that the community converted to Christianity: thus it is possible that the work was begun by Jews and completed by Christians. Even given that a number of translators were involved, a work of this length and importance must have taken many decades to complete, so such a development is plausible. Whatever the uncertainties, one thing is clear: the Peshiʜta has stood the test of time. We hope that our work will make the pleasure of reading it available to yet more readers. The Books of Samuel The first and the second books of Samuel are presented together in this volume, as there was no such division in the original Hebrew text. The book may be read as part of a much larger account of history which extends from the book of Joshua to the end of the second book of Kings. The book of Samuel begins at the end of the major period of the Judges with the background to Samuel’s birth and dedication, and Samuel himself seems to have continued in that tradition, moving in a circuit between certain XVII

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important shrines. A desire for stronger leadership then led Israel to take the tragic figure Saul as king: it seems clear that the Israelite monarchy emerged in about 1000 BCE, but the length of Saul’s reign is uncertain. The story then progresses through the transition period of Saul to the accession of David who, despite the title, is the most prominent figure from about halfway through the first book onwards. The account of David’s life itself falls into two sections, the period of struggle which is described in 1 Samuel 16 – 2 Samuel 1, and the regnal period which takes up the rest of 2 Samuel. The book ends shortly before David’s death, probably late in the first half of the tenth century. The Hebrew text is complex, containing parallel accounts of some incidents, for instance the descriptions of Saul’s appointment as king, and of David’s flight from court. There are discrepancies too: in one account the election of Saul is an act of grace, where God has seen the affliction of the Israelites and promises that Saul will be the deliverer; in another, the people’s desire for a king is an act of apostasy. In addition, there are some components which seem to be independent compositions which have been inserted into the text: an example is Hannah’s song in 1 Samuel 2:1–10, which has no particular reference to the story. The generally accepted explanation is that two or more documents have been joined together, and that each one was originally part of a larger history. The arrangement of the materials in the book is not necessarily an indicator of the historical sequence of events. This complicated textual history may explain passages where the Hebrew is repetitive: extracts from more than one manuscript may have entered the final version. In some of these passages, P is simpler than the Hebrew, omitting part or all of the repetition. It is usually impossible to be sure whether the difference between P and the Hebrew is due to P having had a different Vorlage, or to the translator having deliberately simplified the passage. A number of the passages are listed in Addendum 3, esp. Part 2. This same textual history of the Hebrew may also underlie the passages where P has phrases which are represented neither in the Hebrew nor in the LXX, perhaps having been present in P’s Vorlage but lost during transmission of the Hebrew. See for example 1 Sam 8:6 whereķĭųƇƃƅſĥ ò ¶DVDOOWKHQDWLRQVGR ·KDVQRHTXLYDOHQWHLWKHULQ07RULQ/;;. 1 ťƊƊƕ 18F

1 Further detail of these passages, and a discussion of their significance, is outside the scope of this volume, but will be found in a downloadable file available from Gorgias Press. This file also includes data for passages present in MT but absent from P.

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XIX

Detailed discussion of inner-Hebrew corruption (IHC) is outside the scope of our present work, but where necessary we have referred to it briefly in Addendum 1. See for example 1 Sam 14:47 where 3'